L Lu A ite gla ei - ae i . i = iH ee ane : Titty ie im He sa Hh + yelsien! iti eae iiteren e ik Hiseieay r rperreset = dia edeariaeresterit Bieler est E fiat fit eer nerenineeniets a iistenet pest el Heal ceratithnecteatipetagetibeces rochester LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, NEW YORK x N THIS BOOK IS THE GIFT OF oword Soy Nilks, TM Rafessor cf Thera.pertties «Small. Animal Clinic | Cornell University Library SF 915.M64l A laboratory guide i WN 3 1924 000 8 iT 67 816 vet See 8 Bika iis ad Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000867816 A LABORATORY GUIDE MATERIA MEDICA and PHARMACY —BY— HOWARD J. MILKS, D. V. M. Professor of Materia Medica and Small Animal Clinic, New York State Veterinary College at Cornell University ITHACA, N. Y. ITHACA, N. Y. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR NOVEMBER, 1916 fe Copyright, 1916 by H. J. Milks = The use in aah? of certain por- tions of the text of the United States Pharmacopoeia is by virtue of permis- sion received from the Board of Trustees of the United States Pharmacopoeial Con- vention. The said Board of Trustees is not responsible for any inaccuracy nor for any errors in the statement of quan- tities or percentage strengths. PREFACE This book represents in printed form, notes which have been used for several years in teaching Pharmacy and Materia Medica to Veterinary students. Since Veterinarians prepare and dispense a great many of their medicines, pharmacy is quite an important subject to them. It has seemed desirable to include discussions of the different great pharmaceutical groups followed by the actual preparation of one or more examples of each group. The author believes that instruc- tion in this subject can be better carried on in the laboratory than in the class room. The subject of Materia Medica is difficult to present more on account of deciding what to exclude than what to include. It is granted that there are many things in Materia Medica impossible and useless to memorize. On the other hand, students should have an opportunity to examine and become more or less familiar with the synonyms, origin and physical characteristics of the most used — drugs, and laboratory work is believed to be the best means of learn- ing these things. The grouping of the drugs for studying Materia Medica is ar- ranged to correspond with the work in Pharmacology but other- wise is purely arbitrary. Finally the author desires little claim of originality for the con- tents of the book. He has drawn freely from other most excellent books on the subjects, such as Sollmann, A Text Book of Pharma- cology; Arny, Practice of Pharmacy; Edmunds and Cushny ; Labora- tory Guide in Experimental Pharmacology. He would recommend these books to any who care for more extended information on the subjects. H. J. M. CONTENTS General DinectiOns! x24 oak yedeats) Saeed eae ews dle Wa ee tes CuaptTer I. Pharmacy. Definitions, Pharmacopoeia. Dispensatories .... Cuaprer IT. Metrology. Weights and Measures .......... 0 . sees sree Cuaprer III. Source and Composition of Drugs. Gross Anatomy of Plants. Ghemistry <0f PIGS aaccg. hu heehee ea ee ee Cuaprer IV. Plant Constituents. Alkaloids, Glucosides. Resins. Volatile and Fixed Oils. Saponins and Sapotoxins. Gums. Tan- MINS oc cari eee eV Eee SEE OS) SEs bo Teale TNCOMPAIONLy! osod.ciuna ea be ees iw -oaeey oe VE Raed ne Cuapter VI. Pharmaceutic Methods. Desiccation, Comminution. Tritura- tion. Separation. Distillation. Sublimation. Carboniza- tien. Solution. Maeeration. Percolation, ete.. ........ Cuapter VII. DISPCHSINO foie ce baa e take ok eke SARS SUES REPS ARS Cuaprer VIII. Pharmacy Proper. List of Preparations. Water. Solutions. Cuaprer IX. Mucilages. Syrups. Honeys. Emulsions. Mixtures. Mag- mas. Spirits. Elixirs. Glycerites. Collodiums. Oleates. , CHAPTER X. Infusions. Deecoctions. Tinetures. Fluidextracts. Wines. Oleoresins. Vinegars. Extracts. Resins. Liniments. Powders. Triturations. Masses. Confections. Pills. Troches. Ointments. Suppositories. Cataplasms. Plasters. PA PCPS Saia-n ston Seto ase ie mb ass e Are Rare lead a ete aug deed we nets CHAPTER XI. Unofficial Preparations. Tablets. Balls. Capsules. Drench. NGC A TY peaks lens Sardis AS sree nh A BS ae teed oats agra eda G Materia: Mé@dita: o.decniesi4a ied hehieen tea wieeeaed vewewoee 10 15 20 26 31 41 53 LABORATORY GUIDE TO MATERIA MEDICA AND PHARMACY GENERAL DIRECTIONS The work in this course will consist of the examination of specimens, testing drugs and their more common incompatibilities, dispensing medicines, manufacturing pharmaceutical preparations, taking notes, occasional demonstrations and weekly quizes. In making tests use as small an amount of the drugs as is nec- essary unless otherwise directed as to quantity. Follow directions carefully and use the amounts specified. In case of specimens presented for examination note the form, color, taste (except poisons), weight, solubility and reaction. Form.—Liquid or solid, crystalline or amorphous, deliques- cent or effervescent. Color—tLight, dark, clear, cloudy. Odor.—Pleasant, aromatic, disagreeable, penetrating, etc. Taste—Acid, salt, sweet, acrid, aromatic, pleasant, etc. Weight—Comparatively heavy or light. Nolubility —Use a small amount of the substance in a test-tube and from ten to fifteen times its bulk of distilled water and shake thoroughly. If insoluble heat to the ‘boiling point. Proceed the same with alcohol, acid, alkali, chloroform or ether. CautTion.—Care, not to ignite the inflammable liquids. Reaction.—Dissolve a small amount of the substance in a little distilled water in a test-tube, heat gently and test the reaction with red or blue litmus paper. In the case of solutions, the darker should be added to the lighter, and the lighter to the heavier, at first only a few drops. Note any change that takes place before shaking. If there is no apparent result, shake the tube. If a precipitate forms, note whether it increases in amount or redissolves as more of the liquid is added. Note also, as far as possible, whether the results are due to physical or chemical changes, Cuaprer I. PHARMACY Pharmacy is the science and art of preparing, compounding and dispensing drugs. The objects of pharmacy are so obvious that they need not be pointed out in this place. In order to have uni- formity in the preparations obtained from the different shops, prac- tically all civilized countries have standards, established by law, to which the drugs and their preparations must conform. PHARMACOPOEIA. The books in which these standards are given are usually called pharmacopoeias. ‘The first pharmacopoeia of the United States was published in 1820 and is revised every ten years by a committee of physicians and pharmacists. The prepar- ations made according to this book are called official. The present Ninth Decennial revision appeared in August and became official in September 1916. The pharmacopoeia gives, first, the Latin title of the drug, followed by the English name, official abbreviation and synonyms. A short concise definition of the drug is given. This is followed by the characteristics and tests by which the identity and purity of the drug may be recognized and finally in what doses (human) it may be administered. Since the pharmacopoeia is intended as a concise standard work of reference, it does not include all the material used in medicine nor does it go into detail concerning the drugs treated. Consequently in various countries other books have come into use, namely, dis- pensatories. DISPENSATORIES are commentaries on the pharmacopoeia. They contain all that the pharmacopoeia states regarding official drugs and much added information. They also treat of other drugs not mentioned in the pharmacopoeia. There are three in the U. S.:—The.National, United States and King’s dispensatories. In addition to the above books, there is the National Formu- lary, which contains formulae not included in the pharmacopoeia, but of sufficient importance to, render standardization desirable. It is published by the American Pharmaceutical Association. Prep- arations made according to this book are generally designated as, N. F, 3 Cuapter II. METROLOGY—WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Metrology is the science of weights and measures. Weight is the sum of the attraction of gravity existing be- tween the earth and a body upon its surface, and in weighing we simply balance a substance against another known force. There are several standards of weights used in the United States, with which the physician, veterinarian and pharmacist must become familiar. Those most used are the Troy or Apothe- caries’ weights and the Wine or Apothecaries’ measures, besides which are the Avoirdupois weights, and Metric weights and meas- ures. TABLE OF AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS 437.5 grains (gr.) = 1 ounce (0z.) 16 oz. = 1 pound (lb.)=(7000 gr.) 100 Ibs. = 1 hundredweight (cwt.) 20 ewt. = 1 ton This table is never used in prescribing but is the one used al- most exclusively in buying and selling all solid and many liquid drugs. When we purchase a ‘‘pound’’ we get an Avoirdupois pound, or 7000 grains. If we order an ‘‘oz.’’, we receive an Avoir- dupois ounce or 437.5 grains as oz. stands for Avoirdupois ounce only. Many powerful drugs, like strychnine, morphine, etc., are usually handled in 1/8 oz. bottles, but these do not contain 1/8 of an Apothecaries’ ounce or 60 grains, but 1/8 of an Avoirdupois ounce or about 54.7 grains. TABLE OF APOTHECARIES’ OR TROY WEIGHTS 20 grains (gr.) = 1 seruple (9) 3 scruples = 1 drachm (5) = 60 gr. 8 drachms = 1 ounce (5) — 480 er. 12 ounces = 1 pound (ib) = 5760 gr The grain used in this system is the same as that of the Avoir- dupois, but the ounces contain 480 grains against 437.5 of the Avoirdupois, while the pound, tb. contains 12 ounces of 480 grains, or 5760 grains instead of the Avoirdupois pound of 16 ounces of 437.5 each or 7000 grains. 4 Of this table only the grains, drachms and ounces should be used in prescription writing. The scruple was used at one time but is largely in disuse at the present time and is unnecessary. Furthermore the character is not easily made, and if made care- lessly or blurred may be mistaken for the drachm sign. TABLE OF APOTHECARIES’ (OR WINE) MEASURE 60 Minims (m™) 1 fluid drachm (f.5) 8 Fluidrachms 1 fluidounce (£5) 480 ms. 16 Fluidounces 1 pint (0.) 7680 ms. 8 pints 1 gallon (Cong.) 61440 ms. To avoid confusion in the use of the Apothecary and Avoirdu- pois systems, the symbols, tb., 3, 5, and 5 should be consistently used for the apothecary and the abbreviations, lb., oz,, gr., for the Avoirdupois. The abbreviation for the Troy pound is character- ized by the cross line drawn through the letters, f6., and should al- ways mean 12 ounces, while the Avoirdupois pound stands for six- teen ounces. The symbol 5 means an Apothecaries’ ounce of 480 grains, while the abbreviation means an Avoirdupois ounce of 437.5 grains. The grain weight is the same for both systems and therefore, the abbreviation gr. will cause no confusion. The grain is, therefore, the unit for both systems and the term is derived from the old system of weighing, which required that there should be used a grain of wheat, well dried and from the middle of the ear. (head). The character {3 represents 60 minims, and f3 is necessary to represent 480 minims. A minim of water weighs about one grain (0.95 gr.) but it should be remembered that a minim is not the equivalent of a grain. 480 minims (15) of water weighed at the standard temperature of 25°C. (77°F.) weighed 454.6 grains. The specific gravity of liquids also varies so that a pint of liquid is not necessarily a pound. In writing the apothecaries’ weights and measures in prescrip- tions, the figures are written in the Roman system and placed after the symbol, as gr..XX not 20 grs. In printed matter the small letters are used, but in writing it is better to use the capital L, be- cause the small letter might easily be mistaken for an i. The ones should always be dotted and the last one may be written like a j; thus 3 1ij. The fl. before the sign 3 or 3 is often omitted, but under Ii tl 5 no circumstances should the others be dotted, because in a hastily written or blurred prescription the pharmacist often depends upon the dots to differentiate an indistinct i from an 1 or a comma or period, or from an imperfectly formed v. Fractions are written as common fractions: gr. 1/10, not gr. 0.1. TABLE OF APPROXIMATE OR PopuLAR MEASURES The popular measures are those usually found in the house- hold. They are very inexact, and should be replaced with measur- ing glasses or some other means of measure. A common method in veterinary medicine is to use homeopathic vials of certain ca- pacities, or syringes of known capacity. If spoons are used they should be filled so that the fluid stands level with the rim. The most common of these measures are: 1 drop (gtt) 1 minim 1 teaspoonfull 1 £3 1 desertspoonful 2 £3 1 tablespoonful 4 £5 (145) - 1 wineglassful 2 £3 Idd 1 teacupful 4 £3 1 glassful 8 £5 It should be kept in mind that these equivalents are only approxi- mate. A drop is not a minim and varies greatly with the character of the fluid, and of the container from which dropped; there may be from 44 drops of syrup of acacia, to 250 drops of chloroform to the drachm. Teaspoons vary from 1/2 to 2 drachms, dessert. spoons vary so greatly that they should not be used. Tablespoons, wine- glasses and tumblers also vary. It is usual in figuring prescriptions to figure from 6 to 8 tea- spoonfuls to the ounce, a tablespoonful as one-half ounce and in. writing these prescriptions these factors should always be taken into account so that the druggist will be able to use a bottle which will just hold the amount desired. Their bottles are 1/2 ounce, 1 ounce, two, three, four, six, eight and sixteen ounces. Metric System This is based upon the decimal system. The unit of measure of distance of the metric system is the meter (M). (39.37 inches). 6 The meter is divided into 10, 100 and 1000 parts, called respective- ly, decimeter, dm.; centimeter, cm.; and millimeter, mm. The unit of measure of capacity is the liter, 1. It is equal to the contents of a cube whose edges measure a decimeter and the ’ thousandth part of this is a milliliter (mil) formerly called a cubic centimeter (c.cm. or ¢.c.). The unit of weight is the Gramme (fre- quently written gram) which is the Weight of one milliliter of water at 4° Centigrade (89.2°F.) Greater or less quantities are designated by adding prefixes to the above. TABLE OF Metric WEIGHTS 1 milligram 0.001 10 milligrams 1 centigram (cg.) 0.01 10 centigrams 1 decigram (dg.) 0.1 10 decigrams 1 gram (gm.) 1. 10 grams 10 Dekagrams 10 Hectograms 1 Dekagram (Dg.) 10. 1 Hectogram (Hg.) 100. 1 Kilogram (Kg.) 1000. Ii dddqa TABLE oF Metric MEASURES 1 milliliter (mil ) 10 milliliters (mils ) 10 centiliters 10 deciliters 10 Liters 10 Dekaliters 10 Hectoliters 0.001 1 Centiliter (el.) 0.01 1 deciliter (dl.) 0.1 1 Liter (L.) 1. 1 Dekaliter (DL.) 10. 1 Hectoliter(HL.) 100. 1 Kiloliter (KL.) 1000. In the above tables of weights and measures, the kilogramme is used in commerce and is referred to as a Kilo. The gram, frac- tions of a gram and milligrams are used. In the measures of quantity the Liter and milliliter and fractions of them are used. In prescription writing only two units, grams and milliliters are used, abbreviated Gm. and mil. In expressing the quantity of drug in a prescription in the metric system, the quantity is always denoted by the Arabic figure placed before the appellation. | Frac- tional parts are always converted into decimal fractions. It is not necessary 10, write grams, or milliliters or their abbreviations in a prescription because it is understood that the former will be used as the unit of weight and the latter for the unit of measure, tid dada “ Table of Approximately equivalent Weights and Measures. 1 milligram (mil) 0.001 = 1/64 grain 1 centigram 0.01 = 1/6 grain 1 decigram 0.1 = 11/2 grains 1 gram 1. = 151/2 (15.432) grains 4 grams ( 3.9) = 1 drachm 31 grams ( 81.1) = 1 ounce 500 grams (453.6) — 1 pound (av.) 1 Kilogram = 2.2 pounds (av.) (2.2946) 1/64 grain = .001 gram 1/6 grain = 01 gram 1 grain = 0.065 gram 15 4 (15.482) grains = 1. gram 1 drachm (apoth.) = 4, (3.9) grams 1 ounce (apoth.) = 31.1 grams 1 minim 0.61 mil 16 minims (16.23) 1. mil. 1 fluidrachm 3.75 mils 1 fluidounce 30. (29.572) mils 1 pint 500. (.4731 L. or 473 mils The following table of approximate equivalents should be memorized : Hid di : ae = 15-16 minims or grains i eee — 1 fluidrachm or drachm 30 a = 1 fluidounce or ounce. 500 mils . 500 grams = 1 pint or pound 1 Liter = 1 quart 1 Kgm. = 2.2 Ibs. To convert grains into centigrams, multiply by 6.5. Thus 3 grains multiplied by 6.5 equals 10.5 centigrams, or 10 grains equal 65 centigrams or .65 grams. To convert centigrams into grains, divide by 6.5. Thus 26 centigrams divided by 6.5 equals 4 grains. WEIGHING In weighing a body we simply balance the force it exerts by its gravity against another known force. There are several types of balances or scales, spring, equal arm, unequal arm, and torsion. 8 The first is not very exact but is handy for coarse weighing. In weighing small amounts delicate instruments should be used. A few simple rules should always be followed. 1. Balance pans before starting weighing. 2. Drugs should not be placed directly on scale pans. These should first be covered with pieces of paper. The opposite pan should be balanced by a piece of paper of equal weight. Un- less the pans are equally balanced in this manner, serious mistakes may occur in weighing small amounts. The object of the paper on the pans is two fold. It keeps the pan clean and insures freedom from contamination from some previously weighed drug. 3. Balance accurately with material to ‘be weighed. When a pointer is provided on the balance, it should swing an equal dis- tance each side of the center or zero. Always throw balance off center when through weighing. This stops the movements of the balance and consequently stops its wear. 5. In weighing liquids, tare (weigh) or balance the container first. MEASURING This is done in graduated vessels (graduates) graduated or measuring flasks and pipettes. The wider the vessel at the place of reading the greater is the liability to error. On this account greater accuracy can be obtained if the vessel is as narrow as pos- sible where the reading is taken. 'The minim graduate is not ac- curate for measuring small amounts, as a considerable amount of the measured liquid is retained in the vessel by ecapillarity. A minim pipette is to be preferred for this purpose and also for the fact that there is less error in pouring more or less than the re- quired amount into the graduate. The cylindrical graduate has the advantage that equal ac- curacy can be obtained throughout while the conical shaped gradu- ate has the advantage of greater accuracy for small amounts. A few rules for measuring should always be followed. 1. Hold the graduate so that the top of the liquid is a hori- zontal plane perpendicular to the long axis of the graduate and have, the top of the liquid on a level with the eye. 9 2. On account of ecapillarity, the surface is always cupped, forming a meniscus. The reading should always be taken at the lowest level of the meniscus. Cuaprer III. SOURCE AND COMPOSITION OF DRUGS Drugs are obtained from both organic and inorganic substances. The vegetable and biological preparations are obtained from the former, while the various metals and their salts, the composition of which is shown by their name and chemical formula, are obtained from the inorganic. The greater number, probably are derived from the vegetable kingdom or from plants. All the different parts of a plant may be used in medicine but the active principle to which their action is due is usually found more abundantly in certain parts than others. In such cases the part or parts contain- ing the largest amounts are used. The active principle may how- ever, be quite evenly diffused throughout, in which case the entire plant may be used. Gross ANATOMY OF PLANTS UNpERGROUND Portions: These include the root, rhizome, tuber, bulb and corm. The root is that portion usually without chlorophyll and which does not have power to produce leaves. They sometimes possess a bark which is used separately, (Sassafras). Rhizomes are the underground portions capable of producing leaves, (Hydrastis). A tuber is a portion of the root greatly thickened which serves for the accumulation of reserve food ma- terials (Aconite). A bulb is an increase in size of the root leaves, (onion, squill) ; while a corm is the thickened lowest part of the stem (Colchicum). Portions ABovE Grounp: If the entire plant above ground is used, it is termed herb (herba or species) and consists of the leaves, stems, and sometimes of the flowers and fruit. Stem. In herby plants it is termed stipes, in larger it is trans- formed into wood (lignum) and covered with a bark (Cortex). The leaves (folia) consists of a leaf stem (petiolus) and blade (la- mina). There are also the flowers (flores), and fruit (fructus) or 10 seed (semenis). Besides the above, certain drugs consist of the juices of plants and are without definite structure (opium, aloes) CHEMISTRY OF PLANTS The chief elements found in plants are Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen and Nitrogen. These elements usually occur in combina- tions as fats, carbohydrates, tannins, resins, alkaloids, glucosides, acids, terpenes, ete., together with inorganic salts. CuaptTer IV. PLANT CONSTITUENTS ALKALOIDS. Many of the most important and active plant constituents are alkaloids. They exist in almost all parts of a plant but are in largest proportions in the seeds and roots. They repre- sent, in the greater number of cases, the active principle of the plant from which obtained and many of them are classed with the most powerful poisons. They may be defined as natural nitrogenous organic bases form- ing salts with acids, i.e. they are organic substances contain- ing nitrogen, of basic character, wniting with acids without the elimination of hydrogen, forming well defined and usually crystal- line salts. The alkaloidal salts of the halogens are called hydro- bromides, hydrochlorides, etc., and Nor the bromides, chlorides, ete. They contain nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen and most ‘of them oxygen. Those containing oxygen are solids and comparatively nonvolatile, (cocaine) while those which do not contain oxygen are liquid and ‘volatile (nicotine). All alkaloids have certain common characteristics. Bitter taste, alkaline reaction to litmus, strong physiological action, and leave no post-mortem changes. The alkaloids differ from their salts in solubility. The former being freely soluble in chloroform, ether, and oils, less so in alcohol and almost insoluble in water, while the latter behave almost exactly opposite, being soluble in water and aleohol and almost insoluble in chloroform, ether and oils. Experiments :—Solubility of alkaloids and their salts. 1. Test solubility of quinine and quinine sulphate (alkaloidal salt) in water, alcohol, ether and chloroform, 11 2. Add 0.2 gm. quinine to 100 mils of water ina flask. Shake flask. Note that only a small amount is dissolved, if any. Why? ‘Test reaction with litmus and explain results. To above mixture add'1 mil of dilute sulphuric acid. Re- sults. Why? Use above solution for the following experiments: 3. To 5 mils of the above solution in a test tube slowly add a solution of potassium carbonate until alkaline. Results. Why? Acidify with dilute sulphuric acid. Results. Why ? Explanatory :—Alkaloidal salts are feeble bases and are thrown out of solution by the addition of fixed alkalies and their carbonates which unite with the acid of the alkaloidal salt. The above pre- cipitate was, therefore, the freed alkaloid which is insoluble in water. By the addition of the acid the soluble suplhate or bisul- phate was again formed. 4, To 5 mils of solution from No. 2 add a solution of potas- sium hydrate until alkaline. Add excess of distilled water, shake. Results. Explain. 5. Place 5 mils of the solution from No. 2 in each of 5 test- tubes and add slowly one of the following reagents to each. Note the formation of a precipitate in each. Test ‘the solubility of the precipitates in an excess of water as in 4, and note results. Tabulate results. Reagent Color of Precipitate Solubility in Water Tannic Acid Todine in potassium iodide Pierie acid Mercurie Pot. Iodide (Mayer’s Reagent) Phosphotungstic acid 6. To 10 mils of the solution from No. 2 add solution of po- tassium hydrate until alkaline, then add 10 mils of ether, shake, allow ether to rise to the top. Draw off ether and save. Adda few more mils of ether and proceed as be- fore. Acidify a small amount of the remaining aqueous. 12 solution with dilute sulphuric acid and test with mercuric potassium iodide. Explain your results. Shake the etheral solution with a little of the dilute ul- phuric acid, and test the acid solution (at bottom of tube) with the above reagent. Explain results. Draw conclusions from the above experiments. 7. Boil 10 mils of quinine solution for a few minutes with 1 mil of sulphuric acid. Neutralize with solution of so- dium hydrate, and apply Fehling’s test for reducing sugars. GLUCOSIDES Definition :—Glucosides are those plant principles which when treated with dilute acids or submitted to the action of ferments split up and yield glucose as one of the decomposition products. Many but all do not contain nitrogen. A few are alkaloidal but most are neutral. Experiments : 1. Test a 1% solution of glucoside (Use Salicin) with Fehling’s solution. 2. Add 1/5 of volume of dilute sulphuric acid to another por- tion, boil 10 minutes in a water bath. Render alkaline with solution of sodium hydrate and apply Fehling’s test. 3. To a third portion of the solution add a little saliva and heat at 40°C. for one-half hour. Apply Fehling’s test. 4. Apply previous reagents for the precipitation of alkaloids. Tabulate results. RESINS These are solid plant substances, usually of an acid nature, in- soluble in water, soluble in an alkali and water and in aleohol. The definition of the pharmaceutic class ‘‘resins’’ is those plant pro- ducts soluble in alcohol, insoluble in water, obtained either as a residue from the distillation of an oleoresin or by pouring a concen- trated alcoholic extract into water or acidulated water. If they occur mixed with a volatile oil they are termed oleoresins, if mixed 13 with a gum, gum resins, and if mixed with benzoic or cinnamic acid, balsams. Experiments: Use commercial rosin. (Resin). 1. Test solubility in alcohol, water, turpentine, and boiling sodium hydrate solution. Explain your results. VOLATILE AND FIxEep OILS Oils exist as fixed and volatile, or essential. An oil is a sub- stance that greases, which leaves a stain when dropped on cloth that water will not wash off, a stain which renders paper translucent. They are termed fixed or volatile according to the permanency of this stain on warming, characters clearly defined by the name given to the two groups. Volatile oils are odorous principles, physically resembling the fixed oils but differing from them in being volatile and by being soluble in alcohol. To this group is due the odor of plants. They are called essential oils from the fact that they pos- sess In a concentrated state the properties of the plants from which they are obtained. Expermments: Use oil of turpentine for volatile and: cot- ton seed oil for fixed oil. 1. Prepare 2 series of test tubes of 5 each. To series A, add 1 mil of oil of turpentine and to series B, 1 mil of cotton seed oil. To No. 1 of each series add 5 mils of water. To No. 2, 5 mils of alcohol, No. 3, 5 mils of chloroform, No. 4, 5 mils of ether, and to No. 4, series A, 5 mils of cotton seed oil and to No. 5, series B, 5 mils of oil of tur- pentine. Shake all and note solubility. Tabulate results. 2. Put a drop of oil of turpentine on glazed paper. Results. Heat high over a flame for a few minutes. Results. Repeat the experiment using cotton seed oil instead of oil of turpentine. 3. Rotate a glass stopper in the neck of a bottle of fixed oil, water, volatile oil. Note any differences. Which one greases the stopper? These bottles will be supplied. 14 SAPONINS AND SAPOTOXINS These are neutral nitrogenous bodies characterized by foam- ing with water, emulsifying fats and laking blood corpuscles. A few are glucosides. The term saponin is given to the least poison- ous of the group and sapotoxin to the most poisonous. Experiments: Use Tincture of Soap Bark. 1. Shake a few drops of the above tincture with a few mils of water. Note results. 2. Place about 5 mils. of cotton seed oil in a test-tube. Add 25 drops of tincture of soap bark. Shake and note results. Add a little alcohol. Results. Is the emulsion perma- nent? 3. To a test-tube add 5 mils of a 0.9% solution of sodium chlor- ide with 1/10% solution of saponin, then add two or three drops of defibrinated blood. Note results. 4. Repeat the experiment without using the saponin solution. Gums Gums are amorphous transparent substances belonging to the group of carbohydrates. Some dissolve in water and others only swell up and form a jelly. All are insoluble in alcohol. Experwment : 1. Test solubility of acacia and tragacanth in water and alco- hol. TANNINS Tannins are the astringent properties of many plants. They exist chiefly as tannic and gallic acids. Experiments: Use 1% solution of tannic acid. 1. To a few mils of tannic acid solution add a drop of ferric chloride solution. Note a green blue black color. Dilute until transparent. Add a few drops of sodium hydrate solution. Garnet color. 2. Add a little solution of lead acetate to a solution of tannic acid. Results. 3. Add a little solution of sodium hydrate to a solution of tan- nic acid. Results. 15 4. To a solution ‘of quinine sulphate add some tannic acid solu- tion. Results. 5. Add a solution of tannic acid to an albumen solution. Re- sults. 6. Add a little tincture of iron to compound tincture of cin- chona. Note :—Tannins occurring naturally in plants give a greenish color with iron, while pathological tannins (Nutgalls) give a bluish color. CHAPTER V. INCOMPATIBILITY Incompatibility means lack of agreement. It may be defined as that condition where two or more agents when brought together result in chemical decomposition, physical disassociation, or thera- peutic opposition. In some cases the change may be desirable, (White Lotion, Black Wash), make little if any difference or may be undesirable. The change may result in precipitating or destroy- ing certain drugs of the mixture, changing color only, forming new compounds without visible change or the ingredients may neutral- ize each other. Incompatibility is usually classified as chemical, physical. (Pharmaceutic) and physiological or therapeutic. , CHEMICAL INCOMPATIBILITY occurs when a new chemical com- pound results (chemical change). It may, in general, be recog- nized in three ways. 1. Precipitation in which an insoluble pre- cipitate is formed. 2. Effervescence or explosion-evolution of gas,— and 3. Change in color. In addition a new compound may be formed without any apparent change in the appearance of the liquid with possible disastrous results. In order to avoid this form of incompatibility some knowledge of the chemistry of the agents must be understood. A good working basis is that substances are incompatible if used as tests for each other, or if they are antidotes. PHYSICAL OR PHaRMACEUTIC INcoMPATIBILITY results in the production ‘of mixtures cf unsightly appearance due to physical changes, This is largely a question of solubility and often occurs 16 when solids or liquids are added to solutions, thereby changing their densities. It occurs when there is a combination ‘of such substances as are physically incapable of mixing. The most common physical incompatibilities result from mixing alcoholic solutions of resinous substances with water, (fluid extracts, tinctures, spirits, ete., ginger, Indian hemp, camphor), but may not in any way effect the action of the drugs. PHYSIOLOGIC OR THERAPEUTIC INCOMPATIBILITY is where two or more drugs are prescribed which are antagonistic or contra-acting to each other in which case they may almost exactly neutralize each other or one may weaken the action of the other. Arecoline and atropine are good examples, yet no two drugs exactly oppose each other throughout their entire range of action and some latitude is always permitted. Incompatibility is ‘a subject very much overdrawn and unneces. sary stress is placed upon it. Although it is possible 10 fiad a large number of incompatibilities for any active chemical, but few of these are ever likely to be encountered in prescription writing ; and according to Bastedo, of these few, the result not infrequently makes no practical change in the medicinal value or is deliberate- ly desired. According to the same author, the following are those nrost likely to be encountered in the practical use of drugs: I. Incompatipiuiry DEPENDING ON CHANGE OF SOLVENT A. Precipitate when added to Aqueous Liquids. Substances in alcoholic solution and insoluble in water; as in spirits, fluid ex- tracts, and tinctures, especially resinous ones, like tincture of can- nabis, benzoin, myrrh. B. Precipitation when added to Alcoholic Liquids. Sub- stances in aqueous solution and insoluble in alcohol; as solutions of many salts (sodium sulphate, ammonium chloride) and muci- lage of acacia. Mere insolubility as of oils or bismuth subnitrate in water, makes these really incompatible with the solvent. II. CuHemicau INCOMPATIBILITIES Rute 1. Acids and salts of acid reaction are incompatible with alkalies and salts of alkaline reaction and the halogen salts. Rute 2, Highly oxidized substances, like chromium triox- 17 ide (chromic acid), potassium permanganate, and potassium chlor- ate are decomposed by organic matter. Potassium permanganate in solution turns brown; dry potassium permanganate or chromic acid may take fire or explode. Potassium chlorate, when rubbed with sulphur, hypophosphites, ammonium chloride, tannic acid or other organic substance, will explode violently. Rue 3. Silver nitrate is incompatible with organic material and turns to black oxide or black metallic silver. With chlorides or hydrochloric acid it forms insoluble silver chloride. Rue 4. (Mild mercurous chloride) calomel is incompatible with sodium carbonate and lime water. With the latter it makes a black precipitate of mercurous hydroxide, and forms ‘‘black wash’’, sometimes employed as an application to venereal sores. Calomel is insoluble in water or alcohol, comparatively inert chemically, and bland to tissues. Rue 5. Corrosive mercuric chloride (corrosive sublimate) is incompatible with iodides, many metallic salts, alkaloidal salts, tannic acid, ime water, and albumen. With excess of lime water it forms a yellow precipitate of mer- curi¢e oxide, and forms ‘‘yellow wash’’, employed as an applica- tion to venereal sores. When the mercury salt is in excess, the precipitate is red oxychloride. With soap, as on the surgeons hands, its antiseptic power is destroyed. With potassium icdide it forms mercuric biniodide. The iodide is of a brilliant scarlet color and dissolves in excess of potassium iodide. These two salts are often prescribed together to form bin- iodide. In albumen, as in white of egg or milk, we have the antidote when the drug is swallowed. Rute 6: Lead acetate decomposes alum and other sulphates and the iodides, and tends to precipitate many organic substances, e. g., glucosides, from their solutions. The admixture with alum makes Burow’s solution. The pre- cipitate of lead sulphate should be filtered out. The precipitate with the iodide is lead iodide of a brilliant yellow, 18 Rue 7. Ferric salts—(a) Make ‘‘ink’’ with tannic acid; (b) make blue to reddish or purple colors with compounds of the phenol group, such as phenol, resorcin, salicylates, etc.; (c) make red color with acetates, and (d) form a dirty brown precipitate with alkalies or alkaline salts. Rue 8. Tannic acid is incompatible with alkaloidal salts, dry potassium chlorate (explodes), metallic salts, gelatine, and albumen. With ferric salts it makes ‘‘ink’’. For salts of alkaloids and anti- mony it is the local antidote. It oceurs in many vegetable drugs, and preparations of these may not ouly precipitate alkaloidal salts, but may change the gelatin coating of a pill or gelatin capsule to a tough leathery insoluble sub- stance. Alcohol may prevent the precipitation of alkaloidal salts by tannic acid, as in tinctures. Rue 9. Chloral hydrate decomposes to chloroform under the influence of strong alkalies; and when mixed with camphor, men- thol, thymol, and similar substances, undergoes a physical change to a liquid. Rute 10. Alkaloidal salts are incompatible with—(a) Alka- lies—the precipitate is the pure alkaloid. (b) Tannic acid—the precipitate is the insoluble tannate. (c) Iodine, iodides, and bro- mides—precipitate is the iodide or bromide. (d) Mercurie bichlor- ide—the precipitate is the insoluble double salt. Quinine in addition is especially precipitated by salicylates and benzoates. All these precipitates are more soluble in alcohol than water, so may not show in tinctures and other alcoholic liquids. Rute 11. Glucosides are incompatible for the most part with lead acetate and tannic acid, and are decomposed by the mineral acids. Experiments : Directions :-—Tabulate results and so far as possible give kind of incompatibility and reason for same. 1. Demonstration :-—Rub a little potassium chlorate and tannin ina mortar. Students will not perform this experiment. 2. Add a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid to a few mils of water in a test tube. Note any change, on 10. 11. 12. 13. 19 Add a few drops of a 10% solution of magnesium sulphate to a few mils of the following solutions: sodium hydro- oxide, sodium carbonate. . Add a few drops of mucilage of acacia to a few mils of alcohol. . Add a few drops of a solution of ferric chloride to 5 mils of each of the following solutions: sodium carbonate, al- bumen, acacia, sodium salicylate. . Add a few drops of a solution of ferrous sulphate to each of the following solutions: sodium hydrate, potassium hy- drate, sodium carbonate, tannic acid, phenol, salicylate of soda, acetate of lead, albumen, potassium oxalate, sodium borate. Allow the last two to stand a few minutes before reading results. . Repeat the previous experiment using a solution of copper sulphate instead of ferrous sulphate. . Add a few drops of lead acetate solution to each of the fol- lowing solutions: sodium chloride, albumen, sodium sul- phate, potassium bromide. Add equal parts of 5% solutions of lead acetate and zine sul- phate. Add a few drops of a solution of mercuric chloride to each of the following solutions: zine sulphate, quinine sul- phate, albumen, hme water, ferrous sulphate plus heat, potassium iodide, then add excess of potassium iodide. Recall experiments with tannin and mention incompati- bilities. Add a few drops of tincture of ginger to water, alcohol. Repeat the above experiment using spirits of camphor in- stead of tincture of ginger. 14. Add a few drops of silver nitrate solution to each of the following: distilled water, tap water, solution of sodium chloride, albumen, potassium bromide.’ Allow the tube of distilled water and silver nitrate to stand in daylight for several days. Results. 20 15. Add 5 mils of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride to an equal amount of alcohol. Then add an excess of water. Explain your results. CHAPTER VI. PHARMACEUTIC METHODS There are several processes in the manufacture of pharmaceutic preparations, and these vary with the nature of the crude drug and the character of the desired product. These processes are: DESICCATION on Drying :—This is usually the first step in the preparation of crude drugs. It has three advantages, reduces balk, assists preservation, and facilitates comminution. Drying was formerly done by storing in a dry, airy loft, but now most of it is done in special ovens. The degree of heat must not be high enough to destroy any of the desired or unstable ingredients. The next step is that of comminution. CoMMINUTION :—This is the reduction of the drug to smaller fragments. This process is now mainly done by machinery, quite similar to that used in grist or flouring mills. On a small scale the drug mill, which is similar in action to the coffee mill, may be used. The grinding has to be repeated several times in case of some drugs to get the powder fine enough. The mortar and pestle are used for friable substances. These are made of glass, wedgewood, porcelain and iron. TRITURATION :—Trituration is employed where a finer powder is desired than can be obtained with a mill. It consists of rubbing with a rotary motion, not pounding, the substance in a mortar with a pestle. Some substances will not powder alone but will if mixed with another substance (pulverization by intervention) sugar of milk. Sometimes the substance requires moistening, as camphor with alcohol. Certain drugs percolate better if used in a certain degree of fineness. They are, therefore, sifted and classified accordingly. If a very fine powder is desired of an insoluble substance, it may be mixed into a thick paste with water or alcohol and rubbed between two polished slabs, (Levigation) or placed on a marble slab, moist- 21 ened with alcohol or water and rubbed with a muller. In rubbing, a circular or figure eight motion should be used. SEPARATION.—This is usually the next step in the preparation of drugs. Its purpose is to separate the desired ingredients from the inert or undesired. It may ‘be accomplished in three ways. If the desired ingredients are volatile, they may be driven off by heat. That is by distillation and sublimation. If the substances are not volatile, the separation is usually done by exposing the crude drugs to the action of some solvent in which the desired ingredients are soluble and the undesirable, so far as possible, insoluble. The third method is by mechanical means as in the case of fixed oils where the separation is done by pressure. SEPARATION BY HEeat.—This method can be used whenever the substances to be separated have different boiling points, and: are not destroyed by the necessary degree of heat. This process differs as to whether the fixed or volatile portion is desired and if the latter, ac- cording as to whether it is a solid or liquid. The different processes of using heat are; distillation, sublimation, carbonization, igni- tion, desiccation and torrefaction. DistTibLAtTion.—This is the process of converting a liquid into a gas and condensing the gas back again into aliquid. The apparatus necessary is some receptacle for heating the liquid, conducting off and condensing the gas. The ordinary worm still is a good ex- ample. Its purpose is to separate volatile from non-volatile agents and for purifying volatile substances. It may be divided into frac- tional, which means a separation of a mixture of liquids, and destruc- tive where the substances are heated so strongly that they decompose and the volatile products which arise from the decomposition are saved. (Organic bodies as tar). SUBLIMATION is a process exactly similar to distillation with the exception that solids are used instead of liquids. Usually the air is sufficient to cool and condense the vapors. (Benzoiec acid, cam- phor, iodine. ) DesiccaTion.—The object of desiccation is to drive off some undesired volatile substance from a solid. The fixed residue being the portion desired. If the heat is not sufficient to change the chemi- cal composition, the process is termed desiccation. It simply means drying. 22 CARBONIZATION.—This is the process of heating organic sub- stances under the exclusion of air. Its object is to change the chemical composition without oxidation. (Charcoal). IeniTI0N.—This is the process of strongly heating a substance, usually in a crucible, with full access to air, so as to complete oxida- tion. Nothing but ashes is left. TORREFACTION.—This means roasting. The object is to employ sufficient heat to alter some of the constituents without affecting others. Coffee, peanuts. EvaporaTion.—This consists in vaporizing a solvent from a solution. The object is concentration of the desired dissolved sub- stance. SoLution.—This may be defined as the process of incorporat- ing a solid into a liquid state of molecular subdivision, the result be- ing a clear homogeneous fluid. In this case the molecules of the solid are diffused throughout the liquid, and are so widely sepa- rated that no solid particles are in any way discernable. In other words;. the solid is liquified, and its molecules intermingle with those of the liquid, (solvent). Solutions may be classified as simple, chemical, unsaturated, saturated, and supersaturated. A simple solution is one occurring as described above. No chemical change is made. Cubebae . ‘* Cubebs 64 OLEORESINA ASPIDII Aspidium, recently reduced to No. 40 powder, 50.0 Gm. Ether, a sufficient quantity. Place the aspidium in a cylindrical glass percolator provided with a stop-cock, and arranged with a cover and a receptacle suit- able for volatile liquids. Pack the powder firmly, and percolate slowly with ether, added in successive portions, until the aspidium is exhausted. Recover the greater part of the ether from the perco- late by distillation on a water bath, and having transferred the resi- , due to a dish, allow the remaining ether to evaporate spontaneously ina warm place. Keep the oleoresin in well stoppered bottles. Note: The Oleoresin of Aspidium usually deposits on standing, a granular crystalline substance. This should be thoroughly mixed with the fluid portion before use. ACETA—VINEGARS These are liquid preparations of the active principles of drugs, prepared by extraction with Diluted Acetic Acid. They resemble tinctures except for the solvent used. The Acetic Acid is a good solvent for many of the active ingredients of plants and serves as a preservative. It also produces soluble salts with the alkaloidal principles of plants. But one is official. Acetum Scillae, Vinegar of Squill This is prepared with Diluted Acetic Acid (6% by weight of absolute Acetic Acid), and is made by maceration. It represents 10 per cent. of the active drug. ACETUM SCILLAE BR Squill, in No. 20 powder 5.0 Gm. Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity to make 50.0 mils Macerate the squill with 45 mils of diluted acetic acid during seven days, with frequent agitation; then strain through muslin and wash the mass on the strainer with enough diluted acetic acid to make the strained liquid measure nearly 50 mils. Heat this liquid to boiling, filter while hot, and when cold, add sufficient diluted acetic acid to make the product measure fifty mils, 65 Sy EXTRACTA—EXTRACTS Extracts are solid or semi-solid preparations of the active con- stituents of drugs prepared by the percolation of the crude drug with the proper menstruum and evaporation of the percolate. The menstruum may be water, alcohol, or various proportions of water and alcohol, or ammonia and extracts made from such a percolate are termed respectively, aqueous, alcoholic, hydro-alcoholic, or am- montated extracts. Besides the above the juices of fresh plants, ex- tracted by contusion and expression are often evaporated and known as ‘‘inspissated juices’’. These are popular in England but none are official in this country. There are 25 official extracts. Asarule the extracts are not so satisfactory as the fluidextracts or tinctures because they vary in strength, the dose is exceedingly small and the soft ones are difficult to manipulate. TABLE OF EXTRACTS Extractum Aconiti Powdered es Belladonnae Foliorum Powdered and Pilular Cannabis Pilular “ Cascarae Powdered is Cimicifugae Powdered ge Colchici Cormi Powdered a solocynthidis Powdered a Colocynthidis com- Powdered positum , Ergotae Pilular ee Fellis Bovis Powdered - Gelsemii Powdered n Gentianae Pilular i Glycyrrhizae Brittle mt Glycyrrhizae Purum Pilular ws Hydrastis Powdered 3 Hyoseyami Pilular - Malti Thin Liquid i Nucis Vomicae Powdered cp Opi Powdered ze Physostigmatis Powdered Ge Rhei Powdered a Stramonii Powdered and Pilular aS Sumbul Pilular - Taraxaci Pilular ee Viburni Prunifolii Powdered 66 Make Extractum GENTIANAE—Extract of Gentian Gentian in No. 20 powder 50.0 Gm. Water, a sufficient quantity Moisten the powder with sufficient water and allow it to stand (macerate) for 24 hours. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator and gradually pour water upon it until the drug is exhausted. Re- duce the liquid to three-fourths of its bulk by boiling and strain ; then by means of a water bath, evaporate to a pilular consistency. Extractum Ruer—Extract of Rhubarb Rhubarb, in No. 40 Powder 100.0 Gm. Magnesium Oxide 5.0 Gm. Starch, dried at 100°C. Alcohol, Water, each, a sufficient quantity to make 50.0 Gm. Moisten the drug with sufficient of a mixture of four volumes of alcohol to one volume of water, pack it in a cylindrical percolator and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the per- colator close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the perco- lator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding menstruum of the same propor- tion of alcohol and water as before until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as practicable, and continue distillation until a resi- due of syrupy consistency remains in the still. Transfer this to a shallow dish, rinse the still with a little warm menstruum, add the rinsings to the residue in the dish, and evaporate the mixture to dryness, with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70°C. Weigh the dry extract and add the magnesium oxide and sufficient of the dried starch to make the product weigh fifty grams. Reduce the mixture to a fine powder, mix thoroughly, pass the extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bot- tles and stopper them tightly. 67 RESINAE—RESINS Resins are chemically solid plant substances or exudations us- ually acid in character, insoluble in water but soluble in water and an alkali. However, the pharmaceutic class—resins—are those plant substances insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol, obtained either as a residue left after the distillation of an oleoresin or by precipitating them by pouring a concentrated alcoholic extract of the drug into water or acidulated water. All official resins. except rosin are obtained in this way. Four are official : Resina Rosin Resina Jalapae Resin of Jalap ‘* Podophylli “e ** Podophyllum ‘« Scammoniae ‘< “* Scammony Resina JALAPAE—Jalap B Jalap, in No. 60 powder 50.0 Gm. Alcohol Water, each, a sufficient quantity Moisten the powder with 25 mils of alcohol and pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for 48 hours. Then allow the percolation to preceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, (until 250 mils of percolate are obtained) or until the percolate ceases to produce more than a slight turbidity when dropped into water. Distil off the aleohol, by means of a water-bath, until the percolate is reduced by weight to 12.5 grams, and add the latter slowly, with constant stirring, to 150 mils of water. When the pre- cipitate has subsided, decant the supernatent liquid, and wash the precipitate twice, by decantation with fresh portions of hot water. After having drained off the liquid, transfer the Resin to a por- celain dish and heat it to dryness on a water-bath. Description :—Yellow to brown masses or fragments, breaking with a resinous, glossy fracture, translucent at the edge, or a yel- lowish-brown powder, having a slight peculiar odor, and a some- what acrid taste. : 68 LINIMENTA—LINIMENTS Liniments are liquid preparations for external use to be ap- plied by friction. They are usually solutions or mixtures of oily or alcoholic substances containing fatty oils. Some official lini- ments are solid or semisolid preparations. Eight liniments are official. Three have a fixed oil as a base, three alcohol, one turpen- tine, and one a fluidextract. The following table indicates the base in each: Alcoholic—Basis Alcohol Linimentum Saponis, Soap Liniment ee eS oe oe Mollis ‘* “Soap Liniment “‘ Chloroformi ‘* Fluidextract Belladonnae Oleaginous—Basis Cotton Seed Oil ** Camphorae ‘* Linseed Oil Ms Calcis ‘ “© Sesame Oil ‘* . Ammoniae Turpentine Oil *‘ Terebinthinae Linimentum Saponis—Soap Liniment. liquid Opodeldoe Soap, dried and granulated or powdered 6.0 Gm. Camphor, in small pieces 4.5 Gm. Oil of Rosmary 1.0 mil Alcohol 70.0 mils Water, a sufficient quantity to make 100.0 mils Dissolve the camphor and the oil of rosmary in the alcohol, add the soap and sufficient water to make the product measure 100.0 mils, Agitate the mixture until the soap is dissolved. Set it aside in a cool place for 24 hours, then filter. LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI Chloroform 15.0 mils Soap Liniment 35.0 mils to make 50.0 mils Mix them by agitation. 69 Lintuentum AMMoNIAE Ammonia Water 25.0 mils Sesame Oil 75.0 mils to make 100.0 mils Agitate the ammonia water with the sesame oil until a uniform mixture is obtained. LINIMENTUM CAMPHORAE Camphor, in course powder 5.0 Gm. Cotton Seed Oil 20.0 mils to make 25.0 mils Introduce the cotton seed oil into a suitable flask and heat it on a water bath. Introduce the camphor, and stopper the con- tainer securely. Dissolve the camphor by agitation without the further application of heat. Linimentum Caucis—Carron oil. Lime water 25.0 mils Linseed oil 25.0 mils to make 50.0 mils Mix them by agitation. PULVERES—POWDERS These are preparations of, or combinations of, solid drugs in a fine state of division, for external or internal use. See pp. 26. The pulverization is done to facilitate solution of the ingredients. Seven are official : Pulvis Aromaticus Aromatic powder ‘* Cretae Compositus Compound chalk powder ‘« Effervescens Compositus a Effervescing Powder ‘Glycyrrhizae Compositus . Licorice powder ‘* Tpecacuanhae et Opii Dover’s powder ‘¢ Jalapae Compositus Compound powder of jalap ‘© Rhei : Compound powder of rhubarb 70 Pu.tvis CRETAE COMPOSITUS Prepared Chalk 6.0 Gm, Acacia, in fine powder 4.0 Gm. Sugar, in fine powder 10.0 Gm. Mix the powder thoroughly by trituration and pass the product through a No. 60 sieve. Puuvis EFFERVESCENS Composirus—Seidlitz Powder Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and in fine powder 2.5 Gm. Potassium and Sodium Tartrate in fine powder 7.5 Gm. Tartaric Acid, in fine powder 2.3 Gm ~- Mix the sodium bicarbonate intimately with the potassium and sodium tartrate, and wrap in a blue paper. Wrap the tartaric acid in a separate white paper. Keep the powders well closed, in a dry place. These powders as commonly called ‘‘Seidlitz Powders’’. They are of much use in human practice as a purgative. The two powders are to be dissolved in a glass of water and drunk while the gas is be- ing evolved. The tartaric acid acting upon the sodium bicarb- onate liberates carbonic acid gas and causes the effervescence. TRITURATIONES—TRITURATIONS These preparations were suggested by similar preparations used in homeopathy. The general formula for triturations as directed by the Pharmacopoeia is, Substance 10.0 Gm. Sugar of Milk 90.0 Gm. Weigh the substance and the sugar of milk separately; then place the substance, previously reduced if necessary to a moderately fine powder, in a mortar; add about an equal measure of sugar of milk, mix well by means of a spatula and triturate the powders thoroughly together. Then add fresh portions of sugar of milk; from time to time, until the whole is added, and continue the trit- uration after each addition until the substance is intimately mixed with the sugar of milk and reduced to a fine powder. 71 TRITURATIO ELATERINI Elaterin 1.0 Gm. Sugar of Milk 9.0 Gm. Mix them thoroughly by trituration. (See above). MASSA—MASSES These are combinations of medical substances, incorporated with enough liquid to make a consistency for pills. Two are official. Massa Ferri Carbonatis Vallet’s Mass Massa Hydrargyri Blue Mass Massa Hyprareyri—Blue Mass Mereury 16.5 Gm. Oleate of Mercury 0.5 Gm. Glycyrrhiza, in No. 60 powder 5.0 Gm. Althea, in No. 60 powder 7.5 Gm. Glycerin 4.5 Gm. Honey of Rose 16.0 Gm. to make 50.0 Gm. Triturate the oleate of mercury in a warm mortar, gradually add the mercury, then introduce a small amount of honey of rose and triturate the mixture until globules of mercury are no longer visible under a lens magnifying ten diameters. Now incorporate the remainder of the honey of rose and the glycerin, then gradually add the glycyrrhiza and the althea and continue the trituration un- '' °°" til the mass is homogeneous. Remarks :—The above is known as ‘‘Blue Mass’’. Its manufac- ture requires skill and labor as the mercury tends to run together and form globules. This is prevented by triturating with honey of rose, so as to coat each small globule, and then adding the other ingredients. It should be finished in one-half hour. CONFECTIONS Confections are soft, solid saccharine preparations in which the medicinal agent is combined with saccharine substances, as jellies, pulp of fruit or honey. ‘They are also called conserves or 72 electuaries. In the early days of medicines they served as a useful means of administering medicine because at that time most drugs were disagreeable if not nauseating. They were used a great deal in ancient times. One of them which gained considerable fame was the ‘‘Confection of Damocratis’’ which contained 40 or 50 ingre- dients. Confections are rarely used in Veterinary Medicine as such but as electwaries which will be discussed at greater length under the head of unofficial preparations. There are no official confections. CONFECTION RosaE Red Rose, in No. 60 powder 4.0 Gms. Sugar, in fine powder 32.0 Gms. Clarified Honey 6.0 Gms. Stronger Rose Water 8.0 mils Rub the Red Rose with the Stronger Rose Water, previously heated to 65°C. Then gradually add the Clarified Honey and the sugar and beat the whole together until a uniform mass results. PILULAE—PILLS | Pills are small globules, spherical or lenticular in shape, con- taining one dose of medicinal substance and intended to be swal- lowed whole. Since they are so easily made by machinery, but few are now made by hand. There are three steps in the manufacture of pills. 1. Making the mass, 2. Dividing the mass, 3. Rolling the pills. After they are rolled, they may be coated with gelatin, sugar, chocolate, keratin, ete. Seven are official : Pilulae Aloes— Aloes Pills ‘« Asafoetidae Asafoetida Pills ‘« Catharticae Compositae Compound Cathartic Pills es Ferri Carbonatis Blaud’s Pills ‘Ferri Iodidi Iodide of Iron Pills ‘* ~~ Phosphori Phosphorus Pills 46 Rhei Compositae Yompound Rhubarb Pills 73 PiLnuLAE ALOES BR Aloes, in fine powder 1.3 Gm. Soap, in fine powder 1.3 Gm. Water, sufficient quantity to make 10 pills Mix the powders intimately, then incorporate sufficient water to make a mass, and divide into ten pills. PILULAE RHEI COMPOSITAE R Rhubarb, in No. 80 powder 1.3 Gms. Aloes, in fine powder 1.0 Gm. Myrrh, in fine powder 0.6 Gms Oil of Peppermint 0.05 mils (about 1 drop) Water, a sufficient quantity to make 10 i pills Mix the Oil of Peppermint intimately with the powders, then incorporate sufficient water to form a mass; divide it into 10 pills. TROCHISCI—TROCHES These are dise-like masses of medicinal substances, consisting chiefly of medical powders, sugar and mucilage, intended to be slowly dissolved in the mouth. Powerful or disagreeable drugs ‘should not be given in this manner, and it is needless to say that they cannot be used in veterinary medicine. They may be manufac- tured by massing or compression. In the former case the medi- cine is combined with some mucilaginous substance with sufficient water to make a mass, and then worked in a mortar toa mass. This is rolled out and then cut with a lozenge cutter. By compression :—The manufacture of troches by compression differs from that of tablets only by the size of the mold. Five are official ; \ 74 Trochisei Acidi Tannici Troches Tannic Acid Ammonii Chloridi ‘‘ Ammonium Chloride “< Cubebae “* Cubebs ‘¢ Potassii Chloratis ‘* Potassium Chlorate Sodii Bicarbonatis Sodium Bicarbonate ce ce TrocHIscr Potassit CHLORATIS Potassium Chlorate, in fine powder 1.5 Gm. Sugar, in fine powder 6.0 Gm. Tragacanth, in fine powder 0.3 Gm. Water, a sufficient quality to make 10.0 troches Mix the sugar with the tragacanth by trituration in a mortar; then transfer the mixture to a sheet of paper, and by means of a bone or wooden spatula mix it with the potassium chlorate, being careful to avoid unnecessary trituration or pressure which might cause the mixture to ignite or explode. Lastly with water, form a mass, to be divided into ten (10) troches. UNGUENTA—OINTMENTS Ointments are semisolid preparations in which the medical sub- stances are blended with fatty substances, lard, petrolatum, ete., and soft enough to be applied to the skin by inunction. They are always softer than cerates, which see. They may be prepared by incorporation or fusion. When made by the former method, the medical substance is rubbed with the solid fatty matter in a mortar or upon an ointment slab with a spatula. When made by fu- sion the fatty base is liquified by gentle heat and the medicine in- corporated while liquid or after solidification. Twenty are official. Unguentum, A base for other ointments Unguenam Acidi Borici Acidi Tannici Aquae Rosae Belladonnae Chrysarobini (Chrysarobin) Diachylon 75 we Gallae (Nutgalls) Hydrargyri Hydrargyri Ammoniati ne Hydrargyri Dilutum (Blue ointment) Hydrargyri Nitratis “ Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi e Todi Jodoformi i Phenolis Picis Liquidae Stramonii Sulphuris i Zinei Oxidi ApEeps BENZOINATUS—Benzoinated Lard Lard 100.0 Gm. Siam Benzoin 1.0 Gm. Add the benzoin to the lard and mix thoroughly; then melt the mixture by means of a water bath, and, stirring frequently, continue the heat for two hours, covering the vessel and not allow- ing the temperature to rise about 60°C. (140°F.) lastly strain the liquid through muslin and stir occasionally while it cools. Pre- serve it in a cool place in well closed containers which are imper- vious to fat. UncGuentumM HyprareGyri Iopipr Rupri ET CANTHARIDES Red Iodide of Mercury 10.0 Gm. Cantharides, in fine powder 10.0 Gm. Benzoinated Lard 50.0 Gm. Triturate the red iodide of mercury in a mortar until all lumps are reduced to a fine powder, add the cantharides, a little at a time and mix the two substances thoroughly. Finally add the benzoin- ated lard and rub in the mortar until completely mixed. Remarks :—This is a very popular blister for spavins, ete. 76 UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS ALKALINUM N. F. Washed Sulphur 10.0 Gm. Potassium Carbonate 5.0 Gm. Water x 2.5 mils Benzoinated Lard 32.5 Gm. Rub the sulphur with the potassium carbonate and water. Gradually add the benzoinated lard and mix thoroughly. Uneventum Zincr Oxip1 Zine Oxide, in fine powder 20.0 Gm. Benzoinated Lard 80.0 Gm. Rub the zine oxide, which must be free from gritty particles, with about one fourth of the melted benzoinated lard, in a previous- ly warmed container and with this incorporate the remainder of the benzoinated lard, previously melted. If necessary, strain the ointment while warm, and stir until it congeals. UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS Sublimed Sulphur 15.0 Gm. Benzoinated Lard 85.0 Gm. to make 100.0 Gm. Rub the sublimed sulphur with the benzoinated lard, gradually added, until they are thoroughly mixed. UneuEentum Iopr Todine 4.0 Gm. Potassium Iodide 4.0 Gm. Glycerin ' 12.0 Gm. Benzoinated Lard 80.0 Gm. to make 100.0 Gm. Triturate the iodine and potassium iodide in a glass mortar with the glycerin until dissolved, then gradually incorporate the benzoinated lard and mix thoroughly. All poset with metallic utensils must be avoided. This ointment must not be dispensed unless it has been recent- ly prepared. 77 CERATA—CERATES These are preparations of medical substances with fats and waxes of such a consistency as to be soft enough to spread upon muslin or other material and not soft enough to liquify when ap- pled to the skin. They are called Cerates because they contain wax or cera. They may be prepared by fusion or incorporation but all the official ones are directed to be made by the ‘former method, Three are official : Ceratum Cerate. Used only as a base Ceratum Resinae Resin or Rosin Cerate Ceratum Cantharidis Cantharides Cerate CreratumM ResINAE Rosin 3.5 Gm. Yellow Wax 1.5 Gm. Lard 5.0 Gm. to make 10.0 Gm. Melt.the rosin, add the yellow wax and lard and continue the heat until liquified. Then strain through muslin. Allow it to con- geal with occasional stirring. In cold weather 5.3 Gm. of lard and 1.2 Gm. of wax may ge used. SUPPOSITORIA—SUPPOSITORIES Suppositories are solid bodies of various shapes and weights, adapted for the introduction into various orifices of the body, and melting or softening at body temperature. The vehicles usually employed are oil of theobroma, glycerinated gelatin and sodium stearate. The ideal suppository consists of a medicine blended with some inert base which will not liquify at ordinary temperatures but will melt at the body temperature. They may be prepared by three processes, rolling, molding and compression. The first method con- sists of making a mass, rolling it into a cylinder, cutting the cylin- der and shaping with the hands. In case of those made by molds, the mass is liquified and poured into thoroughly chilled molds. By compression the medical substance is mixed with finely grated oil of theobroma and compressed with a lever. 78 There is one official suppository—Suppositoria Glycerini, be- sides which the Pharmacopoeia contains general formulas for those made with oil of theobroma and glycerinated gelatin. SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI Glycerin 15.0 Gm. Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate 0.25 Gm. Stearic Acid 1.0 Gm. Water 2.5 mils Dissolve the monohydrated sodium carbonate in the water and add it to the glycerin, contained in a suitable vessel placed on a water bath in such a way that the vessel is well down in the boiling water and its contents protected as much as possible from the steam of the ibath. Add the stearic acid, and heat the mixture for 15 minutes or until carbon dioxide ceases to be evolved, and the liquid is clear. Then pour the melted mass into suitable molds, remove the supposi- tories when they are completely cold, and preserve them in a tight- ly stoppered glass vessel in a cool place. CATAPLASMA—CATAPLASMS—POULTICES These are wet masses of solid matter applied to the skin for the purpose of reducing inflammation, or in other cases to act as counter- irritants. The solid matter as the base is chosen with a view to its capacity for absorbing water. Thus the base of the one former offi- cial cataplasma is clay, while mucilaginous drugs, such as flaxseed, are valuable for poultice bases. If the poultice is intended to reduce inflammation, the proper base is one devoid of medical action, and the poultice wet with cold water or liquid acts similarly to a cold compress. If intended to act as a counterirritant, the poultice is either applied hot or is made of some drug which has rubifacient properties. (mustard poultice). Cataplasma Kaolini belongs to the class of mechanical non-medi- cinal poultices used for allaying inflammation. It was official in the Pharmacopoeia of 1905. 79 CATAPLASMA Kao.uini or Cataplasma of Kaolin Koalin, in very fine powder 577.0 Gms. Boric Acid, in very fine powder 45.0 Gms. Thymol 0.5 Gms. Methyl] Salicylate 2.0 Gms. Oil of Peppermint 0.5 Gms. Glycerin 375.0 Gms. to make 1000.0 Gms. Heat the kaolin in a suitable vessel at 100°C., with occasional stirring, for one hour, mix it intimately with the boric acid, and then incorporate the mixture thoroughly with the glycerin; finally add the thymol, which has been dissolved in the methyl salicylate and the oil of peppermint, and make a homogeneous mass. It should be kept in an air tight container. Remarks :—This preparation is similar to various proprietary preparations which are often prescribed for applications to a large number of inflammatory conditions. EMPLASTRA—PLASTERS Plasters are solid preparations containing medicinal substances intended to be applied to the skin, and of sufficient adhesiveness to adhere firmly. They differ from cerates in being free from fats and also from the fact that cerates, when spread on cloth and ap- plied are not of sufficient adhesiveness to stick firmly to the skin. The bases of plasters consist of gum resins, lead plaster, resin plaster, burgundy pitch, isinglass, and India rubber. In former times the first named bases were often used, but the machine made plasters with a rubber base have largely replaced them. The following are official : Emplastrum Belladonnae—Belladonna Plaster Cantharidis Cantharides Plaster a Capsici Capsicum Plaster es Elasticum Rubber Plaster a Plumbi Lead Plaster ee Resinae Resin or Rosin Plaster (x3 Sinipis Mustard Plaster 80 EmpLastrumM PLuumpi—Lead Plaster Lead Oxide 25.0 Gm. Olive Oil 25.0 Gm. Lard 25.0 Gm. Boiling water, a sufficient quantity. Heat the olive oil and the lard by gentle heat until liquified in a bright copper or other suitable vessel of a capacity not less than four times the bulk of the ingredients, sift the lead oxide, through a No. 80 sieve, upon the surface of the hot liquid and mix thoroughly. Then gradually add 9 mils of boiling water, and boil the mixture, constantly stirring, with a wooden spatula, and adding sufficient boiling water, from time to time, to replace that lost by evapora- tion, until the mass is homogeneous and a small portion removed and dipped into cold water is found to be pliable and tenaceous. Then remove it from the fire and wash several times with warm water to remove the glycerin. Finally knead the mass until it is free from water, roll it into cylinders of suitable size, and wrap them in paper. CHARTAE—PAPERS. Unofficial. These are a class of preparations in which the medicine is spread upon paper or absorbed by it. But one is official, Charta Sinipis, Mustard Paper. In the U. 8S. P. of 1890 Charta Potassi Nitratis was also official. Cuarta Povasstt NITRATIS. Potassium Nitrate 1.0 Gm. Distilled Water 4.0 mils Dissolve the Potassium Nitrate in the water. Soak strips of unsized white paper in the solution and then dry them. The paper should be kept in well closed bottles. This paper was formerly used in asthma by burning it and inhaling the fumes. CHAPTER XI. UNOFFICIAL PREPARATIONS Many unofficial preparations are in so common use that it seems best to include a few of them. The most common are :— TABELLAE—-TABLETS Tablet triturates Compressed tablets Hypodermic tablets 81 Boh—Bolus, Ball Capsules Haustus Electuary TABELLAE—TABLETS. Tablets are small dise-shaped bodies containing medicinal agents. With the exception of Toxitabellae Hydrargyri Chlorida Corrosivi they are unofficial but nevertheless largely employed. There are several varieties; tablet triturates, compressed tablets, coated tablets, hypodermic tablets and dispensing tablets. Tablet triturates are prepared by triturating the medicament with finely powdered sugar of milk if powerful agents are used, or if the substance requires no dilution, triturating it to a very fine powder, moistening the powder with sufficient alcohol or other vola- tile substance to make a paste. The moistened powder is then pressed: into molds consisting of a plate perforated with holes and then pressing out the tablets by fitting this perforated plate over another plate upon which are stituated pegs that accurately fit the perforations. The liquid is evaporated very quickly, after which the tablets retain their shape and are ready for use. They possess advantages over any other method of administering solids in human and small animal animal practice as they are more conven- iently administered than powders and are more soluble than pills, compressed tablets or capsules. Well made triturates disintegrate almost immediately on being placed in water. Hypodernuc tablets are made by the same process. The selec- tion of the diluent is an important question because rapid solu- bility is desired. Dried neutral sodium sulphate has been largely employed and frequently they contain in addition some substance which produces chemical change when added to water and causes a rapid disintegration of the mass. Tablet Triturates of Calomel. (each contain 1/10 gr.; 0.006 Calomel 0.6 Gm. Sugar of milk, a sufficient quantity to make 10.0 Gm. 82 Clean mold and wipe each hole separately to avoid dirty tab- lets. Triturate the calomel with 1 gram of sugar of milk. Then add the rest of the sugar of milk in small portions, triturating thoroughly after each addition. Moisten the powder with a few drops of alcohol and with a spatula quickly press into the molds placed upon a pill tile. Then remove and allow to dry. Compressed tablets are made from dried, granulated materials by compression in a suitable machine. They are less soluble than tablet triturates. Compressed tablets of insoluble material should not be used. Coated tablets are compressed tablets covered with sugar, choc- olate, ete. Dispensing tablets are those which contain a relatively large amount of the active drug like strychnine 1-gr.. or % gr. They are used by pharmacists and those who dispense their own reme- dies in order to avoid the necessity of weighing small amounts of powerful drugs in filling prescriptions. Bouus Boir—Ball A bolus may be defined as a large pill. The term literally means mass or lump. Its use is restricted to veterinary medicine. They are made very similarly to pills. The ingredients are finely powdered and thoroughly mixed, after which an excipient, such as soap, syrup, glycerin, or molasses is added to make a mass of proper consistency. The mass is then divided into the proper number of doses and each portion is molded into the form of a cylinder with rounded ends. They may be wrapped in thin paper or placed in capsules. Very few practitioners make their own balls on account of the cheapness at which they may be purchased. Bouus ALOES Aloes 5 viij 30.0 Gm. Calomel er. XXX 2.0 Gm. Ginger aj 4.0 Gm. Nux Vomica er. XXX 2.0 Gm. Glycerin ~ Simple syrup aa. 5 j 4.0 mils 83 Heat the aloes, glycerin and syrup on a water bath at a tem- perature not to exceed 120°F., until the aloes is melted, add the ginger and nux vomica and mix thoroughly. Then add about 15 drops of alcohol. Mix and pour upon a plate covered with lyco- podium. After the mass has cooled sufficiently mold into shape and wrap in thin paper. or Aloes 3 vilj Calomel gr. XXX Ginger 3 j Nux Vomica gr. Xxx Glycerin Simple syrup aa q. 8. Mix the aloes, ginger, nux vomica and calomel and then add enough of equal parts of simple syrup and glycerin to make a mass. Mold into shape and wrap in thin paper. , CAPSULAE—CAPSULES Capsules are ovoid or cylindrical shells of gelatin used for the administration of various forms of medicines, powders, masses or liquids. They are termed hard or soft according to the amount of glycerin contained in the mass from which they are made. Hard capsules consist of a shell and cap or cover. They are a fairly popular means of administering medicines in veterinary practice. They may be filled with powders by placing the powder upon a clean piece of paper and gently pressing the shell into the mixture when it will gradually fill. In order to get the exact amount in each capsule they should be weighed. This may be easily done by having the weight plus an empty capsule on one scale pan and throwing the filled capsule upon the other pan. If not sufficiently filled a little more pressure will bring the desired Smount and if it is already over-filled a slight tapping upon the inverted capsule will throw out the excess. In case of very large capsules the powder may be poured directly into the capsule and cap. Liquids may also be poured into the shell of the larger capsules or dropped into the smaller ones by means of a pipette or burette. It is needless 84 to say that liquids which dissolve gelatin must not be placed in capsules unless they are to be given at once. Havustus—DreEncH A haustus or drench may be defined as an extemporary liquid preparation intended to be given immediately in one dose. , ELEcTUARIUM—ELECTUARY Electuaries are medicinal pastes to be smeared on the teeth of animals where they melt at body temperature and are absorbed or are free to act locally upon the tissues of the mouth and throat. Usually a specified quantity is dispensed as a sample dose or one of the common domestic measures may be used. CuHapter XII. MATERIA MEDICA The following lists contain the more important drugs arranged for convenience of study. Students should keep a separate note-book ruled according to the following scheme, in which to tabulate the characteristics. Explanatory :—The official name, synonym, dose, origin may be taken from some standard text but the form, color, taste, and odor should be taken directly from the specimen. The dose should be given in both the Apothecaries and Metric systems. Those preparations printed in ttalics should be studied so that they may be recognized by their physical characteristics, while the others should be sufficiently studied to know whether they may or may not be certain drugs. For instance, whether a brown powder might be calomel or nux vomica, or a colorless preparation tincture of digitalis, iron, ete. Official Name Synonym Abbrev. Dose H-Horse D-Dog Origin Parts used Active Principles Appearance Form, Color Taste, Odor Solubility Ale. Water 86 LESSON I CrrcunaTory STIMULANTS DicITALIs GROUP Digitalis Fluidextractum Digitalis Tinctura Digitalis Strophanthus Tinetura Strophanthi Scilla Fluidextractum Scillae Syrupus Scillae CIRCULATORY SEDATIVES Aconitum Fluidextractum Aconiti Tinctura Aconiti Veratrum Viride * HOES SASE Z 4 Ingredients N. T. Sago N.T. Very irritant to nasal Fluidextractum Veratri Viridis mucous membrane. LESSON I = VASOCONSTRICTORS AND VASODILATORS Adrenalin Solution Liquor Hypophysis Amylis Nitris Sodii Nitris Spiritus Glycerylis Nitratis ANTIPYRETICS Cinchona Cinchona Rubra Tinetura Cinchonae Tinetura Cinchonae Composita Fluidextractum Cinchonae Quinina Quininae Sulphas ‘¢ Bisulphas ‘¢ — Hydrochloridum ‘‘ Hydrobromidum Cinchonidinae Sulphas Coau Tar ANTIPYRETICS Acetanilidum Antipyrina Acetphenetidinum * D.N.T. means do not taste; Proprietary wioleiele, 42 2242 ocd alts T, ei be eoceeemmmmrm eee C, taste cautiously; H, harmless, 87 SALICYLATE ANTIPYRETICS Acidum Salicylicum Cc Sodii Salicylas C. Pheny] Salicylas C. Acidum Acetylsalicylicum Cc Proprietary C Methylis Salicylas LESSON III ATROPINE GROUP Belladonnae Radix Belladonnae Folia Tinctura Belladonnae Fluidextractum Belladonnae Linimentum Belladonnae Atropinae Sulphas Hyoscyamus Fluidextractum Hyoscyami Tinetura Hyoscyami Hyoscina Stramonium Extractum Stramonii Azz yopeanyanaan 38 HAR LESSON — < CEREBRAL DEPRESSANTS Opium Tinctura Opn Tinctura Opi Camphoratae Extractum Opii Pulv. Extractum Opii Opii Deodoratum Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii Tinct. Ipecacuanhae et Opii Morphina Morphinae Sulphas Morphinae Hydrochloridum Codeina Codeinae Sulphas Diacetylmorphina Per cent. of Morphine Per cent. of Morphine Ingredients z 4 4 3 Cannabis Fluidextractum Cannabis Tinctura Cannabis Chloralum Hydratum Paraldehydum Sulphonmenthanum oloMcloloMlololololelolclolololololo Az 4 88 LESSON V ANESTHETICS Chloroformum C. Linimentum Chloroformi D.N. T. Spiritus Chloroformi C. Ether C. Ethylis Chloridum D.N. T. Alcohol C. BROMIDES Potassii Bromidum C Sodii ns C. Lithii ee C. Strontii = C. Ammonii es C. Acidum Hydrobromicum D.N.T LESSON VI STRYCHNINE Groupe Nux Vomica Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae Extractum Nucis Vomicae Tinctura Nucis Vomicae Strychnina Strychninae Sulphas ‘ Strychninae Hydrochloridum Hydrastis Tinctura Hydrastis Glyceritum Hydrastis Hydrastininae Hydrochloridum PHYSOSTIGMINE GROUP .Physostigma Extractum Physostigmatis Tinctura Physistigmatis Physostigminae Salicylas Pilocarpus Fluidextractum Pilocarpi Pilocarpinae Hydrochloridum Nux Areca Arecolinae Hydrobromatum LocaL ANESTHETICS Coca Cocainae Hydrochloridum Alypinum Novocain Per cent. of strychnine Per cent. of strychnine A2AAZZ BHan wiololelelel~)-lolole 5 A Z2ZZAZA 22 2 YayoUyedy 3 S888 5H Where grown? Mention other mem- bers of the group. SOoy AAAZ 89 LESSON VII EMeEtTIcS Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum Ipecacuanha Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae Syrupus Ipecacuanhae BITTERS Gentiana Fluidextractum Gentianae Tinctura Gentianae Quassia Fluidextractum Quassiae Gastric ANTACIDS Sodu Bicarbonas Liquor Calcis Magnesii Oxidum Magnesii Carbonas Calcii Carbonas CARMINATIVES Capsicum Fluidextractum Capsici Tinctura Capsici Zingiber Fluidextractum Zingiberis Tinetura Zingiberis .N.T .N.T. QgaQ0 Mention other bitters Pn a siminiaia Mention other car- minatives aneage LESSON VIII PURGATIVES ‘ Oleum Ricim Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum Aloe Tinctura Aloes Aloinum Tinetura Aloes et Myrrhae Rheum Senna Oleum Tiglii Elaterinum Cambogia Jalapa Mention Preparations Preparations SSSSeCRRRAm mim AZAAZ Haas 90 Oleoresina Jalapae Podophyllum Oleoresina Podophylli Colocynthis Extractum Colocynthidis Scammoniae Radix SALINES Magnesii Sulphas Sodii Sulphas Potassii et Sodii Tartras SSSseay 222A 2 BHeH 4 WQa VERMICIDES Aspidium Oleoresina Aspidii Granatum Kamala Pepo Santoninum Chenopodium Oleum Chenopodii Spigelia Fluidextractum Spigeliae LThymol Betanaphthol GOAQheage ololole LESSON IX DIvRETICS Digitalis Group Recall characteristics Caffeina Apocynum Potassii Acetas Potassii Citras Potassii Bitartras Potassu Nitras Spiritus Aetherts Nitrost VOLATILE OILS Oleum Anisi “*- Corinandri ‘¢ Lavandulae Florum ‘ Inmonis Corticis ‘* Menthae Piperitae Carui Cinnamomi Eucalyptoli Foeniculi ‘* Pimentae Samm ao Flavors a Carminatives re ee iad peaeeae aaa 91 Oleum Valerianae D.N.T. Malodorous Asafoetida : Copaiba D.N.T. Genitro Urinary Stim- Oleoresina Copaibae ulants Cubeba Oleoresina Cubebae Oleum Santali Juniperum Oleum Juniperi Spiritus Juniperi Buchu Uva Ursi Terebinthina Oleum Terebinthinae ‘¢ Lavandulae Rosmarini ‘« Picis Liquidae ‘« Cajaputi Sinapis Alba Ninapis Nigra Oleum Sinapis Volatile Thiosinimin Cantharis Tinctura Cantharidis Eupatorium Chrysarobinum Epicarin Oleum Cadinum Balsamum Peruvianum Q Diuretics Preparations Preparations Skin irritants a3 Smell very cautiously 4 SS8585884 5858 LESSON Terpini Hydras Terebenum Balsamum Tolutanum Syrupus Tolutanus Oleum Savinae ‘« Tanaceti ‘« Rutae ‘« Hedeomae Oleum Caryophylli ‘« Cinnamomi sean Sassafras . Gaultheriae Pyrethrum Used in respiratory diseases Toxie and Ecbolic Used in Dentistry ce oe VORA FUy Bh Om Dab rOySyS UE SSDUaS eseaapseN N.T. Insecticide UTERINE STIMULANTS Ergota Fluidextractum Ergotae UTERINE SEDATIVES Viburnum Prunifolium 92 Fluidextractum Viburni Prun. VEGETABLE ASTRINGENTS Acidum Tannicum Acidum Gallicum Galla Kino Krameria Gambir Hamamelidis Sats OF PotTasH Potassii Bromidum ce ce oe ce ae ce ce ce ce 4 ce Bitartras Citras Acetas Bichromas Nitras Hydroxidum Sulphas Bicarbonas Carbonas Chloras Todidum Permanganas Potassa cum Calce Pctassii Oleatum Soprum Sauts Sodii Hydroxidum c¢¥ ce ae ce ims 66 Bicarbonas Carbonas Chloridum Sulphas Sulphis Phosphas Bisulphis Thiosulphas LESSON ore) Bw A2Q22Q220 DOOSCCORMORO RRS eo eat El Eat Fl ¢2 ES N.T. Preparations of these drugs LESSON XII AMMONIUM PREPARATIONS Aqua Ammoniae Aqua Ammontae Fortior Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus Linimentum Ammoniae Ammon Carbonas Ammonii Chloridum Liquor Ammonii Acetatis LirHium SAuts Lithii Citras “* Carbonas Caucrum Sats Creta Preparata Mistura Cretae Calcii Carbonas Praecipitatus Calx Liquor Calcis Calcii Chloridum Calcii Sulphas Exsiccatus BaRIuM ; Barii Chloridum MaGNneEsIuM Magnesii Carbonas ne Oxidum Oxidum Ponderosum “« Sulphas oe D.N.T. Smell Cautiously D.N.T. Smell Cautiously C. D.N. T. C. C. H. H. H. H. Official preparation H. Ingredients H. D.N.T H. C. DLN. T. Use? D.N.T H. H. H. H. LESSON XIII ACIDS Acidum Hychloricum Nitricum ‘¢ Nitrohydrochloricum ‘¢ Phosphoricum Sulphuricum co ‘¢ Sulphuricum Aromaticum ce Chromicum Aceticum Aceticum Glaciale ‘« Stearicum ‘* Oxalicum ‘« Lacticum ce 6 T. Preparations Ingredients sesserecrrys Siclctsisleteisictsls Citricum Tartaricum Oleicum Boricum Picricum HALOGENS Iodum Tinctura Iodt Liquor Iodi Compositus Unguentum Jodi Todopin Sulphuris Iodidum Sodii Iodidum Potassii Iodidum Iodoformum Todoformin Todolum Thymolis Iodidum Bromoformum Chlorum Calx Chlorinata, Sauts or Heavy MerTaus Arseni Trioxidum Liquor Acidi Arsenosi Liquor Potassii Arsenitis Liquor Sodii Arsenatis Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri Iodidi Sedii Arsenas Arseni Iodidum Atoxyol Sodii Cacodylas Cupri Arsenas ANTIMONY Antimonii et Potassii Tartras Antimonii Sulphis BIsMUTH Bismuthi Subnitras ee Subearbonas Ye Subgallas ‘¢ Subsalicylas 94 Sagaa Zz Zz 4s LESSON. XIV LESSON mmm Z2AZAAZAZ S SSsgseagsysyy Vv DOSE Heees oo AZZ 43 2 AAAAZ Bee5H a Z 3 Z2A2AAZ Henan Ingredients See Bromides Per cent. of Arsenic Ingredients Ingredients 95 a8 Betanaphtholas H. ae et Ammonii Citras H. ° Magma Bismuthi H. LESSON XVI IRon Ferrum H. Ferrum Reductum H. Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus H. Massa Ferri Carbonatis C Ferri Chloridum .N.T. Tinctura Ferri Chlorida C. C e) D Liquor Ferri Chloridi D.N.T. What is this used for? Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis C. Ferri Hydroxidum cum Magnesii C. For what used? Oxido Ferry Sulphas ‘¢ Sulphas Exsiccatus Subsulphas Liquor Ferri Subsulphas N. T. Use? N.T. SCALE PREPARATIONS .. Why so named? Ferri et Ammonii Citras ‘* et Quininae Citras et Strychninae Citras ce TOO Ia2Q ae COPPER AND ZINC Cupri Sulphas Zinei Chloridum ‘* Acetas ‘* Carbonas Praecipitatus “* Oxidum Sulphas EQ5a08 A oe SILVER Argenti Nitras Argenti Nitras Fusus D.N.T D.N.T Argenti Nitras Mitigatus D.N.T. Ingredients Protargol D.N.T Argyrol D.N.T Argentamin D.N.T D.N.T Argentum Solubile 96 LESSON XVII LEAD. Plumbi Acetas Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Plumbi Jodidum Plumbi Oxidum Emplastrum Plumbi MERCURY Hydrargyrum Massa Hydrargyri Unguentum Hydrargyri Hydrargyrum cum Creta Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosiv- | um Hydrargyri Chloridum Mite Hydrargyrt Iodidum Rubrum Hydrargyri Iodidum Flavum Hydrargyri Nitras Unguentum Hydr. Nit. Hydrargyrum Ammoniatum Hydrargyri Oxidum Flavum Hydrargyri Oxidum Rubrum MANGANESE Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum Potassu. Permanganas ALUMINUM Alumen Alumen Exsiceatum CERIUM Cerii Oxalas PHOSPHORUS Phosphorus Zinci Sulphidum Calcium Glycerophosphas SULPHUR COMPOUNDS Sulphur Sublimatum Sulphur Lotum Sulphur Praecipitatu Sulphuris Iodidum D.N.T. D.N.T. D.N.T. D.N.T. D.N.T. D.N.T. D.N.T. D,N.T. D.N.T. D.N.T. D.N.T. C. D.N.T D.N.T D.N.T D.N.T D.N.T D.N.T D.N.T D.N.T D.N.T H. C. H. D.N.T. D.N.T. C. H. H. H. D.N.T, Ingredients Do not remove from bottle 97 Caleii Sulphidum Crudum Cc Potassu Sulphurata D.N.T Ichthyol D.N.T Ichthalbin D.N. T Ichthoform D.N.T Thiol D.N.T LESSON XVIII GERMICIDES Phenol D.N. T. Phenol Iiquefactum D.N.T. How made? Unguentum Phenolis D.N.T. Sodii Phenolsulphonas C. Creosotum D.N.T. Creosoti Carbonas D.N. T. Guaiacol D.N.T. Guaiacohs Carbonas D.N.T. Pix Liquida C. Cresol D.N. T. Liquor Cresolis Compositus D.N. T. Resorcinol D.N. T. Naphthalinum C. Beta Naphthol C. Liquor Formaldehydum D.N.T Paraformaldehydum D.N.T Hexamethylenamina C. Methyl Blue D.N.T Methylthioninae Chloridum D.N.T Liquor Hydrogenti Dioxidi C. LESSON XIX CAMPHOR GROUP Camphora Aqua Camphorae Linimentum Camphorae Ceratum Camphorae Spiritus Camphorae Linimentum Saponis Camphora Monobromata Menthol .T. Ingredients .T. Ingredients .T. Ingredients QQ5Q55Ro 2 AA 98 PROTEOTIVES Althaea H. Amylum H. Adeps H. ‘* ~ Benzoinatus H. ‘« Lanae D.N.T. Preparation. Oleum Lint HH. Raw or boiled and Cetaceum H. Why? Petrolatum H. Petrolatum Album H. Petrolatum Liquidum H. /Glycerinum H. Cera Alba H. Cera Flava H. Taleum Purificatum H. Kaolinum H. For what. used ? A a aii pieanteg aE = ait as atts oe Toe i ig ma ela treetsbattee er unarn iepes ae tneataet acacia mit sept Leinart et i eituesrs ry ata Hp seis 33 Hunniee trae aa eee i piesa eta iaitict Erect panile