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Library Bureau Cat. No, 1137
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State Callege of Agriculture

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THE FLORA

,

OF

», Essex County, MAssacwuserts,

JOHN ROBINSON:

Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000593727

THE FLORA

OF

Essex County, MassacHuserts,

BY

JOHN ROBINSON,

SALEM:
ESSEX INSTITUTE.
1880.

Qk Lb
Rob

@ 85 8b

TO

THE MEMORY OF

WILLIAM OAKES,

This little Flora of the County of Mssex, where he
was born and where he loved to botanize,
Js PEDICATED

BY THE

AUTHOR.

PREFACH.

Tue following enumeration of the plants of
- Essex County has been prepared, after a careful
examination of the work of the earlier botanists
and diligent search in almost every portion of
the county for species not previously noticed.

With so few persons devoting themselves to
the study of botany or the collection of speci-
mens, particularly of the lower orders of plants,
it would be impossible to present an absolutely
complete list, and perhaps with even the greatest
facilities no one has succeeded in so doing for
any region.

Almost the only extended collection of dried
specimens of county plants were those of the
late Mr. Oakes, so that there really exists no
‘very great foundation upon which to build other
than the herbarium recently collected, and the
writings of the more reliable among the earlier
botanists, who for nearly a century have now
and then appeared upon the scene.

Of the plants enumerated, almost all are rep-
resented in the herbarium of the Peabody Acad-

(5)

6

emy of Science at Salem, and where the species
has not been collected and its occurrence is only
known by the testimony of some writer, it is so
stated in the list.

Several errors have been detected in early
local lists and corrected, and such notes added
to the paper as seem of interest locally or
otherwise.

The writer can only in a general way here
thank those who have assisted him in his work,
and he trusts that the mention of their names
in the following pages will be accepted as ac-
knowledgments of his indebtedness.

PEABODY ACADEMY OF SCIENCE,

SALEM, 1880.

Publications in which notices of interest relating to the Bota-
nists or the Plants of the County may be found,

Memoirs oF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF ARTS AND Sciunous, Vol. I.
Boston, 1785. Curiter’s List or PLants.

BIGELOW’s FLORULA BOSTONIENSIS, lst, 2nd and 3d editions.

CaTALOGUE OF ANIMALS AND PLaNTs OF MassacHusETTS in Hircu-
COCK’s REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY, ETC., OF MASSACHUSETTS, 1833.

Gray’s Manuat, Ist, 4th and 5th editions.
Gray’s FLora or Norta America. Part I.

Essex INSTITUTE PROCEEDINGS, BULLETIN, AND HisToricaL COLLEC-
TIONS.

AMERICAN NATURALIST, BOTANICAL DEPARTMENT.

Emerson’s TREES AND SHRUBS OF MASSACHUSETTS.
TUCKERMAN’S JOSSELYN’s NEw ENGLAND’S RaRITIES DIsCOVERED.
TRANSACTIONS OF AM. ANTIQ. Socmry, Vol. IV.

Tracy’s Fiora or Lynn, etc.

PICKERING’S CHRONOLOGICAL HisToRY OF PLANTS.

Watson’s REVISION OF THE LILIACEZ IN Proc. AM. ACAD. ARTS AND
Sciences. Vol. XIV.

WatTson’s BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INDEX TO N. A. BOTANY.
DECANDOLLE’s PRODROMUS (occasional reference to Oakes).

Eaton’s FERNS OF NorRTH AMERICA.

(7)

8

Harvey’s Nereis BOREALI-AMERICANA.

Fariow’s List OF Marine ALG& or U. S. In Rept. FisH Com.,
1875, AND Proc. AM. ACAD. OF ARTS AND SciuNcES. Vol. X.

FLInt’s GrassEsS aND ForaGr PLaNnts.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE Mass. Hort. Soc.
HIsTory OF THE Mass. Hort. Soc.

Oakes’ CATALOGUE OF VERMONT PLANTS IN THOMPSON’S HISTORY
OF VERMONT. Pages 173-208.

HALsTep’s CHARACEZ IN Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. Vol. XX.

List OF THE PLANTS OF GEORGETOWN AND VICINITY, by Mrs.
Horner, in GEORGETOWN ADVOCATE, 1876.

List or PLants NEAR Danvers, by Dr. Geo. Osgood, in Salem
OBSERVER, 1853.

Hovey’s MacazinzE OF HorTIcuLTuRE (various articles by Oakes
and Russell).

List oF PLants oF Picron Cove, by Calvin Pool, in ‘‘ Pigeon Cove
AND VICINITY.”

INTRODUCTORY.

INTRODUCTORY.

Essex County offers to the botanist a field attractive and
interesting in many ways. The open country, deep woods,
and numerous swamps contain the usual number of species
found in such localities, while a large river, the Merrimac,
furnishes a valley in which grow many plants not else-
where found in the county. There are upwards of fifty
ponds, from four to four hundred acres in extent, rich in
water plants and subaquatics. ‘Though there is no con-
siderable hill or mountainous district, it is sufficiently far
north to have several representatives of higher latitudes
and even a few alpine and sub-alpine species in the flora.

Along the seashore is found an abundance of plants
peculiar to the region of salt-water marshes and beaches,
while in the ocean and inlets grow about one hundred and
fifty species of alge. These last named collecting grounds
offer an opportunity to study, from fresh specimens, classes
of plants from which the inland botanist is almost wholly
debarred.

The land plants of the county belong decidedly to the
northern flora although not so arctic in their character as
the lichens and alge. There is an almost total absence
of many species common from Cape Cod southward and
often found just south of Boston. In contrast to this
the Magnolia glauca is still quite abundant at Glou-
cester, but not found again north of New Jersey. At

qa)

12

Cape Ann is the southern limit of the little Sagina no-
dosa, and there also is found Potentilla tridentata, familiar
at the Isle of Shoals and on Mt. Washington. Essex
County seems also to be the southern limit, for this
region, of Pinus resinosa (Red Pine), Abies nigra (Black
Spruce), Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, Viola rotundifolia, etc.,
as it is the northern limit of Cupressus thyoides (White
Cedar), Quercus prinoides (Chinquapin Oak), Polygonum
Caryi, Draba Caroliniana, Lygodium palmatum (Climbing
Fern), and others. At Boxford is what has proved thus
fur to be the only New England station for Salix candida,
and another bog willow, Salix myrtilloides, is occasionally
met with. At Andover a locality for Calamagrostis Pick-
eringii was discovered in the summer of 1879; this species
has only been known before at the White Mountains.
Among the sedges and grasses, plants too frequently neg-
lected will be found, many not heretofore supposed to grow
in the county, and a careful comparison of this list with
our botanies will show that the range of many species has
been extended. Although much careful work has been
done there yet remains much to be accomplished ; for, be-
sides the few species that may be added to the list of
flowering plants, there are many species of lichens and
mosses not thus far collected, and the fungi and fresh-
water alge are purposely omitted altogether. The phan-
erogams and vascular cryptogams are quite fully studied,
and to the Characeee and marine alge but comparatively
few additions may be expected.

The early settlement of the county renders this a par-
ticularly favorable region for the observation of introduced
plants. From the earliest settlement to the present time,
foreign species have continued to arrive, many of which,
like the early colonists, came with the evident intention
of remaining; for, as the genista, barberry, white-weed

13

and buttercups show, they flourish here and increase to
an extent which it would be difficult for them to exceed
elsewhere. The study of these introduced plants might
be called historical botany and should not be confounded
with the study of the natural distribution and changes of
plants. The early colonists came to establish a home:
they did not come for gold, diamonds, or lead even, and in
coming severed old home-ties and connections. That
the fruit and other vegetable productions of the new land
were among the first things to which attention was given,
the records of early writers amply testify. We are apt
to consider the men of two hundred and fifty years ago
as a stern company; yet, besides the fruits and plants
which might possess economic or medicinal value, this
latter use being ever uppermost in the minds of botanical
explorers of that day, they did not overlook the curious
or the beautiful.

The earlier accounts tell of the gardens that were al-
most immediately established upon the settlement of the
country, and invoices of the articles to be sent to the col-
onists from the managers in Europe contain such things
as the seeds of grains, stone fruits, quince, apple, pear,
woadwax, barberry, etc. Besides these, living plants
must have been sent out from Europe, as is shown by the
record of “Our Ancient Pear Trees” (Robert Manning
in Proc. Am. Pom. Soc., 1875).

Some of these plants purposely introduced have failed
to prove of use, or their time of usefulness has gone by,
and they have been suffered to run wild, and at the same
time a hundred others have like “stowaways” come unin-
vited. They have been introduced among the seeds of
useful plants, in packing material, and as garden flowers.
Many of,the introduced species still remain restricted to
certain localities, and others, although more widely dis-

14

seminated, are in such situations as to make their origin
self-evident, while others are so distributed as to appear to
all intents and purposes as natives. Again, by the clear-
ing of the forests, the general cultivation and changes in
the condition of thé soil, many native plants best able to
endure the changes, or those to which the changes have
proved beneficial, have been given positions of undue
prominence in the flora; while other species, which at the
time of the settlement of the country were much more
abundant, have now become less numerous, or have entirely
disappeared. It is a matter of considerable difficulty to
picture to ourselves the country as it appeared two hun-
dred and fifty years ago. It is probable that extensive
forests reached to the ocean shore and, excepting the river
marshes and clearings made by the fires of the aborigines,
occupied the whole territory. The Indians cultivated
corn, pumpkins, ‘beans, tobacco and a few other plants.
It is possible that some species of foreign plants had been
introduced previous to the settlement by the whites
through trade or by adventures, but this is uncertain.
The study of the introduced plants is aided by the work
of Mr. John Josselyn (New England Rarities Discovered),
a reprint of which, with valuable notes by Professor Ed-
ward Tuckerman, is now available. Josselyn visited
New England several times ; when on the longest sojourn,
1663-1671, he landed at Bostom and soon went to Black
Point, Scarborough, Maine, where most of his obser-
vations were made. Josselyn was an excellent observer
and although-his writings are filled with the usual strange
stories current in old works upon new and unexplored
countries, they contain the first accounts of any conse-
quence regarding the New England flora. This author did
not, perhaps, make many observations in Essex. County,
yet his work contains but few species that do not grow

15

here and its chief value consists in its arrangement and
separation of the plants indigenous from the introduced
weeds, thus giving what then appeared to be the plants
which came with man or, as he called them, * Such plants as
have sprung up since the English planted and kept cattle
in New England.” This, with the occasional observations
by other writers, gives usa fair idea of what plants had
established themselves here rather more than two hundred
years ago. According to Professor Tuckerman, the next
date by which the student may fix the introduction of
foreign species is 1783, when the list of plants observed
by Rev. Manasseh Cutler, of Ipswich, was published
(Mem. Am. Acad. Vol. I). Since that date observations
are more frequent and the more recently introduced
species can be traced quite accurately. It is also quite
probable that plants which at one time were quite common
weeds have disappeared altogether. Dr. Cutler mentions
the Amarantus known by the common name of “ Prince’s
Feather” or “ Love-lies-bleeding,” as “amongst rubbish,”
but to the present writer’s knowledge it is never met with
excepting in old-fashioned gardens. The Hyoscyamus
niger and Artemisia Absinthium (Wormwood), spoken of
by Dr. Cutler and other earlier writers as common in waste
places, are now very rare or unknown. ‘The last mention
of Nicotina rustica is by Dr. Osgood in 1853, but it is
doubtful if he observed it as late as that; his observations
were very probably made in previous years, and no one has
since noticed it. The introduction of new manufactures
is likely to bring with it plants which may be persistent
enough in the region where they are introduced but un-
known elsewhere. Such is the case at “ Tapleyville,”
Danvers, where, in the vicinity of a carpet factory estab-
lished forty years ago, are to be found several species of

16

foreign plants unknown in any other town of the county,
and perhaps not elsewhere established.

Two or three plants observed along the shore of the
Merrimac river suggest a close connection with the mills
at Lowell and Lawrence, one of them being a southern
sedge. Many plants are emigrating eastward from our
western states, travelling as it were by rail. The Rud-
beckia hirta, now quite common in fields hereabouts, ac-
cording to Dr. Pickering, did not reach Philadelphia
until 1826, and this vicinity until perhaps 1855.

The latest arrival noticed (1878) is that of Eleusine
Indica, a weedy, oriental grass which is common at New
York city and Philadelphia. It has made its appearance
along the railroad tracks at the Pennsylvania Pier,
Salem, having travelled thence by the P. and R. R.
R. Co’s steamers, which regularly bring coal from Phila-
delphia. This last comes under the head of “ballast
plants,” a very full account of which may be found in the
Torrey Bulletin for November, 1879.

SKETCH OF SOME

OF

JHE PARLY BOTANISTS.

SEBHTCH OF SOME

OF

lhe BARLY BOTANISTS :*

Tue study of botany in Essex County, we may in fact
say New England, dates from the time of Dr. Manasseh
Cutler at the close of the last century. Previously the
plants had only been noticed by writers upon more gen-
eral subjects of natural history, or casually mentioned in
letters written from this country to England. But from
Cutler’s time there has been a steady succession of bot-
anists, chiefly amateurs, who have kept alive an interest in
the subject, even at times making it the prominent topic
considered at the literary and scientific societies and clubs
of the region. It will only be attempted here to give a
brief sketch of the older botanists who have contributed
most to the knowledge of the subject in the county.

Francis Higginson, in a letter written from Salem in
1629-30 (Mass. Hist. Coll., I, 121), speaks of the plants
which he had noticed growing in the vicinity, and men-
tions several species which probably now exist in the same
localities as observed by him at that early date; one, the
Rubus odoratus (Flowering Raspberry or Mulberry) still
flourishes in the “Great Pastures,” and the Osmorrhiza
longistylis (Chervil or Sweet Cicely) has been noticed
until very recently at “Paradise,” near Salem.

William Wood, in the New England Prospect, speaks

* The writer is indebted to Dr. Henry Wheatland for his assistance in obtaining
notices of the early botanists of the county, chiefly from the Proceedings and
Historical Collections of the Essex Institute, from which a large portion of this
sketch is made.

(19)

20

extendedly of the early gardens and the numerous useful
plants native to the country, mentioning what he saw at
Ipswich, Salem, Marblehead, etc. ; Parkinson and Jerard
enumerate New England plants; John Josselyn, pre-
viously referred to, gives an account of the native and
introduced species; and other early writers, including
John Winthrop, speak of the excellent quality of the
native fruits and the beauty of the flowers, particularly
dwelling on the superiority and abundance of the wild
strawberries.

None of these can, however, be spoken of or claimed
as Essex County botanists, and it is not until after the
close of the American Revolution that we find any serious
or scientific study of the plants of the county.

Dr. Manasseh Cutler was born at Killingly, Connecti-
cut, May 3, 1742, graduated at Yale College in 1765,
afterward studied Jaw, and was admitted to the bar in
1767. He soon studied for the ministry and was settled
at the Hamlet Parish in Ipswich, which was set apart from
that town and named Hamilton for Alexander Hamilton
whom Dr. Cutler greatly admired. He served as a chap-
lain during the war of the revolution and on his return
studied medicine which he afterwards practised among his
parishioners. The efforts of Dr. Cutler secured the pas-
sage, in 1787, of the famous ordinance by which freedom
was declared in the northwestern territories and he soon
after organized the first band of pioneers that emigrated
from the east to Ohio. The next year he followed
them driving himself the entire distance in a sulky, being
accompanied by a few friends. Upon his return from
the west, or in 1800, he was chosen to represent old Essex
in Congress where he served two terms. While in Phil-
adelphia in 1787, he visited at the house of Benjamin
Franklin, and afterward wrote an account of the great

21

statesman which was considered as one of the best, being
copied by Sparks in his life of Franklin. Dr. Cutler
prepared, in 1783, “An account of some of the vegetable
productions, naturally growing in this part of America,
botanically arranged,” which was published in the first
volume of the Memoirs of the American Academy of
Arts and Sciences in 1785. He here described some
three hundred and fifty species of flowering plants sug-
gesting several points which have been followed by later
botanists. It was Dr. Cutler’s intention to extend this
work, and there are in existence several manuscript vol-
umes which he prepared toward this end. These valua-
ble manuscripts are in the possession of Prof. Edward
Tuckerman, who intends that their final destination shall
be the library of Harvard; and it is to be hoped that they
may at some future day be printed, with such notes as
would be required to make them of use to the present
generation of botanical students. Dr. Cutler’s death oc-
curred in 1823, after more than fifty years’ service in one
parish. He has been called the father of American botany,
a term certainly appropriate for the times and for this
region, where his mantle fell on the shoulders of Osgood,
Nichols, Oakes, aud Pickering.

Dr. George Osgood, son of George and Elizabeth
(Otis) Osgood, was born at Fair Haven, March 25, 1784.
He studied medicine with his father and settled in Dan-
vers in 1804, where he had for many years an extensive
practice. Dr. Osgood acquired, by his association with
Cutler, Nichols and Oakes, a taste for and knowledge of
botany which lasted him through life. He contributed to
Dr. Bigelow much valuable information while the latter
was preparing his “Florula Bostoniensis,” and in 1853
published in the Salem Observer a local list of flowering
plants. He died May 26, 1863.

22

Dr. Andrew Nichols was born in the rural part of Dan-
vers, Nov. 22, 1785. He was the soh of Andrew and
Eunice (Nichols) Nichols, and studied medicine under
Dr. Waterhouse, settling in that part of Danvers, now
Peabody, in 1808, where he practised successfully, remain-
ing there until his death, March 31, 1853.

He was particularly interested in the local natural his-
tory of this region, and in 1816 delivered a series of
lectures on botany, the first of such in this part of the
country. Dr. Nichols was one of the founders of the
Essex County Natural History Society and its president,
retaining unabated till death his interest in his favorite
study.

William Oakes must be acknowledged as the most
eminent botanist of Essex County birth. He was the
son of Caleb Oakes and was born at Danvers, July 1,
1799. He was educated at Harvard receiving the degree
of A. B. in 1820. He early developed a taste for natural.
history relinquishing the practice of law, his chosen pro-
fession, to study this branch of science.

Mr. Oakes’ work was chiefly in New England, collecting
extensively in Essex County, Mass., Vermont, the White
Mountain region, and southeastern and western Massa-
chusetts. He prepared the list of plants of Vermont for
Thompson’s history of that state; and his work at the
White Mountains was so thorough that recent collectors,
with all the advantages of improved roads and easy access
to every portion of that region, have failed to add but few
to the number of species which he discovered there. It was
his intention to have published a flora of New England,
but was deterred by the appearance of Beck’s Botany.
He afterwards became deeply interested in a work, with
illustrations by Sprague, upon White Mountain scenery,
which was published in 1848; but not until after his death

23

which occurred July 31, 1848, the preface of the work
having been written July 26, only five days previous.

Mr. Oakes was impulsive and generous; thoroughly in
earnest in his favorite study, he seriously impaired, his
fortune to carry out his schemes more perfectly. Like
many other menof note, he was hardly appreciated while
living, but no monument which could have been erected
would have made his memory more cherished or his worth
more appreciated by the present generation of botanists
than that which he left behind,— an extensive collection
of most beautifully prepared botanical specimens, with an
identification absolutely correct, besides many valuable
notes and observations. Prof. Tuckerman dedicated to
him a pretty little plant common in the region of Plymouth,
but it afterwards had to be transferred to another genus ;
and now for the first time in any flora, it becomes a pleasant
duty to give by its name, “Oakesia,” the little bellwort, a
common Essex County plant, which Prof. Watson of
Cambridge has found necessary to separate from the
genus to which it has heretofore been referred in his re-
vision of the family Liliaces, and has feelingly dedicated
to the memory of William Oakes.

Dr. Charles Pickering, son of Timothy and Lurena
(Cole) Pickering and grandson of Col. Timothy Pickering
of revolutionary fame, was born at Starucca Creek on the
Susquehanna, Pennsylvania, in 1805. He was educated
at Harvard in the class of 1823, graduating at the medical
school in 1826. In 1838 he was appointed naturalist to
the U. S. (Wilkes) Exploring Expedition ; and to perfect
his knowledge of animals and plants in foreign parts, he
made very extensive journeys after his return from that
expedition. He was the author of several works of great
value which in their preparation required much untiring
research ; among them are “Geographical distribution of

24

Animals and Plants” and “Chronological History of
Plants,” the latter work occupying the last sixteen years
of his life in its preparation.

During his college life Dr. Pickering spent much of his
time at Wenham, at the homestead of his grandfather,
Col. Pickering, and here he was in the habit of botanizing
in company with William Oakes, a favorite locality being
the “Great Swamp.” It is but right that Essex County
should claim a share of the honor of his name, for it was
here that his attention was drawn to botany, and in the
Chronological History of Plants, page 1063, we find the
following entry “1824 * * In this year, after an excur-
sion in 1823, with William Oakes diverting my attention
from entomology, my first botanical discovery.” Dr.
Pickering died at Boston, March 17, 1878. The writer
will always remember with pleasure and gratitude the
many hours spent with Dr. Pickering during 1876 and
77, while he patiently sought out, among his early
manuscript notes and his letters from William Oakes, the
species and stations noticed while botanizing in Essex
County more than fifty years before.

Rev. John Lewis Russell, son of John and Eunice
(Hunt) Russell, was born at Salem, Dec. 2, 1808. He
was at Harvard in the class of 1828, and graduated at the
divinity school in 1831. After occupying pulpits in
Chelmsford, Hingham, Brattleboro, Kennebunk and vari-
ous other places, he returned in 1853 to Salem, where he
resided, preaching occasionally, until his death June 7,
1873.

Mr. Russell was particularly devoted to cryptogamic
botany, publishing accounts of his investigations from
time to time as he proceeded, besides many popular arti-
cles on various families of plants. He lectured frequently
on botany and was for many years vice-president of the
Essex Institute.

25

Mr. Russell contributed much to the general knowledge
of botany in Essex County, but his most extensive collec-
tions were made in other places.

The only attempt at an enumeration of county plants,
as such, is that of Mr. Cyrus M. Tracy, of Lynn. It
was intended to give a list of the flowering plants found
in that region and contained 546 species. Besides pos-
sessing a very happy gift as a botanical lecturer, Mr. Tracy
has contributed several valuable articles upon local botany
to the publications of the Essex Institute and elsewhere.

Mr. Geo. D. Phippen, of Salem, whose notes on the
native plants have materially aided the writer, has often
presented the subject of botany at meetings of the In-
stitute, and has written several articles of interest upon
the subjects which have been published in various
places. Mrs. C. N. S. Horner, of Georgetown, a most
excellent botanical collector, published a list of the plants
of that region in the Georgetown Advocate in 1876. Mr.
Calvin Pool, of Rockport, prepared a somewhat smaller
list of plants of Cape Ann, which was published in
“ Pigeon Cove and vicinity” in 1873. Mr. 8S. B. Buttrick,
whose years do not diminish his interest in botany, and
who is ever on the alert to find some rare flower, has con-
tributed several lists of plants to the earlier numbers of
the Proceedings and Bulletin of the Essex Institute, as
also have Dr. G. A. Perkins, of Salem, chairman of the
botanical section of the Peabody Academy of Science,
Mr. Geo. F. H. Markoe, now of Boston, Rev. Mr. Chute,
formerly of Lynnfield, and many others. Dr. Henry
Wheatland, although not claiming to be a botanist, has
often aided those who did, by his assistance in revising
the articles for the publications of the Institute while act-
ing as the editor. Mr. S. P. Fowler, of Danvers, one of
the older botanists and a companion of Oakes and Osgood,

26

fee has made frequent observations regarding
ee ve shrubs, and has cultivated extensively many
ative plants. Of those who have contributed to
swell the list of known county species of plants and who
have not published any writings on the subject, it will be
impossible to speak separately. They must be content to
feel that they have aided the cause of botanical knowledge as
they certainly have, and are deserving their share of credit
for so doing. There are many who have collected and
prepared specimens which will always serve as pleasant
reminders of their work. Among such are Mr. B. D.
Greene, who added several plants to the flora from near
Tewksbury ; Mr. Wm. P. Richardson and Mr. 8. Bass ;
who botanized near Salem ; and more recently Mrs. Alex.
Bray, Mrs. Charles Grover, Mrs. J. Babson and Mrs.
Davis, who have added many species to the list of Cape
Ann Alge; Mr. Frank Lufkin of Pigeon Cove, who has
noticed many plants new to that region; Mr. John H.
Sears, of Danvers, whose specialty, the forest trees, has
been the means of bringing together at the Museum of the
Peabody Academy of Science one of the best local collec-
tions of native woods in any museum; Mr. W. P. Conant,
who has added many species of Cyperaceee and Graminez
and a rare Botrychium to the flora; besides many others
whose names will appear in the list associated with the
plant which they have been fortunate to discover.

To those whose assistance either by their writings, by
specimens contributed, or who have rendered any assist-
ance by information or other attention, the writer desires
to express his warmest thanks. It would be impossible for
him to specify those who have aided him or their manner
of so doing, and he can only thank all collectively which

he does most sincerely.

yO Tks

Ee ies

BrOGEHNS.

RANUNCULACEA.
(CRowFooT Famizy.)

Clematis Virginiana, L. (Vircmn’s Bower.)
Common. Climbing over bushes and low trees.

Anemone cylindrica, Gray. (LONG-FRUITED ANEMONE.)
Legge’s Hill (Rev. J. L. Russell); Andover (Mrs. Downs); etc.
Not very common.

Anemone Virginiana, L.
Chebacco, Andover, Haverhill, etc. Frequent.

Anemone nemorosa, L. (Woop ANEMONE.)
Very common among bushes in moist places.

Anemone Hepatica, L., Hepatica triloba, Chaix. (Gray’s Manual).
(HEPpaTICca.)
Found January 16, 1871, opening its flowers after a few warm days.
An unusual occurrence. Dry hard woods. Common.

Thalictrum anemonoides, Michx. (Ruz ANEMONE.)
Dry woods. Not uncommon.
Thalictrum dioicum, Z. (EarLy Mzeapow Rve.)
Common in rocky places.
Thalictrum purpurascens, L.
This species is found near Boston (C. E. Faxon), and very probably
grows in the county, but has not yet been collected.
Thalictrum Cornuti, Z. (Tatu Mrapow Rue.)
Common.

Ranunculus aquatilis, L., var. trichophyllus, Chaix. (Com-
MON WHITE WaTER-CROWFOOT.)
Wenham, Chebacco and other ponds, but rarely in flower.

Ranunculus multifidus, Pursh. (YELLOw WaTER-CROWFOOT.)
Middleton, Essex, etc. Not rare.

Ranunculus ambigens, Watson, Ranunculus alismefolius, Geyer:
(Gray’s Manual).
Collected by W. P. Conant not far beyond the county limits in New
Hampshire. It is probable that this species will be found nearer.

(29)

30

Ranunculus Flammula, L., var. reptans. (CREEPING SPEAR-
WORT.)
Common along the shores of ponds and rivers.
Ranunculus Cymbalaria, Pursh. (S#astpE CROWFOOT. )
Nahant, Swampscott, Danvers, Gloucester, and other places near
the coast.
Ranunculus abortivus, ZL. (SMALL FLOWERED CROWFOOT.)
Common in damp shady places.
Ranunculus recurvatus, Poir. (HooxeD CROWFOOT.)
Near Salem, 1857 (S. B. Buttrick, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 235);
Essex County (Oakes) ; Oakes’ ledge, Danvers, 1879 (J. R.). Rare.
Ranunculus sceleratus, L. (Cursep CROWFOOT.)
Nahant; Calf spring (Tracy); Middleton (Osgood, memo. Rev.
J. L. Russell); Essex County (Oakes); Plum Island; Salem Great
Pastures. Not very common.
Ranunculus Pennsylvanicus, L. (BristLy CROWFOOT.)
Lawrence, above the dam, north side, Aug., 1879 (J. R.).
Ranunculus fascicularis, Muhl. (Earty CRow¥Foor.)
Andover (Mrs. S. M. Downs); near Danvers (Dr. Osgood’s list).
Ranunculus repens, LZ. (CREEPING CROWFOOT.)
Danvers, near the trotting park (J. R.); Andover (Mrs. Downs).
Wet places.
Ranunculus bulbosus, LZ. (BuTTERCUPS.)
Very common, earlier than the next species. (Nat. from Eu.)
Ranunculus acris, L. (TatL BUTTERCUPS.)
About as common as last. (Nat. from Eu.)

Caltha palustris, Z. (Mars MariGoLp.)
Often misnamed ‘‘ Cowslips,” which is the common name given to a
Primrose (Primula officinalis) in England. Frequent in meadows.

Coptis trifolia, Salisb. (GOLDTHREAD.)
Abundant in moist woods.

Aquilegia Canadensis, ZL. (W1Lp CoLUMBINE.)
Very common on rocky hillsides.

Var. Phippenii.
Flowers salmon colored, leaves lighter green; transplanted to the
garden it seeded freely and invariably produced its like. Discovered
by Mr. G. D. Phippen in a ravine in Salem pastures about 1844.
Found again in the same locality by the present writer, 1875, and
by Mr. David Waters in 1880. A white’ variety was detected by
Mr. Abraham Bosson among red Columbines, but did not prove
hardy on being transplanted. (See ‘‘Notice of three varieties of
native Columbines,” Proc. E. I., Vol. I, p. 268).

31

Aquilegia vulgaris, L.
The garden Columbine occasionally is found escaped.

Actza spicata, L., var. rubra, Michz. (Rep BANEBERRY.)
In many parts of the county, but rather scarce.

Acteea alba, Bigelow. (WHITE BANEBERRY.)
In similar situations, but more common than the last. Moist rocky
places or by shady walls.

Cimicifuga racemosa, Zll. (BLake SNAKEROOT.)
Collected along the embankment of the railroad near West Glouces-
ter some years since (memo. Mr. G. D. Phippen). It is probable
that the plants were introduced although they were at the time
quite abundant.

MAGNOLIACE.
(MaGnoria FamIty.)

Magnolia glauca, Z. (SmaL~ MaGnotta.)
Gloucester and swamps towards Essex. First brought to notice
by Rev. Manasseh Cutler during the last century.

Liriodendron Tulipifera, L. (Tu.ire Tree.)
Introduced from the west and south, as are some species of Mag-
nolia, as an ornamental tree.

BERBERIDACEA.
(BARBERRY FaMILy.)

Berberis vulgaris, Z. (Common BaRBERRY.)
Very abundant in rocky places and along walls. (Nat. from Eu.)

Caulophyllum thalictroides, Michx. (BLuE Conoss.)
Georgetown (Mrs. C. N.S. Horner). Rare.

Podophyllum peltatum, Z. (May AppLe ManpRakz.)
Extensively introduced in old gardens, and said by some to be a
native of the county, but this is very doubtful. Of this plant Gray
says that the fruit is edible while the leaves and roots are drastic
and poisonous.

NYMPHMACE,
(Warterr-Lity FamIny.)

Brasenia peltata, Pursh. (WATER-SHIELD.)
Quite common in most ponds and in slow places in the rivers. It
would seem that the gelatinous substance which abounds on all
submerged portions of the plant might be made of use.

32

Nymphea odorata, dit. (WateR-LiLy.)
Common in ponds and slow streams. Very pink flowers are col-
lected in shallow ponds at Gloucester and Danvers, but not to be
compared to the pink lilies from Barnstable, Mass.

Var. minor, Sims.
Apparently nothing more than a small form of the common pond-
lily with smaller leaves and flowers, the petals and sepals being
more obtuse. Common in Chebacco and some other ponds.

Nuphar advena, dit. (YuLLow Ponp-Lity; Cow-Lity.)
Very abundant. The small nuphar ought to be found in some of
our ponds.

SARRACENIACEA,
(PircHeR-PLANT FAMILY.)

Sarracenia purpurea, L. (PrrcHeR-PLANT; SIDE-SADDLE FLOWER.)
Quite common in bogs. An interesting variety with yellowish
green flowers; has been found in Beverly for a number of years by
Wm. D. Silsbee. The writer found an abnormal condition of this
plant at North Reading, June, 1872, bearing two flowers consisting
of many rows of sepals, one circle within another.

PAPAVERACE.
(Poppy FamMILy.)

Chelidonium majus, ZL. (CELANDINE.)
A common weed near dwellings. ‘Introduced from Europe prior
to 1669 (see Josselyn Rar.)” (Dr. Charles Pickering, Chron. Hist.
Pl., p. 242).

Sanguinaria Canadensis, LZ. (BLOOD-ROOT.)
Frequent in rocky and shady places.

Argemone Mexicana, L. (PrickLy Porry.)
On the road to Flax Pond, Lynn, 1879 (Herbert A. Young). Intro-
duced from tropical America. Not permanently established.

FUMARIACEAE.
(FumiToRY FamIzy.)
Adlumia cirrhosa, Raf. (Ciimsine Fumirory.)

Introduced into gardens from the west. It freely perpetuates
itself by seeds and is now and then found escaped.

33

Dicentra cucullaria, DC. (DuTcHmaN’s BREECHES.)

Gloucester, 1863 and 1877 (Mrs. Babson) ; ‘‘ Andover” (memo. Mrs.
Downs). Rare.

Corydalis glauca, Pursh. (CoRyDatis.)
Rocky hills. Not very common.

Fumaria officinalis, Z. (Common Fumirory.) ;
Ipswich, Danvers (Oakes, 1819); Wenham (Miss Davis); Salem
(S. B. Buttrick); Boxford (Miss Perley). A rather scarce escaped
plant. (Int. from Eu.)

CRUCIFERA.
(MustTarRD Famity.)

Nasturtium officinale, &. Br. (EuROPEAN, OR TRUE WaTER
CrEss.)
“‘Lynn” (Tracy’s list); ‘‘ Andover” (memo. Rev. H. P. Nichols).
It is very doubtful if this species grows in the county, as the cress
usually found is Cardamine hirsuta.

Nasturtium palustre, DC. (Marsu Crmss.)
In wet places. Quite common and variable.

Nasturtium Armoracia, Fries. (HORSERADISH. )
Often escaping from cultivation. (Introduced from Europe.)

Cardamine rhomboidea, DC. (Sprine Cress.)
Not rare in wet places.
Cardamine hirsuta, Z. (Sma.L BITTER CREss.)
Brooks and other wet places. Common. Sold in the market as
Water Cress and often supposed to be N. officinalis.
Var. sylvatica.
“Lynn” (Tracy) ; ‘‘ Essex County” (memo. Dr. Charles Pickering.)

Arabis levigata, DC.
Beverly (John C. Phillips).

Arabis Canadensis, Z. (SICKLE-POD.)
Topsfield (Oakes); Danvers (J. H. Sears); and a few other local-
ities. Rather scarce.

Arabis perfoliata, Zam. (TowzrR Mustarp.)
‘‘ Paradise,” Salem, 1819 (S. Bass); Essex County (Oakes, memo.
Hovey’s Mag., Vol. VII); near the Ocean House, Revere Beach (C.
E. Faxon).

Barbarea vulgaris, R. Br. (YELLOW ROCKET.)
Quite common in damp places.

Sisymbrium officinale, Scop. (Hepa Mustarp.)
A common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
3

34

Sisymbrium arvense.
Found by Rev. J. L. Russell, with other weeds, persisting for many
years, in Salem. (Adv. from Europe.)

Brassica alba. (WaxitTs MusrarD.)
Found on the South Boston “dump” (C. E. Faxon); also reported
as growing in Andover (Mrs. Downs). (Introduced from Europe.)
Brassica nigra. (BLack MustarRD.)
In various parts of the county. (Adv. from Europe.)
Brassica campestris, L. (CaBBAGE, ETC.)
Var. Colsa. (RAPE.)
Found in a street in Salem.
Var. ———
A tall smooth form found in cultivated fields in Danvers (J. H.
Sears). (Introduced.)

Draba Caroliniana, Walt.
Salem 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering). The original locality still exists,
the plants being more or less abundant each year, usually appearing
in April.

Draba verna, L. (WHITLOW GRass.)
Danvers 1826 (Dr. Andrew Nichols). This species is only found at
the old locality, and some seasons but two or three plants are to be
seen, yet it has retained its place in our flora, now and then ap-
pearing in comparative abundance; ifa locality, the extent of which
is hardly more than ten feet in diameter, can be considered as en-
titled to that term.

Alyssum maritimum, L. (Swret ALyssvuM.)
Common in gardens often escaping in yards and streets. (Nat.
from Eu.) ,

Camelina sativa, Crantz. (Fase Fuax.)
On Derby Wharf, Salem, 1877. Introduced by the colonists con-
tinuing a weed, observed (probably 1824) ‘‘at Salem” (Dr. Chas.
Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl. p. 853); Boxford (Miss Perley).

Capsella Bursa-pastoris, Mench. (SHEPHERD’s PuRSE.)
A most common weed. In flower from May to November. (Nat.
from Eu.)

Thalaspi arvense, L. (Fre_p PENNYCRESS.)
North Salem, 1858 (Geo. P. Bradford, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 237);
“Yard of Plummer Hall, 1859” (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell). (Nat.
from Eu.)

Lepidium Virginicum, Z. (W1LD PEpPrErGRass.)
Common in fields and along roadsides.

35

Lepidium campestre, L.
Eastern R. R. road-bed, North Beverly. (Adv. from Eu.)
Lepidium ruderale, L.
Common about Boston extending undoubtedly into Essex Co.
(memo. C. E. Faxon.) Noticed by Dr. Pickering about: 1824.
(Nat. from Eu.)

Cakile Americana, Nutt. (Sta-ROcKET.)
Common along the shore.

Raphanus Raphanistrum, L. (Jomintep CHARLOCK.)
A common weed in fields. (Adv. from Eu.)
Raphanus sativus, Z. (GarDEN RaDIsz.)
Occasionally by the roadside. Hamilton, 1875, etc. (Int. for cult.)

VIOLACEA.
(VioLeT FaMIty.)

Viola rotundifolia, Michx. (ROUND-LEAVED VIOLET.)
Gloucester (Mrs. J. Babson); Rockport (C. W. Pool). Rare.
Viola lanceolata, Z. (LAaNcE-LEAVED VIOLET.)
Common in wet places.
Viola primulefolia, Z. (PRIMROSE-LEAVED VIOLET.)
Frequent in moist land.
Viola blanda, Willd. (Sweet WHITE VIOLET.)
Common. Gray considers these three species as connected directly
with each other, which certainly seems to be the case with our
county specimens.
Viola odorata, Z. (ENGLISH VIOLET.)
Salem (old gardens), now and then escaping by the roadside.
Viola cucullata, 4i. (Swamp VIOLET.)
Common. Varies greatly both as to the size and color of the
flowers and shape of the leaves. ‘‘Under cultivation, leaves greatly
enlarged with palmate and cordate on the same plant.” (Memo.
G. D. Phippen). A variety with variegated blue and white flowers
has been three times transplanted, still retaining its characteristics.
Viola sagittata, Ait. (EarLy BLUE VIOLET.)
Very common. Sometimes in damp places resembling the last.
Viola pedata, Z. (PrpatTz VIOLET.)
Not rare. Beverly, Hamilton, Lynn, etc., but most abundant along
the Merrimac valley.
Viola canina, L., var. Sylvestris, Regel. (Doe VIOLET.)
Quite common in moist fields.

36

Viola pubescens, Ait. (YELLOW VIOLET.)
Rockport (C. W. Pool); Danvers; Andover; Georgetown (Mrs.
Horner). Rather scarce. Varies considerably, some specimens
being very downy while others are quite smooth.

Viola tricolor, ZL. (Hmart’s-Ease. SMALL Pansy.)
Frequently escapes from old gardens. ‘“Roadsides out of town
from Ipswich” (memo. G. D. Phippen). (Int. from Eu.)

CISTACE A.
(Rock-RosE Famizy.)

Helianthemum Canadense, Miche. (FROST-WEED.)
Quite common in pasture lands.

Hudsonia tomentosa, Nutt.
Nahant, Ipswich, Salisbury, Plum Island, Coffin’s Beach, West
Gloucester, etc. Growing in sand, it often forms little hills in its
efforts to overtop. the sand which blows over it.

Lechea major, Michz.
Quite common in pastures.

Lechea thymifolia, Pursh.
Abundant at Ipswich with Hudsonia, but rather scarce in the in-
terior.

Lechea tenuifolia, Michx.
Dry hills. Common.

Lechea intermedia (Prov.), Leggett. Perhaps a form of L. minor.
Common in dry pastures.

Lechea minor, Lam.
Dry pastures. Frequent.

DROSERACEZS.
(SunDEW FamIzy.)

Drosera rotundifolia, L.
Quite common in meadows, and wet paths in the woods.

Drosera intermedia, Drev. & Hayne, var. Americana, DC.
Drosera longifolia, Z. (Gray’s Manual.)
Meadows. More common than the last. These interesting plants are
treated very elaborately by Mr. Darwin in his volume on insec-
tivorous plants.

37

HYPERICACEA.
(St. JoHn’s-wort Famity.)

Hypericum ellipticum, Hook.
Wenham swamp, 1824 (Dr. Charles Pickering); Danvers, 1877;
Boxford (Miss M. E. Perley.) Rare.
Hypericum perforatum, L. (Common Sr. Joun’s-wort.)
Common. A pretty weed from Europe.
Hypericum corymbosum, Muhi.
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Haverhill, etc. Scarce.
Hypericum mutilum, L.
Very common in wet places.
Hypericum Canadense, L.
Shores of ponds and meadows. Very common.
Hypericum Sarothray Michx. (Prnz-wEED; ORANGE GRASS.)
Railroad tracks, etc. Common.

Elodes Virginica, Nutt. (Marsu St. JoHNn’s-wort.)
Quite common in swampy places.

ELATINACEA.,

(WaTER-WortT FaMILy.)

Elatine Americana, Arnott.

‘‘Beaver pond, 1869” (memo. Rev. J. H. Russell); Crane pond,
West Newbury, 1879 (J. R.); Flax pond, Lynn (E. Faxon).

CARYOPHYLLACEA.

(Pink Faminy.)

Dianthus barbatus (Sweet W114.)
Danvers, escaped for a number of years (J. H. Sears). (Adv.
from Eu.)

Dianthus Armeria, LZ. (DEptrorp PInx.)
Quite common in the vicinity of old towns, particularly Salem.
(Adv. from Eu.)

Dianthus deltoides, LZ.
Appeared in West Newbury as an escaped plant in 1878 (W. P.
Conant). Prof. Watson, who kindly looked up the species, states
it has also been sent from Plymouth, N. H. (Adv. from Eu.)

Saponaria officinalis, Z. (ComMon SoapworT; BOUNCING BET.)
Common. Both the single and double flowering varieties are fre-
quent near old gardens, and along roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

38

Silene inflata, Smith. (BLADDER CAMPION.)
Very common in Lynn and Swampscott on the road-bed of the
Eastern R. R. and ‘in other towns more or less abundant. (Nat.
from Eu.)

Silene Pennsvlvanica, Miche. (WitpD PINK.)
Reported at Danvers, Andover, and occasionally in other parts of
the county.

Silene Armeria, ZL. (Sweet W1iiaM CaTcHFLy.)
Quite common near Salem, Lynn and also in some other places.
(Adv. from Eu.)

Silene antirrhina, ZL. (Sieepy CaTCHFLY.)
Common in dry places on poor soil.

Silene noctiflora, LZ. (NIGHT-FLOWERING CATCHFLY.)
Gloucester, Rockport, Salem. Rather scarce.

Lychnis Githago, Lam. (Corn CockLez.)
Danvers, Salem, Lynn. Scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)
Lychnis vespertina, Sibth. . (Eventing LYCHNIS.)
Andover (memo. Rev. H. P. Nichols). Escaped from cultivation.

Arenaria serpyllifolia, Z. (THyME-LEAVED SANDWORT.)
Quite common on poor lands. (Nat. from Eu.)
Arenaria lateriflora, L.
Frequent in damp places.
Arenaria peploides, L.
Rockport (Frank Lufkin) ; Salisbury beach (Mrs. Downs); ‘Kings
beach and others in that region” of Lynn (Tracy) ; Ipswich (Oakes).

Stellaria media, Smith. (CHICKWEED.)
Everywhere, often in flower under the snow in winter. (Nat. from
Eu.)

Stellaria longifolia, Muhl. (LonG-LeavED STICHWORT.)
“Near the outlet of Cedar pond, Lynnfield” (Dr. Chas. Pickering) ;
Pickman Farm, Salem (J. R.).

Stellaria borealis, Bigelow.
Lynnfield (A. P. Chute, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 47).> This is not
represented in the county collection at the P. A.S. Doubtful.

Cerastium viscosum, LZ. (Movusi-2ar CHICKWEED.)
A common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

Cerastium arvense, L. (FIELD CHICKWEED.)
Nahant; Gloucester (Mrs. J. Babson) ; Rockport (C. W. Pool). Not
rare near the coast.

Cerastium vulgatum, ZL. (MovsE-sar CHICKWEED.)
Amesbury and Salisbury, June 25, 1863 (Markoe and Shepard, Proc.
E. I., Vol. III, p. 272); “Andover” (memo. Mrs. Downs). Not

39

represented in the P. A. S. collection, and very doubtfully a county
species.

Cerastium nutans, Ra/., which finds a place in some local printed
lists, certainly must be an error.

Sagina procumbens, L. (PEARLWoRT.)

Common in damp places. A weed in among the bricks of door
yards in Salem.

Sagina nodosa, Fenzl.

Pigeon Cove, 1875 (J. R.). Rare.

GLepigonum rubrum, Fries, var. campestris. Spergularia rubra,
Presl, var. campestris. (Gray’s Manual.) (Sanp-SPuRRY.)
Common along roadsides near the shore.

Lepigonum medium, Fries. Spergularia media, Presi. (Gray's
Manual.)

All salt marshes. It is quite difficult to separate these plants ina
satisfactory manner; but besides the two species already noticed,
another, or a variety, is common; possibly,

Lepigonum salinum, Fries. Spergularia salina, Presl. (Gray’s
Manual.)

Growing in the salt marshes.

Spergula arvensis, L. (Corn Spurry.)

Fields and roadsides. Quite common.

PARONYCHIEA,
(WHITLOW-worT FaMILy.)

Anychia dichotoma, Michx. (ForKep CHICKWEED.) :
A delicate inconspicuous plant, often overlooked, growing in dry
places. Orne’s point, Salem, 1824 (Dr. Charles Pickering); same
locality, 1877 (J. R.) ; Boxford, 1878. Rather scarce.

Scleranthus annuus, LZ. (KNAWEL.)
A homely weed. Common near the coast. (Nat. from Europe.)

FICOIDEZ,
Mollugo verticillata, ZL. (Carpet-wzeED.)
Common in paths and in poor soil generally. (Int. from the south.)
PORTULACACEZ.
(PURSLANE FaMIzy.)

Portulaca oleracea, ZL. (ComMMoN PuRSLANE.)
This omnipresent weed was considered an excellent table green by
the early inhabitants, and so spoken of in letters written to Eng-

40

land. Some persons even consider this a native plant which is. not
the case. (Nat. from Eu.)

Claytonia Virginica, ZL. (Sprine BEAUTY.)
This plant is not represented in the county collection at the Pea-
body Academy of Science; and, although found abundantly north and
west of us, is as yet only reported at ‘‘ Haverhill, North Parish,”
(Mrs. Downs); and in ‘Lynnfield by Mr. Chute” (memo. G. D.
Phippen).

MALVACEA.
(MALLow FamIty.)

Althea officinalis, Z. (Common MarsH-MaLLow.)
‘“‘ Marsh, Salisbury, Sept.” (Mrs. Downs). Not in collection at the
Peabody Academy of Science. (Nat. from Eu.)

Malva rotundifolia, L. (Common Matiow.)
A common door weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
Malva moschata, Z. (Musk Mattow.)
Essex, Andover, etc. Escaped from old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

Abutilon Avicenneg, Gaertn. (VELVET-LEAF.)
Rubbish heaps, wharves, etc. Not rare. (Adv. from India.)

Hibiscus moscheutos, Z. (Swamp Rosu-Ma.tow.)
‘“‘A variety of this or another species (palustris) grew in a ravine
below Swampscott towards the beach,” about 1824 (memo. Dr.
Chas. Pickering). This locality is now occupied by residences.
Cultivated by S. P. Fowler at Danvers, and by G. D. Phippen,
Salem.

Hibiscus Trionum, LZ. (BLappeR Kermia.)
An old garden flower occasionally escaping. Wenham (Mrs. M.
W. Kimball), etc. Scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

Hibiscus Syriacus, L. (SaHrupspy ALTH#A.)
Much cultivated and escaping by seeds. (Adv. from Eu.)

TILIACEA.,
(LINDEN FaMILy.)

Tilia Americana, Z. (LINDEN; Basswoop.) Quite abundant par-
ticularly towards Boxford.

Tilia Europea, L. (European LINDEN.)
Extensively planted as an ornamental shade tree, blooming nearly
two weeks before the American tree and having much more fragrant
blossoms.

41

LINACEZ.
(Fiax Famizy.)

Linum Virginianum, L.
“‘Very rare. Second pine hill, Lynn” (Tracy). Not represented
in the county collection at the P. A. S.

Linum usitatissimum, LZ. (Common Fxax.)
Gloucester (Mrs. J. Babson) ; Salem (G. D. Phippen) ; Newburyport
(J. R.); and occasionally in various towns.

GERANIACER.
(GERANIUM FaMILy.)

Geranium maculatum, LZ. (WiLp CRANESBILL.)
Common at the edges of woodlands.

Geranium Carolinianun, L.
Essex county, 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Lynn (Tracy); Salem
Great Pastures; Danvers (J. H. Sears); Andover (Mrs. Downs).
Not very common.

Geranium Robertianum, Z. (Hrrs RoBeErt.)
Stated by Josselyn (N. E. Rar., 1672) to have been brought by the
colonists to New England and considered by Dr. Pickering (Chron.
Hist. Pl., p. 168) a naturalized plant here. Common in damp rocky.
woods.

Erodium cicutarium, L’Her. (SToRKsBILL.)
Banks of the Merrimac, near Lawrence, Sept. 1877 (J. R.) ; Saugus,
May, 1880 (Mr. Smart). (Adv. from Eu.)

Impatiens fulva, Nutt. (WiLp Batsam.)
Common in damp shady places.

Oxalis Acetosella, L. (Woop-Sorrz.)
Danvers (Dr. Osgood’s list). There is no specimen preserved of
this plant and it may be that the O. stricta is intended, yet it is not
at all improbable that this species should grow in many places in
the county, although it has not been noticed by other botanists.
Oxalis violacea, L. (VI0LET Woop-SORREL.)
Ipswich (Oakes). Rare.
Oxalis stricta, Z. (YELLOw Woop-SorREL.)
A common weed in gardens. A variety with deep red leaves is fre-
quently met with.

42

RUTACEA.
(RUE FaMIy.)

Xanthoxylum Americanum, Mill.
Georgetown, introduced (Mrs. Horner); Boxford; Summer St.
Cemetery, Salem; Topsfield; Danvers. Probably not a native of
the county, but introduced from the north or west.

Ailanthus glandulosus, Desf.. (TREE or HEAVEN; CHINESE Svu-
MACH.) ;
Often cultivated as an ornamental tree and freely produced from
seeds. (Adv. from China.)

ANACARDIACEZ.
(CasHEW FamILy.)

Rhus typhina, Z. (StacHorn SUMACH.)
Common in rocky places and roadsides.
Rhus glabra, ZL. (SmMoorTH Sumaca.)
Common. Particularly from Wenham to Topsfield and Beverly.
Rhus copallina, ZL. (Dwarr.SuMac#.)
Frequent with the last.
Rhus venenata, DC. (Porson SuMacH.)
Common in low ground and swamps.
Rhus Toxicodendron, LZ. (Porson Ivy.)
Very common, both the low running, and the taller shrubby forms;
the latter being most abundant near the sea.

VITACEZ,
(VINE FaMILy.)

Vitis Labrusea, ZL. (NorTHERN Fox GRaPE.)
Common throughout the county. A variety with paler foliage and
almost white fruit is found in Danvers by J. H. Sears.

Vitis estivalis, Michx. (SumMER GRAPE.)
Lynn (Tracy); Oakes Ledge, Danvers (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Cape
Ann. Not so abundant as the last.

Vitis cordifolia, Michx. (Frost GRapz.)
Essex, West Gloucester, Boxford, Methuen; Andover (Mrs. Downs),
etc. Rather frequent.

Vitis heterophylla, Thunb. (Cissus Strpotpm of the gardens.)
Found escaped at Nahant, 1878, by Miss Mary T. Saunders.

43

Ampelopsis quinquefolia, Michz. (VirGINiaNn CREEPER.)
Quite common in all parts of the county and a most valuable climber
for cultivation.

RHAMNACEA,
(BUCKTHORN Famity.)

Rhamuus cathartica, L. (Common BuckTHorN.)
In common use as a hedge plant and frequently seen as a small tree,
often in quite out-of-the-way places. (Nat. from Eu.)

Ceanothus Americanus, L. (New Jarsry Tra.)
Beverly; Lynn (Tracy); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Bradford;
Andover. Rather frequent.

CELASTRACEA.
(Starr TREE Famity.)

Celastrus scandens, L. (Roxpury Wax-worxk; CLIMBING BITTER-
SWEET.)
Quite common. More frequent perhaps in the coast towns.

SAPINDACER.
(SoapBerry FamIy.)

sculus Hippocastanum, Z. (Horsz-cHestNvt.)
A common street-tree, springing up everywhere in towns. (Adv.
from Asia.)

Acer Pennsylvanicum, L. (StTrirep Maple.)
Frequent in the older woods. It is very singular that its compan-
ion, A. spicatum, has never been found in the county.

Acer saccharinum, Wang. (Rock MapLe; Sucar MapPie.)
Common, although few large trees are to be found.

Var. nigrum is now and then met with under cultivation.

Acer dasycarpum, Hhrh. (WHITE MaPLez.)
Frequent along the Ipswich river at Topsfield, and in the N. W.
portion of the county; also under cultivation as a shade tree.

Acer rubrum, Z. (RED MarpLe; Swamp MaPLez.)
Very common in moist soils. Very variable.

Acer Pseudo-Platanus and Acer platanoides, European trees,
are frequent in cultivation, the latter producing many seedlings.

44

Negundo aceroides, Mench.
Has been found escaped, by seeds, in the vicinity of Boston. (In
from Penn., etc.)

POLYGALACEA.
(Mitxwort FamIry.)

Polygala sanguinea, L.
Common in damp places, often varying to white.
Polygala cruciata, L.
In bogs. Not very common. Marblehead (Tracy); Lynnfield (
P. Chute); Manchester (Oakes); Wenham swamp; Beaver por
bog, etc.
Polygala verticillata, L.
Frequent in dry places.
Polygala polygama, Walt.
Wood paths and somewhat shady places. Quite common.
Polygala paucifolia, Willd. (Frincep PoLyGata.)
Manchester, Essex; Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Andover (Mr.
Downs), etc. Not very common.

LEGUMINOSA.
(PULSE FamMILy.)

Lupinus perennis, Z. (WiLp LurPIne.)
In the northern portion of the county from Ipswich to Andover,
is quite common. ‘The flowers vary from white and pink to blu
and purple, some striped” (memo. G. D. Phippen).

Genista tinctoria, ZL. (Woap Waxen.)
‘“‘By the first European colonists was carried to Salem in Ne
England, ‘ woad-seed’ being enumerated prior to February, 1628, j
a memorandum of articles to be sent out with Governor Endicott
forty years later, ‘wood-wax wherewith they dye many prett
colours” was found there by Josselyn (Rar. p. 51).” (Dr. Cha
Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 86).
“This plant has overrun the hills on the south side of Salem, s
as to give them, in the month of July, a uniformly yellow appea
ance at a distance” (Bigelow’s F]. Bost. 1814).
“In pastures between New-Mills and Salem” 1783 (Dr. Manasse
Cutler, Mem. Am. Acad., Vol. I).
It now (1880) covers hundreds of acres of land on the sterile hil
near Salem, Peabody and Danvers, extending somewhat into Middl
ton and Topsfield. (Adv. from Eu.)

45

Trifolium arvense, L. (RaBpir-FooT CLOVER.)
Common in dry soil. (Nat. from Eu.)
Trifolium pratense, L. (RED CLOVER.)
Everywhere in fields and by roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)
Trifolium medium, L. (Z1GzaG CLovER.)
Salem pastures, Danvers, and a few places in that vicinity. Not
very common. (Adv. from Eu.)
Trifolium hybridum. (ALSYKE.)
Byfield, Georgetown, introduced and escaping. (Adv. from Eu.)
Trifolium repens, LZ. (WHITH CLOVER.)
Very common. ‘‘ Probably introduced here but indigenous north-
ward.” (Gray’s Manual.)
Trifolium agrarium, L. (YELLOw CLOVER.)
Roadsides. Scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)
Trifolium procumbens, L. (Low YELLow CLovEnr.)
Danvers, Salem, Andover, etc. Quite common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Melilotus officinalis, Willd. (YeLLow Me.mor.)
Salem and Hamilton (G. D. Phippen); Salem Great Pastures, and
occasionally elsewhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

Melilotus alba, Lam. (WHITE SwEET CLOVER.)
‘“‘Naturalized in Rowley” (Oakes in Hovey’s Mag. Vol. XIII);
“roadside near Beverly bridge” (G. D. Phippen); and other
places. Frequent. (Adv. from Eu.)

Medicago lupulina, Z. (Biack MepicK; NoNESUCH.)
Roadsides everywhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

Medicago sativa, L. (LUCERNE.)
Escaped from cultivation. Danvers (J. H, Sears). Not well es-
tablished. Danvers (Dr. Osgood’s list), whether under cultivation
or not is uncertain. (Adv. from Eu.)

Robinia Pseudacacia, LZ. (Locust.)

Thoroughly naturalized in some places. (Int. from Pennsylvania.)
Robinia viscosa, Vent. (Ciamary Locust.)

Much cultivated and spreading. (Int. from Virginia.)
Robinia hispida, ZL. (RosE Acacia.)

Old gardens. (Int. from Virginia.)

Tephrosia Virginiana, Pers. (TEPHROSIA.)
In the N. W. portion of the county. Not very abundant. ‘‘Grove-
land in boggy land” (Proc. E. I., Vol. III, p. 18) seems improbable,
as the plant grows in dry sandy soil.

Desmodium nudifiorum, DC.
Dry hilly woods. Common.

46

Desmodium acuminatum, DC.
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Andover (Mrs. Downs); Haverh
(J. R.). Not very abundant.

Desmodium rotundifolium, DC.
Quite common in dry woods.

Desmodium cuspidatum, Hook.
“Dark Lane, Salem” (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell) ; ‘‘ Andover (mem
Mrs. Downs). Not represented in the county collection of tl
P.A.S.

Desmodium paniculatum, DC.
‘¢ Oakes’ ledge, Danvers, probably a different form from that in tt
middle states” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering) ; Andover, etc.

Desmodium Canadense, DC.
Frequent in woodlands.

Desmodium Marilandicum, Boott.
In similar situations to the other species. The Desmodiums inhab
a district from Ipswich, Hamilton, and Danvers, north and wes
ward; absent in many places, and scarce in others outside of thi
region. Tracy mentions only one species in the vicinity of Lyn:

Lespedeza violacea, Pers.
Dry woodlands. Frequent.
Lespedeza reticulata, Pers. Lespedeza var. violacea sessilifio1
(Gray’s Manual.)
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Danvers (J. H. Sears). Not rare.
Lespedeza hirta, Ell.
Dry places. Frequent.
Lespedeza capitata, Michx.
Common by roadsides.

Vicia sativa, Z. (Common Vetco; TaRs.)
Quite common. (Adv. from Eu.)

Vicia Cracca, L.
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); West Newbury; Gloucester (Mrs. .
Babson); Legges Hill, Salem (G. D. Phippen), etc. Considered t
Dr. Chas. Pickering to be an introduced plant here. Scarce.

Lathyrus maritimus, Bigelow. (Bracu PEa.)
Common along the shore.

Lathyrus palustris, L. (Marsu VETcHtine.)
Ipswich (Oakes), ‘‘near Frye’s mills, Salem 1824-5” (Dr. Cha:
Pickering). Rather scarce.

Apios tuberosa, Mench. (Grounp Nut.)
Abundant in most parts of the county. An excellent climber fc
cultivation the flowers being very fragrant.

47

Phaseolus diversifolius, Pers.
Near the coast. Not rare. A form with mostly undivided leaves
and bearing tubers on the stem just below the ground; grows on
Deer Island, in the Merrimac, at Newburyport.

Amphicarpza monoica, Ell. (Hoa Peanut.)
Woodlands. Common.

Baptisia tinctoria, R. Br. (Wp INnpiGo.)
Common in dry soil.

Cassia Marilandica, L. (Witp Senna.)
“Near Salem” (Buttrick’s list Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 24); Andover
(G. D. Phippen); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). Scarce.

Cassia nictitans, ZL. (WILD SENsITIVE-PLanNT.)
Lawrence; Groveland (Rev. J. L. Russell); Deer Island, Newbury-
port; and a few other localities. Scarce.

Gleditschia triacanthos, Z. (THREE-THORNED Acacia; HoNEY
Locust.)
Introduced from Pennsylvania, etc., frequently spreading by seeds.

ROSACEH.
(RosE FamMIy.)

Prunus Americana, Marshall. (W1Lp YELLOW oR RED PLUM.)
Represented in the P. A. §. county herbarium by a specimen col-
lected by the late Mr. Oakes, the precise locality being unknown.

Prunus maritima, Wang. (Bracu PLum.)

Near the coast. Common at Ipswich, Plum Island, etc. Found
also in the interior along walls where the stones, thrown by farmers
on their way home from haying on the marshes, have sprung up.

Prunus pumila, Z. (Dwarr CHERRY.)

‘‘Outlet of mineral spring pond” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering) ;
*“‘Andover, June, 1873” (memo. Rev. H. P. Nichols). Not repre-
sented in the county collection at the P. A. S.

Prunus Pennsylvanica, Z. (Witp Rep CHERRY.)

Not uncommon in most parts of the county.
Prunus Virginiana, L. (CHOKE CHERRY.)
Very common near walls.

Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. (Wi~p BLack CHERRY.)

Common. Often attaining large size. Considered by the late Dr.
Chas. Pickering to have been introduced into the county by the
early settlers, from other parts of New England.

48

Prunus domestica (Prum),

Prunus Persica (PEacH), and

Prunus Cerasus (CHERRY), are of course frequent in cultivation; t]
two last named are often faund by walls and roadsides escape
although seldom reaching any great size.

Spircea salicifolia, L. (Common Mrapow-SweEet.)
Damp ground. Common.

Spirzea tomentosa, Z. (HarpHack.)
Very common in rather drier situations than the last.

Spirea Ulmaria (Adv. from Eu.) and also the

Spireea lobata (a western species), which are cultivated in o
gardens, are found escaped in Wenham, Topsfield and Danvers, t
the roadside. Scarce.

Spirea sorbifolia, L.
Much cultivated; frequently runs wild; found escaped in Bever.
(Frank Stone). (Adv. from Eu.)

Poterium Canadense, Benth & Hook. (CaNnaDIAN BuRNET.)
Gloucester, scarce (Mrs. Babson); Hamilton; Ipswich; Topsfiel¢
frequent in meadows; not found in the Salem or Lynn region.

Agrimonia Eupatoria, Z. (CoMMON AGRIMONY.)
Common in various parts of the county.

Geum album, Gmelin.
Very common by roadsides, etc.

Geum Virginianum, L.
Essex County (Dr. Chas. Pickering) ; ‘ occasional in Lynn” (Traey’
Not in the county collection at the P. A. S.

Geum strictum, Ait.
“Rare in Lynn” (Tracy); Wenham; Ipswich (Oakes); Danvei
(Buttrick) ; and in other places.

Geum rivale, ZL. (WarTer or PurpLe AVENS.)
Quite common in meadows.
Dr. Chas. Pickering found (1823-4) ‘a curious Geum at Orne
Point, Salem, with green petals; perhaps a variety of G. album,
possibly another species.”

Potentilla Norvegica, L.
Common in dry soil.

Potentilla Canadensis, Z. (Fivu-Fincer.)
Hillsides everywhere. One of our earliest spring flowers.

Var. simplex, T. & G.

. Later, but quite as common.

Potentilla argentea, Z. (Smtvery CinQuE-FOIL.)

Railroad beds and roadsides. Common,

49

Potentilla arguta, Pursh.
Lynnfield Hotel Station (Mrs. Horner); Salem Pastures (S. B.
Buttrick); Gloucester (Mrs, Babson); Andover (Mrs. Downs).
Not very common.

Potentilla Anserina, Z. (SiLver-Werp.)
Salt marshes. Common.

Potentilla fruticosa, L. (SuRruBBy CINQUE-FOIL.)
“ Serpentine quarry, Lynnfield ” (Tracy) ; Rockport (Frank Lufkin) ;
“Turkey hill” and “Pine swamp,” Ipswich. The stems of this
Species are sometimes more than half an inch in diameter. Al-
though abundant in the above localities, this may be considered
as scarce in the county. This plant is a great pest in portions of
western Massachusetts.

Potentilla tridentata, Ait.
Gloucester (Mrs. Babson); Rockport (Frank Lufkin). Scarce.

Potentilla palustris, Scop. (Marsu Five-Fincer.)
“Danvers” (Dr. Osgood’s list); Wenham (Dr. Chas. Pickering).
Not in the county collection at the P. A. S. Scarce.

Fragaria Virginiana, Ehrhart. (ComMon STRAWBERRY.)
Damp ground or hillsides. Common.

Fragaria vesca, L. (LONG-FRUITED STRAWBERRY.)
Although this has been reported from several places, the only
specimens seen were collected at Boxford. Scarce.

Rubus Dalibarda, LZ. (Dalibarda repens, ZL. Gray’s Manual.)
Manchester woods (Mrs. Babson and others).

Rubus odoratus, L. (PurPLe FLowerinc-RaspBeRRY.)
Amesbury (J. G. Whittier); Andover (Mrs. Downs), etc. Common
in rocky places. Higginson speaks of this plant as growing near
Salem in 1629, and the locality where it now flourishes in Salem
Great Pastures was considered by Dr. Chas. Pickering to be the
same one known to Higginson. Frequent in cultivation in the last
century as noted by Cutler in 1783.

Rubus triflorus, Richardson. (Dwarr RASPBERRY.)
‘¢ Essex County” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering); ‘‘ Danvers” (Bige-
low’s Fl. Bost. 2nd. ed. 1824) 1877 (J. H. Sears). Growing in moist
places rather than dry hills as spoken of by some writers. Scarce.

Rubus strigosus, Michx. (WiLp Rep RaspBerry.)
Common by roadsides and in rocky places.

Rubus occidentalis, Z. (THIMBLEBERRY.)
Frequent in most towns of the county.

Rubus Canadensis, Z. (Low BLackBerRy; DEWBERRY.)
Fields and borders of woods. Common.

4

50

Rubus villosus, Ait. (HicH BLackBERRY.)
The tall prickly form often growing ten feet high is common every-
where. The low form is also abundant. Another more bushy va-
riety with abundant flowers, poor fruit, and very densely covered
with short prickles, grows at Danvers (J. H. Sears). The smooth
form which is found at the Profile House region in New Hampshire
does not seem to grow here.

Rubus hispidus, Z. (Running SwamMp-BLACKBERRY. )
Common, although hardly ever found in swamps.

Rosa Carolina, Z. (Swamp Rose.)
Abundant along moist roadsides.

Rosa lucida, Hhrhart. (WiLp Rost.)

Very common. Varying somewhat according to situation.

Rosa rubiginosa, Z. (SwEeEt-Brier.)

Common in fields and along the roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)

Rosa micrantha, Smith. (SMALL-FLOWERED SwEET-BriER.)
“Danvers ” (Dr. Osgood’s list); ‘Cape Ann” (Mrs. Downs). Not
in the county collection at the P. A. S. (Nat. from Eu.)

Rosa cinnamomea, cultivated in old gardens; often found in de-
serted places. (Adv. from Eu.)

Crategus Oxyacantha, LZ. (EneLisw Hawrnorn.)
‘‘Near Pranker’s mills, Saugus” (Tracy); Derby estate, Salem.
Cultivated and established in some places. (Adv. from Eu.)
Cratzegus coccinea, L. (SCARLET-FRUITED THORN.)
Ipswich, Topsfield, Danvers, etc. In the central and northern re-
gion more frequent than in the southern.
Crateegus tomentosa, Z. (Biack THORN.)
In the region of the last. The form found in the county seems to
be var. punctata; the leaves, however, vary considerably.

Pirus arbutifolia, Ai., var. melanocarpa. (CHOKE-BERRY.)
Common along roadsides in rocky places. °

Var. erythrocarpa.
Amesbury near the Merrimac shore.

Pirus Americana, DC. (Am™uRIcAN MountTaIN-ASH.)
Essex County (Oakes); ‘occasional at Lynn” (Tracy); Danvers
(Dr. Osgood’s list). Scarce.

Pirus aucuparia, Gertn. (Europran Mountatn- Asti.)
Often cultivated, and as the fruit is much sought by birds, the
young trees are frequently found escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)

Pirus malus, the Apple, and also

Pirus communis, the Pear, have been cultivated from the earliest
settlement of the county. The former frequently, and the latter oc-
casionally, are found escaped at long distances from cultivated lands.

51

Amelanchier Canadensis, T.&G. (Saappusn; J UNEBERRY. )
Common in low lands. This is the large form with long petals and
reddish leaves in Spring. (Var. Botryapium Gray’s Manual.)

Var. oblongifolia.

Equally common, but not so large as the last; leaves downy when
young, petals shorter. Tracy speaks of ‘*a curious variety found
at ‘““Norman’s Woe,” Gloucester, which fruits when only three feet
high.”

SAXIFRAGACEA.
(SaXIFRAGE FamMIty.)

Ribes oxycanthoides, L., Ribes hirtellum, Michz. (Gray’s
Manual). (ComMON WILD GoOSEBERRY.)
Frequent in low grounds.

Ribes floridum, L’Her. (Witp Buack Currant.)
Danvers, Amesbury, Ipswich (Oakes). Notrare. ‘ Much like the
Black Currant of the gardens” (Gray’s Manual),

Ribes nigrum, of Europe, which is spontaneous near old gardens.

Ribes rubrum, LZ. (Rep CurRRANT.)
The specimens found in the county have probably all escaped from
garden plants introduced from Europe, although this species is in-
digenous northward. Quite common in the older towns.

Ribes aureum, Pursh. (Mrissourrt CURRANT.)
Common in old gardens and sometimes found in neglected places.
(Int. from the West.)

Philadelphus coronarius, L. (Mock OranGE.)
This species is, in common with others of the genus, wrongly called
“ Syringa” which is the botanical name for the ‘ Lilac.” It is
occasionally found by the roadside escaped from gardens. (Proba-
bly introduced from Japan.)

Parnassia Caroliniana, Michx. (Grass or PARNASSUS.)
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner) ; Lynnfield (Rev. A. P. Chute) ; “meadow
near Howe’s farm” (memo. Rey. J. L. Russell) ; Marblehead (Tracy) ;
Hamilton (G. D. Phippen); Topsfield. Scarce, although found ina
number of places.

Saxifraga Virginiensis, Michx. (EarLy SaXIFRAGE.)
Very common in exposed rocky places.

Var. chlorantha (Oakes, in Hovey’s Mag. Vol. XIII) is a form
having green flowers, probably au abnormal condition of the ordi-
nary plant.

Saxifraga Pennsylvanica, 2. (Swamp SaXirraGE.)

Common in meadows.

52

Tiarella cordifolia, Z. (Fase Mirre-wort.)
‘Rare in Lynn, Dr. Holder legit” (Tracy). Only represented :
the P. A. S. herbarium by acultivated specimen from the collectic
of Mr. G. D. Phippen.

Chrysosplenium Americanum, Schwein. (GOLDEN SAXIFRAGE
The name suggests a much more extensive and elegant plant tha
this humble greenish flowered species. Common invery wet plac:
in or near woods.

CRASSULACEA.
(ORPINE FaMILy.)

Penthorum sedoides, Z. (DircH STONE-CROP.)
Common in wet places.

Sedum acre, ZL. (Mossy Stonz-crop. GoxLprn Moss.)
Beverly, Salem Great Pastures, Andover (G. D. Phippen), et
Frequent in exposed rocky places. (Adv. from Eu.)

Sedum ternatum, Michx.
Not a native but introduced into cultivation from the west. Tho
oughly escaped in Danvers by a roadside (J. R., 1877).

Sedum Telephium, L. (LivE-FoR-EVER; AARON’S-ROD.)
In Wenham and Danvers, this has become one of the wor
weeds in grass land, and as every bit left to itself will soon tal
root, it is very difficult to exterminate. Escaped from old garden
Andover (Mrs. Downs); Lynn (Tracy). (Adv. from Eu.)

Sedum reflexum, L.
Pigeon Cove, escaped. (See Am. Nat., Sept., 1876.) (Adv. fro
Eu.)

Sempervivum tectorum, LZ. (HovUsELErE.)
“Saugus and two places in Lynn” (Tracy); ‘‘ for twenty or thir
years on rocks back of D. Nichols’ house, Boston street, Salem
(memo. G. D. Phippen); Swampscott, on line of Eastern Railroa
well established (J, R.). (Adv. from Eu.)

HAMAMELACEA.
(Witcn-HazeL Faminy.)

Hamamelis Virginiana, ZL. (Wircu Hazen.)
Quite common in most towns of the county.

53

HALORAGEA.
(Water-MIL¥Form FamIiLy.)

Myriophyllum spicatum, L.
Pleasant pond, Wenham; and some others.

Myriophyllum ambiguum, Nutt.

Var. natans.
“‘Breed’s pond, Lynn” (Tracy).

Var. capillaceum. :
“Rocky pond hole in Marshall’s pasture, Lynn” (Tracy); George-
town (J. H. Sears). Not rare.

Var. limosum.
Danvers, Dr. Nichols (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost. 2d ed., 1824, under M.
procumbens).

Myriophyllum tenellum, Bigelow.
Chebacco pond; Pleasant pand, Wenham; Wenham pond; ‘“ Dan-
vers” (Dr. Osgood’s list). Frequent.

Proserpinaca palustris, Z. (MzrMaID-WEED.)
Not uncommon in wet places.

ONAGRACEA.
(EVENING-PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Circza Lutetiana, Z. (ENCHANTER’s NIGHT SHADE.)
Common in damp shady places.

Circeea alpina, L.
In similar places to the last, nearly as eommon.

Epilobium spicatum, Lam., Epilobium angustifolium, Z. (Gray’s
Manual.) (WILLOW-HERB.)
Very common in gravelly soil, and particularly soin places recently
burnt over; hence, often wrongly called ‘fire weed,” the common
name for Erechthites.

Epilobium palustre, L., var. lineare.
Essex County (G. D. Phippen, Dr. Pickering). Not represented
in the collection at the P. A. 5S.

Epilobium molle, Torr.
“Once in a pasture at Wenham, 1824” (letter from Dr. Charles
Pickering). Not inthe P. A. S. collection.

Epilobium coloratum, Muhl.
Very common in damp places and exceedingly variable in form.

54

Epilobium hirsutum, LZ.
Appeared in old gardens and waste heaps in Salem about 1860, ar
still continues in some places.

G@nothera biennis, ZL. (EveNninc PRIMROSE.)
Very common and variable.

Var. grandiflora is often met with in cultivation, occasional
in a wild state, its size is probably the result of rich soil, the flowe:
often being four inches in diameter.

Var. parviflora. In gravelly soil.

Var. cruciata. ‘‘E. R. R. road-bed in Wenham or North Beverl:
1870” (G. D. Phippen).

Ginothera fruticosa, L. (SuNDROPS.)

Beverly Farms (John C. Phillips). Perhaps introduced. A bea
tiful plant for cultivation.

Gnothera pumila, ZL.

Common. About as variable as Gi, biennis. Delicate specimer
only a few inches high, and stout ones three feet tall, have bec
found; the latter may have been from the biennial roots spoken «
in Gray’s Manual.

Ludwigia alternifolia, L. (SEED-Box.)
North Andover (Russell); Amesbury (J. R.); Lynn (Tracy
Rather scarce.

Ludwigia palustris, Z. (WATER PURSLANE.)
Muddy places. Quite common.

MELASTOMACEZ.
(MELASTOMA FAMILY. )

Rhexia Virginica, ZL. (Mrapow-Braurty.)
Borders of ponds and swampy places. Not very common exce}
in the central and northern portions of the county.

LYTHRACEAE,
(LoosesTRIFE FaMILy.)

Ammannia humilis, Michx.
“Danvers, 1818, Dr. Nichols (Oakes in Hovey’s Mag. Vol. XIII’
“muddy strand and dry pools, Humphrey’s pond” (memo. Dr. Cha
Pickering).

¥

55

Lythrum Hyssopifolia, L.
Common near the coast. Varying from small to very large forms,
some specimens being twenty-six inches high and much branched.
A few specimens found at Boxford, Aug. 1880, twelve miles inland.
Lythrum Salicaria, 2. (Srixkep LoosrstnriFs.)
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). Scarce. Dr. Chas. Pickering con-
sidered both Lythrums to be introduced species, at least in Essex
county.

Nesea verticillata, A. B. K. (Swamp LoosustRire.)
Common in wet places, and borders of ponds and streams. The
portions of the long branches which droop over into the water be-
come much enlarged by a corky outside tissue.

CACTACEA.
(Cactus FamIty.)

Opuntia vulgaris, Mill. (PRickLy Pear.)
Near ‘‘Kernwood” in Salem, some thirty years ago (Hugh Wilson) ;
also on the Ipswich river bank at North Reading, beyond Middleton;
where a few plants were placed many years ago there is now a very
flourishing locality. The natural habitat of this species is from
Nantucket southward.

CUCURBITACEA.
(GourD FamIzy.)

Sicyos angulatus, Z. (Star CucuMBER.)
A weed in waste places.

Echinocystis lobata, Torr & Gray.
Cultivated, and often escaped. Probably introduced from farther
west.

UMBELLIFERA,
(PaRsLey Famity.)

Hydrocotyle Americana, L.
Common in damp wood-paths.

‘Hydrocotyle umbellata, L.
Chebacco and some other ponds, not flowering abundantly; usually
found growing under water, flowering as the water recedes.

56

Sanicula Marilandica, 2. (Biack SNAKE-ROOT.)
Frequent throughout the county.

Daucus Carota, ZL. (Common Carrot.)
Common in fields and along the roadsides. (Nat. from Eu.)

Heracleum lanatum, Michz. (Cow-Parsnip.)
In most of the towns, near walls. Not very common.

Pastinaca sativa, L. (Common Parsnip.)
Common. Fields and roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)

Archangelica atropurpurea, Hofim. (GreaT ANGELICA.)
North Andover and Wenham swamp (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Top:
field, Peabody, West Newbury (Wm. Merrill). Rather scarce.

Archangelica Gmelini, DC.

‘¢ Essex Co. (Dr. Pickering); and also along the coast” (Oakes ©
Hovey’s Mag, Vol. XII); “Topsfield and Scituate—Mr. Oake
Mr. Russell.” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost., 3d ed. 1840, under Ligusticur
acteifolium) ; ‘‘ Kernwood, Salem, 1863” (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell)
Magnolia (C. E. Faxon). Not rare near the coast.

Z&thusa Cynapium, L. (Foor’s Parsiry.)
Gloucester (C. E. Faxon); ‘‘ occasional in Lynn” (Tracy) ; Ipswic
(Oakes). Rare.

Carum Carui, Z. (GarpDEN Caraway.)
“ Naturalized at Rowley and Ipswich” (Oakes in Hovey’s Ma;
Vol. XIII); Wenham (J. R.). Scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

Levisticum officinale, L. (Lovact.)
Escaped from old gardens. Wenham, 1875, etc. Notcommon. (Ad
from Eu.)

Ligusticum Scoticum, Z. (ScotcH LovaGt.)
Lynn (Tracy); islands in Salem harbor and along the coast. Con
mon.

Thaspium aureum, Nutt. (Mrapow-Parsnip.)
Andover (Rev. H. P. Nichols); Methuen (J. R.); Georgetown
(Mrs. Horner); meadows and wet places. Common only in tl
northwestern portion of the county, absent elsewhere.

Cicuta maculata, ZL. (Sporrep CowBANE.)
Wet places. Common.

Cicuta bulbifera, L.
Common in meadows by the sides of brooks.

Sium cicuteefolium, Gmelin. Sium lineare, Michx. (Gray’s Ma
ual.) (WATER Parsnip.)
Common in wet places.

57

Cryptoteenia Canadensis, DC. (Honrywort.)
Ipswich (Oakes); Boxford; Andover. Frequent in hilly copses.

Osmorrhiza longistylis, DC. (SmooraEr Swuet CICELY.)
“‘ Paradise,” Salem, 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Andover (Rev. H.
P. Nichols); Swampscott (J. R.). Occasional.

Osmorrhiza brevistylis, DC. (Hamy Sweet CIczLy.)
Hamilton, Swampscott, Haverhill, Georgetown, etc. Neither spe-
cies is very common.

Conium maculatum, L. (Porson HEeMLocx.)
Waste places. Common. Mr. G. D. Phippen mentions that prior
to 1840 the present site of Lynde Block, Salem, was covered with
this plant. In 1864, the whole area was burnt over, but in 1878 after
the soil in the yard of the Museum building now adjoining, and then
a portion of that lot, had been upturned, the Conium again appeared.
(Nat. from Eu.)

ARALIACEA.,
(GINSENG FAMILY.)

Aralia racemosa, ZL. (SPIKENARD.)
Haverhill (Mrs. Downs); North Andover (Rey. J. L. Russell);
“Dungeon Rock, Lynn” (Tracy); Chebacco, Essex woods, Brad-
ford (J. R.). Rather scarce.

Aralia hispida, Vent. (BristLy SARSAPARILLA.)
Cleared rocky places. Common.

Aralia nudicaulis, Z. (W1LD SaRSAPARILLA.)
Dry woods. Common.

Aralia trifolia, Gray. (Dwarr GINSENG.)
Common in the older woods. Formerly at Orne’s Point, Salem (Dr.
Chas. Pickering).

Hedera Helix, the European Ivy, is not sufficiently hardy to become
spontaneous, although frequently planted out as a climber. Only
noticed in flower when unprotected in Salem (Dr. Fiske), Sept.,
1880.

CORNACEA,
(DoGewoop FamILy.)

Cornus Canadensis, ZL. (Dwarr CorNEL; BUNCH-BERRY.)
Common in damp woods.

58

Cornus florida, L. (FLowrrine DoGwoop.)
Essex, Gloucester; Pirate’s Glen, Lynn (Tracy); Wenham swamp
islands, 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Boxford and towns in that
Tegion (J. H. Sears). Not very common. The Boxford locality
is about the northern limit of this species.

Cornus circinata, L'Her. (Rounp- LEAVED CORNEL.)
In most towns, but not very common.

Cornus sericea, L. (SmKy Cornet.)
In wet places. Frequent.

Cornus stolonifera, Miche. (Rup-osirr DoGwoop.)
Lynn (Tracy); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Wenham, Topsfield
(Oakes). Not very common.

Cornus paniculata, L’Her.
Roadsides, etc. Common.

Cornus alternifolia, L
Sometimes forming a good sized tree, although generally a shrub by
roadsides. Common.

Nyssa multiflora, Wang. (TupEto.)
A striking tree in wet or even dry soil. Common.

CAPRIFOLIACEA.
(HONEYSUCKLE FaMILy.)

Linnea borealis, Gronov. (LInNza.)
Not uncommon in many parts of the county, in the older woods.

Symphoricarpus racemosus, Michx. (SNOWBERRY.)
A native from farther north and west. Common in cultivation and

escaped in some places.

Lonicera sempervirens, Att. (TRUMPET HONEYSUCKLE.)
Ipswich (Mrs. M. W. Kimball); ‘‘rocky cliffin Marblehead” (Rev.
J. L. Russell, Proc. E. I., Vol. I, p. 273); ‘* stone wall in Salem Great
Pastures, 1866” (memo. G. D. Phippen); Topsfield (J. H. Sears).
If not a native of the county, this plant has become one to all ap-
pearances. Gray mentions no nearer natural habitat than New
York whence if, has been introduced.

Var. flava. (GARDEN YELLOW HoNEYSUCKLE.)
In the woods, Beverly, 1879 (Wm. G. Barton).

Lonicera ciliata, Muhl. (FLY-HONEYSUCKLE.)
Rockport (C. W. Pool); Beverly, Manchester (Oakes); Haverhill
(Mrs. Downs); etc. Not very common.

59

Diervilla trifida, Mench. (Busu-HonrysuckLe. )
Common. Banks and roadsides. A variety grows in Essex with
smoother leaves and with but one flower in each axil.

Triosteum perfoliatum, ZL. (Triosteum.)
Lynn (Tracy); Ipswich (Oakes); Boxford, Haverhill, etc. Not
very common. .

Sambucus Canadensis, L. (Common Exper.)
Frequent by roadsides in damp places.

Sambucus pubens, AMichx. (ReD-BERRIED ELDER.)
Towns on the Merrimac; Rockport; Essex; ‘‘ Salem, 1840” (memo.
Rey. J. L. Russell). In many places but not so abundant as the
last.

Viburnum Lentago, L. (SHEEP-BERRY.)
Very common.

Viburnum nudum, LZ. (WITHE-ROD.)
Danvers (S. P. Fowler); Essex, Haverhill, Amesbury, etc. Not so
common as the last.

Viburnum dentatum, LZ. (ARROw-Wwoop.)
Frequent by roadsides,

Viburnum acerifolium. (DocKMACKIE.)
Often met with in the older woods.

Viburnum Opulus, (CranBerry TREE.)
Wenham swamp, 1877 (J. H. Sears); Orne’s Point, Salem, 1878 (J.
R., perhaps introduced). The Wenham swamp locality is without
doubt a natural one. Frequent in cultivation.

Viburnum lantanoides, Michx. (HoBBLE-BUSH.)
Skirting old woods. In many towns, yet not very common.

RUBIACEA.
(MapDER FamIty.)

Galium asprellum, Michx. (RovuGH BEDSTRAW.)
Common in swampy places climbing over bushes.

Galium trifidum, L., var. tinctorium. (SMALL BEDSTRAW.)
Common in swamps.

Var. ?, a very pretty plant with many flowers. Danvers, 1878
(J. H. Sears). :

Galium triflorum, Michz. (SwrEET-scENTED BEDSTRAW.)
“Frequent among ferns,” Lynn (Tracy); Essex County, 1824 (Dr.
Chas. Pickering). In many other places, but not so abundant as the
last.

60

Galium circeezans, Michx. (WiLp Liquorice.)
Chebacco, Newbury, Amesbury, Boxford, etc. Not uncommon
in the woods.

Galium lanceolatum, Torrey.
Chebacco, Boxford, etc. Not uncommon in similar places to the
last.

Cephalanthus occidentalis, L. (Burron-Busu.)
Around pond holes and brooks. A homely shrub and very common.

Mitchella repens, Z. (Mrircwetra.)
Very common, forming carpets In the woods. Rarely found with
white berries.

Houstonia ceerulea, L. (Hovustonia.)
Very common in pastures and by roadsides. A most lovely spring
flower varying from white to quite deep blue.

DIPSACEA.
(TEASEL FaMILy.)

Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. (Witp TEasEL.)
Danvers, 1853 (Dr. Osgood’s list) and noticed later by Mr. Sears.

COMPOSITz. *

(CoMPOSITE FaMILy.)

Liatris scariosa, Willd. (Biazine-Star.)
Abundant in the region of Topsfield; ‘‘scarce in Lynn” (Tracy);
Salisbury (G. D. Phippen); ‘‘ Howes farm, Danvers, 1829” (memo.
Rey. J. L. Russell). Not observed in the Cape region.

Eupatorium purpureum, L.
Very common in damp soil. ‘Eight feet high in Middleton, Aug.
21, 1861.” (Proc. E. I., Vol. III).

Eupatorium teucrifolium, Willd.
Georgetown; Essex; Lynnfield (Rev. A. P. Chute); ‘Bowler
swamp, Lynn” (Tracy); Hamilton (G. D. Phippen); Danvers
(Dr. Osgood’s list). Scarce.

61

Eupatorium rotundifolium, L.
In Middlesex near Essex county (Geo. E. Davenport).
Eupatorium pubescens, Muh.
“Rare. Stone barn, Swampscott, and Johnson’s swamp ” (Tracy) ;
Essex (J. R.); Ipswich (Oakes); Topsfield (J. H. Sears). Scarce.
Hupatorium perfoliatum, Z. (THoRouGHWoRT.)
Meadows. Common.
Eupatorium sessilifolium, Z. (UrpLanp Bonesxr.)
“Rare. Burrill’s Hill, Lynn” (Tracy); Andover (Mrs. Downs);
etc. Scarce.
Eupatorium ageratoides, L. (WHITE SNAaKkE-ROOT.)
Ipswich (Oakes); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). Scarce.

Mikania scandens, Z. (CimiBinc HEeMp-wEED.)
West Newbury (W. P. Conant); Saugus; Lynn; Wenham Swamp;
Hamilton (G. D. Phippen); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). Frequent.

Tussilago Farfara, L. (CoLTsFoot.)
Baldwin lot, Webb St., Salem (G. D. Phippen); Georgetown (Mrs.
Horner); Manchester, Ipswich, etc. Scarce. (Nat. from Eu.)

Sericocarpus solidagineus, Nees.

Frequent. Ipswich (Oakes); Swampscott; etc.
Sericocarpus conyzoides, Nees.

Among bushes. More common than the last.

Aster corymbosus, Ait.
Quite common in wooded places.
Aster macrophyllus, L.
Ipswich (Oakes) ; Boxford; Kernwood, Salem (J. R.); ete. Scarce.
The radical leaves conspicuous in the woods where this species
grows.
Aster patens, Ait.
Dry places. Common.
Aster levis, L., Var. levigatus.
Dry woods. Common.
Var. cyaneus.
Similar places.
Aster undulatus, LZ.
Dry places. Abundant.
Aster cordifolius, L.
Common in dry places.
Aster ericoides, L.
Essex County (Oakes?) in herb. P. A. 8; “Andover” (memo. Mrs.
Downs). Rare.

62

Aster multiflorus, Ait.
Roadsides. Common.
Aster dumosus, L.
Borders of woods. Common.
Aster Tradescanti, L.
Roadsides. Common.
Aster miser, L., Ait. :
Pastures and roadsides. Common.
Aster simplex, Willd.
‘‘Lynn occasionally ” (Tracy); Andover (Mrs. Downs). Shore of
the Merrimac at Lawrence and Bradford. Not very common.
Aster carneus, Nees.
Ipswich (Oukes); Beverly (J. R.); etc. Not very common.
Aster longifolius, Lam.
Common in wet places.
Aster puniceus, L.
Moist places. Common.
Aster amethystinus, Nutt.
“Salem” (Gray’s Manual, p. 234). Notin the P. A. S. herbarium.
Aster Nove-Angliax, L.
Banks, and along streams and walls. Common.
Aster acuminatus, Dlichx
In quite deep woods. Frequent.
Aster nemoralis, Ait.
‘‘Bogs, Essex county” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering). A variety
quite like the mountain form spoken of in Gray’s Manual; grows at
Crooked pond, Boxford.
Aster linifolius, L.
Salt marshes. Common.
Aster flexuosus, Nutt.
Is found beyond the county line southward.
Aster linariifolius, Z., Diplopappus linariifolius, Hook. (Gray’s
Manual).
Dry fields. Common.
Aster umbellatus, Mill., Diplopappus umbellatus, Torr & Gray
(Gray’s Manual).
By walls and in damp places. Common.
Aster infirmus, Michzx., Diplopappus cornifolius, Darl. (Gray’s
Manual).
‘‘Hssex County” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering).

Brigeron Canadensis, Z. (Horse-wrep.)
Very common in cultivated land and by the roadsides. <A native
appearing like an introduced plant.

63

Erigeron bellidifolius, Mwhl. (Roprx’s PLaANTatN.)
Open ground. Not rare.

Erigeron Philadelphicus, LZ. (Common FLraBann.)
Essex county (memo. G. D. Phippen) ; Danvers, 1853 (Dr. Osgood’s
list). No authentic specimens of this species have been seen, and
it is doubtful as an Essex county plant.

Erigeron annuus, Pers. (Daisy FLEABANE.)

Fields and roadsides. Common.

Erigeron strigosus, Muhl.

In similar situations to the last. Common.

Solidago squarrosa, Muhl.
In aletter to Dr. Chas. Pickering, Feb. 20, 1828, Wm. Oakes, speaking
of what he had found new while botanizing, says, ‘I found a fine
spot of S. squarrosa in your locality;” which Dr. Pickering said
must have been Essex Co. The only specimens yet collected are
from Beverly, 1879 (J. H. Sears). This species is more common in
the mountain regions of Maine, New Hampshire and Pennsylvania.
Solidago bicolor, 2. (PaLE GOLDEN-ROD.)
Dry places. Common.
Solidago latifolia, Z.
Georgetown, Boxford, Amesbury, etc. Not very common.
Solidago cesia, L.
Moist woods. Frequent.
Solidago puberula, -Vutt.
Common near the coast, less so in the interior towns.
Solidago stricta, Ait.
Wenham swamp, 1824+ (Dr. Chas. Pickering); ‘‘ Bowler swamp and
similar localities in Lynn” (Tracy). Not in the P. A. S. county
herbarium. It is very possible there is some mistake and that this
species does not grow here, as no specimens have since been found
and forms of S. neglecta are sometimes mistaken for it.
Solidago speciosa, Nutt.
Ipswich (Oakes); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Danvers (J. H.
Sears). Not uncommon.
Solidago sempervirens, LZ. (SEASIDE GOLDEN-ROD.)
A very handsome species along the ocean shore. Common.
Solidago elliptica, it.
This species probably comes within our county flora as it has been
found south of the county line. A species found at Point Shirley
(C. E. Faxon), supposed to be this, now proves to be a hybrid be-
tween S. sempervirens and some other species.
Solidago neglecta, Turr & Gray.
Swamps. Common. A large form grows at Essex with very ex-
extensive panicles of flowers.

64

Solidago arguta, Ait., var. Juncea.
Abundant along walls and in rather moist places. It is aremarkably
handsome species.

Solidago Muhlenbergii, Torr. & Gray.
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Boxford; Salem (Rev. J. L. Russell) ;
Haverhill, etc. Not very common, and mostly in the older woods.

Solidago linoides, Solander.
Andover (Mrs. Downs); ‘‘ occasional in Lynn” (Tracy). Not in
the P. A. 8. county herbarium.

Solidago altissima, L.
Common along the roadsides by walls.

Solidago odora, Ait. (Swrrt Gotprn-Rop.)
Beverly, Hamilton, Ipswich (Oakes), Amesbury, Methuen, etc.
Not very common.

Solidago nemoralis, Ait.
A small but gorgeous species with one-sided racemes. Common in
dry fields.

Solidago Canadensis, L.
Common by the roadsides, with S. altissima.

Solidago serotina, Ait.
Resembles the last. Not so common. ‘Occasional in Lynn”
(Tracy), Beverly, Wenham, etc. Abundant at Revere station (C.
E. Faxon).

Solidago lanceolata, L.
Common along the roadsides and by walls. Most of the Golden-
rods are quite interesting under cultivation; many have been so
treated with success by Mr. G. D. Phippen, of Salem.

Inula Helenium, Z. (Common ELECAMPANE.)
“ Rarein Lynn” (Tracy) ; Hamilton (G. D. Phippen) ; North Andover,
Topsfield, Lawrence, etc. Frequent along the roadsides and near
old houses in the central county towns. (Nat. from Eu.)

Inula salicina, W.
Escaped at Tapleyville, near the old carpet factory (J. H. Sears),
Undoubtedly introduced with wool. (Adv. from Eu.)

Pluchea camphorata, DC. (SaLtT-MARSH FLEABANE.)
Common on all the salt marshes.

Silphium perfoliatum, Z. (Cup-Prant.)
A western species escaped in Danvers (J. H. Sears).

Iva frutescens, ZL. (Hicguwater Survus.)
Frequent along the edges of the salt marshes.

Ambrosia artemisizfolia, L. (Roman Wormwoop.)
Aweed. The cutting of the leaves very variable.

65

Xanthium strumarium, L., var. echinatum. (Common Sra-
CocKLEBUR. )
Beaches and waste places near the coast, sometimes in the interior,
as near the dam at Lawrence and the carpet factory at Tapleyville.
Xanthium spinosum, L. (Spring Corser.)
Near Flax pond, Lynn (Herbert A. Young, C. E. Faxon). ‘ Intro-
duced into Essex county as late perhaps as 1814, earlier authors not
mentioning it” (Dr. Chas. Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl. p. 976).
(Nat. from Trop. Amer.).

Rudbeckia laciniata, L.
Frequent. Georgetown; ‘‘ Dark lane, Salem, 1827” (memo. Rev. J.
L. Russell); Beverly, etc. ‘ Abundant at Hamilton near Ipswich ;”
‘a noble plant in cultivation” (G. D. Phippen).

Rudbeckia hirta, LZ. (CONE-FLOWER.)
Introduced from the west and fast becoming common in fields where
it is likely to become troublesome. Inaletter written July 15, 1875,
the late Dr. Chas. Pickering says ‘‘R. hirta has entered Essex county
since I left in 1826. It was observed in Pennsylvania by Muhlen-
berg, by myself near Philadelphia, and is entered on my Catalogue
(finished in 1837) as not north of lat. 40°. How far the invasion is
attributable to the removal of the forest remains an open question.’

Helianthus annuus, Z. (GarpEN SUNFLOWER.)
Very common in cultivation, and occasionally spontaneous in waste
places a few seasons. (Int. from Trop. Am.)
Helianthus lenticularis. (A form of H. annuus).
Two feet high, flowers small (1'-3’ in diameter) centre black.
Tapleyville (J. H. Sears). Introduced with wool. A ‘double sun-
flower” has also been growing for nearly thirty years in a field in
Danvers (J. H. Sears).
Helianthus strumosus, L.
Quite common. In damper places than the next.
Helianthus divaricatus, L.
Common in dry thinly wooded places and along roadsides and walls.
Helianthus tuberosus, Z. (JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE.)
Escaped from old gardens along the roadsides. (Ady. from Eu.)

Coreopsis tinctoria, Nutt.
Often cultivated from the west in gardens. Found growing spon-
taneously in a field in Wenham, 1876 (Mrs. M. W. Kimball).

Coreopsis trichosperma, Michz. (TicksEED SUNFLOWER.)
‘Occasional in Lynn” (Tracy). Very common in many other
towns. The paths in Wenham swamp in August are golden with
the flowers of this species which often grows to a height of two or
three feet, while in other places the plants are but a few inches high.

5

66

Bidens frondosa, ZL. (Common BeGGaR-TICKS.)
A common weed.
Bidens connata, Muhl. (Swamp BEGGAR-TICKS. )
Frequent. West Newbury (W. P. Conant); Lynn (Tracy); etc.
Forms of this species are sometimes mistaken for B. cernua.
Bidens chrysanthemoides, Michz. (LARGER BUR-MARIGOLD.)
Common in swamps. (B. cernua in Tracy’s Lynn Flora.)
Bidens Beckii, Torrey. (WaTER MaRIGoLp.)
Hamilton, 1857 (G. D. Phippen); Ipswich river; Crane pond, West
Newbury (J. R.); and occasionally elsewhere. Scarce.

Helenium autumnale, LZ. (SNEZE-WEED.)
Danvers (J. H. Sears). A western species of recent introduction.

Maruta Cotula, DC. (Common May-weeD.)
Very common by roadsides, and in yards in the country towns.
The English name does not apply here, as it does not flower until
July or the last of June. (Nat. from Eu.)

Achillea Millefolium, L. (Yarrow.)
Common in fields, etc. The pink variety is found in Georgetown
(Mrs. Horner) ; Lowell Island, Salem Harbor (G. D. Phippen) ; and
now and then in other places.

Achillea Ptarmica, L. (SNevzewort.)
“‘Danvers, Mr. Oakes” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost. 8d ed. 1840). ‘*Dan-
vers locality thought to be destroyed” (memo. J. H. Sears 1875);
“occasional in Lynn” (Tracy); Salem (Rev. J. L. Russell); ‘Lynn
woods” (memo. G. D. Phippen). Scarce. (Adv. from Eu.)

Leucanthemum vulgare, Lam. (WHITEWEED.)

“Fields and meadows: too abundant” (Gray’s Manual). ‘‘ Very
injurious to grass lands” (Rev. M. Cutler, 1783, Proc. Am. Acad.
Vol. I). A very curious monstrosity of this very common species
was found at Wenham by Laurence G. Kemble having twelve
smaller heads arising from the first one, thus beautifully illustrating
the construction of a composite flower. (Nat. from Eu.)

Leucanthemum Parthenium, Godron. (Frverrrew.)

Common in old gardens and occasionally escaping as in Byfield,
North Andover, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

Pyrethrum Tanacetum, DC. (Matricaria Tanacetum, Wood’s
Bot. and Fl., M. Balsamita, Wood’s Cl. Bk.) Misery Island, Salem
Harbor, near an old farm, (Adv. from Eu.)

Tanacetum vulgare, L. (Common Tansy.)

Roadsides. Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Var. crispum.

Beverly and elsewhere. Not so common. (Nat. from Eu.)

67

Artemisia caudata, Michz.
Along the shore. Common. Artemisia Canadensis, Michz., from
Plum Island, in Bigelow’s Fl. Bost. 3d ed., 1840, is evidently this
species.

Artemisia vulgaris, Z. (Common Mueworr.)
Amesbury, Beverly, etc. Not very common.

Artemisia biennis, Witld.
Spoken of by Gray as ‘rapidly extending eastward by railroad ;”
has appeared in the filled land by the N. Y. &N. E. R. R. freight
station in Boston (Sept., 1877), and probably is to be found else-
where in this vicinity.

Artemisia Absinthium, Z. (Common Wormwoop.)
Salem, and a few other towns, escaped in fields. (Adv. from Eu.)

Artemisia Stellerianum, Bess. (One of the Dusty Millers.)
Nahant Beach (1877) northern end, growing in sand, and (1880)
evidently increasing quite rapidly. (Adv. from Eu.)

Gnaphalium decurrens, Ives. (EVERLASTING.)
Rare in Lynn (Tracy); Danvers (Peabody?) (Rev. J. L. Russell) ;
Andover (Mrs. Downs). Scarce. ;
Gnaphalium polycephalum, Michx. (Common EVERLASTING.)
Fields. Common.
Goaphalium uliginosum, L. (Low Cupweep.)
Cart-paths and sterile fields. Wery common.

Antennaria margaritacea, R. Brown. (PEARLY EVERLASTING.)
Common in dry fields.

Antennaria plantaginifolia, Hook.
One of our earliest flowers. Very Common.

Erechthites hieracifolia, Raf. (FirEwEED.)
On land recently burned over. Very common.

Senecio vulgaris, Z. (Common GrounpsEL.)
A weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
Senecio aureus, ZL. (GoLDEN RaGwosrt.)
Swamps. Common.
Var. obovatus.
Hillside at Boxford; Danvers, 1826 (Dr. Nichols.)
Var. Balsamite.
Ipswich (Oakes); Swampscott (G. D. Phippen), etc. Common.

Centaurea Cyanus, L. (BLUEBOTTLE.)
Old gardens, Beverly (Frank Stone), etc., eseaping for a few years.
(Adv. from Eu.)

68

Centaurea nigra, L. (KNAPWEED.)
“One specimen on railroad roadbed Swampscott” (Tracy); Dan-
vers (Oakes); ‘‘ Dark Lane, Salem” (memo. G. D. Phippen), now
extinct; Marblehead (G. D. Phippen); Topsfield. Not very com-
mon except in the last named locality. (Adv. from Eu.)

Cirsium lanceolatum, Scop. . (COMMON THISTLE. )
Common. Roadsides, etc. (Nat. from Eu.)
Cirsium discolor, Spreng.
“Rare in Lynn” (Tracy); near Salem or Wenham, 1824 (Dr. Chas.
Pickering); Danvers, etc. Not avery common species.
Cirsium muticum, Miche. (Swamp THISTLE.)
Wenham swamp, 1824-6 (Dr. Chas. Pickering) ; Danvers, Methuen,
Amesbury, etc. Frequent in low grounds.
Cirsium pumilum, Spreng. (Pasture THISTLE.)
Fields, ete. Common. A fragrant and handsome flower.
Cirsium horridulum, Michz. (YELLoOw THISTLE.)
Cape Ann and about Salem, 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering) ;, Manchester
(G. D. Phippen); Pigeon Cove; Plum Island. Rather scarce.
Cirsium arvense, Scop. (CanaDAa THISTLE.)
A very troublesome weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

Onopordon acanthium, Z. (CoTron THISTLE.) ;
Little Nahant, Lynn, Salem Neck. Generally near the shore but
seen in Boxford, perhaps introduced with rock-weed manure from
some beach. (Adv. from Eu.)

Lappa officinalis, Alliont. (Burpock.)
Common everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)

Lampsana communis, Z. (NiepLe-wort.)
Salem, 1857 (Rev. J. L. Russell); Norman St., Salem, 1877 (J. R.).
Rare. (Adv. from Eu.)

Cichorium Intybus, Z. (Crcnory.)

“Fields in Cambridge,” 1783 (Dr. Manasseh Cutler in Mem. Am.
Acad., Vol. I). This would seem to indicate that at this time it had
not reached Essex Co. Bigelow (1814) speaks of it as ‘‘ everywhere
in the vicinity of Boston.” Very abundant on the roadbed of the
Eastern railroad at Somerville and Lynn; Salem near March St.,
etc.; Gloucester (Mrs. Babson); Ipswich, Newburyport. Increas-
ing. (Nat. from Eu.)

Krigia Virginica, Willd. (Dwarr DanDzLion.)
Common on dry hills. Flowers a beautiful orange color, heads small.

69

Leontodon autumnale, LZ. (Fatt DANDELION.)
Very common. Flowering as early as June 15th in 1874. (Nat.
from Eu.)

Hieracium Canadense, Michx.
Topsfield, Manchester, Newbury, Salisbury, Lynn, etc. Common.
Hieracium scabrum, Torrey.
Common in dry woods or on banks.
Hieracium venosum, ZL. (RATTLESNAKE-WEED.)
Dry rocky woods. Rather scarce.
Hieracium paniculatum, L.
Dry banks. Not rare.

Nabalus albus, Hook. (Wnire LetTUcE; RATTLESNAKE ROOT.)
Dry woods and banks. Frequent.

Var. serpentaria.
With the other form. Dr. Chas. Pickering considered the typical
form as not found here; he had seen it in Canada.

Nabalus altissimus, Hook.
Woods and copses. Common.

Taraxacum Dens-leonis, Desf. (DANDELION.)
Everywhere that grass will grow. Qne of the earliest flowers, and
prized by every child, often the first botanical inspiration. In
flower from April to December (1879).

Lactuca Canadensis, Z. (Wirp LETrruce.)
Lynnfield, Salisbury, West Newbury, Andover, etc. Common.
Var. intergrifolia, Torrey & Gray.
Swampscott (G. D. Phippen) ; Chebacco, etc. Not so abundant as
the last form.
Var. sanguinea, Torrey & Gray.
Beverly, Boxford, Lynn (Tracy), etc. Not rare.

Mulgedium leucophzeum, DC. (BLUE Lettuce.)
Salem Mill pond borders, 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Beverly (G.
D. Phippen); West Gloucester, Manchester, 1860 (C. H. Norris),
etc. Frequent.

Sonchus oleraceus, L. (Common SOW-THISTLE.)
‘¢Rare in Lynn” (Tracy). ‘‘A weed in my garden near the shore,
Salem” (G. D. Phippen); Derby wharf, Salem, etc. Common.
(Nat. from Eu.)

Sonchus asper, Viil.
‘Rare in Lynn” (Tracy); Salem, Newbury, etc. Frequent. (Nat.
from Eu.)

70

Sonchus arvensis, L.
Danvers (Oakes); Hamilton (G. D. Phippen). Quite common.
(Nat. from Eu).

LOBELIACEA.
(LOBELIA FamI ty.)

Lobelia cardinalis, Z. (CARDINAL-FLOWER.)
Frequent in wet places, particularly along brooks and borders of
ponds. Several acres of this plant at Boxford, in the bed of a mill
pond (1877). ‘Flowers regi on a ground of white” (Proc. E. I.
Vol. III, p.110). ‘‘ Pink, almost white in Haverhill” (Mrs. Downs).

Lobelia syphilitica, Z. (Great LoBeria.)
Reported at Andover, but as it is not mentioned otherwise, this
may have been a mistake. It is probable that this species is known
here only in cultivation (Salem, G. D. Phippen).

Lobelia inflata, Z. (Inp1an Tosacco.)
Dry places. Common.

Lobelia spicata, Lam.
Common in various soils, but generally in moist ones.

Lobelia Dortmanna, ZL. (WarTER LOBELIA.)
Frequent in ponds, growing in about one foot of water. Martin’s
pond, Andover; Kenoza lake, Haverhill; Chebacco; Cape pond,
Rockport. ‘Rare. Spring pond, Lynn” (Tracy), etc.

CAMPANULACE.
(CAMPANULA FAMILY.)

Campanula rotundifolia, Z. (HAREBELL.)
Banks, etc. Towns along the Merrimac valley.

Campanula aparinoides, Pursh.
Meadows, among other plants; in various parts of the county.

Campanula glomerata, L. (CLUSTERED BELLFLOWER.)
“Dark Lane, locality first noticed by Dr. Nichols” (Oakes in
Hovey’s Mag., Vol. VII); Topsfield, June, 1859 (Tracy, Proc. E. I.,
Vol. II, p. 890); ‘* Danvers, Mass., ete.” (Gray’s Manual). The
Dark Lane locality has probably been destroyed some time since.
Danversport (J. H. Sears); Danvers, near the Asylum, 1879 (Walter
Faxon). (Adv. from Eu.)

Campanula rapunculoides, L.
Frequent in grassy places and roadsides in the older towns. (Ady.
from Eu.)

71

Specularia perfoliata, A. DC. (Venus’s LOOKING-GLASS.)
Dry places. Frequent.

ERICACEZ.
(Heata Fam ity.)

Gaylussacia dumosa, Torr. & Gray.
Lynnfield (Dr. Chas. Pickering) ; Gloucester (Mrs. Kettle).

Gaylussacia frondosa, Torr. & Gray. (DANGLEBERRY.)
“Occasional in Lynn” (Tracy); Gloucester (Oakes); Magnolia
Swamp, 1878; Middleton, Wenham Swamp, Amesbury, etc. Not
very abundant.

Gaylussacia resinosa, Torr. & Gray. (BLack HuCKLEBERRY.)
The market huckleberry.

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, L. (SMALL CRANBERRY.)
This has been reported in several places, yet no specimens have
reached the P. A. S. herbarium. It should be looked for in peat
bogs.

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Ait: (AMERICAN, OR LARGE CRAN-
BERRY.
Very common in meadows. The finest locality noticed is a hollow
among the dunes on Plum Island.

Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, L. (CowBerry.)
‘First noticed by Oakes, in Danvers, about 1820” (Proc. E. I., Vol.
I,p. 12). This locality is now exhausted, but Mr. J. H. Sears has
found it growing more abundantly at another place. Bigelow (Fl.
Bost. 2d ed., 1824), says, ‘‘In Lynn, Mr. Oakes;” which is copied
into Hitchcock’s Cat. An. & PL, Mass. This is of course a mis-
take as Oakes’ specimens are all from Danvers. It is corrected in
the Fl. Bost. 8d ed., 1840. This ‘‘is the upland cranberry, whose
berries are brought in quantities to the Boston market” (Dr. Chas.
Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 459).

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lam. (Dwarr BLUEBERRY.)
The early blueberry.

Vaccinium vacillans, Solander. (Low BLUEBERRY.)
Orne’s Point, Salem (Dr. Chas. Pickering) ; Rockport, (C. W. Pool) ;
Prospect Hill, Peabody; Newbury, Salisbury, etc. Frequent on
wooded hills. ;

Vaccinium corymbosum, ZL. (Swamp, or HicH-BusH BLUE-
BERRY.)
The high blueberry varies exceedingly. The one commonly known
by the name, being a tall shrub having large berries covered with a

72

bloom, the calyx remaining prominent upon the berry. Low forms
with a similar berry are also found.

Var. atrococcum.
A very distinct form with smaller, flesh-colored flowers and very
dark berries without a bloom. The calyx not prominent. Common.

Chiogenes hispidula, Torr. & Gray. (Creeping SNOWBERRY.)
Pleasant pond, Wenham (Dr. Charles Pickering); Georgetown
(Mrs. Horner); Essex and Middleton woods, etc. Rather rare.

Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi, Spreng. (BEARBERRY.)
Peabody, Gloucester, Andover, Lynn. Exposed rocky hills. Fre-
quent. A variety with red flowers is collected by Mrs. Horner.

Epigeea repens, DL. (May FLower.)
Near Ship-rock, Peabody, 1860; Lawrence; Gloucester (once very
abundant); Topsfield, Boxford; several places in Salisbury (J. G.
Whittier, Proc. E. I., Vol. ILI); Haverhill (Mrs. Downs); Marble-
head Neck (Ed. Marblehead Messenger, G. F. Flint). The careless
manner in which collectors gather this plant is the cause of its en-
tire disappearance in many localities, and its scarcity in others.

Gaultheria procumbens, L. (CHECKERBERRY.)
Woods. Common.

Leucothoé racemosa, Gray.
‘‘Near Mineral spring pond or by Tapley’s brook” (Dr. Chas. Pick-
ering); Danvers (Dr. Osgood’s list) ; Magnolia Swamp, Gloucester
(Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 35). Rare.

Cassandra calyculata, Don.
Borders of boggy ponds. Common. A charming spring flower, the
buds opening in winter in the house, if collected in December.

Andromeda polifolia, L.
Cedar pond, Wenham, 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering). Rare. This
station still exists.

Andromeda ligustrina, Muhl.
Common. Damp woods and roadsides.

Clethra alnifolia, Z. (CieTura.)
Roadsides. Common. A form only ‘a few inches high with ra-
cemes of full size” was found at Rockport by Mr. G. D. Phippen.

Calluna vulgaris, Salisb. (HmaTHEr.)
Discovered at Tewksbury (see Am. Nat. Vol. X, Aug. 1876) a very
short distance from the county line by Jackson Dawson, about 1865.
This station would be considered small even for the most scarce
plants. In 1876, a single plant was noticed, in Andover, by William

73

Mitchell. Through the kindness of Professor Goldsmith this locality
was visited June, 1879. The place where this specimen grows has
been ploughed or overturned certainly within twenty years. Plants
from the Tewksbury locality have been successfully cultivated in
Andover for some years, doing well in ordinary gardens. It is
hard to imagine this a truly native plant from the Essex county
stations, but the species is found at ‘‘ Cape Elizabeth, Maine, and
less rare in Nova Scotia, Cape Breton and Newfoundland” (Gray Fl.
N. A.).

Kalmia latifolia, L. (Mountain Lavuret.)
Most of the towns in the county. More abundant on Cape Ann
and in the Merrimac valley. A plant having double flowers was
found, at Gloucester, by Mr. G. D. Phippen. In clearings, the ex-
posed plants have very pink flowers.

Kalmia angustifolia, Z. (LAMBKILL.)
Fields and pasture lands. Common.

Kalmia glauca, Ait. (PALE LavuREL.)
Gloucester (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Cedar pond, Wenham (S. P.
Fowler, Proc. E. I., Vol. 1). Not since found, and not represented
by county specimens in the P. A. S. herbarium. The Cedar pond
station is one that this plant would usually select.

Rhododendron viscosum, Torrey. Azalea viscosa, L. (Gray’s
Manual.) (Swamp HONEYSUCKLE.)
Wet places. Common.
Var. glauca.
Ipswich (Oakes); borders of Wenham pond. Frequent.
Rhododendron nudiflorum, Torr., Azalea nudiflora, Z. (Gray’s
Manual.) (PurpLe AZALea.)
“Banks of the Merrimac; West Parish, Andover” (Mrs. S. M.
Downs). As this species is abundant in New Hampshire, it ought
to be quite frequently met with north of the Merrimac.
Rhododendron Rhodora, Don. Rhodora Canadensis, ZL. (Gray’s
Manual). (RHODORA.)
Salem Great Pastures, locality thought now to be exhausted (David
Waters); Ipswich (Oakes); Salisbury (J. G. Whittier, Proc. E. I.,
Vol. III); Peabody, Haverhill, Andover, Boxford (some plants five
and six feet high). ‘‘ One place in Lynn” (Tracy), etc. Frequent.

Ledum latifolium, Ait. (Laprapor TEA.)
“‘ Essex County, 1824” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering). Not in the
Pp. A. S. collection from the county.

Pyrola rotundifolia, L.
Rather deep woods. Common.

74

Pyrola elliptica, Nutt. (SHIN-LEAr.)
Woods. Common.
Pyrola chlorantha, Swartz.
‘*Rare in Lynn” (Tracy). Common at Beverly, Essex, etc.
Pyrola secunda, L.
“Rare in Lynn” (Tracy). Most abundant at Middleton, George-
town, Essex, Haverhill.

Moneses uniflora, Gray.

‘Riall side” Beverly, 1850 (Gilbert Streeter and H. J. Cross).
‘“(Mr. Oakes has sent it from Lynn” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost., 2d ed.»
1824). ‘Mr. Oakes has sent it from Wenham ” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost.,
3d ed., 1840). The last is evidently a correction of the former
statement. Salisbury and Amesbury (G. Markoe and S. Shepard).
‘Rare, only from Saugus” (Tracy). The richest locality for this
plant thus far observed is in the Crooked pond woods, Boxford,
where the specimens are very fine and abundant.

Chimaphila umbellata, Nutt. (Prpsissewa; Prrncr’s PINE.)
Woods. Common.

Chimaphila maculata, Pursh. (SPOTTED WINTERGREEN.)
Pleasant pond woods, Wenham (J. R.); Middleton (Tracy); Bev-
erly (Mr. J. Redmond); Andover (Mrs. Downs). Rare.

Monotropa uniflora, L. (INDIAN Pips.)
Woods. Common.

Monotropa Hypopitys, L. (Prvu-sar.)
Frequent in situations similar to the last. Mrs. Horner finds in
Georgetown a variety with red flower.

ILICINEA.,
Aquifoliacese (Gray’s Manual).
(Hoty Famiy.)

Tlex opaca, Ait. (American Horry.)
““Dogtown Commons, Rockport” (Frank Lufkin). The trees are
of considerable size. The only locality thus far reported; its origin
only conjectural.

Tlex verticillata, Gray. (BLack ALDER.)
Damp roadsides by walls. Common,

Ilex leevigata, Gray. (SmMooru WINTERBERRY.)
Not nearly so abundant as the last. Cedar pond, Lynn (CH. A.
Young); Middleton, Georgetown, etc.

75

Tlex glabra, Gray. (INKBERRY.)
Magnolia Swamp, Wenham Swamp, Rockport (C. W. Pool), etc.
Not very common, yet abundant where it grows at all.

Nemopanthes Canadensis, DC. (Mountain Ho.ty.)
Wet places in the woods. Quite common.

PLANTAGINACER.,
(PLANTAIN FaMILy.)

Plantago major, Z. (Common PLanTatn.)
A cosmopolitan weed.

Plantago Rugelii, Decaisne. (RED STEMMED PLANTAIN.)
This species, which nearly every one takes to be a variety of the
common plantain, is not found in the old world, but is very common
here, and is considered to be a native plant. The leaves are light
green and smooth, the capsules longer than those of the last, and
the bases of the petioles are distinctly red. It will be found in
Gray’s Manual under P. Kamtschatica.

Plantago decipiens, Barneoud. Plantago maritima, Z., var. jun-
coides. (Gray’s Manual.) (S#asHORE PLANTAIN.)
Frequent on the shore on rocks, sand and salt marshes. The true
P. maritima grows north of the St. Lawrence and on the Pacific
coast.

Plantago lanceolata, Z. (RipGrass; ENGLISH PLANTAIN.)
Common in fields. (Nat. from Eu.)

PLUMBAGINACEA.
(LEaDWORT FamILy.)

Statice Limonium, LZ., var. Caroliniana. (Marsa-RosEMary.)
Salt marshes. Common. Much used in a dry state for winter dec-
orations. It is now sold at the street corners in Boston with the
Lygodium and grasses.

PRIMULACE A,
(PRIMROSE FAMILY.)

Trientalis Americana, Pursh. (STAR-FLOWER.)
Woods. Common.

Lysimachia thyrsifiora, ZL. (TurreD LoosEsTRIFE.)
Borders of ponds. Not very common.

76

Lysimachia stricta, Ait.
Wet places. Common. A variety, bearing numerous bulblets in the
axils of the leaves, is found in more shady places.
Lysimachia quadrifolia, L.
Banks and copses. Common.
Lysimachia vulgaris, L.
Roadside in Beverly. A garden plant escaped. (Adv. from Eu.)
Lysimachia nummularia, ZL. (Monrywort.)
Cultivated in old gardens, occasionally escaping. Peabody,
Salem, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)

Steironema ciliatum, Raj., Lysimachia ciliata, Z. (Gray’s Man-
ual.)
Chebacco; towns in the Merrimac valley, etc.; abundant. Rare in
the southern and eastern portions of the county.

Steironema lanceolatum, Gray, Lysimachia lanceolata, Walé.
(Gray’s Manual.)
North Andover, Haverhill, etc.

Var. hybridum.,.
Lynnfield, Brookdale, Lynn, Middleton, etc.

Glaux maritima, Z. (Sra-MiLkwort.)
Ipswich (Oakes); ‘in wet salt marshes about Salem” (Dr. Chas.
Pickering).

Anagallis arvensis, Z. (PIMPERNEL; Poor Man’s WEATHER-
GLASS. )
Fields near the shore. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Hottonia inflata, Hil. (FEATHERFOIL.)
Beverly; ‘‘frequent in Breed’s pond, Lynn” (Tracy); Lanesville
(Mrs. Babson); Andover (Mrs. Downs); Boxford, etc. In slow
streams and pond holes. Not very common.

LENTIBULACEA,

(BLADDERWORT FaMILy.)

Utricularia inflata, Wait.
Peabody, in a pond on the road from Salem to Lynnfield Hotel;
Lynnfield (G. D. Phippen); Andover (Rev. H. P. Nichols); Lily
pond, Lynn (Tracy); Boxford, etc. Rather rare.

Utricularia vulgaris, Z., var. Americana. (ComMMon BLADpER-
WORT.)
Ponds and ditches. Common. The plants float about the larger
ponds, collecting in quiet nooks to flower.

77

Utricularia intermedia, Hayne.
Topsfield ; ‘‘Bowler swamp, Lynn” (Tracy) ; Andover (Mrs. Downs) ;
Chebacco, Haverhill, Lawrence, Methuen, etc. Not rare.

Utricularia gibba, L.
Chebacco pond, Aug. 1876 (J. R.); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner).
Rare.

Utricularia purpurea, Walt.
‘Hawks’ pond, Lynnfield, July, 1858” (G. D. Phippen, Proc. E. I.
Vol. II, p. 298). Hamilton (G. D. Phippen); Lynnfield Hotel, little
pond; Haverhill (Mrs. Downs); Chebacco (not in flower); ‘‘Dan-
vers, Dr. Nichols” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost. 2d ed., 1824). Rare.

Utricularia resupinata, Greene.
‘“* Discovered at Tewksbury by B. D. Greene” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost.,
3d ed., 1840) ; Haggett’s pond, Andover, 1875 (C. E. Faxon, Geo. E.
Davenport) and same locality reported by Mr. Wm. Boott. It
seems probable that Bigelow’s reference should be to the Haggett’s
pond locality as it is quite near Tewksbury, and that Mr. Boott’s
information came from Mr. Greene. This species is also collected
at Boxford (Mrs. Wilmarth).

Utricularia cornuta, Miche.
Borders of ponds in the sand. Frequent.

BIGNONIACEA,
(BIGNonrA FaMILy.)

Tecoma radicans, Juss. (TRUMPET FLOWER.)
A native westward, extensively cultivated, not always proving
hardy in exposed situations.

Catalpa bignonioides, Walt. (ComMoNn CaTaLPa.)
A native of the south, early introduced here as a shade and orna-
mental tree, it is now likely to be replaced by the western Catalpa
(C. speciosa), which closely resembles it, but is much more hardy.
The wood is extremely durable.

Martynia proboscidea, Glox.
A native westward, much cultivated here, the fruit being used for
pickling.

OROBANCHACE.,
(BROoM-RaPE FaMILy.)

Epiphegus Virginiana, Bart. (BEECH-DROPS.)
Frequent under beeches. The Chebacco region is a fine locality.

78

Aphyllon uniflora, Torr..& Gray.
“North Salem, 1827” (memo. Rey. J. L. Russell); Derby estate,
Salem, 1875 (Hugh Wilson); Saugus (J. H. Emerton); Andover,
Georgetown, Amesbury, Merrimac; Boxford (Miss M. E. Perley),
Middleton, etc. Frequent in thin woods.

SCROPHULARIACES.
(Figwort FaMILy.)

Verbascum Thapsus, ZL. (Common MULLEIN.)
Roadsides and fields. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Verbascum Blattaria, ZL. (Motu MuLtein.)
‘“‘By European colonists, was carried prior to 1670 (Josselyn) to
northeast America” (Dr. Chas. Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 464),
and yet it never seems to have been very common. ‘‘ By the road-
sides in Lynn” (Dr. Cutler, 1783, in Mem, Am. Acad., Vol. I); West
Newbury (Wm. Merrill); Wenham (W. P. Conant); ‘‘ Danvers in
fields” (G. D. Phippen, Dr. Osgood’s list, 1853). (Nat. from Eu.)

Verbascum nigrum, L.
Tapleyville (J. H. Sears). Probably introduced with wool. (Adv.
from Eu.)

Linaria Canadensis, Spreng.
Cart-paths. Common.
Linaria vulgaris, Mill. (Toap-FLax; BUTTER-AND-EGGS.)
Fields and roadsides. Frequent. (Nat. from Eu.)
Linaria Elatine, Mill.
‘‘ Naturalized at Ipswich” (Oakes in Hovey’s Mag., Vol. XIII).
(Adv. from Eu.)

Antirrhinum majus, £. (Large SNAppRAGON.)
Once established in a garden, it is sure to remain; it also occasion-
ally escapes into the roadsides near old country gardens. (Adv.
from Eu.)

Scrophularia nodosa, L. (Ficworr.)
‘Boston street, between Washington street and the paper factory;
Lynn” (Tracy); Beverly Farms (G. D. Phippen).°

Chelone glabra, L. (TurTLE-nEAD; SNAKE-HEAD.)
Near brooks. Frequent.

Mimulus ringens, Z. (Monkry-FLower.)
Damp ground. Common.

79

Gratiola Virginiana, L.
Lynn, near Flax pond (Tracy, H. A. Young); Lawrence (J. R.);
Andover (Mrs. Downs). Scarce.

Gratiola aurea, Muhl.
Shores of ponds and swamps. Common. There is a white variety
of this species which grows in Bowler Swamp, Lynn.

Tlysanthes gratioloides, Benth. (Fase PIMPERNEL.)
Bowler Swamp, Lynn; Chebacco, North Andover, Gloucester, etc.
Frequent.

Veronica Anagallis, ZL. (WarTrr SperpwELL.)
“So thick in many ditches as almost tochoke them up. Margins of
Breed’s pond and similar boggy localities” (Tracy’s Lynn Flora).
Veronica Americana, Schweinitz (V. Beccabunga of Am. Au-
thors).
“Outlet of Mineral spring pond. Perhaps the locality referred to
by Higginson” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering).

Veronica scutellata, ZL. (Marsu SPHEDWELL.)
Among other plants in wet places.

Veronica serpyllifolia, L.
Low roadsides and other moist places.

Veronica peregrina, L.
A weed in damp places.

Veronica arvensis, L. (Corn SPEEDWELL.)
“Rare. Holmes’s mill, Walnut street, Lynn” (Tracy) ; ‘‘Salem Great
Pastures, 1842” (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell); Danvers (Dr. Os-
go00d’s list) ; Essex County (Oakes). Notcommon. (Nat. from Eu.)

Gerardia purpurea, L., var. patpercula (Gray’s Fl. N. A.).

Common in wet pastures. Rarely over eight inches high. A variety
with white flowers was collected in Salem by Miss S. Russell.
‘‘G. purpurea of eastern Massachusetts is probably distinct from that
bearing the same name in our Middle States; observed around
Philadelphia two feet high with flowers twice as large” (Dr. Chas.
Pickering in a letter of July 15, 1875). The typical form does not
seem to have been observed here thus far by collectors.

Gerardia maritima, Raf. :

Salem, Salisbury, West Gloucester, etc. Salt marshes. Not rare.

Gerardia tenuifolia, Vahl. oe
Dry hillsides. Frequent.

Gerardia flava, L., partly.

Lynn (Tracy), Rockport (Pool), Beverly, Andover, Amesbury,
Newbury, etc. Frequent on wooded hillsides.

80

Gerardia quercifolia, Pursh.
Danvers, Ipswich (Oakes), Andover, Methuen, Haverhill, etc. In
similar places to the last.

Gerardia pedicularia, L.
Dry thin woods, Hamilton, Lynn, Danvers, Linebrook (Miss Perley),
Middleton, Topsfield, etc. As the last two, frequent.

Castilleia coccinea, Spren. (PAINTED-CUP.)
Danvers, Boxford, Topsfield, Andover, North Andover, and towns
in that region. Rare in other parts of the county. A variety with
more finely cut leaves and yellowish flowers is found in Danvers by
J. H. Sears.

Rhinanthus Crista-galli, L. (Common YELLOW-RATTILE.)
“Near Salem” (probably about 1824) and elsewhere (Dr. Chas.
Pickering Chron. Hist. Pl. p. 501); Gloucester (Mrs. Babson, and
herb., P. A. S.); “Haverhill” (Mrs. Downs); Georgetown (Mrs.
C. N. S. Horner). As considered in the Plymouth locality, it: is
probably introduced here from farther north.

Pedicularis Canadensis, L. (LOousEWwoRT.)
Copses, etc. Frequent. ‘It will not live in cultivation when
transplanted, perhaps a parasite” (memo. G. D. Phippen).

Melampyrum Americanum, Miche. (Cow-wumat.)
Dry woods. Common.

VERBENACEA.
(VERVAIN FamILy.)

Verbena hastata, ZL. (Biur Vervain.)
“Very rare in Lynn” (Tracy). Most abundant in the central and
northwestern portions of the county where it is common.
Verbena urticifolia, ZL. (WuiTe Vervatin.)
Roadsides. Frequent.

Phryma Leptostachya, L. (LopsEep.)
Byfield (Rev. A. P. Chute), Groveland, Georgetown (Mrs. Horner),
Danvers. Not very common.

LABIATZ.
(Mint Famizy.)

Teucrium Canadense, L. (Woop Sacr.)
Saugus river banks, Gloucester, North Andover, Byfield, Newbury,
etc. Not very common.

81

Trichostema dichotomum, LZ. (BLus Curts.)
Dry sterile fields. Common.

Mentha viridis, Z. (SpeaRMINT.)
Danvers (Dr. Osgood’s list), Rockport (Pool), West Gloucester,
Groveland, etc. Frequent. (Nat. from Eu.)
Mentha sativa, Z. (WHORLED Mint.)
Chebacco road, Hamilton, Aug. 24, 1874. (Adv. from Eu.)
Mentha piperita, L. (PEPPERMINT.)
Rockport (Pool), Nahant, Danvers, Wenham, etc. Occasional.
(Nat. from Eu.)
Mentha Canadensis, Z. (WILD Mint.)
Meadows. Common.

Lycopus Virginicus, ZL. (BuUGLE-wEED.)

‘“‘Near Salem” (S. B. Buttrick, Proc. E. I. Vol. II, p. 241), Beverly
(John C. Phillips), Essex County (Dr. Chas. Pickering). Seem-
ingly not very common.

Lycopus sinuatus, £il., L. Europeus, var. sinuatus (Gray’s Man-
ual). Moist ground. Common and quite variable. A native species.
Lycopus Europeus, Z., appears only in this county as an adventi-
tious plant and probably does not grow here.

Hyssopus officinalis, L.
Escaped from old gardens in a few places. Georgetown (Mrs.
Horner). (Adv. from Eu.)

Pycnanthemum muticum, Pers. (Mountain MINT.)
‘Very rare, stone barn, Swampscott” (Tracy); Danvers (J. H.
Sears; and a few other places in the county. Scarce.
Pycnanthemum lanceolatum, Pursh.
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), and the towns in that neighborhood.
Scarce.

Origanum vulgare, Z. (Wimp Margoram.)
Georgetown (Oakes), Rowley (Rev. J. L. Russell). Not common.
(Nat. from Eu.)

Thymus Serpyllum, L. (Crerpinc THYME.)
““Dry pastures, Boxford, 1819, Oakes and Osgood” (Oakes in
Hovey’s Mag. Vol. VII). (Adv. from Eu.)

Thymus vulgaris, L. (GarDEN THYME.)
Cultivated in gardens, occasionally escaping. Beverly (W. D.
Silsbee).

Hedeoma pulegioides, Pers. (AMERICAN PENNYROYAL.)
‘* Clearly the ‘peneriall’ seen by W. Wood i. 5—and Higginson, east-
ern Massachusetts, and ‘upright peniroyal’ of Josselyn Rar. 44.”

6

82

(Dr. Chas. Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl. p. 944). Frequent in old fields
and rocky places. A native plant.

Collinsonia Canadensis, Z. (RicH-wEED; STONE-ROOT.)
Ipswich (Oakes), Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). Scarce.

Monardadidyma, LZ. (OswreGo TEa.)
Chebacco road, Georgetown, Haverhill, and often in cultivation.
Not common in a wild state.

Monarda fistulosa, Z. (WiLp BerGamort.)
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), ‘‘ Danvers” (Dr. Osgood’s list), North
Andover (Mrs. A. J. Haskell). Not very common and hardly a
native of this region, but probably introduced from farther north.

Wepeta Cataria, ZL. (CatTNip.)
Common. (Adv. from Eu.)

Nepeta Glechoma, Benth. (Grounp Ivy.)
Damp places. Frequent. (Adv. from Eu.)

Physostegia Virginiana, Benth.
Roadside at Middleton, Aug. 1874 (J. R.); Danvers, 1853 (Dr.
Osgood’s list); Hamilton (G. D. Phippen); Topsfield. Introduced
from farther west (N. Y., etc.) for cultivation, whence it has es-
caped.

Brunella vulgaris, ZL. (SELF-HEAL.)
Fields, etc. Common. A few plants having white flowers were
found at North Reading, 1874 (J. R.).

Scutellaria galericulata, Z. (SKULLCapP.)
Damp places. Frequent. A quite rigid form grows near the sea-
shore, noticed at ‘‘ Pebblestone beach,” Rockport, 1875 (J. R.).
Scutellaria laterifiora, L. (Map-poG SKuLicar.)
Wet places. Most common in the interior of the county.

Marrubium vulgare, ZL. (Common HoREHOUND.)
Danvers (Oakes). (Nat. from Eu.)

Galeopsis Tetrahit, Z. (Common Hemp-Nnttte.)
Ipswich (Oakes), Gloucester (Mrs. Babson), Wenham, shores of
the Merrimac at West Newbury, Boxford, etc. Rather scarce.
(Nat. from Eu.)

Galeopsis Ladanum, L. (Rep Hemp-Nerrtye.)
“Chelsea beach by Dr. Bigelow” (Dr. Chas. Pickering); and since
at the same place (H. A. Young). Although not in the geographical
limits of the county it comes properly into the flora of the region
as it is within our latitude, and but a few rods beyond the county
line.

83

Stachys palustris, Z. (Hupce Netty.)
“Naturalized at Ipswich, exactly like the European plant” (Oakes
in Hovey’s Mag., Vol. XIII).

Stachys aspera, Michz., S. palustris, var. aspera (Gray’s Manual).
“Sparingly at Lynn” (Tracy).

Stachys cordata, Riddell, S. palustris, var. cordata (Gray’s Man-
ual).
Specimens collected at Danvers, by Mr. Sears, were referred here
by Prof. Watson.

Stachys hyssopifolia, Michx.
‘‘Appeared mysteriously on the wall at Paradise, Salem, 1824”
(Dr. Chas. Pickering).

Leonurus Cardiaca, L. (Morurrwort.)
Country yards, etc. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Lamium amplexicaule, L.
‘‘A weed in some old gardens in Lynn” (Tracy), and old gardens
elsewhere. (Adv. from Eu.)

Lamium album, Z. (Wuire Drap-Nertir.)
Old gardens, and now and then escaped. ‘L. rugosum (L. album,
L.) grows freely on the cinder banks at Saugus” (Tracy, Proc.
E. I., Vol. II, p. 389). (Adv. from Eu.)

Ballota nigra, Z. (BLiack Horenounp.)
‘*Dark lane,” Salem (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell). Rare. Locality
now destroyed. (Adv. from Eu.)

BORRAGINACEA.
(BoraGce Famity.)

Asperugo procumbens, L.
A foreign plant, found on the road-bed of the E. R. R. near Salem,
by Rev. J. L. Russell, some twenty years since.

Echium vulgare, LZ. (BLUE-WEED.)
Danvers ; Lynn, 1838 (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell) ; Middleton, near the
paper mill (G. D. Phippen); Salem (Mrs. Kimball); Beverly, near
the old rubber factory, etc. Not very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Lycopsis arvensis, L. (Smauu BuGross.)
Ipswich (Oakes), ‘‘ Andover” (Mrs. Downs). (Adv. from Eu.)

Symphytum officinale, Z. (Common Comrrey.)
The specimen in the P. A. S. county herbarium is from Wm. P.
Richardson, a botanist, who collected the plants of this region some

84

forty years ago. The precise locality is unknown. Noticed in An-
dover, June, 1879 (J. R.); Boxford (Miss Perley). (Adv. from
Eu.)

Myosotis laxa, Lehm., Myosotis palustris, var. laxa. (Gray’s Man-
ual.) (FORGET-ME-NOT.)
Salem Great Pastures; Lynn (Tracy); Ipswich, Hamilton, etc. Not

rare in wet places.

Myosotis arvensis, Hof'm.
Noticed as a weed ina garden in Salem in 1874. It very probably

was introduced with the packing around vlants. No specimens
were preserved.

Myosotis verna, Nutt.
Dry hills. Common.

Echinospermum Lappula, Lehn.
Salem (Mrs. Crosby), Essex County (Dr. Chas. Pickering). (Nat.

from Eu.)

Echinospermum Virginicum, Lehm., Cynogtossum Morisoni,
DQ. (Gray’s Manual.) (Beecar’s Licr.)
North Andover (Rey. J. L. Russell), Boxford, Groveland, West
Newbury, Amesbury, etc. Along walls. Quite a “common plant.

Cynoglossum officinale, L. (Hounp’s TonGuz.)
s ‘Old mill-site, Middleton, June, 1859” (Tracy, Proc. E. I, Vol. II,

p. 383).
POLEMONTACEA.
(PHLOX FaAMILy.)

Phlox paniculata, Z. (Garpun PHLox.)
A native farther westward. Jiscaped in Beverly and two or three

other places along the roadsides.

CONVOLVULACE.
(CONVOLVULUS FamILy.)

Ipomoea purpurea, Lam. (Mornine Giory.)
Common in yards and gardens where it propagates itself by seeds.
Derby Wharf, Salem; roadside in Wenham and other places. Es-
caped. (Adv. from Trop. Amer.)

Convolvulus arvensis, L. (BiINDWEED.)
A pretty weed quite abundant from Rockport to Andover. (Nat.

from iu.)

85

Convolvulus sepium, L., Calystegia sepium, R. Brown. (Gray's
Manual.) (Hepes Binpweep.)
Commonly climbing over bushes in damp places. Often cultivated.
Quite variable in the color of the flowers.

Convolvulus spithameus, L., Calystegia spithamma, Pursh.
(Gray’s Manual.)
Reported from two localities but not represented in the P. A. S.
collection. The identification is a little uncertain.

Cuscuta Epilinum, Weihe. (FLax Doppzrr.)
“Old flax fields, Rowley, 1826;” (Oakes in Hovey’s Mag. Vol.
XIIT). ‘Well known to farmers who have their flax fields greatly
injured by it” (Dr. Cutler, 1783, in Mem. Am. Acad., Vol.I). (Adv.
from Eu) Not now observed, flax being seldom cultivated.
Cuscuta Gronovii, Willd.
Common on herbaceous plants in damp places. ‘*Common in
hedges, etc.” (Dr. Cutler, 1783, in Mem. Am. Acad., Vol. I).

SOLANACEA.
(NIGHTSHADE FAMILY.)

Solanum Dulcamara, ZL. (BITTERSWEET.)
‘“By European colonists, was carried to northeast America (later
perhaps than 1670, for it is not mentioned by Josselyn), and has
become completely naturalized.” (Dr. Chas. Pickering, Chron.
Hist. Pl. p..531).
Common in damp places. Often called ‘‘ Deadly Nightshade” in
this region, which name belongs more properly to the next. Neither
species is poisonous to handle as is often imagined.

Solanum nigrum, Z. (Common NIGHTSHADE.)
Gloucester, Andover (Mrs. Downs), Salem (in two places); New-
buryport, etc. Quite common. The American form of this species
was thought by Dr. Pickering, from specimens collected about 1824,
to be considerably different from the European plant, and Gray’s
new Flora of N. A. gives this as a native species.

Solanum rostratum, Dunal.
Rockport (Mrs. Wheeler). An immigrant from the southwest.

Physalis Alkekengi, Z. (STRAwBERRY TOMATO; GROUND CHERRY.)
‘Frequently cultivated and occasionally spontaneous. ‘‘ Salem Neck,
near a compost heap” (memo. G. D. Phippen). Mr. Phippen also
states that in Salem, some years since, a person styling himself the
Rev. sold the fruit of this plant at fifty cents a berry attributing
to it some rare virtue and actually found customers. (Adv. from
Eu.)

86

Physalis Virginiana, Mill. (Gray’s Fl. N. A.), P. viscosa, L.
(Gray’s Manual.)
Near the cemetery, Lynn (C. E. Faxon). Probably introduced from
farther west. i

Nicandra physaloides, Gertn. (APPLE or PERU.)
‘‘Rare, yards in Summer St., Lynn” (Tracy); Rockport (Pool) ;
West Newbury (Wm. Merrill); Boxford (Miss Perley); Andover
(Mrs. Downs). Scarce. (Adv. from Peru.)

Lycium vulgare, Dunal. (Matrmmony-VInz.)
Escaped by a wall in Beverly, and a few other places. Common in
old gardens. (Adv. from Eu.)

Hyoscyamus niger, Z. (Biack HENBANE.)
Apparently common in 1788 (Dr. Cutler in Proc. Amer. Acad., Vol.
I). ‘Short beach, Nahant, often disappearing for a while” (Tracy,
Proc. E. I. Vol. Il, p. 275); Essex County (Oakes) ; ‘Ipswich near
the depot, and the south side of Phillip’s wharf, Salem” (memo. G.
D. Phippen). (Adv. from Eu.)

Datura Stramonium, LZ. (Common STRAMONIUM.)
Common in waste places. (Adv. from Asia.)

Datura Tatula, Z. (PURPLE THORN-APPLE.)
Often with the other (probably adv. from Trop. Amer.). Both
are most frequent near the seashore.

Nicotiana rustica, L. (WiLtp Tosacco.)
‘*Near Danvers” (Dr. Osgood’s list). Not represented in the P.
A. S. herbarium of Essex County plants, and possibly extinct,
though once frequent according to early authors. (Adv. from Trop.
Amet.)

Petunia nyctaginiflora.
On a waste heap, Nahant, Aug., 1878; Wenham, by the roadside,
etc. Not permanently established, although very common in culti-
vation. (Adv. from So. America.)

GENTIANACEA,
(GENTIAN FaMILY.)

Gentiana crinita, Freel. (FRINGED GENTIAN.)
Beverly, scarce; Hamilton, scarce; more abundant in the northern
and western portions of the county. Mrs. Horner collected in
Georgetown a single plant hardly less than fifteen inches high,
having thirty flowers. Rev. H. P. Nichols states that the variety
with white flowers and pale green leaves is quite constant in the
Andover region.

87

Gentiana Andrewsii, Griseb. (CLosEp GENTIAN.)
Quite often found in the region of the last, yet nowhere very com-
mon. ‘The soapwort species (G. saponaria)” referred to in the
Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 406, as growing in Groveland, is undoubtedly
a mistake, and should be this species of which G. saponaria, Freel,
is a synonyme.

Bartonia tenella, Muhl.
Lynnfield (Rev. A. P. Chute, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 47). ‘*Swamp
at the Pickman Farm, Salem” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering).

Menyanthes trifoliata, ZL. (Bucksran.)
Bogs in the central and northern parts of the county, where it is
common. Scarce in most other places. Bog-bean would be a
better name.

Limnanthemum lacunosum, Griseb. (FLOATING HzaRT.) Quite
common in ponds.

APOCYNACEA.
(DoeBane Famity.)

Apocynum androsemifolium, L. (SpreapiInc DocBanr.)
Frequent. Roadsides and copses. A variety with downy leaves
and quite deep rose-colored flowers is found at Georgetown by
Mrs. Horner.

Apocynum cannabinum, LZ. (Inp1an Hemp.)

Georgetown (Mrs. Horner) ; Sluice pond, Lynn (Herbert A. Young) ;
Andover (Mrs. Downs). Shores of the Merrimac at W. Newbury.

Var. hypericifolium (Gray’s Manual).

Essex County (Oakes). ‘‘Oakes showed me a depressed form at
Middleton pond” (Dr. Chas. Pickering). This species is much
rarer than the first.

ASCLEPIADACEA,
(MILKWEED FamILy.)

Asclepias Cornuti, Decaisne. (ComMON MILKWEED OR SILKWEED.)
Very common. Varies much, both as regards the shape of the leaves
and the color of the flowers.

During the last century the coma of the seeds of this plant was
used for wick-yarn. ‘The candles will burn equally free and afford
a clearer light than those made of cotton wicks. They will not re-

88

quire so frequent snuffing and the smoke of the snuff is less offen-
sive” (Dr. Cutler, 1783, in Proc. Am. Acad., Vol. 1).
About 1833 a patent was granted Miss Margaret Gerrish, of Salem,
for a process by which the fibre of this species of milkweed was
used for the manufacture of various kinds of thread, cloth, etc.
The specimens illustrating this are now at the Essex Institute.
Asclepias phytolaccoides, Pursh. (Pox MILKWEED.)
, Frequent in the Merrimac valley. Scarce in the southern towns.
Asclepias purpurascens, L. :
“Danvers, July 17, 1853” (Dr. Osgood’s list). ‘North Andover,
in the rear of the Osgood estate” (Dr. Chas. Pickering), Middleton,
1880 (J. R.). Rare.
Asclepias quadrifolia, Jacq.
“Dungeon pasture, Lynn, rare” (Tracy). ‘Kernwood, Salem”
(G. D. Phippen). Danvers (J. H. Sears), Middleton, etc. Scarce.
Asclepias incarnata, L., var. pulchra, Pers. (Swamp MILKWEED.)
Wet places. Frequent. Cultivated by Mr. G. D. Phippen in Salem,
who states that ‘‘the plants grew freely from seeds, the offspring
being smoother.”
Asclepias obtusifolia, Micha.
Lynnfield (Rev. A. P. Chute, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 37), “Rockport”
(Pool); Ipswich (Oakes). Rare.
Asclepias tuberosa, ZL. (BUTTERFLY-WEED. PLEuRISY-ROOT.)
Wenham; Danvers; Topsfield; and the Merrimac valley towns,
frequent. Rare elsewhere. All the native milkweeds are interest-
ing in cultivation. Mr. G. D. Phippen of Salem has experimented
with several, the most satisfactory being A. tuberosa, one plant of
which bore, in his garden, one hundred clusters of flowers.

OLEACEAE.
(OLtvE Famity.)

Ligustrum vulgare, Z. (Priver; Prim.)
Rial Side, Beverly; Lynn, Wenham, Andover, etc. Common.
‘*Known in a wild state as long ago as-when Dr. Manasseh Cutler
botanized here in 1790” (memo. G. D. Phippen). Adv. from Eu.,
but naturalized in various parts of the county.

Syringa vulgaris, L. (Lrvac.)

Cultivated in every old garden, often found escaped, although not
far from dwellings. The white variety is less frequent than the
ordinary form. (Adv. from Eu.)

89
Fraxinus Americana, ZL. (Wuirs Asu.)
Common in most parts of the county, but seldom in groves.
Fraxinus pubescens, Lam. (Rep Asu.)
Frequent, riverbanks, etc., in the central portion of the county.
Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lam. (Brack Asu; WarTER ASH.)
Swampy woods. Frequent.

ARISTOLOCHIACE A.
(BirtHwort Famizy.)

Asarum Canadense, ZL. (WiLD GINGER.)
This grows in Andover and Haverhill, and has been cultivated by
Mr. S. P. Fowler in Danvers. Introduced from beyond the county
limits.

PHYTOLACCACEA.
(PoOKEWEED F amity.)

Phytolacea decandra, L. (Gareer; Poke.)
Damp ground and freshly cleared land. Common. The root is
poisonous, yet ‘the stalks are in early spring sometimes eaten as a
substitute for asparagus.” (Gray’s Manual.) For cultivation, where
it can have sufficient room, this makes a most striking autumn
plant.

CHENOPODIACEA.
(GOOsEFOOT FaMILy.)

Chenopodium album, LZ. (PIGWEED.)
A weed everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)

Chenopodium glaucum, L., (OaKk-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.)
‘¢Marblehead Neck, Sept. 8, 1858” (Tracy, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p.
312); Salem, 1879; Lynn (Herbert A. Young). (Nat. from Eu.)

Chenopodium urbicum, L.

Near Flax pond, Lynn, 1879 (H. A. Young); ‘‘ occasional in Lynn”
(Tracy). This species is often confused with the next, forms of
which are taken for it. (Nat. from Eu.)

Chenopodium hybridum, LZ. (MapLE-LEAVED GOOSEFOOT.)
Frequent. Both the small form and the large are with an extensive
spreading panicle of flowers. (Nat. from Eu.)

Chenopodium Botrys, Z. (Jurusatem Oak; AMBROSIA.)

A garden plant or weed, often seen in yards; Lynn, 1879 (H. A.
Young), etc.. (Ady. from Eu.)

90

Chenopodium ambrosioides, L., var. anthelminticum, Gray.
CWoRMSEED. )
Common in Lynn where it seems thoroughly established. (Nat.
from Trop. Am.)

Blitum maritimum, Nutt. (Coast Biire.)
“Near the mouth of Saugus river” (Dr. Chas. Pickering). ‘ An-
nisquam” (Mrs. Downs).

Blitum capitatum, Z. (STrRawBeErry BLITE.)
A native of the west, cultivated and perpetuating itself by seeds in
gardens and yards.

Atriplex patula, L.

Common near the seashore and on the islands in Salem harbor.
Var. littoralis.

The leaves are narrow.
Var. hastata.

The leaves are halberd-shaped. Both forms are common.
Atriplex arenaria, Nutt.

Salisbury, Beverly, Plum Island, Lynn (Tracy). Frequent.

Salicornia herbacea, L.
Salt marshes. Common.
Salicornia Virginica, L.
Similar places to the last. Common.
Salicornia fruticosa, L., var. ambigua, Gray.
“Gloucester, Dr. Chas. Pickering, 1824” (Oakes in Hovey’s Mag.,
Vol. XIIL); Lynn marsh, 1875 (J. R.).

Sueeda maritima, Dumortier. Chenopodina of authors. (Sea
BITE.)
Very common on marshes and wet places near the seashore. This
plant is so variable that it seems as if more than one species grew
here, or at least good varieties might be described. In a letter
written July 15, 1875, Dr. Pickering says of this species ‘‘Chenopodina
Americana not more than a foot high growing in the wet salt
marsh and not in the sand, the stem simple or with few branches,
root perennial.”

Salsola Kali, Z. (Common SaLTwort.)
In sand by the seashore. Common.

AMARANTACEA.
(AMARANTH FamMILy.)

Amarantus retroflexus, L.
A common weed. (Probably adv. from Trop. Amer.)

91

Amarantus albus, L.
A very common weed. (Probably adv. from Trop. Amer.)
Amarantus caudatus, Z. (Love-Lies-BLEEDING.)
“Amongst rubbish,” 1783 (Rev. M. Cutler, Mem. Am. Acad., Vol. I,
p. 490). This plant now only seen in old gardens is never noticed
as escaped from cultivation.

POLYGONACES.
(BucKWHEAT Famity.)

Polygonum orientale, L. (Prince’s Fratuen.)
Escaped from cultivation in a few places. Wenham, near the pond;
Boxford (Miss Perley), etc. (Adv. from India.)
Polygonum Careyi, Olney.
Chebacco woods, in damp places, 1876 (J. R.).
Polygonum Pennsylvanicum, L.
Wet, but open places. Not rare.
Polygonum incarnatum, £ii.
“In the environs of Salem with P. persicaria” (Dr. Chas. Pick-
ering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 904, under P. lapathifolium). Marble-
head, 1859 (Rev. J. L. Russell), and damp places elsewhere.
Polygonum Persicaria, L. .(Lapy’s THUMB.)
A weed in waste places. (Nat. from Eu.)
Polygonum Hydropiper, L. (WatTER-PEPPER.)
Common in wet places as by brooks. ‘ Apparently introduced
eastward, but indigenous northward” (Gray’s Manual).
Polygonum acre, H. B. K. (Water SMARTWEED.)
Chebacco (J. R.), and a few other places. Rather scarce.
Polygonum hydropiperoides, Michx. (MILD WatER-PEPPER.)
In water and wet places. Topsfield (Oakes); Lynn (Tracy); out-
let of Chebacco pond; Haverhill, etc.
Polygonum amphibium, L., var. aquaticum, Willd. (Water
PERSICARIA. )
Floats like a pond weed in the water. Peabody, North Andover,
Lynn (Tracy), Andover, Hamilton (G. D. Phippen), etc. Rather
frequent.
Var. terrestre, Willd.
Grows on the shore often near the floating variety.
Polygonum articulatum, LZ. (JoINTWEED.)
Plum Island, Coffin’s beach, Gloucester, Ipswich (Oakes), Grove-
land, Sept. 14, 1859 (Proc. E. I., Vol. IT, p. 409).
Var. multiplex (Oakes in Hovey’s Mag., Vol. VII).
Ipswich, 1825 (Oakes) ; Turkey hill, Ipswich, 1877 (J. R.). This spe-
cies resembles a heath and has frequently been collected for Calluna.

92

Polygonum aviculare, Z. (KNoTGRASS.)
A very common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

Polygonum erectum, ZL. (P. aviculare, var. erectum. Gray’s
Manual.)
Essex County (Rev. J. L. Russell); Ipswich (J. R.). Scarce.
Considered an American plant.

Polygonum maritimum, Z. (Coast KnoTerass.)
Beverly, Lynn, Ipswich, etc.

Polygonum tenue, Michx.
Andover, Lawrence, Amesbury, Newbury, Lynn (Tracy), Danvers,
etc. Frequent.

Polygonum arifolium, LZ. (HaLBerD-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB. )
Common in damp places.

Polygonum sagittatum, Z. (ARROW-LEAVED TEAR-THUMB.)
In similar places. Common.

Polygonum Convolvulus, L. (Biack BINDWEED.)
A climbing weed. (Nat. from Eu.)

Polygonum cilinode, Michx.
Danvers, 1840 (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell), Rockport, Andover
(Mrs Downs), etc. Not very common.

Polygonum dumetorum,. Z., var. scandens. (CLIMBING FaLsE
BucKkWHEAT.)
Beverly, West Gloucester, Lynn (Tracy), Manchester (G. D.
Phippen), etc. Frequent.

Fagopyrum esculentum, Mench. (Buckwurat.)
Frequent in cultivation, occasionally escaping, Lynn (Tracy), Dan-
vers (J. H. Sears). (Adv. from Eu.)

Rumex orbiculatus, Gray. (Great WaTeR-Dock.)
Essex County (Oakes), West Newbury, Swampscott. Scarce.
Rumex salicifolius, Weinmann. (Wuitt Dock.)
Nahant (Tracy), Gloucester, Newburyport, etc., near the seashore.
‘First sent by Dr. Nichols from Danvers” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost., 2d
ed., 1824).
Rumex crispus, ZL. (Curtep Dock.) .
A roadside weed, (Nat. from Eu.)
Rumex obtusifolius, Z. (Birrer Dock.)
A common weed. (Nat. from Eu.)
Rumex Acetosella, Z. (FIetp or Surup Soret.)
Another ubiquitous weed. Noticed near Salem (1628) by Higginson
and by some authors considered an American plant. Mr. Phippen
mentions that strong plants in the garden bear tubers on the roots.
(Nat. from Eu.)

93

LAURACEA,
(LAUREL FaMILy.)

Sassafras officinale, Nees. (SassaFRas.)
Frequent in most towns. Old and large trees are becoming rare.

Lindera Benzoin, Meisner. (Spice-BUsH; BENJAMIN-BUSH.)
Moist woods. Frequent.

THYMELEACEA.
(MezereuM Famiy.)

Daphne Mezereum, L.
Frequently cultivated, and found escaped at Ipswich, in 1877, by
Dr. Chas. Palmer; and, at Salem, 1879 (Harry H. Patch).

SANTALACEA.
(SANDALWOOD FaMILyY.)

Comandra umbellata, Nutt. (Comanpra.)
Frequent in rather open places.

CERATOPHYLLACEA.,
(Hornwort Famiy.)

Ceratophyllium demersum, L.
Ponds and streams. Frequent. The only specimens found in fruit
have been collected in Pleasant pond, Wenham.

CALLITRICHACE A.
(WaTER-STARWORTS.)

Callitriche verna, L.
Ponds and streams.” Ver, ..mmon. Found fruiting while only

half an inch high when growing in mud, and also in deep water
where it frequently grows more than a foot long. C. heterophylla,
Pursh, and C. autumualis, Z., have been reported as growing in the
county, the former in Lynn by Tracy, the latter in Groveland by
Russell, but neither are in the county collection of the P. A. 8.
That there should be confusion regarding these plants is not at all
surprising, as the terrestrial and aquatic forms are so unlike; and
it may be that there are two species to be found here.

94

EUPHORBIACEA.
(Spurce Famity.)

Euphorbia polygonifolia, L.
Beaches, in sand, from Nahant to Salisbury, and Plum Island.
Euphorbia maculata, L.
Dry places, etc. A common weed.
Euphorbia hypericifolia, L.
“‘Kenoza,” Haverhill, 1875 (J. R.); and one or two other localities.
Euphorbia marginata, Pursh.
A native of Kansas and Nebraska. Frequently cultivated, escaping
from gardens occasionally.
Euphorbia Esula, L.
Very abundant near Newburyport on the line of the Eastern R. R.
(Nat. from Eu.) This is probably Oakes’s locality. The E. Esula
in Tracy’s Lynn Flora is probably. the next species which is the
common one in the southern portion of the county.
Euphorbia Cyparissias, L.
Very common in the older places where it has escaped from gardens.
(Nat. from Eu.)

Acalypha Virginica, Z. (THReE-sEeDED Mrrcury.)
“Yards and rubbish heaps in Lynn (Tracy); Chebacco, Boxford,
etc. Frequently varies greatly in size, small forms being only a
few inches high, while others are quite fifteen.

URTICACEA.
(NETTLE Famizy.)

Ulmus fulva, Michx. (Siippery ELM.)
Boxford (J. H. Sears), Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), Wenham.
Apparently indigenous, although scarce.

Ulmus Americana, ZL. (AMERICAN OR WHITE ELM.)
Common as a shade tree and very freely reproduced by seeds.

Celtis occidentalis, Z. (Nerrie-Tree; HackBerry.)

The only specimens of this species, now known to the writer, are at
the summit of one of the dunes on Plum Island, and between Salem
and Lynn in the Great Pastures. There are specimens from the
county in the P. A. S. herbarium from Ipswich collected by the late
Mr. Oakes, and Mr. S. P. Fowler remembers a tree in Topsfield,
which has since been cut down. There are also four trees of this
species on the farm of Mr. Towns, at Boxford, which were raised
from seeds obtained at Lowell, about 1840.

95

Morus rubra, L.
‘¢In Essex County, Mass. (Oakes) ” (De Candolle’s Prodromus XVII,
p. 246). The specimens in the collection of the P. A. S. from Oakes
are marked ‘‘ New England,” probably from western Massachusetts
or Vermont.

M. alba and M. nigra.
Oriental species, having long been in cultivation, are to be found
near old estates and in gardens. They are rarely seen, however,
thoroughly escaped.

Urtica dioica, ZL. (CommMon NETTLE.)
Fence rows, etc. Very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Urtica gracilis, Azt.
Somewhat resembling the last, and found frequently in similar sit-
uations. A native plant.

Urtica urens, LZ. (SmMayi NErrve.)
“Occasional in Lynn” (Tracy), Rockport (Pool); West Glou-
cester, Hamilton, etc. Not very common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Laportea Canadensis, Gaudichaud. (Woop-NETTLE.)
This appeared in Salem in the garden of Rev. E. C. Bolles and
that of the writer within a few years and continues. They
undoubtedly came from seeds in the earth, about plants brought
from the woods, but from what locality it is not known,

Pilea pumila, Gray. (RICHWEED; CLEARWEED.)
Common in damp shady places.
Beehmeria cylindrica, Willd. (Fast Nettie.)

Beaver pond region, Beverly; Essex, Georgetown, Lynn (Tracy),
Amesbury, Haverhill, etc. Occasional in wet places.

Cannabis sativa, Z. (HEmp.)
‘¢ Occasional in Lynn” (Tracy); Rockport (Tracy, 1868, Proc. E. I.
Vol. III, p. 276); Beverly, 1875; Salem (G. D. Phippen) ; Newbury-
port (J. R.). Not seemingly permanent in any one place, although
frequently met with in the county. (Adv. from Eu.)

Humulus Lupulus, LZ. (Hopr.)
“Indigenous northward and westward” (Gray’s Manual). Much
cultivated and frequently found escaped.
PLATANACEA,

(PLANE-TREE FaMILyY.)

Platanus occidentalis, Z. (BuTronwoop.)
Frequent, both in cultivation and also in remote places. ‘Ob-

96

served by Josselyn, voyage, 1670, ‘a stately tree growing here and
there in the valleys.” ‘A buttonwood tree, which measured nine
yards in girth,” is mentioned by Paul Dudley, writing from New
England in 1726 (Phil. Trans., XXXIII, 129, etc.). Not clearly in-
digenous along the Atlantic in New England” (Dr. Chas. Pickering,
Chron. Hist. Pl. p. 961). Probably not a native of Essex county,
but introduced from the westward, as suggested by Dr. Pickering.

JUGLANDACER.
(WaLNutT Famiy.)

Juglans cinerea, LZ. (BuTTERNUT.)
Common along walls but not so in forests. Tracy considers it
an introduced tree in Lynn.

Juglans nigra, Z. (Birack WALNUT.)
Occasionally cultivated from the western states. We have received
specimens of the nuts of this tree from Mr. J. C. Peabody of New-
buryport, gathered in a place near that city where he thinks the
trees are indigenous, but this seems under careful consideration to
be hardly probable.

Jugilans regia, L. (Europnan WALNUT.)
Cultivated in Salem, to a small extent, where the fruit perfects well.
The J. regia, noticed in Sangus (Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 389), proves
to be J. nigra.

Carya alba, Nutt. (SHac-Bark Hickory.)
Common in most towns.

Carya tomentosa, Nutt. (Mockrr-nut; WHITE-HEART Hickory.)
Danvers (J. H. Sears). Scarce. This tree is more abundant to
the south of Boston than in Essex county.

Carya porcina, Nutt. (Pic-Nur Hickory.)

Common in most parts of the county.

Carya amara, Nuit. (Birrer-nur or Swamp Hickory.)

Quite common in most towns. Particularly fine trees are to be
found in Boxford with leaves much more delicate in cutting than
the usual form, giving the tree a different appearance.

CUPULIFERA.
(Osk FamIy.)

Quercus alba, ZL. (WHITE Oak.)
Common throughout the county; occasionally fifteen to twenty feet
in circumference.

97

Quercus Robur, ZL. (ENGLISH OAK.)

Cultivated often, but a tree of slow growth. A few small trees are
growing on the roadside of Salem turnpike having escaped from the
Fay estate where there are fine specimens of this species.

Var. pedunculata seems to be the most common form here.

Quercus bicolor, Willd. (Swamp WHITE Oak.)

Common, mostly in wet places or low grounds. Very variable
both as to the whiteness on the under side of the leaves, their cut-
ting, and the mossy fringe of the cup.

Quercus Prinus, LZ. (Curstrnut Oak.)

The region of Topsfield, Boxford, Georgetown, Middleton, and
North Andover, seems to be the only locality from which this
species is collected. One tree noticed in Boxford differs much
from the ordinary form and may prove to be another variety. Some
forms quite closely resemble the larger specimens of the next spe-
cies.

Quercus prinoides, Willd. (CuinquaPin-Oak.)

“South Danvers (Peabody) Poor Farm, June 5, 1857” (S. P.
Fowler, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 204); Georgetown (Mrs. Horner) ;
Boxford and Topsfield, frequent. Absent in the southern and
eastern portions of the county.

Quercus ilicifolia, Wang. (Brar or Biack Scrus-Oak.)
Common in poor soil; most abundant in Peabody, Lynnfield and
Topsfield. In some towns absent. There is a variety with more
depressed acorns having rougher cups and seeming different from
the common form.

Quercus coccinea, Wang. (Scar_etT Oak.)

Boxford, Andover, Middleton, Topsfield, Danvers. The fine and
deep cutting of the leaves gives the trees an exceedingly graceful
appearance. This species is quite distinct from the next and does
not seem to be present in many towns.

Quercus tinctoria, Bart. (Biack Oak; YELLOW-BARKED Oak.)
Abundant. Easily distinguished from the preceding by the general
coarser appearance and the yellow inner bark.

Quercus rubra, L. (Rep Oak.)

Common in all parts of the county.

Castanea vulgaris, Lam., var. Americana, A. DC. (CHESTNUT.)
Castanea vesca, L. (Gray’s Manual.) :
Lynnfield, Danvers, Lynn (Tracy), towns on the Merrimac, etc.
Not very common.

Fagus ferruginea, Ait. (AMERICAN Bercy.)
*‘Rare in Lynn” (Tracy), Chebacco abundant, Merrimac valley,
etc.

98

Corylus Americana, Walt. (Common HAZEL-NUT.)
Along walls and roadsides. Common.

Corylus rostrata, Ait. (BEAKED HazEL-NUT.)
Similar places, but not so common.

Ostrya Virginica, Willd. (Hop-Hornseam.)
Frequent in many towns.

Carpinus Caroliniana, Walt., Carpinus Americana, Michx. (Gray’s
Manual.) (HorNBEAM; BLUE BEECH.)
Rather less common than the last.

MYRICACEA.
(SWEET-GALE FaMILy.)

Myrica Gale, Z. (Sweet Gas.)
Swamps and borders of ponds. Common.

Myrica cerifera, ZL. (BayBERRY.)
Pastures, etc. Common.

Comptonia asplenifolia, Ait. (Sweert-Fern.)
Pastures and hills. Common.

BETULACEA.
(BircH FaMILy.)

Betula lenta, Z. (Sweet or Back BIRCH.)
‘Frequent.
Betula lutea, Michx., f. (YELLow or Gray Bircu.)
* Quite common.
Betula alba, var. populifolia, Spach. (WHITE BircH.)
Very common on hillsides, and by the roads.
Betula papyracea, Ait. (Paper or CaNog BIRcH.)
Occasional. Salem Great Pastures. Wenham pond, north shore.
Danvers, and more frequently in the northwestern portion of the
county.
Betula nigra, ZL. (Rep or River Bircu.)
North Andover and Lawrence, near the Merrimac river.
Betula pumila, L. (Low Bircu.)
“‘Shore of North Andover pond” and ‘on a railroad track in
Groveland” (S. P. Fowler, Proc. E. I., Vol. II, pp. 402 and 409),
Rockport (Pool, in “Pigeon Cove and vicinity”). Specimens
brought to the P. A. S., in 1879, from the shore of Pentucket pond,

99

Georgetown, as this species, are but small specimens of B. nigra.
Not represented in the county herbarium. Very doubtful as a native
of this region.

Alnus incana, Willd. (SPECKLED OR Hoary ALDER.)
Frequent in wet places.

Alnus serrulata, Ait. (Common ALDER.)
By streams and moist roadsides. Abundant.

SALICACEA.,
(WILLow FamiILy.)

Salix candida, Willd. (Hoary WiILLow.)
A meadow in Boxford, the first locality reported in this region,
plants of both sexes being quite numerous. First noticed Aug.
1875 (J. R.).

Salix tristis, Ait. (Dwarr Gray WILLOW.)
Lynnfield, Danvers (J. H. Sears), etc. In places occupied by the
Bear Oak. Not very common.

Var. microphylla. (Gray’s Manual.)
Essex County (Oakes).

Salix humilis, Marshall. (Prairtg WILLow.)
Dry places. Rather common. Many of the willows have cones,
persistent after the leaves fall, upon the ends of the branches.
They are caused by the sting of an insect; and, if cut into when
green, the larva of the fly will be found within.

Salix discolor, Muhl. (Pussy WiLLow).
Common in damp places.

Salix sericea, Marshall. (Sitky WiLLow.)
Along streams. Not very common.

Salix petiolaris, Smith.
Middleton, Andover, Methuen, Ckebacco, etc. Frequent.

Salix purpurea, L.
Swampscott, Salem, Newburyport. Introduced for basket work.
(Adv. from Eu.)

Salix viminalis, Z. (Basket OsIEr.)
Danvers, 1853 (Dr. Osgood’s list}. Reported in Salem and one or
two other localities, but it can hardly be called a thoroughly nat-
uralized plant. Bigelow (Fl. Bost., 2d. ed., 1824) speaks of this
species as growing ‘‘In swamps at Danvers and elsewhere.” As
he does not mention Salix sericea, it may be this species that is
referred to, as it is frequent in swamps in the vicinity of Danvers,
the leaves somewhat resembling those of §. viminalis. (Adv. from
Eu.)

100

Salix cordata, Muhi.
Wet places. Frequent. Quite variable.

Salix livida, Wahl, var. occidentalis. (Gray’s Manual.)
Quite common in rather dry places. A very curious abnormal form
of this species was collected in Beverly, August, 1879, by Mr.
Sears. The plant had for some reason put, forth a new growth hav-
ing catkins at the end of very short leaf-bearing branches. The
bracts of the catkins were large and green, and the yellow stamens
very distinct.

Salix lucida, Muhl. (Surnine WILLow.)
By streams and ponds. Frequent.

Salix nigra, Marsh, var. faleata. (Gray’s Manual.)
Topsfield, Danvers, Chebacco, Andover, Essex, etc. Frequent.
The largest of our native willows.

Salix fragilis, ZL.
“On the turnpike road to Salem” (Emerson, Trees and Shrubs of
Mass.), Ipswich (Oakes). (Adv. from Eu.)

Salix alba, L.
The common large willow in Essex county. There are several va-
rieties of this species. (Ady. from Eu.)

Var. vitellina (Gray’s Manual).
The most beautiful, although not so common as the ordinary form.

Salix Babylonica, Tourn. (WEEPING WILLOW.)
Common only under cultivation.

Salix myrtilloides, L.
Topsfield (Oakes), Essex, Boxford, Danvers (J. H. Sears). In
cold bogs. Rather scarce:

Populus tremuloides, Michx. (AMERICAN ASPEN.)
Various parts of the county. Common.

Populus grandidentata, Michx.

Similar places to the last. Common.

Populus balsamifera, Z., var. candicans. (BALM or GILEAD.)
A native of northern New England. Much planted and spreading
by root suckers.

Populus dilatata, Ais. (LomBarpy Popa.)

Once a common shade or ornamental tree, but fast disappearing.
(Adv. from Eu.)

Populus alba, L.

Common in cultivation where it spreads much. (Ady. from Eu.)

GYMNOSPHRMS.

CONIFER.
(PiInE FamIity.)

Pinus rigida, Miller. (Pircu Pine.)
A common tree.

Pinus resinosa, Ait. (RED, oR Norway Pine.)
A grove in Boxford; a few trees in Georgetown (Mrs. Horner) ;
West Newbury (Wm. Merrill); one tree in Andover (Prof. Gold-
smith); two trees in Peabody (Mr. Brown). Our rarest conifer.

Pinus Strobus, Z. (WHITE PINE.)
The forest tree of Essex county at the present time.

Pinus Larico, L., var. Austriaca, Engl. (AusTRIaN Prve), and
its cogener and frequent companion,

Pinus sylvestris, L. (Scorc# Prez), have long been introduced
from Europe, and are much planted as ornamental trees. The latter
has spread by seeds to a small extent in Danvers.

Picea nigra, Link., Abies nigra, Poir. (Gray’s Manual). (Biack
SPRUCE.)
Frequent in the Essex, Chebacco, and Middleton woods, and Pine
Swamp, at Ipswich; also in a few other places. Rare in most
towns. The Picea alba (White Spruce) and Abies balsamea (Bal-
sam Fir) are only found in cultivation.

Tsuga Canadensis, Cariere, Abies Canadensis, Michx. (Gray’s
Manual). (HEMLOCK SPRUCE.)
Frequent in almost every town.

Larix Americana, Michx. (LarcH; TAMARACK.)
Wenham, Boxford, Ipswich, Lynn (Tracy). Becoming scarce. The
European larch flourishes better in cultivation (as does the Norway
spruce) than the corresponding American species.

Chameecyparis sphzeroidea, Spach, Cupressus thyoides, L.
(Gray’s Manual.) (WHITE CEDAR.)
Essex county has been considered to be about the northern limit of
this species in this region, but the writer feels quite sure that it
probably extends to Portsmouth, N. H., as a swamp near Greenland,
near Portsmouth, on the line of the E. R. R., apparently contains

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102

an abundance of this species of tree. The so-called White Cedar of
Maine and New Hampshire is the Thuja occidentalis (Arbor vite),
which is here only known in cultivation. Taxodium distichum
(Bald Cypress) is cultivated in a few instances, proving hardy in
Salem where there are a few large trees.

Juniperus communis, L. (JUNIPER.).
Sterile hillsides. Common. This is very frequently called Savin,
which name belongs to the next species.

Juniperus Virginiana, Z. (Rep Cxpar.)
Common on dry hills.

Taxus baccata, L., var. Canadensis, Gray. (AMERICAN YEW;
GROUND HEMLOCK. ):
Rockport, Danvers, Essex, Beverly, etc. Rather scarce. The yew
of Europe is a tree rarely cultivated here; the only specimen now
called to mind being in Salem, in the garden of Mr. Chas. M. Rich-
ardson.

HW DOGENS.

ARACEA.
(Arum Famity.)

Ariseema triphyllum, Torrey. (INDIAN TURNIP; JACK-IN-THE-
PULPIT.
Damp shady places. Common. In cultivation, it will often grow
over three feet high.

Peltandra Virginica, Raf. (ARRow ALBUM.)
Bogs, etc. Frequent.

Calla palustris, ZL. (W1itp Catia.)
In very wet muddy places. Rather scarce.

Symplocarpus foetidus, Salisb. (Skunk CaBBAGE.)
Common in wet places, ,

Acorus Calamus, LZ. (Sweet Fiaa.)
Meadows and brooks. Frequent.

LEMNACEA.
(DucKWEED FaMILyY.)

Lemna polyrrhiza, L.
Stagnant water. Frequent.

Lemna minor, L.
Vicinity of Danvers (Dr. Osgood’s list), West Gloucester, etc.
Probably not rare.

TYPHACEA.

(CatT-TaIL FaMIy.)

Typha latifolia, Z. (Common CaT-Tal.)
Brooks, etc. Common.

Typha angustifolia, L.
Rockport(?), ‘‘Lynn marshes, two fertile spikes” (memo. Dr. Chas.
Pickering). Specimens in the hands of a small boy were obtained
by Miss Brooks, 1880, probably collected in the vicinity of Salem.

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104

Sparganium eurycarpum, Engelm. (BUR-REED.)
‘©1823 * * my first botanical discovery * * * observed in the exten-
sive marsh between Ipswich river and Wenham swamp; communi-
cated to Nuttall, but it did not attract his attention” (Dr. Chas.
Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 1063). Common in slow waters.

Sparganium simplex, Huds.
“Outlet of Pleasant pond, Wenham, about 1860” (Dr. Chas. Pick-
ering).

Var. Nuttallii, Zngelm.
Foster’s pond, North Beverly.

Var. angustifolium, Engelm.
Merrimac river, at Lawrence; Crane’s pond, West Newbury.
Rare. :

NAIADACEA.

Notr.—This order contains many species which are very difficult to
determine, and which require close observation of living specimens
in order that they may be correctly placed. Mr. Charles E. Faxon, of
Boston, who has carefully studied these plants from specimens col-
lected in the stations. mentioned below, nearly all of which he has
himself visited, kindly revised the original list, adding many notes of
value.

(PONDWEED FamI_y.)

Naias flexilis, Rostk.
Common in brooks and ponds.

Waias Indica, var. gracillima, Braun.
In a springy bog at Sluice pond, Lynn, 1880 (Edwin Faxon). This
species is occasionally met with in similar places, but no other au-
thentic specimens from Essex county have been found.

Zannichellia palustris, L. (Hornep PonpDwEED.)
' In the brook or ‘‘upper branch” of the Mill pond above the Atlantic
Car Works, Salem, in brackish water.

Zostera marina, L. (Exrn-Grass.)
Everywhere in salt water, below low tide mark, along the shore.

Ruppia maritima, L.
In shallow, salt or brackish water, inlets, etc. Frequent.

Potamogeton natans, L.
Ponds and rivers. Common.

Var. prolixus, Koch. :
In flowing water, outlet of Chebacco pond, Ipswich river, etc.
Frequent. ;

105

Potamogeton Oakesianus, Robbins.
Foster's pond, Beverly, 1873 (J. R.); Sluice pond, Lynn (Edwin
Faxon).
Potamogeton Claytonii, Tuckerman.
Ponds and brooks. Common.
Potamogeton Spirillus, Tuckerman.
Old mill brook, Boxford; Merrimac river at Lawrence, Georgetown.
There is a variety, with no floating leaves, in Chebacco pond.
Potamogeton hybridus, Michz.
Common in stagnant water.
Potamogeton lonchites, Tuckerman.
Ipswich river. Merrimac river at Lawrence.
Potamogeton pulcher, Tuckerman.
Chebacco pond; Ipswich river; Beaver pond, Beverly; Crane pond,
West Newbury.
Potamogeton amplifolius, Tuckerman.
Wenham pond, Ipswich river, ponds in Andover and Haverhill; fine
fruit Aug. 19 (1879), Crane pond, West Newbury, river Parker, etc.
Potamogeton gramineus, L.
Wenham, and Pleasant ponds, Wenham. Quite abundant and vari-
able.
Var. heterophyllus, Fries.
Georgetown (J. H. Sears), Sluice pond (C. E. Faxon).
Potamogeton lucens, L.
‘“<Breed’s pond, Lynn” (Tracy). Recent search has failed to verify
this determination; and specimens, which at first were supposed to
be this species, proved to be imperfectly developed forms of P.
amplifolius.
Var. minor, Nolte.
Pleasant pond, Wenham (J. R., etc.). Scarce. This will probably
prove a good species, and as it is the same as the European P.
Zizii, M. & K., it will be given under that name.
Potamogeton prelongus, Wulfen.
Wenham and Pleasant ponds, Wenham.
Potamogeton perfoliatus, L.
Ponds and streams. Frequent.
Potamogeton zostereefolius, Schumacher, Potamogeton com-
pressus, ZL. (Gray’s Manual).
River Parker, West Newbury (J. R.); Lynnfield (Edwin Faxon).
Rare.
Potamogeton obtusifolius, Mertens & Koch.
Pleasant pond, Wenham, Aug., 1875 (J. R.), 1880 (C. E. Faxon).
Potamogeton paucifiorus, Pursh.
Wenham pond; Flax pond, Lynn (Tracy), Boxford.

106

Potamogeton pusillus, L.

Marblehead (Rev. J. L. Russell), Danversport, in brackish water;
outlets of Wenham and Chebacco ponds.

Var. tenuissimus, Mertens & Koch.

Wenham pond.

Potamogeton gemmiparus, Robbins. Potamogeton pusillus,
var. (?) gemmiparus. (Gray’s Manual). :
Wenham pond.

Potamogeton Robbinsii, Oakes.

‘*Wenham pond, 1829” (Oakes in Hovey’s Mag., Vol. VII), the
original discovery; Crane pond, West Newbury; Sluice pond, and
abundant in Flax pond (C. E. Faxon). Single specimens have been
noticed at Pleasant pond, Wenham, and Ipswich river. It varies
to small forms.

Potamogeton crispus, L.

Spy pond, Arlington, 1880 (C. E. Faxon). Probably introduced.

ALISMACEA.
(WaTER-PLANTAIN FamILy.)

Triglochin maritimum, L.
Salt marshes. Common.

Scheuchzeria palustris, L.
‘“‘Wenham swamp, 1824” (memo. Dr. Chas, Pickering).

Alisma Plantago, Z., var. Americanum.
Wet places along roadsides and railroad beds. Common.

Echinodorus parvulus, Engelm.
Near Cambridge (Prof. James); Winter pond, Winchester (E. H.
Hitchings). This little plant ought to be found within the limits
of the county as it occurs so near us.

Sagittaria variabilis, EZngelm.
A plant of many forms. :
Var. obtusa.
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner); Essex, etc. Quite common.
Var. latifolia.
Brooks and meadows. Frequent.
Var. hastata.
Ditches, etc. This is the most common form.
Var. diversifolia.
Pleasant pond, Wenham.

107

Var. angustifolia.
Pleasant pond, Wenham.

Var. gracilis.
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner).

Sagittaria heterophylla, Pursh.
Shore of the Merrimac, Lawrence, two miles above the dam, north
side, Aug. 5, 1879 (J. R., etc.).

Sagittaria graminea, Michx.
Borders of Wenham pond (J. R.).

Forma fluitans, Engel.
With leaves two feet long collected in the Ipswich river by Mr.
Sears. Similar specimens were found near Boston by Mr. E. H.
Hitchings.

HYDROCHARIDACEA.
(FrRoG’s-B1T FamIty.)

Anacharis Canadensis, Planchon. (WaTER-WEED.)
Very common in some places, and undoubtedly to be found in the
county, but no specimens are in the P. A. S. collection.

Vallisneria spiralis, Z. (VALLISNERIA.)
Frequent in ponds. A most interesting plant to study, the mode
of fertilization being very curious.

ORCHIDACEA.
(OrcuHIs FaMIny.)

Orchis spectabilis, Z. (SHowy Orcuis.)
Not known within the exact geographical limits of the county,
but growing quite near the line toward Chelsea, yet Dr. Bigelow
who botanized in that region does not mention it.

Habenaria tridentata, Hook.
Essex, Beverly, Lynnfield (A. P. Chute), Salem Great Pastures
(Tracy), Georgetown, Amesbury, North Andover. Scarce.

Habenaria virescens, Spreng.
Along brooks and in meadows, Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), etc.
Not very common. It is quite probable that the species referred
to as O. dilatata, Proc. E. I. Vol. II, p. 240, is either this or H.
lacera.

Habenaria Hookeri, Torrey.
Found at Georgetown, June, 1874, by Mrs. Horner. It was ex-
hibited among other native plants in Boston, at the Mass. Hort. Soc.
rooms, at that date.

108

Habenaria orbiculata, Torrey.

“In Danvers, Dr. Nichols” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost. 2d. ed., 1824),
“In the deep woods at Gloucester” (Mrs. Bray and Mrs. Grover)
where the only specimen found was avery fine one.

Habenaria ciliaris, R. Br. (YELLOW-FRINGED ORCHIS.)
“Lynnfield, 1856” (Proc. E. 1., Vol. II, p. 47). This proves to be a
mistake, another plant being intended, as probably is also the “ Or-
chis ciliaris ” of Dr. Osgood’s list.

Habenaria blephariglottis, Hook. (WHITE-FRINGED ORCHIS.)
“Great Swamp, Amesbury” (J. G. Whittier), Lynnfield (Rev. A.
P. Chute), Rockport (Pool), Essex County, 1824 (Oakes and Picker-
ing), Magnolia swamp, Gloucester (John C. Phillips). Scarce.

Habenaria lacera, R. Br. ‘

Frequent in meadows. .

Habenaria psycodes, Gray. (PURPLE ORCHIS.)

Near brooks and in meadows. Seldom abundant in any locality yet
found in many places.

Habenaria fimbriata, 2. Br. (Great PurPLEe ORcHIS.)

Ipswich (Oakes); Andover (Mrs. Downs); Danvers (J. H. Sears) ;
Georgetown (Mrs. Horner). Not so frequent as the last.

Goodyera repens, Ff. Br.
Pine woods. Not very common.
Goodyera pubescens, FR. Br.
Similar situations to the last, and more frequent, flowering later.

Spiranthes cernua, Richard. (Laptus’ Tressus.)
Common in low grounds in September.
Spiranthes latifolia, Torr.
Lyunfield, June, 17, 1879 (Herbert A. Young). Rare,
Spiranthes gracilis, Bigelow.
Common in rather dry pastures.

Listera cordata, R. Brown.
Magnolia, May, 1880 (Chas. J. Sprague). Rare.

Arethusa bulbosa, LZ. (ARETHUSA.)
Frequent in meadows and bogs. Usually rose-purple but sometimes
pure white. One specimen from Hamilton (Caleb Cooke), 1879, hada
perfect flower completely inverted. Monstrosities are also found
having two flowers on one stalk.

Pogonia ophioglossoides, Nutt. (PoGonta.)
Frequent in meadows and shores of ponds. Rose color to white.
In cool swamps the flowers are found as late as August.

Pogonia verticillata, Nutt.
North Andover (Prof. Goldsmith), Haverhill (E. H. Hitchings).
More frequent south of Boston.

109

Calopogon pulchellus, R. Br. (CaLopoGon.)
Meadows. Not rare.

Microstylis ophioglossoides, Nutt. (Appur’s-MourH.)
‘‘Manchester, Oakes and Osgood” (memo. Rev J. L. Russell),
Essex County (Dr. Chas. Pickering), Wilmington (BE. H. Hitchings).

Liparis Loselii, Richard. (Tway BLADE.)
Beverly, 1872 (J. R.), Andover (Rev. H. P. Nichols), ‘‘ very rare in
Lynn, Dr. Holder” (Tracy), Topsfield, Lynnfield (Rev. A. P. Chute).
Rare.

Corallorhiza innata, R. Brown.
Manchester (Oakes), Magnolia Swamp (J. H. Sears and J. R.), Che-
bacco (Miss. L. H. Upton). Rare.
Corallorhiza odontorhiza, Nutt.
‘Rare. Rather plentiful on the east side of Edwards’ Swamp ”
(Tracy). Not represented in the P. A. 8. County herbarium.
Corallorhiza multiflora, Nutt.
Chebacco, Rockport (Pool), Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), “ Rare.
Blood Swamp hills” (Tracy). More frequent than the others, yet
scarce.

Aplectrum hyemale, Nutt. (ADAM 4ND Eve; PuTTy-nroot.)
Reported by Mr. G. D. Phippen as collected at afield meeting of
the Essex Institute, held at West Lynn, Aug. 26, 1857 (Proc. E. I.
Vol. II, p. 225); also stated by Mrs. Horner to have been found at
Georgetown some years since. Not represented inthe P. A. 8. county
herbarium.

Cypripedium parviflorum, Salisb. (SmMaLLtER YELLOw Lapy’s
SLIPPER.)
Danvers (J. H. Sears). Scarce.

Cypripedium pubescens, Willd. (LarGer YELLOw Lapy’s SLIip-
PER.)
Reported from Wenham and Haverhill in private plant-lists; but as
no specimens have been preserved, it is quite probable that those
found should be referred to the last species.

Cypripedium spectabile, Swartz.
Found in 1877, by J. H. Sears, in an unfrequented part of the great
Wenham swamp. Several other plants, not common in the county,
and often associated with this species in places where it is more
abundant, are found with it here. It was also found at Andover
(Jackson T. Dawson). This fact seems to prove its claim to be an
Exsex County plant.

110

Cypripedium acaule, dit. (Common Lapy’s Suirpzr.)
Common in rather dry woods, chiefly under conifers.

Var. alba.
Leaves lighter green, flowers large, pure white. There are light
colored flowers on the ordinary plants, but the flowers of the va-
riety are whiter still. Georgetown (Mrs. Horner), Beverly (G.
D. Phippen), N. Reading. Scarce,

AMARYLLIDACE.
(AMARYLLIS FAMILY.)

Hypoxys erecta, Z. (STAR-GRass.)
Damp places, among other plants. Common.

TRIDACEA,
(inis FaMILy.)

Iris versicolor, Z. (BLUE Fac.)
Common in meadows and by brooks.

Iris Virginica, L. (SLENDER BLUE FLAG.)
«Stony brook, Johnson’s field, Lynn” (Tracy), Andover abundant,
Ipswich (Oakes), etc. Not so common as the last except in the
vicinity of Andover where it is the prevailing species.

Sisyrinchium Bermudiana, Z. (BLUE-EYED GRASS.)
Fields, etc. Common.

SMILACEA,
(Smiiax FaMILy.)
Smilax rotundifolia, Z. (GREENBRIER.)
Thickets. Common.

Smilax herbacea, LZ. (Carrion FLOWER.)
Roadsides and moist fields. Frequent.

LILIACEA.
(Lity Famiy.)

Trillium erectum, LZ. (Purrie TRILLIUM.)
Blind Hole Swamp, Danvers (J. H. Sears). Along the Ipswich
river, Swampscott, 1879 (W. P. Andrews). ‘Saw two plants in
Swampscott May 12, 1868” (memo. Rey. J. L. Russell). Haverhill
(Mrs. Downs). Occasional.

111

Trillium cernuum, L. (Noppine TRILLIUM.)
Frequent in gamp shady places.

Trillium erythrocarpum, Mich. (PainTED TRILLIUM.)
Manchester (Mrs. Babson); ‘‘ Amesbury” (Mrs. Downs). Rare.

Medeola Virginica, Z. Inpran CucuMBER-ROOT.)
Common in damp shady places.

Veratrum viride, Ait. (AmMeRICAN Waitt HELLEBORE; INDIAN
PoKeE).
Frequent in swamps and along brooks.

Uvularia perfoliata, L.
Frequent under hard-wood trees.

Oakesia sessilifolia, Watson, Uvularia sessilifolia, Z. (Gray’s
Manual.) (Common BELLWoRt.)
In open woods. Common. It is a great pleasure to be able in this,
the first general enumeration of the plants of Essex county, to intro-
duce the new name given to one of our most abundant and prettiest
spring flowers, the Bellwort. Prof. Sereno Watson in ‘ Contribu-
tions to American Botany, IX, Revision of the North American Lili-
aces” (Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences,
Vol. XIV), says :—‘“‘ The division of Uvularia itself, which seems
to be required, affords an opportunity to honor the memory of the
lamented botanist, Mr. William Oakes, whose persistent zeal in in-
vestigating the flora of the fields and mountains of his native New
England, makes appropriate the union of his name with one of the
plants, which he himself knew so well.” The writer is also in-
debted to Professor Watson for much valuable assistance in deter-
mining many plants.

Streptopus roseus, Michz. (TwisTep STALK.)
Rockport (Pool); Gloucester (Mrs. Babson). Rare.

Clintonia borealis, Z. (CLINTONIA.)
In old deep woods. Not very common.

Convallaria majalis, Raf. (Lity oF THE VALLEY.)
This plant is found in Virginia in a wild state, although the species
as cultivated here was undoubtedly introduced from Europe. The
two plants are considered by Gray as identical. Old gardens, es-
caping into walks and roadsides. Cultivated everywhere.

Smilacina racemosa, Desf. (Fase SPIKENARD.)

Along walls in shady places. Common.
Smilacina stellata, Desf.

Moist places. Most common near the coast.
Smilacina trifolia, Desf.

Gloucester and Rockport. Scarce.

112

Maianthemum Canadense, Desf. Smilacina bifolia, var. Cana-
densis, er. (Gray’s Manual). (WiLD LILY OF THE VALLEY.)
Common in all the pine woods. This species has been restored by
Prof. Watson in his ‘‘ Revision of the Liliacez ” to Maianthemum.

Polygonatum biflorum, Z7/. (SmaLtier SoLomon’s SEAL.)
Shady places near walls.

Polygonatum giganteum, Dietrich. (Greuat SoLoMON’s SEAL.)
“Ship rock,” G. D. Phippen (Proc. E. I., Vol. II, p. 204); ‘* Haver-
hill,” Mrs. S. M. Downs. Not represented in the collection of the
P. A. S., and possibly only large forms of the last.

Asparagus officinalis, L. (GarpEN ASPARAGUS.)
Often found in fields and roadsides where seedlings have obtained
a foothold. (Adv. from Eu.)

Lilium Philadelphicum, £Z. (W1ILD ORANGE-RED LILY.)
Frequent in open, rather dry, places.

Lilium Canadense, LZ. (Witp YrLLow Lity.)
Meadows; not so abundant as the last. This species is said to suc-
ceed well under cultivation.

Lilium superbum, LZ. (Turx's-cap Lity.)
“Danvers” (J. H. Sears). The only locality yet reported for the
county.

Lilium tigrinum, Z. (Ticer Lity.)
Escaped in a few places in Wenham, Byfield, Danvers, etc. (Nat.
from Eu.)

Erythronium Americanum, Smith.
In moist ground under hard wood trees. Very abundant. The
common name of this plant, Dog’s-tooth Violet, is absurd. Yellow
Adder’s tongue, as given in Gray’s Manual, is much better.

Ornithogalum umbellatum, L.
Danvers, 1852 (J. L. Russell); ‘‘rare at the Bowler farm, Dr. J. M.
Nye” (Tracy); Rockport (C. W. Pool); Amesbury (Miss Perley).
Escaped into meadows. (Nat. from Eu.)

Allium Canadense, Kalm. (WiLp Gar1ic.)
Orne’s Point, Salem; ‘‘ occasional in Lynn” (Tracy); Georgetown
(Mrs. Horner), Andover, etc. Frequent on moist banks.

Muscari botryoides, Mill. (Grarn Hyacinru.)
Essex County, 1817 (Wm. Oakes). The only locality known for this
plant is in Danvers, where it grows quite plentifully in company
with A USSU triphylluam and Trillium cernuum. (Adv. from Eu.)

113

Hemerocallis fulva, L.
The common red lily of old gardens. This has escaped into fields
and by the roadside, in many places often forming large patches.
Hemerocallis flava, ZL. (ComMon YELLow GarDEn Lity.)
Also escaped in a few places. Both species of Hemerocallis were
introduced from Europe.

JUNCACEA.
(Rusu Famizy.)

Luzula pilosa, Willd.

Essex county (herb. P. A.S., Oakes). The station is not known.
Luzula campestris, DC.

Very common in dry fields.

Juncus effusus, Z. (Sorr Rusu.)
Very common in wet places.
Var. conglomeratus. (Gray’s Manual.)
Salem Great Pastures, Ipswich (Oakes), etc. Frequent.
Juncus Balticus, Dethard.
Essex county, 1825 (Oakes in Proc. E.I., Vol. 1, p. 271), Byfield,
(J. H. Sears), Kernwood, Newbury, etc. Near salt water. ;
Juncus marginatus, Rostkovius.
Ipswich (Oakes), Lawrence, West Gloucester, etc. Very common
in moist soil.
Juncus bufonius, L.
Common in most parts of the county. This is the most widely
distributed of all the Junci, being found in all parts of the world.
Juncus Gerardi, Loisel. (Buack Grass.)
Everywhere along the coast. Extensively cut, and much used
under the name of ‘‘marsh hay;” being the most valuable product
of our salt marshes.
Juncus tenuis, Willd.
Cvummon and very variable. Found in all situations.
Juncus Greenii, Oakes & Tuckerman.
Ipswich (Tuckerman in Hov. Mag., Vol. IX, 1843), Salem, New-
bury, Salisbury, etc.; Ipswich (herb. P. A. S., Oakes). Frequent
in dry and sandy places, and even on salt marshes.
Juncus pelocarpus, £. Meyer.
West Gloucester, Salem Great Pastures, Wenham, etc. Frequent.
Juncus militaris, Bigelow. (Baronet RusH.)
Abundant around Chebacco pond; Crane pond, West Newbury;

8

114

Hood’s pond; Topsfield, etc. Scarce inmany places. ‘Discovered
(1823) by Mr. Benj. D. Greene, growing plentifully in a pond at
Tewksbury” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost., 2d ed., 1824). This was the
locality from which the species was originally described by Dr.
Bigelow.

Juncus acuminatus, Michx., var. legitimus. (Gray’s Manual.)
Lanesville, West Newbury, etc. Often found bearing proliferous
heads. The typical form is not found here.

Juncus articulatus, L.

West Newbury, Salem Great Pastures, and also at Wenham (W.
P. Conant). Found on wet banks.

Juncus Canadensis, J. Gay, var. longicaudatus. (Gray’s Man-
ual.)

A variable species. Moist places. Common.

Var. coarctatus. (Gray’s Manual.)

In situations similar to the last. Common.

PONTEDERIACEA.
(PICKEREL-WEED FaMILyY.)

Pontederia cordata, L. (PICKEREL-WEED.)
Ponds and streams. Common.

Schollera graminea, Willd.
Pleasant and Wenham ponds, Wenham, and a few other localities,
but not yet noticed in flower.

XYRIDACEA.
(YELLOW-EYED-GRASS FAMILY.)

Xyris flexuosa, Muhl., Chapm.
Shores of ponds. Not rare.

Var. pusilla, (Gray’s Manual.)
Crooked pond, Boxford; Chebacco pond. Not so abundant as the
last.

ERIOCAULONACEA,
(PIPEWoRT FaMILy.)

Eriocaulon septangulare, Withering. (PIpEwort.)
Common on the shores of ponds, and often in water two feet deep,
the stems lengthening to accommodate themselves to the increased
depth.

115

CYPERACEA.
(SEDGE FamILy.)

Notr.—The following list of sedges and also that of the grasses will
be found quite large and perhaps nearly complete. These very useful
and interesting plants are too often neglected by the student, and
what is most singular, the people of the country towns are seldom
familiar with any considerable number of species. Frequently, per-
sons are met with who do not distinguish between the two orders,
not knowing which are sedges and which are grasses. The writer is
indebted to Mr. Woodbury P. Conant, of Wenham, and Mr. Chas. E.
Faxon, of Boston, for valuable assistance in determining the more
difficult species, particularly those of the genus Carex.

Cyperus diandrus, Torr.
Shores of rivers and ponds. Common.

Cyperus Nuttallii, Torr.
Sandy places, near salt water.

Cyperus Engelmanni, Steud.
Borders of Fresh pond, Cambridge (C. E. Faxon).

Cyperus erythrorhizos, Muhl.
Near the city of Lawrence. Abundant along the shore of the Mer-
rimac, above the dam. First noticed (J. R.), Sept. 26, 1877.
Perhaps introduced with cotton brought to the mills at Lowell, or
above, upon the same river. Common at the south.

Cyperus dentatus, Torr.
Plum Island, West Gloucester, Lawrence, and along the shores of
the Merrimac. Frequent.

Cyperus phymatodes, Muhi.
Frequent. Natural to low grounds. There is a serious danger that
this plant may become the pest here, which its cogener, Cyperus
rotundus, has become at the south, where several plantations have
been abandoned to it. C. phymatodes will readily establish itself in
cultivated fields; it has been particularly noticed at Danvers and
West Newbury. At the latter town, Mr. W. P. Conant finds that,
when once established, the plant will form, about ten inches below
the surface of the ground, a mat of roots, underground stems, and
tubers, which, being below the usual ploughing, remain ise
throughout the season, several yards and fields being already /' ver-
run by this very persistent perennial sedge. Unless some ‘mme-
diate and radical means are resorted to, this plant is likely to rival
the White weed, or the more recently introduced Cone flower, as a
farm nuisance.

Cyperus strigosus, L.
Moist places. Common.

116

Cyperus Michauxianus, Schultes.
This species is frequently found near Boston, and undoubtedly
grows within the county limits.

Cyperus Grayii, Torr.
Plum Island (Proc. E. I., Vol. I, p. 273); same station, 1878 (W. P.
Conant).

Cyperus filiculmis, Vahi.
Dry sandy soil. Common.

Cyperus fuscus, L.
Near Revere beach, 1877 (Herbert A. Young). This species is also
found in New Jersey. (Adv. from So. Eu.)

Dulichium spathaceum, Pers.
Swamps and borders of ponds. Common.

Eleocharis Robbinsii, Oakes.
Sluice pond, Lynn (C. E. Faxon). Probably not uncommon.
Eleocharis tuberculosa, R. Br.
Manchester (Oakes); Danvers (J. H. Sears). Rare.
Eleocharis obtusa, Schultes.
Wet places and borders of ponds.
Eleocharis olivacea, Torr.
Long pond, Saugus (Herbert A. Young).
Eleocharis palustris, R. Br.
Wenham and Chebacco ponds, Crane pond, West Newbury, etc.
Eleocharis tenuis, Schultes.
Meadows, ponds, ete. Very common and variable.
Eleocharis acicularis, 2. Br.
Wet places. Common.
Eleocharis pygmea, Torr.
Salem Great Pastures, near Atlantic Car Works; near Coffin’s
beach, West Gloucester. Scarce.
Eleocharis Engelmanni, Steudel.
Sluice pond, Lynn, Sept. 1879 (Herbert A. Young).
Var. detonsa, Gray.
Found at Winter pond, Winchester, 1878 (E. H. Hitchings).

Scirpus planifolius, Muhl.
Danvers, 1878 (J. H. Sears).
Scirpus subterminalis, Torr.
Crane pond, West Newbury; Chebacco pond; ‘‘ Wenham, Pleasant
pond, 1823” (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering).
Scirpus pungens, Vahl.
Found near both fresh and salt water. Common.
Scirpus Torreyi, Olney.
Lawrence, along the shores of the Merrimac, above the dam.

117

Scirpus validus, Vahl. (Great BuLRusH.)
Newbury (Oakes); Pleasant pond, Wenham, growing seven or
eight feet high; West Gloucester, Byfield, ete. This species is
sometimes found in brackish waters.

Scirpus debilis, Pursh.
Lawrence, above the dam on the Merrimac (J. R.). Scarce.

Scirpus supinus, L., var. Hallii. (Gray’s Manual).
Winter pond, Winchester, 1878 (EK. H. Hitchings). Beyond the
county limits, yet within the latitude, and but afew miles to the
westward. :

Scirpus maritimus, Z. (Sta CLuB-Rusu.)
Common in brackish water. Specimens were collected at Kern-
wood, Salem, 1879, five feet high, bearing panicles three times
the ordinary size. :

Scirpus fluviatilis, Gray.
Ipswich river, Aug., 1876 (J. R.). Rare.

Scirpus sylvaticus, L.
‘¢ Along brooks, eastern Massachusetts, W. Boott,” etc. (Gray’s
Manual, 5th ed.), Lawrence, August 5, 1879. Specimens are fre-
quently met with where the styles are two-cleft, and, hence, the
achenium lenticular.

Scirpus microcarpus, Presl.
Shore of the Merrimac, from Lawrence to Newburyport. Not very
common.

Scirpus atrovirens, Muhl.
Shores of Ipswich and Merrimac rivers, North Andover, Danvers
(J. H. Sears). Scarce.

Scirpus Eriophorum, Michx.
Meadows. Very common and variable. Flowering from June to
September. i

Scirpus lineatus, Mickx.
Essex county, about 1824 (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering). Notinthe
county herbarium P. A. S.

Eriophorum alpinum, L.
Hamilton (Oakes); Boxford (J. R.); Georgetown (Mrs. C. N. S.
Horner). Abundant where it grows at all.

Eriophorum vaginatum, L.
Long pond, Saugus (Herbert A. Young). It is quite probable that
this species may be found in other similar localities.

Eriophorum Virginicum, L.
Bogs. Frequent.

Var. album (Gray’s Manual).
In similar situations. Common.

118

Eriophorum polystachyon, Z. (Common CoTTon-Grass.)
Common in meadows. Variable.

Eriophorum gracile, Koch.
Topsfield (Oakes); Boxford; Cedar pond, Wenham; Beaver pond,
Beverly; Danvers (J. H. Sears). Not very common.

Fimbristylis autumnalis, Rem. & Schultes.
Boxford (J. R.); Danvers, 1878 (J. H. Sears); Salem Great Pas-
tures (W. P. Conant).

Fimbristylis capillaris, Gray.
Common in dry open places.

Rhynchospora fusca, Rem. & Schultes.
Manchester (Oakes); Beaver pond, Beverly (W. P. Conant); Mid-
dleton pond (J. R.). .
Rhynchospora alba, Vahl.
Meadows. Frequent.
Rhynchospora glomerata, Vahl.
Wet places, borders of ponds, etc. Very common.

Cladium mariscoides, Torr.
Ipswich (Oakes); Chebacco pond (J. R.); Hood’s pond, Topsfield
(J. H. Sears). Scarce.

Carex polytrichoides, Muhl.

West Newbury and Wenham (W. P. Conant).
Carex bromoides, Schk.

Ipswich (Oakes); West Newbury (W. P. Conant).
Carex siccata, Dew.

Danvers (J. H. Sears); Salem Great Pastures.
Carex teretiuscula, Good.

Danvers (J. H. Sears); Beaver pond, Beverly.
Carex vulpinoidea, Michx.

Meadows. Common.
Carex stipata, Muhl.

Salem, Danvers (J. H. Sears), Merrimac, etc. Common.
Carex sparganioides, Muhl.

Essex Co. (Oakes).
Carex muricata, L

Salem Great Pastures, Kernwood (W. P. Conant), etc.
Carex cephalophora, Mual.

Boxford, 1878; West Newbury (W. P. Conant).
Carex Muhlenbergii, Schk.

Boxford, Wenham, Beverly, etc. Quite common.
Carex rosea, Schk.

Meadows, etc. Common.

119

Carex retroflexa, Muhl.
Boxford, June, 1878 (C. E. Faxon).
Carex trisperma, Dew.
Topsfield (J. R.).
Carex canescens, L. (in part).
Meadows. Common.
Carex exilis, Dew.
First “noticed in marshes around Lake Wenham; the specimens
were taken by Oakes to Dewey who named the species” (Dr. Chas.
Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 1063). Hamilton, Danvers (Oakes),
Newbury (W. P. Conant), brooks of Saugus and Lynnfield (C. E.
Faxon), Beverly, Boxford, etc. In peat bogs. Not very common.
Carex sterilis, Willd., and
Carex stellulata, Good., var. scirpoides (Gray’s Manual).
These species are both found in the county, but great difficulty is
experienced in separating them.
Carex scoparia, Schk.
Meadows. Common. Variable.
Carex lagopodioides, Schk.
Moist places in shade. Frequent.
Carex cristata, Schw., var. mirabilis, Boott.
West Newbury (W. P. Conant), Danvers (J. H. Sears).
Carex adusta, Boott. (Gray’s Manual, 5th ed.).
West Newbury (W. P. Conant). :
Carex silicea, Olney. C. foenea, Willd., var. sabulonum (Gray’s
Manual.)
Sandy places along the coast. Common.
Carex straminea, Schk.
Widely distributed and very variable.
Var. typica (Gray’s Manual).
Occasionally in fields, etc.
Var. tenera (Gray’s Manual).
East Haverhill (Rock’s Village), (W. P. Conant).
Var. aperta (Gray’s Manual).
Quite a distinct form which may prove worthy of being raised to
the rank of aspecies. Perfecting earlier than the other varieties.
Danvers (J. H. Sears), Ipswich river banks, etc.
Carex umbellata, Schk.
Abundant near Boston, and undoubtedly in Essex county (C. E.
Faxon).
Carex alata, Torr.
West Newbury (W. P. Conant); Andover, near Haggett’s pond.
Carex vulgaris, Fries. ig
Low ground. Common.

120

Carex stricta, Lam.
Common. The sedge so commonly forming the hummocks in
meadows.
Carex maritima, Vahl.
‘Salt marsh at Orne’s point, Salem (memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering) ;
Newburyport (memo. Prof. Brainard).
Carex salina, Wahl.
Near Newburyport (memo. Prof. Brainard). Both this species and
the last are found in many places near the coast of Massachu-
setts.
Carex crinita, Lam.
Low ground. Common.
Carex Buxbaumii, Wahl.
Saugus river, near Lynnfield (Herbert A. Young) ; Ipswich (Oakes) ;
Burley farm meadow, Danvers, Andover. Scarce.
Carex aurea, Nutt.
Edge of a meadow, Salem Great Pastures, June 17, 1879 (J. R.).
Carex livida, Wiild.
Swamp at Boxford. Rare.
Carex, panicea, L.
Danvers, 1879 (J. H. Sears).
Carex pallescens, L.
Meadows. Common.
Carex conoidea, Schk.
West Newbury (W. P. Conant); (Salem (J. R.); Danvers (J. H.
Sears).
Carex gracillima, Schw.
Ipswich (Oakes), Wenham, etc. Frequent.
Carex virescens, Muhl.
Copses, etc. Frequent.
Carex retrocurva, Dew.
West Newbury, 1879 (W. P. Conant).
Carex digitalis, Willd.
West Newbury, 1879 (W. P. Conant).
Carex laxiflora, Lam.
Partly shady places. Common and very variable.
Var. intermedia, Boott.
Salem, West Newbury (W. P. Conant).
Var. styloflexa, Boott.
Groveland, etc. (W. P. Conant).
Var. blanda (Gray’s Manual).
West Newbury (W. P. Conant). The most common form.
Var. latifolia, Boott.
Chebacco woods, etc. Frequent.

121

Carex Emmonsii, Dew.
Ipswich (Oakes).

Carex Pennsylvanica, Lam.
Hills and copses. Common. One of our earliest spring flowers.

Carex varia, Muhi.
West Newbury (W. P. Conant).

Carex preecox, Jacq.
“Salem and Ipswich, Mass.” (Gray’s Manual); Salem (Oakes);
Orne’s point, Salem, 1824 (Dr. Chas. Pickering); Dedham (C. E.
Faxon); Salem Great Pastures, in several places; Swampscott,
near the ‘‘ Willows.” This species is considered by Gray to have
been introduced from Europe. When first noticed by Dr. Chas.
Pickering (1824), it ‘‘seemed to be growing wild.”

Carex scabrata, Schw.
Near Haggett’s pond, Andover, June 27, 1879; Danvers (J. H. Sears).

Carex debilis, Michx.
Meadows. Common.

Carex flava, L.
Meadows, etc. Common.

Carex Gideri, Zhrh.
‘“By European colonists carried to northeast America.” ‘Only in
grass-grown clearings in the environs of Salem” (Dr. Chas.
Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl. p. 1024).
This is farther explained in a letter, where he says ‘‘C. CGideri (de-
termined by English Botany), I used to find in the pasture land of
my grandfather’s farm (Wenham) clearly introduced.”
There seems to be some uncertainty regarding this species, as the
form here found does not perfectly correspond to the description.
Rocks at Pigeon Cove, 1877; Salem Great Pastures in wet land
(J. R.); Danvers (J. H. Sears), Magnolia. Considered by Prof.
Gray to be an American plant.

Carex filiformis, L.
Peat meadows. Common.

Carex lanuginosa, Michx.
Swamps. Frequent.

Carex vestita, Willd.
Moist, sandy soil. Frequent.

Carex riparia, Curtis.
Burley woods, Danvers (J. H. Sears); West Newbury (W. P.
Conant).

Carex comosa, Boott.
Swampscott, Wenham (W. P. Conant), Danvers (J. H. Sears),
Meadows.

122

Carex hystricina, Willd.
Near Crane pond, West Newbury, Aug. 1879.
Carex tentaculata, Muhl.
Meadows, etc. Very common.
Carex intumescens, Rudge.
Danvers (J. H. Sears), West Newbury (W. P. Conant), etc.
Frequent.
Carex lupulina, Muhl.
Swampy places. Frequent.
Carex folliculata, L.
Wet and shady places. Quite common.
Carex squarrosa, L.
One specimen near Sutton’s Mills station, North Andover, Aug. 5,
1879 (J. R.). :
Carex utriculata, Boott.
Essex County (Oakes); Beaver pond, Beverly; West Newbury (W.
P. Conant). Frequent.
Carex bullata, Schk.
Near Haggett’s pond, Andover; West Newbury (W. P. Conant) ;
Danvers (J. H. Sears).
Carex monile, Tuckerman.
Burley woods, Danvers, 1879 (J. H. Sears); Saugus river, June 18,
1879 (C. E. Faxon); West Newbury (W. P. Conant).
Carex oligosperma, Michx.
Essex County (Oakes, in herb. P. A. S.). This specimen may have
been collected outside the limits of the county.

GRAMINEA.
(Grass FaMILy.)

Leersia Virginica, Willd. (Wurrr Grass.)
Oak Island, Chelsea (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost., 2d ed., 1824); near Sut-
ton’s Mills station, North Andover. Abundant at the last named
place.

Leersia oryzoides, Swartz. (Rick Cut-Grass.)
Borders of brooks, etc. Common.

Zizania aquatica, L. (Inp1an Rice.)
Outlet of Pleasant pond (Dr. Chas. Pickering), outlet of Wenham
pond (W. P. Conant), Ipswich river from Topsfield to Ipswich,
Merrimac river. Abundant. An exceedingly beautiful plant when
in flower.

123

Alopecurus pratensis, 2. (Mrapow Fox talt.)
Everywhere. (Nat. from Eu.)
Alopecurus geniculatus, L. (FioatinG FoxtTalt.)
West Newbury (Conant), Ipswich (Oakes), Danvers (J. H. Sears).
(Nat. from Eu.)
Alopecurus aristulatus, Miche. (WiLp FoxtalL.)
West Newbury, June 19, 1878 (W. P. Conant).

Phleum pratense, Z. (TIMOTHY.)
Everywhere. Introduced from Europe. Dr. Chas. Pickering con-
sidered this as likely to prove an American grass, as one of foreign
origin.

Vilfa aspera, Beauv.
Ipswich (Oakes), Danvers (J. H. Sears).

Vilfa vagineeflora, Torr.
Poor soil. Frequent.

Sporobolus cryptandrus, Gray.
Ipswich (Oakes), Nahant.

Sporobolus serotinus, Gray.
Moist places. Common. It is probable that in future botanies, this
and the last species will be found under Vilfa.

Agrostis perennans, Tuckerman. (THIN-GRass.)
Danvers (J. H. Sears), Oak Island (W. P. Conant).
Agrostis scabra, Willd. (Hair Grass.)
Dry places. Common.
Agrostis canina, ZL. (Brown Bent-Grass.)
Wenham (W. P. Conant).
Agrostis Spica-venti, L.
In a field at West Newbury (W. P. Conant). (Ady. from Eu.)
Agrostis vulgaris, With. (Rrp-Top.)
Everywhere. Considered an American grass. It has also been in-
troduced from Europe. This species is called Herd’s-grass in
Pennsylvania, the name given in New England to Phleum pratense.
Agrostis alba, L. (Wuitr Bent-Grass.)
‘*Meadows and fields, a valuable grass: naturalized from Europe,
also indigenous on river banks, N. New York and northward”
(Gray’s Manual.) A variety of this species is met with in the
county which may prove to have another place, as it appears quite
distinct.

Polypogon Monspeliensis, Desf. (Brarp Grass.)
Collected at Hampton Beach by Oakes and Robbins. This Eu-
ropean grass should be looked for at Salisbury, as the above locality
is but a few miles north. (Nat. from Eu.)

124

Cinna arundinacea, L., var. pendula, Gray.
Lawrence, Danvers (J. H. Sears); West Newbury (W. P. Conant)
etc. Not very common. Forms are occasionally met with which
are quite near the typical plant.

Muhlenbergia sobolifera, Trin.

Beverly, 1878 (J. H. Sears). Rare.
Muhlenbergia glomerata, Trin.

Boxford, West Newbury, Ballardvale (J. H. Sears). Swamps.
Muhlenbergia Mexicana, Trin.

Ballardvale (J. H. Sears); Salem (Jona. Tucker) ; Wenham (J. R.).
Muhlenbergia sylvatica, Torr. & Gray.

West Newbury (W. P. Conant); Beverly (J. H. Sears). Wenham.
Muhlenbergia Willdenovii, Trin.

Burley woods, Danvers, Sept. 1877.

Brachyelytrum aristatum, Beauv. .
Bank of Shawsheen, Andover, near the meeting-house (J. R.);
West Newbury (W. P. Conant).

Calamagrostis Canadensis, Beauv. (BLuE JoINT-GRass.)
Swamps and river banks. Common.

Calamagrostis Pickeringii, Gray.
Collected at Andover, near Haggett’s pond, June 27,1879 (J. R.),
and found abundantly in the same locality, 1880. First observed by
Mr. H. Little with Dr. Pickering about 1824, at the White Moun
tains, in N. H.

Calamagrostis Nuttalliana, Steud.
Ipswich (Oakes), Wenham swamp, West Gloucester, etc. Not
very common.

Calamagrostis arenaria, Roth.
Beaches. Common. This is the species which is so useful in hold-
ing in check the shifting sands of our coast. Large sums have been
expended in planting it on Cape Cod by the state governiuent.

Oryzopsis melanocarpa, Muhl.
Chebacco woods, Georgetown. Scarce.
Oryzopsis asperifolia, Michx.
Manchester (Oakes), Chebacco woods, May 17, 1875.
Oryzopsis Canadensis, Torr.
Manchester (Oakes) ; Boxford (several stations) ; Middleton (J. H.
Sears).

Stipa avenacea, L. (Biack Oat Grass; FraTHeER Grass.)
“Dry wooded hills, near the Andover turnpike, Medford” (Bigelow’s
Fl. Bost., 2d ed., 1824); Blue Hills, Milton (Chas. E. Faxon). This
ought to be found in the southwestern portion of the county.

125

Aristida dichotoma, Michz. (Poverty Grass.)
Frequent in poor soil.

Aristida gracilis, Ei.
Danvers, 1819 (Oakes in Hov. Mag., Vol. XIII), and in the same
region, 1878 (J. H. Sears).

Aristida purpurascens, Poir.
On W. P. Upham’s farm, Peabody (W. P. Conant).

Aristida tuberculosa, Nutt.
Plum Island, 1829 (Oakes), and same station, near a farm house on
the Ipswich end of the Island, 1876 (J. R.).

Spartina cynosuroides, Willd.
“Ipswich river banks, and near the salt water everywhere.
Spartina juncea, Willd.
Salt marshes along the entire shore. Common.
Spartina stricta, Roth. (Sart Marsu Grass.)
* Between tides in all the inlets. This is the *‘Thatch” of the far-
mers.

Bouteloua oligostachya, Torr.
Near the old carpet factory, Tapleyville, 1880 (J. H. S. and J. R.).
Probably introduced from the west with wool.

Eleusine Indica, Gertn. (Doc’s-TatL GRass.)
This is very common at New York city and Philadelphia, but never
noticed here until 1878, when it seemed to have established itself
on Pennsylvania pier, Salem. (Probably Nat. from India.)

Tricuspis purpurea, Gray. (Sanp Grass.)
Turkey Hill, Ipswich, Newbury; Nahant beach.

Dactylis glomerata, ZL. (OrcHARD Grass.)
Fields and roadsides. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Eatonia Pennsylvanica, Gray.
Burnt land ‘‘Blind Hole,” Danvers (J. H. Sears); West Newbury
(W. P. Conant).

Glyceria Canadensis, Trin. (RATTLESNAKE GRASS.)
Common in open swamps.

Glyceria obtusa, Trin.
Swamps and wet places. Frequent.

Glyceria elongata, Trin.
Essex county (Oukes).

Glyceria nervata, Trin. (Fown Mzapow Grass.)
Common in meadows.

Glyceria pallida, Trin.
In shallow water. Boxford, etc. Not very common.

126

Glyceria aquatica, Smith. (REED Mzapow Grass.)
“Tpswich river marsh” (Dr. Chas. Pickering); West Newbury (W.
P. Conant); Lynn (J. H. Sears). *

Gly ceria fluitans, R. Br.

Shallow water. Various parts of the county, but not common.

Glyceria acutiflora, Torr.

In similar situations to the last. Not common.

Glyceria maritima, Wahl.

Along the coast. Common.
Glyceria distans, Wahl.
Plum Island (Oakes).

Brizopyrum spicatum, Hook.
Frequent on the salt marshes.

Poa annua, LZ. (Low Sprar-Grass.)
Very common.

Poa compressa, LZ. (WirRE-GRass.)
Common in dry places.

Poa serotina, Zhrhart. (Fast REDTOP.)
Sometimes called Fowl Meadow-grass. Essex county (Oakes),
Wenham, Byfield, etc.

Poa pratensis, ZL. (Common Mrapow-Grass; JuNE Grass; Ken-
Tucky BLUE-GRass. )
Common, both in a cultivated and wild state.

Poa trivialis, ZL. (Roucuish Mmapow-Grass. )
Ipswich (Oakes); West Newbury (W. P. Conant); environs of
Salem (Dr. Chas. Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 279). (Nat. from
Eu.)

Eragrostis poeeoides, Beauv., var. megastachya. (Gray’s Man-
ual).
First noticed on the “dump,” So. Boston, by Mr. C. E. Faxon;
Marblehead, 1878 (Mr. Bartlett). (Nat. from Eu.)

Eragrostis capillaris, Nees.
‘Possibly introduced into New England by the aboriginal tribes;
observed by myself in the environs of Salem, chiefly in cultivated
ground” (Dr. Chas. Pickering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 810). Probably
noticed about 1824.

Eragrostis tenuis, Gray.
“Jn the same situations with the preceding, in the environs of
Salem, and as far as Philadelphia” (Dr. Chas. Pickering, Chron.
Hist. Pl., p. 810). Probably noticed at the same date. There is no
other record of this and the last species in Essex county.

Eragrostis pilosa, Beauv.
Salem, two stations (W. P. Conant). (Nat. from Eu.)

127
Eragrostis pectinacea, Gray, var. spectabilis. (Gray’s Manual).
Topsfield, Newburyport, Ballardvale (J. H. Sears). Scarce.

Briza media, LZ. (Quakine Grass.)
Danvers (Oakes) ; Peabody, Boxford, Salem Great Pastures. Scarce.
(Adv. from Eu.)

Festuca tenella, Willd.
Ship Rock, Peabody (memo. Rev. J. L. Russell); Pigeon Cove;
East Haverhill (Rock’s Village). Scarce.
Festuca ovina, Z. (Surrp’s Fescus.) Var. duriuscula.
The most common form.
Var. rubra (Gray’s Manual).
Plum Island (Oakes).
Festuca elatior, L. (Mzapow FEscvr.)
Very common and quite variable. (Nat. from Eu.)
Festuca nutans, Willd.
Boxford, Danvers (J. H. Sears.) Scarce.

Bromus secalinus, Z. (CuratT; CuEss.)
Beverly, Danvers, Ipswich, etc. Frequent. Var. (awnless), Ipswich
(Oakes). (Adv. from Eu.)
Bromus mollis, Z. (Sorr Cuzss.)
Among other species in a grass-plat in Salem. (Adv. from EU.) om
Bromus racemosus, L. (Upricur Cuzss.) :
Essex County (Oakes), West Gloucester, Salem, etc. Scarce.
(Adv. from Eu.) ; , of ‘
Bromus ciliatus, L. :
Ipswich (Oakes), Wenham, Salem, Beverly, etc. More abundant
than the last.

Phragmites communis, Trin.
In the vicinity of Topsfield. Probably introduced in this locality.

Lolium perenne, ZL. (Common DaRNzt.)
West Newbury (W. P. Conant); Salem, etc. Not very common.
(Nat. from Eu.) 4
Lolium temulentum, L. :
“(In old barley fields and gathered with it” (Oakes, Hovey’s Mag.,
Vol. VII). ‘Grain noxious; almost the only instance of the kind
among grasses” (Gray’s Manual.) (Adv. from Eu.)

Triticum vulgare, Z. (WuuxarT.)
Found growing on wharves and railroad track-beds near Salem and
Newburyport. (Escaped.)

Triticum repens, ZL. (CoucH-Grass; QuicK-GRASS.)
Everywhere common and variable.

.

128

Var. intermedium, Fries. (nearly) Gray.
West Gloucester. The spikes of this variety.are much larger every
way than the common form.

Secale cereale, Willd. (Rye.)
Derby Wharf, Salem. (Escaped.)

Hordeum vulgare, Z. (BaRLzEY.)
Salem, Essex, etc. Waste places. (Escaped.)
Hordeum jubatum, Z. (Squrrrew-Tai, Grass.)
Marblehead Neck, Beverly, Ipswich (Oakes), etc. Frequent near
the shore.
Elymus Virginicus, L.
Frequent. Usually nearer the shore than the next.
Elymus Canadensis, L.
Merrimac river banks, from Lawrence to Newburyport.
Elymus striatus, Willd.
Ipswich (Oakes), West Gloucester, Georgetown (Mrs. C. N. S.
Horner), along the Merrimac river banks, etc. Frequent.

Gymnostichum Hystrix, Schreb. (BoTTLu-BRUSH Grass.)
Swampscott, Hamilton, Oak Island, Revere. Scarce.

Danthonia spicata, Beauv.
Dry soil. Common.

Danthonia compressa, Austin.
Frequent near-Boston (C. E. Faxon), and undoubtedly an Essex
county species. It has but recently been separated from the last.

Avena sativa, ZL. (Common Oat.)
Waste places, railroad beds, wharves, etc. (Escaped.)

Avena striata, Michx.
“Manchester” (S. P. Fowler), banks of the Merrimac, West New-
bury. Rare.

Aira flexuosa, LZ. (Hair-Grass.)
Dry soil. Frequent.

Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv.
“Near Salem” (Dr. Chas. Pickering), probably about 1824; old
fields, Danvers (J. H. Sears), and sometimes cultivated. Scarce.
(Nat. from Eu.)

Holcus lanatus, Z. (Vutver Grass.)
“‘Sparingly naturalized in the environs of Salem” (Dr. Chas. Pick-
ering, Chron. Hist. Pl., p. 655). This was probably about 1824. It
is now abundant, spreading fast in moist soil, and, unless care is
taken, will injure much valuable grassland. (Nat. from Eu.)

129

Hierochloa borealis, Rem. & Schultes. (VANILLA GRASS.)
Salisbury, Byfield (Mrs. Horner), Beverly, Salem near Pickman
farm, etc. Scarce. Most frequently found near the shore.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Z. (Sweet VErNAL-GRass.)
Fields. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Phalaris Canariensis, L. (Canary-Grass.)
Streets and rubbish heaps near the larger towns. Frequent. (Adv.
from Eu.)

Phalaris arundinacea, L.
Low ground. Frequent.

Var. picta. (Srrieep-Grass; RrpBon-GRrass.)
Common in old gardens. A large patch of this variety escaped
from cultivation on the bed of the E. R. R., at Beverly, shows
every variation from the strongest marked striping to the typical
green form.

Paspalum setaceum, Michx.
Fields. Common.

Cynosurus cristatus, Wild.
Among other species ina grass-plat, Salem. ‘‘The stems of this
grass are used for the manufacture of Leghorn hats.” It has been
cultivated to some extent in the county (Flint’s Grasses). (Adv.
from Eu.)

Panicum Germanicum (Flint’s Grasses.) (HUNGARIAN MIL-
LET.)
Cultivated, and found near flelds, although not to be considered by
any means as established, Danvers (J. H. Sears). This seems to be
the Setaria Germanica, Beauv., of some writers, yet very much
larger than the ordinary form, and may be only a large variety of
Setaria Italica. (Int. from Eu.)
Panicum miliaceum, Willd. (MILLET.)
First noticed by Mr. C. E. Faxon, in 1876, on the ‘‘dump” at So.
Boston; near West Beach, Beverly, 1879 (W. P. Conant).
Panicum glabrum, Gaudin.
Streets and yards. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)
Panicum sanguinale, ZL. (Common Cras Grass; Fincer-Grass.)
Similar places. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)
Panicum agrostoides, Spreng.
Meadows, and the shores of rivers and ponds. Common.
Panicum proliferum, Lam.
Near the B. R. B. & L. R. R. station, Lynn, and West Newbury (W.
P. Conant), are the only localities yet noticed for this species in
the county. In each case it appears as if introduced.
9

130

Panicum capillare, Z. (OLD Wircu Grass.)
Fields, etc. Common.
Panicum virgatum, L.
Beaches among rocks, and inland in wet sandy places. Frequent.
Panicum latifolium, L.
Shady places. Lanesville, Danvers (Oakes), Groveland, etc.
Panicum clandestinum, L.
Banks of Merrimac and Ipswich rivers. Not rare.
Panicum dichotomum, L.
Very common and variable. We have three distinct forms, some
of which, according to Gray, may prove to be distinct species, and
it is quite probable that P. pauciflorum, H//., may have been in-
cluded here.
(a). Rigid, large-flowered.
(6). Less rigid, taller, small-flowered.
{c). Autumnal, prostrate.
All are common.
Panicum depauperatum, Muhil.
Dry hilly places. Common.
Panicum Crus-galli, Z. (Barnyarp Grass.)
Waste places and cultivated flelds. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. hispidum (Gray’s Manual).
Similar situations. Common. (Nat. from Eu.)

Setaria verticillata, Beauv.
A street grass.in Salem, etc. (Adv. from Eu.)
Setaria glauca, Beauv.
Fields and waste places. Common. (Adv. from Eu.)
Setaria viridis, Beauv.
Fields and streets. Common. (Adv. from Eu.)
Setaria Italica, Kunth.
Sometimes called Millet. Cultivated lands. (Nat. from Eu.)

Andropogon furcatus, Muhl.
Dry places in sandy soil. Frequent.
Andropogon scoparius, Micha.
Dry soil. Common.

Sorghum nutans, Gray. (InpraNn Grass.)
Ipswich (Oakes), Danvers (J. H. Sears). Scarce.

Zea Mays, L.(INpIaN Corn.)
A reduced form is often found on wharves and railroad beds, having
the flowers developed when only a foot high.

VASCULAR CRYPTOGAMS.

LYCOPODIACE A.
(CLuB-Moss FaMILy.)

Lycopodium lucidulum, Michz.
Essex woods, Rockport (Frank Lufkin), Peabody, Andover, George-
town, etc. Frequent.
Lycopodium inundatum, L.
Near Coffin’s beach, West Gloucester; Plum Island; Beaver pond,
Beverly.
Var. Bigelovii, Tuckerman,
Chebacco pond. Both forms are quite common.
Lycopodium annotinum, L.
Chebacco and Essex woods. Abundant where it:is found at all.
The above locality was probably known to Oakes fifty years ago.
Lycopodium dendroideum, Michx. (GrounpD Pinu.)
In woods. Frequent. ;
Var. obscurum (Gray’s Manual).
With the other form. Common.
Lycopodium clavatum, L.
Frequent in various parts of the county.
Lycopodium complanatum, LZ.
Commonly called ‘‘Evergreen.” In most woods. Formerly very
common, but so largely gathered for decorations that it is becoming
scarce. within a radius of five or six miles of our larger cities.

Selaginella rupestris, Spring.
Rocky hills. Frequent.

Selaginella apus, Spring.
Boxford, Danvers, Topsfield. Not very common.

Isoetes echinospora, Durieu, var. muricata (Gray’s Manual).
(QUILLWORT.)
Beaver pond, Beverly; Chebacco; Crane pond, West Newbury;
Pleasant pond, Wenham. Rather scarce. Other species should be
looked for.

(181)

132

RHIZOCARPEA.

(WATER-FERN FamILy.)

Marsilia quadrifolia, Z. (Mansixta.)
First discovered at Bantam lake, Conn., some years ago. It has
become established in some ponds near Boston, and for awhile in
one of the ponds near Legge’s hill, Salem. It is feared, however,
that on account of a severe drought a year or two since, it has been
destroyed.

OPHIOGLOSSACEZ.
(AppEr’s-TONGUE FamiLy.)

Ophioglossum vulgatum, L.
Moist, not boggy places, in grass, near the edges of swamps, Box-
ford (two stations near Crooked pond, J. R. and J. H. 8.); Beverly,
1872 (J. H. Emerton, etc.); Danvers, 1879 (J. H. Sears). Rather
scarce.

Botrychium lanceolatum, Angs.
Georgetown, Aug., 1875 (Mrs. C. N. S. Horner); West Newbury,
1879 (W. P. Conant); Magnolia, 1880 (C. J. Sprague); Middleton,
1880 (J. R.).

Botrychium matricarizfolium, A. Br.
West Newbury, 1879 (W. P. Conant); Middleton (J. H. S. and
J. R.), the small form often confounded with B. simplex; Boxford,
1880, the larger form.

Botrychium Virginianum, Sw. (Ratriusnake Ferry.)
Beaver pond woods, Beverly, 1870 (J. R.); West Newbury (W. P.
Conant), Danvers, Haverhill, Georgetown, Boxford, etc. Not very
common.

Botrychium ternatum, Sw.
Moist pastures and even in dry soil. A most variable species.

(a). Var. ruteefolium, Eaton.
This is usually called var. lunarioides, which is a southern form
and not found here.

(b). Var. australe, Laton.
This is the most highly developed form; and specimens, very nearly
resembling the fine plants often sent from California, have been
collected near Danvers by J. H. Sears, and others hardly less fine,
at Georgetown by Mrs. C. N. 8. Horner.

(c). Var. obliquum, Milde.
The most common form with quite sharply pointed segments.

(d). Var. dissectum, Milde.
Nearly as common as the last. The frond is cut and divided in a
very beautiful manner.

133

EQUISETACEA
(Horserar Famity.)

Equisetum arvense, Z. (Common Horseralt.)
Moist places. Very common. On the railroad beds, a prostrate,
much branched form occurs, caused by the continualpassing of
trains, which prevents the plant attaining its ordinary height.

Equisetum sylvaticum, L.
In shady places. Frequent. A very graceful plant.

Equisetum limosum, L.
Open wet places. Frequent.

Equisetum hyemale, L. (Scourtne Rusu.)
Near Cold Spring, Salem (Dr. G. A. Perkins); Methuen, on the
bed of the M. & L. R. R.; Danvers, on the bed of the Newburyport
R. R.; ‘*moist woods, Lynn” (Bigelow’s Fl. Bost., 1814). The
least common species.

FILICES.
(Ferns. )

Note.—This order and the Ophioglossaces# have been rearranged to
conform to the ‘‘Systematic Fern List,” but very recently (Oct., 1880)
published by Professor Daniel C. Eaton of New Haven.

Polypodium vulgare, ZL. (Potypopy.)
Covering shaded rocks. Common.

Var. Cambricum (English authors).
A specimen corresponding to this variety was found some years
since, at Andover, by Mr. Jackson T. Dawson.

Adiantum pedatum, Z. (Maipenuatr.)
Towns of the Merrimac valley, frequent; and in small stations
elsewhere.

Pteris aquilina, LZ. (Common BrRaxz.)
In half shade on well drained soil. Quite common. A variety hav-
ing the fronds several times pinnate, but not ternate, is occasionally
met with; the same form is found near Boston (E. H. Hitchings).

Woodwardia Virginica, Smith. (Virarnian Cuain-FErn.)
Borders of ponds, extending its rhizomes under the water; swamps,
etc. Frequent.

Woodwardia angustifolia, Smith. (NARROW-LEAVED CHAIN-
FERN.)

Magnolia swamp, Gloucester (J. H. S. and J. R.); ‘Essex county”
(memo. Dr. Chas. Pickering). Rare.

134

Asplenium Trichomanes, L.
Clefts of rocks. Common.

Asplenium ebeneum, Ait.

Dry, rocky places, usually in pine woods. Common and somewhat
variable.

Asplenium thelypteroides,. Michx.
Ipswich (Oakes), Lynnfield (Rev. J. L. Russell), Swampscott
(J. R.). Scarce.

Asplenium Filix-foemina, Bernh. (Lapy FERN.)
Very variable.

(a). Three to four feet high, twelve to sixteen inches wide, lower
pinne smallest. Moist shady places. Common.

(b). Var. Rheeticum, Moore. One to two feet high, four to six
inches wide, rigid. Banks and roadsides. Common.

(c). Var. Michauxii, Mett. Two to three feet high, stem red,
foliage delicate. Essex woods. Scarce.

(d). Two to three feet high, lower pinne largest. West Newbury,
Beverly. Scarce. Various other intermediate forms are found,
sometimes mimicking Aspidium spinulosum, and again resembling
Aspidium Noveboracense.

Phegopteris polypodioides, Fée. (Brrcu FERN.)
Danvers, Beverly, Essex, Manchester, Middleton, Haverhill, West
Newbury. Scarce, and never found in large quantities.
Phegopteris hexagonoptera, Fée.
Georgetown (Mrs. C. N. 8. Horner), Chebacco woods (J. H. 8. and
J.R.). Rare.
Phegopteris Dryopteris, Fée.
Haverhill (W. P. Conant), Boxford, Middleton, Beverly, Essex,
Georgetown (Mrs. C. N. S. Horner). Scarce, the stations being
small,

Aspidium Thelypfteris, Sw.
Moist places. Common.

Aspidium Noveboracense, Sw. (New York FERN.)
Damp places in the woods. Common.

Aspidium spinulosum, Sw.
A common and very variable evergreen fern.

(a). Var. vulgare, Eaton. (The typical form.)
Essex, Georgetown, Beverly, Haverhill, etc. Frequent.

(b). Var. dilatatum, Zaton.
This seems to be a strongly developed form of the typical plant,
the lower pinne being very broad. This variety does not grow in
the county to the perfection attained farther north, yet the form
here found is sufficiently near it to be included.

135

(c). Var. intermedium, Zaton. Aspidium Americanum, Davenport
(Am. Nat.).
This is the most common form, and seems quite distinct from either
of the above varieties. Frequent in moist woods. Other varieties
may be found corresponding very well with the numerous named
forms, in which English fern books abound, most of which are not
constant and are unworthy of a separate name.

Aspidium Boottii, Tuckerman. A. spinulosum, Sw., var. Boottii
(Gray’s Manual).
Swamps. Frequent. <A very distinct species.

Aspidium cristatum, Sw.
Situations similar to the last. Frequent.

Var. Clintonianum, Eaton.
Wenham swamp (J. H. S. and J. R.). Scarce.

Aspidium marginale, Sw. ;
Rocky places in the shade. Common.

Aspidium acrostichoides, Sw. (Curistmas Fern.)
Rocky woods. Common.

Var. incisum (Gray’s Manual).
West Newbury (W. P. Conant), Georgetown, Beverly. Occasional.

Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.
Damp rocks. Common. Often disappearing by the latter part of
August.

Onoclea Struthiopteris, Z. Struthiopteris Germanica, Willd.
(Gray’s Manual.) (Ostrich FERN.)
North Andover, near Sutton’s Mills station and the Merrimac river
(abundant), Georgetown, Boxford. Scarce.

Onoclea sensibilis, Z. (SENSITIVE FruRN.)
Moist places. Very common.

Var. obtusilobata (Gray’s Manual, etc.).
Frequently met with. This is merely a fertile frond which is partly
sterile and is common to all species, having contracted fruiting
fronds or portions of fronds, as in O. Struthiopteris, Osmunda
(var. frondosa), Lygodium, and in Botrychium (Ophioglossacez).
It is an abnormal condition and not a true variety.

Woodsia obtusa, Torr.
Rocky ‘places in half shade. Rather scarce.

Woodsia Ilvensis, R. Br.
Rocky hills, in exposed situations; particularly abundant in the
vicinity of Salem.

Dicksonia pilosiuscula, Willd. D. punctilobula, Kunze (Gray’s
Manual, 5th ed.). (Hay-sCENTED FERN.)
Shady places in moist woods. Common.

136

Lygodium palmatum, Swartz. (CLimBING Fern.)
Lynn, near Saugus; said to have been first detected in this locality
by Mr. B. F. Johnson (herb. P. A. S., Mr. G. E, Emery).

Osmunda regalis, Z. (Royat FERN; FLOWERING FERN.)
Swamps. Common.

Osmunda Claytoniana, L. (INTERRUPTED FLOWERING FERN.)
Swamps and moist places, Common, more especially so in Tops-
field and North Andover.

Osmunda cinnamomea, L.

Moist pastures. Common. The abnormal form (var. frondosa) is
frequently found among the fruiting fronds, and should be looked
for in June.

MUSCIN 5 4.

The following list of the Musci and Hepaticee is made up from the
herbarium of the Peabody Academy of Science, chiefly collected by
the writer in 1877. Unfortunately, there are few persons in this
vicinity interested in the lower orders of plants, hence the data from
which to make up a general county list are meagre. Itis not possible
that this enumeration should be nearly complete, as many species,
perhaps even common ones, may not have been collected, but it very
well represents the general character of the Muscinee of the region,
and will be found to contain many rare and interesting species. The
collection was examined, and the species determined by Mr. Coe F.
Austin of New Jersey, well known as an authority upon these plants,
and whose unexpected death, during the past season, is universally
regretted by botanists.

MUSCI.
(Mosszs.)
Suborder SPHAGNACE™®.

Sphagnum acutifolium, Ehrh.
Chebacco (in fruit, May 3, 1877).
Var. purpureum.
Boxford (Arthur R. Stone).
Var. intermedium.
Danvers (J. H. Sears).
Sphagnum cuspidatum, Zhrh.
Middleton, Peabody, North Andover, Amesbury. Submerged.
Var. Torreyanum.
Middleton, North Andover.
Var. recurvum.
Magnolia swamp, Gloucester.
Sphagnum subsecundum, Nees.
Boxford.
‘Sphagnum palustre, Ehrh. (S. cymbifelium, Dill.)
Magnolia swamp, Gloucester. A very large species.
Var. squarrulosum.,
Swampscott.

(137)

138

Sphagnum papillosum, Lindb.

Essex woods and Middleton. ‘‘Probably not sufficiently distinct
from S. palustre” (Austin).

Sphagnum laricinum, Spruce, var. platyphyllum (Sulliv.)
Austin. (S. neglectum, var. Aust. Musc. Appal.), (S. platyphyllum,
Sullivant in a letter to Austin, 1868).

In a pool, on the line between Boxford and North Andover. A
curious submerged species resembling an alga.

Suborder BRYACEZ.

Tribe WHISTIE_.

Weisia viridula, Brid. :
Essex; Beverly, June, 1877 (Mary K. Robinson); Amesbury, etc.
Frequent.

Tribe DICRANE &X.

Dicranum scoparium, L.
Rocky woods. Common.

Dicranum Schraderi, Web. & Mohr.
Boxford.

Dicranum congestum, Brid.
Middleton.

Dicranum flagellare, Hedw.
Boxford.

Dicranum montanum, Hedw.
Essex, Boxford.

Dicranum fulvum, Hk.
Swampscott, Essex.

Ceratodon purpureus, Brid.
Rocky pastures and roadsides. Common.

Tribe LEUCOBRYE&.

‘Leucobryum vulgare. (L. glaucum, Hampe).
In woods. Frequent.

Tribe FISSIDENTEH&.

Fissidens osmundioides, Hedw.
Boxford.

Fissidens taxifolius, Hedw.
Swampscott (E. M. Shepard). This specimen varies from the
typical form.

139

Fissidens adiantoides, Hedw.
Boxford.

Tribe TRICHOSTOME 4.

Trichostomum tortile, Schrad.
Near ‘‘ Ship Rock,” Peabody.

Trichostomum pallidum, Hedw.
‘“« Prospect Hill,” Peabody.

Barbula ruralis, Hedw.
“On rocks, Nahant, Mass., D. Murray” (Gray’s Manual with
mosses).

Barbula papillosa, Wiis.
‘Trunks of elm trees, Mass., Rev. J. L. Russell” (Gray’s Manual
with mosses).

Tribe POTTIE.A.

Pottia truncata, Br. & Sch.
Garden walks, Salem (Rev. J. L. Russell). In greenhouses.

Tribe THTRAPHIDE 2.

Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw.
Old stumps, and at the bases of trees. Common.

Tribe ORTHOTRICHE 4.

Orthotrichum anomalum, Hedw.
“Rocks, near Salem, Mass., Lesquereux” (Gray’s Manual with
mosses). Swampscott.
Orthotrichum Hutchinsie, Smith.
Marblehead; ‘ Rubley hill,” Beverly.
Orthotrichum Lescurii, Austin.
Swampscott.
Orthotrichum crispulum, Hornsch.
Near Salem (Rev. E. C. Bolles).

Iribe GRIMMIEA.

Schistidium apocarpum, Br. é Sch. (Grimmia apocarpa.)
Nahant (B. D. Greene).

Schistidium maritimum, Br. é Sch. (Grimmia maritima.)
Nahant (B. D. Greene).

Tribe HEDWIGIE A.

Hedwigia ciliata, Zhrh.
On bowlders and rocky places. Common.

140

Tribe BUXBAUMIE 4.

Diphyscium foliosum, Web. & Mohr.
Hill, near Chebacco pond; Danvers (J. H. Sears). Rare.

Tribe POLYTRICHEH &.

Atrichum angustatum, Beauv.
Moist places. Common.

Polytrichum commune, L.
Moist places. Very common.
Polytrichum piliferum, Schrebd.
Salem, etc. Frequent.
Polytrichum juniperinum, Hedw.
Salem Neck.

Tribe BRYH4.

Aulacomnion palustre, Schwegr.
Moist banks. Frequent.
Var. rupestre (memo. C. F. Austin).
Swampscott.
Aulacomnion androgynum, Schwegr.
Prospect hill, Peabody, the form with pseudopodia only. Rare.
Aulacomnion heterostichum, Br. & Sch.
Swampscott, Chebacco.

Bryum nutans, Schreb.
Wenham, Middleton (Rev. E. C. Bolles).
Bryum pseudo-triquetrum, Schwegr.
Boxford.
Bryum bimum, Schreb.
Middleton.
Bryum intermedium, Brid.
A specimen collected in Swampscott was marked by Mr. Austin, as
a variety of this species.
Bryum cespiticium, L.
Common on moist soil.

Muium affine, Bland.
Boxford.
Mnium hornum, Hedw.
Essex county (Rev. E. C. Bolles).
Mnium punctatum, Hedw.
Danvers, Boxford.
Mnium cuspidatum, Hedw.
Peabody, Boxford, Danvers, Beverly.

141

Tribe BARTRAMIE2A.

Bartramia pomiformis, Hedw.
Moist banks and rocks. Frequent.
Bartramia fontana, Brid.
Wet places. Occasional.

Tribe HUNARIEA.

Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw.
Garden paths, burnt ground, etc. Very common.

Physcomitrium pyriforme, Br. & Sch.
Danvers, Salem (in greenhouses).

Tribe FONTINALE 2.

Fontinalis antipyretica, L., var. gigantea.
Georgetown (Mrs. C. N.S. Horner).

Fontinalis Lescurii, Suilliv.

Boxford, Topsfield, Salem Great Pastures.

Fontinalis Novee-Angliz, Sulliv. (in Gray’s Manual, 3d ed.).
Boxford. Mr. Austin marks this specimen as a little doubtful. All
the species of this genus are found growing upon stones, wood, or
some other substance, in flowing water. Rockport (Prof. Thos. P.
James).

Dichelyma capillaceum, Bryol. Europ.
Brook at Beverly Farms.

Anomodon rostratus, Br. & Sch.

At the bases of trees, Boxford, Swampscott, etc.
Anomodon attenuatus, Hub.

Boxford, Swampscott.

Leskea polycarpa, Hedw.
Bases of trees; Wenham, 1876 (Mary K. and Lucy P. Robinson),
Beverly (Rev. E. C, Bolles).
Leskea obscura, Hedw.
Ipswich (Oakes); Salem (Rey. J. L. Russell).
Leskea rostrata, Hedw.
Swampscott (Rev. E. C. Bolles).

Tribe THELIEN A.

Thelia hirtella (Hedw.), Sulliv.

At the bases of trees. Frequent.
Thelia asprella (Schimp.) Sulliv.

In similar places to the last. Frequent.

142

Thelia Lescurii, Sulliv.
Boxford.
Tribe PYLAIS AE.

Pylaisea intricata, Bryol. Europ.
On trees, Chebacco woods.

Tribe CYLINDROTHECIE &.

Cylindrothecium cladorrhizans, Bryol. Europ.
Beverly woods.

Tribe NHCKERE 4.

Neckera pennata, Hedw.
Gloucester, Beverly Farms.

Tribe CLIMACTIE A.

Climacium Americanum, Brid.
Moist woods. Frequent.

Tribe HYPNEH SX.

Hypnum delicatulum, LZ. (‘‘H. tamariscinum of many authors,”
Austin).
A very graceful species growing over rocks and dead trees, in moist
shady places. Common.
Hypnum recognitum, Hedw. (‘‘H. delicatulum of authors,” Aus-
tin.)
Boxford; Magnolia station, Gloucester; Chebacco.
Hypnum paludosum, Suiliv.
Near Cedar pond, Wenham, 1849 (Rev. J. L. Russell) ; Boxford.
Hypnum brevirostre, Ehrh.
Swampscott.
Hypnum triquetrum, L.
Chebacco, May 17, 1875 (fine fruit), rocky moist banks. Frequent.
Hypnum splendens, Hedw.
Beverly woods, May 11, 1876 (fine fruit). Moist places in old
woods. Not rare.
Hypnum strigosum, Hof'm.
Middleton.
Hypnum rusciforme, Weis.
Chebacco woods.
Hypnum Schreberi, Willd.
Borders of woods, Chebacco.
Hypnum cordifolium, Hedw.
Danvers, 1852 (Rev. J. L. Russell), Wenham swamp.

143

Hypnum Crista-Castrensis, L.
Lynn, 1856 (Rev. J. L. Russell), Essex, Amesbury, etc.
Hypnum cupressiforme, L.
Swampscott (Rev. E. C. Bolles), Beverly, Wenham, Chebacco (fine
fruit), etc. Frequent.
Var. resupinatum (memo. C. F. Austin).
Beverly Farms woods (very fine), pendent over rocks, in fruit.
Hypnum imponens, Hedw.
Chebacco woods.
Hypnum reptile, Micha.
Common lane, Beverly.
Hypnum curvifolium, Hedw.
Boxford; Peabody, near ‘Ship Rock.” Frequent.
Hypnum Haldanianun, Grev.
Near ‘‘ Ship Rock,” Peabody; Beverly, Chebacco.
Hypnum letum, Brid.
Swampscott.
Hypnum acuminatum, Beauv.
Peabody, Beverly.
Var. setosum (Gray’s Manual with mosses).
Danvers.
Hypnum rutabulum, L.
Beverly, Swampscott.
Hypnum plumosum, L.
‘‘Rubley hill,” on the Chebacco road in Wenham; near Coffin’s
beach, West Gloucester, growing in sand.
Hypnum populeum, Hedw. (H. plumosum, var. populeum, C.
F. Austin).
Beverly Farms.
Hypnum velutinum, L.
Beverly, near ‘‘ Pride’s Crossing.”
Hypnum Nove-Angliz, Sulliv. & Lesgx.
Boxford.
Hypnum stellatum, Schreb.
Salem, 1852 (Rev. J. L. Russell).
Hypnuum hispidulun, Brid.
Middleton.
Hypnum serpens, Hedw.
Danvers, Salem. Variable.
Hypnum adnatum, Hedw.
Peabody.
Hypnum denticulatum, L., var. letum (C. F. Austin).
Swampscott, at the base of a tree.

Hypnuum sylvaticum, L.
Near ‘‘ Magnolia swamp,” Gloucester.

144

Hypnum striatellum, Brid.
Middleton. Marked as a little doubtful.
Hypnum campestre (memo. C. F. Austin).
Swampscott (Rev. E. C. Bolles).
Hypuum chrysophyllum, Brid.
Swampscott.

Plagiothecium turfaceum, Lindb.
Beverly.

%

HEPATICA,
(Liverwort FamILy.)

Tribe RICCIACH 4.

Riccia natans, L.
Floating on the water of a spring, ‘‘ Blind Hole,” Danvers, Dec.,
1878 (J. H. Sears).
Var. terrestris (memo. C. F. Austin).
On the east bank of Foster’s pond, near North Beverly depot.
Riccia fluitans, L.
Floating in a brook, Wenham.
Var. terrestris (memo. C. F. Austin).
Banks of the fresh pond, near Coffin’s beach, West Gloucester.
Riccia lutescens, Schwein.
Wet places in Manchester woods (J. H. Sears).

Tribe MARCHANTIACEH 4.
Marchantia polymorpha, L.
Common in shady wet places.
Lunularia vulgaris, Michx.
Greenhouse beds, and rarely in wet gardens, Salem. (Adv. from
Eu.)
Preissia commutata, Nees.
Wet rocks, E. R. R. cut near Magnolia station, Gloucester.

Conocephalus conicus (L.) Dumort. (Fegatella conica, Corda.)
Marblehead (S. B. Buttrick); Boxford.
Fimbriaria tenella, Nees.
Wet soil, with Selaginella apus, at the base of ‘ Bald hill,” Middle-
ton.
Tribe JUNGERMANNIACE 4%.
Pellia epiphylla, Nees.
Wet banks. Marblehead (E. M. Shepard), Chebacco, Beverly.

145

Geocalyx graveolens, Nees.
Old log, Boxford woods.

Chiloscyphus polyanthos, Corda., var. rivularis (memo. C. F.
Austin).
On a log, in a brook, Boxford.

Lophocolea heterophylla, Nees.
With mosses and lichens on trees, Boxford.

Harpanthus scutatus, Spruce. (Jungermannia scutata, Weber.)
Beverly woods.

Jungermannia Schraderi, Martius.

Middleton (Rev. E. C. Bolles).
Jungermannia acuta (memo. C. F. Austin).

Magnolia swamp, Gloucester. This specimen is a little doubtful.
Jungermannia ventricosa, Dicks.

Beverly Farms woods.

Scapania nemorosa, Nees.
Moist slopes and rocks in the woods. Frequent.

Scapania undulata, Nees & Montagne.
Magnolia swamp, Gloucester. This specimen varies from the
typical form.

Frullania Grayana, Montagne.
On rocks and tree trunks. Common.
Frullania Eboracensis, Lehn.
Bark of trees, Boxford.

Madotheca platyphylla, Dumortier.
Moist, rocky places in shade. Common.

Var.
Near ‘‘ Ship Rock,” Peabody.

Radula complanata, Dumortier.
Beverly Farms woods; Boxford, May 29, 1877 (fine fruit).

Blepharozia ciliaris (Z.), Dumortier. (Ptilidium ciliare, Nees.)
Near ‘‘Ship Rock,” Peabody (very fine); bases of trees and
rocks, fruiting abundantly in April and May. Common.

Var. teretiuscula (memo. C. F. Austin).

Beverly woods. Rare.

Trichocolea tomentella, Nees.
Beverly Farms woods. The exact locality is a little uncertain.

Mastigobryum trilobatum, Nees.

Moist woods. Frequent.
or
/

CHARACH 4.

Plants growing under water in ponds and slow streams, resembling
Alge, with which they are classed by some authors. Some of
the species have the very disagreeable odor of sulphuretted hy-
drogen. The classification is taken from a recent paper upon
the subject by Byron D. Halsted, D. S. (Proc. Bost. Nat. Hist.,
Vol. XX, p. 169; March 5, 1879). The specimens have all been
identified by Prof. Farlow and Dr. Halsted, to whom the writer
would here acknowledge his indebtedness.

NITELLEA,

Nitella opaca, Ag.
Specimens of a Nitella collected at Swampscott in a spring hole,
May 11, 1879, are referred to this species by Dr. Farlow, who says:
—‘*The specimens are all male, and the plant seems to be dicw-
cious. If I am correct in supposing it to be dicecious, the species
belongs to the group of N. capitata, to which N. syncarpa, N. cap-
itata, and N. opaca belong. The color is lighter than most forms
of N. opaca, but I am disposed to refer it to that species which it
resembles in habit” (Letter, Nov. 16, 1879). This determination
has since been confirmed by Nordstedt (note, Dr. Farlow, Jan. 8,
1880).

Nitella flexilis, Ag.
Common in ponds and streams. Chebacco pond; Merrimac river,
above the dam at Lawrence; in a somewhat brackish stream near
Burley Farm, Danvers; Wenham pond. Dr. Halsted refers to
certain Essex county speciniens as approaching the

Var. nidifica. (Chara glomerulifolia, A. Br.), and (N. flexilis, var.
subcapitata, A. Br.).
He also speaks of specimens of this species as having been col-
lected in the ‘‘ Merrimac (Green),” probably B. D. Greene.

Nitella gracilis (Sw.), Ag.
Chebacco pond, near Whipple’s boat-landing. The specimens are
all of the delicate form.

(146)

Fveaeeeeeeene

147

Nitella (Tolypella) intricata (Roth.), Ag.
In a brook below an old mill in Boxford, Aug. 18, 1876. ‘The
Tewksbury specimens resemble those gathered by Mr. Wright in
the Leom river, Texas, being in size between the small specimens
just mentioned (from Louisiana), and the large showy plants of
Boxford,' Mass. (Robinson) ” (Halsted’s Char.).

CHAREA.

Chara coronata, var. Schweinitzii, A. Br.
Wenham pond, Aug., 1875; Chebacco pond. The typical form of
this species grows near Boston.

Chara gymnopus, var. elegans, A. Br.
Pleasant pond, Wenham, Aug., 1875. ‘‘The variety elegans seems
to have been first found in America by Oakes. In the Gray her-
barium is a specimen collected by him, which, however, bears neither
date nor locality. Itprobably came from Essex county, Mass., where
the variety has been recently re-discovered by Mr. John Robinson,
who reports that it is rather common in Chebacco lake.” Among
the specimens in alcohol sent by Mr. Robinson, a deviation from
the variety form was found. The difference is confined entirely
to the leaves, the more slender nature of which, as well as its much
shorter bracts at the sterile joints, is noticeable. The excessive
length of the bracts around the sexual organs is in contrast with
those in the ordinary form. The most striking peculiarity of the
plant is its not bearing both sexual organs at the same joint.
Usually, a single sporangium and antheridium were found on each
leaf, sometimes two sporangia and no antheridium, or two antheridia
and no sporangium, but never more than two of these organs on
a leaf, and these at the second and third joints from the base. This
arrangement of the sexual organs may be considered as steps
towards a dicecious species, first, in the separation of the organs to
different joints, and then to different leaves. This form is of great
interest, and would furnish a fine subject to one who loves such
deviations, and can procure an abundance of specimens” (Halsted’s
Char.).
1Since the above was written, Dr. T. F. Allen of New York, whose mono-

graph of the North American Characez is now in process of publication, has

requested specimens of the Boxford plant, and from those sent, he considers

the species to be

Nitella polyglochin, A. Br.,

an East Indian species which, as he says, supports a theory regarding certain
Characez, that he intends presenting before the Torrey Botanical Club very soon.

2 This should read Pleasant pond, Wenham.

148

Chara fragilis, Desv. (Chara foetida of authors.)
Pleasant pond, Wenham; Salem, in a brook on the Turnpike (Mr.
H. F. King) many years since. This Chara possesses the most disa-
greeable odor of any found in this region.

Var. delicatula, A. Br.
Wenham, Aug. 3, 1876.

Var. ———
Collected in Beaver pond, Beverly, July 17, 1879. Dr. Farlow in a
letter of Nov. 16, 1879, says, of this plant: —‘‘I hesitate between
C. fragilis and C. tenuispora. I think it a variety of the former,
but uncomfortably near the latter. I have compared it with Euro-
pean forms of C. tenuispora and the specimens are a good deal
smaller than the European forms of that species. It is, however,
more spiny than C. fragilis in which the spines are merely rudimen-
tary in most cases. The stipular crown has the upper whorl more
developed than in C. fragilis and, in this respect, the species also
approaches C. tenuispora. In spite of the differences named I
should consider it a form of C. fragilis, judging by the general
habit.”

Chara sejuncta, A. Br.
Among other specimens from Essex county, collected in 1879.
Determined by Nordstedt through Dr. W. G. Farlow.

THALUIUOPHYTES.

LICHENS.

The writer, owing to his want of knowledge of this order, had felt
compelled very reluctantly to omit the Lichens from the flora, as no
authentically-named collection existed of sufficient size to make a
list of any value. But in the present year Mr. Charles J. Sprague
most kindly offered to take what specimens were already in the her-
barium, name them, and, adding those species he had himself col-
lected in the vicinity of Magnolia, prepare the whole list.

For this kindness the writer desires to express his obligations,
feeling it a great pleasure to be able to present the list from the pen
of so competent an authority as Mr. Sprague.

(The following list is, probably, but a portion of the species occur-
ring in Essex county, as the region has not been thoroughly explored.
It comprises only such as are positively known to grow there.)

1. Ramalina, Ach., De Not.

1. calicaris, Fr.
var. fastigata, Fv.
var. farinacea, Fr.
2. pollinaria, Ach.

2. Cetraria, Ach., Fr.

1. Islandica, Ach.
2. ciliaris, Ach.
3. lacunosa, Ach.

var. Atlantica, Tuck.
4, aleurites (Ach.), Th. Fr.
5. Oakesiana, Tuck.
6. juniperina (L.), Ach.

var. Pinastri, Ach.

3. Evernia, Ach., Mann.

1, furfuracea (L.), Mann.
2. prunastri (L.), Ach.
(149)

I.

2.

150

4, Usnea, Ach.

parbata (L.), Fr.
var. florida, Fr.
var. hirta, Fr.
var. rubiginea, Mx.
trichodea, Ach.

5. Alectoria (Ach.), Nyl.

jubata (L.), Fr.

I.
2.

3.

1

5.
6.

var. chalybeiformis, Ach.

6. Theloschistes, Norm., Tuck.

chrysopthalmus (Z.), Norm.
parietinus (L.), Nurm.

var. lychneus, Scher..
concolor (Dicks.).

7. Parmelia (Ach.), De Not.

perforata (Jacg.), Ach.
var. crinita, Tuck.

. tiliacea (Hofm.), Flerk.

Borreri, Turn.
var. rudecta, Tuck.

. saxatilis (L.), Fr.

pertusa (Schrank.), Scher.
physodes (L.), Ach.
colpodes, Ach.

caperata (L.), Ach.

. conspersa (Ehr.), Ach.

olivacea (L.), Ach.

8. Physcia (Fr). Th. Fr.
aquila (Ach.), Nyl.
var. detonsa, Tuck.

» pulverulenta (Schred.), Nyt.

speciosa (Wulf., Fr.)
var. hypoleuca, Ach.
stellaris (L.), Nyl.
var. tribacia, Fr.
var. hispida, Fr.
ceesia (Hofm.), Nyl.
obscura (Ehrh.), Nyl.
var. ciliata, Scher.
var. adglutinata (Flk.), Nyl.

1.
2
3.
4.

4,
5.

-

Qap wb

151

9. Pyxine, Fr.

cocoes (Sw.), Nyl.

var. sorediata, Tuck.

10. Umbilicaria, Hof'm.

Pennsylvanica, Hof'm.
pustulata (L.), Hoffm.
Dillenii, Tuck.
Muhlenbergii (Achk.), Tuck.

IL. Sticta (Schreb.), Delis.
crocata (L.), Ach.

- Quercizans (Mx.), Ach.

pulmonaria (L.), Ach.
scrobiculata, Ach.

aurata, Ach.

glomerulifera (Lightf.), Delis.

12. Nephroma, Ach.
levigatum, Ach.

. tomentosum (Hof'm.), Kor.

13. Peltigera (Hof'm.), Fée.
apthosa (L.), Hoffm.
canina (L.), Hoffm.
polydactyla (Neck.), Hoffm.
rufescens (Neck.), Hoffm.
horizontalis (L.), Hofim.

14. Pannaria, Delis.

. rubiginosa (Thunb.), Ach.

var. conoplea, Fr.

. tryptophylla (Ach.), Mass.
. microphylla (Sw.), Del.
. leucosticta, Tuck.

brunnea (Sw.), Mass.
molybdea (Pers.), Tuck.
var. cronia, Nyl.
15. Ephebe, Fr.
pubescens (Ach.), Fy.

152

16. Lichina, Ag., Mont.
confinis (Mull.), Ag.(?)

17. Pyrenopsis, Nyl.
pheeococea, Tuck.

18. Collema (Hoffm.), Fr.

1. flaccidum, Ach.
2. nigrescens (Huds.), Ach.

19. Leptogium, Fr.

. pulchellum (Ach.), Nyl.
. tremelloides, Fr.
. chloromelum (Sw.), Nyl.
- myochroum (Lihrh.), Scher.
var. saturninum (Dicks.), Tuck.

PONE

20. Placodium (D C.), Neg. & Hepp.

1. elegans (Link.), D C.

2. murorum (Hofim.), DC.

3. vitellinum (EZhrh.), Hepp.

4. cerinum (Hedw.), Neg.

5. microphyllinum, Tuck., ined.

6. aurantiacum (Lightf.), Neg.

7. ferrugineum (Huds.), Hepp.
var. nigricans, Nyl.

21. Lecanora, Ach., Tuck.

. rubina (Vill.), Ach.
muralis (Schreb.), Scher.
pallescens (ZL.), Fr.
tartarea (L.), Ach.
subfusca (L.), Ach.
. pallida (Schreb.), Scher.
varia (Ehrh.), Fr.
ventosa, Ach.
elatina, Ach.
var. ochropheea, Tuck.

. 10. cinerea (L.), Fr.

11.“ cervina (Pers.), Sommerf.
var. discreta, Fr.

CONAAAONY

153

22. Rinodina, Mass., Stizend.

1. oreina (Z.), Mass.

2. sophodes (Ach.).
var. confragosa, Nyl.
var. exigua, Nyl.

3. constans (Nyl.), Tuck.

23. Pertusaria, D C.

1. pertusa (L.), Ach.
leioplaca (Ach.), Scher.
. velata (Turn.), Nyl.

« pustulata (Ach.), Nyl.

Co DO

24, Conotrema, Tuck.
urceolatum (Ach.), Tuck.
25. Gyalecta (Ach.), Anzi.

lutea (Dicks.), Tuck.
. pineti (Schrad.), Tuck.

26. Urceolaria (Ach.), Flot.

bo ie

scruposa (L.), Ach.
27. Stereocaulon, Schred.

. paschale, Laur.
2. condensatum, Laur.

28. Cladonia, Hoffm.

. pyxidata (L.), Fr.
. fimbriata (Z.), Fr.
var. radiata, Fr.
3. gracilis (Z.), Fr.
var. verticillata, Fr.
var. elongata, Fr.
4, turgida (Ehrh.), Hofm.
5. furcata (Huds.), Fr.
var. racemosa, Fk.
var. subulata, Fik.
6. cenotea, Ach.
var. furcellata, Fr.
7. squamosa, Hof'm.
var. ceespiticia, Nyl.
8. rangiferina (L.), Hoff'm.
var. sylvatica, L.
var. alpestris, L.

al

[ld

154

uncialis (L.), Fr.

. Boryi, Tuck.
. cornucopioides (L.), Fr.

cristatella, Tuck.

29. Beomyces, Pers., Nyl.

roseus, Pers.
pbyssoides (L.), Scher.

30. Biatora, Fr.
granulosa (Ehrh.), Petsch.

. Viridescens (Schrad.), Fr.

vernalis (L.), Th. Fr.
sanguineo-atra (Fr.), Tuck.
exigua (Chaub.), Fr.
Nylanderi, Anzi.
uliginosa (Schrad.), Fr.
rivulosa (Ach.), Fr.

lucida (Ach.), Fr.

milliaria (Fr.), Tuck.
rubella (Ehrh.), Rabenh.
umbrina (Ach.), Tuck.
chlorantha, Tuck.

resine, Fr. It is doubtful if this be a lichen.

31. Heterothecium, Flot., Tuck.
sanguinarium (L.), Flot.

32. Lecidea (Ach.), Fr.
albo-ccrulescens, Fr.
contigua, Fr., Nyl.
enteroleuca, Ach.
melancheima, Tuck.

33. Buellia, DeNot., Tuck.
parasema (Ach.), Kbr.
dialyta (Nyl.).
myriocarpa (D C.), Mudd.
turgescens (Nyl.).
vernicoma, Tuck.
petreea (Flot.), Tuck.

34. Opegrapha (Humb.), Ach., Nyl.
varia (Pers.), Fr.

. vulgata, Ach., Nyl.
. Viridis, Pers.

155

35. Xylographa, F%., Nyl.
opegraphella, Ny.

36. Graphis, Ach., Nyl.
1. seripta (Z.), Ach.
2. dendritica, Ach.

37. Arthonia, Ach., Nyl.

1. pyrrhula, Nyl.

2. lecideella, yl.

3. astroidea, Ach., Nyl.
4, punctiformis, Ach.

38. Mycoporum (Flot.), Nyl.
pycnocarpum, Wyl.

39. Acolium (Fée), DeNot.
tigillare (Ach.), De Not.

40. Calicium, Pers., Fr.
microcephalum (Sw.), Turn. & Borr.

41. Endocarpon, Hedw., Fr.
miniatum (L.), Scher.

42. Trypethelium, Spreng., Nyl.
virens, Tuck.

43. Sagedia (Mass.), Kbr.

1. chlorotica (Ach.), Mass.
2. oxyspora (Nyl.), Tuck.

44. Verrucaria, Pers.
maura (Wahl.), Th. Fr.

45. Pyrenula (Ach.), Neg. & Hepp.

1. punctiformis (Ach.), Neg.
- gemmata (Ach.), Neg.

. glabrata (Ach.), Mass.

. nitida, Ach.

Bm OD

FUNGI.

The representatives of this very extensive and difficult family of
plants are of course widely distributed in all parts of the county, but
owing to the impossibility of preparing herbarium specimens of the
softer species which would be of any value, and to the fact that so
few persons are interested in the study of the subject, no collection
has ever been brought together of sufficient size to make the enum-
eration of the species of any service as a guide to the study of the
Fungi of the county. A very full list of the Fungi growing in the
vicinity of Amherst, Mass., particularly those about Brattleboro,
Vermont, was prepared by the late Charles C. Frost of the last-
named place, and will be found in the ‘Catalogue of Plants growing
within thirty miles of Amherst College,” published in 1875. This list
probably includes many species not found here, but can be used gen-
erally to assist the collector to the species which may be looked
for in this region, and the reader is also referred to the‘ List of
Fungi collected in the vicinity of Boston” (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., Vol. VI, 1856), and the “‘ List of Fungi found in the vicinity of
Boston” (Prof. W. G. Farlow, in Bull. Bussey Inst., March, 1876, and
Jan., 1878) for further assistance. Moreover, it is probable, as has
been suggested by an eminent authority, that without a complete
knowledge of European forms from living specimens, and a familiarity
with the foreign literature upon the subject, very little original work
can be accomplished, at least to be of permanent value.

(156)

MARINE ALGAAS.
(Sea WeEDs.)

Geographically considered, Essex county waters extend from, and
include, Salisbury beach on the north to Saugus river on the south,
but in more general terms the region from Boston northward to
Portsmouth may be considered as representing our marine flora as a
more natural division; or, the north shore of Massachusetts Bay and
the north shore of Cape Ann, or Ipswich Bay, and the sand beaches
northward. The flora of this region is an interesting one. Cape Cod
projecting its long arm into the sea seems to form a natural barrier
to the progress of southern species northward, for here the warm
current of the Gulf stream bears off to the eastward, while between
it and the shore north of Cape Cod, the almost expended influences
of the cold Labrador current are slightly felt. A very marked separa-
tion is therefore made between the Arctic and southern marine flora
and fauna making our waters quite Arctic in their character. Yet in
warm places along the shore a few daring southern species have taken
up their abode, while some northern ones are to be found south of
Cape Cod, besides the species termed cosmopolitan which flourish
both north and south. Hence, we find the Essex county waters to be
the northern limit of many species and the southern limit of others,
therefore, it becomes very desirable to give as far as possible the
precise localities of specimens collected. This list has been prepared
from the private lists of Mrs. M. H. Bray of Gloucester, Rev. A. B.
Hervey of Taunton, who has passed his summer vacations of late at
Marblehead Neck, Mr. Frank S. Collins? of Malden, whose careful col-
lecting has extended from Nahant to Cape Ann, the herbarium of the
Peabody Academy of Science, and the papers by Prof. W. G. Farlow
of Harvard College, in Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts
and Sciences, Vol. X, 1875, and in the Report of the U. S. Fish Com-
mission for 1876. Prof. Farlow, although his time is fully occupied
with more important matters, has most kindly reviewed the writer’s
manuscript relating to the Marine Alge, offering valuable suggestions
and adding several notes which will be found below. It is thought
that this list is quite complete, lacking only those species which have
not as yet been published, or are not yet fully determined, of very
recent collection.

3 Mr. Collins has kindly revised the list to the present date, November, 1880.
(157)

158

ALGZE.
FLORIDEZ.

RHODOMELE_A (including Laurenciesze).

Dasya elegans, 4g. (CHENILLE.)
Reported from Salem and Ipswich, probably with insufficient
authority. The range of this species is from ‘‘ Key West to Cape
Cod” (Dr. Farlow’s list).

Bostrychia rivularis, Harv.
“Tsles of Shoals, N. H.(?) to Florida” (Dr. Farlow’s list). This is
doubtful as an Essex county species.

Polysiphonia urceolata, Grev.
Common.
Var. patens.
Cape Ann (Dr. Farlow’s list).
Var. formosa.
New England (Dr. Farlow’s list).
Polysiphonia subtilissima, Mont.
Essex county (Rev. A. B. Hervey), Newburyport (Dr. Farlow’s
list), Gloucester (Dr. Farlow). More common southward.
Polysiphonia Olneyi, Harv. (DovuGH-BALLS.)
Essex county (Rev. A. B. Hervey).
Polysiphonia Harveyi, Batley. (NIGGER-HAIR.)
Salem (Rev. A. B. Hervey), Gloucester (Dr. Farlow, Mrs. Bray).
Var. arietina, Harv.
Little Nahant (Dr. Farlow), Lynn beach (Frank S. Collins).
Polysiphonia elongata, Grev. (LoBsTurR-cLaws).
Lynn, southward (Dr. Farlow’s list). Frequent along the shore.
from Cape Ann, southward (Rev. A. B. Hervey and Frank S.
Collins).
Polysiphonia violacea, Grev.
Salem, Gloucester (Mrs. Bray, Frank 8. Collins); Ipswich beach,
a most beautiful specimen (Mrs. T. 8. Greenwood).
Polysiphonia fibrillosa, Grev.
Cape Ann, southward (Dr. Farlow, in herb. P. A. S.); Essex county
waters (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Mrs. Bray).
Polysiphonia variegata, Ag.
Danvers (Rev. A. B. Hervey, in herb. P. A. S.).
Polysiphonia atrorubescens, Grev.
Gloucester (Mrs. A. L. Davis, in herb. P. A. S.); frequent from
Gloucester, southward (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Mrs. Bray).

159

Polysiphonia nigrescens, Grev.
Frequent.
Polysiphonia fastigiata, Grev.
Common.
Rhodomela subfusca, 4g.
Little ‘Nahant (Dr. Farlow, in herb. P. A. 8.). ‘‘Common from
Boston northward ” (memo. Dr. Farlow).
Var. gracilis.
Swampscott (Frank S. Collins), Gloucester (Mrs. A. L. Davis,
Mrs. Bray).
Var. Rochei.
Salem (in herb. P. A. S.), Gloucester (Mrs. Bray).

SPH A ROCOCCOIDE.4.

Delesseria sinuosa, Lmxz.
Frequent.
Delesseria alata, Lmzx.
Nahant, northward. Frequent.
Delesseria angustissima, Griff.
Gloucester (Dr. Farlow’s list, Mrs. Bray, etc.).

Calliblepharis ciliata, Kiitz.
Gloucester (Frank 8. Collins), northward.

Gracilaria multipartita, Ag.
East coast (Dr. Farlow’s list).

CORALLINE 4.

Corallina officinalis, L.
Common.

Melobesia membranacea, Lx.
Frequent (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Frank 8. Collins).
Melobesia Lejolisii, Rosanoff.
Common at Nahant (Frank S. Collins). Recently separated from
the last. This is the common species on eel-grass.
Melobesia farinosa, Lmz.
East coast (Dr. Farlow’s list); Marblehead (Rev. A. B. Hervey).
Melobesia pustulata, Lmz.
Frequent (Frank S. Collins).

Lithothamnion polymorphum, Aresch.
Frequent (Frank 8. Collins). Northern.

Hildenbrandtia rosea, Kiitz.
Dredged along the coast, growing on stones; ‘‘everywhere be-
tween tide marks” (memo. Dr. Farlow).

160

RHODYMENT#H 4.

Rhodymenia palmata, Grev. (Common DULSE.)
Common.

Euthora cristata, Ag.
Nahant, northward.

Lomentaria rosea, Thuret. (Chylocladia rosea, Harv.)
Washed on the beach at Newport, R. I., Gay Head, Mass.; also
found at Portsmouth, N. H. This ought to be collected in Essex
county waters.

Rhabdonia tenera, 4g., Bidrag. (Solieria chordalis, Ner. Am.
Bor.).
North side of Cape Ann; ‘‘only at Goose Cove, Squam, and the
creek leading into it” (Dr. Farlow).

SPONGIOCARPH 4.
Polyides rotundus, dg.
Frequent.
SQUAMARIE 2.

Petrocelis cruenta, Ag.
Nahant, Mass. (Dr. Farlow’s list), also noticed by Frank 8. Collins
and Rey. A. B. Hervey. This is a northern species.

HELMINTHOCLADIE A.

Nemalion multifidum, 4g.

Frequent.

GIGARTINE 4.

Phyllophora Brodizei, Ag.

Quite common.
Phyllophora membranifolia, Ag.

Frequent. \
Gymnogongrus Norvegicus, 4g. (inc. G. Torreyi, Ag.)

Beverly and Nahant (Dr. Farlow’s list), Gloucester (Mrs. Bray).
Abnfeltia plicata, Fr.

Frequent.

Cystoclonium purpurascens, Kitz.
Common.

Gigartina mamillosa, dg.
Frequent.

Chondrus crispus, Lyngb. (Iris Moss.)
Very common.

161

DUMONTIE4.

Halosaccion ramentaceum, Ag.
Gloucester (Mrs. H. A. Cochrane, in herb. P. A. S.), northward.

SPYRIDIH AE.

Spyridia filamentosa, Harv.
Massachusetts Bay, southward (Dr. Farlow’s list).

CHRAMIE A.

Ceramium rubrum, 4g.
Very common.

Ceramium Deslongchampsii, Ch.
Frequent. The specimens noted as C. Hooperi, Hurv., belong to this
species.

Ceramium diaphanum, Poth.
Occasionally found on the New England coast (Dr. Farlow’s list),
Gloucester (Mrs. A. L. Davis, in herb. P. A. S.), Nahant (Frank 8.
Collins).

Ceramium strictum, Harv.
Gloucester (Mrs. Bray), etc. Not rare.

Ceramium fastigiatum, Harv.
Massachusetts Bay (Dr. Farlow’s list).

Ptilota plumosa, 4g., var. serrata.
Frequent from Nahant, northward.
Ptilota elegans, Bonnem.
Common.

Gloiosiphonia capillaris, Carm.
Cape Ann, southward.

Griffithsia corallina(?), Ag.

Gloucester (Rev. A. B. Hervey), southward. ‘G. corallina does
not occurin N. A. South of Cape Cod is G. Bornetiana, Farlow.
Have you specimens from Essex county? I have never seen any-
thing but fragments of a Griffithsia” (memo. Dr. W. G. Farlow).
Collectors will confer a favor by communicating specimens of this,
or of any species outside of the usual localities, to the writer, for
Dr. Farlow.

Callithamnion tetragonum, 4g.

Niles beach, Gloucester (Mrs. Bray). More frequent south.
Callithamnion Baileyi, Harv.

Lynn beach (Frank §. Collins). More frequent south.

11

162

Callithamnion byssoideum, Arn.
“Nahant” (memo. Rev. A. B. Hervey), ‘‘Nahant to New York”
(Dr. Farlow’s list).

Callithamnion corymbosum, 4g.
Frequent.

Callithamnion Americanum, Harv.
Frequent.

Callithamnion Pylaissei, Mont.
Quite common.

Callithamnion floccosum, Ag.
Massachusetts Bay, northward (Dr. Farlow’s list); Gloucester
(Mrs. Bray).

Callithamnion Rothii, Lyngb.
This is not a true Callithamnion (memo. Dr. Farlow); growing on
rocks, Gloucester, etc. (Frank S. Collins, Rev. A. B. Hervey).

PORPHYREZ.
Porphyra vulgaris, dg. (LAvVER.)
Very common.

Bangia fuscopurpurea, Lyngb.
Essex county waters (Mrs. Bray, Rev. A. B. Hervey).. Common.

(2?) FLORIDEZE.
(incerte sedis.)

Chantransia Daviesii, Thuret.
Gloucester (Mrs. J. T. Lusk), also noticed by Rev. A. B. Hervey
and Mrs. Bray; Gay Head (Dr. Farlow).

Chantransia virgatula, Thuret.
New York, northward (Dr. Farlow’s list); Gloucester (Mrs. Bray).

Erythrotrichia ceramicola, Aresch.
Cape Ann (Mrs. Bray, Rev. A. B. Hervey); Buzzard’s Bay; Cape
Ann; Portland harbor, Me. (Dr. Farlow’s list).

Goniotrichum elegans, Zanard.
On Dasya. Gloucester, Mass., collected by Mrs. J. T. Lusk.
(Dr. Farlow, in Proc. Am. Acad., Vol. X, p. 351).

MELANOSPORZE.
EFUCACH 4.

Fucus nodosus, L. (Rock-Wrep.)
Frequent.

163

Fucus distichus, LZ. (Ff. filiformis, Gm.)
Marblehead (Dr. Farlow’s list, Frank S. Collins), also collected by
Mrs. Bray.
Fucus furcatus, Ag.
Nahant, northward (Dr. Farlow’s list), Marblehead, etc. (Frank S.
Collins, Mrs. Bray).
Fucus ceranoides, L.
East coast (Dr. Farlow’s list), also Rev. A. B. Hervey. This is
somewhat doubtful as a county species.
Fucus vesiculosus, LZ. (RocK-wsED.)
Common.
Fucus serratus, L.
Newburyport, Mass., northward (Dr. Farlow’s list). This may
prove to have been introduced by shippiug (Frank S. Collins, letter
Nov. 20, 1880).
Fucus evanescens, Ag.
Abundant on the coast of Maine, will probably be found in Essex
county (Frank S. Collins, letter Nov. 20, 1880).

PH ZOSPORE_4L.

Alaria esculenta, Grev.
Frequent.

Laminaria dermatodea, De la Pyl.
Cape Ann (Mrs. Bray), from Marblehead, northward (memo, Dr.
Farlow).

Laminaria saccharina, Lmzx.
Common.

Laminaria longicruris, Dela Pyl.
Also common. Both this and the last go by the name, ‘ Devil’s
Apron,” or ‘‘ Kelp,” as also does the next usually.

Laminaria flexicaulis, Le Jolis. (L. digitata, Lam., in part.)
Frequent (Frank S. Collins, Mrs. Bray).

Laminaria platymeris, De la Pyl.
Cape Ann (Mrs. Bray), New England(?) (Dr. Farlow’s list),
Swampscott (Frank S. Collins).

Agarum Turneri, Post d Rupr. (SEA-COLANDER )
Nahant, northward. Common.

Asperococcus compressus, Griff.
Gloucester (Dr. Farlow’s list), also collected by Mrs. Bray and
Rev. A. B. Hervey.

Asperococcus echinatus, Grev.
Cape Ann (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Mrs. Bray). Frequent along the
New England coast.

164

Ralfsia verrucosa, Aresch.
Frequent from Nahant, northward.

Ralfsia clavata, Crouan.
Swampscott; Malden marshes, southern limit (Frank §. Collins).
Rare. Common, northward (memo. Dr. Farlow).

Chorda filum, Stack.
Common.

Chordaria flagelliformis, Ag.
Frequent.

Chordaria divaricata, Ag.
Swampscott (Rev. A. B. Hervey), Gloucester (Mrs. Bray), north
side of Cape Ann (Dr. Farlow), southward to New York.

Castagnea virescens, Thuret. (Mesogloia virescens, Harv., Ner.
Am. Bor.)
Frequent at Gloucester, etc.
Castagnea Zosteree, Thuret. (Mesogloia Zostere, Harv., Ner.
Am. Bor.)
Gloucester (Frank S. Collins, Mrs. Bray), Wood’s Hole (Dr. Far-
low’s list).
Leathesia tuberiformis, Gray.
Frequent.
Elachista fucicola, Fr.
Frequent.
Myrionema strangulans, Grev.
Essex county waters (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Frank 8. Collins).
Cladostephus spongiosus, Ag.
Gloucester, etc. (Mrs. Bray).
Cladostephus verticillatus, Ag.
Occasional (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Mrs. Bray).
Sphacelaria radicans, Ag.
Nahant (Dr. Farlow), Gloucester, etc. (Mrs. Bray, Rev. A. B.
Hervey).
Sphacelaria cirrhosa, Ag.
New York, northward (Dr, Farlow’s list), Gloucester (Mrs. Bray).

Ectocarpus spheerophorus, Carm.
“Nahant. I found a very small quantity of this last summer
(1879), and it is, I believe, all that has been found in this country ’’
(Frank S. Collins, in letter Noy. 24, 1879).

Ectocarpus brachiatus, Harv.
Boston, northward (Dr. Farlow’s list), also reported in county
waters (Rev. A. B. Hervey), but Dr. Farlow now considers this as
doubtful.

165

Ectocarpus firmus, 4g. (E. littoralis, Harv.) ‘
Rockport (in herb. P. A. S.), and elsewhere (Rev. A. B. Hervey,
Frank S. Collins).
Ectocarpus Farlowii, Thuret.
Marblehead, northward (Dr. Farlow’s list, Mrs. Bray, and Rev. A.
B. Hervey).
Ectocarpus siliculosus, Lyngb.
Frequent.
Kctocarpus viridis, Harv.
Quite frequent.
Ectocarpus tomentosus, Lyngb.
From Boston, northward; not very frequent.
Ectocarpus fasciculatus, Harv.
Frequent.
Ectocarpus granulosus, Ag.
Boston harbor (Dr. Farlow’s list), also noticed by Rev. A. B.
Hervey.
Ectocarpus Durkeei, Harv.
Portsmouth, N. H. (Dr. Farlow’s list). This species ought to be
found in Essex county. It is probably only a form of the preceding
species (memo. Dr. Farlow). ,
Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, Grev.
Frequent.
Desmarestia aculeata, Lmx.
Common.
Desmarestia viridis, Lmz.
Common.
Punctaria latifolia, Grev.
Frequent.
Var. Zosteree, Le Jolis. (P. tenuissima, Harv.)
Gloucester (Mrs. Bray). Common at Lynn beach in early spring
(Frank 8. Collins).
Punctaria plantaginea, Grev.
Frequent.
Phyllitis Fascia, Ktz. (Laminaria Fascia, Ag.)
Common.

Scytosiphon lomentarius, 4g. (Chorda lomentaria, Lyngb.)
Quite common.

CHLOROSPORZ.
SIPHONE_ZA.

Bryopsis plumosa, Lmz.
Common.

166

Vaucheria pilo®oloides, Thuret.
*“*Undoubtedly in Essex county. It is very abundant in the salt
marshes at Malden. There are other Vaucherie along the shore,
but I do not think the species are definitely settled” (Frank Ss.
Collins, in letter Nov. 24, 1879).

ZOOSPORE At.

Enteromorpha intestinalis, Link.
Very common.

Enteromorpha compressa, Grev.
Very common.

Enteromorpha clathrata, Grev.
Frequent.

Ulva latissima, Linn. (Sta-LeTTUCK; SEA-CABBAGE.)
Very common. This, and sometimes the next, are the plants
which so abound in brackish waters along our coast. When
decaying in large quantities, the Beggiatoz* upon them produce the
well known disagreeable smell so familiar to those residing near
tide ponds and flats. This may be given as V. lactuca in future
works.

Ulva lactuca, Linn. (Monostroma Grevillei, Le Jolis).
Common. Marblehead (Frank S. Collins), Gloucester (Mrs. Bray),
etc.

Cladophora rupestris, Linn.
Common.
Cladophora arcta, Dillw.
Quite frequent.
Cladophora lanosa, Roth.
Nahant (Frank 8. Collins, Dr. Farlow), also noticed by Mrs. Bray.
Cladophora uncial, Fi. Dan.
Occasional (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Frank S. Collins).
Cladophora glaucescens, Grif.
Nahant (Frank S. Collins), also noticed at Magnolia by Mrs. Bray.
A more southern species.
Cladophora flexuosa, Grif’.
Nahant (Frank S. Collins), ete. Occasional.
Cladophora refracta, Roth.
Marblehead (Frank S. Collins, Rev. A. B. Hervey), Gloucester
(Mrs. Bray). Southern.
Cladophora albida, Huds.
Gloucester (Mrs. Bray). Southern.
4A low parasitic alga (see Farlow, Bull. Bussey Inst., Jan., 1877, p. 76).

167

Cladophora gracilis, Griff.
Nahant (Frank S. Collins, Dr. Farlow’s list), to N. J.
Cladophora letevirens, Dillw.
Boston Bay (Dr. Farlow’s list), Nahant (Frank S. Collins), also at
New York. :
Cladophora fracta, Fi. Dan.
Nahant (Frank S. Collins), also noticed by Rev. A. B. Hervey.
Common.
Cladophora expansa, Kiitz.
“Not uncommon at Nahant and Marblehead” (Frank S. Collins, in
letter Nov. 24, 1879).

Cheetomorpha Piquotiana, Mont.
Frequent (Rev. A. B. Hervey, Frank S. Collins).
Cheetomorpha melagonium, Web. & Mohr.
Frequent.
Cheetomorpha erea, Dillw.
East coast (Dr. Farlow’s list), Gloucester (memo. Dr. Farlow).
Cheetomorpha sutoria, Berk.
Marblehead (Frank S. Collins), also noticed at Magnolia, Mass., by
Mrs. Bray. More abundant southward.
Cheetomorpha tortuosa, Dillw.
Nahant, northward. Common.

Hormotrichum Younganum, Dillw.
Gloucester (Mrs. H. A. Cochrane, in herb. P. A. S.), Nahant
(Frank S. Collins). Frequent.

Hormotrichum speciosum, Carm.
Swampscott (Frank S. Collins).

Hormotrichum collabens, Kiitz.
‘Nahant. This last is an extremely rare species, having been
found only once in Great Britain, once in France, and a very few
times in the German ocean. I have seen it only once. Both the
Hormotrichum (the last and this species) were identified by Dr.
E. Bornet of Paris, from my specimens” (Frank S. Collins, in letter
Nov. 24, 1879).

Hormotrichum Carmichaelii, Harv.
Swampscott (Frank S. Collins).

CYANOPHYCEH4E.
Lyngbya ferruginea, Ag.
(Rev. A. B. Hervey, Mrs. Bray). Very common (memo. Dr. Far-
low).
Calothrix confervicola, Ag.
Common.

168

Calothrix scopulorum, 4g.
Common.

Calothrix crustacea, Thuret.
Nahant (Frank S. Collins).

Rivularia atra, Roth.
New England (Dr. Farlow’s list).

Clathrocystis roseo-persicina, Cohn.
New England (Dr. Farlow’s list), Gloucester (Mrs. Bray).

ADDITIONAL SPECIES.

Mesogloia vermicularis, 4g.
“Occasionally found at Cape Ann” (Dr. Farlow, in Proc. Am.
Acad., Vol. X), Gloucester (Mrs. A. L. Davis, in herb. P. A. S.).

Rhizoclonium Kochianun, Kitz.
‘¢Lynn beach, and since found at Gloucester” (Frank S. Collins, in
letter of Noy. 24, 1879).

Rhizoclonium riparium, Harv.
This will be found in Essex county, as it belongs to this region.

Monostroma pulchrum, Farlow, n. sp.
Nahant (Frank S. Collins).

Notn.—The fresh-water Alge of the county have not received
sufficient attention from any one to make it possible to present here
a list even of the Jarger and more conspicuous species. Like the
Fungi, they contain immense numbers of microscopic species, many
of which have not been studied enough to be arranged in their proper
places. Among the lower forms are the Diatoms, which are also
found in salt water, and perhaps it is well to mention that the Proto-
coccus nivalis (or Red Snow of the Arctic Voyagers) has been
observed at Nahant.

ADDENDA.

Hon. Nathaniel Silsbee, formerly of Salem, has kindly furnished the
following note relating to Rev. Manasseh Cutler:

Mr. Silsbee’s father, Nathaniel Silsbee, attended Dr. Cutler’s school,
and, with Willard Peele, harnessed the vehicle in which Dr. Cutler
went to Ohio. Dr. Cutler brought with him, on his return, a tulip
tree which he planted in his garden at Hamilton. It is said that
the tulip tree grows wild in the Magnolia swamp.

This last statement has been made by others, although no specimens
of the tree have ever been seen from that locality. It is possible that
seedlings may have originated from Dr. Cutler’s tree, but even
this is uncertain.

Page 34. Alyssum montanum, L.
Danvers, 1880 (J. H. Sears). (Nat. from Eu.) Not pre-
viously noticed.

«40. Claytonia Caroliniana, Mx.,
is the species evidently intended by those who collected
the specimens, as that is the one found in this region.
Both are, however, included in one species by some
authors.

“ ‘© Malva crispa, ZL. (CurLep MaLiow.)
Salem, 1880 (J. R.). (Adv. from Eu.) Not previously
noticed.

«41, Linum striatum, Wale.
Gloucester, 1880 (J. H. Sears). Not previously noticed.

“60. Dipsacus sylvestris, Mill. (TzaseL.)
Add, Rockport (Mrs. Wheeler). (Adv. from Eu.)

«64. Iva xanthiifolia, Nutt.
Quite abundant around the old carpet factory at Tapley-
ville (J. H. Sears). (Ady. from the west.) Not previ-
ously noticed.

“« 71. Gaylussacia dumosa, T. & G.
Add, Cedar and Long ponds, Saugus (Herbert A. Young):
‘© 109. Cypripedium pubescens, Willd.
Add, West Boxford! (Mrs. Wilmarth).
(169)

170

Page 121. Carex Pseudo-Cyperus, L.
Middleton, Aug., 1880 (J. R.). Not previously noticed.

The following list of mosses was overlooked at the time of pre-
paring the flora. Itis interesting, as being the first list of mosses,
of this vicinity, to appear in print. It is taken from a more extended
list of ‘‘Musci of Eastern Massachusetts, by John Lewis Russell.
Read before the Nat. Hist. Soc., Dec. 4, 1844” (Boston Journal of
Natural History, Vol. V, 1845-7). It is printed as given in the
original, the modern names being added in parentheses when re-
quired. An asterisk is placed against those species which have not
been previously noticed.

* Sphagnum squarrosum, W. & M.
Tewksbury (B. D. Greene).

Sphagnum obtusifolium, Zhr. (S. palustre.)
Manchester (Oakes).

Sphagnum acutifolium, Zhr.
Magnolia swamp, Manchester (Oakes).

Gymnostomum truncatulum, Hofm. (Pottia truncata.)
Sandy garden walks. October, Salem (Russell).

Gymnostomum pyriforme, Hedw. (Physcomitrium.)
Vicinity of Salem (Russell).

Anictangium ciliatum, Hedw. (Hedwigia ciliata.)
Common on bowlders, rocks, and stone walls.

Diphyscium foliosum, Mohr.
In profuse abundance on a hard-trodden path in woods at Danvers,
literally affording a carpet of bristly perichetia. It occurs in
abundance about Ipswich (Oakes).

Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw.
Ipswich (Russell).

*Splachnum ampullaceum, L.
Manchester (Oakes).

Grimmia maritima, Trin. (Schistidum.)
Nahant (Greene).
Grimmia apicola, Sw. (Schistidium apocarpa.)
Nahant (Greene).
* Didymodon capillaceus, Schrad. (Distichium.)
In perfect fruit in January, Salem (Russell). (Locality doubtful.)

Dicranum glaucum, Hedw. (Leucobryum vulgare.)
Manchester (Oakes).

171

Dicranum flagellare, Hedw.
Ipswich (Oakes).
Dicranum scoparium, Hedw.
Salem, Ipswich, etc. (Russell).
* Dicranum rugosum, Dill. (D. undulatum.)
Ipswich (Oakes).
Dicranum strictum, Schl.
Ipswich (Oakes). (Undoubtedly D. flagellare.)

Polytrichum angustatum, Brid. (Atrichum.)
Russell, Jour. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc., p. 92.
* Polytrichum gracile, Menzies.
Boggy places, Ipswich (Oakes).
Polytrichum commune, L.
Common.
Polytrichum piliferum, Schred.
Common.
* Polytrichum Pennsylvanicum, Hedw. (Pogonatum brevicaule,
Brid.)
Russell, Jour. Essex Co. Nat. Hist. Soc., under P. boreale.

Funaria hygrometrica, Hedw.
Danvers; garden paths, Salem (Russell).

Orthotrichum saxatile, Brid. (O. anomalum.)
Vicinity of Salem (Russell).
* Orthotrichum affine, Schrad.
Common on the bark of trees. (Locality doubtful.)
Orthotrichum strictum, Brid. (O. Hutchinsie.)
Ipswich (Oakes), on rocks.
* Orthotrichum crispum, Hedw.
Ipswich (Oakes).
* Orthotrichum clavellatum, Dell. (Drummondia clavellata, Hk.)
Ipswich (Oakes).

* Bryum argenteum, L.
Common.

Bryum cespititium, L.
Common.

* Bryum roseum, Schreb.
Tewksbury (Greene). ‘

Bryum punctatum, Schreb. (Mnium.)
Ipswich (Oakes).

Bryum cuspidatum, Z. (Mnium.)
Ipswich (Oakes).

Bryum hornum, LZ. (Mnium.)
Tewksbury (Greene),

172

Bartramia longifolia, Hk.

Crevices of shady rocks. Common. (Undoubtedly B. pomiformis.)
Bartramia fontana, Sw.

On rocks, over which water trickles, Danvers (Russell).
Bartramia crispa, Sw. (B. pomiformis.)

Ipswich (Oakes).

Pterigynandrum intricatum, Hedw. (Pylaisea.)
On apple trees, etc. Ipswich (Oakes).

* Leucodon brachypus, Brid.
Ipswich (Oakes), Tewksbury (Greene).

Weckera pennata, Hedw.
Ipswich (Oakes).

Climacium Americanum, Rick.
Ipswich (Oakes).

Leskea compressa, Hedw.
Ipswich (Russell). (This is probably Cylindrothecium clador-
rhizans.)

Leskea polycarpa, Ehr.
Ipswich (Oakes).

* Hypnum salebrosum, Hoff.
Salem, common (Russell).

Hypnum spiendens, Hedw.
Ipswich (Oakes).

Hypnum Schreberi, Willd.
Manchester (Oakes).

Hypnum catenulatum, Brid.
Near Marblehead (Russell). (Probably H. adnatum.)

Hypnum triquetrum, L..
Ipswich (Russell).

Hypnum cupressiforme, L.
Ipswich (Russell).

* Hypnum serrulatum, Muh.
Manchester (Oakes).

Hypnum imponens, Muhl.
Ipswich (Russell).

Hypnum crista-castrensis, LD.
Manchester (Oakes).

Page 114. Hypnum campestre.
This is only a form of H. velutinum.

SUMMARY.

* a a

4 P Se el ae

s e & =P | 932

ORDERS. S 8 a E A a)

Fa a G oz | PE

o Q > a oa! &

is ig
1 Ranunculaceer. 9 29 1 3 R
2 Magnoliacez. 2 2 - fe 1
3 Berberidaceer. 3 3 P 1 ‘
4 Nympheaceer. 2 3 1 a .
5 Sarraceniacea. 1 1 é 3 ¥
6 Papaveracee. 3 3 A 2 a
7 Fumariaces. 4 4 1 1
8 Crucifere. 14 26 3 16 ‘
y Violacee. 1 i 1 2 4
10 Cistacee. 3 7 . P ‘
11 Droseracee. 1 2 < ‘ .
12 Hypericaceer. 2 7 1 ‘
13 Elatinacer. 1 1 A i
14 Caryophyllaceze. 10 27 . 13 ,
15 Paronychiee. 2 2 , of >
16 Ficoidee. ; 1 1 ‘4 3 1
17 Portulacacez. : 2 2 “ 1 ;
18 Malvacee. f 4 8 : 6 ;
19 Tiliacer. i 2 F 1 .
20 Linacee. 1 2 ¢ 1 r
21 Geraniacer. 4 8 ‘ ‘
22 Rutacee. 2 2 = 1 1
23 Anacardiacer, 1 5 i i ,
24 Vitacer. 2 5 ‘ a j
25 Rhamnaceer. 2 2 ‘ 1 "
26 Celastracez. 1 a 5 F r
27 Sapindacee. 3 7 a 3 1
28 Polygalacee. 1 5 ‘ 3 ‘5
29 Leguminose. 17 39 . 12 5
30 Rosacee. 12 52 3 . .
31 Saxifragacee. 6 ll 1 3 2
32 Crassulacesr. 3 6 é 4 1
33 Hamamelacee. 1 1 F * e
34 Haloragee. 2 4 3 a r
35 Onagracee. 4 12 3 1 ‘a
36 Melastomacer. 1 1 . : 5
37 Lythracez. 3 4 : F F
38 Cactaceer. 1 1 é : a
39 Cucurbitacese. 2 2 ; ‘ 2
40 Umbellifere. 16 203 . 6 3

41 | Araliacer. nm 8 5 : 1

(173)

174

Summary. (Continued.)

n a a
& = Bi =D} ap
ORDERS. 5 is) & EQ R
g = 2 | és} se
io) a NS 3 eS
42 Cornacee. 2 8 7 . ‘
43 Caprifoliacee. 7 14 1 3 2
44 Rubiacee. 4 8 1 . .
45 Dipsacee. 1 1 . dl: i
46 Composite. 43 129 7 0 5
47 Lobeliaces. 1 5 7 : a
48 Campantilaceze. 2 5 . 2 fs
49 Ericacee. 18 35 2 P 5

50 llicinee. 2 5 ' F

51 Plantaginace. 1 4 . 1
52 Plumbaginacee. 1 1 * 2 -
538 Primulaceez. 6 ll 1 3 4
54 Lentibulacee. 1 a , ‘ :
55 Bignoniacee. 3 3 . , 3
56 Orobanchaceee. 2 2 s ; és
57 Scrophulariacez. 14 29 ‘ 7 1
58 Verbenacez. 2 3 . $ .
59 Labiate. 22 35 : 17 1
60 Borraginacee. 7 10 . 7 .
61 Polemoniaceer. 1 1 ¥ E ei
62 Convolvulacez. 3 6 ‘ 3 %
63 Solanacee. 3 12 . 10 2
64 Gentianacer. 4 5 i ‘ i
65 Apocynacee. 1 2 1 x
66 Asclepiadacese. 1 7 ‘ -
67 Olvacee. 3 5 a -
68 Avistolodiviacese. 1 1 . 5 l
69 Phytolaccacez. 1 il ‘ . F
70 Chenopodiacee. 6 15 2 6 F
71 Amaranracese. 1 3 F 3 ,
72 Polygonacee. 3 25 2 8 5
73 Lauracee. 2 2 a x 5
74 Thymeleacer. I 1 . 1 5
75 Santalacere. 1 1 “ . Fi
76 Ceratophyllacee. 1 1 c . F
vee Callitrichaces. a 1 ‘ 5 x
78 Euphorbiacee. 2 7 2 1
79 Urticaces. 9 12 ‘ 5 3
80 Platanaceer. 1 1 F ‘ 1
81 Jughindacese, 2 f - 1 1
82 Cupuliferee. 6 15 1 1 Fs
83 Myicacee. 2 3 4 . ‘
84 Betulaces. = 8 ‘ 4 :
85 Salicacee. 2 21 2) 7 1
86 Coniferse. 7 17 3 4 3

175

Summary. (Concluded.)
. a a
< Ps 2 1268 8
| a a)
ORDERS. is 5 =I 2a a
FA a | zo i)
ic} a BS B 5 5
Ai &
87 Aracese. 5 5 ? ° ‘
88 Lemnacee. 1 2 ‘ . e
89 Typhacee. 2 4 2 C a
90 Naiadacee. 5 24 4 1 *
91 Alismacege. 5 7 7 . “
92 Hydrocharidacee. 2 2 ‘ 4
3 Orchidacer. 13 81 1 ‘ ‘
94 Amaryllidacez. 1 1 a ; p
95 Tridacee. 2 8 . f ‘
96 Smilaceas, 1 3 fi i é
97 Liliacee. 18 27 ‘ 4 1
98 Juncaceee. 2 14 2 ‘ .
99 Pontederiacer. 2 2 . * f
100 Xyridacee. 1 1 i e ‘i
101 Eriocaulonacee. 1 1 . is a
102 Cy peracese. 9 lll 9 2 1
103 Graminee. 50 121 7 33 4
104 Lycopodiacee. 3 9 2 1 ‘
105 Rhizocarpee. 1 1 4 . e
106 Ophioglossacee. 2 5 4 7 :
107 Equisetacer. 1 4 7 . :
108 Filices. 13 29 dl . ¥
109 Musci. 33 115 8 5 ‘
110 Hepatice. 19 25 4 1 P
111 Nitellese. 1 4 1 a .
112 Charee. 1 4 2 . .
113 Lichens. 45 157 35 i a
114 Fungi(species not studied.)
115 Alge (Marine). 70 1 6 .

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(176)

ACKNOWLEDGMENT.

In the foregoing pages, the writer has endeavored to give
proper credit to those who have contributed towards extending
the size of the flora, or a knowledge of the distribution of the
species. But other assistance has been rendered him by per-
sons not directly interested in the local character of the work
which should not pass without an acknowledgment. He is
indebted to Prof. Asa Gray, Prof. G. L. Goodale, and Prof.
Sereno Watson of the Cambridge herbarium, for much valuable
assistance during the past five years in identifying many dif-
ficult species of plants; to Prof. W. G. Farlow, for many
kindnesses in determining the lower cryptogams; to Prof.
T. P. James, for similar services regarding the mosses; to
Prof, C. S. Sargent, for much information of value concerning
the trees and shrubs, and to Mr. Chas. J. Sprague, not only
for his contribution of the entire list of lichens, but also for
kindly remembering to communicate any rare plant found while
collecting in Essex county.

The writer also desires to express his obligations to Messrs.
Edwin and Charles E. Faxon, for their kindness in revising
the final proof, and to Mr. Woodbury P. Conant, for his as-
sistance in preparing the index.

12 (177)

INDEX.

Aaron’s Rod, 52.
Abies Canadensis (Tsuga), 101.
Abies nigra, 12, 101.
Ables nigra (Picea), 101.
Abutilon, 40.
Acalypha, 94.

Acer, 43.

Achillea, 66.
Acknowledgment, 177.
_ Acolium, 155.

Acorus, 103.

Actea, 31.
Adam-and-Eve, 109.
Adiantum, 133.
Adder’s-mouth, 109.
Adder’s-tongue Family, 132.
Adlumia, 32. |
JEsculus, 43,

ZBthusa, 56.

Agarum, 163.
Agrimonia, 48.
Agrimony, 48.
Agrostis, 123.
Ahnfeltia, 160.
Ailanthus, 42,

Aira, 128.

Alaria, 163.

Alder, 99.

Alectoria, 150.

Algz, 158.

Alisma, 106.
Alismacee, 106.
Allium, 112.

Alnus, 99.

Alopecurus, 123.
Alsyke, 45.

Althea, 40.

Alyssum, 34, 169.
Amarantacee, 90.
Amaranth Family, 90.
Amarantus, 90.
Amaryllidacex, 110.
Amaryllis Family, 110.
Ambrosia, 64.
Amelanchier, 51.
American Aspen, 100.
American Beech, 97.
American Cranberry, 71.
American Elm, 94.
American Holly, 74.
American Mountain Ash, 50.
American Pennyroyal, 81.
American White Hellebore, 111.
American Yew, 102.
Ammannia, 54.
Ampelopsis, 43.
Amphicarpea, 47.
Anacharis, 107.
Anacardiaces, 42.
Anagallis, 76.
Andromeda, 72.
Andropogon, 130.
Anemone, 29.

Angelica, 56.
Anictangium, 170.
Anomodon, 141.
Antennaria, 67.
Anthoxanthum, 129.
Antirrhinum, 78.
Anychia, 39.

Aphyllon, 78. .

Apios, 46.

Aplectrum, 109.
Apocynacee, 87.

(179)

Apocynum, 87.
Apple of Peru, 86.
Aquifoliacez, 74.
Aquilegia, 30.
Arabis, 33.

Aracee, 103.
Aralia, 57.
Araliacese, 57.
Aramantus, 15, 91.
Archangelica, 56,
Arctostaphylos, 72.
Arenaria, 38.
Arethusa, 108.
Argemone, 32.
Ariszma, 103.
Aristida, 125.
Aristolochiacee, 89.
Arrhenatherum, 128.
Arrow Arum, 103.

Arrow-leaved Tear-thumb, 92.

Arrow-wood, 59.
Artemesia, 67.
Artemisia Absinthium, 15, 67.
Arthonia, 155.
Arum Family, 103.
Asarum, 89.
Asclepiadaces, 87.
Asclepias, 87.
Asparagus, 112.
Asperococcus, 163.
Asperugo, 83.
Aspidium, 134.
Asplenium, 134.
Aster, 61.
Atrichum, 140.

Atrichum (Polytrichum), 171.

Atriplex, 90.

Aulacomonion, 140.
Austrian Pine, 101.

Avena, 128,

Azalea (Rhododendron), 73.

Beomyces, 154.
Bald Cypress, 102.

180

Ballota, 83.
Balm-of-Gilead, 100.
Balsam, 41.

Bangia, 162.
Baptisia, 47.
Barbarea, 33.
Barberry, 31.
Barberry Family, 31.
Barbula, 139.
Barley, 128.
Barn-yard Grass, 130.
Bartonia, 87.
Bartramia, 141, 171, 172.
Bartramie, 141.
Basket Osier, 99.
Bass-wood, 40.
Bayberry, 98.
Bayonet Rush, 113.
Beach Pea, 46.
Beach Plum, 47.
Beaked Hazelnut, 98.
Bearberry, 72.
Beard Grass, 123.
Bear Oak, 97.
Bedstraw, 59.
Beech, 97.
Beech-drops, 77.
Beech Fern, 134.
Beggar’s-lice, 84.
Beggar-ticks, 66.
Bellflower, 70.
Bellwort, 111.
Belpharozia, 145.
Benjamin Bush, 93.
Berberidacee, 31.
Berberis, 31.

Betula, 98.
Betulacer, 98.
Biatora, 154.
Bidens, 66.
Bignoniacee, 77.
Bignonia Family, 77.
Bind-weed, 84.
Birch Family, 98.

181

Bird’s-foot Violet (V. pedata), ; Blue-weed, 83.
35. Bloodroot, 32.
Birthwort Family, 89. Boehmeria, 95.
Bitter Dock, 92. Borage Family, 83.
Bitternut Hickory, 96. Borraginacee, 83.
Bittersweet, 85. Bostrychia, 158.
Black Alder, 74. Botrychium, 132.
Black Ash, 89. Bottle Brush Grass, 128.
Blackberry, 49, 50. Bouncing Bet, 37.
Black Bindweed, 92. Bouteloun, 125.
Black Birch, 98. Brake, 133.
Black Cherry, 47. Brachyelytrum, 124,
Black Currant, 51. Brassica, 34.
Black Grass, 113. Brasenia, 31.
Black Horehound, 83. Bristly Crowfoot, 30.
Black Medick, 45. Bristly Sarsaparilla, 57.
Black Mustard, 34. Briza, 127.
Black Oak, 97. Brizopyrum, 126.
Black Oat Grass, 124. Bromus, 127.
Black Raspberry (Thimbleberry), | Broom-rape Family, 77.
49. Brown Bent Grass, 123.
Black Scrub Oak, 97. Brunella, 82.
Black Snakeroot, 31, 56. Bryacex, 138.
Black Spruce, 12, 101. Bryew, 140.
Black Thorn, 50. Bryopsis, 165.
Black Walnut, 96. Bryum, 140, 171.
Bladder Campion, 38. Buckbean, 87.
Bladderwort, 76. Buckthorn, 43.
Bladdcurwort Family, 76. Buckthorn Family, 43.
Bladder Ketmia, 40. Buckwheat, 92.
Blazing star, 60. Buckwheat Family, 91, 92.
Blitum, 90. Buellia. 154.
Blue Beech, 98. Bugle-weed, 81.
Blueberry, 71. Bunch Berry, 57.
Bluebottle, 67. Burdock, 68.
Blue Cohosh, 31. Bur-reed, 104.
Blue-curls, 81. Bush Honeysuckle, 95.
Blue-eyed Grass, 110. Butter-and-eggs, 78.
Blue Flag, 110. Buttercups, 30.
Blue Grass, 126. Butterfly-weed, 88.
Blue-joint Grass, 124. Butternut, 96.
Blue Lettuce, 69. Button Bush, 60.
Blue Veryain, 80. Buttonwood, 95.
Blue Violet, 35. Buxbaumier, 140.

182

Cabbage, 34.
Cactacez, 55.
Cactus Family, 55.
Cakile, 35.

Calla, 103.
Calamagrostis, 124.
Calamagrostis Pickeringii, 12, 124.
Calicium, 155.
Calliblepharis, 159.
Callithamnion, 161.
Callitrichacez, 93.
Callitriche, 93.
Calluna, 72.
Calopogon, 109.
Cafothrix, 167.
Caltha, 30.
Calystegia, 85.
Camelina, 34.
Campanula, 70.
Canipanulacee, 70.
Campanula Family, 70.
Canada Thistle, 68.
Canadian Burnet, 48.
Canary Grass, 129.
Cannabis, 95.

Canoe Birch, 98.
Caprifoliacee, 58.
Capsella, 34.
Caraway, 56.
Cardaimine, 33.
Cardinal Flower, 70.
Carex. 118, 169.
Carpet-weed, 39.
Carrion Flower, 110.
Carrot, 56.

Carum, 56.

Carya, 96.
Caryophylacee, 37.
Cashew Family, 42.
Cassandra, 72.
Cassia, 47.
Castagnea, 164.
Castanea, 97.
Castilleia, 80.

Catalpa, 77.
Catchfiy, 38.
Catnip, 82.
Cat-tail, 103.
Cat-tail Family, 103.
Caulophyllum, 31.
Ceanothus, 43.
Celandine, 32.
Celastracex, 43.
Celastrus, 43,
Celtis, 94.
Centaurus, 67, 68.
Cephalanthus, 60.
Ceramiee, 161.
Ceramium, 161.
Cerastium, 38.
Ceratodon, 1388.
Ceratophyllacex, 93.
Ceratophyllum, 93.
Cetraria, 149.
Chetomorpha, 167.
Chamecy paris, 101.
Chantransia, 162.
Chara, 147.
Characee, 146.
Charee, 147.
Charlock, 35.
Cheat, 127.
Checkerberry, 72.
Chelidonium, 82.
Chelone, 78.
Chenilla, 158.

Chenopodiacee, 89, 90.
Chenopodina (Suseda), 90.

Chenopodium, 89.
Cherry, 48.

Chervil, 19, 57.
Chess, 127.
Chestnut, 97.
Chestnut Oak, 97.
Chickweed, 38.
Chiloscyphus, 145.
Chimaphila, 74.
Chinese Sumach, 42.

183

Chinquapin Oak, 12, 97.
Chiogenes, 72.
Chlorospore, 165.
Choke-berry, 50.
Choke Cherry, 47.
Chondrus, 160.

Chorda, 164.
Chordaria, 164.
Christmas Fern, 135.
Chrysosplenium, 52.
Chylocladia (Lomentaria), 160.

Coast Knot- grass, 92.
Cockle-bur, 65.

Collema, 152.

Collinsonia, 82.

Coltsfoot, 61.

Columbine, 380.

Comandra, 93.

Comfrey, 84.

Common Lady’s Slipper, 110.
Common Nightshade, 85.
Common Yellow-rattle, 80.

Cichorium, 68.
Cichory, 68.

Cicuta, 56.

Cimicifuga, 31.

Cinna, 124.
Cinque-foil, 48, 49.
Cirera, 53.

Cirsium, 68.

Cissus Sieboldii, 42.
Cistaceex, 36.

Cladium, 118.
Cladonia, 153.
Cladophora, 166.
Cladostephus, 164.
Clammy Locust, 45.
Clathrocystis, 168.
Claytonia, 40, 169.
Clearweed, 95.
Clematis, 29.

Clethra, 72.

Climaciez, 142.
Climacium, 142, 172.
Climbing Bittersweet, 43.
Climbing Fern, 12, 136.
Climbing Fumitory, 32.
Climbing Hemp-weed, 61.
Clintonia, 111.

Closed Gentian, 87.
Clover, 45.

Club Moss Family, 131.
Club Rush, 117.
Clustered Bellflower, 70.
Coast Blite, 90.

Composite, 60.

Composite Family, 60.

Comptonia, 98.
Cone-flower, 65.
Coniferz, 101.
Conium, 57.
Conocephalus, 144,
Conotrema, 153.
Convallaria, 111.
Convolvulaces, 84,
Convolvulus, 84.

Convolvulus Family, 84.

Coralliner, 159.
Coptis, 30.
Corallina, 159.
Corallinese, 159.
Corallorhiza, 109.
Coreopsis, 65.
Corn, 180.
Cornacee, 57.
Corn Cockle, 38.
Corn Speedwell, 79.
Corn Spurry, 39.
Cornus, 57.
Corydalis, 33.
Corylus, ‘98.
Cotton Grass, 118.
Cotton Thistle, 68.
Couch Grass, 127.
Cow-berry, 71.
Cow Lily, 32.
Cow Parsnip, 56.
Cow- wheat, 80.

184

Crab Grass, 129.

Cranberry, 71.

Cranberry Tree, 59.
Crassulacee, 52.

Crategus, 50.

Creeping Crowfoot, 30.
Creeping Snowberry, 72.
Creeping Spearwort, 30.
Creeping Thyme, 81.
Crowfoot Family, 29.
Crucifefx, 33.
Cryptotemia, 57.
Cucurbitacee, 55.
Cudweed, 67.

Cup Plant, 64.

Cupressus thyoides, 12, 101.
Cupressus (Chamecyparis), 101.
Cupuliferse, 96.

Curled Dock, 92.

Curled Mallow, 169.
Currant, 51.

Cursed Crowfoot, 30.
Cuscuta, 85.

Cutler, Manasseh, 15, 19, 20, 169.
Cyanophycee, 167.
Cylindrothecies, 142.
Cylindrothecium, 142.
Cylindrothecium (Leskea), 172.
Cynoglossum, 8t.
Cynosurus, 129.
Cyperacee, 115.

Cyperus, 115.

Cypripedium, 109, 169.
Cystoclonium, 160.
Cystopteris, 135.

Dactylis, 125.

Daisy Fleabane, 63.
Dalibarda (Rubus), 49.
Dandelion, 69.
Dangleberry, 71.
Danthonia, 128.
Daphne, 938.

Darnel, 127.

Dasya, 158.

Datura, 86.

Daucus, 56.

Delesseria, 159.
Deptford Pink, 37.
Desmarestia, 165.
Desmodium, 45.

Devil’s apron, 163.
Dewberry, 49.
Dianthus, 37.

Diatoms, 168.

Dicentra, 33.
Dichelyma, 141.
Dicksonia, 135.
Dicranex, 138.
Dicranum, 138, 170, 171.
Dictyosiphon, 165.
Didyodon, 170.
Diervilla, 59.
Diphyscium, 140, 170.
Diplopappus (Aster), 62.
Dipsacee, 60.
Dipsacus, 60, 169.
Distichium (Didymodon), 170.
Ditch Stone-crop, 52.
Dockmakie, 59.

; Dodder, 85.

Dogbane Family, 87.

Dog Grass (Couch), 127.
Dog Violet, 35.

Dog's tail Grass, 125.
Dog’s tooth Violet, 112.
Dogwood Family, 57.
Dough-balls, 158.

Draba, 34.

Draba Curoliniana, 12, 34.
Drosera, 36.

Droseracee, 36.
Drummondia (Orthotrichum), 170.
Duckweed Family, 103.
Dulichium, 116.
Dumontiee, 161.

Dulse, 160.

Dutchman's Breeches, 33.

Dwarf Blueberry, 71.
Dwarf Cherry, 47.
Dwarf Cornel, 57.
Dwarf Dandelion, 68.
Dwarf Ginseng, 57.
Dwarf Gray Willow, 99.
Dwarf Raspberry, 49.
Dwarf Sumach, 42.

Early Blue Violet, 35.
Early Crowfoot, 30.
Early Meadow Rue, 29,
Early Saxifrage, 51.
Eatonia, 125.
Echinocystis, 55.
Echinodorus, 106.
Echinospermum, 84.
Echium, 83.
Ectocarpus, 164.
Eel-grass, 104.
Elachista, 164.
Elatinaces, 87.
Filatine, 37.

Elder, 59.
Elecampane, 64.
Eleusine, 125.
Eleusine Indica, 16, 125.
Elm, 94.

Eleocharis, 116,
Elodes, 37.

Elymus, 128.
Enchanter’s Nightshade, 53.
Endocarpon, 155.
Endogens, 108.
English Hawthorn, 50.
English Oak, 97.
English Plantain, 75.
English Violet, 35.
Enteromorpha, 166.
Ephebe, 151.

Epigea, 72.
Epilobium, 53.
Epiphegus, 77.
Equisetacee, 133.

185

Equisetum, 133.

Eragrostis, 126.
Erechthites, 67.

Ericacesx, 71.

Erigeron, 62.

Eriocaulon, 114.
Eriocaulonacee, 114.
Eriophorum, 117.

Erodium, 42.

Erythronium, 113.
Erythrotrichia, 162.
Euphorbia, 94.
Euphorbiaceew, 94.
Eupatorium, 60.

European Ivy, 57.

European Linden, 40.
European Mountain Ash, 56.
European Walnut, 96.
European Water Cress, 33.
Euthora, 160.

Evening Lychnis, 38.
Evening Primrose, 54,
Evening Primrose Family, 53.
Evergreen (Lycopodium), 131.
Everlasting, 67.

Evernia, 149.

Exogens, 29.

Fagopyrum, 92.
Fagus, 97.

Fall Dandelion, 69.
False Buckwheat, 92.
False Flax, 34.

False Mitre-wort, 52.
False Nettle, 95.
False Pimpernel, 79.
False Red-top, 126.
False Spikenard, 111.
Featherfoil, 76.
‘Feather Grass, 124,
Fegatella (Conocephalus), 144.
Ferns, 133.

Festuca, 127.
Feverfew, 56.

Ficoidex, 39.

Field Chickweed, 38.
Field Pennycress, 34.
Field Sorrel, 92.
Figwort, 78.
Figwort Family, 78.
Filices, 133.
Fimbriaria, 144.
Fimbristylis, 118.
Finger Grass, 129.
Fireweed, 67.
Fissidens, 138.
Fissidentez, 138.
Five-finger, 48.

Flax, 41.

Flax Dodder, 85.
Flax Family, 41.
Fleabane, 63.
Floating Foxtail, 123.
Floating Heart, 87.
Florides, 158, 162.
Flowering Dogwood, 58.
Flowering Fern, 136.

Flowering Raspberry, 19, 49.

Fly Honeysuckle, 58.
Fontinalex, 141.
Fontinalis, 141.

Fool’s Parsley, 56.
Forget-me-not, 84.
Forked Chickweed, 39.

Fowl Meadow Grass, 125.

Fragaria, 49.
Fraxinus, 89.
Fringed Gentian, 86.
Fringed Polygala, 44.
Frog’s-bit-Family, 107.
Frost Grape, 42.
Frost-weed, 36.
Frullania, 145,
Fucacee, 162.
Fucus, 162.

Fumaria, 33.
Fumariacee, 32.
Fumitory Family, 32.

186

Funaria, 141, 171.
Funariex, 141.
Fungi, 156.

Galeopsis, 82.

Galium, 59.

Garden Asparagus, 112.
Garden Caraway, 56.
Garden Phlox, 84.
Garden Radish, 35.
Garden Sunflower, 65.
Garden Thyme, 81.

Garget, 89.
Gaultheria, 72.
Gaylussacia, 71, 169.
Genista, 12, 44.
Gentiana, 86.
Gentianacer, 86.
Gentian Family, 86.
Geocalyx, 145.
Geraniacee, 41.
Geranium, él.
Geraniuin Family, 41.
Gerardia, 79.

Geum, 48.
Gigartina, 160.
Gigartinese, 160.
Ginseng Family, 57.
Glaux, 76.
Gleditschia, 47.
Gloiosiphonia, 161.
Glyceria, 125.
Gnaphalium, 67.
Golden Moss, 52.
Golden Ragwort, 67.
Golden Saxifrage, 52.
Goldthread, 30.
Goniotrichum, 162.

“| Goodyera, 108.
Gooseberry, 51.
Goosefoot, 89.
Goosefoot Family, 89.
Gourd Family, 55.

Garden Yellow Honeysuckle, 58.

Gracilaria, 159.
Graminee, 122.

Grape, 42.

Grape Hyacinth, 112.
Graphis, 155.

Grass Family, 122.
Grass of Parnassus, 51.
Gratiola, 79.

Gray Birch, 98.

Great Angelica, 56.
Great Bulrush, 117.
Great Lobelia, 70.

Great Purple Orchis, 108.
Great Solomon’s Seal, 112.
Great Water Dock, 92.
Greenbrier, 110.
Griffithsia, 161.

Grimmia (Schistidium), 139, 170.

Grimmiex, 139.
Ground Cherry, 85.
Ground Hemlock, 102.
Ground Ivy, 82.
Ground Nut, 46.
Ground Pine, 131.
Groundsel, 67.
Gyalecta, 153.
Gymnogongrus, 160.
Gymnosperms, 101.
Gymnostichum, 128.
Gymnostomum, 170.

Habenaria, 107.
Hackberry, 94.

Hair Grass, 123, 128.
Hairy Sweet Cicely, 57.

Halberd-leaved Tear-Thumb, 92.

Halorager, 53.
Halosaccion, 161.
Hamamelacee, 52.
Hamamelis, 52.
Hardhack, 48.
Harebell, 70.
Harpanthus, 145.
Hawthorn, 50.

187

Hay-scented Fern, 135.
Hazelnut, 98.
Heart’s-Kase, 36.
Heather, 72.

Heath Family, 71.
Hedeoma, 81.

Hedera, 57.

Hedge Bind-weed, 88.
Hedge Mustard, 83.
Hedge Nettle, 83.
Hedwigia, 139.
Hedwigia (Anictangium), 170.
Hedwigier, 139.
Helenium, 66.
Helianthemum, 36.
Helianthus, 65.
Hellebore, 111.
Helminthocladiez, 166.
Hemerocallis, 113.
Hemlock Spruce, 101.
Hemp, 95.

Hemp Nettle, 82.
Henbane, 86.
Hepatica, 29.
Hepatice, 144.
Hepatica triloba (Anemone), 29.
Heracleum, 56.

Herb Robert, 41.
Heterothecium, 154.
Hibiscus, 40.

Hickory, 96.
Hieracium, 69.
Hierochloa, 129.
Higginson, Francis, 19.
High Blackberry, 50
High-bush Blueberry, 7}.
High-water Shrub, 64.
Hildenbrandtia, 159.
Hoary Alder, 99.
Hoary Willow, 99.
Hobble-bush, 59.

Hog Peanut, 47.
Holeus, 128.

Holly Family, 74.

188

Honey Locust, 47. | Indian Pipe, 74.
Honeysuckle Family, 58. Indian Poke, 111.
Honeywort, 57. Indian Rice, 122.
Hooked Crowfoot, 30. Indian Tobacco, 70.
Hop, 95. Indian Turnip, 103.
Hop Hornbeam, 98. Inkberry, 75.
Hordeum, 128. Interrupted Flowering Fern, 136.
Horehound, 82. Inula, 64.
Hormotrichum, 167, Ipomea, 84.
Hornbeam, 98. Tridacee, 110.
Horned Pond-weed, 104. Tris, 110.
Hornwort Family, 93. Iris Family, 110.
Horse Chestnut, 43. Irish Moss, 160.
Horseradish, 33. Isoetes, 131.
Horsetail, 133. Iva, 64, 169.
Horsetail Family, 133. Ivy, 42.
Horse-weed, 62.
Hottonia, 76. Jack-in-the-pulpit, 103.
Hound’s-tongue, 84. Jerusalem Artichoke, 65.
Houseleek, 52. Jerusalem Oak, 89.
Houstonia, 60. Jewel-weed (Impatiens), 41.
Huckleberry, 71. Jointed Charlock, 35.
Hudsonia, 36. Joint-weed, 91.
Humulus, 95. Josselyn, John, 14, 20.
Hungarian Grass, 129. Juglandacee, 96.
Hydrocharidaces, 107. Juglans, 96.
Hydrocotyle, 55. Juncacee, 113.
Hyoscyamus, 86. Juncus, 113.
Hyoscyamus niger, 15, 86. June-berry, 51.
Hypericacee, 37. ? June Grass, 126.
Hypericum, 37. Jungermannia, 145.
Hypnee, 142. Jungermanniaceee, 144.
Hypnum, 142, 172. Juniper, 102.
Hypoxys, 110. Juniperus, 102.
Hyssopus, 81.

Kalmia, 73.
flex, 74. Kelp, 163.
Tlicinese, 74. Kentucky Blue Grass, 126.
Tiysanthes, 79. Knapweed, 68. ;
Impatiens, 41. Knawel, 39.
Indian Corn, 130. Knot-grass, 92.
Indian Cucumber-root, 111. Krigia, 68,
Indian Grass, 130,

Iidian Hemp, 87. Labiate, 80.

189

Labrador Tea, 73.
Lactuca, 69.

Lady Fern, 134.

Lady’s Slipper, 109.
Lady’s Thumb, 91.
Ladies’ Tresses, 108.
Lambkill, 73.
Laminaria, 163.
Lamium, 83.
Lampsana, 68.
Lance-leaved Violet, 35.
Laportea, 95.

Lappa, 68.

Larch, 101.

Large Cranberry, 71.
Larger Bur Marigold, 66.

Larger Yellow Lady's Slipper,109.

Larix, 101.
Lathyrus, 46.
Lauracee, 93.
Laurel, 73.

Laurel Family, 93.
Laver, 162.
Leadwort Family, 75.
Leathesia, 164.
Lecanora, 152.
Lechea, 36.
Lecidea, 154.
Ledum, 73.
Leersia, 122.
Leguminose, 44.
Lemna, 103.
Lemnacee, 103.
Lentibulaces, 76.

Leucobryum (Dicranum), 170.

Leucodon, 172.
Leucothe, 72.
Levisticum, 56.
Liatris, 60.
Lichens, 149.
Lichina, 158.
Ligusticum, 56.
Ligustrum, 88.
Lilac, 88.
Liliacezx, 110.
Lilium, 112.
Lily Family, 110.

Lily-of-the-Valley, 111.

Limanthemum, 87.
Linacee, 41.
Linaria, 78.
Linden, 40.
Linden Family, 40.
Lindera, 93.
Linnea, 58.
Linum, 41, 169.
Liparis, 109.
Liriodendron, 31.
Listera, 108.
Lithothamnion, 159.
Live-for-ever, 52.

Liverwort Family, 144.

Lobelia, 70.
Lobeliacez, 70.
Lobelia Family, 70.
Lobster-claws, 158.
Locust, 45.
Lolium, 127.

Lombardy Poplar, 100.
Lomentaria, 160.
Long-pointed Anemone, 29.
Long-fruited Strawberry, 49.
Long-leaved Stitchwort, 38.
Lonicera, 58.

Loosestrife Family, 54.
Lophocolea, 145.

Lopseed, 80.

Lousewort, 80.

Leontodon, 69.
Leonurus, 83.
Lepidium, 34.
Lepigonum, 39.
Leptogium, 152.
Leskea, 141, 172.
Lespedeza, 46.
Leucanthemun, 66.
Leucobryez, 138.
Leucobryum, 138.

Lovage, 56.
Love-lies-bleeding, 85, 91.
Low Birch, 98.

Low Blackberry, 49.

Low Blueberry, 71.

Low Spear Grass, 126.
Low Yellow Clover, 45.
Lucerne, 45.

Ludwigia, 54.

Lunularia, 144.

Lupine, 44.

Lupinus, 44.

Luzula, 113.

Lychnis, 38.

Lycium, 86.
Lycopodiacex, 131.
Lycopodium, 131.
Lycopsis, &3.

Lycopus, 81.

Lygodium, 136.
Lygodium palmatum, 12, 136.
Lyngbya, 167.
Lysimachia, 75.
Lysimachia (Steironema), 76.
Lythracee, 54.

Lythrum, 55.

Madder Family, 59.
Mad-dog Skull-cap, 82.
Madotheca, 145.
Magnolia, 31.
Magnoliacee, 3}.
Magnolia Family, 31.
Magnolia Glauca, 11, 3Tf.
Maianthemum, 112.
Maidenhair, 133.
Mallow, 40.

Mallow Family, 40.
Malva, 40, 169.
Malvacee, 40.
Mandrake, 31.
Maple-leaved Goosefoot, 89.
Marchantia, 144.
Marchantiacee, 144.

190

Marigold, 66.

Marine Alga, 157.
Marsh Cress, 33.
Marsh Five-finger, 49.
Marsh Grass, 12%

. Marsh Mallow, 40.

Marsh Marigold, 30.
Marsh Rosemary, 75.
Marsh Speedwell, 79.
Marsh St. John’s-wort, 37.
Marsh Vetchling, 46.
Marsilia, 132.

Martynia, 77.

Marrubium, 82.

Maruta, 66.
Mastigobryum, 145.

. Matricaria (Pyrethrum), 66.

Matrimony Vine, 86.
May Apple, 31.
May-flower, 72.
May-weed, 66.
Meadow Beauty, 54.
Meadow Fescue, 127.
Meadow Fox-tail, 123.
Meadow Grass, 126.
Meadow Parsnip, 56.
Meadow Sweet, 48.
Medeola, 111.
Medicargo, 45.
Melampyrum, 80.
Melanospore, 162.
Melastomacer, 54.
Melastoma Family, 54,
Melilotus, 45.
Melobesia, 159.
Mentha, 81.
Menyanthes, 87.
Mermaid-weed, 53.
Mesogloia (Castagnea), 164.
Mesoglvia vermicularis, 168.
Mezereum Family, 93.
Microstylis, 109,
Mikania, 61.

Mild Water Pepper, 91.

191

Milkweed Family, 87. Myriophyllum, 53.
Milkwort Family, 44.

Millet, 129. Nabalus, 69.
Mimulus, 78. Naiadacez, 104.
Mint Family, 80. Naias, 104.
Missouri Currant, 51. Narrow-leaved Chain Fern, 133. -
Mitchella, 60. Nasturtium, 33.
Mnium, 140, 169. Neckera, 142, 172.
Mockernut, 96. Neckeree, 142.
Mock Orange, 51. Negundo, 44.
Mollugo, 39. Nemalion, 160.
Monarda, 82. Nemopanthes, 75.
Monardadidyma, 82. Nepeta, 82.
Moneses, 74. Nephroma, 151.
Moneywort, 76. Nesea, 55.
Monkey Flower, 78. Nettle, 95.
Monostroma Pulchrum, 168. Nettle Family, 94.
Monostroma (Ulva), 166. Nettle Tree, 94.

Monotropa, 74.
Morning Glory, 84.
Morus, 95.

Mosses, 137.

Mossy Stone-crop, 52.
Motherwort, 83.
Moth Mullein, 78.
Mountain Ash, 50.
Mountain Holly, 73.
Mountain Laurel, 73.
Mountain-mint, 81.
Mouse-ear Chickweed, 38.
Mugwort, 67.
Muhlenbergia, 124.
Mulgidium, 69.
Mullein, 78.
Muscari, 112.

Musci, 137, 170.
Muscinesx, 137.
Musk Mallow, 40.
Mustard Family, 35.
Mycoporum, 155.
Myosotis, 84.
Myrica, 98.
Myricacee, 98.
Myrionema, 164.

New Jersey Tea, 43.
New York Fern, 134.
Nicandra, 86.

Nichols, Andrew, 22.
Nicotiana, 86.

Nicotiana rustica, 15, 86.
Nigger-hair, 158.

Night-flowering Catchfly, 38.

Nightshade Family, 85.
Nipplewort, 68.
Nitella, 146.

Nitellez, 146.

Nodding Trillium, 111.
Nonesuch, 45.
Northern Fox Grape, 42.
Norway Pine, 101.
Nuphar, 32.
Nymphea, 32.
Nympheacee, 31.
Nyssa, 58.

Oakes, William, 22.
Oakesia, 111.
Oak Family, 96-98.

Oak-leaved Goosefoot, 89.

Oat, 128.

GEnothera, 54.

Old Witch Grass, 130.
Oleacee, 88.

Olive Family, 88.
Onagracee, 53.
Onoclea, 135.
Onopordon, 68.
Opegrapha, 154.
Ophioglossacez, 182.
Ophioglossum, 132.
Opuntia, 55.

Orange Grass, 37.
Orchard Grass, 125.
Orchidacee, 107.
Orchis, 107. ,

Orchis Family, 107.
Origanum, 81.
Ornithogalum, 112.
Orobanchacee, 77.
Orpine Family, 52.
Orthotrichee, 139.
Orthotrichum, 139, 171.
Oryzopsis, 124.
Osgood, George, 15, 21.
Osier Willow, 99.
Osmorrhiza, 19, 57.
Osmunda, 136.
Ostrich Fern, 135.
Ostrya, 98.

Oswego Tea, 82.
Oxalis, 41.

Painted Cups, 80.
Painted Trillium, 111.
Pale Golden-rod, 63.
Pale Laurel, 73.
Panicum, 129.
Pannaria, 151.
Papaveracee, 32.
Paper Birch, 98.
Parmelia, 150.
Parnassia, 51.
Paronychiee, 39.
Parsley Family, 55.

192

Parsnip, 56.

Partridge Berry (Mitchella), 60.

Paspalum, 129.
Pastinaca, 56.
Pasture Thistle, 68.
Peach, 48.
Pearlwort, 39.
Pearly Everlasting, 67.
Pedate Violet, 35.
Pedicularis, 80.
Pellia, 144.
Peltandra, 103.
Peltigera, 151.
Penthorum, 52.
Pepper-grass, 34.
Peppermint, 81.
Pertusaria, 153.
Petrocelis, 160.
Petunia, 86.
Pheosporee, 163.
Phalaris, 129.
Phegopteris, 134.
Pheum, 123.
Philadelphus, 51.
Phlox, 84.

Phlox Family, 84.
Phragmites, 127.
Phraseolus, 47.
Phryma, 80.
Phyliitis, 165.
Phyllophora, 160.
Physalis, 85.
Physcia, 150.
Physcomitrium, 141.

[170.

Physcomitrium (Gymnostomum),

Physostegia, 82.
Phytolacca, 89.
Phytolaccacex, 89.
Picea, 101.
Pickerel-weed, 114.

Pickerel-weed Family, 114.

Pickering, Charles, 23.
Pignut Hickory, 96.
Pigweed, 89.

Pilea, 95.

Pimpernel, 76,

Pine Family, 101.
Pine-sap, 74.
Pine-weed, 37.

Pink Family, 37.
Pinus, 101.

Pinus resinosa, 12, 101.
Pipewort, 114.
Pipewort Family, 114.
Pipsissewa, 74.

Pirus, 50.

Pitcher Plant, 32.
Pitcher Plant Family, 32.
Pitch Pine, 101.
Placodium, 152.
Plagiothecium, 144.
Plane Tree Family, 95.
Plantaginaces, 75.
Plantago, 75.

Plantago Maritima, 75.
Plantain, 75.

Plantain Family, 75.
Plantanacee, 95.
Platanus, 95.
Pleurisy-root, 88.
Pluchea, 64.

Plum, 48.
Plumbaginaceex, 75.
Poa, 126.
Podophyllum, 31.
Pogonatum (Polytrichium), 171.
Pogonia, 108.

Poison Hemlock, 57.
Poison Ivy, 42.

Poison Sumach, 42.
Poke, 89.

Poke Milk-weed, 88.
Poke-weed Family, 89.
Polemoniacee, 84.
Polygala, 44.
Polygalacee, 44.
Polygonacee, 91.
Polygonatum, 112.

18

193

Polygonum, 91.
Polygonum Careyi, 12, 91.
Polyides, 160.
Polypodium, 133.
Polypody, 133.
Polypogon, 123.
Polysiphonia, 158.
Polytriches, 140.
Polytrichum, 140, 171.
Pond-weed Family, 104.
Pontederia, 114.
Pontederiacesx, 114.
Poor-man’s Weather-glass, 76.
Poplar, 100.

| Poppy Family, 32.
Populus, 100.
Porphyra, 162.
Porphyrex, 162.
Portulaca, 39.
Portulacacer, 39.
Potamogeton, 104.
Potentilla, 48.
Potentilla tridentata, 12, 49.
Poterium, 48.
Pottia, 139.
Pottia (Gymnostomum), 170.
Pottiez, 139.
Poverty Grass, 125.
Prairie Willow, 99.
Preissia, 144.
Prickly Pear, 55.
Prickly Poppy, 32.
Prim, 88.
Primulacee, 75.
Primrose Family, 75.
Primrose-leaved Violet, 35.
Prince’s Feather, 15, 91.
Prince’s Pine, 74.
Privet, 88.
Proserpinaca, 53.
Prunus, 47.
Pterigynandrum, 172.
Pteris, 133.
Ptilidium (Belpharozia,) 145.

Ptilota, 161.

Puke Family, 44.
Punctaria, 165.
Purple Avens, 48.
Purple Azalea, 73.
Purple Orchis, 108.
Purple ‘Thorn-apple, 86.
Purple Trillium, 110.
Purslane, 39.
Purslane Family, 39.
Pussy Willow, 99.
Putty-root, 109.
Pycnanthemum, 81.
Pylaiseea, 142.

Pylaisea (Pterigynandram), 172.

Pylaiseeeve, 142.
Pyrenopsis, 152.
Pyrenula, 155.
Pyrethrum, 66.
Pyrola, 73.
Pyxine, 151.

Quaking Gress, 127.
Quercus, 96.

Quercus prinoides, 12, 97.
Quick Grass, 127.
Quillwort, 131.

Rabbit-foot Clover, 45.
Radish, 35.

Radula, 145.

Ralfsia, 164.

Ramalina, 149.
Ranunculaceer, 29.
Ranuncuius, 29.
Ranunculus alismeefolius, 29.
Raphanus, 35.
Raspberry, 49.
Rattlesnake Fern, 132.
Rattlesnake Grass, 125.
Rattlesnake-root, 69.
Rattlesnake-weed, 69.
Red-ash, 89.

Red Baneberry, 31.

194

Red-berried Elder, 59.
Red Birch, 98.

Red Cedar, 102.

Red Clover, 45.

Red Currant, 51.

Red Hemp Nettle, 82.
Red Maple, 48.

Red Oak, 97.

Red Osier Dogwood, 58.
Red Pine, 12, 101.

Red Plum, 47.

Red Snow, 168.
Red-stemmed Plantain, 75.
Red-top, 123.

Reed Meadow Grass, 126.
Rhabdonia, 160.
Rhamunacee, 43.
Rhamnus, 43.

Rhexia, 54.

Rhivanthus, 80.
Rhizocarpesx, 132.
Rhizocloniuin, 168.
Rhododendron, 73.
Rhocdomela, 159.
Rhodomelez, 158.

Rhodymenia, 160.
Rhodymc nice, 160.
Rhus, 42.
Rhynchospora, 118.
Ribbon Grass, 129.
Ribes, 51.

Rib-grass, 75.
Riccia, 144.
Ricciacez, 144.

Rice Cut Grass, 122.
Rich-weed, 82, 95.
Rinodina, 153.
River Birch, 98.
Rivularia, 168.
Robinia, 45.

Robin’s Plantain, 63.
Rock Maple, 43.
Rock Rose Family, 36.

Rhodora (Rhododendron), 73.

Rockweed, 162, 163.
Roman Wormwood, 64.
Rosa, 50.

Rosacee, 47.

Rose Acacia, 45.

Rose Family, 47.

Rough Bed-straw, 59.
Rough Meadow Grass, 126.
Round-leaved Cornel, 58.
Round-leaved Violet, 35.
Roxbury Waxwork, 43.
Royal Fern, 136.
Rubiaceer, 59.

Rubus, 49.

Rubus odoratus, 19, 49.
Rudbeckia, 65.
Rudbeckia hirta, 16, 65.
Rue Anemone, 29.

Rue Family, 42.

Rumex, 92.

Running Swamp Blackberry, 50.

Ruppia, 104.

Rush Family, 113.
Russell, John L., 24.
Rutacee, 42.

Rye, 128.

Sagedia, 155.

Sagina, 39.

Sagittaria, 106.

St. John’s-wort, 37.

St. John’s-wort Family, 37.
Salicacee, 99.

Salicornia, 90.

Salix, 99.

Salix candida, 12.

Salix myrtilloides, 12, 99, 100.
Salsola, 90.

Salt-marsh Fleabane, 64.
Salt-marsh Grass, 125.
Saltwort, 90.

Sambucus, 59.
Sandal-wood Family, 93.
Sand Grass, 125.

195

Sand Spurry, 39.
Sand-wort, 38.
Sanguinaria, 32.
Sanicula, 56.
Santalacee, 93.
Sapindacee, 43.
Saponaria, 37.
Sarracenia, 32.
Sarraceniacee, 32.
Sarsaparilla, 57.
Sassatras, 93.
Saxifraga, 51.
Saxifragaces, 51.
Saxifrage, 51, 52.
Saxifrage Family, 51.
Scapania, 145.
Scarlet-fruited Thorn, 50.
Scarlet Oak, 97.
Scheuchuzeria, 106.
Schistidium, 139.
Schistidium (Grimmia), 170.
Schollera, 114.
Scirpus, 116.
Scleranthus, 39.
Scotch Lovage, 56.
Scotch Pine, 101.
Scouring Rush, 138.
Scrophularia, 78.
Scrophulariacer, 78.
Scutellaria, 82.
Scytosiphon, 165.
Sea Blite, 90.

Sea Cabbage, 166.
Sea Club Rush, 117.
Sea-cocklebur, 65.
Sea-colander, 168.
Sea Rocket, 35.
Seashore Plantain, 75.
Seaside Crowfoot, 30.
Seaside Goldenrod, 63.
Sca Lettuce, 166.

Sea Milkwort, 76.
Seaweeds, 157.
Secale, 128.

Sedge Family, 115.
Sedum, 52.

Seed-box, 54.
Selaginella, 131.

Self Heal, 82.
Sempervivum, 52.
Senecio, 67.

Sensitive Fern, 135.
Sensitive Plant, 47.
Sericocarpus, 61.
Setaria, 130.
Shadbush, 51.
Shagbark Hickory, 96.
Sheep-berry, 59.
Sheep’s Fescue, 127.
Sheep Sorrel, 92.
Shepherd’s Purse, 34.
Shining Willow, 100.
Shin-leaf, 74.

Showy Orchis, 107.
Shrubby Althea, 40.
Shrubby Cinque-foil, 49.
Sickle-pod, 33.

Sicyos, 55.

Side-saddle Flower, 32.
Silene, 38.

Silkweed, 87.

Silky Cornel, 58.

Silky Willow, 99.
Silphium, 64.
Silver-weed, 49.
Silvery Cinque-foil, 48.
Siphonee, 165.
Sisymbrium, 33.
Sisyrinchium, 110.
Sium, 56.

Skull-cap, 82.

Skunk Cabbage, 103.
Sleepy Catchfly, 38.
Slender Blue Flag, 110.
Slippery Elm, 94.
Small Bedstraw, 59.
Small Bitter Cress, 33.
Small Bugloss, 83.

196

Small Cranberry, 71.

Smaller Solomon’s Seal, 112. [109.
Smaller Yellow Lady’s Slipper,
Small-flowered Crowfoot, 30.
Small-flowered Sweet Brier, 50.
Small Magnolia, 31.

Small Nettle, 95.

Small Pansy, 36.

Smilacez, 110.

Smilacina, 111.

Smilecina bifolia, 112.
Smilax, 110.

Smilax Family, 110.

Smooth Sumach, 42.

Smooth Sweet Cicely, 57.
Smooth Winterberry, 74.
Snake-head, 78.

Snapdragon, 78.
Sneeze-weed, 66.
Sneezewort, 66.

Snowberry, 58.

Soapberry Family, 43.
Soapwort, 37.

Soft Chess, 127.

Soft Rush, 113.

Solanacee, 85.

Solanum, 85.

Solidago, 63.

Solieria (Rhabdonia), 160.
Solomon’s Seal, 112.
Sonchus, 69.

Sorghum, 180.

Sorrel, 41.

Sow Thistle, 69.
Sparganium, 104.

Spartina, 125.

Spearmint, 81.

Speckled Alder, 99.
Specularia, 71.

Speedwell, 79.

Spergula, 39.

Spergularia (Lepigonum), 39.
Sphacelaria, 164.
Spherococcoidex, 159.

Sphagnacee, 137.
Sphagnum, 137, 170.
Spice Bush, 93.

Spiked Loosestrife, 55.
Spikenard, 57.

Spireea, 48.

Spiranthes, 108.
Splachnum, 170.
Spongiocarper, 160.
Sporobolus, 123.
Spotted Cowbane, 56.
Spotted Wintergreen, 74.
Spreading Dogbane, 87.
Spring Beauty, 40.
Spring Clotbur, 65.
Spring Cress, 33. ~
Spurge Family, 94.
Spyridia, 161.
Spyridiez, 161.
Squamariee, 160.
Squirrel-tail Grass, 128.
Stachys, 83.

Staff Tree Family, 43.
Staghorn Sumach, 42.
Star Cucumber, 55.
Star-flower, 75.

Star-flower (Houstonia), 60.

Star Grass, 110.
Statice, 75.
Steironema, 76.
Stellaria, 38.
Stereocaulon, 153.
Stipa, 124.
Stitchwort, 38.
Stone-crop, 52.
Stone-root, 82.
Storksbill, 41.
Stramonium, 86.
Strawberry, 49.
Strawberry Blite, 90.
Strawberry Tomato, 85.
Streptopus, 111.
Stricta, 151.

Striped Grass, 129.

197

Striped Maple, 48.
Struthiopteris (Onoclea), 135.
sueda, 90.

Sugar Maple, 43.
Sumach, 42.

Summary, 173.

Summer Grape, 42.
Sundew Family, 36.
Sundrops, 54.

Sunflower, 65.

Swamp Beggar-ticks, 66.
Swamp Blueberry, 71.
Swamp Hickory, 96.
Swamp Honeysuckle, 73.
Swamp Loosestrife, 55.
Swamp Maple, 48.
Swamp Milk-weed, 88.
Swamp Rose, 50.

Swamp Rose Mallow, 40.
Swamp Saxifrage, 51.
Swamp Thistle, 68.
Swamp Violet, 35.
Swamp White Oak, 97.
Sweet Alyssum, 34.
Sweet Birch, 98.

Sweet Brier, 50.

Sweet Cicely, 19, 57.
Sweet Fern, 98.

Sweet Flag, 103.

Sweet Gale, 98.

Sweet Gale Family, 98.
Sweet Goldenrod, 64.
Sweet-scented Bedstraw, 59.
Sweet Vernal Grass, 129.
Sweet White Violet, 35.
Sweet William, 37.
Sweet William Catchfly, 38.
Symphitum, 83.
Symphoricarpus, 58.
Symplocarpus, 103.
Syringa, 88.

Tall Buttercups, 30.
Tall Meadow Rue, 29.

Tamarack, 101.
Tanacetum, 66.
Tansy, 66.
Taraxacum, 69.
Tare, 46.

Taxodium, 102.
Taxus, 102.

Teasel, 60, 169.
Teasel Family, 60.
Tecoma, 77.
Tephrosia, 45.
Tetraphidee, 139.
Tetraphis, 139, 170.
Teucrium, 80.
Thalaspi, 34.
Thalictrum, 29.
Thallophytes, 149.
Thaspium, 56.
Thelia, 141.
Theliex, 141.
Theloschistes, 150.
Thimbleberry, 49.
Thin Grass, 123.
Thistle, 68.
Thoroughwort, 61.
Three-seeded Mercury, 94.
Three-thorned Acacia, 47.
Thyme, 81.
Thymeleacee, 93.
Thyme-leaved Sandwort, 38.
Thymus, 81.
Tiarella, 52.
Tick-seed Sunflower, 65.
Tiger Lily, 112.
Tilia, 40.

Tiliacez, 40.
Timothy, 123.

Toad Flax, 78.
Tower Mustard, 33.
Tracy, Cyrus M., 25.
Tree-of-Heaven, 42.
Trichocolea, 145.
Trichostema, 81.
Trichostomee, 139.

198

Trichostomum, 139.
Tricuspis, 125.
Trientalis, 75.
Trifolinm, 45.
Triglochin, 106.
Trillium, 110.
Triosteum, 59.
Triticum, 127.
Trumpet Flower, 77.
Trumpet Honeysuckle, 58.
Trypethelium, 155.
Tsuga, 101.

Tufted Loosestrife, 75.
Tulip Tree, 31, 169.
Turk’s Cap Lily, 112.
Tupelo, 58.
Turtle-head, 78.
Tussilago, 61.
Tway-blade, 109.
Twisted-stalk, 111.
Typha, 103.
Typhacee, 103.

Ulmus, 94.

Ulva, 166.
Umbellifere, 55.
Umbilicaria, 151.
Upland Boneset, 61.
Upright Chess, 127.
Urceolaria, 153.
Urtica, 95.
Urticacese, 94.

' Usnea, 150.
Utricularia, 76.
Uvularia, 111.

Vaccinium, 71.

Vaccinium, Vitis-Idea, 12, 71.
Vallisneria, 107.

Vanilla Grass, 129.

Vascular Cryptogams, 131.
Vaucheria, 166.

Velvet Grass, 128.

Velvet Leaf, 40.

Wild Gooseberry, 51.
Wild Indigo, 47.

Wild Lettuce, 69.

Wild Lily-of-the-valley, 112.
Wild Liquorice, 60.
Wild Lupine, 44.

Wild Marjoram, 81.
Wild-mint, 81.

Wild Orange-red Lily, 112.
Wild Pepper-grass, 34.
Wild Pink, 38.

Wild Plum, 47.

Wild Red Cherry, 47.
Wild Red Raspberry, 49.
Wild Rose, 50.

Wild Sarsaparilla, 57.
Wild Senna, 47.

Wild Teasel, 60, 169.
Wild Tobacco, 86.

Wild Yellow Lily, 112.
Wild Yellow Plum, 47.
Willow Family, 99.
Willow Herb, 53.

Wire Grass, 126.

Witch Grass (Couch), 127.
Witch Hazel, 52.

Witch Hazel Family, 52.
Withe-rod, 59. -

Wood Anemone, 29.
Wood Nettle, 95.

Wood Sage, 80.

Wood Waxen, 44.
Woodsia, 135.

Wood Sorrel, 41.

200

Woodwardia, 133.
Wood, William, 19.
Wormseed, 90.
Wormwood, 15, 67.

Xanthium, 65.
Xanthoxylum, 42.
Xylographa, 155,
Xyridacee, 114.
Xyris, 114.

Yarrow, 66.
Yellow Adder’s tongue, 112.
Yellow-barked Oak, 97.
Yellow Birch, 98.

Yellow Clover, 45.

Yellow-eyed Grass Family, 114.

Yellow Fringed Orchis, 108.
Yellow Garden Lily, 113.
Yellow Melilot, 45.

Yellow Pond Lily, 32.
Yellow Rocket, 33.

Yellow Thistle, 68.

Yellow Violet, 36.

Yellow Water Crowfoot, 29.
Yellow Wood Sorrel, 41.

Zannichellia, 104.
Zea, 130.

Zigzag Clover, 45.
Zizania, 122.
Zooésporer, 166,
Zostera, 104.