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BYV.S.

THIS BOOK BELONGS

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ea CORNELL UNIVERSITY
G09 THE

Flower Urterinary Library

FOUNDED BY
ROSWELL P. FLOWER

for the use of the

N. ¥Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE
1897

Text book of veterinary medicine

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000009542

OF

VETERINARY MEDICINE

BY

JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S.,

Director of the New York State Veterinary College,
Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.

VOL. V.

PARASITES, PARASITISMS, ETC.

ITHACA
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
1903

Copyright by
JAMES LAW
1903

PRESS OF
ANDRUS & CHURCH,
ITHACA, N. Y.

VETERINARY MEDICINE.

PARASITES AND PARASITISM.

Mutualism, Commensalism, Parasitism, Symbiosis, Rapacious enemies,
venomous. Phytoparasites. Zodparasites. Microbes: protozoa, bacteria.
Ectoparasites, vegetable, animal. Entoparasites, vegetable, animal. Com-
pulsory parasites. Facultative parasites. Temporary parasites. Intermit-
tent, remittent, erratic. Monoxenous. Heteroxenous. Varying gravity
of parasitisms. Conditions which increase gravity.

When two animals or plants, or an animal and plant form an
interdependent existence or association the relation is explained
by one of three designations, mutualism, comménsalism or
parasitism.

Mutualism is where two live together and are mutually de-
pendent on each other, but the union is beneficial to both. Thus
the acari that live in the feathers of birds and feed on the
epidermic debris or dandruff are actually beneficial to their hosts
and are strictly speaking not parasites.

Commensalism is where two live together, and the union is
beneficial to one of the parties without proving injurious to the
other. Myriads of infusoria live in the stomachs and intestines
of ruminants but cause no appreciable injury, if indeed they are
not beneficial in disintegrating the ingesta.

Parasitism differs from both in that one of the two draws its
subsistence from the other to its appreciable injury.

The common term symbiosis (living together) may be applied
to all three, but in mutualism the symdzosis is beneficial to both,
while in commensalism the symbiosis is beneficial to one without
harming the other, and in parasztism the symbiosis is antagonistic
and znjurzous to the host.

Another class which is closely allied to parasites is more
purely rapacious. Beside the carnivorous mammals these em-
brace a number of smaller animals like leeches, mosquitoes, flies,
bed bugs, etc.

2 Veterinary Medicine.

Finally venomous animals like bees, wasps, hornets, snakes,
etc., may be conveniently named with the rapacious.

DIVISIONS OF PARASITES.

Parasites are naturally divided into the vegetable and animal.

Phytoparasites (phyton plant) or plant parasites are exempli-
fied in the fungi of ringworm or thrush and the actinomyces of
lumpy jaw.

Zooparasites (zo6n animal) or aximal parasites are represent-
ed by the worms, acari, etc., etc.

The Microbes, whether appertaining to the animal kingdom
(protozoa) or vegetable (dacteria), will be considered along with
the infectious diseases to which they give rise.

Parasites are further divided according as they live zfon or
within the body of their host :—ectoparasites (ek out) and ento-
parasites (entos within). Each of these may be animal or vege-
table, thus we have:

Ectophytes, Dermatophytes (derma skin)
Ectozoa, Epizoa (epi upon).
Entophytes (entos within)

Entozoa.,

Ectoparasites |

Entoparasites |

Again parasites are divided according as they are constantly and
compulsorily parasitic, or occasionally or accidentally parasitic ; as
they prey upon one species or genus of host or upon many ; or as
they prove parasitic only at one stage of their development.
Thus we find:

Compulsory, Obligatory, Constant or Stationary Para-
sites which must live on the animal or vegetable host or perish.
They are unfitted to pass their existence elsewhere. Of these we
have examples in the psoric acari, lice, fleas, etc., of the skin, and
many of the worms.

Occasional, Accidental, Facultative or Temporary Para-
sites are such as can live on a given genus or species of host, but
which can also, if need be, fill out the round of their existence in-
dependently of such host. They have the faculty of living on this
host if opportunity serves, but this is not necessary to their sur-
vival. Among these may be named leeches, trombidia, derma-
nyssus, actinomyces, trichophyton, etc.

Some temporary parasites pass only a certain stage of their
existence in or on the host, and yet this parasitism is essential to

Parasites and Parasitisms. 3

the preservation of the species. Among these are the teenie
which spend their larval or cystic stage in one animal and their
mature stage in another which preys upon the first. The trema-
todes in their larval stage infest a*mollusc and as adults they live
in ruminants and other mammals. The echinorhynchus as a
larva infests the May beetle, and as the mature worm the pig
. which eats the beetle. These are compulsory parasites, but not
permanent ones.

Intermittent Parasites emmbrace such as come to the host for
nourishment and then leave it at once. The diptera furnish
many such examples: mosquitoes, gnats, simulide, tabanide,
heematobia, stomoxys, which either draw blood or live on the
secretions.

The term remittent has been applied to parasites which breed
away from their hosts and come upon them in companies often at
given seasons. We have examples in lice, fleas, woodticks, and
‘leeches.

Erratic Parasites are such as infest not one species or genus
but two or many, the choice being made in the individual case by
opportunity. Thus most predatory diptera, some acari and
ticks, fleas, bedbugs, and the parasitic fungi belong to this class.

Monoxenous Parasites (monos one, xenos host) are such as
live only in one genus or species of host, and though the ovum
may pass out with the excrement, it or the embryo is taken in
again in food or water by another host of the same genus in
which it developed.

Heteroxenous Parasites (éteros different, xenos host) are
such as pass different stages of their lives in different hosts
usually belonging to different genera. Several of these have been
named above under temporary parasites. Among other examples
are: ¢richina that leaves the parent worm in the bowels, encysts
itself in the muscles, which must be eaten by another host in
order to its arrival at maturity in its intestines: also dinguatula
which spends its larval stage in the lymph glands of the sheep,
and its mature existence in the nasal sinuses of the dog which
devours the sheep.

PARASITISMS : THEIR RELATIVE GRAVITY.

In prognosticating the gravity of an attack, or an epizootic of
any one of the different species of parasites, one must take into

4 Veterinary Medicine.

account the relative injury caused by the individual parasite; and
the numbers by which the host is likely to be assailed. Some,
like trichina, echinococous, teenia fimbriata, or uncinaria, are so
deadly and so likely to undergo a constant increase in the same
locality in future years that their presence can only be looked on
as a growing menace to be abated at any cost or trouble. Some
are less gravely injurious, or increase less rapidly, so that they
are usually looked upon with little apprehension. There are
besides the commensals, like the analgesinee, or acari of the
feathers of birds, which are with good reason looked on as com-
paratively harmless.

With the object of placing in relief the more prevalent and
habitually dangerous of the parasites, those that have been found
to be specially injurious or destructive have been printed in
blackfaced letters so that they can be readily picked out in a
hurried glance over the list. But too much importance must not
be attached to this conventional distinction,—the mere expression
of past experience,—since any injurious parasite will tend to in-
crease to a deadly prevalence when present in a given territory,
in which the numbers of its natural hosts are very great, and in
which other conditions conduce to its preservation and increase.
If it infests two different genera of hosts in its two successive
stages of larva and mature parasite, the presence of both genera
in large numbers is essential. If it must pass a given stage
(embryo, larva) in wateror in some invertebrate, then wet lands,
marshes, pools, lakes or sluggish streams are a necessary condi-
tion. If salt is destructive to embryo or larva, as in the case of
the trematodes then such waters must be fresh. If the larva, as
in the case of teenia canina, lives in an invertebrate skin-parasite
of the same host, then the existence and maintenance of the in-
testinal or other internal parasitism is dependent on the presence
of the cutaneous parasitism. If the parasite, like echinorhynchus
must pass through its early immature stage in the larva of an
invertebrate like a maybug or cockchafer, then an outdoor life,
where the pig can grub-up and devour the invertebrate larva, is
the condition of becoming infested. Again, if the parasite, like
trichina, is usually taken in by devouring the smaller rodents
(rats, mice), or the food or water which they have contaminated,
then the excess in pigpens of such vermin, which have become

*

Parasites and Parasttisms. 5

contaminated by devouring the carcases, offal, scraps, of other
infested animals, or the water or food contaminated by these,
becomes the main condition of an outbreak. So with the
hundreds of other conditions varying with the parasite, the host,
and the environment, the rule is that these, conditions must be
changed before we can hope to get rid of the parasitic invasions.
But so long as, and wherever, these favorable conditions exist we
must be prepared to face an outbreak of parasitism, and this by
reason of the local increase of parasites, which until now, and
elsewhere, may have been considered as comparatively harmless,
Thus it is that the existence and gravity of a parasitism often de-
pends quite as much on the favorable conditions of the environ-
ment as on the presence of the parasite. But given a real
parasite, with injurious qualities, the aggregation of a large num-
ber of the animals that form its normal host, and an environment
especially favorable to its preservation and propagation and we
must be prepared to meet with an extensive, dangerous and de-
structive outbreak. No previous, lengthened period of immunity,
and no history of this parasite showing an apparent harmlessness,
must be allowed to blind us to the probability of a dangerous
increase of such parasites whenever the conditions become in
every way favorable. As the potato-beetle can only live and
multiply where potatoes are grown, so the parasite of the animal
can only increase where there is an abundance of its hosts. And

“as with the host so with the conditions of the larval existence of

the parasite. Both are essential in many cases, and when both
are present they may cause outbreaks of which no preceding
counterparts can be found.

For the same reason most parasitisms can be dealt with by
changing the condition of the environment, and in this way cutting
off the next generation of the parasitic organism, Thisis usually

too much ignored, and treatment is too often confined to the mere

exhibition of parasiticides, which, however effectual in preserving
the individual animal, does little towards the much more philo-
sophic resource of extirpating the parasite. This is the counter-
part of the same faultily circumscribed view and action, which
expends itself on measures of serum therapy and immunization in
the case of contagious diseases and declines to grapple with the
far more important and immensely more economic resort of ex-

6 Veterinary Medicine.

tinguishing the infection itself and banishing it for all time from
acountry. To deal with parasites so as to cut off their sources of
survival, and extirpate them from a locality, a fuller knowledge
of their life history is demanded than for simple parasiticide medi-
cal treatment. ‘The broader view and the more economic preven-
tion must therefore be the prerogative of the scientist, and the
fact that each parasite or group demands a different management,
establishes a greater call for a profound study of the subject.
Here as elsewhere knowledge is power, and should be recognized
and appreciated as such.

PHYTOPARASITES. PARASITIC PLANTS.

FUNGI.

Trichophyton Tonsurans (trix hair, phyton plant, tondere

to shear.) The fungus of circinate ringworm.

T. Epilans (making bald). In circinate ringworm, horse

and calf.

Achorion Schoenleini (achor scurf). The fungus of honey-

comb ringworm.

A. Keratophagus (keras horn, phagein to eat). The fungus

of ‘‘seedy toe,’’ onichomycosis.

Saccharomyces Albicans (saccharos sweet, albicans white).

The fungus of thrush of sucklings.

S. Guttulatus (guttula a little drop). In intestines of rumi-

nants.

Aspergillus Fumigatus (aspergere to sprinkle, smoky).
Candidus (candidus clear).

Glaucus (glaucos sea green).
Microsporus (micros small, spore).
Niger (niger black).

Nigrescens (growing black).

. Replens (filling).

Aspergillt are fungi becoming parasitic on the skin, and espe-
cially the first on the air passages and alimentary canal of birds
and mammals,

Gutturomyces Equi. Fungus in guttural pouch of horse.

Actinomyces (actinos ray).

A. Bovis. The parasite of actinomycosis.

A. Musculorum Suis.

DP DDD >

Parasitic Insects. 7

Mucor Racemosus (mucor mold, racemosus in clusters). In
recurring tumor of horse’s shoulder.
Cryptogam of Bursatti.

PARASITIC INSECTS.
ORDER DIPTERA (Two-winged: sucking proboscis).
SUB-ORDER NEMATOCERA (nema thread, keras antenna).

Famity CULICIDA, (culex gnat), MOSQUITOES: Anten-
nz long, delicate, six segments, in males plumose, legs long,
abdomen long and slender, perforating proboscis, blood
suckers.

Culex Pipiens. Common mosquito.
Anopheles. Malaria-bearing mosquito: black spots on wings.
Culex Equinus. Pest of horses and other animals.

Famity SIMULIIDA. BLACK FLIES. Antenne with many
short, thick segments, abdomen short and thick, wings and
legs short, blood suckers. Worry animals to death.

SIMULIUM REPTANS. Common near Paris, and in woods in
Europe.

. CINEREUM (cines ashes), gray.

. MAcuLATUM (macula spot), spotted.

. Molestum, ApIRONDACK BLACK FLy. Pestiferous.

. Pecuarum (pecus cattle), BUFFALO GNAT. Kills stock.

. Meridionale, TuRKEY GNaT. Destructive to sitting birds.

. InNoxiuM. Swampsin North America. Harmless.

. Columbaschense. Destructive to stock at Kolumbacz,

Hungary.

ANNNNND

SuB-ORDER BRACHYCERES (brachys short, keras antenna).
Antenna in three segments, the third ringed, palpi two-
jointed.

Famiiy ASILIDA, Robber Flies (asilus horse fly).
Asilus Crabroniformis, Hornet Asitus. Like wasp, yellow
thorax and tail.

8 Veterinary Medicine.

Fami,y TABANIDA, (tabannus ox fly). Broad flat body,

head broader than long, blood suckers.

Tabanus Bovinus, Ox BREEZE Fly. 27 mm. long. Pesti-
ferous.

T. Atratus (ater black), MouRNING Hors# FLy.

T. Morio, BLack BREEZE Fly. 18 mm.

T. Autumnales, AUTUMN BREEZE Fry. Dark gray, brown
bands, yellow legs, black feet.

T. Bromius, Noisy BREEZE Fry. Bright gray, yellow spots
on abdomen.

T. Rusticus, Rustic BrEEzE Fiy. Dark gray, yellowish
hairs.

T. Fulvus, Tawny BREEZE Fly. White spots on abdomen.

T. ALBIPES. WHITE FooTED BREEZE Fly. 22mm. Black,
yellow hairs and legs.

T. ALBIFACIES. WHITE FacED BREEZE Fiy. In North
Africa.

Hematopota Pluvialis (hema blood, poto. I drink) SmaLy
RAIN BREEZE FLy.

H. TENvICoRNIS. (tenuis delicate, cornu horn)

H. GRANDIS.

Chrysops Ccecutiens (chrysos gold, ops eye). BLINDING
BREEZE FLy.

Nearly 50 North American species of chrysops have been

described. ;

Pangonia Neo Caledonia, attacks cattle: carried germs of

anthrax.

Famity SYRPHIDZ (syrpho to trail). Rat tailed.
ERISTALIS TENAX, (eristes wratigler). Drone Fry. Larva
is vat tailed, seen in horse manure.
HELOPHILUS PENDULINUS, (elos marsh, philo I love) Larva is
rat tatled found in intestines of horse and man.

FamMILy MUSCIDA. Antenna with three articles, the third
enlarged, with dorsal bristle.
1st GROUP CALYPTERA. With covers of balancers. (calyptos
covering. )
Musca Domestica. Hovuss Fry.
M. Bovina. Bovine Fty.

1

Parasitic Insects. 9

M. Corvina. Crow FLy.

M. Vaccina. Cow FLy.

M. VAGATORIA. VAGABOND FLy.

M. VITRIPENNIS. VITRIPENNE FLy.

M. Carinfex. ExECUTIONER FLy.

M. Stimulans. ImMporRTUNATE FLy.

M. Hortorum. GARDEN FLy. (hortus garden)

Stomoxys Calcitrans (stoma mouth, calcitro sting).
STABLE FLy, of autumn.

Hematobia Serrata (hema blood, bios life) Horn Fry.
Saw Fy.

H. Stimulans. Excrrtinc HAMATOBIA.

H. Ferox. Fierce HAEMATOBIA.

H. Irritans. IRRITATING HAEMATOBIA.

Glossina Morsitans (glossus tongue, morsitans biting.
‘TSETSE Fiy.”’

In Africa bears nagana infection to all domestic animals save

the ass, goat, and elephant.

Sarcophaga Carnaria. (sarcophagos flesh eating) Car-
NIvorous S., Larva on dead meat etc.

S. Magnifica. SprenpIp S. Larva on wounds.

Cynomvia MorTuORUM. (cynomyiadog-fly) Larva on dead
flesh, etc.

CALLIPHORA VomiTARIA. (calliphora beautiful) BLuE Bor-
TLE Fiy. Larva on dead meat, etc.

Lucilia Macellaria. Screw Worm. (lucidus clear spark-
ling). BurcHerR LL. Campsomyia Macellaria. L.
Hominivorax Larva in wounds of men and animals.

Lucilia Cesar. Larva on flesh and wounds, etc.

Achromyia Anthropophaga (ochros yellow). Cayor FLy.
Larva on wounds in man and beast in Senegal.

2ND GRoup ACALYPTERA without covers of balancers.

ANTHOMYIINA with three very small covers or hoods, many
species.

ARICIA.

HypropHoriA (hudor water, pherein to bear).

HyDROTGA.

Hydroteus Meteorica. About horses’ heads during rain.

10 Veterinary Medicine.

Famity HIPPOBOSCID (hippoboscus feeding on horse),
PUPIPARA, LOUSE FLIES. Adults live like lice on
skin; winged, wingless, or lose wings as mature. Antenna
one jointed with terminal bristle. Ova hatched in parent’s
body.

Hippobosca Equina (boskein to feed). Horse Tick.
SPIDER Firy. Winged. Attacks horses, (cattle and dogs).

H. Canina. Attacks dog.

H. Taurina. Attacks cattle.

Melophagus Ovina. (Melon sheep, phagein to eat). SHEEP
Tick. Wingless. Lives on coarse and middle wooled sheep.

Olfersia Americana. Winged. Lives on birds. LIPopTERA.
Young, winged on birds; mature wingless on mammals.

Famity BRAULIDA. BEE LICE.

BravuLa CaicaA. On honey bee. Reproduction like Hippo-
boscidee.

Famity C4STRIDA. Bor Fries. Proboscis rudimentary:
Palpi wanting or dwarfed. Larva hybernate in mammals.
C£strus (Gastrophilus. Gastrus) Equi. Fly brownish
yellow. Europe, Asia, Africa, N. America. Stomach (left

sac): horse.

GE. (Gastrophilus, Gastrus) Hzmorrhoidalis. Fly
blackish brown, yellow abdomen. Larva in pharynx, gullet,
left sac of stomach, duodenum, rectum.

GE. (Gastrophilus, Gastrus) Pecorum. (pecus beast of
burden). Fly, iron yellow. Larva in stomach and intes-
tines ; horse and ox.

GE. (Gastrophilus, Gastrus) Nasalis (Duodenalis, Salu-
taris. Fly black with brownish or golden thorax : larva in
duodenum, posterior nares, pharynx, gullet and stomach:
horse : goat ; in brain and spinal cord : horse, ass.

CZ. (Gastrophilus, Gastrus) Flavipes. Fly with yellow
feet. Larva in stomach. Horse. Spain, Dalmatia, North
Africa.

CZ. (Gastrophilus, Gastrus) Inermis. Larva unknown.
Pupa in horse dung.

CG. (GastRopHILus, Gastrus) LATIVENTRIs. Broad bellied
fly. Courland. Larva unknown.

Parasitic Insects, CEstride. Il

CH. (GASTROPHILUS, GASTRUS) NIGRICORNIS. Bessarabia.
Black antenne. Larva unknown.

CE. (GAsTROPHILUS, GaAsTRUS) RHINOCERONTIS. Africa.
Larva in stomach: rhinoceros.

dE. (Cephalemia) Ovis, Sheep Bot Fly. Fly small, gray,
hairy. Larva in turbinated bones and nasal sinuses : sheep,
goat.

Ci. VarioLosus. South Africa. Larva unknown.

G2. Purpurgus. Central and Eastern Europe. Larva un-
known.

CE. Maculata, (spotted). Larva in nose, nasal sinuses and
pharynx : buffalo and dromedary.

Gz. Trompe (Trumpet). Larva in pharynx : reindeer.

Hypoderma (CEstrus) Lineata, (hypo beneath, derma skin),
Ox Gad Fly. America, Europe.

H. Suppleus. Probably same as lineata. Larva subcutem,
near gullet, etc. Ox. Most frequent in America.

H. (G£strus) Bovis, Ox Gad Fly. Larva subcutem, ox,

(horse, ass). Europe.

. (GEstrus) Silenus. (Larva subcutem, ass?)

. (Hstrus) Diana. Larva subcutem in stag and fallowdeer.

. ACTON. Larva subcutem in stag. Europe.

. Bonassi. Larva subcutem in American bison.

. HETEROPTERA. Larva subcutem in Algerian ox.

. Clarkii. Larva subcutem in South African ox?

. (Edemagena) Taranpr. Larva subcutem : reindeer.

Dermatobia (Cuterebra) Noxialis. Larva subcutem: ox,
dog, man. Mexico, West Indes.

Dermatobia (Cuterebra) Cuniculi. Larva subcutem:
rabbit, hare. America. The following are uncertain species.

CATTLE Worm. Larva subcutem: ox, man. Central Africa.

NucHE or GusAno in New Grenada, Macaw FLy in Cayenne,
Ura in Brazil, Torcer, in Costa Rica, Movoourt Worms in
Mexico, attack ox and man and are probably DERMATOBIA
NoxXIALIs.

cvpget gees oashag shige?)

12 Veterinary Medicine.

PULICIDH. FLEAS. (pulex flea.)

Suz-Famity Sarcopsyllina (sarx flesh, psylla flea). Head
large, thorax small.

GENUS SARCOPSYLLA.

Sarcopsylla Penetrans. CHIGOE. BURROWING FLEA.
Ovigerous female, subcutem: .man, pig, dog, cat, sheep,
goat, ox, horse, ass, mule, birds. Tropical America and
Africa. :

S. Gallinarum. Burrowing Flea of Fowls. Africa, America.

GENUS RHINCHOPSYLLA. (Rhino nose). Hooked max-
ille recurved. R. PuLEx. Found on parroquette and bat.

GENUS HELMINTHOPSYLLA. (Helminthos worm). Round
head, large eyes, maxille triangular, straight.

H..VARIEGATA (ALAKURT). Attacks ox, horse, sheep and
camel in Turkistan.

Genus PuLiciIn#. Head small, labia in four segments, eyes
large.

Pulex Irritans, Flea of man.

P. Serraticeps (serrated or comblike head). Dogs and cats.

P. (Ceralophyllus) Goniocephalus (Leporis). Hares and
rabbits.

P. Avium. Pigeons, chickens, swallows and other birds.

Order Hemiptera (hemi half, pteron wing).

SuB-ORDER. HETEROPTERA (’eteros different, pteron wing).
Bucs PRopPER.

Acanthia Columbarum (acanthos hook). Buc of PIGEON
NEsT.

A. Hirundinis. Buc or SwaLLow Nxst.

A. (Cimex) Lectularius. Bxrpsuc.

REDUVIUS PERSONATUS. MasKED Buc. Burrows in wood ;
attacks man.

HARPACTOR CRUENTUS (’arpage rapine). South of France.

EuLvEs AMAINA. Java, Borneo.

ARILUS SERRATUS. Brazil.

NzpA CINEREA. Water scorpion.

Notonecra Grauca. Water bug.

Pediculide. Lice. 13

Famity PEDICULID (pediculus louse), LICE. Bloodsuckers.
narrow elongated head: sucking tube.
GENUS HaiMATOPINUS. (hzema blood, pinein to drink).
H. Macrocephalus. Horse louse. Head very long and
narrow.

. Colorata. On ass, a variety of the last.

. Eurysternus. (euros broad). Louse of ox.

. Tenuirostris (tenuis delicate), H. Vrrunr. Louse of calf.

. Stenopsis. Goat louse.

. Tuberculatus. Buffalo louse.

. Irritans (Urius, Suis). Louse of pig.

. Piliferus. Louse of dog and ferret.

. Bicolor, Head differs. Dog.

. Ventricosus. Louse of rabbit.

Famity RICINUS (tick), MALLOPHAGUS, (mallos wool,
phagein to eat). BIRD LICE. Head broad, biting man-
dibles, no sucking tube.

Sus-Faminy PHILOPTERINA. Anterior part of the head
separated from the posterior by a suture: Antenna attached
in a deep notch.

GEnuS TRICHODECTES (trix hair), Antenna has three articles.
Live on mammals only.
T. Pilosus, Harry T. Horse, ass and mule.
T. Parumpilosus (Pubescens), Pubescent T. Horse, ass
and mule.

. Ocellata (ocellus eye). Daw andass. Variety.

. Tarsata (tarsus heel). Horsesin Java. Variety.

. Sphaerocephalus (sphaer sphere). Sheep.

. Scalaris (Crimax), Scaty T. Goat.

. Scalaris var Major (limbatus). Angora goat.

. Crassipes (crass broad, pes foot). Angora goat, kangaroo.

. Latus (Broad). Dog. Host of cyst of teenia canina.

. Subrostratus. Cat.

GENUS ORNITHOBIUS (ornithos bird, bios life). Body long,
narrow, antenna with 5 articles, 1st long.
O. Bucephalus. Swan.

Genus Liprurus. Body long, narrow; antenna with five arti-
cles ; first very short.

L. Baculus (baculum staff), Rop-sHapED L. Pigeon.

aoe oame vans ans Pae Dae vag

ey ae Mae Mar Mae Mar Mar Mar

14 Veterinary Medicine.

. Squalidus. L. of Duck.

. Jejunus. L,. of Goose.
. Anseris. IL. of Goose.

. Heterographus,. L,. of Chicken.
. Variabilis. L. of Chicken and Pheasant.
. Polytrapezius. L,. of Turkey.
. Numidz. L,. of Guinea fowl.
Genus GonriopEs. Body broad, flat ; antenna five articles, first
short in male
. Minor. Pigeon.
. Stylifer. Turkey.
. Dissimilis. Chicken.
. Colchicus. Pheasant.
. Truncatus. Pheasant.
. Numidianus. Guineafowl.
. Falcicornis. Peafowl.
. Parviceps. Peafowl.
Genus GoniocotEs. Gallinaceze and Pigeons.
G. Gigas. Chickens.
G. Compar. Pigeons.
G. Rectangulatus. Peafowl, Guineafowl.
G. Chrysocephalus. Pheasant.
G. Hologaster. Chickens.
GENuUS DECOPHORUS.
D. Icterodes. Ducks.
D. Adustus. Goose, variety of last.
Sus-Famity Liotheinz. Antenna four articled; head very
bread ; tarsus with one claw.
GENUS GYROPUS.
G. Ovalis. Guineapig.
G. Gracilis. Guineapig.
Genus TRINOTON.
T. Conspurcatum. Swan.
T. Continuum. Goose, probably a variety of last.
T. Luridum. Duck.
T. Lituratum (Squalidum). Goose.
GENUS COLPOCEPHALUM (colpos bay, pocket).
C. Longicaudum (cauda tail). Pigeon.
GENUS MENOPON.

} probably varieties.

BP Poe Pe

ANQANDANA

Trichophyte. 15

Menopon Latum (Giganteum) Broad M. Pigeon.
. Palidum. Pale M. Chicken.

. Biseriatum. Chicken, Pheasant, Turkey.

. Productum. Long M. Pheasant.

. Phceostomum. Black Mouthed M. Peafowl.
. Numidez. M. of Guineafow1.

. Obscurum, Duck.

. Extraneum. Stranger M. Guineapig.

SESSESBSESE

TRICHOPHYTA. (Trix hair, phyton plant.)

Trichophytz like moulds, spores, mycelia, chaplets of spores: no spor-
angia. Grow on decomposing organic matter, and skin, especially what is
hairy, or in birds bare or scaly. Favored by youth, free secretion, dandruff,
damp, foul air, darkness, moulting, low condition and indoor life. On
surface amenable to treatment ; internally less so. Diagnosis: microscopic
scraping or section, oil free by ether, charred in solution of soda and carbolic
acid, show fungus unchanged. Steep hairs longer. Cultures in alkaline or
neutral bouillons. Sterilizing agents.

These closely resemble the moulds, having spores, mycelia
(filaments), and chaplets of spores, but differ in the absence of
true sporangia (spore cases).

The Spore consists of an amorphous envelope (epispore), en-
closing a mass of central protoplasm. The mycelium (filament,
tube), has also a homogenous wall enclosing an axis of proto-
plasm, which may be continuous, or broken up in segments, or it
may be absent for short intervals. When this segmentation is
regular at short intervals it gives rise to the formation of a chain
of spores (sporiferous tubes, sporophores, receptacles). The
spore is the seed, which may be preserved dry for an indefinite
period, without change, but which under favorable environment,
grows out into a filament, which may or may not be sporiferous.
The propagation is through the spores.

Like their near allies, the mucorine (moulds), the ¢richophyte,
naturally grow on decomposing organic matter, but they also
grow on the surface of living tissue under certain conditions of
the latter. On the skin of man they show a predilection for hairy
surfaces, whilst on the hairy animals they affect especially the

16 Veterinary Medicine.

head and neck, or, as in birds, even show a preference for parts
(comb, wattles, legs), that are destitute of epidermic growths
(feathers). It would appear as if a special condition of the
system (youth), and the presence of excess of exudates and epi-
thelial debris, and of a special chemical condition of these materi-
als favored the growth of the cryptogam, which disappears from
the surface when the conditions are altered. The freer secretions
and desquamations in the young growing animal, the close air of
winter stabling, the accumulation of stable dust and dandruff, the
damp and darkness of the building, and the susceptibility attend-
ant on moulting have doubtless some effect in making these dis-
eases of winter and spring especially, while the opposite conditions
tend to their subsidence when turned out on spring pasture.

A fungus parasite usually localizes itself mainly on the surface,
in the epidermis or epithelium where it can often be destroyed
with facility by local applications. When on the other hand it
colonizes the lining membrane of the air passages or alimentary
canal, or when, as in actinomyces or botriomycosis, it invades
solid tissues, the treatment becomes more complex and less certain.

Diagnosis is based on the appearance presented to the naked
eye, but above all on the presence of the pathogenic cryptogam.
Scrapings or sections should be made of the most recent part of
the growth (on the skin the deepest portion). Oily matters
should be removed by steeping these once or twice in ether or ab-
solute alcohol. The specimens are then placed in a mixture of
equal parts of caustic potash or soda and water, with a few drops
of carbolic acid, and examined under a magnifying power of 200
to 500 diameters. The epidermic products are thus rendered
clear and translucent, while the unaffected spores and mycelia
stand out in groups and filaments. When they have invaded the
hairs the action of the alkali must be prolonged, but the effect is
the same.

True to their habit of growth on dead organic matter these
cryptogams may be further cultivated in artificial media, best at a
temperature of 33° C. The various alkaline or neutral bouillons
may be employed—peptonized bouillon, infusion of turnip or
malt, or skimmed milk. These cultures are easily sterilized by
solutions of iodine, carbolic acid, oil of turpentine, chloroform,
corrosive sublimate, salicylic acid, or alcohol, offering suggestive
methods of treatment for affected animals.

TINEA TONSURANS. CIRCINATE RINGWORM.

Common in the young—man and animal ; transmissible from one to the
other ; early observations of this. Trichophyton tonsurans in deep layers
of concretion, hair follicles, bulbs and stems; spores round, refrangent,
largest in horse and ox ; filaments vary in size, protoplasm, membrane, seg-
mentation, chains of spores ; hairs break across, split, drop out; baldness.
Trichophyton endothrix in human hair only. Trichophyton ectothrix out-
side the hair on animals and man; has smaller spores than endothrix.
Probably varieties and interchangable. Accessory causes: Youth, confine-
ment, close, dark, damp stables, moulting, abrasions, vermin, morbid skin
exudates, crowding, common blankets, buildings, vehicles, posts, halter,
harness, lack of grooming, contact of sick and healthy, dust. Susceptibil-
ity. Symptoms: Red papule, grows to round scaly spot, hairs erect,
broken, split, all drop, those around bleached by chloroform, new spots
form, progressive extension. Cattle: On head and neck mostly, thick on
dark skins, one or two inches in diameter ; under scurf, red, tender ; itch-
ing slight ; number attacked ; attendant. Horse: On dorsal aspect mainly,
rare on limbs; hair erect in tuft, scurfy base, then depilation, surface
moist or dry, smooth, slaty ; new hair causes dappling. Dog. Mostly on
head, legs, feet ; erect tuft; thin, bare scurfy spot ; matting of adjacent
hair by serum or blood; itching; white glistening skin, swelling. Cat:
Mostly on face and paws (from mice) ; erect hairs in circle, depilation,
bald spot, % to 1 inch. Sheep: On back, head or neck, as in cattle, or
flattened tufts of wool with excess of scurf, shedding of wool, hangs in
white tufts; itching. Goat. Pig: Scurfy spots one inch across, red,
scaly ; depilation; dry centre, moist margins. Birds: Congestion, scurf,
depluming. TZyrichophyton epilans: More rapid growth, more destructive
to hair. Zonsurans cultures show snowy tufts and little liquefaction of gel-
atine ; epilans yellow pellicle and rapid liquefaction. Inoculation with skin
products or cultures easy and successful, between genera. Prognosis good,
except in neglected and cachectic. Prevention: Segregation of sick and
well; oiling; use of separate articles in grooming, etc.; disinfection of
brushes, combs, etc., by sublimate, iodine, carbolic acid; vitality of germ.
Treatment: Depilation and burning; tar; carbolic acid ; sublimate ;
creolin ; naphthalin ; salicylic acid ; iodine ; iodized phenol ; oil solvents ;
clipping; shaving; hair extraction, cocaine; unguents; unguentum
hydrargyri; balsam of Peru ; copper sulphate ; red precipitate, etc.

This affection is especially prevalent in children (3 per cent. in
city common schools) and in the young domestic mammals. It
is the direct result of the colonization of the skin by the crypto-
gam—trichophyton tonsurans In Auvergneit was recognized
as communicable from animal to man as early as 1831 (Grognier),

2 17

18 Veterinary Medicine.

1838 (Lavergne, Carriere, Fehr), and 1852 (Bouley and Reynal).
The cryptogam was discovered by Gruby in 1842 in the ring-
worm of man, by Bazin in 1853 in that of the horse, by Gerlach
in that of the ox and dog in 1857-9, by Fenger in the cat in 1865,
by Perroncito in the sheep in 1872, and by Siedamgrotzky in the
pig in 1872.

Essential Cause: Trichophyton Tonsurans. This cryp-
togam is found in the deeper layers of the scurfy concretion on
the affected part, in the hair follicles, bulbs and stems. It exists
in two forms—spores or conidia and mycelium or filaments.

The spores are round or oval, 34 to 44 (extremes 2 to 8) in
diameter, with distinct outline and refrangent protoplasmic con-
tents. In man and ox they are larger than in horse or dog.

The filaments are 4p to 6m thick (1p to 5 in dog), straight
or flexuous, and rarely branching. They may vary in size in one
host.

The protoplasmic matter, inside the homogenous outer mem-
brane, may be continuous or broken up into segments, in certain
cases taking on the form of chains of spores.

When invading the hair they extend longitudinally or trans-
versely, and destroy the cohesion of the hair cells, so that it tends
to break across, split up into smaller branching filaments, or to be
shed from the whole affected area. The resulting rounded bald
spots are very characteristic. Often the spores are so abundant
as to hide the presence of the mycelium, and in other cases the
filaments stand out prominently.

Sabourand describes two forms: (1) 7. Exdothrix growing not
only on the skin but in the hair bulb and stem, which it renders
brittle, so that it cannot be removed from its follicle: hence its
inveteracy. This ts not found on animals, but only on man and
especially on children. (2) T. Ectothrix grows only or mainly
outside the hair, though it may line its follicle and cover its stem.
The hair in this case retains its toughness and is not easily broken,
but is shed in one piece, and the way is left open for successful
treatment. TZhzs ts found on cat, dog, horse, calf, chicken, rat and
mousé, and may be transferred to man (adults mainly). On the
beard it produces patches in the form of a ring, with vesicles and
postules, and infiltration of the derma and hair bulb, surrounded
by pus. The spores of ectothrix are smaller and rounder than those

Tinea Tonsurans. Circinate Ringworm. 19

of endothrix. In Cincinnati Hospital, in one year, Ravogli found
five cases in children, all endothrix and derived from other child-
ren, and nine cases in adults, all ectothrix and attributed to animals.
Probably the two forms are varieties, determined by habit, and
the transition takes place most readily by transference from ani-
mals to man.

Accessory Causes. ‘These are the same as favor the crypto-
gamsin general : Youth, confinement in close, damp, dark, winter
quarters; moulting ; abrasions by wounds, rubbing, vermin, etc.;
accumulation of cutaneous secretions or exudates; crowding
together of affected and healthy animals ; the common or succes-
sive use of blankets, covers, buildings, cars, boats, rubbing posts,
head ropes, halters, harness, etc., and the neglect of the free use
of rubber, brush or currycomb. Above ail the neglect to sepa-
rate healthy stock from affected animals and men, and the places
they have occupied. It is conveyed in sucking, in copulation or
indeed by any direct contact, and the spores are readily carried in
dry dust to fresh subjects. Judging from prevalence the order of
susceptibility may be thus stated: man, ox, dog, horse, goat, cat,
sheep and pig. Rabbits can be readily inoculated, and mice, rats
and small rodents often convey the disease to the larger animals
and man.

Symptoms and Lesions. Certain lesions are common to the
different forms of the disease in the various animals. On delicate
skin, comparatively destitute of hair, as the lips, eyelids andinner
side of the ear, the first indication may be a red papule, which
gradually extends outward day by day, so as to form a more or
less circular spot. The surface becomes scaly, the scales rising
as a whitish concretion, and the hairs standing erect, splitting up
into filaments, breaking across and finally dropping off so as to
leave an absolutely bald centre. If wetted with chloroform a
number of hairs near the bare spot become bleached, yellowish or
gray, while the more distant and healthy hairs are unaffected.
Other spots tend to appear in the near vicinity, where the spores
have been lodged and thus a series of round, bare, scurfy spots
are formed, which encrease from within outward, after the man-
ner of fairy rings that grow mushrooms or toadstools on old
pastures. The scurf may disappear from the centre while still
extending at the periphery, as if the tissues had become immune,

20 Veterinary Medicine.

yet after a time, a new colonization may take place on such bare
spot and the same method of extension may be repeated.

Cattle. In calves, yearlings and adult cattle the head and
neck are most frequently attacked, the eyelids, ears, and in calves
the lips being the favorite seats. It often shows in button-like,
crusty elevations, the thickest on the darkest skins (Gerlach),
which may extend to one or two inches or more, shedding their
hairs and finally the central scurf. If the scurf is rubbed off, the
base is found to be. swollen, red and angry, may bleed readily,
and may exceptionally show small vesicles, or suppuration.
Some itching may be present, but is not usually very marked.
Several are usually affected in the same herd and ringworm may
often be found in one or more of the attendants.

Horse. In solipeds the affection is especially seen on the up-
per parts of the body (shoulders, back, loins, croup, flanks),
where the skin and hair are thicker, affording a better shelter for
the spores, and where the spores are liable to be deposited by
comb, brush, rubber or harness. They are rarely found on the
lower parts of the limbs, yet Cousin found the shanks of a Guade-
loupe mule entirely denuded of hair through ringworm. Ona
well-groomed horse the first indication may be the formation of
an erect tuft of hairs upon a raised scurfy base, which rapidly ex-
tends with the accompaniment of depilation, and the exposure of
scurfy or bare circular patches of the diameter of a quarter of a
dollar or more. In many cases the hairs have merely broken
across by the skin and can still be felt projecting from the bare
surface. ‘The surface is at first moist, but tends to become of a
slaty gray thickened, glabrous aspect. The circularity of the
bare spots is characteristic, and even after new hair has started
these give a dappled appearance because of the darker hue of the
new and as yet unbleached hairs. When the new hair starts in
the center, with the disease advancing all around so as to form a
bare ring, it is still more suggestive. The itching is, asa rule,
very slight, and rarely leads to irritating rubbing.

Dog. The dog is usually attacked on the head, eyelids, lips,
legs and feet, but the spots may be found on any part of the
body. The scurfy concretion and erection of a tuft of hair may
be detected early, but usually the first symptom observed is the
dropping of a tuft of hair, the accumulation of a white or grayish

Tinea Tonsurans. Circinate Ringworm. 21

scurf and the exudation of serum and even of blood, which con-
cretes in scabs or mats the adjacent hairs. The spots may unite
to form extensive and irregular patches, which, prove more pruri-
ent than in the horse and much more inveterate. The depilated
spots remain scurfy or clear and glistening for a length of time,
and with marked discoloration and whiteness. Irritation and
swelling, too, may last for a considerable time.

Cat. In the cat the face and paws especially suffer, the dis-
ease being often contracted from the mice caught, yet it may ex-
tend to any part of the body. It begins witha scurfy centre with
hairs erect, which gradually extends, with falling of the hairsand
the formation of a bare spot % to 1 inch in diameter.

Sheep. The disease prefers the back, head or neck, but may
appear on any part of the body. On hairy parts the course is like
as in cattle; on the wooly there is manifest flattening of one or
more tufts of wool, which become matted, and when separated
shows a dense scurfy accumulation around its roots. By and by
the wool is shed, and may hang in white tufts among the
healthy. The itching is much greater than in cattle and horses,
yet incomparably less than in acariasis.

Goat. The affection follows the general course, but is com-
paratively little irritating or persistent.

Pig. Siedamgrotzky describes the scurfy patches as 2 to 5 cm.
in diameter, irregular in form, reddened and covered with scaly
eruption. ‘The bristles drop off and the centre of the patch be-
comes hard and dry, while the periphery remains slightly moist,
red and scaly. Adjacent spots are liable to run together until a
large part of the face or ears is involved.

Birds. Friedberger and Frohner describe the disease in birds
as causing marked hyperzemia of the skin and dropping of the
feathers.

Trichophyton Epilans. Depilating Trichophyton. Meg-
nin found in the horse a cryptogam which grew more freely in
the stem, bulb and follicle of the hairs, and led to the evulsion of
the hairs much more rapidly than with the trichophyton tonsu-
rans in the horse. It grows also, as arule, with greater rapidity,
and in artificial cultures it forms at first a yellow pellicle and rap-
idly liquefies gelatine, whereas the tinea tonsurans forms abun-
dant snow white tuftsand liquefies gelatine very slowly (Duclaux).

22 Veterinary Medicine.

Megnin associates it with the trichophyton of cattle as a separate
form. Even if the two have come originally from the same stock
the maintenance from generation to generation of the distinctive
pathogenic qualities, and the different behavior in cultivation
media, seem to warrant their consideration as distinct pathological
factors.

The trichophyton tonsurans of the horse produces in artificial
cultures very abundant snowy tufts and liquefies gelatine very
tardily. The trichophyton epilans from the same animal pro-
duces at first only a thin slightly yellowish pellicle and liquefies
gelatine with great rapidity (Duclaux). The difference, like
that of the endothrix and ectothrix, is probably dependent on en-
vironment, transient and a temporary variety.

Contagion from animal to animal has been so often observed
and conducted experimentally that it must to-day be accepted as
between different genera, and no less between artificial cultures
zm vitro and the living animal. Gerlach and Megnin transmitted
the disease from ox to horse; Reynal and Nettleship from horse
to calves; Epple from goat to ox ; Gerlach and Fenger from ox
to dog; Perroncito from ox to sheep; Siedamgrotzky from
horse to dog, sheep and pig; Zurn from dog to cat; Fenger
from cat to dog, and Lespian from dog to pig. Cases of trans-
mission to man from the ox have been observed as early as 1820
by Ernst, and by thirty to forty observers since. Transmission
from the horse to man was observed by Papa in 1848, and by a
score of observers since. Transmission from dog to man has
been noticed by Friedberger, Horand, Haas, Frohner, St. Cyr
and others. Contagion from the cat to man has been observed
by Leidy, Fenger, Borch and others. It is interesting to notice
that in this case the chain usually extended from affected mice
and rats to the paws and face of the cat, and thence to the chil-
dren who fondled the cat. Lespian records an epizootic in the
Eastern Pyrenees in which the disease was introduced into one
family by a dog, which first infected a pig, which in its turn in-
fected the family in whose house it was kept.

Prognosis. The affection being a purely local one the prog-
nosis is always good. In some cases it disappears spontaneously
with the shedding of the winter coat and the turning on the suc-
culent spring pasture. Especially does it give way under suitable

Tinea Tonsurans. Circinate Ringworm. 23

treatment directed to the destruction of the cryptogam. On the
other hand, the continuance of the disease by reason of neglect
during winter, and under insufficient and dry feeding, is often
associated with weak or cachectic condition, and when, in the
very young especially, the lips become badly affected, prehension
may become difficult or impossible, and marasmus may be the
result.

Prevention. This is to be secured mainly by the separation
of all affected animals, from other flocks and herds until the para-
site has been destroyed. Or by the thorough inunction with oil
or lard the spores may be prevented from rising in dust. Much
more important is the avoidance of the use of combs, brushes,
rubbers, blankets, harness, rubbing posts, cars, ships, etc., by
the diseased and healthy in common. These articles may be
boiled, steamed or soaked in a solution of mercuric chloride
(1:500), iodine, carbolic acid or other germicide. The stables,
feeding troughs and other appliances should be thoroughly washed
with a similar solution. Experiments have shown that the dry
spores will grow freely after an exposure to air and light for
eleven months, and the mere disuse of buildings cannot be trusted
to, if of less duration than two years, (Megnin, Duclaux). Men
handling the affected animals should be careful to avoid touching
any hairy, and above all any abraded portion of their skin before
the hands have been well disinfected.

Treatment. The purely local nature of the disease is a guar-
antee of the efficacy of topical treatment provided this can be
brought into direct contact with the fungus without too much
attendant irritation of the skin. Megnin has had success in
young horses by scraping off the crust and adherent hairs, and
burying them. The removal of the hairs removes an important
field of parasitic growth in the hair bulb and follicle, and with
cleanliness and above all with a parasiticide the case will do well.
One part of tar and two parts of lard or sweet oil will often suc-
ceed. Carbolized glycerine (1:10) acts well. Mercuric chloride
1:300 of alcohol or proof spirit is excellent. Solutions of cresol,
creolin, naphthalin, chloro-naphtholeum, lysol, salicylic acid, or
iodine may be used. The preparations of iodine are among the
best, and though iodine ointment will often succeed, yet such
combinations as contain a solvent for the fatty and sebaceous

24 Veterinary Medicine.

matters that prevent the remedial agent from penetrating the
affected hair follicles, are to be preferred. This tincture of iodine,
or iodized phenol (tincture of iodine, carbolic acid and water,
equal parts); or equal proportions of tincture of iodine, carbolic
acid and chloral hydrate; or tincture of iodine, carbolic acid
and camphor, equal parts; or iodine 2 drs., oil of tar 6 drs.;
carbolic acid in oil 1:10; or salicylic acid 1 part, proof spirit 2
to 4 parts; or salicylic acid 1 part, vaseline 2 parts, act well.

When the skin is unctuous some solvent of oil must be first
applied, such as oil of turpentine (to be used cautiously in irri-
table horse), benzol, ether, chloroform, gasolene, or alcohol, or
it may be thoroughly washed with green soap and this may be
repeated daily, care being taken not to encrease the dermatitis.

Many cases will recover without clipping or depilation but if
the hair stubs prove a barrier to treatment their influence should
be reduced toa minimum. It is a good precaution to clip the hair
all around the eruption. This will often reveal small centres of
disease that would otherwise have escaped observation. It re-
moves a means of shelter and preservation of the spores and
secures the more effective penetration of the medicament. Shav-
ing the part is good in some cases, while in others it proves a
source of irritation. In very obstinate cases the individual ex-
traction of the hairs may be demanded. ‘This is especially desir-
able, when their follicles are the seat of excessive exudation or
suppuration so that the hair is easily dislodged. Each hair in turn
is seized by forceps with perfectly flat jaws and pulled out straight
in the direction of its inclination, so as to avoid the tendency to
break across. If the skin is too tender, it may be rendered less
sensitive by the application of a solution of hydrochlorate of
cocaine (4:100) or even by a solution of carbolic acid in glycerine
and water.

If the diseased surface tends to dry up it is well to cover it with
vaseline and zinc ointment or other unctuous agent to prevent the
eerial diffusion of the spores.

Among other agents in frequent use may be mentioned :—oil
of cade and olive oil, equal parts: mercurial ointment: white or
red precipitate (1:8 of lard): oleate of mercury : biniodide of
mercury ointment: creosote and glycerine: oleate of copper : al-
coholic solution of copper sulphate: tincture of balsam of Peru.

Tinea Favosa, Favus. Honeycomb Ringworm. 25

Care has to be exercised in the use of the mercurial prepara-
tions especially in the ox where absorption and licking of the
agent are to be dreaded.

TINEA FAVOSA. FAVUS. HONEYCOMB RINGWORM.

Cap-shaped crusts. Achorion-Schonleini: Spores, round, oval, may be
in chain form ; filaments, simple or branching, waving, little protoplasm,
abundance of spores (in receptacles), much homogeneous viscid matter full
of moving granules and rods. Accessory Causes: As in tinea tonsurans,
debility. Affects rodents, cat, dog, man (possibly horse, cow and sheep).
Cupped by growing around opening of follicle. Symptoms: Cat: On
paws, lips, face, navel; sulphur yellow, cupped crust up to 4 mm., conflu-
ent; base of crust swollen, red, moist; mousy odor. Jog. Paws, lips,

“face, navel ; crusts gray (yellow beneath), base inflamed. Horse: Rabbit:
Paws, head, body; crusts up to one-half inch, spores very abundant.
Young only suffered. Prognosis good, especially in spring, except in weak
and debilitated. Tyeatment: Does best on delicate skin ; remove scurf, de-
pilate, apply sublimate, iodine, oxide of mercury, chrysarobin, sulphites,
copper sulphate, salicylic acid, camphorated phenol, creosote, naphthalin,
lysol, etc.

This is a contagious skin affection manifested by the formation
of more or less circular and cup-shaped crusts, and caused by a
vegetable parasite—Achorion Schonleint.

Essential Cause. Achorion Sch6énleini. This is shown
in the crumbling, cup-shaped crust in the form of spores and
mycelia after the manner of those of the ¢vzchophyton tonsurans,
but with character so distinct that they are easily differentiated.
The spores or conidia are round, or usually oval, and about 2p
in diameter (in man 3 to 7#), according to Zurn they reach 8» in
birds and 124 in the dog. They are often connected in short
chains of three or four.

The mycelial filaments are usually 1m to 3 in diameter (in
man 34 to 4). Megnin has found them 4m to 7m in rabbits, and
Zurn 4 to 8» in dogs). They may be flexuous, simple or
branching and appear empty, the protoplasm being in smaller
amount than in the trichophyton. The spore tubes (sporophores,
receptacles), differ in being more straight, larger, and in contain-
ing chains of true spores. The differences from the trichophyton
tonsurans consist largely in the prevalence of oval spores, the

26 Veterinary Medicine.

comparative absence of protoplasm in the mycelia and their
greater tendency to branching. The cupped aspect of the crust,
and the presence of a homogeneous, agglutinating viscid material
full of moving granules and rods between the more solid elements
(spores and filaments) add to the clearness of the distinction.
The microscopic examination for these elements is essentially the
same as for the trichophyton.

Accessory Causes. These are the same as in circinate ring-
worm, being such as favor contact or the preservation and dif-
fusion of the spore. Debility favors as in the nine-year-old bitch
of Trasbot, exhausted by gestation and nursing. Skin abrasions
furnish excellent ground for colonization.

Animals Susceptible. It is common on mouse, rat, cat, dog,
rabbit, guineapig, and it is alleged by Neumann the chicken and
pigeon. Zurn, Megnin, W. Williams, Bassi, Friedberger and
Froner describe favus in the horse; Williams and Girard in cat-
tle, and Kowalewsky in the sheep, yet Neumann doubts the diag-
nosis. Children often acquire it from the cat, which, in its turn,
received it from the rats and mice. Early youth is a strongly
predisposing element, but age gives no guarantee against its
ravages.

Development of Crust. According to Bazin and others the
fungus is planted at the opening of the hair follicle and pene-
trates to the mucous layer between the epidermic layer and the
true skin. As it multiplies and expands it rises all around,
while the centre is held down by the connection of the epidermic
cells with the surface of the hair. The cryptogam further invades
the hair, directly (Unna) or by extending to its papilla and grow-
ing into its softer bulb (Kaposa, Balzer).

Symptoms. Cat. The disease being derived mostly from
its prey (rats, mice), it attacks by preference the paws, lips, face,
and, in the young, the umbilicus. The latter is infected by the
lips and tongue of the mother. Once established at any point it
is liable to be speedily implanted on any other through scratching
and licking. The crusts of a sulphur yellow when recent, or
grayish when older, range in size from a mere point to a scaly
cupshaped mass of 4 mm. in diameter, round or more or less in-
dented at different points on the margin, and often becoming con-
fluent so as to form extended patches. The central cupping,

Tinea Favosa. Favus. Honeycomb Ringworm. 27

however, continues to mark out more or less perfectly the indi-
vidual crusts. The cupping is less marked around the root of
the claw, yet the irregular crust exhibits all the microscopic
characters of the favus crust, (St. Cyr.). On the affected parts
the hairs have lost their luster, they stand erect and are easily
detached. If the crust is carefully scraped off, the skin in the
centre is depressed, smooth, moist, pale or red, while around the
margin it is red and swollen, (St. Cyr). There is usually that
heavy odor which in all animals attends on favus and which has
been likened to the odor of mice or cats urine.

Dog. In the dog there is the same tendency to invasion of the
paws, the lips, face and, in young puppies, the umbilicus. The
crusts are more or less distinctly cupped, and though grayish
white on the surface, they are sulphur yellow in the deeper layers,
and covering a more or less congested derma. When a number
have become confluent, the cupping becomes less distinct and the
crusts may assume a slaty hue. Itching, which is mostly absent
in cats, may be quite intense in the dog.

Horse. The essential appearance of the crust is like that seen
in other animals. Friedberger and Frohner speak of the crusts
gathering in bands as wide as the finger.

Rabbit. On rabbits the paws and head are mostly affected,
but it may extend to the body. The crusts varied in size from a
pin’s head to half an inch in diameter, and were flattened, or, in
Megnin’s cases, rounded and dry, the spores falling like those of
a puff ball (lycoperdoid favus). Only young rabbits up to three
months old were affected, those of four months and upward
proving resistant.

Prognosis. In the larger and mature animals the disease
tends to spoutaneous recovery, especially when turned out to
pasture in spring and at the time of moulting. Even when more
inveterate it usually responds satisfactorily to treatment. On the
young and especially on animals of small size (cats, rabbits,
birds), it is liable to prove troublesome, extending to wide areas
of the skin, interfering with sucking and inducing emaciation, de-
bility and death.

Treatment. This is more satisfactory than in man, probably
as claimed by Neumann, because of the relative delicacy of the
skin and hairs of the domestic carnivora. At the root of the

28 Veterinary Medicine.

mane in the horse it may become very persistent. The treatment
is like that for trichophyton. The scurf should be carefully
scraped off without inducing bleeding, when the hair can be
pulled out easily so much the better. Then some one of the par-
asiticides should be applied once or twice a day: Corrosive sub-
limate lotion, 2 to 10:100 (St. Cyr); tincture of iodine ; ointment
of red oxide of mercury, 1:8 ; ointment of ammoniacal oxychlo-
ride of mercury, 1:4; nitrate of mercury ointment diluted, 1 part
to 3 of vaseline. As the mercurial preparations must be em-
ployed with caution in cattle, some of the following may be sub-
stituted : Carbolized oil (3 grs. to 1 oz.) ; soak for ten hours,
then dress with ointment of chrysarobin in vaseline (1:16), or
hyposulphite of soda (% oz. to 1 pint), or freshly prepared sul-
phurous acid solution applied on surgeons’ cotton and closely
covered with gutta percha or other impermeable cloth. Or cop-
per sulphate, oil of cade, salicylic acid, camphorated phenol,
creusote, creosol, creolin, lysol or naphthalin or chloronaphtho-
leum or carbolized glycerine may be resorted to. Avoid excess
of mercurials in cattle, and of phenol in dogs.

TINEA LOPHOPHYTON GALLINA. LOPHOPHYTOSIS.
FAVUS OF FOWLS. WHITE-COMB.

Lophophyton gallinz, more snowy culture on gelatine than achorion,
and torn surface furnishes red fluid. Turns gelatine pink, and liquefies.
Loses color in third culture. Chickens and rabbits suffer ; rats and dogs im-
mune. Potash solution shows filaments, containing little protoplasm, but
spores sometimes red, forming chains and distending the filament. Form
in rabbit. Symptoms. dirty, white, powdery, crusted comb and wattles,
then head and body; feathers erect, or shed ; follicles open ; may be fever,
thirst, somnolence, diarrhcea, emaciation, death. On legs has mousy odor.
Treatment: Mercurials on comb, head, and neck ; lysol, iodine, sulphites,
carbolized iodine, etc., elsewhere.

This is described by Neumann as favus and due to the Acho-
rion Schonleini. Megnin had, however, already sought to dis-
tinguish it, naming the parasite the Epidermophyton Gallinee.
When transferred from the chicken to the rabbit, or when the
favus of man was implanted on the chicken, the lesions were in-

Tinea Lophophyton Galline. Lophophytosis. 29

distinguishable, but Megnin, in 1890, showed that the cultures of
the epidermophyton on gelatine formed a snow-white layer,
which, when torn allowed the escape of a reddish fluid, that is
not seen in the cultures of the achorion Schénleini. In 1899,
cases of white-comb, investigated by Matruchot and Dassonville,
showed that the alleged differentiation was inconstant, the colora-
tion showing in the first or second cultures, but not in succeeding
ones; it showed in cultures made on maltosed gelatine, and
scarcely at all on peptonized gelatine. Upon gelatine the growth,
at first white and downy, liquefies the gelatine and in a few days
turns it pink. Upon peptonized and saccharated jelly there is a
white tomentous growth, with less liquefaction and tardier and
less marked coloration, which may disappear altogether in the
third generation. The cultures of the white-comb fungus are
successfully and easily inoculated on chickens and rabbits, while
rats and dogs, which are so susceptible to the favus of man, prove
immune. As the term epidermophyton was already applied by
Lang to another fungus, the name of lophophyton (lovhe, crest)
was adopted.

Lophophyton Gallinz. The crusts from the affected comb
are treated with caustic potash solution, 4o per cent., when the
mycelium comes out clearly, ‘especially if tinted pink. Many of
these are mere filaments devoid of protoplasm, but otners contain
refrangent protoplasm, globular, with abrupt square ends, or ar-
ranged in a continuous chain in the middle or end of a filament
and giving it a fusiform outline. These are called chlamydo-
spores (cloaked spores). In the rabbit they resemble the tri-
chophyton ectothrix of the circinate ringworm of the ox.

Symptoms. The prominent symptoms are the dirty white
discoloration of the comb or wattles, with the presence on the
surface of a dry, powdery crust, which may grow to a thickness
of several millimetres. When produced experimentally by rub-
bing the comb with the powder from a diseased bird it develops
in about fifteen days a white powdery patch in points of froma
pin’s head to about one-third inch in diameter. This gradually
extends, adjacent centres become confluent, and in some weeks it
may have invaded the whole comb, wattles, head and a great part
of the body. Circumscribed areas of the ringworm may be dis-
covered on the body as early as on the comb, in casual cases, if

30 Veterinary Medicine.

the feathers are parted so as to examine the skin. On the feath-
ered parts of the body the feathers stand erect and are in part
shed, leaving their round open follicles which have been mistaken
for the honeycomb formations seen in favzsin man. No such
‘cup-shaped fungus growths are found, the cryptogam growing
evenly on the surface and in the epidermis only. If neglected
the malady extends, becoming generalized and causing fever,
thirst, somnolence, digestive disorder, diarrhoea, marasmus and
death. When it attacks the legs the lophophyton propagates be-
neath the scales, which it raises and loosens, and here, as else-
where, it exhales a strong mousy odor.

Treatment is as in favus. The mercurial preparations may
be applied to the comb, head and neck, while the less poisonous
agents are to be preferred for parts that can be reached with the
beak. The same precautions must be taken to destroy the fungus
in the poultry houses and yards, but especially on the roosts,
feeding troughs and nests.

TINEA DIFFUSA.

Small, dry, yellowish-gray scabs like hempseed, on back, shoulders,
ribs, flank ; inveterate, itchy ; slight, refrangent spores blue in iodine, in-
fected other horses and men; resisted general treatment, but yielded to
local.

Under this designation Goyan and Megnin described a der-
momycosis of horses.at St. Cyr, affecting especially the upper part
of the neck, the back and the loins, and manifested by small, dry,
scabby, yellowish incrustations about as large as a grain of
hempseed, but thickly disseminated over the affected part of the
skin. It extended downward in different cases on the shoulders,
ribs, flanks and thighs. It will last for a year or more if ne-
glected, and in the scanty eruptions is like the bald, chronic,
tinea tonsurans of the scalp of man, as described by Bulkley.
The affection is associated with itching, especially troublesoine at
night, and this leads to violent rubbing or biting and the escape
and incrustation of blood and lymph so as to hide the microphyte.
By turning back the hair so as to find a place which is not
abraded in this way, the primary scab may be secured along with

Onichomycosis in Solipeds. Seedy Toe. 31

two or three entangled hairs, and under the microscope those
show the presence of minute spores in clumps and chains, bear-
ing a resemblance to those of the achorion Schénleini. The
spores have a specially refrangent appearance. They are insolu-
ble in acetic acid, ether, alcohol and oil of turpentine, and turn
slightly blue under tincture of iodine. The failure to demonstrate
mycelium or spore bearing filaments, is emphasized by Neumann
who dismisses the observations as of no value. It should be re-
corded, however, that the affection, when neglected, and even
when treated internally by all known antiseptic and derivative
agents, persisted for years, whereas it yielded readily to a local
application to the shaved surface of an ointment of sulphate of
protoxide of mercury. Two similar cases came under my notice
in Ithaca, in which both horses in a team suffered from an obsti-
nate skin eruption with small incrustations entangling a few
hairs each, diffuse irregular depilation, and considerable itching.
The scabs and the extracted hair bulbs showed as in Megnin’s
cases, abundance of refrangent spores. The disease resisted gen-
eral treatment but yielded to local applications. The owner of
the team contracted the affection from scratching his shins after
dressing the horses, and the veterinarian inoculated it on his eye-
brow. In both cases the eruption proved inveterate, breaking
out again and again, weeks after apparent recovery and when the
treatment had been intermitted.

ONICHOMYCOSIS IN SOLIPEDS. SEEDY TOE.

Achorion Keratophagus in powdery degeneration of the horn tubes in
the inner layer of the hoof wall: the question of its pathogenesis.

Like Onichomycosis in man this has been found associated
with a cryptogam which has been named Achorion Keratophagus
(Ercolani). It is not improbably the achorion or trichophyton
of the skin transferred to the horn, in which it grows mostly
along the line of the horny tubes as filaments, and is associated
with thickening, loss of cohesion and pulverulent degeneration
of the horn. In solipeds the disorder shows as a soft powdery
mass between the hoof wall and sole, and extending upward on
the outer side of the keraphylle. Ercolani found filaments,

32 Veterinary Medicine.

spore bearing filaments and spores, but he failed to transmit them
to two asses by sprinkling the powder on a blistered surface on
the back. The experiment should be repeated on the raw kera-
togenous surface, or the abraded skin of young dogs and cats.
The probability is that if the cryptogam only takes occasion to
grow in the dead horn in connection with the destructive results
of shoeing, laminitis and other injuries, it still adds to the already
existing trouble by encroaching upon and breaking up the ad-
jacent horn.

The successful treatment of seedy toe by paring down the
walls of the cavity to the solid, healthy, tough horn, packing the
cavity with tar and tow, and applying a carefully adjusted shoe
giving an even bearing for the hoof, and compression or support
by a clip or otherwise, may be held to favor the idea of parasitism ;
yet the general indisposition to advance by contagion is opposed
to the conclusion that the achorion is the main cause.

ACTINOMYCOSIS. LUMPY-JAW.

Occurs casually in domestic herbivora and omnivora, andinmen. Experi-
mentally in dogs, cats, goats, rabbits, and Guinea-pigs. History: wens,
osteo-sarcoma, etc., clubbed cells figured in 1845, 1848, 1868, 1863, 1871, and
true nature demonstrated in 1876 by Bollinger. Distribution in temperate
zones especially, all altitudes, but mostly on damp lands, fens, polders,
steppes, bottom lands, with barbed wire fences. Ratio in different centres.
Cause: Actinomyces. Accessory causes: tonsillar follicles, raw gums,
dentition, youth, sucking, dry, fibrous winter fodder, buccal scratches,
aphthous fever, thrush, stubble, carious teeth, gland ducts. Inoculations,
Actinomyces: yellow granules like sand grains, filaments, cocci, terminal,
divergent, (radiating) club-shaped cells forming tufts, first soft, later calcic,
with degenerating central granular mass. Artificial cultures: pleomorphism.
Virulence dependent on reaction in wound, and site of infection lesion.
Varieties. Placed among, moulds, cladothrix, streptothrix, odspora, and
bacteria by successive observers. Morbid anatomy: lymphoid, epithelial
and giant cells, in cicatricial tissue, like sarcoma, bones swollen, chambered,
filled with sarcoma-like product, suppuration, advance followed by contrac-
tion, phagocytosis. Metastasis in lymph cells. Usual advance is by con-
tiguity. Sympioms: Skin has papillomata with microbe. Tongue becomes
hard, indurated, necrosed, caseous, ulcerous: /aws swollen, rounded, with
points of softening, fistulz, ulceration : Palate, pituita, pharynx, aboma-
sum, liver, spleen, kidneys. peritoneum, lungs, pleura, mamma, muscles.

Actinomycosis. Lumpy-Jaw. 33

Actinomyces of pig’s muscles. Infection in man: grain, fodder, barley
awns, straws chewed. Relation of microbe to graminez. Localization and
lesions in man. Diagnosis: Presence of microbe, slow growth, invasion by
contiguity, no preference for lymph system as in tubercle, cancer and
glanders: by improvement under potassium iodide; from pyemia and
mycetoma. Prevention: drain rich damp soils, avoid fodders grown on
them, especially in young, check the spread from affected animals, treat
latter, boil carcases, disinfect stalls, sores, ete. Treatment: excision, pack
with iodized phenol, or blue stone, inject potassium iodide, curette the
cavities, potassium iodide internally. Failures in cases of mixed (purulent)
infections. Addition of antistreptococcic serum.

Actinomycosis is a chronic infective disease which occurs in
cattle, swine, horses, sheep, elephants and men, and which is
characterized by local inflammation and the formation of neo-
plasms containing the actinomyces. Experimentally the di8ease
has been developed in dogs, cats, goats, rabbits and Guinea-pigs.

History and Geographical Distribution. What we now
recognize as actinomycosis had long been known to stockmen and
veterinarians as wens, cancer of the tongue, osteo-sarcoma, etc.,
but it was not until 1876 that its true pathology was demonstrated
by Bollinger. When he had identified and accurately described
the pathogenic organism, new observations of the affection were
rapidly made not only in animals but also in man, and older
records were brought to light which pointed clearly to this affec-
tion. The oldest of these dates back to 1845 when Langenbeck
made drawings which showed the radiated arrangement of club-
shaped cells found in pus derived from a diseased vertebra. In
1848 Lebert made equally unmistakable drawings of bodies found
in the gelatinous pus from a thoracic abscess. In 1868 Rivolta
described small cone-shaped bodies like those of the retina, which
he found in pus from disease of the maxilla of an ox. In 1871
Robin described and figured similar bodies found by him in
chronic abscesses. Perroncito in 1863 found these bodies in the
diseased lower jaw of a cow. After Bollinger’s demonstration,
extended studies of the subject were made first by Johne, Ponfick,
Israel, Wolff and others.

Actinomycosis is widely distributed in the temperate zones, and
has not yet been recognized to any extent in the tropics where
the closely allied disease mycetoma (Madura foot disease) is
prevalent. While we find it at all altitudes, on the elevated
plains of our western states as well as on the marshy river bot-

3

34 Veterinary Medicine.

tom or seacoast, yet its greatest prevalence is unmistakably in
connection with low, damp, rich bottom land. In Great Britain
we find it very common in the fens of Lincoln and Norfolk
(Crookshank) and in river bottoms; in Holland it is a disease of
the polders (Jensen); in Germany it is frequent on the low, damp
lands of Marienburg and Ebling (Preusse), and in Russia on the
rich Steppes stretching along the Volga (Mari) and Dnieper
(Korsak). At some points in the Mississippi Valley it is very
common and encreasingly so as the general use of barbed wire
furnished more numerous infection atria. Immenger has found
it very prevalent in the Bavarian Palatinate and in Franconia.
The abattoir statistics show for Berlin, in cattle, 1:5000, and in
swine, 1:150000; for Augsburg, in cattle, 1:3000; for Bremen,
in cattle, 1:4250, and in swine, 1:8000; for Stuttgart, in cattle,
1:1000; for Hanover, in cattle, 1:10000 ; for Moscow, in cattle,
1:3000, and for Warsaw, in cattle, 1:5000. In Moscow, Oskol-
kow estimates the ratio at 2.5 to 5.5 per cent. In Chicago, Sal-
mon gives the ratio as 0.2 per cent. In La Villette, France,
Nocard gives 0.7 per cent.

Etiology. The cause of actinomycosis is the propagation in
the tissues of the .actinomyces. A variety of conditions may,
however, contribute to this. As already stated it seems to be
most prevalent on low, damp, rich soils where the pathogenic or-
ganism may find a favorable field for saprophytic growth. It has
been supposed to grow especially on cereals and particularly bar-
ley, the beards of which favor its entrance into wounds of the
skin and mucosa. But the disease is found on western ranges
where the cereals are never seen and must be traced to other
forms of the gramineze or to diverse vegetation and soil.

Whatever furnishes a favorable infection atrium contributes to
its prevalence. In swine the follicles of the tonsils have been
found to enclose the parasite (Johne, Piana). The period of
teething and the attendant laceration of the gums afford opportu-
nity for colonizing, hence youth is a strongly predisposing condi-
tion. The relatively large size of the tonsils in early life, the
softness and yielding character of the buccal mucosa, the conges-
tion of the latter in connection with sucking, and the tendency to
aphthous stomatitis, all contribute to an invasion. In older ani-
mals the winter season is the main period of invasion, the dry,

Actinomycosis. Lumpy-Jaw. 35

Jbrous fodder tending to scratch gums, cheeks and tongue and
open the way for the parasite. Peletti has found it specially
prevalent after an epizootic of foot and mouth disease on account
of the wounds and abrasions of the mucosa. In Eastern Europe,
where it is a common disease of the lips, the infection is to be at-
tributed to wounds sustained through the rough herbage of un-
cultivated lands. In old animals the carious cavities in diseased
teeth form a favorite starting point for the parasite, and in all
alike the ducts of glands may become the point of entry. It is
alleged that in many districts cases have increased materially
with the general use of barbed wire fences and the resulting skin
wounds.

The disease is successfully transferred by zzoculation as proved
by Johne, Israel, Crookshank, Rotter and Ponfick. A fragment
of granulation tissue inserted in the peritoneum of calves, and
less certainly of dogs or rabbits determines multiple tumors in
the course of three months. Successful inoculation with artificial
cultures have been made by Wolff, Israel and others. The re-
sulting peritoneal neoplasms had strong fibrous envelops and a
soft puipy interior containing the parasite. In one case secondary
actinomycosis occurred in the liver, and in others artificial
cultures on agar were made from the tunnors.

Actinomyces. The parasite is found in the form of yellowish
or whitish granular bodies, quite visible to the naked eye, in the
pus of the sores, and in the granulation tissue of the tumor. If
the pus is shaken up in a test tube with salt and water these are
easily seen like small grains of sand (0.1 to 0.5 mm.) sticking to
the sides of the tube, and their appearance is almost pathogno-
monic, In the diseased tissues there is found a mass of fine
filaments and cocci of various sizes and around this a variable
number of branches ending in clusters or tufts of clubshaped
cells in which the individual filaments terminate. These clusters
or follicles when young are soft and easily broken up or sectioned
for microscopic examination, but when old they become calcified,
and intensely hard and resistant, and must be treated with weak
acids before they can be prepared for the microscope. The sec-
tions or broken fragments of the granules show a beautiful con-
centric arrangement of club-shaped cells the thick ends forming
the periphery and the inner ends terminating in the filaments.

36 Veterinary Medicine.

This gives the cluster the appearance of a daisy or other composite
flower, though as Bostrém has shown, the arrangement is that of
a hollow hemisphere, the filaments being attached to the ends of the
club-shaped cells on the concave side of the sphere. Occasionally
a filament is to be seen with only two or three terminal club-
shaped cells, and again a filament will grow out of the convex
aspect of the hemispherical mass and develop a cluster of the
characteristic cells beyond. In the older actinomyces clusters the
center of the hemisphere contains the finely granular degenerated
masses of the filaments.

In cattle a rosette of club cells is sometimes found without dis-
tinct filaments and in man the new and rapidly growing colonies
may show the filaments mainly, with few or no clubs,

Under a strong light or a low power of the microscope the
clustered ends of the clubs give the granule the appearance of a
raspberry.

Under the microscope the decalcified granules are best examined
after staining in Gram’s solution or carmine, and by a {7 oil im-
mersion.

The actinomyces has been cultivated on artificial media by
Israel, Bostrom, Crookshank and others. ‘The colonies, in about
twenty-eight days, at a temperature of 33° to 37° C., form bright
rosy nodules surrounded by a network of fleecy white, and con-
sisting of radiating filaments. In artificial cultures, clubs have
not been found, so that Bostrom, Wolff and Israel look upon
these as involution forms. Crookshank on the other hand con-
siders the clubs to consist in a mucilaginous expansion of the
sheath due to the extra stimulus of growing in the animal tissues
with a rich and abundant nutrition. This pleomorphism or
tendency to variation according to the culture medium, has been
noticed by Gasperini in his extended investigation, and he found
that a difference in its vigor of growth on given media, and even
in its pathogenic properties, attached to variations in form. He
found moreover that the virulence was largely affected by the in-
tensity with which the inoculated tissue reacts and by the situa-
tion of the infection atrium. Among pathogenic forms Gasperini
claims the following as being at least temporary varieties :—
Actinomyces bovis (hominis), A. Canis, A. Cati, A. Bovis
Albi, A. Bovis Luteo, Roseus, A. Cuniculi, and A. Chro-

Actinomycosis. Lumpy-Jaw. 37

mogenus and A. Gruberi the last two being very destructive to
Guinea-pigs. These are probably interchangeable according to
the environment.

The organism is both serobic and anzrobic, and forms numer-
ous spores by the continuous transverse division of the filaments.
It was first ranked as a mould, later, by reason of its pseudo.
branching, as a cladothrix (Bostrém) or streptothrix. Sauva-
geau and Rabais however consider it as one of the higher fungi
and create for the class the generic name of Odspora. Crook-
shank assigns it to a place intermediate between the higher
fungi and bacteria.

Pathological Anatomy. Around the actinomyces growth
there is a great accumulation of lymphoid and epithelioid cells,
with afew giant cells, and these in turn are surrounded by a
greater or less abundance of firm, fibrous cicatricial tissue. Ex-
cept for the presence of the actinomyces, the neoplasm bears a
strong resemblance to sarcoma. When the fibrous formation is
defective the mass is soft, friable and mainly cellular ; when
abundant it may attain the consistency of cartilage. In the
bones of the face or jaw the neoplasm forms sarcomatous masses
filling a series of excavations in the interior of the bone, which,
greatly enlarged and distorted, covers these masses more or less
perfectly with thin osseous walls. When invaded by pus mi-
crobes, as in cases of ulceration of the investing tissues, the
neoplasm may be more or less surrounded or permeated by sup-
purating foci, the products escaping through one or more fistule.
Often the pus is formed in the centre of the tumor which still
shows an extending surface of granulation tissue.

The disease advances by gradual invasion of all surrounding
tissues, taking them into its substance after the manner of a car-
cinoma, and as it advances the neoplasm may undergo contraction
behind into a simple cicatricial mass, so that there is a slow
migration from place to place. In this process phagocytosis fills
an important réle, and if active enough will sometimes destroy
the parasitic growth and determine a spontaneous recovery.

It should ‘be noted that the spores and rod-like products of the
microbe and even the club-shaped endings, sometimes enter the
leucocytes (wandering lymph cells) and are carried to distant
points, to start new colonies.

38 Veterinary Medicine.

Advance by the lymphatics is, however, much less frequent
than in the case of tuberculosis, syphilis, glanders, strangles, etc. |
and when lymph glands are involved it is usually by reason of
their contiguity.

Symptoms in Animals. Skin. Cattle and horses especially
“ suffer from one or more wart like nodules varying in size from a
flax seed to a hazel nut, having a hard fibrous capsule and often a
caseated or calcified centre. Ignatjew claims that 10 per cent. of
the cattle from Southern Russia suffer from this.

Tongue. ‘This, too, is most common in horses and cattle, the
hard nodules forming on the surface or in the substance of the
tongue which becomes densely indurated (hence the names ‘‘ holz-
zunge,’’ ‘‘scirrhus tongue’’). The centres of the nodules may
be necrosed and caseous, or there may be deep and irregular
ulcerations, showing the actinomyces tufts or granules.

Jaws and Face. The most common seat of the disease in
animals is in the jaw bone, especially the lower, starting from the
alveolz, or in the soft tissues of the face starting from abrasions
or gland openings (‘‘lumpy-jaw’’). The jaw may show a
simple rounded exostosis or the whole ramus may be swollen to
a thickness of three inches and upward, with, as the disease ad-
vances, soft areas, or ulcers as the morbid process extends to the
soft tissues or skin. The implication of the soft tissues leads to
extraordinary swelling, induration and distortion, the head sug-
gesting that of a hippopotamus. In the ulcers, or incisions the
yellow actinomyces tufts are easily found.

Other seats. Similar nodules and thickening may be found
on the palate, the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, the fourth stomach,
the liver, spleen, kidneys or peritoneum, the lungs and pleure,
the mamme, and the muscular system adjoining the great
splanchnic cavities.

The disease is usually slow in its progress, though at times
when the germs are disseminated by the vascular system, it may
become acute. Acute cases, however, with rapidly multiplying
centres, are usually complicated by purulent infection.

Actinomyces Muscolorum suis. Duncker found in the
muscles of swine a parasitic growth resembling the actinomyces of
the ox, but differing in some important particulars. Under a
magnifying power of 4o to 50 diameters this appears as a cluster

Actinomycosis. Lumpy-Jaw. 39

of roundish sharply defined cells. Under 300 diameters there
appear numerous micrococci with filaments enlarged at their free
extremity. The surrounding muscle is discolored, softened,
infiltrated with liquid, and repulsive. Hertwig who considered it
asa distinct species found that infection was usually received in
summer and autumn. Pfeiffer believed it to be a protozoan in-
fection.

Actinomyces Infection in Man. The human being is ex-
~gosed to nearly all of the causes which prove factors for infection
in herbivora. The disease prevails largely in the same districts,
and tends to start from wounds, or from sores of the gums in
connection with dentition or carious teeth. It has also been fre-
quently observed in persons working in the country among grain
or fodder, or in cities in connection with grain. It has been
plausibly charged on the habit of chewing grain or straw, or of
picking the teeth with the latter. Still further barley awns, and
glumes, and pieces of straw have been found in such cases in the
hollows of the decayed teeth, in the follicles of the tonsils, and
even in the actinomycotic fistula at a distance from the external
opening. Soltman found in an actinomycotic fistula beneath the
scapula a barley awn which was believed to have entered at the
pharynx and advanced with the progress of the actinomycosis to
the point where it was found. Ducer describes a case of maxillary
actinomycosis in a woman who had learned to clean her teeth
with grain. Buzzi found in an actinomycosis of the neck a straw
which had manifestly advanced from the point of infection in a
decayed tooth. Ruge found organisms resembling actinomyces
in four out of twenty-five tonsils examined, but similar objects
are occasionally found in decayed teeth and their true nature is
still uncertain. Hummel found one case with a piece of oat chaff
in contact with the diseased mass, having evidently penetrated
through the buccal mucous membrane. These are in keeping
with Jensen’s epizootic in pigs said to have been caused by feed-
ing on rye grown in the polders reclaimed from the sea in Zeeland,
with Johne’s discovery of actinomyces on rye imbedded in the
follicles of pig’s tonsils, and of Piana’s case of lingual actinomy-
cosis in the cow caused by a barley awn. Still more striking is
the experiment of Korsak who inserted many wheat beards under
the skin of the neck and shoulder of a yearling calf, and later

40 Veterinary Medicine.

found them covered with actinomyces. This was in Poltava
where the grains are especially liable to be attacked by this para-
site. Elsewhere Bodamer found the parasite abundantly on
grain, Jensen on rye, Brazzola on the hordeum murinum, and
Johne and Piana on the glumes of wheat.

Direct infection from actinomycotic animals has been doubted,
and even denied, yet in view of the many cases of successful in-
oculation it cannot be considered as impossible. It must be
allowed that persons are usually about equally exposed to infec-
tion from the diseased animals and from the original sources of
infection which acted on the animals themselves. It must also be
admitted that of the many exposed to actinomyces from either
vegetable or animal source but a very small proportion contract
the affection. Casewell’s experience of 17 affected in a herd of
80 on a farm near Peoria, IIls., is altogether exceptional. Usually
but one or two are found in a herd where the disease has existed
for a length of time.

A certain amount of circumstantial evidence, however, supports
the theory of its transmission from one animal victim to another.
Oschner cites the cases of two farmers who contracted the disease
after treating diseased cattle, and a lumpy-jaw horse. Barnard,
O’Neil, Bergman and Munch quote cases of men suffering after
long attendance on diseased cattle, and Baracz quotes a case of
apparent transmission from man to man.

In view of the occurrence of actinomycosis in connection with
the intestines, it must be admitted asa possible result of eating
the infested food, vegetable or animal, yet direct experiments by
feeding such food to animals have not proved successful. Man is
largely protected by the cooking of his food.

In man as in animals a very large proportion of cases originate
from the implanting of the parasite in a wound, so that it must
be looked upon as, in the main of traumatic origin.

Localization of Actinomycosis in Man. Judging from
recorded cases actinomycosis is by far the most common in or
near the upper part of the alimentary canal, and next in the
chest, abdomen and skin. Among a number of cases, 78 were in
the head, neck or cesophagus, 32 in the viscera and walls of the
chest, 30 in the abdomen, ro in the skin and 2 in the brain. In
the head the following parts suffered: the teeth, alveolz, jaw-
bone, cheek, intermaxillary space, tongue, lachrymal sac and

Actinomycosis. Lumpy-/Jaw. 4l

throat. Cases affecting the neck would extend to the shoulder.
In the chest primary formations have been found in the bron-
chia, cesophagus and mammee, and secondary in the mediastinum,
lungs, intercostal spaces and pleuree. In the abdomen, the in-
testine, liver, peritoneum, bladder, womb, ovaries, and
abdominal walls have been invaded by the parasite.

Diagnosis. This must depend on the recognition of the
actinomyces in the morbid product. With open sores this is not
dificult. In their absence the soft swellings may be aspirated to
secure a specimen, or the hard bony one may be incised and
scraped. The following should be ground for suspicion: the
slow progress of the disease, the comparative absence of pain or
tenderness, the tendency to invade all adjacent tissues indis-
criminately neither selecting nor rejecting any particular organ,
the indisposition to invade the adjacent lymph glands, more than
other parts, the tendency when near the surface to form ulcerous
sores or fistulee leading to a more or less firm granulomatous
tissue, the prior connection of the patient with ground infested
with actinomyces, or the products of such land.

From tubercle, external forms may be distinguished by the
comparative immunity of lymphatic glands, and internal ones
by the absence of reaction to tuberculin.

From Cancer it differs in showing no predilection for the glands,
in many cases by the comparative immunity of the skin, by the
less violent character of the pain, and by the tendency often shown
to advance while improvement goes on in the previous seat of the
disease.

From glanders it is distinguished by the absence of any special
disposition to attack the lymph glands and nasal mucosa, and by
the absence of any reaction under, mallein.

From these and other neoplasms it is distinguished by its
tending to improvement under a course of potassium iodide. In
this it agrees with the gummata and fibroid growths of syphilis
in man, but in that disease there is usually a history of heredity
or infection, the presence of the characteristic chancre, mucous
patch, siphiloderm, or sore throat, the contour of the syphilitic
teeth or some other unequivocal symptoms.

From pyzemia it is to be distinguished by the persistence of the
firm granulomatous product, the scanty production of pus around
it, and presence in the pus of the yellow actinomyces tufts.

42 Veterinary Medicine.

Hewlett and Kanthack have sought to identify mycetoma
(Madura foot disease) with actinomycosis, but there are some
striking differences. Mycetoma is largely a tropical or sub-
tropical disease, affecting hand or foot, and avoiding other parts
of the body—notably the jaws which are so obnoxious to actino-
mycosis. Actinomycosis is largely a disease of temperate lati-
tudes, affecting the parts about the mouth, head and neck and
internal organs, and rarely the hands or feet. ‘The last attacks
animals as well as men and in the same organs, while mycetoma
is described in man only. The parasites of the two diseases are
undoubtedly closely allied, but in view of their clinical characters
it seems premature to pronounce them identical.

Prophylaxis. Considering the special prevalence of actino-
mycosis on damp, rich soils, the drainage of such soils offers a
means of restriction of the disease. ‘The fodders and vegetation
raised on such soils-should be withheld from animals with faulty
teeth or those in process of dentition. To prevent undue encrease
of the germ actinomycotic animals should be promptly treated,
and. in case of failure, slaughtered and safely disposed of. Ani-
mals the subjects of actinomycosis should not be used for human
food until the carcases have been subjected to a boiling tempera-
ture. The stalls of such animals may be disinfected by a satura-
ted solution of cupric sulphate. In actinomycotic districts
cleanliness and disinfection of sores and the hygiene of the teeth
and gums should be carefully attended to.

Treatment. In localized actinomycosis removal by the knife,
followed by disinfection with a solution of cupric sulphate or with
iodized phenol, is very successful. In inoperable cases injections
into the diseased mass of potassium iodide solution (1:100) may
give equally good results. Rydygier repeated these injections at
intervals of three to seven days for six weeks with successful re-
sults. Where ulceration has already taken place the subjacent
granulomatous tumor should be as far as possible removed with a
curette and the cavity packed with gauze or absorbent cotton
charged with iodized phenol or Lugol’s solution. Cavities in the
diseased bones may be scraped out in the same way, and loose
teeth that are hopelessly useless are better removed. In 1843
Relph, an English veterinarian, claimed excellent results from the
use of potassium iodide internally and locally.

In 1885 Professor Thomassen of the Utrecht Veterinary School

Granulation Summer Sores with Fungi. 43

employed in animals large doses of potassium iodide given by the
stomach, One gramme (16 grains) for every 100 pounds of the
subject’s live weight is given daily for four or five days, when it
should be withheld for two days, the animal being meanwhile
given laxative medicine and diet. On the third day, when the
watering of the eyes and other signs of iodism have subsided
somewhat, a second course of four or five days is started, and in
the same manner a third, fourth, fifth, sixth and seventh. Under
this treatment over 70 per cent. of all affected animals recover.

The same agent has now been extensively used in the human
being, the dose being according to size and weight up to 4
grammes (60 grains) daily. As in cattle it proves especially
valuable in internal and inoperable cases and even when the more
prompt surgical measures can be taken this should never be
omitted. No matter what unsuspected actinomycosis tumors may
be present in varied parts of the body the iodide will reach them
through the circulation and establish its beneficent work. It
should be noted that a one per cent. solution of potassium iodide
is not incompatible with the growth of actinomyces in vitro so
that we look upon it not asa germicide alone, but as an agent
which lowers the vitality of the germ and subjects it more abso-
lutely to the destructive action of the protective serums and pha-
gocytes.

In some instances the iodide treatment fails and this may in
certain cases be attributed to a complex infection with pyogenic
and other microbes. In one case which discharged pus freely
containing both actinomyces and streptococcus Ducor had ex-
cellent results from a combination of potassium iodide and anti-
streptococcic serum.

GRANULATION SUMMER SORES WITH FUNGI. GRAN-
ULOMA FUNGOIDES. ‘‘BURSATTI.’?’ GRANULAR
DERMATITIS. ‘‘ LEECHES.”’

Bursatti with filaria irritans: with fungus, mycelium, spores, clubcells.
Prefers bottom lands. Symptoms: Lesion. Skin nodule, spongy, grayish
yellow, granulations, calcic, detached nodule-kunkur, leucocytes, fungus.
Treatment : Infection by proximity rare; curetting, iodoform, iodine, car-
bolic, salicylic acid or sulphurous acid, bluestone, silver nitrate, cautery, pot-
ash, arsenic, cold douching, cool stable, tonics, potassium iodide, aristol.

44 Veterinary Medicine.

A granular dermatitis prevails in horses, during the hot rainy
season, in India and Continental Europe and has been associated
with the filaria irritans. In our Southern States, and to a less
extent summer sores, showing similar characters, are met with in
the same parts of the same animal year after year, but the filaria
has not been discovered. Theobald Smith and P. A. Fish in in-
dependent observations found the mycelia and spores of a
fungus permeating the granulation tissue of Florida specimens,
but did not attempt the propagation of the disease by their cul-
tures. F. Smith and Steele had previously, in India, found a
brown mould fungus in the tissue, and the former inoculated
two horses and ten men with portions of the diseased tissue, but
the results were negative except in the case of one man, who on
the third day cauterized the wound and put a stop to the tingling
and inflammatory action. Hart also failed to convey the affection
from horse to horse. Bitting in Florida found the sores common
on the lips and assumed that they were affected through rubbing
and gnawing the sores elsewhere. In the absence of any direct
proof of experimental inoculation, it must remain uncertain,
whether the fungus is the essential cause of the disease or only a
saprophyte which has incidentally grown on the raw unhealthy
surface. Due importance should be attached to the facts that F.
Smith, Steel, Druin and Renan, T. Smith and Fish found the
cryptogam in all cases examined, that it was present not only on
the surface, but throughout the substance also of the granulation
tissue, that the disease prevails especially in given districts and
particularly where the land is low and damp, and though it may
become dormant in winter, it resumes its activity with the hot
weather of the succeeding year. While it may be carried by a
diseased animal into high and dry localities, it does not show the
tendency to extend in these as in the hot and damp low-lying
ones. Finally improvement is shown under potassium iodide
( Bitting ). On the other hand many cases of so-called ‘‘ bursatti’’
in India and Europe are associated with filaria irritans in the sores
(Ercolain, Lemmer, Rivolta, Railliet, Laulanie, Baruchello, and
Gunn) showing that at least two distinct conditions are known
by the same name. Both forms attack horses and cattle, while
other domestic animals appear to be exempt.

Distribution. In America it is especially prevalent in Florida

Granulation Summer Sores with Fungi. 45

where it is known as leeches, bearing reference to supposed
leech bites, and indicating a relation to ponds, lakes, rivers and
swamps in which leeches are found. Cases occur over the whole
Atlantic slope and as far north as St. Paul, Minneapolis and New
York. An occasional case is presented at the college clinic at
Ithaca. Asin Asia and Europe the affection follows the bottom
lands of rivers, low, damp prairies, swamps, lakes and ponds.
Cases seen on higher, drier lands are usually isolated, and at
times imported from an infected district.

Symptoms, Lesions. In the more temperate regions the
lesions are usually confined to the skin, yet this is not constant,
and even at Ithaca we have seen the morbid process extend
downward and inward, implicating the lateral cartilage so that a
portion had to be excised. In damp tropical regions the lesions
are much more extensive. Writing of Florida, J. H. Neal says
it begins ‘‘as a grain of shot lodged beneath the skin. In eight
or ten days the skin sloughs off centrally over this hard spot,
leaving a bloody, bruised-like surface, exuding serum and blood,
no pus. This rapidly grows in size until in a few weeks there is
a raw surface from four inches to one foot square. An examina-
tion will show usually a mass of yellow, gritty growth, coral-like
in shape, embedded in a mass of bruised bloody tissue, dark in
color and the edges roughened, elevated above the skin and the
skin decaying at the outside of the ulcer. The invaded tissues
decay slowly and apparently without pain. I have seen hoofs
cut off, the abdomen opened, the eyes eaten out, the teeth de-
stroyed, etc.’’

As seen at Ithaca the fungous growth has appeared mainly on
the limbs and trunk in spots varying from one-half an inch to
three inches in diameter, the soft spongy, grayish yellow mass
rising above the level of the skin, rarely gritty, but soft and
friable, easily scraped down tothe level of the skin, and leaving a
dark red bloody surface. When thus scraped off it grows rapidly
to its former level or beyond, and though it may heal up during a
cool period and above all in winter, yet it starts into renewed
growth on the occurrence of hot summer weather.

In Florida specimens Dr. Fish found the well developed nodule
(kunkur) more or less completely detached from the surrounding
tissues. In the early stages it was soft and easily cut ; later hard

46 Veterinary Medicine.

and gritty. Around the central portion was a zone of leucocytes
(polynuclear cells predominating), a number of which contained
spores. The nodule itself appeared to be composed of a dense
network of mycelium, intermingled with disintegrating leucocytes
and spherical bodies, probably spores. Many filaments ended in
club-shaped enlargements, but these were not regularly pointed
outward in tufts asin actinomyces. The calcification seemed to
be mainly resident in the mycelial network. The solution of the
animal tissues in a 10 per cent. cold solution of caustic potash for
twelve hours rendered the fungous growth very evident.

Treatment. Accepting the disease as due exclusively to the
local propagation of the cryptogam, one is unable to explain its
spontaneous recovery on the advent of cold weather and its re-
currence in the same seat with the onset of the hot damp weather
of the succeeding season. Equally difficult is it to explain why
in the more temperate regions like New York the disease will per-
sist for years in one horse in a stable and respect the second horse
of the same team, though dressed daily with the same brush and
rubber, and pestered by the same flies that suck the liquids from
the kunkurs. Manifestly, as in many cases of favus and ring-
worm, the one animal acquires a constitutional susceptibility to
which the other is a stranger. It may be also that the spores
hibernate in the system, to wake to new life the following sum-
mer. A purely local treatment may therefore be insufficient. yet
such treatment of the skin, where the diseased process is so active,
cannot be looked on as superfluous nor irrational.

In mild cases at Ithaca the scraping out of the nodule and the
daily application of iodoform has secured a speedy healing. In
more advanced and inveterate cases the frequent douching with
cold water from a hose or watering pan and the application of
tincture of iodine have hastened healing.

In India the most varied opinions have been advanced. ‘‘ Max”?
alleges that no bursatti sore will resist treatment if protected from
the flies. Steel would prevent infection by covering all sores by
antiseptic dressings, especially carbolic acid, and the infected
sores should be dressed with carbolic, salicylic or sulphurous acid.
Others have sought to slough out the diseased mass by the use of
white arsenic in powder, or by cauterization with the actual
cautery, caustic potash, silver nitrate, blue stone and other agents.

Dermatozoa, 47

All have found that the most important accessory to such local
treatment was the advent of cold weather.

As a constitutional treatment, Western advocated tonics.
Fayer, and later Bitting, claim a large measure of success from
the administration of iodide of potassium until the system is
thoroughly saturated. In other hands and during the monsoons
the iodine treatment has been fruitless.

If the recurrence of the disease year after year in the same
horse, in non-bursatti districts, is due to the hibernation of the
spores in leucocytes, this would be a strong argument for the
thorough destruction of the bursatti nodule by caustic, iodine and
otherwise, at the earliest possible stage, before time has been
"allowed for much or any spore formation.

DERMATOZOA.

Coccidium oviforme : in epidermic cells, as round protoplasmic body, ac-
quires outer coat, bursts epidermic cells, becomes segmented, sporulated,
and finally falciform. Pathogenic to poultry, turkeys, pigeons. Symptoms:
Unfeathered parts of head, etc., form wart-like nodules, grain-like, yellow.
In pigeons, umbilicated, suppurating, ulcerating, foetid. May dry, disinte-
grate, desquamate, heal. May cause anzemia, emaciation, marasmus, death.
In rete Malphigii, follicles, gland ducts. Contagious directly and indirectly.
Treatment: Caustic, oil of turpentine, oil of tar. Disinfection of buildings.

Cutaneous Coccidiosis. (Psorospermosis.) Molluscum
Contagiosum. Epithelioma Contagiosa. Poultry, turkeys,
pigeons. ‘

Coccidia Oviformes: Live mainly in the epidermic (else-
where epithelial) cells. First, small round protoplasmic masses,
usually nucleated. These encrease in size, acquire a cys¢ or shell,
and burst open the epithelial cell-hosts, escaping to the epithelial
intervals. Then they become segmented, their protoplasm con-
densed and then divided into several spheroids (spores). Each
spore divides into several falciform corpuscles, which invade
new epithelial cells and repeat the above transformations.

Symptoms: Attack especially the head, beak commissures,
nostrils, eyelids, auditory meatus, comb, barbs. Form oblong,

. salient, wartlike nodules, sulphur yellow, in size from a linseed
to maize grain. In pigeons attack head, lower surface of neck

48 Veterinary Medicine. '

and body and rump, and the upper surface of the wings near the
root of the pin-feathers. The nodule at first firm and resistant,
soon becomes degenerated and forms a thick central yellow
debris in the now umbilicated centre. In pigeons may cause
suppuration or ulceration, with a foetid odor. Recovery may be
spontaneous, the nodules drying up, disintegrating, falling off
and leaving healing sores. In other cases disease extends, with
anemia, emaciation and marasmus, to a fatal result. This is
especially so in pigeons when the disease extends to the mucosz.
They grow especially in the rete Malpighiz, but also extend into
the follicles and gland ducts (follicular psorospermosis). Is con-
tagious from bird to bird by direct contact, by roosts, solid bodies
on which they rub the affected bill, etc., and by infected dust.
To fowls and pigeons by experimental inoculation (Pfeiffer).

Treated successfully by the hot wire, by oil of turpentine, by
oil of tar.

Buildings should be thoroughly disinfected by quicklime and
mercuric chloride.

AMCEBOID DISEASE OF FEET, ETC., IN LAMBS.

Protoplasmic masses in epidermic and epithelial cells in rete Malpighii,
lips, gums, nostrils, coronet. Suppuration, emaciation, death, or desicca-
tion, desquamation, recovery. Amoeba princeps grows in water. TJyveat-
ment: Quicklime, cupric, or ferric sulphate, stibium chloride, oil of tar, etc.

Leudenfield found epithelioid concretions and growths on lips,
gums and nostrils and behind the hoofs in lambs. ‘The rete Mal-
pighii was inflamed, proliferated, and thickened, the hypertrophy
extending outward to the horny layer and inward to the papille
of the derma. Beneath this suppuration might be found and
the patient might run down and die, or the morbid product might
be dried up and thrown off, followed by recovery.

Beneath the horny layer L. found granular nucleated masses
which he identified as Amocebze: these seemed identical with
A. princeps (Ehr.) of fresh water, and he supposed the lamb
contracted them from pools and mud holes. They could be cul-
tivated readily in water.

Aspergillosis of the Air Passages in Birds and Mammals. 49

Treatment would be by dusting with quicklime, or by lotion
containing turpentine, oil of tar, creolin, lysol, cupric sulphate,
ferric sulphate, butter of antimony, etc.

THRUSH OF THE MOUTH IN SUCKLINGS. MUGUET.

Saccharomyces Albicans. See Vol. II. p. 36.

SACCHAROMYCES GUTTULATUS IN THE RABBIT.

Saccharomyces Guttulatus is found in the intestinal mucus
of cattle, sheep, swine and rabbits, without proving appreciably
pathogenic. In the gall ducts of the rabbit however it has been
found by Nasse and Remak to form masses like tubercles which
interfere with the functions of the liver.

The cryptogam appears in the form of ovoid, dark, brown cells,
each having from two to four clear transparent droplets from
which the name has been derived. They are arranged in pairs
or short chains or in clumps. They do not appear to form any
irritating nor poisonous product and produce mechanical trouble

only.

ASPERGILLOSIS OF THE AIR PASSAGES IN BIRDS
AND MAMMALS. PNEUMOMYCOSES.

flistory: Cause: Aspergillus, mother cells, branching transparent fila-
ments, downy layer, vertical filaments, tufts or heads, spores or conidia.
Grows on dead organic matter, but also on living surfaces. Varieties: As-
pergillus—smoky, black, sea-green, translucent. Accessory Causes: Youth,
delicacy, close buildings, cramming, darkness, damp. Symptoms: Birds:
Wheezy, croupy expiration, catarrh, dyspnoea, moping, somnolence, debil-
ity, sunken head, wing, tail, eyelids, ruffled feathers, inappetence, thirst,
hyperthermia, diarrhoea, emaciation, death in one to eight weeks. Lesions -
On erial mucosa back of nose tubercle-like masses or greenish patches,
showing a mycelial surface ; pseudo-tubercle in liver, diaphragm, peritone-
um, intestine ; contains many leucocytes and spores. /athology: Inhaled
spore grows on mucosa causing congestion, positive chemiotaxis, lymphoid
and giant cells, fibroid organization. Intravenously, pseudo-tubercle in
liver and lungs; intratracheally, death in 10 to 20 days. No strong toxin.

4

50 Veterinary Medicine.

Weak tissues most susceptible. Solipeds: acute: chronic: Fever, pulmon-
ary consolidation, wheezing, nephritis, emaciation, death in 3 days to 3
months. Lesions: Hemorrhagic foci with aspergillus, in lungs, kidneys
and intestinal mucosa ; or pea-like nodules with necrotic, caseated centre
and mycelium. Cattle and Sheep: Feeble, hacking cough, oppressed,
wheezing breathing, nasal discharge with mycelium; or like tuberculosis
without response to tuberculin. Lesions: Miliary nodules, or like hazel
nut or larger, central mass with mycelium, peripheral exudate with less,
heemorrhagic foci, ulcers on mucosa, blocked alveoli and bronchioles. Dog -
Sarcomatous kidney, lung, spleen, womb, with mycelium. Prevention -
Correct catarrhs, feed no aspergillus fodder, or boil it, or sprinkle with lime
water or sulphites ; air, light, drain buildings, scald or disinfect, exclude
affected animals, tame and wild, discard cramming. Raise new flock from
eggs, on sound soil. Treatment: Fungicide inhalations (SO,) and in-
jections.

The first notice of mycosis of the lungs was by Meyer and
Emert in 1815 in a jay, and since that date it has been often seen
in wild birds (flamingo, eider duck, sea gull, stork, plover, par-
rot, bullfinch, raven, owl and falcon); and in domesticated
(chicken, pheasant, pigeon, goose, duck, swan and ostrich).

Essential Cause. Aspergillus (aspergere to sprinkle) is a
group of fungi of the order Ascomycetes (askos a bladder-bag)
so named because the spores are formed by partial division in the
interior of tubular mother cells. The spores are set free by the
destruction of these spore bearing tubes. They form a dense
felted mass of branching, transparent filaments (thallum),
above which is a looser downy layer (zrial mycelium). From
this last grow vertical filaments differing from the others in lacking
internal septa, and bearing at their summits a number of branches
(sterigmata), each of which at its free end forms a head
(capitulum) of radiating globular spores (conidium),

The Aspergilli usually grow on dead organic matter. Their
assumption of a parasitic existence on animals places them among
the facultative parasites. Four species have been found to as-
sume this parasitic r6le, one of which, the Aspergillus Fumi-
gatus, is especially common and injurious.

Aspergillus Fumigatus (smoky). In this species the
sterigmata do not branch, but each terminates in its own conidian
head. The sterigmata are at first bright yellow or blue, from
which they fade to a brown or dark gray smoky hue. The
conidia are colorless and spherical.

Aspergillosis of the Air Passages in Birds and Mammals. 51

Asp. Nigrescens (blackening). This resembles the fumiga-
tus in color and general aspect, and the sterigmata individually
divide into three to eight branches, each bearing a brown or
brownish violet conidium.

Asp. Glaucus (sea green). In this species the filaments are
partitioned at long intervals, the sterigmata are greenish-blue,
yellow or brown, and the round or oval conidia grayish green.

Asp. Candidus (transparent). In this species the sterigmata
are colorless and transparent, the capitulum is cut off short, and
the conidia colorless or in masses snowy white.

Accessory Causes, Generali has found the more highly
bred and delicate birds to contract this disease the most readily.
This is in part to be attributed to the fact that such birds are too
often kept in confined houses and yards to prevent contamination
by crossing with inferior breeds, and in these the spores become
concentrated and mingle with their food and water, as well as
with the air they breathe. In establishments in which the birds
are subjected to forced feeding (cramming) by means of a tube,
this latter becomes a ready means of transfer from bird to bird.
In a number of cases the attendant who fed the birds, by forcing
the food from his own mouth through the tube into the stomach
of the fowl has contracted the malady in this way. Damp, dark,
close and unclean buildings favor the propagation and preserva-
tion of these as of other fungi and must be reckoned among the
causes.

Symptoms in Birds. The breathing becomes hurried,
wheezing or croupy, and loudest in expiration. A catarrh sets in
with spores and filaments in the expectorations. The dyspnoea
becomes more and more intense and suffocation is threatened.
The bird mopes alone, is drowsy, weak and usually resting on its
sternum. When driven a few yards its legs fail and it drops on
its breast. The head sinks between the wings, the eyes close,
the feathers ruffle, and wings and tail drop. Appetite may be
impaired or lost, but thirst is intense. The temperature rises
above the normal, and diarrhcea and emaciation set in and ad-
vance rapidly. When the fungus is confined to the air sacsa
progressive emaciation may be the sole indication of illness.
Death may occur in from one to eight weeks from asphyxia or
marasmus.

52 Veterinary Medicine.

Lesions. These are found in the larynx, trachea, bronchia,
lungs, and the air sacs of the soft parts, and less frequently of
the bones. The nasal chambers are usually free. They consist
of yellowish or greenish membranous patches on the mucosa, or
rounded masses like tubercle, and bearing on their surface the
mycelial filaments. The masses, which are found also in the
diaphragm, liver, peritoneum and intestine, sometimes become
caseated or calcified, intensifying the resemblance totubercle. In
pigeons they have been found in the mouth of the size of a pea or
bean. The formation consists largely of fibrinous exudate with
leucotytes and often cocci or spores, but on the surface the fun-
gus growth is easily demonstrated. In the solid organs the de-
posits may be easily confounded with miliary tubercle, coccidiosis
or acariasis caused by the symplectoptes, but under the micro-
scope the revelation of the aspergillus filaments and the absence
of the parasites which cause these other diseases is diagnostic.

Pathology. The spore inhaled from the food or dust, and
propagating on the mucosa or in solid tissues, interferes mechani-
cally with the breathing and other functions and thus establishes
its pathogenesis. It leads to local congestion, and exudation and
establishes a positive chemiotaxis on the leucocytes, which are
seen to accumulate around the growing fungus. Giant cells are
often present, so that the histological relation to the tubercle is
very close. Fibroid development may also take place in the
masses and in these the filaments may disappear. Cultures of the
aspergillus, injected into the axillary vein of a pigeon caused a
pseudo-tuberculosis of liver and lungs with death in three to four
days. Thrown into the trachea they caused death in ten to twenty
days, with groups of pseudo-tubercles and numerous caseated
centres.

Yet the aspergillus produces no very actively toxic product as
shown by the experimental researches of Schiitz, Kottiar, Lucet
and Renon. ‘They have moreover been found on the mucosa in
healthy animals, and affected men have recovered when removed
from fresh accessions of the spores, so that we may assume a
power of resistance in healthy tissues, and a special susceptibility
in a mucosa weakened by other diseases or by the presence of
foreign bodies and other irritants.

Symptoms in Solipeds. Asseen by Schiitz, Rivolta, Martin,

Aspergillosis of the Air Passages in Birds and Mammals. 53

Lucet and Thary, the malady may be acute or chronic. There is
great depression, dullness, and even trembling, with short, hur-
ried breathing, and bloody nasal discharge. ‘The pulse is accel-
erated, the heart action tumultuous and the temperature elevated
(103° to 106° F.), there are the percussion and auscultation signs
of pulmonary consolidation, and usually wheezing. There may
also be signs of nephritis. A positive diagnosis can only be made
by the recognition of the spores and filaments in the expectoration,
by their culture in peptonized bouillon or on gelatine, and by
successful inoculation on birds.

Acute cases may prove fatalin three days. Chronic cases may
last for months with impaired appetite and breathing and finally
marasmus.

Lesions. In the acute form there is found generalized
hzemorrhage into the lung and respiratory mucosa. The hamor-
rhagic areas may be individually two or three inches in diam-
eter and the aspergillus filaments are found inthe centre. Similar
hemorrhages have been found in the kidneys and intestinal
mucosa.

In the chronic form the anterior lobes are splenized and of a
dark red. The pleura is thickened and shows yellowish pea-like
nodules, which have a necrotic centre with more or less caseated
matter and aspergillus filaments.

Symptoms in Cattle and Sheep. Schiitz, Rockl, Piana,
Mazzanti, Lucet, Bournay, Konig and Hartenstein have recorded
cases in cattle and Mazzanti, one case in a lamb. Hartenstein
attributes to this fungus the catarrhal pneumonia of calves. The
patient fails in appetite, rumination and, in dairy cows, milk. A
feeble, hacking cough sets in with labored breathing and a double
lift of the flank and grunt in expiration. The symptoms are
essentially those of catarrhal inflammation which may be con-
sulted. The one diagnostic symptom is the discovery of spores
and filaments in the expectoration.

Chronic cases bear a strong resemblance to tuberculosis, but
they do not respond to tuberculin.

Lesions. Sometimes the pulmonary lesions resemble miliary
tuberculosis (Rockl and Piana), in other cases they reach the
size of a walnut, and in others there is an extensive hepatization
with more or less pleurisy. Klosterkemper noted a resemblance

54 Veterinary Medicine.

to actinomnycosis. There is usually a circumscribed yellowish
central mass made up largely ot the mycelium, with more or less
surrounding red hepatization. At times the exudate is so abun-
dant as to distend the interlobular connective tissue, as in lung
plague. Heemorrhagic centres several inches in diameter are
common in the lungs and the bronchial and tracheal mucosa is in
a hemorrhagic condition. In some instances the fungus has been
found occupying old standing ulcers of the mucosa and the
interior of vomicee and ruptured abscesses. The air cells in the
affected parts are usually filled with mycelium, and this appears
to be acommon starting point for the local growth. The adjacent
bronchioles are filled with leucocytes, blood globules, and fibrin-
ous coagula, and the epithelium has been more or less destroyed.

Symptoms in Dogs, A case described by Rivolta under the
name of mucorimyces canis familiaris was probably aspergillus,
The animal had a dry, frequent cough and accelerated respira-
tion and lameness in one hind limb. There was generalized sar-
coma in the kidneys, lung, spleen and womb. In the centre
of each nodule were filaments and round cells or spores con-
nected in chains. No cultures nor inoculations were made so
that the true nature of the fungus cannot be confidently affirmed.

Prevention. This will consist largely in the hygiene of the
animals and buildings. Catarrhal aud other affections of the
respiratory mucosa should be treated to remove the concurrent
cause of local debility and the tone of the general system should
be kept as high as possible. Fodder suspected of containing the
aspergillus should be discarded or watered with lime water or a
solution of hyposulphite of soda. When it can be cut and boiled
it may then be safely fed. Grain or mush may also be boiled.
The stables or other buildings should be well aired and lighted,
and their sites thoroughly drained. The walls, floors and ceilings
should be treated with live steam or boiling water, or they may be
covered with whitewash made from freshly burned quick-lime, or
chloride of lime, or with a solution of mercuric chloride (1:500),
or blue stone (1:200), and in addition they may be fumigated
with sulphurous acid or chlorine gas. All affected animals should
be excluded and accessions to the flock or herd critically examined
before admission. This is above all necessary under the cram-
ming system of feeding, and for the sake of the attendant as well

Mucor Racemosus, 55

as the birds the system of feeding from the human mouth should
be discarded.

Treatment. Therapeutic treatment has been little tried but
the best hope of success would be in cases in which the aspergillus
is still confined to the respiratory mucosa. In such cases the
non-poisonous fungicides may be inhaled, or injected in solution
into the trachea. Sulphurous acid produced by the burning, in a
close building, of a mixture of sulphur and alcohol so as to saturate
the air to such an extent as can be borne without violent cough-
ing may be kept up for half an hour at a time twicedaily. Great
care is required, especially with birds, to obviate suffocation. The
administrator must stay with the patients ready at any moment to
admit fresh air by opening doors and windows, when the line of
safety is being exceeded. Asa tracheal injection a solution of
hyposulphite or bisulphite of soda (2 drs. to 1 quart water) may be
employed. More irritating and dangerous would be inhalations, of
chlorine, or iodine, or injections of these insolution. Cadeac advises
inhalations of tar, phenol or oil of turpentine, or tracheal injec-
tions of solutions of phenol or salicylic acid. He even mentions
sublimate, but surely as a lapse of judgment only.

Gutturomycosis Equi. See vol. I. p. 149.

MUCOR RACEMOSUS.

This representative of the mucorinz, a close relative of the
trichophyton, was found by Frank in a polypoid tumor of a
horses shoulder. The tumor lay under the upper part of the
collar, by which it was often rubbed off, but it was as constantly
formed anew. The cryptogam showed an abundant mycelium of
large size, with globular conidia situated at its periphery, and re-
sembling the mucor racemosus. So far as this contributed to the
recurrence of the tumor, it might be remedied by the free use of
a fungicide- the standard solution of sulphurous acid protected
against evaporation, a saturated solution of hyposulphite or bisul-
phite of soda, or the standard solution of iodine.

MOSQUITOES. CULEX. ANOPHELES.

Culex pipiens, C. Equina, Anopheles, characters, larve. Prevention:
Curtains, ‘‘ smudge,’’ parasiticides, drainage, kerosene or phenol in water,
or fish or frogs init, remove brush, plant belts of trees. Locally on bites,
ammonia, phenol, sodium carbonate, potassium permanganate, lead acetate.

The cu/icide or gnats are represented by the common mosquito,
culex pipiens, the female of which attacks man and beast,
mostly at night, piercing the skin with the stylets of its rostrum
and not only sucking blood, but instilling a poison which produces
active inflammation, itching and swelling. The culex equinus
is especially troublesome to horses, and the anopheles, character-
ized among other things by the black spots on its wings, is re-
markable for inoculating the protozoa that cause malarial fevers.

The culicidee are characterized by a long slender body (5 to
6mm), the fourteen segmented antenne, by the thick bulging
thorax, by the large head, the prolonged rostrum containing six
perforating lancets. The legs are long and delicate, the wings
long and narrow and produce a singing note in flight. The larvee
known as wrigglers are found in pools and other stagnant bodies
of fresh water and damp ground on which the parent lays her
eggs.

Prevention. 'The attacks of the mosquito are warded off by
mosquito curtains, by smudge, the patient standing or lying in the
dense smoke of burning green grass, or by covering the skin by
parasiticides offensive to the gnat. To prevent their reproduction
the drainage of ponds, marshes and damp soils is the most effec-
tive measure, or when this cannot be accomplished the sprinkling
of kerosene or phenol on the water in which they breed, or by
propagating frogs or fishes in the water. Shrubbery, brush and
dense foliage harbor the gnats to come out in swarms at night,
yet a belt of woods between the breeding places and the higher
grounds will largely protect the latter against invasion. To
lessen the itching of the bites solutions of ammonia, phenol,
sodium bicarbonate, potassium permanganate, or lead acetate may
be applied.

56

SIMULIDA. BLACK FLIES.

Adirondack black-fly: turkey gnat: buffalo gnat. Sometimes fatal.
Abound ‘in low, damp lands, brush and woods. Prevention, etc. as for
mosquito.

The simulium is shorter than the mosquito, with a thick
_ broad abdomen, a short thick thorax, antennze with 11 segments,
and proboscis with two perforating stylets, the wings are wide and
short and the legs thick and stout. Among the most trouble-
some American species are the Adirondack black fly (.S. Moles-
tum), the turkey gnat (S. Meridionale) and the buffalo gnat
CS. Pecuarum). The first is the worst pest of the visitor in the
North Woods, the second pesters the turkey until it leaves its
eggs, and all bite and suck the blood of their victims, often caus-
ing death even in the larger mammals. In Lapland they drive
the reindeer from the lower rich pastures to the mountain glaciers
for protection, in Hungary, Servia, Moravia and Austria they
cause heavy losses of horses, cattle, sheep and swine, and even in
some damp regions of England they prove most injurious. They
abound on low, damp lands, among brush and woods and are to
be met by the same measures as the mosquito. Solutions of
quassia, tobacco, or walnut leaves, and liniments of oil of tar are
often employed.

ASILIDA. ROBBER FLIES: TABANIDA, HORSE OR
, OX FLIES.

Hornet asilus : Tabanidee: their pertinaceous and injurious bites. He-
matopota, Chrysops, Pangonia, Rat-tailed—Eristalis Tenax.

The hornet asilus (4. Crabroniformis), easily recognized by
the hornet like constriction of its body, is one of the most preda-
ceous and troublesome of insect pests.

The tabanidz are remarkable alike for their large size, the
breadth of the somewhat flattened body, for the compression of
the head from before backward, for the 3 articled antenna the
last segment annulated and devoid of hairs and for the perforating
lancets in the rostrum of the female for purposes of blood sucking.

57

58 Veterinary Medicine,

The male like that of the mosquito lives on vegetable juices.
The larvze live in earth or water and are carnivorous, subsisting
on the larvee of other insects, etc.

The female tabanus attacks the large animals, wild and tame,
and even man himself. It flies with a buzzing noise and
with extraordinary speed, catching up with the swiftest victim,
and alighting on the most delicate parts of the skin, which it in-
stantly perforates and sucks blood until gorged. | When it leaves
a drop of blood is left to dry and a temporary swelling marks the
spot. They are charged with conveying infection from animal to
animal.

There are several hundreds of species, the most familiar of
which are named in the list of diptera given above.

HAMATOPOTA (bloodsucker), CHRYSOPS (golden eyes),
PANGONIA.

The hematopota, a division of the tabanide, are among the
most fierce in their attacks, and once settled allow themselves to
be killed rather than give up their bloody feast. The smallest,
H. Pluvialis, about %4 inch long, flies especially after a shower.
H. Tenuicornis and H. Grandis, the Clegg of North Britain,
are equally predaceous. ‘The chrysops is named from the golden
yellow reflection from its eyes, which are multiplied by three
additional. C. Czecutiens (blinding breeze fly) has the habit
of settling on the eyes and eyelids. It is 9 mm. long, with brown
wings, wide apart and each marked by two spots, anterior and
posterior ; abdomen flattened and gray with a yellow ring at the
base. About 50 North American species are described. A Pan-
gonia preying on cattle in New Caledonia is charged with propa-
gating anthrax.

ERISTALIS (DRONE FLY). HELOPHILUS (MARSH FLY)

The family of syrphidze, characterized. by a tail-like prolonga-
tion in the larval state (rat-tailed maggots) is represented by
Eristalis Tenax and Helophilus Pendulinus which not only
attack the horse but are found present as larvee in horse manure,
and have therefore been credited with living in the intestines,

MUSCA (HOUSE FLY AND ALLIES).

Muscee don’t bite, but suck and through their numbers and irritation may
cause sores. Horn fly, very injurious.

The genus musca are not furnished with perforating stylets,
but only a soft sucking proboscis, by which they imbibe perspira-
tion and the exudations of wounds and abrasions. On the sound
skin they cause irritation by their numbers and persistence, the
itching or formication being most annoying to an animal that is
nervously sensitive. On wounds, however, they are irritating,
by their constant titilation, and by the transfer of infection not
only from wound to wound, but from putrid organic matter to
wounds, and from wounds to food and water. They lay their
eggs in collections of manure, in which the larvee are produced.
The common species of muscze are named in the list of diptera.

The Hematobia Serrata or Horn Fly has lately spread over
North America causing great irritation to cattle and especially.
around the horns and head. Its suctorial proboscis is not pierc-
ing, yet by their numbers and the persistency of their attacks these
flies may produce extensive lesions of the skin. The eggs and
larve are found in cow manure and their reproduction must be
arrested by applying lime and other agents to the dung.

GLOSSINA MORSITANS. ‘‘ TSETSE.”’
‘ Tsetse,’ an African fly causing infection of nagana especially.

This fly is a little larger than the house fly, with a proboscis
twice as long as the head and its piercing stylet barbed, its thorax
orange with four black lines, and its abdomen yellowish white
with black spots on the four last segments. The wings are
smoky. It prevails along damp lands and river bottoms in Cen-
tral Africa. It attacks man and beast, striking them like a flash,
and instantly perforating the skin and drawing blood. Living-
ston, Oswald and others considered its bite as fatal to all domestic
animals except the elephant, the ass and the goat, the symptoms

59

60 Veterinary Medicine.

being a spreading tumor in the seat of the bite, and progressive
and fatal emaciation and debility. Later observation by Baur,
Nocard, Leroy, Bruce, and Megnin show that the bite in itself is
not dangerous nor fatal, but that this, like other blood sucking
flies, becomes the medium for the transmission of fatal infections,
in this case the Trypanosoma Brucii the true cause of Magana,
and that only those animals that are insusceptible to these in-
fections survive.

LARVA OF DIPTERA IN WOUNDS. FLY BLOW,
MYIASIS.

“Blowflies with larvae on dead meat, sores, or soiled skin or wool. Sarco-
phaga Magnifica : larva on horses, oxen, sheep, swine, dogs, camels, birds.
Lucilia Serricata: larva on sheep in Holland and England favored by
damp climate. Symptoms: leaves flock, mopes under bush, etc., dark wet
patch on tail or hips, wriggles tail, rubs, bites, tears out white tufts, open
sores or subcutaneous galleries show abundance of maggots, all sizes : death
in 24 hours or longer. L. Macellaria : Screw-worm ; worst in warm lati-
tudes ; attacks horse, ox, sheep and swine on soiled skin or wound. Cayor
fly. Prevention of fly-breeding ; drainage, kerosene, etc., on water,
fish or frogs, have dark covered pits for manure, add copperas, etc., turn
over cow manure in field, add parasiticide. Remove jiy-shelter, brush,
weeds, coarse grass tufts. Hwxclude flies, darken building, screen, admit
light on one side only, admit air through bent tubes, enter the animals one
by one through a dark stall with light in box at ridge and brush them.
Kill flies in building by smoke from green vegetation, by chlorine, insect
powder, or quassia or tobacco water ; trap them in glazed lighted box in
wall of dark stable, etc. Pvrotect animal’s body by linen sheets, nets, de-
coction of walnut leaves, tobacco, ailanthus, quassia ; for sheep expel in-
testinal worms, remove soiled or wet wool, and apply parasiticides, creolin,
oil of tar, naphthalin, scrape out maggots, use phenated camphor, etc.

The larvee of the blowflies of dead meat. Sarcophaga Car-
naria, Cynomyia Mortuorum, and Calliphora Vomitoria
(Blue Bottle) have not been proved to attack living animals.
The Sarcophaga Magnifica, however, the Lucilia (Campso-
myia) Macellaria, (Screw-worm) the L. Serricata and the
Achromyia Anthropophaga (Cayor Fly), raise their larve on
sores.

Larve of Diptera in Wounds. Fly Blow. 61

Sarcophaga Magnifica is of a grayish ash color, the head
broader than the thorax, the vertex, front and palpi black, the
face of a silvery white, and the legs black. The length is 10
to 13 mm.

Megnin has found the larva of this fly most common in wounds
of man and domestic animals in Europe giving rise to great
destruction of the tissues in horses, oxen, sheep, swine, dogs,
camels, and birds. It attacks also the natural cavities as the
nose, mouth, sheath, interdigital canal, etc.

Lucilia Serricata is smaller than the blue bottle fly, has a
greenish blue tint, with white face and epistoma, and the first
ring of the abdomen black.

The “‘ fly-striking’’ or ‘‘ maggot’’ in sheep in Holland has
been traced to this fly. The usual point of attack is the tail or
hips when sheep have been scouring because of food or intestinal
worms, but they will select any part of the body which may have
become wet and soiled by lying in manure, or soaked by reason
of skin disease, heavy rains or otherwise. The most common
cause is diarrhoea determined by entozoa, hence in all cases of
‘* fly-striking,’’ especially in lambs, worms should be suspected.
The proximity of trees, brush or other shelter for the flies should
also be taken into account. Hot, damp showery weather is a
common accessory. In spite of Neumann’s assertion to the con-
trary, well conditioned sheep suffer as well as the badly kept.
The wet climate of the British Isles and Holland strongly favors
these attacks.

Symptoms. In summer and autumn when the flies abound
sheep should be seen and critically examined twice a day. One
that has left the flock, to mope under a bush, is to be strongly sus-
pected. One soiled about the tail and hips or elsewhere, one
showing a dark patch on the uniform gray of the fleece, one with
tufts of white drawn out by rubbing or biting, one showing a dis-
position to bite or rub itself, or a constant shaking of the tail is
probably attacked. When caught and examined the wool over
the affected part is dark and closely matted, and in its roots, or in
raw worm-eaten sores, or in cavities under the derma, to which
small sores open, are found the maggots in myriads and of all
sizes, with two hooklets on the head and three stigmata on the
tail. When badly affected death may ensue in twenty-four
hours.

62 Veterinary Medicine.

Lucilia Macellaria. Campsomyia Macellaria is 9 to
10 mm, long, with a bronze blue thorax, traversed from before
backward by three darker purple blue lines, and black legs. The
wings are brown at the base. The larvae (14 to 15 mm.) are
smaller than those already described, yet very destructive.

This is little known in the Northern States, but in the Middle
and especially inthe Gulf States it becomes most injurious or
fatal. It is common from this south to the Argentine Republic.
The flies deposit their eggs in wounds, on soiled surfaces, on the
perspiration inside the thighs and elbows, in the sheath and other
open cavities. With their buccal hooklets the larvze lacerate the
skin and burrow into the raw sores so that, if neglected, they
soon reach a fatal extension. This fly is very predatory attack-
ing man and beast with equal readiness. Horses, cattle, sheep
and swine suffer indiscriminately, the main accessory factors be-
ing the soiling of the skin by diarrhoea, manure, rains, dews,
perspirations, and other secretions, and the shelter afforded to the
fly by brush and foliage.

Ochromyia Anthropophaga (ochros yellow, anthropos man,
phagein eat). Cayvor Fiuy. This fly, a native of Senegal, has a
grayish yellow body, with two longitudinal black bands on the
thorax and black spots on the abdomen. The head has a hard
crustaceous covering and with the antenne is hairy. The wings
are slightly smoky. The eggs are deposited in the sand where
animals lie, yet the larvae supposed to be those of this fly are
found in small tumors in the fat and other parts of the body of
man and animals (dog, cat and goat), where they mature and in
six or seven days drop cut, become a pupa, and finally a mature
fly. Young animals suffer most, sometimes fatally.

To Prevent Reproduction of Diptera. Diptera which pass
through their larval stages in still water or moist earth (mosqui-
toes, blackflies, breeze flies, tsetse) can be largely controlled by
drainage. When this is not feasible then myiacides, like petroleum,
kerosene, oil of tar, oil of turpentine, quick lime, added to their
breeding pools will cut them off in the larval stage without ren-
dering the water poisonous to stock. In the case of musce,
which breed largely in horse manure, one should avoid such de-
composing material in the vicinity of buildings, or mix it with
kerosene, phenol, copperas, or other agents that will kill the larvee.

Larve of Diptera in Wounds. Fly Blow. 63

For the horn fly which breeds in the manure of cattle the drop-
pings in the fields may be turned over or treated with the agents
just referred to.

Remove Shelter of the Diptera. In all cases the removal
from pastures of rank branching weeds, and above all of low dense
brush is a valuable measure, in doing away with the shelter which
the flies naturally seek and from which they emerge to attack an-
imals as they approach. ‘Tall spreading trees with bare stems are
less objectionable as the flies prefer to keep near the ground where
they are on a level with their victims.

Exclusion of Flies from Buildings. By keeping the inte-
rior of the building perfectly dark, diptera which fly in the day-
light are driven out. This, however, excludes the purifying
agent, air and light. Fly screens over windows, doors, and other
openings may be made so secure as to exclude the pests, and in
the case of the anopheles this is now proved successful and pro-
tective against ague. Yet they seriously interfere with the free
circulation of air. Spence says that in Italy the light is admitted
on one side only of a building, and the windows covered with a
screen or net with wide meshes through which the flies could
easily pass. This imperfect obstruction and the dark background
combine in deterring flies from entering and in tempting out those
that have already gained admission. If light is admitted on the
opposite side of the building the flies continue to enter freely.
An analogous resort, which would not interfere with the circula-
tion of air, would be to admit fresh air below through tubes so
bent that the light of the interior would not be seen and they
would appear as dark passages ; then have the outlets in the ridge
or under the eaves, similarly bent, and covered at their inner
opening by a detached screen which would exclude from the ven-
tilating outlet any light coming from the interior of the building.

The same principle can be availed of to kill the flies carried on
animals and prevent them from entering buildings with stock. A
small building is made capable of holding one animal, without
window and with double doors at each end, closed by springs so
as to keep the interior perfectly dark, and having an opening in
the ridge leading into a close box having glass on four sides.
Each animal is passed through this and the flies, swept off by a
brush or broom, at once ascend to the light in the small glazed

64 Veterinary Medicine.

chamber where they accumulate. When all the stock have passed
through, the flies in the glazed box can be destroyed by the spray
of tobacco or quassia water, or the fumes of burning sulphur, tar,
pumpkin leaves, etc.

To Destroy Flies inthe Buildings. This may be accom-
plished in the absence of stock, by thorough fumigation with smoke
from pumpkin leaves, green grass or vegetables, tar, turpentine,
or sulphur ; by filling the closed building with chlorine gas; by
dusting the whole building with insect powder; or by spraying
the interior with quassia or tcbacco water.

The flies’ love of light may be availed of by making one small
opening into a tight glazed box and then closing doors and win-
dows to make the stable quite dark. The flies will gather in the
glass box and may be destroyed as suggested above.

Even when the animals are stabled, bundles of ferns, grass,
evergreens, etc. may be suspended at intervals from walls or ceil-
ing, and at night, when covered with flies, they are burned or
shaken over a fire.

Fresh chloride of lime set around in saucers will do much to
drive out the flies. Sweetened quassia-water in dishes will kill
the flies without endangering larger animals. Sticky fly paper and
fly traps may be employed. Railliet advises to have two boards
hinged together so that they will hang apart like the two limbs of
an inverted A, to smear the inner sides with syrup, hang it on the
stable wall and whenever one passes to close it suddenly and
crush the flies.

To protect the bodies of Animals in Stable and at Work.
The bodies may be covered by thin linen sheets. The common
covers of netting or of leather thongs are still better as leaving
the skin free to the air and for evaporation. A long fringe of
twine or leather does much to encrease the protection. Netted
ear caps are of most essential value. A simpler resort is the use
of leafy branches attached to the harness, and moving with the
motions of the animal.

Skin applications which are obnoxious to flies are also used. A
decoction of walnut leaves, or of tobacco (3 ozs. to 1 qt.) rubbed
on the skin once a week ; the fresh leaves of these plants rubbed
on the skin ; the leaves of ailanthus ; infusion of quassia, aloes, or
asafcetida ; creolin (5:100) ; oilof cade ; oil of laurel ; oil of tarin

Hydrot@a Meteorica. Meteoric Fly. 65

oil (1:10) ; naphthalin (1:10) ; chloro-naphtholeum (1:20); cam-
phor and asafcetida, ete. Petroleum or kerosene with a little oil
of tar may be sprayed over the back twice a week for the horn fly.

Myiases of sheep should be guarded against by clearing the
bowels of worms, by docking of lambs, by clipping of soiled wool
from tail and hips, and by the application to these and other damp
places of an antiseptic solution (creolin, oil of tar, naphthalin,
chloro-naphtholeum, carbolic acid or other such agent). Thesame
agents may be. used for destroying the maggots that are already
present in the wounds, but it is very essential to scrape these out
from their deepest recesses, so that the deeper ones may not
escape the myiacide. They may also be applied to the larger
animals inside elbow or thigh, in the sheath and elsewhere where
sweat or sebaceous secretions accumulate. In the case of the
screw worm calomel is a common resort, and has the advantage of
being somewhat stable and not readily evaporating. It may,
however, be taken into the system in undue amount especially in
cattle and could be safely replaced by naphthalin, asafcetida or
camphor with oil of tar, or even crude tar water.

HYDROTAA METEORICA. METEORIC FLY.

This belongs to the flies that have no coverings (elytra) for
their balancers or posterior wings. ‘They affect damp grounds,
and are especially active on the approach of rain when they ap-
pear around the eyes and nose of horses in dense swarms. They
have a soft proboscis which cannot pierce the skin, yet by their
great numbers, and the itching and rubbing which they cause,
they can determine considerable irritation and even abrasion.

HIPPOBOSCIDA. PUPIPARA. LOUSE FLIES.

No eggs laid: pups produced. All parasites on warm blooded. Wing-
less or lose wings. H.Equina, H. Taurina, and H. Canina, cling to bare
skin.

This family is distinguished by the fact that they do not lay eggs
but produce pupze or nymphe. They are all parasitic on mam-

5

66 Veterinary Medicine.

mals or birds, living like lice on the skin, and are either wingless
or often lose their wings on arriving at maturity.

Hippobosca Equina, 8 mm. in length, with brown thorax
showing three yellow spots, two anterior and lateral and one pos-
terior and central, yellowish brown abdomen, and yellow head
well detached from the thorax. The legs are strong, yellow and
bear terminal hooklets. The body is hairy. The oblong, smoky
wings are permanent. This attacks horses, cattle, dogs and
other animals. Rondani describes two varieties, H. Taurina
which especially pesters the ox and H. Canina which attacks the
dog and other animals.

These attack particularly the bare, smooth parts as around the
vulva, anus, perineum, sheath, and inside of the thigh, moving
rapidly over the surface and greatly irritating sensitive animals
that are not inured tothem. They remain adherent to the skin,
will not be driven away, especially from animals with dirty skins.
They are to be dealt with like other flies.

MELOPHAGUS OVINA. LOUSE FLY. (SHEEP TICK ?)

A hippobosca: not atick. Has six legs, is wingless, has distinct thorax
and abdomen, perforating blood-sucking proboscis, pupa stuck to wool,
young melophagus emerges in four weeks. Most abundant on debilitated,
coarse-wools ; migrate from shorn to unshorn (ewes to lambs). Instil ve-
nom which checks coagulation. Symptoms: Rubbing, scratching, biting,
white wool-tufts ; parasites exposed by parting wool, near surface (summer)
or near root (winter). Zveatment.: Sheep dips as in acariasis.

Though familiarly known as the sheep tick, this is not a tick at
all but a hippobosca which has acquired a parasitic habit and per-
manently lost its wings. A mature tick (ixodes) has eight legs,
whereas the melophagus has but six. The tick hasan undivided,
non-articulate body, while the melophagus is articulate, and has
thorax and abdomen separated by a deep constriction. The
adults are 3 to 5 mm. long; brown body with spots on the oval
abdomen ; head inserted into the thorax ; antennee short forming
tubercles ; proboscis tubular and toothed at the end, adapted to
perforate the skin and suck blood ; legs stout, covered with hairs
and each terminated by a hook. On each side are seven stigmata

Melophagus Ovina. Louse Fly. 67

or breathing orifices. The female produces her young one at a
time as a pupa, sticking the pupa case to the wool. From these
the young emerge in the course of four weeks.

They are found especially on long-wooled sheep, the fine wools
affording them too little freedom of movement. Though often
abundant on the weak and ill-conditioned, they may be found on
the most thrifty. After shearing they tend to leave the shorn for
the unshorn or the lambs, where they can secure better cover.

They live by drinking the blood of the sheep, proving injurious
both by irritation and depletion. They will draw blood from
man, secreting at the same time a venom which causes swelling
and irritation four days later, and which may check coagulation
of the blood while being drawn (Curtice). The plumpest speci-
mens perish under four days when deprived of blood, their nor-
mal food (Curtice).

Symptoms consist in rubbing, scratching or biting, exception-
ally wriggling of the tail and the loosening and exposure of white
tufts of wool. When present in moderate numbers only, symp-
toms may fail; when in large numbers unthriftiness, emaciation
and debility may be present. On parting the wool the melopha-
gus can always be seen, in warm weather near the surface, and
in cold near the roots of the wool.

Treatment consists in the use of sheep dips which will destroy
the parasite. One of the best is the tobacco dip: (tobacco 16 lbs.,
oil of tar 3 pints, soda ash 20 lbs., soft soap 4 lbs., water 50
gallons. Sufficient for 50 sheep. Use at 70° F. and work well
into the wool). Any effective dip used for scab may be selected.
The lime and sulphur dip, and the carbolic acid dip have a
slightly injurious effect on the wool, the mercurial dips injure by
absorption, and both these last and the arsenical dips cause acci-
dental poisoning through being taken into the stomach.

Both sheep and lambs should be dipped immediately after
shearing, and turned into yard or pasture where no sheep have
been, and where neither the mature parasite nor the pupa can be
found. To be effective, it is desirable to repeat the dipping in
one or two weeks to kill any that have escaped the first dipping
through being in the pupa stage, and that have hatched out since.
In extreme cases a third or even a fourth dipping may be called
for, but if thoroughly worked into the wool with the hands and

68 Veterinary Medicine.

washed over the head this is not probable. Newly shorn sheep
may be passed through the bath more quickly, but those with
heavy fleeces may require one, two or even three minutes of active
manipulation to saturate the whole mass. In this way the para-
site may be permanently eradicated from a flock of even long
wooled sheep. To prevent its introduction anew it is important
to keep them well apart from other sheep and the places where
they have been within a few weeks. Newly bought sheep, those
that have been carried in cars or other public conveyance, that
have been in public stock yards, on highways traversed by sheep,
or at public exhibitions should be dealt with like infested animals
and dipped or freely sprinkled in sheds of the wool with insect
powder or naphthalin.

CESTRIDZ LARVA. GAD-FLIES. BOT FLIES.

Hibernate as larva in animals: characters of fly, of larva, of nympha.
Gastricola, larva in alimentary canal: Cavicola, larva in nasal sinuses:
Cuticola (hypoderma) larva under skin or in intermuscular tissue.
Cstrus equi: 6 to7 lines, body hairy, yellow brown, abdomen reddish,
black spots, wing transverse black band, and spots at tip. Dzstvibution
America, Europe, Asia, Africa. Ovipositor. Ova glued to long hairs of
legs or shoulders of solipeds. Button on closed end glued to hair, open end
pendent. Hatched in 24 hours, embryo taken in by tongue or falls on food,
Two cephalic hooks fix it to gastric mucosa. Three moultings and stages
of growth. Has 12 rings all spined except the two last. Pass out May to
October, and in manure or earth form nympha in 24 hours. In 30 days the,
fly escapes. Cstrus hemorrhoidalis: fly 4 lines, hairy, olive gray with
median black band, abdomen first white, then black, at end red, wings spot-
less. Distribution: N. America, Europe. Ova black, stuck to long hairs
of lip, licked in, or falls in food (manger). Larva moults 3 times becom-
ing 6 to 7 lines, greenish, spined except on the two last rings and the mid-
dle of the third last. May hibernate in left or right gastric sac, duodenum
or pharynx. Hook on to intestines when passing out, and even to skin of
anus. Spend 30 days as nympha, then form perfect fly. C¥strus pecorum:
Fly 5 to 6 lines, black or brownish, with short smoky wings. Ova black on
shoulder and fore limbs. Larva has 3 moultings, attain 5 or 6 lines, each
ring has double row of spines, absent from dorsal centre from the fifth, and
entirely absent behind the eighth, except on venter. Spend 30 days as
nympha, C@. Nasalis: Fly 4 to 5% lines, thorax golden, abdomen in
bands of white, black, yellow and gray, wings short translucent. Ova
white, stuck to hairs on nose and lips. Larva 5 to 6 lines, rings spined

Gastricola, Bot-Flies of Solipeds and Reindeer. 69

except, absent from dorsal centre on eighth and ninth, and from all but the
venter on the tenth, hibernates on duodenal mucosa, passes 30 days as
nympha, (C. Flavipes: Yellow. legged bot fly. Distribution: Spain
Dalmatia, Africa, Asia Minor, etc. Attacks ass.

The GSstridz are important in this that their larvee live in the
bodies of animals, through the winter, and emerge in spring and
develop through the pupa into the perfect fly. The family has
the following general characters :

Head large, and hemispherical ; eyes facetted ; forehead broad
with three eyelets; antennz short; proboscis very small or
absent ; body usually hairy ; thorax large, prominent ; abdomen
has six rings, the male having a rounded caudal end, and the
female a very extensible ovipositor which curves forward beneath
the abdomen. Viviparous or oviparous. The larva has 12
segments, the first two often seeming to coalesce. Between these
are two respiratory pores (stigmata), and two more are found in
the last segment. The cephalic segment has two strong hooks,
which may disappear with growth. Anus beneath the stigmata
of the last ring. The larva undergoes two moultings.

Escaping from its host, the larva burrows in the soil, is trans-
formed into the zympha and in three to eight weeks (longer in
cold weather) emerges as the perfect fly.

The mature fly has the mouth atrophied, and takes no food,
but lives upon accumulated fat, and devotes its whole energy to
the reproduction of its species. They have been divided into
three genera: Gastricola or gastrophili, living in the alimen-
tary canal ; Cavicola living in the nasal sinuses or caverns ; and
Cuticola or Hypoderma living beneath the skin and between
the muscles.

GASTRICOLA. BOT-FLIES OF SOLIPEDS AND RHEIN-
DEER.

ist. CEstrus Equi. (Gastrus Equi. Gastrophilus Equi) is
the largest bot-fly of the horse: length 6 to 7 lines. The body
is hairy, yellowish brown with black, white, or yellow spots, the
abdomen has a reddish tinge spotted with black. The wing has
near its middle a transverse black band, and black spots at its

extremity.

70 Veterinary Medicine.

‘These are common in America, and in Europe, Asia and Africa.
The female has her abdomen prolonged into an ovipositor, by
means of which she lays her eggs from June to October, mainly
on the legs of solipeds, during the heated hours of the day.
Following the horse she poises opposite the point selected, her
ovipositor curved forward beneath the abdomen, darts to the spot
deposits her egg and instantly flies back. This is repeated again
and again, and the long hairs of the fore-limbs (fore-arm, carpus,
and metacarpus) are literally covered with eggs.

The egg is dull white, conical, and cemented by the button at
its apex toa hair. In 24 hours it hatches out and the embryo,
crawling under the hairs, creates an itching which leads the horse
to lick or bite the part, and the embryo adhering to the damp
tongue is taken in and swallowed. The embryos just about to
escape from the ovum are taken in by the tongue at the same time.

An embryo on reaching the stomach at once attaches itself by its
buecal hooks, and especially to the left sac. It is then the size
of the egg from which it escaped, and of a blood red color, but
in the course of the next winter and spring it undergoes three
moultings becoming larger on each occasion, and changing toa
yellowish brown color.

The mature larva (dot) as found in the stomach in spring and
early summer, measures 7 to 9 lines in length, has a yellowish
brown color, and is formed of a series of ten rings, all excepting
the two last are furnished with a closely set row of spines directed
backward. The ninth ring has a few short spines at the side
only. The rings which in the embryo were soft and fleshy are
now firm and resistant. Many reach maturity from May to
October and pass out with the faeces, showing little disposition to
hook themselves on to the intestine in their course. They remain
in the manure or burrow in the earth and in 24 hours the envelope
becomes hard and horny, the stage of zympha having been reached,

In 30 to go days, according to the temperature, the nympha
opens and the perfect fly escapes.

estrus Hemorrhoidalis (Gastrus HAMORRHOIDALIS, GAS+
TROPHILUS HatMORROIDALIS, RED-TAILED Bot FLy) is a small
fly, barely 4 lines in length, very hairy ; the thorax olive gray
with a black band in the middle; the abdomen white in front,
black in its median part, and orange red at theend ; and its wings
spotless. It is common in North America and Europe.

Gastricola. Bot-Flies of Solipeds and Reindeer. 71

The ova are black, the usual color of the lips on the long hairs
of which they are deposited, and they are taken in by the animal
licking its lips, or they drop into the manger and are devoured
with the food.

The /arva passes through three moultings. When mature it is
6 to 7 lines long, and has a greenish or bluish green color. The
spines are arranged in a double row on each ring but on the
dorsal aspect they are absent in the middle of the ninth ring,
while on the tenth and eleventh there are none. They pass the
winter mostly attached in groups in the left sac of the stomach,
but also in the right sac, and duodenum, and exceptionally in the
pharynx.

When mature and passing out through the intestines they often
hook themselves for a time to the rectal mucosa where they cause
considerable irritation and rubbing of the tail. They also pass
through the anus independently of defecation, and hook them-
selves to the skin round its outer margin, causing rubbing and
switching of the tail, and a stiff awkward gait. This habit, with
that of laying the eggs on the lips and jaw, and of hooking on to
the delicate mucose of the pharynx, right gastric sac and duo-
denum, render this one of the most injurious of the cestride.

When passed the larvee are rarely found in the manure. The
species spend 30 to 4o days as nympha.

CEstrus Pecorum (GASsTRUS PECORUM, GASTROPHILUS PE-
coruM, (Estrus VETERINUS). The male fly is 4 to 5 lines in
length with a dense clothing of bright yellow hairs and a trans-
verse band of dark hairs on the back. The wings are short and
smoky. The female is 5 to 6 lines long, black or brownish
black with dirty yellow or black hairs, and smoky wings, always
shorter than the posterior part of the body.

The ova are black, and are deposited like those of the cestrus
equi.

The larvz hibernate in the stomach and pass through three
moultings. When mature they are 5 to 6 lines in length and of
a dark red color. They have a double row of spines on each ring
on the dorsal aspect as far back as the fifth, from the sixth to the
eighth, the spines are wanting in the centre, and behind the
eighth they are wanting altogether, though on the central aspect
they may be present even on the tenth ring.

72 Veterinary Medicine.

These pass out with the feeces and spend 30 to qo days in the
condition of zympha.

CEstrus Nasalis. (Gastrus NasaLis, GASTROPHILUS NA-
Salis, CEstrus DuopDENALIS, CAsTRUS SALUTARIS). The fly
is 44% to 5% lines in length, thickly covered on the thorax with
black and golden yellow or golden chestnut hairs; on the abdo-
men they vary, the second ring being usually white, the third
black, and the remainder orange or grayish. The wings are very
short and translucent, with fine veining.

The ova are white, and are usually deposited on the margins of
the nose or lips.

The /arva passes through three moultings, and when mature is
5 to 6 lines in length, yellowish white, and furnished with a row
of spines on each ring from the second to the ninth on the dorsal
surface, and as far as the tenth on the ventral. There is an un-
armed part in the centre of the eighth and ninth rings on the
dorsal surface. It spends the winter attached to the mucosa of
the commencement of the duodenum, usually in clusters, and is
rarely found in the stomach. In passing out it shows no ten-
dency to hook itself to other parts of the intestine or the anus.

It passes 30 to 40 days in the state of zympha.

CEstrus Flavipes (GastTRus FLAVIPES, GASTROPHILUS, FLA-
VIPES, C#sTRUS FLORIPES). The /y is about 4 lines in length,
with a black shield on the thorax and yellow spots on the sides.
The abdomen is brownish yellow with a dark line in the middle.
The feet are yellow.

Its evolution has not been completely studied, but it attacks
asses and mules especially, in Spain, Dalmatia, Africa, Asia
Minor, and other warm countries.

CESTRUS LARVA IN THE PHARYNX.

strus larve in pharynx or adjacent part: Symptoms ; chronic cough,
nasal discharge, sneezing, dyspnoea, difficult deglutition, inhalation bron-
chitis. Diagnosis : anamnesis ; obstinate winter sore throat, after pastur-
age, bots felt by hand, or extracted on sponge, or seen by speculum.
Treaiment ; staff with cloth saturated with benzine rotated in pharynx de-
taches bots; or pick off with finger, spatula or wire loop. C&. Trompe.
Bots in stomach and intestines. Causes: exposure of solipeds to fly and

CGstrus Larve in the Pharynx. 73

eggs; heat of mines; hot climes and summers; cold summers less
favorable; Lesions: pits in gastric mucosa; alleged perforations ; larvae
in pouches in wallof viscus ; congestion of mucosa ; suppuration ; hzemor-
rhage ; indigestion ; papilloma ; obstructed pylorus or intestine. Symptoms :
variable, capricious appetite, emaciation, debility, unthrifty coat, late shed-
ding, flabby muscles, early fatigue, stocked limbs ; intestinal indigestion,
itching or eversion of the rectum, bots in manure, or attached to anus.
Prevention: stable in summer and fall ; cut long hairs from lips, nose, jaws,
shoulders and legs, groom well, sponge the skin when enter stable in warm
weather, oil when going out, wear cloth under jaws, or net on neck and
shoulders, crush bots found in manure. TZveatment: Benzine, carbolic
acid, gasoline, oil of turpentine, etc., especially in Fall or early Winter.
When passing out, aloes with hyoscyamus.

One or more of the cestridee above named may in the larval
condition attach itself to the mucosa of the pharynx, posterior
nares, Eustachian tube, or even the margin of the larynx.
Cadeac seeks to incriminate the G£. Hzmorrhoidalis (red
tailed bot-fly) and the GE. Equi (common stomach bot-fly), and
Clarke and others the CZ. Nasalis (golden or chestnut bot-fly).

Symptoms. One or two attached well back in the pharynx
may cause only slight irritation with chronic winter cough and
nasal discharge. If on or near the posterior nares there is con-
tinuous discharge, with frequent and vigorous sneezing. If on
or near the margin of the larynx there are violent paroxysmal
fits of coughing and dyspncea. When numerous they may
seriously interfere with deglutition and cause roaring. Patients
have been asphyxiated and the larvee were found attached to the
epiglottis and hanging into the larynx. In other cases the mu-
cosa has been violently inflamed and the points of attachment of
the larvee excavated into raw sores. In a case reported by
Limann the angina was complicated by a fatal broncho-pneumonia
from inhalation of food.

Diagnosis is not always easy but the condition may be sus-

pected in obstinate winter sore throat in a horse exposed to the
attacks of flies the previous summer, and without any visible

cause in faulty stabling, exposure or management. The larvee
may be felt on passing the hand into the pharynx, or a staff with
a cloth securely tied to its end may be introduced turned round
and withdrawn bringing some bots with it. With a naso-
pharyngeal speculum the bots may even be seen.

74° Veterinary Medicine.

Treatment : The most promising resort is to introduce a staff
with a cloth or sponge firmly tied on its end and saturated with
benzine, naphtha, chloroform, olive oil, or with a few drops car-
bon bisulphide. Russian empirics are said to use a brush on the
end of a staff. If within reach the bots may be picked off with the
fingers, or a spatula or wire loop may be used.

C=. Trompe of the pharynx of the reindeer, has the same
symptoms and treatment.

GASTRIC AND INTESTINAL BOTS. PATHOGENESIS.
LESIONS. SYMPTOMS.

All ages and conditions of solipeds harbor these, the one pre-
requisite being that the animal shall have been exposed in the
open air during the previous summer and autumn months.
Horses that live in mines may take them in at any season of the
year, the heat of the underground shafts favoring the develop-
ment of the fly. The larvee live in the digestive canal for nearly
a year, but they seem to become more injurious as they reach full
development and near the period of their expulsion. This may
be explained by their greater size, and activity, and by the en-
creasing hardness of the corneous rings and their rows of spines.

In cold latitudes they are as a rule less numerous, and delete-
rious results are exceptional, or unknown. Thus in England,
Bracy Clark was led to believe them not only innocuous but posi-
tively beneficial through a supposed stimulation of the secretions
of stomach and bowels and improvement of the digestion. A
sojourn in Southern or Central Europe or on our American
prairies, where they are to be found in hundreds or even a thous-
and in one animal (Numan), and a consideration of their action
on the delicate gastric mucosa of the right sac, or the duodenal
mucosa, would have corrected the error. His dose of 25 full
grown larvee given to a horse was really no sufficient test.

In the left sac of the stomach they make small round holes in
the mucous membrane from which the epithelium has been re-
moved, so that they are red and vascular, and the margins of
which are raised by epithelial hypertrophy. If the larve have
been detached for some time these pits may contain pus. They
rarely extend to the muscular coat.

Gastric and Intestinal Bots. 75

Circumstantial accounts are given of the actual perforation of
the gastric walls by bots. Coleman relates a case in which they
had not only perforated the stomach but also the diaphragm and
were found in the pleural cavity. Roll vouches for cases of actual
perforation seen at Vienna, but allows that the’ walls of the
stomach were probably the seat of preéxisting disease. Numan
found four or five holesin the duodenum, with oestrus heemorr-
hoidalis in the immediate vicinity and one actually engaged in a
hole. Ina foal he found a great thickening of the mucosa on the
great curvature with, in its centre, six openings occupied by larve.
Schliesse found in a paralytic horse a dozen larvee in a pouch
which connected the stomach through the omentum with the
vertebree. Schortmann and Chiari found perforation of the
stomach by these larvee and a resulting peritonitis. Schlippe and
Delamotte have respectively found these larvee in abscesses of the
stomach. Hertwig attributes to them a fatal hemorrhage from
its gastric artery. While admitting the probability of such
lesions, there can be no doubt that a number of other alleged
instances of this kind have been examples of coincidence rather
than of cause and effect. Ulceration and perforation occur from
other causes and the larvee pass through. Abscesses open into
both stomach and peritoneum, allowing the passage of the larvee.
Pouches form from abscesses and other causes and are then oc-
cupied by the larve. The gastric walls are digested while in a
state of paralysis or after death, and the larvee escape. Even
ruptures of the stomach from over-distension, strange as it may
seem, have in the author’s experience been described as cases of
perforation by the larve. In examining alleged cases this must
be kept in mind that perforations by the larvee must appear as
small round holes and in no case as an extended opening or
laceration. ‘There must also be extensive peritonitis and espe-
cially around the points to which the larvee have hooked them-
selves.

But independently of perforations the buccal hooks and the
spines of the larvee will sometimes irritate to the extent of causing
congestion, indigestion, inflammation, suppuration or even
heemorrhage which may prove dangerous or fatal. This isabove
all the case when the bots are attached*to the right sac of the
stomach or the duodenum. In the left sac papilloma is frequently

76 Veterinary Medicine.

found in connection with the irritation caused by them. In and
near the pylorus inflammation and thickening of the mucosa has
blocked that opening and induced dangerous indigestion.

Animals often show in winter a variable, capricious appetite,
emaciation in spite of the best feeding and care, unthrifty coat,
late in being shed, frequently recurring colics, a soft flabbiness of
the muscular system, a lack of energy, a tendency to swelling of
the legs and general ill health and this persists until the period
comes for the discharge of the bots, when a prompt recovery takes
place. This is especially true of horses that have been at pasture
the previous summer and autumn, while those kept indoors in
that season in the main escape.

When detached in large numbers at a time the cestrus larvee
may actually block the pylorus or some portion of the small in-
testine and cause dangerous indigestions. This I have repeatedly
seen in animals which have died of acute gastric indigestion.

Again the larvee of cestrus heemorrhoidalis by hooking on to
the intestinal mucosa and especially that of the rectum and anus,
cause indigestions or severe itching and straining and according
to Hertwig eversion of the rectum.

Symptoms. The symptoms caused by the presence of the
larvee of the cestrus in stomach or duodenum are varied and not
at all pathognomonic. Recurring colics, poor condition, swelling
of the legs, or under the abdomen, cough, contraction of the
masseter and turning up of the upper lip, occurring frequently in
the course of winter, spring or early summer, may create a more
or less well founded suspicion. The ordinary signs are well illus-
trated by the remarks of the late Joseph Gamgee: ‘‘I could not
rely on one of the Italian horses taken up from grass in the end of
summer, in less than nine months or a year, such condition I mean
as would fit them for any severe work.’’ Of Italian horses
from the same breeders, but which had spent the previous spring
and summer indoors, he says, ‘‘ they invariably thrived so rapidly,
that in two months they were in beautiful condition as riding
horses. * * * They had lost the bots just before I obtained
them.’’ The colics and indigestions resulting from the irrita-
tion of the pylorus or intestinal mucosa in their passage outward,
do not differ from ordinary attacks of the kind, but may often
be diagnosed by the presence of bots in the manure.

Gastric and Intestinal Bots. 77

When the larvee are attached to the rectum or anus there is the
stiff, straddling gait, the switching, spasmodic depression and
rubbing of the tail, and sometimes the presence of the larva at-
tached to the anal ring.

Treatment. Prevention should be aimed at. Stable the ani-
mals in summer and fall; clip off the long hairs from lips, nose,
jaws, shoulders and legs, so that the flies may fail to find the cus-
tomary supports for their eggs; groom thoroughly so as to de-
tach the eggs by brush or damp sponge before they have had time
to hatch out their embryo; smear frequently with oil the parts
where the eggs are ustially deposited to prevent their cement from
adhering ; cover with a cloth under the jaws to keep the flies at a
distance ; crush any larvee that may be seen in or beneath the balls
of manure in summer or autumn.

Therapeutic treatment is unsatisfactory owing to the extraordi-
nary vitality of the larva. They will live almost indefinitely in
a saturated solution of common salt, in alcohol, in castor oil, in
olive oil, in a strong solution of aloes, sodic sulphate, arsenic or
asafoetida, in extract of nux vomica, in solutions of morphia,
narcotine, strychnia, cupric sulphate or tobacco. Lime water and
empyreumatic oils failed to kill them. Numan tried in vain to
kill them with irrespirable gases, hydrosulphuric, hydrochloric,
and prussic acids, and caustic ammonia. Voigtlander found that
they survived fifteen hours in a concentrated solution of potash.
The pulped roots of bryony, acorns and sulphate of mercury have
been strongly recommended, but failed in general application.

Magné strongly recommends oil of turpentine as killing the
bots, even when largely diluted in milk. Santy says they are
promptly killed by pure bile, but it is useless if diluted. Gayot
recommends ether and empyreumiatic oils in a mucilaginous solu-
tion. Rey recommends benzine as the best resort in one or two
ounce doses. More recently carbolic acid in half ounce doses
largely diluted has been found effective. Bisulphide of carbon
has also proved useful. It may be given in doses of 1 drachm in
alcohol, or in bolus with aloes.

‘All active agents are likely to be more effective in the young
soft bot in fall. Percher says the berries of the azedarach planted
around stables are used in the South to protect horses against bots.

Apart from medicinal agents a nourishing diet which will sus-

78 Veterinary Medicine.

tain the strength of the horse and furnish plenty of food for the
parasite is of great importance. The well fed horse can best
stand the constant drain, and the well fed parasite is lazy, in-
active and comparatively non-irritating. It is doubtless owing to
this soothing effect that potato juice has gained a reputation for
killing bots. Horses fed on potatoes, however, harbor the live
bots as before.

Colics resulting from this parasite should be treated by anti-
spasmodics, and a liberal use of demulcents such as flax seed tea,
boiled flaxseed, potato juice, slippery elm, white of egg, gluten,
decoction of mallow, etc.

During summer when the parasite is passing out through the
intestines, the elimination may be hastened and the irritation cut
short by a dose of aloes and hyoscyamus or belladonna. The
number passed after such medication is often astonishing and
nearly all the alleged remedies have acquired their reputation from
having been used at this stage. They only hasten what is already
taking place and are utterly useless at any other season.

When a horse becomes sluggish and awkward in driving, in
warm weather, the tail should be lifted and any bot attached to
the anus removed. Should the rubbing of the tail and stiff gait
continue the rectum as well may be explored for larve.

CUTICOLA. HYPODERMA. GAD FLIES HIBERNAT-
ING UNDER THE SKIN.

Characters of hypoderma. AH. Lineata: black with longitudinal
gray bands on back, 12 to13 mm. long. Larva with spines on roth ring.
Distribution. U. S., England, Norway, Germany, Italy and Southern
Russia. Ova laid on skin, taken in by tongue, larvee migrate from
gullet etc. to beneath skin of back. Warbles. Wandering larve in other
tissues from autumn to February. Three stages, Larva escapes in June to
August, forms pupa in soil, and in 30 to 45 days the mature fly. A. Bovis:
black, with longitudinal black shining bands, abdomen with three zones—
ist. white or yellow, 2d. black, 3d. orange ; 13 to 15 mm. long, legs black
and yellow, wings brown. Larva shorter, nospines on 10th ring. Develop-
ment as in Jineata. H. Taraudi of reindeer, black, band across thorax.
Larva larger than dovis. Pathogenesis. AY, Bonassi of bison, like lineata.
Dermatobia Noxiales, of man, dog and ox. Tropical and subtropical

Gad Flies Hibernating under the Skin. 79

America; grayish, steel-blue nearly hairless, wings brown, face yellow ; 14
to 17 mm. long. Larva I inch, spines on first five rings. Pathogenesis.
D. Cuniculi of rodents in middle and Gulf States. Gadding of Cattle:
Symptoms: tuft of erect hair on back in winter or early spring, later cen-
tral hole showing dark head of larva which forms a nodular elevation,
suppuration, emaciation, unthrift, hide depreciation. Zveatment: extract
the grubs in winter or spring, and crush them; inject the holes with ben-
zine ; stable on paved floor till 10 a. m. from spring to fall; smear backs
with myiacides.

The general characters of this genus are: Head broader than
thorax ; antennze very short and deeply sunken in pits; proboscis
very rudimentary ; membranous; palpi wanting; body hairy ;
thorax round ; ovigositor in four segments telescoping each other,
the last with three horny appendages between which the egg
“passes.

Hypoderma Lineata. Striped Hypoderma is proved by
Curtice to be the common gad fly of cattle in the United States.
It is 12 to 13 mm. long, black, very hairy, and characterized by
longitudinal gray bands on the upper surface of the thorax. Its
larva is to be distinguished from that of the H. Bovis of Europe
by the presence of spines on its tenth ring. It has been found in
England, Norway, Germany, Italy and Southern Russia as well
as in the United States.

Curtice successfully contests the formerly received opinion that
the egg or larva was deposited on the skin and burrowed through
it. In autumn and particularly in November he found the young
grubs in the walls of the gullet and among the surrounding
muscles from which he concludes that the embryos are licked
from the prurient skin, and, being swallowed, bore their way
through the softer tissues of the cesophagus. Those that succeed
in making their way toward the skin form the wardles or grubs
and those that failin this quest perish. Henrichsen has found
grubs in the spinal canal, Baur in the subcutaneous muscles, and
Curtice one near the spleen. These wandering grubs have only
been found in autumn and up to the beginning of February,
while later, they are found in little nodules under the skin, over
which the hair stands erect (‘‘lick’’), later still a hole 1s formed
in the centre of each nodule, at the bottom of which the grub can
be felt or seen.

Three stages corresponding to the two moultings are recognized
and have been studied and figured by Miss Ormerod. The first

80 Veterinary Medicine.

stage, corresponding to the pericesophagean and early subcutane-
ous life, the larva about 10 to 15 mm. long. The second stage
corresponds to the month of May, and lasts about thirty days,
with the larva club-shaped and 13 mm. long. Spines are now
present on the 1st, 2d, 3d, oth and last rings. In the third stage
the larva is pear-shaped, with more prominent spines, and corru-
gated skin, and a grayish yellow, and finally a yellowish brown
tint.

The orifice enlarges, and the mature larva bores its way out, in
June, July or August, passes into the soil or under some project-
ing object, is transformed into a pupa, and in a month or six
weeks develops into the mature fly.

Hypoderma Bovis. Ox-Gad Fly of Europe. This is 13
to 15 mm. long ; black, very hairy, and marked by longitudinal
bands of shining black on the thorax; abdomen black with a
front zone of white or yellow hairs, followed by one of black and
finally of reddish orange; proximal half of legs black, distal half
yellow ; wings brownish ; face gray with white or yellow hairs.
Larva shorter and thicker than /imeata, and devoid of spines on
the 1oth ring. Development and habits the same.

The identity of the larvee found under the skin of horse and ass
is uncertain.

Hypoderma Tarandi. Attacks the reindeer. Female 16
mm. long; black, very hairy; broad black band across the
thorax, which has yellow hairs; abdomen, anterior zone with
yellow hairs, posterior with dun, legs black; distally grayish
yellow. Larva like that of H. Bovis but larger.

They attack the reindeer in July driving them from pasture
and up to the glaciers, or into smudge from burning grass. Are
said to cause emaciation or even to destroy the young.

Hypoderma Bonassi found as larva in the American bison
strongly resembles the H. Lineata, and the same remark applies
to others given in our list and not fully identified.

Dermatobia Noxialis. The larvee of this is found under the
skin of man, dog and ox in Mexico, West Indies and Central and
South America. Itis grayish and steel blue, and almost hairless ;
wings pale brown; face yellow; 14 to 17 mm. long. Larva 1
inch long ; with spines and hooklets on the first five rings, and
two strong hooks at the mouth. Dull white color.

Gad Flies Hibernating under the Skin. 81

This produces great irritation and emaciation and not in-
frequently death (Bonssingault).

Dermatobia Cuniculi. This is found in the Middle and
Southern States, the giant larva hibernating under the skin of
the rabbit, hare, gopher and opossum.

Gadding of Cattle. From the time of Virgil ‘‘ gadding’’ has
been attributed to the attacks of the hypoderma. So sensitive
are cattle to the fly that, in districts where it prevails, it is only
necessary to enter the field and make a persistent buzzing sound
to start the cattle, with heads and tails in the air, at full gallop for
the nearest water. Asthe fly can neither bite nor sting it has
been denied that this particular fly is the cause of dread, and yet
the experience with the reindeer, the sheep and the horse, gives
color to Virgil’s opinion.

Symptoms. The first symptom of the hypoderma is the erec-
tion of the hair (‘‘ lick’’) over a small tumor on the back or else-
where. Atthisdate (in winter or early spring) no opening can be
found in the tumor, but later a round hole is formed in the centre,
which gradually enlarges and through this the grub finally makes
its exit. The tumors known as wardles, wormils or wurnils,
may vary in size from a large acorn to a walnut. They are at
first hot and tender or itchy, but after the orifice has been formed,
in late winter and spring they usually show little irritation. Yet
each is the seat of suppuration which serves to support the im-
prisoned larva, and when numerous they cause emaciation and
unthriftiness. The loss of $5 per head is claimed in England, and
among dairy cows as much as $15 per head. The loss on hides
is also considerable, these being depreciated in ratio with the
number of holes, or up to half their value in bad cases. The
hides from the countries that are hot and damp, and from those
with much brush and foliage are usually the worst. Those from
North Africa, India and China, are greatly deteriorated, and
those from Australia, South Africa, and South and North
America much less so. ;

Treatment. The most important step is to go over all the
cattle in winter or early spring, squeezing out the grubs and
crushing them so that the stock of flies for the coming summer
may be cut off. If this practice could be made universal a whole

country could be speedily cleared of the pest, and there would
6

82 Veterinary Medicine.

be nothing unreasonable in making it obligatory on all stock-
owners. ‘They may be killed in their sacs by the insertion of a
lancet, or a red hot wire, or by injecting benzine, carbolic acid,
oil of turpentine or oil of tar, but the decomposing larva remains
as a source of irritation and infection.

In some parts of Europe the cattle are held indoors until ten
o’clock every morning, from April to August, so that the larve
(which habitually escape before this hour) may fall on the paved
floor and perish for lack of a shelter in which to pass the stage of
pupa.

In England the flies are driven off by agents smeared on the
backs of the cattle. Crude pine tar smeared on the shoulders is
very effective, requiring only two applications in a season. Equal
parts of tar and oil mixed, is equally effectual but less permanent.
Sulphur ointment ; sulphur, oil of tar and oil; naphthalin ; creo-
lin, and other myiacides will act well, but for a shorter time.

These last named agents would be specially applicable to horse
and sheep where tar would be hurtful to wool or harness.

CAVICOLA (cavum cavity, colere to inhabit). CKEPHALE-
MYIA (cephale head, myia fly). CESTRIDA HIBERNAT-
ING IN NASAL SINUSES.

G. Ovis.: Like house fly; 10 to 12 mm. long; yellow gray; hairy ; ab-
domen variegated. Distribution: Europe, Asia, Africa, America. Vivipa-
rous. Flies May to October ; in warm folds all winter ; lodges the embryo
on margin of nostrils; latter enters nose ; turbinated bones, and sinuses ;
hibernates, escapes in 10 months, forms pupa in ground and in 3 to 8 weeks
the perfect fly. Larva: 2mm., grows to 20 mm.; with 11 rings, smooth
dorsally, spined ventrally ; 2 buccal hooks; 2 moultings. Leszons-: Larva,
and exuvia, mucopurulent discharge, congestion of pituita and even cere-
bral meninges. Symptoms: Fly darts on nose leaving the grub; sheep
starts, snorts, shakes head, stamps, rushes off with nose to the ground,
seeks a rut, road, furrow, or sheep collect in mass, heads in and nose to
ground, Attacksin heat of day. Clear, purulent or bloody discharge from
the nose, sneezing, rubbing face, shaking head, swollen nostrils or inter-
maxillary space, snuffling, hurried breathing, diarrhoea, congested, watery
eyes, rolling eyes, dilated insensible pupils, dulness, prostration, inappe-
tance, emaciation, grinding teeth, salivation, high stepping, staggering,
death, A few larva often harmless; many deadly. Aggravated by glare of
sun, debility, septic infection, close confinement. Diagnosis: From cce-

Cavicola. Cephalemyia. Cstride. 83

nurus, in attacking all ages, in winter mainly, in sneezing, nasal discharge
and expulsion of grubs. Prevention: Keep from coarse tufty pastures,
brush ; smear nose with myaicide, tar, from auger holes, holding salt, grow
broom, face cover with tar or asafcetida, plow up furrow in field, benzine,
sprinkle folds with tar, naphthalin or lime water. Keep clean. Tveatment:
Sternutatories in first few weeks—quick lime, helebore, snuff, naphthalin,
benzine injections. Tobacco smoke, burning tar, fumes. Surgical: re-
move horns or trephine sinuses, inject benzine, water, and again benzine.
Close wound ; apply tar. C. Maculata of camel, dromedary and buffalo.
CG. Trompe of reindeer. CE. Variolosus. CE. Purpureus.

CEstrus (Cephalemyia) Ovis. Sheep Gadfly. This is
small, about the size of a house fly (10 to 12 mm.); vellowish
gray, with very short, fine hairs, each set on a small tubercle ; ab-
domen in five rings, variegated color; legs brown; wings di-
aphanous with three dark spots at their base. Eyes purplish
brown ; three eyelets on top of the head; no mouth; under side
of head white.

This fly attacks sheep and goats in Europe, Asia, Africa, Aus-
tralia, the Canary Islands, and North and South America. It is
viviparous, and flies from June to October, and, in warm folds
where early lambs are raised, for the whole winter, following the
sheep and depositing the grub onthe margin of the nostril. By the
aid of its hooks the embryo attaches itself and works its way up into
the nose. It hibernates in the turbinated bones, but especially in
the frontal and maxillary sinuses, remaining there for about ten
months, and having attained larval maturity, it passes out into
the nose and is expelled by sneezing. It bores its way one or
two inches into the ground, contracts to about half its former size,
becomes a pupa in about two days, and in from three to eight
weeks more emerges as a mature fly.

When deposited on the skin the /arva is about 2 mm. long, and
it gradually grows to 20 mm. It has eleven rings, smooth on the
dorsal aspect and covered with spines on the ventral, and is fur-
nished with two strong buccal hooks. After the first moulting
(usually in March), it attains a length of 6 mm., and changes
from a white to a yellowish shade. After the second moulting it
changes to a deep brown, the integument becoming hard and re-
sistant.

Lesions. These consist, first in the presence of the larvee (1 to
10 or more), mostly in the frontal sinuses, and in horned sheep
in the hollow bony supports of the horns ; in mucopurulent mat-

84 Veterinary Medicine.

ter; in the debris of the cast off integuments and dead larvee ; in
caseous collections ; and finally in congestion, redness, thickening
and even ulceration of the mucosa. The congestion may have
extended through the cribriform plates to affect the cerebral
meninges.

Symptoms when attacked by the fly. Sluggish at other times,
the female fly when about to deposit its young moves with great
rapidity and darts upon the nose so as to be almost invisible.
The sheep, warned by the hum, or even by the sight or touch of
the fly, starts suddenly, shakes the head, snorts perhaps, stamps
its foot and rushes off with its nose toward the ground, often
turning at intervals and starting in a new direction as if the fly
had headed it off, or as if a fresh one had come out of the grass.
If available they find a rut, or dusty road where by snorting they
raise a cloud of dust that serves to protect them. In other cases
they push the nose under the bodies of their fellows, or a group
collects with noses turned inward and toward the ground so that
the fly cannot approach. Often they crowd together under trees,
fences or buildings or by an available rock or bank to escape
their enemy. ‘The fly is only active in the heat of the day. At
night and morning the sheep have a respite. In a warm sunny
corner or inside a window they may fly even in winter.

Advanced Symptoms. ‘These are referable to the irritation of
the mucosa lining the turbinated bones or sinuses. A discharge
from the nose appears, unilateral or bilateral, at first clear and
later purulent or even bloody with frequent sneezing and snort-
ing, and at times the expulsion of a grub. ‘Then the sheep rubs
the face or nose on adjacent objects or raises a fore foot over it
as if to rub off a source of irritation. The head may be suddenly
flexed, or extended, turned to one side or shaken spasmodically.
Swelling of the throat, or nostrils, or of the intermaxillary space
is seen in bad cases, with oppressed breathing and diarrhoea. In
these cases too, there is evidence of visual and nervous disorder.
The conjunctiva is always congested and watery, but the eyes
may also roll, or the pupils may fail to give the natural response
to light. The subject becomes dull, and prostrate, carrying the
head low and often turned to one side, appetite and rumination
are imperfect or suspended, and there is loss of flesh. There may
be grinding of the teeth and drivelling of saliva. | When the pa-

Cavicola. Cephalemyia. Cstride. 85

tient walks it may lift the feet high as if travelling in water, or it
may move unsteadily or stagger, and even fall. These symptoms
usually herald an early death, from the third to the eighth day
after their onset.

But in the great majority of cases, with a few larvee only in the
sinuses the disease is not fatal, and no symptoms are noticed be-
yond nasal discharge, perhaps bloody, and some loss of condition.

But even these mild cases may become redoubtable in connec-
tion with the glare of the sun from a stretch of snow, or water, or
in debilitated or asthenic subjects that have been sick from other
causes, or from close confinement indoors in winter.

Diagnosis from coenurus cerebralis is made by the facts that the
latter rarely occurs except in lambs or yearlings, that it is not
associated with nasal discharge nor sneezing, that it shows no
tendency to rubbing of the face, and that no grubs are discharged
from the nose. The appearance of the symptoms in spring or
early summer points directly to grub zn the head.

Prevention. Keep sheep away from infested, coarse, shrubby
pastures from June to October. If this is impossible apply upon
the nose articles which repel the fly. Place a log in the pasture
bored full of augur holes 2% inches in diameter and 4 or 5 inches
deep, and feed the salt from these holes, the margins and walls of
which are kept smeared with tar, or better, a mixture of tar and
lard. In this way the sheep are daily dressed without trouble,
and the flies are kept at a distance. If all could be compulsorily
dealt with in this way the pest could soon be eradicated from a
country. When goats are present they must partake of the treat-
ment. Some flockmasters believe that the English broom
(cytisus Scoparius) in the pastures protects the sheep against the
fly. Crude tar, or a mixture of tar and oil, may be smeared on
the nose with a brush every few days from June to October.
Some use a canvas face cover smeared with tar and lard, or asa-
foetida and lard during the same months. Others plow up a fur-
row at intervals in the pasture in which the sheep may poke its
nose when attacked. Ina small flock many of the young larvee
may be killed by a weekly or more frequent treatment with ben-
zine, a teaspoonful in each nasal chamber, the sheep having been
turned upon its side to be treated, and the head held nearly level.
The soft young grub is more easily destroyed than the older case-

86 Veterinary Medicine.

hardened ones. Sheep folds, in summer, should be frequently
sprinkled with tar water, naphthalin or lime, and kept clean. All
grubs seen on the ground should be crushed. Heads of slaugh-
tered sheep, and of those dying of ‘‘ grub in the head ’’ or other
disease, should be boiled.

Medicinal Treatment. Sternutatories have been used for a
length of time with the view of causing the expulsion of the larva
by sneezing. They can only be effective in the first few weeks
and for the young grubs that have not yet entered the sinuses.
Quicklime, powdered white helebore, snuff and naphthalin may
be tried, especially the two latter. A pinch may be placed in
each nostril several times a day. Most liquid injections are of
little more value. Tobacco water, oil of turpentine, and olive oil
or glycerine in equal parts, oil of tar and other agents have been
employed, being injected with a syringe and long nozzle. In the
writer’s hands benzine has proved better than anything else. The
sheep having been placed on its side with the noseslightly raised,
a teaspoonful is poured into the nostril on the lower side and the
nostril closed for thirty seconds. It is then turned on the other
side and the other nostril similarly treated. It may be repeated
daily or less frequently until the grubs are destroyed. This
agent, so deadly to the parasite and harmless to the sheep, tends
to enter the sinuses through gravitation and its extreme volatility
and diffusibility, and can only escape slowly.

Tobacco smoke has also been tried but is not to be recom-
mended. Fumes of burning tar and sulphur have been highly
commended.

Surgical Treatment. ‘This consists in boring into the frontal
sinus, washing this out with tepid water that has been boiled and
then injecting some one of the agents advised in case of the nose,
notably benzine. In horned sheep the operation is exceedingly
simple, the opening being made close to the root of the horn in
the frontal crest extending from horn to horn. An incision may
be made in the skin and the bone laid bare so that the trephine
used in coenurus may be employed. In its absence I have often
used a good sized gimlet, directing it from behind forward, or
before backward across the crest so that if it should make a sudden
plunge when it has perforated the outer plate it cannot possibly
pass into, or through, the inner. A most effective way of reach-

Cavicola. Cephalemyia. Cstride. 87

ing the sinus is to cut off the horn at its root. In polled sheep
the procedure is more delicate and difficult. A transverse line is
drawn across the forehead from the middle of the one superciliary
arch to that of the other ; a second line is drawn down the centre
of the forehead and face; the incisions are made in the upper
angles formed by these lines, and where the bone is most promi-
nently rounded. In perforating the bone one should use the
guarded trephine as in ccenurus, or, if a gimlet is resorted to, it
should be carefully guarded by the fore finger, so that it may not
plunge through the inner bony plate when it has fully perforated
the outer. One or both sides should be operated on according as
the discharge is from one or both nostrils. In washing out the
sinuses it is well to first introduce a teaspoonful of benzine to
loosen or stupefy the larvz, and then a large quantity of tepid
water to wash these out through the nose. Finally a little ben-
zine may be injected and left in the sinus to destroy any larva
that may have been left. Thisdone a stitch may be placed in the
wound, and a covering of tar or crude turpentine applied. Some
add a canvas or leather face cover.

For very large flocks Railliet, Neumann and Curtice advise the
slaughter of the worst cases, and the abandoning of the rest.
But for large as for small flocks the rational treatment is preven-
tion, and the extinction of the fly in the locality.

CEstrus (Cephalemyia) Maculata: Spotted CE., hiber-
nates as larva in the nasal sinuses and pharynx of camel, drome-
dary and buffalo, producing irritation and even death as in the
sheep. It is twice the size of the bot of the horse.

CEstrus (Cephalemyia) Trompe: Trumpet C., hiber-
nates in the pharynx and nasal sinuses of the reindeer, proving
fatal in many cases.

_Nasal and pharyngeal larvee have been found in deer, goats,
and other solidungula.

These must be dealt with on the same principle as the cestrus
of the sheep, and the pharyngeal cestrus of the horse.

CE. Variolosus inhabits S. Africa, and GZ, Purpureus Cen-
tral Europe and the Caucasus, but their larvee are unknown.

PULEX. FLEA.

Compressed from side to side ; wingless ; piercing sucking rostrum ; great
jumping agility ; thorax with three rings, abdomen nine; hairy ; strong legs
with two claws each. Oviparous: ovum in 6 to 12 days produces hairy
worm-like larva with 12 rings and bispiked tail ; in 11 days this spins a co-
coon, it moults, becomes a pupa and in 10 to 20.daysa flea. Live in haunts
of. animals, hide in clothing, furniture, earth, sand, beds, nests, etc. ; prefer
given species of host but do not attack them alone. Facultative parasite.
Dog-flea : Fine tooth-like, black spines (14 to 18) beneath head and protho-
rax, each side; harbors larva of teenia canina. Flea of Man: No teeth on
head nor prothorax. Radbit-flea: Angular front of head ; five or six teeth
on head and prothorax, each side. Birvd-flea: 12 to 13 teeth each side of
prothorax, none on head. Prevention : Boil blankets, rugs and clothing ;
scald kennels, dove-cots, poultry-houses, nests, etc. ; litter with fresh wal-
nut leaves or pine shavings ; insect powder ; stavesacre ; wormwood ; creo-
lin; lysol; cresyle; carbolic acid; oil of tar; sticky fly-papers. Same
agents on animal, also laurel oil and snuff, potassium sulphide. For yards,
runs, etc., quicklime, chloride of lime, tar water. Beat rugs and furniture.
Sea-weed attracts and may then be burned. Chigoe: In tropical America
and Africa. Lives in green vegetation, sand, etc. ; burrows in skin of man,
and tame and wild mammals and birds; lays eggs and hatches young in
galleries, causing irritation, ulceration, gangrene, and loss of parts. Bur-
rowing flea of hen: In Ceylon. Treatment: Rub feet or legs with tobacco,
carapa or arnotto ; extract flea without escape of eggs; kill with hot wire,
lunar caustic, tincture of iodine, benzine, phenol. Rhynchopsylla pulex,a
flea with long hooks on jaws, and, in female, long abdomen, on parrot.
Helminthopsylla: Alakurt : With worm-like abdomen on cattle, horses,
sheep and camels in Turkestan.

Fleas are usually considered as a sub-order of the diptera, but
they are permanently wingless, have their bodies flattened from
side to side, a piercing and sucking proboscis, and great jumping
powers.

The head is small, round or angular, with two serrated mari-
dibles, between which is a rigid perforated stylet and sucker, and
a lower lip terminating in two palpi. Two eyelets are placed in
front of the antennz. The thorax has three rings and the abdo-
men nine, the whole extremely flattened from side to side, and
covered with hairs. The legs thick and strong, the last segment
of each terminated by two claws, oviparous.

The egg in six to twelve days produces a vermiform, hairy
larva of twelve rings and head. This has mandibles, antenne,

88

Pulex. Flea. 89

and at its tail two spikes which like the hairs aid in progression.
About the eleventh day it spins a small silky cocoon in which it
moults, becomes a pupa and develops into a mature flea in 10 to
20 days. ‘The ova, larvee, and pupe are found in carpets, rugs,
furniture, beds, kennels, barns, poultry houses, etc., as well as in
the open air where the victims lie, and in the nests of wild ani-
mals, fox holes, etc. Fleas are very predaceous and are not over
particular about the species of their victims, yet they show a
preference for given species and genera. The dog, cat, rabbit,
pigeon and chicken especially harbor the flea in their hair, fur,
or feathers. The parasite may even pass through all its trans-
formations on the body of the one animal when the skin is covered
with dirt or diseased products. Parasitism is not obligatory as
they will live long in empty buildings, fox holes, etc.

Pulex (Ceratopsyllus) Serraticeps: Dog Flea, is charac-
terized by the presence on the lower margin of the head and the
posterior margin of the prothorax on each side of 14 to 18 black
toothlike spines. This is the most common flea of dog, cat and
man. It is interesting as a common host of the larva of the
teenia canina of the dog.

Pulex Irritans. Flea of Man, is distinguished by its darker
brown color, and by the absence of the rows of teeth along the
lower border of head and prothorax. Common in dwellings in
Europe, this is said by Comstock to be rare in the United States.

Pulex Goniocephalus: Flea of Rabbit and Hare, is char-
acterized by the angular front of the head, and by the presence of
5 or 6 teeth on the lower border of head and prothorax on each
side.

Pulex Avium: Bird Flea. This is characterized by a round
head, destitute of teeth on its lower border, but having 12 to 13
on each side of the lower border of the prothorax. This attacks
pigeons and small birds especially, and is less troublesome for
poultry.

Destruction and Prevention. Railliet recommends to boil
a horse blanket used in the infested kennel, also the deluging of
kennels, poultry houses and dove cots with boiling water and then
littering them with fresh walnut leaves. Insect powder, staves-
acre, or wormwood will serve a similar purpose, or solutions of
creolin, lysol, cresyl, carbolic acid or oil of tar. Fresh pine shav-

go Veterinary Medicine.

ings are useful but soon lose their effect. Sticky fly papers on the
floor turn to account the jumping habits of the flea. As an appli-
cation to the dog, cat or bird, Persian insect powder dusted freely
between the hairs or feathers, or moistened with alcohol and
rubbed in upon the skin does well. Stavesacre, wormwood, parsley
or creolin powder may be substituted. Laurel oil with a little
snuff added may be rubbed well in on the skin and a good soapy
bath given twelve hours later. Solutions of potassium sulphide,
creolin or lysol may be similarly applied. Measures must also be
taken for the destruction of the larvae. Kennels, and other build-
ings must be thoroughly cleaned ; infested rugs, carpets, litter,
nests, etc., must be burned, boiled, or freely sprinkled with
creolin or tar water. The yards and places of resort of the in-
fested animals, must be cleaned of decomposing organic matter
and freely and repeatedly sprinkled with quicklime, chloride of
lime, creolin or tar water. In houses rugs, carpets and up-
holstered furniture must be frequently shaken or beaten. Railliet
advises a litter of sea weed or moss in which the fleas seek shelter
and can then be burned. '

Pulex Penetrans: Sarcopsylla P.: Chigoe: Sand Flea:
Burrowing Flea. This is found in tropical America (Mexico,
W. Indies, Central and South America), and Africa. It lives in
woods, foliage and sand, and attacks man, pig, dog, sheep, goat,
ox, horse, ass, mule, cat, birds and many wild animals. The
fecundated female alone penetrates under the epidermis and pro-
duces its eggs, often over 100. This causes much inflammation,
ulceration and even gangrene, which implicate the tendons,
muscles, bones and joints. In man toes may be lost in neglected
cases, and in animals, toes, feet and even limbs.

This is about half the size of the dog flea (1 mm.), and is
further distinguished by its angular and serrated forehead. The
color is reddish brown.

Sarcopsylla Gallinacea found in Ceylon by Mosely and
Green, is distinguished from the last, by its short body about as
broad as long, and by several prominent angles on the head. It
attacks the eyelids and neck of chickens and causes great irrita-
tion.

Treatment of Chigoe. To protect against the parasite the
negroes and Indians rub the feet and hands with infusions of

fTeteroptera. Bugs Proper. gI

tobacco or oil of carapa, or again arnotto or almond oil. When
the Chigoe has burrowed, extraction with a needle is indicated,
great care being taken to avoid rupture of the abdomen and the
escape of eggs into the sore. Incase of such an accident they
may be burned with a hot wire, a stick of lunar caustic, or tincture
of iodine. Mercurial ointment, benzine, carbolic acid or lysol
may be used.

Rhynchopsylla Pulex. A flea with hooked, recurved man-
dibies, and, in the female, a long, wormlike, articulated abdomen,
has been found on the parrot.

Helminthopsylla Alakurt, another flea with vermiform, or
articulated abdomen, in the female, is particolored, black and
white, and lives on cattle, horses, sheep and camels in Turkestan.
It is6 mm. long. It appears to hibernate on animals, attacking
them late in autumn and becoming more prevalent as cold en-
creases.

HETEROPTERA: BUGS PROPER.

Bugs of pigeon nest: Flat body, long sucking trunk, margin of body
more incurved than bed-bug. Cause debility ; drive pigeons or hens from
their nests. Live months without food. B&B. of Swallow's nest: Infest
dwellings and poultry houses. Sed-bug : More deeply notched on protho-
rax than pigeon bug. Ova in summer in cracks in wood, etc. ; young moult
4 times in 11 months. Attack at night. Live two years without food. De-
struction : Insect powder ; mercuric chloride ; leafy plants attract and may
then be burned ; sulphurous acid; carbon bisulphide. Other bugs.

Acanthia Columbarum: Bug of Pigeon Nest. Thisisa
parasite closely resembling the bed bug, but smaller, more round-
ed, with shorter antennze, and with the lateral borders of the ab-
domen more incurved. The flat body, the long sucking probos-
cis, and the claws on the distal ends of the limbs, are as in other
bugs. ‘The greatest breadth is at the middle of the body. They
have the same offensive odor when crushed.

These may abound in foul dove cots, hiding in the cracks, be-
neath the manure, and in the litter of the nests and attacking the
birds more particularly at night or when hatching. They are
also found in hen coops and poultry houses, especially such as
adjoin dovecots, pestering the fowls so as to check laying and

92 Veterinary Medicine.

growth, and driving the sitting hens to abandon their nests. In
such cases the eggs are marked with black spots caused by the
excrements of the bugs. These bugs are very tenacious of life.
Railliet claims that he has kept them alive for months in an
empty glass bottle, where they could get no nourishment.

A. Hirundinis. Bug of the Swallow’s Nest is not un-
common, and would appear to be the means of infesting dwell-
ings and poultry houses.

A. Lectularia: Cimex L.: The Bed Bug. This closely
resembles the A. Columbarum, but it is more deeply notched on
the front of the prothorax, has its greatest breadth back of the
middle, and the abdomen a little less round.

The ova are laid in March, May, July and September in joints
and cracks of wooden beds, floors or walls, under wall paper, in
folds, etc., of matresses, and the young undergo four moultings
in the course of about eleven months.

The mature bug evades daylight, but comes out in the dark-
ness and attacks human beings showing a preference for some
and a dislike for others. They make painful bites sucking the
blood, and giving rise to great trouble and suffering. They have
been the intermediate bearers of bacillus tuberculosis from man
to man and they may well carry other infections. Tenacious of
life they have been kept two years alive in an empty bottle.
(Audouin).

Destruction of Bugs. To destroy the bugs Persian insect
powder may be blown freely into all the cracks and joints about
the bed, in walls, floor, wall paper, etc., and may be freely dusted
in the nests and about the building in the case of dove cots and
poultry houses, also under the feathers of the hens. Mercuric
chloride in powder or solution is still more effective but must be
used with greater caution on account of its toxic qualities. It
should be introduced freely into all recesses, the possible hiding
places of the parasite, and left until the insect has finally disap-
peared. In aviaries the nests and roosts, above all, should be
thoroughly saturated. Cleanliness is an essential condition of
success as the caddice and excretions will otherwise afford shelter
for the parasite. Yet if the places where it reaches its victim are
kept saturated the final destruction is certain for all gravitate
toward these points. Railliet says that narrow leaved cress, or

Lice. Pediculide, Mallophaga. 93

haricot leaves laid in the beds, nests, etc., soon become covered
with the bugs, which may then be burned, and the same process
repeated until the last have disappeared. Others advocate thor-
ough fumigation with sulphur. Bisulphide of carbon too may be
sprayed over the infected places and things, care being taken to
exclude all heat, or lights as it forms with the air an explosive
mixture.

Other members of the Bug family are Acanthia Pipistrella,
Reduvius Personatus, which lives mainly in woods and has
been known to bite man producing large and painful swellings ;
the Harpactor Cruentus of Southern France; the Eulyes
Ameena of Borneo and Java ; the Atilus Serratus of Brazil; the
Nepo Cinerea or water scorpion which bites painfully ; and
Notonecta Glauca, the bite of which causes considerable
suffering. It is not recorded that these bite animals but their
attacks on man are suggestive.

LICE. PEDICULIDZ. MALLOPHAGA.

Blood-suckers: Tong narrow head, protractile piercing, suctorial tube.
Bird-lice, Broad head, biting mandibles. Lice of solipeds: Big-headed
horse louse, Haematopinus macrocephalus. Ass-louse, H. Colorata, black,
light spot on sternum. Hairy bird-louse of solipeds, Trichodectes pilosus.
Downy bird-louse, T. pubescens, smaller than last. Lice of Ox; Large-
bellied louse, H. Eurysternus; Narrow-nosed louse, H. Tenuirostris ;
Scaly bird-louse, T. Scalaris. Lice of small Ruminants ; Round-headed
bird-louse, T. Spaerocephalus ; Narrow-headed blood-sucker, H!. Stenopsis ;
Bird-louse of Goat, T. Cimax, on common goat, angora, kangaroo and
Guinea-pig. Lice of Camel and Pig, H. Suis, H. Cameli, largest heema-
topinus. Lice of Dog and Cat, Hairy dog-louse, H. Piliferus, head
nearly as broad as long, yellowish gray, abdomen same, thorax brown, dog
and ferret. Broad bird-louse, T. latus, head broader than long, yellow
with dark spots, harbors larval Tania Canina. Narrow-nosed bird-louse,
T. subrostratus, head longer than broad, pointed, bright yellow, thorax
same, abdomen dull white, on cat. Rabbit-louse, Large-bellied blood-
sucker, H. Ventricosus, head conical, thorax broader than long, abdomen
round, head and thorax chestnut, abdomen dull white. Lice of Guinea-
pig, Thin Gyropus, no piercing tube, narrow head, white or yellow ; Oval
Gyropus, broader head, oval abdomen, white body, dark spots: Menopon
Extraneum, large, round, yellow head, thorax yellowish white, three sternal
spots, abdomen oval, hairy. Lice of Birds: Genera : Ornithobius, Lipeu-

94 Veterinary Medicine.

ris, Gontoides, Goniocotes, Decophorus, Trinoton, Colpocephalum, Meno-
pon. Symptoms : Irritation, slight or causing rubbing, to ulceration, slough-
ing or abscess, staring coat, ruffled feathers. Symptoms in Solipeds, chiefly
on mane, forelock, tail and adjacent parts. Symptoms in Cattle, chiefly on
ears, spine, neck, chest, rump. Symptoms in Sheep and Goat, cuts and
mats wool, great itching. Symptoms in Pig, rubs, bites, scratches, rolls in
mud. Symptoms in Dog, irritation, scratching, depilation, abrasions, erup-
tions, sloughs. Symptoms in Cats, licks, bites, scratches. Symptoms in
Birds, head, neck, under wings, erect feathers, pecking, scratching, flap-
ping wings, rolling in dust. In all genera, can find nits and lice. Preven-
tion - Exclude infected ; carbou bisulphide in open bottles in empty build-
ing, clean and dust thickly with quicklime, wash with bleaching powder,
creolin, tar water, naphthalin, mercuric chloride, potassium sulphide, fumi-
gate often. Tvreatment: Mercurial ointment, tar, tobacco, sulphur, potas-
sium sulphide, calcium sulphide, hellebore, naphthalin, creolin, insect pow-
der often repeated or in dust baths, sulphur smoke bath, oil whole surface,
etc.

The parasites known as lice belong to two very different fari-
lies, the Pediculide and the Mallophaga. Both are wingless and
compulsory parasites but they differ essentially in the structure
of their head, and proboscis and their manner of feeding.

The Pediculide (Hzematopinus) are characterized by a long,
narrow head and a protractile sucking proboscis, formed of an ex-
ternal soft sheath with two lips the lower having one or two hooks,
and within these a hollow stylet by which the skin is perforated
and the blood drawn.

The Mallophaga or Bird Lice (Trichodectes) have the head
broader than the prothorax and are furnished with no sucking
tube, but bite the skin with their short, but powerful, curved and
usually serrated mandibles. They live on cuticular structures,
epidermis, exudates, scabs, hairs or feathers.

LICE OF HORSE, ASS AND MULE.

Hzmatopinus Macrocephalus, Large Headed Horse
Louse. Head very long and narrow, much longer than the
thorax ; antennze long and starting from special tubercles ; abdo-
men oval, narrowed in front, with sinuous margins, having
stigmata, one on each ring; head and abdomen yellowish gray ;
thorax brown maroon. Length 2.5 mm. to 3.5 mm.

Lice of Ox, Sheep and Goat. 95

Hematopinus Colorata: found on the ass seems to be a
mere variety of the last, being a little larger, with fewer hairs on
the head, a darker color, and a quadrilateral spot of color on the
sternum.

Trichodectes Pilosus. Hairy T. Head slightly wider
than long, rounded in front, abdomen elliptical, color yellow with
brown spots, thorax brown, body hairy. Length 1.6 mm. to 1.9
mm. Horse, ass and mule.

Trichodectes Pubescens. Downy T. This is smaller
than the last and has the hairs on the head confined to the
margins.

LICE OF OX.

H. Eurysternus (euros broad): Large Bellied Cattle Louse,
This is fawn colored, with yellow or gray abdomen, distinguished
by its very large, oval abdomen. Length 2.5 to 3 mm.

H. Tenuirostris: Narrow Nosed H. This is rarer and
smaller than the last, and has its head terminated in a narrow
cone where the eurysternus is rounded. Inserted in deep notch
in prothorax. Length 2.5to3 mm. Probably A. Vitudd of calf.

T. Scalaris. Scaly T. Head slightly longer than broad,
rounded in front, very hairy, but fewer on last segment than
T. Pilosus. Wength 1.5 mm. On ox and (perhaps accidentally)
on the ass.

LICE OF SHEEP AND GOAT.

Trichodectes Spaerocephalus (sphaer sphere) Round
Headed T. Head broader than long and in front than behind,
rounded in front, antenne hairy, abdomen elliptical, transversely
elongated dorsal spot on each ring. Length 1.5mm. Has been
found on sheep and goat.

H. Stenopsis (stenos narrow). Head long, narrow, conical,
round in front, notched laterally, broadening to the thorax ;
thorax very shoit ; abdomen long, oval, with sinuous borders.
Straw-yellow, abdomen grayish. Length 1.5to2mm. On goat.

T. Climax (Caprez) (klimax ladder, inclined) T. of Goat.
Scaly T. Head as broad as long, with broad, shallow notch in

96 Veterinary Medicine.

front ; abdomen conical, especially in the male, in which it ter-
minates in two hairy pads. Head and thorax reddish brown, ab-
domen pale yellow; length 1.3 to 1.6 mm. On common and
Angora goats; claimed to be on kangaroo and Guinea-pig.

LOUSE OF CAMEL AND PIG.

H.Cameli. Rare. Described as resembling A. Uvius of
swine.

H. (Urius) Suis. The largest known hamatopinus. Head
narrow, forming a very long cone, round in front ; antennze long
and hairy with sharp horny process on first article; abdomen an
elongated oval. Head, abdomen and legs grayish yellow. Length
4to5mm. On pig, probably the same on camel.

LICE OF DOG AND CAT.

H. Piliferus.. Hairy H. So named because of the long
hairs on head, antennz, body and limbs. Head short, nearly as
broad as long, anterior half narrowing, thorax notched in the
centre by head and abdomen, abdomen a broad oval. Head and
abdomen yellowish gray, thorax maroon brown, legs yellow.
Length 1.5 to 2mm. On dog and ferret.

T.Latus. Broad T. Head much broader than long ; an-
tenne hairy, the first segment in the male equalling both the
others ; abdomen very broad and rounded. Color bright yellow
with darker spots. Length 1.5 mm. Sometimes the abdomen,
abnormally enlarged, encloses the encysted larva of the teenia
canina of thedog. On dog.

Trichodectes Subrostratus. Narrow-Nosed T. Head
longer than broad, pointed in front, abdomen elliptical, in male
conical behind with downy extremity. Head and thorax bright
yellow, abdomen dull white. Length 1.2mm. On the cat.

LOUSE OF RABBIT.

H. Ventricosus. Large Bellied H. Head broad behind,
narrowed in front, like an awl handle ; thorax broader than long;

Lice Infesting Birds. 97

abdomen round almost as broad as long, with eight wrinkled
rings ; hairy ; head thorax and legs chestnut, abdomen dull white.
Length 1.3 mm.

LICE OF GUINEA-PIG.

Gyropus Gracilis. (gyruscircle), Thin G. As one of the
bird lice (non-suckers) this is remarkable for the narrowness of
both head and body ; the head and thorax are about 4th of the
entire length, the abdomen about ith. Length 1.2mm. Anten-:
nee and legs short ; color white or yellowish.

G. Ovalis. Oval G. This is distinguished by its broader
head, and its broad oval abdomen with two rows of hairs on each
ring. Body white, with dark spots: tarsi and claws black.
Length 1.2 mm.

Menopon Extraneum. Foreign M. Head large, temples
round, with three long and three short hairs; thorax longer than
the head with three sternal spots ; abdomen oval, hairy. Head
and spots yellow, thorax yellowish white, bands black. Length
1.7 to 2 mm.

LICE INFESTING BIRDS.

The lice infesting birds are so numerous that a full description
of each may be omitted. In place of this we append the charac-
ters of the different genera, and the student will find the species
and their various hosts named in the general list.

Genus Ornithobius. Body long, narrow, sides almost paral-
lel ; antennz in 5 segments, the two first being the longest in the
males, a temporal band forms a fold behind the eyes: last abdo-
minal segment is pointed in the male. The one species, O. Bu-
cephalus of the SwAn is 3.5 mm. long.

Genus Lipiurus. Body long, narrow, sides almost parallel,
antenne in 5 segments, the third bearing an appendix in the
male, last abdominal segment in male notched. Eight species are
described as infesting the pigeon (1), chicken (2), pheasant (1),
turkey (1), Guinea-fowl (1), duck (1) and goose (2).

Genus Goniodes (gonios corner). Body flat, broad, abdomen

7

98 Veterinary Medicine.

oval ; antennz supported in sinus behind a prominent angular
tubercle, and formed of 5 segments, the first segments in the male
being larger than the others, and the third bearing an appendix
which is absent in Gonzocotes. Behind this is a prominent tem-
poral angle. Eight species are described as infesting the pigeon
(1), hen (1), pheasant (2), turkey (1), Guinea-fowl (1) and
pea-fowl (2).

Genus Goniocotes. Body flat, broad: head has two angles
on each side, an anterior (temporal) bearing two hairs, and a
posterior (occipital), the latter bearing ashort spine. Five species
are described, in chickens (2), pigeons (1), pheasant (1), pea-fowl
and Guinea-fowl (1).

Genus Decophorus. Body flat, broad; forepart of head
(clypeus) separated from the hinder part by a suture; anterior
angle of the sinus attaching the antennze, has a movable tuber-
cle; antenne in 5 segments, the same in both sexes. Two
species are described, in duck and goose, respectively, the one
probably a variety.

Genus Trinoton, Head very much rounded in front, and
laterally at the temples, a wide orbital cavity and eye in two lobes,
the antennze short and hidden; thorax in three segments ; tarsi
bear two claws. Four species are described in duck (1), goose
(2), and swan (1).

Genus Colpocephalum, (Colpos bay, pocket). Head broader
than long; resembles ¢vzzoton, but the eyes are rarely bilobed,
and antenne are longer and more evident. Tarsi bear two claws
each. The long tailed Colpocephalus infests pigeons.

Genus Menopon. Head broadens backward to the temporal
region ; orbital sinus varies in size and is occupied in whole or in
part by the eye; the short antennze may be folded back in the
orbital cavity, often median spots on sternum. Hight species
have been described in pigeon (1), chicken (2), pheasant (2),
turkey (1), pea-fowl (1), Guinea-fowl (1), duck (1), and
Guineapig (1).

Symptoms of Lice. The itching, rubbing, scratching and
biting vary with the kind of parasite and the numbers present.
The hzmotopinus or bloodsuckers are naturally the most irritat-
ing, while the mallophaga or bird lice which merely bite through
the epidermis with their dentated mandibles and suck the exuding

Lice Infesting Birds. 99

liquids of the skin are much less annoying. Yet even these by
biting and creeping cause a formication which leads to active rub-
bing scratching or biting and to the formation of abrasions, eros-
ions, and sometimes even sloughs and small abscesses. Short of
these there is habitual erection or shedding of the hair and
feathers.

Symptoms in Horse, Ass and Mule. The bloodsuckers
are mostly found where they can get the shelter of long, coarse
hair (mane, forelock, tail and neighborhood), and may be sug-
gested by the stiff erect hairs, the excess of dandruff or scabs
with zz¢s and the intense itching, which causes violent rubbing
against stalls, posts, trees, fences, harness, etc., biting of himself,
and appeals to be nibbled by others. On parting the hairs and
looking closely into the affected parts the beematopini can be de-
tected, usually with the head and proboscis fixed in the skin and
the abdomen showing outward. Railliet has seen them in clusters
under the epidermis forming little black tumors. The bird lice
are less common in solipeds, and are found especially on the
withers, sides of the neck and chest, and (less frequently) the
limbs. These produce far less itching or irritation than the heema-
topinus, and when pruritus is marked it is well to see whether
the bloodsuckers or acari are not also present.

Symptoms in Cattle. The trichodectes are the most com-
mon, and though found on all parts of the body produce less
irritation than the heematopinus. The latter attacks especially
the parts with long hairs, and which cannot be so readily reached
with the tongue (roots and tips of ears, the spine, the sides of
neck and chest, and the base of the tail). The animal rubs
violently on posts and all available firm objects, licks the parts,
rubs them with the horns, and with its hind feet. If within
reach of the tongue the hair is turned the wrong way or matted,
elsewhere it is erect, with round bare patches, of skin, crusts,
and scabs. ‘The detection of the lice is conclusive.

Symptoms in Sheep and Goat. The only species is a
trichodectes, which cuts through the wool, leading to matting
(clapping), the detachment of tufts and exposure of the deep
whiter layers, and to persistent rubbing, biting and scratching.
The lice are often in groups, close to the roots of the wool, and
the adjacent skin shows spots of red up to % inch in diameter,

100 Veterinary Medicine.

with more or less scurffy debris, nits and exuvia. Low condi-
tion if not present as a cause usually follows invasion by lice.
In the Angora the fleece is greatly depreciated.

Symptoms in Pig. MHarboring the largest known heemato-
pinus, the pig suffers greatly from its attacks. It rubs violently
on wall, trough or posts, bites and scratches, when free seeks to
plunge in water or liquid manure, and the skin shows excoria-
tions and erosions of all degrees of severity. The haematopini
are found at the roots of the ears, inside the legs, along the belly
and elsewhere with heads turned in toward the skin and the
sucking tube imbedded in it. As in other animals the parasites
are likely to prevail in neglected herds, where neither feeding
nor cleanliness are duly attended to, and when very abundant
they cause great emaciation, debility and even death.

Symptoms in Dog. The hematopinus piliferus is found
especially in long-haired dogs, and about the neck. It causes
much irritation, sleeplessness and scratching with the production
of depilation, excoriation, scurf and scab, in the midst of which
the parasite may be detected. The trichodectes is often present
in weak subjects (the very young or the very old), and is much
less injurious, though invading the entire skin.

Symptomsin Cat. The érichodectes subrostratus may invade
the whole body, yet is not very injurious, unless when in very
large numbers in the young or old. The cat licks, bites and
scratches the parts as it would with fleas. By parting the fur the
parasites can be easily found.

Symptoms in Birds. With the great variety of bird lice and
their different habits, the part of the body attacked and the re-
sulting irritation vary. The body, particularly under the wings,
form a favorite seat, though in other cases the neck and head are
invaded manifestly as being out of the way of the beak. Some,
like the decophora, migrate to the head after the death of the
host. The itching seems to be greatest during hot or cloudy
weather, the birds erecting the feathers, picking, scratching,
flapping the wings, rolling and scratching in a dust bath, aban-
doning their nests, and rapidly losing condition. The picking
out of feathers, the quills of which have been invaded by lice,
gives the appearance of unseasonable moulting. <A variety of dif-
ferent species may be found on the same bird, accompanied by

Lice Infesting Birds. 101

their nits, if that is their normal host, or without nits if only
transient parasites from birds of another kind.

Prevention. This consists in the destruction of the lice and
nits in the houses and yards, and the exclusion of all infested
birds. Schneider advises carbon bisulphide in open bottles in the
closed buildings from which the animals are excluded. Zurn
found free dusting with freshly burned quicklime effectual,
(walls, ceiling, floor, nests, roosts, troughs, and yards). For
birds especially this is useful as the scratching keeps the lime
floating on the air and destroys the lice on the birds at the same
time. In afew minutes it may be swept out and buried or placed
in the manure pile. Whitewashing, or washing with a solution
of chloride of lime, tar, phenol, creolin, naphthalin, mercuric
chloride, copperas, or potassium sulphide, is desirable and may
be repeated twice a year. To complete the purification fumigate
thoroughly with sulphur. Yards may be sprinkled freely with
one of the above, and should be kept clear of manure and filth
which will cover and protect the parasites.

Treatment. This consists in the destruction of the lice and
their zz¢s. Certain agents are effective even if not applied over
the entire affected skin. Mercurial ointment rubbed in small
amounts back of the horns or ears where the tongue cannot reach
will usually be absorbed so as to kill all the liceon the body. If,
however, applied over a considerable surface it is liable to salivate
and especially in cattle. Tar has been similarly used, and a
weak tar water. may be applied more freely over the body. To-
baco decoction (1:10) may be used very advantageously for the
herbivora, whereas it is to be dreaded in vomiting animals
(omnivora and carnivora).

For more general application we may use sulphur ointment
(1:3 or 4); potassium sulphide solution (1:10); calcium sulphide
solution (4:100, or sulphur 12, unslacked lime 8, water 50 gal-
lons: boil); oil: of tar liniment (1:20 of olive oil); oil of cade
liniment (1:15); black hellebore decoction (1% oz.; 1 qt.); oil of
lavender or oil of spike 1, alcohol 10; creosote in vaseline (1:4);
naphthalin in vaselin (1:5); creolin solution (1:10); benzine 1,
soft soap 6, water 20; or stavesacre 2 ozs., water 1 qt. Powders
may be employed : thus Persian insect powder, snuff, naphthalin
or powdered walnut leaves may be blown on the skin having
raised the hair, fur or feathers for the purpose. Whatever agent

102 Veterinary Medicine.

is used it should be repeated in eight days to destroy the products
of the zz¢s that escape at the first dressing.

In the case of birds the dry powders can be advantagously put
in a dust bath. A box with dry, powdered clay or loam, is
medicated with quicklime, oil of tar, phenol, insect powder,
stavesacre, snuff, or naphthalin, and placed where it will be kept
dry and within easy reach of the birds. Driven by the itching
they will resort to this bath at intervals and quickly destroy all
lice on their bodies.

Baths of sulphur smoke have been employed. A small box is
made with a hole through which the head is made to protrude.
The bird having been placed in position a match is burned in the
box and in a few minutes all the vermin on it are killed.

In the absence of the active insecticides it is well to bear in
mind that a thorough inunction with sweet oil, lard or any
bland oil will kill the lice by closing their breathing stigmata.

For sheep in large herds baths are the natural resort, and for
these the reader may see under acariasis.

‘ All clothing should be boiled or heated to the boiling point to
destroy the nits and mature lice.

CLASS. ARACHNIDA.
ORDER ACARINA, Mirss, Ticks.

SUPERFAMILY : IxoporpEA, TIcKs.
FAMILIES : ARGASIDA: IXODIDA.
Family ARGASIDA,

Subfamily: Argas, Ornithodorus.
Family IXODIDA.
Subfamily: Rhipicephaline, Ixodine.
Subfamily: RHIPICEPHALINAE.
Genera: Rhipicephalus, Hemaphysalis,
Boophilus, Dermacentor.

Subfamily: Ixopinai.

Genera: Ixodes, Amblyomma,
Lschatocephalus, Flyaloma.
Aponomma,

Class. Arachnida. 103
GENUS RHIPICEPHALUS.
Species: &. Pulchellus, R. Capensis,
R. Perpulcher, R. Everisi,
R. Brevicollis, R. Bursa,
R. Sanguineus, R. Simus,
R. Paulopunctatus, R. Compositus,
R. Punctatissimus, R. Carinatus.
R. Rutilus,
GENUS BOOPHILUS.
Species: B. Annulatus. B. Bovis. hipicephalus Annu-
latus, Ixodes Bovis, I. Dugesit, 1. Plumbeus, ete.
B. Caudatus. Rhibicephalus Caudatus.
B. Decoloratus. &. Decoloratus.
B. Australis. R. Australis.
B. Calcaratus. R. Calcaratus.
B. Rosea. Hemaphysalis Rosea.
GENUS HMAPHYSALIS.

Species: A. Leporis Palustris, Hf. Bispinosa,
HI, Rhinolophi, HT, Concinna,
H. Erinacei, Hl. Hirudo,

H. Sanguinolenta, HT. Elongata,
HT. Punctata, H. Leachi,
HT. Cinnaberina, fT, Spinigera,
HT, Flava, ff, Cornigera.
HT, Papuana,

GENUS DERMACENTOR.

Species: D. Nitens, D. Rhinocerotis,
D. Reticulatus, D. Circumguttatus,
D, Electus, D. Parvus.

D. Variegatus,
Subfamily: Ixopin#.

Genera: Ixodes, Amblyomma,
Eschatocephalus, HAyalomma.
Aponomma,

GENUS IXODES.
Species: I. Ricinus, I, Obscurus,
(Castor bean tick. ‘ L. Precoxalis,
I. Loricatus, I. Bifurcatus,
fl. Hexagonus, L. Spinicoxalts,
1. Ovatus, I. Putus,
f. Rasus, I. Eudyptidis,
L. Holocyclus, L. Intermedius,
I. Pilosus, I. Angustus,
LI. Thoracicus, I. Ornithorhynchi,

104

Species :

Species :

Species :

Veterinary Medicine.

I, Diversifossus,
LI. Frontalis,

I, Dentatus,

I, Fossulatus,
I, Affinis,

GENUS ESCHATOCEPHALUS.

by

Pe BS AS RS A

BS RS DS RS AS AS AS AS AS AS AS ASS AAAS AA AN AAA AA AN AS A A A PAA A

Gracilipes (Vespertilionis).
GENUS APONOMMA.

Gervaist,
Exornatum,
Transversale,
Leve,
Politum,

GENUS AMBLYOMMA.

Americanum,
Cajennense,
Multipunctum,
Crasstpunctum,
Calcaratum,
Varium,
Celebs,
Fossum,
Scutatum,
Nodosum,
Sparsum,
Dissimile,
Hippopotamense,
Vartegatum,
Annulipes,
Rugosum,
Maculatum,
Ovale,
Triguttatum,
Hassalli,

. Splendidum,

Concolor,
Geayt,

. Paulopunctatum,

Eburneum,

. Subluteum,
. Hebreum,

. Marmoreum,
. Morelia,

Limbatum,

. Latum,
. Striatum,

L
L.
f,
l.

PRENESENESN

KARALARSRAKRARARRRAR BARRE KARR AK

Tasmani,
Levis,
Luteus,
Spinosus.

. Decorosum,

. Trachysauri,

. Concolor,

. Hydrosauri,

. Trimaculatum.

. Cuneatum,
. Sylvaticum,
. Foat,

. Gypsatum,
. Cyprium,

Quadrimacula-
tum,

Goldiz,

Testudinarium,

Hlumerale,

. Thollona,

. Tuberculatum,
. Fulvum,

. Albipictus,

. Decoratum,

Leve,
Crenatum,
Breviscutatum,

. Pilosum,
. Extraoculatum,

Parviscutatum,

. Sahanere,

Vittatum,

. Cordiferum,

Subleve,
Diminutivum,

. Dubitatum,

. Acutangulatum,
. Adureum,

. Devium,

. Giganteum,

Avicola,

Gamaside. 105

GENUS HYALOMMA.

Species: A. Crassitarsus. Hl, LAgyptium.
HT, Affine.

Family ARGASIDA. -

Genus: ArGas. Flat body. Proboscis beneath cephalo-thorax:
eyes wanting. Bloodthirsty and often venomous.

Americanus. Mammals. Texas.

Chinche. Mammals. Columbia.

Talaje. Mammals. Mexico.

Coriaceus, Mammals. Mexico.

Persicus. Venomous bug of Miani. Man, Fowls.
Persia. Very venomous.

Tholazani. Bodynarrow. Man, Sheep, Mam-
mals. Persia.

Pipistrella. Mammals. Europe, Asia, Africa,
America.

. Mauritianus. Poultry yards in Mauritius.

. Miniatus. Poultry (Ox?). America. S. States.

Reflexus. Pigeons, man.

Species :

Ppp Pb > P>>>p>

Genus: ORNITHODORUS. Oval body ; lateral margins straight ;
hood curved ventrally ; eyes present or absent.
Species: O. Turicata. Man, pig, fowl. S. America, Mexico,
Gulf States, United States. Often fatal.
O. Megnini. Spinouseartick. Lyre-shaped. Cat-
tle, horse, ass, dog, sheep, man. Mexico.
O. Savignyi. Giant Tick. Man, Mammals. Sen-
egal, Africa, Guadaloupe. Very injurious.
Causes farcy in cattle.

Family GAMASIDZ.

Genus: Gamasus. Coriaceous integument. Mandibles with
claws. Larva hexapod. Lives in musty hay,
manure, etc.

G. PTEROPTOIDES. Body small, brown, ovoid, legs
long with claws. Fur of moles, field mice and rab-
bits.

G. Fenris. Musty hay. Accidentally on mammals.

Genus: DermMANyssus. Acari of poultry house. Soft integu-
ment. Oviparous. Larva hexapode.
D. Gallinz (Avium). Hen manure, roosts, etc. Man,
mammals.
D. Hirundinis. D. of Swallow. Probably a variety.

106

Genus:

Genus:

Genus:

Genus:

Genus:

Veterinary Medicine.

Family TROMBIDIIDA.

TRODBIDIUM. RED Mite. Harvest MITE. Larvee on
man and beast.

T. Holosericium. Scarlet. Gardens, warm places.
Europe. Mammals. Larva in skin.

T. Americana, Dull red. Warm places. America.
Summer. Larvain skin. Man and beast.

Sub-Family TETRANYCIDZ.

TETRANYCHUS (tetra four, 6nyx claw). Live on plants
and animals.

T. Molestissimus (BicHo CoLorapo). Attacks mam-
mals. Buenos Ayres.

Sub-Family CHEYLETINA.

CHEYLETUS. Soft skin. Maxillary articles have re-
curved hooks.

CH. PARASITIVORAX. Ovoid, grayish yellow, thick
rostrum, in fur of rabbits.

Cu. HETEROPALPUS (éteros different). Yellow, lozenge
shape. Rostrum thin cone. Plumes of pigeons.

Cu. Erupritis of old books. Accidentally on animals.

HARPIRHYNCHUS (drpe sickle). Rostrum short, palpi
thick. Second article with three hooks turned up
aud back.

H. Nidulans (nesting). In tumor like clusters on skin
of pigeons, etc.

SyYRINGOPHILUS. Long wormlike body. Small palpi.
In quills.

S. Pecrtinatus. ComB-LIKE S. Narrow body. An-
terior part the broader. Foot with two claws and
two bristles. Quills. Chickens, guinea fowl and
pigeons.

S. Uncinatus. Palpi with larger hooklets. Probably
a variety.

Family SARCOPTIDA (sarx flesh, koptein to cut).

Minute acari, rostrum an imperfect sucker. Chelicera with
two claws. Maxillary palpi with three articles. Hexapod larva.

Sub-Family TyROGLYPHIN# (tyros cheese). CHEESE EATERS.

S. DETRITICOLA. Live on decomposing organic
matter.

Sarcoptide. 107

Genus: TyROGLYPHUS (tyros cheese, cheese scooper). With
smooth hairs and caruncle on tarsus. Males with
copulating bursa.

T. Srro (siros pit). On cheese, farina, etc. Accident-
ally on animals.

T. Loncior. Lone T. On same.

Genus: GiycripHacus (glycys sweet, phagein to eat).

G. Cursor. WANDERING G. (SARcCOPTES HIpPPo-
PoDOS?) In farina, on carcases, meat, etc.

Sub-Family LisTROPHORINA (listreuo to dig). S. GLIRICOLA).

Genus: LIstROPHORUS. Ovoid body. Broad shield on head
and thorax. Lips prolonged as pincers. Lives in
hair.

lL. Grppus. HuncHEp [L. Shield notched above.
Male with flat bifid posterior appendix. Fur of
hares and rabbits.

L. MusteEL&#. Shield divided transversely in two.
Male notched at caudal extremity. Fur of ferrets,
etc.

Sub-Family ANALGESIN (analgesia want of feeling). S. Prum-
IcoLA). In plumes. On plumules in summer ; in
quills or cutaneous follicle in winter or when moult-
ing. Males with copulatory sac.

FREYANA ANATINA. Duck, turkey.

PTEROLICHUS OBTusuS. Partridges, pheasants.

FALcIGER Rostratus. Pigeons.

MEGNINIA GINGLYMURA. Pheasants.

M. CusiTaLis. Chickens.

M. ASTERNALIS. Chickens, pigeons.

M. VELATA. Duck.

PROCTOPHYLODES (PTEROPHAGUS) STRICTUS. Pigeons.

DERMOGLYPHUS ELONGATUS. (glypheys carver).

Chicken. .

D. (ANALGES) Minor. Chicken.

D. MINnor VAR. Sriminis. Guinea-fowl.

D. VaRians. Guinea-fowl.
Sub-Family SaARCoPpTIDA EPIDERMICOLA (sarx flesh, kopto to

cut). EprrpeErMopTes BILoBpatus, (SYMBIOTES
Avium). E. BirurcaTvus.

Sub-Family CyTopirin& (cyton hollow). SARcopTip# CysTI-
COLA).

108 Veterinary Medicine.

Genus: CyTopiTEs (CYTOLEICHUS) (leicho to lick up). Round
body, conical rostrum, tubular sucker.

C. Nudus. Body round, smooth, hairless. In air sacs
of thorax, abdomen, bones of gallinacez.

Genus: SvYMPLECTOPTES (symplectos entangled). Body oblong ;
transverse grove between the second and third pairs
of limbs ; legs short, with suckers.

S. Cysticola (Epidermoptes Cysticola). Live in
epidermis, cutis, loose subcutaneous connective
tissue.

Sub-Family Sarcoprin#. Acari of scabies, mange, body ovoid,
convex above, flat below ; shields; bristles.

Genus: SARCOPTES (coptein to hide). Males without ambula-
tory suckers on third pair of legs, or copulatory
suckers. Females have suckers on two first pairs
orly.

Species: S. Scabei (Communis). Burrow under epidermis.

Varieties: S. Scabeiv. Hominis. Man.

. Scabei v. Equi. Horse, ass, mule.

Scabei v. Ovis. Sheep, ‘gazelle, mouffion.

Scabei v. Caprz. Goat.

Scabei v. Suis. Pig, dog.

Scabei v. Lupis. Wolf, dog, deer, man (Norwe-
gian itch).

Scabei v. Cameli. Camel, llama, giraffe, antelope.
. Scabei v. Canis. Dog.

Scabei v. Hydrocheeri. Ferret.

Minor (Notoedris) Small S. Cat, rabbit, coati,
rat.

Mutans (changing). Under leg scales of birds.
Leevis (polished).

Levis v. Columbe. Pigeon.

Levis v. Galline. Chicken, gallinaceze. De-
pluming mange.

FO BM SUR MOEN

Genus: Psoropres (psoraitch). Lives on skin among scales.

Species: P. Communis (Longirostris). Rostrum a long cone;
third pair of legs end in bristles in the mature.
Causes scabies.

Varieties: P. Communis v. Equi. Horse. General surface.
P. Communis v. Bovis. Ox. General surface.

Demodicide. 109

P. Communis v. Ovis. Sheep. General surface.
P. Communis v. Capra. Goat. General surface.
P. Communis v. Cuniculi. Rabbit. General surface.

Genus: SyMBIOTES (sym together, bios life).

Species : Symbiotes Communis. On one part; usually limbs ;

foot mange.

Male has two caudal lobes.

Varieties: S. Communis v. Equi. Horse. Feet and legs.
S. Communis v. Bovis. Ox. Feet and legs.
S. Communis v. Ovis. Sheep. Feet and legs.
S. Communis v. Caprz. Goat. Feet and legs.
S. Communis v. Cuniculi. Rabbit. Ear.
Symbiotes Auricularum. (Ecaudatus). Male with-

out caudal lobes.

In concha, dog, cat, ferret.

Symbiotes Setifer (seta bristle). Fox, hyena (dog ?).
Symbiotes Avus.

Family DEMODICIDA.
Very small, soft, hairless, wormlike acarina. Legs rudimen-

tary, abdomen prolonged.

Mammals.

Genus: DEMODEX.
Species: D. Folliculorum. D. of Follicles. Steatozoon F.

Ancestral 8S. Sparrow.

Inhabit sebaceous and hair follicles.

Varieties: D. Folliculorum v. Hominis. Man. Mostly on

DooUDD

u

face.
Folliculorum v.

Folliculorum v.
Folliculorum v.

. Folliculorum v.
. Folliculorum v.

Folliculorum v.
shoulder.
Folliculorum v.

Canis. Dog.

Cati. Cat, nose, ear.

Capre. Goat.

Suis. Pig.

Ovis. Sheep. Meibomian glands.
Bovis. Ox. Muzzle, neck and

Equi. Horse. Meibomian glands.

LINGUATULID& (lingua tongue). PENTASTOMIDA
(pente five, stoma mouth).

Vermiform arachnide ; body annulated ; mouth with two pairs
hooklets; parasitic on vertebrates ; mature and larval forms in
different hosts.

Genus: LINGUATULA.
L. Teenioides (tenia shaped). MATURE FORM in
nasal chambers and sinuses of dog, horse, mule,

wolf, sheep, goat,

man.

IIO Veterinary Medicine.

L, Denticulatum. Larval Form in liver, lungs,
kidney, mesenteric glands, intestinal submucosa,
eyeball of sheep, goat, antelope, deer, dromedary,
ox, horse, Guinea-pig, cat, etc.

Order SCORPIONIDA.

About twenty species in the Southern States. None North.
Are nocturnal. Each has a large, caudal poison sting. Rarely
fatal to man or domestic animal.

Order ARANEIDA. SPIDERS.

Abdomen unsegmented. Attached to thorax by a narrow
stalk.

Eurypetnea Hentzii. Tarantula. Largest spider of South-
ern States. Bite is venomous, but not very dangerous.

Order HYMENOPTERA (hymen membrane, pteron wing).
BEES. WASPS. ANTS.

Wings four, membranous, few or no veins. Abdomen in
female and workers usually with a sting.

Sub-Order ACULEATA.
Family VESPIDAY. SOCIAL WASPS.
Genus: Vespa, yellow jacket, hornet.

Genus: Polistes. Abdomen long, spindle-shaped, black, with
yellow rings.

Genus: Polybia. On Pacific Coast. In numbers may sting
large animals to death.

Family APINA. BEES.

Genus: Bombus. Bumble-bee.

Genus: Apis. Honey-bee. In numbers stings may be dan-
gerous.
c=)

Super-Family. Formicina. ANTS,

Family. Formicide. Tvpicar Ants.
Bite, but don’t sting.

Family- Ponderina.
Queens and workers sting.

Family. Myrmicide.

Queens and workers sting. Formic acid of bees and ants is
painfully irritating.

ACARINA. ACARI. MITES. TICKS.

These belong to the class Arachnida which includes, spiders
and scorpions, as well as mites, and ticks. As common characters
it may be noted that the head and thorax have become confluent
(cephalo thorax), that the mature forms have four pairs of legs,
and are devoid of antenne.

Acarus, Mite. These have head, thorax and abdomen con-
fluent, so as to form one continuous mass. Some species how-
ever show a groove between the head and thorax and others also
between the thorax and abdomen. Many have the chitinous sur-
face marked by fine transverse striae and growing a few hairs.
The acari are mostly very small, almost microscopic. They are
air breathing by 2 stigmata, have the sexes in different individuals
and are oviparous (one family is viviparous).

The successive stages of development may be thus stated:

1. The ovum.

2. The /arva with six legs(exapod); has two abdominal bristles
which may represent the missing pair of legs; sexually imma-
ture; moults 2 or 3 times.

3. Nympha with eight legs (octopod); asexual; moults once.

4. Sexually mature male and female.

5. Ovigerous female.

The table on page 112 gives prominent distinctive features of the
different families of acarina, the parasitic families being given
in black-faced type.

HABITS AND PATHOGENESIS.

The ticks are temporary parasites, many attacking all or
nearly all terrestrial vertebrata and so far as the nymphe
and males are concerned parasitism is not obligatory and
they show often very little preference for one genus over
another. The ovigerous females on the other hand are com-
pulsory parasites and usually show a very marked preference for
a given genus or species, so that the absence of that genus
is often equivalent to the extinction of that race of ixode.

They are found especially in cultivated lands, wooded or cov-
ered with brush or tall, coarse vegetation, where they may be
seen hanging to the leaves by their first pair of feet, while the

III

Veterinary Medicine.

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others are extended ready to hook on to the first animal that may

Hence hunting dogs and cattle are especially liable to be

attacked, and hence too the habitual disappearance of ticks from

pass.

| Some individuals have little
attraction for the tick and may traverse their haunts with impu-

enclosed lands under cultivation.

On the skin the ixode at once inserts its barbed chelicers

and dart where they remain firmly fixed while the maxillary

nity.

Acarina. Acari. Mites. Ticks. 113

palpi remain pressing around the wound and the blood is sucked
energetically and rapidly. The hungry tick filling itself with
blood may distend itself to ten times its former size, and when
gorged it may drop off and remains torpid, until with a new access
of hunger, it once more climbs on the vegetation, and lies in wait
for an additional victim. The ovigerous female, gorged with
blood, hides under some object, lays her eggs and soon dies.
The eggs in tavorable conditions hatch into hexapod larva in
fifteen to twenty days. The larvez may live for months without
food, though they are often found also on the skin of animals.
The nymphz@ are larger and octopod, but still lack sexual organs.
After a second moulting these form males and females. The
fecundated female is the largest and the most bloodthirsty of the
series.

The barbed rostrum inserted in the skin holds so firmly that
the body of the parasite may be torn off without dislodging it.
If touched with a hot knife blade, or with a drop of oil so as to
close its stigmata it detaches itself, often rotating to the left, and
it is said that it may be detached by carefully turning the body to
the left asin extracting a screw. The skin perforated by the
rostrum is irritated and may become the seat of small abscesses, but
when extracted the lesions soon heal. A drop of benzine, kero-
sene, oil of turpentine, oil of tar, or other insecticide will cause
the tick to promptly drop off.

Infection Through Ticks. Besides the local irritation caused
by all ticks, some become the bearers of other infections, such as
the germs of Texas fever, louping-ill, etc., which will be more
appropriately considered znfectious diseases.

CHARACTERISTICS OF TICKS.

The ticks are large acarina, always visible to the naked eye,
even as embryos, and growing in some instances to half an inch
in length when mature, egg bearing and filled with blood. All
show the successive stages of development seen in other acarina ;
namely :

Eggs, usually ovoid, with tough, leathery shell.

Larve, which are 6 legged and without generative pore or
sexual organs.

Nymphe, half grown females, with 8 legs, but no eggs.

$

114 Veterinary Medicine.

Adult Males, smaller and flatter than the females, but with 8
legs.

Adult (replete ovigerous) females, 8 legged ; fully developed
oviducts containing eggs. Fasting are flat and leathery, but
soft and rounded when full of blood.

Each tick is naturally divided into head and body.

1, Head (capitulum). This consists of the dase, 2 mandibles,
dart and 2 palpi.

The base of the capitulum (mouth shield) is a hard, solid
segment, usually transversely elongated, and inserted into a notch
on the anterior border of the dorsal shield and body. Anteriorly
it supports the other elements of the head—the mouth organs.
On its upper surface, in females, it bears two porous areas (avez
porose).

‘The mandibles (jaws, chelicere), right and left, thickened at
the base, slightly narrowed toward the free ends, lie above the
dart, and are each terminated by a digz¢ bearing from one to four
hooks recurved dorsally, like a harpoon.

The upper surface of the mandibles is sometimes covered by a
thin mandibular sheath having its exposed surface roughened
like a file.

The dart (hypostome, labium, tongue, radula) lies beneath the
two mandibles and is best seen from below. It is somewhat flat-
tened, has a bilateral symmetry, and is covered, more or less per-
fectly beneath (ventrally) or even laterally by hooks (teeth
denticles) which are recurved toward the body. Near the point
of the dart these teeth are small and irregular, but farther back
they are larger and are arranged in rows, longitudinal and trans-
verse, the numbers of which are important for identification of
species.

The jaws, mandibles and mandibular sheaths when brought to-
gether form a central canal or tube through which the blood is
sucked. The whole mass is inserted into the tissues and firmly
held there by the barbed surface, and has been given the names
of beak, vostrum, proboscis or haustellum.

The palpi, which with the above complete the structures of the
head, are two organs, each formed of 4 articles, placed to the
right and left of the beak.

Acarina. Acari. Mites. Ticks. 115

2. Body. ‘The body has distinct generic or specific characters
on its dorsal and ventral surfaces and on its margins—lateral,
anterior aud posterior.

Dorsal Structures. These include dorsal shield, eyes, porose
plates, postero-marginal festoons and shields, furrows, pits, puncta-
tions and hairs.

Dorsal Shield (dorsal plate, thoracic shield, scutum.) ‘This is
a hard chitinous plate found in the Ixodide and wanting in
Argasidz. In males it covers all or nearly all the dorsal aspect.
In zymphs it covers the anterior half or more. In adult females
it is restricted to a small anterior portion of the back. Usually
notched anteriorly to receive the head it shows at each sidea
prominent forward projection. It shows a variable number of
pores (punctations) with or without hairs.

The eyes are two small, semiglobular objects placed one on
each lateral margin of the scutum in Ixodidz; or in pits on the
supracoxal fold near legs I in Argasidee.

The porose plates are placed one on each side of the median
line about opposite legs III and IV in Rhipicephalus, Boophilus,
Dermacentor and Hyalomma. They show a number of wart-like
elevations each bearing on its summit a pore in form of a slit.

The postero-marginal festoons are only present in certain
species like Dermacentor and Amblyomma, which have eleven
each.

The Dorsal Furrows caused by contractions of the dorso-
ventral muscles, vary in the same individual at different times
and may be obliterated by repletion with blood.

Pits, punctations, hairs and spines may be made out by
the aid of a good hand lens. The pores are of varying size, give
passage to hairs or spines and lead to gland tissue beneath.

Ventral Structures. The ventral aspect presents: Genital
pore, anus with anal valve, anal shields, ventral shields,
stigmata, furrows or grooves, pits, punctations, hairs
caudal appendage and legs.

The genital pore is a transverse slit crossing the median line,
between the first three pairs of legs. It is wanting in the hexa-
pod larvee.

The Anus is between the last pair of legs, in the median line
and surrounded by a chitinous valve.

116 Veterinary Medicine.

Anal shields or plates (cypez) are found only in the male of
particular genera, which have two on each side of the anus.

Stigmata (stigmal plates, peritrennes) are situated, one near
each margin, between the III and IV legs in Argasidee, and back
of the IV pair in Ixodidz in the octopod stage. In Boodphilus
Annulatus they are present in the larvee as well and may be even
in three pairs (Stiles). Each bears its stigmal breathing aperture
or spiracle.

Two Genital Furrows, beginning one on each side of the
genital pore, extend backward, and from near the plane of the
IV legs diverge to the postero-lateral borders. The Anal Furrow
extends backward in the median line.

The pits, punctations, and hairs have similar characters as
on the back.

A hard chitinous Caudal Appendage characterizes certain
species such as Bodphilus Australis.

Leg. These are sex in number in larve (hexapod) and eight
in nymphe and adults (octopods). They are indicated as pairs I,
II, WII and IV. Each leg is made up of six articles united by
joints, and from proximal to distal end are named coxa, trochan-
ter, femur, tibia, protarsus and tarsus. The coxa, is firmly
fixed on the ventral aspect of the body, and may be furnished
with one or more spurs; the others are movable. The distal
article (tarsus) is furnished at its free end with two claws and on
its lower aspect a disc-like membranous expansion (pulvillum),
and a cup-shaped organ (Haller’s) which has been supposed to
be subservient to the sense of hearing.

IXODOIDEA. TICKS.
KEY TO FAMILIES AND GENERA.

Salmon and Stiles give the ticks as a superfamily, divided into
the two families of Argaside and Ixodide, They give the fol-
lowing key to the famzlies, subfamilies and genera -

1. Scutum (dorsal plate) absent Argasidz
Scutum present Ixodidze
Family ARGASIDA.

2. Capitulum removed by at least its length from the anterior
margin: body rounded anteriorly, without a projecting
beak-like prominence ; eyes absent. Argas

Lxodoidea. Ticks. 117

Capitulum hidden under a projecting beak-like prominence
(hood), so close to anterior margin that the tips of the
palpi project from under the body and are visible from
above ; eyes present or absent. Ornithodorus

family Ixovip&.

3. Palpi short, sub-triangular, not, or only slightly longer than
broad ; Capitulum short; front of body emarginate for

insertion of capitulum. Rhipicephalinz
Palpi longer than broad; capitulum long; point of body
straight or emarginate. Ixodinz

Subfamily RHIPICEPHALINA.

4. Second and third palpal articles straight, not drawn out later-
ally into sharp points ; stigmata comma-shaped.

Rhipicephalus

Second and third palpal articles drawn out laterally into sharp

points ; stigmata nearly round. Boophilus

Coxe I not bidentate; coxee IV of normal size; eyes ab-

sent. Hemaphysalis

Coxe I bidentate in both sexes ; coxee IV much larger.than

I to III ; eyes present. Dermacentor

Subfamily IxODINA.

5. Palpi valvate on median surface in both sexes. Ixodes
Palpi claviform, not valvate in male ; legs very long.

Eschatocephalus

Eyes absent; anal plates absent. Aponomma

Eyes present ; anal plates absent. Amblyomma

Anal plates present on males. Hyalomma

TICKS. KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES.
Subfamily RHIPICEPHALINA.
Subfamily Diagnosis. Ixodidz: Palpi short, conical, usually
longer than the hypostome.
Type Genus. Rhipicephalus.
Genera: Rhipicephalus, Boophilus, Hemaphysalis and Der-

macentor. ;
(Neumann denies that Bodphilus is in any sense a separate

genus).

118 Veterinary Medicine.

Genus Rhipicephalus.—Eyes distinct, base of capitulum
broader than long, hexagonal on dorsal surface, forming at each
side a projecting angle. Palpi short, broad; third article pro-
longed on its dorsal aspect by a short, retrograde point; first
article by an internal median lobe, occasionally not distinct, and
slightly retrograde. Coxe I with two generally large teeth.
Stigmata in the form of a comma, with short tail in female, long
tail in male.

Male with two pairs of anal shields (clypei): (1) one pair of
large adanal shields, one on each side of the anus, triangular or
occasionally rectangular; (2) one pair of smaller shields external

to these.

Female. Male. Distribution Species.
Scutum white____-___ Seutum black and
WHITE) 2s coos t Zanzibar _.__ R. Pulchellus
Abdomen with white
lines and points..... -_-._-----.---------- Zanzibar ___ RR. Perpulcher
Scutum slightly emar-
ginaté’in, fronti.222- 4s422+<-s2224-see— ce Zanzibar ___ A. Brevicollis
Scutum with unequal Punctations distribu- Europe, Asia
(largeandsmall) tedregularly________ Africa, Aus-
punctations ________ tralia, Phil-
ippines, Cl.
America_._ FR. Sanguineus
Punctations few, lin- Punctations in young
early arranged______ not near margin____ Sumatra___. RR. Paulopunc-
Punctations mnumer- Punctations distribu- tatus
OUS»A tsa seee eet, ted irregularly __.... Africa______ FR. Punctatissti-
Anal valve bordered mus
With: whit@oc-o2 223) een taser eet esse Egypt —-_-___ R, Rutilus
Scutum smooth on the Postero- marginal fes-
margins ____________ toons with white bor-
Cs (=) epee me ae So. Africa__ R. Capensis
Scutum rough on en- Postero- marginal fes-
tire surface; eyes toonsof uniform color
datk: jonas beeacs So. Africa__ R. Evertsi
Scutum elongate, sides Palpi short, thick, an-
convergent back of gular, 2d and 3d seg-
CYS... Sec eeene ments or articles
drawn out laterally UnitedStates
into sharp point_____ South R. Annulatus
Scutum oval, sides not (Bodphilus
convergent back of Pale brown, transpar- Bovis)
eyes, young yellow_. ent______...-_-_..-. So. Africa_. R. Decolora--
tus (Blue
Tick) (Bos-
Punctations equal, Punctations fine, cov- Europe, Af- philus Decol
close together_______ ering entiresurface__ rica, West oratus)
Indies _____ R. Bursa
Scutum (of young)cov-
Punctations unequal, ersentire dorsal sur-
separated _______-___ faCE sco auc Africa______ R. Simus

Female.

Dorsal shield smaller
than in annulatus ;
labium has 8 rows
teeth ______-__-____-
Legs and palpi short ;
tarsi spurred (1 sin-
gle, others double) ;
stigmate areas, sub-
rotund, small_______
Hypostome with Io
rows of denticles, 5
rows on each half of
hypostome _-________

Ixodoidea. Ticks.
Male. Distribution
Punctations deep,

none on margins nor
marginal shields___.
Marginal groove of
shield double _
Very chitinous adanal
shields; tail; both
smaller than in de-
coloratus ______-.--.

Four anal shields ; pos-
terior border 7 lobed ;
stigmate areas and
spurs as in female___

Central, conical chiti-
nous tail; adanal
shields dark brown
projecting ; hairy ___

Australia,
Porto Rica,
S. America_

Caucasus ___

Japan, Para-
guay -_-__-

119g
Species.

R. Compositus

PR. Carinatus

R. Australis

R. Calcaratus

R. Caudatus

Salmon and Stiles separate from the above the forms Annulatus,
Decoloratus, Australis, Calcaratus and Caudatus on the strength
of the sharp, lateral points on the second and third palpal articles.
These constitute the genus Bodphilus.

They furnish the following
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS BOOPHILUS.
Fiery red spot anteriorly in the middle of the back of female ;

male without tail; number of rows of denticles unknown.

Indian.

tail. Japan.

Male with distinct horny tail.

Male unknown.

Male with distinct horny tail.

Cuba, Porto Rico.

line.

N. African form.

Capitulum.

Generic characters : Eyes absent.

West

(Boodphilus) Haemaphysalis rosea.

Hypostome with 10 rows of denticles ; male with distinct horny
(Boophilus) Rhipicephalus Caudatus.

S, Africa.

(Bodphilus) Rhipicephalus Decoloratus.
A doubtful Buenos Ayres form.

Australia, India, Venezuela,

(B) Rhipicephalus Australis.
N. American form (porose areas of female not united in median

Southern United States ; Mexico.

(Boéphilus) Rhipicephalus Annulatus.
(B) Ixodes Dugesii.
Caucasus form (porose areas of female united in median line of
(B) Rhipicephalus Calcaratus.

Genus H#MAPHYSALIS.

Base of capitulum rectangu-

lar, twice as broad as long. Palpi conical, second article with

120 Veterinary Medicine.

strong conical lateral basal projection. Stigmal plate circular or
in short comma. Anal shields of male absent. Coxze I not bifid ;
coxee IV of normal dimensions in male.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS HAZ MAPHYSALIS.

Palpi longer than broad in male especially. United States.
HT. Leporis Palustris.
Scutum not punctate. FT, Rhinolophi.
Coxz I without a spine. Tunis. HT, Erinacet.
Scutum much longer than broad, sides nearly straight. Brazil.
fT, Sanguinolenta.
Ventral aspect of uniform color. Outer angle of 2d palpal
article rounded in male. Europe, Asia, Africa. AT. Punctata.

Ventral aspect whitish around vulva and anus. Brazil.

HT, Cinnaberina.
Third palpal article with a ventral spine. In male cervical

furrows very deep. Asia. fT, Flava.
Third palpal article without ventral spine, in male and female,
New Guinea, Australia. fT, Papuana,

Third palpal article with dorsal retrogade horn. India.
fT. Bispinosa.
Tarsi I five times as long as broad. In male 3d palpal articles

unite to form pincers. FT, Concinna.
Tarsi I three times as long as broad. HY. Hirudo
A sharp spine on every coxa. Palpi longer than broad in
male. Madagascar. FT, Elongata.
Scutum much longer than broad. Palpa in male as broad as
long. Africa. H. Leachi.
Second palpal article with retrograde prolongation : male and
female. Asia. HT. Spinigera.

Second palpal article without retrograde prolongation. Male
has strong spine on coxe I. Singapore, Borneo, Sumatra.
H. Cornigera.
Genus DERMACENTOR.

Eyes present. Base of capitulum rectangular, broader than
long. Dorso-submedian porous plates present. Palpi short and
thick. Stigmal plate comma-shaped: short. Male without anal
shields. Coxze I bidentate in both sexes: Coxeze IV of male
much longer than I and III. Scutum usually ornamented.

Ixodotdea. Ticks. 121

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS DERMACENTOR.

Scutum blackish, without white spots, in male pubescent.
Porto Rico. D. Nitens.
Scutum nearly as broad as long: second palpal article with

dorsal retrogade spine in both sexes. Europe, America, Asia.
D. Reticulatus.

Body oval : hairs few. D. Electus.
Body oblong (in male triangular) hairy. D. Variegatus.
Light spots on scutum (in male symmetrical) with one anterior,
large, arrow-shaped. Africa. D. Rhinocerotis’
Scutum with 3 spots (female) or 4, symmetrical (male).
Congo. D. Circumguttatus.
Scutum glabrous in male and palpi extended laterally. Syria.
D. Parvus,

Subfamily IxopIn&.

Palpi long, usually about the same length as the hypostome.
Genera: Ixodes, Eschatocephalus, Aponomma, Amblyomma, and
fyalomma. .

Genus IXODES.

_Eyesabsent. Palpilong. Anal groove open, or closed caudad,
but tangent to the anus by its anterior concavity. Tarsi without
terminal spurs. Male with ventral shields; pregenital shield be-
tween genital pore and capitulum: 2 lateral epimeral shields,
more or less surrounding the coxze and stigmata: a genito-anal
shield of elongate pentagonal form between genital pore and anus;
an anal shield, triangular, ogival, or circular, caudad of preced-
ing, the anterior apex encircling the anus, the base formed by
the posterior margin of the body; two adanal quadrangular
shields parallel to the anal shield. Scutum leaving an uncovered
lateral and posterior margin; postero-marginal festoons absent.
Stigmata oval.

Female,—With three dorsal longitudinal posterior grooves on
the ventral surface ; two long genital groves extending from the
vulva and diverging backward, and two anal grooves united in
front of the anus, parallel or divergent in back, rarely convergent.
Stigmata circular.

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF THE GENUS IXODES.

Female.—Porose areas broader than long and close together.
Male.—Scutum pubescent. I. Ricinus,

122 Veterinary Medicine.

Female.—Coxe I with 2 equal spines. Male.—Scutum on

barely 14 width of back. S. America. I. Loricatus.

female.—Spine on Coxze I long, on postero-median angle.
Male.—Tarsi with dorsal protuberance near the tip.

I. Hexagonus.

Female.—Vateral grooves of scutum slight. Punctations fine.

Male.—Scutum glabrous. Japan, Amoor. L, Ovatus.
Female.—Coxe I without spine at postero-lateral angle. Male.
—Anal shield closed caudad. Congo. I. Rasus.

Female.— Anal grooves reunited in a point posteriorly. J/ale.—
Anal shield nearly closed caudad. Australia, India.

L. Holocyclus.

Female.—Anal grooves distant posteriorly. /ale.—Anal shield

horse shoe shaped. Africa. I. Pilosus.

Male characters omitted in succeeding Ixodes.

Female.—First palpal article has strong horn directed forward.
S. America. L. Thoracicus.
Punctations of scutum unequal, the larger near the margin.

L. Diversifossus,
Coxze I with small spine at post. lat. angle. S. America.
L. Frontalis,

Tarsi with dorsal protuberance. U.S.A. ? I. Dentatus.
Tarsi without dorsal protuberance. Ecuador. L, Fosulatus.
Scutum with unequal punctations the largest near the pos-
terior border. Costa Rica (Felis Pardalis). I, Affinis.
Body provided with granulations. Madeira. LI. Obscurus.
Body without granulations. N. Zealand. I. Precoxalis.
Coxz I with 2 subequal spines. L. Bifurcatus,
Coxee I with 1 long spine. Sumatra. I. Spinicoxalis,

Coxe I, smooth. Br. Columbia, Alaska, C. Horn. JZ. Putas.
Coxze with 2 small posterior tuberosities. N. Zealand.
I. Eudyptidis,
Spine on Coxze I short, at post. lat. angle. N. Zealand.
I. Intermedius.
Scutum with lateral grooves: Porose areas triangular.
I, Angustus.
Scutum much broader than long. ‘Tasmania, Mariana Is.
L. Ornithorhynchi.
Coxce I unarmed. Tasmania. L, Tasmani.

Ixodoidea. Ticks. 123

Coxe I bicuspid. Sikkim. I. Levis.
Coxe I with short spine. Africa. I. Luteus,
Coxze I with long spine. Brazil. I, Spinosus.

Genus EsCHATOCEPHALUS.

Capitulum long. Palpi pyriform (male), claviform (female).
Eyes wanting. Anal groove surrounding anus in front and
opening backward. Stigmata circular in both sexes. Dorsal
and ventral irregular chitinous thickenings in the male ; striz or
fine parallel grooves in the female. Legs usually long.

Type Species. E. Gracilipes-Vespertilionis.

Genus APONOMMA.

Eyes wanting. Base of capitulum usually pentagonal, the
dorso-lateral border very short. Palpi long. Male as broad as
long, or nearly so: ventral surface naked, sexual grooves very
divergent backward, and groove semicircular or ogival, opening
in front, uniting the sexual grooves: ano-marginal grooves single.
Scutum covering entire dorsal surface and usually marked with
metallic green spots. Stigmata comma-shaped. female with
scutum nearly or quite as broad as long, with, usually three
metallic green spots in triangle. Ventral grooves as in male.
Stigmata shorter, less attennate at postero-lateral extremity.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS APONOMMA.

Scutum green spots five in number (male), large, well apart

(female). A. Gervaisz.
Scutum green spots, nine in number (male): tarsi with spurs
(female). A, Exornatum
Scutum channeled by fossettes: body much broader than long
(female). A. Transversale,
Tarsi II to IV narrowed at extremity (male): spots on scutum
few, fine (female). A. Leve.

Tarsi II to IV with terminal tuberosity (male). 4. Politum,
Scutum with light spots (male) ; tarsi 3 times as long as broad

(female). A. Decorosum.
Tarsi II to IV narrowed at extremity (male) ; numerous deep
scutum punctations (female). A. Trachysaurt,

Tarsi II to [V with terminal tuberosity (male). A. Concolor.

124 Veterinary Medicine.

Tarsi at least 4 times as long as broad (female).
A. Hydrosauri.
Tarsi without spurs (female). A. Trimaculatum.

Genus AMBLYOMMA.

Eyes usually flat, slightly salient, sometimes hemispherical,
brilliant, in a submarginal depression of the scutum. Capitulum
long, with valvate palpi. Anal groove semi-circular, opening in
front, uniting the sexual grooves: usually no median ano-mar-
ginal groove. Scutum often marked with color designs. No
anal plates in male. Stigmata usually triangular, with rounded
angles. Nearly always eleven posterior marginal festoons,
especially in male.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS AMBLYOMMA.

Punctations over whole scutum (male); Coxze I with one very
long spine. N. America, Md., Tex. A. Americanum.
Punctations lacking from triangular scutal projections, flat,
radiating posteriorly (male). Mexico, Cl. and S. America.
A. Cajennense.
Hypostome with 8 rows of denticles (male). N. America.
A, Multipunctum,
Hypostome with 8 rows of denticles (male). Nicaragua.
A. Crassipunctutum.
Hypostome with 6 rows of denticles (male): large median
scutal spot, 2d palpal article 3 times as long as 3d. S. America.
A. Calcaratum.
Hypostome with six rows of denticles (male). S. America.
A. Varium.
Spine of coxe IV long and strong; body broad (male).

Mexico. A. Celebs.
Spines of coxee I very long (male). Cl. and S. America.
A. Fossum.

Spines on coxee I very short, tuberous (male), III and IV with
one tubercle each (female). Cl. and S. America. A. Scutatum.
Second palpal article 144 times as long as broad (male), twice
as long as third (female). Scutum without large median spot.
Cl. and S. America. A. Nodosum.
Punctation on scutal scapular angles large, about ro, (male).
Mexico, Cl]. and S. America. A. Sparsum.,

Ixodoidea. Ticks. 125

Scutum yellow with brown spots: coxal spines conical (male);
coarse punctations about 30, (female). Cl. and S. America.
A. Dissimile.
Postero-marginal festoons absent (male); two red symmetrical,
dorsal, abdominal spots (female). Africa. A. Aippopotamense.
Eyes hemispherical, in sockets, (male); scutum triangular,
deep brown, (female). Africa, Guadaloupe, Guatemala.
A. Variegatum.
Scutum black in anterior third (male). Natal. A. Annulipes.
Coxze I, bilobed (male). Africa. A. Rugosum.
Coxze I with one long spine (male and female).
A. Maculatum.
Coxee I divide nearly to anterior margin (male). Mexico,
Paraguay. A. Ovale.
Marginal swellings striated longitudinally (male). Australia.
A. Triguttatum.
Anterior spot on scutum, and postero median one separated by
transverse band (male); eyes in scutum (female). Africa.
A. Hassalli,
Anterior median spot and posterior median one connected
(anale): scutum without lateral spots (female). Africa.
A. Splendidum.
Punctations very fine or obselete (male and female) scutum
pentagonal (female). Brazil. A. Concolor,
Punctations large, unequal (male). S. America. A. Geayt.
Punctations of scapular angle very fine (20 male). French
Guiana. A. Paulopunctatum.
Design on Scutum like H and Y consecutively (male). Scutum

spots lateral of cervical grooves (female). Africa.
A, Eburneum.

Transverse band on middle of scutum (male). Africa.
A, Subluteum,

Linear postero-median spot separate from anterior ones (male).

Africa. A, Hebraeum,
Linear postero-median spot continuous with anterior ones.
Africa. ‘ A, Marmoreum.

Marginal groove continuous (male). Australia. 4. Morelia.
No (?) antero-lateral light spots (male); coarse punctations
scarce (female). Australia. A, Limbatum.

126 Veterinary Medicine.

Antero-lateral light spots present (male). Africa. A. Latum.
Coxze I with 2 very long spines (male) ; eyes near middle of
length of scutum (female). Brazil. A, Striatum.
Coxee I with 2 short spines (male). Congo. <A. Cuneatum.
Eyes in orbit (male) ; scutum yellowish white, cordiform. S.

Africa. A, Sylvaticum.
Coxee II and III unarmed (male). Africa. A. Foai.
Coxze IV with 2 short spines (males). Uruguay.

A. Gypsatum.

Scutum with non-punctate elevations (male). Hypostome
with 6 rows of denticles. Mariana Islds., Phillippines (?)
A. Cyprium.
Scutum level, median field with few punctations. Java.
A. Quadrimaculatum.
Entire scutum punctate (male); Coxe III and IV with 2
tubercles each. S. America. A. Goldit.
Punctations lacking on parts of scutum ; body broad (male) ;
punctations large, deep; eyes toward anterior 4% of scutum

(female). Cochin China, Java, Borneo. A. Testudinarium.
Scutum brown with whitish scapular spots; coxal spines flat
(male). Brazil. A. Humerale.
Coxee I with unequal teeth ; coxze II and III unarmed (male).
Punctations small, superficial (female). Africa. A. Thollona.
Body short oval; scutum variegated (male); scutum large,
lateral coppery spots (female). . A. Tuberculatum.
Body subtriangular ; scutum of uniform color (male). Brazil.
A. Fulvum.

Coxe I unicuspid ; scutum with white spots (male). Cuba,
Brazil. A. Albipictus.

Coxee I bicuspid; scutum with metallic spots. Phillippines.
A. Decoratum.
Scutum smooth (female). Natal. A, Leve.
Scutum very large, 5 mm. long (female). S. Africa.
A. Crenatum.
Scutum much broader than long (female). Congo.
A. Breviscutatum.,
Scutum without spots: punctations confluent in lines (female).
Galapagos. A. Pilosum.
Eyes extend laterally beyond scutum (female). Singapore.
A. Extraoculatum,

Ixodoidea. Ticks. 127

Coxze I with 2 sharp spines: coxee II and IV with 1 tuberosity
each (female). Brazil. A. Parviscutatum.
Coxe I with 2 blunt spines: coxze II and IV, with 2 tuberosi-
ties each (female). Guatemala. A, Sabanere.

Eyes toward anterior third of scutum (female). Bolivia.
A. Vittatum,

Coxal spines conical, strong (female). Banda Islds.

A. Cordiferum.

Punctations very fine (female). Siam. A. Sublaeve.
Hypostome with 8 rows of denticles: scutum 17 mm. broad.
Colombia. A. Diminutivum.

Scutum pentagonal: punctations equal. Spain. 4. Dudbitatum.
Hypostome with 8 rows of denticles: coxze III and IV one

tubercle each. Vité Levon Islds. A. Acutangulatum.,
Scutum cordiform, 5.5 mm. broad: tarsi gradually narrowed.
Zanzibar. A. Aureum.

Eyes toward anterior fourth of scutum. Africa. A. Devium.
Scutum oval, punctations numerous on whole surface. Trinidad.
A. Giganteum.

Scutum lozenge-shaped, punctations rare in the middle
(Nymph). Trinidad. A, Avicola.

Genus HyaALOMMA.

Eyes present, occasionally hemispherical, brilliant, in a sub-
marginal orbit of the scutum ; or flat, scarcely salient. Capitulum
long, palpi valvate. Anal groove semi-circular, opening forward,
uniting the sexual grooves, and followed by a median ano-mar-
ginal groove. Body elongate oval. Color more or less deep
brown. Male: two pairs ventral shields, adanal and lateral :
often two accessory shields behind the latter. Scutum festooned
posteriorly. Tarsi with spines. /ema/e: Stigmata triangular.
Larva and nympha festooned posteriorly.

KEY TO SPECIES OF GENUS HYALOMMA.

Eyes flat: coxee I not incised: numerous equal scutal puncta-
tions: median border adanal shield longer than posterior one.

fT, Crassitarsus.

Numerous unequal scutal punctations: median border adanal

shield longer than posterior one. H. Aigyptium,

Few, equal scutal punctations: median border adanal shield

shorter than posterior one. fT, Affine.

’

BOOPHILUS ANNULATUS. BOOPHILUS BOVIS. RHI-
PICEPHALUS ANNULATUS. IXODIS BOVIS. I.
DUGESII. I. PLYUMBEUS. I. ALGERIENSIS. TEXAS
FEVER TICK.

Identification with ticks known under other names. Geographical distri-
bution : Southern United States, Southern Europe, N. Africa; characters of
female and male. Six-legged larva. Development: Eggs hatch in three or
four weeks in summer, moult and form octopod nymphe in one week, on
calf ; moult again, becoming mature in one week more on calf and are fertil-
ized, fertilized female lays eggs in 22 to 26 days. Hosts: cattle, deer, (and
less frequently horses), mostly on pubis, perineum, udder and scrotum.
Pathogenesis : local irritations ; inoculates pivoplasma bigeninum, causing
Texas fever; piroplasma conveyed through ova and next generation of
ticks. In localities free from piroplasma, the indigenous tick causes local
irritation only.

The same tick appears to have been described under these
different names. Neumann further identifies with this species,
Hemaphysalis Rosea of the West Indies, the Hemaphysalis
Micropia of Italy, the Rhipicepbhalus Calcaratus of the Caucasus,
and Rhipicephalus Annulatus Caudatus of Japan in spite of the
distinctive caudal spur borne by the latter.

The Bodphilus Annulatus is abundant in our Southern States,
in Southern Europe and North Africa (Cooper Curtice).

Female. Body elliptical, broadest in cephalo-thorax, constricted
slightly in a transverse direction in the middle near legs IV;
when replete, approximating to a parallelogram ; when fasting,
flattened, coriaceous, narrowed behind, color—from a tawny
yellow (young) to an olive green (old), often marbled with ir-
regular waving lines of yellow and black, often a central line of
yellow with two marginal lines of black, then two more lines of
yellow and two more of black. -Dorsal shield (scutum) promi-
nent and convex in the dried specimen, very much shorter in the
female than in the male, showing as a dark brownish spot in the
anterior end of the median line, and deeply notched to receive
the head (capitulum). Two lateral dorsal grooves ending a little
behind legs IV. One median groove in posterior part of body.
All these grooves vary with muscular contraction and disappear
under repletion. Ventral aspect shows laterally in anterior half,

128

Boophilus Annulatus. Boophilus Bovis. 129

four pairs of notches corresponding to the position of the legs.
Vulva small, central, between legs II. Anus between second
and last thirds of body. Two lateral sexual grooves. One me-
dian anal groove from the anus to posterior margin of body.
Legs (8) slender, brown, with 6 segments, and each terminated
by two hooklets and a sucker. Stiff hairs on all articles. Cu-
ticle of the body finely wrinkled and with short hairs. Head
(capitulum) very short. The mandibles, 860 with internal
apophysis bidentate, external apophysis tridentate. The dart
(hypostome) is flat, spatulate, with four rows of recurved hook-
lets. The palpi are short (310), articles (segments) as broad
as long, and numbers two and three bear the sharp, pointed,
lateral projections which characterize the bodphilus.

Male. Body oval, narrowed in front, broadest across stigmata.
Dorsal shield (scutum) reddish brown, covers entire dorsal sur-
face, prolonged in front by two pairs of projections, the outer the
most prominent, shows three grooves, two lateral and one pos-
terior central. Posterior border festooned, sometimes indistinctly.
Large, circular, bristle-bearing spores over the entire surface.
Ventral surface lighter colored, hairy, genital orifice central be-
tween legs II, anusin posterior third, just back of plane of stigmal
plates. Two pairs of anal plates (clypei) elongated anteriorly,
one pair near the anus, and one more laterally. No median
caudal appendix. Head (capitulum) similar to that of female,
somewhat smaller and straighter. Legs relatively larger, and
stronger.

Fasting the mature female averages 6 mm., the male 3.5 mm.
Blood gorged the ovigerous female is about 9 mm. to 12 mm,
(% inch).

Hexapod larva. Body oval, narrowed in front 600» long,
470» broad, yellowish. Scutum covering half the back, scarcely
notched for head anteriorly ; hairy; stigmata small, round, be-
tween legs I and III, behind III and possibly between I and II.
Legs very large and strong relatively to the body ; tarsi without
spurs.

Reproduction: Development. Dr. C. Curtice traced the
life history of this parasite. The eggs laid by the ovigerous
female hatch out hexapod larvee in three or four weeks in warm
weather. After one week on a calf these larve moult and form

9

130 Veterinary Medicine.

octopod nymphz and young males. After one week more on
the calf the nymphz moult a second time and become sexually
mature females. After fertilization the mature female increases
slowly for nineteen to twenty-two days, then very rapidly for a
few days longer, when she drops off from her host, and in two or
three days begins to lay eggs. Each blood-fed female lays on an
average 2100 eggs.

Hosts. This tick attacks cattle and deer, and less frequently
horses. It is found on cattle where the skin is thin and tender,
on the inner sides of the thighs and elbows, on the pubis peri-
neum, udder and scrotum, and less numerously on other parts
(ears, neck, ribs, back). When abundant on the pastures, in
the comparative absence of cattle, it is alleged to attack horses,
especially about the ears, but clearer evidence is necessary as to
the identity of the parasite taken from the horse.

Pathogenesis, In all cases these ticks cause local irritation
and swelling on their hosts. They open the way for the intro-
duction of many infections, but above all and most important of
all, they are the bearers of the pzvoplasma bigeminum which they
implant in their bites causing the protozoan cattle fever of our
southern states (See Texas Fever, Vol. IV). The natural pro-
ducts of the tick do not cause Texas fever, in districts into which
the piroplasma has not penetrated, but wherever, the animals
infected with this protozoon are found these ticks are the natural
means of conveying it from animal to animal. The ticks are the
more redoubtable that the piroplasma is transmitted through
the eggs from the parent tick to the offspring of the next gener-
ation.

BOOPHILUS AUSTRALIS: TEXAS FEVER TICK OF AUS-
TRALIA, INDIA, 8. AMERICA, PORTO RICO AND
CUBA. SCRUB TICK.

Characters of female and male. Dorsal shield smaller, lighter in color,
capitulum shorter, mandibles with each apophysis, inner and outer, triden-
tate, male with central chitinous caudal appendix. Hosts: cattle, deer,
horse. Pathogenesis: convey Texas fever to cattle in countries in which
the piroplasma is present.

Female.—Like that of Boophilus Annulatus. ,ateral contrac-
tion of the body opposite the stigmata is usually greater; dorsal

Boophilus Decoloratus. Texas Fever Tick of S. Africa, 131

shield smaller, lighter in color; capitulum shorter, mandibles
have both apophyses—inner and outer—tridentate, the inner
showing a rounded process as well, palpi very short with lateral
angular projections as in B. Annulatus.

Male.—Smaller than B. Annulatus, 2.2 mm. long, by 1.3 mm.
broad across legs IV. Dorsal shield (scutum) extends the whole
length of the body, but leaves a small rim of the lateral margin
uncovered. It has two pairs of projections forward from its an-
terior border, and two pairs on the back, the front pair, the more
projecting, anterior and lateral being on the plane of limbs I.
Two lateral furrows extend to the posterior border, while a median
groove shows in the posterior part of the body only. In the median
line the scutum is prolonged backward by a strong conical pro-
cess (tail), 85 « long. Dorsum and venter are covered with
round pores bearing bristly hairs. Capitulum (head) 425 p
long, mandibles have tridentate internal apophysis and bidentate
external apophysis. Dart (hypostome) with 4 rows of teeth on
each half. Palpiasin B. Annulatus. Legs relatively large and
strong.

Hosts. This tick attacks cattle, deer and horses.

Pathogenesis. In lands which they infest, these ticks carry
the Texas fever germ (Piroplasma Bigemina) from ox to ox, as
the B. Annulatus does in the United States and Southern Europe.
Doubtless they inoculate the same protozoon on deer and horses
but there is no evidence that any corresponding disease results.

BOOPHILUS DECOLORATUS. TEXAS FEVER TICK OF
S. AFRICA. BLUE TICK. RHIPICEPHALUS DE-
COLORATUS.

Characters of female and male. Body oval (fasting), dorsal shield trans-
parent, venter yellow, head red, mandible with inner apophysis bicuspid,
dart with three rows of teeth, four anal shields, chitinous conical caudal ap-
pendix in male. Pathogenesis: transmits Texas fever in piroplasma dis-
tricts in S. Africa. Doubtful species. Other rhipicephali.

Female. Body of young and fasting oval, sides convex, pos-
terior half scarcely broader than anterior, 2.2 mm. long, by 1.3
mm. broad; when replete ro to 12 mm. long, by 6 to 8 mm.
broad; color slaty blue; dorsal shield (scutum) longer than

132 Veterinary Medicine.

broad ; punctations very fine, brilliant, yellow in median portion,
red on the sides; eyes red; scutum in mature yellow in centre,
red at the margins; lateral grooves at first converging, then
diverging to the postero-lateral borders; scutum in young semi-
transparent allowing the dark intestinal organs to shine through.
Venter yellowish with dark spots shining through. Anus red-
dish. Head (capitulum) red, mandibles with inner apophysis
bicuspid, and one rounded process ; dart (hypostome) with 3 rows
- of teeth on each side. Legs yellow or red, tarsus with 2 hook-
lets, and one short sucker ; coxeze I with 2 short denticles.

Male. Pale or dark brown semi-transparent. Dart with six
rows of teeth, 3 on each side. Four anal shields, more chitinous
than in B. Annulatus, and ending posteriorly in points. Ab-
domen ends in a strong, chitinous, conical caudal appendix.

Pathogenesis. This transmits protozoan heemaglobinuria,
among cattle in S. Africa asthe Annulatus and Australis do in
other parts of the world. It abounds in many regions in S. Africa
to which the piroplasma has not penetrated and its mere presence
there does not determine that disease.

DOUBTFUL SPECIES.

In the list of Bodphilus have been entered Bodphilus (Rhzp7-
cephalus) Calcaratus of Caucasus, which Neumann considers as
identical with B. Annulatus of the United States:—the B.
(Rhipicephalus) Caudatus which the same author identifies with
Rh, Microplus from Paraguay (our B. Australis) ;—and the
Hezemaphysalis Rosea of the W. Indies, which both Curtice
and Neumann consider to be identical with Bodphilus Annulatus.
With our present knowledge therefore any special description of
these may well be omitted. An uncertain species from Japan
alleged to have 5 rows of denticles on each side of the dart (hy-
postome) may also be held for further demonstration.

OTHER RHIPICEPHALI.

Other species of the genus Rhipicephalus are chargeable with
the local irritations caused by ticks generally but the transference
of specific infections of other kinds, isless common. In common,
however, with blood sucking or biting insects, when in great
numbers in presence of a pathogenic blood parasite and its
animal victim they may easily contribute to the diffusion of epi-
zootics.

HAMAPHYSALIS.

Bearer of protozo6n of paludism in dog in S. Africa. Dorsal shield much
longer than broad, teeth on lower surface of dart in five rows on each side.
HT, Leporis palustris, infests the hare.

H. Leachi. This deserves record as the bearer of the proto-
zoon of paludism of the dog in S. Africa. It has the dorsal
shield much longer than broad, (female), the dorsal surface of the
palpus at least as broad as long (male), and the teeth on the lower
surface of the dart (hypostome) in five rows on each side.

H. Leporis Palustris. Swamp-hare H. isan American species
which attacks these wild rodents, but is not reported as a pest of
the larger animals. It has the palpi longer than broad in both
sexes, and the denticles on the lower surface of the dart (hypos-
tome) in two rows on each side.

DERMACENTOR.

Dermacentor Reticulatus : retrossal hooklet on dorsal aspect of second
palpal article. Body flat, narrowed toward the head, scutum white or irri-
descent rose or green. Punctations and hair pores give a netted aspect,
young female, male. Geographical distribution: Europe, Asia, America
(California, N. Mexico, Texas). Hosts: man, ox, horse, deer, sheep, rhi-
noceros. D. Variegatus: scutum deeper brown, thinner covering of silver
rust. Probably variety of reticulatus. D. Electus. Body almost hairless,
stigmata punctate. Characters, male, female. Distribution : United States,
Atlantic and Pacific slopes. Hosts: Dog, man, horse, rabbit, antelope,
panther, etc.

D. Reticulatus. Net Dermacentor. This is distinguished
from other species of Dermacentor by the presence of a retro-
grade process on the dorsal aspect of the second palpal article.

Young Female. Body flat ; oval, more narrowed toward head ; 5
mm. long, by 2.5 mm. broad ; reddish brown behind scutum ; dorsal
shield. (scutum) milk or silver white or irridescent rose or green
extends back to opposite legs III, with elliptical outline, notched
in front for head (capitulum). Eyes pale brown, a little in front
of the middle of the lateral margin. Two marginal grooves from
behind the eyes backward ; three grooves from the scutum back-

133

134 Veterinary Medicine.

ward, one median and two lateral. Posterior border divided into
eleven festoons, enlarging laterally. Punctations and hair bear-
ing pores give a general reticulated appearance to both dorsum
and venter. Genital pore opposite legs II; anus at beginning of
posterior quarter of body. Stigmal plate comma-shaped. Head
(capitulum) 750 long; mandibles with digit having internal
apophysis bearing one recurved tooth, and external apophysis
bearing three increasing in size from the terminal one back.
Dart (hypostome) with recurved denticles in four rows in front
and three rows posteriorly (Neumann), (according to Stiles the
fourth row is unreal consisting of the hooklets of the mandibles
showing outside the dart). Palpi longer than the dart with
ventro-internal hairs and the second article bearing the character-
istic blunt retrograde dorsal point. Legs of moderate length,
hairy ; coxee I bidentate, II to IV with spur on posterior margin ;
tarsi II to IV have strong, recurved terminal spine.

Ovigerous Female. Body turgid, nearly as broad in front as
behind, constricted laterally opposite the two small dorsal stig-
mata, color deep brown (slaty), legs brown (black in alcohol).
Dorsal shield with thin silvery white metallic rust shading to rose
or green. Grooves shallow or effaced, punctations slight or

absent, surface glabrous. May be 16 mm. long by 10 mm.
broad.

Male. Body asin young female. Dorsal shield reddish brown
with a white silvery metallic rust shading to rose or green, in
front a large elliptical spot with white border, then a second spot
with radiating white lines, then three more, a median rounded
and two lateral rather semi-circular spots. A marginal groove
limiting eleven posterior marginal festoons with white and brown
markings. Punctations present on the entire surface. Venter as
in young female. Stigmatasomewhat comma-shaped. Mandibles
have internal apophysis transversely elongated, bidentate, ex-
ternal apophysis also bidentate with terminal tooth the smaller,
Dart (hypostome) has three rows of teeth on each side. Palpi
longer, recurved point on second article prominent. Coxse en-
crease in size from I to IV the last being very large. TTarsi II and
III with two spines each ; three spines on each of coxee, femur,
tibia and protarsus, on the ventral surface.

Geographical Distribution. 'This tick is found over wide areas

Dermacentor. 135

in Europe, Asia and America ; California, Texas and New Mexico
being especially infested in the United States.

Hosts. Dermacentor Reticulatus attacks man, cattle, horses,
deer, roe-deer, fallow-deer, sheep and rhinoceros, and probably
other animals, producing great irritation. It may convey infec-
tion but has not been incriminated in connection with Texas
Fever.

Dermacentor Variegatus. This closely resembles, if it is
not identical with D. Reticulatus from which it has been alleged
to differ in the deeper brown of the scutum and its thinner cover-
ing of silvery rust, in the finer punctation and hairs and in other
peculiarities of doubtful constancy or importance. Stiles doubts
if it is specifically distinct and Neumann confesses the absence
of good anatomical differences. It has been found in Washington,
Nebraska, Nevada, New York (Adirondacks) and New Hamp-
shire, especially on wapiti (Cariacus Canadensis) and other deer,
which are supposed by game-keepers to die from its attacks.
Though it has not been found on cattle there is a probability that
they would suffer if turned out on its haunts.

Dermacentor Electus. Dog Tick. This differs from D.
Reticulatus in that the body is nearly hairless and the stigmata
are punctate.

Female. Dorsal shield elongate from before backward, some-
what lozenge-shaped, with notch on anterior angle for head,
leaving two projecting lateral points. Dorsum almost glabrous.
Head about 1.5 mm. ; dart (hypostome) with three rows on each
side of short broad denticles. Stigmal plates comma-shaped to
elongated oval, bear the characteristic punctations. Ovigerous
female may be 15 mm. long, by 9 mm. broad.

Male. The rust on the dorsal shield is whiter, the colors and
spots are variable, but the punctations of the comma-shaped
or oval stigmata are characteristic (Stiles).

Distribution. This tick is very common in forests and un-
cultivated lands east, and even west, of the Rocky Mountains.
While it has taken its name from its common victim, the dog, it
freely attacks man, horse, rabbit, antelope, panther, etc. It
causes much irritation and even anemia and may easily become
the bearer of infection from animal to animal.

IXODES.

Ixodes Ricinus; Variegated color like castor oil bean,—black, brown,
yellow ; external mandibular apophysis with five teeth (7 or 8 in male) in-
creasing backward ; dart has teeth increasing in size backward. Distribu-
tion: Europe, N. Africa, America. H/osts: Sheep, cattle, goats, horses,
deer, hare, rabbit, dog, cat, fox, ferret, hedgehog, bat, bird, man, etc. Prob-
ably conveys louping-ill. J. Hexagonus, I, Reduvius: Size and form of
I. Ricinus: dart with central row of teeth on each side largest though less
numerous, shorter legs than ricinus, venter hairy.

Ixodes Ricinus. Castor-bean Tick. This familiar tick has
been named in accordance with the form, size and variegated color,
which strongly suggest the bean of the castor oil plant (Ricinus
Communis).

Female. When replete (ovigerous) may be 10 to 11 mm. by
6 to 7 mm., ash colored with marbling of black, brown or yellow.
Dorsal shield deep brownish chestnut, oval, subpentagonal, lateral
borders salient, posterior angle rounded, anterior slightly notched
for head, punctations small, uniform and regularly distributed,
hairs numerous, fine and short. ‘Two anterior grooves divergent
posteriorly ; three posterior grooves, median and two lateral, the
latter concave centrad. Genital pore on plane of legs IV. Anus
with three hairs on each lip. Stigmal plate finely punctate, pore
small. Mandibles rough (shagreened) on sheath of stem, internal
apophysis elongate with two retrograde teeth (median and ter-
minal) ; external apophysis with five teeth encreasing in size from
the anterior to the posterior one. Dart (hypostome) lanceolate,
with three rows of teeth on each side. Legs thin and bearing stiff
hairs on each article. Coxe I bears a strong spine on the postero-
median angle. Tarsi long and thin, in I nearly one-third of the
leg.

Male. Body oval, deep reddish-brown. Dorsal shield covers
entire dorsum except a thin marginal zone ; punctations very fine
and numerous. Genital pore opposite legs III. Pregenital shield
a third longer than broad, narrower, round or sinuous anteriorly,
convex laterally. Head (capitulum) 500 long. Mandibles
corrugated transversely on the sheath, internal apophysis with
three teeth—the median the largest, external apophysis with seven
or eight teeth encreasing in size from before backward. Dart

136

Lxodes. 137

(hypostome) has teeth encreasing in size from before backward.
Legs larger and stronger than in female.

Distribution. Europe, N. Africa, America, common, well
known.

Attacks sheep, cattle, goats, horses, deer, hare, rabbits, dogs,
cats, fox, ferret, hedgehog, bats, birds, man, etc. Thisisa great
pest of the dog, and is credited with transferring from sheep to
sheep the microbe of Louping-ill. There can be little doubt
that it stands ready to convey to fresh victims the germ of any
disease of the blood or even of the skin, from and to any of the
large class of animals on which it preys.

Ixodes Hexagonus, Dog Tick, (Europe). I Reduvius.
Female. Size and shape of Ixodes Ricinus ; Dorsal shield more
lozenge-shaped with lateral angles sharper, posterior angle nar-
rower, punctations larger, genital pore between first intercoxal
spaces. Anus just behind the limit of posterior taird of the
body. Grooves united in arch in front and divergent to pos-
terior border of the body. Dart (hypostome) with three rows
of teeth on each side, the median the largest but only three or
four in number and anteriorly. Palpi shorter than the mandibles,
the third article almost as long as the second. Legs relatively
shorter and thicker than ricinus, coxze I with short retrograde
tooth, tarsi large, thick, short, bulging toward the extremity,
with a convex ridge.

Male. Body elliptical, nearly as broad anteriorly as posteriorly,
brownish red, with lighter colored legs. Dorsal shield covers
whole dorsum except a thin marginal zone of a lighter color,
with numerous hair-bearing puncta. Genital pore between level
of legsIIand III. Pregenital shield broader than long, narrower
behind than in front. Anal shield ogival in front, divergent
behind. Almost twice as long as broad. Epimeral plates
strengthened laterally by chitinous plates and marked toward
inner side by pits bearing hairs. Whole venter bears fine hairs.
Anus asin female. Mandibles and dart bear teeth like those of
ricinus. Legs relatively longer and stronger than in female,
coxze approach each other in the same pair; retrograde spine of
legs I a little less strong than in ricinus.

Distribution. Europe and United States.

Attacks dogs, cattle, sheep, hares, rabbits, gophers, squirrels,

138 Veterinary Medicine.

porcupines, cats, men, birds, etc. LikeI. Ricinus it is alleged to
be generally harmless yet in large numbers it must be relatively
injurious, and may beconie the bearer and inoculator of infections.

AMBLYOMMA.

General characters: A. Americana: Scutum reddish brown, with white
or metallic green spot in posterior angle; 11 post. festoons. Distribution :
N. and S. America. Hosts: Cattle, sheep, other animals, man. Ticks of
uncertain genera: I. Scapulatus; I. Marmorata; I. Erinaceous ; I. Margi-
nata; I. Chelifer; I. Camelinus; I. Rugica; I, Rotundus. Destruction of
ticks: Yighter mineral oils ; oils of turpentine or tar ; bland oils ; hot knife-
blade or wire ; oil baths ; remove brush and stock ; rotation of crops; divide
pasture in two and pasture each in alternate years. Exclude wild animals.

These have eyes flat, or slightly salient, brilliant, sometimes
hemispherical, in a submarginal depression of the dorsal shield.
Anal groove semi-circular, opening forward, sexual grooves unite
at this point. Median ano-marginal groove rare. No anal plates
in the male. Dorsal shield often marked with designs in color.
Stigmata usually triangular with rounded angles. Nearly always
II posterior marginal festoons.

Amblyomma Americanum. Lone Star Tick. JZ. Ameri-
canus. Young Female. Body oval, longer than male (4.5 mm.
long by 3 mm. broad). Dorsal shield triangular in its posterior
two-thirds, posterior angle open and rounded; reddish brown
with a white or metallic greenish yellow spot in the posterior
angle giving name to the species. Cervical grooves deep an-
teriorly, shallow and open behind ; punctations numerous, small,
equal, regularly distributed. Eyes nearly marginal, toward an-
terior third, large, flat, yellow to white. Eleven posterior mar-
ginal festoons limited in front by a deep groove. Surface rough,
puckered, shagreened. Hairs sparse and fine. Genital pore
median between legsI toII. Stigmata whitish, broad, triangular,
finely punctate, pore small on elongated ridge. Head (capitulum)
I.1 to 1.5 mm. long, base longer than in the male, and shows
porous areas. Palpi straight, second article relatively long.
Legs long and thin with long hairs; spine of coxee IV very short,
scale-like ; tarsi long (I more than four times, IV four times as
long as broad).

Ovigerous Female may be 12 mm. long by 8 mm. broad.

Amblyomma. 139

Male. Body oval, much broader posteriorly ; brownish red,
lighter on the marginal ridge; 3 to 3.5 mm. long by 2.5 mm.
broad. Dorsal shield slightly convex ; cervical grooves shallow,
~ more so backward ; marginal groove narrow, beginning close to
the edge just back of the eye and gradually widening, in front of
the 11 festoons, to the median line behind. Often two light-
colored spots (silvery, golden or green) postero-internally to the
eyes ; others appear postero-laterally close to the marginal groove
and still others on the festoons. Eyes large, flat, yellow to white
just behind legs I. Venter ochre-yellow with fine sparse hairs:
intestines may show as dark sinuous lines; genital pore between
limbs II and III; anus slightly in front of the posterior quarter
of the body. Stigmata large, whitish, comma-shaped ; with pore
small and anteriorly situated. Mandibles with external apophysis
bidentate. Dart (hypostome) with three rows of teeth on each
side, the median rows close together. Palpi long, thin, the sec-
ond article twice as long as the third, Legs moderate size ; coxze
I with two spines, the outer one the longer; coxez II and III
have each a short broad spine on the posterior border ; coxze IV
have each one long strong spine. Tarsi I four times as long as
broad, and II to IV three times as long as broad, have each two
claws ; pulvillum half as long as the hooks.

Distribution. ‘This tick has a wide distribution in North and
South America attacking cattle especially, but not sparing other
animals, nor even man. It may very well become a means of
transferring infections, but has not been incriminated in the case
of the protozoan fever of cattle.

TICKS OF UNCERTAIN GENERA.

I. Scapulatus. Epauletted Tick. A common tick in the
woods of Europe and America, distinguished from the 7. Redu-
vius by the shorter rostrum, and by the-presence at its base of
two additional organs folded like a fan.

I, Marmorata is distinguished from the 7. Reduvius by a
slightly shorter rostrum, and by a more graceful thoracic escut-
cheon with symmetrical brown spots on a lighter yellowish brown
ground. It attacks mammals, and its presence on sheep in
louping-ill districts, has led to the charge of carrying the germ of

that disease.
I. Erinaceous and I. Marginatus, white or light colored

140 Veterinary Medicine.

ticks varying slightly from 7. Marmorata, have also been found
on sheep suffering from /ouping-zil and are therefore suspected.

I. Chelifer. Pincer Tick. This differs from 7. Reduvius in
having the third article of the palpi curved inward and pointed so
that with its fellow it appears like pincers.

I. CAMELINUS found on camels in the Steppes of Asia, and I.
Rueica and I. Rotunpatvus found in South America’ need not
be more than mentioned as having been found on domestic ani-
mals.

Destruction of Ticks. It is easy to kill the tick on the skin
by a drop of naphtha, benzine, gasoline, kerosene, oil of turpen-
tine, oil of tar, or other insecticide. A drop of oil closes the
breathing stigmata and kills the insect. A hot knife blade or
wire applied on the tick causes it to loosen its hold and drop off.
In extracting the tick mechanically it is said to be most easily ac-
complished by turning it to the left as in extracting a screw. For
destroying the ticks upon stock a mixture of oil and some para-
siticide, is usually employed. A bath with an inclined plane at
each end for the animal to walk in and out, and deep enough to
submerge the animal is filled with water on which is floated a
mixture (10:1) of crude cottonseed oil, and refined petroleum oil.
In walking through, the animal gets an uniform coating of the oily
mixture which is destructive to the tick. Another method is to
bring the oily mixture through a hose from a barrel placed at a
higher level and allow it to flow upon and smear the skin, especi-
ally on the ventral aspect and inside the different limbs, the parts
most infested by the ticks. To clear a range of ticks, one of the
most effective measures is to remove all brush and rank vegeta-
gation in which the insect may find shelter. A rotation of culti-
vated crops for a series of years will be still better. Cattle having
the range of infested wood-lots, should be excluded from other
pastures during the hot season. Finally in the case of ticks
which attack but one or two species of animals, they may usually
be exterminated by dividing the pasture into two halves by a
double fence and pasturing these on alternate years. On the
half which is used for hay the ovigerous female ticks fail to get
their supply of blood and fail to produce any eggs or any large
number of eggs. For ticks that attack a large number of verte-
brate animals of different genera this method would be useless, as
wild animals cannot be wholly excluded from the field.

ARGASID.

Flat body ; no dorsal shield ; head under cephalo-thorax ; usually eyeless ;
largely venomous. Argas Miniatus: Like bed-bug ; attacks at night, driv-
ing sitting birds from nests ; fasting has wrinkled or shagreened skin with
rows of pits. Distribution : S. United States, especially in nests of héns and
turkeys, also on ox. Causes anzemia, wasting and death. 4. Reflexa: A.
of pigeons ; dart with two rows of teeth on each side, Distribution : France,
Italy, in dove cots. Attack young and old; man may suffer. Cause anz-
mia and wasting. Reproduction apart from having animal host. Treat-
ment: A. FPersicus: Attacks pigeons and men. A. Tholozani: Persian
sheep-tick ; venomous. A. Fischeri; A. Mauritianus ; A. Hermanni, in
Egypt; A. Moubata, in Angola; A. Talaje, in Tropical America.

With a flat body without scutum ; the head (capitulum) is con-
cealed beneath the cephalo-thorax and in common with the
heemaphysalis they are usually destitute of eyes. They are blood-
thirsty and often venomous.

Argas Miniatus. Chicken Tick. Argas Americanus.
This tick looks like a bed-bug, like which it has nocturnal habits,
nourishing itself by sucking the blood of mdmmals and birds,
living in the nests of the latter, killing the sitting birds or driving
them to forsake their eggs.

In both sexes when fasting the skin is wrinkled or shagreened
and bears very fine, short hairs: on the margins, dorsally and
ventrally, are quadrangular bodies bearing short hairs ; they show
beside numerous glistening pits mostly in rows radiating from the
centre of the body and usually symmetrical on the two sides.
Anus about the middle of the venter with 6 or 8 short bristles on
each side. Stigmata outside coxz IV, crescentic with concavity
postero-internally. Genital pore large, between coxze I and II.
Coxze of legs I to IV crowded together on antero-lateral part of
venter and very far forward. ‘Tarsus becomes suddenly attenu-
ated near the end especially in I, giving a hunch-backed appear-
ance. Legs bear many stout bristles and especially the tarsi.

Female. May be 11 mm. long by 8.5 mm. broad. Mandibles
with internal apophysis transverse and pointed at both ends,
middle apophysis with terminal tooth turned outward, external
apophysis with two teeth at base and apex respectively.

Dart (hypostome) bears at its apex on each side 4 small ter-
minal teeth, then 6 large teeth in two vertical rows so that they

I4I

142 Veterinary Medicine.

appear in pairs, then a series of medium sized teeth, three abreast
in transverse rows. Palpi bear strong bristly hairs.

Male. May be 4 to 8 mm. long, by 2.5 to 5 mm. broad. Dart
and mandibles as in female. Palpi one-sixth longer than man-
dibles. Genital pore narrower than head (in the female is as
broad as head).

Larve. 'These are small and round (diameter about 700)
or broader from side to side. Capitulum (head) shows more in
front of the anterior margin of the body than in mature. Legs
relatively long, (II shortest) stout and covered with penniform
hairs. Palpi 258 » long, fourth article longest (100).

Distribution. This tick is found in the Southern United States,
largely on chickens but also attacking turkeys and other birds.
It has been once found on cattle. Asa night prowler it renders
the nest intolerable for the sitting bird and often drives it to
abandon its eggs. Otherwise it produces great anzmia and
wasting, and not infrequently destroys life.

Argas Reflexus. A. Marginata. Rynchoprion Colum-
be. The Argas.of Pigeons. Head (capitulum) 1 mm. with
rounded point. Dart (hypostome) with two rows of recurved
teeth on each side of the median line with the beginning of a
third row near the end. The fecundated female is 5 mm., by 3
mm. fasting, or 6 mm. by 4 mm. after gorging. The male is
smaller, and brown.

This is common in pigeon houses in France and Italy, attack-
ing the pigeons on the neck, chest, wings and other parts of the
body especially of the young, producing anzemia, emaciation and
death. Inthe older pigeons they may drive hatching pigeons
from their nests and prevent encrease.

Men and particularly children often suffer, and when the dove
cots adjoin human dwellings the latter are invaded and the in-
mates attacked. The feet and hands are mostly attacked and
though the resulting wound may be but a red point without
areole, yet the whole limb may become the seat of intense itching
up to the shoulder or buttocks.

They are very tenacious of life, living for 22 months without
food (Ghiliani), and they reproduce their kind even when de-
prived of the blood of animals (Boschulte).

Treatment must proceed on the same lines as for ixodes, and

Ornithodorus. 143

they should be driven from the dove cots by thorough cleanliness,
washes of mercuric chloride, painting with tar water, etc.

Argas Persicus. The venomous bug of Miana, lives in beds
and is said to be fatal to strangers sleeping in them. Megnin
doubts this having seen them bite pigeons frequently without
material harm.

Argas Tholozani, the Kene or sheep tick of Persia has a
similar reputation.

Argas Fischeri has been found in Egypt, Argas Mauritianus
in Mauritius, Argas Hermanni in Egypt, Argas Moubata in
Angola, Argas Talaje, Argas Chinche and Argas Coriaceus
in Tropical America.

The precautions to be taken against Argas are like those
recommended for ixodes.

ORNITHODORUS.

Like argas and eyeless. Body oval, lateral border often straight or con-
cave, anterior border curved ventrally over head, mammillated hemispheri-
cal elevations on skin. O. Megnini: Spinose ear-tick : Body lyre-shaped,
elongated, rounded ends, broadest in front of median constriction ; brown,
violet or black ; mandibles slender, internal apophysis with four teeth, ex-
ternal with three; dart unarmed; eyeless. Dart has teeth in larva and
nympha. Distribution: Mexico, N. Mexico, California, Kansas, Nebraska,
Texas. Hosts: Ears of equines, ox, and other animals; attacks man. Pa-
thogenesis : in meatus causes irritation, head-shaking, rubbing, nervous dis-
orders. Tveatment: Fill meatus with bland oil, and crush argas as it
emerges. O. Turicata: Mexican mite: Attacks pigs, all domestic animals
including birds and man; very poisonous; may kill pig in a night. O.
Lgyptius, Distribution: Egypt, Senegal, Guadaloupe,—giant tick, 1 inch.
Hosts: equines, ox, carrying poison of so called farcy in cattle. (See Vol.
IV, 257).

This is a genus of the Argasidz presenting the general charac-
ters of this family even as a rule to the absence of eyes. The
body is oval or with straight, sometimes even concave lateral
borders, and posterior border rounded. Anterior border curved
ventrally to form a cover for the head. Tegument mammillated
with hemispherical elevations; depressions on dorsum ; venter
showing two longitudinal folds opposite coxz; two transverse

144 Veterinary Medicine.

furrows respectively in front of and behind the anus, and a me-
dian groove from the anus to the post-anal furrow.

Ornithodorus Megnini. The Spinose Ear Tick. Body
lyre-shaped, nearly twice as long as broad, rounded at both ends,
slightly constricted just behind its middle, and broader in front of
this. Color, brown to violet or black. On dorsum two grooves
starting from behind the head, arch backward near the lateral
margin often showing interruptions, and a median groove ex-
tends over nearly all the posterior narrowed part of the body.
On the ventral surface there is no pre-anal groove, but the
post-anal groove turns forward on the two sides to join the
grooves along the inner borders of the coxee. This coxal groove
passes between coxze one andtwo. Sigmata large, circular with
a semilunar pore. Anus near posterior border bearing fine hairs
onits lips. Head (capitulum) very short and narrow (150%
long) ; mandibles slender, internal apophysis bearing four teeth,
external apophysis with three teeth. Dart (hypostome) blade-
shaped, unarmed. Palpi longer than other head organs with
many pennate hairs on base near palpal insertion. Legs moderate
in size prominent tuberosity on dorsal surface of each tarsus.
Eyes wanting. Females 5 to 6 mm. long, by 3 to 4 mm. broad;
males somewhat less. ;

In nymph and larva the hypostome (dart) is armed with teeth
which Megnin also figures in the adult though Stiles and Neu-
niann failed to find them. In these young forms the skin is firmly
striated and pierced with symmetrically arranged pores from
which project spines in the anterior part of the body and bristle-
like hairs in the posterior. Stiles describes a pupa-like resting
stage between the hexapod larva and octopod nymph. The
nymph is better armed and may grow as large as the adult.

Distribution. Duges first described this argas in Mexico, and
it is common in adjacent states (California, New Mexico, Ne-
braska, Kansas, Texas).

Hosts. It is particularly common on the ears of horse, ass,
mule, cattle, and other animals, and even attacks the human
being. It is not confined to the concha but invades the auditory
meatus as well, and gives rise to much irritation, shaking and
rubbing of the head, and even to nervous and other disorders and
it is alleged death.

Gamaside. Poultry Acariasis. 145

Treatment, They can be made to vacate the external meatus by
filling it with olive or other bland oil, and should be intercepted
and crushed as they emerge. Megnin believes that this parasite
did great damage to the French army horses in Mexico during
the reign of Maximillian.

Ornithodorus Turicata. Mexican or Central American
Mite. Carrapata. This is common in Central America,
Mexico, and Columbia, attacking the axilla or groin of pigs and
other domestic animals and not even respecting man. Pigs put
into infested pens may perish in a single night, death being pre-
ceded by general weakness and loss of control over the limbs.
An areola of swelling and ecchymotic effusion surrounds each
puncture to the distance of one or two inches. The bites in man
often cause serious lesions. Hens eating the argas, for but a
single day, become dull, lose appetite, and perish in three days
(Megnin).

Ornithodorus Egyptius (Savignyi). This is common in
Egypt and Northern Africa. It is a very large tick the unfe-
cundated female being 9 mm. and the fecundated as much as
25mm. (1 inch) in length. It is characterized by the presence
of three hooks on each chelicer (mandible) and by three rows of
recurved teeth on the barb, in place of four as in Boiphilus An-
nulatus. According to Neumann it is the giant tick of Senegal
and Guadaloupe. It attacks horses, mules and cattle producing
a local infectious disease known as ‘‘farcy’’ (Nocard). This is
another example like as in Texas Fever and Louping-ill of the
conveyance of infection by ticks. _ (See Farcy in Cattle).

GAMASIDA. POULTRY ACARIASIS.

Free filiform palpi; abundant in fodders: Gamasus Pteropioides: In fur
of small rodents; harmless. G. Auris: In external auditory canal of ox.
Dermanyssus Galline: D,. Avium: Flattened, piriform, broadest behind.
Habitat : hen and pigeon manure, cracks in woodwork, or masonry. Noc-
turnal attacks on birds, mammals, man—Foultry Acariasis. Itching, rub-
bing, scratching, pecking, biting, depilation, abrasion, excoriation, scab-
bing, anzemia, loss of weight ; in nasal chambers, cause catarrh ; in meatus,
otorrhcea. D. Hirundinis: Double the size of D. Gallinee. Treatment -
Clean away manure, scald, whitewash, carbon bisulphide, creolin, oil of tar,
etc. ; dust baths with lime, sulphur, insect powder, snuff, etc. In acariasis
of nose or ear, olive oil.

Io

146 Veterinary Medicine.

These are acarina with free filiform palpi.

Gamasus Pteroptoides found in the fur of field mice, moles and
rabbits is characterized by a small rostrum, styliform mandibles,
large limbs, equal in the two sexes, and terminated by claws and
caruncle. About 0.5 mm. long. They live on the exudations
and do not appear to be hurtful.

Gamasus Auris found by Turnbull in great numbers in the
external auditory canal of the ox as deeply as the tympanic mem-
brane, is supposed to have been a wanderer from forage in which
the gamasidee are largely represented.

Dermanyssus Galline. D. Avium. This is pyriform,
broadest behind, flattened from above downward, hairy yellowish
white when fasting (among manure), blood-red when gorged (on
skin), female 0.7 mm.; male 0.6 mm. long.

Habitat. Pathogenesis. During the day these are found in
neglected and filthy hen houses, poultry yards, dove cots, etc.,
among the manure, and in cracks and fissures in the wall, floor
and perches, also in the nests. At night they become extremely
active getting upon the birds and sucking their blood, banishing
sleep, causing anzemia, emaciation and weakness, and even driv-
ing the sitting birds from their nests: Dermanyssus Acariasis.
In the same way they make nightly attacks on horses, cattle and
other animals kept in the same buildings with the fowls or near
to them: Poultry Acariasis: Poultry Lousiness. This leads
to intense itching, rubbing, loss of hair, and the formation of
abrasions, sores, scurfy productions and scabs, the cause of which
may not be apparent. Enquiry will show that they live near
fowls, and a visit after nightfall will reveal the presence on the
skin of myriads of the blood sucking dermanyssus. Human
beings, who frequent the poultry houses are attacked, also those
that pluck the fowls, or handle the feathers or manure. Usually
they cause in man but a temporary pruritus, unless the exposure
continues day after day. Goldsmith, however, cites the case of a
woman with a chronic skin disease, on whose skin the acarina
appeared on the surface during perspiration, but retired into the
cutaneous gland ducts in the intervals.

Poultry Otacariasis and Rhinacariasis. Zurn and Webber
have found this dermanyssus colonized in the nasal chambers of
poultry and pigeons causing an acute nasal catarrh, and Lax has

Trombidiide : Harvest Mites. Acari of Quills. 147

found them in the external auditory meatus of chickens causing
otorrheea.

Among other animals attacked are the rabbit (Gurlt), goat
(Farez), the dog and cat (Zurn). Swallows often suffer, but the
dermanyssus of swallow’s nests has been assigned toa different
species (D. Hirundinis) mainly because it is double the size.
Megnin describes the D. Avium as intermediate in size between
those of the hen and swallow.

Treatment of Dermanyssus Acariasis. The same measures
recommended for phthiriasis are effective here ; remove all drop-
pings; keep the house perfectly clean; deluge the woodwork
with boiling water or treat with live steam; whitewash; wash
with carbon bisulphide, creolin, coal tar, sublimate lotion, etc.
Dust the nests with insect powder, quicklime or other insecticide.
Furnish dust baths containing snuff, lime, insect powder, carbolic
acid, creolin, etc.

Exposed mammals may be treated with the same agents mixed
with oil, and should be kept well apart from filthy hen roosts.

Fowls suffering from the acarian rhinitis or otorrhcea should be
treated freely with olive oil introduced ona small feather or brush.
This is destructive to the parasite by closing its breathing pores,
and is soothing to the irritated integument.

TROMBIDIIDH: HARVEST MITES. ACARI OF QUILLS.

Soft, hairy skin, bright color, larvee burrow in skin. 7; vyombidium Holo-
sericium : Scarlet, just visible to naked eye, common in sunny, sheltered
localities on vegetation ; larvee burrow under cuticle in man, rodent, dog,
cat, horse, ox, sheep, birds, etc. ; cause intolerable itching. 7. American-
um: Dull brick-red, larva attacks men and animals. In sheltered, sunny
localities south and west in United States. 7. Fuliginosum ; Smoky color,
found in Europe. Has same habits as the others. Bete rouge of Central
and §. America; Colorado of Cuba; Niaibi of New Grenada ; Mougqui of
Para; Civon Rutilant of Savannah. Treatment: Wear leather boots ; ap-
ply to skin solutions of tobacco, sulphur, phenol, potassium sulphide, avoid
exposure to vegetation of infested places. Cheyletus of Rabbit: hexagonal,
yellow. Lives in fur, feeding on the listrophorus and other parasites.
Cheyletus of Birds: Lozenge-shaped, yellow, smaller than rabbits’. Lives
in feathers; harmless. Harpirhynchus Nidulans : Nesting H.. Wives
among quills and on skin forming wart-like clusters ; distends quills. Syrin-
gophilus Bipectinatus: Live in quills; harmless. TZetrarhynchus Moles-
tissimus : In quills; harmless.

148 Veterinary Medicine.

This family is characterized by soft hairy integuments, bright
color, rostrum as a conical sucker formed by the coalesence of
the maxillze with the lower labium, a pair of delicate styliform
chelifera, exceptionally hooked inward, palpi in six segments, the
fifth bearing a hooklet.

Trombidium Holosericeum. Silky T. Harvest Mite.
Red Beast. Bright scarlet color, abdomen almost square, nar-
rowed behind, notched in the median line, eyes pediculated, body
downy, belly and feet bristly. Length of mature 1.35 mm.; of
larva 0.4 mm.

This is a widespread species in Europe found especially in
warm sheltered localities, gardens, orchards, etc., where it lives
on the vegetation. ‘The mature insect is harmless but the hexa-
pod larva gets on the skin of man and beast, burrowing under
the epidermis and causing papular (red) elevations accompanied
by intense itching. In man they prefer the clothed surface,
where clothing is tight (under suspenders, belts, garters) and in
animals the feet, limbs and, in the case of the herbivora, the
muzzle especially suffer. They are common on the small rodents,
dogs, cats, horses, cattle, sheep and birds and probably no domes-
tic animal is entirely immune from them. The name harvest mite
implies that they are especially troublesome late in the season,
but much depends on latitude as in Southern Europe and in
sheltered warm situations they may appear early in July. Their
late appearance is to be partly attributed to the necessity for the
production of a new brood of larva which alone prove predaceous.
They are often found singly or in clusters around the root of a
hair or at the opening of a sweat gland and they may avail of
such openings to penetrate the skin.

Trombidium Americana. Jigger. In the Southern and
Western United States and in warm localities in the middle and
northern a trombidium differing from the European in its dull,
brick-red color, attacks animals and men in the same manner,
producing similar symptoms. It is familiarly known as the jigger,
having been confounded with the chigoe sarcopsylla, the burrow-
ing flea of the West Indies.

Trombidium Fuliginosum, Megnin adduces the smoky
trombidium as occurring in Europe and attacking mammals in
company with the scarlet, silky species.

Trombidiide : Harvest Mites. Acari of Quills. 149

The Tlalsahuate of Mexico, the Bete Rouge, (red-beast)
of Guiana, Antilles and Honduras, the Colorado of Cuba, the
Niaibe of New Granada, the Mouqui of Para the Ciron Ruti-
lant of Savannah, etc., are indetermined species with similar
habits to those of the described varieties, and in some cases per-
haps identical.

Treatment. In infested regions and seasons men passing
through green vegetation seek to protect themselves by wearing
tall leather boots, or by rubbing the skin with tobacco water,
sulphur or even solution of phenol. The safest course is to avoid
exposure in infested vegetation. The burrowing mites do not
survive over two or three days, so that staying indoors for that
length of time will effect a cure. Benzine, oil, glycerine, tobacco,
phenol, sulphur, etc., applied to the skin will, however, destroy
those remaining on the surface and do much to ward off a new
invasion. ‘To animals the same agents may be applied by way of
both prevention and cure.

CHEYLETUS PARASITIVORAX. CHEYLETUS OF THE Raspit. Is
a soft-skin species of the trombidiidz .30 to .45 mm. long,
hexagonal, yellow, with a rostrum one-fourth the size of the
body, and palpi one-third the size of the rostrum, in three seg-
ments the second furnished with a long hook extending as far as
the end of the last. It lives in the fur of vaddz#s and according to
Megnin is commensal, destroying the /strophorus and other soft
skinned parasites of its host.

CHEYLETUS HETEROPALPUS. CHEYLETUS OF BIRDS. Body
lozenge shaped, yellow, rostrum a narrow pointed cone, palpi
and hook on 2d segment smaller than in the parasitovorax, length
3to3.5mm. They live in the feathers of pigeons and various
other birds and do no perceptible harm.

Harpirynchus Nidulans. esting HY. This species with
square or ovoid, flattened body, resembles a sarcoptes in form and
rostrum. It lives among the quills of pigeons, parrots and small
birds, collecting on the skin in wart like clusters, also in the
follicles of the feathers distending them abnormally.

Syringophilus (Pecobia) Bipectinatus, Quill loving mite
and S. (P.) Uncinatus elongated mite, live in the interior of the
quills of hens, pigeons and other birds without appreciably im-
pairing health.

150 Veterinary Medicine,

Tetranychus Molestissimus. Bicho Colorado. A large
mite allied to the trombidium and like it living on green leaves,
preys also on cattle in the Argentine Republic and Uruguay. It
takes its name from the four large, strong hooklets on the tarsi.
It demands similar precautions with the trombidium.

SARCOPTIDA.

General characters : Body white, soft, eyeless, two pairs of legs near ros-
trum, and two from postero-lateral part of the body, tarsi one-hooked ; larva
hexapod. Divisions of Sarcoptide. Genera of Sarcoptidee Plumicola.

This family of mites comprises those producing ordinary forms
of scabies, scab, or mange, and possess the following common char-
acters: Body white or reddish, 0.1 to 1 mm. in diameter, soft in
the normal larva, nympha and adult, (some hypopial nymphe in
certain genera coriaceous) ; without eyes; respiratory apparatus
invisible or incomplete ; rostrum formed by the union of jaws,
lip and tonguelet, and concave internally ; ma.dibles short claw-
like; palpi with three segments; legs with five segments, two
pairs being attached near the rostrum and two pairs to the back
part of the body ; tarsi with one (rarely more) terminal hook and
caruncle or bell-shaped sucker. Oviparous. Larvee hexapods.
Megnin divides the sarcoptidee into the following five groups:

1. Sarcoptidz Detricola are never parasitic but live on de-
composing animal and vegetable matters.

2. Sarcoptidz Plumicola which live in the feathers of birds
on cutaneous secretions and do not harm the skin.

3. Sarcoptidz Cysticola which live in the connective tissue
or air cavities of birds and only injure mechanically.

4. Sarcoptidze Gliricola which live among the hair or fur of
rodents and do not injure the skin.

5. Sarcoptidz Psorica which bite or burrow in the skin, and
even at times poison it, causing congestion, itching, abrasion,
depilation, and resulting disorder,

The first group does not interest us, seeing that its members
only get on animals by accident, and temporarily and are harm-
less.

Sarcoptide Cavicola. 151

The second group is equally harmless, but as it lives in or
among the feathers it might be mistaken for psoric acari.

The genera of this second group are tabulated as follows by
Megnin :

SARCOPTIDAY PLUMICOLA.

Females resemble the males, but without copulatory burse. Dermoglyphus.

( Legs similar and subequal

( Abdomen of in the twosexes, and bear
male has suckers ______ Pterolichus.
Diciies: “Gr Four anterior limbs mar-

wes ginal; four posterior
scales; third | short, subabdominal____

[ Adult females pair of legs Fre
Yana.
have abdomen ey very | Limbs all marginal ; third
always round- 4 Be. pair slightly larger_____
eee ed and bristly. L Pteronyssus.
differ Abdomen of males ( Abdomen round.
from the rounded or lobulated Anaiges.
males and bristly ; third + Abdomen lobula-
which pair of limbs larger ; ted o) 2222
rete fourth pair small. Dermaleichus.
Phd { Abdomen of male shortened and bear-
ursee. Adwiekemaias Have ing a pair of cee
abdomen lobulat- rostophylieda.
F 4 Abdomen of male shortened and bear-
ed carrying scales : F P
and bristles. ing appendices as bristles__Pterodectes.
Abdomen of male lobulated and bear-
ling bristles______________ Pterophagus.

SARCOPTIDA, CAVICOLA.

Cytodites Nudus : Body smooth, hairless, longer than broad, viviparous,
larval stage transient ; live five or six days in the dead tissues. Habitat : in
bronchia, air sacs, lungs, air cavities of the bones (intestines), of gallinacez.
Cochin cocks suffered most, in wet weather. Lesions : Congested mucosa,
mites in yellow gelatinous masses and false membranes ; in bowels, enter-
itis, (alleged in kidney, liver, etc.) Symptoms: Few may prove harmless,
many cause inflammation, exudation, dyspncea, anemia, wasting, diarrhea,
dulness, drooping, feebleness; plumage dull, lifeless, dirty, draggled ;
comb pale in weak, cyanotic in plethoric. Duration, a few days to months.
Prevention: Raise new flock from eggs, in incubators, on fresh, sound
ground ; sacrifice the old, burn or boil carcases, disinfect (mercuric chloride
1:500) houses and runs. Burn manure, sweepings. TZvreatment: A few
drops of solution of naphthalin, camphor or asafcetida into the trachea
every second day. :

152 Veterinary Medicine.
ACARIASIS OF THE LUNGS AND AIR SACS OF BIRDS.

Cytodites Nudus. (Xytos a cavity, Nudus naked.) (Cyto-
leichus Sarcoptoides, Megnin). The body is smooth, devoid,
or nearly so, of bristles, ovoid with its transverse diameter the
smaller, The rostrum is short, thick, conical, with rounded end
and hollowed out so as to form a sucking tube. The eight legs,
are moderately long and -.each formed of five segments, the
terminal one ending in a sucker. The male is .45 mm. long, the
female .56 mm. Viviparous. The hexapod larva are rarely seen
as they speedily pass through their first moulting and appear
with eight legs. Their life outside the avian body is very little
known. They survive 5 or 6 days in the dead tissues or 8 days
in a normal salt solution.

Habitat. The cytodites is found in the lungs, bronchia, air
sacs, and less frequently in the air cavities of the bones, and still
less so in the intestines of chickens, and other gallinaceze.

The breeding cocks suffered most in the cases of W. L. Wil-
liams, and the Asiatic more than other breeds. The disease
prevailed most in rainy months, in spring and autumn.

Lesions. In the air sacs they may be detected with the naked
eye and still more readily with a magnifying lens in yellow
gelatinous masses and false membranes. In the bronchia they
are associated with a mucopurulent catarrhal product. Gerlach
and Zundel have each found them in the intestines in connection
with enteritis, Holzendorff found in the liver, kidneys and other
solid organs multiple yellow miliary nodules containing acari,
which were however probably the symplectoptes of the connective
tissue.

Symptoms. When very numerous in the bronchia they cause
obstruction, cough, dyspnoea and even asphyxia. Apart from
this, Megnin pronounces them harmless, and he denies the pos-
sibility of harm owing to the absence of mandibles, hooklets,
bristles and other possible sources of irritation. Gerlach and
Zundel, on the other hand, claim that they cause extensive
enteritis and peritonitis, while W. L. Williams claims to have
found serious disorder and anemia in birds in which the only
observable cause was the great abundance of the cytodites.
Diarrhoea was the most constant symptom, with thin yellowish

Sarcoptide Cavicola, 153

white, granular, glutinous feeces which matted the feathers
around the anus. The bird was dull, drooping and feeble, in
spite of a good appetite, or even considerable remaining fat ;
the plumage was dull, lustreless, dirty and draggled. Driving
caused dyspncea and gaping. The comb and wattles were pale
and anzemic in the impoverished birds and dark blue or cyanotic
in the plethoric or well conditioned.

Duration. ‘The course of the disease varies, some dying early
and suddenly of asphyxia, while others survived three or four
days or weeks, or even months, according to the number of acari,
the strength of the patient or the organs attacked.

Prevention. Treatment. 'The disease is difficult to deal with
because apparently sound birds may harbor the acarus, and spread
it to the whole flock while themselves unsuspected. Hence it is
usually desirable to sacrifice the entire flock, maintaining the
breed by setting their eggs in an incubator or under a healthy
hen from outside, and raising the chicks in poultry houses and
yards that are above suspicion of contamination. The carcases
should be burned or boiled, and the houses and runs thoroughly
cleansed, drenched with boiling water, and then thoroughly
sprayed with corrosive sublimate solution (1:500), or other
insecticide. They should be left unoccupied for at least three
months, or more safely (considering the tenacity of life of many
larval acari) until the following season. The hen manure, litter
and sweepings of the houses and yards must be burned or dis-
posed of safely in places to which no other birds have access.

For the treatment of the diseased birds nothing satisfactory has
been proposed. Sprinkling of the floor or smearing of the
feathers of the neck with camphor, asafcetida, napthalin or other
volatile insecticide may be tried, or one of these agents in solution
may be cautiously injected into the larynx and trachea and re-
peated daily or every second day. This can only be hoped to
affect the acari in the air-passages and sacs, and the bird must be
still treated as dangerous and excluded from sound flocks, houses
and runs.

SYMPLECTOPTES CYSTICOLA. LAMINOSIOPTES GAL-
LINARUM. (Megnin). ACARUS OF THE CONNEC-
TIVE TISSUE OF BIRDS.

Connective tissue acarus: Body more than twice as long as broad, with
median transverse furrow; eight legs, very short, thick. Habitat: Con-
nective tissue, gallinaceze, on skin in epidermic concretions ; death of aca-
rus causes calcified miliary nodule. When present in great numbers, cause
numerous caseous centres, anzemia, wasting. TZyreatment: Unsatisfactory ;
best to raise new flock from the eggs on fresh ground.

Body oblong, more than twice as long as broad, gray, several
pairs of dorsal and ventral bristles and one long pair on the pos-
terior extremity, rostrum short and thick as in the sarcoptes; a
transverse furrow separates the anterior from the posterior part of
the body, and the skin has fine transverse strize. The eight legs
are very short and thick, the two posterior ones terminated by
suckers. Male 20 mm. long; female 25 mm.

Habitat. These have been found in large numbers in the
connective tissue, especially the subcutaneous, in the gallinaceze
(hens, pheasants, turkeys). Rivolta has found them abundantly
on the surface and in the substance of the skin causing dandruff
and squama. From this they are supposed to extend into the
loose connective tissue in the neck, chest, belly, flanks and thighs.
When one acarus dies it causes a miliary nodule which tends to
early calcification, and hence miliary cretifactions are common
lesions in this affection. The live acari are sometimes present in
large numbers in plump, vigorous fowls, yet Rivolta has noted an
advancing marasmus in those that were badly infested and that
had numerous caseous centres in the skin, subcutaneous tissues,
muscles and abdomen. Old and wasted birds suffer most.

Treatment is very troublesome and unsatisfactory. The ordi-
nary acaricides may be used.to destroy the mites in the skin, the
buildings, roosts, nests, and yards should be thoroughly cleansed
and treated with the same class of agents, and all affected birds
should be removed from the general stock. The raising of a new
flock, from eggs set in incubators, and on fresh uncontaminated
ground will prove the most effectual measure.

154

SARCOPTIDA GLIRICOLA: LISTROPHORINA.

General habits : Live on detritus in fur of rodents. Listrophorus Gibbo-
sus: Lips form pincers ; live on rabbits and hares. L. Mustele: On head,
neck and shoulders of ferret, ete. ZL. Lewckarti: Very long; on field mice,
partridges, etc. Myocoptes Musculinus : On nose of mouse and rat ; harm-
less.

Common on rodents these are exceptionally found on other
mammials, and might be mistaken for psoric acari. They are
not known to injure their hosts but merely live among the fur,
and feed on detritus.

Listrophorus Gibbosus. ips forming pincers, to seize the
hair. Dorsum convex, rounded. Male with long, bifid, flat,
posterior projection. Length 0.5 mm. Common on rabbits and
hares.

Listrophorus Mustele. Acarus of weasel. The plate of the
cephalothorax in two movable pieces. Male notched posteriorly,
without caudal projection. Length male 0.4 mm.; female 0.45
mm.too.5 mm. This has been found on the head and anterior
part of the body of the ferret and polecat.

Listrophorus Lenckartz, Much longer than the above acarus,
this has been found by Pagenstecher and.Megnin on field mice,
partridges and related birds.

Myocoptes Musculinus (mus mouse, copto I cut). Body small,
flat, narrowed in front, with very short rostrum ; third pair of
legs in the male and the fourth also in the female enlarged, flat-
tened and curved to firmly grasp the hairs. Found on the nose
of mouse and rat, and harmless.

SARCOPTIDA PSORICA.

Acari of Scabies: Flattened body, symmetrically striated ; legs, two front
pairs near the head ; two posterior near back border. Legs bear bell-shaped
sucker, posterior ones often long hairs only. Male orifice between two last
limbs with chitinous plates, and two lateral suckers to fasten on female.
Female orifice just above posterior border. Oviparous: Eggs hatch in one
to ten days; larva, nympha, mature, ovigerous. Fecundity: New genera-

155

156 Veterinary Medicine.

tion of 50 in 15 days ; about 730,000,000 from one pair in three months. 2-
tality: Yeast in Sarcoptes, greatest in Symbiotes, and especially in Pso-
roptes. Divisions: Sarcoptes, burrowing acari; psoroptes, surface acari on
body ; symbiotes, surface acari on limbs. Ljst of psoric sarcoptide.

These stand apart from the other acari mainly in their tendency
to cause a dermatitis accompanied by intolerable itching from
which the various names of the affections have been derived :
Greek, Pso I rub; Latin, Scabere to scratch; Italian, rogna,
raspa; Spanish, sarna, rona; German, kratze; French, gale;
English, itch, scab, scald, mange (manger to eat).

They have the common characters of a flattened body, sym-
metrically striated, with dermic plates (plastrons). The feet are
furnished with cushions or bell shaped suckers. The four pos-
terior limbs differ from the anterior, and in the females, nymphze
and larvze, and in some cases in the males, the cushions are re-
placed by long hairs. Megnin further credits them with a
venomous saliva which serves to produce itching and dermatitis.
The rostrum of variable size in different species, is conical and
mobile, formed of maxillze and labize united and two chelicera
and one lancet shaped tonguelet free. The male organs, between
the two last limbs show a number of chitinous plates, and two
lateral symmetrical suckers which fix on the body of the female.
The vulvo-anal slit on or just above the posterior border, enlarges
greatly about the period of breeding. The male has four testicles,
two on each side, the excretory ducts of which join in a single
canal in the penis. The female has but one ovary and oviduct
ending in acloaca. They are oviparous, the eggs hatching out
in from 3 to 10 days, or in favorable conditions in 24 hours.
The metamorphoses are the same as in other acari:

1. Larva, Hexapod; asexual; small; it passes through
two or three moultings becoming on each occasion a simple cel-
lular mass in which, as in an impregnated ovum, the elements of
the new being are developed.

2. Nympha, In the last moulting a fourth pair of legs is
developed, but no sexual organs, the males and females being
distinguished by their smaller and larger size.

3. Mature Male and Female. From the moulting, which
terminates the stage of nympha, the acariemerge with distinct
male and female sexual organs. Copulation takes place, the

Sarcoptide Psorica. 157

male perishes, and the female passes through another moulting
and becomes the ovigerous female.

4. The Ovigerous Female. This showsa sub-thoracic vulva,
one or more eggs seen through its usually transparent body, and
changes in the third or fourth pair of legs, or both.

Fecundity. Encrease. The fecundity is remarkable.
Gudden found 51 empty egg shells in a single sarcoptes gallery,
and Walz, Hertwig and Gerlach determined that a new genera-
tion of sarcoptes hominis succeeded the old and gained maturity
in 15 days. Placing the egg product of a single female at 15,
Gerlach estimated the natural encrease to be 1,500,000 in ninety
days. Noticing that a few seconds contact of a sound horse with
a mangy one caused in about 10 or 12 days the development of
myriads of acari on the former, Megnin estimates the encrease of
the sarcoptes of the horse as follows:

Females. Males.
Ist generation after 10 days__________-_ 30 5
2d be BS DB ES hi op a es goo 50
3d “ BY BOY Sek essasssind 27,000 500
4th ss Sf AO s ONS 2 eee aes, 810,000 5,000
5th £8 O50. SB oc ce 24,300,000 50,000
6th be an ©: A ae eee eee 729,000,000 500,000

Vitality. Gerlach made some interesting experiments to deter-
mine the vital tenacity of psoric acari. He found that all the sar-
coptes died in an hour in a dry heat of 145° Fah. The sarcoptes
equi died in 5 to 6 days when placed with its crusts in a show
glass, or from 12 to 14 days if placed in an inhabited stable. On
a piece of skin covered with crusts and exposed to a very moder-
ate temperature, they died in 9 days, on the drying of the skin ;
but if the skin were kept humid the acarus showed signs of life on
the 24th day but none on the 28th. The psoroptes equi lived 10
to 14 days in a dry atmosphere and 20 to 30 in a stable. Though
torpid and apparently dead, the acarus, revived after 6 or 8 weeks
when subjected to moist warmth. The symédzotes lived in their
crusts in a dry warm room for 10 to 12 days, and though after
this they were apparently dead, they revived after 14 days under
the influence of moist warmth. In spring, in a non-heated
chamber they lived 4o days and in a stable not less than 50.

Divisions and Habits of Psoric Acari. The acari which
cause the common forms of scabies are naturally divided into the

158 Veterinary Medicine.

Sarcoptes (sarx flesh, coptein to cut) which burrow, forming
galleries under the epidermis ; the psoroptes (psora itch, ptessein
to conceal) which live on the surface in the shelter of hair, scurf
and scab, and tend to spread over the whole body; and the
symbiotes (sym with, bios life) which also live on the surface
sheltering under hair, scales and scabs and attack especially the
hind feet and legs.

Sarcoptes are distinguished by round or slightly oval body ;
short rostrum and legs, the last pair being concealed beneath the
abdomen or nearly so; the tarsus has often a sucker; the male is
devoid of abdominal bosses and copulatory suckers.

Each gnaws its way iuto the epidermis and constructs its own
gallery, the galleries of the larger females being much more
spacious than those of the males. The union of the sexes takes
place in these chambers, the males leaving their own burrows to
seek the females and being therefore sometimes caught on the
surface. The site of the gallery is marked in delicate white skins
(man, sheep, etc.) by a fine red line, but this is not observable in
the horse or ox. It may be straight, curved or crooked, broken
at intervals by a minute vesicle and its outlet is marked bya
papule or vesicle, which is especially marked when the larve
burrow in the delicate, soft, young epidermis at this point. In
the gallery of a female are usually found eggs, empty shells and
larve. The burrowing habit of the sarcoptes makes them the
most inveterate of the psoric acari as they cannot be readily
reached by local dressings to the skin.

Psoroptes (Dermatodectes: Dermatocoptes). These have an
ovoid body with long conical rostrum, long thick legs, all visible
around the margin of the body, with ambulatory suckers, and in
the male copulatory suckers and abdominal prolongations.

These live in colonies on the surface of the epidermis, seeking
the shelter of the hair and later of the scabs which form from
their bites and the consequent itching, rubbing, gnawing and
scratching. They migrate in bodies when disturbed by comb or
brush or by rubbing, and on this account as well as because of
the crowding due to rapid encrease they tend to extend over the
whole body. In warm weather they leave the shelter of hair and
scabs to sun themselves on the hairs, and retreat again to their
shelter on the advent of cold. Living on the surface it is com-

Sarcoplide Psorica. 159

paratively easy to reach them by local dressing so that they are
much less inveterate than the sarcoptes.

Symbiotes. (Chorioptes, Dermatophagus). 'These have an
ovoid body, rounded at both ends, bilobed or simply notched
posteriorly in the male ; rostrum conical, as broad as long, devoid
of cheeks, mandibles thick, short, pincer-like, palpi in three seg-
ments ; legs thick, long, visible beyond the edges of the body,
and with bell-shaped ambulatory suckers on short pedicles.
Male has copulatory suckers.

Like the psoroptes, the symbiotes live on the surface shelter-
ing under hairs and scabs. Their favorite habitats are the hol-
low of the pastern and digital region in horses and sheep, and
the root of the tail in the ox, and for years they will confine their
ravages to these points. When of old standing and over-
crowded they may extend to other parts. From the limited area
of their invasion and their life on the surface they are easily
controlled by local dressings.

LIST OF PSORIC SARCOPTIDA.

In the following table the species under each primary division
are sub-divided into the varieties which confine themselves more
or less strictly to given genera as hosts:

Sarcoptes Scabei. Two pairs posterior legs incomplete in
the female; the third pair only in the male. Dorsum with
many sharp pointed papillee.

Sarcoptes Scabei varietas Hominis. Man.

Sarcoptes Scabet varietas Eguz. Horse, ass, mule.

Sarcoptes Scabei varietas Caprae (S. Rupicapre). Goat.

Sarcoptes Scabet varietas Ovis, Sheep.

Sarcoptes Scabet varietas Suis (S. Squamiferus). Swine.

Sarcoptes Scabei varietas Lupis. Wolf, fox, dog, deer, man.

Sarcoptes Scabei varietas Cameli. Camel, llama, giraffe, ante-
lope.

Sarcoptes Scabet varietas Canis. Dog.

Sarcoptes Scabei varietas Hydrochoert, Ferret.

S. Notoedres. S. Minor. S. Muris. 8S.Cati. Cat, rab-
bit, rat, mouse. Anus dorsal, with undulating concentric eleva-
tions.

S. Mutans. S. Vulpis. Feet, comb, wattles, angle of

160 Veterinary Medicine.

mouth of hens. Fox. (Man, horse). Legs complete in male ;
without ambulacrum in female.

Psoroptes Longirostris (Communis). Rostrum long, con-
ical; body ovoid, anus marginal in both sexes.

P. Longirostris varietas Equi. Horse.

P. Longirostris varietas Bovis. Ox.

P. Longirostris varietas Ovis. Sheep.

P. Longirostris varietas Cuniculi. Rabbit.

Symbiotes Communis (Spathiferus). Abdominal lobes of
male square, and carrying five hairs in two bundles, the largest
forming a spathe.

S. Equi. Horse.

S. Bovis. Ox.

S. Ovis. Sheep.

S. Capra. Goat.

S. Cuniculi. Rabbit.

Symbiotes Ecaudatus (Auricularum) The tailless Sym-
biotes. Cat, Dog, Ferret : in concha.

Symbiotes Setiferus (Vulpi). Fox, neck, ears, tail.

SARCOPTIC ACARIASIS IN SOLIPEDS.

Sarcoptes scabei v. equi: Characters. Accessory causes: Poverty, crowd-
ing, filth, hot season or stable, mingling of animals, infected stalls, cars,
boats, pens, yards, fields, posts, stones, fences, clothing, combs, brushes,
rubbers, pole, shafts, harness. Susceptibility : S. of man may live on horse
4o days, also those of carnivora and goat. S. of horse may live on man 4o
days, on ox, sheep and pig, dog and cat has very transient effect. On car-
case become torpid, but not dead, on cooling. Syszptoms: Incessant, intol-
erable extending itching, rubbing, hairs bristle, twist, break, drop, but a
few remain, unlike ring-worm, scurf, abrasions, sores, pimples, pustules,
sloughs, swelling, corrugation ; discovery of acarus in sunshine or hot room,
scurf under microscope, or tied on arm. Diagnosis: From pruritus, moist
eczema, dermanyssus acariasis, psoroptic acariasis, symbiotic mange, phthi-
riasis. Prognosis: Favorable under good conditions. Lesions: Eruption,
channels in brilliant light. Tveatment: Segregation, clipping, burning
hair, soaping, scrubbing, oil, apply acaricide. Relative activity of acari-
cides. Value of volatile and non-volatile acaricides ; poisonous or non-poi-
sonous to the horse ; suppression of perspiration. Acaricide formule. Pre-
vention: Burn litter, soiled fodder, etc. ; clean and scald stable, sprinkle

Sarcoptic Acariasis in Solipeds. 161

with acaricide (mercuric chloride, chloride of lime), whitewash, clean har-
, ness and smear with phenated or formaline ointment. Treat all objects that
have been in the stable or in use about the horse. Disinfection of public
places. Declaration of seller or custodian.

Essential Cause. Sarcoptes Scabei Varietas Equi. Body
ovoid, marked division of cephalo-thorax into four plates, dorsal
papille very acute; dorso-abdominal bristles strong, straight,
rigid ; two anterior pairs of legs have suckers, the two posterior,
terminal hairs ; curved hooklets on the second segments of the
first pair of limbs. Mature male .26 to .28 mm., ovigerous fe-
male .45 to.47 mm. Females by far the most numerous. A
transverse chitinous ridge on the abdomen connects with the pos-
terior pair of limbs, and with a horseshoe-shaped crest around the
generative organs.

Accessory Causes. Beside the parasite other conditions
favor the development of the affection. These are such as con-
tribute to the survival or diffusion of the parasite, or tend to ren-
der the system a more inviting field for its growth. Poor con-
dition is almost constantly present, but this is usually the ac-
companiment of overcrowding, filthy buildings and yards,
and skin with excess of dandruff. Warm seasons and hot
stables favor encrease of the acari, while cold renders them tor-
pid and diminishes reproduction. Most injurious of all is the
mingling of diseased with healthy stock, or, the occupation
of the same places in succession. Contamination of rail-
road cars, steamboats, ferry boats, market pens, stables,
yards and fields with rubbing posts, trees, stones, etc., the
use of the same clothing, combs, brushes, rubbers, pole,
shafts or harness must all be looked upon as prolific sources of
infection.

Susceptibility of Different Animals, The sarcoptes of
‘man can be conveyed to the horse, on which it burrows and
produces temporary acariasis, but this usually recovers spontan-
eously in 14 to 50 days (Delafond and Bourguignon). The same
is true of the sarcoptes of the lion (Delafond and Bourguignon),
cat (Herwig), dog, fox (Gerlach), and goat (Wallraff).

The sarcoptes of the horse can be conveyed to man, and
in the army hundreds of soldiers have at different times suffered
(Sick, Megnin, Fleming, Longchamps, Geraud, etc.), but it

It

162 Veterinary Medicine.

tends to spontaneous recovery in from 15 to 4o days. Sick,
Greve, Fauvet and Grognier have respectively seen the parasite
transferred from horse to ox through the stalls and mangers, but
we have no evidence that it will persist on the latter, and the
rarity of the affection in cattle that have come in contact with
mangy horses, implies that this sarcoptes finds in the ox an un-
suitable field. Placed on the skin of sheep and pigs it did not
produce even temporary irritation. On dog and cat it lived for
a few days only. On dead carcases the sarcoptes become tor-
pid on the subsidence of animal heat, and show no tendency to
migrate after twelve hours. It would not be quite safe, however.
to put such torpid acari on the warm skin of the living soliped.
Symptoms. There is incessant, intolerable and extending
itching and rubbing of some circumscribed part of the skin, most
commonly about the head, roots of mane or tail, the withers, or
the back. When these parts are scratched the horse inclines
himself toward the hand and moves his lips as if he were himself
nibbling the skin. When the affected part is closely examined it
is found to be covered with an eruption of fine conical papille,
many of which have a hairinthecentre. The hairs of the affected
part stand erect and bristly, and many drop off, or are rubbed
out or twisted, but in the centre of the patch may still be noted
one or more hairs tenaciously holding their place. This serves
to distinguish from the absolutely bare, round patches of ring-
worm. ‘The bare spots are at first scurfy, but soon become cov-
ered with yellowish scabs. True primary vesicles are rarely de-
tected, but the constant rubbing and consequent inflammation
cause more and more exudation, which concretes in scabs and
crusts. Or from the continued rubbing, scratching and biting
there are formed open sores, vesicles and pustules, and the sub-
cutaneous connective tissue may be infiltrated and thickened with
exudate, and the skin thrown into ridges by the contractions of
the panniculus muscle. The intensity of the symptoms varies
much with the stage and extension of the attack. The symp-
toms may be slight and equivocal in the first fourteen days,
though exceptionally it makes great progress in this length of
time. In any case by the sixth week the disease has usually
made extensive ravages, and from this time on it advances with
extraordinary rapidity. Such cases are marked not only by the

Sarcoptic Acariasis in Solipeds. 163

loss, breakage and twisting of hair, by the marked abrasions and
sores, and by the intense, encreasing pruritus, but also by marked
loss of condition, which may go on to marasmus and death.

The most satisfactory symptom is the discovery of the acarus.
By exposing the patient to the warm rays of the sun, or placing
him in a hot room, the sarcoptes is tempted to leave its burrow,
and climb on the crusts and hairs, where its presence can be de-
tected by the aid of a lens. Or the crusts are detached from the
skin and their deep surface examined when the parasite may be
found in the midst of the epithelial debris. If the examination
is made in a warm room under a low power, the movements in
the scales caused by the active acari will help materially in their
discovery. Should they still escape observation, the crust may
be bound on the skin of the human arm, when, in a few minutes,
a pricking sensation is felt, and in twelve hours on the removal
of the crust, the parasite is detected as a white point in the
centre of a pale red papule.

Diagnosis. It is important to distinguish this acariasis from
constitutional pruritus with papules, and moist eczema.
These are likely to be more generally diffused over the body and
the papules are likely to be more isolated, and the crusts are
confined to the papules or vesicles. They also require constitu-
tional treatment and are little or not at all affected by local dress-
ings, whereas sarcoptic mange is quickly responsive to local treat-
ment, and is unaffected by internal medication. The presence of
the sarcoptes is even more conclusive.

The diagnosis from other forms of acariasis is less easy.
Dermanyssus Acariasis is usually betrayed by the proximity
of the horses stall to filthy hen roosts, and accumulations of hen
manure swarming with large grayish acari, which may also be
found on the horse’s skin especially at night. The depilations
are on any part of the skin, as small isolated spots which do not
tend to become confluent, whereas in savcoptic acariasts they
rapidly run together forming extensive patches. Psoroptic
acariasis usually begins at the nape of the neck, extending along
the mane, and at the root of the tail, and often confines itself
largely to these points, causing much tumefaction and wrinkling of
the skin, with free liquid exudate and abundant crusts. Sarcoptic
mange extends more rapidly and generally. The psoroptes is
easily known by its more oval form, longer limbs and long ros-

164 Veterinary Medicine.

trum. Symbiotic Mange is easily distinguished by its location
on the digits, by its indisposition to extend, by its being less con-
tagious, and by the bilobed abdomen in the male parasite.
Phthiriasis is easily distinguished by discovery in the affected
parts of the heematopinus tenuirostris, the enlarged abdomen
of the parasites standing out at right angles from the skin.

Prognosis. Sarcoptic Scabies is a purely local disease caused
and maintained by the acari in the skin. The burrowing habits
of the acari, however, and the difficulty of reaching all by acari-
cides, together with the extreme and constant irritation, the foss
of rest, the exhaustion, the unfitness for work, tend to render the
disease extremely intractable and inveterate, and to lead to
debility, ancemia and even death. The affection is dangerous in
all, but preéminently so in the old, or very young, the weak,
overworked, underfed, filthy, ungroomed animals kept in close
foul stables. Army horses, in campaign work, are dangerous
subjects. The more recent and circumscribed the affection the
better the hope of a speedy and complete recovery under energetic
treatment.

Lesions. In addition to the morbid phenomena seen in life,
the burrows and galleries may be shown in a fragment of infect-
ed skin, which has been kept in moist warmth for 24 to 48 hours
and the loosened epidermis removed by forceps and scalpel. In
a bright light a magnifying lens shows the channels straight or
winding, 2 to 4 mm. long, with at intervals enlargements or gal-
leries, each containing two or three eggs or egg shells, and in the
terminal one the ovigerous female. A general yellow infiltration
under the skin may be so abundant over the galleries as to form
a vesicle, and in other cases it dries up so as to cause hard, thick
epidermic crusts and scales. The implication of the hair follicles
causes depilation, and the dermatitis leads to subcutaneous en-
gorgement, especially noticeable in the limbs (Delafond and
Bourguignon).

Treatment. On the first indication of mange the horse must
be separated from all others, also all his. belongings, clothes,
brushes, combs, rubbers, scrapers, harness, pole and shafts. The
disease must be accurately diagnosed by the discovery of the sar-
coptes.

Clipping of the entire animal is essential to reveal every isolated
and unsuspected point of attack and to facilitate the application

Sarcoptic Acariasis in Solipeds. 165

of dressings. This must be done outside the stable on a calm
day and all the hair must be carefully gathered and burned. The
skin is then thoroughly lathered with soft soap and left for an
hour or more to soften the scabs. Then it is thoroughly scrubbed
with a brush and warm water, scraped and rubbed dry with straw
wisps. These should be burned or saturated with a solution of
mercuric chloride (1:500) or chloride of lime (4:100). If spec-
ially hard obstinate crusts remain, repeat, or smear with sweet
oil and potassium carbonate (100:2).

The skin is now ready for the application of the acaricides, and
this seems a convenient place to introduce a table of those more

TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE ACTIVITY OF ACARICIDES.

Hrs.| Min. | Sec.

Oil of tar (rectified) killed acarus in____|--_- I-25 uae
Terebane_______________ alee Ge 190 fso esse ceo ees
BENZiN 6:25.22 sooo ese cose sees cee sees eace | Secate I=20)eseseeesee oss.
Prussi¢ acid 2 os a eteses 5 Aas
CO EOEE 6. b8) fii hates nich anigunioiaeeueatees Eero ee et eee PIC ccowuabeslemaantios
Naphtha) =. ..c22 sent ce seek eee eecceees pees ee eee 2OSA 5 | eee inte:
Tobacco liquor of factories ________-___ exex| Jesh eceees| veesieeee a2 0
Veratrum—vinegar of -_--____.--------|---- ID) Sai Suse Pie ee ea
Parafinioil.- 2 eos cere ecoceeno sae 2 Bil) eee eens ee
Arsenite of potash solution (1:100)_-__- seu 2 20 { 2 taertcig)

Caustic potash solution (1:24) ---------|----
Empyreumatic oil ______---_---_------ ete
Carbolic.acid; pure .=..--s5-seeese0-|see5
Oil of turpentine___-_---------_--------]----

Pell Sit anmnyccemeceeascewems seeel| BS -Olecses io eae.
Glycerine (acarus immersed )______-_-_- yas 6) Jeet) eeceeec casa
Tincture of iodine -____--_------------ pees Geechee ues
Oil of origanum _..._-----.------ ------ ies 7) Pope ee re enna ere ee Se ee
Dilute sulphuric acid (1:24) ----------- peel) | EO Agee | oe eae tel
Tar water wo o2ss toes e ee es oon), S18 lena me [eee Soe a
Tincture of digitalis_-__.---.----_---_- axa O oneal seo ieee ons
Tobacco decoction (1:5)------- -------- Loss| 1O=20| banc sdi a eee
Mercuric chloride solution (2:100) _____ ae TOl eases Gao nee 2s Se
Tincture of nux vomica __--------~----|---- TO) eet A eo Be ee
Stavesacre—vinegar of ______-__------_- pone 17 ee
Fusel 60). o2 so ca coco ts coeeeees |e TF ose eee Le ee
Calcium chloride solution (1:30)_------ ----| 15-30]_---_.]-------------
Potassium sulphide solution (1:10)_-.__ gi P5302 oe clea ee eee
Acetic acid (glacial) -----_-------_--_- aoe 16) oo See | sate eee
Phosphureted oil _.___---_-_--_--------- Tisesos: kann es oe ees
Mercurial ointment _______.__. ---_ --__ (11 ee a nt SEO RE Oe yee OO
Hellebore, white and black—decoction

(WG )ncas ce a coecese ees avecccevdes 0-36 | sn sas) -22Se0| pe sae eee

Sulphur ointments... ls eseceece sees) [eaoesajeeeees Several hours.

166 Veterinary Medicine.

commonly used and showing the time taken by each to kill the
acarus apart from the body. The application is general to
scabies in all classes of psoric acari and their hosts.

In making a selection from such a list we must consider the
fixed or volatile nature of the agent. Such agents as benzine,
naphtha, petroleum, prussic acid, etc., though very deadly to the
acarus, volatilize so rapidly that they are on the whole less relia-
ble than mercury or sulphur, which are aniong the very slowest
acaricides. ‘The less volatile products of the distillation of wood
and coal tar, such as oil of tar, creosote, and many of the more
modern products (hydronaphthol, benzonaphthol, naphthol,
naphthalin, chloronaphtholeum, creolin, cresylol, cresyl], lysol,
aseptol, etc.), are more trustworthy even when they act much
more slowly on the parasite. This applies with especial force to
the sarcoptes which, hidden in their galleries, escape the volatile
agent, and when they docome out of their burrows somewhat
later, find themselves unharmed, the deadly agent having evap-
orated. In regard to the eggs to be hatched a few days in the
future the same is true. When they open the shell, the deadly
but volatile agent has disappeared, while the more stable, even if
less deadly, agent remains ready to destroy them. For sarcoptes
the very volatile agents would require renewed applications at
short intervals to catch the acari as they emerge from their holes,
and the larve as they escape from the eggs. Benzine, naph-
tha and petroleum are further dangerous as irritants of the ex-
coriated skin, retarding healing and making recovery doubtful.

Another consideration in dealing with domestic animals is the
use of an agent that will not poison the patient when he licks
himself. ‘Tobacco, a slow acaricide is yet very lasting and effec-
tive and may be used freely on the ruminants and even the soli-
peds, which have almost no susceptibility to nausea. In carni-
vora on the other hand it would cause violent nausea and vomiting
and dangerous illness. Arsenic and Mercurial preparations kill
the acarus slowly, yet being comparatively non-volatile one appli-
cation is lasting and efficient. But any animal licking and
swallowing these will be poisoned, perhaps fatally. Even apart
from this they are liable to be absorbed through the raw or
excoriated skin, to be swallowed as drink, or to be washed off
during rain on to the pasture and taken in with the food. Of the

Sarcoptic Acariasis in Solipeds. 167

two classes of agents, represented by oils or ointments on the one
hand and lotions and baths on the other the latter is preferable
unless the skin is so covered as to shut out the air. This in
itself would asphyxiate the parasite irrespective of the active
agent. But again a complete inunction of the whole body is
liable to arrest cutaneous transpiration and cause subnormal tem-
perature and internal congestions. Hence with universal oily
dressings it is safer to cover but one-half of the body at a time
and to alternate the sides at intervals of one or two days.

The skin having been well prepared by the softening and re-
moval of the crusts one of the following may be used or several in
succession: Creosote 5 parts, alcohol 5 parts, water 25 parts;
creosote 1 part, lard, vaseline or oil 25 to 40 parts. Thoroughly
rub in two or three times at intervals of from three to five days.
Oil of tar may be used in the same combinations. So with the
other coal tar products. Lysol, aseptol, creolin, and chloro-
naphtholeum are most conveniently mixed with water: naphthol,
and naphthalin, in alcohol or oil: and benzo-naphthol in alcohol.
Carbolic acid 1 part, oil 4o parts may be used and relieves itching
somewhat. Tar water may be applied, or tar 1 part, vaseline or
lard 3 parts, to be used on a limited area only, lest it check trans-
piration. Or tar and sulphur 1% Ib. each, green soap and alcohol
1 lb. each (ROll). Tobacco 1 part, water 25 parts, in decoction
acts well, or as a cheaper agent the refuse of the tobacco factories
2 ozs., oil 1 1b., sulphide of potassium 1 part, water 25 parts is
effective. Or potassium sulphide 10 parts, potassium carbonate
2 parts, lard 300 parts; or sulphur 2 parts, potassium carbonate
1 part, lard 8 parts; or powdered cevadilla 4 ozs., burnt alum 1%
oz., sulphur 2 ozs., olive oil 1 quart.

The itching may be lessened by lotions of acetate of lead or in-
unctions of eucalyptol or menthol in oil.

In cases that are weakened or emaciated a rich diet and a
course of tonics (nux vomica, gentian, iron, or arsenic) may be re-
sorted to.

Prevention. Any stall that has held a horse with scabies or
a suspected one should have any litter, manure, and fodder con-
tained in it removed and burned, every precaution being taken
against dropping anything on the way to the fire. The stall
should then be deluged with boiling water or treated throughout

168 Veterinary Medicine.

to live (colorless) steam froma hose. In the absence of either,
it may be heavily sprinkled with a mercuric chloride solution
(1:500), or one of chloride of lime (1 lb. to 20 gallons). Next
day a lime whitewash should be applied to every part (walls, ceil-
ings, racks, mangers, and floor. The stall should be left empty
for at least one week. If a whole stable has been contaminated
every article within it should be similarly treated. Harness pegs
and saddle trees must be particularly attended to, corn bins,
troughs, buckets, forks, shovels, etc., being scraped, washed with
a formaldehyde solution (5:100) and allowed to dry before they
are again used. All harness should be taken to pieces, scrubbed
in warm water containing phenol or formaline (5:100), rinsed in
hot water, dried and oiled. Any parts made of cloth, and all
metal work, bits, curb chains, stirrups, spurs, should be steeped
in boiling water for five minutes. When the padding of harness
cannot be treated as above directed it may be ripped out and re-
‘placed. All combs, brushes, scrapers, rubbers, clothing, cir-
cingles, and halters should be kept for five minutes thoroughly
soaked in actively boiling water. The clothing of the attendants,
their combs and brushes should be similarly dealt with. The poles
and shafts of carriages should be dressed with mercuric chloride.

Horses that occupied the stalls to the right and left of the
affected one, are to be suspected, treated with one of the dressings
above referred to and kept in quarantine for a week.

When a horse with scabies has been in a stable, public or
private, in a sale-stable, horse show, stockyards, car, steamboat,
ferry boat, or other vehicle, these places and articles should be
closed or disused until treated by the above or some other
thorough method of purification. Whenever a succession of
cases of scabies have been carried along a given line of travel, the
animals coming by such line, should be held in quarantine and
treated until the vehicles and any feeding places or yards used on
it, are thoroughly treated. Exception may be made of horses
arriving in cars, etc., that have been newly cleaned and white-
washed, and when evidence is furnished that they have not been
disembarked at suspected places on the way. For the same
reason the owner or custodian of any horse arriving by rail or
boat, or brought to any sales-stable, fair, market or show, and
which is suffering from any skin disease, should be under obliga-

Psoroptic Acariasts in Solipeds. 169

tion to report the same to a government veterinary official for
diagnosis, and a penalty should be imposed in case of disobedi-
ence. In this case as in all other instances of dangerous infec-
tious disease the protection of the many must dominate over the
inconsiderate and selfish assertion of individual rights.

PSOROPTIC ACARIASIS IN SOLIPEDS. DERMATO-
DECTIC (DERMATOCOPTIC) SCABIES. HUMID
MANGE.

Psoroptes Communis v. equi: Long rostrum ; posterior pair of legs small,
without suckers; male with two posterior marginal 5-bristled lobes; in
female 3d pair of legs, without suckers. Accessory causes as for sarcoptes.
Vitality greater than in sarcoptes. Susceptible: Live only a short time on
other genera. P. of rabbit lives on horse. Symptoms: Extend more rap-
idly and are more venomous than sarcoptes. Preference for dorsal line,
poll to rump; later the axilla, groin, inner sides of thighs, intermaxilla ,
itching and lesions largely as in sarcoptes. Diagnosis easy, the acarus being
on the surface. Zveatment: As for sarcoptes, but more promptly success-
ful. Prevention: As for sarcoptes.

Essential Cause. Psoroptes Communis var. Equi. Pso-
roptes Longirostris. Long-nosed Psoroptes. With the
general characters of the psoroptes this is especially distinguished
by the great length of the rostrum, more than twice as long as
broad ; in the male by the dwarfed appearance of the posterior
pair of legs devoid of suckers, and the presence on the border be-
hind the two copulatory suckers, of two triangular, projecting,
marginal lobes, each bearing five bristles, the three central, ter-
minal ones being the longest and about equal; in the female the
third pair of legs have no sucker, but each is terminated by two
long bristles, the fourth pair have suckers ; the pubescent female
has two tubercles near its posterior border which are received
into the copulatory suckers of the male; the larva has the third
pair of legs provided with suckers. The male is about .48 mm.
and the ovigerous female about .65 mm. long.

Accessory causes. These are the same as for sarcoptic
acariasis, only from the parasite living exclusively on the surface
and not beneath, it passes from horse to horse with much greater
readiness, and is by far the most common ‘form of equine mange.

°

170 Veterinary Medicine.

Vitality. The vitality exceeds that of the sarcoptes. Apart
from the host it survived 10 to 14 days in a dry, genial atmos-
phere, and 20 to 30 days in moist stable air. Though apparently
dead it will often revive after six or eight weeks when subjected
to moist warmth. It does not bite, however, nor cause psoric
trouble. The ovigerous females survive the longest, and after
them the males.

Transmission between different genera. Though no dif-
ference in structure can be detected in the psoroptes of the differ-
ent genera of hosts, yet when transferred from one genus to
another they rarely live long, but any eruption recovers spontan-
eously. According to Mathieu, Cagny and Cadeac an exception
must be made in the case of psoroptes auricularum of rabbits
which in their hands caused persistent acariasis in the horse.
Others have failed to transmit from the rabbit to the horse.

Symptoms. There is the same intolerable itching which at-
tends on sarcoptic scabies, in many cases aggravated partly be-
cause of the rapid encrease of the parasites and centrifugal
extension of the infested area, and partly because of the secretion
of a more irritating venom. This last was shown by Gerlach,
who took on a needle the liquid exuded around the sarcoptes and
psoroptes respectively and punctured his own skin, when the
irritation which followed was materially greater in the case of the
psoroptes. While psoroptic scabies may be planted on any part
of the body, except perhaps the digits, and extends asa rule in
all directions and rapidly from the primary focus, yet a distinct
preference is shown for the parts covered by the strongest and
thickest hair (crest, rump, poll, back) where the most perfect
protection can be secured. There is less opportunity for its
spread on comb or brush from these parts, hence at the outset
there is less disposition than with sarcoptic mange to the forma-
tion of many new centres at distant points. After an existence of
a month or more the psoroptes may still be mainly confined to the
crest or rump. In extending it invades by preference the inter-
maxillary space, the breast, axilla, groin, and inner sides of the
thighs. Transference of the acarus in grooming may, however,
start it at any point. At first the bites and resulting sores or vesi-
cles are mainly isolated, but as the psoroptes encrease and crowd
each other the sores become confluent, and the exudate, infiltra-

Symbiotic Scabies Acariasts in Solipeds. 171

ting and covering the already depilated skin, makes a scabby,
cracked, oozing surface, or when the scabs are rubbed off it is
smooth, shining and unctuous. ‘The skin is greatly thickened,
rigid, or thrown into wrinkles. The itching and rubbing are
more intense and desperate than even with the sarcoptes.

Diagnosis is always easy because of the non-burrowing habit
of the psoroptes. By scattering the scrapings on a glass slide or
black paper in the sunshine or in a warm room and examining
with a hand lens, a movement of the scabs can soon be detected
at some particular point, and the acarus soon emerges and can be
recognized. It can be seen still better with the microscope under
a magnifying power of 25 or 50 diameters. If no magnifying
lens is at hand a scab can be laid on the skin of the arm and held
with a bandage. In an hour or two a pricking sensation is felt
and on removing the crust a'red papule is found with the
psoroptes in its centre.

Treatment does not differ materially from that given for sar-
coptic mange, and it is much more promptly successful owing to
the non-burrowing habits of the acarus. When recent and con-
fined to the crest and root of the tail, a general clipping of the
body may be avoided, and even the hairs of the mane and tail
may be spared save where they are buried in the folds of the
corrugated skin. The same preparation with soap and warm
water and a brush, is requisite, and in selecting an acaricide ROll’s
prescription of tar, sulphur, green soap and alcohol may be freely
used without fear of suppressing secretions and asphyxiating the
patient. Where the disease is generally diffused, on the other
hand, the other preparations are safer.

Preventive measures are essentially the same as for sarcoptic
mange. Wherea building, car, yard or park has become infested,
and is not treated with acaricides, it can only be considered quite
safe after a disuse of three nionths, owing to the great powers of
survival of the psoroptes.

SYMBIOTIC SCABIES. ACARIASIS IN SOLIPEDS. FOOT
MANGE. GALE DU PIED, Fr.; FUSSRAUDE, Ger.
Symbiotes communis v. equi: Smaller than psoroptes ; proboscis shorter ;

two front pairs of limbs, very long and thick ; two posterior pairs, devoid of
suckers in female; male has two caudal lobes, each with two bristles and

172 Veterinary Medicine,

two central leaf-like processes. Symptoms. Itching heel and fetlock in
hind limbs ; exceptionally to hocks and thighs. Pawing, kicking, scratch-
ing, biting, especially at night and in winter, and in hairy-legged cart breeds.
Bristling, depilation, scurf, scab, papules, cracks, excoriation, sores, pro-
fuse fcetid discharge, stocking, presence of acarus on surface. May be
months ere it passes to the horse alongside. Zveatment: Simple, clip,
soapy wash, and inunction ; wash off and apply acaricide, tobacco, tar water,
sulphur, potassium sulphide. Prevention: As for sarcoptes. Symbiotes
lives 50 days in stable.

Acarus, The Symbiotes Communis Var. Equi (S. Spathi-
ferus, Megnin; Dermatophagus Equi) is much smaller than
the psoroptes, the ovigerous female being .36 to .4o mm. long,
and the mature male .28 to .32 mm. ‘The rostrum is only a little
longer than broad ; the two front pairs of limbs are very long and
thick, the third pair large, and the fourth short and thin. There
are no suckers on the third pair of limbs in the female. Behind
its two copulatory suckers, and on the posterior margin of the
body, the male has two prominent, retangular lobes, each bearing
two bristles and, centrally, two long, flattened, foliaceous pro-
cesses or spathes.

Symptoms. The disease is characterised by its location on
the pastern, hollow of the heel and fetlock, mainly of the hind
limbs, from which when crowded the acari extend upward to the
hocks, exceptionally to the legs and thighs and still more rarely
to the croup, abdomen and loins. The first indications are an
incessant pawing or kicking of the ground, or scratching of one
pastern with the other foot. The patient may kick straight out,
or turn and attempt to bite the affected pastern. The itching is
usually greatest at night and in winter or when the horse stands
idle in the stable. Shoeing is often difficult owing to the horse
trying to rub his foot against the operator. The disease is much
more common in heavy cart breeds, as imported Belgians, Suf-
folks, Shires or Clydes, in which the long and abundant hair
gives better cover for the parasite and stands in the way of
‘thorough cleanliness. The same breeds born in America part with
their long hair and are in some degree immune. Examination of
the affected part shows a bristling and loss of hair, an accum-
mulation of scurf and scabs, with an eruption of papules and the
formation of cracks, excoriations and extensive sores, and a free
unctuous, foetid discharge. Even at an early stage the hair is

Symbiotic Scabies Acariasis in Solipeds, 173

loosened so that it can be pulled out in tufts. Later the skin be-
comes thickened and rigid, sometimes wrinkled and folded, and
stocking is by no means uncommon. It is characteristic of the
disease to advance slowly, though the itching of the affected part
is intense and insufferable, especially in the cold weather. As in
all forms of symbiotic scabies there is some relief in summer,
when the freer secretions of the skin furnish the parasite with
abundant food and obviate the necessity of active biting. The
discovery of the symbiotes is easy and completes the diagnosis.

A misleading feature of the disease is its failure for.months to
extend from animal to animal in adjacent stalls. Yet the experi-
mental transfer of the acarus immediately starts the disease in the
new subject.

Treatment is simple and usually promptly successful. Cut
off the hairs from the affected part and a little beyond. Wash
with soapsuds leaving a strong lather on the surface for half an
hour. ‘Then wash off with tepid water using a brush if necessary
to insure the thorough removal of the scabs. When dried apply
any one of the less volatile dressings named under sarcoptic
scabies. The tobacco lotion ; the tar, sulphur, soap and alcohol
dressing ; or the potassium sulphide preparation are very effectual.
A second dressing and even a third may be requisite at intervals
of two or three days.

Prevention. Though contagion takes place slowly and un-
certainly, yet similar precautions are in order to those adopted for
sarcoptic scabies. The use of the same stall and litter, of the
same brushes, rubbers and sponges is especially to be prohibited.
It is also important to avoid stables, cars, yards, boats, etc., that
have held diseased horses, or that are reasonably suspected of the
same. All such should be thoroughly cleansed, and affected ani-
mals should be debarred from public places and conveyances un-
less they are to be immediately dealt with in this way. The
symbiotes will live 50 days in an untreated stable. (See preven-
tion of sarcoptic scabies).

SARCOPTIC SCABIES IN THE OX.

Sarcoptic scabies, rare: Psoroptic scabies: Psoroptes communis v. bovis,
like that of horse. Symptoms: Intense itching on rump, thighs, neck,
chine, back, head, shoulders, side, rubbing, scratching, licking, depilation,
excoriation, bleeding, exudation, scabbing, swelling, vesicles, acarus in crusts.
Favoring conditions as in sarcoptes in horse. May, in great part, sub-
side in summer to reappear in winter. Zveatment: As in horse, only avoid
mercury. Prevention: Asin sarcoptic scabies in horse. Symbiotic scabies -
Symbiotes scabei v. bovis: Sympioms: Itching and eruption on rump, with
little extension, baldness, scabs, cracks, abrasions, sores, etc., along back,
in groin, on pasterns, chronic. Zveatment: As for psoroptes; dressings
limited to affected area.

Isolated cases of sarcoptic scabies communicated from the horse
are reported by Grognier and Fauvet, and others from the goat
by Wallraff, but the affection is so rare that it may be virtually
ignored. Cases of this kind may be treated as in the horse.

PSOROPTIC SCABIES IN CATTLE. DERMATODECTIC
(DERMATOCOPTIC) MANGE.

This is the most common form of mange in cattle as it is in
the horse. The essential cause, the psoroptes communis var.
bovis does not differ in appearance from that of the horse, and
it is mainly in its adaptability to live on the bovine 1ather than
the equine animal that the distinction can be made. Gerlach and
Delafond each failed to transfer the psorptes from horse toox, and
Gohier and Miiller equally failed in attempts to convey that of
the ox to the horse). Exceptions to this are probably mistakes.

Symptoms. Most commonly the first symptoms are seen at
the root of the tail and sides of the thighs; soon the neck, chine,
back, head, shoulders and sides are involved, while the lower parts
of the limbs escape until later. There is insufferable itching for
which the patient rubs, scratches and licks himself incessantly,
and hastens not only the loss of hair but the formation of ex-
coriations, bleeding, exudation liquid effusion and swelling,
The exudation concretes into grayish white crusts, easily reduced
to powder and showing beneath them abrasions and cracks.

174

Symbiotic Acariasts in Cattle. 175

Around the margins of the affected part may be found small
miliary vesicles, which burst and dry up forming an encrustation
of encreasing thickness. As the result of the constant rubbing,
licking, etc., larger sores of all kinds may be developed. The
psoroptes may be found in large numbers beneath the crusts,
and may be detected with the naked eye or better with a lens,
when the crusts are placed on a sheet of black paper.

The disease is favored by the housing in close foul stables in
winter, and the parasite is driven downward by the cold to attack
the skin and cause greater irritation. When the stock is turned
to pasture in spring the irritation often ceases in a great measure,
the freer secretions supplying the wants of the parasite so that it
does not care to bite. There remain, however, bare spots on the
neck, rump and elsewhere, and when once more turned into winter
quarters, the apparent recovery is succeeded by a new and wider
extension.

The treatment of psoroptic scabies in cattle does not differ ma-
terially from that of the horse. It is, however, important to avoid
preparations of mercury to which the bovine system is specially
susceptible, and which, taken in by licking with the barbed
tongue, or directly absorbed through the abraded skin is liable to
cause mercurialism and salivation. The other agents, tobacco,
tar, oil of tar, lysol, creolin, creosote, naphthalin, potassium sul-
phide, in their various preparations may be freely used after the
skin has been prepared by soaking with soap suds and thorough
brushing. Special irritation may be counteracted in the same
way, and debility by better hygiene and diet.

Prevention demands the same general precautions, proprietary
and official, as in the case of the horse.

SYMBIOTIC ACARIASIS IN CATTLE.

The essential cause of this affection, the Symbiotes Scabei
var, Bovis, (Dermatophagus Bovis), does not differ in ap-
pearance from that of the horse. As in the case of the psoroptes
the distinction of the two varieties affecting horse and ox must be
made from the fact that the symbiotes taken from the ox does not
establish itself permanently on the horse, nor that of the horse on

176 Veterinary Medicine.

the ox. Upon the horse the transferred acarus disappears in a
few days (Neumann), and on the ox (debilitated), in twenty
days (Delafond and Bourguignon). They do not live when
placed on any of the other domestic animals, nor on man.
Schirémétewsky claims to have found the bovine symbiotes in
scabies and alopecia in man, but there is not sufficient evidence
to show that the presence of the acarus was more than accidental.
Contagion from ox to ox, standing in adjacent stalls is infrequent.

Symptoms. The lesions are usually confined to the root of
the tail, the rump and the parts around the anus and the acarus
may confine its ravages to this part for years without material
extension. ‘There is loss of hair, and accumulation of scurf,
going on to the formation of scabs and cracks in which the para-
site can be found in abundance. Itching is comparatively slight,
so that abrasions and sores by rubbing are less marked than in
other forms of scabies. Extension from the original focus, takes
place mainly in foul, ungroomed animals, 'and then along the
back, chine, and neck, or to the perineum, udder and inner sides of
the thighs. Johne has found them on the pasterns without pro-
ducing any irritation. In summer the irritation is least and may
seem to have entirely disappeared, but only to reappear when
housed on the following winter. In animals in poor condition it
may contribute to emaciation, and marasmus, but in ordinary
cases the health is little affected.

The diagnosis is to be made by the location and slow advance
of the lesions, but especially by the discovery of the symbiotes
with its moderately sized rostruin and the long stout nature of the
three first pairs of limbs as contrasted with the dwarfed appear-
ance of the fourth pair. The presence of lice, easily visible to
the naked eye and of the psoroptes, is not unknown, but as the
same treatment is applicable to all, the complex infestment is of
less account.

Treatment. Symbiotic scabies in cattle is easily dealt with,
any of the applications recommended for sarcoptic scabies in the
horse proving effectual. It is all the more satisfactory that the
disease is usually circumscribed to a limited area, so that the clip-
ping and dressing of the entire skin is unnecessary. Precautions
should be taken against infection from stalls and litter, but this is
of far less account than in the case of other forms of scabies.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES (ACARIASIS) INSHEEP. HEAD
SCAB. BLACK NOSE.

Sarcoptic scabies of sheep's head: Black-nose : Sarcoptes has 6 anterior
and 14 posterior dorsal spines. May extend to body in coarse-wooled ; goat
and man susceptible. Symptoms of scabies confined in fine wools to face,
lips, nostrils, eyelids, ears, forehead, cheeks, intermaxilla. In all seasons
and places, unlike trombidiosis ; rubs face on fore limbs, etc., scratches with
hind feet ; abrasions, scabs, sores, thickened skin ; mucopurulent discharge
from nose and eyes, etc. Treatment: Oil of cade, tar soap, sulphur oint-
ment, potassium sulphide, naphthalin, etc. Cloth cover on face. Remove
from infested premises. Make exposure or sale penal.

The burrowing mite which causes this disease confines its rav-
ages almost entirely to that portion of the face which is uncovered
by wool. Hence it has been named black muzzle notv-muzeau
in France. Its cause, Sarcoptes Scabei var. Ovis, is distin-
guished by having on its back six anterior short spines and four-
teen long and fusiform posterior spines. The length of the male
is .22 to .25 mm., and of the ovigerous female .35 to .¢9 mm.

This has been found on moufflons and gazelles, and on long-
wooled sheep, especially the Neapolitan, Syrian (fat-tailed) and
Zackel sheep. Gerlach failed to propagate it on the wool-covered
portions of Merino sheep, but on the long-wooled, with little yolk
it can be implanted on any partof thebody. It has been success-
fully transferred to goat and man (Delafond, Gerlach) persisting
until checked by treatment.

Symptoms. An itchy eruption confining itself to the hairy
parts of the face is to be especially suspected. It usually attacks
first the lips, nostrils, eyelids and ears, advancing later on the
forehead, intermaxillary space and cheeks. It might at thisstage
be confounded with trombidiosis, but unlike that, it persists in
all seasons, in yard-fed as well as in pastured sheep, and does not
recover when folded for a few days, on dry food. If it continues
for a length of time, it extends from its primary point of election
on the head, invading first the parts uncovered by wool—the
lower surface of thorax and abdomen, and the flexures of the
knees, hocks and pasterns.

If examined closely when just commencing, or later around

the margins, beyond the excoriations caused by rubbing, there
12 177

178 Veterinary Medicine.

may be detected minute papules, surmounted in some cases by
vesicles. When rubbed gently, the animal expresses its pleasure
by rapid movements of its lips or even of its feet or body, as if
anxious to take part itself in the friction. Left to itself the
affected sheep rubs its face on the fore limbs, or other objects and
scratches it vigorously with its hind feet, producing abrasions
and exudates, which latter dry into scabs and crusts, at first thin
and isolated, but later. thick, hard, resistant and continuous,
over the whole affected surface. This incrustation becomes more
or less discolored by exuding blood, and by extraneous matters of
many kinds deposited in rubbing the sores.

Neglected, the skin becomes thick, rigid and plicated, the lips
unable to act in prehension of food, the eyes watery or closed by
a mucopurulent discharge, and the ears the seat of haematoma
owing to the violent scratching.

Treatment. ‘Treated early, the disease is easily cured by the
application of some one of the acaricides recommended for the
horse. As simple applications oil of spike, or oil of cade, have
been specially recommended. So has a mixture of equal parts of
pine tar and soft soap. Or sulphur 2 parts, potassium sulphide
1 part, lard 8 parts. The preparations with naphthalin, creolin,
lysol or oil of tar will be equally effective.

In advanced cases a thorough smearing for several days with
sulphur ointment to soften the scabs, and the removal of the latter
with the aid of warm soap suds, may well preface some other
form of treatment. It may further be advantageous to cover the
face with a thick cloth or leather to protect the applications, and
to obviate further irritation by scratching and rubbing.

As an essential part of the treatment the removal of the flock
to a non-infested sheepfold or pasture or the thorough disinfection
of that in which they have been kept is essential. All rubbing
places, stones, posts, fences, trees, gates, etc., must receive special
attention and dressing.

In France the movement or public exposure of all sheep affected
in this way is forbidden, and with a disease so easily recognized
it should be made a misdemeanor to ship the affected animals by
any public conveyance, to expose them on any public highway
or unfenced place, or to take them to any public market, show or
other aggregation of sheep or goats. It should further be made

Psoroptic Acariasis (Scabies) in Sheep. 179

obligatory on all owners to eradicate the disease from their flocks,
for though incomparably less contagious than the ordinary scad,
yet there can be no excuse for perpetuating a public menace which
is so easily recognized and done away with. The purifying of
conveyances and all public places where such infested sheep have
been should come under the same rule as for the more familiar
scab.

PSOROPTIC ACARIASIS (SCABIES) IN SHEEP. COM-
MON SCAB.

Prevalence: Losses: Psoroptes Scabie v. Ovis, like that of horse. Only
lives permanently on sheep. Vitality: lives 10 to 20 days in wool, on pelts,
or woodwork, in genial weather; dies at zero, Fah. Accessory Causes:
Poverty, crowding, mingling, infected places and things, commons, mar-
kets, railroads, boats, pens, etc. Symptoms: Fleece flattened or ragged ;
white semi-detached tufts, shaking tail, rubbing, scratching with hind feet,
trembling and nibbling with lips, itching increased by heating, crowding,
driving ; skin with papules, scurf, exuvia, swelling, exudate concretes rais-
ing wool from follicles, bare patches with sores and eruptions ; wooly parts
mainly affected, back, shoulder, neck, tail ; also the fine wooled. Lambs of
clipped, scabby ewes suffer. Lymph glands swell. Dzagnosis: Inveterate
itching along dorsal aspect, excessive debris in the roots of the wool, and
presence of the acarus. Tyveatment: Nourishing food, open air, in summer
shear, apply acaricides by smearing, pouring or bathing. Smearing, salv-
ing mixtures should contain turpentine and castor oil to increase growth of
wool. Pouring mixtures: tobacco, soft-soap, sulphur and oil of tar. Dips:
Arsenical, their dangers ; mercurial, their dangers ; lime and sulphur, with
sulphur greatly in excess to save the wool; potassium sulphide ; carbolic
acid ; tobacco, tobacco and sulphur ; coal tar products. Prevention : Com-
pulsory report of disease ; segregation ; disinfection of premises ; prohibi-
tion of exposure or sale; damages for neglect; trace and quarantine all
sheep or goats that have been exposed in transit, market or otherwise ; com-
pulsory official treatment ; fines for violation ; dipping sound sheep just be-
fore shipping ; codperation of national and state authorities.

This is one of the most destructive plagues of sheep in some
countries and districts. In France it attacks 1,000,000 sheep
yearly at a loss in wool and mutton of about $1 a head. (Dela-
fond). In Germany the losses are no less. In England from 5
to 25 per cent. per annum have suffered in certain districts.
(Gamgee). Itis the terror of importers of Mexican sheep, and
in the seventies it became so prevalent on the prairies of Iowa

180 Veterinary Medicine.

that it virtually ruined the local sheep industry. Even to the
present time and in our eastern markets scabby sheep are fre-
quently presented, and the railroad rolling stock, feeding yards
and market pens become contaminated infesting all coming ship-
ments, and transmitting the disease in the home flocks of the
unwary flockmaster.

The parasite (psoroptes scabi var. Ovis) presents such in-
significant differences in size and otherwise from the species in-
festing horse and ox respectively that it cannot well be dis-
tinguished by external appearance alone. It presents the general
characters of the psoroptes communis, but otherwise it must be
distinguished by its habitat on the sheep the only animal on
which it has been found to make a permanent home. ‘Trans-
ferred to the skin of man or of other animals it bites and causes
transient irritation but speedily dies.

Vitality. Experiments of Hertwig, Gerlach and Delafond
show that apart from the living sheep, this psoroptes can live on
wool or fresh skin, or even on litter or woodwork for from ten to
twenty days. In genial weather it remains active, and in cold it
becomes torpid, but when subjected to moist warmth it soon re-
sumes its active movements. It dies promptly if the litter, wool
or other objects, in which it hides, are subjected to a zero tem-
perature.

Accessory Causes. In so destructive a parasitism, every-
thing that favors infection should be constantly kept in mind.
Poor, low conditioned and neglected sheep are especially recep-
tive of the disease, but this must not be held to mean that it is
safe to expose the finest, best kept and most thrifty animals. It
refers rather to rapidity of progress of the malady caught, and
the sinking of the individual sheep under its effects, than to any
chances of escape from infection. Crowding of sheep together,
as in pens for washing, shearing, shipping, etc., gives more
abundant opportunity for transference of the parasite and
renders it much more active. Shearing by exposing the infested
skin more thoroughly favors the lodgement of the acarus on the
skins of others directly or on rubbing posts, stones and other in-
termediate bearers. The neglect of clipping may act injuriously
as the tufts of wool which are shed, and left in pastures, yards
and on rubbing objects carry the parasite with them. Unfenced

Psoroptic Acariasis in Sheep. 181

pasturages are among the most prolific causes, as the mingling of
flocks, diseased and healthy, their successive pasturing and rest-
ing on the same ground, and their use of common objects for
rubbing ensure the spread of the psoroptes. This explains the
great prevalence of the disease in the unfenced.common pastu-
rages of central Europe and Asia, of Syria, North and South
Africa, of Australia, Argentina, Mexico, and our Western Plains,
also, in the early days, in Iowa and elsewhere before the land was
enclosed. ‘Traveling infested flocks by road comes under the
same category. Sothe modern methods of transit by rail and
boat, the concentration of the parasite in the lines of travel and
its diffusion to each successive shipment becomes most injurious.
The roads, loading yards and banks, chutes, cars, litter, manure,
feeding yards, stock yards, alleyways, sheephouses and stock
trucks become infested in turn, and each remains for two weeks
or more a centre of infection. A single infested flock can thus
establish a long chain of infested centres, each of which becomes
an active source for the diffusion of the disease. The constant
succession of ovine shipment furnishes daily fuel for the flame, so
that once started these disease-foci are likely to be permanent
sources of trouble. Show-rings and pens hold a very secondary
place, as unless newly infested, scabby sheep are rarely in condi-
tion for exhibition. Again, an animal only just infested, with
its paucity of acari, is immeasurably less likely to transmit the
parasite, than is one far gone with the disease, swarming with
acari and with the infested portions of the skin stripped of their
wool.

Symptoms. The affected sheep attracts attention by the
rough state of its fleece at the affected part, the wool being flat-
tened or ragged, with white tufts rubbed out or pulled out by the
teeth. It shakes its tail, rubs its body, scratches with its hind
feet, and tears with its teeth in a way to show intolerable pruritus.
If the affected parts are rubbed with the hand the patient shows
its enjoyment by the scratching movements of the hind limbs,
the trembling and nibbling with the lips, and movements of the
head and body as if rubbing. The itching is encreased by driv-
ing or by crowding together so as to heat the sheep and induce
perspiration. The skin of the affected part is covered with yel-
lowish papules of varying size, and a marked accumulation of

182 Veterinary Medicine.

scurf among the roots of the wool. Later the affected skin
swells uniformly, and the encreasing exudation concretes into a
massive scab enveloping the roots of the wool, so that as it
encreases layer by layer on its deeper surface, it lifts the fibres
out of their follicles, detaching the wool and leaving extensive
bare scabby patches. The denuded surface shows all the varia-
tion of lesions shown in other mangy animals. Papules, vesicles,
pustules, scabs, cracks, excoriations, and even sloughs may ap-
pear at different points. Sometimes in clipped sheep the exudate
forms a uniform, smooth, parchment-like crust covering the
whole exposed area. Around these bare patches the wool is
encrusted at its roots, or shows a dark, dirty scurfy layer com-
posed of epidermic cells, yolk, dried exudate and the exuvie of
the acarus. Beneath this the parasite is found in myriads. The
bare spots may show comparatively few. The intense itching of
these parts and the readiness with which the wool can be pulled
out are significant.

Unlike the sarcoptes and symbiotes, the psoroptes attacks by
preference the parts that are thickly covered by wool, and
generally respects those having a hairy coat only. For the same
reason it is especially inveterate on fine wooled sheep, the density
of the wool and the abundance of yolk furnishing a better pro-
tection than in the long wooled. In all the affection is to be
looked for primarily along the back, shoulders, neck and tail,
then on the sides of the body, arms, haunches and thighs, and
not at all on the bare face, belly, inner sides of the limbs and
lower surface of the tail. Another noteworthy point is that
lambs which have a good covering of wool are liable to be
severely attacked just after the clipping of their dams, the para-
sites migrating in numbers to the animal which furnishes the
greatest measure of protection.

The changes in the wool, in old standing cases, are marked.
It may be dry, rigid and lustreless from being cut off from its
source of nourishment ; it may be thickened at both ends and
thin in the centre of the fibre the latter corresponding to the
period of extreme cutaneous congestion and impaired nutrition ;
or it may be composed throughout of fibres of unequal length,
the short being those that have started since the irritation has
lessened. These conditions of the wool may result as well from

Psoroptic Acuriasis in Sheep. 183

variable feeding—rich and poor,—or good or bad general health,
so that they must not be looked on as peculiar to scabies. They
greatly reduce the value of the fleece for weaving, and at the
Gobelins manufactory they seriously interfered with uniform and
perfect dyeing (Delafond).

As in all cases of the violent local irritation and infection the
subjacent lymph glands may become enlarged and tender, and
suppurating and septic foci may form in distant organs.

Left to itself the disease tends to constant advance, with en-
creasing emaciation and debility, and leading to marasmus and
death. It makes less progress in the open summer pasture than
in close, warm buildings, but more in the very young or in ani-
mals that are emaciated and weak than in those that are in the
prime of life, and in the fine-wooled than in the long-wooled. In
exceptional cases, it is claimed that long-wooled sheep, in middle
age, and in high condition, on rich pastures will get well spon-
taneously, but in any case they respond much more readily to
judicious treatment than do others. This tendency of the disease
to stand still or even abate somewhat when at pasturage, accounts
somewhat for the partial or complete neglect of scabby sheep kept
on open ranges and rarely or never shut up indoors.

Diagnosis must usually rest on the inveterate itching, the seat
of the affection (neck, back, loins, croup, etc.), the accumulation
of debris in the deeper layers of wool, and finally on the discovery
of the acarus. By raising the scabs from among the wool around
the margins of the bare spots, and placing them on black paper or
on a glass slide in the sunshine or in a warm room, their presence
is quickly manifested by a movement of the scabs, and the acarus
can be detected with the aid of a hand lens, or a low power of the
microscope.

Treatment. One of the first considerations is to sustain or
improve the general health, and keep the patient as far as pos-
sible in the open air. A rich succulent pasture is to be furnished
when possible. When this is impracticable as in the winter sea-
son, a comfortable, roomy, airy shelter, with ample space to run
in the sunshine is desirable. No less so is nourishing food to
obviate that low health or debility which so much conduces to the
multiplication of the psoroptes and the sinking of the sheep below
the standard of successful resistance.

184 Veterinary Medicine.

In applying acaricides to sheep the mode of application is
largely determined by the thickness of the fleece. Ifin the warm
season the sheep should be shorn, the affected animals in such a
case being kept scrupulously apart from the sound ones. If only
one or two sheep are affected a careful watch and a thorough
local application of any one of the antipsoric remedies may suc-
ceed. When more generally affected the only safe course is to
treat the entire flock, and for this there have been different
methods followed in different countries. These may be divided
into smearing, pouring and bathing. Smearing or pouring
implies cheap labor to make it economical, yet it may be made to
stimulate and improve the wool su as to partly pay for the extra
outlay. Baths being more rapidly applied and more economical
are usually adopted when large numbers of sheep have to be
treated. With either method, the scabs that accummulate in old
standing cases should be first broken up so as to allow of an
universal penetration of the medicinal agent. The surface may
be well scraped with a wooden spatula using the edge and flat
alternately until the scabs are thoroughly broken up (Delafond).
The skin should be first wetted with some antipsoric application
and the scraping should be done outside the fold and any high-
way or enclosure to which sheep have access. Another method
is to plunge the sheep for two minutes in a warm (80° F) soapy bath
(soap 2 lbs. water 22 gallons) and to brush or break up with
the fingers any scabs that may be present. This is, however,
usually combined with the antipsoric bath, the immersion being
kept up for 3 minutes. To avoid indigestion the dressing should
not be made until four or five hours after a full meal.

Smearing. In exposed hilly regions, like the Highlands of
Scotland, smearing is largely employed, as it at the same time
protects the dorsal part of the fleece and skin from the vain rot
which is so injurious in central and northern Europe. ‘The old
standard salve was made with 6 lbs. butter and 1 gallon wood tar.
As this reddens and depreciates the wool it may be replaced by
18 lbs. each of crude turpentine (white pine gum) and lard, and
¥% gallon of sweet oil. Or 18 lbs. of crude turpentine and 22 Ibs.
castor oil. ‘The last is to be preferred as stimulating and improv-
ing the growth of wool. In case of scaé its application is to be
preceded by the scraping referred to above, or the wool must be

Psoroptic Acariases in Sheep. 185

parted from head to tail at intervals of two inches and the salve
rubbed in until all scabs are broken up and the surface thoroughly
covered. Applied in the absence of scab as a simple protection
and general parasiticide the wool is parted to the skin in lines four
inches apart and the salve is rubbed in along the whole length of
the line.

Pouring. For pouring, the following mixture is appropriate :
decoction of 1 Ib. of tobacco in 20 pints of water, soft soap 1 Ib.,
sulphur ¥{ lb., oil of tar 40 ozs. This suffices for 20 sheep. The
first three agents are mixed, then one pint of the mixture is taken
in an oiler, 2 ozs. of oil of tar added and the compound used on a
single sheep. The wool is parted from head to tail, as in salving
and the liquid poured on the skin along the line, and in cases of
scab well rubbed in. In the absence of scad the finger is only
drawn along the line of liquid so as to press it into the roots of
the adjacent wool. An-important element in Jouring is to keep
the oiler continually shaking so as to prevent the oil of tar from
separating from the mass of the liquid, and irritating the one
place on which it is applied.

Among other pouring preparations may be named teBacco rlb.,
black hellebore 11% lbs., water 20 quarts.

Dipping. For large flocks dips have virtually superseded both
of the above methods. Fora length of time the standard dips
were arsenical or mercurial.

As an example of an arsenical dip the following may be
given: Arsenious acid (white arsenic) 20 lbs., soda ash 20 lbs.,
sulphur 2 ozs., soft soap 4 lbs. These are dissolved in 4 gallons
of boiling water, then enough cool water is added to make a total
of 50 gallons, which will suffice for 50 sheep. Some add a little
aloes to make the liquid bitter and unpalatable and to give a color
which will distinguish it at once from ordinary drinking water.

A great variety of apparatus are in use but a simple bath for a
small flock may be made of a wooden box (waterproof) four feet
long at the bottom, two feet wide and three feet deep, and having
an inclined plane extending up from the bottom at each end and
furnished with ramps to give foothold. At one end is a yard
holding the sheep waiting to be dipped, and from the other is
continued a slightly inclined wooden enclosure for the dipped
sheep to receive the drippings from their fleeces and run them

186 Veterinary Medicine.

back into the bath. Two men dip a sheep in the bath back
downward, and hold by fore and hind limbs and neck. The
greatest care is taken to prevent the head getting under the sur-
face, as a single swallow of the liquid would prove fatal. For
three minutes the compound is worked into the wool and skin
until all parts are thoroughly saturated. This is favored by the
maintenance of a temperature of 80° F or over. The sheep is
then laid on the inclined plane, and the wool wrung to force out
the greater part of the liquid which flows back into the bath. It
is left on the sloping wooden platform to further drip, and is
finally turned into a bare yard, without a trace of grass or other
food on the ground, to dry. If turned on grass the drippings on
the blades render them poisonous. Even after the sheep have
dried off, a sudden shower will wash off enough arsenic upon the
grass to poison animals eating it, so that for some days, the sheep
must be promptly folded in case of rain. Another danger is that,
in a dearth of water especially, the sheep may suck the liquid
from each others fleeces and so poison themselves. Any of the
material left over in the bath proves an additional source of
danger. Sheep and other domestic animals have been known to
drink this with fatal effect. But it is difficult to safely dispose of
it. Poured out on the ground it may be licked for the saline
taste ; run into streams it poisons them; poured into a pit it may
leach into nearby wells or watercourses. A pit dug at a long
distance from either is about the only safe place to put it.

There has been much apprehension of the absorption of arsenic
through the skin, and on the continent of Europe iron salts are
added to lessen the danger. Stephenson Macadam, however,
long ago demonstrated on sheep and his own person that there is
practically no danger from absorption of arsenic through the skin.
For 24 hours after a prolonged immersion there was not a trace of
arsenic found in the urine. Later experiments at Melun have
thoroughly endorsed this position. The arsenical baths are very
effective and when used with extreme precaution they can be
made perfectly safe. Yet when used generally in such enormous
quantities it follows of necessity that in many cases the necessary
vigilance is relaxed, and heavy losses ensue. In 1858 on one
farm in Northumberland 850 sheep, 5 horses, 1 ox, and a number
of fowls were poisoned by an arsenical bath. The sheep alone

Psoroptic Acariasis in Sheep. 187

passed through the bath. Asa general dip therefore, in all sorts
of hands, it cannot be recommended as safe. It belongs to the
same class with the dustings and sprayings of plants with Paris
green and Bordeaux mixture, which have so greatly encreased
the mortality of farm animals in recent years.

Mercurial dips have also been widely used and are to be con-
demned even more than arsenical, the agent being absorbed
through the skin, and exposing the sheep in some instances to
salivation and in others to fatal congestions of the lungs and other
internal organs when the subjects have been exposed to cold.
The bath is usually a watery solution of corrosive sublimate vary-
from I in 500 to I in 50.

Lime and Sulphur Dips are devoid of danger to life and are
very effective in dealing with scab and other insect invasions of
the skin. They are objected to as tending to dry the wool and
render it brittle and there isa grain of truth in the charge. It
is only, however, the free lime in the dip that operates in this
way and therefore if it is made with an excess of sulphur and
boiled long enough to transform all the lime into the sulphur
compound the evil is reduced to a minimum. Again, when ap-
plied, as it usually is immediately after shearing, the whole objec-
tion falls to the ground. The combining proportions of sulphur
and calcium are as 3 to 4, but as an excess of sulphur is an
advantage, and as the volatile sulphur is liable to be lost in part
in the preparation, it is best to use that in considerable excess.
The Victorian preparation of 20 parts of sulphur to 10 parts of
quick lime and roo gallons of water is a commendable mixture.
The sulphur and lime are boz/ed for at least two hours in 25 gallons
of water, fresh water being added as required. It is then diluted
to make 100 gallons, and left until all sediment is thrown down.
The clear liquid only should be taken and used in the bath. Like
the other dips it should be used warm.

If it is desired a tobacco decoction can be added, but this is not
necessary to make it effectual.

Potassium Sulphide makes an effectual acaricide. Gillette
used 4% lbs. potash lye, 16 lbs. sulphur and 100 gallons of water.
Long and thorough boiling is as important here as in the lime
and sulphur preparation.

Carbolic Acid Dips may be made with 2 to 5 per cent. of

188 Veterinary Medicine.

carbolic acid which, as seen from our table, is a potent acaricide.
The drawbacks are various: it reddens and shrivels the wool ; it
is volatile and readily absorbed so that it gives no permanent pro-
tection and in a few days a new stock of acari may be taken from
lairs and rubbing places ; it is very soluble and easily washed off
by rains or carried in sweat.

Tobacco Dips. Of non-mineral baths tobacco is certainly one
of the best. Tobacco is a slow acaricide but it is non-volatile and
remains for a length of time on the wool and skin, protecting the
sheep against any fresh arrivals of the psoroptes. ‘The sheep is
very insusceptible to nausea, and unless the application to the
skin is very strong, or unless a considerable amount is swallowed
there is practically no danger of poisoning. Finally, tobacco does
not deteriorate but tends rather to improve the wool. The
tobacco may be used in the proportion of 1 or even 2 parts to 20:
(5 or 10 lbs. to 100 gallons water). It may be steeped for 24
hours, and then brought to the boiling point, cooled to 80°F,
strained and used. It must of course be well worked into the
skin, with the breaking up of the scabs, and in inveterate cases
may require to be repeated once or twice at intervals of ten days.

Tobacco and Sulphur Dips. This combination is one of the
most effective dips known, yet one of the safest. Ten pounds
each of tobacco and sulphur are added to 60 gallons of water.
The tobacco is steeped for 24 hours in water, then raised to the
boiling point, then allowed to cool for twelve hours. It may now
be strained and pressed, the liquor mixed with the sulphur made
into a gruel-like mixture by rubbing up in water, diluted with
water to make the required amount, and thoroughly mixed by
stirring. In Australia hundreds of thousands of scabby sheep,
many of two years standing, have been cured in two dressings
without the destruction of any fences or other objects used for
rubbing. It improves rather than deteriorates the wool and does
not affect the health even temporarily.

Coal Tar Dips. A number of dips can be made from the coal
tar products, preference being given to the heavier oils which
volatilize less readily and are therefore more permanent in their
effects. Nearly all of them are rendered soluble in water by a
large admixture of alkalies and alkaline salts and are, therefore,
easily washed off, besides tending more or less to render the wool

Psoroptic Acariasis in Sheep. 189

brittle or to irritate the tender skin. In place of naming the
various coal tar sheep dips, the composition of which is secret and
may, therefore, be altered at will by the manufacturer, it seems
better to give some of the more common chemical coal tar pro-
ducts and indicate the strength in which each may be used.

The familiar creo/in may be used in the ratio of 1% pints to 50
gallons of water. Lysol, 2 quarts to 50 gallons. Beta-Naphthol,
2 quarts to 50 gallons hot water. Aseffol, 2 quarts to 50 gallons.
Monochloronaphthol, 2 quarts to 50 gallons. Cvesyl, 2 quarts to
50 gallons. Tobacco or other agents may be added at will.

Impure and complex products of coal tar, containing a variety
of different chemical compounds, and rendered soluble or capable
of being emulsionized by the addition of soap and soda ash make
good and cheap sheep dips. Thus three pints each of oil of tar,
and of the heavy oils (dead oil) drawn from coal tar can be added
to 50 gallons of water asa dip.

Prevention. As psoroptic scabies is one of the most infective
of diseases, causing the most extensive losses, and is, in its initial
stages, one of the most obscure, it becomes the more necessary to
place it under the most rigid sanitary rules.

When the disease is found in a flock, the fact should be at
once reported; under a penalty for failure, and the flock quaran-
tined in a well fenced field or fold apart from all other sheep or
goats, and treated by one of the methods above described until all
trace of the disease has disappeared. The place where they are
kept and where they have been must be thoroughly cleaned and
kept clean, and any manure, litter, and left-over fodder, as well
as the place itself, freely sprinkled with a strong solution of some
acaricide. If placed where no animals can have access to them
mercuric chloride may be used, but otherwise sulphuric acid solu-
tion ; carbolic acid, 5 per cent.; creolin, 5 per cent.; tar water or
solution of chloride of lime, 4 per cent. The floor, walls, racks,
troughs, fences, rubbing posts, stones, and all woodwork should
be washed with scalding water or a solution of caustic potash and
then covered with a solution of one of the acaricides.

The disposal to others of animals affected with scabies, or their
exposure in any unfenced or public place should be made and
dealt with as a misdemeanor. The disposal or exposure of un-
disinfected hides or wool taken from the affected should be for-

190 Veterinary Medicine,

bidden under penalty. Any damage done to other flocks by such
sale or exposure should further entail damages on the person re-
sponsible for such sale or exposure.

When sheep that have been shipped by rail or through any
other channel, or that have beeu exposed in market, fair, or other
public place, are found to be infested, the original shipper should
be held responsible, and all cars or other conveyances, highways,
yards, alleys, loading banks, shutes, folds, houses, pens, fields
and any other place that has been occupied by them should be
closed as infested places until they have been thoroughly disin-
fected, or until time has been allowed for the death of the para-
site. The owners of sheep or goats that have passed through
such places in the interval should be notified by telegraph, to-
gether with the authorities in the locality where they may be, to
see that they are subjected to antipsoric baths, and detained until
they are proved sound. The disinfection of railway rolling stock,
yards, etc., and of infested stockyards is imperative, and if the
cars can no longer be identified, then all that have passed through
the particular destination in the time involved should be dealt
with as probably infested.

In America state rights and limits form a serious bar to effective
measures for the extermination of this disease. The Bureau of
Animal Industry has acted energetically in the matter, applying
the law which makes it illegal for shippers or transportation com-
panies to move from state to state by conveyance, public or private,
or by highway, any sheep affected with scab, prosecuting said
shippers and transportation companies, enjoining the detention,
cleaning and saturation with a carbolic acid solution (5:100) of
all cars, boats, or other vehicles, and of all places of detention or
delivery in which such sheep have been placed. The general
penalty of $100 fine or one year’s imprisonment or both for each
violation is applicable in this case.

Store sheep with scab are detained and treated, fat sheep in the
early stages can be slaughtered. Advanced cases are poor and
unfit for mutton, and are sent to rendering works.

The following drawbacks are still met: transportation com-
panies are imposed on by owners and shippers who represent
flocks as sound; and stock companies use ineffective baths, or
detain the sheep too short a period and fail to dip often enough

Symbiotic Acariasis in Sheep. 191

to make the dressing effective. Owners therefore should accom-
pany the shipment by a certificate of soundness, and at places of
detention the inspector of the bureau should personally see the
dipping, and give a certificate for movement only when the
disease has been eradicated.

Owners shipping store sheep would consult their own interest
by passing them through an effective dip just before shipment, as
this would prevent the attack of the parasite even if it were met
with in transit, and obviate the conveyance of the parasite on
their fleeces to infest cars and other objects and places. This is
unsuited to fat sheep going to slaughter and these are accordingly
more liable to infest objects in transit, and being more slightly
affected are more liable to be overlooked.

Similar measures should be adopted by a state, in case of the
movement of sheep within its own borders. To do effective
work the Federal and State Laws and inspectors must work har-
moniously, in one line, to one end. Efficient work should eradi-
cate the parasite from the United States and with it one of the
worst drains on the sheep industry. Drawbacks unfortunately
are often to be met within official ranks, as when an eminent
secretary of agriculture stated : ‘‘ It is believed that if sheep are
wet and crowded during a voyage, scab may be generated by
these conditions.’’ (Report for 1896, p. 31).

SYMBIOTIC ACARIASIS (SCABIES) IN SHEEP. FOOT
SCAB.

Symbiotes scabei v. ovis: Like that of horse and ox, but does not live
permanently on these. Most serious in winter ; may not show, though pres-
entin summer. Symptoms: Redness, itching, swelling, scurf of the lower
parts of the limbs, stamping, rubbing, gnawing, cracks, bleeding, sores ;
acarus under crusts, not under epidermis. Lesions may extend to the fore
limbs, arms and thighs; has been taken for foot-rot. Tveatment: Any of
the anti-psoric liniments, ointments or dips ; even pure glycerine, bland oil,
or vaseline.

This is caused by the Symbiotes (Chorioptes, Dermato-
phagus) Scabei var. Ovis, and presents the same morphological
characters as the symbiotes of the horse and ox. The disease is
rare and spreads slowly from sheep to sheep, showing itself

192 Veterinary Medicine.

especially in winter, in folded sheep, and improving virtually to
apparent recovery in the hot weather when the symbiotes can
live in the hair, feeding on the secretions and without biting the
skin. It is on this account that German shepherds attribute the
disease to dry winter feeding and especially to the abundance of
salt consumed. ‘The real cause is that the symbiotes is driven
inward by the cold to bite the skin and live under the scabs and
scurf where it causes intense irritation. It never hollows out
galleries under the epidermis like the sarcoptes.

Symptoms. The affection prevails in winter, causing redness
of the skin in the pasterns and lower parts of the limbs, with
abundant scaly desquamation and the formation of crusts. The
attendant itching may be violent, causing stamping, rubbing and
gnawing which induce scabbing, cracking, abrasions and even
oozing of blood. The symbiote may be found in and under the
crusts and being smaller than the psoroptes a more powerful lens,
or object glass may be required to discover it. The lesions
are at first confined to the hind limbs, but later extend to the fore
as well. In bad cases the acari may crowd upward on tothe arms
and thighs, but practically never invade the body :—a most im-
portant diagnostic symptom. Confined for a length of time to
the region of the hoof, the disease has been confounded with foot-
rot, hence the necessity of a careful search for the acarus.

Treatment is very simple and effective. Any of the anti-
psoric liniments or dips, repeatedly applied to the affected part
will destroy the parasite. In England, Goodall found that
glycerine alone was successful and doubtless a bland oil or vase-
line freely applied so as to block the breathing orifices would be
equally effective.

SARCOPTIC ACARIASIS (SCABIES) IN GOATS.

In Asiatic, African (dwarf) and Swiss goats. Has been transferred to face
of sheep, to man, horse, ox and pig, but not to fine-wooled sheep, dog nor
rabbit. Sarcoptes scabei v. Capree, distinguished by its host. Symptoms:
Begins on face but extends to head, ears, neck, trunk, udder and limbs;
redness, papules, scales, scabs, friable scurf, with scratching, rubbing, abra-
sions, sores, pustules, inappetence, wasting, marasmus. TZvreatment: As for
sheep, but especially clipping and anti-psoric liniments and ointments.
Otacariasis: Psoroptes in auditory meatus of goats in Pyrenees. Seemed

Sarcoptic Acariasis in Goats. 193

harmless. Tvreatment: Glycerine or oil in ear, with or without tobacco de-
coction. Symbiotic Acariasis in Goats : In Angora goats, attacks pasterns,
or neck, shoulders, back, loins, rump. Symptoms: Redness, papular erup-
tion, exudate, matting hair in tufts, or forming crusts, skin thick, corru-
gated, glands swollen ; extension slow. Acarus like that of sheep, etc., but
has longer rostrum and limbs, and two spathe-like prolongations on abdom-
inallobes. Zvreatment: Clip, soften and remove crusts; apply anti-psoric
dressings.

This has been especially noticed in goats brought from Thibet,
Persia (Henderson), Kartoum, Africa (Miller), and N. Africa
(Roloff). It appears to be common to goats of different breeds,
but has been thought to be especially obnoxious to those of Asia,
Africa (dwarf goat) and Switzerland.

Pathogenesis. The fat tailed sheep has been found affected
and Railliet has transferred the acarus from the goat to the face of
European sheep, so that the acarus has been supposed to be
identical with or closely allied to that of black nose (Sarcoptes
Scabei var. Ovis). It has also been successfully transferred to
the horse (Wallraff), the human being (Henderson), to cattle
and pigs (Wallraff). Miller failed to convey the disease to
sheep with long or dense or greasy wool (to any indeed but those
with short or scanty wool—Somali, Fat-tailed). He also failed
with pig, dog, ass and rabbit.

The parasite, Sarcoptes Scabei var. Caprez, resembles the
other sarcoptes already mentioned and is distinguished by the
animal which it prefers as a host.

Symptoms. The affection may begin on the face as in sheep,
but differs from black nose in tending to become generalized, on
- the head, ears, neck, trunk, udder and finally the limbs. It ap-
pears with redness and minute papules, with an excess of dand-
ruff, and exudation which concretes in a thin friable scurf, or,
under the energetic scratching, rubbing, and biting, into thick
scabs with, at intervals, cracks, abrasions, raw sores, and pustules.
The hair drops from the affected parts. The intolerable itching,
unrest, and impairment of feeding, digestion and assimilation de-
termine a rapid loss of condition and numbers of goats perish.

Treatment is the same as for sheep, but as the goat is in-
tractable in the bath it is best to resort to liniments or ointments
after having clipped the hair and softened and removed the scabs.

Psoroptic Acariasis (Scabies) in the Ear of Goats: Ota-

12

194 Veterinary Medicine.

cariasis, This affection has been seen in two goats from the
Western Pyrenees (Pesas and Morot). There appeared to be no
local irritation, but examination of the cerumen revealed the
presence of the acarus which has almost the same size and form
as those of the larger animals. It has been suggested that inves-
tigation may reveal their presence in many goats. If found to
cause irritation injection of glycerine, with or without tobacco
should destroy them.

Symbiotic Scabies (Acariasis) in Goats. This has been
described in Angora goats and differs from the symbiotic acariasis
of horse, ox and sheep, in that it does not show the same prefer-
ence for the lower parts of the limbs. In one outbreak described
by Mollereau the disease was, however, confined to one hind pas-
tern which was encrusted with scabs and shreds of straw, and
attended by extensive exudation or cedema, and even commencing
gangrene. The symbiotes swarmed beneath the scabs. In
Delafond’s cases it attacked the back of the ears, sides of the
neck, shoulders, back and loins, and the root of the tail, and
generally avoided the lower parts of the trunk. There is at first
redness with papular eruption and exudate which concretes into
hard masses, matting the hair in tufts which are duly shed, or
forming thick, hard, yellowish scales or plates, beneath which
the skin is thickened and corrugated. The subjacent lymph
glands become swollen. Beneath the crusts and especially the
recent ones the symbiotes are found in numbers. The hair has
lost its lustre and elasticity and individual fibres show inequal-
ities in thickness from root to point. It is matted with scabs and
debris near the roots and proves unfit for combing.

The disease makes a slow extension, and a lapse of months
may be necessary to show marked advance.

The acarus, symbiotes communis var. caprz, does not
differ materially in appearance from the symbiotes of horse and
ox. It can be readily distinguished from the sarcoptes of the
horse and ox, by the greater length of the rostrum and limbs; and
by the presence on the adult male of the two posterior abdominal
lobes, bearing the broad spathe-like prolongations.

Treatment is by the usual anti-psoric liniments or ointments
after clipping and the softening and removal of the scabs by soap
suds and brush, with or without previous oiling. Delafond suc-
ceeded with simple alkaline baths: Ten pounds of carbonate of
potass or soda in 22 gallons of water.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES (ACARIASIS) IN SWINE.

Sarcoptes Scabei v. Suis: Larger than S. of horse; another variety like
the S. minor of the cat. Susceptible : Man and dog for 8 or Io days at least.
High bred English swine most subject. Symptoms: Usually starts where
skin is thin, ears, eyelids, axilla, thigh, and extends to whole body. Vio-
lent itching, rubbing, fine red papules, puckering, erect bristles, pea-like
elevations, scales, leathery covering, abrasions, sores, ulcerations, anzemia,
unthrift. Acarus beneath crust removed in sunshine or warm room ; visible
to eye. Treatment: Remove scurf with warm soapsuds and brush, then
sulphur ointment, calcium sulphide solution, chloride of lime, or other anti-
psoric agent. Disinfect the pen, or abandon it.

The pig, like man, suffers from the sarcoptic scabies only.

Sarcoptes Scabei var. Suis (S. Squamiferus) resembles
that of horse and ox, but is somewhat larger (ovigerous female
.40 to.50 mm. long; male .25 to.35 mm.). ‘This lives also on
the dog, and Roloff sought to identify it with the sarcoptes capre
of the dwarf goat of Kartoum. Guzzoni identified a smaller
variety on swine, the female being but .29 mm. long and the
male but .18 mm. ‘This approximates in size to the sarcoptes
minor of the cat. The pig may therefore be said to harbor the
largest and nearly the smallest savcoptes scabet.

Animals Susceptible. Transferred to man the large sar-
coptes produces intense irritation which lasts about five days
(Bateman, etc.), ten days (Gerlach), or even indefinitely (Dela-
fond). In the dog it caused a violent eruption in forty-eight
hours, which, however, had subsided by the eighth day.

In pigs the improved English breeds suffer most, and in some
instances common breeds have escaped, though running with the
affected improved animals (Neumann).

Symptoms. The disease may start at any point where the
acarus is placed, but by preference where the skin is thin, the
roots, back, and inside of the ears, the eyelids, the axilla, the
inner surface of the thighs, and gradually extends to the rest of
the body. There is violent itching and rubbing, and a close ex-
amination may detect some red, closely set papules. The skin at
such points is wrinkled and the bristles stand erect, and later are
loosened and shed, lying on the surface in matted tufts. Behind
the ears or elsewhere the papules may become projecting tuber-

195

196 Veterinary Medicine.

cles like peas or beans, red and angry or covered by a brownish
scab. Again the thickened epidermis and exudate form a hard
leathery covering with suppuration going on beneath, and per-
haps an inch in thickness. Under the desperate rubbing the
quick is exposed at intervals with suppuration and ulceration.
The advance of the disease is slow, but from the first there is loss
of condition, which merges into marasmus and may prove fatal,

Diagnosis is completed by the discovery of the sarcoptes,
which is found beneath the scurf or crust and may not be found
at all in the surface layers. The pig should be placed in a warm
room or in the sunshine to tempt the mite into activity, and the
deepest layers of the cuticle or scab taken for examination.
Being large the acarus may be detected with the naked eye, but
better with a lens or low power of the microscope.

Treatment. The first step is to remove the scurf and scab
with warm soap suds and brush, preceded in bad cases by an in-
unction of lard for twenty-four hours or longer. This may be
followed by any of the anti-psoric liniments or ointments, which
may be reapplied every day until a cure is established. Tobacco
decoction (1 pound to 1 gallon), or black hellebore (1% pound to
1 gallon), or stavesacre (4% pound to 1 gallon) proves effective,
but may cause vomiting. Sulphur 200 parts, carbonate of potassa
100 parts, and lard 800 parts, is a slow but safe non-uauseating
application ; so is calcium sulphide solution. If a more rapid agent
is wanted a little tar, oil of tar, oil of turpentine, or carbolic acid
may be added.

In any case the pen and yard must be purified. A thorough
washing with hot water, followed by a saturation with a 5 per
cent. solution of carbolic acid, or a solution of chloride of lime
(% lb. to 1 gallon) will suffice. The ground after it has been
scraped may he covered with freshly burned quicklime.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES OF THE RABBIT.

Sarcoptic acariasis and commensals in rabbit. S. Minor: On rabbit, and
slightly varying in size, on brown rat, cat and coati, S. Minor v. Cuniculi:
Smaller than sarcoptes of other domestic mammals; forms one spacious
nest under cuticle, not channels. Attacks nose, lips, eyelids and forehead,
paws to elbows and hocks, rarely the intermaxilla, jaws and neck. Symp-

Sarcoptic Scabies of the Rabbit. 197

toms: Extreme itching and scratching, depilation, detached, ragged fur,
bald spots, gray crusts, intervening cracks and sores; skin thickened, rigid,
closed eyelids, nose, lips, anaemia, marasmus. Young suffer most. Acarus
found on inner side of crusts. Treatment: Clip; dress with sulphur and
sodium carbonate ointment. Disinfect hutches; burn litter, fodder and
manure,

This seems to be the one form of scabies or acariasis of the
skin in rabbits. The acariasis of the external auditory canal is
of course excepted. It must be noted further that the rabbit acts
as host to other acari—Gamasus pteroptoides, Cheyletus parastti-
vorus, and Listrophorus gibbus—but these represent commensals
and not injurious parasites. ;

Sarcoptes Minor; The Dwarf Sarcoptes is common to the
rabbit, brown rat, cat and coati. It does not follow that it may
be transferred easily from one genus to the other. Experiments
by Gerlach and others along this line have failed. Even the
size varies materially. Thus itis found on rabbit and cat,—fe-
male .16 to .25 mm. long, and male .12 to 18 mm., whereas on
the rat and coati it may be nearly double this size. With the
general appearance of the sarcoptes it is marked out mainly by
its small size and according to Megnin by the spacious nest which
the female forms under the cuticle instead of a linear channel.
The variety infesting the rabbit is named accordingly ; Sarcop-
tes Minor var. Cuniculi,.

Symptoms. The disease appears on the nose and lips, the
eyelids and forehead, and only exceptionally extends to the ears
the lower jaw, the throat and neck. Both fore and hind feet
suffer early on account of scratching, the disease extending up to
the elbows and hocks. The itching is extreme, and the scratch-
ing and rubbing most energetic, the fur is torn out, hanging in
tufts or leaving bare spots, an exudate oozes out and collects in
grayish white crusts, and finally thick adherent scabs. These
stand out in isolated masses, with intervening cracks, raw and
oozing, or red and bleeding. On the detaching of the scab a red
raw surface is exposed. The skin is extensively thickened and,
by reason of the scabs, rigid, so that lips and eyelids become
immovable, vision is impaired and prehension becomes impossible
and the rabbit dies of starvation. The malady is especially
destructive to the young.

Diagnosis is based on the seat of the disease, the inveterate

198 Veterinary Medicine.

itching, the scabby eruption and loss of fur, and mainly on the
discovery of the acarus. ‘This is easily found on the inner side
of the scurf or scab when raised. The harmless commensal acari
cause no local irritation and even if present in connection with
scabs are not found on their inner surface.

Treatment requires removal of the fur, the softening of the
scabs with soap, their removal, and then repeated dressings with
the ointment of sulphur and carbonate of soda.

The hutches must be carefully disinfected, the litter being re-
moved and burned and the manure and left over fodder buried.

PSOROPTIC ACARIASIS OF THE AUDITORY CANAL
IN RABBITS. OTACARIASIS.

Otacariasis by psoroptes communis v. cuniculi. Distribution: Twenty-
five per cent. at Paris. Horse susceptible. Symptoms: Itching, scratching
of concha, tossing head, swelling, tenderness of ear, with yellow debris and
many acari; ears lop, inappetence, wasting, diarrhoea, abortion, drowsiness,
vertigo, paralysis, wry-neck, fits. Tveatment: Syringe with soapsuds and
apply benzine in oil, phenol in glycerine, or sulphur ointment. Disinfect
hutches. Keep from mangy horses or their stables.

This is an invasion of the inner surface of the concha and the
external auditory canal by the Psoroptes Communis var.
Cuniculi. Being large (female .68 mm., male .35 mm. long)
they may be detected by the naked eye, among the debris, or still
better with a lens. Delafond found that 25 per cent. of rabbits
held by the Parisian dealers suffered in this way, and the affection
is common elsewhere. Mathieu caused papules on the horse by
transferring the acarus from the rabbits ear, Cagny saw horses
attacked from living with affected rabbits, and Cadeac saw rabbits
suffer when placed in the same stable with mangy (psoroptic)
horses. It remains uncertain whether the disease so produced
would prove temporary or permanent.

Symptoms. The affection is confined to the interior of the
conchal cartilage, though it may extend through the annular
cartilage, and even through the tympanic membrane. It begins
at the root of the concha asa slight exudation, with intolerable
itching, tossing of the head and ears and scratching them vio-
lently with the hind feet. The ear is sensitive to sneezing. After

Sarcoptic Scabies in Camel and Dromedary. 199

a few weeks it is thickened, hard and painful, and is filled by a
yellowish, granular, foul debris in which the acari are found in
abundance. ‘The ears now lop habitually and their interior, in-
cluding the lining membrane of the canal, is raw, swollen and
sore. The appetite fails, emaciation sets in, diarrhcea, abortion,
failure to breed, and in some cases drowsiness, vertigo, paralysis,
epilepsy and torticollis appear. In these cases the middle or inter-
nal ear may have been invaded if not by the acari yet by the ex-
tending inflammation. The vertigo is to be referred to the semi-
circular canals and the epilepsy to the reflex irritation from the
seat of irritation, like that which Brown-Sequard induced in muti-
lated Guinea-pigs.

Treatment. Wash out the ear with castile soap and warm
water, then fill the annular cartilage and smear the concha with
a mixture in equal parts of olive oil and benzine and repeat the
application daily. A 2 per cent. solution of carbolic acid in
glycerine does well and is somewhat more permanent, as is a
similar solution of oil of tar or cade oil. A solution of tobacco or
a sulphur ointment is effective and devoid of irritant properties.

The usual methods of purifying the hutch and surroundings
must be resorted to. Again horses with psoroptic mange must
be carefully excluded and the places where they have been, their
harness and other belongings must be treated. Whether the
psoroptes derived from the horse can live indefinitely in the ear of
the rabbit or not, it is certain that constant accessions of the para-
site will keep up the affection continuously in the rodent.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES (ACARIASIS) IN CAMEL AND
DROMEDARY.

Common in East, transmitted through khans, S. Scabei v. Cameli. Sus-
ceptible: Dromedary, llama, giraffe, antelope, and even man. Accessory
causes: Poverty, weakness, filth, fatigue, using same lairs and trappings.
Symptoms : Begins on thin skin, anus, perineum, groin, sheath, mamme,
andextends generally. Intense itching, rubbing, biting, scratching, papules,
skin thick, rigid, wrinkled, cracked, abraded, scabbed, ulcerated, weakness,
emaciation. Secondary infections, lymphadenitis, stocking, arthritis, etc.
Treatment: Clip, apply green soap and lard. Prevention: Cleanliness,
grooming, avoidance of infected places and animals, anti-psoric ointments.

200 Veterinary Medicine.

This has been long known in the East, the transmission being
especially favored by the aggregation of the animals in herds,
and their camping in the same Khan or on the same ground in
succession. !

The acarus is Sarcoptes Scabei var. Cameli and it has less
evident markings on the integument than have other varieties.
The female is .44 mm. and the male .24 mm. long.

Animals susceptible. It attacks indifferently the llama,
giraffe and antelope bubalis. Its transmission to man from
newly-arrived camels has been attested by Frank, Straus-Durk-
heim, Hamon and Biett, and its prevalence in Arabs handling the
diseased camels is familiar (Palgrave, Vallon, Gourdon, etc.).
In Senegal a similar skin disease attacks the negroes who handle
diseased dromedaries, (Berenger-Feraud, Carpot, Blanchard) but
the acarus has not been identified.

Accessory Causes: Low condition, weakness, filth, using
the same lairs in succession, or the same trappings are especially
to be noted. Fatiguing travel from place to place reduces the
resisting power and encreases the opportunity for infestment.

Symptoms. The thin parts of the skin, anus, vulva, peri-
neum, groin, sheath, mamme, inside of thighs and elbows, inter-
digital space, and abdomen are usually first attacked, but the
acarus gradually invades the entire body. There is intense itch-
ing, manifested by constant rubbing, nibbling, biting and scratch-
ing so that the animal may be all but uncontrollable, papules (%
inch) arise, the hair is broken, twisted and rubbed out, and the
skin is thickened, indurated, corrugated, cracked, fissured and
abraded. ‘The exudate concretes in thick, hard scabs, and the
discharge is offensive. The disease advances with great rapidity,
with increasing emaciation and debility and tends to marasmus
and death. The abundant cutaneous and subcutaneous exudate,
forms a fertile field for other infections and lymphangitis, swelling
or suppuration of the adjacent lymph glands, infiltration and
swelling of the hind limbs, or of the affected areas of the body,
and even arthritis and other internal infections ensue. Biett’s
cases in man had gastro-intestinal inflammation and anasarca.

Treatment. Clip the whole skin, wash with soap suds then
apply a mixture of tar and lard equal parts, or the lard may be
replaced by green soap, or any bland oil. A thorough and re-

Sarcoptic Scabies. Acariasts in the Dog. 201

peated application of any of the efficient acaricides would doubt-
less succeed.

Prevention consists in avoiding the usual causes of contamina-
tion, of weakness, and debility, in good grooming, and in an
inunction with an anti-psoric ointment several times a year.
Crude tar is used, but occasionally causes asphyxia.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES. ACARIASIS IN THE DOG.
MANGE.

Sarcoptic Scabies in dog; two species of acari: S. Scabei v. Canis: .30
mim. long, communicable to man and probably to horse and pig, and S.
Scabei v. Lupi on wolf, dog and man (crusted mange, Norwegian itch).
Harbors temporarily S. Minor v. Cati, S. Scabei v. Suis, and Trombidium
larva. Symptoms: Begins on head, eyes, muzzle, ears, from prey, paws,
breast, belly, back, rump; papules, vesicles, intense itching, licking, rub-
bing, biting, scratching, abrasions, sores, crusts, cutaneous thickening,
wrinkling, pustulation, depilation, inappetence, emaciation, debility. Diag-
nosis: Intense itching, rapid spread, discovery of acarus. TZvreatment:
Clip ; green soap, alcohol and phenol, then acaricides: naphthalin, vaselin,
lavender oil, sulphur ointment, Peru balsam ointment. Burn litter; clean,
scald kennel ; whitewash with acaricide. Prevention: Seclusion of mangy
dogs ; exclude from shows, hunts, etc. Scald clothing.

The dog, like the pig, harbors two different sarcoptes which
give rise to what might be technically held to be two diseases,
Common Mange and the Mange of the Wolf. The acari are:

1. Sarcoptes Scabei var. Canis, ovigerous female .30 mm.,
male .20 mm. long. Zurn claims that this may cause scabies in
horse and pig as it has often done in man (Chabert, Grognier,
Viborg, Biett, Delafond, Gerlach, Frohner, etc).

2. Sarcoptes Scabei var. Lupi a very much larger variety
found on wolves and dogs, was identified by Fuerstenberg as the
basis of the inveterate Morwegian itch of man, but Hebra denies
the correctness of this. It seems clear, however, that it may live
on man. In keeping with its larger size it produces more exten-
sive local.lesions, with a more abundant exudate, which deter-
mines what is known as crusted mange.

Still two other sarcoptes can live, at least temporarily, on the
dog, Sarcoptes Minor var. Cati, and Sarcoptes Scabei var.

202 Veterinary Medicine.

Suis already described. Finally the trombidium 6 legged larva
attacks the dog on paws, limbs, abdomen, nose and elsewhere
giving an appearance of mange which, however, shows in sum-
mer only and recovers in a day or two if the victim is shut
indoors.

Symptoms. The common sarcoptic scabies habitually starts
about the head (muzzle, eyelids, ears) suggesting that it may
have been contracted by biting or smelling an infested animal.
The early implication of the paws, breast, abdomen, back and
rump is similarly suggestive. On parts sparsely covered by hair, it
shows minute red points, soon enlarging to papules as large as
a lentil or pea, and at times crowned by a vesicle. This is at-
tended by insupportable itching, aggravated by a warm place or
covering, and manifested by restless movement, biting, scratching
and rubbing, and by movements of the hind foot and legs when
the parts are handled or gently rubbed. Under this constant
friction, redness, congestion and swelling spread over the skin be-

tween the papules, and the resulting abrasions, ruptured vesicles
and open ends of the burrows of the sarcoptes exude a serous

liquid which concretes as crusts and scabs, grayish yellow, brown,
red or of other tint. An attendant exudation into the skin and
subcutaneous tissues, produces thickening, rigidity, corrugation
and adhesion to the parts beneath. The exudate decomposing be-
comes very offensive. Pustules and other skin lesions are not
uncommon. The hair is generally shed, though unlike ringworm,
the bare patches still retain a few scattered hairs. The itching
does not diminish with the advance of the skin lesions, but
scratching, rubbing, or, if too painful, licking is incessant. ‘The
general health suffers, appetite is impaired, and under the con-
stant excitement day and night the subject becomes emaciated and
debilitated and may die exhausted in two or three months.
Diagnosis depends mainly on the gradual and even rapid ex-
tension of the disease from the primary centre or centres over the
whole skin, on the intensity of the itching, on the extension from
one dog to others living with it, and above all on the demonstra-
tion of the acarus. This last is often difficult because of the bur-
rowing habits of the sarcoptes. The crusts should be raised and
examined on their deep aspect. Or the surface of the skin may
be scraped until the cuticle is removed and its deepest products
examined on a piece of black paper with alens. If still they es-

Sarcoptic Scabies. Acariases in the Dog. 203

cape observation the crusts may be steeped for one or two hours
in a ten per cent. solution of caustic potash and then examined
under a low power of the microscope (20 diameters). In this
way the crusts are rendered quite transparent while the chitinous
covering of the acarus, being unaffected, stands out clearly. The
other methods of placing the patient in a warm atmosphere or in
sunshine to tempt the sarcoptes to leave its burrow or that of
tying the scab on the human arm may be tried.

The mange caused by sarcoptes lupi is mainly to be distinguished
by the size of the parasite, the abundance, thickness and hard-
ness of the scabs, and the inveterate persistency of the disease.

Treatment. The first step in long-haired dogs is universal
clipping. This obviates all risk of overlooking isolated centres
which are just commencing. Next the whole skin may be cov-
ered with a solution of equal parts of green potash soap and
alcohol and just enough carbolic acid to give it the odor. This
is washed off next day and the surface is covered with the follow-
ing: Naphthalin, % oz.; vaseline, 2% ozs.; oil of lavender, 8
drops. ‘This may be applied daily until a cure is established.
Another very effective dressing and equally safe is sulphur, 1 02z.;
carbonate of potash, 1% oz.; lard, 4 ozs. For house dogs balsam
of Peru or styrax, ™% oz. to vaseline, 2 ozs., or alcohol 1 pint
makes a most agreeable, if somewhat expensive, dressing, which
though slow is effective. Creolin 1 in alcohol 15 is very efficient.
Lysol may be used in the same proportions. Cevadilla, 1 oz.;
sulphur, % oz.; olive oil, 8 ozs.; alum, 2 drs., is highly recom-
mended, but like carbolic acid, tobacco, creosote, cade oil, tur-
pentine, benzine, and other preparations it necessitates a close
muzzle or a leather covering on the part dressed, to avoid poison-
ing of the patient.

The burning of the litter, the whitewashing or disinfection
otherwise of the kennel, exercise in the open air, a varied and
liberal diet and a course of tonics are important auxiliaries to the
local treatment.

Prevention must be sought by the compulsory seclusion of
mangy dogs, leading them only on chain, by the exclusion of all
such from public gatherings of dogs as in hunting, or coursing,
by the boiling in strong soda solution of all blankets, covers, rugs,
bedding, etc., and by the avoidance of all handling of mangy
dogs, so that the disease may not be conveyed to human beings.

SYMBIOTIC ACARIASIS OF THE EARIN DOGS. OTA-
CARIASIS. EPILEPTIFORM OTACARIASIS.

Otacariasis in dogs, in packs, and less often single dogs. Symbiotes Au-
vicularum v. Canis. Symptoms: Shakes head, scratches ear, debris in
meatus, red, raw, ulcerated patches, nervousness on exertion, yelps, runs on
obstacles, falls in fit, is sullen, snappish or dull, stupid, deaf. Attacks get
progressively worse. Attacks all ages. Find parasite in cerumen. TZveat-
ment : Syringe out with soapsuds containing 2 per cent. phenol, then inject
naphthalin, ether and olive oil, or carbon bisulphide solution, or lysol.

This has been noticed especially in dogs kept in packs or num-
bers, packs of hounds, sporting dogs, but this is manifestly due
to the facilities offered for the transmission of the parasite. It
has also been seen in setters, pointers, terriers and poodles.

The essential cause of the affection is the Symbiotes Auricu-
larum var. Canis, the ovigerous female of which is .46 to .50
mm. and the male .35 to .38 mm. in length.

Symptoms. The dog may show a special disposition to shake
the head or scratch the ear, and the examination may show a
dirty condition of the interior of the concha, and a discharge or
an accumulation of scurf or debris in the external auditory canal.
In some cases there is ulceration or red raw patches. Usually,
however, the first symptoms noticed are the nervous ones. The
dog in the kennel appears well, and he enters eagerly on a hunt,
but in fifteen to thirty minutes he utters a yelp or a howl, aban-
dons the hunt and runs wildly, striking blindly against obstacles
and howling, and finally, after describing two or three circles,
falling in an epileptic fit. Soon the spasms cease, but dulness
remains, and hunting may or may not be resumed, according to
the violence of the attack. Examination of the ear shows the
accumulation of brownish ceruminous debris, in the midst of
which the actively moving symbiotes may be detected.

Like all forms of acariasis the malady is progressive, the at-
tacks come on sooner after the dog is put to work, and are more
violent and prolonged, and the recovery is less perfect. The dog
is sullen, snappish or timid, and stupidity and deafness are not
uncommon. Death may occur during a fit.

Diagnosis. From epilepsy due to other causes, this is dis-

tinguished by the shaking of the head and rubbing of the ears,
204

Symbiotic Acariasis of the Ear in Cats. 205

by the presence in the ear of the scaly ceruminous debris, and
above all by the presence of the acarus. It is also noticeable that
it attacks all ages, and not mainly the young which suffer most
from verminous epilepsy, that it attacks a number of dogs kept
together thereby bespeaking contagion, and that for a length of
time, it is only shown when the dog is subjected to active exer-
cise. In all cases of epilepsy however it is well to look for this
parasite.

Treatment. The ear may be first cleaned and syringed out
with a two per cent. solution of carbolic acid; it may then be
dried and injected with the following: naphthol 24 drops, sul-
phuric ether 1 dr., olive oil % 0z.; close the opening for 10 or 15
minutes with cotton wool. As an alternate, carbon bisulphide 25
drops in alcohol, %4 oz. may be used. Or an aqueous solution of
lysol (1:100). Sewell recommends ointment of nitrate of mer-
cury I dr., olive oil 1 oz.

SYMBIOTIC ACARIASIS OF THE EAR IN CATS.
OTACARIASIS.

Otacariasis in Cats. Symbiotes Auricularum v. Cati: Itching, scratch-
ing, delirium, stupor, vertigo, convulsions ; excess of cerumen in ear with
acari. Treatment: As in dog. Otacariasis in ferret: Inactive, lazy,
drowsy, scratches ear, excess of cerumen with acari; tympanic and middle
ear inflammation, temporal caries, meningitis. Treatment. As in cat.

This is due to Symbiotes Auricularum var. Cati, of which
the ovigerous female is .45 to .47 mm., and the male .3 to .32
mm. long.

The symptoms are intense itching, scratching and attacks of
delirium so that on different occasions the cats were killed as
rabid In other cases they became stupid, vertiginous, unable to
walk, and rolled over on the side when they tried to sit up.
Convulsions have not been noticed. Inside the ear is an ac-
cumulation of cerumen on and in which may be detected the
moving acari as fine white or grayish points.

Treatment does not differ from that advised for the dog and
need not be repeated.

SYMBIOTIC ACARIASIS OF THE EAR IN FERRETS.
OTACARIASIS.

The special acarus of this affection is Symbiotes Auricu-
larum var. Furonis, of which the ovigerous female is .38 to
-45 nm. and the male .27 to .34 mm in length.

The lesions have been observed to extend to destructive ulcer-
ation and perforation of the tympanic membrane, violent in-
flammation of the middle ear, caries of the temporal bone, and
meningitis.

The ferret becomes inactive, lazy, drowsy, stupid and when
roused scratches its ear. No acute nervous symptoms have been
noticed. The excess of cerumen and the moving acari are diag-
nostic.

If detected early the treatment used for dog and cat is suc-
cessful in the ferret.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES (ACARIASIS) IN CATS.

Sarcoptic Scabies in Cat. Sarcoptes Minor: 12 to 25 mm. as in rabbit
and rat ; not known to be communicable. Man, horse, ox and dog suscepti-
ble. Symptoms: Papule on head or neck, forms vesicle, spreads, though
rarely to body, hair in tufts, crusted, bald patches, scratches, abrasions,
sores, closure of eyelids and nostrils, sniffing. Diagnosis by limited area,
itching, number suffering, and presence of acarus. Zvreatment: By sulphur
ointment, styrax ointment, zinc chloride solution.

This is caused by the Dwarf Sarcoptes—Sarcoptes Minor
var. Cati, of which the ovigerous female is .16 to .25 mm. and
the male .12 to.18 mm. long. It has the same size and charac-
teristics as that of the rabbit and rat, but it has not been shown
that it is communicable from one of these animals to the other,
and during its prevalence on farm cats, it has not been noticed
that the rats suffered. And yet the sarcoptes of the cat seems to
be especially adaptable to other animals. Man has often contracted
scabies from cats (Hertwig, Berthold, Marrel, Gerlach, Perron-
cito) ; so have horses (Hertwig, Megnin), cattle (Rademacher)
and dogs (Delafond).

Symptoms. The disease usually begins by a minute papule

206

Sarcoptic Scabies. Acariasis in Ferrets. 207

on the head or neck and it rarely extends upon the body. The
papules multiply and form vesicles, which rupture, exuding a
liquid that condenses into a crust. These crusts mat the hair to-
gether in tufts, and through additions to the crusts and the con-
tinuous scratching induced by the itching, the hair is shed leaving
bald, raw or encrusted areas. The exudate further invades the
skin and subcutaneous connective tissue, with thickening, rigidity,
swelling and blocking of the natural orifices. As the face
especially suffers the eyelids are encrusted and inverted over the
sunken eyes, the lips are thick, crusted and inelastic, the nostrils
are blocked, and the respiration sniffing. The animal becomes
dirty and haggard, eats little, wastes day by day, yet may live
from three to six months. Thus young kittens suffer most
acutely and die earliest, and especially in localities where a num-
ber of cats are affected.

Diagnosis depends on the limited area affected—the head—
the attendant itching, the fact that a number of cats suffer in the
same place, and above all on the discovery of the sarcoptes,
which may be found beneath the scabs. If difficulty is met with,
the exposed skin may be scraped and the scrapings steeped for
two hours in caustic potash solution (1:10) or the scabs may be
tied on the human arm.

Treatment is difficult owing tothe risk of poisoning the cat.
On the whole the sulphur ointment (sulphur 2, carbonate of
potash 1 and vaseline 8) is the best and safest application. It is
of the utmost importance to institute treatment in the early stage
before the strength and vigor of the patient have been under-
mined. Styrax ointment has succeeded in the hands of Fried-
berger and Frohner. Bell succeeded with solution of zine chlo-

ride (4:500).

SARCOPTIC SCABIES. ACARIASIS IN FERRETS.

S. Scabei v. hydrocheri: Attacks head and feet ; tufted hair, exudate,
crusts, chaps, sores, claws overgrown, intense itching, walks on foot-pad.
Treatment : Sulphur cream or ointment.

This is due to Sarcoptes Scabei var. Hydrocheeri and not
to the sarcoptes minor as in rabbits. The ovigerous female is .36
mm. long and the male .22 mm. A few attempts to transmit it

208 Veterinary Medicine.

to man and dog have failed. The polecat is suspected to be the
source of the infection. It must not be confounded with the
Listrophorous Mustele which is a harmless commensul on both
ferret and polecat.

It attacks chiefly the head and feet, but may spread to any
part of the body. At first there is a moist condition of the skin,
with excess of the normal scent, later there are crusts which mat
the hair in tufts, then depilation, and the formation of chaps and
sores. ‘The head may be covered by a continuous crust broken
up into small masses, also the digits and interdigital spaces, and
the claws grow out to an extreme length, becoming straight or
even bending upward. Intense itching is shown from the begin-
ning, the ferret scratching and biting itself with great energy.
The concentration of the eruption on the lower surface at the
root of the claws, causes the animal to walk slowly and on the
back part of the foot.

Treatment, as in the sarcoptes minor of the cat, is necessarily
confined to the use of the simplest non-poisonous acaricides. A
liberal use of sulphur in combination with glycerine, vaseline or
lard appears to be the best and safest resort. If the crusts are
thick and hard, carbonate of potash may be added, or soap may
be used as the excipient.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES OF THE LEGS IN BIRDS.

Sarcoptes Mutans: Rounded papillary processes on back of female ; ab-
sence of suckers at posterior border of male. Symptoms: Disease of scaly
part of legs and feet; exudation under scales forming friable mass, with
cavities for acari; vascular surface, red, tender; ova rare; itching worst at
night, pecking leg, lameness, weakness, arthritis, gangrene, debility, ema-
ciation, ceases to lay; death in 6to 12 months. Treatment: Segregate dis-
eased, clean, disinfect house, soften scales in tepid water, then smear with
sulphur ointment. Naphthalin, lysol, etc., may be used.

This affection is found not only in chickens, but also in tur-
keys, pheasants, partridges, bullfinches, goldfinches, paroquets,
etc. It is probably common to all granivorous birds and palmi-
pedes.

The cause of the affection is Sarcoptes Mutans, Changing
Sarcoptes, which is characterized by the presence of numerous

Sarcoptic Scabies of the Legs in Birds. 209

rounded papillary processes on the whole back of the female, and
the absence of the usual copulatory suckers near the posterior
border of the ventral aspect of the male. The female is .40 to .45
mm., and the male .20 mm. in length.

Symptoms. These sarcoptes appear to live exclusively on the
legs and especially under the scales in front of these members.
They give rise to exudation with accumulation of a great amount
of a white powdery material which elevates the scales, in irregu-
lar masses and processes, greatly thickening and distorting
the leg. When the scales are picked or broken off by accident,
the crust on the inner side is friable, being hollowed out into a
system of cavities and chambers in which the acari have burrowed,
and any exposed vascular surface is red, tender, and ready to
bleed. In the deepest layer in the larger excavations are found
the motionless ovigerous females, while the larva, nymphze and
males are generally distributed throughout the crust and on the
skin. Ova are rare as the parasite is ovoviviparous. Itching is a
marked feature, especially at night, and leads to pawing and
pecking at the affected limb. In this way as well as by pressure
of the super-incumbent crusts, inflammation is aggravated and
lameness, inability to stand long, arthritis and even gangrene of
the toes are brought about.

The disease runs a slow course gradually undermining the
health, lowering condition, and interrupting laying, until the
bird dies in marasmus in from six to twelve months. When
complicated by tinea favosa, diphtheria, coccidiosis, tubercle or other
disorder a fatal result is hastened.

Treatment. ‘The disease spreads slowly from fowl to fowl,
one infested sometimes remaining in a flock for a length of time
without infesting others. The larger the number affected how-
ever, aud the more advanced the disease, the greater the danger
of infection. All diseased birds should therefore be removed
from the flock, and the poultry house, but especially the nests and
roosts deluged with a boiling solution of caustic potash, followed
by saturation with a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid.

For the affected birds the limbs should be dipped in a bath of
tepid water until the scabs are softened, then these are carefully
removed, and the whole member thickly covered with a sulphur
ointment (sulphur 2 drs., carbonate of potash 1 dr., lard 1 oz.).

14

210 Veterinary Medicine.

Ointments of phenol, naphthalin, creosote, lysol or creolin may
be substituted. For some time thereafter the limb is sensitive
and should be protected by vaseline, oil, or glycerine.

SARCOPTIC SCABIES OF THE BODY OF CHICKEN OR
PIGEON. DEPLUMING SCABIES.

S. Laevis: No mammiform elevations on dorsum of female; copulatory
suckers in male. Varieties: S. Z. v. Galline, and S. L. v. Columbe, the
latter the smaller. Symptoms: pecks out feathers from rump, thighs, back,
belly, breast and neck ; excess of epidermic scales, with acari, quills broken
at skin, debility, emaciation, laying falls off, flesh lacks flavor. Spreads
rapidly, especially through ¢veading. Most active in spring and summer.
Treatment: Dry dust baths with phenol, sulphur, calcium sulphide, insect
powder, stavesacre, sulphur ointment, carbon bisulphide. Disinfect nests,
roosts, houses, runs, etc.

This acariasis differs from that last described in attacking the
feathered portions of the body, and causing loss of feathers.

It is caused by Sarcoptes Laevis which is somewhat smaller
than the Savcoptes mutans and further differs in the absence of the
mammiform projections on the back of the female, and in the
presence of two copulatory suckers on the posterior part of the
ventral aspect in the male. Two varieties differing slightly in
size are found on hen and pigeon respectively.

Sarcoptes Levis var. Gallinz. Ovigerous female is .31 to
.35 min. and the male .17 to .18 mm. long. Discovered in 1886
on a chicken (Railliet).

Sarcoptes Levis var. Columbez. Ovigerous female .27 to
.31 mm. and the male .14 to .17 mm. long. Discovered in 1855
on a messenger pigeon (Railliet and Cadiot).

Symptoms. The bird is noticed to pick out its feathers more
especially around the rump, then the thighs, back, belly, breast
and neck, and it is not uncommon to find one performing this
service for another. Examination of the parts shows an excessive
production of epidermic scales, especially around the points of in-
sertion of the quills, and in this debris a number of the actively
moving acari. The quills are often found to be broken off at the
level of the skin, and the remaining part crumbling into powder.
Masses of powder with acari are also found at the junction of the

Demodecic Scabies. 211

quill and shaft. The congestion and irritation of the skin is
moderate, the normal smoothness, thinness and suppleness being
often retained, but debility and emaciation set in, the yield of
eggs is lessened and the flesh loses in flavor.

The disease spreads from bird to bird with great rapidity,
largely, it would appear, through the cock in ¢veading, and may
attack a whole flock in a few days. Neumann has observed that
it is much more marked in spring and summer and subsides in
great measure in autumn and winter.

Treatment. Dry dust baths in covered boxes, and having a
liberal admixture of sulphur, phenol, insect powder or powdered
stavesacre will often suffice. If not, the parts may be rubbed
with sulphur ointment, or the exposed skin sprayed with
bisulphide of carbon. Disinfection of nests and roosts is desira-
ble.

DEMODECIC SCABIES.

Demodex, worm-like, in hair follicles and sebaceous glands. Demodex
Folliculorum v. hominis, in human nose, etc., causing comedon. De-
modex Folliculorum v. Canis, in eyelids, toes, elbows, hocks, or body of
dog. Redness, circular depilation, papules, scurf, skin thickened, puckered,
bald, large papules, pustules, bluish red or pink with whitish centre.
Cheesy or pus-like sebum pressed out and cleared by ether shows acari.
Susceptibility : Youth, short hairs, unexplained personal proclivity. May
pass to man. TZveatment: Dissolve sebum by carbon bisulphide, benzine,
phenol, lysol, potassium sulphide, Peru balsam. Sulphur internally. D.
Folliculorum v. Suis: Attacks snout, neck, breast, axilla, abdomen, groin,
etc. ; 1000 in follicle, abscess, millet-seed to hazelnut ; become confluent.
Treatment as in dog. D. Folliculorum v. Capre: On sides of body and
flanks ; nodules, pea, hazelnut filled with sebum and acari. D. Follicu-
lorum v. Ovis in Meibomian glands of sheep, causing conjunctivitis. D.
Folliculorum v. Bovis: Short abdomen, long rostrum and cephalo-thorax.
Found in muzzle and hides of cattle, resulting abscesses ; hurt value of skin.
D. Folliculorum v. Equi: Found in Meibomian glands and upper lip of
horse.

This form of acariasis is characterised : 1st, by the vermiform,
outline of the parasite, the abdomen of which is prolonged in the
form of a worm (demodex wormlike) ; and 2nd, by the habitat
of the parasite in the hair follicles and sebaceous glands of the
skin. The specific name of Demodex Folliculorum has been given

212 Veterinary Medicine.

to the mite while the variety found on any special animal is fur-
ther named after its host.

The Demodex Folliculorum has a broad short rostrum with
chelicerze, jaws and tongue; a cephalo-thorax, one-third longer
than broad, and furnished with four rudimentary limbs, on each
side, on the flat ventral aspect, and close to the border; and
lastly the conical worm-like abdomen, about three times the
length of the cephalo-thorax and finely striated across. They are
oviparous, the egg being elipsoid, and the young pass through the
same stages of hexapod larva; octopod, non-sexual nympha;
sexually mature male and female; and ovigerous female that are
seen in other acarina.

Demodex Folliculorum var. Hominis. This inhabits the
sebaceous glands of the human face, especially the nose, and
when twelve or more exist in one cavity they give rise to the
acne-like swelling known as Comedon. ‘The female measures
.38 mm. and the male .30 mm. in length.

Demodex Folliculorum var. Canis. The female measures
.25 to .30 mm. long; the male .22 to .25 mm.

It lives in the sebaceous glands, of the eyelids, toes, elbows
and hocks, and later by extension on any part of the body. At
first there are redness, depilation, small papules and a slight scur-
finess of the affected spots. Later the redness becomes intense,
the skin thickened, scabby, corrugated and bald, with more pro-
jecting papules and pustules. The papules may show a dark-
bluish red color, or they may be pink with a whiteish center.

In some instances the follicle is open and discharges a pus-
like fluid in which numerous acari can be found. In some in-
stances pressure forces out a cylindroid mass of sebum which
being dissolved in alcohol or ether shows abundance of the acari.
As in other parasitic affections causing evulsion of the hair (ring-
worm) there is a tendency to form circular bald spots (civcinate
form), on which, in this case, the papillary elevations appear. In
some instances there is little congestion or eruption and for a
time the affection is marked, but a great shedding of hairs and
dandruff (sguamous or scally form). Itching is usually moderate.

Diagnosis is to be made from ved mange with difficulty, but
the latter affects first the inside of the elbows and thighs, the
breast and abdomen, and furnishes no acari on examination,

Demodecic Scabies. 213

while this scabies affects first the paws and head and the matter
squeezed from the acne-like elevations furnishes the demodex in
great abundance. It must be borne in mind that the presence of
the demodex often coincides with other parasitisms and non-para-
sitic diseases of the skin, and even, as Laulanie has shown, with
cutaneous tuberculosis.

Susceptibility. Youth especially predisposes, and short hairs
appear to (Cornevin). Wecannot, however, fully explain why
certain animals are specially receptive and others resistant.
Haubner and Cornevin respectively transmitted the disease from
dog to dog, only to find a spontaneous recovery in eight days.
Many other attempts have failed from the first. The fact of liv-
ing together rarely transmits it (Weiss, Friedberger, Siedam-
grotzky, Csokor).

Zurn claims to have seen a number of persons infested, who
handled demodecic dogs, while a number of others have inocu-
lated man from the dog without effect (Martensucci, Friedberger,
Cornevin).

Treatment. Demodecic Scabies is difficult to deal with be-
cause the parasite lives so deeply in the hair follicles and gland
ducts where ordinary external dressings fail to reach it. The
great desideratum is to get something that will dissolve the
cerumen and make its way to the bottom of the follicular re-
cesses. To meet this, carbon bisulphide 10 parts, vaseline 30
parts (Megnin), or the bisulphide and sweet oil in the same pro-
portions may be rubbed into the affected parts daily. Zurn
recommends benzine 1 part, lard 4 parts; and Hofer carbolic
acid 1 part, lard 30 parts. By replacing the lard by olive oil a
more diffluent and penetrating agent is obtained. Creolin or lysol
I part, olive oil 14 parts may be used. Brusasco gave a bath of
potassium sulphide 14 to water 100 and followed by unguentum
cantharidis (1:6). Benzine, phenol, or creosote liniment might
be substituted for the Spanish fly. Megnin employed sulphur
baths daily for a month keeping the dog in the bath for 15
minutes each time and kneading or shampooing the skin through-
out. Inthe second month he gave the bath every second or
third day. He further succeeded with calcium sulphide made by
boiling 100 grammes sulphur with 200 grammes of quicklime in
a liter of water, then setting aside, and decanting and using the
clear solution. ‘This he rubbed into the skin with a sponge daily

a

214 Veterinary Medicine.

until successful. Fleming advises that sulphur should be given
internally. Around the eyes balsam of Peru 1 part, alcohol 4
parts is a bland and effective application. It is rubbed in daily
after having squeezed out the contents of the follicles.

Demodex Folliculorum var. Suis. (D. Phylloides).
The female is .24 to .26 mm. long and the male .22 mm. It in-
vades the more delicate portions of the skin, snout, neck, breast,
abdomen, inner sides of thighs and forearms, and usually respects
the tougher dorsal aspect. The parasites seem to multiply
rapidly, as many as 1000 having been found in a single follicle.
They cause suppurating cavities (pustules) from a millet seed to a
hazel nut in size, the smaller sacs bursting into each other to
form one large one. Nothing is recorded as to treatment which
would naturally be along the same lines as in the dog.

Demodex Folliculorum var. Caprz. The female is .23 to
.25 mm. long and the male .22 to .23. They have been found
on the sides of the body and flanks, giving rise to hard swellings,
varying in size from a pea to a hazelnut, and yielding, when
squeezed, a large amount of ceruminous debris, made up largely
of the demodex.

Demodex Folliculorum var. Ovis. This was found by Os-
chatz in the Meibomian glands of the sheep, causing conjunctivitis
and an appearance of stye. It differed from that of man in hav-
ing a longer rostrum and cephalo-thorax.

Demodex Folliculorum var. Bovis. The length is 20 mm.
The abdomen is short, the rostrum and cephalo-thorax forming
two-fifths of the total length. This acarus was found in the muz-
zle of cattle; also in the hides of Illinois and Minnesota cattle
(Faxon). The hides when tanned still showed the cavities ex-
tending through their thickness. Grimm found a poor unthrifty
heifer with pea-like nodules all over the body, but especially on
the shoulders. When squeezed these yielded a thick viscid pus
containing enormous numbers of the demodex. The head and
limbs were unaffected. The other animals in the herd were
healthy and thrifty. All had an abundant ration.

Demodex Folliculorum var. Equi. This was found by
Erasums Wilson in the Meibomian glands of the horse, causing
inflammation of the tarsi as in the parallel case in the sheep.
Gros also found the parasite in the upper lip of the horse.

LINGUATULA TAENIOIDES.

Degraded arachnida, with dwarfed legs like two pairs of hooks. Body ver-
miform, broadening to head, annulated, with denticulated rings ; larva and
mature form in different organs and species. Mature Linguatula Tenio-
ides: Elongated, worm-like, lanceolate toward head, tail long, thin, flat-
tened, venter smooth, dorsum rounded ; go rings ; sharp, curved, retractile
oral hooks. Hosts: Nose and air chambers of head; dog, fox, wolf, horse,
goat, sheep, ox. Ovulation: 500,000 eggs, sneezed out, are taken in with
food and water by herbivora. Embryo hatched in stomach, with protractile
stylet (vostrum) bores to lymph gland, becomes pupa, in 8 weeks nympha,
and finally anon-sexuallarva. Larva (Linguatula Denticulatum), in 6 or
7 months, migrates to the peritoneum, pleura, lungs or bronchia and nose,
or host being eaten by carnivorous animal, they develop to maturity in its
nose. Common in Paris in butchers’ and shepherd dogs, and in Roumanian
oxen. Symptoms of nasal linguatula: Sneezing, snuffling, rubbing nose,
cough, dyspnea, choking, morose, snappish, epilepsy, delirium, epistaxis,
parasite in discharge. TZveatment: Inject tepid water or benzine in oil.
Symptoms of larva: Unnoticed or loss of condition. Prevention : Deny
raw offal to dogs ; treat sneezing dogs ; exclude dogs from sheep-pastures.
Other pentastomata.

The genus linguatula (tongue-like) is a degraded form of
Arachnida, in which the legs have become rudimentary, being
represented by two pairs of hooks to the right and left of the
mouth ; the body is vermiform, broad toward the head and narrow
toward the tail, and annulated, each ring in the mature form being
dentated, the sharp, pointed teeth turned backward. The respira-
tion is cutaneous. The larvee and mature specimens occupy
different organs, usually different species of vertebrate hosts.

Mature Linguatula Tznioides. This isa whitish, elongated
worm-like parasite, lanceolate in its anterior third, and prolonged
into a long attenuated tail, flattened from above downward, ven-
tral aspect plane, dorsal aspect well rounded, formed of about go
rings giving a notched appearance to the lateral margins and a
moniliform aspect to the tail, mouth round or partly quadrangular,
oral hooks sharp, curved backward, in two segments and re-
tractile. The female is 2 to 2% inches long by 8 to 10 mm.
broad in its anterior part (2 mm. in tail), The male 18 to 20
mm. long, by 3 mm. broad in the anterior part (0.45 mm. in the
tail.)

Hosts of Mature Linguatula Tznioides. This inhabits

215

216 Veterinary Medicine,

the nasal chambers, turbinated bones and (exceptionally) frontal
sinuses of carnivora especially :—dog (Weisberg, Chabert, etc.),
jox (Monies), wolf (Bremser, Colin, Miram), made (Greve),
horse (Chabert, Leblanc, Rose, Csokor), goat (Briickmiiller),
Sheep (Rind), ox (Babes).

Ovulation. The eggs are ovoid, produced in great numbers,
(500,000, Leuckart), and contain partially developed embryos
when laid. Expelled by the frequent sneezing of the host, they
dry, adherent to the vegetation, and are taken in by herbivora
with their food and water. They can resist for weeks the influ-
ence of atmospheric changes at this stage.

Embryo. In the stomach the shell is digested and the embryo
set free. This has an ovoid body flattened beneath, furnished
with two pairs of very rudimentary legs, and on its anterior hook-
lets, by the aid of which it bores into the tissues. Its favorite
destinations are the mesenteric lymph glands, liver, lungs, pan-
creas or other solid organ. It is destitute of sexual organs, and
measures 130 long, by 60m broad. In its new home it under-
goes a series of moultings and passes into the form of agamous
larva. In the gland, etc., it quickly loses legs, perforating ros-
trum, segments, hooks and hairs, becoming a motionless ovoid
pupa, 2504 by 180m. In about 8 weeks each is seen to contain a
nympha, and this is developed into a larva, which largely repre-
sents the mature linguatula, except for the absence of generative
organs.

Larva, This is 4 to 8 mm. long, by 1 to 2 mm. broad anteri-
orly. The larva has a fully developed digestive system, two pairs
of lateral hooklets by the sides of the mouth, and distinct rings
dentated sharply on their posterior borders. This form has been
known as linguatula denticulatum. Toward the sixth or
seventh month, when fully developed as larve, these migrate,
from their evolution-habitat, and pass into other organs (lungs,
bronchia) or fall into serous cavities (peritoneum, pleura). They
do not reach sexual maturity outside of the air passages so that
large numbers perish at this stage of their existence. Sometimes,
however, the host is devoured by a carnivorous animal and the
larvee reach maturity in its nasal cavities ; in other cases the larva
reaches the bronchia of its first host and makes its way to the
nasal chambers to be matured in the same animal. In six or

Linguatula Tentoids. 217

seven weeks they reach sexual maturity, and reproduce their
kind.

Frequency. In some localities linguatula arecommon. Colin
found them in ten per cent. of the dogs opened at the Alfort Vet-
erinary College, Paris, most in butchers’, shepherds’ and street
dogs, and fewest in house dogs. It may be equally common in
other localities where it has been recognized. Babes found it in
the nose of all Roumanian oxen examined (35 head).

Nasal Symptoms from Mature Linguatula. These have
been noted by Colin in experimental cases, and by others in cas-
ual ones, especially in dogs. When first attacked the pricking of
the Schneiderian membrane by the buccal hooks gives rise to a
little irritation and sneezing, but this decreases as the mucosa be-
comes more tolerant. This early symptom usually passes unob-
served. If the parasites are few in number, no more marked phe-
nomena may appear, and the disease passes unsuspected. When
the linguatula are numerous, on the other hand, they interfere
more or less with the passage of air, causing more or less snuffling,
and frequent and violent paroxysms of sneezing. The dog rubs
his nose with his paws as if to remove some offensive agent, tears
flow from the eyes and saliva from the mouth, and there may be
violent coughing or even dyspnoea. Dick records a case of sud-
den death of a dog from asphyxia, with one linguatula in the
larynx, one in the trachea and one in the left bronchus. They
sonietimes give rise to reflex nervous troubles such as epilepsy or
delirium (rabiform symptoms). In other cases the dog is morose,
snappish and dangerous. In one instance the parasite was found
to have entered the middle ear, so that pain or itching of that or-
gan, deafness or vertigo might have been looked for. Landon
noted epistasis in an affected man, which promptly disappeared as
soon as the parasites had been evacuated. A conclusive symptom
is the presence of ova in the discharged nasal mucus, and better
still of a mature linguatula. By washing out the nasal chambers
with tepid water this evidence may be increased. A single inva-
sion in the nose may last for two years (Colin).

Treatment. This consists of careful syringing out of the
nasal chambers with tepid water. A more effective proceeding is
to fill each nasal chamber in succession with a mixture of benzine
in olive oil (5:100). Knough of this will remain adherent to the
mucosa to destroy the parasite.

218 Veterinary Medicine.

Symtoms Caused by the Larve. Asa rule these pass en-
tirely unnoticed. If very numerous, troubles may follow varying
with the organ invaded; emaciation from infested mesenteric
glands, icterus or intestinal disorder from the liver; cough from
the lungs. Usually a slight lack of condition, only, is seen in the
affected animals, but in no case is there any hope of a certain
diagnosis during life.

Prevention. This must aim at interrupting the normal cycle
of development of the parasite. In localities where this exists
dogs should be denied access to all raw offal of sheep or other her-
bivora. The waste product of abbatoirs must be sterilized by heat,
and the heads and carcases of dead sheep, etc., must be treated in
the same way.

Dogs affected with paroxysmal, dry sneezing must be treated,
and, as far as possible, all dogs should be excluded from sheep
pastures.

OTHER LINGUATULA. Railliet records the following instances
of infestment by other linguatule: Linguatula Recurvata in the
frontal sinus and trachea of a jaguar in Brazil ; Linguatula Sub-
triguetra in the throat of an Alligator ; Pentastomum Moniliforme
in the lungs of a striped python and in the liver and other viscera
of dogs, lions and panther; Pentastomum Proboscideum and P.
Subcylindricum in the lungs of American reptiles and mammals ;
Pentastomum Constrictum in the lungs, etc., of negroes and
giraffe in Egypt, and in soldiers, causing fatal pneumonia and
peritonitis. Itis, therefore, not improbable that opportunity only
is lacking to make these parasites of domestic animals.

SCORPIONS.

Scorpions look dangerous by reason of their formidable crab-
like pincer claws, but these are comparatively harmless. The
real danger lies in the venomous sting in the end of the tail but
even this is not serious except in the case of some large tropical
species (nine or ten inches long) and when used on small animals.
On the larger it may cause a local inflammation but no more.
In Europe Maupertius found that dogs and chickens suffered only
temporary inconvenience from the sting, while in Redi’s hands it

Annelide. 219

proved occasionally fatal to pigeons. Jousset dealing witn the
tropical species found that the venom caused agglutination of the
red blood globules, blocking of the capillaries, and gangrene.
The tail strikes upward and the animal may be safely handled by
seizing the last caudal segment.

ANNELIDZ (anellus, a ring). Formed of rings.
VERMES. HELMINTHES. WORMS.

CESTODES (kestos girdle), PLATHELMINTHS. TAPEWORMS.
Flat, segmented worms; no true digestive organs ; hermaph-
rodite.

TANIA (TAPEWORMS) PROPER.

CysToT&Nni&. Caudal vesicle in cystic form, is a continuous de-
velopment from the head.

In Larval or Cystic Form.

Cysticercus, Each ovum develops one cyst with one head.
Coenurus, Each ovum develops one cyst with many (100
to 200) heads.
Echinococcus. Each ovum develops one cyst, which
forms daughter and granddaughter cysts with or without
heads. Multilocular.

TENLE WITH CYSTICERCUS LARVA.

CysticercusLarva. fTabitat. Mature Tenia.
C. Tenuicollis Peritoneum, pleu- T. Marginata.
(tenuis delicate, ra, liver. ° Ox,
colle neck) sheep, goat, pig.
Connect. tissue Habitat. Small intestine.
cat, man. Dog.
C. Medioca- Connective tissue T. Mediocanellata (Sag-
nellata (me- of muscles. inata),
dius middle Calf. Habitat. Small intestine.
canal). Man.
C. Cellulosa. Connective tissue T. Solium.
of muscles. Habitat. Small intestine.

Pig, dog, man. Man.

220

Viscera. Rabbit,

bird.

C. Pisiformis
(Serrata)

C. Fasciolaris Liver. Mouse,rat,

rodents.
C. Fistularis. Peritoneum.
Horse.
?
C. Krabbei. Connective _ tis-
sue. Reindeer.

.C, Bailleti Peritoneum, pleu-
(plerocercoides) ra. Cat, dog.

C. Bothrioplitis. Helix Maculosa.

Flabitat.

Brain,spinal cord.
Sheep, goat, ox

Cenurus Larva
C. Cerebralis.

Veterinary Medicine.

T. Serrata.
Habitat. Small intestine.
Man.

T. Crassicollis.
Habitat. Small intestine.
Cat.

>
T. Plicata.
Habitat. Small intestine.
Horse.
T. Krabbei.
Habitat. Small intestine.
Dog.

?

T. Bothrioplitis.

FHlabitat. Intestine. Hen.

Mature Tenia.

T. Coenurus.
Habitat. Small intestine.
Dog, wolf, fox.

T. Serialis.
Habitat. Small intestine.
Dog, wolf, fox.

Mature Tenia.

T. Echinococcus.

Habitat. Small intestine.
Dog, wolf, fox.

Caudal cyst in larva is small, void of

liquid and connected with the head by a special seg-

(horse ?).
C. Serialis. Connective tissue.
Rabbit, hare.
Echinococcus
Larva. Habitat.

E. Veterino- Liver, spleen,
rum (poly- lungs, etc. Ox,
morphus, sheep, goat, pig,
hominis). horse, man. Per-

itoneum, Dog.
Cystoidotzenia.
ment (blastogene).
Cryptocystis Abdomen of Tri-
Trichodectes chodectes Canis

and Pulex Ser-

(cysticercus ca-
raticeps.

nina).

T. (Cucumerina) canina.

Habitat.
Dog.

Small intestine.

Annelide.

221

TZENIA WITH CYSTIC OR LARVAL FORM UNKNOWN OR UNCER-
TAIN.

Mature Tenia. Alabitat.
T. Litterata (Pseudo-Cucumerina).
Small Intestine. Dog.
T. Plicata. Small Intestine. Horse.
T. Mamilana. Small Intestine. Horse.
T. Perfoliata,. Small Intestine. Horse.
T. Expansa. Small Intestine. Sheep, Ox.
T. Fimbriata. Gall Ducts. Small Intestine. Sheep, Deer.
T. Denticulata. Small Intestine. Ox.
T. Alba. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Benedeni. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Aculeata. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Ovilla. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Giardi. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Vogti. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Centripunctata. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Globipunctata. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Ovipunctata. Small Intestine. Sheep.
T. Capre. Ilium. Goat.
T. Elliptica. Small Intestine. Cat, Man.
T. Pseudo-Etliptica. Small Intestine. Cat, Man.
T. Pectinata. (5 species Riehm) Intestine. Rabbit.
T. Lanceolata. Intestine. Goose, Duck.
T. Sinuosa. Intestine. Goose, Duck.
T. Trilineata. Intestine. Duck.
T. Coronula. Intestine. Duck.
T. Gracilis. Intestine. Duck.
T. Fasciata, Intestine. Goose.
T. Setigera. Intestine. Goose, Swan.
T. Malleus (Fasciolaris) Intestine. Goose, Duck, Hen.
T. Infundibuliformis. (Larva in earth worm).
Intestine. Hen.
T. Cesticellus. Intestine. Goose, Duck, Hen.
T. Proglottina. (Larva in snails). Duodenum. Hen.
TZ. Megalops. Intestine. Duck.
T. Anatina. Intestine. Duck.
T. Conica. Intestine. Duck.
T: Imbutiformis. Intestine. Duck.
T. Cuneata, (larva in earth worm).
Intestine. Hen.
T. Tetragona. Intestine. Hen.
T. Echinobothrida. Intestine. Hen.
T. Crassula. Intestine. Pigeon.
T. Exilis. Intestine. Hen.
T. Cantaniana. Intestine. Turkey, Peafowl, Pheasant.
T. Cesticillus v. Phasianorum. Intestine. Pheasant.
T. Friedbergert. Intestine. Pheasant.
T. Aequabilis. Intestine. Swan.

222 Veterinary Medicine.

Bothriocephalus (bothris pit, cephale head). Tape-
worms without rostrum or hooklets, head flat, two
lateral elongated suctorial pits ; mature may develop
from ovum in one host.

Mature Parasite. Flabitat.

Bothriocephalus Latus

(latus broad) Intestine. Man, dog.
B. Cordatus (cord

shaped). Intestine. Man, dog.
B. Felis. Intestine. Cat, ounce, leopard, etc.
B. Fuscus. Intestine. Dog.
B. Reticulatus. Intestine. Dog.
B. Dubins (probably retic-

ulatus). Intestine. Dog.
B. Longicollis. Intestine. Hen.

TREMATODES (trematodes pierced). FLUKES.

Soft, nude, non-articulated bodies, often flat, one or more suck-
ers, mouth and digestive canal, no anus, hermaphrodite, alter-
nate generations, larvze mostly in molluscs.

Parasite. Flabitat.

Distoma Texanicum Tissue of liver, lung, etc. Ox.
(Giganteum ) (dis :
twice, stoma opening).

D. Hepaticum. Gall ducts (intestine). Sheep, ox, goat,
pig, horse, man, etc.
D. Lanceolatum. Gall ducts (intestine). Sheep, ox, goat,
pig, ass, rabbit, hare, cat, man.
D,. Campanulatum Cysts on bile ducts. Dog, Bolonga;
(Truncatum) cat, fox, seal.
D. Sinense. Liver. Cat, China ; Japan (man).
D. Conjunctum. Cat, China; Japan, man; India, fox,
America.
D. Cavie. Bile ducts. Guinea-pig.
D. Pellucidum. Gullet. Hen.
D. Lineare. Large intestine. Hen.
D. Dilatatum. Ceecum and rectum. Hen.
D. Armatum. Ceecum and rectum. Hen.
D. Comutatum (Mesogonzi-
mus) Ceecum and rectum. Hen, Pigeon.
D, Ovatum. Oviducts. Geese, ducks ; eggs hen.
D. Echinatum (larva in
snails). Intestine. Duck, goose, dog.
D. Oxycephalum (v. of
last). Intestine. Duck, goose (hen).

D. Cuneatum. Oviduct. Pea hen.

Annelide. 223

Paragonimus(D.)West-

ermannii. Distoma

Pulmonale. Lungs. Man, dog, pig, cat, tiger.
Amphistoma Conicum

(amphi both sides) A.

Cervt. , First stomach. Ox, sheep, goat, rumi-
nants.
A. Collinsz. Stomach. Horse.
A. Collinsi v. Stanleyt. Stomach. Horse.
A. Truncatum., Gall ducts. Cat.
A. Crumeniferum. Ox.
A. Tuberculatum. Intestine. Ox. India.
A. Hawkestt. Intestine. Elephant. India.
A. Explanatum, Bile ducts. Zebu.
Holostoma Alatum. Intestine. Dog, fox.
Al. Erraticum. Duck, swan.
Monostoma Mutabile Suborbital cavities, nose, trachea,
(monos one). bronchi. Goose.
M. Attenuatum. Goose.
M. Triseriale. Czecum. Goose.
M. Verrucosum. Cecum. Duck.
M. Caryophyllinum. Duck.
Gastrodiscus Sonsini. Small intestine. Horse, mule. Egypt,
Senegal, Guadaloup.
Agamodistomum. Muscles. Swine. United States.

NEMATHELMINTHS (nema thread, round ; helminthos, worm.)
Cylindroid ; sexes in separate individuals.
ACANTHOCEPHALI (acanthos thorn, hook ; cephale head. )

Protractile proboscis with recurved hooks ; no digestive canal.

Genus: Lchinorhynchus (echinos spined, rynchus proboscis).
E. Gigas (gigas giant). Smallintestine. Pig.
E. Polymorphus. Intestine. Duck, goose, swan.
£. Filicollis. Duck.
E. Sphaerocephalus. Duck.

GENERA AND SPECIES OF ROUND WORMS.

Genus: TRicHosoma (trix hair, soma body). Caudal part of

body hairlike. Whip-worm.

T. Papillosum. Small Intestine. Sheep.

T. Plica. Urinary bladder. Dog, Fox, Wolf.

T. Aerophilum. Trachea. Cat, Fox, Martin, etc.

T. Felis. Urinary bladder. Cat.

T. Brevicolle (breve short, neck). Caecum. Duck,
Goose.

224

Genus:

Genus:

Genus :

Veterinary Medicine.

T. Contortum (twisted). Submucosa, gullet. Ducks.
Intestine. Birds.

T. Longicolle. Intestine. Hen, Partridge.

T. Columba (Tenuissimum). Intestine. Pigeon.

T. Lineare. Intestine. Cat.

T. Annulatum. Intestine. Chicken.

T. Collare. Intestine. Chicken.

TRICOCEPHALUS (trix and cephale head). Cephalic
part of body hairlike. Whip-worm.

T. Affinis (Allied). Caecum. Ruminants.

T. Crenatus (crenate) Dispar. Large intestine. Pig.

T. Depressiusculus. Caecum. Dog, Fox.

T. Unguiculatus. Ceecum. Hare, Rabbit.

Finaria (filum hair thread)

F. Papillosa (Equina). Peritoneum, aqueous humor,
Fallopian tube, etc. Horse.

F. Cervina. Peritoneum, aqueous humor. Ox.

T. Palpebrarum (Lachrymalis). Conjunctival sac.
Horse.

F, Trispinulosa. Larva, aqueous humor. Dog.

F. Sanguinis. Blood. Dog.

F. Immitis. Heart. Dog.

F. Osleri. Tubercles on bronchia. Dog.

F. Hepatica. Mucosa of Gall ducts. Dog.

F. Irritans. Skin andsubcutem. Horse.

F. Haemorrhagica (Multipapillosa), Skin and sub-
cutem. Horse, Mule.

fF. Clava. Peritracheal conn. tissue. Pigeon.

fF. Cygni. Intestine, abdomen. Swan.

f, Anatis. Around heart. Duck.

F. Mansoni. Aqueous humor. Hen, etc. China.

F. Medinensis (Guinea worm). Subcutem. Man,
Dog, Horse, Ox.

F. Recondita (Sanguinis Canis). Embryos in blood.
Dog.

F. Sanguinis Equi. Blood. Horse. Egypt, Pisa,
Kazan.

SCLEROSTOMA (scleros hard, stoma mouth).

S. Equinum (Stvongylus Armatus). Mature in large
intestines ; zmmadure in cysts in mucosa, arteries of gas-
tro-intestinal and other abdominal organs, and of other
parts, causing clots, aneurisms, and embolisms. Soli-

eds.

g Tetracanthum (4 toothed). Large intestines: z-
mature, cysts in mucosa. Solipeds.

S. Hypostomum. Large intestine. Sheep, Goat.

Genus

Genus :

Genus:

Genus:

Genus :

Genus :

Genus:

15

Annelida. 225

SYNGAMUS (syn with, gamus marriage), Male and
female always united.

S. Trachealis. Trachea. Birds, Chicken, Turkey,
Pheasant, Pea-fowl, Partridge, Sparrow, and many
wild birds.

S. Bronchialis. Bronchia. Goose, Duck, Swan.

STEPHANURUS (Stephanos crown, hood, oura tail).
S. Dentatus (Sclerostoma Pinguicola). Cysts in mesen-
tery, about spare rib, kidney, liver, etc. Swine.

UNCINARIA (uncinus hook).

U. Trigonocephala (three cornered head). Small In-
testine. Dog, Fox, Cat.

U. Cernua. Small Intestine. Sheep, Goat.

U. Stenocephala. Small Intestine. Dog.

U. Radiata. Duodenum. Calf, Cattle,

TRICHINA (trix hair).

T. Spiralis. A/ature in alimentary canal ; zamature in
connective tissue of muscles. Man, Pig, Rat, Mouse,
Dog, Fox, Cat, Weasel, Badger, Racoon, Bear, Mole,
Hedgehog, also Hamster, Guinea-pig, Rabbit, Calf,
Lamb, Horse, etc.

DISPHARAGUS (dis two, pharynx throat). Double
pharynx.

D. Spiralis. Intestine, connective tissue around gullet.
Hen.

D. Nasutus. Wall of gizzard. Hen, Sparrow.

OLLULANUS (ollula smallfoot, anus).

O. Tricuspis (three teeth). ature in gastric mucosa ;
immature in intestine and muscles. Cat and small
Rodents.

SPIROPTERA (speira coil, pteron wing).

S. Reticulala. Wound round muscular or tendinous
fibres in neck, shank, ete. Horse.

S. Megastoma. Diseased gastric mucosa. Horse, ass.

S. Microstoma. Gastric contents. Horse, ass.

S. (Gongylonema) Scutata. Atsophagean epithelium.
Ox, sheep, pig, horse.

S. Strongylina. Stomach. Pig.

S. Sanguinolenta. Stomach, blood vessels, lungs.
Dog.

Ss. Tee poe Gastric mucosa. Hare, rabbit.

S. Uncinata. Gullet. Goose.

SS. Crassicanda. Gizzard. Duck.

S. Hamulosa. Gizzard. Hen.

Simondsia Paradoxa. Cysts in gastric mucosa. Pig.

226

Genus:

Genus:

Genus:

Veterinary Medicine.

STRONGYLUS (stroggylos cylindrical).

S. Gigas. Liver, kidneys, urinary organs. Horse, ox,
dog, man.

S. Filaria. Trachea, bronchia, lungs. Sheep, goat,
camel.

S. Rufescens, Lungs, bronchia. Sheep, goat, camel.

S. Micrurus. Trachea, bronchia, lungs. Calf.

S. Pulmonaris. Bronchia. Calves.

S. Arnfieldi. Bronchia, lungs. Horse, ass.

S. Axei. Tumors of gastric mucosa. Ass.

S. Tenuissimus. Tumors of left gastric mucosa,
Horse.

S. Elongatus. Trachea, bronchia, lungs. Pig.

S. Commutatus. Bronchia. Rabbit, hare.

S. Pusillus. Bronchia. Cat.

S. Ostertagi. Nodules of mucosa, fourth stomach.
Calf. Yearling. Cattle.

S. Radiatus. Smallintestine. Colon. Ox.

S. Filicollis. Fourth stomach, duodenum. Sheep.

S. Contortus. Fourth stomach, duodenum. Sheep.

S. Convolutus. Fourth stomach and intestine. Sheep,

Ox.

. Ventricosus, Smallintestine. Sheep, ox.

. Venulosus. Small intestine. Goat.

. Strigosus. Intestine. Rabbit, hare.

. Vasorum. Cavities of heart. Dog.

. Subulatus. Venous blood. Dog.

. Retortaformis. Intestine. Rabbit, hare.

. Nodularis. Gullet, gizzard, intestine. Duck, goose.

S. Tenuis. Goose.

Rennes

OxyuRIs (oxys pointed, oura tail).,

O.Curvula. Large intestine. Solipeds.

O. Mastigodes. Large intestine. Solipeds.

O. Vermicularis. Large intestine. Man (dog ?).
O. Ambigua. Cecum. Rabbit, hare.

O. Compar. Intestine. Cat (dog ?).

ASCARIS (intestinal worm).

A. Megalocephala (megalos large). Small intestine.
Solipeds.

. Bovis (Vituli), Small intestine. Calf.

Ovis. Small intestine. Sheep.

Suilla. Small intestine. Swine.

Marginata. Small intestine (stomach). Dog.

Mystax. Small intestine (stomach). Cat, man.

. Crassa. Intestine. Duck, goose.

. Inflexa. Intestine. Hen.

. Gibbosa. Intestine. Hen.

LARPDDDD

Genus:

Genus :

Genus:

Genus:

Genus:

Genus:

Annelida. 227

A. Perspicillium. Intestine. Turkey.

A. Maculosa, Intestine. Pigeon.

A. Dispar. Intestine. Goose.

A. Vesicularis, Czecum, large intestine. Hen, turkey,
peafowl.

HETERAKEIS (@teros different, Akis point, spiculum).

HT. Vesicularis (Papillosa). Ceecum, gallinaceze. Duck.

HT, Lineata. Duck.

HT, Dispar, Ceecum. Goose.

fT, Maculosa (Columbe). Goose, pigeon.

fT. Compressa, Intestine. Chicken.

fT. Inflexa (Perspicillium). Intestine, egg. Hen, tur-
key, peafowl, pheasant.

FT, Differens. VWarge intestine. Hen.

PASSALURIS (passalos pig, oura tail).
P. Ambigua. Intestine. Rabbit, hare.

CsopHaGostoma (Mouth and gullet continuous: no
buccal cavity).

CE. Columbiana. Mature in intestines; zmmature in
cysts in intestinal walls, mesentery, liver,etc. Sheep.
America.

CE. Venulosum, Intestine and intestinal walls. Sheep,
Goat, Deer.

CZ. Dentatum. Intestine, intestinal walls and liver.
Pig, Pecari.

CE. Inflatum. Intestine, intestinal walls. Ox.

PHYSALOPTERUS (physallis bladder, pteron wing).
P. Truncata (cut off). Proventriculus. Chicken.
P. Digitata. Stomach. Puma, Cougar, (Cat).

GLOBOCEPHALUS (round head).
G. Longemucronatus (tail sharp point). Small intestine.
Pig.

RHABDONEMA (rabdos rod or wand).

R. Strongyloides (Anguillula Intestinalis).
R. Longus. Intestines. Sheep.

R. Suis. Intestines. Pig.

R. Cuniculi, Intestine. Rabbit.

BUCCAL AND PHARYNGEAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF

SOLIPEDS.

Microorganisms in Infectious Diseases.

Saccharomyces Albicans in 7hrush in sucking foals.
Actinomyces in tongue, lips, etc.
Gutturomyces Equi in guttural pouches (Rivolta).

228 Veterinary Medicine.

Horse leech (Heemophis Sanguisuga) on lips, tongue, cheek,
palate, pharynx.

Gray leech (Hirudo-Medicinalis). Algiers and tropics.

Green leech (H. Officinalis), Algiers and tropics.

Trout leech (H. Troctina). Algiers and tropics. ;

Land leech (H. Ceylonica, H. Tagalla). Ceylon, Philippines.

Larva of Géstrus Duodenalis (Nasalis).

CESOPHAGEAL AND GASTRIC PARASITES OF SOLIPEDS.

Larva of CEstrus Equi. Common horse bot. (From largest
bot fly).

Larva of CEstrus Hemorrhoidalis. Bot ofrectum. (From
red-tailed bot fly).

Larva of CEstrus Pecorum,. Bot of rectum. (From bot fly
with yellow hairs and black band.

Larva of CEstrus Duodenalis (Nasalis). Bot of pharyn
and duodenum. (From bot fly with orange or gray hairs on tail).

Larva of Géstrus Flavipes. Bot of yellow-footed cestrus.

Strongylus Axei. In tumors of gastric mucosa.

S Minusculus (Tenuissimus). In tumors of right gastric
mucosa. ,

Spiroptera Megastoma. In tumors of right gastric mucosa
and gullet.

S. Microstoma. Gastric contents and ulcers.

S. (Gongylonema) Scutata. Cisophagean epithelium.

INTESTINAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF SOLIPEDS.

INFUSORIA.
ENTODINIUM BIPALMATUM. Contents of large intestine.
Entodinium Valvatum. Contents of large intestine.
Diplodinium Uncinatum. Contents of large intestine.
Diplodinium Unifasciatum. Contents of large intestine.
Spirodinium Equi. Contents of large intestine.
Triadinium Caudatum. Contents of large intestine.
Globidium Leuckarti. Willi of small intestine.

TAPE-WORMS.
Teenia Perfoliata. Small intestine and ceecum (colon).
T. Mamillana (Mammiform tenia). Small intestine
(stomach).
T. Plicata (Folded tenia). Smallintestine (stomach).
Cysticercus Fistularis (Pipe-like cyst). Peritoneum.

TREMATODES.
Amphistoma of Collins, Large intestines. India.
Gastrodiscus Sonsini. Small and large intestines,
pharynx, gullet, stomach, nose.

Annelide. 229

NEMATODES.

Ascaris Megalacephala (Large headed ascaris). Small
intestines.

Oxyuris Curvula (Curved pointed tailed worm). Large
Intestines.

Oxyuris Mastigodes (Thread tailed worm). Large
intestines.

Sclerostoma Equinum (armed mouthed). Large in-
testines. Cysts in mucosa, blood vessels.

Sclerostoma Tetracanthum (four toothed). Large
intestines.

Filaria Papillosa (Thread worm with papille). Peri-
toneum, aqueous humor, etc.

Anguillula (Rhabdonema). Intestines.

LARVA OF DIPTERA.
Géstrus in passing out and temporarily delayed in bowel.
Felophilus Pendulinus (Rat tailed maggot). Intestines.

PARASITES OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX IN RUMINANTS.
Microorganisms of Infectious Diseases.

Saccharomyces Albicans in thrush of calves and lambs.
Hemopis. Leeches of different kinds.
Actinomyces in lips, tongue, cheeks, and pharynx.

PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF CHSOPHAGUS AND STOMACHS
IN RUMINANTS.

Microorganisms of Infectious Diseases.

Infusoria : (Don’t appear to be injurious to the host).

Isotricha Prostoma. l,ong, ciliated, mouth terminal; in
rumen.

I. Intestinalis. Tong, ciliated, mouth ventral; in rumen.

Dystricha Ruminantum. Spiral surface strie ; in rumen.

Holotriche. Entirely ciliated, in hay and in rumen.

Butchlia Parva. Ovoid body, truncated and ciliated in
front; in rumen.

B. Neglecta. Four deep notches at tail, transverse ciliary
zones ; in rumen.

B. Lanceolata. T,ancet-shaped, distinct neck with cilia; in
rumen.

Ophryoscolex Purkenjet. Flat, rigid, 3 whorls of cilia;
rumen sheep.

O. Mermis. Body ovoid, nude, buccal ciliary whorl; ru-
men sheep.

Entodinium Minimum. Elongated, nude, obtuse end,
buccal cilia ; rumen sheep.

230 Veterinary Medicine.

&. Bursa. Body ovoid, flattened, broad, nude, notched
tail, buccal cilia ; rumen sheep.
E. Caudatum. Body ovoid, nude, 3 caudal prolongations,
buccal cilia ; rumen sheep.
£. Rostratum. Ovoid, nude, 1 caudal prolongation, buc-
cal cilia ; rumen sheep.
Diplodinium Vortex. 1 circle of buccal, and 3 of caudal
cilia ; rumen sheep.
D. Maggii. 2 circles of buccal cilia, 1 caudal (often im-
perfect) ; rumen sheep.
D. Bursa. Body cord-like, 1 circle of butcal cilia, tail
bilobate ; rumen sheep.
D. Mammosum. Like the last, but with 3 mammiform
caudal lobes ; rumen sheep.
D. Dentatum. 2 cephalic rings of cilia, 6 curved caudal
denticulations ; rumen sheep.
D. Caudatum. 1 buccal circle of cilia, caudal prolonga-
tion ; rumen sheep.
D. Ecaudatum. Like the last but without tail; rumen
sheep.
D. Rostratum. Vike the latter but smaller, 80; rumen
sheep.
D. Cattanei. Body long, buccal ciliary ring, several caudal
prolongations ; rumen sheep. ;
Storozoa: Balbiana Gigantea. Muscles of pharynx and gul-
let in sheep, ox, buffalo and goat.
Trematodes: Amphistoma Conicum. Ovoid, narrowed to-
ward head, red. Rumen of ox, sheep, etc.
A.Crumeniferum. In zebu.
Nematodes: Strongylus Contortus. Abomasum of sheep, goat,
argali, chamois, ox.
S. Filicollis. Abomasum of sheep and goat.
S. Convolutus. Abomasum of ox and sheep.
Spiroptera (Gongylonema) Scutatum. In sinuous
line in epithelium of gullet in sheep and cattle.

PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF THE INTESTINES IN RUMI-
NANTS.

Microorganisms of Infectious Diseases.

Cryptogams: Actinomyces. Intestine of calf.
Saccharomyces Guttulatus in intestinal mucus. Ox
and sheep.
Aspergillus Fumigatus in intestinal mucosa and mesen-
teric glands of ox.
Infusoria : Lamblia Intestinalis. Intestinal contents. Sheep.

Annelide. 231

Sporozoa Coccidia perforans and Oviformis. Intestinal
mucosa and contents. Ox, sheep.

Cestodes : Tzenia Denticulata (Dentated). Small intestine. Ox.
T. Expansa (Broad). Small intestine. Ox, sheep.
T. Alba (White). Small intestine. Sheep, ox.
T. Benedeni. Small intestine. Sheep.
T. Fimbriata (Fringed). Duodenum. Gall ducts.
Sheep.
. Vogti. Smallintestine. Sheep.
. Ovilla (Aculeata). Small intestine. Sheep.
Centripunctata. Small intestine. Sheep.
. Globipunctata, Small intestine. Sheep.
Capre. Small intestine. Goat.

Trematodes: Amphistoma Tuberculatum. Intestines. Ox. (Hin-
dostan).
Bilharzia Crassa. Mucous papules of intestines
and anus. Ox (Egypt, Africa, India).
Distoma Hepaticum and D. Lanceolatum.
Young in duodenum and peritoneal cyst.

Nematodes: Ascaris Vituli (vitulus calf). A. Bovis. Small

intestine. Ox.

A. Ovis. Small intestine. Sheep.

Strongylus Contortus. Small intestine. Sheep.

S. Filicollis (filam thread, collum neck). Duode-
num, Sheep.

S. Ventricosus (venter belly, ventricose bulging).
Intestine. Ox.

C£sophagostoma Inflatum (inflated neck). In-
testine. Ox.

CZ, Venulosum (many veined).

GE. Columbianum (Dist. of Col.).

Sclerostoma Hypostomum (hypo beneath, stoma
mouth). Large intestine. Sheep, goat.

Uncinaria Radiata (uncinus a hook). Dwuodenum.
Calf, ox.

U. Cernua. Small intestine. Sheep, goat.

Trichocephalus Affinis (whip worm, affinis re-
lated). Large intestine. Ox, sheep, goat.

Rhabdonema Longus (rhabdos rod, nema thread).
Intestine. Sheep.

as eg: ig i: Tg

PARASITES OF THE MOUTH AND PHARYNX IN SWINE.
Microorganisms of infectious diseases.

Leech, Hemopis.
Spiroptera (Gongylonema) Scutata. In epithelial layer.

232 Veterinary Medicine.

PARASITES OF THE GULLET AND STOMACH IN SWINE.

Infusoria: Trichomonas. A flagellate organism in contents.

Nematodes: Spiroptera Strongylina.
S. (Gongylonema) Scutata, In epithelial layer.
Gnathostoma Hispida (gnathos jaw, hispidus
prickly).
Simondsia Paradoxa. In gastric contents and
tumors of the mucosa.

PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF INTESTINES IN SWINE.

Infusoria: Balantidium Coli, Rectum. Harmless.

Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchus Gigas (Echinos sea-urchin
rhynchus nose). Duodenum and small intestine
generally.

Trematodes: Distoma Hepaticum. Embryos in duodenum.
D. Lanceolatum. Embryos in duodenum.

Nematodes: Ascaris Suis. Small intestine.

CEsophagastoma Dentatum Large and small in-
testine.

Globocephalus Longemucronatus (Globus
round, cephale head, mucronatus sharp point).
Small intestine.

Trichocephalus Crenatus. ‘(Dispar). Whip-
worm ; crenatus folded. Large intestine.

Trichina Spiralis (Trix hair). Large and small
intestine.

Rhabdonema Suis,

PARASITES OF MOUTH, PHARYNX, GULLET AND STOMACH OF
DOG.

Microorganisms of Disease.

Leech. Hemopis.
Infusoria: Monocercomonas Canis (cercos tail, monos one).
Uniflagellate infusoria. Stomach, duodenum.
Gstrus Larva. Stomach from eating horse raw.

Nematodes: Spiroptera Sanguinolenta. Blood-hued. ‘Tu-
mors in stomach and gullet.
Ascaris Marginata.

Various tape-worms.

Annelide. 233

PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF THE INTESTINE IN DOG.

Infusoria: Lamblia Intestinalis.

Sporozoa: Coccidium Oviforme. Contents and mucosa.
C. Perforans. Contents and mucosa.
C. Bigeminum,. Contents and mucosa.
Cytospermium Villorum Intestinalis Canis? Cocci-
dia of intestinal villi.

Trematodes: Hemistoma Alatum (alatus winged).
Distoma Echinatum. (Echinus thorn).
D. Truncatum, Young.

Cestodes: Teenia Serrata: Small Intestine. Larva: Cysticercus
Pisiformis, Rabbit.

T. Marginata: Small Intestine. Larva: C. Tenuicollis,
Herbivora.

T. Canina (Cucumerina): Small Intestine. Larva: C.
in Trichodectes, Louse, Flea.

T. Krabbei: Small Intestine. Larva: C. Tarandi, Rein-
deer.

T. Coenurus: Small Intestine. Larva: Coenurus Cere-
bralis, Sheep, Ox.

T. Serialis: Small Intestine. Larva: C. Serialis, Rabbit.

T. Echinococcus: Small Intestine. Larva: Echino-
coccus Veterinorum, Herbivora, Omnivora.

T. Litterata,: (Lineata, Pseudo-cucumerina, Canis
Lagopodis) : Small Intestine.

Bothriocephalus Latus : Small Intestine.

B. Cordatus: Small Intestine.

B. Fuscus: Small Intestine.

Nematodes: Ascaris Marginata: Small Intestine.

Oxyuris Vermicularis : Small Intestine.

Uncinaria Trigonocephala (Uncinus hook): Small
Intestine.

U. Stenocephala: Small Intestine.

Trichocephalus Depressiusculus (Whip worm) :
Ceecum.,

Filaria Hepatica: (Immature) : Mucosa of intestine and
bile ducts.

PARASITES OF THE STOMACH OF THE CAT.

Ollulanus Tricuspis (Three toothed): Gastric mucosa.
Ascaris Mystax: In contents.
Taenia Crassicollis (Thick necked) : In contents.

234 Veterinary Medicine.

PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF THE INTESTINES OF CAT.

Infusoria: Lamblia Intestinalis ; Small intestine. Harmless.
Sporozoa: Coccidium Rivolta: Mucosa and contents of bowel.

Trematodes: Distoma Truncatum: Young.
D. Sinense : Young.
Cestodes: Tenia Crassicollis: Small Intestine, Stomach.
Larva in liver of rodents, Cyst. Fistularis.
T. Elliptica: Small Intestine.
T. Litterata: Small Intestine.
Bothriocephalus Felis: Small Intestine.
Nematodes: Ascaris Mystax: Small Intestine.
Oxyuris Compar: Small Intestine.
Uncinaria Trigonocephala: Small Intestine.
Trichosoma Lineare : Small Intestine.
Ollulanus Tricuspis (embryos) : Small Intestine.

PARASITES OF MOUTH AND PHARYNX OF RABBIT.

Leeches,
Coccidium.
Aspergillus.

PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF STOMACH OF RABBIT.

Sporozoa - Cryptogam : Saccharomyces Guttulatus : Gastric con-
tents.

Nematodes: Strongylus Strigosus: Gastric contents.
Spiroptera Leporum: Gastric mucosa.

PARASITES AND MESSMATES OF INTESTINES OF RABBIT.

Microorganisms of Infectious Diseases.
Cryptogams : Saccharomyces Guttulatus ; Intestinal contents.
Infusoria: Lamblia Intestinalis : Tuodenal mucus.

Sporozoa: Coccidium Perforans: Contents and mucosa.
C. Oviforme: Contents and mucosa.
Cestodes: Teenia Pectinata: 7. Rhopaliocephala - Hare, Rabbit ;
T. Wimerosa: Wild Rabbit; Dipylidium Leuckart: :
Wild Rabbit; D. Pectinatum: Hare; D. Latissimum -
Wild Rabbit.
Acanthocephala: Echinorhynchus of Rabbit: Small Intestine.

Nematodes: Oxyuris Ambigua: Large intestine. Rabbit, Hare.
Strongylus Strigosus: Stomach, Caecum, Colon, Rabbit.

Annelida. 235

Trichocephalus Unguiculatus: Large intestine. Rab-
bit, Hare.
Anguillula of Rabbit: Small intestine.

PARASITES OF THE INTESTINE OF GUINEA-PIG.

Infusoria : Monocercomonas Cavie ; Large intestine.
Cercomonas Ovalis: Large intestine.
C. Pistformis ; Large intestine.
C. Globosus: Large intestine.

PARASITES OF STOMACH AND INTESTINES OF ELEPHANTS.

Trematodes: Amphistoma Hawkesii: Intestines.
Bo ? Intestines.
A. ? Intestines.

Nematodes: Round worm found by Steel in gastric mucosa and
submucosa.
Round worm in stomach and intestine.
Three Round worms in intestines.

PARASITES OF PHARYNX, GULUET, CROP AND STOMACH OF
BIRDS.

Microorganisms of Infectious Diseases.

Fungus: Aspergillus Fumigatus: Gullet, (mouth, lungs,
liver, intestine, kidneys) : young pigeons.
Infusorium. Cercomonas Galling: Pharynx, gullet, crop: pullets
and young pigeons.

Sporozoon : Coccidia: Comb, wattles, mouth, throat, crop, etc. :
young chicks and doves.

Trematodes : Distoma (Mesogonimus) Pellucidum (pellucid).
Gullet, Hen.
Nematodes: Dispharagus Spiralis (Two pharynges). Cysts in
gullet: Hen.
D. Nasutus (Large nosed). Nodules of gizzard: Hen,
Sparrow.
Spiroptera Uncinata (Hooked). Gullet : Goose.
S. Crassicanda. Gizzard: Duck.
S. Hamulosa. Gizzard: Hen.
Tropisurus Fissispinus (Keel, Tail). Submucus cysts
in gullet: Duck.
T. Inflatus (Inflated). Submucous cysts in gullet:
Duck.
Hystrichis Tricolor (Barbed whip). Proventriculus :
Duck.

236 Veterinary Medicine.

H. Tubifex. Nodules of gullet: Duck.

H. Pachycepalus (Thick-head). Mucosa of proventri-
culus: Swan.

Trichosoma Contortum (Hair-body, twisted). Con-
tents and submucosa, gullet: Duck, goose, palmipedes.

Physalopterus Truncata (Bladder-winged, cut off).
Proventriculus: Hen.

Strongylus Nodularis. Mucosa and submucosa proven-
triculus : Goose.

Embryos of filaria, etc., (Bakody). Muscles of Gizzard :
Hen.

PARASITES OF THE INTESTINES OF BIRDS.
Microorganisms of Infectious Diseases.

Fungus: Aspergillus Fumigatus, Intestinal mucosa: Young
pigeons.

Infusoria: Trichomonas Eberthi (one flagellum). Intestinal
follicles : Hen, Duck, etc.
T. Calumbe : Small intestine. Pigeons.
Monocercomonas Anatis (T. Eberthi?). Ceecum. Duck.

Sporozoa: Coccidium Perforans (Gregarina Avium Intestin-
alis) : Intestines. Chickens.

Tape-worms: Teenia Infundibuliformis (Funnel-shaped).
Hen, (Duck?), Cysticercus in Earthworm—Allo-
lobophora fcetida (Grassi).

T. Cuneata (wedge like). Hen, cysticercus host like last

(Grassi).

Exilis (slender). Hen.

. Tetragona (four cornered head). Hen.

. Fasciolaris (band): 7. Malleus. Hen, Duck.

. Cesticillus (girdle). Hen.

. Proglottina (segmented). Hen, Cysticercus in snail

—Ljimax cinerus, L. agrestis, L. variegatus.

T. Bothrioplitis. Hen. Cysticercus in snails? Helix

carthusianella, H. maculosa.

Echinobothrida (hooked). Hen, (Last 3 very similar).
Cantaniana. ‘Turkey, Pheasant.

friedbergerit. Pheasant.

Crassula (thick leaf). Pigeon.

Anatina. Duck.

Sinuosa (waving). Duck, Goose.

Gracilis (delicate). Duck. Cysticercus in Condona
rostrata, a crustacean.

T. Coronula (crowned). Duck.

T. Megalops (large). Duck.

HHHHH

aol ee be ee ae

Annelide. 237

Conica (conical rostellum). Duck.
Imbutiformis. Duck.

Lanceolata (lancet-shaped). Goose.
fasciata (banded). Goose.

Setigera (with tail). Goose, Swan.
Trilineata (three lines). Duck.

Aquabilis. Swan.

Bothriocephalus Longicollis (long neck). Hen.

Trematodes : Monostoma Verrucosum (one orifice: warty). Hen,
Duck, Goose.
M. Caryophyllinum (Clove like). Duck.
M. Attenuatum (narrow). Goose.
Distoma Oxycephalum (two orifices, pointed head). Hen,
Duck.
D. Dilatatum (broad). Hen.
D, Lineare (narrow, linear). Hen.
D. Armatum (with spines). Hen.
D. Ovatum (oval). Duck, Goose, Hen, Eggs.
D. (Mesogonimus) Commutatum (changeable). Hen,
Turkey.
D. Columbae. Pigeon.
D. Echinatum (hooked). Duck, (Dog).
Holostoma Erraticum (wandering). Duck, Swan. Larva
in molluscs, fish and other trematodes.

Acanthocephala: “Exchinorhynchus Polymorphus (hook
snout). Duck, Swan, Goose. Larva in
fresh water shrimps (gammarus pulex) and
cray fish.

E. Filicollis (narrow neck). Duck.
E. Spheracephalus (sphere-like head). Duck.

Nematodes: Ascaris Gibbosa (gibbous-humped). Hen.
A. Crassa (thick). Duck, Goose.
Heterakis Papillosa (other point, with papille). Hen,
Turkey, Guinea-fowl, Pheasant, Peacock, Duck, Goose.
Differens. Hen.
Vesiculares. Pheasant. (Resembles papillosa).
Inflexa (bent). Hen, Turkey.
Compressa (flattened). Hen.
Lineata (striated). Duck.
Maculosa (Columbe). (Spotted) Pigeon.
Dispar (apart). Goose.
Trichosoma Longicolle (hair-body, long neck). Hen,
Pheasant.
T. Annulatum (ringed). Hen.
T. Collare (marked neck). Hen.
T. Tenuissimum (Columba) (delicate). Pigeon.

iy: lho ie

TERT

238 Veterinary Medicine.

T. Brevicolle (short neck). Goose.

Dispharagus Spiralis (double pharynx). Hen.
Strongylus Tenuis (small). Goose.

S. Nodularis. Duck, Goose.

Filaria Clava (scion or shoot). Pigeon (connective tissue).
fF. Cygni. Swan.

Rhabdonema Strongyloides (Angutllula). Hen.

PARASITES OF THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES.

BACTERIA and INFUSORIA are common in the intestines of ani-
mals. The BACTERIA met with are either harmless ferments, or
in certain morbid and debilitated states of the mucosa, they may
become pathogenic as noted under the various diseases of the mu-
cosa. In certain cases they constitute the essential factor of a
contagious disease, and will be treated in connection with infec-
tious maladies. The INFUSORIA are flagellate or ciliated. The
Jlagellate include: 1st, Monocercomonas which has four flagellee
attached to its anterior end, three of them extended forward, and
one backward and exceeding the body in length: 2nd, ¢richo-
monas has either four or five anterior flagellee, only one of which
is projected backward, attached to the body by a delicate mem-
brane, and with its free posterior end projecting beyond the body
backward ; 3d, Lamdlia furnished with a large depressed sucker
anteriorly and two flagella projecting from its posterior ex-
tremity.

The cildata are differentiated according to the arrangement of
the cilia on the surface of the body.

Cilia covering the All the cilia short and equal. Holotriche
Has an extra row of long

mitole beds cilia around the mouth. Heterotrichee
Cilia on the ventral aspect only. Hypotrichee

Cilia as a crown around the mouth : often also as a girdle
Peritrichze

In ruminants, carnivora, rodents and birds coccidia or psoros-
permig cause disease of the bowels.
VERMES. HELMINTHS. WORMS.
Intestinal worms are divided into groups as follows: 1, TAPE-
worms (Cestoids); 2, FLUKES (Z7vematoids); 3, THORNHEADED
worms (Acanthocephala); 4, RouND Worms (Nematoids).

TAPEWORMS. CESTOIDS (Kestos, festooned).

Flat body, in segments originating in strize in neck, rounded head, tetra-
gonal owing to four suckers, and often protractile proboscis and hooklets.
Segments increase toward caudal end, becoming sexually mature and oviger-
ous ; longitudinal and transverse muscular fibres ; two pairs, dorsal and ven-
tral canals, and two nerves near borders. Each segment hermaphrodite.
Teenia and bothriocephalus. Stages of development : 1. Mature tape-worm
(taenia, strobila) ; 2. Detached ripe segment (proglottis) ; 3. Ovum, 4. Six-
hooked-embryo (proscolex); 5. Larva (bladder-worm, hydatid, scolex).
Armed teenize ; unarmed teenie. Subdivisions of armed tenize: (a) Cysto-
tenia, cyst continuous with the head ; (b) Cystoidoteenia, with caudal end
enlarged by budding, and cyst only slightly developed. Cystotenig are (a)
Cysticercus, larva with one head and cyst from one ovum; (b) cenurus,
many heads in one cyst from one ovum ; (c) echinococcus, many cysts from
the first parent cyst, and many of these develop one head each, representing
a future tape-worm. Unarmed tenia. /lat-headed tape-worms: Bothrio-
cephala, lateral slit-like suckers in margins of head. Mostly in fish and fish-
eating carnivora.

This order of worms is characterized by its flat body, made up
of a number of segments joined end to end and preceded by a
small head, rendered angular by a row of projecting suckers, and
often furnished with a protractile proboscis, and one or two rows
of hooklets, by which as well as by the suckers, they attach
themselves to the mucosa. The segments in the narrow neck are
represented by simple transverse strize, which become wider apart
the more distant they are from the head until the segments are
fully developed toward the caudal end. The head is round, or more
usually four-sided, the suckers forming the projecting angles.
The body of the worm is made up of stellate anastomosing cells,
the whole covered by a homogeneous cuticle, in which as well as
in the interior, calcareous encrustations are not uncommon. Be-
neath the cuticle is a layer of contractile cells, then a layer of
longitudinal muscular fibres and finally one of transverse fibres.
There is no true digestive apparatus, but two pairs of canals
dorsal and ventral, extend back through the successive segments
near their lateral borders, and open on the posterior border of the
terminal segment. Two lateral nervous cords run the entire
length of the body and are united by a transverse band at the

head.
239

240 Veterinary Medicine.

Sexually, each segment is independent being furnished with
both male and female organs, opening at one of the borders
(Hermaphrodite). The male organs are the first to be developed
so that the young segments immediately back of the head are ex-
clusively masculine. Later the female organs appear to u.dergo
impregnation and when filled to repletion with ova completely
predominate over and overshadow the male organs. The male
apparatus consists of a series of pyriform testicles opening into a
sperm duct and penis which may project from the genital orifice.
The female apparatus consists in ovaries connected with oviducts,
which branch in a variable degree in different species, but in
some like the beef tape-worm, come to fill the whole interior of the
segments, and virtually obliterate the male organs.

Two divisions of tape-worms are met with: 1. Tainra with a
globular or tetragonal head, and 2. BoTHRIOCEPHALUS with flat
head perforated at each margin by an opening or bothria.

Tenia. The tenia passes through five different successive
stages of existence in its progress from the ovum to the ripe egg-
bearing segment. These are as follows, beginning with the fami-
liar tape-worm :

1. Tape-worm (STRoBILA). This has the characters already
described, and lives in the intestinal canal or some communicating
passage like the gall ducts.

2. Detached Ripe Segment (Prociorris). This is a flat
quadrangular white segment found on the newly passed feces or
in their vicinity, and progressing by a worm-like motion. It is
literally a bag of ova and when swallowed by a suitable host, or
when its ova are taken in with the water or food, it is in the line
of further development. If taken in by an unsuitable host, it
perishes.

3. The Ovum set free by the digestion of the proglottis in the
stomach of the vertebrate or invertebrate host, soon hatches out
an ovoid embryo ( proscolex) furnished at one end with six hook-
lets for boring purposes.

4. Proscolex, The 6-hooked embryo hatched from the egg,
at once sets about boring into the tissues of its host, and if it has
been successful in entering the proper host, and if it should reach
the particular organ suited to its development through its next
stage, it forms the cystzc larva or scolex.

Tapeworms. Cestoids. 241

5. Larva, Hydatid Bladder-worm, Scolex. Becoming
embedded in a tissue or organ of its new host, the embryo grows
into a cystic organism, developing one or more heads attached to
its sac of clear or milky fluid, and encreases at the expense of
the surrounding tissue, but never acquires reproductive organs,
nor any feature of the mature intestinal worm except the head
which exactly represents that of the fully developed tapeworm.
It is only when the animal, which acts as host to the larva, is
devoured by another animal adapted to entertain this particular
parasite in its mature form, that it is set free by the digestion of
the tissues around it and grows into a tenia or strobila. The
caudal sac disappears, the neck becomes gradually elongated and
segmentation commences, being first indicated by the formation
of transverse striz behind the head which become more and
more separated until distinct, sexually mature segments are
formed. It is now a tape-worm or strobila and grows to a vary-
ing length determined by its species and drops off at intervals
its ripe ovigerous segnients from its caudal extremity.

Divisions of Tzenia. The teenia are divided into armed and
unarmed according as they are or are not provided with a double
circle of hooklets on the proboscis. The armed are sub-divided
into: (1) Those which in their larval state have the caudal
vesicle proceeding from the head or proscolex by a simple en-
crease and modification of structure without any new independ-
ent part. These are known as the cystoteeniz ; (2) Those in
which the caudal portion is enlarged by budding and the forma-
tion of an additional part or d/astogene, which retains its embry-
onic structure. ‘The caudal vesicle is only slightly developed so
that the larva retains more of the appearance of a teenia. When
it passes into the condition of the taenia the d/astogene is sloughed
off. ‘These are known as cystoidotzniz. ‘This larva lives in
invertebrate animals.

The cystoteeniz are divided into the cysticerci, ccenuri,
and echinococci, differentiated by their respective mode of de-
velopment in the larval or cystic stage.

The cysticercus has a well developed but simple caudal sac
bearing only a single head which may become retracted and in-
vaginated within the sac leaving only a small opening at the point
of involution, or it may be projected outward into the surround-

16

242 Veterinary Medicine.

ing tissue and produce more or less irritation. Two may lie side
by side enclosed in a common outer sac, but two heads are never
developed from the same inner sac, as is the case with coenurus.
The single head is seen as a white point through the transparent
sac.

The coenurus is seen as a semi-transparent cyst developed
from a single proscolex, as in the case of the cysticercus, but in
place of a single head, it develops on its inner surface many
(100 to 200) smaller sacs like large pin heads, each containing
its independent head which can be invaginated into its special
sac, or projected outward into the surrounding tissues. The
cenurus can, therefore, multiply in the cystic form outside the
ordinary mode of generation, and while a cysticercus ovum can
develop into but one tape-worm, the ccenurus can produce 100 or
more.

The echinococcus is also characterized by the power of in-
crease in the cystic form. The original cyst into which the
proscolex develops, can produce in its interior a number of
daughter cysts (proligerous vesicles) each of which can develop
several heads. ‘The secondary cysts of the ccenurus remain of
small size and individually develop but one head only, while the
secondary echinococcus cyst may grow toa large size and each
develop a number of heads. Thus in the echinococcus cyst it is
common to find several heads attached to the same entocyst, and
some detached and floating free in the liquid.

It will be seen that the cysticercus teenia can increase by ova
only, while both ccenurus and echinococcus can multiply also
through multiplication of the larva or cyst.

Unarmed Tape-worms. (Anoplotenia, a privative, oplon
weapon). The characteristic of this form is the absence of
rostrum and hooklets in both larval and teenia forms. With the
single exception of the teenia litterata of the dog, they have been
found in the herbivora only, and as fully mature teenia. Their
migrations and their hosts in the larval or cystic form remain to
be discovered.

Birds harbor a great variety of teenia, of the cystic forms and
migrations of which, we are as yet in ignorance.

Flat headed Tape-worms. (Bothriocephalus, dothrios a
hole, cephale, head). ‘These are characterized first by having the

Acanthocephale. Hook-Headed. 243

head flat in place of globular or tetragonal, and second by the
presence on each lateral margin of the head of a depression or
groove representing a sucking disc. The generative organs are
much less developed than in the true tape-worms, and they pro-
duce relatively fewer ova. In experiments the teenia form has
appeared to be developed direct from the egg in the intestine of
its host, and as the parasite thus escapes the dangers of destruc-
tion to which the true tape-worm is exposed through failure to
find its appropriate host in its larval form and again in its
mature state, it has a compensation for the paucity of ova. The
bothriocephala are mostly the parasites of fish, but a certain
number find hosts in man and fish eating carnivora.

Trematodes.
The trematodes have been described as liver parasites.

ACANTHOCEPHALE. HOOK-HEADED. (Acantha a thorn,
cephale head).

Cylindroid worms; no true digestive apparatus; males and females in
separate individuals ; larval stage in separate genus ; protractile conical pro-
boscis armed with hooks.

These are cylindroid worms, which differ, however, from the
true round worms (nematoids).by the absence of any distinct di-
gestive apparatus, nourishment taking place, by imbibition through
the integument. They resemble the round worms in having the
sexes in different individuals. The males have two ovoid testicles
the efferent ducts of which unite in a common canal and single
penis. The female has single ovary and long ovident opening at
the posterior end of the body. Like as in the teenia, the embryos
of the acanthocephala have to pass through a larval stage, encysted
in the body of another animal (invertebrate), which being de-
voured by a suitable fish, bird or mammal, affords the opportunity
for the development of the parasite to the mature condition.

The larval stage has been observed in a mollusc and in differ-
ent crustaceans.

The most characteristic feature of the acanthocephala, is the
protractile conical proboscis surrounded by several rows of re-
curved hooks by which the worm attaches itself to the mucosa of
its host.

NEMATOIDS. ROUND WORMS. (Nema cord, eidos form).

Cylindroid form ; digestive apparatus ; sexes apart in different individu-
als ; water vascular canals; nerves from glanglia at gullet ; oviparous, vivi-
parous, or ovoviviparous; most, without alternate generation, develop
from ovum to maturity in one host. Division: Trichosoma, trichocepha-
lus, filaria, spiroptera, dispharagus, ascaris, heterakis, oxyuris, strongylus,
sclerostoma, uncinaria, cesophagostoma, stephanurus, physaloptera, globo-
cephalus, syngamus, gnathostoma, ollulanus, trichina, rhabdonema.

The true round worms are easily distinguished by their cylin-
droid form, by the possession of true digestive organs and by the
separation of the sexes in different individuals. They havea set
of water vascular canals, two on each side of the body communi-
cating at the level of the cesophagus, also a nervous system com-
posed of two ganglia situated on the two sides of the gullet,
connected by two transverse branches, and sending nerves for-
ward into the head and backward on the two sides of the body.
They are oviparous, viviparous or ovoviviparous. The embryos
generally develop in the higher animals without any alternate
generation, such as takes place in the cestoids and trematoids,
yet in certain species (trichina, sclerostoma, enstrongylus) the
young sexually immature worms may live for a time in the blood-
vessel or encystedin solid tissues of the same host or another.
The characteristic features of the different groups and genera of
round worms may be given as follows:

SECT. I. WHIP-WORMS CHARACTERS.

Body long ; in two distinct parts of unequal thickness; mouth
very small, round, anus almost terminal. Spiculum single.
Ovum with round end-extension.

Genus: Trichosoma (trix hair, soma body), Harr Bopy. Thick-
ness to length as 1:150 to 1:400. Short thick anterior
part containing cesophagus and anterior part of in-
testine ; caudal, hair-like part has intestine and genera-
tive organs. Anus terminal. One spiculum with exten-
sible membranous sheath. Vulva at junction of thick
and thin parts of body. Ova elliptical with clear trans-
lucent button-shaped enlargement at each end.

244

Nematoids. Round Worms. 245

Genus: Tricocephalus (trix hair, cephale head), Harr HEAD,
WuipPworm. Long hair-like anterior part contains ceso-
phagus or moniliform part of intestine ; short posterior
portion, suddenly greatly enlarged has intestine and
generative organs. Anus terminal. Spiculum single in
membranous sheath. Vulva at junction of thick and thin
portions of body. Ova, oblong with short neck at each
end.

SECT. II. THREAD-WORMS. CHARACTERS.

Body, long, delicate, thread-like ; mouth round or triangular.
with or without papilla; no salient lobes. Two unequal spicule.
Genus: Filaria, (filum thread) Thread-worms. Long, thin,

breadth to length as 1:80 or 1:500, cylindrical; anus
terminal or nearly so. Main spiculum very long and
twisted, short spiculum twisted and obliquely striated.
Vulva close to head. Ova slightly elliptical. Oviparous
or viviparous.

Genus: Spiroptera, (speira coil, pteron wing). Body cylin-
droid or uneven in thickness, mouth round, often ventricle
and cecum. Anus in front of caudal extremity. Skin
with transverse strie. Tail spiral in male, straight in
female. Majority burrow in the cesophagean or gastric
mucosa.

Genus: Dispharagus. Body long, slender; mouth round;
cesophagus in two parts, connected with a cylindroid ven-
triculus. Male usually in spiral. Two spicula. In
mucosa of gullet or stomach.

Genus: Ascaris, (Intestinal worm). Body very thick, cylin-
droid, narrowed toward each end; mouth triangular, with
three labia having thick muscles; no pharyngeal enlarge-
ment ; intestine straight; males with 2 spicula; vulva in
front of the middle of the body ; ova globular or nearly so.
Live in small intestine of mammals.

Genus: Heterakis (éteros other, 4kis spiculum, point). Sepa-
rated from the Ascarides by Dugardin because the sec-
ond spiculum is very small or absent. Body like ascaris,
labial lobes less pronounced, notches between more shal-
low; pharynx separated from cesophagus by a horny

246 Veterinary Medicine,

zone ; stomach larger than in ascaris. Live in intestines
of birds. Very common.

Genus: Oxyuris, (oxys sharp, pointed, oura tail). Body
cylindroid or fusiform, tail in sharp point ; mouth round
when closed, triangular and trilobate when open ; cesopha-
gus cylindroid ; stomach large with hard corneous lining
like a gizzard; anus in front of tail, vulva in anterior
fourth or third of body. Male with two spicula, the
posterior very small, in a membranous pouch.

Genus: Strongylus. (Stroggylos cylindrical). Body cylind-
roid, thickness to length as 1:35 or 1:130, usually narrower
toward the head; mouth triangular or round, with or
without papille; skin transversely striated; cesophagus
club-shaped, enlarged behind. Two spicula of equal
length; vulva near the middle of the body. Anus not
terminal.

Genus: Sclerostoma (scleros hard, armed, stoma mouth). This
is the type of all worms with chitinous or horny armature
or teeth by which they penetrate the tissues and suck blood.
Body white or brown, cylindroid, male narrowed toward
the head, female toward both ends. Mouth round, open,
furnished with hard, chitinous ring or rings, or sharp
pointed teeth ; male with two nearly terminal spicula and
large membranous pouch. Anus in front of caudal point.
Vulva two-thirds of the length from the head, ova globular
or nearly so. Mature in large intestines of mammals.

Genus: Uncinaria, (uncinus hook). So named because its
head is sharply curved dorsad. The mouth, round, opens
dorsad with horny lining, two to four sharp, curved teeth
projecting from its ventral wall internally, and opposing
plates above often dentated.

Genus: Ollulanus. Mouth urn-shaped with chitinous lining,
a muscular cesophagus, and in the male two short spicula
in a bilobed membranous pouch. Mature in cat’s stomach ;
immature in muscles, etc.

Genus: GEsophagostoma. Marked by the absence of any
mouth capsule, the orifice being directly continuous into
the cesophagus. Mouth has papillee dorsal, ventral and
lateral, a chitinous, dentated ring. Male with two spicula

Nematoids. Round Worms. 247

in ample membraneous pouch. Vulva in front of anus
and near the pointed tail. Ova elliptical. Mature in the
intestines of mammals.

Genus: Stephanurus, (stephanos crown, oura tail). Body
cylindroid, narrowed toward head ; mouth round with two
large and four smaller teeth ; male with single spiculum,
in large five lobed membraneous pouch. Female with in-
flected, pointed tail, having a tubercle on each side.
Known only as encysted in connective tissue of pig.

Genus: Physaloptera, (physallis bladder, pteron wing).
Mouth with two prominent lips, each bearing three papillee
externally and teeth internally. The caudal pouch of the
male is closed or bladder-like, and covers the base of the
tail. Oviparous. Found in intestine in birds.

Genus: Globocephalus, (globos round, cephale head). Head
spherical, transparent. Mouth round with smooth mar-
ginal ring. Buccal cavity has two horny rings, anterior
and posterior, with four horny connecting beams. Found
in intestines of pig.

Genus: Syngamus, (syn with, gamos marriage). Copulation
permanent, the caudal end of the male being always at-
tached to the vulva of the female, so that they appear as a
forked worm. Mouth large and held open by the hard
chitinous capsule of the buccal cavity. Male one-third
the length of the female, has two spicule. Vulva in an-
terior third. In air passages of birds.

Genus: Gnathostoma, (gnathos jaw, stoma mouth). Cheir-
acanthus (cheir hand, acantha thorn). Cylindroid worm
with front of body covered with scabs having recurved
spines. Body tapers toa caudal point. Named from the
jaw-like armed mouth by which it fastens itself to the
gastric mucosa. In pig, dog and cat.

Genus: Trichina, (trix hair). Minute worms, 4 inch long,
tapering in anterior half, anus terminal, single spiculum.
Mature in bowels. Ovoviviparous: embryos migrate into
muscles, where they are encysted and sexually immature.
Found in man, pig, rat and other mammals.

Genus: Rhabdonema (rabdos rod, wand). Very small thread
worms, the females of which only are found in the bowels,

248 Veterinary Medicine.

and produce embryos, probably by parthenogenesis. As
found in the feeces of the same host, there are males and
females which copulate and produce embryos, but these
only attain maturity when they enter the mammal or in
case they are kept in a thermostat at the mammalian tem-
perature.

PARASITES OF THE CESOPHAGUS.

Gstrus: Equi and Hemorrhoidalis; Hypoderma Bovis; Spiroptera
Scutata: Following a zigzag line in epithelium of thoracic part. Ox, horse.
Spiroptera Pulchra, tongue, pharynx, pig. Zrichosoma Contortum, in crop
causing impaction, emaciation, debility ; after 5 to 10 days impaction, and
death in two days; lives also in ingesta in intestines. Latter demands vermi-
fuges. Spiroptera Uncinata in gullet, crop, and small intestines ; ducks,
geese. Causes inordinate appetite, disphagia, dulness, drooping, ruffled
feathers, hurried breathing. TZvopisurus Inflatus: Keel-like tail in male ;
in submucous cysts of gullet and proventriculus ; duck, fatal inflammation.

The cesophagus may be the seat of a number of parasites most
of which are habitually found in the stomach, and which do not
as a rule cause serious trouble. Under given conditions, how-
ever, of special weakness or susceptibility on the part of the host,
or multiplicity of the parasites these conditions are reversed, and
a fatal parasitism may ensue. Cstrus. The larvee of at least
two cestri (gastrophilus equi and gastrophilus heemorrhoidalis)
are found in the gullet of solipeds and in a case, already quoted,
the present writer found the presence of these parasites above the
cardia, associated with local spasm and obstruction, and a fatal
infection with ingesta of the whole length of the viscus up to
the pharynx.

Cooper Curtice has also found that the larvee of the cestrus
(hypoderma) bovis in its earlier stages of development, in the
walls of the gullet, migrating as he claims to its subcutaneous
winter home.

Spiroptera. These worms are found in the epithelium of the
mucosa of the gullet in horses (S. Microstoma), dogs (S.
Sanguinolenta), oxen, sheep and goat (S. Scutata). The
tumors caused by the spiroptera in horse or dog may attain tothe

Parasites of the esophagus. 249

size of a hazel-nut, and in dogs have been known to interfere
with deglutition, cause vomiting, and induce septic inflammation.
(Brtickmiller, Johne, Manson). The host may even die from
inanition. Each tumor has a central orifice and when squeezed
furnishes a purulent discharge in which the worms are found.
In one colt of which the author was cognizant, the mucosa was
abraded in patches for several inches above the cardia, and the
spiroptera secreted under the remaining shreds. The colt had
died of inanition.

The Spiroptera Scutata (Gongylonema scutata, Molin)
found by Miiller in the epithelium of a horse’s gullet, is quite
common in the mucosa of the thoracic portion of that organ in
cattle, sheep and goats. ‘fhe male is1 to 124 inch, female 2%
to 3% inches long. Its presence is betrayed by a yellow longi-
tudinal line in which the worm is found folded upon itself in a
sinuous or zigzag manner like the wrinkles of a fibre of Merino
wool. The yellow line may extend to an inch in length, while
the worm, with its wrinkles effaced, may be from one to three
inches. The smaller spzvoptera scutata of the pig, named gongy-
lonema pulchra by Molin because of the beautiful arrangement
of its cutaneous palpillz is found also in the mucosa of the tongue
and pharynx (Korzil). So far they have not been shown to be
injurious to any of the hosts.

Trichosoma Contortum zz ducks. The twisted hair-bodied
worms, from % to 1 inch in length infest the crop of many birds
and according to Railliet and Lucet, cause ingluvial indigestion
(impaction of the crop). In an epizootic of this kind in Pekin
ducks they found as many as thirty worms in one host imbedded
in the mucosa of the cervical part of the cesophagus, their pres-
ence being betrayed by yellow lines, and extreme attenuation and
inertia of the walls. The symptoms are progressive emaciation
and weakness for five to ten days, when impaction of the gullet
and crop follows, and death ensues in two days more. As the
same worms are found free in the intestines, it is supposed that
this is only a temporary habitat. They cannot be reached by
anthelmintics, but by the use of these a source of their supply in
the intestinal canal may be cut off and a measure of prophylaxis
ensured.

Spiroptera of the Duck. S. Uncinata. This is a small
worm (male % inch, female 7% inch) which was found in large

250 Veterinary Medicine.

numbers in the gullet and crop as well as the small intestines of
ducks and geese, inducing active inflammation and death. The
only symptoms noticed were inordinate appetite, followed by dys-
phagia, dulness, drooping, ruffled feathers, and hurried breath-
ing (Zurn).

Tropisurus of the Duck. T. Inflatus, and T. Fisissipinus.
These are named because of the keel-like curvature of the tail of
the male. They have been found in submucus cysts in the gullet
and proventriculus of the domestic duck and may cause fatal in-
flammation (Zurn).

GASTRIC PARASITES IN THE HORSE. ROUND
WORMS.

Round Worms: Spivoptera Megastoma: Mouth large with four horny
papille in pairs; 2 to 6 lines, linear ova, viviparous. Lesions: Worm in
galleries in mucosa, left sac; hazelnut to hen’s egg, opening into stomach ;
Sometimes in cesophagus. S. Microstoma: Five lines to one inch ; smaller
mouth with two papilla, viviparous ; free in gastric contents, head in mu-
cous gland duct, ulcers. Symptoms: Indigestion. Treatment: Benzine,
phenol, carbon bisulphide. Strongylus Axei: Galleries in ass’s stomach.
Strongylus Tenuissimus : In gastric mucosa of horse. Larva of cestrus.

Spiroptera. This genus is characterized by the fact that the
caudal extremity of the male is spiral and furnished with mem-
branous expansions or wings as clasping organs for the female.
They are found mainly in the stomach or gastric mucosa of verte-
brates. They are cylindroid, attenuated at both ends or merely in
front ; head nude or furnished with papillee ; mouth round with
or without a pharyngeal cavity ; cesophagus long, cylindroid ; in-
testine slightly sinuous. Male has two spicula of different sizes.
Female has tail straight, conical; two ovaries; genital orifice
above or below the termination of the cesophagus. Oviparous;
rarely viviparous.

Spiroptera Megastoma. Body white, cylindroid and equally
attenuated at both ends. Head uarrower than the body and
separated from it by a constriction or neck, mouth large with
four horny papille in pairs, the two vertical ones the larger.
Funnel-shaped pharynx. Skin striated. Male 2 to 2% lines in
length. Female 5 to 6 lines in length and ¥ line thick. Genital

Gastric Parasites in the Horse. 251

orifice in front of median part of the body. Ova almost linear
with the embryo folded double. Viviparous.

Lesions. These worms burrow, hollowing out galleries and
passages between the mucosa and muscular coat, and determine
the formation of tumors varying in size from a hazel nut toa
hen’s egg. The galleries communicate with the stomach by
small orifices varying in number from one to five or six. The
wornis are found in the galleries and may be pressed out by
squeezing the tumor. Sometimes the contents consolidate giving
the tumor a feeling of great firmness. In some instances there
are found debris of the worms and purulent contents.

Pathogenesis. ‘These are generally held to be harmless even
when present in large numbers. This is hardly compatible with
the extensive changes observed in the gastric mucosa, and more
probably they cause impaired digestion, the true cause of which
cannot be diagnosed. Railliet justly observes that the formation
of tumors in or near the pylorous may hinder the passage of
ingesta.

Spiroptera Microstoma, This is larger than the megas-
toma the male being 5 to 7 lines in length, and the female 1 inch.
It lacks the cervical constriction, and has only two oral papillee.
It is viviparous.

This worm is found free in the liquid contents of the stomach,
and just after death when still warm the fluid shows undulatory
or boiling motion from the active swimming movements of the
parasite, When cold, they are still and are usually overlooked,
on account of their small size. When the contents are firm or
fibrous they must be looked for with great care. ‘The parasite is
often found with its head engaged in one of the mucous glands
of the right sac, and in other cases its presence has been asso-
ciated with extensive ulcers of the mucosa in this sac.

Pathogenesis and Symptoms. Apart from the lesions found
postmortem, no characteristic symptom or result of these para-
sites has been observed. At the same time it is certain that such
ulcerations as have been found, must cause more or less gastric
indigestion, and loss of condition, even though acute colic may be
escaped.

Treatment of Spiroptera. his is essentially the same as for
other parasites of the digestive organs. As the symptoms can

252 Veterinary Medicine.

not be distinguished from those of bots, it is well that the same
agents (benzine, bisulphide of carbon, carbolic acid) are appro-
priate in both cases.

Strongylus Axei. This was found once in tumors of the
gastric mucosa of an ass at the Royal Veterinary College,
London. It isa filiform worm with nude mouth and enlarging
gradually, posteriorly. The male is 2% lines in length and the
female 3 lines. There were three unequal spicula. No patho-
genesis was noticed.

Strongylus Tenuissimus. This worm was found by Maz-
zanti in the gastric mucosa of an old horse. The mouth is nude,
with four papillee behind it. The body increases from the head
back. Male about 1 line in length, the female 134 line. Bilobed
caudal membrane; 2 spicula. Vulva toward the posterior sixth
of the body. Ova, eggshaped. No pathogenesis observed.

CEstridz. The larvee of the different forms of cestrus hiber-
nating in the horse’s stomach are among the most important para-
sites of the animal. They are treated elsewhere in connection
with Diptera attacking the skin.

ROUND WORMS OF THE ABOMASUM. STRONGY-
LOSIS.

Gastric strongylus of cattle very injurious. Characters: Strongylus Con-
tortus: White or red, intestines shine through skin, two recurved papille on
front part of body, tail pointed, length 5 to 13 lines; ovoviviparous ; ova
elliptical. Hosts: Sheep, goat, argali, chamois, ox ; Europe and America ;
blood-sucker ; oviducts give twisted aspect ; have several moultings in impure
water out of the body; cause plague in lambs and yearlings, less in aged.
Worms attached to mucosa by mouth; contents of stomach often bloody,
tissues anzemic. Symptoms of pernicious anemia, emaciation, flat wool,
paper skin, dulness, inappetence, thirst, tympanies, black diarrhoea, embryos
in feeces, in damp, infested pastures, in spring and summer, with lung
worms. Prevention: Avoid infested pastures and streams, especially for
young, infested new sheep, old, overstocked sheep pastures, dewy morning
pastures, after rains; salt in water; rotation of crops. Treatment: Vola-
tile oils; arsenious acid. Str. Filicollis: Narrow-necked strongyle ; mouth
small, circular, nude, alee laterally on head, gullet club-shaped, 4 to g lines ;
ova elliptical. Hosts: Sheep, goat in duodenum or stomach, head sunk in
mucosa. Equally injurious as contortus. Sty. Ostertagi: Brownish yel-
low, narrow towards ends, mouth nude, gullet club-shaped, membraneous

Round Worms of the Abomasum. 253

fold over vulva, 3 to 6 lines long, free in stomach or encysted in mucosa;
nodules with orifices. Hosts: Ox, common in Berlin, Texas, etc. Symp-
toms: Aneemia, pallor of mucosa, emaciation, dropsies, irritable bowels,
mucous stools, ova in feeces. Tyveatment as for contortus. Prevention:
Avoid infested pastures, waters, and animals; put pastures under rotation
of crops. Str. Vicarius: Smaller than Ostertagi; lacks the membraneous
fold over the vulva. ost: Sheep in Southern States. Produces anemia,
emaciation and unthrift. Treatment as for Ostertagi.

Three species of strongyli have been found in the stomach of
ruminants, all of which are seriously pathogenic, so that the
lesions caused by them might appropriately be included among
pestilential diseases.

Genus: Strongylus. Among the characters of the genus are
long, cylindroid body, generally narrowed toward the head;
head small, nude or with lateral membraneous ale ; mouth small,
round or triangular, nude or papillated ; cesophagus elongated.
Male with caudal clasping membrane; one or two -spicula.
Female with conical, obtuse or pointed tail ; one or two ovaries ;
genital orifice behind the middle of the body, sometimes close to
the anus.

Strongylus Contortus. (Twisted). Its body is red or
white from ingestion of blood or abstinence, and narrowed toward
the extremities. Two papilla, curved backward, are on the sides
near the anterior extremity. Male 5 to 8 lines in length, with
bilobed caudal membrane. Female 8 to 13 lines; tail pointed ;
vulva toward the posterior fifth of the body, covered by a tongue-
like process directed backward. Ova elliptical. Ovoviviparous.

Biology. This parasite is common in the abomasum of sheep,
goat, argali and chamois (less so in cattle) in Europe and Amer-
ica. Inits adult form it lives by sucking blood and thereby
acquires a brown color, modified by the white oviducts which are
wound around the alimentary canal, giving its peculiar twisted
appearance.

Leuckart traced the development of the embryos in impure
water through several moultings, after which they were capable
of reaching maturity in the stomach of the ruminant. Baillet
failed to develop them in pure water. Manifestly they live out
of the body in their immature condition in foul, stagnant water

and damp soils.
Lesions. Pathogenesis. In infested districts the strongylosis

254 Veterinary Medicine,

rises to the dignity of a plague, and renders sheep farming un-
profitable. It is most severe in the lambs and yearlings, though
no age is exempt, and is very fatal. The most remarkable Jost-
mortem phenomenon is the presence of myriads of the worms
fastened to the mucosa by their mouths, and in some cases virtu-
ally hiding portions from view. The mucosa is usually pale but
may be bloody or ulcerated, and the contents sanguinolent. The
organ is usually dilated. The contents of the large intestine are
liquid, and the wool of the tail and hips are usually stained with
the black feculent discharges.

Other worms are usually present in large numbers in the
stomach and intestines and especially in the lungs, so that the
helminthiasis is a complicated one.

One of the prominent features is the anzemic state of the blood.
There is an excess of water and a deficiency of red globules, with
many peculiar cells larger than the normal red globules, and dis-
torted—scutiform, pyriform or claviform. These may be the
red globules distended by the dilute condition of the blood
plasma.

Symptoms. ‘These are those of a pernicious anzemia, marked
by a gradual loss of condition, unhealthy wool, pale mucosz and
skin, disappearance of the subcutaneous fat (paperskin), dulness,
langor, impaired or capricious appetite, thirst, tympanies and
diarrhoea with black discharges, fouling the tail and hips. Worms
are rarely seen in the faeces, yet a close search may discover the
embryos. History and environment will, however, contribute to
a sound diagnosis, the victims are largely lambs and yearlings,
the pastures have a reputation for fatality, and contain stagnant
water or wet portions, the outbreaks take place mainly in spring
and summer, and there is often coexistent trouble from pulmo-
nary helminthiasis, the parasites of which have a similar life his-
tory out of the body.

Prevention. This will consist mainly in the avoidance for
pasturage for young sheep of lands known to be infested, of lands
through which flow streams coming through infested pastures, of
breeding sheep that are from flocks harboring the parasite, of
pastures that have been overstocked with sheep earlier in the
season, of pastures wet with morning dew or rains, of pasture on
wet ground or in wet seasons when the grasses are easily torn up

Round Worms of the Abomasum. 255

by the roots. A free use of salt is also important as proving
destructive to the young worms. A rich and abundant diet is
also important. A rotation of cultivated crops and the exclusion
of sheep and cattle from the fields will render land safe.

Treatment, Chabert’s empyreumatic oil, a coffee cup full daily;
oil of turpentine, 1 part in 16 parts of milk—dose, 2 ta 4 ozs., to
be repeated if necessary in three or four days. Common salt, 3
lbs., powdered ginger and saltpeter, of each % lb., warm water
3 gallons, when cold add 24 ozs. oil of turpentine—dose, 2 ozs.
for a lamb of four to six months; picrate of potash, dose for lamb,
4 grains, for a sheep, 20 grs.; tartar emetic 5 to ro grs. in water ;
kamala, % to1 dr. daily. Benzine, gasolineand thymol. Such
are the usual remedies, but in the author’s experience, these and
the much advertised worm powders are usually ineffective.
What is wanted is an agent which will pass through the three
first stomachs without solution and absorption, yet which will act
as a vermicide when dissolved in small amount. This is found
in arsenjous acid which may be given in combination with other
tonics.¥ Arsenious acid 1 dr., sulphate of iron 5 drs., powdered
nux vomica 2 drs., powdered areca nut 2 ozs.. common salt 4
ozs., mix, divide into 30 powders and give one daily. | This has
given me abundant success.

Strongylus Filicollis. Body greatly narrowed in its anterior
part; mouth small, circular, nude; a membrane projects on each
side of the head; cesophagus dilated posteriorly ; intestine
slightly sinuous. Male 4% to 5 lines in length, extremely fili-
form, tail with two large membraneous alee and two spicula.
Female 8 to g lines in length, very attenuated in front, tail
pointed, two ovaries, one in front of the other, vulva behind the
middle of the body. Ova elliptical.

This parasite is mainly found in the duodenum of sheep and
goat, and sometimes in the abomasum in company with the
strongylus contortus. It has the same blood-sucking habits, and
if present in equal numbers must be quite as injurious.

Strongylus Convolutus. S. Ostertagi. Body brownish
yellow, much attenuated at its extremities; mouth nude; ceso-
phagus ending posteriorly in a small bulbous enlargement. Male
3 to 4 lines in length, with bilobed caudal membrane. Female
4% to 6 lines in length, vulva in the posterior tenth of the body
depressed and covered by a membraneous projection.

256 Veterinary Medicine.

This has been found by Ostertag in the abomasum in go per
cent. of the cattle slaughtered in the Berlin abattoirs. It was not
found in prime animals, but only in those in poor condition.
Stiles has found it in American cattle and sheep. Though some-
times found free in the contents of the stomach, it is usually en-
cysted in the mucosa so as to form minute nodules, each having a
small opening through which the worm passes. Many of the
nodules are extremely superficial, so that they are readily rup-
tured under the pressure of the finger or of a knife blade and the
tiny worms escaping, float on the surface. Often a portion of the
parasite only projects, the remainder being still embedded in the
nodule.

In an investigation made in Victoria, DeWitt and Gonzales
counties, Texas, Dr. Ch. Wardwell Stiles found these parasites
in every bovine animal, old or young, examined post-mortem,
and in many cases microscopic sections of the mucosa ‘‘ reminded
one of a very heavy infection of muscular trichinosis in man,
hogs or rats.’ The walls of the stomach were cedematous and
greatly thickened, often from ‘‘ half an inch to an inch anda
half in thickness and appear like a mass of rubber that has been
in zylene for a long time.’? The common experience was that
it was not possible to put flesh on the affected animals by any
kind of feeding, and the sufferers showed the general anzemic and
dropsical appearance of animals suffering ftom blood-sucking
nematode worms.

As is usual in verminous invasions the Strongylus Ostertagi
was not found alone, but usually associated with other parasites,
the propagation of which is favored by the same conditions of
damp or wet soil, a warm climate, close aggregation of a large
number of animals, and the use of common feeding and watering
troughs and pastures. Of other varieties of worms present in
these Texas cases the following were especially common:
Strongylus Micrurus, Strongylus Contortus, Uncinaria Radiata,
Uncinaria Cernua, Gisophagostoma Columbiana, Distoma Hepati-
cum and Distoma Lanceolatum. Yet such was the degree of
injury done to the mucosa of the abomasum by the S. Ostertagi
that Stiles is constrained to say: ‘‘ Although the worm is small
I cannot escape the conclusion that it was the chief factor in the
disease found among the cattle.’’

Gastric Parasites of Swine. 257

Symptoms. When at all numerous these bloodsuckers reduce
the blood, health, vigor and condition, the ill effects being most
apparent in the young animals. Anzemia with pallor of the visi-
ble mucous membranes and skin, a dry unthrifty aspect of the
hair, excess of dandruff, clinging of the skin to the structures,
lack of subcutaneous fat, and of mellowness to touch, sometimes
dropsical effusions in dependent parts, as beneath the jaws,
throat, or sternum, shrunken muscles, and some irregularity of
the bowels with mucous covered stools indicating gastric and it
may be intestinal catarrh. The mucus might be examined for
the ova of the worms. But in any case, if an animal from an
unthrifty herd shows this verminous disease of the stomach on
post-mortem examination, the remainder of the herd may be treat-
ed for the gastric parasites.

Treatment. In Stiles’ hands no medication succeeded. The
hidden worm, encysted in the nodules of the musosa was not
effectively reached by any medicine introduced into the stomach.
Nevertheless the treatment advised for S. Contortus might be re-
sorted to in the hope of destroying the free worms and those that
may protrude their heads from the galleries.

Prevention should be sought along the lines set down for the
destruction of the eggs and young worms during their stage of
existence outside the bovine host, and by the constant access to,
salt which is destructive to the embryos as they are taken into the
stomach. ~

Strongylus Vicarius. This is a worm found by Stiles in the
abomasum of sheep in the Gulf States, resembling the S.
Ostertagi, but distinguished by its still smaller size and by the
absence of the special covering for the vulva in the female. It
produces similar results and is to be opposed by the same
measures as the S. Ostertagi.

GASTRIC PARASITES OF SWINE.

Spiroptera Strongylina: White, curved, round, nude mouth, alated, tail
spiral in male, pointed in female, 4 to 8 lines long. Habitat : Submucous
tumors of stomach, swine. Guathostoma Hispida : Hooked plates around
mouth. Habitat ; Stomach of pig; Russia, Austria ; burrows head in mu-
cosa, with congestion and exudation. Symptoms: Indigestion, gastric

17

258 Veterinary Medicine.

catarrh, tympany, vomiting, emaciation, pallor, weakness. 77 veatment -
Oil of turpentine, sautonin, etc., tonics, generous feed. Simondsia Para-
doxa: Narrow toward head, mouth has two papille, alated, 5 to 7 lines
long ; uterus forms large rosette near tail. Aaditat: Stomach, pig, female
in gallery in mucosa, male free in stomach.

Spiroptera Strongylina. Body white often bent in a semi-
circle; mouth round, nude; a narrow lateral wing on one side.
Male 4% to 6 lines long, tail spirally curved in 1% turn, and
with two broad unequal membraneous alee, six papillee on each
side, asymmetrically arranged, spicula long and thin. Female 6
to 8 lines long, body thin especially in front, tail pointed, vulva
immediately in front of the anus.

Habitat. Found in submucous tumors of the stomach in pigs
(2 out of 19 wild boars in Vienna), less frequently in domestic
pigs. No pathogenesis has been traced to it.

Gnathostoma Hispida (gnathos, jaw, hispidus prickly).
The anterior extremity is furnished with a formidable armament
of twelve rows of chitinous plates with sharp backward curved
hook at the summit of each. Male 1 inch in length. Female
1 inches. ;

Habitat and Lesions. This has been found in the stomach of
swine in Vienna and Russia. It bores its head into the mucous
membrane, fixing itself by its numerous hooks, and lives by suck-
ing the blood. The point of attachment of the worm is shown
externally by a small red or black spot on the serosa. Internally
the mucosa is inflamed and between the folds the worms are
found to be engaged by the head in the centre of congested mammi-
form swellings.

Symptoms. ‘There is indigestion, and gastric catarrh, with
tympany, occasional vomiting and other signs of irritation. The
general symptoms are those of debility induced by the loss of
blood, loss of condition, pallor of the mucous membranes and
general weakness.

Treatment, Oil of tuipentine, santonin or other vermifuge
would seem to be indicated associated with tonics and nourishing
food.

Simondsia Paradoxa. Body cylindroid, and narrowed
toward the cephalic end which has two narrow lateral ale.
Mouth with two prominent papillae. Male 5% lines long, a

Gastric Parasites in the Dog. 259

spiral tail and two long delicate spicule. Female about 7 lines
in length, and toward the caudal end has a large rosette like body
consisting of the uterus developed externally.

Habitat, Found by Simonds in the stomach of a German pig
in the London Zoological Gardens. The male was free in the
contents of the stomach, while the female occupied a cyst in the
mucosa from which it protruded its head through a small open-
ing into the gastric cavity.

From its habits it is probable that if present in large numbers
it would give rise to gastric indigestion and inflammation.

GASTRIC PARASITES OF THE DOG.

Spiroptera Sanguinolenta: Blood-red, narrow toward ends, mouth large,
round, cesophagus club-shaped, intestine straight, anus terminal, 1 to near
3 inches long ; oviparous, eggs ovoid. Hadztat: Hard submucous tumors
of gullet, more rarely of stomach ; dog, wolf; S. Europe, China, Brazil.
Each gallery opens into gullet or stomach ; may contain 20 worms; also in
lung, aorta, and lymph glands. Larval form in eastern cockroach. Symp-
toms: Vomiting, emaciation, gastric catarrh, ravenous appetite, pulmonary,
pleural, aortic or glandular disease. Treatment; Vermifuge.

Spiroptera Sanguinolenta. This parasite is remarkable for
its blood red color from which its name istaken. Body cylin-
droid ; narrowed toward the extremities; spirally twisted ; head
narrower than body ; mouth large, round ; cesophagus long, en-
larging posteriorly ; intestine straight; anus terminal. Male 1
to 134 inches long ; tail spiral, with two lateral alz, each sus-
tained by six papillae; two unequal spicula. Female 2 to 234
inches long ; tail slightly curved and blunt; vulva about two
lines behind the mouth. Eggs ovoid. Oviparous.

Habitat. In hard submucous tumors of the cesophagus and
less frequently of the stomach in the dog, wolf and fox in South-
ern Europe, China and Brazil. The tumors vary in size from a
hazel nut to a pigeon’s egg, and have not exceeded three in any
case. The worms live in the chambered interior, but can pass
out through a common orifice into the cesophagean lumen or gas-
tric cavity. From two to twenty worms have been met with in a
single tumor. They have also been found in the lung, the aorta
and the lymphatic glands.

260 Veterinary Medicine.

Biology. Grassi has traced the life history of this spiroptera,
having found it in the larval condition in the abdominal cavity of
the eastern cockroach (Periplaneta Orientalis), which he fed to
dogs, and fifteen days later found the worms embedded in the ceso-
phagean mucosa. It would appear that the cock-roaches become
infested from devouring the droppings of dogs, and that dogs in
turn become infested by eating cock-roaches.

Symptoms. There may be vomiting and rapid loss of condition
when the parasite exists in the cesophagus or cardia. Voracious
appetite has been noticed in some cases of gastric spiroptera.

Gastric catarrh may also exist. There may be signs of pul-
monary, pleural, aortic or gandular disease according to the loca-
tion of the parasite.

Treatment. Has not so-far been attempted but would be essen-
tially vermifuge.

GASTRIC PARASITES IN THE CAT.

Ollulanus tricuspis: Mature in chambers hollowed in gastric mucosa of
cat and small rodents, and as /arva in liver, lungs, pleura, diaphragm, or
intestinal contents of same. Female has three hooks on tail. Length 1
muu., like larval trichina, but contains ova and embryo which distinguish it.
Lesions : Isolated red nodules, or congested, ecchymotic, softened patches
shedding epithelium, and catarrh ; ovoviviparous. Embryos present in the
ingesta and feeces, and even in bronchial mucus. Cysts in solid organs may
each hold several asexual worms and cause fatalinflammation. TZvreatment:
Vermifuges, destruction of rats and mice. Farasttes of cats’ prey accident-
ally swallowed.

Ollulanus Tricuspis (olla jar). This is a small round worm
which passes through its sexually mature condition in the gastric
mucosa of the cat and small rodents, and its larval state encysted
in the internal organs (liver, lungs, pleura, diaphragm), or free
in the intestinal contents of the same animals. It has accordingly
been often mistaken for trichina. The name is derived from the
three pointed processes on the caudal extremity of the female,
which together with the presence in its oviducts of ova and two
or three large sized embryos, at once distinguish it from the
wandering or encysted trichina. Both sexes are further dis-
tinguished by the open, urn-shaped buccal capsule.

Gastric Parasites tn the Cat. 261

The mature female is 1 mm. in length; the male somewhat
smaller. The larval trichina, for which alone it may be mistaken,
is 0.8 to 1 mm. in length.

The mature ollulanus living in the substance of the mucosa
produces effects corresponding to the number of worms. If few
there may be minute red nodules only. If abundant there may
be general or extensive congestion, ecchymosis and softening,
with desquamation of the epithelium and catarrhal discharge.
Beside the mature worms are found large embryos which have
not yet migrated from their place of birth. The worm is ovovivi-
parous.

The embryos escape from the mucosa into the intestinal canal
so that they are found in large numbers in the contents of the
bowels and in the faeces. Others migrate inward and invade the
diaphragm, liver, lungs, pleurae, and the muscles generally in
which they form cysts resembling those of the trichina, .15 to .20
mm. in iength. These cysts have thick dense walls, and each
contains one or several embryos rolled up on themselves. In the
lungs they are embedded in minute areas of hepatization, and
may be readily mistaken for miliary tubercles, and when very
numerous, dangerous and fatal pneumonias may ensue. In bad
cases the embryos may often be detected in the bronchial mucus.

As in the case of trichine, the encysting of the worm in the
solid organs, puts an end to its migrations and limits development
to the asexual stage. To reach maturity its host must be de-
voured by another appropriate host, in the gastric mucosa of
which it may burrow and advance to its full development. The
natural cycle of development would seem to be: first (z#mature)
in the stomach, bowels and solid organs of the mouse and rat:
and second (mature) in the stomach of the cat and immature in
the bowels, and solid organs of the cat which feeds on the infested
rodent. The rodents may get infested from the manure of the
suffering cat or from water that has washed from it, and also
from the feeces and flesh of each other.

Treatment must be mainly directed to the destruction and ex-
pulsion of the embryo worms that may be free in the intestinal
tract, and for this the usual vermifuges and purgatives may be
employed. The destruction of rats and mice will also go some
way toward keeping cats free from invasion. Yet the cat may

262 Veterinary Medicine.

perhaps be reinfested from its own bowel dejections and that of
its fellows, that may be suffering from the worm.

Other Parasites. Cats like dogs take in various parasites of
their prey, which may be found alive in the stomach, but cannot
be looked on as real parasites of the cat. This possibly explains
the physaloptera found by Lutz in a cat in Brazil, as it does the
heterakis found by Neumann. Both are parasites of fowls. Yet
Physaloptera Digitata lives in the stomach of the puma (filis con-
color) of Brazil.

Strongylus Strigosus of the Stomach of the Rabbit.
Body cylindroid, attenuated, blood red, with about 50 longitu-
dinal lines from which it derives its name (striped strongle).
Male 3% to 7 lines in length, caudal membrane campaniliform,
two spicula with brush-like terminations. Female 4% to 9 lines
in length, vulva near the posterior tenth of the body.

Lesions. ‘These have been found by thousands in the stomach
of warren rabbits, sucking the blood and giving rise to a most
destructive epizodtic marked chiefly by anemia, emaciation and
marasmus. ‘They must be ¢veated by vermifuges (areca nut),
separation of infested, cleansing or changing of warrens and runs.

PARASITES IN THE STOMACHS OF BIRDS.

Dispharagus Nasutus: Large papillz on sides of mouth ; constriction in
pharynx ; 2 to 3 lines long; in wall of gizzard, hen and sparrow. Symp-
toms: Dulness, dejection, but good appetite. TZvreatment : Vermifuges.
Spiroptera Hamulosa in tumors on gizzard of chicken. Physalopterus
Truncatus in proventriculus of chicken; Brazil. Tyvopisurus Inflatus and
Trop. Fissispinus in submucous cysts in proventriculus of duck. Histri-
chis Tricolor, with front of body spinous, and back, intestine and gullet
three colors; in proventriculus. Strongylus Nodularis, with two buccal
vesicular nodules and three teeth ; in mucosa of proventriculus, gizzard and
duodenum of goose. Histrichis Pachycephalus in nodules of the proventri-
culus ; swan.

Dispharagus Nasutus of Chickens. (Large nosed). This
parasite is named from the division of the pharynx in two cavi-
ties and from the nose-like projection forward of two papille on
each side of the mouth in the female. The male is about two
lines long, the female three lines, and both live in the wall of the
gizzard of hen and sparrow.

Parasites in the Stomachs of Birds. 263

Pathogenesis and Symptoms. Wegros describes a deadly epizo-
Otic caused by this parasite, which, present in myriads, buried the
anterior part of the body or the whole in the wall of the gizzard
and sucked the blood. The fowls were dull, dejected and
emaciated, yet retained a voracious appetite to the last.

Diagnosis can hardly be made apart from a necropsy, but once
recognized, the disease should be treated by one of the various
vermifuges.

Spiroptera Hamulosa (small hook) was found by Metterer in
small tumors on the surface of the gizzard of a fowl in Brazil.
The male was 4% lines in length, the female 10 to 12 lines. No
evil effects are noted.

Physalopterus Truncatus (cut off). So called because of
its puffed up lips, each provided with three papillee externally
and teeth internally at the extremity. The male is about 12 lines
in length and the female 16 lines. It has been found in Brazil in
the proventriculus of a chicken. Pathogenic effects are not re-
corded.

Tropisurus Inflatus and Tropisurus Fissispinus are two
species of parasites of the proventriculus of the duck, inhabiting
submucus cysts and sometimes giving rise to fatal inflammations
(Zurn). The female has a thick ovoid body. The male is thread-
like, 15 to 18 times longer thanit isthick, and with its tail turned
downward like a keel.

Hystrichis Tricolor. So named because the anterior part of
the body is studded with hooklets or prickles. The female, about
12 lines in length is white externally, with black intestine and red
cesophagus, giving three colors to as many parts of the surface.
It has been found with the hooked anterior part of the body
buried in the walls of the proventriculus of the duck, so that it
may be impossible to extract it. It gives rise to irritation and
inflammation.

Strongylus Nodularis. Body cylindroid, attenuated in
front, the mouth has laterally two vesiculous nodules, and in the
pharynx are three teeth which can be projected externally. The
male is 4% to 5 lines long, the female 4% tog lines in length.
The vulva is over % line from the end of the tail. This is found
in the tame goose in the mucous and muscular coats of the pro-
ventriculus, and duodenum.

264 Veterinary Medicine.

Hystrichis Pachycephalus of the Swan (thick head).
This gross and prickle headed parasite was found in nodules of
the muscosa of the proventriculus of the swan.

INTESTINAL PARASITES AND MESSMATES, OF
HORSES, ASSES AND MULES.

Infusoria, Globidium Leuckarti. Tania Perfoliata: Large unarmed
head, short, broad body; ova polyhedral, in small and large intestines ;
Germany, Russia, Scandinavia, France, United States. Symptoms of intes-
tinal worms. Zreatment, teeniacides. 7. Mamillana: Unarmed head, suck-
ers with crescentic opening, segments at first mere transverse lines, and at
tail 2 to 3mm. long by 4to 6 mm. broad. In duodenum and ileum, soli-
peds; Germany, Scandinavia, France, America. 7. Plicata: Unarmed
head, cupped suckers ;6 to 30 inches. In small intestine and (rarely) stom-
ach ; soliped; Senegal, Tunis, France, Germany, America. Symptoms
of intestinal worms, low condition, variable appetite, irregular bowels,
indigestion, colic, etc.; passage of segments. TZvreatment: teeniacides.
Cysticercus Fistularis : Tape-worm larva in peritoneum, solipeds. France,
Germany. Head armed; mature form unknown. Amphistoma of Collinsi,
of Stanley, and of Sonsini: Conical or elliptical, red worm, two suckers,
buccal and caudal; in intestines and nose, pharynx, gullet and stomach.
India, Egypt, Senegal, Guadaloupe. Causes epizodtics, with sudden death,
or indigestion, enteritis, anzemia, or emaciation. Zvreatment: As in disto-
matosis. Ascaris Megalacephala-: Large head, trilabiate mouth, tapers to
ends, 5 to 15 inches long, in small intestines (bile or pancreatic ducts).
Cause, colics, indigestions, watery diarrhcea, emaciation, ancemia, pot-belly,
passage of worms or ova. Treatment: Tartar emetic, oil of turpentine,
benzine, thymol, arsenic. Prevention: Pure water, clean mangers, salt.
Oxyuris Curvula: In large intestine, curve in anterior part of body, one
inch long; ova with button-like prolongation. Causes indigestion, ill-
health, fur on anus, rubbing rump, passage of worms or eggs. Treatment -
As for ascarides ; quassia, etc., as enema. Oxyuris Mastigodes: Tail of
female 3 or 4inches; common. Tyeatas for curvula. Sclerostoma Equt-
num ; S. Tetracanthum: Armed mouth like equinum, but with four large
opposing teeth; 1% to 2 iuches; in large intestine ; larvee in cysts in mu-
cosa, and in pea-like manure-pellets. Pathogenesis, symptoms and treat-
ment as in oxyuris. /ilaria Papillosa: A silk-like thread worm, active
movements, mouth with eight papilla. In serosa, eye, connective tissue ;
unthrift, dropsy of sheath, scrotum, limbs; no effective treatment. 4n-
guillula; Diptera Larve ; Cestrus; Helophilus Pendulinus.

INFUSORIA IN LARGE INTESTINE.

Entodinium Bipalmatum. Conical, with mouth at base.
Length, 600p.

Cestoids Tenia. 265

EH. Valvatum. Rectangular. Ciliary crown at mouth; two
posterior. Length, 214.

Diplodinium Uncinatum. Ciliary crown at anus. Length,
goon.

D. Unifasciatum. ‘Two anterior peripharyngeal ciliary crowns;
one posterior. Length, 230m.

Spirodinium Equi. Spiral ciliary crown anterior to posterior
ends. Length, 230.

Triadinium Caudatum. Three ciliary crowns, one anterior |
two lateral. Length, 300m.

These are non-pathogenic and grow in the vegetable infusion
as they do out of the body in similar mixtures.

Organism of Indeterminate Species.

Globidium Leuckarti. Max Flesch found in the villi of the
small intestine of a horse, an elliptical or spherical organism 80u
long by 7op broad, but encreasing in certain casesto 160m or even
340m in length. It contained many refrangent spherical bodies,
generally distributed or enveloping a central protoplasm, and
sometimes a pyriform body. The most plausible suggestion is
that it belongs to the sarcosporidia.

This parasite was mildly pathogenic, being surrounded by
slight inflammation of the intestinal mucosa.

CESTOIDS. TANLE.

Teenia Perfoliata. Head very large, tetragonal, with cup-
shaped suckers, but without proboscis or hooklets, segments very
short and broad, encreasing in breadth to 2 mm. in the ninth,
narrowed at the anterior border, and overlapping the next seg-
ment behind. First six or eight segments are non-sexual, from
this to the roth they are male, the three next are hermaphrodite,
and the terminal ones essentially female. Total length 26 to
28 mm. (may reach 80mm., Rudolphi). Ova polyhedral by
packing together and very active embryo. Larva unknown.
Habitat: Ceecum and small intestine, rarely the colon. Common
in Germany, Russia, Scandinavia, South of France and some por-
tions of the United States.

266 Veterinary Medicine.

Pathogenesis. Causes the ordinary symptoms of intestinal
worms. Megnin and Perroncito have described saccules of the
intestines filled with these tenia, and rupture of such pouches
causing peritonitis, colics and death.

Tenia Mamillana. Mammiform tape-worm. Length
1to5cm. Head tetragonal, smaller than in perfoliata, suckers
opening in a hemispherical longitudinal slit, no proboscis nor
hooklets. Segments at first hemispherical clasping the head, then
widening and lengthening to finally 4 to 6 mm. broad, by 2 to 3
mm. long. Ova oblong 88uin length. Larva unknown.

Ffabitat. The duodenum and ileum, (exceptionally the stomach)
of solipeds. It has been found in Germany (Blumberg, Greve,
Hering), Scandinavia (Krabbe), France (Cadeac), and America.
It is less common than T. Perfoliata.

Tenia Plicata. Folded tape-worm. Head very large,
tetragonal, but slightly flattened (2 mm.) but without proboscis
or hooklets. Suckers cupped and directed forward. Length
may be 6 to 30 inches (Davaine, Railliet, Cadeac). Maximum
breadth at the middle of the body 6to 20mm. Length of seg-
ment gradually encreases to 2 mm. at the tail. Ova round or
polyhedral. Larva unknown.

Habitat. Inthe small intestine and (rarely) in the stomach.
It is more rare than the perfoliata and mamillana. It has been
found in the ass in great numbers in Senegal (Sarciron), in the
mule at Gabes, Tunis, (Beugnot), in France (Hendrickx, Blanc)
in Germany (Hering).

Pathogenesis. It is generally held to be harmless, but the
cases of Sarciron and Hendrickx show that when present in large
numbers it may cause indigestion and even enteritis.

Symptoms of tape-worms. These are those of intestinal
worms in general, unthrift, low condition, variable appetite, ir-
regular bowels, indigestion, colics, enteritis, anaemia, pot-belly,
skin eruptions, and above all the passage of ripe segments of the
worms. These are however, only discovered with difficulty.

Treatment. As for teenia in other animals and will be described
later.

Cysticercus Fistularis (pipe-like bladder-worm). This is
the larva or cyst of an unknown tape-worm. It has been found
on rare occasions in the peritoneum of the horse. It has a length

Trematodes of the Soliped. 267

of 1.5 cm., cylindroid, very thin, and with a cylindroid caudal
vesicle. Total length three to four inches. Head tetragonal and
furnished with a double row of hooklets. It has been found in
France (Chabert) and Germany (Reckleben).

TREMATODES OF THE SOLIPED.

Three trematodes have been found in the intestines of solipeds,
the Amphistoma Collinsi, the Amphistoma Collinsi varietas Stan-
leyt and the Gastrodiscus Sonsinot.

Amphistoma of Collins. These are thick short worms of a
brick red color, having an anterior sucker surrounding the mouth
and a posterior sucker at the caudal end. In Hindostan they are
known as masurz, and multiply by thousands in the large intes-
tines, giving rise to indigestions and enteritis. The illness may
be recognized by the presence of the worms or their eggs in the
manure. Asthey must be developed through the characteristic
alternate generations of trematoids (see distomatosis) they may
be guarded against by avoiding infested water and pastures, or
destroyed by the liberal use of salt or vermifuges.

Stanleyi variety of the Amphistoma of Collins is pronounced
by Cobbold to be essentially different.

Gastrodiscus of Sonsini (gaster belly, diskos plate). This
parasite has a red flattened body in the form of a short ellipsis.
The back is smooth, the venter covered with about 200 papillary
suckers. The anterior end bears a conical papilla, 2 mm. in
length on the free end of which is the buccal sucker. The
posterior sucker is terminal and fastens the parasite to the mucosa.
The body is about 12 mm. in length, and 10 to11 mm. in breadth.
It was discovered by Sonsini at Zagazig, near Suez, Egypt, in
horses dying of an enzootic, and has since been found in asses in
Senegal (Sarciron), and in mules in Guadaloupe (Guyot, Cousin)
and India (Giles). Collin has also found it in a zebra.

Habitats. In horses it was found in the small and large intes-
tines in large numbers. In mules it was present in thousands in
pharynx, cesophagus, stomach, intestines and nasal fossze.

Pathogenesis. Some of the victims died suddenly and others
only after a long period of anzemia and ill health.

268 Veterinary Medicine.

Treatment. As it is taken in as cercaria this may be prevented
by giving due attention to the water and food (see distomatosis).
Otherwise it may be treated by salt and other vermifuges.

ROUND WORMS, (NEMATOIDS) OF SOLIPEDS.

Ascaris Megalocephala (megalocephalos large head). While
ascarides are distinguished by their relatively large size, this
- species is larger than others. The male is 5 to 9 inches, and the
female from 6 to 15 inches in length. It is further distinguished
by its large head expanding at the end of a neck, and furnished
with three papillary lips bearing teeth on their free margin. The
male has its tail furnished with two lateral membraneous ale, and
a great number of papille, which are in two rows behind the anus
and in several rows more anteriorly, also two cylindroid, curved
spicula. The female has its tail conoid and obtuse, anus nearly
terminal and vulva toward the anterior fourth of the body. Ova
almost globular, and have great vitality, the contained embryos
remaining alive for two years in water, dung, moist earth, or on
glass slides. Hence they can remain in wells, ponds, and the
dust of stables and yards to enter the system with the food and
water.

fTabitat, The small intestines of solipeds: very common and
often in great abundance.

Pathogenesis. ‘They often produce no visible symptoms in
mature solipeds, but in the young, and if in great numbers in the
old as well, they prove very injurious. At the Brussels Veteri-
nary School more than 1800 were found in one horse, and the
present writer has collected a gallon which were passed by one
subject under the use of vermifuges, and on another occasion has
taken as many from the small intestines post mortem. They have
been found to pass into the stomach (Neumann), the bileduct
(ROll) and the pancreatic duct (Generali).

Colics, indigestions, slight muco-enteritis, and watery diarrhoea
may be noted as among the local lesions and disorders caused by
these worms. Gavard, Wirz and Zurn have cited cases, in which
the worms seemed to have perforated the intestinal mucosa and
escaped into the peritoneum. Hepatic and pancreatic disorder

Round Worms (Nematoids) of Solipeds. 269

may follow the blocking of the biliary and pancreatic ducts.
Apart from these conditions are the general symptoms of unthrift-
iness, emaciation, anzemia, rough coat, pot-belly, the presence of
fur around the anus, the habit of passing a little liquid before def-
ecation, or there may be watery diarrhoea and in exceptional
cases nervous disorder. In one case tetanic symptoms set in but
yielded promptly to vermifuges (Dieckerhoff). In another case
paraplegia yielded to anthelimintics (Damitz). The conclusive
symptom is the passage of the worms.

Treatment. ‘This is much more effective than in the case of
pin-worms, as the ascarides, living in the smallintestines can be
much more easily reached with medicine, and as they live mainly
on the ingesta they consume and are killed by the vermifuge dis-
solved in these. Almost any vermifuge may be given, but tartar
emetic 2 drs., given every morning, on an empty stomach, for six
days, and followed on the seventh by a good purgative proves
very effective. Oil of turpentine 2 ozs., in milk emulsion, or
thymol or santonin 3 to 4 drs. may be given. Benzine in a dose
of 1% oz. is effective. Sulphate of iron 2 drs. and arsenious acid
IO grs., given every morning is often very effective though in
obstinate cases the writer has had to double the dose of the latter
agent. Vermifuge treatment is, however, of no avail unless the
access of fresh ova through the food and water can be prevented.
Water from deep wells, well protected by cement from surface
drainage, and careful sweeping of the stables to clear away in-
fested dust must be secured. Old pastures charged with the ova
must be avoided, especially for young colts. Finally the general
health and vigor must be sedulously looked after.

Oxyuris Curvula (oxys pointed, oura tail). The curved oxyuris
is a very common parasite of the large intestine, constituting one
of the common fiz-worms of horsemen. The curve described
by the anterior part of the body has secured for this worm its
specific name (Curvula) as its sharply pointed tail has the generic
one (oxyuris). The female is 1 to 1% inch long, thick anteri-
orly, attenuated gradually to a fine point behind, and, as it were,
cut off obliquely ; head conical, mouth round or, if the 3 papille
are projected—triangular, furnished with three horny bars and
behind these with other folds beset with horny spikes. Vulva
about 10 mm. from the mouth, and anus in the anterior thick

270 Veterinary Medicine.

portion of the body. Male is 9 to 12 mm. long, with obtuse
caudal end, bearing several papillee the last of which bears a well
developed membraneous clasping apparatus. Spiculum is single.
Ova insymmetrically oval, with a button-like projecting operculum
at one end:

Habitat. The ceecum, colon, and rectum of solipeds. It is
very common and often very abundant.

Pathogenesis, Though not nearly so injurious as the blood-
sucking pin-worms (sclerostomata) yet the oxyuris when present
in large numbers will greatly impair the general health, produc-
ing indigestions, colics, diarrhceas, general unthriftiness, anaemia,
pot-belly, pruritus ani, and the presence of a grayish fur round
the anus from the drying of mucus. ‘The passage of wormis with
the feeces serves to identify the true cause of these symptoms.

Treatment is essentially the same as for ascarides though the
presence of the parasite in the large intestine only makes it more
difficult to reach. Injections are often used to advantage (quassia
infusion, benzine, naphthalin, etc.)

Oxyuris Mastigodes (mastix whip, eidos form). 'The long-
tailed oxyuris like the oxyuris curvula has its distinguishing
features in the female. This consists in a prolongation of the tail
to three or four inches long. The parasite is found in the feeces,
or arrested in the anus, its long attenuated tail shrunken toa
delicate filament folded on itself longitudinally, and as if it had
just been delivered of its contingent of eggs. It has been noticed
by Nitsch and Friedberger in Germany, and Blaise and Condamine
in Algiers and France. It is quite common in New York. The
general characters closely resemble those of the oxyuris curvula,
so that Railliet holds it to be but a variation, shown in a dimor-
phism of the females.

The habitat, sympioms and treatment are essentially the same as
for the oxyuris curvula.

Sclerostoma Equinum. This is by far the most dangerous
of the intestinal worms of solipeds. For its description, ravages
and treatment, the reader is referred to the article on ‘‘ Colic from
Verminous Embolism.”’

Sclerostoma Tetracanthum, (éefra four, akanthos thorn).
The 4-toothed sclerostome, has a mouth like that of the sclero-
stoma equinum, in showing a circular row of sharp triangular

Round Worms (Nematoids) of Solipeds. 271

teeth, but it has in addition four large prominent papilla from
which the specific name is derived. It is further smaller than the
equinum, the males being 8 to 15 mm. long, and the females 10
to24mm. The male has two delicate spicula of equal size and
a shell-like clasping apparatus supported by rays. The female
has the tail rounded but with a delicate sharp point, unlike the
equinum.

Ovum an elongated ellipsis, twice as long as thick.

ffabitat. In the ceecum and colon of solipeds often in great
numbers, and in company with the sclerostoma equinum. It is
distinguished from the latter by its smaller size, by the 4 large
papillee around the mouth, by the sharp spike on the otherwise
rounded tail of the female, by the length of the elliptical ovum,
and by the longer tail and more sluggish movements of the
embryo. ‘The latter are hatched out in the intestine and may at
once bore into the mucosa and encyst themselves, or escaping
with the feeces they may reénter in the water and food and find a
temporary home in the cysts in question. They are not known
to wander into the bloodvessels like the sclerostoma equinum.
The latter in the sexually immature condition live in the blood-
vessels, while the former establish themselves in cysts in the
mucous membrane, and in pill-like masses of solid ingesta in which
they excavate for themselves a temporary home. The latter are
the zematoideum equi caballi (Diesing), and trichonema arcuata
(Cobbold), which the latter finally recognized to be the agamous
larvee of the sclerostoma tetracanthum. These larval asexual par-
asites must migrate into the bowels to attain sexual development
and propagate their kind. ‘

Pathogenesis. This is by no means so dangerous as the
sclerostoma equinum since it leads to no blocking of the mesen-
teric vessels, yet when present in large numbers the countless
wounds which it makes in the mucosa, and the irritation caused
by the encysted larvee, often produce congestion, indigestion, and
enteritis. Apart from this, anzemia and chronic catarrh of the
large intestine are common results of their ravages.

Symptoms. Beside the general manifestations of intestinal
parasitism, there are the local symptoms of anal pruritus, the
broken, twisted condition of the hairs at the root of the tail, the
dried fur around the anus, and the passage of the specific worm
with the feeces.

272 Veterinary Medicine.

OTHER SCLEROSTOMATA.

From his Egyptian experience Looss records additional species
of sclerostoma and their close allies. The following may be
named :

ScLEROSTOMA EDENTATUM. ‘THE ToOTHLESS SCLEROSTOME.
This worm the name of which is rather paradoxical is but three-
fourths the length of the S. Equinum (/Za/e, 23 to 26 mm. by 1.5
mm.; Female, 33 to 36 mm. by 2 mm.), and is relatively thicker.
The mouth capsule is beaker shaped, not ellipsoidal. It is com-
mon at Cairo.

S. VULGARE is still smaller (Male, 14 to 19 mm. by 0.7 mm. ;
Female, 23 to 24 mm. by 1mm.). The tail is relatively more
slender and pointed than the equinum.

Under the name of CyYATHOSTOME (cup-mouthed) he names 12
varieties including the 7etracanthum ; under TRIODONTUS (three-
toothed) two individuals; and under GyALOCEPHALUs (hollow-
head), one specimen.

Filaria Papillosa. Filaria Equina. This long, delicate,
thread-like worm, diminishing slightly toward the ends, especially
the posterior, has usually a clear refrangent silky aspect by which
it is readily recognized. The globular head is terminated by a
small mouth surrounded by eight conical papille arranged in op-
posing pairs. The made is 2 to 4 inches long, with tail rolled in
three or four turns of a spiral, and furnished with 4 pre-anal and 4
post-anal papillae on each side, and membraneous alz enclosing
the two unequal spicula. The female 3 to 5 inches long, has a
loose spiral tail, bearing three papillee a terminal and two lateral
ones. Vulva close to the mouth.

Ovum an elongated ellipsis. Ovoviviparous.

Hfabitat. This worm is often found in the peritoneum of
solipeds, and Rudolphi claims that he found it in the intestine.
It is also a common parasite of other serous cavities as the
pleura and arachnoid, and in the aqueous humor of the eye. It
has also been found in the connective tissue beneath the periton-
eum, and in the diaphragm.

Pathogenesis. Asan intestinal parasite, no harm has been at-
tributed to them, and when present singly in the serous cavities
the same may be said of them. When very numerous, however,

Diptera Larva. 273

the host is usually debilitated and it is fair to attribute this to the
irritation caused by the worm. In a weak subject suffering
from cutaneous filariasis (Bursatti) a large number were found
in the peritoneum (Baruchello). Swelled testicle and dropsical
cord are often associated with the presence of filaria in the vaginal
tunic (Steel, Pottinger), and the presence of filaria in the scrotum
is usually associated with myriads of the same worm in the
peritoneum (Macgillivray, Steel, Pottinger).

No effective ¢veatment has been devised for filariases of the
serous membranes. If the presence of the worms could be
diagnosed, injection of a weak solution of carbolic acid or other
non-irritant vermifuge might be tried. Or one might try the
effect of a long course of arsenious acid given by the mouth.

Anguillula. Rhabdonema. ‘To this class has been ascribed
the small worm formerly described as Oxyuris vivipara. Only
females have been found 2.5 mm. long by 0.4 to 0.8 mm. thick,
sexually mature, and with a few ova, and even embryos in the
uterus.

DIPTERA LARVA.

Gastrophilus. The various species of bots (gastrophilus) in
passing out of the body have to traverse the intestines and thus
in early summer they are temporarily intestinal parasites. Some-
times these give rise to more or less irritation by hooking on to
the sensitive mucosa, and in other cases they assist with the in-
gesta in blocking the lumen, and setting up obstruction and in-
digestion.

For the freatment of such cases see ‘‘ parasites of the stomach.”’

Helophiius Pendulinus. Rat-tailed maggot. On several
occasions the hanging helophilus has been passed by the horse.
It is readily recognized by the long, tail-like prolongation from
one end of the bot-like body. Its presence has no pathological
significance.

INTESTINAL PARASITES OF CATTLE.

Actinomycosis of demi-canal, and intestine. Saccharomyces Guttulatus,
elliptical cells, with refrangent spots, single, pairs, or chains ; harmless.
Aspergillus Fumigatus in pea-like or miliary nodules of small intestine or

18

274 Veterinary Medicine.

mesenteric glands. Coccidium Oviforme and Ferforans. Amphistoma
Tuberculatum in intestine; India. Bilharzia Crassa: Ova in papillary
swellings of intestines, anus and urinary bladder; mature trematode in
blood of ox; India, Egypt, Italy; Syngamous. Prevention: As for disto-
matosis. Zaenia Denticulata: Unarmed, 8to 15 inches; segments broadest
posteriorly, causing serrations ; larva unknown ; in small intestine, injurious
to young. 7. Hxpansa: Short, broad, thin, transparent, unarmed head ;
in small intestine, may injure calves. JZ. Alba: Smaller than expansa,
larger head, crescentic suckers; thicker, longer, narrower, ripe segments ;
small intestine ; ox and sheep; Italy, France. Zveatment-: In young, usual
teeniacides. Ascaris Bovis; Reddish white, 4 to 6 inches ; narrowed ends,
triangular mouth, three buccal papilla with serrated borders, tail conical,
30 papillee in front of anus; in small intestine, in young mostly ; causes in-
digestion, diarrhcea and enteritis. Zveatment: Oil of turpentine, tartar
emetic, areca nut, male fern, potassium picrate. Strongylus Ventricosus :
Vulvar enlargement ; in small intestine; ox, stag. CHsophagastoma Infla-
tum: Dilated neck with two ale ; mouth round with six papille ; in colon ;
causes nodules. Uncinaria Radiatus: In Europe and America (Texas),
dwarfing growing cattle, causing anzemia and death; 3 to 1 inch; chalky;
head bent dorsad ; armed mouth turned upward ; upper lip short ; oviparous,
eggs transparent, ovoid. Symptoms: Unthrift, anzemia, vertigo, palpita-
tion, dropsy, colic, scouring ; worms and ova in manure ; washed and pre-
cipitated. Zvreatment: Thymol, and purge. Prevention: Clean buildings,
whitewash, water from deep wells, cemented, closed, pasture by different
genera in successive years, or plow and put in rotation of crops. Tvico-
cephalus Affinis : Hair, head, alee on head, 6 to 8 cm. long; oviparous ; ova
with two transparent polar buttons. TZveatment: Vermifuge ; change pas-
tures, and secure pure water. TZrichina Spiralis: Filaria Cervina: Lacks
the 4 post-oral papillee of the papillosa. Peritoneum, ox, stag, deer ; ovovi-
' viparous. Echinococcus Veterinorum: In peritoneum, liver, etc. Cysii-
cercus Tenuicollis: Larva of T. Marginata, Peritoneum. Head shows active
movements on long, thin neck ; only hurtful when present in great num-
bers ; haemorrhagic hepatitis or peritonitis. Prevention: Deny raw offal of
herbivora to dogs. Keep dogs from pastures, fodders and water supplies ;
use vermifuges on dogs. Distoma hepaticum,

Beside the various bacteridian ferments and the sporozoa and
infusoria similar to those of the horse, cattle suffer from Actino-
mycosis, fungt, cestoids, trematotds and nematoids. Coccidiosis has
been already described.

ACTINOMYCOSIS.

This has been described by De la Pace as occurring in the
intestine of cattle. In a recent case of repeated and fatal choking
above the cardia, in the practice of Dr. Ryder, we found exten-

Intestinal Parasites of Cattle. 275

sive actinomycosis of the demi-canal, which had occasioned the
choking. Whenever this organism can be diagnosed, here as
elsewhere it may be treated with good prospect of success by a
prolonged course of potassium iodide.

FUNGI.

Saccharomyces Guttulatus. This is normally present in
the intestinal contents of cattle, and cannot be accused of any
injurious effect. It consists of elliptical cells, of a dark brown
opaque appearance and a few brightly refrangent points. They
may be isolated, in pairs, or in chains.

Aspergillus Fumigatus. This fungus, which proves so
destructive as a pulmonary parasite of birds and their feeders, has
been found in miliary nodules of the small intestine and mesenteric
glands of cattle (Franck). The nodules, the size of a pea, were
often calcified and were distinguished from tubercles by their
greenish color, and by the presence of a central drop of pus mixed
with the mycelium of the aspergillus.

Diagnosts in life is well nigh impossible, otherwise a treatment
by potassium iodide, or sulphites would be indicated. Its pres-
ence in a carcase should entail its condemnation, as liable to in-
fect the human being.

INTESTINAL SPOROZOA IN CATTLE.

Cattle suffer from Coccidium Oviforme and Coccidium Per-
forans, the ravages of which are described elsewhere. (See
Coccidian Enteritis. )

INTESTINAL TREMATOIDS IN CATTLE.
\
Amphistoma Tuberculatum. This is found in the intes-

tines of cattle in Hindostan. It is a congener of the amphistoma
conicum of the rumen, which it resembles.

Bilharzia Crassa (crassus thick) is a somewhat larger variety
of the Bilharzia Heematobia which lives in the blood of man in
Africa and India and produces chylous urine. The ova are more
elongated, .16 to .18 mm. are found in papillary elevations of the
mucosa of the urinary bladder, intestines and anus in Egypt

276 Veterinary Medicine.

(Sonsino) and Calcutta (Bomford), causing intestinal catarrh,
congestion, ecchymosis and thickening of the mucosa. It is sup-
posed to cause much of the prevalent heematuria in different parts
of Africa and Southern Asia. It has also been found in Italy
(Grassi and Rovelli).

The mature worm found in the blood is easily recognized by
its syngamous habit, the male clasping the female in a ventral
canal or furrow, from the ends of which the delicate threadlike
extremities of the female project. As with other trematoids the
embryos enter the body with the drinking water and should be
guarded against in a similar manner. (See Distomatosis).

INTESTINAL CESTOIDS IN CATTLE.

Tenia Denticulata. Moniezia Denticulata (serrated tape-
worm). An unarmed tape-worm about 8 to 15 inches long, 3 or
4 lines broad, with an expanded head (1.125 mm.), consisting of
four globular masses supporting four suckers, the segments near-
est the head 10 to 20 times as broad as long. ‘Their posterior
border has a waving outline, and each widens from before back-
ward, so as to give the lateral border of the parasite a denticu-
lated appearance. The ripe segments are very thick, and gorged
with cuboidal ova 68 to 80 win diameter. Larva unknown.

Habitat. The small intestine. The most common tape-worm
of cattle.

Pathogenesis. It may cause considerable intestinal irritation,
especially in the young, and has been known to induce epilepsy
(Eggemann).

Tenia Expansa. Moniezia Expansa. The broad tape-
worm of ruminants may grow to 12 or 18 feet in length (100
feet, Rudolphi), but young specimens may be very short and at-
tenuated, thin and translucent. From a delicate filiform neck it
may reach a breadth of 2 to 2% cm. in the mature caudal seg-
ments. The unarmed head is small, round, with four suckers,
having elongated slit-like openings. The segments have a wav-
ing posterior border. Ova polyhedral, with transparent contents ;
50 to 80n in diameter. Larva unknown.

Habitat. Small intestine.

Pathogenesis. Rarely injurious tocattle, but often very numer-
ous in small ruminants and disastrous.

Intestinal Parasites of Cattle. 277

Tenia Alba. (Alba white). Moniezia Alba (white tape-
worm). ‘This is distinguished from the broad teenia by its small
size, 18 inches to 7 feet, by itslarger head (1.15 to 1.40 mm.), by
its hemispherical suckers, by its distinct neck, and by its thicker,
longer and narrower segments (10 to 12 mm. broad). Ova, 48 to
58 » in diameter.

Habitat, Small intestine of cattle and sheep in Italy (Perron-
cito), and France (Moniez, Railliet, Blaise).

Treatment of Tznia in Cattle. As in all ruminants the
three first stomachs stand in the way of successful treatment, but
in the young in which these reservoirs are comparatively unde-
veloped, an easier success can be secured. The common teenia-
cides may be given :—male fern, kamala, pomegranate root bark,
kousso, pumpkin seeds, oil of turpentine, phosphate of strontia,
salicylate of soda, naphthalin, preceded and followed by an active
purgative.

INTESTINAL NEMATOIDS IN CATTLE.

Ascaris Bovis. Ascaris Vituli (vztulus calf). ‘The ascaris
of the calf is a reddish white worm of the diameter of an earth-
worm and 4 to 6 inches long (male) or 7 to 10 inches (female).
The head is small and distinct and mouth triangular with three
prominent lips having denticulated edges. Caudal end conical.
Male has two spicula and membraneous ale. In front of the
sub-terminal anus are two rows of about 30 papillae. Female has
the vulva close to the anterior sixth of thebody. Ova 75 to 80
in diameter.

Habitat. In the small intestine and especially in the young.
Exceptionally in the abomasum.

Pathogenesis, Rarely hurtful to adults, but when present in
large numbers cause epizootics of indigestion, diarrhoea and
enteritis (Valisnieri), and even rupture of the bowel in calves
(Descomps).

Treatment. In calves give the same treatment as in mono-
gastric animals. Empyreumatic oil 8 to 12 grams in mucilaginous
emulsion at night, followed next morning by a purgative
(Guittard). Oil of turpentine 2 to 4 drs. in milk or oil, Tartar
emetic 1 scr. followed by a purgative. In weak calves areca nut
2 drs. twice daily. Cadeac advises the following: male fern 8 to
15 centigr., tartar emetic 50 centigr., tansy root 15 grams,

278 Veterinary Medicine.

potas. picrate 1 gr., kamala 2 grs., strontia phosph. 10 grs.,
naphthalin 1 gr. Give at one dose.

Strongylus Ventricosus (venter belly). So called because
of a prominent enlargement around the vulva which gives the
appearance of a distended abdomen. Body filiform, male 6 to 8
mm., female 8 to12 mm. Head small with lateral ale; mouth
small: no labial papillae. Integument has 14 longitudinal ridges.
Male with caudal pouch. Female with vulva behind the middle
of the body.

Habitat. The small intestine of cattle and stag in Europe.

Pathogenesis. Unknown.

CEsophagostoma Inflatum. This is easily recognized by the
marked dilatation of the neck over both head and body. Mouth
circular with prominent ring bearing 6 papille. Neck followed
by two lateral ale. Male 14 to 15mm. with slightly trilobed
caudal bursa; female 16 to 20 mm. with vulva just in front of
the anus, and surrounded by a prominent circular ridge.

Habitat. Colon of cattle.

Pathogenesis. Unknown.

Uncinaria Radiatus (Uncinatus hooked). ‘This parasite was
found by Rudolphi in the duodenum of a calf, but for long was
considered of no consequence as a pathogenic factor. Recent
observations of Stiles especially have shown, as might have been
expected of such a parasite, that all that was wanted was the
opportunity for encrease and diffusion to make it a virtual scourge.
In examining the unthrifty cattle of DeWitt, Gonzales, Victoria
and Calhoun Counties, Texas, he found the worm in the upper
part of the duodenum of half the animals subjected to necropsy.
The habit of the genus of sinking the teeth into the mucosa and
sucking strongly by the aid of the muscular cesophagus, and the
oozing of blood through the many orifices that have been sucked
and abandoned, deplete the vascular system, the recuperation of
which is interfered with by the local irritation and the disturbance
or arrest of digestion in this the most important part of the ali-

mentary canal. The bovine victims therefore fail to grow,
"mature, and develop their natural improved family form, or they
even become the subjects of extreme anzemia and death.

Male 15 mm. long; female 25 mm. (1 inch, Stiles) and thicker
than the S. Contortus. It has a chalky white color, and shows

Intestinal Parasites of Cattle. 279

the distinctive characters of its genus: head bent (hooked)
sharply dorsad near the end; round mouth turned so as to open
upward, the upper lip being shorter, furnished with a chitinous
lining and bearing two ventral teeth near the base, and others
near the protruded, upward-curved, ventral border. Dentations
may also appear on the upper border. This is followed by a
strong muscular gullet, terminating behind in a fusiform dilata-
tion. The male has two spicula and a membraneous expansion
supported by eleven rays. Oviparous, eggs ovoid, with thin
transparent shell. Embryos may be encysted in the mucosa.

Symptoms. These are extremely indefinite beyond the stunted
growth, the spare angular body, deficient in muscle, the unthrifty
hide-bound skin, and the bloodlessness of the visible mucosze gen-
erally. In some cases when the worms are very numerous and
the irritation extreme and extensive, colics and scouring may be
induced, especially in the young, but usually the manifestations
are those of anzemia, and its resultant troubles. There may be
giddiness, unsteady or staggering gait, palpitation, anzemic cardiac
murmur, thrill with pulsation, and even dropsical effusions in the
limbs, under the chest or abdomen, between the branches of the
lower jaw, around the throat, in the eye-lids, or in one of the serous
cavities. The most conclusive evidence, however, is the finding
of the worms or their eggs in the manure passed. As the small
size of the worms interferes with their discovery in this way, it is
well in cases of angzemia or cachexia to wash the feeces in a sttc-
cession of waters letting the sediment fall to the bottom each
time before the supernatent water is poured off. In this way the
worms and eggs fall and remain with the precipitate, so that when
all the floating material and the fine suspended and coloring mat-
ter, that serves to hide the worms, has been washed out, the par-
asites are found in the clear granular and fibrous debris where
they are easily recognized. The eggs are usually found in the
superficial layer of thin sediment. A little of this, or even of the
mucus, or the surface layer from the feeces placed under the mi-
croscope may reveal the elliptical ovum, characterized by its thin,
smooth, transparent skin, and its yolk usually already segmented.

For man, in addition to the above, Stiles advises to evacuate
the bowels by a dose of oil, following one of thymol, to collect all
the feeces, wash and sediment them several times in a bucket, and
examine the precipitate for the worms.

280 Veterinary Medicine.

Treatment. ‘This is the same as for other intestinal worms.
Stiles especially recommends thymol followed by an oleaginous
purge.

Prevention. The thorough cleansing and lime washing of the
buildings is important and the supply of water from deep wells,
well cemented and closed at the top to prevent the entry of em-
bryo worms and their eggs. The pastures should be occupied by
different genera of stock in successive years, so that the worms will
perish, for lack of their proper hosts, or if permanent pastures
are not a necessity, the fields should be plowed up at intervals of
afew years, and subjected to a rotation of crops before being
again laid down in grass. In the last year of such rotation cattle
manure should not be applied on fields that are to be laid down for
cattle pasture in the ensuing year. (See U. Cernua.)

Tricocephalus Affinis. Whip-Worm of Cattle, Sheep
and Goats. This worm is so named because of its affinity in
form to the Tricocephalus Dispar of man. It is a small worm, 6
to 8 cm. long, but the cephalic two-thirds are extremely thin and
hair-like, and the thick portion is usually curved into a close coil
at the tail, The head usually shows two lateral, transparent,
membraneous expansions which are characteristic. The male
has a single long spiculum with trumpet-shaped sheath covered
with reversed triangular spines. Female with blunt tail. Vulva
at point of union of attenuated and thick portions of body. Ovi-
parous ; eggs elliptical with two transparent buttons at the two
ends ; length 0.077 mm.

Leuckart has traced the development of the eggs in a damp
medium in fifteen days in warm weather, but often after a delay
of months in winter. In this way they easily survive from year
to year out of the body, as well as in the large intestine (ceecum
and colon) which form their usual habitat.

They are not usually numerous nor noticeably injurious in
adult cattle, but may be present in large numbers in sheep and
goats, and especially in the weak and immature.

Pathogenesis. This parasite attacks ruminants generally,
hence the presence or absence of the whole family of polygastric
animals must be considered in any attempt to extirpate them from
a locality. The bovine animals may appear to suffer little them-
selves, and yet keep a pasturage, river or locality stocked

Intestinal Parasites of Cattle. 281

with a worm that proves most injurious to the smaller ruminants.
They attach themselves by burrowing the head and neck in the
mucosa, aud when present in large numbers cause great irrita-
tion, indigestion, anzemia and emaciation.

Treatment is called for more frequently in the small ruminants;
in cattle, rather as a means of extirpating the parasite from the
locality and protecting sheep from its ravages.

Equally important is it to destroy or remove the ova which
have escaped with the faeces and which in fifteen days can de-
velop into embryo worms ready to start a new career in the
bowels.

Trichina Spiralis is sometimes found in the intestines and
muscles of cattle, but so rarely that it requires no special notice.

Undetermined Embryo. Dreschler found in the intestinal
mucosa of cattle small caseated nodules, like pin-heads or peas,
each containing a larva of 1 mm. long. Neumann suggests that
they may be larvze of strongyles. Possibly cesophagastoma.

Filaria Cervina. FILARIA OF THE Stac. This is found in
the peritoneum of cattle, deer and stags. It differs from the
Filaria Papillosa of the horse by the absence of the four post-oral
papille and of integumentary striz, and by the termination of
the caudal papillee of the female in a series of short, blunt points,
preceded by two laterallonger papille. Male, 5 to 6cm.; female,
6to10 cm. Ovoviviparous. Pathogenesis unknown.

Echinococcus Veterinorum. Echinococcus Polymor-
phus. This is a common parasite of the peritoneum in cattle.
(See under ‘‘ Diseases of the Liver’’).

Cysticercus Tenuicollis (tenuisdelicate,collum neck). Diving
Bladder Worm. ‘This is the larval or cystic form of the teenia
marginata of the dog and is a common parasite of the ox’s peri-
toneum. It has a round or elliptical caudal sac of 15 to 50 mm.
in diameter, with an orifice in which the head and long, thin neck
of the parasite are invaginated, The active niovements of the
head in this sac have given rise to the name of diving bladder
worm. It may be observed when the fresh cyst is placed ina
saucer of milk-warm water. Usually but one or two cysts are
found and no morbid symptoms are noticeable, yet when the ripe
segments of the teenia are given so as to develop many cysts, these
may produce diffuse haemorrhagic hepatitis or peritonitis.

282 Veterinary Medicine.
»

Prevention, Prevent dogs from eating the raw offal of
herbivera. Destroy and expel the tape-worm of the dog with
teeniacides. Avoid keeping dogsin numbers where stock pasture,
where fodder for stock is raised, or where the water for stock
runs or stands.

Distoma Hepaticum. Morot has found a specimen encysted
under the parietal peritoneum of a cow.

INTESTINAL PARASITES IN SHEEP AND GOAT.

Saccharomyces Guttulatus. Lamblia Intestinalis. Coccidium, perforans
and oviforme. Tape-worms: T. Expansa, Alba and Benedini. T. Fim-
briata, T. Vogti. T. Ovilla. T. Centripunctata: Uterus shows white in
centre of ripe segment. 7. Globipunctata. Intestinal Round Worms.
Ascaris Ovis. Strongylus Filicollis: Front part of body very thin ; in du-
odenum and small intestine; sheep, goat, numerous; causes irritation,
diarrhoea, anzemia, emaciation, dropsy. Prevention ; Treatment; Strongy-
lus Ventricosus. CE sophagastoma Venulosum in goat, sheep, roe-deer. C@.
Columbianum : Narrowed at ends, mouth large, six papille, two rows teeth,
24 each ; the sexually immature occupy the nodules in and under mucosa ;
moult three times, mature in intestines ; ova escape with feces; embryo
forms nodules on large and small intestines, with greenish debris often cal-
cified ; also in mesentery, lymph glands, liver; abundant in winter. Cause
debility, emaciation, diarrhcea. Prevention: Do not pasture a field with
sheep for two successive years; avoid drainage from infested fields; put
land under rotation ; pure water from deep wells; salt freely. Zveatment :
Uncinaria Cernua: Armed mouth opening upward through bend of body ;
14 to 28 mm. long ; in small intestine; sheep, goat; in Gulf Coast States;
ovum hatches in 15 days in manure; devitalized by frost ; embryo moults
four times; living in water or moist earth. Symptoms: Low condition,
anemia, debility, weakness, dropsies, etc. Treatment: Thymol, male fern,
gasoline, areca nut, generous diet. Prevention: Admit nothing from in-
fected flocks or districts ; avoid infested fields and water, or those manured
with manure of sheep folds; newly seeded pastures yearly ; keep from wet
pastures; salt freely. Sclerostoma Hypostomum.: Round mouth turned
down, double row teeth, ro to 24 mm. long; in large intestine and ileum;
sheep, goat, chamois, argali, roe buck, etc. ; eggs discharged with feeces.
Cause local congestion, catarrh, anzemia, emaciation. Prevention: Treat-
ment: Tricocephalus Affinis ; Anguillula Longus.: Intestinal parasites of
goat.

Saccharomyces Guttulatus is found in the intestinal con-
tents of sheep as well as of cattle.

Lutestinal Parasites in Sheep and Goat. 283
.

Lamblia Intestinalis. This pyriform, flagellate infusorium
(9 to 16 w by 4 to 7 m) has been found by Blanchard in the intes-
tines of sheep. It is common in man, and rodents (rats, mice,
field mice). It has three flagella attached around the sucker and
one extended back from the posterior of the body. Pathogenesis
unknown.

Coccidium Perforans and Coccidium Oriforme are both
found in the intestines and may cause congestion and inflamma-
tion.

CESTOIDS. TAPE-WORMS.

As many as eight different species of teenia infest the intestines
of sheep. All are unarmed and in no case has the cystic form
been discovered.

Teenia Expansa and Zenza Alba, already described as occur-
ing in the ox are alsocommon in sheep. One or two may do
little harm but when present in large numbers they may prove
very destructive.

Tenia Benedini. Head small, globular, with four suckers
but no proboscis nor hooklets ; narrow neck ; broad, short, thick
segments. Length upto 12 feet. Ova polyhedral 75 to 80p in
diameter.

Tenia Fimbriata. (See Parasites of Liver).

Tenia Vogti. This is only known by a headless specimen
described by Moniez. It measured 17 inches, was very thin and
flat, and its mature segments were 5 mm. long, by 2.5 mm. broad.

Tenia Ovilla (Rivolta), 7. Giardi (Moniez), 7. Aculeata
(Perroncito). Head tetragonal, without rostrum or hooklets:
neck long and narrow ; segments short and broad, up to 10 mm.
broad and 1.5 mm. long: genital pore single, and irregularly
alternated, right and left. Length 6 feet or more. Ova round
or ovoid.

Tenia Centripunctata. This receives its specific name
from the presence of a raised white spot representing the uterus
in the centre of each ripe segment. The head is tetragonal, un-
armed, and followed by a narrow neck, gradually widening in
the body to 2 or 4mm. and again narrowing tor mm. The
length of the segment encreases to the last (.3 mm.) as does also
the thickness. Length 10 feet. Ova few and globular.

284 Veterinary Medicine.

Tenia Globipunctata. Head with four suckers: unarmed:
no neck: mature segment 2mm. broad, .17 mm. long. Each
segment has two opaque points formed by the double uterus.
Body delicate and transparent, 15 to 20 feet long. Ova globular.

Neumann tabulates these teenia as follows:

( Broad segments Io to 25 mm. trans-
( : parent, wider than long, T. expansa
Posterior border | Thick segments, opaque, becoming
Two genital slightly undu- ! jonger than they are wide ro mm.
pores in each { lated. in width at most________.___ T. alba
segment. Thick segments, opaque, always
| broader than long.____. T. benedini
| Posterior border of segments fringed______ T. fimbriata
( Mature segments longer than wide_______-____T. vogti
( Mature segments 5 to 10mm. broad,
One genital T. ovilla
pore in each { ae ae Opaque in the
long. pci oey Li Trans parent in
L a the middle line,

T. globipunc-
tata

INTESTINAL NEMATOIDS OF SHEEP.

Ascaris Ovis. Very rare. Male, two to three inches long;
female, as much as 4 inches and 2mm. thick. Head small,
mouth trilobate, the upper lobe with two papille, the others with
one each. Vulva toward the anterior third of the body.

Strongylus Filicollis (filum thread, collum neck). The
thread-necked strongyle is so named because of the extreme
tenuity of the part succeeding the small head, which has two
small, translucent, lateral ale. Male, 8mm. to 15mm. long,
filiform with two spicula and broad membraneous clasping organ.
Female, 16mm. to 24mm. long ; head and neck filiform ; caudal
portion somewhat thicker; tail conical, pointed; anus close to
caudal end, with vulva in front of it. Ova elliptical.

ffabitat. Duodenum and small intestine of sheep and goat
(exceptionally in the fourth stomach). Often present in vast
numbers in sheep affected with strongylus contortus (stomach),
and strongylus filaria (bronchia). It abounds in autumn and
winter.

Pathogenesis. It causes much intestinal irritation with diar-
rhcea, and by its abstraction of blood and producing indigestion
is a fruitful source of angemia, emaciation and dropsy. Associ-

Intestinal Parasites in Sheep and Goat. 285

ated as it often is with the destructive strongyli of the lungs and
stomach, it largely contributes to the verminous epizodtics and en-
zootics which are so common in sheep.

Prevention and treatment will be the same as for strongylus con-
tortus.

Strongylus Ventricosus. Curtice found this to be common
in the small intestine of sheep in autumn and winter. (See
‘* Worms of the Ox.’’)

CEsophagostoma Venulosum (venula a small vein). Mouth
circular, bounded by a prominent ring with six papille. The
neck shows an ovoid enlargement followed by two lateral, narrow
ale. Male, 15mm. long, with broad, trilobate, caudal bursa.
Female, 24mm. long. Vulva in front of the anus.

flabitat. Jntestine of goat, sheep and roe deer. Rare.

CEsophagostoma Columbianum. Body narrowed at both
ends. Head bent to one side. Mouth terminal, large, round,
with six papillee and a chitinous ring, and two rows of teeth,
twenty-four in each, and the outer row the larger. CHsophagus
triangular. Neck has a ventral fold and extending back from
this for one-fourth the length of the body are two lateral ale.
Male, 12 mm. to 15 mm. long, with two spicule and a broad hemi-
spherical bilobate pouch. Female, 14 to 18mm. long; thicker
than the male ; tail acute; anus midway between the vulva and
the tail. Ova elliptical 0.09 mm. long.

Habitat. Cooper Curtice discovered this parasite in 1888 in the
nodules on the intestines of sheep at Washington, D. C., and later
free in the intestines. It is very common in American sheep,
north as well as south, the presence of the nodules being the rule
rather than the exception in sheep killed in New York. Its his-
tory is unknown from the passage of the egg with the feeces to
the entry of the embryo with food or water and its encysting it-
self in the walls of the intestines. From the cyst, however, it
escapes into the intestine, reproduces its kind and dies. It is
especially common in the czecum and colon during autumn and
winter, but it may invade any part of the smallintestine. It
moults three times, once before it acquires mouth and digestive
organs, once after such acquisition, and once in becoming devel-
oped into the mature form.

Pathogenesis, The embryos are first found encysted in pin-
head-like submucous nodules; in larger nodules the encysted

286 Veterinary Medicine.

worm is surrounded by some greenish debris ; in still larger pea-
like masses the greenish cheesy debris forms the principle con-
stituent amid which the worm is found with difficulty or not at
all, having already migrated into the bowel. The larger nodules
are usually partially calcified. The rounded nodules may be ag-
gregated in clusters, or there may be a canal filled with the cheesy
material representing a worm track. In some instances the
mucosa has sloughed and the cheesy mass protrudes into the in-
testine. Curtice has traced worms even to the lymph glands of
the mesentery and believes that most of the encysted worms
perish, while the few that survive and escape into the bowel, do
.so in the spring when their ova, escaping from the body, find con-
ditions more favorable to their survival outside.

Diarrhoea and emaciation are results of the presence of these
worms in large numbers, and at the best the general condition of
a flock must be largely reduced by this parasite, yet it is surpris-
ing how all but universally the bowels are affected in sheep killed
in good condition. The tendency of sheep in America to lose
their old world rotundity, and to become more lank and leggy
often depends in no small degree on the ravages of this and other
parasites.

Prevention. Must be sought first in the elimination of the
mature worms from the bowels by the use of the same agents as
in strongylus contortus. The avoidance of surface waters and
wells receiving leaching from the surface is all important. The
same land should not be depastured by sheep two years in succes-
sion. Putin a rotation of cultivated crops, or if that is impossible,
divide the pasture in two and use one-half on alternate years.
Give salt at will, and water from troughs rising above the surface
of the ground, and always moderately salted.

Uncinaria Cernua (Cernuus bent down). Uncinaria of
Sheep. Dochmius Cernuus. This is a small worm with
yellow or red, rigid body, and the head and neck abruptly bent
dorsad so that the mouth opens upward. Mouth round; buccal
cavity chitinous with four curved teeth, two on each side, the
ventral pair the stronger. ‘Two other teeth are situated deeper on
the ventral aspect. Zale 14 to 18 mm. long; spiculum long,
curved, fenestrated, and surrounded by an infundibuliform bursa.
Female 20 to 28 mm. long, with vulva in front of the middle of
the body. Ova elliptical, transparent, often segmented.

Intestinal Parasites in Sheep and Goat. 287

Habitat. Small intestine of sheep and goat, most commonly
with heads buried in the mucosa, sucking blood. Sometimes in
large intestine. Stiles reports the worm as prevailing in sheep in
the Gulf Coast States, along with the Strongylus Ostertagi. In
keeping with the common experience with other species of the
bloodthirsty Uncinaria, he found it extremely injurious ‘‘doing
more harm than all the other parasites of the sheep.’’

Life-History. ‘Though the life-history of the U. Cernua has
not been especially investigated, there can be no doubt that it fol-
lows the general rule of the genus uncinaria.

The ova, laid in the intestine, usually undergo segmentation in
the ingesta but are expelled in this condition in the faeces. Young
worms direct from the egg never reach maturity without leaving
the intestine.

The rvhabditiform embryo escapes from the egg after 15 days,
hatching in the manure or in a warm moist environment though
development may be arrested for months in cold weather. The
egg is destroyed in too much water or by frost. The embryo
shows the common embryonic cesophagus of the strongyli: frst,
an elongated large section, followed by, second, a narrow, thin
middle portion ; and ¢hzvd a dilated oval or globular bulb armed
with triradiate chitinous projections. This last has the appear-
ance of a triturating cavity or gizzard.

The eméryo lives in water or moist earth, and before reaching
maturity it passes through four successive moultings. The buccal
end is thick and blunt, the tail long and finely pointed. There is
a distinct digestive apparatus ending in anus 50» in front of the
tail. On the second or third day it makes its first moulting and
on about the fifth day its second having attained a length of 480 »
by 304. The chitinous lining of the buccal cavity and cesopha-
gean bulb disappear, through the skin can be seen three lips each
bearing two papillee, the tail is shorter and blunter, and the body
contracts and loosens from its outer skin (‘‘encystation’’), pre-
paratory to the ¢hird moulting. The young uncinaria is now
prepared to invade the intestine and if taken’ in by the sheep or
goat, itadvances toward maturity ; otherwise it perishes in no
great length of time. Looss, however, has succeeded in keeping
them alive at this stage for thirty days in water. He also sup-
poses that they can be dried up and carried on dust without loos-

288 Veterinary Medicine.

ing vitality, but as drying is usually fatal to them, Stiles considers
this as highly improbable.

Taken into the stomach of a suitable host, the young worm re-
sumes its feeding which had been interrupted during the last
stage. It grows to about .66 mm. by 25, its mouth turns
slightly dorsad, and two pairs of teeth, dorsal and ventral, appear.
Buccal capsule and digestive system become better developed,
and the male and female sexual organs begin to form in different
individuals. About fourteen days after they have entered the in-
testine, having attained about 2 mm. long by 12 to 14 » broad,
they pass through the last moulting and assume the characters
though not yet the size of the mature worm.

Sources of Infection. ‘These are infested fields and waters.
Pastures that have been grazed year after year by sheep harbor-
ing this worm, feeding yards where the surface and troughs are
contaminated by the sheep droppings and young worms, pools,
streams or open wells into which these have found their way,
streams that have flowed through infested pastures higher up,
fields that receive the drainage of higher infested pastures during
wet weather, swamps and springy places that preserve and develop
the parasite out of the body and in which the vegetation is easily
torn up by the roots with infested mud adherent, feeding salt or
meal from the bare ground to be licked by the sheep, soiling on
cultivated fodders in wet weather, salt or alkaline licks including
dried up liquid manure, all tend to the introduction of the para-
site into the system.

Symptoms. Beyond unthriftiness, loss of condition, loss of the
sub-cutaneous fat, weak flaccid muscles, uncertain swaying gait,
blanched mucosz, and anzemia, little has been noted asthe result
of sheep uncinariasis. It cannot be doubted, however, that the
long list of evils, which attend on infestment by hookworms in
man could be noted also in different cases in the sheep. The
alternate constipations and diarrhceas, the cardiac palpitations and
anzemic murmurs, the intermaxillary subventral, pleural and
peritoneal dropsies Which attend on other sheep parasitisms, may
well be looked for in different cases The discovery of the worms
and especially of their transparent eggs by washing the feeces
must after all be looked upon as the conclusive evidence (see
under U. Radiata). That the worm sometimes exists without

Intestinal Parasites in Sheep and Goat. 289

serious resultant trouble being recognized is to be accepted, but
when this is joined to conditions favorable to its encrease, like, a
genial climate, absence of frosts, a damp soil, and a heavy stock-
ing of the same land with sheep year after year, a parasite with
the deadly potencies of the uncinaria cannot fail to cause a de-
structive enzo6tic.

Treatment. 'The agents most in use in uncinariasis are thymol
and male fern. The great drawback as in all ruminants is the
delay of the agent in the first three stomachs, and the loss and
dilution of the agent through absorption and diffusion through
the great mass of ingesta. Stiles, however, claims excellent re-
sults with 32 to 60 grains of thymol given at one dose without a
purge. The main objection to thymol is its expense when de-
manded for large flocks. Gasoline another volatile and diffusible
vermifuge can be tried. Or areca nut with arsenious acid may be
resorted to in anzemic or weakened conditions. Or finally any
one of the vermifuges advised for Strongyli may be resorted to.
In any case they are best given in the morning before the first
feed, after a purgative the night before, and should be followed
by a purgative later in the day. It is further important to give
water largely with or after the dose to hasten the progress of the
latter through the gastric cavities. A generous diet and tonics
are important in sustaining the sy&tem through an attack. (See
under Distomatosis).

Prevention. This is the most important as it can be made the
most successful factor in treatment.

In districts and flocks free from uncinaria great care should be
taken to exclude animals from infested flocks and districts.
Sheep of uncertain antecedents should be thoroughly examined,
and kept in quarantine until proved to be sound.

Sound flocks should be carefully kept from pastures that receive
the drainage of areas grazed by other (suspected or uncertain)
flocks, and from streams that have flowed through such areas.

An infested flock should be treated (preferably in winter) for
the expulsion of the worms and then turned out on newly seeded
pasture, the soil of which has not recently been manured with the
products of sheep folds, and the drainage and water supply of
which are above suspicion.

Ewes should be kept on a limited area until after lambing, and

19

290 Veterinary Medicine.

the expulsion of their worms, and should then be turned with
their lambs upon a freshly seeded pasture, which has no other
source of contamination.

Young and non-breeding sheep should be similarly treated with
vermifuges before being turned out in spring, and should have
newly seeded pastures each year. Grass should be made to
alternate with other (cultivated) crops, or better with a rotation
of cultivated crops so that the worms and ova in the soil will be
destroyed by the lack of the necessary ovine hosts.

When a pasturage is unsuited for cultivation, all sheep and
goats should be kept off it for one or even two years, and cattle
or horses turned on in place.

All springy parts of lands previously occupied by infested sheep
should be securely fenced against encroachment by flocks.

All pools and lakes and all shallow open wells on such lands
and all rivers that receive drainage from infested or suspected
areas should be similarly fenced against the access of sheep. The
supply of water from deep springs or wells, the latter well secured
by cement against surface leakage, is essential.

When sheep must be turned on infested pastures, or must
mingle with infested or suspected animals, as lambs with ewes or
older sheep, they should be kept in folds or on clean pasture in
early morning or in wet weather so long as there is danger of the
vegetation being torn up by the roots.

No salt nor other food should be thrown down to be eaten
from the ground. A liberal supply of salt in troughs, and,
moderately, in drinking water, is very important.

As in all other dangerous parasites flock-masters who allow
sheep infested with uncinaria to occupy pastures or folds on the
line of running streams, or on higher lands that drain over the
lower lands of a neighbor, should be held guilty of a misdemeanor,
subjected to a penalty, and compelled to abate the nuisance.
The sale of such sheep without certifying the purchaser of their
condition should also subject him to suit for damages.

Sclerostoma Hypostomum (hypo-beneath). Body white,
cylindroid, rigid. Head bent ventrad. Mouth round, opening
downward, with six papillee anda double row of sharp teeth.
Buccal cavity with longitudinal chitinous ribs converging to the
round cesophagean orifice. Male to to 20 mm. long, 2 spicula,

Intestinal Parasites in Sheep and Goat. 291

long, curved, transversely striated, with sharp edges, and bursa
narrow, bell-shaped. female 13 to 24 mm. long, thick, to the
caudal extremity which, however, terminates in a sharp point,
curving upward. Vulvain front of the anus, yet very near the
tail, and surrounded by a yellowish brown encrustation. Ova
elliptical.

Habitat. Warge intestine and ileum of sheep, goat, chamois,
roe buck, argali, etc. Common insome localities. The ova pass
out with the manure in which they hatch and the embryos
survive without material growth for months. They also live
almost indefinitely in water. Taken in by the sheep they develop
into the mature worm. Baillet suspects that they pass the state
of larva (sexually immature) in cysts of the intestinal mucosa,
after the manner of the sclerostoma tetracanthum, but this has
not been demonstrated. ;

Pathogenesis. Wike other blood sucking worms they make
nunierous wounds of the mucosa and by this as well as the
abstraction of blood, lead to local congestions, catarrhs, anzemia
and emaciation.

Prevention and treatment are essentially as for strongyli and
uncinaria.

Tichocephalus Affinis. This worm has already been de-
scribed as a parasite of the ox. It is much more common and
injurious in sheep, producing intestinal catarrhs and congestions,
with diarrhcea. The treatment is the same as for other blood
sucking worms.

Anguillula Longus. Rhabdonema Longus.

Anguillula Stercoralis. This resembles the anguillula of
man but is much larger (6 mm.long). /athogenests has not been
noticed.

INTESTINAL PARASITES IN THE GOAT.

These are almost identical with those of the sheep. It harbors
the Tzenia Expansa, Strongylus Filicollis, @sophagastoma
Venulosum, Sclerostoma Hypostomum Uncinaria Cernua,
and Trichocephalus Affinis.

INTESTINAL PARASITES IN SWINE.

Balantidium coli, a ciliated infusorian with rapid movements, terminal
mouth. Seem harmless to swine, though smaller form hurtful to man.
Trichomonas Intestinalis, an infusorian with 4 or 5 anterior flagelle ; seems
harmless. Cestodes; Trematodes ; Echinorhynchus Gigas: Narrowed to
tail ; protractile proboscis with recurved hooks, which it sinks in mucosa.
Ovum passed in feces, swallowed by larva of May- beetle, the cockchafer, or
a snail, helix pomatia, helix hortensis, limax maximus, arion rufus; these
are eaten by the pig and the parasite matures in its small intestine. Found
with hooked proboscis in mucosa; common in herds in fields; Europe,
America. Cause nodules, pits, congestions, infections, colics, ete. Zveat-
ment: Vermifuges. Prevention : Keep in-doors, or in pens, away from in-
fected invertebrates.: Ascaris Suilla: Like ascaris of man ; in small intes-
tines, stomach, gall-ducts Causes indigestion, colic, emaciation, vomiting,
watery diarrhoea, obstructed bowels, biliousness, jaundice, stupor, vertigo.
Treatment, Prevention, Gsophagastoma Dentatum : Narrowed ends, wide
mouth with six papille and bristles; in large and small intestines of pigs
and pecari; treat by vermifuges. Globocephalus Longimucronatus : 7 to 8
mm. long; in smallintestine; pig. Zvichocephalus Crenatus: Held iden-
tical with whip-worm of man; spiculum more spinous; in large intestine ;
head and neck buried in mucosa. May cause a plague, indigestion, colic,
diarrhoea, emaciation ; treat by vermifuges. TZrichina Spiralis: Mature in
intestines. Anguzllula Suis: Apparently harmless.

Protozoa. The one protozoan which has been recognized in
the intestines of the pig and which is pathogenic (at least to man)
is the Balantidium Coli.

Balantidium Coli (balantidion a little pouch). Paramcecium
Coli. A ciliated infusorian parasite 704 to 100 long by 50 to
7om broad. It is an ovoid organism, with terminal mouth, and
completely covered by fine short cilia by which it effects rapid
movements. The delicate external membrane is striated longi-
tudinally, and the central granular matter and protoplasm contain
an ovoid nucleus and several contractile vesicles. Reproduction
may follow the conjugation of two individuals and occurs by
transverse fission.

Leuckart (1863) found this in the colon and rectum of pigs in
Saxony, and since then it has been proved to be common in
Sweden, Russia, Paris and Toulouse. By the aid of a hand lens
the infusoria are seen as minute white spots moving in the mucus
and feculent matters drawn from the rectum.

292

Intestinal Parasites in Swine. 293

When dropped in water they move freely at first, but soon be-
come motionless, loose their cilia (first the short, then the oral),
and contract into spherical bodies. In this condition, as well as
when dried in the faeces, they are very tenacious of life, and find
their way into the alimentary canal of a fresh host through the
food and water.

Pathogenesis. ‘They have not been observed to prove hurtful
to swine, but in man they cause severe indigestion and profuse
and obstinate diarrhoea. Wising finds the parasite much smaller
in man, while Calandruccio and Grassi failed to produce the dis-
ease in man by feeding the parasite of the pig. Unless the two
are specifically distinct the protection of man would require their |
destruction in swine.

Trichomonas Intestinalis, Like other trichomonas this in-
fusorian has four or five anterior flagella, one of which is directed
backward and projects beyond the caudal end of the body. It
has been found by Kunstler in the intestine of swine, but appears
to be much more common in man. No pathogenesis has been ob-
served.

CESTODES.

No adult cestode is known to infest the intestine of swine. The
teenia solium which exists in the human subject in both the ma-
ture and larval forms is found only in the latter form as the cysti-
cercus cellulosa in the muscles and connective tissue of the pig.
Tardieu claims that he saw portions of a teenia passed by a pig,
but no such occurrence has been noted by any other observer.

TREMATODES.

Distoma hepaticum and distoma lanceolatum both live in the
gall ducts of swine, and will exceptionally escape into the small
intestine and be found there. The ova must pass through the
bowel to reach their succeeding stage of development in fresh

water.
ACANTHOCEPHALA.

Echinorhynchus gigas. This is a cylindroid worm some-
times slightly thickened at intervalsand always greatly attenuated
toward its caudal end. The anterior extremity bears a protrac-
tile proboscis, globular or conoid, and covered by a large number

294 Veterinary Medicine.

of recurved hooklets, which arrangement gives the parasite its
name (echinos hook, thorn). The male is 2 to 3 inches long by
3to5 mm. thick, with caudal membraneous expansion around
the genital orifice. The female may be 7 to 11 inches long,
thicker than the male and with blunt caudal end. Ovum forms
an elongated ellipsis, and has three transparent coats through
which, in a few days after laying, the embryo can be seen as an
elongated cone with four hooklets on the cephalic end.

Development and Metamorphosis. ‘The ova, laid in the intes-
tine of the pig, escape with the faeces and are swallowed by the
larvee of the May beetle (Melolontha Vulgaris, Schneider), or by
gasteropod molluscs (Helix pomatia, H. hortensis, Limax maxi-
mus, Arion rufus) as in the experiments of Lespés. The latter
found embryos in the intestines of the molluscs and a developing
larva in the liver of Helix. Kaiser found that the egg was swal-
lowed by the rose cockchafer (Cetonia aurata), and the hatched
embryo bored its way from the stomach to the subcuticular
muscular layer in which it encysted itself. It seems probable
that the larval stage may be passed through in a variety of in-
vertebrates, which are in turn devoured by the pig and the larva
is set free to attain its mature development.

Habitat of mature echinorhynchus. Jt has been found in the
small intestines of swine with its protractile proboscis deeply
buried and fixed by its hooks on the mucous membrane, and its
caudal end floating distal from the stomach. They are not rare
in Germany, France, Austria, and America, and tend to abound
especially where hogs have a wide range and every facility for
feeding on invertebrates.

Pathogenesis. ‘The anchorage by the hooked proboscis of the
worm in the mucous membrane gives rise to the formation of
small congested papules on a white ground, with a central depres-
sion or sore in case the worm has let go its hold. The papules
may be the size of a hempseed or larger and are often complicat-
ed by minute abscessesscarcely larger. Theperforations, usually
inconsiderable, will in exceptional cases, extend through the
mucosa, the muscles and even the serosa and give rise to infective
peritonitis. The mucosa may show numerous small cicatrices,
on a bluish gray ground.

Symptoms. ‘These are as with other intestinal worms : irregular

Intestinal Parasites in Swine. 295

appetite, constipation alternating with diarrhcea, much discomfort,
grunting and squealing before meals, restlessness and irritability,
burrowing under the litter and rising and moving about without
apparent cause, progressive emaciation, convulsions and epileptic
attacks, vomiting, and the presence in the faeces of the elongated
elliptical ova. The attack of a number of swine in the same herd
or locality may well arouse suspicion. Young pigs may die in
three or four days. D’Arboval notes stiffness and weakness of
the hind parts, but this is much more likely to occur in Strongylus
gigas, or Stephanurus dentatus.

Treatment. Little has been done in the way of treatment, but
the ordinary vermifuges for intestinal worms may be confidently
resorted to. By way of prevention in infested localities, pigs
should be rigidly shut up in-doors and their manure burned or
saturated with mercuric chloride solution to destroy the embryo as
soon as hatched. In this way the cycle of development will be
broken, the invertebrates will fail to obtain the ova and embryos,
and the pigs will fail to find invertebrates which harbor the larva.
Under these conditions the parasite must necessarily be banished
from the locality. It will be necessary of course to have municipal
or county regulations which forbid the turning out of pigs to
roam at large.

NEMATODES.

Ascaris Suilla: Duj.

In size and general appearance this closely resembles the Ascaris
lumbricoides of man with which it has been held to be identical
(Leuckart’ Schneider). The male is 15 to 17 cm. long and 3 mm.
thick ; the female about 20 to 25 cm. long and 5 mm. thick. The
body is white, firm, attenuated at both ends, and the skin is
marked by longitudinal strize which are closer to each other than
in ascaris lumbricoides of man. The spicula are flatter and
blunter, the oviducts more convoluted and the ova smaller. The

‘mouth is terminal, triangular, with three projecting lips bearing
papillz at their base. The caudal portion of the male bears 68
to 75 papillee.

Habitat. The usual habitat is the small intestine, though some-
times it has been found in the stomach and we have frequently

met it in the gall ducts.

296 Veterinary Medicine.

Pathogenesis. When in small numbers it does little harm, but
where pigs are kept continuously in herds on the same ground,
or when they drink water which has drained from other pig pens
or yards, they often appear in great numbers and produce serious
intestinal disorder, indigestion, emaciation, colics, vomiting, ob-
structions of the bowels and watery diarrhcea. When it invades
the gall ducts or pancreatic ducts, serious hepatic disease, with
stupor, giddiness or jaundice may ensue, or imperfect digestion
of fats and albuminoids may come from the pancreatic obstruction.

Treatment and prevention will be essentially the same as for
other nematoid worms.

CEsophagastoma Dentatum. Rud.: CEs, Subulatum.
Molin. This isa small worm having a length of from 8 mm.
(male), to 15 mm. (female), narrowed at both ends, with wide
circular mouth and cesophagus, the former bounded by two ridges
of which the inner horny one bears a row of bristles, and the
latter six pointed papillae. Two other papillee project in the
cesophagus.

They are found in the large intestine of swine and the white-
lipped pecari. Baillet has found them in the small intestine.
They are not usually present in great numbers and consequently
rarely do much damage. Any irritation caused by great num-
bers must be met by vermifuges as in the case of other intestinal
worms.

Globocephalus Longimucronatus. Mol. This small worm
7mm. long (male), 8 mm. long female, the male having a three-
lobed caudal membrane with its posterior ribs trifid, and its middle
ones bifid, and covering two spicula, was found by Wedl in the
small intestine of a pig. It must be looked upon as rare and so
far as known comparatively harmless.

Trichocephalus Crenatus. (Dizspar) Rud.: Whipworm of
Swine. ‘This resembles closely the whipworm of man and has
been supposed identical. It differs especially in the sheath of the
spiculum which is covered by short blunt spines that are especi-
ally numerous anteriorly. The spiculum is rounded and blunt.
The male is 40 mm. long and the female 45 mm. of which %ds.
constitute the thread-like cephalic portion. They are oviparous,
and the spherical ova, hatch out in water or damp earth or other
media, and being swallowed in water or food, develop directly
into the mature worm (Leuckart).

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 297

Habitat. Pathogenesis. ‘These worms inhabit the large intes-
tine, mainly the caecum, and are found with head and neck deeply
buried in the mucosa for the purpose of sucking blood or plasma.
When present in small numbers only, they are comparatively
harmless, but in large herds, on damp yards, or drinking infested
water they may be found in large numbers and cause diarrhcea,
indigestions, colics and unthrift. They are to be treated like
other intestinal nematoids.

Trichina Spiralis. (Owen). All forms of the trichina are
found in the bowels of swine:—the embryo introduced in water
or just produced by the mature female worm :—the larve or
encysted worm introduced with trichinous meat, or free after the
meat and cyst have been digested :—and the sexually mature in-
testinal trichina. The two former are, however, only transitory
guests as they speedily bore their way through the walls of the
bowels to encyst themselves in the voluntary muscles, while the
mature parasite spends the full measure of its existence in the
bowels and fulfills its destiny in propagating its kind. (See
under Muscular Parasites).

Anguillula Suis. Rhabdonema Suis (Lutz). Like the
anguillula of man, this is smaller than that of the ruminant.
Lutz claims that it can only be hatched outside the body unlike
that of man which can be hatched in the intestine. He further
claims that in Brazil where the anguillula of man abounds, that of
the pig is rare, though hogs run at large and have every oppor-
tunity of devouring human feeces and the water that drains from
them. ‘They are not known to prove injurious to pigs, probably
because of their infrequency.

INTESTINAL PARASITES OF THE DOG.

Lamblia Intestinalis: Coccidium Ferforans in intestinal epithelium,
causes local inflammation, indigestion, anorexia, colic, diarrhoea, ner-
vous symptoms, emaciation. Coccidium Bigeminum in pairs in villi of
small intestine. Cestodes: Table of tape-worms of dog. 7. Serrata, from
preying on rabbits and hares; 20 to 60 inches ; armed protractile proboscis,
34 to 38 hooks ; larva cysticercus pisiformis in peritoneum, etc., of rabbit,
which eats grass or drinks water having the eggs. 7. Serialis: Small in-
testine, from preying on rabbits ; 15 to 25 inches long ; protractile proboscis

298 Veterinary Medicine.

armed with hooks, 26 to 32, each with handle as long as blade, guard slightly
bifid ; ripe segments three times as long as broad; larva Coenurus serialis
encysted in connective tissue, nerve centres and other viscera of rabbit, each
cyst having 100 or 200 heads, one inch or more in diameter. 7. Marginata,
in small intestines of butchers’ dogs; head small, proboscis with 30 to 44
hooks in two rows, handle bent backward, guard undivided. Larva cystz-
cercus tenuicollis: Diving bladder worm, elliptical, 1 to 13é inch; in peri-
toneum of ruminants and pig. Little harm unless a whole ripe proglottis is
swallowed by lamb. 7. Coenurus: Common in small intestines of dog, fox
and wolf, in sheep districts; armed proboscis, 22 to 32 hooks ; in smaller
row handle exceeds blades; length of ripe segments thrice the breadth ;
larva Cenurus cerebralis as cyst in brain or cervical cord in sheep, each cyst
with 100 or 200 heads. Symptoms of cyst: Timidity, nervousness, dulness,
stupidity, dilated pupils, drooping lids, mopes apart, restless movement in
one direction, to left, right, or right ahead, if in cord, motor palsy on one
side and sensory on other, remissions; attacks lambs and yearlings, the
weak ; bone softening. Prevention : Keep dogs from pastures ; feed mutton
products to dogs only after boiling ; boil, burn, or deeply bury carcases,
especially heads of infested sheep. Feed flock generously ; kill affected fat
lambs for mutton. Tveatment: Trephine; extractcyst. 7. Echinococcus :
\% inch long, 4 segments, one ripe, armed proboscis, 28 to 50 hooks; in
smal] intestines ; dog, wolf; cause digestive disorder, convulsions, delirium.
Larva Echinococcus in liver or serosa, or viscus of man, ape, ruminant, horse,
elephant, pig, rabbit, turkey, etc. Cysts can develop one head, or daughter
and grand-daughter cysts, with or without heads, thus multiplying numbers
in cystic stage till cluster is inches in diameter, acephalocysts and scolices.
Clusters of minute cysts, E. Multilocularis : Longevity of cyst great ; patho-
genesis according to organ invaded ; infested liver up to 158 pounds. Symp-
toms : Respiratory trouble with little hyperthermia and no response to tu-
berculin ; or jaundice without fever, or biliary or renal colic, with uremia
and dropsy ; or in superficial cysts, fluctuation, thrill, saline liquid contain-
ing hooklets; frequency in different organs. Distribution: In Iceland,
Mecklenburg, Prussia, India, Siberia, Abyssinia, Australia. Zvreatment:
Electricity, evacuation and iodine injection. Prevention; Kill useless dogs,
allow dogs no raw meat, destroy teenia in dogs, exclude dogs from wells
and drinking water, sterilize dog’s dung, filter all drinking water drawn from
shallow wells. 7. Canina. 3 to 14 inches long ; protractile, armed, club-
shaped proboscis with four rows hooklets ; segments like melon seeds; in
small intestine; dog. Cryptocystis trichodectis: The larval form in abdo-
men of dog-louse or flea. Zveatment: Teeniacides and phthiriacides. 7.
Litterata: Globular head without hooklets or proboscis; genital pore on
middle of ventral surface, and genital organs small as in bothriocephalus ;
in small intestine ; dog; Iceland, Europe. Bothriocephalus latus : 25 feet
long by one inch ; head flat, lateral pits, no hooklets nor proboscis ; sexual
pores in middle of flat ventral surface ; caudal segments shrink before they
drop off, after eggs are laid. In intestine of man, dog and cat; fish-eaters,
on shores of seas and lakes. Larva, Plerocercoides: In intestinal walls,

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 299

muscles, etc., of pike and turbot, tench, grayling, perch, etc. B&. Cordatus :
2% to 4 feet long, 400 to 600 segments, head flat, heart-shaped ; lateral
bothridia, genital pore in centre of ventral surface ; in dogs and man in Green-
land. B. Fuscus : 3 to 27 inches long ; oviducts as dark blue spot in centre
of segment. &. Reticulatus; B. Dubius: Allied forms in Iceland. Tveat-
ment: Teeniacides. Prevention : Cook all fish fed ; exclude dogs receiving
raw fish.

INFUSORIA.

Lamblia Intestinales, (Blanch. ), infests the dog in common
with the human being, sheep, rats and mice. It is pyriform 9 to
16 » long by 4 to 7 » broad, and has four pairs of flagella attached
to the border of a large sucker. It is not especially injurious.

Coccidium Perforans. This sporozoén is harbored in the
intestinal epithelium of man, dog, rabbit, cat and hen. It is
distinguished from the Coccidium Oviforme by its parasitism in
the bowels rather than the bile ducts, and by a shorter period of
evolution outside the animal body (Leuckart). The parasite will
be more fully considered under coccidiosis of the rabbit.

They cause swelling and clouding of the epithelium, with aggre-
gation tending to form white points, and finally desquamation.
Local inflammation with anorexia, indigestion, colic, diarrhea,
with nervous (rabiform) symptoms and emaciation.

Coccidium Bigeminum. Styles gives this name to a coc-
cidium which occurs in pairs in the villi of the small intestine of
the dog. They vary in diameter from 7 » to 16, and each con-
tains four fusiform spores. No distinct pathogenesis has been
traced to them. ;

CESTODES. TAPEWORMS.

Like all carnivora, the dog is very subject to tapeworms, and
especially harbors them in the mature (tenia) form in the in-
testines. The cystoido-teenia which live in another host in their
cystic or bladderworm stage, are derived usually from the
herbivorous animals on which the dog preys.

‘The teenia of the dog may be tabulated and in the main differ-
entiated by the following table:

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Intestinal Parasites in Dogs. 301

Tzenia Serrata. Serrated tape-worm. This inhabits the
small intestine of the dog which obtains it by eating rabbits and
hares. When discharging ripe segments it may measure from 20
to 60 inches—usually go inches. Head is slightly broader than
the neck, tetragonal with a sucker on each angle. Proboscis
retractile with two rows of 34 to 38 hooks, one row long (230 »
to 260 ») and one short (125 » to 160 »), and each bearing a pro-
cess or guard. Segments at neck mere transverse lines; caudal
segments 3 times as long as broad (5 by 15 mm.). Genital
orifice on projecting marginal elevation. Oviducts lengthy,
branched (8 or1o). Ova slightly ovoid.

The cysticercus pisiformis, the larval form, found in the
peritoneum of rabbits and hares, the cyst having a variable size,
on an average about 1% inch and containing the head and neck
of the teenia, which is withdrawn into the sack through an orifice
in its wall, as a finger of a glove within itself. By feeding a ripe
segment of the T. serrata to a rabbit these are developed in the
liver, in which, in fifteen or twenty days they may be found as
small, white, worm-like bodies 1 to 4 mm. in length. These
proscolices mostly migrate in to the peritoneum and are found at-
tached to the viscera, the parietes, the mesentery or omentum as
scolices. The rodent host, being devoured by the dog, they de-
velop in his intestines into strobila by dropping the caudal cyst.
In 50 days these may be 5 to 8 inches in length ; in 60 days about
20 inches; in 150 days from 4to 5 feet and shedding ripe seg-
ments. ‘The rabbit is usually infested by eating vegetation or
drinking water which contains the proglottis or ova derived from
the dog’s feeces. The cysticercus has great vitality and though
dried up in the tissues, it will show active vitality if put in tepid
water.

Teenia Serialis: inhabits the small intestine of the dog, but
is much more rare than the teenia serrata. It may attain a length
of 15 to 25inches. Head a little wider than the neck ; tetragonal
with 4 discs, and protractile proboscis with 26 to 32 hooks, each
furnished with a guard and having the handle as long as the
blade. Guard slightly bifid. The ripe segments are three times
as long as wide (4 by 12 mm.). Genital orifice marginal, pro-
jecting. Ova nearly round (34 » by 27). Inits general char-
acters the worm resembles its near relative the tenia cenurus.

302 Veterinary Medicine.

Ccenurus Serialis, the larva or scolex of the ena serialis, is
found in the connective tissue of various internal organs, includ-
ing the spinal canal of the rabbit. It may grow to the size of a
hen’s egg, and contains 100 or 200 heads of the teenia in a single
sac.

Tenia Marginata (Batsch). This inhabits the small intestine
of the dog, and is less common than teenia serrata as the hosts of
the scolex (cysticercus tenuicollis), the ruminants, are less fre-
quently devoured raw by the dog than are rabbits. Dogs kept
about slaughter houses are especially liable to suffer.

The head is as narrow as the neck, or nearly so, and for some
distance the segments are marked only by transverse strize, yet
the mature caudal segments are twice as long as they are wide
(7 mm. by 15 mm.). The proboscis is furnished with a double
row of hooks (130 » and 200 #), 30 to 44 in number, each handle
being curved in a direction contrary to the blade, and the guard
undivided. The genital pore marginal and slightly projecting ;
the oviducts divided in 12 or 16 branches ; the ovum round (33 #).

Cysticercus Tenuicollis narvow-necked cysticercus, the larva
ors colex of taenia marginata, is found very frequently in the peri-
toneum of the domestic ruminants, and less so in the pig, or in
the pleura of ruminants. The cyst is elliptical, and may be 1 to
1% inch in diameter. At the free end is the orifice through
which the scolex is invaginated, and if the whole is placed in milk-
warm water the head may be seen to rise and fall in the sac,
whence the name of diving bladder worm. If a lamb is fed some
ripe segments of the teenia marginata, it may die in 6 days with
the liver studded throughout its substance with little blood clots
each containing one or more of the transparent hooked embryo or
proscolex. By the roth day some may be found in the peritoneum
and by the 25th day these may be in certain cases 1 cm. long. In
40 days they have been found 214 cm. long and with well de-
veloped head. In 250 days they have attained their full size as
larvee.

Pathogenesis, As taken in casually, one or two ova at a time,
this parasite has never been known to prove appreciably injurious
to ruminants. It is only when one or more ripe proglottides have
been administered or swallowed accidentally that a serious lesion
such as hepatitis or peritonitis has ensued.

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 303

Teenia Coenurus (Kuch.). This parasite lives in the small
intestine of dog, fox and wolf, and is often quite common in
sheep-breeding districts, the larva or scolex having its habitat in
the brain or spinal cord of lambs or yearling sheep, and less fre-
quently in the young of other ruminants. When mature and
discharging ripe segments the taenia may measure 4o inches long.
The tetragonal head is followed by an attenuated neck with
scarcely a sign of segmentation, yet the caudal, ripe segments at-
tain a length of three times their width (5 mm. by 18 mm.).
The proboscis bears a double row of 22 to 32 hooks 1oop to 160 w
long. The handle of the longer hooks just exceeds the blade in
length, while in the smaller hooks it is decidedly longer than the
blade. The oviducts have numerous_branches running mainly
parallel to the length of the segment. Genital pore, marginal,
dilated, slightly projecting. Ova nearly spherical, 34, with
transparent envelope. if

Coenurus Cerebrales (Kuch.). The larva of T: Coenurus in-
habits the cerebro-spinal cavity of lambs, yearling sheep and ex-
ceptionally other domestic herbivora, causing the disease known
as ‘‘gid,’’ ‘‘turnsick’’ or ‘‘ waterbrain.’’ As in the case of
Coenurus Serialis, the ovum from the ripe segment in the dog’s
feeces, having hatched out the six-hooked embryo, the latter
migrates to its suitable habitat and there develops into a cyst
which may exceed a hen’s egg in size. This parent cyst devel-
ops scolices to the number of 100 to 200 which are individually
little larger than a millet seed, but each shows the head of a
future tape-worm, and matures as such if the brain which har-
bors it is eaten by a dog. The development is slow. In two
lambs fed proglottides by Baillet,the symptoms of ‘‘ gid’’ ap-
peared in one on the 68th and in the other on the 114th day, yet
the one showed at the necropsy 33, and the other five coenuri in
different stages of development.

On the eighth day after feeding proglottis, points of congestion
are observed in the brain. From the fourteenth to the thirty-
eighth day the surface of the brain is marked by pale, yellowish
tortuous canals, and near the end of each a cyst 75 inch in diam-
eter. By the thirty-eighth day the cyst may be as large asa
cherry, and minute depressions on its surface mark the first step
toward the formation of the head of the scolex. By the fifty-

304. Veterinary Medicine.

second day sucking discs and hooklets may be visible. After 234
to 5%4 months the scolex is viable in the intestine of the dog.
(Kuchenmeister).

Transmission from the sheep to the dog will sometimes fail
through diarrhoea in experimental cases. As many as 400 teenia
have been developed from one cyst. They attain a length of four
inches in four weeks. The writer raised forty-two, averaging
one foot, in six weeks in a sucking puppy.

The symptoms of tenia ccenurus in the dog are the same as
of other tape-worms. The ripe segments passed are characteristic.

Symptoms of Coenurus Cerebralis: Gid: Sturdy: Stag-
gers: Turnsick: Waterbrain. The signs of cerebral conges-
tion (dulness, red eyes, hot head, drooping or held in one direc-
tion, spasms or paralysis) may appear in eight days after a lamb
or calf has been fed a ripe segment of the tape-worm, but usually
but one, two or three ova are taken in with the grass, and sup-
pose all reach the brain, they are unable to produce these early
manifestations. In an experimental case with five cerebral
coenuri the first symptoms were observed on the 114th day.
(Baillet).

The symptoms are, at first, great timidity and nervousness
without apparent cause, or dulness, stupor, general aberration of
the senses and disorderly muscular movements. The sheep is
found apart from the flock with dilated pupils, blindness, reddened
eyes covered with half-closed lids, and unsteady gait, but usually
moving restlessly in one given direction. Alternate subsidence
and exacerbation of symptoms are not uncommon, the latter cor-
responding to the occasions on which the heads of the scolices are
protruded into the brain substance, the former to their periods. of
withdrawal within the cyst.

The symptoms vary according to the position and number of
the hydatids. If in the usual position, in one hemisphere, and
over the lateral ventricle, the lamb turns to that side, moving in
a circle, like a horse in a mill, making a bare beaten circular
path. ‘The limbs on the opposite side of the body act in a stiff
disorderly manner, being paretic. If a ccenurus exists in each
hemisphere the lamb turns to that side on which the irritation is
greatest at the time, going to the left at one time and to the right
at another. When it is directly in the median line, over the

Intestinal Parasites af the Dog. 305

corpus calosum the sheep elevates its nose and advances straight
forward until arrested by some obstacle. If lodged in the cere-
bellum it causes elevation of the head, sudden jerking upward of
the limbs, planting them with a hesitating uncertain motion,
great nervousness, and sometimes a stumbling run, followed by a
fall, and violent ineffectual struggles to get up. Blindness is
usually present, but especially so, if there is pressure on the op-
tic thalamus, corpus striatum or corpora quadrigemini. If the
cyst is located in the upper part of the spinal cord there is motor
paralysis on the same side of the body and sensory paralysis on
the opposite side, behind the hydatid. There may be palsy of
both hind limbs, rectum, bladder and tail. Sometimes there is
intense itching along the spine.

In all cases there is a hesitancy and uncertainty of movement.
The remissions serve to distinguish the affection from paresis or
cerebral disorder due to a single tumor like a cholesteatoma or
psammoma.

If left to itself the patient neglects to eat and by the combined
starvation and constant movement it rapidly wastes and dies in
marasmus. If well fed and cared for it may sometimes gain
flesh.

The ccenurus usually affects lambs, and rarely sheep of over
two years old, or those that are strong, vigorous and well condi-
tioned. The young, thin, weak and starved are the main vic-
tims. For the same reason those on poor, damp, exposed ground
suffer more than those on rich, dry, sheltered pasture.

Exceptionally in old standing cases, with the hydatid near the
surface of the hemisphere, the cranial bone is absorbed and a soft
spot may be felt indicating the seat of the parasite.

Prevention. Destroy superfluous dogs. Deny to dosg all
parts of the body of the sheep which has suffered from this dis-
ease. The sheep heads especially must be boiled, rendered,
burned or deeply buried. Never allow them to be thrown, raw,
where dogs, foxes or wolves can find them. Let necessary dogs
be frequently examined and all tapeworms expelled by vermi-
fuges. Allow no untreated dogs on the pasturages of young
sheep, nor about the sources of their water supply. Keep all
young sheep in a constantly thriving condition. If any have
shown the early symptoms of cerebral congestion and have sur-

20

306 Veterinary Medicine.

vived them, fatten and kill as soon as the secondary symptoms
commence—about the end of the third or the middle of the fourth
month. Damp pastures should be drained and exposed ones
sheltered.

Treatment. In rare cases a spontaneous recovery may ensue
in connection with rupture of the scolex from a sudden fall or a
blow on the head. Hogg attained the same end by puncturing
the cyst with a common knitting needle, introduced through the
nose and perforated plate. Youatt passed a long trochar and
cannula into the hydated through the same channel. These
methodsare, however, dangerousand uncertain. A better method
is to extract the cyst through a perforation in the cranial wall.
If more than one hydated exists it is necessary to repeat the
operation.

If the cranial bone is softened that is selected as the point to
perforate. The skin covering it is scrubbed with soap and water,
shaved, and rinsed with an antiseptic solution (Mercuric chlo-
ride 1:1000). Then a boiled trochar and cannula of % inch bore, is
pushed in ¥% inch and the trochar withdrawn. The sheep may
be turned on its back to favor the discharge, but it must be firmly
held to prevent struggling with its legs or swaying or knocking
its head. As the sac is emptied it will protrude through the tube
and may be slowly pulled out with a pair of fine forceps. The
cannula is now withdrawn and the wound covered with collodion
or a pitch plaster. After the operation the patient may be kept
in a dark box, secluded and quiet, and upon a laxative diet for
10 to 14 days, until danger of shock and inflammation have
passed.

If the bone has not softened the point for perforation must be
deduced from the symptons. If the sheep turns in a circle the
hydatid will usually be found in the centre of the hemisphere,
toward which the turn is made, and the perforation should be in
front of the ear and half an inch from the median line of the
skull. If the head is elevated and a straightforward advance is
made by the patient the perforation must be close to the median
line. If the frontal crest is present (in a horned sheep) the per-
foration must be behind this, thereby avoiding the frontal sinus.
If the lack of coordination of muscular movement and the exces-
sive timidity suggests a hydatid in the cerebellum, the opening

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 307

must be made ¥% inch in front of the occipital crest and the point of
the instrument must be directed through the membraneous tentor-
ium but sufficiently low to avoid the transverse sinus. The
trephine usually employed has a solid pointed end like a triangu-
lar pyramid with sharp cutting margins, and with a screw on the
shaft, on which works a disc-shaped shield to prevent the instru-
ment from plunging into the brain when the bone has been per-
forated. The skin must be rendered aseptic, as nearly as possible,
and then with a boiled or flamed knife an incision is made, the
scalp and periosteum are dissected back, and the trephine applied.
Then the hydatid is perforated and withdrawn with the aid of
cannula, trochar, and forceps as in the other case.

Tzenia Echinococcus (Sieb.) A tapeworm of barely more
than % inch in length, and consisting of 4 segments only includ-
ing that of the head. As the fourth segment ripens it is promptly
detached, leaving for the moment but three segments, all imma-
ture. The globular head has four suckers and a pointed pro-
boscis bearing a double row of 28 to 50 hooks, remarkable for the
great size of the guard or median process. The ripe caudal seg-
ment is about 3% of the entire length of the worm. The eggs are
ovoid, 32 » by 25 » or slightly over. There may be 5,000 in a
ripe segment.

The worm is easily overlooked in the colored contents of the
bowel, but close observation will detect the minute yellow fila-
ments, which become more visible when the liquid is cleared up
by addition of water.

The habitat is in the small intestine of dog and wolf.

In some districts (Iceland, Abyssinia) they are often present
in large numbers (1000 to 2000, Roll, Gervais) in a single dog,
and cause digestive disorder with convulsions or delirium. The
condition is distinguished from rabies by the absence of any mis-
chievous propensity and of paralysis, and by the presence in the
feeces of the ripe segments or of entire teenize. In Iceland 28 per
cent. of the dogs had this tapeworm and 10,000 of the people
suffered from the echinococcus, which the quacks treated with
dog’s excrement and urine.

Treatment. As for other tape-worms.

Echinococcus, (E. Hominis, Veterinorum, Polymor-
phus). The cystic or larval form of the echinococcus lives in a

,

308 Veterinary Medicine.

greater number of hosts of different genera, and finds its home in
so many different organs of the infested body, that it is especially
injurious and often fatal to the animals infested.

’ Habitat and Host. Entering as it does by the alimentary carnal
it most commonly makes its way to the liver to make its home
there, but it is found not infrequently in the spleen, abdominal
walls, kidneys, brain, lungs, pleura, connective tissue, bones and
other structures, of man, ape, ox, sheep, deer, camel, giraffe,
horse, pig, elephant, rabbit, turkey and many other animals.
Most herbivora and omnivora appear to be open to its attacks,
and almost any organ of the body may be invaded.

Development. ‘The ova laid by the ripe proglottis, and partic-
ularly the minute six-hooked embryo are introduced into the
stomach and intestine, and the embryo at once begins to bore
through the walls to reach a congenial larval home. They ap-
pear to travel first in the blood of the portal vein, and the ma-
jority are arrested in the liver, while others continue in the blood
stream to reach distant parts and organs. Some doubtless reach
the peritoneum direct, and develop in that membrane or on one
of the abdominal organs. At first growth is slow and in four
weeks they may be represented by small globular cysts less than
Imm. in diameter. ‘These are usually directly under the serous
membrane (in splanchnic cavities) but they may also be in the
interior of a solid organ. In about eight weeks each has attained
a diameter of 4; inch and shows on its inner surface a layer of
nucleated cells, the first trace of the inner or germinal membrane.
At about the end of the fifth month it has reached the size of a
walnut showing a whitish, translucent, tremulous sac enclosed in
a double membrane, the outer layer of which (hydatic membrane)
is thick and dense (.2 mm.), and the inner (germinal membrane)
thin and delicate (.12 mm.) thick. The contents are saline,
neutral, or slightly acid and among other things contain a
poisonous alkaloid (leucomain) to which have been attributed the
skin eruptions that appear when the cyst has burst into a large
serous cavity. Exceptionally the ecchinococcus may be arrested
at this; point and remain a simple sac destitute of head or other
definite organ (acephalocyst).

More commonly after some months interval the internal mem-
brane (endocyst) develops papillary elevations on its inner sur-

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 309

face, each of which becomes enlarged and hollowed out to form a
cyst which remains attached to the parent cyst by a short pedicle.
These are known as secondary vesicles, proligerous cysts, daughter
cysts, nurses, or brood capsules, and they need not develop
respectively their echinococcus heads or scolices. On the contrary
the first group of broad capsules, may each develop within it a
second group or generation (grand-daughter cysts), which in their
turn may produce (great-grand-daughter cysts). At any timein
the course of this development, these cysts or any one of them
(primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.) may develop from its internal
membrane the head of a teenia (scolex), the true larval echino-
coccus. Of these there are usually from 5 to 30 in the interior of
each proligerous vesicle, varying in size so as to suggest a differ-
ence in age. When developed the scolices are individually .19
mm. by .16 mm, in diameter, with a depression and orifice in the
free end showing where the head has become invaginated within
the sac. ‘Thus it comes about that the hydatid, almost micro-
scopic at its start and with no apparent organization except a
simple chitinous membrane enclosing a clear or milky fluid, fin-
ally appears as a compound cyst, sometimes as large as an infant’s
head, containing numerous heads or scolices, some attached to
the inner membrane of its parent sac, while others are detached,
dead, and float free in the liquid.

Beside the exdogenous formation of proligerous cysts and scolices,
these sometimes develop outside the parent vesicle and hang from
its outer instead of its inner surface. These secondary external
vesicles are also formed from the internal parent membrane, but,
bulging outward, they rupture the external membrane and remain
pendant outside. They are more common in particular localities,
and animals, and in such cases the tendency appears to be to the
same form in a single animal, all being suggestive of a variety in
the parasite. The external vesicles are most common in rumin-
ants, pigs and men, and they rarely attain the same size as the
other forms. ‘The znzernal vesicles are most common in man, pig
and horse, though also seen in oxen (Railliet).

Still another development of echinococcus is known as E. Mul-
tilocularis, and characterized by the development of clusters of
minute cysts in size from a millet seed to a pea and mostly sterile.
Formerly called alveolar, colloid cancer these were identified by

310 Veterinary Medicine.

Virchow, who demonstrated their rather rare heads or scolices.
They have been found mostly in man, but also in cattle and pigs
(Bollinger, Brinsteiner, Ostertag). They are also confined to
particular countries, being unknown in Iceland and Australia,
where the common echinococcus prevails, and frequent in Bavaria,
Wurtenburg, Switzerland and Brandenburg. The specimens
from cattle and pigs have been obtained mainly from the abba-
toirs of Munich and Berlin. All this seems to indicate a special
variety of echinococcus.

Longevity of Cyst. With its power of indefinite encrease in
numbers in the cystic form, echinococcus appears to have an ex-
traordinary longevity without further development. In mana
single case has persisted for thirty-five years (Courty), and an-
other for forty-three years (Raynal). In the horse one has been
known to last for seven years (Raymond). When vital organs
are attacked (heart, liver, kidney, brain) the case is usually cut
short by interference with the normal functions.

Form. Size. “Echinococcus cysts may thus be: (a) A simple
acephalocyst. (6) A simple fertile cyst containing five or more
heads or scolices. (¢) A complex cyst, with secondary vesicles, in-
ternal or external, some of the vesicles containing heads or scolices
and some with none.

In size the echinococcus cyst varies so largely that it is difficult
to make a definite statement. The simple undivided cyst may be
of any size up to about three (exceptionally five) inches in diam-
eter. The compound cyst may reach to five, six or even more
inches.

Lesions. These vary much with the stage of development and
the organ in which the parasite is encysted. The enlargement of
the invaded organ, the absorption of more or less of its substance,
the presence of the cysts, simple or with daughter cysts, each
with a double layer of investing membrane, the saline (NaCl. )
nature of the contents, the floating of detached and devitalized.
scolices and free hooklets in the liquid, and the presence, ina
given number of the cysts, of live heads or scolices attached to
the inner membrane. ‘The enlargement of the affected organ will
depend on the size and number of invading echinococci. There
may be a single, simple cyst, or there may be many cysts, many
of them with daughter cysts. With multiple invasion the ox’s

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 311

liver may come to weigh 100 pounds ; extreme cases have shown
145 pounds (Roberts and Gregory), and 158 pounds (Ringk). In
the pig an invaded liver of four pounds is not uncommon, while
examples of 100 pounds (Cartwright), and even 110 pounds
(Girard) have been recorded. ‘The ox’s lung has been found to
weigh 100 pounds (Ringk, Friedberger and Froéhner) to 108
pounds (Morot).

In case of many echinococci the organ is usually irregularly
bosselated on the surface and often seriously distorted. In old
standing cases the walls are usually thickened, and there may be
fibroid degeneration in the surrounding tissue. There may be
an exudate inside the fibrous capsule, with blood or pus, or de-
generated into a granular, sebaceous debris. The pressure from
this product may have led to collapse of the contained cyst, and
to its contraction into a cicatricial mass. Even then the remnant
of debris in the centre is liable to show some of the hooklets, the
horny nature of which has enabled them to resist the process of
disintegration. Another feature of these cysts is that the inner
or hydatid wall contracts no adhesion to surrounding structures,
from which it can be dissected leaving a smooth uniform surface.

Symptoms. Echinococcus is rarely diagnosed in the domestic
animal during life. When invading the lungs the slow progress
of the affection and comparative absence of fever serve to differ-
entiate it from lung plague, as will also in many cases the mul-
tiple centres of consolidation, and the great prominence of the
mucous rale. From pulmonary tubercle diagnosis is less easy,
unless the tuberculin test is resorted to. If the liver is involved
its bosselated surface can often be reached by the hand in the
rectum. With serious disorder of both lungs and liver in a lo-
cality known to be free from lung plague and tubercle (but sub-
ject to echinococcus) and in an animal that does not respond to
tuberculin, there may be a strong presumption in favor of
echinococcus. If dogs are kept in company with the herd, and
if one or more harbor Tzenia Echinococcus the presumption is
still stronger.

The loss of condition of the animal, the decline of appetite
and rumination and the general unthriftiness and anemia mark
progress rather than specify the nature of the disease. In cases
affecting the liver, jaundice is liable to appear, and in those affect-

312 Veterinary Medicine.

ing the kidney urzemia and various nervous disorders, and in
both, dropsical effusion affecting the limbs, the lower aspect of
the body ; or the peritoneum or other serous cavity. Violent
hepatic or renal colic will sometimes occur from the impaction of
one of the detached scolices in the biliary duct or ureter. Such
attacks are liable to be intermittent, relief coming with the passage
of the obstructing agent.

When an echinococcus approaches the skin fluctuation may
sometimes be detected, and a tremor or thrill is described as char-
acteristic. In such cases the fluid drawn off through a small
cannula is found charged with sodium chloride, and if centrifuged
the precipitate is likely to show the characteristic hooklets.

As symptoms vary with the organ affected it may be well to
say that the relative frequency of their invasion is about as fol-
lows: first, the liver (%4 to % of all cases. Davaine, Cobbold,
etc.); second, the various other abdominal organs (spleen, kid-
neys, omentum, etc.), the abdominal walls and the lungs; third,
the brain, heart, muscles, bones and other organs.

Geographical Distribution. Echinococcus is concentrated in
given geographical areas, into which the parasite has been intro-
duced, and where it has special opportunities for propagation by
reason of the number of dogs and their intimate relation with man
and domestic animals. In Iceland where dogs are half as numer-
ous as men sheep suffer to the extent of 20 to 100 per cent.
(Hjaltelin), and 10,000 people at the same time (Krabbe). In
Mecklenburg 26 to 50 per cent. of oxen, 75 per cent. of sheep
and 5 to 8 per cent. of pigs become victims (Madelung). In
Prussia 200,000 francs are lost yearly by echinococcus (Schmidt).
In India 70 per cent. of the cattle have liver echinococcus (Neu-
mann). Among the Buratis in Eastern Siberia, Kaschin found
echinococcus in liver and heart of every one of the human popu-
lation on whom he made a post-mortem examination. These
people live in winter in the same tents with their cattle and dogs,
washing neither their bodies nor dishes and wearing their clothes
till they fall to pieces. Like the Icelanders they let the dogs
clean their plates by licking them (Leuckart). Abyssinia closely
follows Iceland and Siberia in the prevalence of echinococcus and
Australia follows with a very large number of cases in both
animals and men. (Thomas). he absence of any winter in

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 313

both countries, and the aggregations of ruminants and dogs,
together with the simple nomadic life of the shepherds, strongly
conduce to the preservation and spread of the parasite.

Treatment. No drug is known which given internally will kill
the echinococcus cyst. Electricity though warmly advocated by
some has proved unsatisfactory. Yet spontaneous recovery is
not unknown, through the rupture and evacuation of the cysts or
through the death of the echinococcus and degeneration of its
contents. When ruptured it may be recognized by the density of
the liquid (1007 to 1009), by the excess of sodium chloride, the
absence of albumen and above all by the presence of heads
(scolices) or hooklets. An exudate of blood or lymph beneath
the outer layer of the cyst may be the occasion of its death. The
exudate degenerates into a sebaceous like debris, which com-
pressing the inner membrane causes it to pucker up and expel its
liquid contents. As the exudate increases the cavity grows
gradually smaller and is finally obliterated or retains only the
hooklets of the dead scolices. The debris may resemble putty or
chalk, though in man it may suggest softened tubercle.

The evacuation of the cyst by trochar and cannula, followed by
injection with tincture of iodine to be left in the cyst for five min-
‘utes and then drawn off has repeatedly succeeded. The contents
of the cyst are first thoroughly drawn out by the aid of a syringe,
then the iodine is injected, left for five minutes and again fully
drawn off. If the trochar has to penetrate any serous cavity
great care is taken to prevent any scolices from escaping into
this. Also, whenever a hydatid is laid open by spontaneous rup-
ture, by the knife, or by the trochar, the walls of the sac should
be extracted if possible, as this will absolutely prevent its reap-
pearance 77 s7tu.

Prevention. While the wolf is a possible source of the echino-
coccts ova, it is to the dog that we must look as the almost ex-
clusive source of the parasite in well settled and cultivated dis-
tricts. Inthe dog the disease can be recognized and the propa-
gation of the parasite through the mature worms and their eggs
can in him be arrested, so that by attention to the dog this deadly
tape-worm can be exterminated. Effective measures should in-
clude the following: 1. The destruction of all superfluous dogs
and especially of homeless and neglected ones. 2. The strict

314 Veterinary Medicine.

supervision of all dogs to prevent them from visiting abattoirs or
other places where they may eat the raw offal of animals. 3. The
medicinal treatment of all dogs passing segments of tape-worms,
especially of shepherd dogs employed on the pastures, and the
destruction of other dogs found on such pastures. 4. The
exclusion of dogs from the vicinity of wells or supplies of drink-
ing water for man or beast. 5. The sterilization as far as possi-
ble, by burning or boiling, of the dung of all dogs that suffer
from tape-worm and of all taken from kennels, and the destruc-
tion in the same way of all the contents of evacuated hydatids
and of offal containing such cysts. To these may be added :
6. The filtration or boiling of all drinking water and especially of
that drawn from shallow or imperfectly cemented wells in gravel-
ly or otherwise porous ground.

Tenia Canina. T. Cucumerina. Melon-seed Tape-
worm, This is 3 to 12 or 14 inches long and 3 mm. broad in
mature segments. The head is elongated and terminated by a
very protractile club-shaped proboscis armed with four rows of
small recurved hooklets like the thorns of a rose. When re-
tracted the proboscis is sunken in a median pit and surrounded by
the four sucking discs. The first segments are short and nearly
round or disc-shaped, the last are ellipsoidal like melon-seeds
(cucumis, hence the name). Genital organs double with two
pores, one on the centre of each lateral border, right and left, and
on a slight elevation. Ova globular, 37 » to 46 wu in diameter.

ffabitat. Abundant in the small intestine of the dog.

CryptTocysTis TRICHODECTIS. CR. PuLEcIpES. The cystic
form of the T. Canina is encysted in the dog louse (Trichodectes
Latus) or in the dog flea (Pulex Serraticeps), according as one
or other may be the most convenient. The cyst was found in the
enlarged abdomen of the louse in 1869 by Melnikow, and only re-
cently in the body of the flea by Grassi. If a paste made by
crushing the ripe segment of the canina is placed on tne skin of
the dog at a point infested by one of these skin parasites, a num-
ber of the latter soon show enormously distended abdomens, and
examination reveals the scolex in the centre of the swelling. In
seeking to rid himself of the vermin the dog swallows the infested
louse or flea, and the scolex develops in his intestine into the
Teenia Canina.

Intestinal Parasites of the Dog. 315

There is therefore abundant reason for the great prevalence of
the tape-worm before us, and especially in poor, neglected, dirty,
vermin-infested dogs. There is also the obvious resort in treat-
ment and prevention to the use not only of teeniacides for the de-
struction of the mature worm, but also of parasiticides for the
destruction of the vermin on the skin.

Tenia Litterata. T. Pseudo-Cucumerina. T. Lineata.
T. Canis Lagopodis. T. Margaritifera. Mesocestoides
Litteratus. Lettered T. These have been held to be one
species and again divided into three separate ones. It has also
been questioned whether they do not belong rather to the
bothriocephali to which the absence of proboscis and hooklets,
and the very restricted development of generative organs seem
to ally them.

The Tzenia Litterata has a globular head, slightly flattened
or bilobed, .g mm. broad, without proboscis or hooks but with
four suckers each having a wide longitudinal slit. The neck is
long, at first narrowing insensibly and then slowly widening and
the first segments appear about an inch behind the head. The
anterior segments are distinctly narrowed in front and behind,
while the riper segments are in the main wider behind. The
genital pores are not lateral but are double, the vulva in front of
the male orifice, near the middle of the ventral surface. The
pyriform uterus, near the posterior border shines through the
transparent envelope giving the peculiar lettered appearance to
the segment. The mature worm is one to two or even five feet.
Eggs, very numerous, with thin transparent walls showing the
living embryo within, which retains its vitality in spite of freez-
ing or drying (Baillet). Ova 40 to 60p by 35 to 43».

Habitat. Small intestine of the dog in Iceland and Europe.
The head is usually so firmly attached to the mucosa that it may
remain when the worm is pulled off.

Larval form unknown.

Bothriocephalus Latus. Broad B. Length 25 feet or
more, breadth about 1 inch at its greatest. Head 3; inch, ob-
long, club-shaped or lanceolate, flattened with two lateral pits
(bothridia) used as suckers, and devoid of hooklets. First seg-
ments very short and narrow, enlarging very gradually ; in the
middle of the worm they are three times as broad as long, and

BENG

316 Veterinary Medicine.

from this backward they slowly decrease in breadth, becoming
quadrate and finally square, through the ovulation and subse-
quent atrophy of the generative organs. The segments are not
detached, full of ova as in teeniz, but as the eggs are laid in the
bowels of the host the oviducts and segment both shrink, so that
when the segment finally drops off it isa mere little cube. The
total segments are about 4000, and the sexually mature ones are
behind the 600th. The sexual pores are not marginal but near
the centre of the ventral surface on a small tubercle, the male pore
in front and the female behind it. The oviduct is a tube folded
on itself to form a rosette toward thecentreof the seginent. Eggs
ovoid, with operculum at one end, 68 to 71 » long by 44 to 45 p
broad. The eggs usually lie for months in water before hatching
out the globular ciliated embryo, which later sheds its covering
and appears as a six-hooked embryo, like that of the teenia.
The sexual organs are sometimes double.

Flabitat. Intestine of man, dog and cat.

Distribution, ‘The parasite isin the main confined to certain
localities, out of which it is only met with in individuals that
have visited the infested districts. These include the Western
Cantons of Switzerland and adjacent parts of France; the north
of Italy ; the North Western and Northern provinces of European
Russia and Poland; the Baltic shores of Finland, Sweden, and
Denmark ; Greenland ; Southern Russia; Holland and Belgium ;
some points in Eastern Prussia, Pomerania, Rhenish Hesse, and
the cities of Berlin, London, Hamburgh, San Malo, Zurich,
Rome and Montpelier.

These are in the main seacoast or lacustrine regions, or those
in which fresh fish from infested waters form a staple article of
diet. Yet from unknown causes it may disappear from formerly
infected districts. Odier claimed that one-fourth of the inhabi-
tants of Geneva suffered comparatively recently, yet to-day it has
virtually disappeared from the city.

Larva. Plerocercoides. Braun found these larval forms in
the intestinal walls, muscles and other tissues of pike and turbot.
They show no generative organs and have the head invaginated.
Feeding them to dogs and cats which he carefully secluded from
other sources of infestment, he constantly developed the mature
worm in their intestines. Parona, Ferrara, Grassi and Rovalli

Lntestinal Parasites of the Dog. 317

similarly matured the larvee by feeding them to dog and man. It
cart therefore be taken for granted that the normal source of
bothriocephalus for man and dog is through devouring the larvee
in fresh fish. In addition to the pike and turbot, the tench,
grayling, perch and other fishes harbor the larvee. Other exper-
iments, however, seem to show that the larval stage in the fish is
not essential, but that B. Latus may be developed from the ovum
to maturity in the intestine of the dog.

Bothriocephalus Cordatus. Heart-shaped B. ‘This form
is smaller than B. Latus, being when mature 2% to q feet long,
and having 400 to 600 segments. Its striking features are that
the head is heart-shaped (obcordate), compressed from side to
side and broadest from above downward, and with two bothridia,
one on the upper and the other on the lower margin. It has no
neck, but broadens rapidly, shows segmentation from the head
backward, and reaches its greatest breadth at 6 cm. behind the
head. The uterine rosette is longer and more branching, but of
smaller calibre than in B. Latus, and the body contains more
calcareous particles.

Orlik found B. Cordatus very prevalent in the dogs of God-
haven, N. Greenland, six dogs furnishing as many as 20 speci-
mens. Pfaff found 24 in three dogs, and one ina seal. Zimmer
found the worm in a walrus. It was much less frequent in man,
and has not been found out of Greenland. This speaks for its
transmission in larval form through the fish of the Greenland
Seas to the marine and terrestrial mammalia of the locality.

Bothriocephalus Fuscus. Dark B. This worm is 3 to 27
inches long, with flat, lanceolate head, and segments beginning
near the head and encreasing until longer than broad. The ovi-
ducts show as a dark-blue spot in the centre of the segment and
suggest the name. Calcareous particles are absent. Krabbe
found this in two dogs in Iceland, one having 22 specimens of
different sizes.

B. Reticulatus and B. Dubius are two closely allied speci-
mens found in dogs in Iceland. i

The treatment of bothriocephalus is essentially the same as for
teenia. Prevention is to be sought in the thorough cooking of all
fish fed to dogs or men, and the exclusion of dogs from all
curing establishments or other places where they might get the
uncooked products.

INTESTINAL TREMATODES AND NEMATODES IN
DOGS.

Hemistoma Alatum: 3 to 6 mm. long, heart-shaped, lateral wings to
mouth ; in fox and dog. Distoma Echinatum : 4to 15 mm., red, lanceolate,
spiny ; in ducks, geese, etc., and in dog’s duodenum ; experimentally in
small rodents, sparrows. Pathogenesis : Duodenal catarrh ; vermifuge treat-
ment. Ascaris Marginata: Tapering at ends, head alated, mouth triangu-
lar, three tuberculated lips, ova globular, reticulated ; in duodenum and
stomach of dog, wolf, fox (and cat). Symptoms: Vomiting the worms,
catarrhal diarrhcea, unthrift, emaciation, dry, scurfy coat, pot-belly, varia-
ble appetite, colic, epilepsy, disordered intellection, taciturnity, duodenal
catarrh, hemorrhagic enteritis. Tveatment: Areca nut powder, santonin,
etc. Prevention: Vermicides, pure water, burn dog manure, scald feeding
and drinking dishes. Oxyuris Vermicularis: Uncinaria Trigonocephala :
Bent upward near head, so that mouth deviates; 9 to 21 mm. long, lateral
jaws each with three teeth ; eggs ovoid ; in small intestine of dog and fox.
U. Stenocephala: Smaller than last, 6 to 10 mm. long, mouth small with
one sharp ventral tooth ; both wzcinaria found insame dog. Uncinariosis :
Shown in packs, in damp kennels, near water. Symptoms. In ratio with
young worms taken ; debility, emaciation, spiritlessness, early fatigue, lan-
guid, sunken, pale eye, white mouth, unthrift, dandruff, red patches on
stifles, inside thighs or elbows, dry nose with purulent or bloody discharge,
dropsies, bleedings at intervals, diarrhoea, sloughing ; death in a few months
or a year. Diagnosis: Enzootic prevalence, with above symptoms, and
worms or ova in mucus or surface layer of feeces. Necropsy: Bloodless, hy-
drozemia, duodenal congestion with adherent worms, softened lymph glands.
Treatment: Vermifuges, tonics, generous feeding, thymol, areca nut, male .
fern, kamala, Fowler’s solution, iron, pepsin.. Prevention - Quarantine
strange dogs, give vermifuges, give water from deep cemented wells only,
scald and whitewash kennels, manure burned. Whip worm of dog: In
cecum ; direct from egg in 8 months. Cause congestion, thickening, ca-
tarrh, diarrhcea, licking anus or drawing it along ground, etc. Treatment:
Vermifuges. Prevention: Trichina Spiralis: Filaria Hepatica : In intes-
tinal and biliary walls ; possibly larve.

Hemistoma Alatum. The Winged Hemistome. This
trematode, 3 to6 mm. long by 1.5 mm. wide, has an elongated
heart-shape, and a pointed wing-like projection at each side of the
mouth which is terminal. It is common in the fox and was found
by Schone in 5 per cent. of draught dogs examined.

Distoma Echinatum. Spinate D. Body 4 to 15 mm. long
and .5 to 2 mm, thick, rosy red, lanceolate, and skin covered
with fine spines anteriorly and obtuse plates behind. Head sep-

318

Intestinal Trematodes and Nematodes in Dogs. 319

arated from the body by a narrow constriction, and throughout
covered by sharp spines except below where there is a deep pit.
Ventral disc 3 or 4 times as large as the oral one. Ova brown-
ish yellow, 94 to 110 w long, by 75 » broad.

Hlabitat. This is common in ducks, geese and aquatic birds,
has been found in the duodenum of the dog (Generali), and was
produced experimentally in rats, mice, moles and sparrows.

It has been very largely availed of in tracing the pathogenesis
of the trematode, and hence its successive stages of growth,
and homes, as: 1. The ovum. 2. The ciliated embryo. 3. The
brood capsule (redia) encysted in the lungs, etc. of a mollusc.
4. The daughter sporocyst in the liver. 5. The free swimming
young trematode moving in the water or attached to an aquatic
plant, ready to be taken in by its mammalian host (see Distoma
Hepaticum) ; are well known.

Pathogenesis, From the nature of the armed head this trema-
_tode can hardly fail to prove very hurtful to its host, and Generali
noted in his infested dog, severe duodenitis and many yellowish
gray spots indicating previous points of attack and phlegmasia.

Treatment would be by any one of the active vermifuges.

Ascaris Marginata. Bordered A. Maw Worm. A.
Mystax. Body white or pale pinkish brown, narrowed at both
ends, tail pointed. ale, 5 to tocm. long, tail curved and fur-
nished with two lateral membraneous wings and twenty-six
papillze on each side—two post-anal. Two spicula. Female, 9
to 12 cm. long; blunt tail; vulva in anterior quarter of the body.
Head usually slightly curved and furnished with two broad lateral
alee giving the appearance of an arrowhead. Mouth triangular,
closed by three lips, each bearing .a tubercle in the middle of its
outer surface. (CHsophagus club-shaped, ending behind in a
nearly globular ventricular enlargement. Ova almost globular,
75 to 80 in diameter, with reticulated surface.

Habitat. Small intestine and stomach of dog, often brought
up in vomiting, hence the name of maw-worm. It is common
also to other species of the canine family like the fox and wolf.
The identity of this parasite with the Ascaris Mystax of the cat
is at present claimed by the majority of helminthologists in spite
of the marked difference in the size, and if this were accepted,
man must be added as a possible host.

320 Veterinary Medicine.

The worms are most frequent and abundant in young dogs,
from three or four weeks old to two or three months. Any age,
however, may suffer. Being so common they are liable to be
very numerous.

Pathogenesis. Symptoms. When present only in small num-
bers in a mature, well-conditioned dog they are often of very little
account. When numerous or in the young or weak they may
produce the most varied symptoms, local and general. The
vomiting of glairy matter containing the worms is a common and
conclusive symptom. Asin all irritations of the.small intestine
there is likely to be irregularity of the bowels, with at times a
transient or catarrhal diarrhcea. Among general symptoms are
to be noted itchy anus, unthrift, emaciation, dry scurfy coat, pot-
belly, variable appetite, colic, constipation, epilepsy and disordered
intellection which has been confounded with rabies. ‘There is,
however, rather taciturnity and snappishness than a disposition to
commit malicious mischief. When present in large numbers they
may cause severe indigestion, or they may even completely ob-
struct the intestine.

Lesions. From the fact that ascarides live free in the contents
of the bowels and do not bite nor suck blood, extensive lesions are
not to be looked for. Yet catarrhal swelling of the mucosa of
the small intestine is not uncommon, and intense hzemorrhagic
enteritis may be met with, in which the mucosa is congested,
thickened by exudate and marked by small black spots, slough-
ing fissures on the folds and ulcers.

Treatment, For young puppies and weak or emaciated dogs
areca nut is one of the best agents in the dose of % dr. to a two-
month’s shepherd puppy. Benzine in doses of 114 dr. is recom-
mended by Zurn. Santonin, 5 grs. in % oz. castor oil is effective.
Male fern extract, 10 to 20 grs. alone or in combination with
santonin or areca nut may be used. For Ascaris. Marginata,
which is always free in the contents, mostly of the duodenum the
vermifuges generally are effective, as they can be promptly
brought into intimate contact with the parasite, and as the latter
subsists on the chyme, it cannot choose but take in the deadly
drug. A main danger is that of the rejection of irritant or nause-

ating agents by the stomach, and hence the great value of areca
nut and other harmless agents.

Intestinal Trematodes and Nematodes in Dogs. 321

Prevention. As the ascaris develops in the bowel directly from
the ovum or embryo taken in with food or water, every effort
must be made to prevent its admission by these channels. Ponds
and streams that receive drainage from the droppings of affected
dogs (kennels), and wells in porous soils which receive surface
seepage should be avoided as far as possible, and the water from
such given only after it has been boiled. Even the vomited mat-
ter, charged as it may be with the ascarides and their eggs may
be discharged into drinking water or feeding vessels, and infest
other animals as well as the one that furnished it. The frequent
washing and scalding of feeding dishes is therefore no less impor-
tant than the expulsion of the worms from dogs that live in the
same place.

Oxyuris Vermicularis. Zurn claims to have found this
parasite of man in a dog but as no one else has, there is a strong
probability of error. In any case it must be extremely rare.

Uncinaria Trigonocephala. U. Canina, AnchylostomaT.
Dochmius T. White body abruptly narrowed near the head
and bent (hooked) upward. Male g mm. to 12 mm. long, with
trilobate caudal membrane, the middle lobe, thesmallest. Female
g mm. to 21 mm. long, tail obtuse with a mucron or sharp pro-
cess, vulva toward the posterior third of the body. Mouth round
with buccal capsule furnished ventro-laterally on each side with
a hard chitinous curved jaw, terminating in three strong sharp
teeth turned inward and backward ; two smaller teeth project
downward from the dorsal border. Zggs ovoid 74 to 84 » long,
by 48 » to 54 broad.

Habitat. Small intestine of dog and fox, in company with
the U. Stenocephala.

UncinariaStenocephala. AnchylostomaS. Dochmius §.
This worm is smaller than the above species: Male 6 mm. to
8 mm. long, with same form of caudal membrane: Female 8 mm.
to ro mm. long, with the same acute prolongation on the tail,
and the vulva in its posterior third. The mouth differs strikingly ;
the head is small and the buccal capsule constricted, with a
ventral chitinous fold and sharp border covering one sharp tooth.
The dorsal border has a median depression but no distinct tooth.
Eggs ovoid, 63 to 67 long, by 32 » to 38 broad.

Pathogenesis. Habitat. This occupies the small intestine in

21

322 Veterinary Medicine.

the dog, in company with U. Trigonocephala, producing a per-
nicious and fatal aneemia with other acute symptoms. It attains
its most destructive prevalence in dogs kept in packs, and this is
known as Pernicious Anemia, Uncinariosis, or Bleeding from the
Nose of packs of hounds.

UNCINARIOSIS OF PACKS OF DOGS. BLEEDING AT THE NOSE.

Causes. ‘The essential cause of this disease is the presence in
the small intestine of the uncinaria in large numbers. Accessory
conditions, however, contribute much to its prevalence. Its
notorious extension in packs or large kennels is, the same as in
all verminous epizootics, the result of the bringing together of the
parasite and large numbers of the hosts on which it preys.
Every host can harbor an indefinite number of worms, and every
female worm can prodiice, in short order, thousands more. But
the collection in private packs is not an essential condition, all
that is required is the accumulation in a given locality of great
numbers even of private dogs. Stiles assures us that uncinaria
are exceedingly common in the numerous dogs of Washington,
D. C., and that in some districts 25 to 4o per cent. of the pups
die from their invasion.

An important factor is the presence of water. The young
embryos and immature worms live in water (see under U. Cernua)
and it is by taking the water that the dogs take in the parasite,
A wet kennel or run, a damp locality, the presence of pools into
which the drainage from kennels or defecations runs, or of slug-
gish streams is, therefore, strongly conducive to the propagation
and encrease of the worm. In kennels, the contamination of the
drinking troughs or dishes, by infested members of the pack,
ensures a speedy and general diffusion of the helminth and the
consequent epizootic.

Symptoms, These vary with the number of worms ingested as
they cannot develop from the egg to maturity in the intestine of
the dog. When badly infested there is rapidly advancing debility
and emaciation, a loss of spirit and energy, an inability to endure
fatigue, an indifference to hunting, a languid sunken eye, some
pallor of eyes and mouth, a dry unthrifty coat, dry skin with
shedding of scurf or dandruff, the appearance of red erythematous
patches about the stifles or inside the thighs or elbows, a dry,

Intestinal Trematodes and Nematodes in Dogs. 323

chapped nose, a muco-purulent nasal discharge and in time drop-
sical effusions in the limbs and it may be into serous cavities.
Sooner or later there is epistaxis, at first merely staining the
purulent nasal discharge, but later more abundant, bright red and
profuse. The heemorrhages recur at intervals of days or weeks,
the muco-purulent discharge continuing in the intervals, and as
much as two ounces of blood may be lost at onetime. In the end
diarrhcea sets in, becoming more and more profuse and fcetid, dark
by reason of the effused blood and charged with mucus, epithelium
and even sloughs. The weakness becomes extreme and conduces
with the constant recumbency to sloughing of the skin from prom-
inent points, and indirectly to local infections and poisoning.
The patient may survive a few months or it may be a year ac-
cording to the degree of infestment, and death takes place in
coma or convulsions.

Diagnosis is based on the enzootic prevalence of the disease,
especially in packs or kennels, on its progressive extension and
encrease, its chronic tendency, on the itching anus, rhinitis, epi-
staxis and diarrhcea, and on the growing evidences of anzemia,
emaciation and weakness. But the conclusive evidence is secured
in the discovery in the feeces of the uncinaria or their ova. The
microscopic examination of the mucus from the defecation, or of
the surface layer will be likely to reveal the presence of the eggs,
and should this fail, the process of sedimentation (see under U.
Cernua) should be tried. Should even this fail a course of
anthelmintics should be administered and careful search made in
the feeces, (including sedimentation) for the presence of the
worms.

Lesions. On post-mortem examination the pallor and bloodless-
ness of the various mucosz and other white tissues, stauds out in
a marked way and the muscular system is pale, soft and flabby.
The blood lacks its rich, healthy, deep red color, and is watery
with a notable lack of red globules, and stains white paper less
deeply than in health. ‘The duodenal mucosa, and to a less ex-
tent that of the jejunum and ileum, shows patches of congestion
and marked infiltration and thickening, the villi being enlarged
to five times their normal size and closely packed together, and
on these as well as on the other parts of the mucosa are deep red
heemorrhagic spots indicating the points attacked by the parasite.

324 Veterinary Medicine.

The washed mucosa shows the worms in greater or lesser num-
bers attached by their mouths to the mucosa. ‘The numbers are
greater in recent, severe cases, in a locality where the parasite
has been long prevalent, and with ample means of distribution.
There may, however, be a few only found in certain old and
chronic cases, in which the destructive early crop of worms have
died and been discharged, leaving the irreparable local lesions,
anemia and marasmus. Swelling and softening of the lymph
glands of the mesentery is a marked feature of these advanced
cases.

Treatment. Beside the measures adopted to prevent the intro-
duction of more embryos, this consists in vermifuges, tonics and
rich feeding. Choice may be made from the different anthelmin-
tics but the following are especially to be recommended: Thymol
according to the size of the puppy, or male fern extract. In
weak subjects areca nut, 20 to 30 grains daily is a safe and avail-
able drug. As in other forms of intestinal parasitism the patient
must be prepared by a fast for a day, and better still by a laxa-
tive. Megnin gives kamala in doses of 4o to 60 grains, with or
without % a grain of calomel. Combinations of different agents
can be advantageously resorted to.

The strength of the patients must be maintained by the most
generous diet (milk ; raw meat scraped or pulped for weak sub-
jects), and by tonics, nux, gentian, echinacea, Fowler’s solution,
iron, pepsin, etc.

More than all, the preventive measures must be sedulously
carried out.

Prevention. Avoid the aggregation of dogs on small areas.
In packs, every effort must be made to exclude the parasite, and
new dogs, especially such as come from suspected districts, must
be placed in quarantine and treated with vermifuges before join-
ing the rest. In cities a strict enforcement of license fees, and
the destruction of ownerless and neglected dogs are all import-
ant. In infested localities valuable dogs should not be allowed
to quench their thirst at any exposed pool or stream. At home
the water should be drawn from deep wells, in impermeable soils,
and with the mouth and upper strata carefully cemented against
seepage or drainage. The water and feeding troughs and dishes
must be washed daily and thoroughly scalded with boiling water.

Intestinal Trematodes and Nematodes in Dogs. 325

The kennels must be frequently scrubbed with soap and water
and scalded, and may then be whitewashed with recently burned
quicklime, or with chloride of lime Y% lb. to the gallon. The
floors and yards should be washed daily, and kept scrupulously
clean, so that the dog will not carry the embryos on his feet to
the bone or food that he devours. Extreme cleanliness is needful
in the feeding place and it is better not to give food nor bones to
be eaten from the ground outside. Every affected animal must
be instantly removed and placed by himself for treatment, and
the kennel and yard must be thoroughly disinfected. The manure
from the sick should be burned, or mixed with quicklime, or
freely sprinkled with tar water and used on land that is not fre-
quented by dogs.

Trichocephalus Depressiusculus, Whip-worm of the
Dog. This has the same length in male and female, 45 mm. to
75 mm., and the cephalic filiform portion constitutes three-fourths
of the entire length. The skin is marked by fine folds and trans-
verse strie. The mouth is very small and terminal, the anus is
also terminal in the female, while in the male it opens in front of
the end by an orifice common also to the genital organs with
which the intestine has united to form a cloaca. In the male the
spiculum is excessive, g-I1I mm., and its sheath is covered with
blunt scales in the proximate half. The female has a single ovary
which, as a dilated tube, extends from near the anus to the an-
terior portion of the thick division of the body, curves back as a
smaller tube, and ends in a dilated sac (uterus), the efferent duct
of which opens on an elevation near the line of union of the thick
and filiform parts of the body. Eggs oval, 7op to 80p long, by
32% to 35 » broad.

Habitat. This worm is found, not unfrequently, in the caecum
of puppies and older dogs, with head and neck deeply buried in
the mucosa sucking the blood. Railliet found what he believed
to be the same species in the jejunum of a ferret. The whip-
worm of the fox, as described by Dujardin, presented minor dif-
ferences, yet it is probably the same with the Depressiusculus.

Development. Railliet found that the ova placed in water in
February took five months to form complete embryos, and
that such eggs fed to dogs without breaking the shells, devel-
oped into the mature worm in three months more. This allowed

326 Veterinary Medicine.

eight months for development into the mature parasite, and
showed the complete evolution without the intervention of a sec-
ondary host. This agrees with what is known of the other
trichocephali.

Pathogenesis. ‘The whip-worm is reputed to be comparatively
harmless to the dog, but this is based on the fact of their usual
paucity in numbers. When present in force they, as blood suck-
ers, cannot fail to be equally injurious with the whip-worm of
man or pig. Megnin found under these conditions a congestion
and inflammatory thickening of the cecum, withirritation which
sometimes resulted in invagination. Where conditions are favor-
able to the preservation of the ova in water and the introduction
in numbers into the puppy, of the still encapsulated embryo, one
must expect to find catarrh of the bowels, irregular appetite, oc-
casional diarrhoea, drawing the anus along the ground, or licking
of the anus, dry unthrifty coat, scurfy skin, pot-belly and emacia-
tion.

Treatment will not differ materially from that of the ascarides
or uncinaria, and prevention must follow the same lines. The
fact that the eggs require so long for hatching and that they may
be dried up and arrested in their development for an indefinite
length of time renders them at once less likely to encrease rapidly
to a dangerous degree, and less easily eradicated from an infested
area.

Trichinella Spiralis, Thisinvades both the bowels (mature)
and muscular system (larva) of the dog, but it is fully considered
in connection with the muscles.

Filaria Hepatica. Mather found round worms encysted in
the intestinal mucosa and gall ducts of the dog, and Cobbold
named them as above. Railliet thinks they were the larve of
other forms.

INTESTINAL PARASITES OF THE CAT.

Sporozoa, Coccidium Rivolti: Lamblia Intestinalis: Tenia Crassicol-
lis: 5 to 20 inches long ; proboscis with 26 to 42 hooks, handle longer than
blade, neck very thick, ripe segments longer than broad ; in small intestine
fixed to mucosa by hooked proboscis. Pipe-like Cysticercus : The larva, in
liver of small rodents, tubular with pea-like anterior dilatation and opening
for invagination of head. Cause gastric disorder and general debility ; per-

Intestinal Parasites of the Cat. 327

haps epizootic ; anorexia, vomiting, diarrhcea and constipation, salivation,
emaciation, colics, deafness, epilepsy, proglottides in faeces. Lesions: Treat-
ment, teniafuge. 7. Alliptica: Like canina but not interchangeable ; 3 to
to inches long; larvaunknown. 7. Litterata, asin dog. Bothriocephalus |
Felis: Species uncertain. Ascaris Mystax (Marginata): Smaller than in
dog. Oxyuris Compar: In small intestine. Uncinaria Trigonocephala,
asin dog. Uncinariosis: Progressive debility, emaciation, softness, spirit-
lessness, variable appetite, vomiting, diarrhoea, soiling tail, anzemia, pale,
sunken eyes; death in a month or later, or recovery. Diagnosis: number
of victims ; black, offensive diarrhoea, passage of worms or ova, catarrhal
enteritis, hydreemia. Treatment and prevention, as in dog. Trichosoma
Lineare: Tapers to ends in male, caudal end hair-like and coiled in female.
Spiroptera Sanguinolenta ; Ollulanus Tricuspis.

Sporozoa. Coccidium Rivolta, a close ally of the C.
PERFORANS of the dog is found in the intestinal epithelium of the
cat enclosed in a membrane with double contour. Free in the
intestine it has an oval outline and in water it passes through the
same successive developmental stages as the C. Perforans. Fick
describes a larger Coccidium (80 to 100 » long by 70 to 90m wide)
as abundant in the intestinal villi of the cat and assisting in the
absorption of fatty substances.

Infusoria. Lamblia Intestinalis which is common in sheep
and dog is also found in the cat.

Cestodes. Tenia Crassicollis. Thick-necked T. This
is an armed teenia with large head and usually thicker neck, and
from 5 to 20 inches long. Its rounded probosis is furnished with
a double row of 26 to 52 hooklets, the handle being longer than
the blade. ‘Segmentation begins at once in the thick neck, and
they become square 15 or 20 centimetres behind the head:—4q to
5 mm. across. The ripe segments measure about 8 to 10 mm,
long, by 5 to6 mm. wide. Ova circular 31 to 37 » in diameter.

Habitat. The small intestine of the cat where the head is
usually fixed by its hooklets to the mucosa,

Cysticercus Fasciolaris. The Band or Pipelike C. The
cystic or larval stage of the 7. Crassicollis is found in the liver of
rats, mice and other small rodents (Norway rat, water rat, vole).
It is remarkable for its long narrow pipe-like form, coiled up ina
cyst the formation of which has been caused by its presence. It
ends in front in a small pea-shaped vesicle having an opening
showing invagination of the head and is prolonged behind by a
distinct chain of segments, devoid of sexual organs. The cyst

328 Veterinary Medicine.

may be from one to six inches in length. The cyst has been
experimentally developed in the intestine of the cat (Von Siebold)
and the ripe segments of the Crassicollis have developed the pipe-
like cyst in the liver of the rat (Baillet). It appears to have been
the suggestive resemblance of the pipe cysticercus of the rat to
the T. Crassicollis of the cat that induced Von Siebold to experi-
ment with the cyst on the cat, and thus to ellucidate the method
of evolution of the tape-worms.

Pathogenesis. 'T. Crassicollis is common in the small intestine
of the cat and if solitary does not seem to seriously impair the
health, yet when very numerous they may be the cause of serious
ill health which may even assume the form of an epizootic. Such
out-breaks have been noticed in Italy (Romano), in the Black
Forest (Lydtin), and in Austria (Zschokke).

Symptoms were gradual loss of appetite, vomiting, retracted
abdomen, alternation of diarrhcea and constipation, salivation,
emaciation, loss of weight, colics, deafness, epilepsy, and the
passage of proglottides with the feeces.

Lesions consisted in the presence of the tape-worms, intestinal
catarrh, enteritis, gastric catarrh, and in certain cases rupture of
the intestine (Perroncito, Grassi and Parona).

Treatment is the usual teeniafuge course.

Teenia Elliptica. This bears a great likeness to 7. Canina
but is at least a variety as the segments develop much more
rapidly and it appears to be absent from Iceland where T. Canina
abounds. Krabbe who made this observation found 7. Alldéptica
in half the cats examined in Copenhagen, one containing as many
as 600. Its length is 10 to 30 centimetres, greatest breadth
3mm. Eggs globular .49 to .54min diameter.

The larval form of this teenia is unknown.

Tenia Litterata. This is supposed to be identical with the
T. Litterata of the dog, though Baillet claims a distinction in the
smaller size of the ova, 31 to 36 pw.

Bothriocephalus Felis. B. Decipiens. Dibothrium
D. B. Latus. A number of observers have found Bothrio-
cephalus in the domestic cat, but the exact species in the different
cases has not been rendered quite certain. The characters as
given by Davaine were: ‘‘ Head oblongate oval ; lateral bothrida
opening backward and mostly closed by approximation of their

Intestinal Parasites of the Cat. 329

lips; neck long, thin; anterior segments parallelopipeds, the
median very long, the posterior almost square, the terminal
rounded ; length of head, 3 mm.; breadth, 1 mm.; length of the
median rings, 9 mm.; of the posterior, 4 mm.; total length,
1 metre 60 centimetres’’ (3 feet 23 inches). As no one has
noticed that the worm was specially injurious it need not be
further noticed.

Ascaris Mystax. Ascaris Marginata. This presents all
the characters of the ascaris of the dog, of which it is considered
to be a smaller variety. The male is 4 to 6 cm. and the female
4totocm. It is found especially in the stomach and intestine
of young cats, but may be in those of any age. Krabbe found it
in 50 per cent. of all cats examined and in numbers varying from
1 to 80. Unless numerous it does not seriously affect the health,
but if abundant they cause nausea, vomiting, capricious appetite,
indigestion, diarrhoea, emaciation and loss of weight.

The best treatment is usually by areca nut, 5 toro grains daily.

Oxyuris Compar, Female worms 8 to 15 mm. long were
found by Leidy in the small intestine of a cat at Philadelphia.

Uncinaria Trigonocephala, Dochmius Balsami. Rail-
liet has demonstrated the identity of this worm with that causing
pernicious anzemia in the dog.

Habitat. The duodenum of the cat, the worms being firmly
attached by their hooks to the mucous membrane.

UNCINARIOSIS IN CATS. PERNICIOUS ANAIMIA.

Symptoms. These vary with the number of worms. One or
two may do no appreciable harm, while if the embryos are con-
stantly taken in in the water a progressive weakness and de-
bility are rapidly developed. About the first symptom is loss of
weight and encreasing emaciation. The plump roundness, and
lithe activity give place to a soft flaccid condition, dulness and
indisposition to exertion. Then there are irregular or capricious
appetite, vomiting, diarrhcea, soiling of the tail, pallor of the
sunken eyes and mouth, and gradually encreasing debility. In
the worst cases death may occur in a month, in others there are
alternate improvement and aggravation, while in some a complete
recovery may be made.

The diagnosis is based on the gradually advancing character of

330 Veterinary Medicine.

the disease, the fact that other cats or dogs, in the same environ-
ment, suffer, on the black, liquid, offensive condition of the feeces,
and above all on the presence of the uncinaria or its eggs in the
discharges. ‘The worms are especially likely to be found by sedi-
mentation after the use of vermifuges (see under Uncinaria
Cernua).

Necropsy shows more or less catarrhal enteritis and the presence
of the worms in the duodenum, their color varying with the
quantity of blood imbibed. The watery state of the blood and
extremely anzemic condition of the tissues are very noteworthy.

Treatment is the same as for the same affection in the dog, the
agents being given in about 1 the doses.

Prevention in either genus of animal demands the extinction of
the parasite in the other.

Trichosoma Lineare. This was found by Leidy in the
small intestine of the domestic cat. The male was 3.8 mm. long
by .21 mm. broad ; the female 7.6 mm. long by .35 mm. broad.
Body filiform and almost equally attenuated at both ends. Candal
extremity of the femade coiled in spiral, terminating obtusely and
bearing two conical elevations on the ventral surface. Caudal
end of the made spiral, conical and acute.

Spiroptera Sanguinolenta. At Alfort Veterinary School a
specimen of this is labelled as from the cat’s intestine.

Ollulanus Tricuspis. The embryos of this worm are found
free in the bowels when the mature worm is encysted in the
mucosa.

PARASITES OF THE INTESTINES OF RABBITS.

Saccharomyces Guttulatus : Coccidian enteritis. Wexamita Duodenalis :
Cestodes: Comb-shaped tenia: T. Rhopaliocephala: Dypilidium Leuc-
karti: D. Pectinatum: D. Latissimum: T. Wimerosa: Echinorhynchus.
Oxyuris Ambigua: Rabbit and hare; colon and czecum ; pointed tail; 3
torrmm. long. Striped Strongle: Has longitudinal strice ; pointed tail ;
in cecum, colon and stomach. etort-shaped Strongle: Trichocephalus
Unguiculatus: In cecum and colon. Anguillula.

Cryptogams. Saccharomyces Guttulatus is found in the
intestine, as in that of ox, sheep and pig, growing in the contents,
in the follicles of Peyers patches and in the mucosa around the
glands of Lieberkiihn. —

Parasites of the Intestines of Rabbits. 331

Sporozoa. Coccidium Oviforme grows in the intestine of
the rabbit, producing coccidian enteritis (see vol. II, p. 262).

Infusoria. Davaine describes Hexamita Duodenalis in the
contents of the bowel, probably Lamblia Intestinalis (Neu-
mann).

Cestodes. In the small intestine of the tame and wild rabbit
and hare, what was formerly described as the Comb-shaped
Tenia (Tenia Pectinata), has been divided by Riehm into
five species :—two with unilateral genital pore, T. Rhopalio-
cephala of the hare and rabbit respectively ; and three with
bilateral genital pores, Dipylidium Leuckarti of wild rabbits,
D. Pectinatum of hares, and D. Latissimum of wild rab-
bits. Neumann adds T. Wimerosa of wild rabbits.

Acanthocephalus. An Echinorhynchus was found by Bell-
ingham in the rabbit. '

Nematodes. Oxyuris Ambigua. Passalurus A. is found
in ceecum and colon of rabbit and hare. Body fusiform, of uni-
form thickness to near the tail when it suddenly narrows and
tapers toa fine point. Male 3 to 5 mm. long, female 8 to 11 mm.

Strongylus Strigosus. Striped Strongle. This is charac-
terized by the appearance of longitudinal striz, caused by the
shining through of the digestive and other organs, and by the
rapidly narrowing and pointed tail. It has been found in the
czecum, colon, and stomach of rabbits, wild and tame.

Strongylus Retortzformis is retort-shaped and found in the
intestines of hare and rabbit.

Trichocephalus Unguiculatus. Whipworm of the Rab-
bit. Like other whipworms this infests the czecum and to a less
extent the colon, and is found in tame and wild rabbits and hares.
Its length is 3 to 4 cm., and it is characterized by the tenuity of
the spicula covered by a smooth sheath.

Intestinal Anguillula of the Rabbit. This small hair-like
worm .37 mm. long has been found in the duodenum, jejunum,
and anterior part of the ileum of rabbits. The cesophagus which
occupies the anterior fifth of the body is triangular in outline, and
gradually expands posteriorly. The ovary is double and the
vulva toward the posterior part of the body, is surrounded by
papille. Eggs ovoid, 40 » by 20 p.

PARASITES OF THE LIVER.

Infections and parasitisms through the portal blood. Monocercomonas
flepatica : In pigeon’s liver ; amceboid, two flagelli, caseated foci pin-head
to hazel-nut. Saccharomyces Guttulatus, in bile ducts, rabbit, caseous
masses. Eimeria Falciformis: In rabbit’s liver; effects like coccidium
oviforme. Coccidiosis of liver: Rabbit. Coccidium Oviforme: Eimeria
Falciformis. Lesions: Yellowish white tumors ; wheat grain to hazel-nut ;
dense coat of hypertrophied bile ducts enclosing fatty epithelium and coc-
cidia. Symptoms: Poor appetite, lifeless, emaciation, pallor, icterus, un-
thrifty skin, diarrhcea, ascites ; sediment of feeces shows coccidium. Causes
a true plague ; 90 percent.in English warrens. Prevention: Asphalt floors,
clean, dry, plaster, copperas, dry food, segregation ; kill, burn sick, scald
warrens, copperas, bluestone, sulphuric acid. Zvreatment.: Salicylates, hy-
posulphites, etc. Coccidiosis of dog’s liver. Actinomycosis in ox and pig ;
hard, fibrous externally, softer in centre ; in common with other abdominal
actinomycosis. Diagnosed by presence of other superficial, actinomycotic
growths. Larval Cestodes: Table of cystic and mature forms. Cysticercus
tenuicollis: Usually harmless, fatal cases with signs of internal hemor-
rhage. TZvreatment, preventive. Cysticercus pisiformis in rabbit. Symp-
toms exceptional ; emaciation, anemia, jaundice. Treatment, preventive.
Echinococcus in liver: Tenia Fimbriata in liver, in deer, sheep ; Ameri-
can. Mature 5 to 10 inches long ; posterior border of segment fringed, over-
lapping the next. Distribution : S. America, Mexico, Pacific Slope, Sierras,
Rockies, Plains east to Kansas, Nebraska and Missouri. In duodenum and
gall ducts of lambs and mature sheep; taken in one summer, are mature
and lay eggs the following summer ; larval host unknown. Symptoms: In
end of summer and to January, emaciation, intestinal catarrh, clapped wool,
little yolk, debility, paper skin ; pendent, fluctuating belly, dropsy, vertigo,
irritability, paresis, ‘loco.’ Lesions: Anzemia, dropsy, congested duode-
num and liver; young suffer worst. Zyeatment: Arsenionus acid, areca nut,
thymol, naphthalin. Prevention - Keep ewes, lambs and young sheep from
old sheep pastures, from wet places, rain-soaked ground and dewy or wet
grass, from open ponds, streams or lakes; give water from deep wells in
raised troughs, often cleaned and salted ; generous feeding, grain from clean
troughs; shelter. Stephanuras Dentatus in liver; pig; 7 lines to 1%4 inch
long, encysted with semipurulent debris, causing hepatic congestion, and
degeneration, and constitutional disturbance, which has been taken for hog
cholera. Treatment: Prophylactic; exclude hogs from infested land,
ponds, lakes or streams ; water from deep wells, in troughs often cleaned,
scalded and salted ; keep from abattoirs and their drains and raw products.
Avoid large herds in infested districts.

The liver is preéminently predisposed to parasitic invasion on
account of its position as the field for distribution of the blood
brought from the stomach and intestines by the portal vein. The

332 °

Parasites of the Liver. 333

embryos of parasites taken in with the food, and which afterward
make their way into the bloodvessels, tend to make the hepatic
capillaries their first resting point, and to penetrate into the liver
parenchyma. Another common channel of approach is through
the commion bileduct.

The diseases resulting from the presence of parasites in the
liver are all more or less directly communicated from animal to
animal and would thus come especially under the head of sanitary
medicine and police, but asthe majority do not rise to the im-
portance of a plague, these will be treated of here, as, in the
main, demanding private rather than government control.

MONOCERCOMONAS HEPATICA.

This is an infusorial organism discovered by Rivolta in the
liver of a young pigeon. It varied from 6 w to 8.5 » in diameter,
and through its amceboid movements varied its shape from round,
to oval or angular, and moved by the aid of one or two flagelli.
Its protoplasm was granular, with two nuclei and vacuoles. The
affected liver was firmer than in the normal condition, and con-
tained numerous colonies of the parasite, with necrosed areas
varying in size from a pin point to a pea, or hazelnut. These
were especially numerous and confluent toward the borders of the
liver, and resembled caseated tubercles (caseous hepatitis). The
adjacent acini were congested and covered with a gelatinoid
exudate.

An attempt was made to transmit the disease by feeding a
young pigeon on hepatic pulp containing the living infusoria.
When killed six days later numerous cellular bodies, of variable
form, and each having a granular nucleus near its periphery,
were found in the small intestine, which might be the young
monocercomanus, but none could be shown to haveas yet invaded

the liver.
SACCHAROMYCES GUTTULATUS.

This cryptogam, which has been found in the intestinal canal
of rabbit, ox, sheep and pig, has been discovered by Remak in
the bile-ducts of the rabbit, where it accumulates in masses of a
firm or caseous consistency which might be mistaken for tubercles.

PSOROSPERMOSIS. COCCIDIOSIS.

This is especially common in the liver of the vaddzé, but has

334 Veterinary Medicine.

also been observed in man (Gubler, Dressler, Virchow, Leuck-
art), and, it has been supposed, in swine, though the ovoid or-
ganisms found by Johne in the pig’s liver were three times the
size of the specimens found in the rabbit or in man.

The parasite belongs to the order Protozoa and class of Spor-
ozoa, and is known as the Coccidium Oviforme. Itis an ovoid
body, flattened at the ends, and consisting of protoplasmic con-
tents, surrounded in the mature condition by a membraneous sac
constructed in two layers and entirely devoid of cilia, flagella or
suckers. As found in the rabbit it is 304 to 4op long by 16» to
23 broad. Johne’s specimens found in the pig were 1204 by
70. The parasite is propagated by spores, formed in the interior
of the parent organism and set free by the rupture of the cyst.
Before the liberation of the spore it is transformed into a falci-
form body with amceboid movements in the interior of the epithe-
lium of the biliary duct, by which it is enabled to ascend the bile
ducts from the intestine, and to enter the biliary epithelium.
Balbiani has cultivated the sporocyst in water and moist sand, and
found that the protoplasmic contents, which often contract to a
globular form within the cyst, will undergo segmentation in two
or three days, and that in ten or fifteen days, in summer, the
complete evolution will be effected. Segmentation takes place
first in two, then four rounded sporoblasts, then each becomes
elongated, bends over or swells into a rounded ball at each end,
between which the remnant of the protoplasmic spore can be seen.
This elongated body next divides longitudinally into two, so as
to leave one rounded knob at one end of each, and the resulting
falciform body shows amceboid movements and becomes the
embryo sporozoén. When evolution takes place in water or
damp mud outside the animal body, the spore-bearing cysts ap-
pear to be dried up and carried in the flying dust to be deposited
on the food of the rabbit. When introduced into the alimentary
canal the cyst is ruptured, and the freed spores in turn liberate
the falciform bodies which penetrate the biliary ducts and epithe-
lial cells by virtue of their amceboid movements. ‘The invaded
epithelial cell swells out into an ovoid form, which remains for
atime adherent by a pedicle, but finally drops off, and they ac-
cumulate in grumous or cheesy masses in the dilated biliary ducts.
Microscopic examination reveals the real nature of these deposits.

Parasites of the Liver. 335

The free sporocysts pass out with the bile into the duodenum
and are expelled in the faeces, and undergo development in the
damp earth or in water. Thus the parasite comes to abound in
the soil of the rabbit warren and the resulting malady becomes a
deadly enzodtic. The enormous development, of the sporozoa in
the rabbit is further explained by Morot, on the ground that this
animal is in the habit of swallowing the fresh balls of faeces and
subjecting them to a second digestion.

EIMERIA FALCIFORMIS IN THE RABBIT’S LIVER.

This is another coccidium which has been known as infesting
the intestinal epithelium of the mouse, and has been found by
Eimer and Rivoltiin the liver of the rabbit. Itis distinguished from
the coccidium oviforme, by the fact that the contents of the cyst,
are, in the process of development, converted into a single sporo-
blast instead of two. Its effects are comparable to those of the
coccidium oviforme.

Lesions. These appear as small yellowish white tumors vary-
ing in size from a wheat grain to a pea, or even a hazel-nut, pro-
jecting from the surface of the liver. Incision shows that these
tumors have a dense outer covering of the thickened walls of the
biliary ducts, containing adherent masses of the hypertrophied
and infested epithelium with free epithelium in process of fatty
degeneration or distended by the sporocysts. Free sporocysts are
also abundant not only inthe thick pultaceous or cheesy contents
of the tumors but in the bile. Most of these are ovoid, but
others are rounded, with in many cases a dark colored centre,
and bear a resemblance to blood globules.

Symptoms. In mild attacks no very marked symptoms are
shown, the rabbit surviving and even maintaining fair condition
in spite of the coccidia. In the more severe attacks there isa
gradual loss of appetite, and of liveliness, a progressive emacia-
tion, encreasing pallor of the mucous membranes, with a pro-
nounced icteric tinge, harshness and dryness of the fur, diarrhcea,
and ascites. A microscopic examination of the feeces or of the
sediment from the water in which they have been washed will
detect the sporocysts. The animal falls into a condition of
marasmus and dies in about three months.

In England, where the disease was discovered sixty years ago

336 Veterinary Medicine.

by Sir Robert Carswell, it is still very prevalent, affecting it is
said over 90 per cent. of the rabbits. It is most destructive to
those that are raised or fattened in confined warrens.

Prevention. This consists mainly in perfect cleanliness of the
warrens or cages. A dry wooden floor, or an impermeable con-
crete one, or still better an asphalte pavement is unfavorable to
the preservation and multiplication of the sporocysts and counter-
acts that repeated autoinfection which renders the disease so
deadly. Even these floors should be kept dry, and all feces
should be frequently and thoroughly removed. The liberal use
of land plaster containing a small proportion of copperas is a
valuable precaution. It is further found that dry food like grain,
meal and hay is much safer than a ration of green vegetables on
which the coccidia often exist.

When a rabbit warren has become infested a separation of the
apparently healthy should be made, and the diseased should be
destroyed and their internal organs burned or boiled. The in-
fested cages and floors may be sterilized by boiling water, or live
steam from a hose, or they may be sprinkled freely with a satu-
rated solution of copperas, or blue stone, or a solution of one part
of sulphuric acid in two hundred parts of water.

Treatment has not been attempted, but it might be tried along
the lines of a free exhibition of salicylate of soda, hyposulphite
of soda, iodide of potassium, and bitters.

PSOROSPERMOSIS IN THE DOG.

The presence of the psorosperms in the dog’s liver has been
recorded by Perroncito. On section the liver showed whiteish
yellow patches along the lines of the biliary ducts. Under the
microscope these were found to contain small oviform bodies with
thick walls and granular contents. Apart from this the lesions
contained caseated material consisting of granules and corpuscles
in a state of fatty degeneration. The resemblance to the psoros-
permosis of the rabbit’s liver was striking, but it remained prob-
lematical if it was the same parasite communicated to the dog by
the rabbits which he had devoured.

ACTINOMYCOSIS OF THE LIVER.

In damp localities where actinomyces abounds it is by no means
uncommon to find it growing in the liver of cattle and swine.

Parasites of the Liver. 337

Rasmussen has noted a number of cases in which the disease
affected at once liver, spleen, peritoneum and intestine. In one
year (1890) he saw twenty-two cases of hepatic actinomycosis.
Jensen, who has also recorded hepatic cases, describes them as
rounded tumors of variable sizes enclosed in a fibrous covering of
greater or lesser thickness and somewhat softened in the centre.
Microscopic examination detects the club-shaped cells arranged
in tufts converging toward the centre. Jensen has found them
extending from the liver to the diaphragm, and Rasmussen from
the liver into the duodenum.

Symptoms are only the general indications of hepatic disorder.
In cases in which the existence of superficial actinomycotic swell-
ings affords a reasonable clue to the true nature of the disease it
may be treated with potassium iodide twice or thrice a day until
all symptoms subside.

TANIA. TAPE-WORMS. LARVAL FORMS.

The larve of certain tape-worms infest the liver of different
domestic animals aud prove more or less inimical to their hosts.
As they do not often rise to the dignity of a plague they will be
properly considered in this connection. These may be tabulated
as follows :

Larva or Cystic Form. Fost. Tenia or Adult Form. Host.
Cysticercus Tenuicollis_Ruminants, Pigs.._._._.Tenia Marginata__Dog
C. Pisiformis___._______- Rabbit, Hare, Birds.__T. Serrata ___.______ Dog
C. Cellulose .____...------ Pig; DOgi2ee so sces _-T. Solium._________ Man

Cattle, Sheep, pa Ba pes
Echinococcus Camel, Dromedary, Elan, Ante-
. lope, Horse, Zebra, Taper, Kan- -
Veterinorum garoo, Rabbit, Squirrel,’ Dog, | £* 2chinococcus__Dog
or Polymorphus Cat, Turkey, Elephant, Ape,
an.
Coenurus, Undetermined Species____Cat_.--_.-__- Unknown.
Unknown. T. Fimbriata__Sheep, Deer

CYSTICERUS TENUICOLLIS IN THE LIVER.

This cystic worm, which is the larval form of the teenia margi-
nata of the dog develops in the various internal organs and serous
membranes of the sheep, goat, ox, deer and other ruminants, in
the pig and soliped. Though most commonly found under the
peritoneum and pleura, they also inhabit the solid organs, and
according to the observations of Baillet, they habitually pass

22

338 Veterinary Medicine.

through the liver in their progress toward the other organs and
membranes. He fed ripe segments of teenia marginata to lamb
and kid respectively and on their death in ten days, he found the
liver congested and that it oozed blood on the slightest pressure.
The liver was found to be traversed by small winding channels
filled with clotted blood, except where occupied by two or three
transparent globular vesicles (the cysticercus embryos). One kid
survived until the twenty-fifth day, when the liver showed com-
plete disorganization, and the peritoneum violent inflammation.
In the rapidly fatal cases there was extensive blood extravasation
into the abdomen.

A similar fatality has been exceptionally seen in cases occurring
casually. Putz reports a fatal hepatitis and peritonitis in a Cow
which had an enormous development of cysticercus tenuicollis in
the liver. Boudeaux describes a similar occurrence in the Pic
with symptoms resembling those of pneumo-enteritis. Leuckhart
and Zschokke also draw attention to the occurrence of fatal re-
sults in this animal. Others have found the pig’s liver studded
with numerous cysticerci varying in size from a millet seed
(Walley), to a hazel-nut or hen’s egg (Semmer).

The symptoms in fatal cases are those of internal hemorrhage,
encreasing palior of the mucous membranes, sunken eyes, weak,
rapid, irritable pulse and gradually encreasing weakness. With
both lungs and liver affected Boudeaux’s pig had symptoms re-
sembling-those of pneumo-enteritis.

But in the great majority of casual cases the cysticerci are pres-
ent only in small numbers, and are found only after death and
often in fat animals. In such cases the cysts are found more
numerously in the peritoneum and other organs, having traversed
the liver singly or in small numbers without creating appreciable
irritation or symptoms.

Treatment must be mainly preventive, as nothing will save the
animal if it devours a number of ripe segments of the teenia and
the innumerable eggs which they contain, and if the countless
embryos derived from these invade the liver at the same time.
The chief precautions are to destroy unnecessary dogs, to cook
the food of such as must be kept, and to treat them periodically
for tape-wormis,

Parasites of the Liver. 339

CYSTICERCUS PISIFORMIS IN THE LIVER.

This parasite is the cystic or larval stage of the tenia serrata of
the dog. The rabbit, having taken in with food or water, one or
more ripe segments of the teenia, or some of the eggs furnished
by these, hatches out the eggs in its stomach or intestine, and the
six-hooked ovoid embryos boring their way through the intesti-
nal walls and those of the portal vein reach the liver, where they
cause emboli and five in the clots which obstruct the vein, as
already described of the embryos of the C. Tenuicollis. By the
second day after the ingestion of the eggs the presence of the em-
bryosin the liver is manifested by fine, tortuous, red lines and
very small white globular bodies at some part of their course. By
the fifth day the projecting globular body has acquired the size
of a hemp-seed, is easily picked out without disturbing the
hepatic tissue, and shows a thick wall enclosing.a clear refrangent
corpuscle. Laulanié has shown that these lesions consist in the
obstruction and obliteration of the portal venous branch by the
clot in which the embryo is embedded. The blocking of the
veins in animals that survive, entails impaired function and
cirrhosis of that portion of the liver which the blocked vein nor-
mally supplies with blood. The thickened connective tissue is
remarkable for the abundance of dilated capillary blood vessels
and for the presence of giant cells (Piana). The giant cells often
enclose a minute central clot of blood (Cadeac). ‘They are also
often invaded by bacteria (Neumann). In the same way the
blood clot surrounding the embryo is colonized by bacteria
brought by the parasite from the intestine, and the debris of a
dead embryo may be surrounded by a limited formation of pus.

The surviving embryo, at first one millimetre in length, grows
rapidly and on the twenty-second day may measure a centimetre
long by a millimetre broad. It now becomes constricted in the
centre and gradually divides in two, one of which is disintegrated
and absorbed, while the other develops a globular head and forms
the cysticercus (Moniez). Abouta month from its ingestion the
cysticercus reaches the surface of the liver, where it may remain
attached and hanging into the peritoneal cavity, or it may become
detached and float off in the abdomen to form a new attachment
to any part of the peritoneum or to any abdominal viscus.

Symptoms. As in the case of cysticercus tenuicollis, symptoms

340 Veterinary Medicine.

are only observed when a great number of embryos reach the
liver at once, or in rapid succession. ‘The rabbit rapidly loses
flesh, becomes shrunken and weak, and its mucous membranes
are pale and bloodless.

Prevention is exactly as for Cysticercus tenuiformis.

ECHINOCOCCUS IN THE LIVER.
(See Parasites of Intestines in dog).
TANIA FIMBRIATA IN THE LIVER. FRINGED TAPEWORM.

The fringed teenia is so named because the posterior border of
each segment is split up into an abundant fringe, and when the
worm is longitudinally contracted this stands up as a sort of nap
giving a velvety feeling to the surface. The parasite appears to
be strictly American. It was discovered in 1824 by Natterer in
Brazilian deer, and later in several varieties (Cervus paludosus,
C. rufus, C. simplicornis, C. nambi and C. dicotomus).

In 1887, Dr. Cooper Curtice definitely ascertained that the
great losses from tapeworm among the sheep of the Western
Plains, were due almost entirely to the T. Fimbriata. From evi-
dence collected by him, it became plain that this was further the
most destructive sheep entozoon of the Rocky Mountain Regions
and of the Pacific Coast. Mr. Stewart’s parasite from Missouri
sheep, described by him as the Tzenia Plicata, is evidently the T.
Fimbriata, as the former does not occur in the sheep, and the
latter closely resembles it in its size and in the shortness of its
segments. Dr. Faville had studied the parasite in Colorado,
showed its presence in the bile ducts, and attributed to it the
losses which had been usually referred to ‘‘loco’’ disease.

Description of T. Fimbriata. ‘The mature tzenia is from five to
ten inches long by % inch broad. It encreases in breadth from
the head to about % inch from the caudal end, where it shows a
terminal narrowing. The segments are so exceedingly narrow
from before backward that when the parasite is contracted the
divisions are effaced and the surface has a velvety aspect, but when
longitudinally extended the lines of segmentation appear like
rather coarse transverse striz. The head is large, tetragonal and
bears a sucking disc on each of its angles. The anterior border
of each segment is smooth and convex from above downward and

Parasites of the Liver. 341

from side to side, the posterior border is concave or cup-shaped ,
the fringed edges overlapping the next succeeding segment. The
fimbrize are represented by simple crenations on the segments
near the head, but on the body and caudal portion of the tenia
they are well developed.

The generative organs are represented by two lateral sets of
male and female organs in each segment, and each opening
through a lateral orifice. The oviductsare filled with eggs which
contain live embryos in the terminal segments.

Geographical Distribution. 'The parasite is found in the deer
in Brazil, in sheep of the Pacific Coast, the Sierras, the Rocky
Mountains, Mexico, the Plains, and as far east as Kansas,
Nebraska and Missouri. Dr. Curtice suggests that it is co-exten-
sive with the distribution of Mexican and Colorado sheep, and
therefore an invasion of the Middle and Eastern States is to be
feared.

Life History. The young teenize are found in the duodenum of
lambs and adult sheep of all ages, but the mature teenia has not
been seen in lambs of less than ten months old. They are found
especially in the gall ducts showing that these constitute the hab-
itat of choice. From the worms found in lambs of different
ages the growth seems to be about an inch per month. The
teenize taken in during one summer appear to reach maturity and
furnish embryos the following spring. The embryos pass out
with the feeces but their host in the cystic stage has not been dis-
covered. From the varying size of the teenize found in the duo-
denum and bile ducts the embryos seem to be taken in at intervals
throughout the year. The intermediate host would seem to
live in the water or in the vegetation and might be sought among
molluscs or crustaceans.

Symptoms. Toward the end of summer the sheep lose flesh
and goon in November and December to marked emaciation. The
head appears large for the wasted body, the wool flattened and
wanting in yolk, the skin attenuated from lack of subcutaneous
fat (paper skin), there is pot-belly with fluctuation from ascites,
or there may be serous effusion under the skin beneath the abdo-
men, and less frequently under the lower jaw. The sheep moves
stiffly, lags behind the flock when driven, and seems to have diffi-
culty in browsing on the shorter grass. They turn and stamp at

342 Veterinary Medicine.

the dogs more than other sheep and appear paretic and foolish so
that they are called ‘‘locoed.’’ Faville attributed the ‘‘loco’’
disease to the teeniz alone, but the poisonous action of the
*‘loco’’ weeds, Astragalus Hornii, A. Lentiginosus (in Califor-
nia, Vasey ), and A. Mollissimus, Oxytropis Lambertii, (in Col-
orado, New Mexico, Kansas, Ormsby, Whipple, Rothrock, Ott,
Watson, Day ), on horses and cattle which do not harbor this
parasite, and the experimental poisoning of rabbits, cats, frogs and
other small animals by these plants (Day), contradicts such hasty
conclusion. Curtice suggests with greater plausibility that the
disorder of the liver and digestion by the tenia may cause the
sheep to take to eating the ‘‘ loco’’ plants and may thus aggra-
vate the general affection or drive it to a fatal issue. The symp-
toms are in the main those of distomatosis, lung-worms and other
exhausting parasitic diseases.

Lesions. The body is emaciated, the subcutaneous and inter-
nal fat being replaced by a watery serum. Dropsical accumula-
tions of serum subcutem, in the abdomen and sometimes in the
pleurze, pericardium, aracnoid or subaracnoid space, are some-
times found. The muscular system is pale and flabby. The gas-
tric cavities often contain masses of leaves of one or other of the
‘‘loco’’ plants, in other cases ordinary ingesta only. The duo-
denum has congested mucosa and contains many immature T.
Fimbriatee (2 to 30 or even 100, Curtice). These are one line to
an inch and upward in length (% inch in two months lamb, Cur-
tice), The common gall duct and the biliary ducts within the
liver contain the more mature worms up to five inches or a foot
in length. As in the duodenum, these remain attached to the
mucosa by the sucking discs on the head and body of the para-
site and extend along the duct toward the intestine following the
current of the liquid bile. Sometimes one or two are found in
the pancreatic duct as well. They enter these ducts when small,
and as they grow and encrease in numbers they cause distension,
so that the enlarged ducts stand out as white bands on the sur-
face of the liver or pancreas, as the case may be. The liver may
be the seat of congestion, softening, or other change. The bile
has usually the normal greenish yellow color, but when seriously
obstructed it may be inspissated. In advanced cases the kidneys
are usually pale and flabby.

Parasites of the Liver. 343

The lesions vary much, according to the severity of the attack
and the stage of the disease. As in the case of other parasitisms
the young and immature sheep suffer most, and flock masters
feel that they would do well if they could preserve the lambs over
the first year of their lives.

Treatment, ‘Therapeutic treatment has been very unsatisfac-
tory. The usual teeniafuges (pumpkin seed, pomegranate root
bark, kooso, kamala, male fern, santonin, oil of turpentine) have
proved virtually useless. This is, however, equally true in the
case of the taenia expansa, and may be charged toa great extent
to the certainty almost of the dilution of the teeniacide to com-
plete inactivity through admixture with the ample contents of the
first three stomachs. In the case of the teenia fimbriata, there is
the super-added difficulty of reaching the mature worms which
are deeply secluded in the bile ducts. The most promising treat-
ment, one which might be successfully applied to high-priced
sheep that can be kept up and treated individually, is unfortu-
nately inapplicable to the flocks that range at large over the
Rocky Mountains and the Plains. Where the value of the ani-
mal would warrant it, the administration once or twice a day of
one-half to one grain of arsenious acid in solid form, mingled with
sodium bicarbonate, would probably act beneficially as it does in
the case of teenia expansa. It may be borne in mind that the
young tzenia, which are most sensitive to toxic influences, are for
a time confined to the duodenum, and therefore are as easily
reached as the teenia expansa. The arsenious acid administered
in the solid form is dissolved slowly and imperfectly as it passes
through the stomachs and intestines, yet in sufficient amount to
prove poisonous to thetape-worm. By thus cutting off the young
worms in the duodenum we should prevent the invasion of the
liver. Vet the agent is too dangerous an one to be scattered reck-
lessly in troughs, or still worse, on the soil, in connection with
salt or feed which the sheep will voluntarily consume. It is only
in the most intelligent and careful hands that such an agent can
be trusted. Majowski extols napthalin one dram twice daily as
best. Thymol might be tried as for uncinaria.

Prevention. ‘The effective treatment of this disease must be in
the way of prophylaxis. But as yet we are barred from making
this as effective as it ought to be, because of our utter ignorance

344 Veterinary Medicine.

of the intermediate host of the teenia, that which harbors it in its
cystic or larval condition. That such a host exists, follows from
the fact, that all true tape-worms, the full life history of which is
known, pass through the larval and mature conditions respective-
ly in two different hosts. This is fully confirmed for the teenia
fimbriata, by the complete failure of Curtice to convey this para-
site to lambs by feeding them with the ripe proglottides obtained
from mature sheep. When the progress of investigation shall
reveal this intermediate host, we shall probably see the way to a
perfect and easy prophylaxis, by the destruction of the host of
the larva, or by keeping it apart from sheep and from grounds
and drinking places frequented by sheep. In the meantime and
until such discovery shall be made, we can still apply some
rational, though necessarily imperfect measures of prevention.
The pregnant ewes, and particularly ewes and lambs should .
not be allowed on pastures which have been stocked by sheep the
year before. The host of the proscolex, must be taken in by the
sheep with its food or water and therefore presumably belongs to
some species of small invertebrate animal (Mollusc, Crustacean or
other), which lives in water, on fresh vegetation or in the damp
surface layers of the soil. These invertebrates as a rule have but
a short lease of life and undergo a metamorphosis preliminary to
passing the winter. The cystic tapeworm is therefore, probably,
only entertained by such invertebrate for a few months, and when
set free by its death or metamorphosis, it too must perish unless
it can find its way into its next destined host, the sheep. One
year’s absence of the sheep, or of the unknown host of the cystic
worm, from the pasture, and the teenia must perish for want of
the appropriate host in which alone it must pass the next stage of
its existence. Of course, deer, and any other host of the adult
tape-worm must be equally excluded with the sheep. Fencing
the land into two or more enclosures, one of which shall be kept
free from sheep, deer, and the drainage of sheep pastures or deer
ranges for at least one year before the lambs are admitted to it,
must be among the most important measures of prevention.
When possible the lambs should be excluded from damp places,
and from the whole pasture when soaked by a prolonged rain-
storm and when they would tear up the vegetation by the roots
and eat it with the adherent earth and invertebrate life. They

Parasites of the Liver. 345

should also be kept corraled until the dew is off the vegetation
together with the invertebrates that are probably infested.

Then, too, the drinking water must be furnished, not from
running streams, which may bring down the embryo or proscolex
from higher levels that may be infested by the parasite, but
rather from closed and cemented wells into which no surface
drainage nor small infested invertebrate can enter. The water is
best furnished in troughs set above the level of the adjacent soil,
so that it may not become contaminated by drainage, or by in-
vertebrate hosts. Such troughs should be occasionally emptied
and cleansed, aud enough salt should be placed in them at fre-
quent intervals to keep the water moderately impregnated. Salt
is inimical to most verminous parasites, and the proscolex and its
fresh water invertebrate host placed in a saline liquid are likely to
perish before being taken in by the lamb, or later in its stomach
or duodenum.

Great care should be taken to fence in or in some way exclude
the sheep from ponds of stagnant water which receive the drain-
age of surrounding sheep pastures.

Less important than the above, though still very valuable, are
all measures for maintaining the general health of the lambs and
thereby enabling them to survive the weakening effects of the
parasites. Artificial feeding during periods of drought and of
bare pasturage, and especially in autumn and winter, must not
‘be forgotten. Hay from meadows free from tlie parasite, and not
used the previous season for a sheep pasture, may be fed from
racks—never from the ground. Grain fed from clean troughs—
never from the ground—is of still greater value.

Protection against cold rain and wind storms, by sheds or even
close wind-breaks, will do much to maintain vigor and condition.
Finally daily doses of copperas during the trying period may
often serve to maintain the balance of health. If the grain and
water can be supplied in iron troughs they may at once fnrnish
a daily calybeate tonic, and avoid the probability of their harbor-
ing the cyst-infested invertebrates.

But one more suggestion need be made. In seeking for the
host of the cystic parasite, no one seems to have investigated the
question of its possible presence in the external parasites of the
sheep. Yet the presence of the larva of the teenia canina in the

346 Veterinary Medicine.

tricodectes latus of the dog suggests a possibility of the discovery
of the missing host of the cyst in some epizoOn of the sheep. In
such a case the true, effective and easy protection will be found
in medicated baths or salves which will destroy the epizoa in
question, and render the propagation of the tape-worm impossi-
ble.

STEPHANURUS DENTATUS IN THE LIVER OF THE PIG.

(See Worms of the Kidney.)

PARASITES OF THE LIVER. Continued.

Distomatosis: Definition: Flukesin gallducts. Cause: Distoma Hepat-
icum.: Fiat, leaf-like, 3f to I inch, conical head, terminal sucker, ventral
sucker back of neck ; body covered with scaly spines inclined backward, bi-
sexual, lateral digestive and water vascular canals; eggs brown, oval, with
operculum at one end. Development: Ovum, ciliated embryo, brood cap-
sule in mollusc, cercaria free in fresh water, cercaria encysted in glutinous
matter on aquatic plants; young fluke free in stomach, duodenum, and
gall ducts. Mollusc host limnea truncatula or other soft snail; infests her-
bivora, especially ruminants and omnivora. Distoma Lanceolatum: 3 to 4
lines, lozenge shaped, skin smooth, ovum with operculum, developnient like
hepaticum. Mollusc host uncertain. Accessory causes: Wet seasons, in-
undations, autumn and spring, undrained, wet ground, deltas, low islands,
bottoms, basins, ponds, lakes ; salt marshes and salt springs escape, having
no fresh water snails; frost inimical; low condition, debility. Symptoms -
Transient improvement for one or two months, then anzemia, dropsy, ema-
ciation, conjunctiva pale yellow, puffy, infiltrated, paper skin, razor-back,
flattened wool, little yolk, dropsy in or under chest or abdomen, and under
jaw ; leaves flock, pendent head, drooping ears, sunken eyes, easily fatigued,
or made breathless, abortions, appetite irregular, ardent thirst, variable
bowels, ova in faeces. Duration: Cut short by hepatitis or apoplexy, or
death in one or two months, or longer. Recovery. Lesions: Swelling and
congestion of liver; later thickening of walls of gall ducts, with salts in-
crusting their mucosa,-aneemia, pallor, dropsy, absence of fat, or of rigor
mortis; flukes in gall ducts or bladder, congestion in lungs, etc. Often
other parasitisms of lungs, bowels, etc. Prevention : Thorough drainage to
destroy intermediate host; cultivate frogs and toads or, in the rivers and
ponds, carp; put infested pastures under a rotation of crops, avoid waters
from infested pastures, turn on salt marshes, licks or salted ground, salt
freely in food and water ; top-dress pastures with lime, avoid overstocking ;
boil, burn or deeply bury victims ; put new purchases on dry, sandy soil or
salt marsh ; soil sheep, feed generously. Treatment: Tonics, naphthalin,
picrate of potash, arsenic ; generous feeding.

Parasites of the Liver, 347

Distomatosis of the Liver. Liver Rot. Fluke disease.
Cachexia Aquosa verminosa, Rot dropsy. “Cachexia-
ictero-verminosa.

Definition. A parasite disease of the liver of sheep and other
animals, due to the presence in the gall ducts of two species of
trematodes—distoma hepaticum, and distoma lanceolatum, and
manifested by progressive anemia, emaciation, icterus, dropsy
and marasmus.

The essential cause is the presence in large numbers of the par-
asite, yet in the advanced stages the illness persists, even to a
fatal issue, though the distoma has reached the limit of its life
and has disappeared.

Distoma Hepaticum. Fasciola Hepaticum. Liver
Fluke. This trematode is a flat, leaf-like, brownish parasite,
oval, broad in front and narrowing gradually to the tail, which
is rounded ;‘length 34 to 1 inch; breadth 5 to 7 lines. The
head is conical with a small, round, oral sucker at its sum-
mit. The ventral sucker, just back of the neck, is large with a
triangular opening, and just in front of this is the genital orifice.
This skin is covered with scaly spines inclined toward the tail.
Back of the ventral sucker in the median line is the uterus with
the oviducts on each side. Still more posteriorly is a white area
representing the testicles and vasa deferentia. The penis is
curved and projects from the genital pore. The digestive system
is represented by two lateral canals connecting in front with the
oral sucker and gullet, and giving off numerous ramifying
branches toward the lateral margins of the body. The albumi-
niferous ducts are placed more laterally and run longitudinally
with branches passing out toward the borders of the fluke. The
eggs are brown, oval, 745 by y+, inch, with a lid or operculum at
one end which opens to allow the exit of therembryo.

Biology. Development. ‘The life history of the trematodes has
been especially ellucidated by Steenstrup, Creplin, Pagenstecher,
Ercolani, Leuckart, Baillet and above all by Thomas. The par-
thenogenesis or encrease in numbers by asexual larvee, and the
successive hosts and media of the immature distoma, are as
follows :

1. The unsegmented ovum in the oviducts and womb; the
segmented ovum in the bile ducts, intestines or pools of water.

348 Veterinary Medicine.

2. The ciliated embryo swimming free in fresh water.

3. Brood capsule in the body (usually chest) of a mollusc.

4. Redia in parenchymatous organ (usually liver) of a mollusc.
In winter one or more crops of daughter redize in same.

5. Cercaria swimming free in fresh water.

6. Cercaria encysted in glutinous matter on aquatic plants.

7. Young fluke set free in stomach and duodenum and enter-
ing the biliary ducts, of a mammal.

The ova may number 30,000 to 40,000 from a single fluke,
(Thomas, Neumann). When set free in the bile ducts, bowels,
or outside in water at 23° to 36° C. they undergo segmentation
and develop an embryo which may escape in 3 to 6 weeks by
pressing open the operculum.

The embryo 130 p by 27 p, is a flattened organism, like a micro-
scopic distoma, being broad in front and narrowed behind, the
outline being oval. From the middle of its cephalic or thick end
projects a sharp, protractile, conical papilla by the aid of which
it bores its way into its victim mollusc. In the anterior part of
the body is a dark crucial object (digestive apparatus, Leuckart),
the interior of the body contains granular cells, and its cutaneous
layer consists of polygonal cells bearing an abundance of cilia, by
the aid of which the embryo swims in water with great rapidity.
If it fails to find a molluscous host it usually dies in eight hours,
though in a slightly alkaline fluid it may survive for three days
(Thomas).

The embryo coming in contact with a soft skinned mollusc, in-
stantly attacks it, projecting its conical borer into its skin, and
rotating its body with great rapidity, alternately elongating and
shortening it, until it has completely disappeared in its substance
when it proceeds to encyst itself by preference in the pulmonary
space, but also at times in the general body cavity or in a solid
organ such as the foot, in which last, however, it usually perishes
for lack of room to grow.

The mollusc which forms the usual host is the Limnoea Trunca-
tula, a small, soft, gray gasteropod with a shining shell 34 inch
in length and having 5 turns in the spiral. This is found very
abundantly in most parts of the world, up to an altitude of 1100
to 1200 metres. It is absent in salt marshes, and has not been
demonstrated in the Shetlands, Australia nor America, although

Parasites of the Liver. 349

the fluke is present in these three countries. Neumann suggests
that the Limncea humilis may be the host in North America and
Limncea visitor in Buenos Ayres, but this has not been demon-
strated. It is a remarkable coincidence that the distoma hepatica
and Limnecea truncatula are both practically unknown in most parts
of North America. Leuckart obtained encystment of the embryo
in the Limncea peregra but it failed to mature into cercaria. Ex-
periments with a number of other snails have also failed.

On becoming encysted the embryo, sheds its layer of ciliated
cells, contracts into an ovoid or rounded mass, and develops
within it round clusters of cells. It is now a sforocyst. The cell
clusters, at first round, become ovoid, then oblong, acquire a deli-
cate cuticle, and at one end an opening which leads into a simple
blind digestive sac. Behind the pharynx there is a circular ring,
and near the posterior extremity two short obtuse processes. This
new organism is called a vedia (sometimes a zurse from its devel-
oping cercaria within it). The sfovocyst reaches maturity, and a
size of 0.5 mm. to 0.7 mm. in 15 days in summer or 30 days in
autumn, It may contain but one vedza but usually it encloses
two large ones and four to six small ones.

A redia having attained the requisite development bursts
through the walls of the cyst, which at once closes up and goes
on hatching the younger ones. The released vedza is very active in
boring through the tissues of the snail and mostly seeks a home
in the liver on which it feeds and tends to destroy the snail in
three weeks (Thomas). The veda grows rapidly to 1.5 mm.,
becomes elongated, cylindroid, acquires a mouth and digestive
canal, and like the sporocyst develops within it clusters of
germinative cells which develop into daughier redig in summer
or cercaria in winter.

The daughter redia has a similar organisation to its parent, and
like it may develop within it a second crop of daughter rediz or,
in other cases, cervcaria. As there may be ina vigorous snail as
many as three or four successive generations of daughter redie,
and as each vedia develops as many as 15 or 20 in a generation it
follows that 1000 cercaria (Thomas) or even roo times as many
might possibly come from a single embryo fluke or sporocyst.

The cevcaria developed in the redia or daughter redia to the
number of 15 or 20 are ovoid, show an oral and a ventral sucker,

350 Veterinary Medicine.

and connected with the former a digestive canal having two
branches or ceeceze, and finally a delicate contractile tail of about
twice the length of the body. The body is 0.28 mm. to 0.3 mm.
in length and its skin is covered with fine spines. It escapes
from the redia by an orifice back of the ring, and actively bores
its way through the tissues until it escapes from the body of the
snail when it actively swims in the water, using its tail as a pro-
peller. Its life of freedom is, however, very short as it proceeds
at once to encyst itself in the submerged vegetation or on that
which grows on damp soil.

The encysted cercaria is found mainly on the stems of grass,
cresses, dandelion, dock, etc., where the swimming specimen has
fixed itself, lost its tail and covered itself with a glutinous exuda-
tion which hardens into a minute white sac. These are usually
found on the lower parts of the leaves or stem, so that sheep,
which eat close, take in more and suffer to a greater extent than
other animals. Sheep with distorted jaws (undershot or over-
shot) are found to suffer less, as they can not crop the grass
short. Yet all herbivora are liable to acquire the parasite and it
may possibly be taken from the water as well as the vegetation.

The cervcaria from the cysts probably enters the gall ducts from
the duodenum, and can be found in the small ramifications of
these ducts in the liver, rolled upon themselves, the ventral side
outward, and the oral sucker attached to the mucous membrane
to imbibe the blood (Railliet). Here they acquire sexual organs,
male and female in each individual, and grow to their full size in
about 6 weeks.

Habitat. The distoma hepaticum infests the gall ducts of
herbivora, especially ruminants, and omnivora. The sheep is the
greatest sufferer, but they attack also the ox, goat, camel, deer,
antelope, hare, rabbit, great kangaroo, horse, ass, pig, elephant
and even man.

Distoma Lanceolatum. Lancet Shaped Distoma. Smaller
than the distoma hepaticum (3 to 4 lines long by 1% lines broad),
the lanceolatum is also more pointed at both ends, but especially
the cephalic one, and is covered by a smooth skin. Both oral
and ventral suckers are large, the genital orifice is close in front
of the ventral sucker, the convoluted uterus and oviducts fill the
middle and hinder parts of the body, to which the contained ova

Parasites of the Liver. 351

give a brownish color, the digestive canal is divided in two non-
ramified branches, narrowed toward their blind ends which extend
to the caudal fourth of the body. The ova are very numerous,
ovoid, brown, ;fy inch in diameter, with a larger operculum than
the distoma hepaticum. The yolk is often segmented before be-
ing laid.

The embryo is globular and is covered with cilia on the ante-
rior third of the body only, and provided with a conical cephalic
borer. Its movements are less active than those of the distoma
hepaticum embryo. The successive stages of development are
supposed to be identical or nearly so in the two species. The
moluscous host is, however, not certainly known. The claims
for the planorbis marginatus (Willemoes-Suhm) and helix car-
thusiana (Piana) have been successfully controverted.

Habitat. The distoma lanceolatum lives in the gall ducts of the
sheep, ox, goat, red and fallow deer, rabbit, hare, pig, ass, dog,
catand man. It usually occurs in company with the distoma
hepaticum, though in smaller numbers, and it has been held to be
much less injurious owing to the absence of cutaneous spines. It
has, however, the same blood-sucking habit, and when equally
numerous must, in this respect, be correspondingly hurtful.

Accessory causes. From time immemorial wet seasons and inun-
dations have been observed to coincide with great losses in flocks
and herds, and though some of these outbreaks doubtless came
from different parasitisms and infectious diseases, yet in the light
of modern experience much was probably due to the liver fluke.
Fitzherbert even mentions the ‘ foes’ as associated with the drop-
sies and jaundice as early as 1532. Wet seasons and rot coin-
cided in 1628 (Bottani), 1761-2 (Demars), 1809—’10~-"11 and ’12,
90,000 sheep having died in 1812 in Nimes and Montpelier, and
100,000 in Arles (Huzard, Tessier). In 1816-7 it was again
most destructive in France and England (Huzard, Tessier,
Simonds), and again in France in 1820~-’29-’30-’53-’54, and in
England in 1824—’ 30—’ 52—’53-’60-"62 and’72. In 1824 Mr. Cramp
lost $15,000 worth of sheep in the small isle of Thanet in three
months (evidence in House of Lords), and in 1830-31 England
lost 1,000,000 to 2,000,000 (Ed. Vet. Review). In 1833 the
Smithfield, London, sheep market had on each market day 5,000
head less than the former average (Evid. in Ho. of Lords). In

352 Veterinary Medicine.

1860 the western and southern countries lost ths of their flocks
(Simonds) and in 1862, 500,000 sheep perished in the United
Kingdom (Gamgee). In 1876 it killed 4o per cent. of the cattle
of Slavonia (Neumann), and sheep of the value of 1,500,-
ooo francs in Alsace-Lorraine (Zundel). In 1882 Buenos
Ayres lost 1,000,000 sheep (Wernicke). Since 1855, when in-
troduced by imported German sheep, it has prevailed in the damp
pastures of Victoria, Australia (Veterinarian), and in 1891 one
owner lost more than 10,000 sheep.

The wet seasons (autumn and spring) are notorious for the
prevalence of the disease.

So with zzundations : after the overflowing of the Nile the sheep
suffer after they advance on the pastures from which the waters
have subsided, so that the period following the fall of the river,
is the period of ‘ rot.’

Wet, marshy, undrained pastures, such as deltas, low islands,
bottom lands, basins with no dependent outlet, drying ponds and
lakes of fresh water are especial homes of the fluke and of result-
ant ‘rot.’ The same applies to unimproved clays and other im-
pervious soils in which the water accummulates and remains. In
France the damp bottom lands of the Sologne, Berry, Gatinais,
and Gascony; in England the fens of Lincolnshire, the Ouse
Valley and the sea coasts of Kent and Sussex ; in Germany the
Spree and other river valleys; in Victoria, Australia, the damp
sour grass pastures ; in America the bottom lands in the Southern
States, in Nicollet Co., Miss., Conecuh Co., Ala., Polk Co.,
Tenn., Madison Co., Va., Kent and Cayahoga Co., O.; in Asia
on the damp rich soils of Siberia, Afganistan, Thibet, etc., and
in Northern Europe those of Finland are spheres of distomatosis.

It is worthy of notice that the affected sheep, when removed to
high, dry pastures, or to salt marshes, fail to transmit the para-
site to healthy sheep. ‘The disease may prove fatal to them, but
healthy sheep which mingle with them escape. This is due to
the absence of the fresh water snails, the necessary hosts of the
encysted brood capsules and the rediz.

A flock which is folded at night and kept off the pasture until
the morning dew has evaporated will sometimes escape. The
same is true as regards lung worms. The embryo worms and the
unencysted cercaria alike retreat from the dry vegetation. Light

Parasites of the Liver. 353

showers may, however, act like the night dews and endanger the
sheep.

Again in very wet seasons, certain habitually ‘‘ rotting lands’’
may prove comparatively harmless, while the sheep on higher
and comparatively less suspected pastures suffer. The infested
snails dislike to be completely submerged, and migrate to the
adjacent higher level which is still damp but not submerged.
The sheep too eat off the tops of the grasses which project above
the water, and fail to take in the lower parts, on which the
cercaria may be more numerous.

Harms and Michalik claim that they have seen the disease
transmitted by hay, the encysted cercaria retaining its vitality
though dried.

frost must be looked upon as a bar to infesting of the sheep.
The snails disappear or perish under frost, and it is only when a
thaw comes that these and the cercaria can resume their activity
so as to invade the system of the mammal. Animals may come
down with the disease during a long freeze, but it is from dis-
tomata taken in before it set in, or from those that are preserved
in dry fodder.

As the cercaria may escape from the snail at any season when
the temperature is above freezing, and as the period from the egg
to the young fluke need be little more than 4o days, the conten-
tion of Gerlach and Johanni that sheep are never infested in
spring cannot be successfully maintained. With the advance of
the season, however, and the extensive encrease of the larvee in
the snails the cercaria become more and more abundant, and thus
late summer, autumn and early winter are preéminently the sea-
sons of distomatous invasion.

Receptivity to distoma and distomatosis on the part of the
mammal is mainly associated with low condition. Lambs suffer
more severely than the mature sheep, and o/d ewes with worn out
teeth and weakened systems rather than the vigorous middle
aged. Debility from winter confinement and insufficient or un-
suitable food, and the disposition to devour the first growth of
spring in the low, damp and infested localities contribute to the
severity of the attack. Debility from other parasitism or any pre-
existing disease is equally predisposing. So it is with the lower-
ed vitality resulting from damp beds, dark, close buildings, and

23

354 Veterinary Medicine.

faulty fodder, such as an exclusive diet of roots, spoiled marc, or
ensilage, rank aqueous grasses, musty or sunburnt hay, or that
which has been injured by wet weather.

Symptoms in Sheep. It was noticed by Bakewell and others
that when sheep were first infested, there would seem to be an
improvement in condition, lasting from one to two months, so
that shrewd flock-masters, who had sheep nearly ready for the
butcher would hasten the finishing off, by turning them into a
rotting pasture. The result is explained by the stimulating of
the liver function by the presence in the gall ducts of a limited
number of young flukes, by the encreased formation of glycogen
and sugar, by the more abundant metabolism of albuminoids, and
above all by the more liberal supply of bile and the consequent
improvement in digestion, absorption and assimilation. Not only
do the sheep encrease in bulk and weight but the mutton is said
to be specially tender and juicy. But this improvement may be
entirely obviated by the great numbers of flukes ingested and at
best it is very transient and fallacious. Even before the sheep
begins to lose weight, the apparently fatty deposits are found to
be of a very liquid and watery consistency, and when the balance
has once been turned, wasting goes on with a rapidity unequaled
in almost any other condition. Usually before three months after
the ingestion of the cercaria the sheep is already far on the road
to aneemia and dropsy.

The early stage marked by improvement or even maintenance
of condition, may last from four to thirteen weeks, and may be
complicated with interdependent disorders, like the cerebral apo-
plexies noted by Gerlach.

This is followed by a variable period of encreasing anzemia,
dropsy and emaciation which has secured for the affection the
term cachexia. ‘This usually begins in autumn or early winter.

The tendency to a dropsical effusion is early seen in the pallor
and puffy appearance of the skin and mucous membranes. Shep-
herds and flockmasters judge largely by the appearance of the
eye, which they examine by everting the upper lid over the tip
of the index finger. The mucosa on the lid, the protruding haw
and the sclerotic present a puffy infiltrated appearance, and in-
stead of the,bright, pink, branching lines of the blood vessels,
these appear of a pale, yellowish hue, or are altogether impercep-

Parasites of the Liver. 355

tible. The blood may sometimes appear dark in contrast with the
pallor of the mucosa. The skin soon becomes pale and bloodless,
devoid of its normal ruddy hue and unctuous secretion, and harsh,
dry and scally on the hairless parts, under the belly or inside the
arms or thighs. ‘The wool is dry and lustreless and easily pulled
out. The muscles waste and shrink, the spines stand out as
a prominent ridge, (razor-back), and the hip bones are prominent
and angular The subcutaneous fat disappears so that when
pinched up the skin feels like two thin membranes (paper skin).
Manipulation of the loins may cause crepitation from gas bubbles.
The flank falls in beneath the loins, and the abdomen becomes
baggy, pendulous and fluctuating from dropsical effusion. This
will change its position always keeping the most dependent part
when the patient is made to assume different positions (ventral,
dorsal, sitting or suspended by the hind limbs). With the ascites
there comes marked drooping of the back and loins (hollow-
backed). Similar dropsical effusions follow in the, chest, and
under the skin beneath the chest and abdomen and between the
branches of the lower jaw (poke, chockered). This last is fullest
after grazing and lessens under a night’s rest in the fold with the
head elevated.

With the muscular wasting, weakness and debility become ex-
treme, the affected sheep drag behind the flock, are easily caught
and scarcely struggle when seized. The head becomes pendent,
the expression of the face haggard, dejected and hopeless, and
the respiration quick and labored on exertion. Abortions are
frequent, and the milk is thin, watery and unfit to support a
lamb. The liquor amnii is thin, watery, white and often inter-
spersed with air bubbles. The temperature is variable. Appe-
tite is irregular and capricious, ardent thirst is common and
diarrhoea may alternate with constipation. This may depend on
sympathetic irritation of the bowels, or on alternate blocking, and
discharge from, the biliary ducts.

The most conclusive symptom is the discovery of the myriads
of fluke ova in the feeces. A magnifying power of 70 to 80 diam-
eters will reveal them.

Duration. "The course of the disease will vary according to
whether the conditions of life are good or bad, or as the parasites
are few or many. When the weather is cold or variable, the

356 Veterinary Medicine.

pasture poor and watery, and the cercaria abundant, the symp-
toms may appear in from four to six weeks after invasion by the
distoma, and death may follow in a few weeks more, while under
the opposite conditions of few flukes, rich, dry, wholesome pastu-
rage, supplemented by grain, the flukes may remain for six
months in the liver before they give rise to symptoms of illness
(Simonds) and the attack may result in recovery.

Complications. of various kinds may hasten death. Thus
Gerlach saw cerebral apoplexy occur in the early stages. Bovicini
has seen acute hepatitis kill in seven days, and verminous af-
fections of the lungs, intestines or brain, scabies and other dis-
orders are liable to take occasion to attack the weak and debilitated
system.

A spontaneous recovery is likely to occur in early summer
owing to the passing away of the flukes that have wintered in
the gall ducts, but convalescence is usually but partial and the
sheep do not thrive as before. A fatal result is usually heralded
by the encrease of the dropsy, the weak indistinct pulse, the utter
refusal of food and the recumbent semi-comatose condition in
which the animal passes most of its time.

Lesions. Morbid Anatomy. In the early stage when the
young flukes are migrating into the liver, there is more or less
enlargement and congestion of that organ, with small centres of
blood extravasation into its substance, and surface perforations,
as large as pinheads from which a bloody serosity oozes on pres-
sure. The bile and peritoneal fluid are tinged with red and may
contain embryo flukes. Later the liver is decidedly enlarged,
more particularly the left lobe, and covered with fibrous exudates,
which may bind it to adjacent organs and in which young flukes
2 inch in length may be found. ‘The same may be found in the
gall ducts and gall bladder. The parenchyma is softened, granu-
lar and fatty, and yet the interstitial connective tissue may be
thickened. This thickening is especially noticeable around the
gall ducts, the walls of which are congested, ecchymosed, and
denuded of their epithelium by a catarrhal inflammation. Ema-
ciation is already shown in the absence of sub-cutaneous and
interstitial fat, aud the soft aqueous character of the adipose ma-
terial, in the atrophy, pallor and flaccidity of the muscles, in
the presence of dropsical exudates into the connective tissue and
serous cavities, and in the absence of any firm rigor mortis.

Parasites of the Liver. 357

In the more advanced stage, seen in sheep that have died after
a lingering illness, the anemia is extreme; the blood is pale,
thin and watery ; the subcutaneous and intermuscular fat has dis-
appeared or is represented largely by a watery liquid ; the muscles
are everywhere pale, colorless, flabby and shrunken so that the
bones project strongly ; there is no cadaveric rigidity ; the connec-
tive tissue generally is dropsical, but especially that of the de-
pendent parts (under the jaws, sternum or abdomen). The liver
is shrunken, firm, fibroid (even grating under the knife), with
rounded edges. It shows light-colored and haemorrhagic spots ;
and on its posterior surface, branching from the porta, the di-
lated gall ducts with enormously thickened walls and biliary
encrustations. These ducts stand out like thick, yellowish white
cords. When cut into they are found to be encrusted and dis-
tended by casts of biliary salts and coloring matter, and enclose a
thick, dark, grumous bile, containing flukes, (50 to 1000) and
myriads of their ova. The contents may be at points a stiff dark-
brown mass, like fine wet sand, made up almost exclusively of
the ova (Thomas). In other cases the mottled disorganized liver
and the distended and encrusted ducts, may show no flukes nor
ova, the parasites having reached the limit of their life-in the
mammalian host and passed out, leaving only the lesions result-
ing from their invasion. In still other instances, the apparently
fluke-free bile has a light color and consistency, but is in con-
stant motion from the movements of myriads of young flukes.
These may be made visible under a pocket lens, or if lifted on
the point of the scalpel, each is seen to form a small, transparent
jelly-like mass.

The bile in the gall bladder is also thick, deep green or violet,
and mixed with mature or young flukes or ova.

Wandering flukes may be found outside the biliary passages.
Thus they have been seen in the substance of the lung or liver,
or in a thrombus in the portal vein or in one of its hepatic
branches. In some instances the victims die early of accidental
complications, such as pulmonary congestion, to which a sudden
frost, a cold or wet storm, and the thin watery condition of the
blood specially predisposed them. In such cases the consolidated
dark-red or black lung which sinks in water, and the presence of
flukes in the gall ducts are characteristic, even if the case is too

358 Veterinary Medicine.

recent to show anzemia, emaciation, jaundice and blanching of
the tissues. Other complications are intestinal or lung worms,
scabies, and asthenia, which are favored by local conditions or
debility. A distinct feature in many advanced cases is a heavy
mawkish odor of the carcase, which becomes still more repulsive
with the unusually speedy advent of putrefaction. Simonds re-
cords a case of choleraic diarrhcea, proving fatal in two days and
apparently hastened or aggravated by this offensive odor.

Prevention. The difficulty of reaching the liver flukes by
effective parasiticides emphasizes the importance of preventive
measures. These must be conducted along two lines: First, the
destruction of the flukes, and second, the invigorating of the sys-
tem so that it bear up against the invasion and survive it.

Destruction of Flukes. Thorough drainage of pastures is
the most effective measure as the ciliated embryo and cercaria are
both aquatic, living in puddles, ponds, pools, streams or lakes
and in their absence the life of the fluke is cut off, and its de-
velopment into the mature parasite of the mammal. In the same
way the mollusc (limncoea truncatula) which forms the host of the
redize, or brood capsules, requires a damp soil, or a watery home,
and in the absence of these on dry soils the ciliated embryo
necessarily perishes. This is the most rational, thorough and
effective preventive measure.

If drainage is impossible the land may be pastured by cattle or
horses, in which distomatosis is rarely fatal, but as such animals
will carry the parasite they should never be allowed to enter on
any non-infested damp land to which sheep have access. Though
they may not themselves perish from distomatosis they can dan-
gerously stock other pastures.

Stiles quotes Ashmead to the effect that in Hawaii the disease
has been kept greatly in check by cultivating frogs and toads in
the infested waters and pastures to devour the snails and thus cut
off the trematode in its encysted career. Further that Hutchin-
son observed that the introduction of carp into the Columbia
River, and its tributaries had the same effect. The carp were in-
troduced in 1893 and have multiplied abundantly in the lower, still
waters of the Columbia, Williamette, etc., and in sloughs and
stagnant pools, while they have penetrated little into the higher
and more rapidly flowing tributaries. The farmers and others

Parasites of the Liver. 359

drew attention to the facts that where the disease formerly scourged
the flocks along these rivers it has become comparatively mild,
while elsewhere it prevails with all its former fury. Sheep from
the western slope of the Cascades exclusive of the Columbia River
bottom suffer to the extent of 75 per cent., while on these formerly
destructive bottoms but 5 per cent. are infested. The voracious
carp eat everything, vegetable and animal, that comes in their
way, and while greatly maligned for devouring other fish, they
may fairly be claimed as a friend of the farmer in preserving his
valuable flocks. The principle is a most valuable one in securing
the destruction of dangerous parasites and their invertebrate
bearers in the undeveloped larval stage of the former, and we
may expect ere long a general culture of frogs and toads in
malarial districts to devour the larvee (‘‘ wrigglers’’) of anopheles
in breeding swamps and pools.

Culture of the affected pastures would also accomplish
much, as the distomata would perish for lack of the mammalian
host. Yet as they can reach maturity in nearly all herbivora and
omnivora it would be essential to exclude game and vermin such
as deer, antelope, rabbits and hares, in order to good results.

Avoid drainage water from infested pastures. As in the
case of other parasites, extension may follow the water-shed, and
hence streams which drain infested land, lakes or ponds, may
carry the embryo, the mollusc host, or the cercaria, and are to
be carefully avoided.

Salt marshes and salt licks are destructive to the fluke, but
especially to the embryo and cercaria, as well as to the molluscous
host and therefore infested sheep or other animals can always be
safely turned on such pastures. Perroncito found that a 2 per-
cent. solution killed the redize or encysted cercaria in 5 minutes,
and a .64 per cent. solution in less than an hour.

Sowing salt on infested pastures has been recommended,
4oo lbs. being applied per acre. This would be especially appli- .
cable to such low lying swamps as cannot be drained.

Feeding salt daily to each sheep is another resort. Mix
3 Ibs. salt with 200 Ibs. ground oats and give to each sheep % lb.
of the mixture daily. The salt further stimulates digestion and
assimilation. In Egypt saltwort (salsola kali) pastures are alike
preventive and curative.

360 Veterinary Medicine.

Salt the drinking water. When the drinking water is in-
fested it should be fenced in and water supplied daily in troughs,
with 1 part of salt added to every 200 parts of water. (1% ozs.
to 2 gallons).

Quick lime has been found to destroy the distomata and their
molluscous hosts. This has accordingly been used as a top dress-
ing on the pastures to the extent of 4oo lbs. to the acre. It is,
however, very soon transformed into calcium carbonate in which
condition it is no longer effective.

Lime has also been advised to mix with the manure, but it
hastens decomposition and greatly impairs its manurial value.

Overstocking of infested pastures is to be avoided, as the
more closely it is grazed the greater the probability of taking in
the encysted cercaria on the lower parts of the stems and leaves.
There is also the danger of tearing up the plants by the roots, and
on the part of the sheep a greater susceptibility from the
poverty of the feeding.

If infested sheep are fit for mutton they should be killed, as
otherwise they continue the distribution of the ova for months.
Sheep that have died or been killed with distomatosis, should be
heavily salted and deeply buried in dry soil or boiled to ensure
the destruction of the ova. Above all the liver and offal should
not be given raw to dogs, cats or other animals which would
carry and distribute such ova in their feeces.

The most important of all precautions is to avoid turning in-
fested sheep on fresh, non-infested pastures. In purchasing sheep
therefore flocks that have been on low, damp infested lands must
be refused, and in public markets, all such sheep as show the
characteristic aneemia and asthenia, and particularly those with
slight icterus and a pallid, cloudy, thickened, puffy or dropsical
condition of the conjunctiva. By everting the upper lid over the
finger and closely scrutinizing it this condition can usually be
made out.

In a country in which liver distomatosis is known to exist, it
is well to place all new purchases of sheep or cattle on a dry
sandy soil until time has been allowed for the exit of the ova of
any flukes which they may harbor. The longest limit of the life
of the mature fluke in the liver should dictate the duration of
this period of quarantine. Leuckart allows that mature flukes

Parasites of the Liver. 361

begin to leave the liver after three weeks; many, however, sur-
vive for six months, and Gerlach sets the limit at from nine to
twelve months, while Thomas claims to have seen the parasites
in two sheep fifteen months after infesting. A period of seclu-
sion of one year would meet the requirements in almost every’
case.

Soiling might be adopted as a prophylactic measure, as it
would prevent the diffusion on the pastures of the dropping of
the sheep and their myriads of ova, and in the absence of the
embryos the molluscs would escape infesting, so that the parasite
would not be found in the cercaria or encysted form in the follow-
ing season. The manure of the sheep could be safely used on
dry cultivated lands. If spread on pasture it should be first
thoroughly salted.

Zundel advised two sheep pastures, for the first and second
halves of the year respectively, to limit the numbers of the flukes,
but this would have only a partially beneficial effect.

Invigorating the Sheep. Stelter from severe storms and
damp beds is important. <A +rich, dry grain feeding is no less so.
The distoma is a blood sucker and the disease is one of anzemia
and debility. A rich diet isa desideratum. We should second
the natural inclination of the sheep in giving dry upland pastures
with dry, sweet, aromatic grasses. Better still to give farinaceous
grain or leguminous seeds—oats, maize, barley, rye, beans, peas,
lentils. Linseed cake, rape cake or cottonseed meal may be
substituted. A well balanced ration may be secured by combin-
ing the grains with the more nitrogenous seeds. A daily ration
of % Jb. will usually suffice. These are often given with iron
aromatics and bitters, as in the following :

Linseed, rape, pea, oat, barley or corn meal, or unbolted wheat flour 4o lbs.

Powdered gentian or anise seed__________._-_-----_---------------- 4 Ibs.
Common: salt ..2. 22220 555ss6 Meets ee Sas cee tee ees 4 lbs,
Sulphate or oxide ofiron.22.--2- -22--2cseecsecsecsecsscdedessseea I Ib;

This mixture may be given to the amount of % pint daily.

Veith advises the addition of oak bark, calamus root, and
juniper berries, and Trasbot advises that of dried leaves of oak,
elm, hornbeam, and other astringents, together with their young

shoots and buds.
Curative Treatment. No remedy can be absolutely relied

362 Veterinary Medicine.

upon to kill the flukes in the gall ducts. The dilution consequent
on absorption into the blood of the portal vein serves to render
most vermifuges ineffective.

Tonics. ‘The various bitter tonics, aromatics and astringents
act in the main by sustaining the constitutional vigor and en-
abling the patient to outlive the attack in case of a mild infesting.
Among the agents thus used have been gentian, wormwood, ab-
sinthum, wild chicory, oak bark, willow bark, fir or pine leaves,
chestnut, germander, acorns, quassia, madder, juniper berries,
pepper, anise, burnet, etc. Compounds of iron, common salt and
other tonics are used as advised under prevention. Vermifuges.
Volatile and diffusible agents like kerosene, crude petroleum, as-
afcetida, garlic, creosote and heavy empyreumatic oils have been
lauded. Benzine (2 drs.), naphthalin (10 to 15 grs.), naphthol
(8-10 grs.) oil of turpentine (1 dr.), daily are among the best,
aud any one may be given twice a day for a week. Picrate of
potash, liver of antimony, and tincture of iodine have each been
tried with little effect. Arsenious acid (% gr.) daily for some
weeks tends to destroy the flukes and tone up the system and has
been successful in mild cases.

The greatest care must be taken to protect the patients against
taking in more of the parasites, all of the preventive measures
prescribed being adopted. Then in the moderate cases a liberal
feeding on grain or farina with iron, aromatic and bitter tonics,
will often enable the patient to survive, and the liberal daily use
of common salt (2 drs.) and one or other of the diffusible vermi-
fuges above named, or of arsenic will serve to reduce the numbers
of the flukes, and bring about a favorable result. The average
uncertainty of this result, however, and the enforced and pro-
longed seclusion of the patient to prevent contamination of fresh
pastures, constitute serious drawbacks to treatment.

DISTOMA SPATULATUM. D. JAPONICUM. D. SINENSE.

This like the Pavagonimus is a native of Japan, and infests
both man and cat. The worm is colorless, or. slightly pink,
translucent, and marked off into a cephalic and a caudal part by
an indentation at each side, with the ventral sucker at the line of
union. The dark colored uterus and the white testis, vas de-
ferens, ovary, etc. shine through the transparent skin. The skin

Parasites of the Liver. 363

is glabrous, the venter more convex than the dorsum, and the
caudal end forms a rounded angle. The wormis 11 to 12 mm.
long, by 2 to 3 mm. broad. The ova are unusually small, ovoid,
and transparent.

The mature fluke infests the gall ducts and bladder of man
and cat, a single cat having furnished 600 specimens. ‘The
transformations of the parasite and the intermediate host of the
larval form are unknown.

The symptoms are disturbed digestion, morbid appetite, enlarge-
ment of the liver, with rounding of its edges, vomiting, enlarged
spleen, emaciation, diarrhoea, ascites and marasmus. The dis-
covery of the ova in the feces is conclusive. Much, however,
depends on the number of flukes present, under a slight infest-
ment men have continued to follow their usual avocations with
comfort for a period of six years. ;

Prevention will follow the lines laid down for Distoma Hepati-
cum, with special application to the victims. Cats must be with-
held from drinking ditch or other surface water, and their
numbers must be restricted. Men must avoid all surface water
unboiled, and all uncooked vegetables. Human and feline bowel
dejections should be treated with salt or other vermicide and kept
from land which is employed for raising fresh vegetables.

Distoma Pelinum, once held to be identical with D. Hepatz-
cum is now held to be distinct. Its prevention and treatment
must be similar to that adopted for the hepaticum.

OTHER PARASITES OF THE GALL DUCTS.

Among other parasites which enter the gall ducts from the
duodenum may be named for the different genera of domestic
animals as follows :

Horse: Sclerostoma Equinum,

Cattle: Amphistoma Explanatum. Ascaris Bovis.

Pig ; CEsophagostoma Dentatum. Ascaris Suis.

Dog: Distoma Truncatum. D.Conjunctum. D.Cam-

panulatum.

Cat: Ollulanus Tricuspis. Distoma Truncatum.

ADDITIONAL PARASITES IN THE LIVER.

Dog: Filaria Hepatica. Eustrongylus Gigas. Cysti-
cercus Cellulose.
Pig ; Cysticercus Cellulosz.

364, Veterinary Medicine.

None of these are very dangerous to the host unless they block
the gall ducts, or induce infective inflammation in their coats.

PARASITES OF THE PANCREAS.

Same intestinal round worms invade pancreatic and biliary ducts.
Cysticercus cellulosa in dog and pig. Cause obstruction, inflammatory and
infectious disorders. Treatment.

These are either encysted parasites, or the parasitic denizens of
the duodenum which have made their way into the pancreatic
duct.

The cysticercus cellulosa has been found in the pancreas of the
dog, and may be present in the pig as well.

The sexually immature Sclerostoma Equinum (strongylus
armatus) has also been found encysted in the gland, and being a
parasite of the colon had doubtless made its way by penetrating
through tne walls of that viscus.

The ascaris megalocephalus has been found in the pan-
creatic duct, having penetrated from its normal habitat in the
duodenum. The invaded duct was dilated and considerably
thickened (Generali).

The ascaris suilla has invaded the pancreatic duct of the pig,
from its normal home in the duodenum. (Railliet and Morot. )

According to their numbers, these may create more or less
change of structure and function of the gland, and they may in-
troduce microbes, to cause catarrhal, calculous and other infec-
tions. Their presence, however, has never been recognized by
definite symptoms during life, and treatment has never been
possible.

PARASITES OF THE SPLEEN.

Parasites wander into the spleen, as into the liver, from the intestines,
through the portal blood; others bore through the tissues. Lingwatula
denticulata, in man and dog. Cysticercus cellulosa, in man and pig. Cysti-
cercus tenuicollis, on peritoneal surface. Zchinococcus, in substance, in
man, herbivora and omnivora, Distoma hepaticum, in cow. Csophagas-
toma Columbiana: Usually calcified, in sheep. Actinomycosis, extend-
ing to or from other viscera. Symptoms not pathognomonic ; intelligent

Parasites of the Spleen. 365

treatment impossible. Prevention depends on the adoption of intelligent |
measures against parasites generally.

The spleen harbors the same parasites. as the liver and peri-
toneum though they are by no means so common, probably
because the organ is less directly in the track of the portal circu-
lation.

Linguatula denticulata has been found in cysts of the spleen
of man and dog, the walls of the older cysts being often creta-
ceous. (See Linguatula tzenioides).

Cysticercus cellulosa occurs in man and pig though not
frequently.

Cysticercus tenuicollis is found attached to the splenic peri-
toneum in herbivora.

Echinococcus is the most common cystic worm of the spleen
in man, herbivora and omnivora. Thomas records 88 cases in
man, of which the spleen alone was affected in 45. Sommer
found the spleen affected in 37 out of 1681 cases of echinococcus,
and Stengel in 5 out of 79 cases occuring in North America.
Ostertag found in a cow’s spleen an old multilocular echinococcus,
partly calcified, and with a very dense, thick, fibrous envelope.
Dieckerhoff met, in a horse’s spleen, with an acephalocyst about
two inches in diameter.

Distoma hepaticum was found by Lucet, alive in a cyst of
the spleen of a cow, and Carnet had a similar experience.

CEsophagostoma columbiana or its greenish, calcified cyst
is occasionally found under the splenic peritoneum in sheep.

Actinomycosis of the spleen is not unknown and may attain
to a large size, binding the organ to neighboring viscera, asin the
case reported by Reinemann.

The parasitic affections of the spleen are rarely to be recognized
during life so that it is superfluous to refer to treatment. The
most reasonable course is to adopt measures for the extermination
of injurious parasites from the locality and to protect the animal
system against invasion.

PARAGONIMUS WESTERMANNII; LUNG FLUKE OF MAN, DOG, CAT
AND PIG.

Synonyms ; Distoma Westermannit, D. Pulmonale,;, OD.
Ringeri ; Mesogonimus ,; Clinostoma, etc.

366 Veterinary Medicine.

Geographical Distribution. Enzodtic hemoptysis by which this
disease is manifested in man has long been recognized in China,
Japan, Formosa and Corea, affecting, it was alleged, from 15 to
20 per cent. of the population in certain areas. Later the cause
of such heemoptysis has been definitely traced to the fluke in the
lungs by Manson (1880), Baelz (1880), Taylor (1883), Mura
(1889), and Yamagiwa (1890). In Europe and America it has
been found especially in animals, many of which have either come
from eastern countries or have been presumably connected with
such as did come. Thus it was found in the lungs of a tiger
which died at Amsterdam (Kerbert, 1878); in the lungsofa
Japanese dog, (Railliet, 1889); in a cat in the United States
(Ward, 1894); in a dog in Ohio (Kellicott, 1894); andin hogs at
Cincinnati (Payne, Stiles and Hassall, 1898). From the fre-
quency of hemoptysis in the Philippines (Rev. J. Close), where
Chinese and Japanese are numerous, there is reason to suspect its
prevalence there if not generally in the East. The propagation
of the parasite to and in the United States through the arrival of
Japanese, Chinese, and returning soldiers and sailors, from the
Philippines is a foregone conclusion. A future encrease of the
area recognized as infected, and an actual extension of infection
are inevitable.

Specific Characters of Paragonimus. As no definite distinction
has yet been shown in the parasite as obtained from man, dog,
cat, tiger and hog, respectively, a common description may serve
for all.

The parasiteis 8 to 16 mm. (Kellicott, 16 to 20 mm.) long, 4
to 8 mm. broad, 2 to 5 mm. thick, plump, pinkish or reddish
brown (alive), or slaty (preserved); oval or elongate pyriform ;
anterior end round, blunt, with terminal or sub-terminal oral
sucker ; posterior end less blunt ; ventral sucker slightly anterior
to the middle of the body ; genital pore close to the caudal margin
of this sucker ; skin covered with broad scale-like spines ; pharynx
long ; cesophagus very short; intestinal bifurcation in front of
the ventral sucker ; intestinal czeca, right and left run zig-zag to
the posterior extremity. Male: Cirrus and cirrus pouch absent ;
testicles tubular, ramified, one slightly posterior to the other, on
each side of median line, excretory duct straight. Female: ovary
ramified, lateral, right or left ; slightly posterior to ventral disc,

Parasites of the Spleen. 367

uterus short, massed on opposite side from ovary. Eggs oval, 80
to 100 w by 564. Ciliated embryo develops after eggs are laid.
Sporocyst, redia, cercaria, and intermediate host, unknown.

Development. Washed free from sputum and kept in water at
80° to 94° F. the ovum in 40 to 60 days develops an embryo,
ciliated in its posterior two-thirds only. (Manson). The further
changes have not been demonstrated, but analogy with the dis-
toma would indicate an intermediate host, probably a mollusc, as
necessary to the development of the cercaria which can again in-
fest the mammalian lung. (See Distoma Hepaticum).

Animals Infested. In Japan this parasite is extremely common
in man and dog ; it has also been found in Europe in the “ger,
and in America in cat, dog, and pig. There is reason to believe
that its apparent absence from other animals may be largely due
to the infrequency of exposure and to the lack of thorough inves-
tigation.

LUNG FLUKES IN CAT AND TIGER.

The parasite was found by Kerbert in the lungs of two tigers
which died in 1878 and 1881 respectively, in the Zoological gar-
dens of Amsterdam and Hamburg. The Asiatic origin of the
tigers suggests that they were probably infested in the east. He
found the parasites ‘ always two together, on the outer surface of
the lungs, in rather thick, hornlike capsules, which immediately
attract attention by their rather blue color.’’ In 1891 Weber
found a third case in the royal tiger of Sumatra. The lungs con-
tained 33 cysts containing 2 parasites each ; one contained 3 para-
sites and 1 a single fluke.

Kerbert describes the paragonimus as devoid of spines on the
caudal as well as the cephalic end, but Leuckart and Nakahama,
after examination of his specimens, pronounced them identical
with those of man.

The Paragonimus was found in 1894 in the lungs of a domestic
cat, at Ann Arbor, Mich., by Ward. In Friedberger and Froh-
ner it is noted that cats suffer in Japan. It showed no clearly
distinctive feature from the parasite of man. The source of the
infection in the Mich. cat is not shown, but it is altogether prob-
able that it took in the fluke in America. There is the further
probability that the parasite had been imported in an infested

368 Veterinary Medicine.

Japanese student, or Chinaman, or possibly in an American re-
turned from the east.

LUNG FLUKES IN THE DOG.

Dogs appear to suffer to some extent in Japan, as already quoted
from Friedberger and Frohner. Railliet in 1890 found in the
Japanese veterinary exhibit in the Paris Exposition, specimens of
these flukes taken from the bronchi of a dog. Killicott found, in
1894 in a dog dissected at Columbus, O., a large number of these
flukes. The entire surface of the pleura was marked by small
brown spots, and on the lobes of the lungs, but especially near
the roots, and along the dorsal borders, were rounded tumors of
a deep red color, contrasting strongly with the pink of the lung
tissue, and enclosing the parasites, with some purulent debris.
Some were embedded deeply in the lung tissue, with or without
a distinct fibrous capsule. The worms were from 15 to 20 mm.
in length. The lung tissue contained great numbers of elliptical
ova, especially in the vicinity of the encysted worms, where they
gave their own brown hue to the parenchyma. They were also
abundant under the pleura, both pulmonary and parietal, causing
the brown spots that have been already referred to. Ward, who
examined Killicott’s specimens, pronounced them to be the same
as his own specimens from the cat, and as the Japanese Paragoni-
mus. Nothing of the antecedents of the dog is recorded, and
occurring, like the Ann Arbor cat, at a centre of learning it might
be suspected that it had been infested indirectly, by human vic-
tims who had come from the east. The later discovery of the
disease in American pigs lessens somewhat the force of this hypo-
thesis.

LUNG FLUKES IN THE PIG.

The first specimens of these were sent to the Bureau of Animal
Industry in Sept., 1898, from Cincinnati, by Dr. A. J. Payne.
These came from the lungs of a single hog, the source of which
could not be traced. In October, Payne found 35 more infested
hogs, and in the first weeks of November 1 per cent. of all the
hogs killed at the station harbored the worms. He reported 3 or
4 cases during the latter half of November, 4 cases in December,
and 1in January. In all, Dr. Payne reported 52 cases, though at
no time after the dates mentioned were many found at one time.

Parasites of the Spleen. 369

On the other hand, the lungs of hogs are usually tanked, and
minute lesions are not looked for, so that the lack of cases cannot
be held to positively imply their absence, but rather the infre-
quency of aggravated and easily recognized cases. Dr. Payne
failed to trace the affected hogs to the districts or farms that fur-
nished them, so that the probable original source of the parasite
and its relation to the possible implication of man or other ani-
mals in the infested localities, remain in obscurity.

The facts, however, bear out these conclusions: st. That
the Paragonimus, whatever its original source, Asiatic or indige-
nous, has already gained a considerable foothold in swine in
some localities in the United States. 2nd. From the lack of re-
corded cases of parasitic hemoptysis in America, there is a strong
probability that the infected areas supplying the diseased hogs,
have not been infested for an indefinite period, but only for a
short time, and that the parasites have been presumably brought
by people coming from Asia. 3rd. That the Paragonimus has
found in certain districts in America the conditions, including the
hypothetical intermediate host, requisite to its permanence and
extension. 4th. That sanitary considerations demand the tracing
out of infested areas, the suppression of the affection, the seclu-
sion or safe disposal of all infested subjects, and rigorous super-
vision of all arrivals of men or animals from the infested east.

The Zestons found in the lungs of hogs closely agreed with those
of the tiger ; almost every cyst enclosed two worms—ouly on rare
occasions would a cyst contain one or three. The cysts were
from 12 to 36 mm. in diameter, and contained a semi-fluid, choc-
olate colored matter containing numerous ova. Sometimes two
adjacent cysts communicated. ‘The cysts were mostly on or near
the surface of the lungs, but a number were deeply imbedded in
the lung substance.

The Paragonimus obtained from American hogs averaged
somewhat larger than the specimens from dogs or human beings
in Japan, but the general characters were essentially the same.
There is no good reason for supposing them to be specifically
distinct.

Symptoms are lacking, as the worms were only found Jos¢-
mortem in hogs in good enough condition to be killed for pork.
The good condition of the hosts is again in perfect keeping with

24

370 Veterinary Medicine,

the experience of the human victims in Japan, most of whom,
though attacked with hemoptysis, suffer so little in their general
health, that they never think of consulting a physician. Still, in
badly infested pigs, as in man, there can hardly fail to be more
or less cough, a brownish or even a bloody expectoration, abound-
ing in the trematode ova, and a falling off in condition, as com-
pared with the liberality of the ration.

LUNG FLUKES IN MAN. PARASITIC HAMOPTYSIS. JACKSONIAN
EPILEPSY.

The ravages of the Pavagonimus Westermannii in man, in
Japan, have been long recognized, and have received much more
attention than the infestments of the lower animals. Even in
man, however, the extent of its prevalence cannot be fairly esti-
mated, as the disease is mild or of tardy progress and the great
majority of its victims never consult a physician. Many cases
too are set down as tuberculosis, no examination of the sputum
having been made to detect the presence of the ovoid trematode
ova (Taylor). Baelz mentions one Japanese village where almost
all the inhabitants harbored the lung-worms and Blanchard says
that certain villages in Okayoma and Kumamoto are so badly in-
fested that they are ostracized by neighboring villages and even
the physicians dread to go there for fear of infection.

Conditions favoring infestment seem to be mainly such as
would expose the person to the risk of taking in the young fluke
in water or green vegetation. The age from 11 to 30 furnishes
by far the greatest number of cases, the victims being presumably
exposed to questionable water apart from the safer well supplies.
Men suffer much more than women, and in many cases almost
exclusively, being not only exposed to the impure country water,
but more accustomed to drink it unboiled, while the women, in-
doors, have theirs boiled and taken in the form of tea. Oxt-door
occupations, for a similar reason, strongly favor infestment, more
than three-fourths of all patients being farmers. This out-door
life contributes to a strong constitution which has also been ad-
duced as favoring an attack. The Japanese -habit of eating
molluscs is supposed to be a main cause and people living out-
doors are tempted to take these raw.

Parasites of the Spleen. 371

Symptoms. The symptoms vary with the organ invaded by
the parasite.

(a) Lung Invasion. ‘This is the common seat of the parasite,
and especially near the root of the lungs, the cyst opening into a
bronchium. The phenomena begin imperceptibly and encrease
gradually, a slight cough leading to a brown or reddish expector-
ation, resembling that of acute pneumonia, but easily distin-
guished by the absence of fever, and by the presence in the sputa
of myriads of the characteristic elliptical ova of the trematode
(sometimes 12,000 daily). Spitting of blood is common or
occurs later and can be roused by voluntary coughing. The
rusty or bloody expectoration at first proves intermittent, with
intervals of suspension, but later with extension of the disease it
becomes constant, together with the cough and considerable dis-
comfort. It has been largely mistaken for tuberculosis but mi-
croscopic examination of the sputum corrects this error. The
expectoration, at first scanty, as well as intermittent, tends later
to become profuse and constant, and bleeding more frequent, ten
or twelve ounces being often ejected in a few hours. It is always
aggravated by violent exertion. Slight cases may continue for
ten or twenty years with comparatively little discomfort, but with
a more extensive infestment there is hurried breathing, dyspnoea
on slight exertion, anzemia, weakness, prostration, cedema, and
more frequent and profuse hemorrhages. In the early stages
auscultation and percussion give little or no morbid indication,
but in case of extensive invasion, there are blowing sounds, mu-
cous or gurgling rales, wheezing, and areas of lessened or abol-
ished resonance. Even in advanced cases it is rare to find any
marked elevation of temperature.

(b) Liver Invasion. The presence of the fluke in the liver
has been noted by Yamagiwa, associated with cirrhosis, ascites
and other symptoms of the cirrhotic degeneration. Unless be-
trayed by coincident invasion of the lung, or by the detection of
the elliptical termatode ova in the feeces, a correct diagnosis is
unlikely.

(c) Brain Invasion, One such case is reported from Japan
by Otani, associated with infestment of the lungs, and one by Yam-
agiwa, without record of lung infestment. Both showed more or
less local paresis, and Jacksonian epilepsy, clonic spasms in cir-

372 Veterinary Medicine.

cumscribed groups of muscles, with unconsciousness, advancing
to other brain disorders, and finally exhaustion and death.

(d) Peritoneal Invasion. With development of the fluke in
the peritoneum (omentum, mesentery, etc.) no special symptoms
were observed. ‘The lesions were discovered post-mortem.

Prevention. In our case, with small areas only of a large con-
tinent invaded by the parasite, every means should be taken to
extirpate it, and thus prevent a general diffusion which could
only mean a public calamity.

Men or animals arriving from infested countries should be de-
tained in quarantine and under a rigid scrutiny to detect any
cough with rusty or bloody expectoration containing the elliptical
fluke-eggs. Animals showing such invasion should be at once
sacrificed and their carcases burned or boiled. The human vic-
tim should be kept under strict sanitary supervision, by prefer-
ence on a salt marsh, and compelled to expectorate only into a
sputum box to be burned. If cuspidors are used indoors, they
should be dry and filled with salt which can be roasted or, if need
be, deeply buried. Any escape of the sputum into the soil, or
into fresh water, is only an invitation to the extension of the Para-
gonimus.

Cats, dogs or hogs coughing up a rusty or bloody sputum,
should have the latter examined for the fluke eggs, and if found,
the host of the parasite and all of the same genera that have lived
with it, together with all susceptible animals in the same place,
or on the water shed from it, should be secluded and destroyed at
public expense, and the carcases safely disposed of as indicated
above.

In case of hogs being found to be infested when killed, their
lungs, and viscera, together with those of all others coming from
the same source, should be rendered or otherwise thoroughly de-
vitalized. While it is perfectly true that the ova found in such
specimens cannot directly infest the persons who may eat them,
but must ( according to all analogy in trematodes), pass through
an intermediate invertebrate host to fit them to infest the mam-
mal, yet if infested products are allowed to pass into consumption
at all, uncooked scraps are thrown out, the ova develop the
embryo, the latter finds its suitable invertebrate host, and the
propagation of the parasite and the disease follows. It is such

Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Sheep. 373

half-measures, speciously based on unquestionably scientific facts,
but ignoring others no less important, that render sanitary work
imperfect and bring upon it discredit and condemnation. If the
infested hogs and all their products can be thoroughly sterilized
and the pork put upon the market, as canned goods, for example,
no possible injury can accrue.

DISTOMA MAGNUM. D. TEXICANUM. GIANT FLUKE OF THE
OX AND DEER.

This fluke was found by Bassi encysted in the lungs of Italian
deer, later it has been frequently found in the lungs of American
cattle, and to a lesser extent in the liver and duodenum. In ex-
ternal outline it resembles the Distoma Hepaticum for which it
was long mistaken. It is now known to be a distinct variety and,
as shown by Hassall and Francis, not uncommon in the Western
and Southern States, and most commonly found encysted in the
lung in the midst of a circumscribed area of pulmonary conges-
tion.

The worm is 57 to 68 mm. long, by 24 to 35 mm. broad. As
usually met with in cattle it has not been in great numbers, and
it has so little interfered with health that the animals were
slaughtered in fair or high condition. Bassi, however, obtained
110 parasites from a single deer, and under favorable conditions
one can easily realize that it might prove dangerous or destruc-

tive.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS AND PNEUMONIA IN SHEEP.
LUNG WORMS. PULMONARY STRONGYLOSIS.
HOOSE. HUSK. PAPER SKIN. LAMB DISEASE.

Verminous Bronchitis in Sheep. Strongylus Filaria ; The longest of the
sheep lung-worms ; 3 to 10 cm. long, fine, white, head round, non-alated, no
buccal papillz, oesophagus club-shaped ; male with bell-shaped caudal mem-
brane, having ten ribs, bilobed, bifid and trifid from before back ; ovovivi-
parous ; ova elliptical. Hosts : Bronchia of sheep, goat, dromedary, camel,
roe buck, fallow-deer, argale, gazelle. Development : Ovum laid in bron-
chia, batches out embryo, which escapes; may live in moist earth or
water for months, in two weeks moults, re-enters the sheep in water or food,
or dried up as dust, for new internal habitat. S. Ru/fescens - Shorter, 2% to

374 Veterinary Medicine.

3% cm long; skin transparent showing viscera brownish red, head not
alated, three labial papilla, caudal bursa has seven ribs ; oviparous; ova
elliptical ; yolk segmented after laying ; embryo has pointed tail. Hosts :
Bronchia and air-cells, sheep, goat, roe buck. Development: As in filaria,
yet ovum unsegmented till laid ; embryo more viable in water, encysts itself
in air-cells, with results like miliary tubercle ; when mature enters bronchia
and breeds; alive after three days’ drying; infests old sheep more than
filaria does, is more destructive. S. Capzllaris: History of lung strongylo-
sis. Causes: Parasite, wet seasons and lands, low, damp undrained pas-
tures, ponds, lakes, rivers, inundations, deltas, low islands, irrigation, water-
shed from infested ground, dry seasons, debility, overstocking, dews, show-
ers, night pasturage, low health, intestinal worms, pasturing lambs after
sheep, common feeding and drinking troughs. Lesions: Bronchitis, pro-
fuse purulent exudate, containing worms and ova, blocking, dilatation, col-
lapse, tuberculiform miliary nodules with embryos in air-cells, soft or cal-
cic, lobular pneumonia, complex bacteridian infection. Symptoms: enzo6-
tic bronchitis, without patent climatic cause, little hyperthermia, husky
cough, wheezing or auscultation, or mucous rale, slow advance, expectora-
tion with worms or ova; diarrhoea, emaciation, anzemia, sunken eyes, flat-
tened wool, shedding, little yolk, thirst, eat earth, young suffer most.
Diagnosis: Repute of pasture or water; introduction by diseased sheep,
whole flock suffers, no cause in weather, etc. ; no fever, cough paroxysmal,
wheezing, free expectoration with worms. Prevention: Keep from infested
pastures, especially the damp parts, from irrigated pastures, ponds, lakes,
basins, infested waters, dewy or wet pastures, soil in morning, rotation of
crops, new-seeded pastures for lambs, burn, boil, or bury carcases, salt freely,
feed generously, give tonics. Zveatment: Tonic and vermifuge ; salt, tar,
tansy, absinth, wormwood, copperas, garlic, onions, asafcetida ; vermifuge,
potash picrate, creosote, oil of turpentine. Fumigations: Sulphur, chlo-
rine, tar, juniper, asafcetida ; injections in trachea, salt, iodine, ol terebinth,
carbolic acid, benzine, thymol.

This affection is very prevalent in many localities and causes
widespread destruction in flocks, especially in the young, under
a year old. Itiscaused by either or both of two species of worms :
the Strongylus filaria and the Strongylus rufescens. ‘The
Strongylus Paradoxus of swine is held by Koch to infest sheep
but this must be rare. S. Capzllaris of the Goat must also be

named.
STRONGYLUS FILAREA.

This is the longer of the two common lung worms of
sheep: The Male is 3 to 5 cm. long, and the female 5 to 10
cm. and of the thickness of a stout cotton thread. It has a white
body, with a dark longitudinal line, of uniform thickness and
slightly attenuated at each end. Head rounded, perceptibly en-
larged ; without ale; mouth terminal, round without noticeable

Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Sheep. 375

papillz ; cesophagus club-shaped, enlarged posteriorly ; with two
unicellular glands ; anus near caudal extremity. Caudal pouch of
male bellshaped, with ten ribs, the posterior trifid, the middle
bifid, the anterior bilobed. Two brown, thick, short, curved
spicula. Female: tail conical; vulva three sevenths the distance
behind the head, with two salient lips; two ovaries, in front
and behind the orifice. Ovoviviparous: ova elliptical; .o1
mm. long. Embryo 540 » long.

ffabitat. Bronchia of sheep, goat, dromedary, camel, roebuck,
fallow deer, argali and gazelle.

Life History. Development: When the ovum is laid the well-
formed embryo is already present and soon escapes. It is not
known to undergo further development in the bronchia, but if ex-
pelled and thrown into water or moist earth, the egg or embryo
may remain alive for months (Colin, Baillet) unless life is cut
short by the septic condition of the water (Railliet). Leuckart,
who uniformly failed to produce the disease in healthy sheep by
feeding the bronchial mucus rich in ova and embryos, found that
in the second week of their existence in water or moist earth they
moulted and shed the tubercle on the head. He even supposed
that they moulted a second time and infested an invertebrate
host, but there is no actual proof of this. In any case the moult-
ing appears to be necessary to fit them for a new internal habitat
in the sheep’s lung. Leuckart found that if kept in water, many
died soon after this moulting. Ercolani on the other hand found
that if dried up after moulting, they could be preserved for a year
and revivified when again subjected to moisture. This is impor-
tant as explaining the destructive action of these parasites in dry
seasons. It renders it possible for the worm to enter the body in
dust by inhalation, though undoubtedly it is usually taken in in
green vegetation, earth, or water. How it reaches the lungs,
whether through the larynx in connection with deglutition and
rumination or through the circulation, has not been certainly de-

termined.
STRONGYLUS RUFESCENS. STRONGYLUS OVIS PULMONALIS.
This is the thinner and shorter of the two worms that usually

produce verminous bronchitis in sheep. It is sometimes met by
itself in this disease but more commonly in company with the

376 Veterinary Medicine.

strongylus filaria, as the same conditions lead to the preservation
and multiplication of both. The male is 16 to 28 mm. long; the
female 25 to 35 mm. Skin very transparent, the cavity of the
body appearing as a dark line, and giving the body a general
brownish, red color. Head without ale: mouth surrounded by
three labial papillae. Caudal bursa with 7 rays, the posterior in-
distinct, the middle bifid, and the anterior bilobed. Two sym-
metrical, flattened, curved spicula, transversely striated. Tail of
Jemale ends in a blunt point : vulva at the base of a tubercle close
to the anus and just in front of the tip of the tail. Oviparous.
Ova elliptical 75 to 120, long. Yolk is segmented after laying.
Embryo with sharp-pointed tail.

STRONGYLUS CAPILLARIS. LUNG WORM OF GOAT, CHAMOIS AND
SHEEP.

This is a much smaller worm than the S. Filaria (male 14 mm.
by 0.04 mm., female 20 mm. by 0.065 mm.). Schlegel reports
it not only in the lungs of the goat, but also of the chamois and
sheep. If once introduced into a locality, it may, under favor-
able conditions, encrease like other lung worms so as to cause a
virtual plague, and must therefore be constantly kept in mind as.
a possible cause of verminous bronchitis in the smaller ruminants.

ffabitat. Bronchia and air follicles of sheep, goat and roe buck.

Life-History. Development. This differs in some respects
from that of the strongylus filaria: 1. The embryo worms are
not formed until after the egg has been laid by the adult female.
2. They seem to be capable of living a longer time in water or
other moist medium outside the body of the sheep (months,
Railliet, Neumann). 3. When introduced into the sheep with
food, water or dust, the embryo tends to encyst itself in the ulti-
mate air sacs and cells, producing light colored, round masses
like miliary tubercles but filled with the worms. 4. When
matured in these cysts the worms escape into the bronchia and
reproduce their kind. Here too the eggs are laid and, like the
embryos and mature worms, may be expectorated in coughing.
The embryo lives indefinitely in water, and probably moults. It
may be completely dried up for three days and resume its activity
when moistened (Railliet). The strongylus filaria is found most
abundantly in lambs, and the strongylus rufescens in old sheep,

Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Sheep. 377

and some observers have inferred that the latter take years to
reach maturity. The difference may, however, be otherwise ex-
plained, the rufescens, living in the air sacs and cells, causing
greater destructive changes in the lungs and thereby killing off
the lambs at an early stage, while the more robust mature sheep,
can survive the first attack, and thus go on taking in a new
stock of the young worms at intervals.

flistory of the Disease. The malady was first described by
Daubenton in 1768, as being very destructive at Montbard,
France. Since then it has been recognized in nearly all parts of
the world and in many cases its introduction into a new district
can be traced by the importation of infested sheep. It prevails
extensively all over Europe, and is most destructive in the southern
and midland counties of England and in New South Wales. It
is common in New York, and Connecticut, and in many parts of
Illinois, and years ago on the unfenced prairies of Iowa it threat-
ened the destruction of the sheep industry.

Conditions Favoring the Disease. ‘The essential cause of
the malady is the pavaszte, but that being present, many conditions
favor its encrease and diffusion and the receptivity of the sheep
on infested pastures.

Wet Seasons. As in the case of worms generally, the abun-
dance of water favors the preservation of the embryo, and its
moulting which fits it for a new internal habitat.

Marshes, pools, lakes, ponds, streams, rivers, damp bottom lands,
natural basins, inundated lands, deltas, low islands, fens, damp
springy ground, and irrigated pastures are especially favorable to
the preservation of the worm, and hence its frequency in Holland,
Belgium, the English fens, and in all low damp lands that have
once become infested.

Watershed. The embryo worm is easily carried in streams
hence the access of sheep to water that has drained from infested
pastures at a higher level is a fertile source of the malady.

Dry Seasons, While water is essential to the preservation and
moulting of the embryo, yet a drought following such moulting
may preserve the larva indefinitely by drying it up, and arresting
vital changes without destroying its vitality. Thus an excess of
moisture and a drought may successively contribute to the preser-
vation, and diffusion of the strongyle.

378 Veterinary Medicine.

Low Condition of the Lamb. Debility contributes to render
the lamb more receptive of the worm, and greatly lessens its
power to survive its attack, and in this way droughts with insuffi-
cient food encrease the mortality.

Overstocking the pastures acts in the same way. The insuffi-
cient food causes low condition and weakness, and the necessity of
eating close to the ground, endangers the taking of the young
wornis that are present on the vegetation near its roots.and in the
adjacent moist earth. Overstocking further encreases the ova and
embryos in the soil.

Dews and Showers cause the young worms to ascend higher on
the vegetation and to be taken in in greater numbers if the sheep
are left out over night, or turned out in the early morning or in
wet weather. In such cases there is always the added danger of
the grass coming up by the roots and being swallowed with the
verminous soil attached.

Impaired health from previous or coexistent disease must always
be recognized as lessening the power of resistance.

Worms in the bowels, liver or elsewhere are especially likely to
be present, and to contribute to encrease of mortality.

Pasturing lambs in autumn on meadows occupied by infested
sheep in spring or summer, is one of the most common and danger-
ous practices, as the soil and water are then charged with the
young strongyli.

Pasturing of sheep and lambs together on the same ground is
equally injurious. Youth is one of the most powerfully predis-
posed conditions. Lambs under a year old show less resistance
and perish in far greater numbers than do the mature sheep.

Common feeding or drinking troughs, especially the latter, may
become direct causes of infesting fresh animals, as the expecto-
rated embryos naturally fall in such places and after moulting
may be taken in by other animals.

Lesions of Verminous Bronchitis in Sheep. Either of
the two strongyli described or both may be found in the bronchia
in an abundant muco-purulent secretion, and often rolled up in
bundles, which may block the lumen of the tube. The mucosa
of the affected bronchium is congested, reddened, thickened, with
its epithelium opaque, softened or even desquamating. The
bronchia may show dilatations at intervals, filled with the vermin-

Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Sheep. 379

ous debris. The pulmonary lobulettes or lobule supplied by the
obstructed bronchia, is divested of air, collapsed, and carnified
(atelectasis) or inflamed. This is especially characteristic of in-
festing by the strongylus filaria alone. When the strongylus ru-
fescens is present the encysting of the mature worm, with its em-
bryos and eggs in the air sacs, gives the appearance of miliary
tuberculosis, which is readily corrected by a microscopic examin-
ation. The tuberculiform nodule may be red and congested at
first with a gelatinoid exudate, its periphery may become even
more so with the hatching out of the lively embryos, while later
it becomes yellow or white in the centre, and finally calcareous.
The size varies from a small pin-head to a pea.

In the advanced stages there may be acute, and diffuse, lobular
pneumonia, aggravated by an implanted bacteridian infection.

Symptoms of Verminous Bronchitis in Lambs. These
are those of bronchitis attacking the majority of the flock at or
near the same time, without any climatic or meteorologic cause,
advancing slowly in the majority of cases, attended by little
hyperthermia, and finally diagnosed by the expectoration of
muco-purulent matter containing worms singly or in pellets. The
cough may be at first hard, but gradually becomes soft and
mucous. It may be at first infrequent, but becomes gradually
more common, occurs in paroxysms, is easily roused by driving
and is associated with the discharge of a frothy liquid from the
nose. By driving the sheep, the breathing is hastened, even at
times to dyspnoea, so that the head is depressed, the mouth open-
ed and the subject pants. The cough becomes encreasingly deep,
convulsive and painful, and the expectoration more copious, so
that the expelled worms can be more easily found. Percussion
of the chest sometimes shows tender areas, especially toward the
lower part of the lung, also a flatness of sound. Auscultation
shows mucous r4les, fine and coarse, and sometimes crepitation,
but with a general predominance of wheezing or sibilant sounds
over given areas. These physical manifestations would suggest
tuberculosis, but the rarity of this disease in sheep kept in
pasture, and the fact that nearly all the flock are affected, will
guard against this error. As the disease is usually complicated
by intestinal parasitism, diarrhoea is habitually present, and the
soiled hips furnish a further diagnostic feature.

380 Veterinary Medicine.

Among the resultant symptoms are loss of appetite, a tendency
to leave the herd, emaciation, aneemia, bloodless eye, absence of
subcutaneous fat ( paper skin ), shedding of the wool which is
dry and with little yolk, excessive thirst, and depraved appetite,
shown in a desire to eat earth.

In the advanced stages the cough becomies very harrassing and
death may take place from suffocation.

Diagnosis is based mainly on the known prevalence of the
disease on the pasture or water-shed, or the introduction of
strange sheep affected with cough, on the slow advent and pro-
gress of the malady, on the attack of a large number at a time,
especially lambs, irrespective of weather vicissitudes, on the ha-
bitual absence of hyperthermia, on the frequency and paroxysmal
character of the cough, on the wheezing breathing, and above all
on the abundant expectoration of a frothy mucus containing the
mature and embryo worms.

Prevention. Two main indications must be pursued: rst.
To prevent the worms from gaining access to the system; and
and. To bring the sheep into a condition unfavorable to the sur-
vival and destructive work of the worm. Under the first head
may be noted:

Keep lambs from pastures previously depastured by infested
sheep, especially if these have been overstocked, or are naturally
damp, springy, marshy, dense and undrained, irrigated, or if any
contain ponds, basins, lakes, or are watered by streams running
through infested lands higher up.

If watered from a flowing stream fence out all but the part
where they drink and where there is a decided current.

Better to water from deep cemented wells receiving no surface
drainage nor leaching.

Lambs should be kept from infested pastures especially in wet
seasons, after showers, and until after the morning dews have
evaporated.

No less should they be kept from infested pastures in dry sea-
sons. Sheep may be safely pastured on lands infested with the
lung worms of horses and cattle.

If the nursing ewes are infested they may be sozled in sheds or
bare yards for four months until the lambs can be weaned, and
then the lambs can be turned on a newly seeded pasture apart

Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Sheep. 381

from all opportunity for taking in the worm. With a liberal
supply of milk the lambs do not care to drink water and though
they eat from racks and troughs with the ewes they do not find
there the young strongylus filaria which has already moulted and
prepared for a new lease of life in the lungs. The ewes may be
treated or prepared for the butcher.

Infested fields may be plowed and cropped for years before being
laid down to grass. Or they may be pastured for two years by
horses or cattle which do not harbor the lung worms of sheep, and
the larva of the latter meanwhile perish.

The carcases of all infested sheep should be burned, boiled or
deeply buried, or the lungs should be carefully removed and treated
in this way.

Constant access to salt is a means of destroying the young worms
as they are taken in.

A nourishing ration of farina or cake of linseed, rape or cotton,
or of oats, barley, maize, or peas is of great value in sustaining
the strength of the patient and enabling it to outlive the parasite.

Treatment. /7vst: Stop the entrance of the fresh worms by
methods suggested under prevention. Second: Sustain the
strength of the patient by a generous grain diet. Third : Destroy
the pulmonary (and intestinal) parasites. Fourth: Combat
pneumonia and other complications.

A combination of a tonic and vermifuge has been sought in the
ferruginous, bitter, aromatic food recommended for distomatosis.
Spinola advised sodium chloride 5 parts and tar, tansy and
absinthum, 1 part of each mixed and given in the food. Zurn
recommends: wormwood and sweet fern root, 3 lbs. of each,
tansy, bone dust, and copperas 1 lb. of each, mixed and given in
a dose of 3 to 4 drachms daily to each lamb. A liberal allowance
of garlic or onions will be beneficial and may be added to one of
the above mixtures. Asafcetida may be similarly used.

As direct vermifuges the following have been tried but with no
very satisfactory results. Picrate of potash (dose 3 to 4 grains)
in oatmeal gruel or mucilage (Neumann) is dangerous because of
its destructive action onthe blood globules Creosote 1 02.; spirits
of wine q ozs.; water 6 ozs.; dose a teaspoonful daily in
mucilage. Creosote 2 0zs.; benzine 10 ozs.; water 2 qts.; dose a
tablespoonful daily for a week. Oil of turpentine and tincture of

382 Veterinary Medicine.

camphor, equal parts; dose a teaspoonful in mucilage or gruel
daily. Oil of turpentine 1 0z.; olive oil 2%4 ozs. Though these
agents exhale from the lungs their action is not very effective on
the lung worms, They are much more effective on the intestinal
parasites.

Fumigations are somewhat better. The affected sheep are
turned into a close room, in which sulphur mixed with a little
alcohol is burned in an earthenware plate, set in a vessel having
alittle water in the bottom. This obviates risk of fire. The
fumes are allowed to pervade the whole building, and the ad-
ministrator stays in the room and breathes the gas, so that he can
cover up and extinguish the sulphur whenever the concentration
becomes irritating. Violent coughing or sneezing is the signal
to stop the burning, and in case of danger to throw open doors
and windows. Otherwise the sheep should be left to breathe the
fumes for % to1 hour, and this should be repeated daily fora
week. The first day’s treatment charges the liquid secretion with
the gas, kills all the worms within reach and acts as an astringent
antiseptic. Every successive fumigation reaches farther, until
the ultimate recesses may be reached. After a fortnight a second
course of fumigation may be resorted to to kill off the embryos
that may have hatched from the eggs left over.

Other fumigating agents have been used such as chlorine gas,
formed by mixing common salt, black oxide of manganese and
sulphuric acid, but this is much more irritating and dangerous.
Others use the fumes from woolen rags, horns, hair, feathers,
leather, empyreumatic oils, tar, juniper berries, asafcetida, etc.,
these being placed on a red-hot shovel, or in an iron pot contain-
ing red embers.

Tracheal Injections. These are the most effective measures,
and may be thrown in with the aid of a hypodermic syringe be-
tween the rings of the trachea. The nozzle, previously dipped in
carbolic acid, should be inserted first, if possible in the interval
between two rings and then the charged syringe is connected and
discharges its contents. The simplest injection is a 1 per cent.
solution of common table salt in distilled or boiled water, which
may be used freely. Levi found the following very effective:
iodine 2 parts, iodide of potassium ro parts, water 100 parts by
weight. Dose 44 drachm, which may be encreased by % drachm

Verminous Bronchitis in Calves. 383

daily up to 5 drachms. Equal parts of oil of turpentine and
some bland oil ( olive or poppy seed ) may be used in a dose of
2drachms. Or to the last may be added 1 or 2 per cent. of car-
bolic acid : dose 2 drachms. Benzine and olive oil, equal parts :
dose 2 to 3 drachms daily. Pure benzine (1 dr.) is perhaps best.

Treatment of resultant pneumonia is not promising apart from
the destruction of the worms, yet sulphurous acid if not too con-
centrated has a directly soothing and tonic effect on the irritated
mucosa. Laxatives and diuretics will often help by eliminating
absorbed toxins and the results of pulmonary and bronchial in-
flammation, and the external application of aqua ammonia, or if
the sheep has been shorn, of ammonia soap will be useful.

Measures directed toward the removal of intestinal worms
should never be neglected.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN CALVES. HOOSE.
HUSK. LUNG WORMS.

Verminous Bronchitis in Calves. Strongylus Micrurus; 1 to 3 inches
long; copulatory caudal membrane of male five-ribbed, tail of female a
sharp point ; ovoviviparous. Hosts: Calves, bovines. Strongylus Pulmo-
naris : Smaller than micrurus, 7 to 13 lines long, papillae on mouth, caudal
male membrane with seven ribs, female tail pointed. Hosts: Calves, bo-
vines. History: Development as in S. filaria; accessory causes as in filaria
substituting bovine for ovine victim, and source. Lesions: Bronchitis ;
muco-purulent exudate with worms and ova, lobular congestion of lungs,
miliary nodules as in sheep. Symptoms. Bronchitis or pneumonia, in whole
young herd, without climatic cause, or special fever, cough, first hard, sec-
ond wheezing or mucous, free expectoration with worms or ova, anorexia,
debility, emaciation, anemia, dry, scurfy, hide-bound skin, sunken eyes,
leaves herd, prey of flies, diarrhoea. Diagnosis: Above symptoms under
conditions favorable to the worms. Duration, 10 to 90 days. Prevention -
As for lung worms in sheep, cattle being substituted. Zveatment: As for
sheep, but more active.

Like the corresponding affection in sheep, this is prevalent in
certain localities, and causes extensive losses in young calves
under a year old. Older cattle may harbor the worms, but rarely
or never suffer to a fatal extent. The disease is caused by two
species of worms—strongylus micrurus and strongylus pul-
monaris.

384 Veterinary Medicine.

Strongylus Micrurus: Pointed tailed strongle. Thisis a
delicate white filiform worm having a rounded, wingless head,
and terminal, round, nude mouth. The male is 1 inch and the
Jemale 2 to 3 inches long. The caudal membrane of the male is
small and supported by five ribs on each side, the posterior trifid,
the anterior bifid and the middle simple. The tail of the female
is sharply pointed, and the vulva in the posterior sixth of the
body. Ovoviviparous.

ffabitat, The bronchia of bovine animals especially calves.
It was supposed to infest horses and asses as well, until the
strongylus Arnfieldi was demonstrated to be distinct.

Strongylus Pulmonaris. This is smaller than the Strongylus
Micrurus (7 lines to 1%4 inch long), and its terminal mouth is
surrounded by a row of rounded papillee. In the male the caudal
membrane is bell-shaped, with 7 rays. The tail of the female is
very attenuated and sharp. Ovoviviparous.

Habitat. Bronchia of bovine animals, especially calves.

History of the Disease. The existence of lung worms in
calves was noted in 1744 by Ruysch, in 1756 by Nichols, in 1803
by Camper, and very frequently since.

Life History. Development. This has not been fully traced
for the lung worms of cattle but it may be assumed that the de-
velopment closely resembles that of the strongylus filaria. The
eggs and embryos expelled in coughing live for a time in fresh
water or moist earth, where there is reason to believe that they
moult or undergo other change that fits them to once more take
up the life in the bronchia. They do not persist indefinitely,
generation after generation in the same animal’s lungs, and hosts,
that harbored them when calves, are usually free from them be-
fore they reach maturity.

Conditions that Favor Infesting are essentially the same as
for the lung worms of sheep, wet lands, and seasons, inundations,
fresh water in puddles, ponds, lakes, swamps, streams and open
wells, dry seasons after wet, water-shed, overstocking, low con-
dition, ill health, starvation, youth, etc., are prominent accessory
factors. Leuckart and Kasparek have separately preserved the
ova for 2 to 3% years, with the embryos still alive, showing the
need of prolonged abandonment of infested grounds, streams,
ponds and buildings.

Verminous Bronchitis in Calves. 385

Lesions. The congestion of the bronchial mucosa is intense,
the lumen is often blocked with a frothy muco-purulent matter
containing ova, embryos and the mature worms singly or in
bundles. Lobular congestion of the lungs is frequent, and the
surface may show grayish pinhead-like granular nodules like
those seen in the sheep and resembling miliary tuberculosis. At
other points particular lobulettes are collapsed and carnified as the
result of blocking of their bronchia and expulsion of the air.

Symptoms of Verminous Bronchitis in Calves. The
symptoms are those of bronchitis, or in the worst cases of pneu-
monia, plus the expectoration of an abundant frothy liquid con-
taining the ova, embryo, or mature worms. Usually they ad-
vance slowly attacking nearly all the young bovine animals, with-
out any special change of weather or particular exposure. In the
milder cases there is a slight cough for a week or two or perhaps
only some sign of hurried. breathing when driven or excited.
Soon the cough becomes more frequent and paroxysmal, threat-
ening and perhaps actually causing suffocation. Short of a fatal
result the animal may fall with extended head, open mouth,
protruded tongue, frothy discharge from the mouth and bulging
eyeballs. The cough may be at first hard, but usually becomes
loose and mucous, or wheezing, and a loud wheezing may be
heard over various parts of the chest on auscultation. The calf
loses appetite, strength and condition, becomes hide-bound, with
dry scurfy skin, staring coat, absence of subcutaneous fat, pale
mucosz and sunken eyes. It wanders off alone, and is found
lying under a tree or bush or in the corner of a fence covered
with flies, which it has no longer the energy to brush off. It
may be purging because of worms in the bowels. The patient
that escapes asphyxia may die of marasmus.

Diagnosis is based on the occurrence of the disease simultan-
eously in the majority of the herd, without apparent exposure or
meteorologic cause, and at first without appreciable hyperthermia,
on the knowledge of the existence of the parasites in the pastures
or district, on the damp or otherwise favorable condition of the
pastures, on the importation of strange cattle from infested
regions, on the absence of large continuous areas of consolidated
lung (as in lung plague or croupous pneumonia), on the absence
of implication of the lymph glands and of mature cattle (as in

25

386 Veterinary Medtcine.

tuberculosis), on the presence of numerous small areas of wheez-
ing in the lungs, and of limited areas of dulness on percussion,
and above all the presence of mature or embryo wormis or eggs
in the expectoration. This last, the only real diagnostic symptom,
may be hidden by the habit of swallowing the expectoration, and
it may become necessary to pull out the tongue with the left hand,
while with the right the larynx is tickled to arouse the cough,
and the mucus is seized and withdrawn as soon as it is coughed
up.

Duration of the disease will vary in the affected calves, which live
two or three months in the milder cases, while in the more severe,
death may ensue in ten or fifteen days. It must be borne in
mind that death may occur at any time from blocking of the
bronchi.

Prevention. ‘This is essentially the same as in the case of the
lung worms of sheep, with the simple qualification that the worms
in this case are known to infest cattle only, and thus horses and
sheep may safely occupy the pastures that have been infested by
cattle, and cattle may safely feed on lands contaminated by horses
and sheep. Bearing thisin mind as a qualifying principle, the
same precautions may be taken as regards soil, drainage, pud-
dles, ponds, lakes, rivers, open or shallow wells, swamps, infested
strange animals, overstocking, dry seasons, low condition, youth,
etc., (see Prevention of Lung Worms in Sheep).

Treatment. This also is the same as in the sheep (which
see). The calf is, however, a stronger patient and may be
treated somewhat more vigorously. Neumann and Jauné succeeded
with asafcetida 4 ozs., Chabert’s empyreumatic oil 8 ozs., muci-
lage 1 qt.: Dose % oz. daily for a month,in milk. Read suc-
ceeded with a mixture of sulphuric ether 2 ozs., and oil of
turpentine 1 dr. : Dose, 2 teaspoonfuls poured into the nose with
the head elevated, and repeated for several days. Chloroform
and rectified oil of amber were equally effective. Kriwonogow
succeeded with oil of cloves and oil of turpentine 3 ozs. of each,
carbolic acid and olive oil 2 drs. of each : Dose, 2 drachms, inter-
tracheally. Hutton used oil of turpentine 3 ozs.; laudanum,
carbolic acid and water 3 ozs.: Dose % oz. intertracheally,
every day, or every second or third day according to urgency.
Benzine 2 drs. intertracheally has proved best in my hands.

Lung Worm of the Horse, Ass and Mule. 387

Williams recommends Scheele’s prussic acid: Dose, drops 10 to
drops 20 with carbonate of soda and gentian twice a day, in
draught. A more uniform strength and greater certainty of re-
sult can be secured by substituting potassium cyanide in doses of
I grain in watery solution, which may be injected into the trachea.
The deadly nature of the acid and cyanide demands extreme care
in its use. A liberal use of onions, garlic or leeks will materially
contribute to check the disease. Bronchitic and pneumonic com-
plications are to be met by appropriate measures, as in the sheep,
and in every case the use of rich feeding with iron and bitters
will be desirable. The treatment of intestinal worms is equally
important.
ACTINOMYCOSIS OF LUNGS OF CATTLE.

See Actinomycosis.

STRONGYLUS ARNFIELDI. LUNG WORM OF THE
HORSE, ASS AND MULE.

Worm 1 to 13f inch long; caudal membrane of male with ribs bifid, the
posterior bilobate ; tail of female a blunt point ; ovoviviparous ; ova ellipti-
cal; embryos with thin diaphanous tail. Host: Bronchia of solipeds. Em-
bryos have poor vitality, dying in seven days in pure water, hence worm
rarely abundant. Symptoms: Hard or mucous paroxysmal cough, wheez-
ing developed by exercise, and expectoration of worms or ova. Prevention
and treatment as for lambs and calves, changing the host. Sclerostoma
Equinum in vessels of lung. Pxeumo-mycosis in Solipeds.

This is a small, white, filiform worm, of nearly the same size as
the strongylus rufescens ; Male 1 inch ; female 1% to nearly 2
inches long. The mouth, terminal, round or ovoid, is devoid of
papillee. The caudal membrane of the male is short and slightly
festooned, with the anterior rays bifid, the forward branch being
the shorter, the middle rays bifid with branches equal in length
and the posterior rays bilobate at the ends. Two spicula, equal
arched, reticulated and a third small spiculum. ‘Tail of female
slightly curved and attenuated, but ends ina blunt point. Vulva
in front of the posterior fifth of the body. Ovoviviparous. Ova
elliptical. Embryos 450 » with thin diaphanous prolongation.

Habitat. Bronchia of solipeds—horse, ass, and mule.

388 Veterinary Medicine.

They are much less common than lung worms of calves and
lambs, which has been explained by the low vitality of the em-
bryos. Railliet found that these died in seven days in pure water.
An almost constant internal existence appears to be needful to
their preservation. Vet they attain a considerable prevalence in
favorable localities. Morier found them in Switzerland in horses
of all ages, Kichler and Guelt in Berlin and Arnfield in London.
The author found them to be exceedingly comnion in donkeys,
old and young, brought from the low damp lands at Hammier-
smith, London, for dissection. In none of these cases, however,
did they attain to the ruinous extension which belongs to the lung
wornis of sheep and cattle.

A hard or mucous paroxysmal cough, with short and wheezing
breathing, developed by exercise, and the expectoration of the
worms and their embyros, have characterized the disease. The
lesions are of the same nature with those caused by lung wormsin
sheep, and with a dense aggregation of equine hosts, under circum-
stances peculiarly favorable to the preservation of the embryos
and their ingestion in water or otherwise, the worm could well
start a local epizootic.

The general measures of prevention and treatment are the same
as for lambs and calves, account being taken of the fact that this
parasite cannot be conveyed to these animals, nor the lung worms
of the ruminants to solipeds. Horses can safely graze on pas-
tures infested with the lung worms of sheep and cattle, and ru-
minants may be turned out on those that are infested with
strongylus Arnfieldi. ‘

SCLEROSTOMA EQUINA IN HORSE’S LUNG.

This parasite which, in its sexually immature condition, in-
vades the blood vessels, has been found on two different occasions
in the horse’s lung by Lammers and Michalik respectively. In
the case recorded by the latter there was resultant pulmonary
heemorrhage.

PNEUMO-MYCOSIS IN SOLIPEDS.

See Aspergillus in Birds.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN SWINE. LUNG WORMS
IN PIGS.

Strongylus Paradoxus : Six labial papille ; 5 to 12 lines long ; male caudal
membrane has five ribs ; female with sharp pointed, curved tail ; oviparous
or ovoviviparous, ova elliptical with folded embryo. Host: Bronchia of
pig (sheep?). Development as in filaria. History. Lesions as in sheep.
Symptoms: Obscure, unthrift, aneemia, emaciation, paroxysmal cough, in
most of young in herd, expectoration containing worms or ova; recoveries
common. Treatment as for sheep. Prevention: Change pen and range;
avoid all, possibly contaminated, pond, stream, or well-water, boil all water
given ; keep on wooden or cement floors, moderately salt all food, separate
infested from uninfested ; wean and separate young pigs early.

This affection, caused by strongylus paradoxus has been
little noticed, yet it is far from uncommon in young and growing
pigs, though almost unknown in the adult animal.

Strongylus Paradoxus (Mehlis). Strongylus Elongatus
(Duj). Lung Worm ofSwine. Delicate filiform worm, white
or brownish. Mouth terminal, round, with six papille. Male 4°
to 34 inch, female 1 to 1% inch long. Caudal bursa of male
deeply bilobed each lobe supported by five rays. Two long,
delicate spicula. Tail of female curved with sharp point. Vulva
ona pre-anal tubercle. Oviparous, or ovoviviparous. Ova ellipti-
cal with contained embryo folded several times.

Habitat. Trachea and bronchia of pigs, wildand tame. A.
_Koch claims to have found them in sheep.

The development of the parasite has not been traced but is
probably similar to that of the strongylus filaria and is favored by
similar local conditions, allowance being made for the fact that
the ravages of the worm are confined to swine only.

History. ‘Toward the end of the 18th century this worm was
found by Ebel, Goeze, Modeer, Mehlis, etc., and early in the
19th century by Bellingham, Dujardin, Rayer, and Chaussat,
first in the Paris abattoirs and by Bellingham in those of Dublin,
Chatin found them to be common in France, Boudeaud, in the
department of Indre, and Modena in Sardinia and the Maremmes
of Tuscany. The author has frequently found them in unthrifty
pigs and shoats in Central New York. :

309

390 Veterinary Medicine.

The lesions are essentially the same as those of verminous
bronchitis in sheep, the number of parasites determining the ex-
tent and violence of the morbid process. Collapse and congestion
of particular lobules are not uncommon and Gratia describes the
appearance as of miliary tubercles, resembling those seen in sheep
with the strongylus rufescens. ‘These are due to the encystment
of the female worm or of the ova and embryos in the air sacs and
cells. Invasion of the lungs by numerous cysticercus tenuicollis
may give rise to similar pneumonia, which may be differentiated by
the microscope. (Leuckart, Zschokke, Boudeaud).

Symptoms are often obscure. Unthriftiness, lack of condi-
tion, anzemia and emaciation are shown especially in young pigs,
and if associated with a paroxysmal cough, at first hard and later
moist and rattling, or even suffocating, and if this shows in a
large proportion of the herd independently of any change of
weather, damp bed or other cause, there is a strong presumption
of lung worms. This may be confirmed by finding embryos or
adult worms in the frothy expectoration, or, in fatal cases, in the
bronchia. Death may be from suffocation, or from progressive
emaciation and marasmus. In the majority of cases, however,
the disease subsides and the patient recovers, so that its true
nature is never discovered,

Treatment is the same as for calves or lambs, tracheal injec-
tions of benzine or oil of turpentine being especially to be recom-
mended. (Block).

Prevention is to be sought in a change of pig-pen and range,
and the careful avoidance of pond, running or well water which
may have become contaminated by the affected herd or others, or
better still in boiling all water before it is supplied to them.
Such measures are especially necessary in the case of young pigs,
which almost alone furnish fatal cases. These may be kept on
fresh ground, or, if the sows are affected, on wooden or cement
floors, the food should be moderately salted, and they should be
removed from the sows and all mature swine as soon as they are
weaned,

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS IN RABBITS AND HARES.

Rare except in wild rabbits. Strongylus Commutatus: Mouth with 3
papillz ; 74 to 1 inch long, male caudal membrane two-lobed with 10 ribs;
female with curved pointed tail, vulva on pre-anal papille. Hosts: Bron-

Verminous Bronchitis and Pneumonia in Dogs. 391

chia of wild hares and rabbits. Symptoms: Hurried breathing, cough, frothy,
worm-bearing expectoration, dyspnoea, anemia, emaciation. Treatment:
Mainly preventive ; raise young on artificial floors till weaned, then give
sound warren.

This has been found in the wild rabbit and hare and has been
rarely seen in the warren rabbit raised for the market. Vet it
only lacks favorable conditions for the propagation and preserva-
tion of the worms, to develop a plague where the domesticated
rabbit is raised in crowded warrens with ground floors. ‘The facts
that such warrens are usually on dry ground, or on artificial floors,
and that they are comparatively uncommon, may account for the
habitual exclusion of the offensive parasite.

Strongylus Commutatus. A worm with rounded head and
circular mouth with three papillae. The male is 24 to 1 inch and
the female about 1 inch long. The former has caudal bursa bilo-
bate, each lobe having 5 rays and two very long slender spicula.
The female has a pointed curved tail, and the vulva on a pre-anal
papilla. Oviparous and ovoviviparous.

Habitat. Bronchia in wild rabbits and hares.

The symptoms are hurried breathing, cough, frothy expectora-
tion containing worms, dyspnoea, emaciation, anzemia.

Treatment would be on the same lines as for other animals, but
should be especially preventive, including careful separation of
the sick and healthy or the destruction of the former and the rais-
ing of the latter on uncontaminated ground on sound food and
water. A valuable race may be preserved by keeping the young
on artificial floors till weaned and then placing them in a fresh
sound warren.

VERMINOUS BRONCHITIS AND PNEUMONIA OF THE
DOG.

Strongylus Vasoram: % to % inch long, skin diaphanous, showing
spiral, reddish digestive canal ; head alated, no oral papillae ; male caudal
membrane bilobed, eight-ribbed ; female with curved, blunt tail, ova ellip-
tical. Habitat: Heart cavities, pulmonary vessels, embryos in bronchia.
Lesions: Semi-transparent, miliary nodule, of round cells with ovum or em-
bryo; adjacent lung gray. Embryos taken in food and water develop in
digestive organs and veins, mature in heart, arteries, capillaries. Symp-
toms: Fits of dyspnoea coincident with embryonic development ; embryos

392 Veterinary Medicine.

in expectoration. Zyveatment and prevention: Restrict to boiled water,
salted meat ; oil of turpentine, arsenic.

The dog harbors a variety of worms in the lungs, which may
give rise to similar pathologic phenomena.

Strongylus vasorum. A delicate, cylindroid worm smaller
toward the ends, male % inch, female 24 inch long, whitish or
pink and having an interrupted reddish spiral representing the
digestive canal shining through the skin. Head with two ale;
mouth round, naked, terminal. Male has caudal membrane in
two lobes each having four rays, the anterior and third bifid, the
second and fourth simple. Two equal spicula. Female with
blunt, slightly curved tail, and vulva near its tip and close in
front of the anus. Ova elliptical.

Habitat. Cavities of the heart and pulmonary blood vessels of
the dog.

History. Lesions. ‘These were found by Dujardin in 1812 in
the heart ‘of a dog at Paris. Serres records the death of a dog»
from an immense number of these worms in the right auricle and
blocking the pulmonary artery even to its smallest divisions. In
the heart they seem to find shelter in the recesses beside the col-
umnee carne, where they cause erosion of the endocardium, granu-
lations and fibrinous deposits and clots. The embryos are found in
the bronchia as has been demonstrated by Laulanie. ‘he ova,
laid in the pulmonary artery and its branches, are arrested in the
arterioles and capillaries, and there the two embryos are hatched
out and in part escape into the air tubes. The irritation caused
by the ova and embryos in the capillaries, determines active cell
proliferation and the formation of a semi-transparent nodule, like
a miliary tubercle, consisting of embryonal and epithelial cells
with the ova or worms in the centre.

The general aspect of the affected portion of the lung is a pearly
gray, but with a lens the distinct granules can be seen and by
teasing out one of these the ova and embryos can be detected un-
der the microscope. In this way these granules may be easily
distinguished from genuine miliary tuberculosis.

Laulanie deduced from experiments in feeding the infested
lungs, that the expectorated embryos are taken in by other dogs
in food or water, and undergo partial development in the digestive
organs or veins, so that they can attain maturity in the heart
and pulmonary artery.

Parasites of the Air Passages and Lungs of Birds. 393

Symptoms. ‘These consist in attacks of dyspnoea referable to
the blocking of the pulmonary capillaries, and which are inter-
mittent or remittent, coinciding with the attaining of maturity by
a generation of females, the laying of eggs and the hatching of a
crop of embryos. Death may occur during one of these attacks,
or at other times from interference with the action of the heart,
or the patient may recover providing the introduction of fresh em-
bryos is prevented. Labat notes a systolic blowing sound in the
femoral artery. The best diagnostic symptom is the discovery of
the embryos in the frothy mucus expectorated.

Prevention and Treatment. In localities where these worms
prevail precautions should be taken against the lapping by dogs
of water from puddles where affected dogs have preceded then.
Giving boiled water would be the safest course. Salted food
would also tend to destroy the embryos. Lafosse*believed that
he destroyed the worms by giving ¥% to 1 dr. oil of turpentine in
pill form daily for a week. Labat claimed equal success with
Bordeaux turpentine, % to 1 dr. daily with calcined magnesia or
yolk of egg. Fowler’s solution of arsenic, 10 drops daily, might
also be tried.

PARASITES OF THE AIR PASSAGES AND LUNGS OF
BIRDS.

History: Common receptivity in birds. Variety: Smoky aspergillus,
black, green, white ; green and white require low temperature, rare in lungs ;
the black fails to branch. Smoky aspergillus the most dangerous. Lesions -
In trachea, bronchia, lungs, air-sacks in the soft tissues; round or discoid,
yellow or greenish yellow, tuberculoid masses ; lymphoid and giant cells,
central caseous degeneration, peripheral hepatization ; clearing by potash
reveals spores and mycelium. Causes: Injection into axillary vein kills in
3 or 4 days, into the lungs in 10 to 20 days; spores inhaled in feeding or
drinking from same dish, or feeding birds through the same tube. Symp-
toms: Hurried breathing, open beak, ronchus, glairy nasal discharge, ano-
rexia, thirst, fever, leaves flock, droops head, wings and tail, emaciation, de-
bility, diarrhcea. Prevention: Separate infected birds, burn their carcases,
clean house and run, spray walls, floor, etc., with mercuric chloride, wash
with chloride of lime, bluestone, scald dishes. Treatment: Fumigation ;
wood tar, sulphur fumes, creolin, cresolin, terpinol, naphthalin ; inject
into larynx hydrogen peroxide, potassium iodide, sodum bisulphite. 4s-
pergillus in cows: Nodules with mycelium, anorexia, agalactia, cough,

394 Veterinary Medicine.

grunting. Aspergillus in horse: Nodules with mycelia in lung, liver, gut-
tural pouch. Fungi in dog’s lung, spleen and kidney: Cough, dry, hurried
breathing, lameness behind, emaciation. Treatment asin fowl. Botriomy-
cosis in horse’s lungs: Treat as for aspergillus.

The parasites of the respiratory organs in birds belong to both
the vegetable and animal kingdoms. A cryptogam gives rise to a
mycosis of bronchia, air sacs or pulmonary tissue ; acari determine
acariasis of the connective tissue, and air chambers and passages
of the air sacs, lungs and bronchia ; and the sclerostoma syn-
gamus lives in the trachea and bronchi, causing the deadly syn-
ganiosis or gapes of the young.

PNEUMO-ASPERGILLOSIS ; PNEUMOMYCOSIS ; ASPERGILLUS DISEASE
OF THE AIR PASSAGES.

History. The invasion of the lungs by fungi was noted by
Jagert and Zschokke in 1875 in the swan. In poultry it was
found by Serrurier and Rousseau (1841), by Bollinger (1881),
by Perroncito (1883), W. L. Williams (1896). In Pigeons it
was observed by Serrurier and Rosseau (1841), Robin (1859),
Bonizzi (1876), Generali (1879), Bollinger and Kitt (1881). In
geese it was discovered by Fresenius (1858), and Schtitz (1884).
In ducks by Hayem (1873). In ¢urkey by Lignieres and Petit
(1898). Among wild birds it attacks the jay, flamingo, eider-
duck, sea-gull, stork, ostrich, plover, parrot, bullfinch, raven,
owl and falcon so that there appears to be an almost universal
receptivity on the part of the feathered creation.

Variety of Parasite. The invading fungus belongs to one
of four varieties of aspergillus, a mould which lives habitually on
dead organic matter to which it gives the appearance of having
been sprinkled or asfersed with water. The aspergillus belongs
to the family of ascomycetes (askos pouch, mykes fungus), so
named because the spores are formed by division of the proto-
plasm inside the parent tubules, and from which they escape by
the disintegration of the latter. It forms a surface felted mass of
mycelium from which rise branches (sterigmata) which develop
heads and chaplets of globular spores (conidia). The four para-
sitic species are:

1. Aspergillus Fumigatus. Smoky Aspergillus. (Fumi-
gare tosmoke). This is characterized by the general bluish

Parasites of the Air Passages and Lungs of Birds. 395

smoky aspect, by its yellowish or bluish sterigmata, becoming
brown or dark gray, and by the head of smooth, rounded, color-
less conidia. ,

2. A. Nigrescens, Black A., (Nigrescens black), occurs in
clumps of a brownish black, with sterigmata long, brown and
toward their summits branched, bearing brownish or brownish
violet heads and conidia.

3. A. Glaucus, Green A., (Glaucus sea-green). Sterigmata
¥Y inch in length, with irregularly globular heads, greenish blue,
yellow or brown, bearing grayish green conidia.

4. A, Candidus, White A., (Candidus lily white). Has
transparent sterigmata, with truncated heads, and colorless coni-
dia—snowy white when seen in mass.

The A. glaucus and A. candidus vegetate at a low temperature
only and are not liable to colonize the interior of the respiratory
organs. ‘The same is in a measure true of A. Nigrescens which
does not vegetate above 35° C. (Schttz), and though it may
grow, it fails to produce a mycelium in the body of the bird. A.
fumigatus, which vegetates at 37° to 4o° C. (Schiitz), is there-
fore incomparably the most dangerous.

Lesions in Birds. These are usually concentrated in the
trachea, bronchia, lungs and the various air-sacs in soft tissues:
they are less common in the air-sacs in the bones including the
nasal chambers. ‘They are in the form of round, or disc-shaped
masses about 1 cm. in diameter or less, of a dull yellow hue often
shaded with green, and often presenting the histological structure,
as well as the form of a tubercle. Small lymphoid and giant cells
are in evidence, surrounding a central mycelium or spores.
Like as in tubercle, caseous degeneration is the rule and calcareous
change is not uncommon so that they are very liable to be mis-
taken for tubercles. The lung tissue around the pseudo-tubercles
is usually congested and hepatized. Another affection with which
they are liable to be confounded is acariasis from symplectoptes
cysticola (Perroncito). To the naked eye the nodular lesions,
caseation and calcification, are identical. Fibroid degeneration is
also seen in certain cases.

The differential diagnosis is to be made by the microscopic
recognition of the mycelium and spores in the centre of the case-
ous mass. The hard nodule or, in the older cases, the caseous

396 Veterinary Medicine.

nlass may be treated with solution of caustic potash, and when
cleared up may be placed under the microscope when the spores
and filaments will stand out in clear contrast with the translucent
tissues or debris. When growing on the surface, the free stems
(sterigmata) and conidia bearing heads are very characteristic.

The injection of spores of A. fumigatus into the axillary vein
of a pigeon gave rise to nodular growths in the liver and lungs,
with death in three or four days. Injected into the lungs they
killed in ten to twenty days with pulmonary lesions (Dieulafoy,
Chantemesse and Widal).

Causes. Infection is determined by inhalation of the spores,
feeding or drinking from the same dish, and notoriously by forced
feeding of successive birds through the same tube. Hence it is
especially liable to prevail in flocks that are kept in confined
yards, and in birds that are being forced for market. The more
delicate breeds of pigeons are especially liable (Generali).

Symptoms. There is hurried breathing with open beak ac-
companied by a ronchus or croupy sound, and a glairy discharge
by the nostrils. ‘There is anorexia, ardent thirst and elevated
temperature. The diseased leave the flock, drowse, mope in
corners, with drooping head, wings, tail and eyelids, and ruffled
plumage. Respiration becomes more difficult, the expiration
more mucous and rattling, and suffocation threatens. Emacia-
tion advances rapidly with marked weakness, and fetid diarrhcea
may set in and continue to a fatal issue in from a week to two
months.

When the air sacs alone are affected emaciation may be the only
symptom ( going light ).

Prevention. Every effort must be directed toward the des-
truction of the aspergillus. Secure the removal of affected birds
and the incineration of the carcases, the absolute cleanliness of
the poultry house and yard, the liberal spraying of walls, roosts
and nests witha solution of mercuric chloride, chloride of lime or
cupric sulphate. Thereafter the roosts should be frequently
washed with the solution of bleaching powder or of cupric sul-
phate. As an application preliminary to the above the exposure
of the whole surface of the building and its contents to a jet of
live (transparent) steam, or a deluge of boiling water proves ex-
cellent. At intervals the fowls may be turned out and the house

Parasites of the Air Passages and Lungs of Birds. 397

closed and filled with sulphurous acid or chlorine gas, for several
hours. The floors and yard, or run, should be frequently sprink-
led with freshly burned quicklime, or a solution (5:100) of cop-
peras or sulphuric acid. The drinking and feeding dishes should
be filled every few days with water at the boiling temperature
and allowed to stand until cooled to 150° F.

Therapeutic Treatment. The small value of the fowls in-
dividually will often forbid careful treatment of the sick. If
otherwise, fumigation is the most promising resort. Neumann
advises the vapor of wood tar set free in a close building contain-
ing the patients. A spoonful of wood tar is put in a pint of water
and stirred with a red hot iron, care being taken to prevent suffo-
cation by making the vapors too dense. Sulphur fumes may be
used in the same way, but with all due precaution as birds are
very easily suffocated. A safe and effective method is to keep
the patients in a close room, having the air constantly but slightly
impregnated with sulphurous acid, tar, cresolin, terpinol, or naph-
thalin. Hydrogen dioxide solution (1:3) may be injected into
the larynx and bronchia. Solutions of potassium iodide or sodium
bisulphite may be used in the same way. Convalescent birds
should not be returned to the main flock until after a considerable
lapse of time.

FUNGI IN THE AIR-PASSAGES OF MAMMALS.

Zurn, Schiitz, Roeckl, Konig, Mazzanti, Hartenstein, and
Piani have noted aspergillus fumigatus in the lungs of cows.
It caused nodules like hempseed in the substance of the lungs
with adjacent pneumonic and even pleuritic lesions. The no-
dules represented the alveoli and showed mycelium in the centre
and radiating outward. They had anorexia, agalactia, weakness,
paroxysmal cough, sighing, grunting, breathing and the ob-
jective symptoms of broncho-pneumonia.

Mazzanti found in a lamb, puriform nodules, like hempseed,
containing radiating filaments and spores growing outward from
the seat of the air cells. These were surrounded by an area of
pneumonia or peribronchitis. Schtitz, Lucet, Thary, Martin and
Rivolta have found nodules in the horse’s lung, with a surround-
ing area of pneumonia, and containing mycelia and spores.
Similar nodules were found in the liver (Martin), and in the

398 Veterinary Medicine.

right Eustachian pouch (Rivolta). In Martin’s case the horse
was destroyed because of a progressive anzemia and emaciation.
The centre of the nodules was in some cases purulent (Martin).
There were prostration, tremors, bloody expectoration, cough,
and objective symptoms of lung disease.

Rivolta found in the lungs of a bitch a fungoid growth the
true nature of which was not demonstrated, but which was pre-
sent as well in a soft sarcoma of the spleen, kidneys, and left
uterine cornu. It had caused a dry, frequent cough, hurried
respiration, lameness of one hind limb and extreme marasmus.

The disease is much more rare in the mammal but treatment
will be along the same lines as in the bird. Antisepsis of the
buildings, and especially of mangers, troughs and racks, with
fumigations or intratracheal injections would be specially de-
manded. Cresyl, tar, carbolic acid and oil of turpentine may be
sprinkled for inhalation, and carbolic or salicylic acid, or potas-
sium iodide solutions may be injected into the trachea.

BOTHRIOMYCOSIS OF THE LUNGS IN SOLIPEDS.

Thomiasseu, Bollinger and Steiner have reported bothriomycosis
in the lungs of horses suffering from this affection of the sper-
matic cord. Nodules the size of a walnut with yellowish caseat-
ing centres, and others down to the size of a pin head showed the
organism in the midst of the diseased tissue. Its relation to the
indurated cord serves to identify it. Treatment would include
the removal of the diseased cord, the internal administration of
iodide of potassium and inhalations of iodine.

SYNGAMOSIS. VERMINOUS TRACHEO-BRONCHITIS.
THE GAPES IN BIRDS.

Syngamus Trachealis: Male and female constantly adherent to each
other; female 5 to 20 mm. long, thrice the length of male; mouth bell-
shaped with six papillze or lips; pharynx has six sharp teeth ; female has
body full of oviducts containing segmented ova ; embryos escape by decom-
position of female, live in earth, water and earth worms, or escaping in
stomach, pass into abdominal air-sacs and bronchia, develop to sexual ma-
turity in air-passages. Hosts: Hens, turkeys, pea-fowl, pheasants, par-
tridges, and many wild birds. Young, downy birds suffer most. Syngamus

Verminous Tracheo-Bronchitis. The Gapes in Birds. 399

Bronchialis ; Larger than trachealis ; female 15 to 25 mm.; union of male
and female not so constant ; ovum not operculated. Development as in tra-
chealis. Hosts: Bronchia of ducks, swans, geese. Symptoms: Young tur-
keys a few days old ; gasp, sneeze, gulp, cough, wheeze, mucous discharge,
often containing worm, dulness, drooping wings, inappetence, no fever,
worms may be seen through trachea, or drawn out with looped hair. Mor-
tality often 80 per cent. of young. Prevention: Give older birds a change
of run. Hatch out in incubator and keep on paved floor till fledged, or on
quite new run; boil green food and water ; soak runs and floors with strong
common salt solution, or sprinkle with a vermicide ; wash drinking and
feeding dishes twice daily. Burn infested carcases ; exclude wild birds.
Treatment: Extract worms with a twisted loop of horse-hair dipped in cam-
phor, ol. terebinth, salicylic acid, or salt solution ; smear the breast with
asafoetida, camphor, turpentine, or naphthol to be inhaled ; tobacco solu-
tion or smoke,

This is a catarrhal affection of birds and especially of the
young, caused by one of two round worms, (syxgamus trachealis,
and SS. dvonchialis), armed mouthed (sclerostomes) of the family
of Strongyli.

Syngamus Trachealis. (Sclerostoma Syngamus, Dies-
ing). The peculiarity of this worm is that the two sexes, male
and female, are permanently united by the attachment of the
caudal end of the male to the vulva of the female situated in its
cephalic third, so that they appear as if one organism and have
been called the forked worm. The female is from 5 to 20 mm,
long, about three times the length of the made, and over twice the
thickness. The mouth is orbicular, bell-shaped, and bounded by
six expanding papillee constituting a sucker. The pharynx has
six or seven chitinous lancet-shaped teeth. The male has at its
caudal end a bell-shaped bursa having about 12 ribs, and con-
stantly attached around the vulva of the female. The female has
its body filled with oviducts convoluted largely in spiral so as to
give a contorted appearance, and containing ova in all stages of
segmentation. The tail is a blunt cone.

The embryos do not escape from the egg until the death, and
decomposition of the female makes a way of escape for them. In
the moist earth, in water and in earth worms they are found in
the form of minute thread-like worms (like anguillula). When
the parent worm has been expectorated it may be again swal-
lowed by a bird, or the free eggs or embryos may be taken in in
food or water. In the stomach and intestine the envelopes are

400 Veterinary Medicine.

digested setting free the embryo, which is supposed to bore its
way into the abdominal air sacs, and pass thence into the bronchia..
In the air passages they pass through their first transformation
and the sexes are differentiated by the formation in different
individuals of male and female organs. When male and female
unite they are of equal size, and the subsequent extreme develop-
ment of the female is in connection with the extension of oviducts
and formation of ova.

Birds susceptible. A long list of birds, wild and tame, harbor
the syxgamus trachealis, such as hens, turkeys, pheasants, part-
ridges, pea-fowl, magpie, black stork, hooded crow, chocard,
parrot, starling, swift, woodpecker, sparrow, martin. The
young downy birds suffer most.

Syngamus Bronchialis. This is a rather larger worm than
the syngamus trachealis, the male being 10 mm. long and the
female 15 to 25mm. The union between the two is not so con-
stant and the caudal end of the female is more pointed. The
elliptical ova, 90m long are not operculated as in the ¢vachealis.
The ribs of the male caudal bursa have the two posterior trifid.
They enter the avian body as do the trachealis.

Birds susceptible, ‘This worm has been found in the bronchia
of ducks, swans, and European and Japanese geese.

Symptoms. Young turkeys and chickens, a few days old, are
found to open the mouth frequently, gasp for breath, sneeze and
attempt to swallow. This has secured for the disease the name of
‘‘ gapes.’’ Breathing is oppressed and wheezing, accompanied by
an abortive cough, the mouth is filled with glairy mucus, in
which the expectorated forked worm may sometimes be found,
the patient is dull, with drooping wings. Appetite may or may
not be impaired. There is little or no fever, but emphysema of
‘the neck and chest has been noted (Reune). It is claimed that
the worm can be seen by holding up the bird between the eye and
the sun and looking through the trachea. It can often be drawn
out by a loop of horse hair twisted in the trachea and withdrawn.

Mortality. "This is greatest in the small downy chicks, and if
the patient survives until partly fledged it will often recover.
Wiesenthal who first noticed the disease near Baltimore in 1797
states that it destroyed 80 per cent. of the fowls on many old es-
tablished farms. Crisp says it kills 500,000 chicks yearly in

Verminous Tracheo-Bronchitis, The Gapesin Birds. 401

England, and Megnin that it has destroyed 1200 young pheasants
daily in the hatching establishment at Rambouillet.

Prevention. For the older birds a change of run will greatly
diminish the number of parasites harbored. For the young birds,
hatched out in the incubator, keep on a poultry house floor until
well fledged. Give them no water until it has been boiled and
no green food from an adjacent or suspected soil. I have known
hundreds of chickens raised safely in one year on a farm, where
the previous year all had perished out of doors with ‘‘ gapes.”’
For the whole flock the following are important prophylactic mea-
sures: Sprinkle the runs with gas-lime and camphor, soak the
runs or floors with a strong solution of common salt, or sprinkle
with carbolic acid, kerosene, sulphuric acid solution (1:100) or
salicylic acid solution (1:100). Wash out drinking and feeding
dishes twice daily and treat them with one of the above solutions.
Boil all water and green food before supplying it. Salicylic acid
(1:100) or rue or garlic in the drinking water destroys the em-
bryos taken in. The carcases of dead birds must be burned or
boiled, and the houses and runs must be kept scrupulously clean,
to prevent the ingestion of expectorated worms. Wild birds
that are likely to harbor the parasite must be as far as possible
excluded from the houses and runs.

Treatment. A number of worms may be extracted by a
feather stripped of all its plumules except a mere tuft at the tip,
or better by a stiff horse hair doubled upon itself and twisted up
so as to forma fine loop. This is passed into the opening of the
trachea in the centre of the root of the tongue, and, when well
down, turned around several times and withdrawn, when one or
more wornis will usually be found attached to it. This may be
repeated at intervals until the bird appears to be permanently re-
lieved. To render this more effectual the extractor is sometimes
dipped in camphorated spirit, tobacco solution, oil of turpentine,
salicylic acid solution, sulphurous acid solution, olive oil, salt so-
lution or other non-irritating vermicide. It must not be pushed
too urgently, nor continued too persistently at one time, as the
young bird is very easily asphyxiated.

Cobbold rendered the bird insensible by a drop of chloroform,
and slit up the trachea and extracted the worms with forceps.

26

402 Veterinary Medicine.

The wound was stitched up, any emphysema relieved by needle
puncture and healing took place by first intention.

Volatile vermifuges that are exhaled by the lungs are especially
useful. Thus garlic, onions, asafcetida and even ginger in com-
bination with gentian in the food or water, destroy the embryos
in the alimentary canal and often also the mature worms in the
air-passages. Spirits of camphor or oil of turpentine, smeared on
the downy breast so as to be inhaled, operates well, and may be
introduced into the trachea on a feather. Tobacco, salicylic acid
solution, kerosene or benzine may also be used in the trachea.
Sulphurous acid or salicylic acid, or sodium salicylate (5:100) so-
lution may be introduced through the larynx, or the fumes of
burning sulphur may be inhaled largely diluted in air and with
extreme caution. Tobacco smoke may be blown under a cloth
covering the birds until they fall over inanimate, when the cloth
is removed and they revive in the open air. Other vermifuges
may be employed in a similar manner, special care being taken to
avoid asphyxia to which birds are so prone.

PARASITES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.
HAiMATOZOA IN THE HORSE.

The blood of the horse is the home of the Trypanosoma
Equiperdum of Dourine, the Tr. Evansi of Surra, the Tr.
Brucii of Nagana and the Tr. Equinum of the Mal de Caderas.
(see Vol. IV).

Among nematodes the Sclerostoma Equinum 1s the most
common, forming aneurisms in the mesenteric arteries, cceliac
axis, renal and spermatic arteries and even invading the posterior
aorta, portal vein and other blood vessels (see Vol. II); the
Spiroptera Reticulata found in the arteries of the metacarpus
or metatarsus, and those on the side of the cervical ligaments;
the Filaria Papillosa which is so common in the serosze (see
parasites of the intestines in the horse) ; and the Filaria Sangui-
nis Equi found by Sonsini in the blood of Egyptian solipeds.
The species of the last filaria is uncertain. As the same animal
had filaria papillosa in the peritoneum it is plausibly suggested that
these were the larvee of that worm, the more so that Wedl found

.

Parasites of the Circulatory System. 403

a similar coincidence. Jakimoff of Kazan found 1 or 2 nematode
embryos in each drop of blood of a horse suffering from hzema-
turia and which made an early recovery. Again Mazzanti of
Pisa found nematode embryos in the hepatic vessels of a horse
and which he believed to cause nodules in the hepatic tissue.
These he alleges were quite different from the embryos of filaria
papillosa. These minute round worms varied in different cases
from 10 to 180 win length, and from 2.85 to 5.7m in thickness.
The well-known migratory habits of several of the nematodes of
the horse must leave in some doubt the identity of minute agam-
ous worms which may be the embryos of one or other of these
mature forms.

VERMINOUS CUTANEOUS HAMORRHAGE IN THE HORSE.
DERMATORRHAGIA PARASITICA.

Bloody sweat appears to have been known in the horses of
Khodang, China, from remote antiquity (Leymacher). It was
noticed in Italian horses in 1860 (Ercolani), and later in Hungary
and Spain by different observers. The most important contribu-
tion to the subject was made in 1877 when Drouilly and Conda-
mine demonstrated in the bleeding cutaneous nodules, a fine
thread-like worm (Filaria Hemorrhagica, F.Multipapillosa).
Other European records trace the cutaneous hemorrhages espe-
cially to eastern horses ; Barthélemy Sr. to the Steppe horses in
the wars of the first Napoleon ; Spinola thought it peculiar to the
Steppe breed ; Sibald to the white horses of Tartary. Leymacher
and Fleming saw it in Hungarian horses; Fleming in Arabian
horses, and in Indian horses in North China; and Liautard in
Spanish horses and mules in Algeria. Cutaneous heemorrhages
have also been seen in the ox but these have not been definitely
connected with filaria as the cause.

Filaria Hemorrhagica. The female worm only has been
found so that neither the morphology of the male nor the life
history of the parasite can be furnished.

The female is 2 inches long, .355 mm. thick, of uniform size in
the anterior two-thirds, and tapering in the caudal third toward
the tail. The mouth is terminal, round, nude, and the anterior
part of the body bears numerous minute, conical, wart-like
papillz. Vulva in the anterior third. Oviducts very largely de-

404 Veterinary Medicine.

veloped and containing an extraordinary number of ova and free.
embryos, Ovoviviparous.

They probably enter the body in food or water and bore their
way from the alimentary canal to the dermal and subdermal con-
nective tissue. Railliet injected a large number of embryos under
the skin of a mare but no morbid result followed, from which it
has been inferred that the parasite must pass through earlier
stages of development outside the equine body to fit it for the in-
ternal habitat.

Symptoms. The first obvious symptom is the eruption on the
skin of groups of nodules, in size from a pea to a hazel-nut, hard,
resistant, and painless, surrounded by a slight cedema, and sur-
mounted by the erection of the hair in tufts. These nodules ap-
pear mainly on the sides of the trunk, but may show on any part
of the body or limbs. The eruption, which appears quite sud-
denly, is partly the result of exudation, but mainly of the extra-
vasation into the surface layers of the derma, and beneath the
epidermis. In the centre of the nodule it bursts through the
cuticle and dries into a reddish scab around the erect tuft of hairs.
The bleeding may occur an hour or two after the formation of the
nodule, and the latter promptly subsides, leaving the skin nearly
smooth, but for the aherent, dried blood clot. A succession of
nodules, however, appear day after day in a group suggesting the
successive lesions caused by one or several parasites, in the same
situation. The groups of nodules may be kept up for several
weeks by successive formations, or they may subside in a few
days to reappear after an interval of three or four weeks. They
are usually confined to the three or four months of spring, and
disappear absolutely in the winter.

The eruption, however, recurs in the same horse in the follow-
ing spring, and in England and Central Europe it persists only for
three or four years, a permanent recovery being made. It may
be plausibly inferred that the parasite does not find out of the
body the conditions necessary to its preservation or possibly to its
evolution, as they are found on Hungarian and Russian Steppes,
and in densely populated China. We haveas yet no clear evi-
dence of the propagation of the parasite from horse to horse in
Central Europe, even in cases where the equine population is
dense.

Parasites of the Circulatory System. 405

Diagnosis is completed by the discovery of the filaria. The
skin should be shaved as soon as the nodules appear, and on the
summit of each elevation will be seen an ecchymotic point.
When this spot is well developed, and before it has ruptured it is
laid open to a limited depth with a sharp scalpel, when the worm
will be detected in the act of drawing itself back into the deeper
layer of the skin, or subcutaneous connective tissue. Drouilly
advises to place a drop of oil of turpentine on the nodule and
watch the position and movements of the worm as manifested by
the ecchymotic streaks, or feel it as a firm cord under the tip of
the finger. It may sometimes be necessary to follow the line of
congestion and extravasation as deep as the muscles in order to
find the worm. When a nodule has subsided another may be
confidently looked for about % inch from the same point within
twenty-four hours.

Asa rule the general health is not seriously affected. The main
trouble is that the tender spots interfere with the harness. Yet
suppuration may occur (Lamy), and debility and death have
been reported for affected horses and mules (Brunswig, Liautard).

A speedy subsidence of the individual nodule is always to be
expected, and the tendency to further eruption disappears with
the advent of cold weather or winter. Though it recurs for sev-
eral years in succession on the coming of spring, yet in three or
four years a permanent recovery takes place, the parasite having
presumably reached the limit of its existence and perished.

Treatment is mainly paliative, the affected part of the skin being
kept scrupulously clean by sponging, and friction by the harness
being carefully avoided. Rest may thus become essential.
Strong vermicide solutions like potassium sulphide, quassia,
wormwood, or naphthalin may be applied to the skin, and a gen-
erous diet and a course of tonics, such as arsenic may be desira-
ble.

FILARIA MEDINENSIS. FILARIA OF MEDINA. DRACUNCULUS
PERSARUM.

The Guinea Worm, as this has been called, because of its
prevalence on the Guinea Coast, Africa, has been generally
treated as a parasite of man, and yet it has been repeatedly found
in the dog, the horse and even the ox.

406 Veterinary Medicine.

Distribution. It is a denizen of the tropics, and not confined
to W. Africa and Arabia as its popular names wouldimply, but is
well-known in Upper Senegal, Senaar, Darfur, Kardofan, Abys-
sinia, Nubia, Egypt, Arabia generally, Hindustan and China.
To the New World it is alleged to have been carried by negro
slaves, and is now domiciled in Guiana, Curacao, Brazil and
Buenos Ayres.

The female Filaria Medinensis is a thin white worm of great .
length, 18 inches to 2 feet, (in exceptional cases 12 feet), and .5
to 1.7 mm. thick. The head is rounded, and covered by an
irregular shield, elongated, transversely, and perforated in the
middle by the triangular mouth furnished with two papille, one
above and one below, and behind the latter, six others. The tail
ends in a short blunt point, curved into a hook on the ventral as-
pect. The digestive canal, well developed in the young, becomes
atrophied in the mature worm, especially behind where it no
longer reaches the anus. The oviduct is very large and gorged
with eggs and embryos, but it is no longer connected with an ex-
ternal opening, and the young can escape only by the rupture. of
the body of the parent. The embryos are of uniform thickness
in the anterior 2 ds., but taper to a fine point in the posterior
third. They are .5 to.75 mm. long by 154 to 25m thick. ‘The
male worm is not found in the subcutaneous tissues.

Life History. Fedchenko has traced the embryos into the
body of cyclops, a fresh water crustacean, as many as 12 infesting
a single host without seeming to materially incommodeit. Taken
in with the unboiled or unfiltered water, the cyclops is destroyed
and digested in the stomach of man, horse or dog, and the larval
filaria set at liberty.

As the ovigerous female only is found in the tissues, itis sur-
mised that the male and female grow to maturity and copulate in
the bowels of the mammalian host, that the male then perishes
and is expelled in the faeces, and that the impregnated female
bores its way into the tissues, but that itis only after 8 months to
2 years that it makes its appearance in and under the skin.
(Neumann). Fedchenko, however, failed to convey the disease
by feeding young dogs and a cat with infested cyclops.

Dracontiasis in the dog. This has been seen in India,
(Smyttan, Forbes, Griffiths), Egypt (Clot-Bey, Pruner-Bey,

Parasites of the Circulatory System. 407

Junés and Piot), Buenos Ayres (Doerssel) and Caracao (Doers-
sel). It may be found in any part of the body but usually
affects the legs, forming an oblong tumor, extended parallel to
the long bones, and in which the outline of the spirally twisted
worm can be felt through the skin. At first painless, this swell-
ing becomes more and more tender and sensitive, the dog shrinks
from having it touched, growls and snaps at the person who at-
tempts to do so, licks it frequently, and by restless changes of
position or place indicates intense local suffering. The pain is
intermittent or remittent, the progress of the disease being mark-
ed by periods of rest interrupted by times of extreme pain cor-
responding to the movements of the worm or the activity of the
inflammation. Soon foci of suppuration are developed which
burst discharging a seropurulent fluid, and fistulee are established
from one of which the end of the worm in time protrudes. With
the appearance of the worm the nature of the case becomes clear.
Left to itself the worm would naturally tend to withdraw itself,
and decomposing in moist earth or water, would contribute its
progeny toward the maintenance of the species. More commonly
in his efforts to get rid of it the dog drags upon it with his teeth,
tears it in two, or in exceptional cases extracts the whole worm
(Piot). When torn across, the imbedded portion retracts itself
within the tissues and keeps up the irritation, though, owing to
the customary resistance of the dog to pus and other microbes,
the gravity of the case is not seriously encreased. Rupture of
the filaria in man has been known to induce dangerous infection
and even death. As many as five of these worms have been
found in one dog.

Dracontiasis in the Horse. In the recorded cases in the
horse the worm was found in the limbs, in the lower part of the
hind pastern (Clarkson), beneath the carpus (Burke), and on
the outside of the hock (Fleming). Fleming’s case was in an
Australian horse, which had been for some time in India, anda
full year in North China before the symptoms were observed.
The parasite, therefore, probably entered in India or China. The
swelling, at first mistaken for the result of a bruise, was fomented
for several days, when it opened discharging a worm 18 inches
in length. Relief was immediate and the horse returned to work
in a day or two.

408 Veterinary Medicine.

Dracontiasis in Cattle. Avenzoar and DeMarchais speak of
the disease as so common in this species in Arabia, that it is de-
scribed as the disease of oxen. ‘The symptoms and course are
essentially the same as in other domestic animals.

Prevention. Assuming that the worm enters the body in the
cyclops swallowed, prevention would consist in using water from
deep, closed and cemented walls only, or in filtration or boiling of
the water. Some protection might be secured from the propaga-
tion, in the streams, of frogs or fishes which would devour the
cyclops.

Treatment. This consists in the extraction of the worm from
the tissues. The time honored method has been to seize the pro-
truding end of the worm and to extract it slowly to avoid break-
age ; or as this is often impossible by reason of the pain and risk,
to wind the projecting end of the worm round a small piece of
wood or a roll of sticking plaster which is fixed in place by a
bandage. At first the worm is stretched as far as it may without
laceration and made fast to the roller. Left to itself it extrudes
a small portion of its body to relieve the tension and this is wound
up at the next dressing, the process being repeated day by day
until the whole worm is extracted. This operates well in man,
horse and ox, but the dog, suffering more acutely or having less
patience, tears the bandage with his teeth and lacerates and re-
leases the filaria. In this animal, therefore, a free incision the
full length of the tumor, and the immediate extraction of the
worm as a whole is usually preferred. Or the knotted tumor may
be incised at different points and the worm extracted in pieces.
The well-known canine indisposition to suppuration or infection
tends to obviate evil results and ensure early healing.

SUMMER SORES IN HORSES. DERMATITIS GRANULOSA. BURSATTI.

A granular dermatitis has been long known to English veterin-
arians in India under the name of BURSATTI as occurring in the
hot season following the monsoons, and Fleming, who was fam-
iliar with this, identified it with the corresponding disease seen in
Southern Europe and North Africa in summer and there traced
to the presence in the skin of a minute nematode (Filaria Irri-
t ns). Bonley described the sores in 1850, as caused by summer
heat and special complications, Rivolta in 1868 traced them to

Parasites of the Circulatory System. 409

the presence of the parasite, and Laulanie in 1884 fully confirmed
Rivolta’s conclusion. The term dursattd is freely applied in
America to sores which appear in horses in summer only, and
heal up during cold weather, but inasmuch as the worms have
not been demonstrated in the American lesions, and the ‘‘in-
supportable pruritus ’’ is habitually absent, one must hesitate to
identify the two affections. (See Bursatti, Leeches p. 43).

Filaria Irritans. As we are only acquainted with the larvee
as met in horse’s skin, the true place of this parasite, in helmin-
thology, is somewhat uncertain.

‘‘Tt is a very fine worm which may attain a length of 3 mm.
and the head of which is sometimes a little distinct from the body :
the tail is attenuated, terminated in a point and margined by fine
notches. The mouth is orbicular and appears to be provided with
lips. A short distance from the head is seen an opening. The
anus is placed at the point where the body is attenuated to form
the tail. The skin is delicately striated transversely.’’ Ercolani
found the tapering tail habitually bent under the body and making
frequent movements of abduction.

Rivolta believes that the larvee present in the manure or damp
earth bore their way into the skin, and Megnin suggests that they
are simply the young of the Oxyuris curvula, but there is no suf-
ficient evidence in support of either position. The oxyuris is so
common in the intestines, that the summer sore should have been
far more prevalent, if Megnin’s contention were correct. With
greater plausibility Laulanie claims that the ovum or embryo
enters the digestive tract from which the young worm bores its
way into the skin. Where or in what form it reaches maturity
and reproduces its kind is as yet unknown,

The presence of the worm in the centre of the caseous debris of
the lesion implies that it is the essential factor of causation. It is
not, however, easy to explain the fact that but one horse ina
stable suffers for year after year from the local lesions when once
started, without any tendency to implicate other horses standing
along side or working with him in the team. It would seem as
if the disease should be cut short by the death or elimination of
the larval worms, and that the other horses in the same stable
subjected to precisely the same environment should also contract
the affection.

410 Veterinary Medicine.

Symptoms. ‘The summer sores may appear on any part of the
body, but they show a special predilection for parts subjected to
friction by the harness, and for the lower portions of the limb
from carpus or tarsus downward. They may be individually as
small as a millet-seed, or as large asa pea, and in other cases
they become aggregated to form patches an inch or even a foot in
diameter. The following features are noteworthy: 1. The sores
as a rule are active only in hot weather and tend to heal over or
to remain indolent through winter or during cold weather, the
seat of the lesion remaining as a dry, bare, somewhat elevated
spot. 2. After the winter the sore breaks out again on the
advent of hot weather, and these alterations are noticed year after
year. 3. Though comparatively insensible during the winter
quiescent stage, the sores become intensely and insupportably
itchy when they become active in the following summer. 4.
They tend individually to assume a circular outline, and the
centre contains a caseous, fibroid or calcic material in which in
the early stages the minute parasite is to be found.

In the active stage they show on the surface a soft pulpy layer,
easily removed by the nail, exposing reddish brown granulations
and minute alveoli with fibrous walls which have been supposed
to represent in miniature the marbled lung of lung plague.
Sometimes the lesion is superficial so that the entire diseased mass
can be scraped off with little or no loss of blood, while in other
cases it extends down through the cutis into the subcutaneous
tissues. In one case at Ithaca the lateral cartilage was involved
so that a considerable portion had to be excised.

Lesions. The lesions vary according to the season. In the
winter the dormant process leaves the affected tissue, in the main
fibrous, with: only narrow spaces filled with a caseous or calcic
debris. In summer, on the contrary, under the active inflamma-
tion, the fibroid material is largely attenuated and replaced by
cells, embryonic and fibro-plastic, and the alveolar spaces are en-
larged and filled with a greater amount of caseous matter. In
proceeding from without inward there is first the wall of organiz-
ed fibrous tissue infiltrated by the abundance of cell organisms ;
then there is a zone of transition tissue partly fibro-cellular and
partly caseated ; finally there is the mass of caseated contents
filling the alveolus and in the midst of this is the minute worm

Parasites of the Circulatory System. 4II

rolled upon itself. The caseated nucleus may be more or less
calcified and the cretifaction may invade the fibrous walls of the
alveoli as well.

Prevention. ‘This may be attempted along the lines adopted
for other worms, the avoidance of water and fodder that have been
exposed to contamination, the boiling or salting of suspected
specimens, the use of water from deep, closed, cemented wells
only, and the constant access of the animal to salt are among the
desirable precautions. When suspected food or water must be
used, such agents as quassia or areca nut may be given.

Treatment, Aun important consideration is to restrain the ani-
mal from injuring himself by rubbing, biting, or scratching to
relieve the intense pruritus. Beside mechanical restraint, we
may resort to analgesics, the simplest of which is douching with
cold water from a hose for 15 minutes at a time, and repeated
several times a day. Carbolic acid (2:100); choral hydrate;
lead and opium lotion, or even cocaine may be applied. As local
vermicides, various agents are recommended. A covering of iodo-
form on the scraped surface covered with a layer of collodion,
‘and repeated daily has brought about a recovery in 15 days.
Ether, chloroform or tincture of iodine applied on cotton wool for
two minutes, and followed by collodion has done equally well.
Rey applied arsenic sulphide in imperceptible layer over the sore,
which removed pruritus and dried the wound into a scab, which
became detached in 8 days, leaving a healing surface. A cool
stall is in every case an important adjunct.

OTHER FORMS OF DERMATITIS FROM LARVH OF NEMATODES.

In various acute outbreaks of skin disease in the horse, nema-
tode larvee have been detected as a concurrent and evidently
causative condition. ‘Though left in some uncertainty as to the
identity of the larvae in any given case they serve to show the
tendency of young worms to invade the solid tissues, and to de-
termine lesions in the integument.

Pflug records the case of a horse with thick crusts around the
root of the tail, associated with intense itching, and under the
crusts he found numerous embryo or larval worms, which he be-
lieved to be the young of the oxyuris curvula, that were present
in large numbers in the colon and rectum.

412 Veterinary Medicine.

Baruchello found in acavalry regiment a large number of
horses affected with inflammation along the line of the mane from
the forelock to the withers, and on the rump, with the formation
of tumors, in size from a millet seed to a pigeon’s egg, isolated or
confluent, and slightly tender but without pruritus. The nodules,
at first hard, soon softened in the centre and bursting discharged
pus containing numerous small, agamous nematodes, 2 to 5 mm.
in length, thick toward the head with terminal, round mouth, and
tapering to the tail which had the anus at its base. In other
forms the tail was truncated and the anus terminal, but, placed in
water, these developed into the first form. Three of the affected
horses died and in the peritoneum were found a very large
number of Filaria Papillosa, which the author plausibly con-
cluded to be the parents of the larvee in the skin. This outbreak
agreed with those caused by filaria Irritans, and the Indian
Bursaiti, in appearing in the warm season, spring and summer.
It yielded to local treatment with sulphur, phenol, glycerine and
vaseline.

HAMATOZOA OF RUMINANTS.

Filaria in the pulmonary blood of camels. Silharzia crassa in cattle and
sheep. Sexes apart; length % to % inch; ovum fusiform. Habitat: Por-
tal veins ; Egypt, India, Italy ; intestinal catarrh ; pin-head swellings with
ova in mucosa. Chylous urine (?). Prevention: As for distoma hepati-
cum. Cysticercus Tenuicollis in heart muscle. Echinococcus in heart, sim-
ple and multilocular.

NEMATODES. FILARIA have been found by Gonbaux and
Evans respectively in the blood of camels. In both cases they
occupied the pulmonary vessels, in one the mesenteric, and in one
the lymphatic vessels as well. The failure to discover the filaria
cervina in the ox is surprising, considering its frequency in the
peritoneal cavity, in certain districts.

TREMATODES. Bilharzia Crassa: The Large Bilharzia.
This has been held to be only a larger variety of the Bilharzia
heematobia of man, like which it has the sexes in different indi-
viduals. It was found by Sonsino at Zagazig, Egypt, in 1876, in
the portal veins of sheep and cattle, and later at Calcutta and in
Italy (Catania). The male is about % inch long, cylindrical and

flematozoa of Ruminants. 413

furnished with a groove on its ventral aspect in which the female
is held. The latter is about % inchlong. Ovum is long, narrow,
fusiform with a pyriform prolongation at one end, and an en-
closed ciliated embryo, which has a rudimentary digestive canal
and swims freely in water.

Lesions : Symptoms. Intestinal catarrh, with round or papillary
elevations on the mucosa the size of a pin head and enclosing the
ova. Also exudation, thickening and ecchymoses of the intesti-
nal and vesical mucosee. It has been suggested that the heema-
turia of cattle in Africa is due to this parasite as is the chylous
urine of man to the smaller variety.

Prevention. In view of the compulsory developmental changes
of the trematodes in fresh water and molluscs, the rational course
of prevention is in the line of that advised for distoma hepaticum.

CzstopEs: Cysticercus Tenuicollis. This has been found
on the surface and in the muscular substance of the heart of rumi-
nants, but no dangerous symptoms have been the consequence.

Echinococcus Veterinorum. ‘These have been found in the
muscular substance of the heart and at different points of its sub-
stance, in the various countries of Europe. They have been
mostly unilocular cysts, each containing its own proscolex. In
some instances they were multilocular and many of them mere
daughter cysts without heads. The cysts varied in size from a
pinhead to a turkey egg, and in some cases had become calcare-
ous or caseated.

Distinctive symptoms during life have never been observed.

HAMATOZOA OF RODENTS AND BIRDS.

Trypanosoma, This flagellate infusorium, already described
as infesting the blood of the horse in Szvra, has its counterpart
in that of Guinea pigs, rabbits and hares. The mature parasite
is about 30 » in length, cylindroid in front and median part, and
tapering into a long, caudal flagellum. At the root of this ap-
pendix is a rounded corpuscle which colors deeply with reagents
and is supposed to be the sucker. Birds harbor a similar organ-
ism. ‘These may be found in strong, vigorous animals, but more
commonly in thin, emaciated, weakly and anzemic subjects suf-
fering from diarrhoea.

HAMATOZOA OF THE DOG.

Filaria Immitis: In heart and pulmonary arteries ; 4 to Io inches long ;
6 labial papille ; spiral tail in male ; caudal bursa; ovoviviparous. Dzstr7-
bution: China, Japan, India, Brazil, Gulf States, Pennsylvania, Denmark,
Italy, Germany, France. Lameness of Great Dane. Development : Mature
in blood ; embryos in superficial vessels at night, in thoracic and abdomi-
nal ones in day ; are sucked by mosquitoes and lice, and has possibly an ex-
ternal habitat in water or aquatic host. Lesions: 5 to 500 in single host,
around muscular pillars and corde tendinze in pulmonary artery, venz
cavee. liver, subdermal connective tissue, embryos in nodes or exudates in
pleura, spleen, kidneys, bladder; causes hemorrhage, embolism. Symp-
toms: Impaired heart action, gastric catarrh; intestinal, cystic, pulmonary
disorder, anzemia, fainting, paresis, deranged intellection; wasting and
lameness of one hind limb ; polyuria, albuminuria, tube casts, palpitations,
cough ; lung flat or crepitant. Embryos in blood drawn at night. TJyreat-
ment: ol. terebinth, arsenic, strychnine, generous diet, out-door life; keep
from unboiled water. Filaria Recondita: Embryos only, in puppies 5 to
6 months and upward; identity uncertain. No pathogenesis recorded.
Spiroptera Sanguinolenta: In cysts on aorta as on gullet, small shot, pea
or walnut; abrasion of intima, orifice into aorta, clots, embolism, rupture
into pleura, embolism of spinal vessels and paraplegia, rupture of aorta,
fatal hemorrhage. Prevention. Strongylus Vasorum: Causes endocar-
ditis, endarteritis, embolisms. (See lung worms).

Filaria Immitis. This has been already referred to under
pulmonary parasites. Its usual habitat is the right heart and
pulmonary arterial system, where itis easily recognized fost-
mortem on account of its large size (4 to 10 inches long). Body
white and thicker at the cephalic end. Mouth with six small
papille. Zale has the caudal extremity twisted in spiral, three
or four turns, like a corkscrew, with two membraneous wings, 22
papillze in two lateral sets, and 2 spicula. Ovoviviparous.

Distribution. ‘This worm was seen by Panthot in 1679. It
has a very wide range of distribution but is particularly common
in certain countries Such as China, Japan, Hindostan, Brazil and
other tropical countries. In Europe they have been found most
abundantly in Denmark, Italy, Germany and France. In North
America they have been observed at Philadelphia and in Georgia
and other Southern States. The lameness of the hind limbs in
Great Danes has been referred to this parasite, and in China,
European dogs die early on account of the parasite.

414

fTematozoa of the Dog. 415

Development. The life history of the worm is imperfect. It
attains sexual maturity in the blood, and there deposits its ova
and embryos. Manson noted a habit of these embryos to abound
in the superficial blood vessels during the night and retire to the
large vessels of the chest and abdomen during the day, after the
manner of the flaria sanguinis hominis. Neumann supposes
that these embryos are sucked in by mosquitoes, fleas, or lice, on
the death of which they escape into water, where they pass
through a necessary intermediate stage of development, to be
again taken in by the dog in drinking. This again agrees with
the habit of the flaria sanguinis hominis, but for the /larza
immitis absolute proof is still wanting. Most of the embryos
taken in by fleas and lice perish in their intestine (Grassi). The
filaria immitis, however, prevails especially in regions where the
ground is low and wet and where there is every opportunity for
an external existence of the worm in water or some aquatic host.

Lesions. The number of worms found in one patient may be
from five to several hundred (Megnin) and in exceptional cases
all are of one sex. Usually there are two females to one male.
They are found wound around the columne carne and corde
tending impeding the heart’s movements, in the venze cavee an-
terior and posterior and in the pulmonary artery and its ramifica-
tions in the lungs. Cardiac hypertrophy, and right cardiac en-
gorgement are not uncommon, and pulmonary congestion has
been noted especially on that side in which the parasites are
found. Again the worms have been found in other organs,
notably the liver (Leidy), the subcutaneous connective tissue
(Ercolani, etc.) in which latter they are smaller than in the heart,
yet sexually mature (Lanzilloti-Buonsanti). The same writer
has found the embryos in subpleural nodules like millet-seeds or
peas, and the coincident hemorrhages and exudations found in
other organs such as the spleen (Reuther), the kidneys and blad-
der (Leidy), the anterior and posterior cavze (Schuppert, Labat)
the pleura and pericardium, suggest their presence and the oc-
currence of coagulation, embolism, and congestion as a conse-
quence.

Symptoms. ‘These are exceedingly varied, according to the
part attacked. The impaired heart action determines catarrhs of
the stomach, bowels, urinary bladder or lungs, which may be

416 Veterinary Medicine.

further localized or aggravated by the presence of the worms or
embryos in their bloodvessels.” It also leads to anzemia or irregu-
lar circulation in the brain, aggravated by embolism of the cere-
bral arteries with fainting, collapse, paresis, convulsions, and
intellectual disturbance. Lameness of one hind limb with wasting
of its muscles and even paralysis or paraplegia is not uncommon
(especially in Great Danes) and may be due to obstruction of
the vessels, to localization of groups of worms in the connective
tissue, to impaired circulation in the spinal cord or even in the
brain. The patient may become morose, or snappish so that the
case may be mistaken for rabies. There may be polyuria, albu-
minuria, uriniferous casts, and epithelium, and the embryo is said
to be passed in the urine, but absolute proof of this is lacking.
Intermittent pulse and heart sounds, inequality of successive
beats, palpitations and valvular murmurs are sometimes present.
When the lungs are affected there are cough, dark red mucosz,
flatness on percussion over limited areas, and crepitation or other
modification of the respiratory murmur. Progressive emaciation
and angemia are common, with encreasing weakness.

An absolute diagnosis may sometimes be secured by drawing
‘a little blood during the night and examining it microscopically
for the embryos 280 » in length and furnished with delicate
pointed tails. The embryos are often found in enormous num-
bers in the blood of dogs that show symptoms of ill health.

Treatment of these cases has been attempted by giving oil of
turpentine 30 drops, in pill, daily for a week, and again by Bor-
deaux turpentine % to 1 drachm, in pill, daily. I have obtained
a steady improvement by giving daily 10 drops of a one per cent.
solution of arsenite of soda in combination with nux. As in all
parasitic diseases much depends on sustaining the general health
so that a rich diet of easy digestion may enable the animal to
bear up until the worms have completed the term of their natural
lives, when, if no more are taken in, arecovery may ensue. The
patient must, of course, be denied access to all standing water in
which the embryos of the worms may be found.

Hzmatozoon Lewisi. Filaria Recondita. The embryos
of one or more nematoids have been found in large numbers in
the blood of the dog by Gruby and Delafond, Lewis, Manson,
Sonsino, Grassi and others. The heamatozoon Lewisi is 280 »

fTematozoa of the Dog. 417

long, with a thin, delicate tail, and a round mouth which ex-
pands, acting like a sucker when the worm fixes itself, by this to
the cover glass. In France they were found in 4 to 5 per cent.
of the dogs examined (Gruby), while in China, Calcutta and
Italy they were found in 33 per cent. (Manson, Lewis, Sonsino).
The numbers in a single host are varied but usually enormous,
from 3 to 15 in a single drop of blood, or from 11,000 to 1,000,000
in the patient (Gruby and Delafond, Rieck). They have been
supposed to pass from dam to foetus, but Gruby and Delafond
could not detect them in the blood until the puppy was 5 to 6
months old. When injected directly into the veins of sound dogs
they disappeared in 8 to 4o days, in two cases, however, they
persisted for three years and then the adult worm was not found
at the necropsy. Jt may be questioned whether the dogs had not
taken in fresh worms in the course of this time.

The mature form of this worm is unknown. Van Seibold looked
on the embryos as migrating nematodes and not necessarily all of
one species. Yet their form and habit of attaching themselves
by the mouth to a cover glass seems to closely differentiate them.
Embryo nematodes found in the digestive cavity of the dog flea,
the cat flea, the dog louse (heematopinus piliferus), and in a par-
ticular tick (rhipicephalus siculus) have been taken by different
observers for the hematozoon Lewisi; but these did not corres-
pond either as regards the particular canine host, the locality
where they prevail, or the morphology of the embryo. Grassi
and Calandruccio supposed that they had found the mature worm
in a non-fecundated female, 1 inch in length, in the fatty tissue
around the kidney of a dog. ‘There is, however, no real proof of
the identity.

Symptoms. Asa rule the presence of these embryos appears to
be harmless. Yet Gruby and Delafond have seen coincident epi-
leptic seizures.

Treatment and Prevention may be tried along the same lines
advised for filaria immitis.

Spiroptera Sanguinolenta. This worm is most commonly
found in cysts on the gullet of the dog, yet it has been not unfre-
quently found in similar tumors on the aorta. ‘The anterior aorta
is their usual seat and the tumors vary in size from a small shot toa
pea, hazelnut, or evena walnut. They existed in groups or simply

27

418 Veterinary Medicine.

at intervals, and extended through the aortic walls projecting ex-
ternally and showing a bloody spot or extrayasation on the inner
coat. The intima might be abraded or the seat of an exudate or
coagulum. The smaller nodules contain the embryos, while in
the large the sexually mature worms may be found. Part of the
worm may protrude into the vessel among the flowing blood.
They are rare in the posterior aorta, yet they have been found in
the vicinity of the renal arteries by Morgagni and Megnin, re-
spectively. The embryos are believed to undergo evolution in
the circulating blood, but the full life history of the parasite re-
mains unknown.

Symptoms, VWewis has seen the lumen of the aorta all but
blocked by a clot determined by the worm. Manson asserts that
the rupture of the cyst may bring on a fatal pleurisy. He fur-
ther claims that entering the circulation the embryos cause clots
and emboli of the spinal cord with consequent paraplegia. Again
dogs die suddenly from rapidly induced anzemia caused by
rupture of the aortic walls which have become softened and
atheromatous around the verminous nodules (Megnin, Chauvrat,
Perroncito, Caparini).

Treatment. So long as the life history of the worm is imper-
fect prevention and treatment can only be attempted along general
lines as advised for filaria immitis.

Strongylus Vasorum. Already referred to under lung
worms of the dog ; this, as its name implies, is essentially a para-
site of the blood and blood vessels. The result is endocarditis,
and endarteritis, with the formation of clots and embolisms, yet
in many cases the presence of the worms has not given rise to
appreciable symptoms. (See under Lung worms of Dogs).

HAMATOZOA OF BIRDS.

Protozoa: Vike plasmodium malarie in red globules. Birds nearly im-
mune from their ill-effects. Trypanosoma sanguinis avium: Shows no
pathogenesis on birds. Nematodes: Filaria round heart of duck, others in
connective tissue and in blood.

Protozoa. In the blood of birds in malarial districts have
been found protozoa resembling in form and transitions the
plasmodium malarize of man. These have been found as hyaline

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 419

bodies (pigmented or not), sporulating forms, crescentic forms,
and flagellated bodies. They live in the red blood cells from
which they produce black pigment, and are most abundant in the
warm season, from spring to autumn. Danilewsky held them to
be identical with the plasmodium of ague, but they differ some-
what in morphology, the hyaline bodies show little or no amceboid
movement, they rarely produce febrile reaction in the bird,
neither their development nor persistence in the blood is affected
by quinine, and inoculated in the blood of man, they do not
cause infection nor malarial symptoms. Inoculation of the blood
of a malarial person on birds is equally without effect (Di Mattei).
Though sometimes associated with low condition and general ill
health in the bird their rédle as a causative factor has not been
fully demonstrated. They seem to be closely allied to the para-
site of man, and birds show a measure of immunity from their ill
effects, either as a racial or acquired characteristic.

Trypanosoma sanguinis avium, This has been found by
Danilewsky in the blood of birds. It closely resembles the
trypanosoma of suvra, but has shown no constant pathogenic
action on birds.

Nematodes. Rudolphi found a filaria wound around the
heart of a duck. Mazzanti found subcutem, in the neck of a
pigeon a female filaria 24 inch long, and in the blood of the same
animal many embryos 185 » long with sharp tails and smaller
specimens with blunt tails.

ry

PARASITES OF MUSCULAR AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

TRICHINOSIS: TRICHINIASIS.

Definition. Intestinal and muscular. Hosts: Man, pig, rat, mouse, dog,
cat, horse, Guinea-pig, rabbit, goose ; among animals about habitations, to-
gether with many wild creatures. Not in invertebrate or cold-blooded.
Anguillula, ollulanus, and many embryo worms often mistaken for this.
Trichina Spiralis : 1.4 to 4 mm, long; anterior half tapers to head ; mouth
and anus terminal ; digestive tract in three divisions, anterior triangular,
median with nucleated cells, and posterior narrow and muscular ; vivipa-
rous; embryo 90 to 10oou long. Larvva—muscle trichina—1 mm. long, free
or encysted in muscle fasiculi, intermuscular connective tissue, adipose tissue,
or intestinal walls. History. Geographical distribution: Europe, North
and South America, China India, Syria, Algiers, ete. Life history: Sexual

420 Veterinary Medicine.

maturity only reached in intestines of suitable warm-blooded animal, though
passes alive through the body of fish; expelled in feeces mature worm per-
ishes in water, embryos live; ovigerous female found in gland ducts of in-
testinal mucosa, mesentery and mesenteric glands. Embryo migrates in
blood but mainly in lymph vessels. Larvze set free in stomach from trichi-
nous meat in 5 to 20 hours, become mature in 1 to 3 days more ; larva found
in diaphragm seventh day, in muscles generally the thirteenth; also in
serosze, One female has 15,000 ova, Curling in 8 or spiral become covered by
fibro-cellular cyst 0.4 mm. long. Host being eaten the freed larve repeat
the above for new generation ; or host living they finally die and cyst is cal-
cified. Successive hosts in chain: Pig and rodent, rat, mouse ; dog and hog
about abattoirs ; man and pig; rat, pig and man. Infested chopping block,
sausage cases, under-done pork. Trichinosis in different countries. Symp-
toms: Intestinal for 15 days, colic, tenderness, anorexia, nausea, diarrhcea,
weariness. Muscular tenth to fortieth day, muscles swollen, tender, stiff,
cramps, unlike rheumatism, spares joints and tendon sheaths, cedema,
stertor, skin eruption, hyperthermia, albuminuria. In swine, usually pass
unnoticed. Diagnosis: Trichina harpoon, antiseptic incision, Duchenne’s
punch. TZveatment: First by emesis; stomach-pump or tube ; wash stom-
ach with glycerine ; whisky, alcohol, vermifuge, purgative. Prevention in
Swine: Do not give uncooked meat, unboiled water, kill vermin, boil swill ;
avoid drainage from other herds, abattoirs, rendering works, sewers, privies ;
prevent swine running at large where they can get human excrement ; burn,
etc., all infested carcases, hogs, mice, rats, ete. Prevention in Man; Erad-
icate from swine; thoroughly cook all flesh ; freeze throughout to 14° C. ;
salt thoroughly for one month ; examine microscopically all pork ; technic
of examination ; organisms mistaken for trichinz. Classification of trichi-
nous pork.

Definition. The invasion of a living organism, and especially
the alimentary canal and the voluntary muscles by the trichina
spiralis. ,

Stages. Forms. The trichina attacking any host, invades
first the alimentary canal—intestinal trichinosis—in which the
sexually mature trichinze live in the intestines and propagate their
kind—and second they enter the intestinal walls, striated muscles
and other solid tissues in which the larvee encyst themselves and
remain enclosed without further development—muscular trichi-
nosis. These two forms are in a sense one continuous invasion,
the mature trichinze in the intestine perishing after they have
given birth to their young, and the young or larve boring their
way into thé muscular tissues to remain there but partially de-
veloped and asexual.

Animals Susceptible. ‘The known hosts of trichina spiralis are
man, pig, brown rat, mouse, dog, and less frequently badger, cat,

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 421

polecat, fox, horse, ape, Guineapig, rabbit, coon, marten, bear,
hamster, hippopotamus, mole, hedgehog, crow and goose. Many
other animals may be infested by experimental feeding of trichi-
nous flesh and are therefore possible hosts. On the other hand
they have never been found in invertebrate nor cold-blooded ani-
mals, and many alleged cases of trichinosis in mammals and birds
have been shown to be due to embryos of worms of entirely differ-
ent species. The anguillula found in decaying beets and tur-
nips (Schacht), and in the intestines of animals eating them raw,
is quite distinct, and does not invade the muscles. The vinegar
eel (anguillula aceti) has been mistaken for trichina. A flesh
worm found in the mole (Vogel, Herbst) could not be made to
infest pigs (Virchow, Fiedler), and is really an ascaris embryo
(Leuckart). Nematodes found in earth worms were rhabditis or
spiroptera larvee (Leuckart). Flesh worms in the large water
newt (triton cristatus) were anguillule. Worms found in the
muscular tissues of hens, owls and other birds, and of eels, have
proved not to be trichinze. In cats, rats and mice the larvee of
the ollulanus tricuspis encysted in the diaphragm, liver or lungs
have often been mistaken for trichine.

It should be added that though an animal is unfitted to be a
host of the trichina in its larval encysted stage it does not follow
that it cannot be transferred through the body of that host. Thus
Colin fed fish and reptiles with trichinous meat and produced
trichinosis in other animals by feeding them on the feces of the
animals first named. (Compt. Rend. Ixvi, p. 31).

Trichina Spiralis: Trichinella Spiralis. This is the single
authenticated species of the Genus: Trichina (trix hair).

The Sexually Mature Trichinz inhabit the intestines, large
and small, and if expelled in the liquid feeces soon perish. They
are scarcely visible to the naked eye, the male being 1.4 to 1.6
mm. long, 40 » broad; the female 3 to4mm. long and 60 u broad.
The anterior half of the body gradually tapers to the head, while
the posterior half retains about the same thickness throughout.
Mouth and anus are both terminal, the former being small,
round and smooth. The anus in the male is flanked on the two
sides by two papillary, copulatory projections, and the everted
cloaca serves asa penis. \In the female the vulva opens about
the limit of the anterior fourth of the body. The alimentary

422 Veterinary Medicine.

canal is divided into three parts: the anterior (cesophagean) tri-
angular on transverse section ; the median covered with nuclea-
ted cells which give a peculiar beaded appearance is the small
intestine ; and the posterior, narrow and muscular, is the rectum.

The trichina is viviparous, the fecundated ova hatching out in
the body of the uterus, and the escaping embryos making their
way into the vagina, to pass out by the vulva. The emdryo is 90
to 100 »w long, by 6 » in its median and thickest part.

The larval or muscle trichina is about 1 mm. long by 4op
broad, narrowed toward the cephalic end, furnished with an
alimentary canal in three parts as in the mature, but with a simple
tube only representing the undeveloped sexual organs. These
are found at first free, and later in lozenge-shaped cysts, among
the muscular fasiculi, in the intermuscular connective tissue and
more rarely in the adipose tissue or intestinal walls.

History. Calcified trichina cysts were noticed by Peacock in
1828, and the muscle preserved in Guy’s Hospital, London. Hil-
ton recorded similar appearances in the muscles of a man of 70,
in 1832. Tiedemann had found minute calcified capsules in a
gouty subject as early as 1821 but the description makes them too
large, and unless there was a mistake in measurement they can-
not be accepted as genuine. For the first time in 1834, Paget saw
and described the worm rolled up in its capsule, and a year later
Richard Owen described and named the parasite. Herbst (1850)
developed muscle trichinosis in animals by feeding trichinous
flesh. Virchow and Leuckart (1859) fed trichinous flesh to dog
and pig respectively and claimed to have found the mature
trichinze in the bowels, but to Zenker belongs the credit of trac-
ing the cycle of life of the worm and its pathogenic action on its
host. He traced an attack of trichinosis in a woman to the tri-
chinous pork she had eaten, and feeding the infested pork to
various mammals, produced trichinosisineach. He demonstrated
the young worms in migration, and that they caused a deadly
disease in man.

Geographical Distribution. Trichina has been found in every
country in which they have been sought for. They appear to be
more prevalent in particular countries and districts, as in Ger-
many and the western states of America, but this impression
comes largely from the more careful pork inspection in these

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 423

countries, and when real may be traced to the conditions under
which the hogs are raised. The idea that the trichina was absent
from Europe until the rgth century, is untenable. It was demon-
strated there as elsewhere when the microscope was brought to
bear on the muscles of man and pig. One hypothesis is that the
brown rat (mus decumanus) brought the parasite with him when
he migrated from Asia, and another that it was introduced in the
Chinese pig which was imported into England in the third decade
of the 19th century and into Germany on the fourth (Gerlach).
But Peacock’s specimen in Guy’s Hospital, already old and
calcified when found, dates back to 1828, and Tiedemann’s to
1821. Trichinous pigs have been found in Europe, North and
South America, China, Hindostan, Syria, Algiers, and elsewhere.

Life History. Successive Habitats; Migrations. The tri-
china only reaches sexual maturity in the intestines of a suitable
host. It may pass through the intestine of an unsuitable host
like a fish or reptile without losing vitality (Colin), and the same
appears to be true of certain birds the muscles of which do not
become infested. Expelled from the bowels in the liquid faces
the mature worms soon perish, while the embryos may live for an
indefinite period in water, and communicate trichinosis to suscepti-
ble animals which drink it. The ovigerous female is often found
in the intestinal follicles, in the agminated and solitary glands
(Pagensticker) and even in the mesentery and mesenteric glands
(Cerfontaine, Askanazy) in which accordingly the young can be
brought forth.

The embryos whether produced in the intestines, gland follicles,
mesentery or lymph glands, or introduced in drinking water are
the real migratory trichine. ‘They have been found to a very
limited extent in the blood, in which they can be carried to the
most distant parts of the body, but they appear to advance mainly
along the lymph spaces in the connective tissue and lymph ves-
sels. This explains their relatively greater numbers, both early
and late, in the diaphragm, lumbar and abdominal muscles.

When trichinous flesh is introduced into the stomach it is di-
gested and the trichinz set free in five to twenty hours, the greater
number at the earlier period. The larva once freed from its cyst,
attains sexual maturity in one, two or three days more, and: fully
ripened embryos are found in the womb of some females in four

424 Veterinary Medicine.

days after ingestion of the meat (Colberg, Hun, Neumann).
They may be found in the diaphragm by the seventh day, and in
the muscles generally by the thirteenth (Pagenstecher). Many
are early found in the peritoneal and other serous cavities.

The number of young produced by a single female is estimated
by Neumann at 10,000 to 15,000, in a series of births of 1,200 at
atime. This serves to explain the millions of muscle trichinze
‘which come from the ingestion of a very small amount of trichi-
\ nous flesh.

On reaching the muscular or other tissue in which they are to
be encysted, the young worms are at first seen free in the connec-
tive tissue spaces, straight or perhaps slightly sinuous. Soon they
curl into a figure of 8, and later usually assume a spiral form.
In the interfascicular connective tissue the trichina causes irrita-
tion, inflammation, exudation, cell-proliferation, and finally or-
ganization into a homogeneous transparent ovoid cyst, with more
or less granular matter. Most commonly the trichina penetrates
the sarcolemma and develops within it displacing and causing
absorption of the primitive muscular fibres. The cyst is about
0.4 mm. long, by 0.25 mm. broad, the prolongation at the poles
varying so that it has sometimes a fusiform and sometimes a
pyriform outline. If treated with picrocarmine the cyst absorbs
mainly the picric acid and stands out yellow amid the surround-
ing rosy-red of the muscle. If injected the cyst is seen to be en-
veloped in a close capillary network.

Trichina cysts are also found in the adipose tissue and in the
intestinal walls.

Once encysted the larval worm is incapable of further develop-
ment, until its host is eaten by an animal in which it can develop.
If this is long delayed the worm perishes, the nutrition of the
cyst ceases, and it undergoes fatty or calcic degeneration. Inthe
latter case the muscle in the cadaver appears, marked by numer-
ous minute white spots as if it had been sprinkled with flour.
The calcareous matter (carbonate and phosphate of lime) can be
dissolved out by acids, but no distinct trace of the worm remains.

If the infested muscle with the trichina cysts, recent and unde-
generated, is eaten by a suitable host, the muscle and cysts are
digested and the worms set free, to reach maturity and reproduce
their kind as already described.

aa

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 425

Causes. These are mainly conditions that favor the reception
of the encysted trichina, by a host which can advance it to ma-
turity, and which can entertain the offspring in its own muscles
in turn. Certain chains play a most important part in this de-
velopment.

The chain constituted by the pig on the one hand and the rat
(brown or black), mouse and other small rodents on the other, is
one of the most fundamental. This is especially noticed about
slaughter-houses or other places where the products of dead pigs
are handled. The rats and mice eating trichinous pork become
sick, stiff, lame and are easily caught and eaten by the hogs that
are kept to eat up the waste. Thus new hogs are infested and
the trouble moves around its vicious circle tending to a constantly
encreasing prevalence.

In the same way hog is infected by hog, when a herd is kept at
or near a slaughter-house to eat up the offal.

Another cycle may be found through the manure of the infested,
containing the embryos. ‘The dejections of infested rats and
mice are taken in with the food, and the dejections of the in-
fested pigs are carried into their troughs by the snouts and feet,
or washed into pools, wells or streams from which they are sup-
plied.

At Bamberg abbatoir 50 per cent of the rats were trichinous,
and at Boston slaughter-houses 76 per cent. In stables apart
from abbatoirs the ratio was from 7 to ro percent. only. In
country districts 2 to 3 percent. is a high average for America
and great areas are entirely free from it.

It must be recognized that rats will eat their own dead, so that
here we meet with another line of propagation.

Man usually derives trichinze from pork, but here the eucte
usually ends as the hog cannot obtain human flesh. Yet in many
localities where hogs run at large and have access to human de-
fecations and to the water that has received drainage from these,
the pig still secures a contingent of trichina from man.

Man may further be infested by meats, otherwise sound, which
have been laid or cut on the same chopping block, counter or
scales, by bread which has been cut by a knife which has just
been used for cutting raw pork, by contamination through kitchen
table or refrigerator, or by water which has received drainage
from dejections of affected men or animals.

426 Veterinary Medicine.

An unsuspected source of the parasite is found in infested sau-
sage cases. The contents of the sausage may have been thor-
oughly examined and proved, but the presence of trichina, as
wandering embryos or encysted larve, in the intestinal walls will
render the sausage infecting. As many persons eat sausage raw
or nearly so the danger from this source is a very real one.

Trichinosis in man is much morecommon in Germany than in
America, chiefly on account of the German habit of eating raw
or underdone sausages and pork. The infrequent victims in
America are very often members of German families. The
American who persistently declines vave meat, especially pork,
escapes. ,

Statistics seem to show that, in spite of the density of the pop-
ulation which is favorable to propagation, the percentage of tri-
chinous pigs in Europe, is lower thanin America. The following
ratios are given by Neumann: In Holland, Sweden, Denmark
and Russia 12:1000; in Prussia 0.54:1000; in Posen 5.18:1000 ;
in Shroda 14.75:1000 ; in Germany as a whole 0.1 to 0.13:1000.
It is largely concentrated in given localities, but the statistics
are also largely affected by the relative care in microscopic
examination in different places.

Symptoms, In all animals trichinosis is manifested by two
stages, corresponding to the successive habitats of the worms, in
the zutestines, and in the muscular and other tissues, respectively.
The first stage corresponds to the frst ten to fifteen days after
the ingestion of the trichinous flesh, and the second to the tenth or
fifteenth day on to the fortieth. The symptoms are usually more
violent in man than in the pig, though this does not apply to
many of the smaller animals infected experimentally.

Symptoms in Man. The intestinal symptoms begin on the
second or third day after the ingestion of the trichinous flesh, or
as soon as the worms set free by the digestion of their capsules
have undergone material development and attained sexual ma-
turity. There are general abdominal tenderness, colicy pains,
inappetence, nausea, vomiting and diarrhcea, sometimes mixed
with blood. In some instances this is followed by an obstinate
constipation, probably owing to the inflammation of the intestinal
walls. Collapse and death may follow at this early stage.

About this time, and often before the migration into the muscles,
there is usually a sense of great weariness and muscular fatigue,

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 427

with alternate chills and flashes of heat, perspiration and thirst.
Friedreich suggests that this is due to a poison elaborated by the
worm and set free by the removal of its capsule.

These early symptoms have often been mistaken for those of
typhoid fever, which is the more probable if red spots appear on
the skin. ‘The number of victims, the history of the case, and
above all the presence of trichinas in the stools should correct
this mistake.

The migration or muscular symptoms are noted from the
tenth to the fortieth day, and have been often mistaken for rheu-
matism. A rigidity of the abdominal muscles may be felt as early
as the eighth day, but that of the jaws, back and limbs beginning
about the thirteenth day is much more diagnostic. The muscles
are swollen, tender to movement or pressure, stiff, or rigid even
to a wooden hardness. There may be persistent tonic contraction
which clinches the jaws, holds the limbs rigidly semi-flexed, or
renders the breathing short and catching. The condition is to be
distinguished from rheumatism, by the fact that the joints and
tendinous sheaths escape, as well as by the history, the consump-
tion of raw pork, the early bowel symptoms, and the numbers
attacked.

CEdema is a very common symptom beginning with the eyelids,
and affecting the face, extremities, scrotum, prepuce and other
parts. It may be slight or excessive, appearing as soon as the
seventh day and remitting on the twelfth to reappear later. It
may lead to chemosis, and may be attended by choked disc, or ex-
ophthalmos. Bleeding may occur from the nose, prepuce or
vulva.

Hoarseness, and dyspnoea are not uncommon in connection
with invasion of the laryngeal muscles, cedema glottidis, or bron-
chial catarrh. Hypostatic pneumonia is occasionally seen.

Skin eruptions, acne, boils or urticaria are frequent, and also
hyperzesthesia, or itching as a sequel of the dropsy.

The temperature usually rises (104° to 106°) but it may be
normal or subnormal. It is highest at night and the elevation
may last from four to seven weeks.

Urine may be albuminous, and may be tinged by red blood
globules, or contain hyaline casts.

Insomnia and headache attend on severe cases, and death may
be preceded by delirium, coma or collapse.

428 Veterinary Medicine.

Death may occur in the first few days, or from exhaustion or
some complication up to the sixth, or exceptionally, the eighth
week. After the sixth week most cases recover, undergoing a
slow convalesence.

Among sequela may be noted: persistent muscular weakness,
stiffness or pain, a tendency to obesity, or loss of hair.

During the progress of trichinosis a marked leukocytosis occurs
especially of the eosinophile cells.

- Symptoms in Swine. When the invasion is slight, as is
usually the case, no symptoms are observed. The hog appears
to be less sensitive than man to the intestinal and muscular irrita-
tion caused by the trichina, and no less so to the Friedreich toxin
which proves so depressing to the human subject. The majority
of trichinous invasions of swine pass unnoticed.

The symptoms caused by a large amount of trichinous flesh,
are divided into intestinal and muscular as in the human victims.

— Intestinal. In Gerlach’s experimental cases the mzlder forms
showed only some slight impairment of appetite, and of vivacity,
drooping of the tail, and tendency to remain recumbent in the
litter. This may set in in three days and continue for a couple

_ of weeks, and is followed by recovery. In more severe cases signs
of illness appear in three to ten days, such as greatly impaired or
complete loss of appetite, sometimes vomiting, dulness, drooping
tail, constant decubitus, with the hind limbs extended, pawing or
shifting of the feet when the pig is raised, stiff, hesitating move-
ments of the hind limbs, arching of the back, tucking up of the
abdomen, which is tender to manipulation, diarrhcea, hyper-
thermia with exacerbations at night, marked thirst, grinding of
the teeth, pendent head, swollen conjunctiva, glassy eyes, cold-
ness of the skin, erection of the bristles and general weakness.
Death may take place during this stage, but usually in young pigs
or old animals in low condition and debility.

Intestinal symptoms may last one or several weeks in different
cases.

Muscular. From the eighth to the fifteenth day or even later,
the muscular symptoms appear. There may be an improvement
of appetite, or subsidence of diarrhcea, or on the other hand an
appearance of hyperthermia for the first time. The pig is more
restless than before, lying down most of the time yet often rising

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 429

and changing position, the body but especially the hind limbs are
stiff, rigid and it may be hard to the touch, and the movements
are hesitating, dragging and uncertain with an appearance of
paraplegia. The abdomen may be less tender, but the muscles
become distinctly so to the touch, and there may be pruritus
especially if the panniculus is infested (ROll). The voice may
become hoarse or husky, mastication and deglutition are difficult,
the jaws may be fixed (trismus) and even the movements of the
lips and tongue may be impaired. The pig plunges its snout
deeply in its liquid food and takes it in with effort, and in small
amount only. Breathing is often hurried and panting. Feeces
may be passed involuntarily. Redness of the eyes, often present
at first, tends to disappear, and cedema of the lids is rarely present,
but there may be some infiltration and thickening of the cheeks,
lips, throat, shoulders, fore limbs and sheath. This is usually
seen in the worst cases only, associated with much weakness and
presages an early death.

In the great majority of cases recovery takes place, but conva-
lescence is liable to be slow, and the pig remains weak in its mus-
cles, unsteady in its motions and somewhat paretic owing to the
extensive destruction of the muscular tissue. This does not,
however, as a rule, interfere with fattening, which seems even to
be favored in certain cases, by the lazy, inactive habits of the
animal, associated as they are with good appetite and digestion.

Diagnosis is difficult, and the disease is largely confounded
with indigestions, diarrhoea, hog cholera, gastro-intestinal poisons,
rheumatism, stephanurus dentatus, and nervous affections, It is
to be identified mainly by the history showing that the swine
have access to rats, mice, raw pork, or the washings of the same,
the feeces of man or hog or the drainage from the same, that a
number have been attacked at once without any special exposure,
poisons in food or other appreciable cause, that there have been
the earlier intestinal symptoms with diarrhoea, followed by the
secondary muscular symptoms, that the rheumatoid symptoms
are confined to the muscles, while the joints are respected, and
that trichina can be found (though often with difficulty) in the
liquid feeces. The final test is by microscopic examination of the
muscles in the second stage of the disease. This is done by
harpooning or by antiseptic incision and removal of a small

430 Veterinary Medicine.

portion of muscle. The simplest ‘vichina harpoon is made like a
fish-hook, the reversed barbs of which are double. This is pushed
into the middle of the affected muscle and in being pulled out
draws with it a small portion of the muscular tissue which is then
put under the microscope. The punch of Duchenne is a fine
trochar and cannula about 2 mm. in diameter, and presenting
near the point of the cannula a notch, the distal border of which
is sharp and cutting ; the trochar has a similar notch which cor-
responds to that of the cannula when slightly withdrawn. The
trochar is driven home before it is inserted into the suspected
muscle, it is then drawn out about % inch, and the instrument
being withdrawn it is found to enclose a particle of the muscular
tissue In making a selection in slight cases or in the early
stages of the disease a preference should be given to the abdomi-
nal and posterior intercostal muscles, and in every case to the
extremities of the muscular fibers, close to their insertion on ten-
don or fascia. Owing to the excess of fat the pig is a less satis-
factory subject for harpooning than the human being. In re-
moval of a portion of muscle by incision, the skin may be cleaned
by a soapy wash, wet with an antiseptic, and injected with a 4
per cent. solution of cocaine. In ten minutes, incision may be
made, a small portion of muscle cut out close to the tendon and
the wound closed by suture. (For microscopic examination see
below).

Treatment. This is of value while the trichinz are confined
to the intestines, and the earlier it is adopted the more hopeful is
the attempt to abort the attack. If the patient is seen just after
the ingestion of the trichinous flesh and before it has left the
stomach, active vomiting by % to 1 grain tartar emetic with
tepid water, and tickling of the fauces with a feather may succeed
in expelling the greater part of the offensive ingesta. Or apomor-
phia may be employed instead. If seen later, after digestion has
been effected, the stomach pump or tube (syphon) may be em-
ployed to wash out the finely disintegrated and liquid contents. In
this case the liquid used to wash out the stomach may contain one
to two ounces of glycerine as a non-poisonous trichinicide.

The bowels should be cleared by a full dose of castor oil or
calomel, and a dose of glycerine as above will be an useful ad-
dition. The purgative may be repeated daily for some days, and

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue, 431

copious injections with glycerine or even salt should be
thrown into the colon. In this way the bowels may be cleared of
the greater part of the parasites and the disease aborted or ren-
dered mild and often harmless. Other vermifuges may be tried
but none is so effective and harmless as glycerine. Alcohol in .
concentrated solution (whisky, brandy) has been recommended,
but it is useless in dilute solution and such a volatile agent is so
rapidly absorbed, that it is only in the stomach that the degree of
concentration can be confidently secured. The stomach can be
more promptly cleared by emetics. Its valueis, therefore, mainly
as an adjunct to emetics in the earliest stages. Mosler, who in-
troduced benzine (1 dr. twice daily), abandoned it on the same
account. It may, however, be made an adjunct of emetics.

In every case, of course, the patient must be protected from any
further access of trichinze through food or water.

When the muscular symptoms have appeared nothing can be
done to destroy the wandering embryos, yet the remaining swarm
in the bowels may still be expelled so as to restrict the migration
as far as possible. The muscular pains may be calmed by mor-
phine, phenacetin or chloral hydrate with warm baths. The
patient should have nourishing and easily digested food to main-
tain the strength.

Prevention in Swine. As pork is almost the only channel
through which trichinze invade the human system, the absolute
extinction of trichina in the pig would virtually put an end to
outbreaks of trichinosis in man. The main precautions may be
enumerated in order :

1. No pig feeding should be allowed in connection with
slaughter-houses or rendering works. The feeding of swine
on the raw offal or scraps of animals (and especially hogs) slaugh-
tered must sooner or later lead to an epizootic of trichinosis in
the herd. Even if extraordinary precautions are taken to boil
thoroughly all waste products of the abattoir before they are given
to the pigs, this will not prevent the rats, mice and other vermin
from preying on the fresh scraps and meat, infesting themselves
and conveying the trichinze indirectly to the hog pen.

2. Rats, mice and other vermin should be carefully ex-
terminated from all piggeries. After the pig these are the
most frequent hosts of the trichina, which they get from kitchen

432 Veterinary Medicine.

meats, scraps and swill, from the excreta and flesh of each other,
and from other sources, so that if trichinosis exists in the neigh-
borhood they become infested and infest the pigs in their turn.

3. When hogs are fed on the offal of abattoirs, it should be at
a distance from the latter and the slaughter-house products
should have been subjected to prolonged boiling and carried
to the hog pens in vessels which have also been just subjected to
a boiling temperature.

4. Kitchen scraps and swill should also be thoroughly
boiled before moving them to the pig pen. If taken to the
pen raw there will be many loopholes for diffusion of trichinze
and especially through rats and other vermin, in which the worms
rapidly multiply. If the meats are first cut into pieces of three
inches in diameter, the boiling may be implicitly relied on.

5. Hog pens, yards or pastures should not be allowed on
streams (especially small or sluggish ones) that have received
the drainage of ground or pens occupied by other hogs, of
slaughter-houses, rendering works, sewers or privies.

6. Hogs must be prevented from running at large on un-
fenced grounds, highways, commons, or any place where they
can find human excrement.

7. All carcases of hogs, not destined for human food should
be promptly burned, dissolved in acids or subjected to pro-
longed boiling (better if superheated as in rendering). Dead
rats, mice and other vermin should be similarly treated.

Prevention in Man. The foundation of radical prevention
of trichinosis in man rests on the extermination of the worm in
the pig. Until that can be done other measures of protection
must be maintained for the human race.

1. Thoroughly cook all flesh that is to be eaten. It has
been shown that epidemics of trichinosis occur chiefly in persons
who eat pork underdone, and hence the frequency ‘of such out-
breaks in Northern Germany and in German families in America
and their rarity in Belgium, France, England and America. The
thoroughness of the cooking is the main question and the experi-
ments of Colin especially throw definite light on this question.
A mass of trichinous flesh weighing four pounds subjected to
active boiling for an hour anda half and then fed to a dog and a
brown rat produced no living trichina in their intestine. A sec-

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 433

ond piece weighing eight pounds was only sterilized in the centre
at the end of four hours of continuous boiling. The best rough
test is whether the interior of the cooked piece of meat has had
its center completely coagulated and rendered of a pale brownish
color. If not, and if the red blood still oozes from its cut surface
the temperature has been insufficient to kill trichine. Again
pork that is hurriedly roasted will usually show the red blood
oozing from the centre when cut, and the heat has not risen to
the killing point (14g0° F.). The time of exposure, the intensity
of the heat, and the suddenness of the cooling all affect the re-
sult. The roast that is kept in a warm atmosphere for some time
after removal from the fire continues to transmit the heat of its
outer layers to the interior, which manifestly cannot happen
when it is suddenly chilled. Sausages are especially dangerous
as many eat them after a slight frizzling of the surface, which in
no sense affects the interior. a

Other conditions affect the trichinze, reducing their vitality and
rendering them more susceptible to the action of heat. Three
days exposure to the open air at —20° to—25° C. (—3° to—13° F.)
failed to kill trichinze (Leuckart), yet Fiedler says they die when
actually exposed to — 14° C. (+ 7° F.) and Kuhn found that
they had perished after two months in an ice-house, though at a
higher temperature.

In this connection it is interesting to note that the trichinze sur-
vive one hundred days in putrefying meat, showing that mere
lapse of time is unimportant.

The thorough salting of the pork slowly kills the trichine. A
light salting is ineffective, but the thorough penetration of the
salt in quantity to all parts of the ham or bacon, destroys the
trichinz in the course of a month, or two months in the case of
the largest hams. Thus it is that in spite of all the complaint in
Germany of the trichine in America, a standing reward has been
offered for years past for a single case of trichinosis that can be
indubitably traced to the eating of American ham or bacon, yet no
case of the kind has been adduced. Many outbreaks of trichino-
sis have been recorded in Germany during this period but all have
been traced to the consumption of home-grown pork. Direct ex-
periments on small animals with salted American pork have been
made at Paris, Lyons, Rouen, Thionville, Strassburg, Munich,

28

434 Veterinary Medicine.

Antwerp, Utrecht, Rotterdam, Basle, and in Italy, and have
failed to convey trichinosis (Neumann). Colin found that in
large hams it sometimes took two months to destroy the trichinz
in the deepest layers, though those in the superficial parts had
been promptly killed. In sausage, in which the salt was thor-
oughly diffused at the beginning, he found that a slight pickling
destroyed the trichine in fifteen days. At Emersleben the trich-
inous pork, minced and salted, killed 33 per cent. of the persons
that ate it after 24 hours, but proved harmless to those that ate
it six days later.

Hot Smoking at 60° to 65° C. (140° to 149° F.) for twenty-
four hours, kills the trichina, while cold smoking only attained
the same end after three days’ continuous exposure to the smoke.
(Ktichenmeister, Haubner, Leisering).

The destructiveness of these methods is undoubted, yet every-
thing depends on the degree, and if it were once decided to admit
to consumption trichinous pork’ which had been thoroughly
salted fora month, or hot smoked for twenty-four hours, cases
would be found in which the thoroughness had been lacking and
evil results would follow. Thus Benecke says he found live tri-
chineze in a ham and sausage which had been in brine for twelve
days, then smoked and which he examined four and nine months
afterward.

In veterinary sanitary police, the measures should be such as
cannot be counterfeited nor evaded, and thorough cooking will
prove such aresort. Trichinous hams, bacon, and sausage and
indeed all pork products from a suspected source can be thor-
oughly cooked before they are put on the market. They may be
canned in the fresh condition, or cooked as hams or sides and
salted sufficiently to keep them indefinitely and the danger from
trichina will be avoided. The heating must of course be so pro-
longed:as to insure that no uncoagulated albumen nor red blood
is left in the centre of the mass. The exclusion from the market
of the trichinougs carcase is not a necessity. It may be thor-
oughly sterilized by heat and put upon the market to be
sold for what it really is, and it can be eaten with a confidence
and security which cannot be accorded to all raw pork which has
-been examined by the microscope and pronounced to be free from
trichinee.

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 435

2, Examine Microscopically all Pork Intended for Human
Consumption. This is not so absolute a protection as thorough
cooking, yet so long as trichinous swine are sent to market,
and the carcases of all cannot be thoroughly cooked, it is a most
effective, though not an absolute safeguard. But, as in the
cooking, so in this, the work must be universal, uniform and
thorough. In Germany, where the habit of eating raw or under-
done pork subjects the measure to its greatest test, epidemics of
trichinosis after eating inspected pork, are not uncommon. In-
spectors grow careless, trusting to the immunity of swine in given
regions, and when trichinosis has occurred in man, the faithless
officer is subjected to fine and imprisonment. In other cases
butchers mislead the inspector, secreting a number of carcases
and selling them later, on the strength of a supposed general in-
spection. In this case the penalties are visited on the butcher.

In slight trichinosis, however, the worms being unequally dis-
tributed through the muscles, a number of examinations may be
made before any are discovered. Leuckart has repeatedly made
barren attempts until the tenth or twelfth trial, and Kuhn after
forty trials without result, found trichinz to be abundant in other
muscles of the same animal. The following table of the number
of trichinze found in particular muscles, serves to illustrate this
variation, as well as their habitual abundance in given muscles :

Miller Kramer

1 grain from Psoas___________------_-_-- contained 161 7
a “Diaphragm ___--_-_-------- ee 129 8+
. “Laryngeal Muscles -____-_-- es 126 21+
tS «Lingual Muscles -____------ som 105 4-12+
es “Orbital Muscles________ ---- oe 64 ede
nt “* Abdominal Muscles ___-~_-- “ 54 74.
ae ‘© Masseter Muscles_____------ eS 45 14
“ «« Intercostal Muscles_____-_-- ss 8 7
e ‘© Pectoral Muscles ___---_-_--- ss 33 o+
as ‘“ Scapulo-Humeral ____--__-- " 18 28
we “* Pelvi-Femoral Muscles _-__- a 26 sees
‘¢ Tibial Muscles ____---- ----- - 26 ayeces
s ‘© Longissimus Dorsi Muscles__ a 20 ae
fs “ Radio-Ulnar _____-.-------- af 17 ee
aie ‘© Gastroc nemius ____---_---- “ _ 12

In making inspections the muscles selected should include those
nearest to the abdominal walls, and especially to the points of

436 Veterinary Medicine.

attachment of the mesenteries. In Hanover the diaphragm, in-
tercostals and masseters are chosen. In Magdeburg the diaphragm,
oculars, masseteric, cervical and costal. In the Bureau of Ani-
mal Industry the pillar of the diaphragm, psoas, inner side of the
shoulder and base of the tongue. The material taken should be
muscular tissue from close to its termination in tendon or fascia,
which obstructing the progress of the wandering trichina, favors
its encystment at this point.

Identification of Specimens. The pieces of muscle (each
about the size of a hazel-nut) taken from one carcase must be
placed in small tin boxes, that are then marked on the lid with
the name of the muscle and a number which is stamped or tagged
on the carcase from which the specimen was taken. The catcase
may be split from nose to croup, but must not be further muti-
lated until it has been passed upon and tagged. The specimens
are locked in a box and sent to the microscopist, who must exam-
ine them one by one according to number and make a report of
the numbers borne by all trichinous specimens.

Examination of Specimens. In trichinosis of old-standing,
with calcified capsules, these stand out as white specs on the red
muscles, and are easily detected by the naked eye. Even the un-
calcified capsules can often be seen with the aid of alens. Place
a piece of muscle, 1 mm. in thickness, in a solution of caustic pot-
ash (1:8), or acetic acid, in a watch glass for a few seconds until
it has become clear, and look through it toward a black back-
ground. The capsules stand out as whitish specs. If the solu-
tion is left too long in contact, the capsules themselves become
transparent and the test is no longer possible. Any such speci-
men must be taken as merely indicative and the presence of tri-
chinze must be verified under the microscope.

Microscopic Examination. This may be made under a
compressor easily with a low magnifying power (10 to 30 dia-
meters) or more carefully with a higher (1oodiameters). In any
case the glass slides and ‘covers must be carefully cleaned to avoid
mistaking vegetable or other fibers for trichinze.

For the low power, thin stripes are cut from the muscle, parallel
to the direction of the fibers, and five or six such pieces are laid
side by side on a rather thin glass slide. This is covered by a
similar slide and the two are firmly pressed together by screws at

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 437

the two ends until the muscle appears transparent. They are
now examined under the low power, when the free trichina, the
fusiform sarcolemma containing the trichina, or the ovoid cyst,
should stand out clearly. It is important to avoid taking adipose
tissue or white or yellow fibrous tissue with the section.

For the higher power (and usually also for smoked or dried
ham or pork) it is best to clear up the sections before mounting
them. In this case the stripes of muscle are steeped for fifteen
minutes in solution of acetic acid (3:100), caustic potash (10:100),
or glycerine (50:100), and then, or as soon as they have become
transparent, placed on a glass slide, teased out with needles, and
pressed under a cover glass, and examined. This must be done
systematically piece after piece and covering the whole field in
successive zones, the one hand being used to move the object and
the other to work the fine adjustment, so that every part may be
brought into perfect focus in turn.

The discovery of a large number of calcified trichinous cysts,
does not imply that no live trichinee are present. On the con-
trary, it furnishes evidence that the pig has heen in a locality
where trichina exists, and the older invasion implies the probabil-
ity of other and more recent ones, so that all such cases may be
held as highly suspicious, and should at least be subjected to a
most exhaustive scrutiny. Better still, sterilize the carcase by
heat.

Reference has already been made to other parasites which
may be mistaken for trichina. If acetic acid is used to clear
up the specimen it should be seen that it is free from anguillula,
This may be grossly distinguished by the fact that it tapers to
both ends, especially the caudal. The larve of ascarides and
strongyli have the cephalic end broad, and taper toward the tail.
The filaria of man and dog also taper toward the tail and show
a special membraneous caudal prolongation. None of these nema-
todes, nor the rhabditis form the characteristic ovoid cysts in the
red muscular fibre, and they are not associated with the profu-
sion of semi-microscopic intestinal trichinee. The smallest com-
mencing cysts of cysticercus cellulosa, or of echinococcus
may be found in the connective tissue of the muscles, but they
are differentiated by the globular head with its four sucking discs
and the rows of hooklets on the rostrum. Psorosperms in the

438 Veterinary Medicine.

muscles of swine, sheep, cattle, etc., known as Balbiana Gigan-
tea, Rainey’s cysts, and Mieschner’s tubes, appear in the
form of an elongated ovoid mass, composed of an aggregation
of cells, and without any sign of aconvoluted worm in the
interior. These may be so abundant that the flesh is soft,
flabby, wet and yellow, green or gray. Isolated tufts of acti-
nomyces musculorum suis may be mistaken for trichina cysts,
the more so that they are common in the pillars of the diaphragm
and in the abdominal walls. ‘They are more rounded than tri-
china cysts, usually much larger, and the surface shows a mul-
berry appearance from the clustering outer cells of the tuft which,
like the mycelium, have a concentric arrangement. There is no
enclosed worm. (See Actinomycosis). Unlike trichinee this is
common in the heart. Smoked hams sometimes show white
points, visible to the naked eye, and due to the precipitation of
tyrosin usually as needle-like crystals in bundles or sheaves.
This is soluble in acids, alkalies or hot water, but insoluble in
chloroform or ether. In the interfascicular muscular connective
tissue of pork is sometimes found a young ovoid distoma with a
sucker at one end and about 5mm. in length. It is grayish in
color, though usually with a red congested covering, andit moves
actively when raised to the normal body-temperature. _ Like tri-
chine this is found especially in the pillars of the diaphragm
(Duncker, Leuckart, Pagenstecher, Hess), and in the laryngeal
muscles (Happen, Muhle). Its genital organs are very rudi-
mentary, indicating that the pig is an intermediate host and that
its full development, by which it may be fully identified, must be
looked for in some other animal. (See below, agamodistoma. )

The embryo lung worms (Strongylus Paradoxus) may
be carried by the knife and lodged on the muscle, but may
be distinguished by the broad head and anterior part of the
body, the tapering tail and the absence of the characteristic
cellular structure of the trichina. Finally in old, smoked, dried
hams, cheese or sugar mites sometimes settle and might appear
like cysts tothe naked eye. A magnifying lens or microscope
brings out their true structure and corrects this error.

Classification of Inspected Pork. Under the Bureau of
Animal Industry inspected pork is classified as follows:

‘Class A. Samples in which there are no signs of trichinz,

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 439

living or dead, calcified cysts, or other bodies or substances hav-
ing any resemblance to trichinze or trichinz cysts.’’ Ninety-
eight per cent of all pork passes under this head. It is tagged as
sound and certified for exportation.

“Class B. Samples in which there are disintegrated trichinze
or trichinee cysts, calcified trichinze or trichinze cysts, or bodies
having any resemblance thereto.”’

‘“*Class C. Samples in which there are living or dead trichinze
bodies, not disintegrated.’’

Together these two do not exceed 2 per cent.

‘“ All carcases coming within Class C. are removed from the
cooling room and disposed of by tanking, or they may be render-
ed into edible lard at a temperature of 150° F., or made into
cooked meat products if the temperature is raised to the boiling
point for a sufficient time to cook thoroughly the interior of the
pieces. Carcases belonging to Class B. are rejected for shipment to
countries requiring inspection and certification.’’

In the year 1899, over one hundred and twenty million pounds
of pork were exported under this guarantee. The cost of in-
spection for that year averaged 0.142 cent per lb.

FILARIA RETICULATA. SPIROPTERA (ONCHOCERCA) RETICU-
LATA (CINCINNATI). FILARIA OF DiGiITaL Con-
NECTIVE TISSUE AND SYNOVIAL SACs.

Formerly described as Onchocerca Reticulata and Spiroptera
Cincinnati; this has now been remanded to the genus Filaria,
with which it agrees in its form and structure, its habits and
habitat.

The length of the parasite is not definitely known, as it is found
wound around fibrous and muscular bundles and has not been
successfully extracted entire. It is .35 to .g4o mm. in diameter in
the female and .15 mm. in the male. The length of the female is
estimated by Neumann at goto 50cm. The body is filiform and
has the appearance of having been twisted, by reason of a series
of cuticular ridges running spirally around it and connected
through its substance by transverse filaments. .Head without
neck; mouth round, terminal. Tail of male excavated beneath
and furnished with two lateral, vertical lobes with small hooklets
at their base and a papilla on the free border. Spiculum single,

440 Veterinary Medicine.

between the lobes. In female the vulva is near the head; the
oviducts double and filled with ova and free embryos. Ovovivi-
parous.

Hosts. Habitats. The Filaria Reticulata has been found in
equine animals only. Its usual habitat is in the connective tissue
surrounding the tendons, especially the flexors, in the metacarpal
region. It has however been found in the synovial sheaths of the
flexor tendons, between the knee and fetlock, and in the connect-
ive tissue covering the ligamentum nuchz. It was first recorded
by Ferguson at Dublin in 1838 (Veterinarian) ; later by Hermann
and Bleiweiss at Vienna in 1840. Since that date specimens have
been found at intervals (Ercolani, Gurlt, Miller, Zurn, Baumgar-
ten, Gotti, Baruchello, Bassi, Vigezzi, Tschudlowski, Popow,
Railliet, Moussu, etc.)

Distribution. This appears to be extensive, embracing Great
Britain, Ireland, Germany, France, Italy, Russia, Siberia, and
America. At Kazan it isso common that Tschulowski found it in
51 of the 53 horses examined.

Age, Season. ‘The worm has been found in horses of all ages,
and at all seasons, though most frequently in spring and summer.

Symptoms, ‘These may consist in lameness without any ap-
preciable cause, in cases in which the worms are so deeply seated
as to give rise to no visible swelling, or in cases in which the
swelling has not grown to proportions that can be recognized.
As the favorite seat of the worm is in the metacarpal or metatarsal
region, those forms of halting which indicate that part as the
seat of suffering may be suspected of a filarious origin.

When the local lesions are more obvious they may still be con-
fined to distension of the synovial sheaths known as the carpal or
tarsal arch (thorough-pin of knee or hock) or of the sesamoids
(windgalls). In the absence of any sprain, puncture or bruise,
such synovial distensions may be punctured with a hypodermic
needle, under antiseptic precautions, and the escaping synovia
may be found to contain numbers of the embryos, 300 to 400 pw
long by 6 » to 9 » broad, each showing a delicate digestive tube
extending through its whole length.

The same is true of the synovia of the distended fetlock joint
or of the first or second digital joint. The swelling and semi-
flexion indicate the implication of the joint, and the presence of

Parasites of Muscular and Connective Tissue. 441

the embryos explains its parasitic nature. Tschulowski found as
many as three or four embryos in each drop of the liquid.

The same author has found the embryos equally abundant in
the contents of the lymphatic vessels of the limbs, and in the peri-
vascular lymph spaces. This may explain the occurrence of cer-
tain cases of lymphangitis, as it may of lymphadenitis. That
these embryos reach the bloodvessels through the lymphatics is
inevitable, and the constancy with which the filaria, found in the
connective tissue, is in near proximity to the bloodvessels, strongly
suggests their distribution in the blood stream.

When the worm in the connective tissue has caused the forma-
tion of a tumor, the latter assumes the form of a fibroma, of an
ovoid shape and from one to two inches in its long diameter.
The tumor is firm and resistant, being sometimes even calcified,
but on incising it there are exposed canals containing a yellowish
debris and a segment of the worm. These tumors are usually
situated to one side of the perforatus tendon—inner, outer or pos-
terior, but also though less frequently on the line of the flexor
muscles in the forearm, or higher up, on the arm, shoulder, with-
ers or neck (on the side of the cervical ligaments).

When present on the withers the condition may be readily mis-
taken for the infected lesion of fistulous withers.

Prevention. In most localities the cases of Fularta Reticulata
are so rare that it appears unnecessary to apply preventive mea-
sures. The experience at Kasan, however, shows how prevalent
and injurious the parasite may become in specially favorable con-
ditions, and enforces the need of the usual precautions against
the introduction of worms into the system. Water from deep,
well-cemented wells, closed against surface dust, from flowing
fountains having deep sources, or from cisterns, or the boiling,
or other sterilization of the water (kerosene, phenol, naphthalin),
would go far toward prevention, and the avoidance of infested,
damp pastures and fodders grown on damp lands would be further
suggested.

Treatment. When a hard parasitic tumor has already formed
the proper resort is excision. It might be possible by vermicide
injections to destroy the worm, but such a tumor would remain
as a source of permanent irritation. The excision of the tumor,
however, removes the worm as well, and leaves a simple healing
wound.

442 Veterinary Medicine.

For the embryos in the distended synovial sheaths and joints,
the antiseptic extraction, by aspirator if necessary, of the infested
synovia, and the injection of a non-irritating vermicide. For
this purpose a solution of pyoktanin (1:1000) with or without a
small admixture of cocaine. Or a weak compound solution of
iodine and iodide of potassium may be used ; or, again, a weak so-
lution of quassia in well boiled or distilled water. Such agents
being absorbed into the lymph vessels, will tend to the destruc-
tion of the embryos that may have entered these channels.

PSOROSPERMOSIS FROM BALBIANIA GIGANTEA IN RUMINANTS
AND PIGS.

This sarcospore has been found extensively distributed in the
voluntary muscles of the head and trunk, and in the heart, but
especially in the cesophagean muscles of the ox, buffalo, goat,
sheep and pig. It may vary in size froma grain of wheat toa
hazel-nut, and is recognized as a whitish spot 3 to 5 lines in
length by 1% lines in thickness. It hasa delicate outer mem-
brane enclosing a mass of cells. In the centre of the larger ones
is a capsule the size of a pin’s head filled with arcuate or crescent-
shaped non-nucleated bodies. The psorospermize may be of any
number from two to two hundred, ten or fifteen being quite com-
mon.

They are not known to do any harm, yet Niederhausern and
others believed them to be the cause of sudden deaths, because
they had induced dropsical effusion in the vicinity of the larynx.
The symptoms were those of asphyxia, and in other cases of
epileptiforin attacks.

OTHER PARASITES OF THE MUSCLES.

Cysticercus Cellulosa. Cysticercus Mediocanellata.
Coenurus Serialis. Ollulanus Tricuspis. (See Jztestinal
Parasites). Agamostoma. (See below). Filaria Hzmorr-
hagica. F. Medinensis. F. Irritans. (See Parasites of the
Circulatory System). Hypoderma Bovis. (See(stride). Sym-
plectoptes Cavicola. (See Sarcoptid~). Sclerostoma Pin-
guicola. Strongylus Gigas. (See Parasites of the Urinary
Organs.

Parasites of the Eye. 443

MUSCLE FLUKE OF SWINE. AGAMODISTOMUM SUIS.

Stiles and Hassall record the discovery by Charles Bullard, in-
spector at Buffalo of an immature agamous fluke in the muscles
of hogs slaughtered there. It is very small, elliptical, with cen-
tral cephalic and ventral suckers, enclosed in an ovoid cyst,
lodged between the muscular fibres after the manner of Rainey’s
cysts (Sarcocystis Miescheri) and to be discovered only under a
low power of the microscope. No characters have been noted
sufficient to give it a definite place in the family, so that it is an
open question what host it attacks in its mature form, and whether
dangerous or not. It is probably identical with the form in Eu-
rope, described by Leunis and Leuckart as Agamodistoma Suis,
or, as suggested by Stiles and Hassall, it may possibly be a young
form of the lung fluke (Pavagonimus Westermanniz), the meta-
morphosis of which has not been worked out.

It does not seem to be in any respect injurious to the pig har-
boring it, and it cannot harm the human being who consumes the
pork provided the latter is sufficiently cooked. If it could be
shown to be the Faragonimus Westermannii, there would arise
the question of the propagation of this new and dangerous para-
site on American soil, and the thorough cooking to sterilization
of every infested carcase, and of all others in the same herd, and
the abandoning for hogs of the infested area, would be appropri-
ate. The identity, however, of the two parasites is as yet a mere
hypothesis, and may be said to be rendered doubtful by the ab-
sence of the lung fluke from the same hogs and locality, and the
absence of the muscle distoma in the hogs that elsewhere harbored
the lung fluke.

PARASITES OF THE EYE.

Coccidia in ocular muscles: Ox, dog, cat. Musca, tabanus, simulium,
and chrysops attack eye. AHypoderma under cornea, Lice on eyelids and
lashes. Sarcoptes, demodex, trombidium and ticks on eyelids. Leech on
conjunctiva. Cysticercus cellulosa in submucosa, in muscles or connective
tissue, in aqueous, choroid or retina. Echinococcus: Trichina in ocular
muscles. Filaria Oculi Equina: F. Papillosa. Distribution : India,
Ceylon, Burmah, Europe and America ; on low, damp soils, mostly in cool
season, but in more temperate zone at all seasons. Body thread like,

444 Veterinary Medicine.

white, mouth terminal, small, without papille, tail acute with two strong
lateral papille directed backward ; 30 to-35 mm. long; ovo-viviparous.
Symptoms variable, photophobia; closed lids, epiphora, congested mu-
cosa, clouded or vascular cornea, one or both eyes invaded, one or more
worms in aqueous of each. Connection with filaria of peritoneum and
paresis. Zveatment: Incision near margin and parallel to cornea under
careful antisepsis, extraction of worm, antiseptic collyria. F. Oculi Bo-
vina: Ff. Cervina: In France, Belgium and Italy ; in damp localities, at all
seasons. Symptoms variable, as in soliped ; one or both eyes affected ; one
or more worms in each. Tyveatment-: Puncture and extraction as in horse ;
aloes, mercury sulphate, sulphur. Leech-like parasite in sheep’seye. /.
Trispinulosa in dog’s vitreous. /. Mansoni in eye of hen, etc. Parasite
in aqueous of geese. F. Palpebralis: White, cylindroid ; small terminal
mouth, nude; gullet club-shaped; 8 to 15 mm. long. Male has tail curved,
female, straight tail, ovoviviparous. Found by Gurlt and Goubaud in Ger-
many and France in subjects of dissection, and without visible ophthalmia.
Subpalpebral, in lachrymal ducts or sac. Epiphora, congestion, photopho-
bia, tenderness, opacity and erosion of cornea. Diagnosis by finding the
worms. Tyveatment: Pick out worms with forceps, wash out with syringe,
apply wormwood, quassia or aloes solution. . Lachrymalis: In con-
junctival sac, lachrymal duct and sac of ox; Io to 24 mm. long; very in-
equal spicula; embryo large. Symptoms: Presence of the worm, with or
without conjunctivitis. Zveatment: Extract worm with forceps; wash
out with stream of water; use harmless vermifuges, quassia, aloes, tincture
of camphor, wormwood infusion. Astringent, anodyne collyria.

Sporozoa, Coccidia were found by Krause in the ocular
muscles of the ox, dog and cat.

Diptera. Different flies are attracted to the eyes of animals,
the muscee to suck the tears while the tabanus and simulium dash
into the eye attracted by its glitter. The chrysops coecutiens
takes its name from its propensity to attack the eye.

Van Setten, Ouderdenham, Holland, extracted through an in-
cision in the cornea of a horse, a parasite, which Blanchard and
Railliet claim to have been the larva of an cestrus probably a
hypoderma.

Pediculide. When lice abound on the surface of the body
they are quite liable to attack the palpebree and often lay their
eggs on the eyelashes. The species are those peculiar to the
animal attacked and may be either hzematopinus or trichodectes.
An ointment of yellow oxide of mercury will usually correct the
blepharitis and destroy the parasites.

Acarina. Sarcoptic Acari when colonized on the skin of
the head are especially prone to attack the soft skin of the eyelids,

Parasites of the Eye. 445

The demodex folliculorum invades the Meibomian glands of
the dog (Railliet), horse (Wilson) and sheep (Oschatz). These,
too, may be successfully treated by mercurial ointment.

The silky trombidium has been found in the canthi and along
the margins of the lids in dogs in summer and may be treated in
the same way. Wood ticks (ixodes) also attack the eyelids.

Leeches. The horse leech (Hzemopis Sanguisuga) has
been found on the conjunctiva of the horse in Algiers (Bizard).
Guyon had previously noticed a similar occurrence in the eye of a
soldier in the same country.

Cysticercus Cellulosa,. This larval cestode is not infrequent
in the orbit or even in the eyeball of pigs which are otherwise in-
fested by it. Its common habitat is under the mucosa of the eye,
where it appears as a white ovoid body as large as a barlzy grain.
It may also be felt if not seen in the muscles of the eyeball or
between them.

Nordmann describes four cases of its presence in the interior of
the eye, twice in the anterior chamber, once in the posterior
chamber accompanied by cataract, and once in the vitreous, as-
sociated with blood extravasation and calcified sclera. Gescheidt
records two cases, of which one was in the anterior chamber and
one between the choroid and retina. Van der Hoeven records an
additional case of this kind.

Cunier found a cysticercus beneath the mucosa in the outer
angle of a dog’s eye, and Heincke found one in the orbit of a
fourteen day old colt, which had the eye atrophied. In these
cases the species is left uncertain. Finally Hutchinson found a cyst
in the anterior chamber of a horse’s eye but failed to find any head
of acestode. The double membrane constituting the walls, and
the translucency of these and the contents suggested cystic tape-
worm, while the absence of the head would bein keeping with
the brood-capsule of an echinococcus,

Trichina. The ocular muscles, in common with those of other
parts of the body, harbor the trichina spiralis, but the presence of
the parasite cannot be certainly diagnosed during life unless the
trichina harpoon is used. Swelling and congestion of the con-
junctiva, and epiphora associated with general stiffness, and
irritable bowels may be present in such cases.

446 Veterinary Medicine.

FILARIA OCULI EQUINA. FILARIA PAPILLOSA. FILARIA
PELLUCIDA.

The presence of a thread-like worm in the eye of the horse is
mentioned by Spigel (1622), by Rayo in Spain, in horse and
mule (1773), Morgan and Hopkinson records a case in the
horse’s eye as exhibited in Philadelphia, in 1782. In the roth.
century it has been especially observed in the horses of India,
Ceylon and Burmah, but also not infrequently in Europe and
America. In one case occurring in New York the author ex-
tracted the worm through an incision in the margin of the cornea
and restored the vision of the animal. Itis said to be unknown
in Arabia and Persia.

Gibb, who resided for sixteen years at Posaah, India, on a low
damp soil, constantly water-soaked, and covered with puddles,
saw on an average twenty cases per annum. The wetter the
season the greater the number of succeeding cases. These oc-
curred mostly in the cold season, never before the month of
October nor after the first of March. In colder latitudes this
does not hold, Skeavington reporting three cases in March, May
and September, Smith (Toronto) and Kennedy (India), one
each in May, and Lee (New York) one from February to June.
The young suffer more frequently than the old.

The identity of this parasite has been disputed. Kennedy
makes it a distinct species (Filaria Pellucida), Grassi, the F.
inermis, and Neumann and Rivolta consider it the young of the
F. papillosa. Davaine’s description is as follows: body thread-
like, reddish white or chestnut, and a little expanded in its ceph-
alic quarter; integument smooth; mouth furnished with three
triangular lips; tail acute with two long and strong papille at
the sides, a little in advance of the end and directed backward.
Male 30 to 35 mm. long, tail spiral and having between the two
caudal papillze, six papillae on each side—three pre-anal and three
post-anal; three short spicula, one smaller than the others.
Female 22 mm. to 32 mm. long, genital tube destitute of ova.

Grassi’s description is as follows: The female only is known.
Body white or brownish, flaccid, slightly attenuated at the ex-
tremities. Integument striated transversely and longitudinally.
Head without papille. Mouth terminal, very small, without
papillae. Csophagus slightly enlarged in its posterior portion.

Parasites of the Eye. 447

Anus 300 w from the caudal extremity. Vulva 50 to 104 » from
the mouth. Ovoviviparous. Embryos 3504 long, 5% mu thick,
slightly narrowed in front and with finely pointed tail. Neither
of these agrees perfectly with the Filaria papillosa of the serous
membranes and the question of identity may be left unsettled.

Symptoms. Exceptionally the worm causes no inflammation,
and it can be seen actively bending and unbending itself, in the
form of a loop,a figure of 8, or a spiral in the anterior chamber.
Usually there is considerable inflammation, closure of the lids,
watering of the eye, redness of the mucosa, clouding and even
vascularity of the cornea. Still in the majority of cases a portion
of the cornea remains sufficiently transparent to allow the move-
ments of the worm to be seen. Sometimes it will temporarily re-
treat through the pupil and disappear behind the iris.

Sometimes only one eye is invaded, in other cases both eyes,
and in certain instances two or even three parasites are found in
one eye.

In Hindostan the filaria oculi is not infrequently associated
with a weakness of the kidneys called kumree or ah-drung, but
the English army veterinarians look upon this as a mere coinci-
dence. The wet hot regions infested by the filaria oculi, are
equally favorable to the preservation of the parasites and micro-
organisms of other diseases.

Treatment. Rayo, who was the second to record instances of
filaria oculi equina, also furnishes a successful case of treatment
by puncture of the cornea (1773). The puncture may be made
standing, the eye having been first rendered insensible by the ap-
plication of a pledget of cotton wool dipped in a 4 per cent. solu-
tion of cocaine and then disinfected with a mercuric chloride solu-
tion (1:5000). The incision is made close to the margin of the
cornea with a narrow-bladed lancet or cataract needle which has
been first sterilized in a carbolic acid solution (1:30), and then
dipped in boiled water. The upper margin of the cornea is usu-
ally selected, and the point of the lancet directed parallel to but
in front of the iris. TShe escape of the aqueous humor usually
brings with it a portion of the filaria which is at once seized with
forceps and extracted. Should it fail to protrude, the sterilized
forceps must be introduced and the parasite seized and withdrawn.

The operation can be accomplished more deliberately and accu-
rately if the animal is subjected to general anzesthesia.

448 Veterinary Medicine.

The subsequent treatment is by antiseptic collyria (mercuric
chloride 1:5000) as in other cases of puncture of the cornea.

Grellier claims that he destroyed the worm by mercurial appli-
cations to the eye, and Skeavington by a course of alteratives.
These may be more effective if the worm is already approaching
the limit of its existence. When the worm dies in this way it may
be dissolved and completely absorbed in four or five weeks. An
early operation is however to be recommended as obviating the
risk of permanent opacities and other changes destructive of vision.

Filaria Oculi Bovina. Filaria Cervina. Filaria Tere-
bra. Filaria Labiato-papillosa. As in the case of the filaria
oculi equina the identity of this worm is uncertain. It is, how-
ever, considered by Neumann and Railliet that it is the young
form of the filaria of the serous membranes of the same animals,
and which is also found in those of the deer and reindeer.

A worm in the aqueous humor of the ox was observed by Gris-
oni as early as 1429 but it does not seem to have been again ob-
served until 1812 by Dégouilleme. Later it has been noticed by
a number of observers including Santin, Chaignaud, Roche Lu-
bin, Anceze, Cruzel, etc., mainly in France and Italy.

Causes. Like filaria oculi equina, it has been found especially
in connection with damp localities, wet seasons and inundations,
and its prevalence has appeared to diminish in connection with
the encrease of land drainage, the cultivated forage. a richer di-
etary and better stabling. It has shown itself to be rigidly con-
fined to certain infested districts, as in France, to the valley of
the Garonne. Claes and Brouwier record a local epizodtic in
Belgium which was followed by bronchial strongylosis. Season
appears to exercise a marked influence, thus Chaignaud who re-
cords over one hundred and fifty cases, found them only from
June to November. Faure, however, saw a case in April, and
Durechon and Roche Lubin, others in March.

Symptoms. As in the horse the usual result is an ophthalmia
of variable intensity, yet the cornea commonly retains a sufficient
translucency to allow the worm and its movements to be detected
in a good light, as at a door or window. In some cases there is
little inflammation and the discharge of tears is the only promi-
nent symptom to draw special attention to the eye.

The affected eye may contain but a single worm, but in excep-

Parasites of the Eye, 449

tional cases two, three or four have been found, and Roche Lubin
extracted as many as seven from the one eye. Both eyes may be
affected at once or successively, and successive worms in the same
eye are not uncommon, carrying the disease over four months
with intermissions (Durechou). ;

It is claimed that the worm may be quiescent in its early stages,
though actively mobile later, and Dégouilleme claims that at first
there may be observed in the lower part of the anterior chamber
small grayish white pea-like bodies representing the cysts from
which the worms escaped.

Treatment. 'The most certain and effective treatment is extrac-
tion of the worm by puncture, asin the horse. Medicinal treat-
ment has, however, been much more largely resorted to in cattle.
Lafosse used local applications of absinthum, salammoniac, sulphate
of zinc or nitrate of silver. Chaignaud dropped inside the eye-
lids a solution of tincture of aloes in an equal amount of distilled
water and found that the parasite dropped and became immovable
in three or four days. Its absorption required several weeks,
during which cooling astringent collyria were applied. Faure
gave sulphate of mercury by the mouth (1 dr.) with sublimed
sulphur (2 drs.) in a mixture of dry bran. The motions of the
worm ceased in four or five days.

If cataract is present before treatment is begun, it of course re-
mains as a permanent lesion.

Parasites inthe Eye of the Sheep. MHaselbach has fur-
nished the one example of this kind. A ram manifested, sclero-
titis, opacity of the cornea and photophobia, with a disposition to
rub the eye, was treated for the same, and in three days, when
the cornea had cleared somewhat, a white filament with active
leech-like movements, was observed in the aqueous humor.
The ram shook his head violently to escape restraint and the
parasite disappeared behind the iris. The cornea clouded over
anew six days later, and cleared up again under treatment by
laudanum, but although the ram was kept under observation for
nine months no worm reappeared.

Filaria Oculi Canina. Filaria Trispinulosa. This worm
was once found by Gescheidt in the vitreous humor of a six year
old dog. It was 7 mm. in length, cylindroid with a slight nar-
rowing toward the tail, round mouth’ with three small, round

29

450 Veterinary Medicine.

papilla. The hyaloid and vitreous in its vicinity were somewhat
clouded.

Filaria Mansoniin Chickens. Railliet records the frequency
of entozoa in the eyes of wild beasts and Neumann the frequency
of filaria in the blood of ravens and mapgies in Eastern Asia. It
is interesting to note in this connection the record by Cobbold of
Filaria Mansoni in the eyes of chickens in China.

Entozoa in the Eye of the Goose. Small found among
geese, which frequented a stream with a filthy bottom, in the
vicinity of Dublin, Ireland, a great prevalence of an unilateral
ophthalmia. The cornea became cloudy, and the bulb gradually
encreased in size until it projected outside the orbit causing in-
tense pain. One goose was sacrificed and the cornea incised
when there was found in the aqueous humor a black vermiform
object comparable to a young leech. Neumann suggests that it
may have been a filaria. Small says the stream contained a number
of leeches.

Filaria Palpebralis. Grisoni who first described the Filaria
oculi, also reported the Filaria palpebralis on the conjunctiva of
the horse in 1429. Gurlt described it in 1831, and Kliem in 1839.
It has been described by Goubaux, Serres, Lafosse, Baillet,
Railliet, Neumann and others.

The worm is whitish, cylindroid and only slightly attenuated
at the ends. Mouth terminal, very small without papille.
(Esophagus short and becoming more spacious posteriorly. Anus
almost terminal. Integument non-striated. Zale 8 to 14 mm.
long. Tail curved in an arc, and showing near its end two in-
equal spicula. Female 14 to 15 mm. long. Tail straight.
Ovoviviparous.

Gurlt and Goubaux found these worms frequently in horses
received for dissection and the eyes of which were apparently
sound, They were found at all seasons, June (Goubaux),
November (Railliet) and December (Kliem),

Symptoms. These may be entirely lacking. In other cases
there was slight conjunctivitis (Goubaux, Railliet) and in still
others active inflammation. In Railliet’s case there were tumefied
painful lids; red, infiltrated conjunctiva; a constant discharge
from the inner canthus, and two erosions of the centre of the
cornea, In Kliem’s case the lids were firmly closed, the flow of

Parasites of the Eye. 451

tears abundant, the cornea was vascular in its outer portion with
a surrounding area of opacity, which was followed by a bluish
white opacity of the whole cornea excepting at the inner canthus.
Under treatment there was a general improvement but a month
later there was a new attack and five filaria were discovered under
the eyelids. The cornea became opaque and permanent blindness
ensued. Goubaux noticed a dilatation of the lachrymal canals.
The diagnostic symptom is the discovery of the worms, which is
favored by the eversion of the lids and the squirming movements
of the worms. When dried by holding the lids open for some
time they become sluggish or quite still, but are at once roused
into activity by moistening through renewed closure of the lids.
They may easily conceal themselves in the folds of the conjunc-
tiva or in the lachrymal ducts. The evolution of the worm is un-
known. Railliet deposited an ovigerous female on the healthy
eye of a horse, but no young worms developed.

Treatment consists in picking out the worms with the fingers,
or still better with forceps, or in washing them out with a strong
current of water injected under the eyelids with a syringe. The
medicinal agents advised are non-irritant vermifuges, such as infu-
sion of wormwood or quassia, tincture of aloes diluted in an equal
amount of water, and camphorated spirits in water. As showing
the uncertainty of mercurials five worms were found alive and
active on the conjunctiva after repeated injections of a solution of
mercuric chloride in tincture of opium. If, however, the worms
were at that time in the lachrymal canals or ducts this apparent
anomaly might be explained.

Filaria Lachrymalis Bovis. The filaria of the conjunctiva
and lachrymal ducts of cattle was first noticed by Rhodes; later in
1838 -by Coulom and still later by Ancéze, Lafosse, Baillet, Gurlt,
Baudanne. Like the filaria palpebralis of the horse it has been
found at all seasons, but especially in summer and autumn, July,
August, September, and November.

The Filaria lachrymalis resembles that of the horse but differs
in its greater length (10 to 14 mm. for the male and 20 to 24mm.
for the female), in the transverse striation of the integument, by
its two very inequal spicula, one six times the length of the
other, and by its larger embryos.

Symptoms. Apart from the presence of the worms these may
be entirely absent. In other cases acute conjunctivitis or kera-

452 Veterinary Medicine.

*

titis may be present. The eyelids are swollen and tender, closed
or semi-closed, with an abundant flow of tears. The conjunctiva
is red and infiltrated. The cornea shows more or less opacity,
vascularity, and even ulceration or perforation. The lachrymal
canals may be distended. Finally the writhing worm is seen on
the eye, and usually toward the inner canthus.

Treatment. ‘This consists in the extraction of the parasites
with finger or forceps, or the washing of them out by a current
of water, aud the application of non-irritant vermifuges. It is
important to search for them under the lids, and the membrana
nictitans. Serres has seen over a score of worms in one eye and
Guittard as many as one hundred, and in such cases it is difficult
to find and extract them all. By following the example of Bau-
danne, in detaching the eyelids with retractors and injecting the
conjunctival sac all those that are not esconced in the lachrymal
ducts will usually be reached. The vermifuges usually employed
have been dilute tincture of camphor, dilute tincture of aloes, and
infusion of wormwood, to which may be added infusion of quas-
sia. These agents may be injected daily for several days, so as
to destroy any hidden parasites when they emerge from the canals.

Astringent collyria may be necessary to correct any vascular
irritation, and a weak solution of silver nitrate (0.5:100) may be
applied daily to any existing ulcers.

PARASITES OF THE KIDNEYS AND VICINITY.

STEPHANURUS DENTATUS. SCLEROSTOMA PINGUICOLA. LARD
WORM OF PIG. KIDNEY WORM.

The term Stephanurus (stephanos crown, oura tail) was de-
rived from the broad 5-lobed clasping membrane of the tail of the
male, which has been supposed to represent a head-dress; and
Dentatus (toothed) from the six firm tooth-like papillae which
surround the buccal orifice. The term Sclerostoma Pinguicola
was adopted by Verrill from the papille of the mouth and the
habitat of the worm in a cyst in the sublumbar fat (pinguis fat).
Louise Taylor of the Bureau of Animal Industry takes strong
grounds for abandoning the first name in favor of that of Verrill
and remanding the worm to the genus Scerostoma.

Parasites of the Kidneys and Vicinity. 453

Description. 'The female worm averages 37 mm. in length ; the
male 32mm. The body is plump, the mouth terminal and by
reason of the papillee it has, when open, a hexagonal outline and
is funnel-shaped, and turned slightly ventrad. ‘The median ven-
tral and dorsal papillae are more prominent than the others. The
mouth has also a circular fringe of 35 to go fine cilia. The anus
is terminal in the made, and it further serves as an opening for
the genital tract and the protrusion of the two spicula. The anus
in the female is .64 mm. in front of the caudal extremity, and the
vulva, .99 mm. in front of the anus. She has two small cuti-
cular bladder-like swellings in front of the tail. The digestive
canal is seen through the transparent skin asa dark convoluted
tube extending the whole length of the body and contrasting
strongly with the white cephalic glands and generative organs.
The ova are.1 mm. by .056 mm. and undergo segmentation in
the uterus.

Development. ‘The eggs, fresh from a newly killed pig, were
hatched out in water in Petri dishes, kept at a temperature of 74°
F. On the fourth day the free rhabditiform embryos had escaped.
In two days more these moulted and assumed the form of the
young worm. No intermediate host has been demonstrated for
the larvee, and in spite of the assumptions of such a host by dif-
ferent helminthologists, L. Taylor concludes from the habits of
allied species that probably no such host is required, but that the
young worm after moulting can be taken in and matured in the
pig.

Hfabitat. First found in 1834 by Natterer in cysts in the me-
sentery of Chinese hogs in Brazil. It has since been found
abundantly in North American and Australian swine. It most
commonly occupies cysts in the fat in the vicinity of the kidneys,
or even in the mesentery, but not unfrequently it invades differ-
ent solid organs of the abdomen as the substance or pelvis of the
kidney, the ureter, the liver and spleen. Fletcher even claimed
to have found it in the lungs, but it has been supposed that he
mistook the Strongylus Paradoxus for the worm under review.
Dean claims to have found the ova in the urine which, together
with their presence in the liver, may explain the escape of the
eggs with both urine and feeces, and the hatching and moulting
of the young woim externally.

454 Veterinary Medicine.

Cysts. The cysts vary in size and are often collected in groups,
each cyst usually containing two worms, a male and female ; less
frequently a male and two females, or a female and two males,
and still more rarely, four or five worms in a single cyst. Beside
the worms the cyst contains a quantity of purulent debris, includ-
ing multitudes of ova. In old cysts the parent worms may have
died and disintegrated, leaving only the ova. Lutz has observed
peritoneal effusions and fistulous indurations in connection with
the encysted worms in the vicinity of the kidneys.

Fletcher found that when’ the worms were very numerous in
the liver and when general disorders had set in there were exten-
sive hepatic congestion and softening. To the ravages of the
worm he attributed a destructive epizootic which went by the
name of hog cholera. In these cases it is difficult to estimate,
from the description, the relative causative importance of the en-
cysted hepatic parasites on the one hand, and of a possible coinci-
dent hog cholera infection on the other. Hepatic derangement
might well cause portal congestion, intestinal catarrh, indiges-
tions, fermentations, and dysenteric disorder, to say nothing of
metabolic or microbian toxic products in the liver. The case
may be fairly compared to outbreaks of alleged hog cholera,
which were found to be associated with multitudes of intestinal
worms, and in which the free administration of tobacco led toa
cure. With our present light it is important to bear in mind
that the stephanurus may enter and encyst itself in the liver, in
large numbers, producing symptoms that resemble those of acute
congestive affections of that organ. Also that secondary gastro-
intestinal disorders, easily mistaken for hog cholera, may result.
On the other hand we should bear in mind that Fletcher found
the parasite in nine out of ten pigs killed in the Indianapolis abat-
toirs, although the animals had shown no sign of illness, being in
fine condition, and killed for packing.

Pig breeders in America have been in the habit of attributing
all cases of weakness, stiffness, and paralysis of the hind limbs in
swine, to this kidney worm, but there can be no doubt that this
wide generalization is usually erroneous. Rheumatism, sprained
back, rickets, intestinal disorders, causing sympathetic nervous
atony, disordered innervation as the result of poisoning of the
nerve centres by toxins produced by fermentations in the swill or

Parasites of the Kidneys and Vicinity. 455

fodder, or in the intestinal contents, or by microbian invasions
elsewhere, congestions of the spinal cord or kidneys, renal
calculus, poisoning by ergot or smut, by the seeds of vetches, rye
grass, millet, or cotton, or by any one of the many narcotics, may
in turn produce a paresis, or paraplegia which by the swine-
breeder would be unhesitatingly attributed to the kidney worm.
Yet on the other hand the presence of multiple stephanurus cysts
under the loins, or still more so in the kidney or ureter, or as
Verrill suggests, in the spinal cord, might well bring about the
weakness of the hind limbs.

If, however, along with the paretic symptoms, we can at the
same time find the elliptical ova of this worm, or of the Eustrong-
ylus Gigas in the urine, there need be no hesitation in incrim-
inating the parasites as prominent factors in the causation.

Symptoms of Stephanurus are very problematical apart from
indications of hepatic, spinal or renal disease including of course
ascites. Yet if post-mortem examinations, have demonstrated the
existence of the parasite in the locality, or herd, and if the ova
are found in the urine or faeces, the hepatic, renal or spinal dis-
order, and the ascites, occurring in a number of pigs in the same
herd, simultaneously or in succession, may be plausibly, or some
times confidently attributed to the kidney worin.

Treatment. This is extremely unsatisfactory, mainly because
the worms are encysted in the solid tissues, in the midst of a pu-
rulent debris, so that any vermicide introduced by the mouth
could not be hoped to reach them in a sufficiently concentrated
form, and because that even from its diluted solution in the blood
the exosmosis into the worm-cyst is too limited to be in any degree
of value.

Swine breeders usually resort to arsenic in large doses (10 or 20
grains or more), the general apparent harmlessness of which ar-
gues that it has been promptly rejected by vomiting. When
recovery follows, it seems to indicate that the disorder has been
hepatic or gastro-intestinal, and that the stimulus to stomach,
bowels and liver, and the attendant elimination have given relief.
If given at all as a vermicide for the encysted worms, the arsenic
would be most rationally given in small physiological doses, con-
tinued for a length of time, but even then the hope of a good re-
sult can hardly fail to be disappointed.

456 Veterinary Medicine.

Prevention. Every effort must be made to break the chains of
succession in the reproduction of the pinguicola. The presump-
tion is that the worm passes no part of its cycle of life in any other
animal than the pig. There is no evidence of any other genus of
vertebrate or of invertebrate animals proving a host of the para-
site in its immature or mature condition. There is therefore no
need of any restriction with regard to other domesticated or wild
animals.

Hogs should be excluded from all ground known to be infested,
or on which infested hogs have been, or which receives drainage
from fields, lots or pens occupied by other hogs ; also from water
derived from wells having leakage through a porous surface soil,
and from ponds, lakes or streams that are likely to bear the ova
of the pinguicola. If the parasite exists in the vicinity, the re-
striction of the water supply to deep wells, raised and closed at
the mouth, and cemented sufficiently far down to prevent all sur-
face drainage, or the boiling of all water supplied will be a most
important precaution. Above all, the pigs should be kept apart
from slaughter-houses, and streams into which they drain, and on
no account should they be allowed the offal or flesh of other pigs,
including scraps from the kitchen, until such material has been
thoroughly cooked. The common feeding trough of the pig invites
infestment, since the animal can get in not only with his nose but
also with his feet, filthy from direct contact with the urine and
feeces of himself and others. The trough should always have a
sloping cover, extending forward and upward at an angle of 45°
from the posterior border, and which will at least exclude the feet
from the food. The trough should further be cleansed daily and
disinfected by a solution of salt, sulphuric acid or copperas.

As in the case of other communicable diseases of pigs, the mass-
ing of these animals in large herds in the contaminated localities
is particularly dangerous, and their separation into small lots in
distinct enclosures, or better still, the seclusion of each pig in
its own pen will do much to prevent the propagation of the para-
site. If kept on paved or cemented floors only and scrupulously
clean, infestment will be largely obviated.

Finally, purchased pigs should only be added to sound herds on
the basis of irrefragible evidence of the soundness of the herds
and locality from which they came, and even then only after quar-
antine.

Parasites of the Kidneys and Vicinity. 457

STRONGYLUS GIGAS. EUSTRONGYLUS VISCERALIS. GIANT
STRONGLE.

This largest of the round worms makes its internal habitat
mainly in the urinary organs or immediately adjacent parts, but
has been found in other internal organs as well.

Distribution. It is widely distributed in the Old World and
the New, and probably no country can be held to be entirely free
from it. It is most common near the sea coasts, rivers and lakes.

Hfosts, This parasite preys on a wide range of victims includ-
ing man, horse, ox, dog, wolf, mink, martin, otter, seal.

Characters. ‘This worm is white or red, of nearly uniform
thickness but tapering toward the extremities, finely striated
transversely, and with several raised, longitudinal bands: mouth
terminal, triangular, with 6 papille. /ale 13 to go cm. long:
4to6mm. thick, with blunt tail having a terminal, saucer-shaped,
ribless membrane, and single spiculum. Female 7 to 39 inches
long: 5 to 12 mm. thick, with obtuse, curved tail, and vulva near
the mouth. Oviparous. Ova brownish, 68 to 80 » long by goto
43 » broad.

Development, Segmentation takes place in the egg before it is
laid, but hatching out of the embryo only occurs after laying
when the egg is in contact with water or damp earth. The un-
hatched egg may be a. whole year in the cold without losing its
vitality. When hatched the embryo is easily killed by drying,
and may early perish in pure water though living well in albu-
minous fluids. It is cylindrical, thick in front and tapering be-
hind, having a conical head and terminal mouth furnished with a
protractile, chitinous dart, evidently intended to perforate its in-
termediate host. What that host is is still unknown, though its
presence as a mature worm in fish-eating animals suggests a fish
or aquatic animal as the probable bearer. Schneider has even
found an Eustrongylus larva (Filaria Cystica) encysted in fishes.
Balbiani, however, failed to hatch the ova of Strongylus Gigas in
the alimentary canal of various fishes, in snakes, tritons, river
prawns or dogs.

Strongylus Gigas in the Dog. A variety of different organs
may be infested but the urinary organs and especially the pelvis
of the kidney are the most common seats of the worm. Ina
number of cases in which the parasite was found elsewhere there

458 Veterinary Medicine.

was reason to believe that it had started its career in the kidney
and migrated from this point. In a list of 41 specimens, 16
were found in the kidneys, 10 in the peritoneum, 6 in or on
the liver, 4 in the connective tisssue between the thighs, in the
vicinity of the urethra and scrotum, and 1 each in the ureter,
bladder and pleura. It is much more frequent in dogs than in
other domestic animals, and especially in such as feed on raw meat
(fish )—setters, pointers, retrievers, spaniels and mongrels.

Symptoms. ‘These vary according to the seat of the strongle,
being often the result of nervous suffering and disorder referable
to the pain, and in others, of the retention of the secretions of
such organs as the liver and kidneys, and again from toxic mat-
ters due to alteration of the metabolism effected in such organs.
When the worm is so situated as to cause neither mechanical nor
toxic trouble, symptoms may be entirely overlooked, and the dis-
covery of its presence is only made on post-mortem examination.

From the local action on the kidney there is liable to be stiff-
ness or tenderness of the loins, walking with the body turned to
the affected side, paresis of the hind limbs, the suppression of
urine, or its passage drop by drop, the passage of blood by the
urethra, and the presence of the ova in this discharge.

Vomiting is not uncommon, extreme restlessness, moaning,
yelping or howling and some form of nervous disorder. This
may take the form of drowsiness, champing of the jaws, grinding
of the teeth. convulsions, or simply taciturnity and a disposition
to snap or bite. Hence cases of this kind have been mistaken for
rabies, the patient refusing food, seeking seclusion and biting any
one who approached him. Yet Silvestrina found in such cases
symptoms of intense suffering rather than of rabies, the face was
pinched rather than sinister or ferocious, the eye was not promi-
nent but retracted, the pupils contracted in place of dilated and
flashing, and the membrana was protruded over a portion of tne
bulb. Though impatient of interference there was no mischiev-
ous disposition to attack.

With the worm in the wveter the same class of symptoms is
liable to appear, for though urine may still pass from the kidney
on the sound side, yet the obstructed ureter leads to accummula-
tion in the pelvis, compression, degeneration and absorption of
the renal parenchyma, the resorption of urine and toxic products,

Parasites of the Kidneys and Vicinity. 459

and general poisoning especially of the nervous system. In such
cases, as in the obstruction of the ureter by calculus, the renal
tissue is progressively absorbed, beginning with the softer cortical
structures and ending with the more resistant blood vessels, the
albugenic tunic is greatly thickened and finally there is left only
a thick fibrous sac enclosing a liquid which still retains an urinous
odor. :

With the worm in the d/adder there is the same general class of
symptoms, with the frequent passage of more or less flocculent or
bloody urine. Asin the case of obstruction in the urethra both
kidneys may suffer, with the supervention of acute ureeniia,
nervous disorder, and early death. The presence of the worm
may be detected by the finger in the rectum, or ova may be
found in the urine.

In the zvethva the worm is liable to be arrested by the bone of
the penis, yet in some instances it has been passed accompanied
by blood, and with much effort and suffering, followed by perma-
nent relief. When arrested in the urethra it sometimes bores
through its walls aud curls itself up in the cellular tissue between
the thighs, usually near the scrotum, rapidly developing a swell-
ing as large as a walnut in which the convolutions of the worm
can be detected. Even when retained in the urethra its presence
may be detected by the distension and firm cord-like swelling,
together with the complete suppression of urine in spite of violent
straining. ‘The obstruction may be further shown when it is at-
tempted to pass a catheter, and ova may be detected in any liquid
obtained.

With the strongle in the peritoneum the evidence of peritonitis
is more or less manifest. Inappetence, vomiting, arching of the
back, stiffness of the hind limbs, tenderness and fluctuating swelling
of the abdomen are significant, but fail to give actual diagnostic
symptoms. If, however, there has been clear evidence of prior
renal disorder, with the passage of ova or blood, it may be possi-
ble to reach a better conclusion.

In case of invasion of the “ver, the only data to guide one
would be the evidence of previous or concurrent renal disease on
which the hepatic trouble had supervened.

In invasion of the pleura Magnie found vomiting and asphyxia
with sudden death.

460 | Veterinary Medicine.

As the primary invasion is believed to be in the kidney in all,
or the great majority of cases, the prior existence of renal dis-
order should always be ground for suspicion of Strongylus Gigas
in a susceptible animal in an infested region.

Strongylus Gigas in the Horse. In the horse the symptoms
should be similar, but the disease being much less common they
have been less clearly identified, most specimens having been
found only ost-mortem. T,abat alone records disorder of the
urinary organs in an affected mare, and examination of the urine
during life would doubtless have revealed the presence of the ova
in that liquid. Yet in Chabert’s case the mare’s left kidney
seems to have been to a great extent absorbed, being represented
by a very capacious sac of purulent fluid in which the worm
floated. Careful observation during life could not have failed to
detect renal symptoms and the urine must have furnished abun-
dance of ova.

Strongylus Gigas in the Ox. ‘There has been a similar lack
of careful observation of the symptoms in cattle. Greve, how-
ever, records the case of a bull which for a year showed difficult
urination and dribbling of opaque flocculent urine, and in which
the left kidney was represented by an enormous sac filled with a
foul purulent fluid and containing a Strongylus Gigas.

Treatment. ‘The main difficulty, as in the case of all worms
outside of the alimentary canal, is in bringing in contact with the
parasite, a vermicide strong enough to destroy it, and yet harm-
less to the system of the host. Neumann suggests oil of turpen-
tine to cause the worm to emigrate, but this agent is transformed
before it is eliminated through the kidneys. Arsenic which is
mainly thrown off by the kidneys is more promising, given in
small doses fora length of time. Quinia and strychnine are
both secreted in large part by the kidneys unchanged and might
be profitably combined with the arsenic. Quassia and other bit-
ters might also be tried.

OTHER PREDACEOUS, VENOMOUS, AND ELECTRIC
ENEMIES.

Tarantula: Hairy spiders of S. Europe, Asia, Africa, tropical and sub-
tropical America; poisonous but rarely dangerous. Mental disorders hys-

Other Predaceous, Venomous, and Electric Enemies. 461

terical. Bird-Spider of S. America; Scorpion Spider of Costa Rica ; Latro-
dectus Lugubris of Kirghiz, irritating and even deadly ; Kalipto of N. Zea-
land, causes great prostration. Treatment: lead lotions, alkaline, phenated;
permanganate, creolin, chloral; ammonia, digitalis, strophanthus, nitro-
glycerine, coffee in heart failure. Centipedes: Poison, rarely dangerous ;
in tropics more so ; cyanosis, nausea, prostration, paresis.

SPIDERS. TARANTULAS.

The large, hairy spiders of Southern Europe, Asia, Africa and
America are known as tarantulas, and have long been charged
with causing dangerous and even fatal wounds. They form nests
in the ground, and are furnished with two formidable mandible
claws which work vertically instead of laterally, as in other
spiders. The best known species of our Southern States is the
Euryperma Heintzii. The bite causes wheals with intense pain
and itching, but no nervous symptoms, if uncomplicated by other
poisons. The dancing manias of the middle ages attributed to
this spider were mere manifestations of hysteria and have no
counterpart in the lower animals, nor in man in modern times.

The bite of the bird spider of S. America (Mygale auricu-
laria), which has a body two and a half inches long, is claimed
to be fatal to birds, and to produce in mammals local inflamma-
tion, suppuration and induration (Schmarda). The scorpion
spider of Costa Rica produces a spreading erysipelatoid dermati-
tis (Frantzius). The latrodectus lugubris of the Kirghiz
Steppes, a spider of one-half inch long, is said to kill 25 per cent.
of the large domestic animals bitten (in man 4 percent.) Beside
local pain and swelling, it causes cold sweats, restlessness, vertigo,
nausea, prostration, cyanosis and convulsions (Ucke). The Ka-
lipto spider of N. Zealand causes, for a few days, great pain, red-
ness, great prostration, cold extremities, and feeble pulse
(Wright). It is probable that, in most or all of the severe cases,
another and more potent poison is introduced into the bite, in ad-
dition to the natural venom of the spider.

Ordinary spider bites may be treated with lead lotions, alka-
line and carbolic lotions, solutions of potassium permanganate,
creolin, chloral or other antiseptic, or caustic. Ammonia locally
and internally, and, in case of heart failure, digitalis, strophan-
thus and nitro-glycerine may be resorted to.

462 Veterinary Medicine.
CENTIPEDES.

These which abound everywhere and attain to large size in the
Gulf States, are also charged witi making dangerous wounds.
They have poison-glands opening through the claws of the first
pair of legs, but even in the south it is rare to find them wound-
ing man or other mammal, and much more rare to see more than
the most circumscribed and transient inflammation resulting. In
the tropics the wound may kill with cyanosis, weakness, nausea,
involuntary defecation, and lingual paralysis or paresis.

ANTS. FORMICIDA.

In tropics, Congo, Nicaragua, etc., nenters have caudal sting and venom
gland, formic acid ; deadly when attack in swarms, White ant, Velvetaut,
Cow-killer of Texas. Ants as bearers of septic or other poisons. TZveat-
ment, as for bee stings. Prevention: Boiling water, burning petroleum,
shavings, hay, etc.

The different families of ants deserve notice as venomous in-
sects, which in warm latitudes appear at times to be actually
dangerous to life. This applies especially to the tropics, and to
the neuters and soldier ants. These working members of the
colony, have in addition to their enormously powerful mandibles,
a caudal sting fortified by a poison in which formic acid appears
to be the main constituent. In northern climates stinging ants
are exceptional but towards the equator the development of sting
and poison encreases. Prevost speaking of the ants of the Congo
region, describes how great armies will attack the natives and
missionaries, and will even kill cattle in their stalls. Stanley is
no less definite. Describing’ the invading ants he says: ‘¢ Woe
betide the unlucky naked foot treading upon a myriad. Better a
flogging with nettles or cayeune over an excoriated body * *
than these biting and venomous thousands climbing up the limbs
and body, burying themselves in the hair of the head, and plung-
ing their shining, horny mandibles into the flesh, creating painful
pustules with every bite. Every living thing seems disturbed at
their coming. Men are screaming, bellowing with pain, dancing
and writhing. * * The rats and mice, snakes, beetles and
crickets are moving.’’ Bates and Belt describe similar onslaughts,

Bees, Wasps and Hornets. 463

by Eciton predator, and hamata in Nicaragua and Central
America. Birds and opossums flee in terror and frequently fall
victims to the determined onslaught. The devotion of ants toa
flesh diet and the rapidity with which they will clean the skeleton
from a carcase placed by their hills, even in northern latitudes, is
a fair index to the predatory habits of the more powerful and
poisonous tropical ants.

The ¢ermites (white ant) which are not true ants at all, but
neuropterous insects resembling ants, are equally predatory.

The Velvet Ant (Spherophthalma occidentalis) of Texas has
been called the cow-killer ant because of its sting, and has been
supposed to be very dangerous to live stock.

In the case of all these venomous wounds by small animals
much depends on the latitude and season, the venom being more
abundant and probably more potent in the tropics and in the hot
season ; on the size and vigor of the venomous assailant ; on the
numbers of the animals infecting ; and on the question of whether
it is the first bite or sting with much venom, or rapidly succeed-
ing ones with less and less poison. A single sting is often com-
paratively harmless, when the stings of a whole hive or army
would prove fatal. Another important consideration is the ques-
tion of the presence, on the perforating organ, of extraneous
poisons like those of decomposing flesh, or those of specific disease
poisons like anthrax, nagana, or surra. Animals that prey on
dead carcases and carrion are especially liable to carry poison in
this way.

The dveatment of aut-stings is essentially the same as for stings
of bees, hornets and wasps.

In the way of prevention they may be destroyed in their hills
or nests or even when on the march by boiling water, burning
petroleum, by burning shavings, dry grass, etc., or by using
some active insecticide (see Acariasis).

BEES, WASPS AND HORNETS.

Females and neuters sting. Venom, trauma, barbed sting ; acquired im-
munity. Stings of swarm may kill. Excitement, panting, heart failure,
debility, prostration. Zveatment: Soda or ammonia bicarbonate, potassi-
um permanganate, phenic acid, cold, ice, lead acetate, chloral. Extract
stings. Support flagging heart.

464 Veterinary Medicine.

Among these insects only the female and neutres are provided
with stings, and they use them in self defence, when they or their
nests are interfered with. The irritation depends in the first place
upon the wound, but much more on the amount of venom left in
it, and in many cases on the presence of the sting, which being
barbed has been broken off and retained in the tissues. Asa
rule if the insect is left undisturbed it withdraws the entire sting,
leaving a less irritating wound, but, if it is brushed off, the sting
is often broken and remains. ‘The part stung swells up more or
less, presenting a white centre and a red cedematous periphery,
with much itching. Vesication may take place and exceptionally
a small portion sloughs. Much depends on the individual stung,
bee-keepers after a number of stings usually acquire an immunity
from the poison and are only affected by the slight wound, and
some animals and men have an innate immunity. Simple stings
are rarely hurtful to animals, but when horse or cow encroaches
on a large colony, and is stung by a dense mass, the results may
be rapidly fatal. The animal is violently excited, breathing
hurried and panting, pulse rapid, weak and irregular, the parts
attacked are swollen, and there is great debility and prostration.

In freating these cases an antidote to the formic acid may be
sought in solutions of bicarbonate of soda or ammonia, or in
permanganate of potash or even dilute carbolic acid. Cold ap-
plications are soothing and beneficial, cold water, ice, solution of
lead acetate or chloral. The stings present in the wounds should
be sought and extracted with fine forceps. Finally the heart
may be supported by the injection of digitalin, strophanthus or
nitro-glycerine.

SNAKE BITES.

Grooved teeth and venom glands in upper jaw; inflict two punctures ; in
some species four, may tear. Warm, sunny, dry places and by water. Vi-
pers of Europe least hurtful ; American snakes more so ; S. American, Asi-
atic, African and Australian most. Symptoms: Two small punctures
(sometimes four), great pain, swelling, violet color, oozing of black incoag-
ulable blood, extensive sloughing if death is deferred; great prostration,
weakness, difficult breathing, thirst, nausea, retching, unconsciousness,
delirium, convulsions, weak, failing heart ; action on respiratory and car-
diac centres and blood. Extravasations of liquid blood around bite, in
serosee and internal organs. Gravity affected by vigor of snake, quantity

Snake Bites, 465

and potency of venom instilled, reduction of venom by recent bites, small
size or weakness of the bitten, and degree of susceptibility. Immunity of
swine and mongoose, subcutaneous fat little vascular; venom in blood-
vessel very deadly. Poison acid, with alkalies inert ; contains albumose.
Not made inert by 154.49 F., which coagulates albumen. TZyeatment-
Should be instant ; collapse may occur in a few minutes. Tourniquet with
broad band ; cauterize with potash, lunar caustic or zinc chloride; suction
through tube; wring or milk tissues; ammonia, potassium permanganate,
tincture of chloride of iron. Internally, antitoxic serum of immune animal ;
stimulants, digitalis, strychnia, nitro-glycerine, ammonia, alcohol short of
narcosis. Immunization by injecting venom in tip of tail; amputate if
effects are excessive. Antagonism of snake venom to rabies, and abrine.

The dental armature of snakes consists of two rows on each side
of the upper jaw, and in the venomous species one or more teeth
on each side are enormously developed and furnished with a closed
canal or a groove, in different genera, which communicates with
the poison gland back of the eye. In the quiescent condition the
teeth are directed backward and flattened down, but when about
to strike the mouth is opened widely and the maxillary bones in
which the poison teeth are embedded are moved by muscles so
that the latter project at nearly right angles from the surface,
ready to penetrate the victim. Meanwhile the poison glands are
compressed by the temporal muscles so as to discharge the venom
through the tooth into the wound. The wound will vary accord-
ing to the snake, even with the strike direct, that of the rattle-
snake, copperhead or moccasin usually showing two small, deep
punctured wounds corresponding to the two poison fangs, while
in other genera there may be four,—two in line on each side.
The strike may however be oblique and the wound becomes a tear
or scratch in place of a series of punctures. The rattlesnakes
(Crotalus durissus and horridus) and the copperhead (Cenchris
contortrix) prefer warm, sunny, dry situations, while the water
moccasin (Cenchris piscivorus) keeps by water and the adjacent
banks and lives on aquatic animals.

The vipers of Europe are much less dangerous than these North
American genera, but again the latter do not compare with the
deadly character of many South American, Asiatic, African and
Australian serpents. In India alone there are 20,000 deaths
yearly in the human population from snake-bite, and the domestic
animals suffer to a much greater extent.

30

466 Veterinary Medicine.

Symptoms. Beside the character of the wound and history of
the case, a snake-bite is manifested by great pain and swelling,
with a white skin, a violet discoloration for several inches around,
and the oozing of a black incoagulable blood from the pricks,
The inflammatory swelling may extend so as to involve a large
area or an entire limb, and if the patient survives extensive
sloughing takes place. The constitutional symptoms may super-
vene in from a few minutes to two hours and consist in great
prostration and weakness, hurried, difficult, perhaps gasping
breathing, thirst, nausea, loss of consciousness, delirium or con-
vulsions, with a gradual weakening of the heart, it may be to
complete failure.

The action is evidently exerted largely on the respiratory and
cardiac centres in the medulla, but also directly on the blood and
especially the red globules, which fail to fulfill their normal
respiratory functions. Extensive extravasations of incoagulable
blood are found, not only in the wound and vicinity but also in
the serous cavities and internal organs.

The gravity of the bite depends on a variety of causes, such as
the size and vigor of the serpent, and the amount and potency of
the venom instilled, the fact of the bite having been the first in a
length of time or one of the last in a series which have expended
the available venom and cleaned the teeth, the small size or weak
or invalid condition of the animal bitten, and the question of a
native or acquired immunity. <A bite that would promptly killa
small animal like a chicken or rabbit, or seriously injure a dog or
sheep, would have little more than a temporary local effect on an
ox or horse. The pig, like the mongoose, is reputed to be quite
immune, and as he thrives on a diet of rattlesnakes, he is availed
of to clear up infested localities. A part of the immunity of the
pig depends doubtless on the thick layer of subcutaneous fat,
which being comparatively little vascular, allows of slow absorp-
tion only, and the system meanwhile becomes inured to the action
of the poison. ‘The same happens to other animals when the bite
takes place in a dense, fibrous tissue of little vascularity, A cir-
cumscribed inflammation and slough may be the only result. On
the contrary, when the venom is discharged directly into a vein it
acts promptly on the blood and the nerve centres and too often
produces prompt collapse and death.

Snake Bites. 467

The poison of the snake has an acid reaction aud mixed with a
solution of potash before inoculation it is rendered inert. If,
however, it is once inserted in the tissues the local use of pot-
ash and its exhibition by the mouth fail to prevent poisoning.
Certain snake venoms contain 20 per cent. of solid matter includ-
ing an albumose to which a part of the potency must probably be
attributed. They retain their toxicity after prolonged exposure
to 68° C. (154.4° F.)

The treatment of venomous snake bite must be both prompt
and energetic. In the case of the more deadly snakes death may
take place in a few minutes from collapse or the profound depres-
sion of the nerve centres. The application of a tourniquet to
retard the absorption of the venom is the first consideration. A
broad band around the limb, tightly twisted by the aid of a stick,
should be kept on even after the appearance of toxic symptoms, to
reduce the amount of venom taken up toa limit that the system
may be able to deal with. A narrow, cord-like bandage is forbid-
den on account of the great tendency to local gangrene and
sloughing. Cauterization is untrustworthy because of the small-
ness and depth of the wound which it is impossible to follow with
certainty. And yet, if the direction of the fang can be reasonably
determined that may be advantageously followed by the hot iron,
a stick of caustic potash, silver nitrate or zinc chloride, or by one
of the mineral acids. The latter may be introduced through a
glass tube. In the absence of caustics, suction or wringing may
be resorted to. The person sucking the wound must have no
sores on lips nor gums and should wash out the mouth with a so-
lution of potassium permanganate or carbolic acid (5:100) after
each successive application of the lips. A safer method is to ap-
ply a large tube to the surface around the wound and suck on the
other end. Meanwhile the wounded tissues may be kneaded or
wrung to favor the extraction of the blood, lymph and venom. A
prompt and deep excision of the wounded tissue followed by suc-
tion is still more appropriate. Short of this, a free deep incision
across the wound in different directions, followed by suction or
wringing, may be resorted to. In any case local anti-venomous
applications to the wound should be made. Ammonia has long
been advocated, but though, like potash antacid, it is quite as
painful and less penetrating, and its results are not such as to in-

468 Veterinary Medicine.

dicate antidotal qualities. Less painful, and on the whole, more
effective agents are potassium permanganate in a strong solution,
or tincture of chloride of iron or of iodine, and these may be not
only applied freely, but even injected deeply into the tissues with
a hypodermic syringe.

The only known antidotal internal treatment is by the antitoxic
serum of an immunized animal. Stimulants are useful only so
far as they counteract the weakness of the heart, and prevent col-
lapse, thereby allowing time for the exhaustion or elimination of
the poison. For this purpose digitalis, strychnine and nitro-
glycerine are of material value. The judicious administration of
dilute aqua ammonia, aromatic spirits of ammonia, whisky, brandy
or camphor may be advantageously resorted to. Giving alcohol
to intoxication serves only the one end of putting an end to the
terror of the human patient. Apart from this, and habitually in
the lower animals such excessive doses prostrate the nervous sys-
tem and rather conduce to a fatal result. Alcohol, like other
stimulants, should be used to sustain by stimulation, and never in
such excess as to lower vital functions and retard elimination.

The antitoxic serum from the blood of a rabbit or other animal
that has been subjected to minimal, non-fatal doses of snake
venom until it has become strongly immune, exerts a certain an-
tagonism toward the venom. Three cc. mixed with 1 mm.
venom for ten minutes, and the mixture then inoculated on a
rabbit, prevented ill effects. The same mixture set aside for ten
minutes and then heated to 68° C. (145° F.) proved deadly ; the
activity of the serum appeared to be abolished, while that of the
venom was unaffected. A more lasting protection may be gained
from the education of the leucocytes to produce their own antitoxin
in animals likely to be exposed to snake bite. For this purpose
a minimal dose of venom may be inoculated in a non-vascular
part, like the tip of the tail in cattle. If much swelling occurs,
the results may be at once checked by amputation of the swollen
part and the application of potassium permanganate. This im-
munization has been long recognized in localities where venomous
snakes abound, the person or animal once bitten and surviving,
bearing thereafter a sort of charmed life. It has even been alleged
that the snake venom secures a measure of immunity against
other poisons, as: rabies (Fernandez), and abrine (Calmette).

*

American Toad. Bufo Lentiginosus. 469

The precise meaning of such antagonisms does not yet fully ap-
pear ; it may be a physiological antagonism of two different alka-
loidal or other poisons, as in morphia and atropia; or it may bea
stimulation of the leucocytes of the inoculated animal to produce
antitoxins that are in varying degrees protective against both
poisons. When the immunity persists for a length of time the
second explanation is the more acceptable.

GILA MONSTER. HELODERMA SUSPECTUM.

Only lizard with venomous teeth: very sluggish and little disposed to
bite. Tveatment as for snake bites.

This is one of the lizard family, about 12 to 16 inches in length,
inhabitating the arid plains of Arizona in the neighborhood of the
Gila river, It has been reputed to be the only lizard having
venomous teeth, the tooth being channelled as in venomous
snakes and connected with a gland at the fang. The local repu-
tation of the animal is so bad that it has been named the Avzzona
Devil, and there is a fair amount of circumstantial evidence as to
the deadly character of its bite. It is, however, very sluggish
and apathetic so that it is difficult to rouse it to make an attack,
and recent experimental observations have failed to develop any
dangerous results from the secretion of the tooth-gland. It
would appear as if the poisonous effects noted in other cases,
were either due to extraneous toxic matters that had been acci-
dentally lodged on the teeth, or as if the gland poison were secre-
ted at one time and not at another. In any case the animal is not
given to biting, so that it is a source of little danger. When
its bite is sustained, the precautions to be taken are exactly the
sate as in snake bite.

AMERICAN TOAD. BUFO LENTIGINOSUS.

When irritated has a poisonous secretion from. skin glands that has been
used to blister with. Zveat by soothing ointment.

Asa slightly poisonous amphibian the common toad may be
noted. Asin the case of the Gila monster, much of the vulgar

470 Veterinary Medicine.

dislike of the toad comes from its warty repulsive skin, and it is
from the cutaneous glands that the poison is secreted. The secre-
tion is an acrid fluid which becomes more abundant when the
toad is excited, and some horsemen have tied a live toad on the
skin covering a spavin or ringbone to secure a local blistering
action. As occurring casually it is only in very exceptional cir-
cumstances that the skin of domestic animals would suffer in this
way, and when this does occur a soothing ointment (zinc and
vaseline) is all that is demanded.

LEECHES.

Family characters: Triradiate mouth with crests or jaws, making a trian-
gular wound. Hermaphrodite. Medicinal leech. In ditches and ponds
with pure water, vegetable growth and muddy bottom ; common officinal
form is the Green leech. Trout leech: In fresh running water in N. Africa.
Common American leech: Bluish, 22 reddish spots on back ; found in run-
ning fresh waters. forse leech: Back greenish brown, belly reddish, lat-
eral marginal orange bands; common in Europe, Syria, N. Africa, and N.
America, Mature leeches in mud, young, swimming, attack man and beast,
fastening themselves to lips, nose, gums, tongue, soft palate, pharynx, pos-
terior nares, larynx, trachea or stomach, drawing blood. Aulastomum
Gulo, and Nephelis Vulgaris,in pondsin England. Land leeches: Hema-
dipsia Ceylonica: Hirudo Tagaia, like knitting needle, live under leaves,
in Java, Sumatra, Australia, Malay Peninsula, Burmah, China, Japan, Chili
and Brazil; are most voracious in wet weather. Blind leeches: Cyliobdella
lumbricoides, of Brazil, climb on vegetation in wet weather and attack ani-
mals. Symptoms: On limbs, as needle-like leeches gorge themseives they
stand out in clusters on the bloody limbs. J mouth, nose and pharynx,
bleeding from nose, or on lips during work, leeches found on careful exam-
ination of mouth, etc. In zasal fosse and pharynx, cause nasal bleeding,
sneezing, snuffling, cough. In darynz, cause dyspnoea. On conjunctiva or
vagina, local inflammation and bleeding. Often present in large numbers
in small animals, causing emaciation and death. Zveatment: Pinching the
tail pick off; in mouth, seize through towel; clip in two; salt the leech;
whalebone staff, with sponge charged with salt, benzine, chloroform, ether.
Generous feeding; tonics. Prevention: Cultivation, drainage ; thick ban-
dages on legs; bag on mouth when drinking; stock infested waters with
eels.

Leeches belong to the anxzelid family Gnathobdellide, from
gnathos a jaw (greedy mouth) and édella a leech or lamprey.
They are usually spindle-shaped, but narrowing more toward the

Leeches. 471

head than the tail, composed of 95 to 100 transverse rings, flat-
tened on the ventral aspect and somewhat less so on the dorsal,
and furnished with two suckers a caudal and a cephalic, the last
having the oral opening. ‘The oral sucker bas three rings within
each other and an orifice in three slits arranged one forward and
two lateral so as to have a triradiate appearance. Each slit cor-
responds to a denticulated crest or jaw and the three perforate the
skin so as to form a triangular wound. The leech bite can
always be recognized by this triangular outline. Leeches are
hermaphrodite yet the congress of two individuals is necessary to
reproduction.

The different kinds of leeches that interest veterinarians are
mainly the following :—

The Medicinal Leech (Hirudo Medicinalis) is dull olive or
olive brown on the back, with six yellowish spots and lateral
yellowish stripes, while the belly is grayish with black spots.
The body is composed of 95 to 100 rings and the mouth is sur-
rounded by fourincomplete rings. These are found naturally in
ditches and ponds, with pure running water, weeds for shelter
and muddy bottom and banks. They bite man or beast that
may wadeinthe water. They are more or less common in Europe,
Western Asia and Africa. A number of varieties have been de-
scribed, one of the most common of which is the Green Leech
(H. Officinalis) distinguished by its greenish shade and the
absence of spots on its venter.

The Trout Leech (H. Troctina, Interrupta) about the same
size as the medicinal leech (80 to 100 mm. when extended) has a
generally greenish back, with bright round spots, and orange or
reddish borders. This is an inhabitant of the fresh running
waters of Algiers and Northern Africa generally, and has been
used in medicine as a substitute for the medicinal leech.

The Hirudo Decora, the common leech of N. America is
bluish in color, with about twenty-two reddish points on the
dorsum, and a series of lateral black spots. Found in the run-
ning fresh waters this is smaller than the medicinal leech drawing
about a drachm of blood instead of 14% drachm. It fastens on
animals and men that wade the streams.

The Horse Leech, Haemopis Sanguisuga or Vorax, of nearly
the same size as the medicinal leech is soft, greenish brown on

472 Veterinary Medicine.

the back, and with ventral aspect reddish or olive. It is marked
by minute black spots closely aggregated, and along its borders
by an orange or brownish'red band. It is reported to be common
in Europe from Sweden to Portugal and Turkey, in Syria,
Algiers, the Canary Isles, and North America. The mature
leeches burrow in the mud, while the young disport themselves
freely in the water. They attack man or any domestic animal
that may come in their way, but they are especially troublesome,
when taken with the drinking water, fastening themselves on the
nostrils, lips, gums, tongue, palate, soft palate, pharynx, larynx
or trachea. They may penetrate into the posterior nares, or even
the stomach.

The Aulastomum Gulo or Vorax, and the Nephelis Vul-
garis, which frequent British ponds and streams, are often con-
founded with the horse‘leech and are about equally dangerous
and troublesome. ‘The first of these is characterized by two large
ceeca extending backward from the stomach. The Nephelis is
about 3 inches long when extended, with dorsum brownish yel-
low and tesselated, and belly olive.

In damp, tropical countries land leeches are common, living
among damp leaves in thickets during the dry season, and
assuming great voracity in the rainy season, when they fasten
themselves on man or aninial that may invade their habitat.
Among these may be named}Hamadipsia Ceylonica (Ceylon),
Hirudo Tagala (Philippines), small leeches no thicker than a
knitting needle when fasting, but very voracious. Similar leeches
infest other tropical and semi-tropical countries as Java, Sumatra,
Australia, Malay Peninsula, Burmah, China, Japan, Chili, and
Brazil. In the Philippines they are found at an elevation of
4,000 feet, and in the Himalayas of 10,000 feet. The Blind
leeches cyliobdella lumbricorides, of damp earth in Brazil may
be simply named in this connection. ‘These land leeches, in the
rainy season, climb upon vegetables, shrubs and trees, and seize
upon their victims whenever available. It is, however, from the
mud, leaves, grass and low vegetation that they are to be especi-
ally dreaded, as they will attach themselves in clusters to the bare
feet, ankles and legs of persons and to the feet and limbs of ani-
mals, and, by the frequency and abundance of the resulting de-
pletion, they cause anemia, weakness and general debility.

=

Leeches. 473

Symptoms. ‘These vary according to the part of the body at-
tacked : In case of the /zmdbs, the leeches, at first overlooked by
reason of their small size, soon fill themselves with blood and
stand out singly or in clusters, while the parts may be more or
less bloodstained. Nervous horses are rendered violent and un-
manageable.

The mouth, nose and pharynx are the most common points of
attack. The small, fasting leeches, like blackened fragments of
grass stems, are taken in with the green food or the water, and
fasten themselves on the ale nasi, the Schneiderian membrane,
the lips outside or inside, the lower surface of the tongue, the
frenum, the cheeks, palate, soft palate, pharynx orlarynx. When
they are on the buccal mucosa, the animal host may swallow the
oozing blood so that it does not appear at the lips excepting
during work, when the bloody saliva escapes beside the bit or
from the lips generally. The irritation may lead to constant
movements of lips, jaws or tongue, and in extreme cases to re-
fusal of food even. A careful examination of the opened mouth
will reveal the presence of the leeches. Further irritation may
come from local infection of the wounds or the introduction of
barley beards and other spikes, causing profuse salivation.

In the zasal fosse or pharynx the leeches cause a bloody dis-
charge from the nose with sneezing, snuffling or cough, according
to their situation.

When attached to the /arvynx or its upper margin, they cause
violent spasmodic coughing and dyspnoea, and it may be prompt
suffocation.

Bijard has found a leech attached to the conjunctiva of a horse,
producing acute inflammation and suppuration mingled with
blood so that the trouble was at first attributed to a blow.

Guyon has found them in the vagzza in mare, mule and cow.
Here irritation with bloody mucopurulent discharge directed at-
tention to the annelids.

The numbers taken in are sometimes remarkable. Blaise found
185 of the average thickness of the little finger in the pharynx of
the horse, and Reynaud 192 in the interior of the larynx.

The following experiments were made by Guyon on small ani-
mals. Young horse leeches were introduced into the nasal cham-
bers and rectum of rabbits, and into the oviduct and cesophagus

474 Veterinary Medicine.

of chickens. Those in the gullet of the fowl were seen at intervals
to advance the head into the larynx, throwing the bird into vio-
lent paroxysms of dyspncea. All these animals became greatly
emaciated, the birds died in 35 to 45 days, and the rabbits from
the 45th to the 6oth.

The time during which a leech may remain attached to its vic-
tim is uncertain. Cases are recorded in which they were found
in the pharynx of the ox eight days after it had left the country
whence the leech came (Megnin), and in that of man 12 days
after leaving the infested land (Daulos). But we cannot be as-
sured that the leech was not derived on the voyage from the water
or food shipped with the victim.

Treatment. From the skin, lips, mouth or eyes the leeches
may be picked off with the fingers or with forceps; the firm
pinching of the tail usually leading the parasite to let go. When
in the mouth, where they are very slippery, it has been advised
to cover the hand with a towel to give a better hold. Another
resort is to clip them in two with scissors. Here, as upon the skin,
salt may be used freely to make them let go. For those in the
pharynx it is still possible in some cases to pick them off. This
failing, fumigations of tar may be tried, or better, a whalebone
staff with a small sponge on the end saturated with a strong salt
solution, benzine, chloroform or ether, may be introduced through
the nose or mouth. ‘They may be removed from the nasal fossee
in the same way, or the nose may be injected by syringe, foun-
tain syringe or Rey’s tube.

Anzemia and debility must be treated on general principles.

Prevention is difficult. The leeches tend to disappear under
drainage and cultivation. For those that live in water, filtration
and screening are insufficient as a number of the very young and
small usually get through. ‘The protection of the individual
animal has been sought by applying thick bandages to the legs,
on infested lands and water, arid by covering the nose and mouth
with a nosebag of cloth when taken to watering (Abou Bekr).
The most promising preventive measure is that of Lemichel who
introduced eels into the watering places of the animals and thus
successfully did away with the leeches. This is on the same
principle that the mosquito is not bred in waters abounding in
fish or frogs, which destroy the larvee as they appear.

Electric Eel. Gymnotus Electricus. 475

ELECTRIC EEL. GYMNOTUS ELECTRICUS.

Frequents marshes and fresh waters in Brazil and Tropical America. Be-
numbs domestic animals; 5 to 6 feet long. Structure of electric organs.
Discharges exhausted by repetition, thus the eels can be killed. Bridging
of streams ; wearing tall rubber boots and clothes.

The electric eel of marshes and fresh waters in Brazil, Guiana
and other tropical American countries, the most powerful of
electric fishes, is especially liable to come in contact with domestic
animals which it benumbs or kills by its discharges. It attains
to a length of 5 or 6 feet and is distinguished by the entire ab-
sence of caudal and dorsal fins, and by the extraordinary develop-
ment of the anal fin, which extends asa long fringe along the
lower aspect of the body from throat to tail. Its electric ap-
paratus consists of two pairs of natural batteries, extended from
before backward, directly under the skin, one in the line of the
anal fin, and the other in the back of the tail. These are divided
up by fine septa, arranged vertically and transversely into a
myriad of cells, each sy inch in diameter, and filled with a
gelatinoid cellular structure. These batteries are most abundantly
supplied with over 200 trunks from the anterior branches of the
spinal nerves. In their course the electric nerves supply twigs
also to the skin and muscles. The nerves furnished to the elec-
tric organs are much larger than those supplied to organs of
motion, sensation or special sense.

The discharges are under the control of the fish, and by fre-
quent repetition the power of the batteries is temporarily exhaust-
ed so that the eels can be caught by harpoons and destroyed.
The power of the shock further bears a direct relation to the size
and vigor of the eel, in this agreeing with the potency of the
snake venom. Ina well developed, vigorous gymnotus, a favor-
ably directed shock is capable of killing the largest animal. In
the fording of infested streams and marshes large numbers of
horses are destroyed, and it has been found needful to change the
course of highways to avoid the danger. Bridging of streams
would be an obvious precaution, also the use of rubber boots or
bandages by those that must enter the water.

The Indians who eat the eels, take the precaution to drive
horses into the infested pools or rivers, on which the fish may

476 Veterinary Medicine.

expend their electric power, and when in a condition of exhaus-
tion the gymnoti approach the banks, they can safely harpoon
them and pull them ashore.

ELECTRIC RAY. TORPEDO. MALAPTURUS. MEDUSA.

Electric ray have electric apparatus on each side, having septa with spaces
containing gelatinoid matter and nucleated cells. Found in Atlantic and
Indian Oceans ; the largest in the tropics. /elly fish shock man and ani-
mal. Sheath fish of Central Africa has batteries on the surface, strongest
on abdomen. Same precautions as for electric eel.

The electric rays are fair counterparts of the electric eel. In
these the electric batteries lie one on each side, and are formed of
septa enclosing minute cells containing a gelatinoid matter and
nucleated corpuscles. They are found on the coasts of the At-
lantic and Indian Oceans, some of the smaller forms even as far
north as Great Britain, while the larger specimens (sometimes 80
to 100 lbs.) are either tropical or semi-tropical. Their shocks
benumb the unfortunate fishermen who may chance to hook them,
being transmitted along the line, but as they prefer deep water it
is only exceptionally that any of the lower animals suffer from
their attacks. This can hardly be said of the Medusa or Jelly
Fish which floats in deep and shallow waters, and shocks man or
animal that may come in contact with it. Fortunately its power
is very slight, and the sensation produced is that of a smart slap
or a sudden stinging pain.

The Malapturus or Sheath Fish of Central Africa, on the
contrary, inhabits fresh waters, and shocks man and beast that
may come in contact with it. In this animal the battery covers
the body, but is thickest and strongest over the abdomen. It lies
between the subcutaneous aponeurotic layers, and is constituted
of rhomboid cells containing a gelatinoid material. The nerve
supply is most abundant and is conveyed through an enormous
spinal branch, distributed to the entire organ.

The same precautions are obviously demanded as in the case of
the electric eel, the avoidance of fords through infested waters,
the bridging of such waters when feasible and the defense of the
limbs of waders by rubber boots or bandages.

GENERAL INDEX.

ABNORMAL conditions of the hair,
III, 456.

Abomasum, catarrhal inflammation
of, II, 166.

Abomasum, indigestion in, in suck-
lings, II, 136, IV, 645.

Abomasum, indigestion of, II, 134.

Abomasum, position in the ox, I, 156.

Abortion and ergot, IV, 371.

Abortion, contagious, IV, 370.

Abortion from ergotism, II, 298, IV,
371.

Abrasions, III, 455.

Abscess behind eye, III, 350.

Abscesses, secondary, their seats, IV,

5.
Abscess of adynamic inflammation, I,

71.
Abscess of bowel, II, 336.
Abscess of brain, III, 125.
Abscess of false nostril, I, 92, 97.
Abscess of guttural pouches, I, 94.
Abscess of gullet, II, 93.
Abscess of heart, I, 338, 341.
Abscess of inflammation I, 71.
Abscess of pancreas, II, 547.
Abscess of spine, III, 175.
Abscess of spleen, II, 557.
Abscess of the lung in pneumonia, I,
225.
Abscess supra-pharyngeal, IT, 58.
Acanthia columbarum, V, 12, 91.
Acanthia hirundinis, V, 92.
Acanthia lectularia, V, 92.
Acanthia pipistrella, V, 93.
Acanthocephali, V, 243, 293.
Acanthocephali, table of, V, 223.
Acaricides, activity of, V, 165.
Acari, V, III.
Acariasis, III, 460.
Acariasis, dermanyssus, V, 146.
Acari, fecundity, V, 157.
Acarina, V, IOI, III.
Acarina in eye, V, 444.
Acarina, table of families, V, 112.
Acarus, habits and pathogenesis, V,
III.

Acarus of air passages in birds, V, 152.

Acarus of connective tissue in birds,
V, 154.

Acarus of weasel, V, 155.

Acarus, stages of development, V, 111.

Acarus, vitality, V, 157.

Acetic acid and gastro-enteritis, II,
266.

Acetone in urine, III, 198.

Acetone, test for, III, 198.

Achorion keratophagus, V, 6., 31.

Achorion Schénleini, V, 6, 25.

Achromyia Anthropophaga, V, 9.

Acne, ITI, III, 343.

Acne in horse, III, 504.

Aconite poisoning, II, 286.

Acorn poisoning, II, 286.

Acromegaly, III, 133.

Actinomycosis, I, 99, V, 32, V, 35,
V, 365.

Actinomycosis, diagnosis, V, 41.

Actinomycosis in man, V, 39.

Actinomycosis musculorum suis, V,
38.

Actinomycosis of intestines, cattle, V,
274.

Actinomycosis of jaws and face, V,

Actinomycosis of lips, II, 7.

Actinomycosis of liver, II, 536.

Actinomycosis of liver, cattle, swine,
V, 336.

Actinomycosis, of lungs, cattle, V,
387.

Actinomycosis of omasum, IT, 133.

Actinomycosis of pharynx, IT, 85.

Actinomycosis of rumen, IT, 123.

Actinomycosis of skin, V, 38.

Actinomycosis of tongue, V, 38.

Aculeata, V, IIo.

Acute eczema in dogs, III, 492-495.

Acute eczema in solipeds, III, 475.

Acute hzemorrhagic toxeemia, IV, 141.

Acute keratitis, III, 378.

Acute myelitis, III, 154.

Adenoma of liver, II, 531, 532.

478

Adenoma of the gland of Harder, III,
357-

Adenosarcoma of stomach, II, 191.

Adynamic catarrhal fever of horse,
IV, 112.

Adynamic fever, I, 68.

Adynamic fever, treatment of, I, 68.

Adynamic inflammation, I, 68.

Adynamic inflammation, abscess in,
I, 73s

Adynamic inflammation, blistering
in, I, 70.

Adynamic inflammation, firing in, I,
70.

Adynamic inflammation, local treat-
ment of, I, 69.

Adynamic inflammation, massage in,
T,972.

Adynamic inflammation, suppuration
in, I, 71.

Adynamic inflammation,treatment of,
I, 68.

Adynamic pneumonia, IV, 95.

Agamodistoma, V, 442.

Agamodistoma suis, V, 443.

Agglutination test in diagnosis, IV,
457-

Air, character of the expired, I, 153.

Air, effects of vitiated, I, 180.

Air in the pleura, I, 265.

Air passages, parasites of, I, 290.

Akinesis, III, 2.

Albinism, IIT, 399.

Albumen in urine, III, 199.

Albumen reduced in liver, II, 410.

Albumen, test for, III, 199.

Alcoholic intoxication, III, 147.

Alimentary origin of eczema in cattle,
III, 482.

Alkaline caustic, causing gastro-en-
teritis, II, 264.

Allantoin, III, 199.

Aloes poisoning, II, 286.

Alopecia Areata, III, 524.

Alopecia congenita, III, 524.

Alopecia post-partem, ITT, 524.

Amaurosis, III, 442.

Amblyomma, V, 104, 117.

Amblyomma, Americanum, V, 138.

Amblyomma, key to species, V, 124.

Amblyopia, III, 442.

American toad, V, 469.

Ammonia carbonate in gastro-enteri-
tis, II, 265.

Ammonia in gastro-enteritis, II, 264.

Amceba meleagridis, IV, 388.

Amceba princeps, V, 48.

General Index.

Amceboid, disease of feet in lambs,
V, 48.

Amphistoma Collinsi, V, 267.

Amphistoma Conicum, II, 122.

Amphistoma explanatum, V, 363.

Amphistoma tuberculatum, V, 275.

Amyloid degeneration of liver, II,
SIX.

Amyloid kidney, III, 246.

Amyloid of spleen, II, 563.

Anzemia, chronic, I, 377.

Aneemia, idopathic, I, 375.

Anzewia in dourine, IV, 524.

Anemia of spleen, II, 546.

Anemia, oligeemia, I, 371.

Anzemia, pernicious, I, 375, IV, 585.

Aneesthesia, III, 9.

Analgesia, III, 10.

Analgesine, V, 107.

Anal sphincter, III, 21.

Anamnesis, I, 19.

Anasarca, IV, I41.

Anasarcous toxemia, IV, 141.

Anatomy, pathological, I, 2.

Anchylostoma stenocephala, V, 321.

Anchytostoma trigonocephala, V, 321.

Anemone, poisoning by, II, 286.

Aneurism, I, 356, 359.

Angeioleucitis, I, 386.

Angeioma, I, 359.

Angina, I, 114.

Angina pectoris, I, 311.

Angina pharyngea, I, 126.

Angioma of liver, II, 531.

Angioma of nose, I, 100.

Angioma of the spleen, II, 563.

Anguillula, V, 273.

Anguillula longus, sheep, V, 291.

Anguillula of rabbit, V, 331.

Anguillula stercoralis, sheep, V, 291.

Anguillula suis, V, 297.

Aniline poisoning, ITI, 148.

Animal parasites, ITI, 456.

Ankyloblepharon, III, 337.

Annelida, V, 219.

Anopheles, V, 56.

Anophthalmos, IIT; 446.

Anthrax, IV, 195.

Anthrax and Texas fever, IV, 560.

Anthrax, apoplectic, IV, 203, 206.

Anthrax, bacillus, IV, 200.

Anthrax causes, IV, 197.

Anthrax definition, IV, 196.

Anthrax differential diagnosis, IV,
209.

Anthrax disinfection, IV, 213.

Anthrax, drainage for, IV, 220.

Anthrax emphysematous, IV, 280.

General Index.

Anthrax, external, IV, 203, 206.
Anthrax, forms of, IV, 202.
Anthrax fulminant, IV, 202, 206.
Anthrax, geographical distribution of,
IV, 196.
Anthrax, history, IV, 196.
Anthrax, immunity after first attack,
IV, 198.
Anthrax, immunization from, IV, 214.
Anthrax, immunization, modes of,
IV, 216.
Anthrax, imports restricted, IV,
Anthrax in birds, IV, 208.
Anthrax, incubation, IV, 205.
Anthrax in dogs, IV, 208.
Anthrax, infection atria, IV, 202.
Anthrax in horse, IV, 207,
Anthrax in man, IV, 221.
Anthrax in sheep and goats, IV,
Anthrax in swine, IV, 207.
Anthrax, interdiction of sales,
214.
Anthrax, internal, IV, 203.
Authrax, isolation, IV, 213.
Anthrax lesions, IV, 203.
Anthrax mortality, IV, 211.
Anthrax, movement of herds, IV,
Anthrax cedema, IV, 223, 225
Anthrax, pathogenesis, IV, 198.
Anthrax, prevention, IV, 211.
Anthrax, prognosis, IV, 211.
Anthrax, symptonis, IV, 205.
Anthrax, synonyms, IV, 196.
Anthrax toxins, IV, 204.
Anthrax, treatment, IV, 221.
Ants, V, 110, 462.
Aperture in iris, congenital, III,
Aphtha epizootica, IV, 316.
Aphthous conjunctivitis, III, 371.
Aphthous fever, III, 460
Apina, V, Io.
Apiosoma bigeminum, IV, 545.
Apis, V, 110.
Aponomma, V, 104, 117.
Aponommia, key to species, V, 123.
Apoplectiform septiceemia, immuni-
zation, IV, 397.
Apoplectiform septicemia in chick-
ens, IV, 393. :
Apoplectiform septicemia, lesions,
IV, 394. ss
Apoplectiform septiceemia, pathogen-
esis, IV, 396.
Apoplexy, IIT, 84.
Apoplexy cerebral, ITI, 84.
Apoplexy, pulmonary, I, 211.
Apoplexy spinal, III, 170.
Aqua ammonia, poisoning by, II, 264.
Arachnida, V, IoI.

220.

207.

IV,

399.

479

Araneida, V, IIo.

Argas, V, 102, 105, 116.

Argas chinche, V, 143.

Argas coriaceus, V, 143.
Argas Fischeri, V, 143.

Argas Hermanni, V, 143.
Argasidze, V, 102, 105, 116.
Argas marginata, V, 142.
Argas Mauritianus, V, 143.
Argas Miniatus, V, 141.
Argas Moubata, V, 143.
Argas of pigeons, V, 141.
Argas Persicus, V, 143.

Argas reflexus, V, 142.

Argas talaje, V, 143.

Argas Tholozani, V, 143.
Argentina, lombriz in, IV, 65.
Arilus serratus, V, 93. «
Arizona devil, V, 469.

Army worm, poisoning by, II, 288.
Arsenical poisoning, II, 269.
Arsenic, tests for, II, 271.
Arteria hyaloidea, persistent, III, 436.
Arteriectasis, I, 356.

Arteries, diseases of, I, 345.
Arterio-sclerosis, I, 359.

. | Arteritis, I, 345.

Arteritis and pyzmia, IV, 4.

Arteritis, external, I, 345.

Arteritis, internal, I, 345.

Arthritis, rheumatic, in horse, III,
536.

Arthritis, urica, in horse, III, 554.

Artichokes, poisoning by, II, 286.

Articular rheumatism, cattle, III, 452.

Articular rheumatism, dog, III, 547.

Articular rheumatism, horse, III, 536.

Articular rheumatism, sheep, III, 545.

Articular rheumatism, swine, ITI, 545.

Artificial eye, III, 449.

Arytenectomy, results of, II, 92.

Ascaris, V, 245,

Ascaris bovis, V, 277, 263.

Ascaris marginata, V, 319, 329

Ascaris megalocephala, V, 268, 364.

Ascaris mystax, V, 329.

Ascaris ovis, V, 284.

Ascaris Suilla, V, 295, 363, 364.

Ascaris Vituli, V, 277.

Ascites in carnivora, II, 403.

Ascites in rnminants, II, 402.

Ascites in solipeds, II, 4oo.

Aseptic fever, IV, 8.

Asilidez, V, 7.

Asilide, V, 57.

Asilus crabroniformis, V, 57.

Aspergillosis, V, 49.

Aspergillosis in cows, V, 397.

Aspergillosis in dog, V, 398.

480

Aspergillosis in horse, V, 397.

Aspergillosis in lambs, V, 397.

Aspergillosis of air passages, V, 49,
394.

Aspergillosis, prevention, V, 396.

Aspergillosis, symptoms, V, 396.

Aspergillosis, treatment, V, 397.

Aspergillus, black, V, 395.

Aspergillus candidus, V, 6, 51, 395.

Aspergillus, fumigatus, V, 6, 50, 275,
394.

Aspergillus glaucus, V, 6, 51, 395.

Aspergillus, green, V, 395.

Aspergillus microsporus, V, 6.

Aspergillus niger, V, 6.

Aspergillus nigrescens, V, 6, 51, 395.

Aspergillus replens, V, 6.

Aspergillus, smoky, V, 394.

Aspergillus, white, V, 395.

Asthenia in chickens, IV, 392.

Asthenia from cryptogams, II, 290,
297.

Asthma, I, 274.

Asthma in dog, I, 270.

Asthma in horse, I, 273.

Asthma, pathology of, I, 270.

Asthma, symptoms of, I, 271.

Asthma, treatment of, I, 271.

Astragalus mollissimus, III, 135.

Astragalus, poisoning by, II, 287.

Ataxia, ITI, 5, 165.

Atelectasis, I, 206.

Atelectasis, causes of, I, 206.

Atelectasis, lesions of, I, 207.

Atelectasis, symptoms of, I, 207.

Atelectasis, treatment of, I, 208.

Atheroma, I, 349, III, 425.

Atresia of lachrymal puncta, ITI, 351.

Atrophy, I, 322, III, 442.

ALORES degenerative, of nerves, III,

Atrophy of eyeball, III, 446.
Atrophy of liver, II, 507.
Atrophy of nerves, III, 189.
Atrophy of ovary, III, 280.
Aulostomum gulo, V, 472.
Aulostomum vorax, V, 472.
Auscultation, I, 164.
Auscultation, immediate, I, 164.
Auscultation, mediate, I, 164.
Auscultation of birds, I, 168.
Auscultation of cough, I, 174.
Auscultation of dog, I, 168.
Auscultation of goat, I, 168.
Auscultation of horse, I, 166.
Auscultation of ox, I, 167.
Auscultation of pig, I, 168.
Auscultation of sheep, I, 168.
Australian tick fever, IV, 543.

General Index.

Avian and human bacillus of tubercle,
Nocard’s experiment, IV, 413.

Axillary artery, embolism of, I, 355.

Azedarach, poisoning by, II, 286.

Azoteemia, II, 437.

Azoturia, II, 437.

Azoturia, bacteriology of, IV, 649.

BaBEsia bigeminum, IV, 545.

Bacilli in distemper, IV, 168.

Bacillus anthracis, IV, 200.

Bacillus anthracis emphysematosa,
IV, 183.

Bacillus Chauveei, IV, 183.

Bacillus cholere suis, IV, 24, 26.

Bacillus coli commune, II, 255.

Bacillus, diphtheriz avium, III, 372.

Bacillus diphtherize columbarum, II,
67.

Bacillus gallinarum, II, 254.

Bacillus gastromycosis ovis, IV, 510.

Bacillus liquefaciens bovis, IV, 603.

Bacillus mallei, IV, 232.

Bacillus of duck cholera, II, 255.

Bacillus of Friedlander, I, 216.

Bacillus of emphysematous anthrax
compared with that of anthrax, IV,
184.

Bacillus of emphysematous anthrax,
vitality, IV, 185.

Bacillusof malignant cedema,IV,11,12

Bacillus of Nicolaier, IV, 293.

Bacillus of rouget, IV, 20.

Bacillus of septicaemia heemorrhagica
in cattle, IV, 56.

Bacillus of septicaemia haemorrhagica
in cattle, vitality of, IV, 57.

Bacillus of septiczemia heemorrhagica
in sheep, IV, 65, 70.

Bacillus of swine plague, IV, 47.

Bacillus pestis suis, IV, 47.

Bacillus tetani, IV, 293.

Bacillus tetani, as a saprophyte, IV,
204.

Bacillus tetani, toxins of, IV, 295.

Bacillus tuberculosis, IV, 410.

Bacillus tuberculosis, action of disin-
fectants on, IV, 415.

Bacillus tuberculosis, biology, IV, 411.

Bacillus tuberculosis, evolutionary
forms, IV, 412, 413.

Bacillus tuberculosis in diagnosis, IV,

457.

Bacillus tuberculosis in man and cat-
tle, IV, 466.

Bacillus tuberculosis in man and ox,
common features, IV, 470.

Bacillus tuberculosis in salted meat,
IV, 414.

General Index.

Bacillus tuberculosis,
IV, 410.

Bacillus tuberculosis of man rendered
pathogenic to bird, IV, 469.

Bacillus tuberculosis of man variable
in potency, IV, 468.

Bacillus tuberculosis, staining, IV,
4il.

Bacillus tuberculosis, vitality, IV, 413.

Bacteria in encephalitis, III, 97.

Bacteria in gallstones, II, 158.

Bacteria, poisoning by, II, 289,
293.

Bacterium cholerz gallinacece,
159.

Bacterium coli commune, IV, 27.

Bacterium of chicken asthenia,
392.

Bacteriology of septicaemia hzemor-
rhagica in cattle, IV, 55.

Balantidium coli, V, 292.

Balbiana gigantea, V, 442.

Balbiana gigantea in heart, gullet,
etc., V, 442.

Balbiana gigantea in ruminants and
pigs, V, 442.

Baldness, congenital, III, 524.

Balking, III, 26; jurisprudence of,
III, 28; treatment of, III, 30.

Barbone, IV, 55.

Barbs, II, 13.

Barium poisoning, II, 279.

Baths, cold, I, 65.

Baths, warm, I, 64.

Bed-bug, V, 12, 92.

Bed-sores, III, 520.

Bees, V, I10, 463.

Bench show distemper, IV, 181.

Bete rouge, V, 149.

Bezoars, II, 323.

Bichromate of potash poisoning, II,
280.

Bicho Colorado, V, 150.

Big head, III, 579.

Bile acids, II, 413.

Bile acids, test for, II, 413,

Bile functions of, II, 411.

Bile in urine, III, 200.

Bile pigments, II, 412.

Bile pigments, test for, II, 413.

Bile secretion, inhibitors, II, 414.

Bile, secretion of, II, 411.

Bile secretion, stimuli of, II, 414.

Bilharzia crassa, V, 275, 412.

Biliary calculi, II, 516.

Bilious pneumonia, IV, 95.

Bilirubin, II, 412.

Biliverdin, II, 412.

Bird-lice, V, 13, 94.

31

morphology,

292,

IV,

IV,

481

Birds, auscultation of, I, 168,

Birds, constipation in, II, 319.

Birds, gapes in, V, 398.

Birds, gout in, III, 554.

Birds, hzematozoa in, V, 413, 418.
Birds, intestinal indigestion in, IT,

209.

Birds, parasites of lungs, V, 393.

Birds, percussion in, I, 161.

Birds, pneumoaspergillosis, V, 394.

Birds, stomach parasites, V, 262.

Black cataract, III, 396.

Black flies, V, 7, 57.

Blackhead in turkeys, IV, 388.

Black leg, IV, 181.

Black nose in sheep, V, 177.

Black pigmentation of the liver, II,
513.

Black quarter, IV, 55, 182.

Black water, IV, 543.

Bladder, anomalies of, III, 261.

Bladder, atony of, III, 258.

Bladder, eversion of, III, 260.

Bladder, hernia of, III, 261.

Bladder, parasites of, III, 259.

Bladder, rupture of, III, 260.

Bladder, spasm of neck of, III, 259.

Bladder, tumors of, III, 259.

Blautong, IV, 516.

Blebs, III, 454.

Bleeding at the nose, dog, V, 322.

Bleeding in fever, I, 63.

Bleeding, local, I, 64.

Blennorrheea, III, 366.

Blepharadenitis, III, 343.

Blepharitis, III, 340.

Blepharophymosis, III, 337.

Blepharospasm, ITI, 337.

Blind staggers, III, 69.

Blistering in inflammation, I, 70.

Blisters, III, 454.

Blitz catarrh, IV, 113.

Bloating, II, 96.

Bloating in solipeds, II, 150.

Blood, active determination of, I, 33.

Blood, black pigment in, I, 378.

Blood clots, infective, IV, 4.

Blood, diseases of, I, 367.

Blood exudations, I, 52.

Blood globules, I, 367.

Blood globules, numbers, I, 368.

Blood, modifications of in pneumonia,
I, 226,

Blood, ratio to body weight, I, 370.

Blood, relation to pyzemia of microbes
and toxins in, IV, 5.

Bloodsucking flies, V, 58.

Bloody sweat, III, 518; V, 403.

Blue bottle fly, V, 9.

482

Blue sickness, IV, 23.

Blue tick, V, 131.

Blue tongue in horse, IV, 516.

Boil, III, 454, 522.

Bombus, V, IIo.

Bones, tubercle of, IV, 436.

Boodphilus, V, 103, 117.

Bodphilus Annulatus, V, 128.

Boophilus Australis, V, 130.

Boodphilus bovis, IV, 548; V, 128.

Boophilus bovis as the cause of Texas
fever, IV, 548.

Boodphilus calcaratus, V, 132.

Bodphilus caudatus, V, 132.

Boodphilus decoloratus, V, 131.

Boophilus dressing for, IV, 564.

Boophilus, its destruction on pastures,
IV, 564.

BoGphilus, key to species. V, 119.

Bot flies, V, 68.

Bot fly, red tailed, V, 70.

Bot fly, sheep, I, so9,

Bothriocephalus, V, 242.

Bothriocephalus cordatus, V, 317.

Bothriocephalus decipiens, V, 328.

Bothriocephalus dubius, V, 317.

Bothriocephalus felis, V, 328.

Bothriocephalus fuscus, V, 317.

Bothriocephalus latus, V, 315, 328.

Bothriocephalus reticulatus, V, 317.

Bothriocephalus, table of, V, 222.

Botriomycosis of lungs, horse, V, 398.

Bots, I, 149.

Bots in intestines, V, 74.

Bots in stomach, V, 74.

Bots, lesions and symptoms of, V, 75.

Bots, treatment of, V, 77.

Botulism, II, 301.

Bovine periodic fever, IV, 543.

Bovine pleuro pneumonia, IV, 599.

Bovine yellow fever, IV, 543.

Bowels, obstruction of in birds, II,
209.

Box leaves, poisoning by, II, 284.

Bradsot, IV, 508.

Brain, abscess of, III, 125.

Brain, concussion of, III, 80.

Brain, congestion of, III, go.

Brain, cortical lesions of, III, 13.

Brain, disease, III, 572.

Brain, pressure on, III, 13.

Brain, tubercle of, IV, 436.

Brain, tumors of, III, 128.

Braxy, IV, 508.

Braxy, causes, IV, 509.

Braxy, definition, IV, 508.

Braxy, geographical distribution, IV,
08.

5
Braxy, its bacteriology, IV, 510.

General Index.

Braxy, lesions, IV, 511.

Braxy, pathogenesis, IV, 510.

Braxy, prevention, IV, 512.

Braxy, symptoms, IV, 511.

Braxy, treatment, IV, 513.

Breast pang, I, 311.

Breathing, deep, I, 154.

Breathing, hurried, I, 153.

Breathing, labored, I, 154.

Breathing, quick, I, 153.

Breathing, supplementary, I, 169.

Breeding paralysis, IV, 519.

Breeze flies, V, 8

Bright’s disease, acute, III, 220.

Brine poisoning, II, 268, 302.

Brine poisoning of pigs, IV, 39.

Bristle balls in stomach, II, 187.

Bristle balls, pig, II, 322.

Broad bothriocephalus, V, 315.

Broad tapeworm, ruminants, V, 276.

Broken buttock, IV, 533.

Broken wind, I, 274.

Broken winded horse, examination of,
I, 287.

Bromine poisoning, II, 276.

Bromism, II, 276.

Bronchial asthma, dog, I, 270.

Bronchial catarrh, I, 191.

Bronchial glands, diseases of, I, 290.

Bronchial sound, I, 170.

Bronchial tubes, polypus of, I, 289.

Bronchitis, I, 178.

Bronchitis, acute in horse, I, 178.

Bronchitis, capillary, I, 186.

Bronchitis, chronic in horse, I, 191.

Bronchitis in cattle, I, 197.

Bronchitis in dog, I, 195.

Bronchitis, infectious stable, IV, 111.

Bronchitis in ox, I, 193.

Bronchitis in sheep, I, 197.

Bronchitis, pseudo membraneous, I,
186.

Bronchitis, verminous,
symptoms, V, 385.
Bronchitis, verminous in rabbits, V,

399.
Bronchitis, verminous, swine, V, 389.
Bronchocele, III, 560.
Broncho-pleuro-pneumonia, I, 258.
Broncho-pneunionia, I, 258.
Brustseuche, IV, 95.
Bryony, poisoning by, II, 286.
Buccal inflammation, IT, 8.
Buccal and pharyngeal parasites, etc.
in solipeds, V, 227.
Buckwheat erythema, III, 470.
Buckwheat, poisoning by, II, 268.
Buffalo disease, IV, 55.
Bufo lentiginosus, V, 469.

in calves,

General Index.

Bug of pigeon, V, 91.

Bug of swallow, V, 92.

Bugs, V, 91.

Bugs, destruction of, V, 92.

Bulbar paralysis, III, 134.

Bulle, III, 454.

Bull, in horse, ox, pig and dog, ITI,

507.

Buphthalmos, congenitus, III, 427.

Burns, III, 460.

Bursatti, V, 43, 408.

Bursatti, verminous, V, 408.

Bursatti, verminous, prevention and
treatment, V, 411.

Bursatti, verminous,
4Io.

Bursatti with fungi, V, 43.

Buxus sempervirens poisoning, II,
284.

symptoms, V,

CACHEXIA aquosa verminosa, V, 347.

Cachexia ictero verminosa, V, 347.

Cachexia ossifraga, III, 573.

Cadeac’s diplococcus pneumoniz
equina, I, 218.

Caderas, mal de, IV, 532.

Calcareous nodules in liver, II, 534.

Calcified tubercle, IV, 431.

Calculi, biliary, II, 516.

Calculi, colloids as causes, II, 325.

Calculi, coralline, II, 325.

Calculi, fermentation as a cause, II,

25.

Calenli, rowth of, II, 326.

Calculi, intestinal, II, 323.

Calculi, intestinal, sources, II, 324.

Calculi in tonsils, II, 48.

Calculi, pancreatic, II, 543.

Calculi-pseudo, IT, 324.

Calculus, prostatic, renal, III, 273,
247.

Calculus, salivary, II, 4o.

Callosities, III, 455.

Caloricum, erythema, III, 468.

Calves, infective gastro-enteritis in,
II, 138.

Calves, verminous bronchitis in, V,
384.

Calving fever, III, 299.

Campsomyia macellaria, V, 62.

Cancer of prostate, III, 278.

Cancer of the heart, I, 341.

Cancroid of lips, IT, 6.

Canine distemper, IV, 165.

Canine madness, IV, 260.

Canker, III, 515.

Cantharides, poisoning by, II, 288.

Canthoplasty, III, 337.

Capsule of lens, opacity of, III, 428.

483

Carbolic acid poisoning, II, 281.

Carbon disulphide poisoning, III, 150.

Carbuncle, III, 454.

Carbuncular fever, IV, 23.

Carceag, IV, 573.

Carcinoma in intestine, II, 375, 378.

Carcinoma in liver, II, 529, 532.

Carcinoma in nose, I, 99.

Carcinoma in pancreas, IT, 544.

Carcinoma of spleen, II, 562.

Cardiac accelerating centre, III, 21,
inhibition, III, 15.

Carditis, I, 338.

Carious teeth, nasal discharge from,
I, 93.

Carnivora, cryptogamic poisoning in,
II, 301.

Carnucle, lachrymal, diseases of, III,
352.

Carpus, chronic eczema of, III, 480,

Carrapata, V, 145.

Caseated tubercle, IV, 430. 5

Castor bean tick, V, 136.

Castor oil seed, poisoning by, II, 282.

Casts, urinary, III, 201.

Catalepsy, III, 36.

Cataract, ITI, 393, 428, 429.

Cataract, black, III, 396, 428.

Cataract, discision, III, 433.

Cataract, immature, III, 428, ripe,
III, 428.

Cataract senile, III, 428, 429.

Cataract, soft, III, 433.

Cataract, suction of lens, ITI, 435.

Cataract, traumatic, III, 428.

Catarrhal enteritis, chronic, in cattle,
II, 239.

Catarrhal enteritis, chronic, in soli-
peds, II, 234.

Catarrhal enteritis in birds, II, 254.

Catarrhal enteritis in dogs, II, 250.

Catarrhal enteritis in sheep and goat,
II, 246.

Catarrhal enteritis in solipeds, II, 228.

Catarrhal enteritis in swine, II, 247.

Catarrhal fever, adynamic, IV, 112.

Catarrh, bronchial, I, 191.

Catarrh, chronicin cattle, I, 104.

Catarrh, chronic nasal, I, 87.

Catarrh, coccidian in rabbits, I, 108.

Catarrh, infectious bronchial, in dog,
I, 181.

Catarrh, malignant, I, 105.

Catarrh, nasal from linguatula, I, 113.

Catarrh, nasal from rhinaria tzeni-
oides, I, 113.

Catarrh, nasal in dog, I, 113.

Catarrh, nasal in horse, I, 113.

Catarrh of cattle, I, 105.

484

Catarrh of frontal sinuses, ox, I, Io1.

Catarrh of nose, I, 81.

Catarrh, traumatic, I, Ior.

Cat, gastric parasites, V, 260.

Catheterization, III, 264.

Cat, tape-worms of, V, 327.

Cattle, aspergillosis in, V, 397.

Cattle, catarrh of, I, 105

Cattle, chronic catarrh in, I, 104.

Cattle, coryza in, I, 85.

Cattle, croupous bronchitis in, I, 197.

Cattle, intestinal parasites, V, 273, 326.

Cattle, lung plague, IV. 598.

Cattle, pharyngolaryngitis of, I, 122.

Cattle plague, IV, 623.

ba plague, accessory causes, IV,
28.

Cattle plague, bacteriology, IV, 627.

Cattle plague, channels of infection,
IV, 628.

Cattle plague, definition, IV, 624.

Cattle plague, gastro-intestinal le-
sions, IV, 630.

Cattle plague, historic notes, IV, 625.

Cattle plague, immunity, IV, 628.

Cattle plague, lesions, IV, 629.

Cattle plague, pathogenesis, IV, 627.

Cattle plague, susceptibility to, IV,
628.

Cattle, pleurisy in, I, 253.

Cattle, pulmonary tuberculosis in, IV,
431.

Cattle tick, IV, 548.

Cattle, ulcerative infection of the
limbs in, IV, 74.

Caustic acids and gastro-enteritis, IT,
266.

Caustic alkalies and gastro-enteritis,
II, 264.

Cavicola, V, 82.

Cayor fly, V, 9, 62.

Cell change, I, 42.

Cell proliferation, I, 42.

Central canal of spinal cord, dilata-
tion of, III, 178.

Centre for dilating pupil, III, 21.

Cephalemyia, V, 82.

Cephalemyia maculata, V, 87, 112.

Cephalemyia ovis, V, 83.

Ceratopsylla serraticeps, V, 89.

Cerebellar disease, III, 133.

Cerebellum, III, 17.

Cerebral cortex, lesions of, III, 13.

Cerebral hemorrhage, ITI, 84.

Cerebral hyperzemia, III, go.

Cerebro spinal lesions in rheumatism,
III, 536.

Cerebro spinal meningitis, III, 118,

General Index.

Cervical lateral columns of, transverse
section of, III, 21.

Cervix vesicze, imperforate, III, 261.

Cestode, proglottis form, V, 240.

Cestodes in swine, V, 293.

Cestodes of cat, V, 327.

Cestodes of dogs, V, 299.

Cestodes of horse, V, 265.

Cestodes of intestines, cattle, V, 276.

Cestodes of rabbits, V, 331.

Cestodes of sheep, V, 283.

Cestode, strobila form, V, 240.

Cestode, the ovum V, 240.

Cestode, the proscolex, V, 240.

Cestode, the scolex, V, 241.

Cestoids, V, 239.

Cestoides, table of, V, 219.

Changes in circulation, I, 45.

Changes in innervation, I, 44.

Changes in tissue elements, I, 41.

Chafing, III, 460.

Chafing, intertrigo of, III, 466.

Chalazion, III, 344.

Chancrous epizootic, IV, 519.

Chapped heels, horse, ITI, 508.

Chaps, ITI, 455.

Charbon, IV, 196.

Charbon blanc, IV, 141.

Charbon symptomatique, IV, 182.

Chauveau’s experiments on tubercu-
losis, IV, 409.

Cheeks, inflammation of, II, 19.

Cheilitis, II, 5.

Chemiotaxis, I, 47.

Chemistry, pathological, I, 2.

Chest, I, 155.

Chest, abnormal sounds in, I, 171.

Chest, accidental sounds of, I, 167.

Chest, bronchial sound of, I, 165.

Chest, contents of in horse, I, 155.

Chest, diseases of, I, 150.

Chest, healthy sounds of, I, 165, 167.

Chest, mensuration of, I, 175.

Chest, morbid sounds of, I, 152.

Chest, percussion of in horse, I, 159.

Chest, percussion of in ox, I, 159.

Chest, respiratory murmur of, I, 165.

Chest sounds, abnormal, I, 171.

Chest sounds, amphoric, I, 171.

Chest sounds, cavernous, I, 171.

Chest sounds, modifications
healthy, I, 169.

Chest sounds, morbid, I, 169.

Chest sounds, mucous, I, 171.

Chest, alts the, I, 261.

Chest, tubal sound in, I, 165.

Chest, vesicular sound of, I, 165.

Cheyletinze, V, 106.

Cheyletus, V, 106.

of

General Index.

Cheyletus heteropalpus, V, 149.

Cheyletus of birds, V, 149.

Cheyletus of rabbit, V, 149.

Cheyletus parasitivorax, V, 149.

Chicken cholera, IV, 158.

Chicken cholera, accessory causes,
IV, 160.

Chicken cholera, bacteriology, IV,
159.

Chicken cholera, diagnosis, IV, 163.

Chicken cholera, distribution, IV, 158.

Chicken cholera, history, IV, 158.

Chicken cholera, immunization from,
IV, 164.

Chicken cholera, incubation, IV, 161.

Chicken cholera, lesions, IV, 162.

Chicken cholera, losses from, IV, 159.

Chicken cholera, pathogenesis, IV,
161.

Chicken cholera, prevention, IV, 164.

Chicken cholera, prognosis, IV, 163.

Chicken cholera, symptoms, IV, 161.

Chicken cholera, treatment, IV, 165.

Chicken pasteurellosis, IV, 158.

Chicken typhoid, IV, 158.

Chickweed poisoning, II, 286.

Chigoe, V, 12, go.

Chigoe, treatment of, V, go.

Chloride of barium poisoning, II, 279.

Chloride of zinc poisoning, II, 277.

Chloroform, action on dog, IIT, 23.

Choked disc, III, 440.

Choking, injuries in, II, 86.

Cholelithiasis, II, 516.

Cholera of birds, II, 254.

Cholera suis, IV, 22.

Cholesteatomata, III, 129, 175.

Chondroma of spine, III, 176.

Chorea, III, 63.

Choroid, detached, III, 403.

Choroid, tumor of, III, 403.

Choroiditis, III, 402.

Chromium poisoning, II, 280.

Chronic eczema of back, dog, ITI, 497.

Chronic keratitis, ITI, 382.

Chronic pneumonia in ox, I, 235.

Chrysops, V, 58.

Chyliform exudate, I, 52.

Cicatrices, III, 455.

Cicuta maculata poisoning, II, 285.

Cicuta virosa poisoning, IT, 286.

Cimex lectularia, V, 92.

Cimurro, IV, 166.

Circulation, changes in, I, 45.

Circulation, diseases of organs of, I,
2QI. ;

Circulatory system, parasites, V, 402.

Ciron rutilant, V, 149.

Cirrhosis of liver, II, 502.

485

Cirrhosis of liver in cattle, II, 505.

Cirrhosis of the liver in cattle, en-
zootic, IV, 641.

Cirrhosis of the liver in solipeds, II,

503.
Clavilee, IV, 347.
Cleft palate, II, 49.
Clematis poisoning, II, 286.
Clinostoma, V, 365.
Cloth in Stomach, II, 188,
Clots in heart, I, 337.
Cloudy swelling, I, 41.
Clover-hair balls in stomach, II, 187.
Coccidia in eye, V, 444.
Coccidian catarrb in rabbits, I, 108.
Coccidian enteritis in birds, II, 263.
Coccidian enteritis in cattle, II, 258.
Coccidian enteritis in dogs, II, 261.
Coccidian enteritis in rabbits, II, 262.
Coccidiosis intestinal, II, 258, 261,
262, 263.
Coccidiosis of birds, V, 47.
Coccidiosis of gullet, II, 93.
Coccidiosis of liver, V, 333.
Coccidiosis of skin, V, 47.
Coccidium bigeminum, V, 299.

Coccidium bigeminum, var. Canis,
II, 261.

Coccidium of intestines, cattle, V,
275.

Coccidium oviforme, II, 259, 262, V,
47, 282.

Coccidium oviforme in pig’s liver, V,

334-
Cocdidium oviforme, rabbit, V, 331.
Coccidium perforans, II, 259, 261,
262, V, 283, 299
Coccidium Rivolta, cat, V, 327.
Cocco-bacilli in distemper, IV, 169.
Cocco-bacillus of contagions pneu-
monia of the horse, IV, 99.
Cockroach poisoning by, II, 288.
Cocotte, IV, 113.
Ccenurus, V, 242.
Ccenurus cerebralis, V, 303.
Coenurus serialis, V, 302, 442.
Colchicum poisoning, II, 284.
Cold, action of, I, 74.
Cold in the head, I, 81.
Colic, II, 308.
Colic, crapulous, II, 309.
Colic, cystic, II, 309.
Colic from bacterial invasion, II, 309.
Colic from calculi, II, 309.
Colic from hernia, II, 309.
Colic from impaction, II, 309.
Colic from-indigestion, II, 309.
Colic from inflammation, II, 309.
Colic from irritants, II, 309.

486

Colic from peritonitis, II, 309.

Colic from protozoa, II, 309.

Colic from strangulation, II, 309.

Cglic, hepatic, II, 309.

Colic in horse from verminous embo-
lism, II, 210.

‘Colic, lead, II, 309.

Colic, nephritic, II, 309.

Colic, pancreatic, II, 309.

Colic, tympanitic, II, 309

Colic, uterine, II, 309.

Colic, verminous, II, 309.

Collapse of lung, I, 206.

Collapse of lung, causes of, I, 206.

Collapse of lung, symptoms of, I, 207.

Collapse of lung, treatment of, I, 208.

Colloids in gallstones, II, 518.

Colon bacillus, II, 255.

Coloboma iridis, IIT, 399.

Coloboma palpebrarum, III, 336.

Colon, impaction of, II, 197.

Colon, impaction of, in ox, II, 203.

Colon, impaction of, in swine, II, 204.

Colorado, V, 149.

Colpocephalum, V, 14, 98.

‘Commensalism, V, I.

Common salt, poisoning by, II, 267.

Compression of spinal cord, III, 175.

Concretions in intestines, II, 324.

Concussion of brain, III, 80.

Congestion, I, 33.

Congestion of liver, II, 483.

Congestion of lungs, I, 198.

Congestion of lungs, causes of, I, 198.

Congestion of lungs, course of, I, 201.

Congestion of lungs, lesions of, I, 2or.

Congestion of lungs, nature of, I, 202.

Congestion of spleen, IT, 547.

Congestion of the lungs, symptoms
of, I, 199.

Congestion of the lungs, treatment,
I, 202.

Congestion, passive, I, 33.

Congestion, treatment, I, 38.

Congestion, venous, I. 35.

Conical cornea, III, 388.

Conium poisoning, II, 286.

Conjunctiva, burns of, III, 360.

Conjunctiva, dermoid tumor of, III,

75:

Conpunctiva, lipoma of, III, 375.
Conjunctival sac, foreign bodies in,

III, 358.
Conjunctiva, melanosis of, TIT, 375.
Conjunctiva, polypus of, IIT, 375.
Conjunctiva, wounds of, III, 359.
Conjunctivitis, III, 360.
Conjunctivitis, aphthous, ITI, 371.

General Index.

Conjunctivitis, diphtheritic in birds,
III, 371. ’

Conjunctivitis, follicular, III, 374.

Conjunctivitis, infectious, ox, III,368.

Conjunctivitis, phlyctenular, IIT, 371.

Conjunctivitis, variolus, III, 370.

Contagious diseases of nose, I, 107.

Constipation from atony, II, 314.

Constipation in birds, II, 319.

Constipation in dog, II, 205.

Constitutional diseases, III, 528.

Constitutional vice, a cause of disease,
III, 460.

Consumption, IV, 399.

Contagious abortion, IV, 369.

Contagious abortion, accessory causes,
IV, 370.

Contagious abortion, acquired im-
munity, IV, 380.

Contagious abortion bacillus of colon
groups, IV, 377.

Contagious abortion, bacteriology, IV,
376.
Contagious abortion, Bang’s bacillus,
IV, 377. .
Contagious abortion,
tions, IV, 374.

Contagious abortion, definition, IV,
370.

Contagious abortion, exclusion, IV,
385.

Contagious abortion, experimental in-
fections, IV, 375.

Contagious abortion, extinction, IV,
386.

Contagious abortion, immune infect-
ing, IV, 382.

Contagious abortion in mares, IV,
384.

Contagious abortion, lesions, IV, 383.

Contagious abortion, micrococcus, IV,
376.

Contagious abortion,
IV, 370.

Contagious abortion, pathology, IV,
376.

Contagious abortion, prevention, IV,
384.

Contagious abortion, symptoms, IV,
383.

Contagious abortion, synonyms, IV,
379, 372. :

Contagious abortion, treatment, IV,
384.

Contagious abortion, varieties, IV,

casual infec-

pathogenesis,

377-
Contagious pleuro-pneumonia, IV
599: -

General Index.

Contagious pneumonia and influenza,
IV, 133-4. .

Contagious pneumonia, causes, IV, 96.

Contagious pneumonia, convalescents
infecting, IV, 97.

Contagious pneumionia, definition, IV,

95-
Contagious pneumonia, history, IV,
6.
Contagious pneumonia in horse, IV,
Contagious pneumonia in horses, IV,

95-

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
bacteriology of, IV, 98.

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
course, IV, 104.

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
diagnosis, IV, 105.

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
immunization against, IV, r1o.

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
incubation, IV, ror.

Contagious pneumonia in
lesions, IV, 100.

Contagious pneumonia in
prevention, IV, 106.

Contagious pneumonia in
prognosis, IV, 105.

Contagious pneumonia in
quarantine for, IV, 109.

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
serum therapy of, IV, 111.

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
symptoms, IV, Ior.

Contagious pneumonia in the horse,
treatment, IV, 106.

Contagious pneumonia less diffusible
than influenza, IV, 97.

Contagious pustular dermatitis, III,

the horse,
the horse,
the horse,

the horse,

504.

Convulsions, III, 61.

Convulsive cough, I, 148.
Convulsive twitching, III, 66.
Copperas poisoning, II, 279.
Copper poisoning, II, 276.

Cornea, conical, III, 388.

Cornez ectasia, III, 388.

Cornez xerosis, III, 376.

Cornea, foreign bodies in, III, 378.
Corneal inflammation, ITI, 378.
Corneal staphyloma, III, 387.
Cornea, opacities of, ITI, 384.
Cornea, pigment spots on, ITI, 384.
Cornea, tumors of, III, 388.
Cornea, ulcer of, III, 385.

Cornea, wounds of, III, 377.
Cornstalk disease, IV, 55.

Cornu cutaneum, III, 455.

487

Coronet, gangrene of, IV, 76.
Corpora nigra, cysts of, III, 323.
Corpora quadrigemini, III, 16.
Corpus striatum, III, 17.
Corrosive sublimate poisoning, II, 274.
Cortical localization, III, 17
Coryza, I, 81.

Coryza, causes of, I, 82.

Coryza contagiosa equoruin, IV, 78
Coryza gangrenosa, IV, 141.
Coryza in cattle, I, 85.

Coryza in dog, I, 85.

Coryza in horse, I, 81.

Coryza in pig, I, 85.

Coryza in sheep, I, 85.

Coryza, symptomis of, I, 82.
Coryza, treatment of, I, 83.
Coryza, treatment of chronic, I, go.
Cotton balls in, stomach, II, 187.
Cotton seed poisoning, III, 381.
Cough, I, 150.

Cough, abortive, I, 151.

Cough, auscultation of, I, 174.
Cough, broken, I, 151.

Cough, convulsive, I, 148.
Cough, croupous, I, 151.
Cough, dry, I, 151.

Cough, humid, I, 151.

Cough, husky, I, 151.

Cough, loud, I, 151.

Cough of dog, I, 150.

Cough of horse, I, 150.

Cough of ox, I, 150.

Cough of sheep, I, 150.

Cough, paroxysmal, I, 151.
Cough, rasping, I, 151.

Cough, rattling, I, 151.

Cough, short, I, 151.

Cough, small, I, 151.

Cough, soft, I, 151.

Cough, strong, I, 150.

Cough, symptomatic, I, 151.
Cough, weak, I, 151.

Cowpox, IV, 340

Cowpox, causes, IV, 340.
Cowpox, course, IV, 346.
Cowpox, diagnosis, IV, 345.
Cowpox, prognosis, IV, 346.
Cowpox, symptoms, IV, 344.
Cowpox, treatment, IV, 346.
Cracks, III, 355.

Cracked heels, III, 508.
Creatinin in urine, III, 198.
Creatinin, test for, III, 198.
Crevasses, III, 455.

Creosote poisoning, II, 282.
Crepitation, I, 173.

Crepitation, modified, I, 173.
Cripple, III, 573.

488

Crop, impaction of, II, 94.

Crossed hemiphegia, III, 3.

Croton seeds, poisoning, II, 283.

Croup, I, 128.

Croup in horse, I, 132.

Croup in ox, I, 128.

“Croup in sheep, I, 131.

Croupous bronchitis in cattle, I, 197.

Croupous bronchitis in sheep, I, 197.

Croupous cough, I, 151.

Croupous enteritis in birds, II, 226.

Croupous enteritis in dog, II, 225.

Croupous enteritis in ox, II, 223.

Croupous enteritis in sheep, II, 224.

Croupous enteritis in solipeds, II, 221.

Croupous exudate, I, 52.

Croupous laryngitis, I, 128.

Croupous pharyngitis, II, 60.

Croupous pneumonia, I, 213.

Croupous pneumonia, causes, I, 214.

Croupous pneumonia, exciting causes,
I, 215.

Croupous pneumonia in cattle, I, 233.

Croupous pneumonia in fowls, I, 238.

Croupous pneumonia in sheep, I, 236.

Crowfoot poisoning, II, 284.

Cryptogamic poisoning in carnivora,
II, 301.

Cryptogamic poisoning in ruminants,
II, 295.

Cryptogamic poisoning in solipeds,
II, 290.

Cryptogamic poisoning in swine, II,

300.

Cystoma of intestine, II, 376, 378.

Cryptogams in rabbits, V, 330.

Crura cerebra, III, 16.

Crustze, II1, 454.

Cryptocystis trichodectes, V, 314.

Cryptogams in encephalitis, III, 97.

Culex, V, 56.

Culicide, V, 7.

Curtice’s smear for bodphilus, IV, 564.

Cutaneous eruptions in sheep, III,
490.

Cutaneons hemorrhage, III, 518.

Cutaneous hypertrophy, III, 521.

Cutaneum cornu, III, 455.

Cuticola, V, 78.

Cyanuric acid, III, 199.

Cyathostoma, V, 272.

Cyclitis, III, 393, 400.

Cynolyssa, IV, 260.

Cynanche, I, 114.

Cynanche pharyngea, I, 126.

Cystic ovary, III, 387.

Cystitis, III, 253.

Cystitis in dog, III, 257.

Cysts of iris, III, 401.

General Index.

Cysticercus, V, 241.

Cysticercus cellulosa, I, 342; V, 363,
365, 442, 445. ;

Cysticercus cellulosa in eye, V, 445.

Cysticercus cellulosa in heart, I, 342.

Cysticercus fasciolaris, V, 327.

Cysticercus fistularis, V, 266.

Cysticercus mediocanellata, V, 442.

Cysticercus pisiformis, V, 301.

Cysticercus pisiformis in liver, V, 339.

Cysticercus tenuicollis, V, 281, 302,
365, 337- sian

Cysticercus tenuicollis in heart, I,
342, V, 413.

Cystoidoteenic, V, 241.

Cystoteenia, V, 241.

Cysts in nose, I, 100.

Cytodites nudus, V, 108, 152.

Cytoditinz, V, 107.

Cytoleichus nudus, V, 108.

Cytoleiches sarcoptoides, V, 152.

Dacrvo Adenitis, III, 351.

Dacryo-cystitis, III, 353

Daffodil poisoning, II, 284.

Dandruff, III, 454.

Darnel poisoning, II, 286.

Death beginning at the brain, I, 5.

Death beginning at the lungs, I, 4.

Death from old age, I, 5

Death from syncope, I, 4.

Death of cells, I, 41.

Death of tissue, I, 41.

Death, molecular, I, 4.

Death, partial, I, 4.

Decophorus, V, 14, 98.

Defervescence, I, 61.

Degeneration, fatty, I, 340.

Degeneration, Waller’s law, III, 7.

Delirium, III, 30.

Delirium from cryptogams, II, 293,
297.

Demodecic scabies, V, 211.

Demodex, V, 109.

Demodex folliculorum varietas bovis,
V, 214.

Demodex folliculorum varietas canis,
V, 212.

Demodex folliculorum varietas caprz,
V, 24.

Demodex folliculorum varietas equi,
V, 214.

Demodex folliculorum varietas homi-
nis, V, 212.

Demodex folliculorum varietas ovis,
V, 214.

Demodex folliculorum varietas suis,
V, 214.

Demodex in eyelids, V, 445.

General Index.

Demodicidz, V, 109.

Depluming scabies in birds, V, 210.

Depraved appetite, II, 76.

Dermacentor, V, 103, 117.

Dermacentor electus, V, 135.

Dermacentor, key to species, V, 120.

Dermacentor reticulatus, V, 133.

Dermacentor variegatus, V, 135.

Dermanyssus, V, 105.

Dermanyssus acariasis, V, 146.

Dermanyssus acariasis, treatment, V,
147.

Dermanyssus avium, V, 146.

Dermanyssus galling, V, 146.

Dermanyssus hirundinis, V, 147.

Dermatitis, III, 460, 472.

Dermatitis from nematoid embryos,
V, 411.

Dermatitis, granular, with fungi, V,

43.

Dermatitis granulosa, V, 408.

Dermatobia, V, II.

Dermatobia cuniculi, V, 81.

Dermatobia noxialis, V, 80.

Dermatodectic scabies, V, 169.

Dermatomata, III, 455.

Dermatophagus aqui, V, 174.

Dermatophytes, V, 2.

Dermatorrhagia parasitica, V, 403.

Dermatosis, microbian, III, 460.

Dermatozoa, V, 47

Dermoid cysts of ovary, III, 291.

Dermoid tumor of conjunctiva, III,
375.

De Schweinitz, serum therapy in swine
plague, IV, 52.

De Schweinitz, serum treatment in
hog cholera, IV, 45.

Destruction of red globules, IV, 553.

Determination of blood, I, 33.

Diabetes mellitus, II, 416.

Diagnosis, history of the attack in,
I, 16

Diagnosis, means of, I, 16.

Diagnosis, medical, I, 16.

Diagnosis, objective symptoms in, I,
16.

Diagnosis of septiceemia heemorrha-
gica in cattle, IV, 61.

Diagnosis of skin diseases, III, 458.

Diagnosis of swine plague, IV, 50. _

Diagnosis, usual state of health in
subject, I, 16.

Diapedesis, I, 47.

Diaphoretics, I, 66. _

Diaphragmatic hernia, II, 359.

Diaphragmatocele, II, 359.

Diaphragm, position in dog, I, 157.

Diaphragm, position in horse, I, 156.

32

489

Diaphragm, position in ox, I, 156.

Diaphragm, position in pig, I, 157.

Diarrhcea, II, 303.

Diastashemia, IV, 141.

Dibothrium decipiens, V, 328.

Digestive disorders in fever, II, 31.

Digestive organs, area and capacity,
IT. ts

Digestive organs, food in relation to
diseases of, II, 2.

Digestive organs of carnivora, herbi-
vora, and omnivora, II, 1.

Digestive organs, rumination as re-
lating to diseases of, II, 2.

Digestive organs, structural diseases
of, II, 5.

Digitalis poisoning, II, 286.

Dikkopziekte, IV, 513.

Dilatation of intestine, II, 340.

Dilatation of stomach, II, 180.

Diphtheria in calves, II, 24.

Diphtheria in chickens and pigeons,
II, 67.

Diphtheria in pig, IV, 23.

Diphtheritic conjunctivitis in bird,
III, 371.

Diphtheritic enteritis in chickens, IT,
227.

Diplococcus pneumoniz ‘ contagiosee
equi, IV, 98.

Diplococcus pneumoniz equine, III,
397 3 I, 217.

Diptera in eye, V, 444.

Diptera larvee in intestines, horse, V,
273.

Diptera, remove shelter for, V, 62.

Diptera, to check reproduction of, V,

2

Dipylidium latissimum, V, 331.
Dipylidium Leuckarti, V, 331.
Dipylidium pectinatum, V, 331.
Disease, causes of, I, 7.

Disease, definition of, I, 2.

Disease, exciting causes of, I, 9.
Disease, extrinsic causes of, I, 9.
Diseases, infections, of throat, I, 149.
Diseases of nervous system, III, 1.
Diseases of nose, I, 78.

Diseases of respiratory organs, I, 72.
Diseases of skin, III, 453.

Diseases of urinary organs, III, 190.
Diseases, parasitic of nose, I, 108.
Disease, percussion in, I, 161.
Disease, predisposing causes of, I, 7.
Disinfection in hog cholera, IV, 42.
Dislocation of glohe of eye, III, 447.
Dislocation of lens, III, 435.
Dispharagus, V, 245.

Dispharagus nasutus, V, 262.

490

Distemper, I, 114.

Distemper, forms of, IV, 170.

Distemper in dogs and cats, IV, 165.

Distemper in dogs, causes, IV, 167.

Distemper in dogs, cutaneous symp-
toms, IV, 173.

Distemper in dogs, definition, IV, 166.

Distemper in dogs, digestive symp-
toms, IV, 173.

Distemper in dogs, eye symptoms, IV,
172.

Distemper in dogs, history, IV, 166.

Distemper in dogs, immunization, IV,
176.

Distemper in dogs, incubation, IV,
171.

Distemper in dogs, lesions, IV, 174.

Distemper in dogs, microbiology of,
IV, 168.

Distemper in dogs, nervous symp-
toms, IV, 174.

eis in dogs, pathogenesis, IV,
166.

Distemper in dogs, prevention, IV,
175.

Distemper in dogs, respiratory symp-
toms, IV, 171.

Distemper in dogs, symptoms, IV, 171.

Distemper in dogs, synonyms, IV, 166.

Distemper in dogs, treatment, IV,
177.

Distemper in young horses, IV, 78.

Distemper, mortality, IV, 170.

Distemper of bench show, IV, 181.

Distemper, prognosis, IV, 171.

Distemper, virulent products in, IV,
170.

Distoma campanulatum, V, 363.

Distoma conjunctum, V, 363.

Distoma echinatum, V, 318.

Distoma hepaticum, V, 282, 347, 365.

Distoma hepaticum, development of,
V, 348. 7

Distoma Japonicum, V, 362.

Distoma lanceolata, V, 350.

Distoma magnum, V, 373.

Distoma pelinum, V, 363.

Distoma pulmonale, V, 365.

Distoma Ringeri, V, 365.

Distoma sinense, V, 362.

Distoma spatulatum, V, 362.

Distomata in swine. V, 293.

Distoma Texicanum, V, 373.

Distomatosis of liver, V, 347.

Distoma truncatum, V, 363.

Distoma Westermannii, V, 365.

Diving bladder worm, V, 28r.

Dochmius Cernuus, V, 286.

Dochmius stenocephalus, V, 321.

General Index.

Dochmius trigonocephalus, V, 321.

Dog, acute eczema of, III, 492.

Dog, aspergillosis in, V, 398.

auscultation of, I, 168.

bronchial asthma in, I, 270.

bronchitis in, I, 195.

cestodes in, V, 299.

chronic eczema of, III, 496.

chronic gastritis in, II, 173.

g, coryza in, I, 85.

Dog flea, V, 89.

Dog, gastric indigestion in, II, 158.

Dog, gastric parasites of, V, 259.

Dog hzematozoa of, V, 414.

Dog ill, IV, 166.

Dog, intestinal parasites, V, 297.

Dog, intestinal trematodes and nema-
todes, V, 318.

Dog, laryngitis in, I, 126.

Dog, myelitis in, ITI, 161.

Dog, nasal catarrh in, I, 113.

Dog, paludism in, IV, 577.

Dog, percussion in, I, 161.

Dog, pleurisy in, I, 257.

Dog, pneumonia in, I, 237.

Dog, position of diaphragm in, I, 157.

Dog, position of heart in, I, 157.

Dog-pox, IV, 361.

Dog, strongylus gigas in, V, 457.

Dog-tick, V, 135.

Dog, torsion of stomach in, II, 184.

Dog, verminous bronchitis in, V, 391.

Double pupil, III, 399.

Dourine, IV, S19.

Dourine, abdominal lesions, IV, 524.

Dourine, causes, IV, 520.

Dourine, changes in blood, IV, 524.

Dourine, definition, IV, 519.

Dourine, diagnosis, IV, 528.

Dourine, extinction of, IV, 531.

Dourine, history, IV, 520.

Dourine, history in America, IV, 520.

Dourine in geldings, IV, 520.

Dourine, its primary home, IV, 520.

Dourine, lesions in dog, IV, 525.

Dourine, lesions in horse, IV, 523.

Dourine, lesions in mare, IV, 525.

Dourine, microbiology, IV, 521.

Dourine, nervous lesions, IV, 523.

Dourine, pathogenesis, IV, 519.

Dourine, prevention, IV, 530.

Dourine, prognosis, IV, 528.

Dourine, symptoms, IV, 525. .

Dourine, symptoms in ass and mule
IV, 529.

Dourine, symptoms in dog, IV, 529.

Dourine, symptoms in horse, IV, 525.

Dourine, symptoms in mare, IV, 527.

General Index.

Dourine, symptoms in rabbits, IV,
530.

Dourine, treatment, a 530.

Dracontiasis in cattle, V, 408.

Dracontiasis in dog, V , 406.

Dracontiasis in horse, v, 407.

Dracontiasis, treatment, V, 408.

Dracunculus persarum, V, 405.

Drone fly, V, 58.

Dropsies in malignant cedema, IV, 13.

Dropsy, anzemic, I, 377.

Dropsy of cerebral ventricles, III, 110.

Dropsy of connective tissue, IV, 141.

Dropsy of eyelids, III, 341.

Druse, IV, 78.

Dry keratitis, III, 376.

Dry murrain, II, 124.

Ducts and glands of skin, alterations
in, III, 456.

Dunpaardziekte, IV, 513.

Dysentery, amoebic, II, 242.

Dysentery, catarrhal, II, 242.

Dysentery, diphtheritic, II, 242.

Dysentery in cats and dogs, II, 242.

Dysentery in cattle, II, 242.

Dyskinesis, III, 5.

Dyspneea, I, 274.

Dyspneea laryngea, I, 133.

EARTHY phosphates, test for, III, 197.
Ear tick, V, 144.

Echinococcus, V, 242, 281, 307, 365.
Echinococcus in heart, I, 341, V, 413.
Echinococcus in liver, V, 340.
Echinococcus multilocularis, V, 309.
Echinorhynchus, V, 331.
Echinorhynchus gigas, V, 293.
Eciton predator, V, 462.

Eclampsia, III, 61.

Ectasia cornee, III, 388.

Ectasia of sclera, III, 389.
Ectoparasites, V, 2.

Ectophytes, V, 2.

KEctozoa, V, 2.

Ectropion, III, 346.

Eczema, ITI, 474.

Eczema, alimentary, III, 482.
Eczema, caudal, III, 495.

Eczema epizodtica, IV, 316.

Eczema, from potatoes, III, 482.
Eczema, general, III, 495.

Eczema impetiginous, III, 495.
Eczema in cattle, III, 488.

Eczema in dog, III, 492.

Eczema in solipeds, III, 475.

Eczema of carpus and tarsus, III, 480.
Eczema of elbow and hock, III, 497.
Eczema of head, III, 476.

491

Eczema of mane and tail, III, 477.

Eczema of sheep, III, 489.

Eczema of swine, III, 490.

Eczema rubrum, III, 493.

Edematous pneumonia, IV, 95.

Egagropiles, II, 116, 320.

Egg impaction in oviduct, III, 293.

Eimeria falciformis in rabbit’s liver,
V, 335:

Electric eel, V, 475.

Electric ray, V, 476.

Electric shock, III, 80.

Elephantiasis, III, 521.

Elephantiasis pachydermia, III, 456.

Emaciation, II, 427

Embolism, I, 345, 347, 350.

Embolism and pyemia, IV, 4, 6.

Embolism of spinal cord, II, 168.

Embolism, verminous, I, 210,

Embryo worm in intestinal mucosa,
V, 281.

Emphysema, I, 266.

Emphysema, interlobular, I, 280.

Emphysema of eyelids, III, 342.

Emphysematous anthrax, IV, 181.

Emphysematous anthrax, accessory
causes, IV, 185.

Emphysematous anthrax, causes, IV,
183.

Emphysematous anthrax, definition,
IV, 182.

Emphysematous anthrax, diagnosis,
IV, 187.

Emphysematous anthrax,
tion, IV, 182.

Emphysematous anthrax, immuniza-
tion, IV, 191.

Emphysematous anthrax, incubation.
IV, 186.

Emphysematous anthrax, lesions, IV,
187,

Emphysematous anthrax, pathogene-
sis, IV, 182.

Emphysematous anthrax, prevention,
IV, 189.

Emphysematous anthrax, symptoms,
IV, 186.

Emphysematous anthrax, synonyms,
IV, 182.

Emphysematous anthrax, treatment,
IV, 188.

Emphysema, vesicular, I, 280.

Emprosthotonos, IV, 299.

Encanthis, III, 356.

Encephalic congestion, ITI, go.

Encephalitis calorica, III, 98.

Encephalitis from bacteriat products,
III, 97.

distribu-

492

Encephalitis from cryptogams, ITI, 97.
Encephalitis from lead, ITI, 99.
Encephalitis from narcotics, III, 96.
Encephalitis from parasites, III, 99.
Encephalitis from poisons, III, 99.
Encephalitis from travel, III, 98.
Encephalitis from tumors, III, 99.
Encephaloid of spine, III, 176.
Encephalon, pressure on, III, 13.
Endocarditis, I, 331.
Endocarditis in rheumatism, III, 534.
Enteralgia, II, 308.
Enteritis, catarrhal in birds, II, 254.
Enteritis, catarrhal in cattle, II, 235.
Enteritis, catarrhal in dogs, II, 250.
Enteritis, catarrhal in sheep and goat,
II, 246.
seg catarrhal in solipeds, II,
228,
Enteritis, catarrhal in swine, II, 247.
Enteritis, chronic catarrhal in cattle,

II, 239.
Enteritis, chronic catarrhal in soli-
peds, II, 234.

Enteritis, coccidian in birds, II, 262.

Enteritis, coccidian in cattle, II, 258.

Enteritis, coccidian in dogs, II, 225.

Enteritis, coccidian in rabbits, II, 262.

Enteritis, croupous in birds, II, 226.

Enteritis, croupous in cattle, II, 223

Enteritis, croupous in dogs, II, 225.

Enteritis, croupous in sheep, II, 224.

Enteritis, croupous in solipeds, II,
221.

Enteritis from tuberculin, II, 254

Entero-hepatitis, amoeba of, IV, 388.

Entero-hepatitis, diagnosis, IV, 390.

Entero-hepatitis, lesions, IV, 389.

Entero-hepatitis, prevention, IV, 391.

Entero-hepatitis, symptoms, IV, 389.

Entero-hepatitis, treatment, IV, 391.

Entero-liths, II, 323.

Entodinium bipalmatum, V, 265.

Entoparasites, V, 2.

Entophytes, V, 2.

Entozoa, V, 2.

Entropion, III, 345.

Enucleation of eye, III, 422.

Enzootic abortion, IV, 370.

Epidermoptes bilobatus, V, 107.

Epidermoptes cysticola, V, 108.

Epilepsy, II, 47.

Epilepsy, partial, III, 48.

Episcleritis, III, 389.

Epispadias, III, 262.

Epistaxis, I, 78.

Epithelial xerosis, III, 376.

Epithelioma contagiosa, V, 47.

Epithelioma in pancreas II, 544

General Index.

Epithelioma of intestine, II, 375, 379.

Epithelioma of lips, II, 6.

Epithelioma of liver, II, 529, 532.

Epithelioma of stomach, II, 191.

Epizoa, V, 2.

Epizootic, IV, 113.

Epizootic abortion, IV, 370.

Epizootic catarrh, IV, 113.

Epizootic cellulitis, IV, 113, 129, 140.

Epizo6tic paraplegia, IV, 519.

Epizodtic pleuro-pneumonia, IV, 599.

Equine influenza, IV, 112.

Equine syphilis, IV, 519.

Equinia, IV, 231.

Equisetum poisoning, II, 286,

Ergot and abortion, IV, 371.

Ergot as cause of stomatitis, IT, 9.

Ergotism in cattle, II, 289.

Eristalis, V, 58.

Erosions, III, 455.

Eruptions, cutaneous in sheep, III,
490.

Eruptions, skin, of nervous origin,
TI, %

Erysipelas, I, 361.

Erysipelas in swine, IV, 23.

Erythema, III, 453, 465.

Erythema, buckwheat, ITI, 470.

Erythema, solar, ITI, 468.

Eschatocephalus, V, 104, 117, 123.

Essential oils, action on dog, III, 23.

Etiology, 1,7. —

Eulyes amzena, V, 93.

Euphorbia poisoning, II, 283.

Euryperma Heintzii, V, 461.

Eustrongylus gigas, V, 363, 457.

Eustrongylus visceralis, V, 457.

Ewes, neurasthenia in pregnant, ITI,
179.

Excrescences, III, 455.

Exhausted soils, II, 78.

Exophthalmic goitre, III, 564.

Exophthalmos, III, 338, 426.

Expectoration, I, 152.

Extraction of lens, III, 434.

Exudation, I, 49.

Eye, acarina in, V, 444.

Eye, artificial, III, 449.

Eyeball, atrophy of, III, 446.

Eye, coccidia in, V, 444.

Eye, defects, blemishes, etc., III, 318.

Eye, diptera in, V, 444.

Eye, diseases of, III, 316.

Eye, desirable features of, III, 316.

Hye, hypoderma in, V, 444.

Eyelash, turned in, III, 344.

Eyelids, adherent to bulb, III, 339.

Eyelids, defective, III, 336.

Eyelids, dropsy of, III, 341.

General Index.

Eyelids, emphysema of, III. 342.
Eyelids, inability to close, III, 338.
Eyelids, inflammation of, III, 340.
Eyelids, narrow opening, III, 337.
Eyelids, seborrhoea of, III, 343.
Eyelids, tumors of, III, 348.
Eyelids, wounds of, III, 333.
Eyelids, tubercle of, III, 344.
Eyelid turned in, ITI, 345.

Eyelid turned out, III, 346.

Eye, parasites, V, 443.

Eye, pediculiin, V, 444.

Eye, systematic inspection of, III,320.
Eye, tubercle of, IV, 436.

Face, convulsive twitching of, ITI, 66.

Facies, I, 25.

Fagopyrism, III, 470.

Falling sickness, III, 47.

Fallopian tubes, inflammation of, III,
292.

False nostril, abscess of, I, 92, 97.

Farcy, IV, 231.

Farcy in cattle, IV, 257.

Fasciola hepaticum, V, 347.

Fatty degeneration, I, 57.

Fatty degeneration of heart, I, 340.

Fatty degeneration of kidney, ITI, 244

Fatty, tumors in nose, I, 99.

Fauces, injuries to, II, 48.

Favus, V, 25.

Favus in cat, V. 26.

Favus in dog, V, 27.

Favus in fowl, V, 28.

Favus in horse, V, 27.

Favus in rabbit, V, 27.

Feathers in stomach, II, 188.

Female generative organs, diseases of,
III, 279.

Fermentation fever, IV, 8

Fermented marc, stomatitis from, ITI,
27.

Fermentescible foods, II, 96.

Fever, I, 59.

Fever, adynamic, I, 68

Fever, alkalies in, I, 67.

Fever, antipyretics in, I, 67.

Fever, cold baths in, I, 65.

Fever, cold stage, I, 60.

Fever, convalescence in, I, 67.

Fever, defervescence, I, 61.

Fever, definition of, I, 59.

Fever, diaphoretics in, I, 66.

Fever, diuretics in, I, 66

Fever, general bleeding in, I, 63.

Fever, hot stage, I, 60.

Fever, laxatives in, I, 66.

Fever, local bleeding in, I, 64.

493

Fever premonitory symptoms of, I,
60.
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,
Fever,

regimen, I, 62.

remedies, I, 63.

resolvants in, I, 67.

sedatives in, I, 66.

stimulants in, I, 67,

symptoms of, I, 59.

temperature, I, 6r.

tissue waste in, I, 61.

tonic refrigerants in, I, 67.

treatment of, I, 62.

types of, I, 62.

typhoid, I, 61.

Fever, warm baths in, I, 64.

Fever, water retention in, I, 61.

Fibrinous exudate, I, 51,

Fibroid tubercle, IV, 431.

Fibroma in gullet, IT, 93.

Fibroma of intestine, II, 375, 378.

Fibrosis in tubercle, IV, 431.

Fibrous bands, strangulating bowel,
II, 356

Filaria, V, 245.

Filaria cervina, V, 281, 448.

Filaria equina, V, 272.

Filaria haemorrhagica, ITI, 518; V,
403, 442.

Filaria hepatica, V, 326, 363.

Filaria immitis, I, 342; V, 414.

Filaria immitis, development, V, 415.

Filaria immitis, symptoms, V, 415.

Filaria immitis, treatment, V, 416.

Filaria in camel’s blood, V, 412.

Filaria ine: mis, V, 446. ,

Filaria irritans, V, 408, 442.

Filaria labiato-papillosa, V, 448.

Filaria lachrymalis bovis, V, 451.

Filaria Mansoni, v. chicken, V, 450

Filaria medinensis, V, 405, 442.

Filaria multipapillosa, V, 403.

Filaria oculi bovina, V, 448.

Filaria oculi bovina, causes, V, 448.

Filaria oculi bovina, symptoms, V,
448.

Filaria oculi bovina, treatment, V,
449.

Filaria oculi canina, V, 449.

Filaria oculi equina, V, 446.

Filaria of synovial sacs, V, 439.

Filaria palpebralis, V, 450

Filaria palpebralis, symptoms, V, 450.

Filaria palpebralis, treatment, V, 451.

Filaria papillosa, V, 272, 446.

Filaria papillosa, distribution, V, 446.

Filaria papillosa heematica, I, 342.

Filaria papillosa in blood, V, 402.

Filaria papillosa, season, V, 446.

Filaria papillosa, symptoms, V, 447.

494

Filaria papillosa, treatment, V, 447.

Filaria pellucida, V, 446.

Filaria reticulata, V, 402, 439.

Filaria reticulata, distribution, V, 440.

Filaria reticulata hosts, V, 440.

Filaria reticulata in lymph spaces and
vessels, V, 440.

Filaria reticulata in synovial sacs, V,

441.

Filaria reticulata, its fibroid growth,
V, 440.

Filaria reticulata, prevention, V, 441.

Filaria reticulata, seasons, V, 440.

Filaria reticulata, symptoms, V, 440.

Filaria reticulata, treatment, V, 441.

Filaria reticulata, tumors, V, 440.

Filaria sanguinis equi, V, 402.

Filaria terebra, V, 448.

Filaria trispinulosa, V, 449.

Firing in adynamic inflammation, I,
70.

Fish skin disease, III, 522.

Fissures, III, 455.

Fistula, lachrymal, III, 352.

Fistula, recto-vesical, III, 261.

Fistula, salivary, II, 4o.

Flank, double action of, I, 153.

Flea, V, 88.

Flea, burrowing, V, go.

Flea, destruction and prevention, V,
89.

Flea of bird, V, 89.

Flea of dog, V, 89.

Flea of fowl, V, go.

Flea of man, V, 89.

Flea of rabbit, V, 89.

Fleas, V, 12.

Flies, prevent reproduction of, V, 62.

Flies, to destroy in buildings, V, 64.

Flies, to exclude from buildings, V,
63.

Flies, to protect animals from, V,

Flies, to remove shelter of, V, 63.

Fluke disease, V, 347.

Flukes, table of, V, 222.

Flyblow, V, 61.

Fly striking, V, 61.

Foals, infective gastro-enteritis in, IT,
138,

Folded tape-worm, V, 266.

Follicular conjunctivitis, III, 374.

Food in digestive disorder, II, 2.

Food in infective gastro-enteritis, IT,
I4I.

Food, unwholesome, II, 3.

Foot and mouth disease, IV, 316.

Foot and mouth disease, bacteriology,
IV, 318.

64-

General Index.

Foot and mouth disease, causes, IV,
317.

Foot and mouth disease, definition,
IV, 316.

Foot and mouth disease, geographi-
cal distribution, IV, 317.

Foot and mouth disease, history, IV,
317:

Foot and mouth disease, infection of
man, IV, 321.

Foot and mouth disease in man, pre-
vention, IV, 323.

Foot and mouth disease, mortality,
IV, 320.

Foot and mouth disease, pathogene-
sis, IV, 316.

Foot and mouth disease, prevention,
IV, 324.

Foot and mouth disease, prognosis,
IV, 320.

Foot and mouth disease, symptoms,
IV, 319.

Foot and mouth disease, symptoms
in man, IV, 323.

Foot and mouth disease, treatment,
IV, 325.

Foot and mouth disease, treatment in
man, IV, 324.

Foot and mouth disease, virulent pro-
ducts, IV, 318.

Foot mange in horse, V, 172.

Foot scab in sheep, V, ror.

Foramen of Winslow, hernia through,
II, 370.

Foreign bodies in conjunctival sac,
III, 358.

Foreign bodies in cornea, III, 378.

Foreign bodies in food, II, 3.

Foreign bodies in intestines, II, 328.

Foreign bodies in iris, III, 398.

Foreign bodies in liver, II, 525.

Foreign bodies in nose, I, 92.

Foreign bodies in pancreas, IT, 542.

Foreign bodies in spleen, IT, 558.

Forked worm, V, 399.

Formiicidze, V, 110, 462.

Formicina, V, IIo.

Fourth stomach, catarrhal inflamma-
tion of, II, 166.

Fowl cholera, IV, 158.

Fowls, croupous pneumonia in, I, 238.

Fracture of orbit, III, 348.

Fragilitas ossium, III, 573.

Frontal sinuses in ox, catarrh of, I,
TOI.

Functional liver diseases, treatment,
TT, 432.

Foot and mouth disease, diagnosis,
IV, 321.

General Index.

Fungi as a cause of stomatitis, II, 9.
Fungi, poisoning by, II, 289, 291.
Fungi, varying pathogenesis of, II, 9.
Furuncle, III, 454, 522.

GADDING of cattle, V, 81.

Gad flies, V, 68.

Gad fly of sheep, V, 83.

Gad fly, panic from, III, 24.

Galega, poisoning, II, 286.

Gall bladder, dilatation of, II, 514,

Gall bladder, double, II, 515.

Gall ducts, dilatation of, II, 514.

Gall stones, II, 516.

Gall stones in cattle, II, 521.

Gall stones in dog and cat, II, 524.

Gall stones in sheep, II, 523.

Gall stonesin solipeds, II, 519.

Gall stones in swine, II, 524.

Gamasidz, V, 105, 145.

Gamasus, V, 105.

Gamasus auris, V, 146.

Gamasus pteroptoides, V, 146.

Gangrene, I, 58.

Gangrene, cutaneous, ITI, 520.

Gangrene in malignant cedema,IV, 13.

Gangrene in pneumonia, I, 226.

Gangrene of coronet in horse, IV, 76.

Gangrenous ergotism, II, 296, 298.

Gapes in birds, V, 398.

Gapes, prevention and treatment, V,
4ol.

Garrapata, IV, 551.

Gases from different fermenting food,
Il, Ioo

Gastric catarrh in solipeds, chronic,
II, 170.

Gastric dilatation, II, 180.

Gastric indigestion in carnivora, II,
158.

Gastric indigestion in swine, II, 159.

Gastricola, V, 69.

Gastric parasites, cat, V, 260.

Gastric parasites of dog, V, 259.

Gastric parasites of horse, V, 250.

Gastric parasites of swine, V, 257.

Gastric ulcer, II, 175.

Gastric ulcer, perforating, IJ, 179.

Gastritis, acute catarrhal, in horse, IJ,
160.

Gastritis, catarrhal in swine, II, 168.

Gastritis in cattle, II, 166

Gastritis in dogs, chronic, IJ, 173.

Gastritis in ruminants, chronic, II,

171.
Gastritis, phlegmonous, in horse, II,
162.
Gastritis, toxic, in solipeds, II, 164.
Gastro-conjunctivitis, IV, 113.

495

Gastrodiscus of Sonsini, V, 267.

Gastro-enteric epizootic, IV, 113.

Gastro-enteritis, from alkalies and
their caustic salts, II, 264.

Gastro-enteritis from aqua ammonia,
II, 264

Gastro-enteritis, from caustic acids,
II, 266.

Gastro-enteritis, haemorrhagic in dogs,
II, 452.

Gastro-enteritis, infective,
born, II, 141, IV, 645.
Gastro-enteritis, infective in suck-

lings, II, 138.
Gastro-enteritis, microbes in, II, 144.
Gastro-enteritis of new-born, bacteri-
ology, IV, 645.
Gastro-enteritis ot new-born, preven-
tion, IV, 647.
Gastro-mycosis ovis, IV, 508.
Gastrophilus equi, V, 69
Gastrophilus flavipes, V, 72.
Gastrophilus hamorrhoidalis, V, 70.
Gastrophilus nasalis, V, 72.
Gastrophilus pecorum, V, 71.
Gastrus equi, V, 69.
Gastrus flavipes, V, 72.
Gastrus hemorrhoidalis, V, 70.
Gastrus nasalis, V, 72.
Gastrus pecorum, V, 71.
Generative organs, diseases of, III,

in new-

279.

Genital catarrh, infectious in rabbits,
TV, 367.

Genital centre, III, 21.

Genital tuberculosis, symptoms, IV,
449

Genito-urinary tubercle, IV, 435.

Gerlach’s expériments in tuberculo-
sis, 1V, 409.

Giant fennel, poisoning by, IT, 286.

Giant fluke, ox, deer, V, 373.

Giantism, III, 133.

Giant strongle, V, 457.

‘*Gid’’ in sheep, V, 301.

Gila monster, V, 469.

Gingivitis, II, 20

Glander nodules in heart, I, 341.

Glander nodules in spleen, II, 564.

Glanders, IV, 230.

Glanders, acute symptoms of, IV, 236.

Glanders, causes, 1V, 232.

Glanders, chronic, symptoms of, IV,
238

Glanders, cutaneous, symptoms, IV,

239.

Glanders, definition, IV, 231.
Glanders, diagnosis, IV, 239.
Glanders, forms of, IV, 236.

496

Glanders, geographical distribution,
IV, 231.

Glanders in carnivora, IV, 245.

Glanders, infection atria, IV, 235

Glanders in frog, IV, 245.

Glanders in man, IV, 246.

Glanders in man, causes, IV, 246.

Glanders in man, lesions, IV, 250

Glanders in man, symptoms, IV, 248.

Glanders in man, treatmeut, IV, 256.

Glanders in rodents, IV, 244.

Glanders in sheep and goat, IV, 244.

Glanders in swine, IV, 243.

Glanders, latent or occult, IV, 239.

Glanders, lesions of, IV, 241

Glanders, pathogenesis, IV, 232.

Glanders, prevention, IV, 251.

Glanders, synonyms, IV, 231.

Glanders, treatment, IV, 254.

Glands in skin, changes in, III, 456.

Glaucoma, III, 422.

Glioma of spine, III, 176.

Glisson’s capsule, inflammation of,
II, 500.

Globidium Leuckarti, V, 265.

Globocephalus, V, 247.

Globocephalus longimucronatus, V,
267.

' Glomerulitis, III, 225.

Glossanthrax, IV, 55, 203, 206.

Glossina morsitans, IV, 595; V, 59.

Glossitis, II, 20

Glossoplegia, II, 37.

Glottis, oedema of, I, 147.

Glucose in parturition fever, III, 308.

Glucose, test for, III, 200.

Glyciphagus, V, 107.

Glycogenesis, II, 408.

Glycogenic center in medulla, II, 417.

Glycogenic center, spinal, III, 21.

Glycosuria, II, 516; III, 200.

Glycosuria in cattle, II, 424.

Glycosuria in dogs, II, 425.

Glycosuria in solipeds, IT, 421.

Glycosuria, pancreatic, II, 420.

Glycosuria, pathological, II, 417.

Glycosuria, physiological, II, 416.

Glycosuria, reflex, II, 418.

Glycosuria, tests for, II, 422.

Glycosuria, toxic, II, 419.

Gnathitis, II, 19.

Gnathobdellidz, V, 470.

Gnathostoma, V, 247.

Gnathostoma hispida, V, 258.

Goat, auscultation of, I, 168.

Goat, intestinal parasites, V, 282, 291.

Goatpox, IV, 360.

‘‘Going light,’ IV, 392.

Goitre, III, 560.

General Index.

Golden eyed fly, V, 58.

Goll, column of, III, 21.
Gongylonema in gullet, II, 93.
Gongylonema pulchra, V, 249.
Gongylonema scutata, V, 249.
Goniocotes, V, 14, 97.

Gonioides, V, 14, 97.

Goose septiceemia, IV, 654.
Gourme, IV, 77.

Gout, II, 430; III, 554.

Granular degeneration, I, 41.
Granular dermatitis, V, 43.
Granular skin in swine, III, 492.
Granulation, I, 56.

Granulation summer sores, V, 43.
Granule corpuscles, I, 56.
Granule masses, I, 56.
Granuloma fungoides, V, 43.
Grapes, ITI, 515; IV, 399.

Grass staggers, II, 124.

Grease, III, 512; IV, 237.

Great white plague, IV, 399.
Green leech, V, 471.

Green potatoes, poisoning by, II, 286.
Growth, horny, III, 455.

Growth, sugar in relation to, II, 428.
Grub in head, I, 110; V, 83.

Grub in head, prevention, V, 85.
Grub in head, symptoms, V, 84.
Grub in head, treatment, V, 86.
Guinea worm, V, 405.

Guinea worm, life history, V, 405.
Gullet, inflammation of, II, 86.
Gullet, spasm of, II, go. 2
Gums, inflammation of, II, 20.
Gut-tie in ox, II, 357.

Guttural pouches, abscess of, I, 94.
Gutturomycosis equi, V, 55.
Gutturomycosis of solipeds, I, 149.
Gyalocephalus, V, 272

Gymnotus electricus, V, 475.
Gyropus, V, 14.

Gyropus gracilis, V, 97.

Gyropus ovalis, V, 97.

Gyropus, the oval, V, 97.
Gyropus, the thin, V, 97.

Hzmaprpsia Ceylonica, V, 472.

Heemaphysalis, V, 103, 117.

Heemaphysalis, key to species, V, 120.

Heemaphysalis Leachi, IV, 579; V,
1123,

Hemaphysalis leporis palustris, V,
133.

Heemophysalis rosea, IV, 552; V, 132.

Heematidrosis, III, 518.

Heematobia ferox, V, 9.

Heematobia irritans, V, 9.

Heematobia serrata, V, 9, 59.

General Index.

Heematoblasts and blood globules in
pyemia, IV, 4.

Hematopinus, V, 13.

Heematopinus cameli, V, 96.

Heematopinus colorata, V, 95.

Heematopinus eurysternus, V, 95.

Heematopinus macrocephalus, V, 94.

Heematopinus of pig, V, 96.

Hematopinus of rabbit, V, 96.

Heematopinus piliferus, V, 96.

Heematopinus stenopsis, V, 95.

Heematopinus tenuirostris, V, 95.

Heematopinus, the broad bellied, V,
95-

Hematopinus, the hairy, V, 96.

Heematopinus, the large bellied, V,
96.

Hematopinus, the narrow headed, V,

95-

Heematopinus, the narrow-nosed, V,
95-

Heematopinus urius, V, 96.

Heematopinus ventricosus, V, 96.

Heematopota, V, 58

Hematorrachis, III, 170.

Heematozoa of birds, V, 418.

Heematozoa of dog, V, 414.

Hzematozoa of rodents and birds, V,
413.

Hematozoa of ruminants, V, 412.

Heematozo6n Lewisi, V, 416.

Heematuria, III, 200.

Hemoglobinzmia, II, 437.

Hemoglobinzmia, bacteriology of,
IV, 649.

Hemoglobinemia in the horse, IV,
649.

Fis opleuiuetaia in the horse, anti-
septic treatment, IV, 649.

Heemoglobinzmia, iodine treatment,
IV, 649.

Hemoglobinuria, II, 437; III, 200.

Hemolysis in influenza, IV, 130.

Heemophilia, I, 366 ; III, 518

Heemopis sanguisuga, V, 471.

Hemopis vorax, V, 471.

Hemoptysis, I, 209.

Hemorrhage, I, 365.

Hemorrhage, cutaneous, III, 518.

Heemorrhage from the nose, I, 78.

Hemorrhage into spinal cord, III,
170.

Hemorrhage on ovary, III, 282.

Hemorrhage, retinal, III, 439.

Hemorrhagic, gastro-enteritis in dog,
II, 252.

Heemorrhagic infarction, I, 211.

Heemorrhagic septicemia in chick-
ens, IV, 656.

33

497

Heemorrhoidal anthrax, IV, 203, 207.

Hair, abnormal, III, 456.

Hair and bristle balls, dog and pig,
II, 322.

Hair balls in intestines, II, 320

Hair balls in stomach, II, 187..

Hair-bodied worm, V, 244.

Hair-headed worm, V, 245.

Hair splitting, etc., III, 526.

Hallucinations, III, 11, 22.

Harderian gland, adenoma of, III,
357-

Hard palate, congestion of, II, 19.

Hare eye, III, 338.

Hare lip,.II, 49.

Harpactor cruentus, V, 93.

Harpirhynchus, V, 106.

Harpirhynchus, nesting, V, 149.

Harpirhynchus nidulans, V, 149.

Harvest bug on lips, II, 7.

Harvest mites, V, 147.

aie convulsive movements of, ITI,

7.

Head scab in sheep, V, 177.

Healing by adhesion, I, 56.

Healing by first intention, I, 56.

Healing by second intention, I, 56.

Health, definition of, I, 3.

Health, nervous control in, III. 1.

Heart, abscess in, I, 338.

Heart, atheroma of, I, 344.

Heart, calcified, I, 344.

Heart, cancer of, I, 341.

Heart, cartilaginous degeneration of,
I, 338.

Heart, chronic diseases of, I, 339.

Heart, congenital malformations and
displacements, I, 313.

Heart, cysticercus cellulosa in, I, 342.

Heart, cysticercus tenuicollis in, I,
342.

Heart, diffuse suppuration in, I, 338.

Heart, dilatation of, I, 323.

Heart disease, general symptoms of,
I, 305.

Heart, diseases of, I, 291.

Heart, echinococcus in, I, 341.

Heart, fatty degeneration of, I, 340.

Heart, fibrous degeneration of, I, 338.

Heart, filariain, I, 342.

Heart, functional irregularity of, I,

312.
Heart, glander nodules in, I, 341.
Heart, hypertrophy of, I, 315.
Heart, induration of, I, 338.
Heart, inflammation in, I, 325.
Heart, melanosis of, I. 341.
Heart lesions in rheumatism, III, 534.
Heart, morbid sounds of, I, 303.

498

Heart, neoplasms of, I, 341.

Heart, osseous degeneration of, I, 338.

Heart, polypus in, I, 338.

Heart, position of, I, 292.

Heart, position of in dog, I, 157.

Heart, position of in horse, I, 155.

Heart, position of in sheep, I, 157.

Heart, Rainey’s cysts in, I, 342.

Heart, relative position in domestic
animals, I, 155.

Heart, rupture from concussion, I,

343.
Heart, rupture from exertiou, I, 343.
Heart, rupture from pithing, I, 343.
Heart, rupture of, I, 343.
Heart, sarcocysts in, I, 342.
Heart-shaped bothriocephalus, V, 317.
Heart, softening of, I, 338.
Heart, sounds of, I, 301.
Heart, strongyli in, I, 342.
Heart, structure of, I, 293.
Heart, table of murmurs of, I, 324.
Heart, table of symptoms in hyper-
trophy and dilatation, I, 319.
Heart, thickness of walls, I, 295.
Heart, trichina in, I, 342.
Heart, tubercle of, I, 341; IV, 433-
Heart, ulceration of, I, 338.
Heart, valvular disease of, I, 339.
Heart, varicose veins in, I, 341.
Heart, weight of, I, 296.
Heat exhaustion, III, 39.
Heat papules, III, 499.
Heaves, I, 274.
Hellebore poisoning, II, 285.
Helminthes, V, 219.
Helminthopsylla alakurt, V, 91.
Heloderma suspectum, V, 469.
Helophilus pendulinus, V, 58, 273.
Hemianzsthesia, III, 3.
Hemiplegia, III, 3.
Hemiplegia laryngea, I, 133.
Hemispasm, III, 4.
Hemistoma alatum, V, 318.
Hepatic abscess, II, 495.
Hepatic cirrhosis of cattle, IV, 641.
Hepatic congestion, II, 483.
Hepatic congestion in dog, IT, 486.
Hepatic congestion in solipeds, II,
484.
Hepatic hemorrhage, II, 487.
Hepatic inflammation, II, 490.
Hepatic steatosis, II, 508.
Hepatitis, II, 490.
Hepatitis, infective, II, 498.
Hepatitis, parenchymatous, II, 491.
Hepatitis, suppurative, II, 495.
Hereditary roaring, I, 141.
Hernia, II, 371.

General Index.

Hernia, mesenteric, II, 368.

Hernia of ovaries, III, 279.

Hernia of reticulum, II, 367.

Hernia, omental, II, 368.

Hernia, pelvic, II, 357.

Hernia, phrenic, II, 359.

Hernia, through foramen of Winslow,
II, 370.

Heterakis, V, 245.

Heteroptera, V, 9I.

Hippobosca equina, V, 66.

Hippoboscide, V, 10, 65.

Hippuric acid, III, 197.

Hirudo decora, V, 471.

Hirudo interrupta, V, 471.

Hirudo officinalis, V, 471.

Hirudo medicinalis, V, 471.

Hirudo Tagala, V, 472.

Hirudo troctina, V, 471.

Hodgkin’s disease, I, 382.

Hog cholera, IV, 15, 22.

Hog cholera, accessory causes, IV, 28.

Hog cholera, accessory causes, re-
moval of, IV, 37.

Hog cholera and faulty feeding, IV,

30.

Hog cholera and interstate sanitary
work, IV, 44.

Hog cholera and state rights, IV, 44.

Hog cholera bacillus, IV, 24.

Hog cholera bacillus and allied organ-
isms, table of, IV, 26-28.

Hog cholera, definition, IV, 22.

Hog cholera, diagnosis of IV, 35.

Hog cholera, disinfection, IV, 43.

Hog cholera, disseminated by com-
merce, IV, 4r.

Hog cholera, extinction in herds, IV,

44.

Hog cholera, fulminant, IV, 33.

Hog cholera, gastro-intestinal lesions
of, LV, 33.

Hog cholera germ, carried by animals,
IV, 40.

Hog cholera germ, carried by flies,
IV, 4o.

Hog cholera germ, exclusion of, IV,

40.
Hog cholera, history, IV, 23.
Hog cholera, immunization, IV, 42.
Hog cholera, incubation, IV, 33.
Hog cholera losses in United States,
IV, 24.
Hog cholera, market restrictions, IV,

43.

Hog cholera, poisoning mistaken for,
IV, 30, 31.

Hog cholera, precautions for owner,
IV, 42.

General Index.

Hog cholera, prevention, IV, 37.

Hog cholera restrictions in England,
IV, 43.

Hog cholera, serum treatment, IV,

45.

Hog cholera, spread through markets
and butcher shops, IV, 31.

Hog cholera, swine plague and
rouget, table of differential symp-
toms, IV, 38.

Hog cholera, symptoms, IV, 33.

Hog cholera, symptoms of acute form,
IV, 33-

Hog cholera, symptoms of subacute
form, IV, 35.

Hog cholera, synonyms, IV, 23.

Hog cholera, therapeutic treatment,
IV, 45. .

Hog cholera, Widal test in, IV, 36.

Holzkrankheit, IV, 543.

Honey dew, poisoning, II, 292.

Hoose, V, 373.

eget III, 343.

Hornets, V, 463.

Horn fly, V, 9, 59.

Horny growth, III, 455.

Horse, acute bronchitis in, I, 178.

Horse, acute pleurisy in, I, 239.

Horse, aspergillosis in, V, 398.

Horse, asthma in, I, 273.

Horse, auscultation of, I, 166.

Horse, cestodes of, V, 265.

Horse, chronic bronchitis in, I, 191.

Horse, croup in, I, 132.

Horse, cutaneous hemorrhage, V,
403.

Horse, gangrene of coronet in, IV, 76.

Horse, intestinal parasites, V, 264.

Horse, laryngitis in, I, 115,

Horse4leech, V, 471.

Horse limits of chest in, I, 155.

Horse, nasal catarrh in, I, 113.

Horse, parasites in stomach, V, 250.

Horse, percussion of chest in, I, 159.

Horse, pneumonitis in, I, 213.

Horse, position of diaphragm in I,
156.

Horse, position of heart in, I, 155.

Horse, position of intestinesin, I, 156.

Horse, position of liver in, I, 156.

Horse, position of lung in, I, 156.

Horse, position of pancreas in, I, 156.

Horse, position of spleen in, I,.156.

Horse, position of stomach in, I, 156.

Horse pox, III, 515, IV, 337.

Horse pox, symptoms, IV, 338.

Horse pox, treatment, IV, 340.

Horse sickness, IV, 513.

Horse sickness, definition, IV, 514.

499

Horse sickness, forms of IV, 516.

Horse sickness, from damp green
fodder, IV, 514.

Horse sickness, geographical distri-
bution, IV, 514.

Horse sickness, immunity, IV, 515,
518.

Horse sickness, lesions, IV, 517.

Horse sickness, pathogenesis, IV, 514.

Horse sickness, penicillium of, IV,
515.

Horse sickness, prevention, IV, 518.

Horse sickness, symptoms, IV, 516.

Horse, strongylus gigas in, V, 460.

Horse-tail poisoning, II, 286.

Horse, trematodes, V, 267.

House fly, V, 8.

Humid mange in horse, V, 169.

Husk, V, 373.

Hyalomma, V, 105, 117.

Hyalomma, key to species, V, 127.

Hydrozemia, I, 371.

Hydrocephalus, chronic, III, r1o0.

ee jurisprudence, III,
116.

Hydro-chloric acid poisoning, II, 266.

Hydrometra, ITI, 296.

‘| Hydronephrosis, III, 248.

Hydrophobia, IV, 259.
Hydrophobia, diagnosis, IV, 282.
Hydrophobia, symptoms, IV, 280.
Hydrophthalmos, III, 427.
Hydroteea meteorica, V, 9, 65.
Hydrothorax, I, 259.
Hydrothorax, symptoms of, I, 260.
Hydrothorax, treatment of, I, 261.
Hymen, imperforate, III, 298.
Hymenoptera, V, IIo.
Hypereemia, I, 33.

Hyperemia, pulmonary, I, 198.
Hyperemia, results of, I, 35.
Hyperemia, symptoms of, I, 35.
Hyperesthesia, III, 8.
Hypereesthesia, laryngeal, I, 148.
Hyperalgesia, III, 10.
Hyperkinesis, III, 4.
Hyperplasia, III, 455.
Hyperplasia of skin, ITI, 523.
Hypertrophy of the heart, I, 315.
Hypertrophy of prostate, III, 274.
Hypertrophy of skin, III, 521.
Hypoderma, V, 11, 78.
Hypoderma bonassi, V, 80.
Hypoderma bovis, V, 80, 442.
Hypoderma in eye, V, 444.
Hypoderma lineata, V, 79.
Hypoderma, striped, V, 79.
Hypoderma tarandi, V, 80.
Hypoderma, treatment, V, 81.

500

Hypospadias, III, 262.
Hypoxanthin, III, 199.
Hystrichis pachycephalus, V, 264.
Hystrichis tricolor, V, 263.

IcutuHvosis, III, 522.
Ictero-hzmaturia in sheep, IV, 573.
Icterus, II, 457.

Icterus from lupin poison, II, 476.
Icterus nouveau nés, II, 473.

Iliac arteries, embolism of, I, 354,

355-

Immobility, III, ro.

Immunization against apoplectiform
septicaemia, IV, 397.

Immunization against hog cholera,
IV, 42.

Immunization against sheep-pox, IV,

Immunization against strangles, IV,
92.

Immunization against Texas fever,
IV, 567.

Immunization from anthrax, IV, 214.

Immunization fromcanine distemper,
IV, 177.

Immunization from chicken cholera,
IV, 164.

Immunization from se pticemia
hzemorrhagica of cattle, IV, 62.

Immunization from swine plague, IV,
51.

Immunization in rabies, IV, 285.

Impacted cloaca, II, 209, 319.

Impacted colon in horse, II, 203.

Impacted large intestine, horse, II,
197.

Impacted omasum, II, 123.

Impacted rumen, II, 108.

Impetigo, III, 477.

Impetigo, digital, III, 512.

Impetigo of pigs, III, 4gr.

Incoérdination, III, 5.

Incodrdination in cerebellar disease,
III, 133

Indican in urine, III, 197.

Indigestion, acute gastric, horse, II,
150.

Indigestion, gastric, dog, II, 158.

Indigestion, gastric, pig, II, 159.

Indigestion in abomasum, II, 135.

Indigestion ingluvial, IT, 94.

Indigestion in sucklings, II, 136.

Indigestion, intestinal, II, 193.

sadigestions intestinal, of birds, II,

209.
Indigestion, intestinal ef solipeds, II,
193.

General Index.

Indigestion, tympanitic, of rumen,
II, 96.

Indigestion with impaction, dog, II,
205

Therion of the heart, I, 338.

Infarction, “hemorrhagic, TL 21.

Infarction in pyeemia, IV, 6.

Infection in osteo malacia, III, 578,
581.

Infections, purulent and septic, IV, 1.

Infectious abortion, IV, 370.

Infectious bronchial cattarh in dogs,
IV, 181.

Infectious disease of the throat, I, 149.

Infectious entro-hepatitis in turkeys,
IV, 388.

areioue genital catarrh in rabbits,
IV, 367.

Infectious stable, bronchitis, IV, 111.

Infectious stomatitis in lambs and
kids, IV, 367.

Infectious stomatitis in lambs, causes,
IV, 368.

Infectious stomatitis, lesions, IV, 368,

Infectious stomatitis, mortality, IV.

369.

Infectious stomatitis, pathogenesis,
IV, 368.

Infectious stomatitis, prevention, IV,
369.

Infectious stomatitis, streptococcus
of, IV, 368.

Infectious stomatitis, symptoms, IV,
368.

Infectious stomatitis, treatment, LV,
369.

Infective blood clots, IV, 4.
Infective myelo meningitis, IV, 500.
Infective ulceration of anus and vulva
in cattle, IV, 651.
Inflammation, I, 39.
Inflammation, abscess in, I, 71.
Inflammation, adynamic, I, 68.
Inflammation, blistering in, I, 70.
Inflammation, cold in, I, 69.
Inflammation, definition of, I, 39.
Inflammation, firing in, I, 70.
Inflammation, forms of, I, 41.
Inflammation, hot applications in, I,
69.
Inflammation, local treatment of, I,
Inflammation, massage in, I, 71.
Inflammation of cornea, III, 378.
Inflammation of optic nerve, III, 440.
Inflammation of the lungs, I, 212.
Inflammation of sclera, III, 389.
Inflammation, products of, I, 52.

General Index.

Inflammation, results of, I, 52.
Inflammation, rubbing in, I, 71.
Inflammation, suppuration in, I, 71.
Inflammation, treatment of, I, 62.
Inflammatory new formations, I, 53.
Inflammatory cedema, IV, 153.
Influenza, I, 114.

Influenza, accessory causes, IV, 122.

Influenza, as compared with croupous
pneumonia, IV, 133.

Influenza, bacteriology, IV, 120.

Influenza, catarrhal symptoms, IV,
125.

Influenza,
120.

Influenza, complications in, IV, 129.

Influenza, contagion, IV, 116.

Influenza, diagnosis of, IV, 132.

Influenza, diagnostic symptoms, LV,
124.

Influenza, digestive disorder, IV, 127.

Influenza, equine, IV, 112.

Influenza, exudations, IV, 129.

Influenza, gastro-intestinal lesions in,
IV, 130, 131.

Influenza, hemolysis in, IV, 130.

Influenza, history, IV, 114.

Influenza, immunity, IV, 123.

Influenza, incubation, IV, 123.

Influenza, inoculations, IV, 120.

Influenza, lesions, IV, 129.

Influenza, leucocytosis in, IV, 130.

Influenza, mortality, IV, 134.

Influenza, nervous symptoms, IV, 128.

Influenza of 1872-3, IV, 115.

Influenza, ophthalmic symptoms, IV,
128.

Influenza, phenomena as compared
with contagious pneumonia, IV,
133-

Influenza, prevention, IV, 139.

Influenza, prognosis, IV, 134.

Influenza, pulmonary lesions in, IV,
131.

hiadienza, quarantine for, IV, 139.

Influenza, rheumatoid symptoms, IV,
129.

Influenza, symptoms, IV, 124.

Influenza, thoracic symptoms, IV,
126.

Influenza, treatment, IV, 135.

Infusoria, divisions of, V, 238.

Infusoria in rabbits, V. 331.

Infusoria of intestines, horse, V, 264.

Ingluvial indigestion, II, 94.

Inhibition, cardiac, III, 15.

Inhibition, respiratory, III, 15.

Innervation, changes in, I, 44.

Inoculation in diagnosis, IV, 457.

cocci and cocco-bacilli, IV,

501

Insolation, III, 39.

Intermittent roaring, I, 141.

Internal ophthalmia, III, 390.

Interstitial development of lymph in-
to tissue, I, 57.

Intertrigo, III, 466.

Intestinal anthrax in man, IV, 224.

Intestinal atony, II, 314.

Intestinal calculi, II, 323.

Intestinal cestodes, cattle, V, 276.

Intestinal congestion from verminous
embolism, II, 210.

Intestinal congestion in solipeds, II,
220.

Intestinal indigestion in birds, II, 209.

Intestinal indigestion, with impac-
tion, II, 197.

Intestinal infusoria, dog, V, 299.

Intestinal invagination, II, 344.

Intestinal nematodes, cattle, V, 277.

Intestinal nematodes, dog, V, 318.

Intestinal obstruction, birds, II, 209.

Intestinal obstruction, dog, II, 205.

Intestinal pain, II, 308.

Intestinal parasites, cat, V, 326.

Intestinal parasites, dog, V, 297.

Intestinal parasites, horse, V, 264.

Intestinal parasites, rabbits, V, 330.

geal parasites, sheep, goat, V,
282.

Intestinal parasites, solipeds, V, 228.

Intestinal parasites, swine, V, 292.

Intestinal round worms of sheep, V,
284.

Intestinal strangulations, II, 356.

Intestinal trematodes, dog, V, 318.

Intestinal trichina, symptoms,
428.

Intestinal tympany, II, 193.

Intestine, abscess of, II, 336.

Intestine dilatation of, II, 340.

Vv,

.| Intestine, foreign bodies in, II, 328.

Intestine, hair balls in, II, 320.

Intestine, hyperplasia of, II, 378.

Intestine, rupture of, II, 332.

Intestines, actinomycosis of, V, 274.

Intestines, position of in horse, I, 156.

Intestine, strangulation by ovarian
ligament, II, 380.

Intestine, stricture of, II, 342.

Intestine, tumors of, II, 374.

Intestine, ulceration of, II, 338.

Intestine, volvulus of, IT, 351.

Intussusception, II, 344.

Inveterate roaring, I, 134.

Iodine poisoning, II, 276.

Iris, aperture in, ITI, 399.

Iris, cysts of, III, 4or.

Iris, foreign bodies in, ITI, 398.

502

Iris, prolapse of, III, 390.
Iris, tubercle of, III, 4or.
Iritis, III, 395.

Iritis, symptomatic, III, 397.
Iron poisoning, II, 279.
Irritants, animal, III, 460.
Itching, III, 9.

Ixodes, V, 103, II7.

Ixodes Algeriensis, IV, 552, V, 128.
Ixodes annulata, IV, 552.
Ixodes bovis. IV, 548.

Ixodes camelinus, V, 140.
Ixodes chelifer, V, 140.
Ixodes Dugesii, IV, 548, V, 128.
Ixodes erinaceous, V, 139.
Ixodes hexagonus, V, 137.
Ixodes, key to species, V, 121.
Ixodes marginata, V, 139
Ixodes marmorata, V, 139.
Ixodes reduvius, V, 137.
Ixodes ricinus, V, 136.

Ixodes scapulatus, V, 139.
Ixodic anemia, IV, 543.
Ixodic toxeemia, IV, 500.
Ixodidz, table of, V, 102.
Ixodine, V, 102, 117.

JAUNDICE, II, 457.

Jaundice, catarrhal, II, 463.

Jaundice catarrhal in dogs, II, 467.

Jaundice from fodder ferments, II,
476.

Jaundice from lupins, II, 476.

Jauudice from poisons, II, 459.

Jaundice in cattle, II, 472.

Jaundice in new-born, II, 473.

Jelly fish, V, 476.

Jigger, V, 148.

Juniperus sabina, poisoning, II, 286.

Kaipra, V, 461.

Keracele, III, 455.

Keratitis, III, 378.

Keratoconus, II1, 388.

Keratoglobus, III, 388.

Kidney, amyloid, III, 246.

Kidney, atrophy of, III, 241.

Kidney, congestion in carnivora, III,
218.

Kidney congestion in cattle, III, 214.

Kidney congestion in horse, III, 208.

Kidney congestion in sheep and goat,
III, 216.

Kidney congestion in swine, III, 217.

Kidney, degeneration, II, 431.

Kidney, fatty degeneration of, III,

244.
Kidney, hypertrophy of, III, 240.
Kidneys, parasites of, V, 452.

General Index.

Kidney worm, V, 452.
Klebs’ experiments on tuberculosis,
IV, 409.

LABURNUM poisoning, II, 286.

Laceration of intestine, II, 332.

Lachrymal caruncle, disease of, III,
356.

Lachrymal fistula, III, 352.

Lachrymal gland, disease of, III, 351.

Lachrymal puncta, obstruction of,
III, 351.

Lachrymal sac, catarrh of, III, 353.

Lachrymo-nasal duct, stenosis of, III,
355-

Lactic acid in rickets, III, 568.

Lagophthalmos, ITI, 338.

La Grippe, IV, 113.

Lamb disease, V, 373.

Lamblia intestinalis, V, 283, 299, 327.

Lambs and kids, infectious stomatitis
in, IV, 367.

Lambs, infective gastro-enteritis in,
II, 138.

Laminitis in influenza, IV, 129.

Laminosioptes gallinarum, V, 154.

Lampas, II, 19.

Land leeches, V, 472.

Lard worm, V, 452.

Larve in wounds, V, 60.

Larva in head, symptoms of, I, r10.

Larva in nasal sinuses, sheep, I, 109.

Larva, mature, I, r10.

Larva, cestrus, I, 149.

Larva of cestrus ovis, I, Iog.

Larva of teenia, V, 241.

Larva, young, I, IIo.

Laryngea, cynanche, I, 115.

Laryngea, dyspneea, I, 133.

Laryngea, hemiplegia, 1, 133.

Laryngeal hypereesthesia, I, 148.

Laryngeal polypi, I, 132.

Laryngitis, I, 114.

Laryngitis, angina, I, 115.

Laryngitis, chronic, I, 117.

Laryngitis, croupous, I, 128.

Laryngitis in dog, I, 126.

Laryngitis in horse, I, 115.

Laryngitis in ox, I, 122.

Laryngitis in pig, I, 124.

Laryngitis in sheep, I, 123.

a pseudo-membranous, I,
128.

Laryngitis, sub-acute, I, 117.

Laryngitis, treatment of chronic, I,
121.

Laryngo-pharyngitis in cattle, I, 122.

Larynx, haawied. I, 114.

Lathyrus poisoning, II, 286.

General Index.

Latrodectus lugubris, V, 46r.

Lead poisoning, III, 141,

Leather in stomach, II, 188.

Leech bites, I, 108.

Leech bites, prevention, V, 474.

Leech bites, treatment, V, 474.

Leeches, I, 149, V, 470, 43.

Leeches in eye, V, 445.

Lens, dislocation of, ITI, 435.

Lens, extraction of, III, 434.

Lens, opacity of, III, 428.

Lesions in hemorrhagic septicemia
in sheep, IV, 67.

Lesions of septicaemia haemorrhagica
in cattle, IV, 59.

Lesions of swine plague, IV, 49.

Leucin in urine, IIT, 199.

Leucocythzmia, I, 379.

Leucocytosis in influenza, IV, 130.

Leucoma, IIT, 384.

Leuco-phlegmasia, IV, 141.

Leucorrheoea, III, 298.

Leukemia, I, 379.

Lice, V, 13, 93.

Lice, biting, V, 13.

Lice, bloodsuckers, V, 13.

Lice of birds, V, 97.

Lice of camel, V, 96.

Lice of cattle, V, 95.

Lice of dog and cat, V, 96.

Lice of Guinea-pig, V, 97.

Lice of pig, V, 96.

Lice of rabbit, V, 96.

Lice of sheep and goat, V, 95.

Lice of solipeds, V, 94.

Lice, prevention of, V, 101.

Lice, symptoms in birds, V, 100.

Lice, symptoms in cat, V, 100.

Lice, symptoms in cattle, V, 99.

Lice, symptoms in dog, V, Ioo.

Lice, symptoms in pig, V, I00.

Lice, symptoms in sheep and goat,
V, 99.

Lice, symptoms in solipeds, V, 99.

Lice, symptoms of, V, 98.

Lice, treatment of, V, ror.

Lichen, ITI, 499.

Lightening stroke, III, 82.

Limbs, disorderly movements of, III,

69.
Limnoea truncatula, host of liver
fluke, V, 348.

Linguatula, V, 109.

Linguatula denticulata, V, 365.

Linguatula, hosts and habitats, V, 215.

Linguatula teenioides, V, 215.

Linguatula teenioides, nasal catarrh
from, I, 113.

Linguatulide, V, 109.

593

Liotheinz, V, 14.

Lipeurus, V, 13, 97.

Lipoma of intestine, II, 374, 377.

Lipoma of liver, II, 533.

Lipoma of spine, III, 176.

Lipoma of stomach, II, 191.

Lips, actinomycosis of, II, 7.

Lips, epithelioma of, II, 6.

Lips, flapping of, III, 68.

Lips, indurated, IT, 5.

Lips, polypi of, IT, 6.

Lips, trombidiosis of, II, 7.

Lips, warts on, II, 6.

Listrophorine, V, 107, 155.

Listrophorus, V, 107.

Listrophorus gibbosus, V, 155.

Listrophorus Leuckarti, V, 155.

Listrophorus mustele, V, 155.

Liver abscess, II, 495.

Liver, actinomycosis of, II, 536.

Liver, acute yellow atrophy of, II,
491.

Liver a destroyer of toxins, II, 415.

Liver, amyloid, II, 511.

Liver and circulatory disorders, II,
431.

Liver and gastro-intestinal disease,
II, 431.

Liver and kidney disease, II, 431.

Liver and nervous disease, II, 431.

Liver and respiratory disorder, II,

431.
Liver and skin disease, II, 432.
Liver, brown atrophy of, II, 513.
Liver calcareous nodules in, II, 534.
Liver, chronic atrophy of, II, 507.
Liver, cirrhosis of, II, 502.
Liver, congestion in dog, II, 486.
Liver, congestion in horse, II, 484.
Liver disease, secondary results of,
II, 430.
Liver, effect on leucocytes, II, 409.
Liver, effect on red globules, II, 4o9.
Liver, fatty degeneration of, II, 502.
Liver flukes, destruction of, V, 358.
Liver, foreign bodies in, II, 525.
Liver, functional disorders of, II, 416.
Liver, infective inflammation of, II,
498.
Liver inflammation, II, 490.
Liver, metabolism in, II, 410.
Liver parasites, V, 332.
Liver, parasites of, II, 537.
Liver, pigmentation of, II, 513.
Liver, position of in horse, I, 156.
Liver, position of in ox, I, 156.
Liver rot, V, 347.
Liver rot, accessory causes, V, 351.
Liver, rupture of, IT, 487.

504

Liver, sanguification in, II, 408.
Liver, steatosis of, II, 508.

Liver, tubercle of, IV, 434.

Liver, tumors in, II, 527.
Localization in ass’s brain, III, 17.
Localization in dog’s brain, III, 18.
Localization of nervous lesions, III, 12.
Localization of nervous troubles, III,

17.
Lockjaw, IV, 292.
. Toco” poisoning, II, 287, III, 135.
Lombriz, IV, 63.
Lophophyton gallinze, V, 29.
Louping-ill, IV, 500.
Louse flies, V, 65.
Lucilia Cesar, V, 9.
Lucilia macellaria, V, 9, 62.
Lucilia serricata, V, 61.
Lumpy-jaw, V, 32.
Lung, abscess of, I, 225.
Lung, collapse of, I, 206,
Lungenseuche, IV, 599.
Lung fluke, V, 365.
Lung flukes in cats, V, 367.
Lung flukes in dog, V, 368.
Lung flukes in man, V, 370.
Lung flukes in pig, V, 368.
Lung parasites in birds, V, 393.
Lung plague, IV, 56.
Lung plague, abortions in, IV, 613.
Lung plague, absent from lands breed-
ing all their cattle, IV, 600.
Lung plague, acute symptoms, IV,
612.
Lung plague and aspergillus, IV, 616.
Lung plague and bronchitis, IV, 615.
Lung plague and emphysema, IV, 616.
Lung plague and fibrinous pneumonia,
IV, 616.
Lung plague and foreign body in the
heart, IV, 616.
Lung plague and hemorrhagic sep-
ticeemia, IV, 616.
Lung plague and infections pneu-
monia, IV, 616.
Lung plague and Oldenburg, IV, 601.
Lung plague and pulmonary conges-
tion, IV, 617.
Lung plague and tuberculosis, IV, 615.
Lung plague and verminous bronchi-
tis, IV, 616.
Lung plague, auscultation in, IV, 613.
Lung plague, bacteriology, IV, 603.
Lung plague, bronchial exudates, IV.
610,
Lung plague, causes, IV, 602.
Lung plague, chronic form, IV, 614.
ws plague, complex infection, IV,
14.

General Index.

Lung plague, contagion through the
air, IV, 605.

Lung plague, course, IV, 613.

Lung plague, definition, IV, 599.

Lung plague, diagnosis, IV, 614.

Lung plague, duration of infection in
sequestra, IV, 607.

Lung plague, exclusion of infected
things, IV, 618.

Lung plague, extension into new
countries,-IV, 600.

Lung plague, extensions in autumn,
IV, 607

Lung plague,
lung, IV, 609.

Lung plague, history, IV, 599.

Lung plague, honey-combed lung,
IV, 609.

Lung plague, immunity of secluded
islands, mountains, etc., IV, 602.
Lung plague, immunizing by a first

attack, IV, 619.
Lung plague in Atlantic States, IV,
601.
Lung plague in Australia, IV, 602.
Lung plague in Brooklyn, IV, 601.
Lung plague in cattle, IV, 598.
Lung plague, incubation, IV, 610.

granular, hepatised

.-| Lung plague in Denmark, IV, 600.

Lung plague, individual receptivity,
IV, 611.

Lung plague in England, IV, 600.

Lung plague, infarction of lung, IV,
608.

Lung plague, infection by mingling
of herds, IV, 605.

Lung plague, infection through active
trade, IV, 606.

Lung plague, infection through at-
tendants, IV, 605.

Lung plague, infection through con-
valescent, IV, 607.

Lung plague, infection through food,
IV, 605.

Lung plague, infection through man-
ure, IV, 606.

Lung plague, infection through pas-
tures, IV, 605.

Lung plague, infection through sta-
bles, IV, 606.

Lung plague, infection through un-
fenced places, IV, 605.

Lung plague, infection through water-
ing troughs, IV, 605. :

gr plague, infiltrated lung, IV,

9.
Lung plague in Holland, IV, 600,
Lung plague in Ireland, IV, 600.

General Index.

Lung plague, injection of sterilized
serum subcutem, IV, 621.
we plague in Massachusetts, IV,
I.

Lung plague in Mississippi Valley,
IV, 601.

Lung plague in New Jersey, IV, 602.

Lung plague in Norway, IV, 600.

Pe plague, inoculation in tail, IV,

20.

Lung plague, inoculation methods,
IV, 620.

Lung plague in Schleswig, IV, 6or.

Lung plague, insidious onset, IV,611.

Lung plague in South Africa, IV,602.

Lung plague in Sweden, IV, 600.

Lung plague in Tasmania and New
Zeaiand, IV, 602.

Lung plague, intravenous inoculation,
IV, 621.

Lung plague, laryngeal lesions, IV,
610.

Lung plague, lesions, IV, 608.
Lung plague, limits of admissible im-
munization, IV, 622.

Lung plague, marbled lung, IV, 608.
Lung plague, measures to extirpate,
IV, 618.

Lung plague microbe, Nocard’s cul-
ture of, IV, 604.

Lung plague, micrococci and bacilli
in, IV, 603.

Lung plague,
IV, 604.

Lung plague,
600.

Lung plague, percussion in, IV, 613.

Lung plague, pericardial exudates,
IV, 610.

Lung plague, pleural exudates, IV,
609.

ine plague, prevention, IV, 618.

Lung plague, private control of, IV,
619.

Cone plague, proclivity of breeds,
IV, 611.

Lung plague, quarantine for, IV, 618.

Lung plague, recoveries, IV, 613.

Lung plague, refrangent corpuscles
in, IV, 603.

Lung plague, sequestra, IV, 608.

Lung plague, stalactite-like bronchia,
IV, 609.

Lung plague, suppression in America,
IV, 601.

Lung plague, symptoms, IV, 611.

Lung plague, synonyms, IV, 599.

Lung plague, thoracic glands in, IV,
610.

modes of transmission,

only by infection, IV,

a

5°95
a

Lung plague,.transient cases, IV, 611.

Lung plague, ‘treatment, IV, 617.

Lung plague, varying receptivity, IV,
607. 4

Lungs, congestion'of, I, 198.

Lungs, diseases of, I, 177.

Lungs, inflammation of, I, 212.

Lungs, parasites of, I, 290.

Lungs, position in horse, I, 156.

Lungs, position in ox, I, 156,

Lungs, position in sheep, I, 157.

Lungs, relative positions in domestic
animals, I, 155.

Lung worms in birds, V, 399.

Lung worms in dog, V, 392, 415.

Lung worms in rabbits, V, 390.

Lung worms of calves, V, 383.

Lung worms of horse, V, 387.

Lung worms, pigs, V, 389.

Lung worms, sheep, V, 373.

Lupinosis, II, 476.

Luxatio bulbi, III, 447.

Lymphadenitis, I, 400,

Lymphadenoma, I, 382.

Lymphadenoma of liver, II, 529.

Lymphadenoma of spleen, II, 563.

Lymphangiectasis, I, 397.

Lymphangitis, acute, I, 386.

Lymphangitis epizootica, IV, 257.

Lymphangitis farcinoides, IV, 257.

Ly uphangitis, infective, I, 392.

Lymphangitis of plethora, I, 386.

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica, IV,
257.

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica, dis-
tribution, IV, 257.

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica,
pathogenesis, IV, 257.

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica,sym-
ptoms, IV, 258.

Lymphangitis saccharomycotica,
treatment, IV, 258.

Lymphangitis, traumatic, I, 392.

Lymphangitis ulcerosa, IV, 257.

Lymphatics, dilated, I, 397.

Lymph glands, inflammation of, I,
400.

Lymph glands, tubercle of, IV, 437.

Lymph, intestinal development into
tissue, I, 57.

Lymphorrhagia, I, 399.

Lymphorrhcea, I, 399.

Lyssa, IV, 260.

Lytta, IV, 260.

Macuta, III, 384, 453.
Magenseuche, IV, 624.

Maggot, V, 61.

Maize, poisoning by damaged, II, 289.

506

Maladie de bois, IV, 543.

Maladie de jeune age, IV, 166.

Maladie des chiens, IV, 166.

Maladie du coit, IV, 519.

Malanders, III, 480.

Malapturus, V, 476.

Mal de Caderas, IV, 532.

Mal de tete de contagion, IV, 141.

Male fern poisoning, II, 286.

Malignant carbuncle, IV, 196.

Malignant catarrh, I, 105.

Malignant cedema, IV, 11.

Malignant cedema, abscess from small
dose, IV, 14.

Malignant cedema, cause, IV, 11.

Malignant cedema, diagnosis, IV, 14.

Malignant cedema, immunization, IV,
14.

Malignant cedema, infection channels,
IVy 32.

Malignant cedema, invasion by the
intestine, IV, 13.

Malignant cedema, lesions, IV, 13.

Malignant cedema, pathogenesis, IV,
12,

Malignant cedema, prevention, IV,
14.

Malignant cedema, symptoms, IV, 13.

Malignant cedema, treatment, IV, 14.

Malignant cedema with proteus vul-
garis or micrococcus, IV, 13.

Malignant protozoan jaundice in dogs,
IV, 577.

Malignant pustule, IV, 196.

Malignant vesicle, IV, 223, 224.

Malleinization, IV, 254.

Mallein test, IV, 240.

Malleus, IV, 231.

Malleus gangrenosa, IV, I4I.

Mallophaga, V, 93.

Mallophagus, V, 13.

Mammary tubercle, IV, 435.

Mammary tuberculosis, symptoms,
Iv, 449. !

Mammiform tape-worm, V, 266.

Mange, humid, in horse, V, 169.

Mange in dog, V, 201.

Mange in horse, V, 160.

Mange in ox, V, 174.

Mange, psoroptic, in horse, V, 169.

Mange, red, III, 493.

Marc, stomatitis from, II, 27.

Massage in adynamic inflammation,
I, 71.

Maw worm of dog, V, 319.

Maxillitis, II, 44.

May apple poisoning, II, 286.

Meadow saffron poisoning, II, 284.

Measles in swine, IV, 23.

General Index.

Medical diagnosis, I, 16.

Medicinal leech, V, 471.

Medulla, disease of, III, 134.
Medusa, V, 476.

Megrims, III, 69.

Meibomian glands, disease of, III,

343. F
Melanzmia, I, 378.
Melanoma of brain, III, 130.
Melanoma of gullet, II, 93.
Melanoma of liver, II, 528.
Melanoma of pancreas, II, 544.
Melanoma of spleen, II, 562.
Melanosis of the heart, I, 341.
Melia azedarach poisoning, II, 286.
Melilot poisoning, II, 286.
Mellituria, II, 416, III, 200.
Melon-seed tapeworm, V, 314.
Melophagus ovina, V, Io, 66.
Membrana nictitans, hypertrophy of,
III, 357.
Membrana nictitans, lesions of, III,
357-
Meningitis, cerebro spinal, III, 118.
Meningitis tubercular, III, 127.
Meningo-encephalic congestion, III,

0.

Meningo-encephalitis, III, 94.

Meningo-myelitis, dog, ITI, 161.

Menopon, V, 15, 98.

Menopon extraneum, V, 97.

Mensuration of chest, I, 175.

Mercurialis annua poisoning, II, 286.

Mercurialism, II, 32, 273.

Mercurial stomatitis, II, 32.

Mercury test for, II, 275.

Mesenteric arteries, embolism of, I,
355+

Mesenteric glands, diseases of, I, 290.

Mesenteric hernia, II, 368.

Mesogonimus, V, 365.

Metabolism in liver, II, 410.

Metastatic iritis, III, 397.

Meteoric fly, V, 65.

Meteorism, gastric, II, 150.

Meteorism, intestinal, II, 193.

Meteorism of rumen, II, 96.

Metritis, I, 361.

Mexican fever, IV, 543.

Microbes, I, 47, V, 2.

Microbes in gastro-enteritis, II, 144.

Microbes in nervous disease, III, 2.

Microbes in parturition fever, III,
304.

Microbes in udder, III, 305.

Microbes, modified by environment
IV, 467.

Microbian dermatosis, III, 460.

Micrococci in distemper, IV, 169.

2

General Index.

Micrococcus pneumonie crouposz,
I, 217.

Micrococcus prodigiosus in malignant
cedema, IV, 13.

Microphthalmos, III, 446.

Migration of white blood cells, I, 43.

Milk fever, III, 299.

Milk in infective gastro-enteritis, II,
I4l.

Milk of woman and animals, II, 143.

Milk sickness, IV, 325.

Milk sickness, contagion, IV, 327.

Milk sickness, geographical distribu-
tion, IV, 326.

Milk sickness, incubation, IV, 329.

Milk sickness in man, IV, 331.

Milk sickness, lesions, IV, 331.

Milk sickness, prevention, IV, 332.

Milk sickness, symptoms, IV, 329.

Milk sickness, treatment, IV, 332.

Millet disease, III, 582.

Milz brand, IV, 196.

Mites, V, 101, 111,

Molluscum contagiosum, V, 47.

Monday morning disease, I, 386.

Moniezia denticulata, V, 276.

Moniezia expansa, V, 276.

Monocercomonas gallinee, II, 71.

Monocercomonas hepatica, V, 333.

Monoplegia, IIT, 3.

Monoplegia, cerebral, ITI, 4.

Monospasm, ITI, 4.

Moon blindness, ITI, 404.

Moor ill, IV, 543.

Morbid sounds, I, 152.

Morbus maculosus, IV, 141.

Mosquitoes, V, 7, 56.

Motor disorders, III, 2.

Motor tracts in brain, III, 14.

Mouldy bread, poisoning by, II, 296.

Moulds, poisoning by, IJ, 289, 290.

Mouqui, V, 149.

Mouth, disease of, II, 4.

Mucor racemosus, V, 55.

Mucous exudate, I, 50.

Muguet, II, 27, 36; V, 49.

Muriatic acid and gastro-enteritis, II,
266.

Musca bovina, V, 8.

Musca carnifex, V, 9.

Musca stimulans, V, 9.

Musca vaccina, V, 9.

Musce, V, 59.

Muscide, V, 8.

Muscle fluke of swine, V, 443.

Muscles, parasites of, V, 419.

Muscles, tubercle of, IV, 436.

Muscular balance, lack of, III, 450.

Muscular rheumatism, cattle, ITI, 544.

507

Muscular rheumatism, dog, III, 548.

Muscular rheumatism, horse, III, 540.

Muscular sense tract, III. 21.

Muscular trichina, symptoms, V, 428.

Mustard poisoning, II, 287.

Musty fodder in encephalitis, III, 97.

Musty grain poisoning, II, 290, 296.

Mutualism, V, .

Mydriatics, III, 331.

Myelitis, III, 154.

Myelitis, chronic, ITI, 165.

Mygale auricularia, V, 461.

Myiasis, V, 60.

Myocarditis, I, 338.

Myocoptes musculinus, V, 155.

Myoma of intestine, II, 375.

Myosin, coagulated under heat, III,
I

4I.
Myrmicide, V, 110.
Myxoma of brain, III, 131.
Myxoma of intestine, II, 375.

Nzvvs, I, 359.

Neevus in heart, I, 341.

Nagana, IV, 594.

Nagana, alike on flesh and vegetable
food, IV, 597.

Nagana, anzemia in IV, 596.

Nagana, animals susceptible, IV, 595.

Nagana, attempts at immunization,
IV, 597.

Nagana, elephants and zebras im-
mune, IV, 595.

Nagana, eye lesions, IV, 596.

Nagana, inoculation, IV, 595.

Nagana, lesion, IV, 596.

Nagana, muscular wasting and de-
bility, IV, 596.

Nagana, not prevented by surra, IV,
597-

Nagana, cedema in, IV, 596.

Nagana, pigeons and hens immune,
IV, 595. :

Nagana, prevention, IV, 597.

Nagana, symptoms of, IV, 596.

Nagana, toxins, IV, 597.

Nagana, virulent products, IV, 595.

Nagana, vitality of virus, IV, 595.

Nails in stomach, II, 188.

Narcissus poisoning, II, 284.

Nasal catarrh, I, 81. ‘

Nasal catarrh, chronic, I, 87.

Nasal disckarge from carious teeth,

I, 93.
Nasal gleet, I, 87.
Nasal mucosa, I, 26.
Nasal polypus, I, 98.
Nasal sinuses, larva in, I, 109.
Nasal sinuses, pus in, I, go.

508 Genera

Nebula, III, 384.

Necrobiosis of liver, II, 498.

Necrofic callosities, III, 155.

Needles in stomach, IT, 188.

Nemathelminths, table of, V, 223.

Nematodes, V, 244.

Nematode embryos, V, 437.

Nematode embryos in blood, V, 403.

Nematodes in blood of bird, V, 419.

Nematodes in swine, V, 293.

Nematodes, intestinal, cattle, V, 277.

Nematodes, intestinal, dog, V, 318.

Nematodes, intestinal, sheep, V, 284.

Nematodes of intestine in soliped, V,
268.

Neoplasms in heart, I, 341.

Neoplasms in nose, I, 98.

Neoplasms of brain, III, 128.

Neoplasms of conjunctiva, III, 375.

Neoplasms of intestine, II, 374.

Nephelis vulgaris, V, 472.

Nephritis, III, 219.

Nepo cinerea, V, 93.

Nerve centres, respiratory, III, 14.

Nerve, optic, inflammation of, III,
440.

Nerve, optic, paralysis of, III, 442.

Nerve trunk, pressure on, III, 9.

Nerves, atrophy of, III, 189.

Nervous disease, diagnosis of, III, 2,
12.

Nervous disease, microbes in, III, 2.

Nervous fever, IV, 113.

Nervous disorders, functional, III, 13. |

Nervous disorder, symptoms of, I, 27.1

Nervous disorders, structural, III, 12.

Nervous ergotism, IT, 298.

Nervous system, diseases of, III, 1.

Net dermacentor, V, 133.

Neuralgia, III, 184.

Neuralgia of ovary, ITI, 281.

Neuralgic colic, II, 309.

Neurasthenia in pregnant ewes, III,

179.
Neuritis, III, 18z. :
Neuritis ascendens, descendens, III,
441. :
Neuritis, ocular, retro-bulbar, ITI, 441.
Nictitans, membrana, lesions, III, 357.
Nigra, corpora, cysts of, III, gor.
Nitrate of soda poisoning, II, 268.
Nitric acid poisoning, II, 266.
Nitro-benzol poisoning, ITI, 149.
Nocard’s culture of lung plague mi-
crobe, IV, 604.
Nodular disease of sheep, V, 285.
Nodules, III, 453. .
Nose, angioma in, I, 100.

2 Index.

Nose, carcinoma in, I, 99.

Nose, contagious diseases of, I, 107.

Nose, cysts 1n, I, 100.

Nose, diseases of, I, 78.

Nose, neoplasms in, I, 98.

Nose, osseous tumors in, I, 100.

Nose, parasitic diseases of, I, 108.

Nose, rhythmic movements of, III,
68.

Nose, sarcoma in, I, 99.
Notonecta glauca, V, 93.

Nux vomica poisoning, II, 286.
Nystagmus, ITI, 452.

Oat hair balls in stomach, II, 187.

Obesity, II, 427.

Oblique focal illumination of eye, III,
324.

Occasional roaring, I, 141.

Occluded pupil, III, 400.

Ochromyia anthropophaga, V, 62.

Cidema glottidis, I, 147.

(Edema mycosis, IV, 513.

Cidema mycosis, causes, IV, 514.

CEdema mycosis, pathogenesis, IV,
514.

Gédema pulmonary, I, 204.

Cinanthe crocata poisoning, II, 286.

Csophagean and gastric parasites, etc.,
in solipeds, V, 228.

Césophagean tumors, II, 93.

Césophagismus, II, go.

Csophagitis, II, 86.

CEsophagostoma, V, 246.

KCHsophagostoma Columbiana, V, 285,7~—
365.

Gisophagostoma dentatum, V, 296,
363

Gsophagostoma inflatum, V, 278.

Csophagostoma subulatum, V, 296.

Césophagostoma venulosum, V, 285.

Csophagus, palsy of, II, 92.

Csophagus, spasm of, II, go.

Cisophagus, parasites of, V, 248.

Ckstride, V, Io, 82.

Cistridee, divisions, V, 69.

Cistrus duodenalis, V, 72.

Estrus equi, V, 69.

Céstrus flavipes, V, 72.

Céstrus in gullet, V, 248.

Qéstrus in horse’s stomach, V, 252.

Géstrus heemorrhoidalis, V, 70.

Cstrus in intestines, V, 273.

Qistrus larva, I, 149; V, 68.

Estrus larvee in the pharynx, V, 72.

Gstrus maculata, V, 87.

Céstrus nasalis, V, 72.

Géstrus ovis, V, 83.

Nose, bleeding from, I, 78.

C&strus ovis, in nasal sinuses, I, 109.

General Index.

Estrus pecorum, V, 71.

Géstrus purpureus, I, 112.

Géstrus salutaris, V, 72.

Géstrus trompe, V, 74, 87.

Cistrus, trumpet, V, 87.

Gstrus variolosus, V, 87.

Estrus veterinus, V, 71.

Estrus, yellow footed, V, 72.

Ollulanus, V, 346.

Ollulanus tricuspis, V, 260, 330, 363,
442.

Omasum, impaction of, II, 123.

Omasum inflammation, II, 131.

Omasum, position in ox, I, 156.

Omasum, tumors of, II, 133.

Omental hernia, II, 368.

Omphalitis, IV, 5.

Onchocerca reticulata, V, 439.

Onichomycosis in horse, V, 31.

OGphoritis, ITI, 284.

Opacity of cornea, III, 384.

Opacity of lens or capsule, III, 428.

Opacity of vitreous, III, 437.

Ophthalmia, enzootic, III, 368.

Ophthalmia, internal, III, 390.

Ophthalmia, recurrent, III, 404.

Ophthalmoscope, III, 328.

Opisthotonos, IV, 299.

Optic nerve, inflammation of, III,
440.

Optic nerve, paralysis of, III, 442.

Optic neuritis, retrobulbar, III, 441.

Optic thalamus, III, 17.

Orbit, fracture of, III, 348.

Orbit, periostitis of, III, 350.

Orbit, tumors of, ITI, 350.

Orbit, wounds of, III, 349.

Organs, relative position in domestic
animals, I, 155.

Ornithobios, V, 13, 97.

Ornithodorus, V, 105, 117, 143.

Ornithod»rus Egyptius, V, 145.

Ornithodorus Megnini, V, 144.

Ornithodorus turicata, V, 145.

Orthrotonos, IV, 299.

Oscillatory movements of eye, III.
452.

Osseous tumors in nose, I, 100.

Osteomalacia, II, 78 ; III, 573.

Osteomalacia in pigs, goats, lambs
and dogs, ITI, 489.

Osteomalacia of the horse, III, 579.

Osteoporosis, ITI, 579.

Osteomyelitis, IV, 5.

Otacariasis in cat, V, 205.

Otacariasis in dog, V, 204.

Otacariasis in goats, V, 193.

Otacariasis in ferret, V, 206

Otacariasis in rabbit, V, 198.

599

Ovarian cysts, III, 287.

Ovarian tumors, III, 292.

Ovaries absent, III, 280.

Ovaries, hernia of, III, 279.

Ovaries, supernumerary, III, 281.

Ovaritis, ITI, 284.

Ovary and womb, malposition of,
UI, 279.

Ovary, dermoid cysts of, III, 291.

Ovary, hemorrhage on, III, 282.

Ovary, irritable, III, 281.

Oviduct, diseases of, III, 293.

Oviduct, egg-impaction in, III, 293.

Oviduct, eversion of, III, 293.

| Oviduct, imperforate, III, 293.

Oviduct, inflammation of, III, 295.

Oviduct, polypus of, III, 293.

Ovination, IV, 357.

Ovination, technique, IV, 358.

Oxalic acid diathesis, II, 430.

Oxalic acid in urine, III, 198.

Oxalic acid in rickets, III, 568.

Oxalic acid poisoning, II, 266.

Oxalic acid, test for, III, 198.

Ox, auscultation of, I, 167.

Ox, bronchitis in, I, 193.

Ox, chronic pneumonia in, I, 235.

Ox, croup in, I, 128.

Ox, croupous pneumonia in, I, 233.

Ox gad-fly of Europe, V, 80.

Ox, percussion of chest in, I, 159.

Ox, position of abomasum in, I, 156.

Ox, position of diaphragm in, I, 156.

Ox, position of liver in, I, 156.

Ox, position of lungs in, I, 156.

Ox, position of omasum in, I, 156.

Ox, position of paunch in, I, 156.

Ox, strongylus gigas in, V, 460.

Oxygen used by horse, ox and pig,
IV, 39.

Oxytropis Lamberti, III, 135.

Oxytropis poisoning, II, 287.

Oxyuris, V, 246.

Oxyuris ambigua, V, 331.

Oxyuris compar, V, 329.

Oxyuris curvula, V, 269,

Oxyuris mastigodes, V, 270.

Oxyuris vermicularis, V, 321.

Ozcena, I, 87.

PACHYDERMIA, III, 521.

Pain, insensibility to, III, 10.

Palatitis, II, 19.

Palpation, I, 175, 300.

Palpitations, I, 307.

Paludism in cattle, IV, 542.

Paludism in dogs, anzemia in, IV, 577.

Paludism in dogs, geographical dis-
tribution, IV, 577.

510

Paludism in dogs, haemolysis in, IV,
577.

Paludism in dogs, lesions, IV, 580.

Paludism in dogs, microbiology, IV,
578.

Paludism in dogs, prevention, IV,
580.

Paludism in dogs, symptoms, IV, 579.

Paludism in dogs, treatment, IV, 580.

Paludism in horses, IV, 580.

Paludism in horses, anemia in, IV,
583.

Paludism in horse, causes, IV, 528.

Paludism in horses, duration, IV, 583.

Paludism in horses, geographical dis-
tribution, IV, 581.

Paludism in horses, hemolysis, IV,
582.

Paludism in horses, icterus in, IV,
583.

Paludism in horses, immunization,
IV, 582.

Paludism in horses, lesions, IV, 583

Paludism in horses, microbiology, IV,
581.

Paludism in fresh horses, mortality,

IV, 582.
Paludism in horses, prevention, IV,
bo sn in horses, remissions, IV,
oo dian in horses, symptoms, IV,
ache in horses, treatment, IV,
Palutism in horses, vertigo in, IV,
582.

Paludism in sheep, IV, 573.

Paludism in sheep, duration, IV, 576.

Paludism in sheep, geographical dis-
tribution, IV, 573.

Paludism in sheep, lesions, IV, 575.

Paludism iu sheep, microbiology, IV,

575-

Paludism in sheep, prevention, IV,
576.

Paludism in sheep, symptoms, IV,

576.
Palpebral fissure, widened, III, 338.
Pancreas, diseases of, II, 537.
Pancreas, foreign bodies in, II, 542.
Pancreas, parasites of, V, 364.
Pancreas, position in horse, I, 156.
Pancreas, tubercle of, IV, 435.
Pancreatic abscess, II, 541.
Pancreatic calculi, II, 543.
Pancreatic tumors, II, 544.
Pancreatitis, catarrhal, II, 538.
Pancreatitis, interstitial, II, 540.

General Index.

Pancreatitis, suppurative, II, 541.
Pangonia, V, 58.

Panic, III, 23.

Panophthalmitis, III, 390, 403, 421.
Paper ball in stomach, IT, 188.
Paper skin, V, 373.

Papilloma of gullet, II, 93.
Papilloma of spine, III, 176.
Papules, III, 453.

Paresthesia, III, 9.

Paracentesis thoracis, I, 261.
Paragonimus Westermannii, V, 365,

443.
Paralysis, III, 2, 4, 9, 175, 442, 450.
Paralysis of breeding solipeds, IV,

519.
Paralysis of gullet, IT, 92.
Paralysis of rectum, II, 371.
Paralysis of pharynx, II, 83.
Paralysis of tongue, II, 37.
Paraplegia, III, 3.
Paraplegia, infectious, of solipeds in
Europe, IV, 538.
Paraplegia, infections of solipeds in
Maraja, IV, 533.
Paraplegia of Maraja, causes, IV, 534.
Paraplegia of Maraja, history, IV, 534.
Paraplegia of Maraja, lesions, IV, 536.
Paraplegia of Maraja, mortality, IV,

537.

Paraplegia of Maraja, prevention, IV,
537.

Paraplegia of Maraja, symptoms, IV,
535-

Paraplegia of Maraja, treatment, IV,

537. ;

Paraplegia of solipeds in Europe,
causes, IV, 538.

Paraplegla of solipeds in Europe,
diagnosis, IV, 541.

Paraplegia of solipeds in Europe, his-
tory, IV, 538.

Paraplegia of solipeds in Europe,
lesions, IV, 540.

Paraplegia of solipeds in Europe, pre-
vention, IV, 542.

Paraplegia of solipeds in Europe,
prognosis, 541.

Paraplegia of solipeds in Europe,
symptoms, 540.

Paraplegia of solipeds in Europe,
treatment, 542.

Parasites of the air passages, I, 290.

Parasites in aneemia, I, 372.

Parasites, animal, III, 456.

Parasites, compulsory, V, 2.

Parasites, erratic, V, 3.

Parasites of gullet and stomach in
horse, V, 228.

General Index.

Parasites, etc., of gullet and stomachs
in ruminants, table, V, 229.
Parasites of gullet and stomach in
swine, table, V, 232.
Parasites, facultative, V, 2.
Parasites, intermittent, V, 3.
Parasites, intestinal, of cat, V, 326.
Parasites, intestinal, rabbits, V, 330.
Parasites, intestinal, swine, V, 292.
Parasites of bladder, III, 259.
Parasites of circulatory system, V,
402.
Parasites of the eye, V, 443.
Parasites, heteroxenous, V, 3.
Parasites, insect, table of, V, 7.
Parasites of intestines in birds, table,

V, 236.
Parasites, etc., of intestines of cat,
table, V, 234.

Parasites of intestines, cattle, V, 273.

Parasites, etc., of intestines in cattle,
table, V, 230.

Parasites, etc., of intestines in dog,
table, V, 233.

Parasites, etc., of intestine of Guinea-
pig, table, V, 235.

Parasites, etc., of intestines in horse,
V, 228.

Parasites, etc., of intestines of rabbit,
table, V, 234.

Parasites, etc., of intestines in rumin-
ants, V, 230.

Parasites, etc., of intestines in swine,
table, V, 232

Parasites of kidney, III, 248; V, 452.

Parasites of liver, II, 537; V, 232.

Parasites of lungs, birds, V, 393.

Parasites, etc., of the mouth and
pharynx in swine, table, V, 231.

Parasites of mouth, pharynx, gullet
and stomach in dog, table, V, 232.

Parasites, monoxenous, V, 3.

Parasites of mouth and pharynx in
horse, V, 227.

Parasites, etc., of mouth and pharynx
in ruminants, table, V, 229.

Parasites of muscular and connective
tissue, V, 419.

Parasites, obligatory, V, 2.

Parasites of cesophagus, V, 248.

Parasites of pancreas, V, 364.

Parasites of pharynx, gullet, cropand
stomach of birds, table, V, 235.

Parasites of rumen and reticulum, II,
122.

Parasites of the stomach in cat, V,
233.

Bar ces of stomach and intestines in

elephants, table, V, 235

511

Parasites of stomach and intestines,
V, 238.

Parasites, etc., of the stomach of rab-
bit, table, V, 234.

Parasites of spleen, II, 564, V, 364.

Parasites, occasional, V, 2.

Parasites, temporary, V, 2.

Parasites of the throat, I, 149.

Parasites, vegetable, III, 456,

Parasites, vegetable, table of, V, 6.

Parasitic, dermatosis, III, 460.

Parasitic diseases of the nose, I, 108,

Parasitic fungi, V, 4.

Parasitic hemoptysis, man, V, 370.

Parasitic Jacksonian epilepsy, V, 371.

Parasitism, V, I.

Parasitisms, conditions of gravity in,
V, 4.

Parasitisms, relative gravity of, V, 3.

Paresis, III, 2.

Paris green poisoning, II, 269.

Parotid, inflammation of, II, 41.

Parotitis, II, 41.

Paroxysmal cough, I, 151.

Parturient apoplexy, ITI, 299.

Parturition collapse, III, 299.

Parturition fever, III, 299.

Parturition paresis, III, 299.

Passalurus ambigua, V, 331

Passive congestion, I, 35.

Pasterns, moist eczema of, ox, III,
486.

Pasteurellosis ovina, IV, 63.

Pathogenesis of septiczemia haemor-
rhagica in cattle, IV, 56.

Pathology, I, 1.

Pathology, special, I, 2.

Paunch, position in ox, I, 156.

Pecking feathers, II, 76.

Pecobia bipectinatus, V, 149.

Pecobia uncinatus, V, 149.

Pediculi, in eye, V, 444.

Pediculide, V, 13, 93.

Peltrot, IV, 347.

Pelvic hernia, ox, II, 357.

Pemphigus, III, 587.

Penicillium of horse sickness, IV, 515.

Percussion, I, 158, 300.

Percussion, immediate, I, 158.

Percussion in birds, I, 161.

Percussion in dog, I, 161.

Percussion iu pigs, I, 160.

Percussion in sheep, I, 160,

Percussion mediate, I, 158.

Perforating ulcer of stomach, II, 179.

Pericarditis, I, 326.

Pericarditis, chronic, I, 328.

Pericarditis in rheumatism, III, 535.

Perihepatitis, II, 500.

512

Perinephritis, III, 230.

Perineuritis, III, 181.

Periodic ophthalmia, III, 404.

Periodphoritis, III, 284.

Periostitis of orbit, III, 350.

Peripneumonia exudativa, IV, 599.

Perisplenitis, II, 554.

Peritonitis, II, 380.

Peritonitis, chronic, II, 392.

Peritonitis in birds, II, 399.

Peritonitis in carnivora, II, 397.

Peritonitis, infections, II, 385.

Peritonitis in ruminants, II, 395.

Peritonitis in solipeds, II, 383.

Peritonitis, traumatic, II, 383.

Pernicious anzemia in horse, IV, 585.

Pernicious anzmia, verminous, V,
322 329, ;

Pernicious anemia, verminous, cattle,
V, 278.

Pernicious anemia, verminous, sheep,
V, 286.

Perroncito, serum treatment in hog
cholera, IV, 45.

Persistent arteria hyaloidae, III, 436.

Persistent pupillary membrane, III,
400.

Perspiration suppressed, I, 75.

Perspiratory centre, III, 16.

Pest bovine, IV, 624.

Pestis bovina, IV, 624.

Petechial fever, IV, 141.

Petechial fever, antistreptococcic se-
rum in, IV, 153.

Petechial fever, course and duration,
IV, 148.

Petechial fever, causes, IV, 142.

Petechial fever, definition, IV, 141.

Petechial fever, diagnosis, IV, 148.

Petechial fever in cattle, IV, 153.

Petechial fever in cattle causes, IV,

154.

Petechial fever in cattle, diagnosis,
1V, 156.

Petechial fever in cattle, lesions, IV,
154.

Petechial fever in cattle, prevention,
IV, 156.

Petechial fever in cattle symptoms,
IV, 155.

Petechial fever in cattle, treatinent,
IV, 156.

Petechial fever, intratracheal treat-
ment, IV, 152.

Petechial fever, intravenous treat-
ment, IV, 153.

Petechial fever, lesions, IV, 143.
Petechial fever, mortality, IV, 149.
Petechial fever, prognosis, IV, 149.

General Index.

Petechial fever, a sequel to other dis-
eases, IV, 142.

Petechial fever, symptoms, IV, 145.

Petechial fever, synonyms, IV, 141.

Petechial fever, treatment, IV, 150.

Peters’ serum treatment in hog chol-
era, IV, 45.

Phagocytosis, I, 47, 48.

Pharyngeal abscess, II, 58.

Pharyngeal anthrax, IV, 203, 206.

Pharyngeal polypi, I, 132.

Pharyngitis, I, 114, 126.

Pharyngitis, catarrhal, IT, 49.

Pharyngitis, chronic, II, 73.

Pharyngitis, microbes in, II, 50, 56.

Pharyngitis, phlegmonous, IT, 54.

Pharyngitis, pseudo-membraneous,II,
60.

Pharynx, paralysis of, II, 83.

Pharyngo-laryngitis in ox, I, 122.

Pharynx, I, 114.

Pharynx, tumors of, II, 84.

Phenol in urine, ITI, 198.

Phenol poisoning, II, 281.

Philippines, paludism in horses in,
IV, 572.

Phlebitis and pyzemia, IV, 4.

Philopterina, V, 13.

Phlebitis, I, 360.

Phlebitis, adhesive, I, 361.

Phlebolites, I, 364,

Phlegmasia, I, 39.

Phlogosis, I, 39.

Phlegmonous gastritis in horse, II,
162.

Phlyctene, ITI, 454.

Phlyctenular conjunctivitis, III, 371.

Phosphatic calculi in stomach, II, 188.

Phosphates in rickets, III, 568.

Phosphates in urine, III, 196.

Phosphates in urine in osteoporosis,
III, 587.

Phosphorus in rickets, III, 567.

Phosphorus poisoning, II, 272.

Phrenic hernia, II, 359.

Phthiriasis, III, 460.

Phthisis bulbi, III, 446.

Phthisis in cattle, IV, 431.

Phymata, ITI, 455.

Physaloptera, V, 247.

Physaloptera digitata, V, 262.

Physaloptera truncata, V, 263.

Phytolacca poisoning, II, 286.

Phytoparasites, V, 2, 6.

Pica, II, 76.

Picotte, IV, 347.

Pictou cattle disease, IV, 641.

Pictou cattle disease, alleged causes,
IV, 641.

General Index.

Pictou cattle disease, lesions, IV, 641.

nig cattle disease, prevention, IV,
44.

oe cattle disease, symptoms, IV,
43.

Pig, auscultation of, I, 168,

Pig, coryza in, I, 85.

Pig, diaphragm in, I, 157.

‘Pigs, impetigo of, III, 490.

Pig, laryngitis in, I, 124.

Pig, percussion in, I, 160.

Pig, pneumonia in, I, 237.

Pigs, vesicular eruption in, ITI, 491.

Pigs poisoned by brine, IV, 39.

Pigs poisoned by, soaps, IV, 39.

Pig typhoid, IV, 23.

Pilous cysts of ovary, III, 291.

Pimples, III, 453.

Pincer tick, V, 140.

Pinguicola, III, 375.

Pining, IV, 399.

Pink eye, IV, 113, 140.

Pins in stomach, II, 188.

Pip in birds, IT, 18.

Pirosoma bigeminum, IV, 545.

Piroplasma bigeminum, life history,
IV, 546.

Pitchy affection, ITI, 491.

Pituitary body, hypertrophy of, III,

133.
Pityriasis, III, 501.

Plasmodium in bird’s blood, V, 419.
Plerocercoides, V, 316.

Plethora, I, 369.

Plethora, lymphangitis of, I, 386.
Pleura, air in, I, 265.

Pleura, parasites of, I, 290.

Pleurisy, I, 239.

Pleurisy, chronic, I, 267.

Pleurisy, dry, I, 247.

Pleurisy, fibrinous, I, 247.

Pleurisy in cattle, I, 253.

Pleurisy in dog, I, 257.

Pleurisy in horse, I, 230.

Pleurisy in sheep, I, 256.

Pleurisy, symptoms of, I, 241.
Pleuritic effusion, I, 246.

Pleuritic lesions in rheumatism, III,

535.
Pleuritis, I, 239.
Pleurodynia, I, 269.
Pleuro-pneumonia, I, 258.
Pleuro-pneumonia contagiosa equo-

rum, IV, 95.
Pleurosthotonos, IV, 299.
Plugging the nose, I, 79.
Plumbism, ITI, 141.
Pneumonia, I, 212.
Pneumo-aspergillosis, V, 394.

34

513

Pneumo-enteritis in cattle, IV, 55.
Pneumo-enteritis, infectious in sheep,
IV, 63, 70.
Pneumo-enteritis in the horse, IV,
112.
Pneumo-enteritis in pig, IV, 23.
Pneumomycosis, birds, V, 394.
Pneumomycosis in birds and mam-
mals, V, 49.
Pneumomycosis in solipeds, V, 388.
Pneumonia, auscultation in, I, 220.
Pneumonia, bacteriology of, I, 216.
Pneumonia, blood-changes in, I, 226.
Pneumonia, changes in distant organs,
I, 226.
Pneumonia, chronic, I, 232.
Pneumonia, contagion in, I, 216.
Pneumonia contagious, IV, 95,
Pneumonia, croupous, I, 213.
Pneumonia, croupous, in fowls, I, 238.
Pneumonia, death in, I, 223.
Pneumonia, gangrene in, I, 224, 226,
Pneumonia, gray hepatisation in, I,
225.
Pneumonia in dog, I, 237.
Pneumonia in horse, I,. 213.
Pneumonia in new-born, infective,
IV, 645.
Pneumonia in ox, chronic, I, 235.
Pneumonia in ox, croupous, I, 233.
Pneumonia, pathological lesions in,
224.
Pneumonia, percussion in, I, 220.
Pneumonia in pig, I, 238.
Pneumonia, red hepatisation in, I,
224.
Pneumonia, resolution in, I, 223.
Pneumonia in sheep, croupous, I, 236.
Pneumonia, splenisation in, I, 223.
Pneumonia sporadic, IV, 55.
Pneumonia subacute, I, 222.
Pneumonia, treatment of, I, 228.
Pueumonic abscess, I, 225.
Pneumonitis, I, 212.
Pneumosarcia, IV, 599.
Pneumothorax, I, 265.
Pockenseuche, IV, 624.
Podagra, III, 544.
Podophyllum poisoning, II, 286.
Poisoning by acetic acid, II, 266.
Poisoning by aconite, II, 286.
Poisoning by acorns, II, 286.
Poisoning by aloes, II, 286,
Poisoning by ammonia, II, 264.
Poisoning by anemone, II, 286.
Poisoning by aniline, III, 148.
Poisoning by antimony, II, 273.
Poisoning by army worm, II, 288.
Poisoning by arsenic, II, 269, 271.

514

Poisoning by artichokes, II, 286.
Poisoning by astragalus, II, 287.
Poisoning by Azedarach, II, 286.
Poisoning by bacteria, II, 289.
Poisoning by barium, II, 279.
Poisoning by bluestone, II, 276.
Poisoning by box leaves, II, 284.
Poisoning by brine, II, 268.
Poisoning by bromine, II, 276.
Poisoning by bryony, II, 286.
Poisoning by buckwheat, II, 286.
Poisoning by cantharides, II, 288.
Poisoning by carbolic acid, II, 281, .
Poisoning by castor seeds, II, 282.
Poisoning by chickweed, II, 286.
Poisoning by chromium, II, 280.
Poisoning by carbon disulphide, III,
150.
Poisoning by cotton seed, III, 381.
Poisoning by cicuta maculata, IT, 285.
Poisoning by cicuta virosa, II, 286.
Poisoning by clematis, II, 286.
Poisoning by cockroach, II, 288.
Poisoning by colchicum, II, 285.
Poisoning by conium, II, 286.
Poisoning by copper, II, 276.
Poisoning by creosote, II, 282.
Poisoning by croton seeds or oil, II,
283.
Poisoning by cryptogams, II, 290, 292.
Poisoning by daffodils, II, 284.
Poisoning by digitalis, II, 286.
Poisoning by ergot, II, 289
Poisoning by euphorbia, II, 283.
Poisoning by fungi, II, 289, 291.
Poisoning by galega, II, 286.
Poisoning by giant fennel, II, 286.
Poisoning by honey dew, II, 292.
Poisoning by horsetail, II, 286.
Poisoning by iodine, II, 276.
Poisoning by iron, II, 279.
Poisoning by lead, III, 141.
Poisoning, loco, ILI, 135.
Poisoning by laburnum, II, 276.
Poisoning by lathyrus, II, 286.
Poisoning by lolium temulentum, II,
286.
Poisoning by male fern, II, 286.
Poisoning by melilot, II, 286.
Poisoning by mercurialis annua, IT,
286.
Poisoning by mineral acids, II, 266,
Poisoning by moulds, II, 289, 290.
Poisoning by muriatic acid, II, 266.
Poisoning by mustard, II, 287.
Poisoning by nitro-benzol, III, 149.
Poisoning by nitrate of soda, II, 268.
Poisoning by nitric acid, II, 266.
Poisoning by nux vomica, II, 286.

General Index.

Poisoning by cenanthe crocata, IT, 286.
Poisoning by oxalic acid, II, 266.
Poisoning by oxytropis, II, 287.
Poisoning by Paris green, II, 269.
Poisoning by phosphorus, II, 272.
Poisoning by phytolacca, II, 286.
Poisoning by podophyllum, II, 286.
Poisoning by poppy, II, 286.
Poisoning by potash, II, 265.
Poisoning by potato beetle, II, 288.
Poisoning by potato tops, II, 286.
Poisoning by rannuculus, II, 284.
Poisoning by resinous plants, II, 286.
Poisoning by rhododendron, II, 286.
Poisoning by ryegrass, II, 286.
Poisoning by salts of mercury, II, 274."
Poisoning by saltpeter, II, 268.
Poisoning by savin, II, 286.
Poisoning by silver, II, 278.
Poisoning by smut, II, 289.
Poisoning by snapdragon, II, 286.
Poisoning by soda, II, 265.
Poisoning by sodium chloride, II, 267.
Poisoning by spoiled potatoes, II, 296,
300.
Poisoning by spurge laurel, II, 283.
Poisoning by spurry seeds, II, 286.
Poisoning by St. John’s wort, II, 286.
Poisoning by strychnia, II, 286.
Poisoning by sulphur, II, 275.
Poisoning by sulphuric acid, II, 266.
Poisoning by tares, II, 286.
Poisoning by tartar emetic, II, 273.
Poisoning by tobacco, II, 286.
Poisoning by toxins, II, 292.
Poisoning by trefoil, II, 286.
Poisoning by vetches, II, 286.
Poisoning by veratrum, II, 285.
Poisoning by white vitriol, II, 277.
Poisoning by yew, II, 286.
Poisoning by zine, II, 277.
Poisoning by water hemlock, IV, 285.
Poisoning, chronic, by arsenic, IT, 271.
Poisoning mistaken for Hog cholera
IV, 30, 31.
Poke root poisoning, II, 286.
Polio-myelitis, III, 154.
Polyzemia, I, 369.
Polypi, laryngeal, I, 132.
Polypi of oviduct, III, 293.
Polypi, pharyngeal, I, 132.
Polypus in heart, I, 338, 341.
Polypus, nasal, I, 98.
Polypus of bronchia, I, 289.
Polyuria, nervous, III, 8.
Ponderina, V, r10,
Pons, III, 16.
Poppy poisoning, II, 286,

’

General Index.

sien classification of inspected, V,

439.

Pork, inspected and exported, V, 439.

Post-pharyngeal abscess, II, 58.

Potash poisoning, II, 265.

Potato beetle poisoning, II, 288.

Potato tops poisoning, IT, 286.

Potchetchoui, IV, 76.

Poultry lousiness, V, 145.

Poultry otacariasis, V, 146.

Powdered soaps poison pigs, IV, 39.

Pox, IV, 333.

Predaceous enemies, V, 460.

Prevention, I, 31.

Prevention of septicaemia haemor-
rhagica in cattle, IV, 62.

Prevention of septicaemia haemor-
rhagica in sheep, IV, 68, 73.

Prevention of swine plague, IV, 50.

Prickly heat, III, 499.

Prognosis, I, 28.

Prognosis of strangles, IV, go.

Prolapse of iris, III, 390.

Prophylactics, I, 31.

Prophylaxis, I, 31.

Prostate, abscess of, III, 269.

Prostate, cancer of, III, 278.

Prostate, cysts of, III, 278.

Prostate, hypertrophy of, III, 274.

Prostate, tuberculosis of, III, 277.

Prostatic calculus, III, 278.

Prostatitis, III, 269.

Prostatitis, chronic, III, 271.

Prostatitis, follicular, III, 268.

Prostatitis, interstitial, III, 269.

Proteus vulgaris in malignant cedema,
IV, 13.

Protoplasma higeminum, IV, 545.

Protozoa in bird’s blood, V, 418.

Protozoa in swine, V, 292.

Protozoan cattle fever, IV, 542.

Protozoan cattle fever, anzeemia in,IV,
553-

Be eorsah cattle fever and anthrax,
IV, 560.

Protozoan cattle fever, bile in, IV,

555-
Protozoan

545-
Protozoan cattle fever, course, IV,

cattle fever, causes, IV,

559- 4 :
Protozoan cattle fever, diagnosis, IV,
560. ;
Protozoan cattle fever, haemolysis,

IV, 553- \
Protozoan cattle fever, history, IV,

543. 3 rans
Protozoan cattle fever, immunization,
IV, 567.

515

Protozoan cattle fever, incubation,IV,
556.

Protozoan cattle fever, kidney lesions,
TV, 555- ;

Protozoan cattle fever, lesions, IV,
552.

Protozoan cattle fever, liver lesions,
IV, 554. E :

Protozoan cattle fever, microbiology,
IV, 545. .

Protozoan cattle fever, mortality, IV,
560.

Protozoan cattle fever, spleen lesions,
IV, 555-

Protozoan cattle fever, symptomis, IV,
557, 560. ate:

Protozoan ictero- hematuria in sheep,
TV, 573.

Pruritus, ITI, 9.

Psammomata of brain, ITI, 131.

Pseudo-membraneous enteritis
birds, II, 226.

Pseudo-membraneous enteritis
cattle, II, 223.

in

in

| Pseudo membraneous, enteritis in

dogs, II, 225.
Pseudo-membraneous
sheep, II, 224.
Pseudo-membraneous
solipeds, II, 221.
Pseudo-membraneous laryngitis, I,
128,
Pseudo-membraneous pharyngitis in
cattle, IT, 62.
Pseudo-membraneous
dogs, II, 66.
Pseudo-membraneous pharyngitis in
pigeons and chickens, II, 67.

enteritis in

enteritis in

pharyngitis in

| Pseudo-membraneous pharyngitis in

sheep, II, 64.
Pseudo-membraneous pharyngitis in
solipeds, II, 6r.
Pseudo-membraneous pharyngitis in
swine, II, 65.
Pseudo-paralysis, III, 4.
Psoric acari, divisions of, V, 157.
Psoric acari, fecundity, V, 157.
Psoric acari, list of, V, 159.
Psoroptes, V, 108.
Psoroptes communis varietas cuniculi,
V, 198.
Psoroptes communis varietas equi, V,
169.
Psoroptes, long nosed, V, 169.
Psoroptes ovis, its vitality, V, 180.
Psoroptes scabei varietas ovis, V, 180.
Psoroptic scabies in sheep, V, 179.
Psoroptic acariasis in solipeds, V, 169.
Psoroptic otacariasis in goats, V, 193.

516

Psoroptic otacariasis in rabbit, V, 198.

Psoroptic scabies in cattle, V, 174.

Psorospermosis, V, 442.

Psorospermosis, cutaneous, V, 47.

Psorospermosis of liver, V, 333.

Psorospermosis of liver, dog, V, 336.

Psorospernis in flesh, V, 437.

Psychic peculiarities, III, ro.

Pterygium, III, 376.

Ptomaines of brine, II, 268.

Ptosis, III, 337, 340.

Ptyalism, IL, 39.

Pulex, V, 88.

Pulex avium, V, 89.

Pulex goniocephalus, V, 89.

Pulex irritans, V, 89.

Pulex penetrans, V, 90.

Pulex serraticeps, V, 12, 89.

Pulicide, V, 12.

Pulmonary apoplexy, I, 211.

Pulmonary hyperzemia, I, 198.

Pulmonary murrain, I, 599.

Pulmonary cedema, I, 204.

Pulmonary strongylosis, V, 373.

Pulmonary tubercle in cattle, IV,431.

Pulse, I, 22, 296.

Pupil dilatation, III, 21.

Pupil double, III, 399.

Pupil occluded, III, 4oo.

Pupipara, V, 10, 65.

Purkinje-Sanson images, III, 327.

Purples, IV, 23.

Purpura hemorrhagica, IV, 141.

Purulent infections, IV, 1.

Pus, I, 35.

Pus in urine, III, 301.

Pustules, III, 454, 474.

Pustular dermatitis, contagious, III,
504.

Pyzemia, IV, 1.

Pyzmia and septiceemia, distinction,
IV, 2.

Pyzemia, causes, IV, 2.

Pyzmia, delay of access, IV, 5.

Pyzemia, lesions of, IV, 6.

Pyzemia, mortality, IV, 7.

Pyzemia, prevention, IV, 7.

Pyzemia, symptoms, IV, 6.

Pyzemia, treatment, IV, 8.

Pyzmic blood, effect of different
doses, IV, 3.

Pyelitis, III, 231.

Pyometra, III, 296.

Pyo-pneumothorax, I, 266.

Pyroplasma in cattle, IV, 545.

Pyroplasma in dogs, IV, 577.

Pyroplasma in sheep, IV, 573, 575.

QUARTER ill, IV, 182,

General Index.

Quebra bunda, IV, 533.
Quebra bunda, definition, IV, 533..
Quittor, III, 515.

RaBBIts, coccidian catarrh in, I, 108.

Rabbits, infectious genital catarrh in,
IV, 367.

Rabbits, infusoria in, V, 331.

Rabbit, intestinal parasites, V, 330.

Rabbits, round wornis in, V, 331.

Rabbits, stomach parasite, V, 262.

Rabbits, tape-worms in, V, 331.

Rabbits, verminous bronchitis in, V,

I}

Rabidus canis, IV, 260.

Rabies, IV, 259.

Rabies, cases in ratio with bites, IV,
265.

Rabies, causes, IV, 261.

Rabies, countries immune, IV, 261.

Rabies, definition, IV, 260.

Rabies, diagnosis, IV, 273.

Rabies, diagnosis in man, IV, 282.

rae eradication from a country,
285.

Rabies, furious symptoms, IV, 269.

Ras, geographical distribution, IV,
261.

Rabies in camel and deer, IV, 278.

Rabies, incubation, IV, 266.

Rabies, lesions, IV, 283.

Rabies, lethargic symptoms, IV, 272.

Rabies, microbe of, IV, 263.

Rabies, morbific agent, IV, 263.

Rabies orrotherapy in, IV, 284, 289.

Rabies, paralytic symptoms, IV, 271.

Rabies, pathogenesis, IV, 261.

one premonitory symptoms, IV,
267.

Rabies, prevention, IV, 285.

Rabies, symptoms in birds, 279.

Rabies, symptoms in cats, IV, 275.

Rabies, symptoms in cattle, IV, 276.

Rabies, symptoms in dogs, IV, 267.

Rabies, symptoms in Guinea-pig, IV,
279.

Rabies, symptoms in man, IV, 280.

Rabies, symptoms in rabbits, IV, 279.

Rabies, symptoms in sheep and goat,
IV, 277.

Rabies, symptoms in solipeds, IV,
275.

Rabies, symptoms in swine, IV, 278.

Rabies, symptoms in wild carnivora,
IV, 280.

Rabies, synonyms, IV, 260.

Bees: the Pasteur treatment, IV,
285.

General Index.

Rabies, therapeutic treatment, IV,
284.

Rabies, treatment of bites, IV, 286.

Rabies, treatment with sterilized
matter from infected brain, IV, 290.

Rabies, viability of microbe, IV, 264.

Rabies, virulent matters, IV, 262.

Rain rot, III, 489.

R4le, crepitant, 172.

Rale, dry, I, 171.

Réle, mucous, I, 172.

RAles, I, 171.

RAles, bronchial, I, 171.

R4le, sibilant, I, 171, 172.

R4le, sonorous, I, 171.

Rale,. subcrepitant, I, 173.

RAale, submucous, I, 173.

Ranunculus poisoning, II, 284.

Rape cake, stomatitis from, II, 27.

Rapacious enemies, V, I.

Rarefaction of bone, III, 579.

Rash, III, 453.

Rat-tailed maggots, V, 8.

Rauschbrand, IV, 182.

Rauschbrand bacillus, IV, 183.

Recto-vesical fistula, III, 261.

Rectum, paralysis of, II, 371.

Recurrent ophthalmia, III, 404.

Red beast, V, 148.

Red cells, I, 44.

Red dysentery in cattle, II, 258.

Red fever of swine, IV, 17.

Red globules, destruction of, IV, 553.

Red mange, III, 493.

Red soldier, IV, 23.

Reduvius personatus, V, 93.

Red water, IV, 543.

Red water absent in mild cases of
Texas fever, IV, 558.

Reflex action, III, 5.

Relapsing fever in horse, IV, 585.

Renal calculus, III, 247.

Renal parasites, III, 248.

Renal tumors, III, 248.

Resinous plants, poisoning by, II,286.

Resolution, I, 53.

Resonance, absence of, I, 162,

Resonance, diminution of, I, 162.

Resonance, encrease of, I, 161.

Respiration, I, 24.

Respiration, Cheyne-Stokes, I, 340.

Respiratory creaking, I, 174.

Respiration, friction sound in, I, 173.

Respiration, gurgling sound in I, 174.

Respiration, juvenile, I, 165.

Respiration, metallic tinkling in, I,

174.
Respiration, slow, I, 153.

517

Respiration, splashing sound in, I,
174.

Respiratory disease affected by age,
I, 70.

Respiratory disease affected by season,
I, 77:

Respiratory diseases, general causes,
I, 72%

Respiratory inhibition, III, 15.

Respiratory mucosa, extent of, I, 72.

Respiratory murmur, absence of, I,
170.

Respiratory murmur encreased, I,
169.

Respiratory murmur, lessened, I, 169.

Respiratory nerve centres, III, 14.

Respiratory organs, diseases of, I, 72.

Respiratory tract, III, 21. ,

Retention of water in fevered body,
I, 61.

Resorption fever, IV, 8.

Restiveness, III, 26.

Reticulum, hernia of, II, 367.

Reticulum, tumors of, II, 122.

Retina, detachment of, III, 439.

Retina, tumors of, III, 439.

Retinal haemorrhage, III, 439.

Retinitis, III, 438.

Retro- bulbar abscess, III, 350.

Retro-bulbar optic neuritis, III, 4ar.

Retro-pharyngeal abscess, II, 58.

Rhabdonema, V, 247, 273.

Rhabdonema longus, sheep, V, 291.

Rhabdonema suis, V, 297.

Rhachitis, III, 565.

Rheumatic catarrh, IV, 113.

Rheumatic endocarditis, I, 337.

Rhinaria tenioides, I, 113.

Rheumatism, III, 528.

Rheumatism, articular, horse, III,540.

Rheumatism, articular, ox, III, 542.

Rheumatism, dog, III, 547.

Rheumatism, horse, III, 536.

Rheumatism, sheep and swine, III,
545.

Rheumatism, blood-changes in, III,
534.

Rheumatism,
in, III, 536.

Rheumatism, chill in, ITI, 529.

cerebro-spinal lesions

Rheumatism, heart lesions in, III,
Bheamudans infection theory of, ITI,
Reennetani, lactic acid in, ITI, 530.
Rheumatism, muscular, cattle, III,
Peter muscular, dog, IIT, 548.

518

Rheumatism, muscular, horse, III,
541.

Rheumatism,
531. Tet

Rheumatism, nodosities in, III, 538.

Rheumatism, prevention and treat-
ment of, III, 549.

Rhinacariasis, V, 146.

Rhinitis, I, 81.

Rhino-adenitis, infectious, IV, 77.

Rhipicephalinz, V, 102, 117.

Rhipicephalus, V, 103, 117.

Rhipicephalus annulatus, V, 128.

Rhipicephalus annulatus microplus,
IV, 552.

Rhipicephalus decoloratus, V, 131.

Rhipicephalus microplus, V, 132.

Rhipicephalus, key to species, V, 118.

Rhododendron, poisoning by, II, 286.

Rhynchoprion columbe, V, 142.

Rhynchopsylla pulex, V, 91.

Rickets, III, 565.

Rickets, basement stables in, III,569.

Rickets, confinement in, III, 569

Rickets, damp soils in, III, 569.

Rickets, food experiments, III, 567.

Rickets, infection, III, 569.

Rickets, lactic acid in, III, 568.

Rickets on poor soils, III, 567

Rickets, treatment of, III, 570.

Ricinus, V, 13.

Ricinus communis poisoning, II, 282.

Rimee, ITI, 455.

Rinderpest, IV, 624.

Rinderseuche, IV, 55.

Ringworm, birds, V, 21.

Ringworm, cat, V, 21.

Ringworm, cattle, V, 20.

Ringworm, circinate, V, 17.

Ringworm, dog, V, 20.

Ringworm, goat, V, 21.

Ringworm, honeycomb, V, 25.

Ringworm in horse, V, 20.

Ringworm in pig, V, 21.

Ringworm in sheep, V, 21.

Roaring, I, 133.

Robber flies, V, 7, 57,

Rocking hind quarters, III, 69.

Rodent eczema, III, 497.

Rodents, haematozoa in, V, 413.

Rot, IV, 584.

Rot dropsy, V, 347.

Rothlauf, IV, 15, 17.

Rouget, ILI, 460, IV, 15, 17.

Rouget, causes, IV, 17.

Rouget, course, IV, 18.

Rouget, definition, IV, 17.

Rouget, immunization, IV, 21.

Rouget, morbid anatomy, IV, 19.

neuropathic theory,III,

General Index.

Rouget, mortality, IV, 19.

Rouget, pathogenesis, IV, 21.

Rouget, swine plague and hog cholera,
ae of differential symptoms, IV,
38.

Rouget, symptoms, IV, 18.

Roumanian hemoglobinuria, IV, 543.

Round worms, V, 244.

Round worms of abomasum, V, 252.

Round worms in rabbits, V, 331.

Round worms, intestinal, cattle, V,
277.

Round worms of intestines, sheep, V,
284.

Round worms of intestine, soliped,
V, 268.

Round worms, table of, V, 223.

Rumen, actinomycosis of, II, 123.

Rumen, foreign bodies in, II, 118.

Rumen, hair balls in, II, 116.

Rumen, impacted, II, 108.

Rumen, inflammation of, II, 114.

Rumenotomy, II, 113.

Rumen, parasites of, II, 122.

Rumen, puncture of, II, 104.

Rumen, tympanitic, II, 96.

Rumen, vegetable fibre balls in, I,
116,

Ruminants, chronic gastric catarrh in,
Il, 171.

Ruminants, cryptogamic poisoning
in, II, 295.

Ruminants, filaria of, V, 281.

Ruminants, heematozoa of, V, 412.

Ruminants, impacted colon in, II,
203.

Rupture of choroid, III, 403.

Rupture of heart, I, 343.

Rupture of intestine, II, 332.

Rupture of stomach, II, 182.

Rye grass poisoning, II, 286

SACCHARINE diabetes, II, 416.

Saccharomyces albicans, V, 6, 49.

Saccharomyces guttulatus, V, 6, 275,
282, 330, 333.

Saccharomyces guttulatus in rabbit,

» 49.

Sacculated bowel, II, 340.

St. Vitus dance, III, 63,

Salivary calculus, II, 4o,

Salivary ducts, dilated, II, go.

Salivary fistula, II, go.

Salivary glands, diseases of, II, 38.

Saliva, suppressed, II, 38.

Salivation, 5, 32, 39.

Sallenders, III, 480.

Salpingitis, III, 292.

Sanitary police for strangles, IV, 91.

General Index.

Saltpeter poisoning, II, 268.

Sand and gravel in stomach, II, 188.

Saprzemic fever, IV, 9.

Sarcocysts in heart, I, 342.

Sarcoma in liver, II, 527, 531,

Sarcoma in intestine, II, 374, 377, 379.

Sarcoma in nose, I, gg.

Sarcoma of omasum, II, 133.

Sarcoma of spine, III, 176.

Sarcoma of spleen, II, 562.

Sarcoma of stomach, II, ror.

Sarcophaga magnifica, V, 9, 61.

Sarcophaga carnaria, V, 9.

Sarcopsylla, V, 12. ~

Sarcopsylla gallinaceze, V, 90.

Sarcopsylla penetrans, V, 90.

Sarcoptes, V, 108.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas canis, V,201.

Sarcoptes lzvis varietas columbe, V,
210.

Sarcoptes levis varietas galline, V,
210.

Sarcoptes minor, V, 197, 201.

Sarcoptes minor varietas cati, V, 206.

Sarcoptes minor varietas cuniculi, V,
197.

Sarcoptes mutans, V, 208.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas bovis, V,
174.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas cameli, V,
200.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas capree, V,
193.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas equi, V, 161.

Sarcoptes scabei in ferrets, V, 207.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas hydrochceri,
V, 207.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas lupi, V, 201.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas ovis, V, 177.

Sarcoptes scabei varietas suis, V, 195,
202. :

Sarcoptes squamiferus, V, 195.

Sarcoptic acariasis in solipeds, V, 160.

Sarcoptic scabies, body, birds, V, 210.

Sarcoptic scabies, birds, V, 208.

Sarcoptic scabies, camel, V, 199.

Sarcoptic scabies, cattle, V, 174.

Sarcoptic scabies, dog, V, 201.

Sarcoptic scabies, goats, V, 192, 194.

Sarcoptic scabies, legs in birds, V,
209.

Sareoptte scabies, rabbit, V, 196.

Sarcoptic scabies, sheep, V, 177

Sarcoptic scabies, swine, V, 195.

Sarcoptidee, V, 106, 150.

Sarcoptide cavicola, V, 151.

Sarcoptidee cysticola, V, 107.

Sarcoptidz detricola, V, 106.

Sarcoptide, divisions of, V, 150.

519

Sarcoptide epidermicola, V, 107.

Sarcoptidee gliricola, V, 107.

Sarcoptidze plumicola, table of, V,
151.

Sarcoptidze psorica, V, 155.

Sarcoptinze, V, 108.

Scab, dips for, V, 185.

Scab in sheep, V, 179

Scabies, depluming, in birds, V, 210.

Savin poisoning, II, 286.

Scabs, III, 454.

Scales, IIT, 454.

Scalma, IV, 111.

Scarlatina, I, 114.

Scarlatina in swine, IV, 23.

Scars, III, 455,

Schweinepest, IV, 23.

Schweineseuche, IV, 15, 47.

Schweinsberg disease, II, 503, 504.

Sclera, ‘ectasia of, III, 389.

Sclera, inflammation of, III, 389.

Sclera, wounds of, III, 380.

Scleroderma, III, 456.

Sclerosis, III, 5.

Sclerosis of spinal cord, III, 165.

Sclerostoma, V, 246.

Sclerostoma edentatum, V, 272.

Sclerostoma equinum, II, 210; V, 270,
363, 364. ; 6

Sclerostoma equinum in blood, V, 402.

Sclerostoma equinum in lung, V, 388.

Sclerostoma pinguicola, V, 442, 452.

Sclerostoma pinguicola, cysts, V, 450.

Sclerostoma pinguicola, development,

V, 453 Brn % :
Sclerostoma pinguicola, habitat, V,

453-

Sclerostoma pinguicola, prevention,
V, 456.

Sclerostoma pinguicola,
V, 455:

Sclerostoma syngamus, V, 399.

Sclerostoma tetracanthum, V, 270.

Sclreostoma vulgare, V, 272.

Scolex, V, 241.

Scorbutus, III, 457.

Scorpionida, V, rro.

Scorpion, V, 218.

Scorpion spider, V, 461.

Scouring, IT, 303.

Scratches, III, 508

Screw worm fly, V, 9.

Scrofula, IV, 399.

Scrub tick of Australia, IV, 552; V,

treatment,

130.
Scurvy, III, 557.
Seborrhoea, III, 491.
Seborrhcea of digital region, III, 512.

520

Secretions, modifications of, III, 7,
456.

Secretions of skin modified, III, 456.

Seedy toe, V, 31.

Semeiology, I, 18.

Sensory and motor tractsin brain, III,

14.
Septiczemia, IV, 1, 8.
Septiceemia from toxins, IV, 9.
Septicazmia haemorrhagica, definition,

55:

Septicaemia hzemorrhagica, history,
IV, 55.

Septicaemia hamorrhagica in cattle,
IV, 55.

Septiceemia heemorrhagica in
abdominal form, IV, 59.

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in
accessory ‘causes of, IV, 57.

Septiczemia hzemorrhagica in
bacteriology, IV, 56.

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in
chronic, IV, 59.

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in
external form, IV, 58.

cattle,
cattle,
cattle,
cattle,

cattle,

Septiceemia haemorrhagica in cattle,
immunization, IV, 62.

Septiceemia heemorrhagica in cattle,
in winter and spring, IV, 57.

Septiczemia hzemorrhagica in cattle,
lesions of, IV, 59.

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle,
mortality, IV, 62.

Septiczemia heemorrhagica in cattle,
on wet soils, IV, 57.

Septiceemia haemorrhagica in cattle,
pathogenesis of, IV, 56.

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in cattle,
prevention, IV, 62.

Septicaemia hzemorrhagica in cattle,
symptoms, IV, 58.

Septiczemia heemorrhagica in cattle,
thoracic form, IV, 58.

Septiceemia heemorrhagica in horse,
IV, 113.

Septiceemia heemorrhagica in sheep,
IV, 63.

Septiceemia heemorrhagica in sheep,
acute, IV, 66, 71.

Septicaemia hzemorrhagica in sheep,
bacteriology, IV, 65, 70.

Septiceemia hamorrhagica in sheep,
causes, IV, 64.

Septiceemia haemorrhagica in sheep,
chronic, IV, 67, 72.

Septiceemia hamorrhagica in sheep,
definition, IV, 63.

Septiceemia hamorrhagica in sheep,

diagnosis, IV, 66.

General Index.

Septicemia hamorrhagica in sheep,
distribution, IV, 63.

Septiceemia hzemorrhagica in sheep,
lesions, IV, 67, 72. :
Septicaemia haemorrhagica in

mortality, IV, 68.
Septicemia hzemorrhagica in
prevention, IV, 68, 73.
Septiceemia haemorrhagica in
symptoms, IV, 65.
Septicaemia haemorrhagica in
synonyms, IV, 63.
Septiceemia heemorrhagica suis, IV,

sheep,
sheep,
sheep,
sheep,

47.

Septicaemia haemorrhagica synonyms,
IV, 55.

Septiczemia heemorrhagica,treatment,

V, 62.

Septiceemia in chickens and turkeys,
IV, 656.

Septicaemia in geese, IV, 654.

Septiceemia in geese, bacteriology,
IV, 654.

Septiceemia in geese, diagnosis, IV,
655.

Septicezemia in geese, lesions, IV, 655.

Septicaemia in geese, pathogenesis,
IV, 654.

Septiceemia in geese, prevention, IV,
656.

Septiceemia in geese, symptoms, IV,
654.

Septiceemia in geese, treatment, IV,
656

Septiczemia, lesions, IV, 9.

Septiceemia, mortality, IV, 10

Septiczemia, prevention, IV, Io.

Septiczemia, symptoms, IV, 9.

Septiceemia, treatment, IV, 10.

Septiceemias, IV, 2.

Septic infections, IV, 1, 8.

Septic intoxication, IV, 8.

Septico-pyzemia, IV, 8.

Sequestrum in spleen, IT, 564.

Serrated tape-worm of ox, V, 276, 301.

Serous exudate, I, 50.

Serum therapy in hog cholera, IV, 45.

Serum therapy in swine plague, IV,

52.
Sheath fish, V, 476.
Sheep, aspergillosis in, V, 397.
Sheep, auscultation of, I, 168.
Sheep, botfly, I, 109.
Sheep, coryza in, I, 85.
Sheep, croup in, I, 131.
Sheep, croupous bronchitis in, I, 197.
Sheep, croupous pneumonia in, 1,236.
Sheep, cutaneous eruptions in, III,
499.

General Index.

Sheep, eczema in, III, 489.

Sheep, intestinal parasites, V, 282.

Sheep, laryngitis, in, I, 123.

Sheep, paludism in, IV, 573.

Sheep, pleurisy in, I, 256.

Sheep-pox, IV, 347. -

Sheep-pox, accessory causes, IV, 349.

Sheep-pox, causes, IV, 347.

Sheep-pox, definition, IV, 347.

Sheep-pox, forms, IV, 347.

Sheep-pox, geographical distribution,
IV, 347.

Sheep-pox, incubation, IV, 350.

Sheep-pox in goat, IV, 360.

Sheep-pox, mortality, IV, 354.

Sheep-pox, pathogenesis, IV, 347.

Sheep-pox, prevention, IV. 355.

Sheep-pox, preventive inoculation,
TV, 357.

Sheep-pox, prognosis, IV, 354.

Sheep-pox, symptoms, IV, 350.

Sheep-pox, treatment, IV, 354.

‘Sheep tick,’’ V, 66.

Sheep, ulcerative infection of the
limbs in, IV, 74.

Silver salts, poisoning by, II, 278.

Simulide, V, 7, 57.

Sitfasts, III, 455.

Simondsia paradoxa, V, 258.

Skin discolorations, III, 453.

Skin diseases, III, 453.

Skin diseases, diagnosis, III, 458.

Skin diseases, external causes of, III,
456.

Skin diseases, general treatment, ITI,
461.

Skin diseases, internal causes of, III,

457-
Skin, disease of white, III, 470.
Skin, gangrene of, III, 520.
Skin, hyperplasia of, III, 523.
Skin, hypertrophy, ITI, 521.
Skin, spots on, III, 453.
Skin symptoms, I, 24.
Skin, tubercle of, IV, 436.
Skin, ulceration of, III, 520.
Smut, poisoning by, II, 289.
Snake bites, V, 464.
Snake bites, symptoms, V, 466.
Snake bite, treatment, V, 467.
Snake poison, V, 467.
Snake poison, immunization, V, 468.
Snake venom, antitoxin, V, 468.
Snap dragon, poisoning, II, 286.
Social wasps, V, I10.
Soda poisoning, II, 365.
Sodium chloride poisoning, II, 267.
Softening of brain, III, 84.

35

521

Softening, result of inflammation, I,

57-

Soft palate, injuries to, II, 48.

Solar erythema, III, 468.

Solipeds, gutturomycosis of, I, 149.

Solipeds, intestinal parasites, V, 264.

Solipeds, lung worms in, V, 387.

Soliped, round worms of intestines,
V, 268.

Soliped, trematodes of, V, 267.

Sore throat, I, 114, 126.

South African horse sickness, V, 513.

Southern cattle fever, IV, 543.

Spanish fever, IV, 543.

Spanish flies, poisoning, II, 288.

Spasm, III, 4.

Spasm centre, III, 15.

Spasm clonic, III, 4.

Spasm of eyeballs, III, 4.

Spasm, intestinal, II, 308.

Spasm, paraplegic, III, 4.

Spasm of sphincter vesicee, III, 259.

Spasms, III, 61.

Spasms, general, III, 4.

Spasms, local, III, 4. ©

Spasm, tetanic, III, 4.

Spasm tonic, ITI, 4.

Spherophthalmia occidentalis, V, 463.

Sphincter ani centre, III, 21.

Sphincter vesicze centre, III, 21.

Spiders, V, 110, 461.

Spina bifida, III, 171.

Spinal arteritis, III, 168.

Spinal caries, III, 172.

Spinal cord, congestion of, III, 153.

Spinal cord, cross hemisection, III,
20.

Spinal cord, hemorrhage, III, 170.

Spinal cord, inflammation of, ITI, 154.

Spinal cord, lesions of, and phenom-
ena, IIT, 22.

Spinal cord, longitudinal, vertical
section, III, 20.

Spinal hemiplegia, III, 3.

Spinal hyperzemia, III, 3.

Spinal lesions, III, 14, 20.

Spinal meningitis, ITI, 118, 160.

Spinal sclerosis, III, 165.

Spinate distoma, V, 318.

Spine slow compression of, III, 175.

Spinose ear tick, V, 144.

Spirillum, Metchnikowi, II, 256.

Spiroptera, V, 245, 248.

Spiroptera of crop in duck, V, 249.

Spiroptera in gullet, II, 93.

Spiroptera of gullet in horse, V, 249.

Spiroptera of gullet in pig, V, 249.

Spiroptera hamulosa, V, 262.

Spiroptera megastoma, V, 250.

522

Spiroptera microstoma, V, 248, 251.

Spiroptera reticulata, V, 402, 439.

Spiroptera sanguinolenta, V, 248, 259,
4.7.

Spiroptera sanguinolenta in aorta, V,
417.

Spiroptera scutata, V, 248, 249.

Spiroptera strongylina, V, 258.

Spiroptera uncinata, V, 249.

Spleen, abscess of, II, 557.

Spleen, amyloid, IT, 563.

Spleen, diseases of, II, 545.

Spleen, foreign bodies in, II, 558.

Spleen, gangrene of, II, 564.

Spleen, glander nodules in, II, 564.

Spleen, parasites of, II, 564; V, 364.

Spleen, rupture of, II, 559.

Spleen, tubercles in, II, 564.

Spleen, tubercle of, IV, 435.

Splenic apoplexy, IV, 196.

Splenic fever, IV, 196, 543.

Splenic hypertrophy, II, 550, 551,552,
553-

Splenic tumors, II, 562.

Sporozoa, cat, V, 327.

Sporozoa, rabbits, V, 331.

Spurge laurel poisoning, II, 283.

Spurry seeds, poisoning by, II, 286.

Squama, ITI, 454.

Squame in horse, III, sor.

Squinting, III, 450.

Squint, spasmodic or spastic, IIT, 451.

Stable pneumonia, IV, 95.

Staggering, III, 5.

Staggers, II, 124; III, 69.

Staggers, cerebral, III, 94.

‘* Staggers,’’ in sheep, V, 304.

Stale fish poisoning, II, 302.

Stalk disease, III, 482.

Stampede, III, 23.

Staphyloma, corneal, IIT, 387.

Starvation mange, III, 482.

St. Johns wort, poisoning, II, 286.

Static refraction, III, 330.

Staupe, IV, 166,

Steatosis of the kidney, III, 244.

Stenosis of lachrymo-nasal duct, III,

355-
Stephanurus, V, 247.
Stephanurus dentatus, V, 452.
Stephanurus dentatus in liver, V, 346,
Stiffness, ITI, 573.
Stomach, bristle balls in, II, 116.
Stomach, dilatation of, II, 180.
Stomach, hair, feathers, etc., II, 116
Stomach parasites of birds, V, 262.
Stomach, position in horse, I, 156.
Stomach, puncture of, II, 156.
Stomach, rupture of, II, 182.

General Index.

Stomach staggers, II, 124.
Stomach, torsion, in dog, II, 184.
Stomach, tumors of, II, 191.
Stomach, tympanitic, II, 150.
Stomach, ulcer of, II, 179.
Stomatitis, aphthous, II, 21.
Stomatitis, in birds, II, 18, 36.
Stomatitis from caustics, II, 35.
Stomatitis from food, II, 27, 36.
Stomatitis, infectious in lambs and
kids, IV, 367.
Stomatitis, mercurial, II, 32.

Stomatitis, niycotic, II, 36.

Stomatitis, ulcerative, II, 22, 23, 24,
29, 30. o

Stomatitis, ulcerous, in lambs and

kids, IV, 367.
Stomoxys calcitrans, V, 9.
Strabismus, III, 450.
Strangles, I, 114; IV, 77.
Strangles, abdominal, IV, 87.
Strangles, accessory causes, IV, 80.
Strangles, bacteriology, IV, 78.
Strangles, cutaneous, IV, 88.
Strangles, definition, IV, 78.
Strangles, diagnosis, IV, 89.
Strangles, forms of, IV, 84.
Strangles, fulminant, IV, 89
Strangles, general symptoms, IV, 84.
Strangles of genital organs, IV, 89.
Strangles, history, IV, 78.
Strangles, immunization, IV, 92.
Strangles, incubation, IV, 84.
Strangles, infecting products, IV, 80.
Strangles, mild, symptoms, IV, 85.
Strangles, nervous lesions, IV, 89.
Strangles, pathogenesis, IV, 99.
Strangles, pathology, IV, 82.
Strangles, pharyngeal, IV, 86.
Strangles, prevention, IV, go.
Strangles, pulmonary, IV, 87.
Strangles, sanitary police, IV, gr.
Strangles, synonyms, IV, 78.
Strangles, tracheotomy in, IV, 94.
Strangles, treatment, IV, 92.
ee eunnoes of intestine, IT, 356,
380.
Streptococcus
equi, IV, 78.
Streptococcic dermatitis, ITI, 512.
Streptococcus equi, IV, 78.
Streptococcus equi, its relation to
strangles and contagious pneu-
monia, IV, 79.
Streptococcus infection of limbs in
cattle and sheep, IV, 74.
Streptococcus of apoplectiform septi-
czemia, IV, 394, 395.

coryzz contagiosze

General Index.

Streptococcus of infectious stomatitis,
IV, 268.
Streptococcus pneumonie contagiosee
equi, IV, 98.
Streptococcus pneumoniz equina,
III, 397.
Streptococcus rhino adenitis, IV, 78.
Stricture of intestine, II, 342.
Stricture of urethra, III, 264.
Striped strongle of rabbit, V, 262.
Strongylosis, V, 252.
Strongylosis, pulmonary, sheep, V,
373.
Strongylus, V, 246.
Strongylus armatus, II, 210.
Strongylus Arnfieldi, V, 387.
Strongylus Axei, V, 252.
Strongylus capillaris, V, 376.
Strongylus commutatus, V, 390.
Strongylus contortus, V, 253.
Strongylus convolutus, V, 255.
Strongylus elongatus, V, 389.
Strongylus filaria, V, 374.
Strongylus filicollis, V, 255, 284.
Strongylus gigas, V, 442, 457.
Strongylus gigas, development, V,
457-
Strongylus gigas, distribution, V, 457.
Strongylus gigas, dog, V, 457.
Strongylus gigas in horse, V, 460.
Strongylus gigas in ox, V, 460.
Strongylus gigas, symptoms, dog, V,
458.
Strongylus micrurus, V, 384.
Strongylus nodularis, V, 263.
Strongylus Ostertagi, V, 255.
Strongylus ovis pulmonalis, V, 375,
384.
Strongylus paradoxus, V, 389.
Strongylus retorteeformis, V, 331.
Strongylus rufescens, V, 375.
Strongylus strigosus, V, 262, 331.
Strongylus, striped, V, 331.
Strongylus, subulatus, I, 342.
Strongylus tenuissimus, V, 252.
Strongylus vasorum, I, 342, 392, 418.
Strongylus ventricosus, V, 278, 285.
Strongylus vicarius, V, 257.
Structural alterations in glands and
ducts, III, 456.
Strychnia poisoning, II, 286.
Stump sucking, II, 76.
“Sturdy ” in sheep, V, 304.
Stye, ITI, 343.
Submaxillary adenitis, II, 44.
Sugar in urine, tests for, II, 422.
Sulphuric acid poisoning, II, 266.
Sulphur poisoning, II, 275.
Summer sores in horses, V, 408.

,

523

Sunstroke, ITI, 39.

Superior columns, III, 21.

Superior-columns, transverse section
of, ITI, 20.

Suppuration, I, 53.

Suppuration in inflammation, I, 71.

Suppuration in nasal sinuses, I, go.

Surra, IV, 584.

Surra, accessory causes, IV, 586.

Surra, anzemia in, IV, 590.

Surra, avoidance of infected localities,
IV, 593. |

Surra, carried by crows, IV, 587.

Surra, carried by insects, IV, 586.

Surra, cattle do not infect horses
casually, IV, 593. ;

Surra, cattle infect rodents, carnivora
and apes, IV, 593.

Surra, cause, IV, 585.

Surra, definition, LV, 585.

Surra, diagnosis, IV, 591.

Surra, disinfectants in stables, IV,

593-
Surra, disinfectants on manure, IV,

593-

Surra, disinfectants on skin, IV, 593.

Surra, disposal of manure and gar-
bage, IV, 593.

Surra, destruction of the sick, IV, 594.

Surra, exclusion of flies, IV, 593.

Surra, geographical distribution, IV,
585.

Surra, goats and ducks immune, IV,
593-

Surra in camels, IV, 592.

Surra in cattle, IV, 592.

Surra in cattie in India, IV, 592.

Surra in cattle in Philippines, IV, 592.

Surra, incubation, IV, 589.

Surra, lesions, IV, 588.

Surra, mortality, IV, 592.

Surra, parasite, IV, 585.

Surra, pathology, IV, 588.

Surra, prevention of, IV, 593.

Surra, remissions in, IV, 589.

Surra, sanitary police, IV, 594.

Surra, smudges, IV, 594.

Surra, sterilizatlon of carcases, IV,
594.

Surra, symptoms of, IV, 589.

Surra, synonyms, IV, 584.

Surra, treatment of, IV, 593.

Surra, trypanosoma, IV, 585.

Swine, complex fevers of, IV, 52.

Swine, distomata in, V, 293.

Swine, eczema in, III, 490,

Swine erysipelas, IV, 15, 17.

Swine erysipelas, bacillus and allied
organisms table, IV, 27.

524

Swine erysipelas, immunization, IV,
2i.

Swine erysipelas, lesions, FV, 19.

Swine erysipelas, symptoms, IV, 18.

Swine fever, IV, 15, 23.

Swine fever bacillus and allied organ-
isms, table, IV, 26, 28.

Swine fevers, IV, 15.

Swine fevers, effects of varying doses,
IV, 16.

Swine, gastric parasites, V, 257.

Swine, granular skin eruption, III,
492.

Swine, intestinal parasites, V, 292.

Swine, nematodes in, V, 295.

Swine, trematodes in, V, 293.

Swine, trichinosis in, symptoms, V,
428.

Swine plague, IV, 47.

Swine plague, accessory causes, IV,

48.

Swine plague bacillus and allied or-
ganisms, table, IV, 26, 28.

Swine plague and hog cholera, dual-
ity, IV, 53. i

Swine plague, bacteriology, IV, 47.

Swine plague deadly to wild birds
and rodents, IV, 49.

Swine plague, diagnosis, IV, 50.

Swine plague, hog cholera, and rou-
get, table of differential symptoms,
IV, 38.

Swine plague, immunization, IV, 51.

Swine plague, lesions, IV, 49.

Swine plague, Marseilles, IV, 54.

Swine plague, McFadyean’s, IV, 53.

Swine plague, pathogenesis, IV, 48.

Swine plague, prevention, IV, 50.

Swine plague, serum therapy, IV, 52.

Swine plague, symptoms, IV, so.

Swine plague, treatment, IV, 52.

Swine pox, IV, 360.

Swine, verminous bronchitis in, V,

Symbiosis, V, I.

Symbiotes, V, 109.

Symbiotes auricularum varietas canis,
V, 204.

Symbiotes auricularum varietas cati,
V, 205.

Symbiotes avium, V, 107.

Symbiotes communis varietas caprae,
V, 194.

Symbiotes spathiferus, V, 172.

Symbiotes scabei varietas bovis, V,
175.

Symbiotes scabei varietas ovis, V, 191.

Symbiotic acariasis in cattle, V, 175.

Symbiotic acariasis in dog, V, 204.

General Index.

Symbiotic acariasis in ferret, V, 206.

Symbiotic scabies, V, 171.

Symbiotic scabies in sheep, V, 191.

Symblepharon, III, 339. ‘

Symplectoptes cavicola, V, 442.

Symplectoptes cysticola, V, 108, 154.

Symptomatic anthrax, IV, 182.

Symptomatic cough, I, 151.

Symptomatic iritis, III, 397.

Symptomatology, I, 18

Symptoms, I, 19.

Symptoms of septicemia hzmor-
rhagica in cattle, IV, 58.

Symptoms of swine plague, IV, 50.

Synechia anterior and posterior, III,
392.

Syugamosis, V, 398.

Syngamosis, prevention, V, 401.

Syngamosis, treatment, V, 4oI,

Syngamus, V, 247.

Syngamus bronchialis, V, 4oo.

Syngamus trachealis, V, 399.

Syringophilus, V, 106.

Syringophilus bipectinatus, V, 149.

Syringomyelia, III, 178.

Syrphide, V, 8.

TABANIDA, V, 8, 57.

Tabes, IV, 399.

Tenia aculeata, V, 283.

Teenia alba, V, 277, 283.

Teenia and bothriocephalus, V, 240.
Teenia, armed, V, 241.

Tenia Benedini, V, 283.

Teenia canina, V, 314.

Teenia centripunctata, V, 283.
Teenia ccenurus, V, 303.

Tzenia, comb-shaped, V, 331.
Teenia crassicollis, cat, V, 327.
Teenia cucumierina, V, 314.

Teenia denticulata, V, 276.
Tzenia, development of, V, 240.
Teenia, divisions of, V, 241.
Teenia echinococcus, V, 307.
Teenia elliptica, V, 328.

Teenia expansa, V, 276, 283.
Teenia fimbriata, V, 283.

Teenia fimbriata and ‘loco,’ V, 342.
Teenia fimbriata, hosts of, V, 341.
Teenia fimbriata in liver, V, 340.
Teenia Giardi, V, 283.

Teenia globipunctata, V, 283.
Teenia litterata, V, 315, 328,
Teenia mamiillana, V, 266.

Teenia marginata, V, 302.

Teenia of cattle, treatment, V, 277.
Teenize of horse, V, 265.

Teenia of sheep, V, 283.

Teenia ovilla, V, 283.

General Index.

Teenia perfoliata, V, 265.

Teenia plicata, V, 266.

Teenia pectinata, V, 331.

Tenia pseudo-cucumerina, V, 315.

Teenia rhopaliocephala, V, 331.

Tenia serialis, V, 301.

Teenia serrata, V, 301.

Teenia, unarmed, V, 241, 242.

Teenia Vogti, V, 283.

Teenia wimerosa, V, 331

Tape-worms, V, 239.

Tape-worms of cat, V, 327.

Tape worms of dogs, table, V, 300.

Tape worms of liver, V, 337.

Tape worms of rabbits, V, 331.

Tape-worms of sheep’s intestine, V,
283.

Tape worm, thick-necked, V, 327.

Tappeiner’s experiments on tubercu-
losis, IV, 409.

Tapping the chest, I, 261.

Tarantula, V, IIo.

Tarantulas, V, 461.

Tarsus, chronic eczema of, III, 480.

Tartar emetic poisoning, II, 273.

Temperature in disease, I, 22.

Temperature, normal, I, 22.

Tenderness, III, 10.

Termites, V, 463.

Tetanus, IV, 291.

Tetanus, accessory causes, IV, 298.

Tetanus, antidotal treatment, IV,309.

Tetanus, antitoxin treatment, 1V,309.

Tetanus bacillus, IV, 293.

Tetanus, brain emulsion for, IV, 312.

Tetanus causes, IV, 293.

Tetanus, course, duration, IV, 312.

Tetanus, definition, IV, 292.

Tetanus, diagnosis, IV, 304.

Tetanus, form of death from, IV, 304.

Tetanus, general symptoms, IV, 298.

Tetanus, immunization, IV, 315.

Tetanus, intracranial injections for,
IV, 312.

Tetanus, lesions, IV, 304.

Tetanus, mortality, IV, 303.

Tetanus, orrotherapy, IV, 310.

Tetanus, pathogenesis, IV, 292.

Tetanus, pathology, IV, 293.

Tetanus, prevention, IV, 313.

Tetanus, symptoms in birds, IV, 302.

Tetanus, symptoms in cattle, IV, 301.

Tetanus, symptoms in dogs, IV, 302.

Tetanus, symptoms in horse, IV, 300.

Tetanus, symptoms in sheep and
goat, IV, 302.

Tetanus, symptoms in swine, IV, 302.

Tetanus, synonyms, IV, 291.

Tetanus, treatment, IV, 306.

525

Tetany, III, 151.

Tetranychus, V, 106.

Tetranychus molestissimus, V, 150.

Tetranycide, V, 106.

Texas fever, IV, 542.

Texas fever and anthrax, diagnosis,
IV, 560.

Texas fever and anthrax, table of dis-
tinctions, IV, 561.

Texas fever, course and duration, IV,
559-

Texas fever, cultivating infested pas-
tures, IV, 564.

Texas fever, definition, IV, 543.

Texas fever, Federal restrictions, IV,
572.

Texas fever, immunization against,
IV, 567.

Texas fever, immunization by blood,
IV, 570.

Texas fever, immunization by blood
from ticks, IV, 571.

Texas fever, immunization of limited
value, IV, 571.

Texas fever, infecting by small num-
ber of ticks, IV, 568.

Texas fever, infection by blood of im-
munized, IV, 569.

Texas fever, infection of sucking calf,
IV, 568.

Texas fever, legislation for its extinc-
tion, IV, 566.

Texas fever, marketing the beef, IV,
572.

Texas fever, mortality in severe form,
IV, 560.

Texas fever pastures, purifying by ex-
clusion of cattle, IV, 564.

Texas fever, prevention, IV, 562.

Texas fever, prevention by dipping
or smearing, IV, 563.

Texas fever, prevention by picking
off ticks, IV, 562.

Texas fever, purifying infested pas-
tures, IV, 564.

Texas fever, red water absent in mild
cases, IV, 558.

Texas fever, susceptibility of cattle
on purified pastures, IV, 565.

Texas fever, symptoms of mild form,
IV, 560.

Texas fever tick, V, 128.

Texas fever tick of Australia, etc., V,
130.

Texas fever tick of S. Africa, V, 131.

Texas fever, treatment, IV, 561.

Texas fever, value of its extinction,
IV, 566.

Texas fever, watery blood in, IV, 559.

526

Thalamus, III, 17.

Therapeutics, I, 32.

Therapeutics in hog cholera, IV, 45.

Thermic fever, III, 39.

Thoracentesis, I, 261.

Throat affections of, I, 114.

Thread worms, V, 245.

Throat, infectious diseases of, I, 149.

Throat, parasites of, I, 149.

Thrombosis, I, 350.

Thrombosis and pyzmia, IV, 4.

Thrombosis of spinal cord, III, 168.

Thrush of the mouth, II, 36; V, 49.

Thyroid enlargement, ITI, 560.

Tick, dressing for, IV, 564.

Tick of bovine farcy, V, 145.

Tick of chicken, V, 141.

Tick of Persian sheep, V, 143.

Ticks, V, Io, 111.

Ticks, characteristics of, V, 113.

Ticks, destruction of, V, 140.

Ticks, destruction of, in pastures, IV,
564.

Ticks in eye, V, 445.

Ticks, infection through, V, 113.

Ticks in paludism in dogs, IV, 579.

Ticks, key to families and genera, V,
116,

Ticks, key to genera an1 species, V,
17.

Timidity, III, 23.

Tinea diffusa, V, 30.

Tinea favosa, V, 25.

Tinea lophophyton gallinz, V, 29.

Tinea Tonsurans, V, 17.

Titubation, ITI, 5.

Tlalsahuate, V, 149.

Toad, V, 469.

Tobacco poisoning, II, 286.

Tongue, abnormal movements of, III,

8

Tongue, inflammation of, II, 20.

Tongue, paralysis of, II, 37.

Tonic spasm, III, 4.

Tonsilitis, II, 46.

Tonsils, calculi in, II, 48.

Torpedo, V, 476.

Torpor, III, 11.

Touch, I, 175.

Toxemia from imperfect hepatic
function, II, 437.

Toxic gastritis, II, 164.

Toxic rye, II, 300.

Toxin poisoning, II, 292.

Toxins as cause of septicemia, IV, 9.

Toxins destroyed in liver, IT, 415.

Toxins in nervous disease, III, 2

Toxins of system, pathogenesis of,
III, 460.

General Index.

Tracheotomy, I, 119, 131; II, 57.

Traumas, III, 460.

Traumatic catarrh, I, ror.

Traumatic dermatitis, III, 472.

Treatment, I, 32.

Treatment of septicaeemia hamorrha-
gica in cattle, IV, 62.

Treatment of strangles, IV, 92.

Treatment of swine plague, IV, 52.

Trefoil poisoning, II, 286.

Trematodes, V, 243.

Trematodes in blood, cattle, V, 412.

Trematodes, intestinal, dog, V, 318.

Trematodes of intestines, cattle, V,
275.

Trematodes of solipeds, V, 267.

-| Trematodes of swine, V, 293.

Trematodes, table of, V, 222.

‘The trembles,’’ IV, 325.

Trembling, III, 4.

Trembling in sheep, IV, 500.

Trembling in sheep, accessory causes,
IV, 504.

Trembling in sheep, bacilli, cocci and
penicillium, IV, 503.

Trembling in sheep, bacteriology, IV,
503.

Trembling in sheep. causes, IV, 501.

Trembling in sheep, definition, IV,
500.

Trembling in sheep, diagnosis, IV,

505.

Trembling in sheep, geographical dis-
tribution, IV, 500.

Trembling in sheep, lesions, IV, 506.

Trembling in sheep, pathogenesis,
IV, 500.

cot in sheep, prevention, IV,
506.

Trembling in sheep, sheep ticks, IV,
501.

Trembling in sheep, symptoms, IV,
504.

Trembling in sheep, treatment, IV
507.

Tremor, III, 4.

Trichiasis, III, 344.

Trichina, V, 247.

Trichina and agamodistoma, V, 438.

Trichina and psorosperms, V, 437.

Trichina harpoon, V, 430.

Trichina in heart, I, 342.

Trichina in muscles of eye, V, 445.

Trichina. larval, V, 42r.

Trichina life history, V, 423.

oo parasites mistaken for, V,
439.

Trichina punch, of Duchenne, V, 430.

Trichina, sexually mature, V, 421.

General Index.

Trichina spiralis, V, 281, 297, 326, 421.

Trichina, symptoms of migrating, V,
427.

Trichinosis, V, 419.

‘Trichinosis, accessory causes, V, 425.

Trichinosis and actinomycasis, V,438.

Trichinosis and cooking, V, 433.

Trichinosis and freezing, V, 433.

Trichinosis and rare meat, V, 433.

Trichinosis and salting, V, 434.

Trichinosis and smoking, V, 434.

Trichinosis, diagnosis in pig, V, 429.

Trichinosis, examination, V, 436.

Trichinosis in man, prevention, V,
432.

Trichinosis in swine, symptoms, V,
428.

Trichinosis, intestinal, V, 420

Trichinosis, microscopic inspection,
V, 435-

Trichinosis, muscles most infested, V,

Trichinosis, muscles to examine, V,
436. ;
Trichinosis, muscular, V, 420.
Trichinosis, prevention, V, 431.
Trichinosis, regulate pig feeding, V,

431.

Trichinosis, symptoms, V, 426.

Trichinosis, symptoms in man, V,
426.

Trichinosis, system in inspection, V,
436.

Trichinosis, treatment, V, 430.

Trichinous cysts, calcified, V, 437.
Trichocephalus, V, 245.
Trichocephalus affinis, V, 280, 291.
Trichocephalus crenatus, V, 296.
Trichocephalus depressiusculus, V,
325- :
Trichocephalus dispar, V, 296.
Trichocephalus unguiculatus, V, 331.
Trichodectes, V, 13.
Trichodectes climax, V, 95.
Trichodectes latus, V, 96.
YTrichodectes of goat, V, 95.
Trichodectes pilosus, V, 95.
Trichodectes pubescens, V, 95.
Trichodectes scalaris, V, 95.
Trichodectes sphzerocephalus, V, 95.
Trichodectes subrostratus, V, 96.
Trichodectes, the broad, V, 96.
Trichodectes, the downy, V. 95.
Trichodectes, the hairy, V, 95.
Trichodectes, the narrow nosed, V, 96.
Trichodectes, the round headed, V,

95.
Trichodectes, the scaly, V, 95.
Trichomonas, intestinalis, V, 293.

527

Trichophyte, V, 15.

Trichophyton depilating, V, 21.

Trichophyton ectothrix, V, 18.

Trichophyton endothrix, V, 18.

Trichophyton epilans, V, 6, 21.

Trichophyton tonsurans, V, 6, 18.

Trichorrhexis nodosa, III, 526.

Trichosoma, V, 244.

Trichosoma contortum, II, 95 ; V, 249.

Trichosoma lineare, V, 330.

Trichosoma of crop, duck, V, 249.

Trinoton, V, 98, 141.

Triodontus, V, 272.

Trismus, IV, 292, 299.

Tristeza, IV, 543.

Trombidiide, V, 106, 147.

Trombidiosis of nose and lips, II, 7.

Trombidium, V, 106.

Trombidium Americanum, V, 148.

Trombidium fuliginosum, V, 148.

Trombidium holosericeum, V, 148.

Trombidium in eye, V, 445.

Trombidium, silky, V, 148.

Trombidium, treatment, V, 149.

Trophic spinal tract, ITI, 21.

Trophic symptoms, III, 6.

Tropisurus fissispinus, V, 250, 263.

Tropisurus inflatus, V, 250, 263.

Tropisurus of gullet, duck, V, 250.

Trout leech, V, 471.

Trypanosoma Brucii, IV, 595. 596.

Trypanosoma equiperdum, IV, 521.

Trypanosoma Evansi, IV, 585.

Trypanosoma in birds, V, 413.

Trypanosoma, in blood during paro-
xysm of surra, IV, 591.

Trypanosoma sanguinis avium, V, 419.

Trypanosoma, staining of, IV, 591.

Trypanosomata in blood, V, 402.

Try panosomosis, LV, 585.

Tsétsé fly, IV, 595; V, 9, 59.

Tsétsé fly disease, IV, 594.

Tubal sound, I, 170.

Tubercle bacillus, IV, 410,

Tubercle bacillus, diminished patho-
genesis when from cold blooded
host, IV, 482.

Tubercle, brain and spinal cord, IV,
436.

Tubercle, bones, IV, 436.

Tubercle, bronchial and mediastinal
glands, IV, 433.

Tubercle, calcification, IV, 431.

Tubercle, cardiac and pericardial, IV,
433.

Tubercle, caseation, IV, 430.

Tubercle, eye, 1V, 436.

Tubercle, eyelid, III, 344.

528

Tubercle, fibroid degeneration, IV,

431.
Tubercle, genito urinary, IV, 435.
Tubercle, gullet, II, 93.
Tubercle, heart, I, 341.
Tubercle, local, IV, 498.
Tubercle, lymph glands, IV, 433, 437.
Tubercle, mamme, IV, 435.
Tubercle, mouth and throat, IV, 434.
Tubercle, muscles, IV, 436.
Tubercle, pancreas, IV, 435.
Tubercle, prostate, III, 277.
Tubercle, relative frequency in differ-
ent parts, IV, 437, 438.
Tubercle, skin, IV, 436.
Tubercle, spleen, II, 435, 564.
Tubercle, structure of, IV, 429.
Tubercle, womb, III, 298.
Tubercule, III, 453.
Tubercular disease of spine, III, 172.
Tubercular meningitis, III, 127.

Tuberculin, action on parturient
cows, IV, 464. '

Tuberculin as cause of enteritis, II,
254

Tuberculin, dose of, IV, 461.

Tuberculin test, [V, 458.

Tuberculin test, antipyretics during,
IV, 426.

Tuberculin test, effect on sound ani-

mals, IV, 464.

Tuberculin test, false certificates of,
IV, 426.

Tuberculin test, its reliability, IV,
465

Tuberculin test, later effect on the
tuberculous, IV, 464.

Tuberculin test, precautions, IV, 459.

Tuberculin test, reaction under, IV,
463.

Tuberculin test, technique, IV, 461.

Tuberculosis, IV, 398.

Tuberculosis, abdomen, symptoms,
IV, 448.

Tuberculosis, absence of indemnity,
IV, 424.

Tuberculosis, accessory causes, IV,
415.

Tuberculosis, apes and menagerie
animals, lesions, IV, 441.

Tuberculosis, apes and monkeys, IV,
4ol.

Tuberculosis, bacilli of bird, horse
and rabbit, IV, 413.

Tuberculosis, bad ventilation, IV, 416.

Tuberculosis, birds, IV, 399.

Tuberculosis, birds, symptoms,

456.

IV,

General Index.

Tuberculosis, bones and joints, symp-
toms, IV, 451.

Tuberculosis, breeding healthy stock
from infected parents, IV, 489.

Tuberculosis, butter,cheese and whey,
IV, 497. ,

Tuberculosis, cattle, IV, 400.

Tuberculosis, cerebral, symptoms,
IV, 450. :
Tuberculosis, chickens, lesions, IV,

441.

Tuberculosis, conformation, IV, 418.

Tuberculosis, culling out the un-
thrifty and sick, IV, 491. |

Tuberculosis, damp stables, IV, 417.

Tuberculosis, Danish method in Penn-
sylvania, IV, 492.

Tuberculosis, Danish method of re-
striction, IV, 491. .

Tuberculosis, debilitating diseases,
IV, 420.

Tuberculosis, decrease of, in England,
IV, 481.

Tuberculosis, definition, IV, 399.

Tuberculosis, diagnosis of, IV, 456.

Tuberculosis, direct infection from
man to ox, IV, 474.

Tuberculosis, dog and cat, lesions, IV,
440.

Tuberculosis, dogs and cats, IV, 4o1.

Tuberculosis, dogs and cats, symp-
toms, IV, 455.

Tuberculosis, early breeding, IV, 419.

Tuberculosis, encreased trade, IV, 421.

Tuberculosis, encrease in infants in
England, IV, 481.

Tuberculosis, expense of extinction
in cattle, IV, 486.

Tuberculosis, experiments of Adami
and Ravenel, IV, 482.

Huberculosia, extinction in cattle, IV,
486.

Tuberculosis, symptoms, IV, 451.

Tuberculosis feeding, IV, 409.

Tuberculosis, fishes, IV, 399.

Tuberculosis from common feeding
trough, IV, 428.

Tuberculosis from dusty infected
stables, IV, 428.

Tuberculosis from feeding hogs afier
diseased cattle, IV, 428.

Tuberculosis from feeding offal to
hogs, IV, 427.

Tuberculosis from infected milk, IV,
427.

Tuberculosis, gastro-intestinal peri-
toneal and mesenteric, IV, 434.

Tuberculosis, generalization of, IV,
499.

General Index.

Tuberculosis, generally applicable
measures, IV, 494.

Tuberculosis, genital in the bull,
symptoms, IV, 449.

Tuberculosis, geographical distribu-
tion, IV, 402.

Tuberculosis, Gerlach’s experiments,
IV, 409.

Tuberculosis, glandular, symptoms,
IV, 450.

Tuberculosis, heart, symptoms, IV,
451.

Tuberculosis, heavy milking, IV, 418.

Tuberculosis, Hebrews and Christians,
IV, 481.

Tuberculosis held virulent in early
times, IV, 403.

Tuberculosis, hereditary vulnerabil-
ity, IV, 415.

Tuberculosis, horse, ass and mule, IV,
400.

Tuberculosis, horse, lesions, IV, 439.

Tuberculosis, horse, symptoms, IV,

453-
Tuberculosis, hygiene of meat, IV,

498.

Tuberculosis, hygiene of milk and
meat, IV, 495.

Tuberculosis, hygiene of oleomar-

garine, IV, 497.
Tuberculosis, inbreeding, IV, 419.
Tuberculosis, infection from ox to
man, IV, 476.
Tuberculosis, inhalation, IV, 409. ,
Tuberculosis in indoor subjects, IV,

402.
Tuberculosis, insufficient nourish-
ment, IV, 418.

Tuberculosis, iris, III, 4or.
Tuberculosis, lesions, IV, 429.
Tuberculosis, limited susceptibility of
ox to germ from man, IV, 482.
Tuberculosis, liver, IV, 434.
Tuberculosis, lungs in cattle, IV, ‘431.
Tuberculosis, lungs, symptoms, IV,
445. ,
Tuberculosis,
IV, 449. —
Tuberculosis, man, IV, 402.
Tuberculosis, man with sound cat-
tle, IV, 472.
Tuberculosis of man and ox co-ex-
tensive, IV, 470.
Tuberculosis, old age, IV, 420.
Tuberculosis, park and menagerie
animals, IV, 402.
Tuberculosis, parrot, lesions, IV, 441.
Tuberculosis, pathogenesis, IV, 399.

36

mammary, symptoms,

529

Tuberculosis, pharyngeal, symptoms,
IV, 450.

Tuberculosis, pheasants, lesions, IV,
441.

Tuberculosis, practicability of its ex-
tinction in cattle, IV, 487.

Tuberculosis, primary and secondary
infection, IV, 442.

Tuberculosis, private testing of herds,
IV, 426.

Tuberculosis, raising healthy calves
from diseased dams on the range,
IV, 490.

Tuberculosis, reptiles, IV, 399.

Tuberculosis, rodents, IV, 400.

Tuberculosis, sale of sound stock,

IV, 424.

Tuberculosis, sale of tuberculous,
IV, 424.

Tuberculosis, sanitary police meas-
ures, IV, 495.

Tuberculosis, sheep and goat, IV,
400.

Tuberculosis, sheep and goat, lesions,
IV, 439. |

Tuberculosis, sheep and goat, symp-
toms, IV, 455.

Tuberculosis, sifting process in N. Y.
markets, retention of the tubercu-
lous, IV, 493.

Tuberculosis, skin, symptoms, IV,
450.

Tuberculosis, swine, IV, 4o1.

Tuberculosis, swine, lesions, IV, 439.

Tuberculosis, swine, symptoms, IV,
452.

Tuberculosis, symptoms in cattle, IV,

45.

Tuberculosis, testing imported stock,
IV, 493. | .

Tuberculosis through insects, IV,429.

Tuberculosis through vermin, IV,428.

Tuberculosis, treatment, IV, 483.

Tuberculosis, unrestricted trade, IV,
423.

Tuberculosis, uterine, symptoms, IV,
449.

uwarcaloals varying pathogenesis,
its value in sanitary police, IV, 483.

Tuberculosis, Villemin’sinoculations,
IV, 408.

Tuberculosis, virulence, IV, 403.

Tumor, dermoid of conjunctiva, III,
375-

Tumors in liver, II, 527.

Tumors of brain, III, 128.

Tumors of cornea, III, 388.

Tumors of eyelids, III, 348.

Tumors of gullet, II, 95.

530

Tumors of intestine, II, 374.

Tumors of kidney, III, 248.

Tumors of lachrymal caruncle, III,
356.

Tumors of omasum, II, 133.

Tumors of orbit, III, 350.

Tumors of ovary, III, 292. >

Tumors of pancreas, II, 544.

Tumors of pharynx, II, 84.

Tumors of retina, III, 439.

Tumors of rumen, and reticulum, IT,
122,

Tumors of stomach, II, rgr.

Tumors of vagina, III, 299.

Twisted strongyle of lambs, V, 253.

Twisting of intestine, II, 351,

Tympauitic colic, II, 309.

Tympany, chronic of rumen, II, 106.

Tympany, intestinal, II, 193.

Tympany of rumen, II, 96.

Typhoid fever bacillus, IV, 27.

Typhoid fever in the horse, IV, 113.

Typhoid in pig, IV, 23.

Typhose, IV, 113.

Typhus, IV, 141.

Typhus contagieuse, IV, 624.

Typhus des chenils, IV, 166.

Typhus du gros betail, IV, 624.

Typhus in pig, IV, 23.

Tyroglyphine, V, 106.

Tyroglyphus, V, 107.

Tyrosin in urine, III, 199.

ULcER, ITI, 455.

Ulceration, I, 57.

Ulceration of anus and vulva in cat-
j tle, IV, 651.

Ulceration of heart, I, 338.
Ulceration of intestine, II, 338.
Ulceration of skin, III, 520.
Ulcerations of nervous origin, III, 7.
Ulcerative infection of the limbs in

cattle, IV, 74.

Ulcer of cornea, ITI, 385.

Ulcer of stomach, II, 175.

Ulcerous stomatitis, II, 22.
Uncinaria, V, 246.

Uncinaria canina, V, 321.
Uncinaria cernua, V, 286.
Uncinaria, radiatus, V, 278.
Uncinaria, stenocephala, V, 321.
Uncinaria trigonocephala, V, 321, 329.
Uncinariosis, cat, V, 329.
Uncinariosis, dog, V, 322.
Uncinariosis of sheep, V, 286.
Urachus persistent, III, 261.

Urea, III, 197.

Urethra, foreign bodies in, III, 264.
Urethra imperforate, III, 261.

General Index.

Urethra injuries of, III, 249

Urethral anomaiies, III, 261.

Urethra, stricture of, III, 264.

Urethra, wounds of, III, 262.

Urethritis, III, 262.

Uretritis, III, 252.

Uric acid, III, 197.

Urinary calculus, III, 247 ; II, 430.

Urinary disease, general symptoms,
III, 202.

Urinary organs, diseases of, III, 190.

Urinary secretion, III, 190.

Urinary secretion, nervous control of,
III, 191.

Urine, acetone in, III, 198.

Urine, albumen in, III, rg9.

Urine, bile in, III, 200.

Urine, blood in, ITI, 200.

Urine, casts in, III, 201.

Urine, chemical reaction, III, 196.

Urine, color of morbid, III, 193.

Urine, consistency, III, 195.

Urine, creatinin in, III, 193.

Urine, epithelium in, III, 200.

Urine, glucose in, ITI, 200.

Urine, Indican in, III, 197.

Urine, morbid chemical changes in,
III, 196.

Urine, odor of morbid, III, 195.

Urine, opacity of morbid, III, 195.

Urine, oxalic acid in, III, 198.

Urine, pathological, III, 193.

Urine, phenol in, III, 198.

Urine, phosphates in, III, 196.

Urine, physical properties, ITI, rg2.

Urine, purulent, III, 224.

Urine, pus in, III, 201.

Urine, sodium chloride in, III, 196.

Urine, specific gravity of, III, 195.

Urine, transulucency of, III, 194.

Urine, viscid, III, 195.

Urticaria, III, 460.

Uterine tubercle, IIT, 298.

Uterine tumors, III, 297.

Vacina, tumors of, III, 299.
Vaginitis, III, 298.

Varicose veins, I, 363.
Variola, III, 460; IV, 333.
Variola canina, IV, 361.
Variola caprina, IV, 360.
Variole des chiens, IV, 166.
Variola equine, IV, 337.
Variola, history, IV, 334.
Variola, nomenclature, IV, 334.
Variola ovina, IV, 347.
Variola, pathogenesis, IV, 336.
Variola suilla, IV, 360.
Variola vaccinze, IV, 340.

General Index.

Variolisation, IV, 357.

Variolous conjunctivitis, III, 370.

Vaso-motor nervous centre, III, 15.

Vaso-motor spinal ceutre, III, 21.

Vaso-motor tract, III, 21.

Vegetable parasites, ILI, 456.

Veins, calcareous bodies in, I, 364.

Veins, varicose, I, 363.

Velvet ant, V, 463.

Vena azygos, rupture of, I, 343.

Veunenata dermatitis, III, 473.

Venereal disease of solipeds, IV, 519.

Venomous enemies, V, I.

jee of heart, capacity of, I,
296.

Veratrum poisoning, II, 284.

Vermes, V, 219.

Verminous bronchitis, V, 381.

Verminous bronchitis, accessory
causes, V, 377.

Verminous bronchitis and pneumonia
in dog, V, 392.

Verminous bronchitis, calves, V, 383.

Verminous bronchitis, calves, diag-
nosis, V, 385.

Verminous bronchitis, calves, preven-
tion, V, 386.

Verminous bronchitis, calves, symp-
toms, V, 285.

Verminous bronchitis, calves, treat-
ment, V, 386.

Verminous bronchitis,
377.

Verminous bronchitis in dog, V, 391.

Verminous bronchitis in rabbits, V,

history, V,

390.

Verminous bronchitis in swine, V,
389.

Verniinous bronchitis, prevention, V,
380.

Verminous bronchitis, sheep, V, 373.

Verminous bronchitis, symptoms, V,
379.

Verminous cutaneous hemorrhage,
horse, V, 403.

Verminous embolism in horse, II,
210.

Verminous thrombosis, II, 342. _

Verminous tracheo-bronchitis, birds,
V, 398. ;

Verminous pneumonia, sheep, V,373.

Vertigo, III, 69.

Vertigo, aural, III, 72.

Vertigo, cardiac, III, 71.

Vertigo, cerebral, III, 74.

Vertigo, from cryptogams, II, 290,
297.
Vertigo,
Vertigo,

embolic, III, 71.
essential. III, 75.

531

Vertigo from venous obstruction, III,
71.

Vertigo, nasal, III, 75.

Vertigo, optic, III, 72.

Vertigo, pulmonary, III, 71.

Vertigo, toxic, III, 75.

Vertigo, treatment, III, 78.

Vesical parasites, III, 259.

Vesiculee, III, 454.

Vesicular eruption in pigs, III, 491.

Vesteulge exanthema, causes, IV, 362,
395.

vale exanthenia, diagnosis, IV,
304.

Vesicular exanthema of horse, IV,
362.

Vesicular exanthema, prevention, IV,
364, 367.

Vesicular exanthema, symptoms, IV,
363, 366.

Vesicular exanthema, treatment, IV,
364, 367.

Vesicular murmur, encrease of, I,

169.

Vespide, V, 110.

Vetch, action on dog, III, 23.

Vice, III, 11, 33.

Vice, constitutional, maladies result-
ing, III, 460.

Vice, jurisprudence, III, 34.

Vice, treatment of, III, 35.

Viehpest, IV, 624. |

Villemin’s inoculations of tubercle,
IV, 408.

Violence, ITI, 11.

Vitreous, opacity of, III, 437.

Volvulus of bowel, II, 351.

Vulva, infective ulceration of, in cat-
tle, IV, 651.

Vulva, infective ulceration of, causes,
IV, 651.

Vulva, infective ulceration of, pathol-
ogy, IV, 653.

Vulva, infective ulceration of, symp-
toms, IV, 652.

Vulva, infective ulceration of, treat-
ment, IV, 654.

Warts on lips, II, 6.

Washing powders, poisoning by, II,
248.

Wasps, V, 110, 463.

Watch eye, III, 399.

Water dropwort poisoning, II, 286.

Water hemlock poisoning, II, 285.

Weaving, III, 68.

Whipworms, V, 244.

Whipworm of dog, V, 325.

Whipworm of rabbit, V, 331.

532

Whipworm of ruminants, V, 280.
Whipworm of swine, V, 296.

White blood cells, migration of, I, 43.

White comb in fowls, V, 20.

White face and foot disease, III, 468.

White scour, II, 138; IV, 645.

White scour, microbiology, IV, 646.

White skin disease, III, 470.

White tapeworm, ruminants, V, 277.

Widal test in hog cholera, IV, 36.
Wild radish poisoning, II, 286.
Wildseuche, IV, 55.

Winds carry disease, I, 76.

Wire in stomach, II, 188.

Wood ill, IV, 543.

Wood in stomach, II, 188.

Wool balls in stomach, II, 187.
Wool eating, II, 76.

Woolsorter’s disease, IV, 196, 226.
Womb, dropsy of, III, 296.
Womb, pus in, III, 296.

Womb, tumors in, III, 297.

General Index.

Worms, V, 219.

Worms in conjunctiva, horse, V, 451.
Worm in eye, chicken, V, 450.
Worm in eye, dog, V, 449-
Worm in eye, goose, V, 450.
Worm in eye, hofse, V, 446.
Worm in eye, ox, V, 448.
Worm in eye, sheep, V. 449.
Worms, intestinal, IT, 304.
Wounds of cornea; III, 377.
Wounds of sclera, ITI, 389.

XANTHIN, III, 199.
Xerosis corneze, ITI, 376.
Xerostontia, II, 38.

YELLOWS, II, 457.
Yellow water, IV, 153.
Yew poisoning, II, 286.

Zinc poisoning, II, 277.
Zooparasites, V, 2.

A NEW WORK

VETERINARY MEDICINE

“SS,
BY PROFESSOR JAMES LAW, F.R.C.V.S.

DIRECTOR OF THE NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE,
CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y.

A book that places veterinary medicine on a modern basis, in
embracing the latest advances in bacteriology, pathology and
therapeutics, and in recognizing the commanding importance of
micodrganisms, not only in contagious diseases, but also in such
non-infectious disorders as germs enter into as secondary yet most
important factors. The text book used in the New Vork State
Veterinary College, and the only systematic work, up to date, in
the English language.

VOL.I. General Pathology: Diseases of the Respiratory
and Circulatory Organs, of the Blood-vessels and Lymphatic Sys-
tem in all Domestic Animals. pp. 410, large 8vo. Price $3.

VOL. II. Diseases of the Digestive Organs, Liver, Pancreas,
and Spleen in all Domestic Animals. pp. 570, large 8vo.
Price $4.

VOL. III. Diseases of the Urinary and Generative Organs,
Skin, Eye, and Nervous System. Constitutional Diseases. pp.
600, large 8vo. Price $4.

VOL. IV. Infectious Diseases, Sanitary Science and Police.
pp. 675, large 8vo. Price $4.

VOL. V. Parasitesand Parasitisms. Just issued. pp. 532,
large 8vo. Price $4.

Sent by express from the author on receipt of price.

Book Notices of Vols. I, II, III and Iv.

‘*Monumental of the Author’s erudition and industry.’’ ‘‘It
is a work the practitioner must place in his library.’’— 7he Vet-
evinarian, London, Eng.

‘* A scientific as well as a practical treatise.’’ ‘‘ The only book
of its kind in the English language in which the practice of veter-
inary medicine is discussed from the present-day stand-point of
morbid anatomy and pathology.”’—/our. of Comp. Path. and
Therapeutics, London, Eng.

‘‘It bears on every page evidence of deep study, careful and
laborious research, a grouping and presentation of the latest
scientific advancement in knowledge, together with the most im-
proved modern methods employed in the treatment of animal
diseases.’’—/our. of Comp. Med. and Veterinary Archives, Phila-
delphia, Pa.

‘* Destined to become a standard authority in English litera-
ture.’’ ‘‘ Every veterinarian’s library should be supplied with
them.’’ ‘‘ Professor Law is a plain forcible writer, is a close ob-
server, has had wonderful experience as a teacher and investiga-
tor, and is eminently qualified to perform such an important un-
dertaking.’’— American Veterinary Review, New York.

‘‘ We congratulate the author upon the general scientific pre-
cision, the striking word pictures of disease, the life, animation
and good quality which characterizes ‘the work he has placed at
our disposal, and we look forward with pleasurable anticipation
to its completion. No better work of reference could be on the
book shelves of a veterinary practitioner.’’—-7he Veterinary
Record, Yondon, Eng.

‘The work is written in that clear, forcible style which is
characteristic of the author, and with that care and accuracy
which distinguishes all his work. His colleagues are under

many obligations to him for having given to his profession such a
complete treatise, and they may now feel that their literature has
a system which will compare favorably with any in the domain of
human medicine.’’—American Veterinary Review, New York.

‘‘Of Professor Law’s latest volume we can speak in terms of
warm praise. Not only does it cover a wide field, but its infor-
mation is accurate and recent. The work can fairly claim to rep-
resent the present state of clinical knowledge regarding infectious
diseases of animals. The preparation of so important a volume
must have involved an amount of reading and translation which
few veterinary surgeons could accomplish, and the selection and
collection of the vast amount of information here gathered to-
gether must have been a work of great difficulty. . . Even
with the cooperation of numerous disciplined assistants, few writ-
ers could hope to better his performance. Professor Law has
read, marked, learned and inwardly digested most of the recent
utterances of the best English, French, German and Italian
authorities. Adding to these the experience gained during a long
period of practice and teaching in the United States, he has
moulded the information into a harmonious whole. . . Asa
work of reference it will be highly valued and . . with its
three companion volumes will form a valuable addition to the
literature of veterinary medicine.’’—/our. of Comp. Path. and
Therapeutics, London, Eng.

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