SF “SEP 5 1958 995 ae - W g 3 SF 995. ssi University Library | ci LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N. Y. This Volume is the Gift of William L. Leeney from the collection of Capt. Harold Leeney Date Due Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000931570 PROFIT OR LOSS CREDIT YZ iwi Food Breeding Stock iwi a ( Hous ing Meat 2 re Labor Ses, wi Unavoidable r Mor tality Ei ial Avoidable so . | Mor tality : XL PROFIT OR LOSS POULTRY DISEASES Causes Symptoms and Treatment With Notes on Post-Mortem Examinations E. J. WORTLEY, F.C. S. THustrated oe eG al (el ie bab be ECA ES? C64 NEW YORK PIE RARY ORANGE JUDD COMPANY 1915 LONDON KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER & CO., Limited Copyright, 1915, by ORANGE JUDD COMPANY All Rights Reserved Entered at Stationers’ Hall LONDON, ENGLAND PRINTED IN U. S. A. PREFACE ' Poultry farming as a means of profit can be made successful only by maintaining the most vigorous and sustained campaign against disease. The aim of the poultry rearer should be to stamp out disease by preventive measures. Practical experience proves the inefficiency of many so-called cures, and points to the urgency of poultry- men endeavoring to understand more thor- oughly the causes of the ailments to which domestic fowls are liable. My aim is to put a concise handbook into the hands of poultry rearers, who should thus be assisted in determining the various diseases and in taking the precautionary steps important in preventing the introduc- tion and spread of contagious diseases. No effort is made to elaborate the scientific side of the subject. Those desirous of obtain- ing full information about the types of organisms that have been proved to be the specific causes of, or to be invariably asso- v PREFACE ciated with, particular disorders, may do so with profit by obtaining fuller works on the subject. Many scientific workers are de- voting their time to the problem of combat- ing diseases among poultry, and assistance is willingly given by officers of the ex- periment stations to farmers who desire to identify any disease causing loss in their flocks. The practical poultryman will recognize the fact that measures for the control of disease cannot be limited to sanitation and the treatment of sick birds, but, in reality, include such important matters as the selection of healthy stock, intelligent feeding, proper housing, and other details essential to the successful management of poultry. I gratefully acknowledge my indebted- ness to the works of Dr. D. E. Salmon and John H. Robinson, editor of Farm Poultry, and to the recent publication on poultry dis- eases by Dr. Raymond Pearl, Frank M. Surface, and Maynie R. Curtis. My thanks are due to R. 8. Martinez for the care taken vl PREFACE in making the photographs from which the drawings for the illustrations in the chapter on Post-Mortem Examinations were pre- pared. Much valuable information has also been obtained from bulletins issued by the experiment stations of the United States and by the Ontario Agricultural College of Canada. E. J. WORTLEY. vii CONTENTS CHAPTER I GENERAL MeETHOps oF CoNTROLLING DISEASE 1. Importance of controlling disease. . Dangers of introducing disease. . Control measures. . Nursing sick birds. . The use of drugs and medicines. . Disinfection. An wih CHAPTER II SUMMARY OF EXTERNAL SYMPTOMS AND ‘TREATMENT 5 1. Diseases affecting head and respiratory organs. 2. Diseases affecting organs of digestion aad repro- duction. . Diseases affecting legs and feet. . Parasites. . Miscellaneous. CHAPTER III Diseases OF PouLTRY OTHER THAN FowLs npPw CHAPTER IV DiszASES AND PEsTs OF FOWLS . 3 3 (In alphabetical order.) CHAPTER V Post-MorTEM EXAMINATIONS . : : . 1. Making the examination. 2. The normal condition of the internal organs. 3. Diagnosis of disease by post-mortem symptoms. 1X PAGE 14 19 22 99 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIG. PAGE Profit or Loss. - 3 : ‘ . Frontispiece 2 Isolation ‘ . E 3 5 “ ‘ FI 3 5 3 Desolation . ‘ ‘ : i . 6 4 Poultryman’s Medicine. Shelves : ‘ ‘ : . 8 5 How Disease Is Spread . 2 : : 2 - Io 6 Aids to Thorough Disinfection . ‘ . : » &I2 7 Head Showing Brain Exposed . é 4 - 29 8 S Windpipe Cut Open : ‘ t UA Fungus That Causes Aspergillos s ae ee 9 Bumblefoot ; és A . 36 ro Chicken Pox : - ‘ i zs { ‘ - 38 1zr Diphtheritic Roup ‘ F 5 + 50 S Chicken Affected with Gapes : e. Lit 65 UGape Worms , : - Sf 13 Looking for Lice : . 67 14 Three Lice That Commonly Affect Fowls ‘ . 68 zs The Air-Sac Mite F . 74 16 The Depluming Mite . , ‘ . A i . 74 17 The Red Mite. : s - 73 18 Organs of Reproduction of the Hen . : . 78 19 Examining a Fowl] with a Suspicious Cold . . 84 20 A Roupy Eye 3 3 : . ‘i ‘ 3 . 87 ax Scaly Leg. . . : : . 88 22 The Mite That Causes Scaly ities ‘ ‘ 5 . 89 23 The Fowl Tick . - 90 24 Organs Affected by Tuberculosis and Blackhead . Of 25 Chickens Affected with White Diarrhea . ‘ - 93 26 Healthy Chickens 2 ‘ F 3 - 93 27 Worms in Intestinal Tract of Fow! ‘ * 7 - 95 28 The Parts of a Fowl . : c . é ‘i . 96 29 Skeleton of a Fowl . F ‘ . : . . 97 30 Post-Mortem Examination No. 1 “ 5 100 31 Post-Mortem Examination No. 2 102 32 Post-Mortem Examination No. 3 104 33 Post-Mortem Examination No. 4 106 34 Post-Mortem Examination No. 5 ‘ I10 X1 CHAPTER I GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE I. Importance of Controlling Disease HE ravages of disease add considerably to the difficulties of raising poultry in all parts of the world. It is the experience of poultry rearers that an annual toll has to be paid in the lives of young birds and older stock. Sooner or later, in addition, an epi- demic may break out and result in heavy losses and much discouragement. It is most important, therefore, to be able to recognize the symptoms and to know the causes of the many diseases to which vari- ous kinds of poultry are subject. Every practical effort should be made to reduce avoidable mortality. An unexplained death should be regarded with concern. It may point to the presence of a serious dis- ease. When there is not sufficient external I POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT evidence for determining the cause of death, a post-mortem examination should be made (see page 98). The poultryman must know above all whether he is dealing with an infectious dis- ease or not. The discovery that a sudden death among his fowls is due to apoplexy will set his mind at ease. On the other hand, if a case of cholera occurs, the body of the dead fowl should be burnt, and a vigorous campaign started to prevent the spread of the disease; birds showing mopishness and other suspicious symptoms should be isolated; the houses, the feed troughs, the water vessels, and the yard to which the dead fowl has had access, should all be thor- oughly disinfected. 2. Dangers of Introducing Disease Perhaps more loss has been caused by in- troducing birds with disease into a healthy flock than by any other means. Readers will, doubtless, be able to recall occasions on which their own, or their neighbors’, 2 GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE flocks suffered. An instance was recently related to the writer. A poultryman was offered two fowls, which he at first refused, but owing to the vagrant seller’s importu- nity, he eventually bought the birds and let them loose among the home flock. On the following day one died; but no effort was made to discover the cause, nor was the dead fowl’s body burnt. In a few days, a fowl belonging to the original flock died and, in three to four weeks after the purchase, two- thirds of the stock had died. It afterwards transpired that the vendor had lost several of his fowls from cholera, and the fear of further mortalities had been his reason for being so anxious to dispose of the survivors. On every farm where poultry is kept, there should be a quarantine ward for new purchases. The most careful breeders will isolate their own birds that have returned from an exhibition, for fear they may have contracted some disease there or on the journey. POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT 3. Control Measures Practical experience and scientific in- vestigation have clearly proved that pre- ventive measures are more economical and effective than curative. Failing preven- tion, everything points to the importance of dealing promptly with the first cases, owing to the risk of infection of the rest of the stock. Control measures may be divided into three classes: 1. Proper housing and feeding of fowls. 2. General sanitation and disinfection. 3. Administration of medicine to sick birds. The details to which special attention must be given are covered by the following axiomatic rules: 1. Isolate birds recently purchased—for two or three weeks. . Isolate every bird that shows any sign of ill health. 3. Provide a fresh and pure supply of water in a shady position. 4. Add Epsom salts (one teaspoonful to a quart) once a week to the drinking water. Give chickens daily a liberal supply of bran in addition to their other food. Feed birds on a varied diet, including green food. Arrange that birds have to scratch for some of their food. 7. Construct houses, nest boxes, etc., so that they can be readily and thoroughly disinfected. Houses should be free from drafts. 8. Disinfect contaminated soil by spraying, liming, and resting. 4 Ne rr GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE 9. Visit the roosts at night to detect cases of wheezing due to colds, and to search for mites and other pests. to. Keep on hand disinfectants, lice powders and medicines likely to be required. 4. Nursing Sick Birds The small margin of profit on a single fowl makes dosing with medicines and nurs- ing an unprofitable occupation, except in Fic. 2.-ISOLATION 5 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT the case of valuable stock. If the treatment of a bird is undertaken, it should be borne in mind that more depends upon attention to the rules of good nursing than to the administration of drugs. Comfortable quarters, warm and free from drafts, clean straw, and invalid’s diet of soft and easily Fic, 3.—DESOLATION 6 GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE digested food will all turn the chances in favor of recovery. Too often isolation is in effect a death sen- tence. The bird is put into cramped quar- ters, exposed to cold winds and beating rains, and, being in an out-of-the-way cor- ner, is, perhaps, neglected instead of being specially cared for. Fowls that will not take food should be fed lightly, but frequently, with a spoon in order that their strength may be kept up. All stale food should be removed. 5. The Use of Drugs and Medicines Drugs and medicines likelyto be required should always be kept in stock. The weekly use of Epsom salts, as a mild laxative for preventing intestinal disorders, is strongly recommended. Little faith should be put in drugs said to cure tuberculosis, cholera, etc. Below is given a list of the medicines generally required. The doses given in the table are for a medium-sized adult fowl; three-quarters as much should be given for a half-grown bird, and about 7 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT one-fifth for a young chicken. Treatment should be repeated as necessary, and animals should be well nursed. © ‘mm il i na ti | “CREOLIN | LYSOL} | nan KEROSENE T | (y j | TT il ca “- i | | H | a4 POT | CC he A pe suuPHUR {Hil LaRD ||! feet some Paframcanae i} Ht | | IAEA TH i 7 i \ iz g PRICY (3 |, Lice = =HE Rh Powe = Fic. 4—-POULTRYMAN’S MEDICINE SHELVES 8 GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE MEDICINE Dose or DISEASE STRENGTH Stimulants— Brandy ........eeeeee -| 3-10 drops in warm milk Aperients— Calomel .........00005 1 grain Diarrhea; liver disease. Castor oil.............4 1 teaspoonful | Diarrhea. E IRS a sasets Seeaners see i ee a Ba yous 4 | Constipation; diarrhea; Peotord iow c liver disease. warm water |J Astringents— Chlorodyne ........... 6-12 drops Diarrhea: d 4 lysentery. Laudanum (relieves pain) | 4-6 drops ‘ i Tonic and Febrifuge— Diarrhea; dysentery. UININE ..ceeservecnre 1 i . Aconite ....... Seles: 1 drop t Colds; fever; roup. For Worms— Turpentine .......... -| 5 to 10 drops in 1 teaspoon-| : : . ens ful castor oil ¢ Worms (intestinal). antonin ...... eee ee ee 3to5 i Antiseptic Washes— one Brains: |) (a) Carbolic acid ..... (b) Hydrogen peroxide. (c) Creolin (d) Permanganate of potash Dressing Flesh Wounds— % creolin and 44 sweet Iodine Embrocation: Turpentine. Sweet oil Inseeticides— Lice powders ... Kerosene Sulphur ointment: Sulphur Kerosene . 1-5% sol. 50% (7) 2-5% sol. 1% -2% sol. Tincture 10 drops 1 ounce 1 part 1 part 2 parts Colds; roup; diphtheria; * cuts and injuries. Cuts and injuries. 4 Cramp. Rheumatism. Lice, mites. Scaly legs. Lice, scaly legs, mites, ticks. Note.—By accepting that 114 teaspoonfuls made up to a pint wh water gives approximately a 1% solution, any of the weak dilutions required by poultrymen can be easily prepared. POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT 6. Disinfection The important part played by micro-or- ganisms in causing and spreading disease must be understood before the value of dis- infection can be fully appreciated. The poultryman must develop a sense of sight that sees lurking microbes at every turn, especially in unclean corners. Figure 5 shows germs revealed by the microscope in the excrement of a bird suffering from Fic. 5.—HOW DISEASE IS SPREAD Germs of tuberculosis in the excrement of a fowl. (After Edwards.) Io GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE tuberculosis. The fact that this speck con- tained so many germs, although it was far too small to be seen with the naked eye, will give an idea of how epidemics may be caused by food, water, and soil contam- inated by excreta, nasal discharges, etc. Regular and thorough disinfection of woodwork, of feeding vessels, and of the - drinking water should form part of the routine of poultry management, and a stock of disinfectants should always be kept on hand. It will be found convenient to have an iron drum with a tap for a diluted solu- tion, say 5%, of some standard disinfectant —e. g., creolin—that can be further diluted as required. Water. A stock solution of perman- ganate of potash, made by adding ten grains to one quart of water, should always be kept on hand for purposes of disinfection. .When there is danger of infection, two tablespoon- fuls of this solution should be added to every gallon of drinking water. Feeding Vessels. Clean with boiling water. II POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Houses and Fixtures. Spray with 2% to 5% creolin (or other disinfectant) and whitewash afterwards, or use whitewash to which 2% of creolin has been added. The Fic, 6.—AIDS TO THOROUGH DISINFECTION 12 GENERAL METHODS OF CONTROLLING DISEASE whitewash should be prepared with quick- lime. The house should first be cleaned out with an iron scraper and scrubbing brush, using a liberal supply of water (see Fig. 6). 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ONY SWOLdWAS IVNYALXY dO AIVWWOAS oO Pel CHAPTER IIL DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS LL classes of domestic poultry are to a great extent subject to the same dis- eases that affect the common fowl. The symptoms of such diseases are for the most part similar to those noticed when fowls are affected, and treatment must be on the same lines. In the management of turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons, the strictest sanitary measures must be enforced, as in the rearing of fowls. Owing to its importance, blackhead of turkeys is dealt with separately. It is one of the most serious of poultry diseases and causes heavy losses to turkey rearers. Care- ful study should be made of the reports of the recent investigations at the Rhode Island Experiment Station. Severe epidemics of diarrhea or cholera occur among all classes of poultry. Geese are subject to a form of cholera that appears 19 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT to be different from any kind that attacks fowls. Water fowl are not commonly in- fested with external parasites. Pigeons, on the other hand, are worried by fleas and ticks as well as mites. Smallpox of pigeons is similar to chicken pox of fowls, but pus- tular swellings may be found on the rump and the cloaca of the pigeon as well as on the head. The scaly leg mite attacks turkeys and the gape worm is sometimes a serious pest of poults. Below is given a list of some of the diseases of turkeys, ducks, geese, guinea fowls and pigeons: TURKEYS Blackhead Roup Diphtheria Tuberculosis Gapes Scaly leg Leg weakness White comb Lice Worms Mites DUCKS Aspergillosis Diphtheria Catarrh Lice Congestion of lungs Mites Cholera Worms 20 DISEASES OF POULTRY OTHER THAN FOWLS GEESE Aspergillosis Lice Cholera Mites Congestion of lungs Worms Diphtheria GUINEA FOWLS Aspergillosis Lice Cholera Mites Diphtheria Worms PIGEONS Aspergillosis Flea Canker Lice Chicken pox (smallpox) Mites Diphtheria Ticks Dovecot bug Worms 21 CHAPTER IV DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS Abscesses. Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases). Air under skin (see Emphysema). Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac). Anemia. Apoplexy. Aspergillosis. Atrophy of liver (see Liver diseases). Bacterial enteritis (see Diarrhea). Baldness (see Favus). Biliary repletion (see Jaundice). Blackhead of turkeys. Breakdown. Broken limbs (see Fractures). Bronchitis. Brooder pneumonia. Bumblefoot. Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases). Canker (see Diphtheria). Catarrh (see Cold). Catarrh, contagious (see Roup). Catarrh of crop. Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis). 22 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS Chicken pox. Cholera. Cloacitis. Coccidiosis of adult fowls. Coccidiosis af chickens (see Brooder pneumonia). Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead). Cold. Congestion of the liver (see Liver diseases). Congestion of the lungs (see Pneumonia). Conjunctivitis (see Roup). Constipation. Cramp. Crop-bound. Crop, soft (see Soft crop). Crop, Catarrh of. Depluming mite. Diarrhea, bacterial. Diarrhea, mycotic. Diarrhea, protozoan. Diarrhea, simple. Diarrhea, severe. Diarrhea, white. Diphtheria. Diphtheritic roup. Dislocations (see Fractures). Dropsy. Dysentery. Egg-bound. Egg-eating. 23 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Emphysema. Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of). Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases) . Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diseases). Enteritis (see Diarrhea). Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead). Epilepsy. Fatty degeneration. Favus. Feather-eating. Fits (see Epilepsy). Fleas. Fowl typhoid. Fractures. Frost bite. Gangrenous Ovary (see Ovary diseases). Gapes. Gastritis. Going light (see Anemia). Gout. Grippe (see Cold). Heart, diseases of. Heart, dropsy of. Heart, enlargement of. Heart, rupture. Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases). Impaction of the crop (see Crop-bound). Indigestion. Influenza (see Cold). 24 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS Jaundice. Kidney diseases. Leg weakness. Leukemia (see Cholera). Lice. Limber-neck. Liver diseases. Lungs, congestion of (see Pneumonia). Maggots. Mites, air sac. Mites, depluming. Mites, red. Mites, scaly leg (see Scaly leg). Molting. Nodular tzniasis (see Worms). Ovary diseases. Oviduct diseases. Peritonitis. Pip. Pneumonia. Poisoning. Prolapse of oviduct (see Oviduct diseases). Puffed skin (see Emphysema). Pyzmia. Rheumatism. Roup. Scabies (see Mites, depluming). Scaly leg. a5 POULTRY DISEASES‘: AND THEIR TREATMENT Soft crop. Sore head (see Chicken pox). Ticks. ‘Tuberculosis. Vertigo (see Apoplexy). White comb (see Favus). White diarrhea of chickens. Worms. ABSCESSES Not a common poultry complaint Symptoms. ‘The flesh becomes inflamed and swollen and forms a “head” containing pus. Cause. A scratch or a small injury fol- lowed by inflammation due to pus-forming organisms. Treatment. Lance the abscess when “ripe” with a clean, sharp knife, cutting low so that the sore may drain readily. Squeeze out the pus; wash with 1% carbolic acid or creolin and dress with creolin and sweet oil (half and half) until healed. The most common abscess is that which forms on the pad of the foot and develops into bumblefoot. 26 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS ANEMIA, OR GOING LIGHT A condition that should incite the poultryman to investigate the cause Symptoms. Birds lose weight, or “go light,” without any apparent reason. Cause. A general lack of thriftiness in the flock may be due to insufficient or poor food, to lack of exercise, or to bad ventilation of houses; lice or mites may be infesting the birds. On the other hand, birds may gradu- ally lose weight as the result of some such disease as tuberculosis (see page go, as- pergillosis (see page 29), or worms (see page 94). Treatment. Make any changes in feed- ing or management that may appear desir- able. Search at night for mites or lice on the birds; in the daytime examine the straw in nest boxes, the roosts, and the cracks and crevices of the woodwork for parasites. Much time may often be saved in discovering what is wrong with the flock by killing one or more of the affected birds 27 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT and making a post-mortem examination to discover if a specific disease is the cause. APOPLEXY Not a common trouble Symptoms. Staggering gait and bewil- dered appearance; bird generally drops dead suddenly. Cause. Attributed to high feeding or over-laying. Treatment. ‘There is usually no time for treatment, but if the attack is mild, put the bird in a dark place and give no food for a few hours; give a dose of Epsom salts and add green food to diet. Bleeding from under a wing is sometimes tried. Post-mortem examination shows clotted blood on the brain, the other organs being normal. The name vertigo is applied to congestion of the brain as distinct from apoplexy due to hemorrhage of the brain. The fowl has fits. It is difficult to distinguish this disease from epilepsy (see page 55). The cause is little understood. 28 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS ASPERGILLOSIS A disease that exists more commonly than is usually suspected, and is the cause of the death of large numbers of young chickens Symptoms. Fowls gradually lose weight, mope, and die without any pronounced ail- ment except difficulty in breathing. In adults the disease may be mistaken for tuberculosis and in chickens for white diarrhea. Aspergillosis of chickens is dealt with under brooder pneumonia. Post-mor- tem symptoms are whitish or yellowish growths on the windpipe, that can only be definitely diagnosed under the microscope. Cause. A fungoid growth in the windpipe and bron- chial tubes, sometimes ex- tending to the lungs and liver. Fig. 8 shows the spores and filaments of the species of aspergillosis _ | wine most commonly responsible —BRa!N_Exrosen 29 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Fic. 8.—ASPERGILLOSIS On left—Windpipe cut open. On right—A fungus that causes aspergillosis for this disease. Infection may be due to musty grain or dirty straw. Treatment. No medicines are of any avail. Protection lies in not using musty grain or moldy litter. Burn dead birds. BLACKHEAD OF TURKEYS A very serious disease, making the successfil rearing of turkeys difficult and in some cases impossible Symptoms. Young turkeys, or poults, are most commonly attacked; there is loss of weight and loss of appetite; .the bird appears listless and stands by itself with 30 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS drooping wings and tail. Diarrhea is gen- erally one of the symptoms. The comb often turns a dark purple—a symptom that has given rise to the name _ biackhead. Death generally follows an attack fairly rapidly, but in some cases the disease may take a chronic form, while it is believed that recovery is occasionally effected. Post-mortem symptoms. ‘The ceca (see Fig. 32) are enlarged, are diseased in parts, and are more or less plugged with cheesy matter and pus. The liver is diseased, being sometimes very much enlarged and covered with yellowish necrotic areas, gen- erally depressed in the centre (see Fig. 24d). In cases of an acute attack, especially in young birds, one of the ceca only may be affected and the liver may not be invaded. The extent of the necrotic areas and the degree of the enlargement of the infected organs may vary greatly in different cases. Cause. The cause of blackhead has been shown by Drs. Cole and Hadley to be a coccidium. A full account of their work is published in Bulletin 141 of the Rhode 31 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Island Experiment Station. Coccidia enter the digestive tract of the healthy turkey by means of food or water infected by the excrement of a sick bird. The organisms pass along the alimentary canal until they reach the ceca, the lining of which they attack, giving rise to the conditions men- tioned under post-mortem symptoms. How the infection spreads from the ceca to the liver is not clear. It has been conclusively proved that fowls, as well as pigeons, sparrows, etc., act as hosts for these parasites. Although adult fowls have a great degree of resistance themselves, they are a means of carrying infection to turkeys. Eggs may be one of the means of spread- ing the disease, as they may become con- taminated in the oviduct or the cloaca of birds affected with blackhead. Treatment. No remedy or satisfactory method of prevention has been discovered: The difficulty of effecting a cure is obvious when the nature of the disease is con- 32 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS sidered. Drs. Cole and Hadley summarize measures of prevention as follows: 1. Protect the yards and flocks which may have the good fortune to be uninfected with the blackhead organism by a thorough examination of all new stock, whether turkeys, fowls, geese or other domestic birds. 2. Keep the turkeys on grounds which are as fresh as can be obtained, and above all, keep them isolated from fowls and other domestic birds. 3. Keep every turkey in the flock under close observa- tion in order to separate and at once isolate any bird which gives evidence of the disease. To facilitate such observa- tions it is helpful to leg-band each individual, and to record its weight from time to time. Such a course makes it pos- sible to learn whether any birds are losing weight, and if this is the case, these birds must be regarded with suspicion, and separated from the rest of the flock. | 4. If it is known that blackhead is present in any of the poultry, the yard should be kept free from English sparrows, and the poultry houses and grain boxes from rats and mice, which have been shown to carry the causative organism. 5. When it is desired to fatten birds for the market, begin to increase the rations gradually. Never attempt to fatten birds which, in successive weighings, show a loss of weight. Overfeeding does not cause blackhead, but fre- quently causes the sudden death of birds in which blackhead is present. : 6. When birds have died of blackhead, their bodies should be promptly burned or buried in order to prevent the dissemination of the coccidia, either through the ravages of rats or skunks, or consequent to the natural processes of decay. BREAKDOWN Not often seen in the poultry yard Symptoms. The abdomen becomes en- 33 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT larged, hangs down at the back, and some- times touches the ground. Cause. Old layers are generally one The cause may be the strain of heavy laying, or may in cases be due to too much internal fat. Treatment. No satisfactory treatment can be recommended and the bird had best be killed. Such birds should not be used for breeding purposes. BRONCHITIS (CROUP) Not very common Symptoms. Bronchitis may be distin- guished by the rattling in the throat of the bird affected and by the rapid breathing and cough. The rattling is due to mucus in the inflamed bronchial tubes. In bad cases, birds mope, refuse to eat, and soon die. Cause. Bronchitis may develop from an ordinary cold, or may be due to sudden changes of temperature, or to exposure to rain, cold, and damp. Treatment. Keep affected bird away 34 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS from drafts and in a warm place; dose with Epsom salts (see page 9) and give soft food, e. g., bread, bran, and middlings, with milk. Wine of ipecacuanha has been recommended for cases in which breathing is very difficult owing to excessive inflam- mation. BROODER PNEUMONIA A very serious disease, causing the death of many chickens Symptoms. Chickens affected stand by themselves with roughened plumage. There is a whitish diarrhea, and this disease can easily be mistaken for white diarrhea. (See page 92.) Post-mortem examination will show yellowish spots on the lungs, on the walls of the air sacs, and on the liver and other organs, due to infection by the asper- gillus fungus. (See page 29.) Cause. Infection by a species of the as- pergillus fungus, the spores of which are probably inhaled. This fungus is common. The spores may be in the straw used for nests or for litter, or in the food, especially if it is at all moldy. 35 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Treatment. There is no cure for an af- fected chicken, and the poultryman must aim at prevention. Vigorous sanitary measures are imperative. Clean straw or excelsior should be used for nests; eggs for hatching should be disinfected by wiping with 80% alcohol; incubators and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected. BU MBLEFOOT Not serious if treated early Symptoms. Lameness with swelling on pad of foot. . Cause. Injury to sole of foot, developing Fic. 9.—BUMBLEFOOT 36 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS into an abscess. Heavy birds are more sub- ject than light ones to bumblefoot, especially if made to roost on perches that are too high. Treatment. Paint with iodine. Lance the abscess if it is sufficiently advanced. Lower perches. Birds under treatment should have their feet bandaged, and should be put on deep straw to prevent further in- jury while the wounds are healing. Not serious if taken in hand promptly. CATARRH OF THE CROP Not a common trouble Symptoms. Distention of crop with soft pasty matter of a more or less offensive character. Cause. Eating stale, putrifying food or some poisonous matter. Treatment. Empty the bird’s crop by holding the head downwards and gently pressing the contents out through the mouth. Feed sparingly on soft food. 37 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT CHICKEN POX OR SORE HEAD An infectious disease that causes considerable loss among chickens and young birds in warm climates Symptoms. Small, scabby, wart-like growths and eruptions on the head, espe- cially on the comb and the wattles and around the eyes—in bad cases extending to the lids and even the mouth. Chickens and young birds are most commonly attacked by this disease, which spreads rapidly. Fic. 10.—CHICKEN POX Cause. The specific organism has not been definitely determined. Chicken pox may be started by the introduction of an 38 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS infected bird, and mosquitoes and other in- sects are suspected of being agents in its spread. Treatment. Prompt treatment may be very successful. Isolate affected birds. Apply tincture of iodine, first scraping off the scabs. Creolin 2%, or other disinfect- ants, may be used instead of iodine. Dirty coops are a contributing cause, and cleanli- ness of chicken runs and houses is important. Disinfect soil (see page 13) and wood- work (see page 12) regularly and with extra care when the first cases are noticed. When roupy lesions develop, as is sometimes the case, treat as for roup. (See page 83.) CHOLERA A serious and epidemic form of diarrhea for which no remedy is known ‘ Symptoms. Fowls die suddenly with apparently little reason. There are symp- toms of diarrhea and examination shows that the feces are a bright yellow or green instead of the normal color. Before death, fowls have fever and may be seen moping 39 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT and showing evidences of distress. For post-mortem symptoms see page 112. Cause. A contagious disease, due to bacteria, that, owing to infection of soil and drinking water by birds suffering from the disease, spreads rapidly through a flock. It is often introduced by the purchase of an infected bird that appears at the time of purchase to be well. Treatment. Prevention by strict sani- tary measures is what must be aimed at. It is believed that no cure is known for gen- uine cases of cholera. Isolate all new birds brought into the flock, especially when cases of cholera are reported in the neigh- borhood. The bodies of birds that have died of this disease are best burnt without delay. The germ of cholera appears to be both persistent and easily spread, and too much stress cannot be laid on the necessity of preventing its introduction, failing that, of quickly stamping it out. The sacrifice of a few birds to prevent the spread of the disease will be well repaid, for it has been necessary on occasions to kill a whole flock. 40 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS In some cases it has been found best to move unaffected birds to new quarters. Fowl typhoid, or leukemia, is a disease of the blood that may be mistaken for cholera. The poultryman must treat it in the same way. CLOACITIS OR VENT-GLEET Not a common disease Symptoms. Frequent small discharges of excrement and unsuccessful efforts to discharge when the cloaca (Fig. 32) is empty, the mucous membrane of which be- comes hot and inflamed. These symptoms are soon followed by an offensive discharge. Cause. A specific disease transmitted from hen to hen by the agency of the cock. Treatment. Immediately isolate affected hens; syringe out cloaca twice daily with 2% creolin; give mild purgative and put on soft food. Males likely to be affected should be examined, and diseased birds killed. Caution. The hands should be carefully 41 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT cleansed and disinfected, as a serious in- flammation will result if the eyes are rubbed with infected hands. This is a troublesome and risky disease to treat. COCCIDIOSIS OF ADULT FOWLS The germ of this disease does not usually affect adult fowls seriously, but causes severe losses among chickens and turkeys Symptoms. ‘The external symptoms are not very pronounced; there is loss of weight and in some cases diarrhea. The disease may last for a long time and birds may even recover. A post-mortem examination shows the walls of the ceca thickened and filled with a pasty mass, while character- istic whitish or yellowish spots (see Fig. 24, d) are found in the liver. Cause. This disease is due to the same germ (a coccidium) that causes blackhead in turkeys. Adult fowls occasionally de- velop this disease, but appear to be able, as a rule, to act as a host for the germs without being themselves affected, although heavy 42 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS losses occur among turkeys or chickens that get the germ from them. Treatment. Copperas in the drinking water (three grains to a quart) has been recommended, together with the occasional use of calomel in one-grain doses, or one or two teaspoonfuls of castor oil. Thorough disinfection (see page 10) of houses and runs, etc., where affected fowls have been, is important. Burn the bodies of birds that die of the disease. COLD (SIMPLE CATARRH) Dangerous, because it-may be confused with the early stages of roup Symptoms. Discharge from the nostrils and the eyes, with occasional fits of sneez- ing; loss of appetite, and moping. Cause. Cold and damp. Colds most frequently occur in wet weather and among poorly housed and poorly fed stock. Treatment. Warm housing and protec- tion from cold and wet. Give quinine— one grain to an adult fowl. Many believe in dosing fowls suffering from colds with 43 e POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT red pepper given in the food. When there are signs of stuffiness, the eyes and the nos- trils should be washed out once or twice daily. Carbolic acid 2%, or boric acid, about 3%, dissolved in water, is recom- mended for this purpose. Wztch hazel has been found very effective. Caution. There is a risk of mistaking the early stages of roup for a simple cold. Further, birds are more likely to contract roup when suffering from a cold, and should, on this account, be isolated and regularly examined. Influenza. The term influenza, or grippe, is generally applied to a severe cold that has no symptoms of roup. CONSTIPATION Not common and seldom serious Symptoms. The bird suffering is dull and listless. Its efforts to evacuate are painful and unsuccessful. Cause. Internal blocking of the cloaca or the intestines, or, occasionally, of the 44 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS vent by dirt accumulated on the outside. Want of exercise and lack of green food are held to be contributing causes. Treatment. If constipation is due to dirt on the outside, cleanse vent by swabbing with warm water. When stoppage is in- side and can be felt through the vent syringe with sweet oil. In other cases, give a purgative such as castor oil or Epsom salts. If worms are suspected as the cause, give santonin (see page g), followed by a teaspoonful of castor oil. CRAMP Must not be confused with more serious complaints Symptoms. Difficulty in standing and lameness, due to inflammation of muscles and joints. Cause. Damp and cold. Treatment. Put legs of bird in warm water; rub joints with embrocation and put in dry quarters. Note—In cases of rheumatism, tick fever, 45 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT and tuberculosis, birds may show the same difficulty in standing that they do in cramp. CROP-BOUND (IMPACTION OF CROP) Not serious, as a rule Symptoms. The crop is hard and swollen. Cause. The blocking of the passage from the crop to the gizzard by a bit of stick or a stone, with’ the result that the food cannot pass out of the crop. Treatment.—Pour sweet oil down fowl’s throat; work the crop with the fingers, en- deavoring to remove the obstructing object. If unsuccessful, cut open the crop and re- move the contents, making sure that the opening into the gizzard is clear. Sew up the cut made, stitching separately first the inner skin and then the outer. DIARRHEA OR ENTERITIS May take a serious and epidemic form Diarrhea is a common complaint among fowls, and in some cases takes a severe and 46 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS epidemic form. The latter form may be due to various causes, and it will be best, perhaps, to deal with diarrhea under the tollowing heads: 1. Mild diarrhea. 2. Epidemic and severe diarrhea. . Dysentery. (See page 52.) . Cholera. (See page 39.) . White diarrhea of chickens. (See page 92.) Mild Diarrhea nA pw Symptoms. Looseness of bowels and staining of feathers around the anus with excreta. Cause. Indigestion ‘caused by food which may be too laxative; e. g., excess of bran, or, by food which may be partly de- composed or may contain an intestinal ir- ritant. Cold may also be a cause. Treatment. Give Epsom salts, or castor oil. (See page 9.) Change diet if food is suspected. Often no treatment is neces- sary, but it is not wise to neglect cases that are apparently mild diarrhea, for fear they 47 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT may turn out to be an epidemic and con- tagious form. Diarrhea, Severe and Epidemic Symptoms. Excessive looseness of bowels, ruffling of feathers, depression, loss of appetite. A number of birds in the flock are attacked and death results. Cause. ‘There are a variety of causes. Scientific investigation has led to the dis- covery of specific organisms responsible for various forms of diarrhea. It would be well for poultry rearers to study the results of such work, but, for the purposes of this book, it will be sufficient to state that the causal organism may be bacterial, mycotic, or protozoan. The owner of poultry will not usually be able himself to determine what type of diarrhea the fowls are suffer- ing from, but as a rule the treatment will have to be the same. Advice will have to be sought from an expert when dangerous epidemics are feared. Treatment. The most energetic meas- 48 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS ures of disinfection must be undertaken. (See page 10.) Isolate sick fowls. Disinfect soil of run thoroughly. Clean and disinfect coops. In bad cases, remove the rest of the flock from the infested run. 5. Give sick fowls Epsom salts, or castor oil; feed fowls on soft food. 6. If the diarrhea is not checked, give 6 to 12 drops of chloro- dyne. -&WN DIPHTHERIA OR DIPHTHERITIC ROUP A dangerous disease, and infected birds should be killed at once Symptoms. A cold, accompanied by whitish and yellowish patches on the back of the throat and in the mouth. These patches apparently form a false membrane and cannot be torn off without causing bleeding. The disease is sometimes known as canker. , 49 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Cause. This disease is often clearly a later stage of roup. It is difficult to say where one ends and the other begins. It has been claimed that the organism is the same as that which causes diphtheria in Fic. 11.—DIPHTHERITIC ROUP b, lower beak; #, tongue; m, false membrane. (After Harrison and Streit.) 50 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS human beings, but the weight of evidence is against this conclusion. Treatment. Diphtheria is extremely in- fectious. It is best to kill the first cases at once. If the bird is of particular value, it may be isolated and the patches on the throat swabbed with 50% hydrogen per- oxide or 5% creolin, with a small bit of cotton wool wound around a stick. If great care is exercised, 20% carbolic acid or 20% creolin may be painted on the patches, but neither should be allowed to touch the normal skin. Burn the swabs. Treat accompanying roupy symptoms as recommended under roup. The term canker is also applied to cer- tain spots or growths that occur on the throat. These are not in any way associ- ated with diphtheritic roup, or any danger- ous, contagious disease, and are due to in- jury or to an unhealthy condition of the mucous membrane. 51 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT DROPSY Not a common disease Symptoms. Distention of abdomen. Cause. Collection of liquid in abdom- inal cavity. Treatment. ‘Treatment is seldom success- ful. It is best and most merciful to kill the afflicted bird. If it is desired to make an effort to save the bird, carefully punc- ture the lower portion of the abdomen with a trocar and squeeze out the liquid. Give invalid diet. DYSENTERY Serious if in epidemic form Symptoms. Severe diarrhea with blood in the discharges. Cause. Bacterial or other specific infec- tion of the intestines. Occasionally the eat- ing of some poisonous or irritating sub- stance will give rise to blood in the excre- ment. Treatment. Isolate bird, and give six to eight drops of chlorodyne on a small piece 52 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS of bread. Thorough disinfection (see page 10) of water, soil and house is neces- sary to prevent this disease spreading. EGG-BOUND An uncommon complaint Symptoms. The hen goes on and off the nest straining to lay. Generally the egg may be felt through the vent. After strain- ing for some time, she may succeed in lay- ing the egg, and treatment should not be undertaken until it is evident that the fowl needs assistance. Cause. Very young hens are more liable to this complaint, which arises from eggs of an abnormal size, from lack of muscular power, or from some other disorder of the oviduct. Treatment. It will be most merciful to kill fowls in much distress, as treatment is tedious and painful to the fowl. It has been recommended to hold the fowl’s vent over steam from boiling water and then to pass an oiled finger up the vent. In bad $3 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT cases, pierce the egg and withdraw the con- tents, then break the shell and remove all the pieces. Great care must be taken to leave no particle of the broken shell behind. EGG-EATING A bad habit that may be controlled Symptoms. If remains of eggs are seen in nests or runs, the poultryman should be- come suspicious and make observations to prove whether any of his flock are eating eggs. Cause. Broken eggs or soft-shelled eggs left about the yard may be the cause of hens acquiring this bad habit. . Treatment. All signs of broken eggs should always be immediately removed. The culprit, when detected, should be re- moved to a different pen and nest. Dark nests have been recommended. A trap nest will prevent a hen from getting at her egg. EMPHYSEMA (AIR UNDER SKIN) Not a common disease of chickens Symptoms. In this disease of chickens 54 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS the skin becomes puffed out in one or more places, generally on the neck. In rare cases the puffing spreads over nearly the whole of the body. Cause. This disease is evidently caused by some obstruction of the air passages that forces the air to escape under the skin. Treatment. Let out the air by punctur- ing the skin. Give soft and nourishing food. It will probably be wiser not to use birds that recover from this complaint for breeding stock. EPILEPSY An unusual complaint Symptoms. The bird staggers about and has a fit. It may recover. Cause. It is difficult to discover a cause; intestinal worms are suspected in some cases. Treatment. If it is suspected that intes- tinal worms are responsible, try the treat- ment recommended for worms. (See page 95.) 55 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT FATTY DEGENERATION Not contagious, but pointing to error in diet Symptoms. More or less sudden deaths of birds in good condition. Post-mortem examination shows an enlarged liver and masses of fat attached to the intestines. Cause. Something wrong with the diet; too much heat-giving food and want of ex- ercise. Treatment. Post-mortem proof of fatty degeneration in the flock should lead the poultry owner to change the diet, reducing the amount of heat-giving food, and giving more exercise. Some authors draw atten- tion to a fatty degeneration in which the liver is shrunken and shows fat globules under the microscope. FAVUS (WHITE COMB) Disfiguring, but easily controlled if treated early Symptoms. Whitish scabs or crusts on the comb, the head and down the neck. Cause. Due to a fungus that spreads, if ' 56 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS not treated, and that probably starts where there is an abrasion of the skin. Treatment. ‘Treat in early stages of the disease by dressing with sulphur ointment. (See page 9.) Isolate bird. If the case has been neglected and allowed to develop, the crusts must first be moistened with oil and the surface scraped off with a blunt instrument. Then apply tincture of iodine or nitrate of silver. FEATHER-EATING Not a very common habit Symptoms. The presence of bare patches and injured plumage on birds should lead the poultryman to watch for feather-eaters. Cause. Irritation from insects, some defect in diet, or natural cussedness. Treatment. Isolate the offender, and, if persistent and of no special value, kill, for fear the bad example may be followed by others. If several fowls develop this vice, try hanging up a bone for them to peck at and thus distract their attention. b7 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT FLEAS An occasional parasite of poultry Symptoms. Fleas are found on the fowls or in the straw of their nests. Description. The flea that attacks fowls is known as the hen flea (Pulex gallina). It is dark colored and has sharp mouth parts. Doubtless it causes the fowl it at- tacks much irritation in addition to loss of blood. Treatment. Keep poultry houses in a clean, sanitary condition. Dust the infested fowls with an insect powder or dip them in creolin, about 1%. Burn infested straw. FRACTURES Broken bones of legs or wings can be mended by placing the bones back in their proper positions and binding with light splints. The splints may be removed in about four weeks. It will be found that shanks are easily set, but that broken wings give far more trouble. 58 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS If a fowl dislocates its leg or its wing, the joint should be gently pushed back into place. FROST BITE A strain on the bird’s system Symptoms. Combs and wattles are most liable to frost bite, particularly in breeds in which these parts are large. Cause. Exposure to very low tempera- tures, especially if birds are suddenly turned out from warm quarters; dipping comb and wattles in water when the tem- perature is low. Treatment. Prevent by keeping birds as warm as possible during winter, and do not allow them to go out early in the mornings in very cold weather. Drinking water should be provided in a vessel from which birds can drink without wetting their wattles. In a case of frost bite, thaw the affected parts by gently rubbing with vase- line and afterwards treat with a mixture of 59 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT two grains of salicylic acid to one ounce of vaseline or lard. GAPES Serious in badly infested yards Symptoms. Frequent gaping and cough- ing; young chicks attacked, as a rule. Fic. 12.—GAPES On left: Chicken affected with gapes. On right: a, male and female gape worms; b, gape worms in windpipe. (From Salmon.) Notice if any worms are coughed up by the chicken; if none can be found, but the gap- ing continues, put a stripped feather down the windpipe, as recommended under treat- ment, and see if any gape worms can be pulled up. 60 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS Cause. Small worms, red in color when engorged, which attach themselves to the mucous membrane of the windpipe. Af- fected birds cough up worms or ova, which infect the yard and sometimes .the water supply. Earthworms taken from infested yards have been found to contain portions of gape worms, and may be one means of infecting poultry. Treatment. Isolate attacked poultry and disinfect coops and yards. The worms may be extracted from the windpipe of a gaping chicken with a feather stripped nearly to the end, and moistened, but not dripping, with oil of turpentine. Hold the mouth open, push the feather down the windpipe, and give it a sudden twist, which will dis- lodge the worms and allow of their being drawn up. Fumigation by holding the bird’s head over an irritant vapor, such as that of carbolic acid poured into boiling water, is risky, but sometimes successful. If not cautiously done, much suffering may be inflicted on the bird. Post-mortem. Cut open the windpipe 61 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT and look for the worms, which may be easily recognized by Fig. 12. Male and female specimens will be found attached to one another. GASTRITIS (CATARRH OF THE STOMACH) Not a common complaint Symptoms. This disease cannot be readily diagnosed while the fowl is living; it is generally associated with catarrh of the crop. (See page 37.) The symptoms are similar. Post-mortem examination will show the lining of the stomach in an in- flamed condition. Cause. The inflammation of the lining of the stomach is generally due to eating de- composing food or other poisonous matter. Treatment. Empty the crop as recom- mended under Catarrh of the crop. Give one or two tablespoonfuls of castor oil and feed on soft and easily digested food with milk or barley water. Be sure that poultry are not allowed to run under trees that have been sprayed with arsenical poisons. 62 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS GOUT Not a common ailment Symptoms. The bird sometimes loses weight, and as the disease develops shows stiffness and an indisposition to stand. In some cases small nodules containing crys- tals of urate of soda occur on the underside of the toes. Cause. Failure of the kidneys to per- form their normal functions and consequent accumulation of urates in the bird’s system in excessive quantities. Gout may be due to too concentrated feeding. Treatment. Medicines and treatment are of little avail. Endeavor to prevent by feeding a mixed diet. Post-mortem. In one form of this dis- ease, known as visceral gout, the liver and cther abdominal organs are covered over with a powder-like deposit of the crystals of urate of soda. HEART DISEASES Not common, and cannot be treated The heart is an organ that is subject to 63 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT several serious diseases, but these cannot be detected with any certainty while the bird is living, and treatment. cannot be recom- mended as likely to be successful. Post- mortem examination may show the follow- ing symptoms: 1. The heart sac full of serous liquid, in the case of pericarditis, or dropsy of the heart sac. 2. A reddening of the membrane lin- ing the heart, in the case of in- flammation (endocarditis). 3. An enlarged heart, in the case of enlargement of the heart. 4. Hemorrhage, in the case of rup- ture of the heart and of the blood vessels. INDIGESTION Disorder of the intestinal tract, that is not very serious Symptoms. The bird mopes and shows signs of a capricious appetite. Either diar- thea or, less commonly, constipation, may be a symptom. 64 i DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS Cause. Disorders of the digestive tract, due to error in dieting—for example, over- feeding, or too little green food and not enough exercise. Treatment. Alter the feeding, see that the water is clean, and give a dose of Epsom salts. (See page 9.) J AUNDICE Not a common disease Symptoms. A yellow comb may indicate jaundice, but there are no definite external symptoms. Post-mortem examination shows distention of the gall bladder, due to an excessive secretion of bile. Cause. Said to be due to continued con- gestion of the liver, arising possibly from too much heat-giving food. Treatment. If the disease is suspected, give one grain of calomel as a purgative and feed on more green: food. KIDNEY DISEASES With the exception of gout, kidney diseases cannot be detected by external symptoms Gout (see page 63) is the commonest dis- 65 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT ease of the kidneys. In addition, there are some disorders of the kidneys (e. g., en- largement). that may be noticed on post- mortem examination. Little is known about these diseases; there are no symptoms that can be recognized before death, and no treatment can be recommended. LEG WEAKNESS Constitutional weakness, to which the heavier breeds are more subject than are the lighter ones Symptoms. Fowls walk in an unsteady manner, without showing any specific cause for lameness. Young birds are more likely to be affected in this manner, particularly those of the heavier breeds. Cause. Too rapid growth, the bird out- growing the strength of its legs. Treatment. Reduce the quantity of fat- producing foods. Care in the selection of breeding stock is important. LICE Invariably present in small numbers, and likely to become a serious pest, if not persistently controlled Symptoms. Unthrifty look of fowl and 66 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS signs of irritation; desertion of nest by setting hens; and, of course, the detection Fic. 13.—LOOKING FOR LICE quickly turning over the feathers on the body and looking for the lice. Cause. Introduction of an_ infested 67 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT fowl; neglect to dust fowls regularly to keep down lice, and to clean out fowl houses and change the straw of nest boxes. At the season that lice are likely to be most prevalent the poultryman should take precautionary measures. Description of lice. Lice are small insects ranging in size from 1-25 to 1-8 of an inch. They breed rapidly, laying their eggs on the feathers. They are not blood-sucking insects, but cause much irritation to the birds they infest. Several species are found on fowls. Fig.14 shows three of the common species. Treatment. Dust fowls reraatconnonty With fresh insect powder AFFECT FOWLS (From Salmon.) (pyrethrum). Smear sul- a. Lipeurus variabilis. b, M lidum. 1 Ue ere phur oe on head and DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS under wings, especially in the case of chickens. Infested fowls may be dipped in 2% creolin. Dust setting hens with a lice powder before putting them on their nests. Infested straw should be burnt, and boxes, nests, fixtures, etc., should be thor- oughly sprayed with 2% creolin. LIMBER-NECK An occasional complaint Symptoms. The muscles of the fowl’s neck become so relaxed that they cannot support the head. --— Cause. Limber-neck, due to partial or entire paralysis of the muscles of the neck, is believed to be associated with acute in- digestion or worms. Treatment. A strong purgative may be the means of effecting a cure by cleaning out any intestinal poisons and thus correct- ing the cause. If the treatment recom- mended does not effect a cure in a few days, kill the bird. 69 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT LIVER DISEASES The liver is affected by several diseases, and the poultryman, who finds a spotted liver on post-mortem examination, will be much aided in determining the cause, if he takes into consideration the symptoms noticed before the fowl died, as well as the changes in the other internal organs. The importance of the post-mortem examination is in distinguishing whether the death of the fowl is due to a contagious disease. The causes of diseased livers may be con- veniently divided into two classes: 1. Diseased livers due to indigestion, e. g., enlargement. 2. Diseased livers due to a specific disease, e. g., tuberculosis. Diseases Due to Indigestion In this class may be included degenera- tion, inflammation, congestion, enlargement, and atrophy of the liver. There are more or less distinct differences in these diseases, but the only possible methods of treatment 70 DISEASES AND. PESTS OF FOWLS known at present are very much the same. Symptoms. There are no definite ex- ternal symptoms. The poultryman’s sus- picions should, however, be aroused if fowls apparently in good health die suddenly. A post-mortem examination will reveal a liver of abnormal size, or somewhat shrunken, and of unhealthy texture. Cause. The cause is generally something wrong in the feeding. Fowls may be eat- ing too large a proportion of heat-produc- ing foods and not enough green food. If an enlarged liver is associated with an ex- cessive layer of fat covering the internal organs, it points to too large quantities of carbohydrates. Treatment. Correct errors in feeding. Give more green food and let the fowls scratch for some of their grain. If errors in feeding and general management are not obvious, make experimental changes. Diseased Livers Due to Specific Diseases Tuberculosis, coccidiosis, gout and other specific diseases are responsible for spotted 71 / POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT or diseased livers. (Fig. 24.) The sec- tion on diagnosis by post-mortem examina- tion gives further information on these sub- jects and shows how the principal diseases may be distinguished. The term cancer is sometimes applied to cases in which there are tumors on the liver. MAGGOTS Occasionally found in flesh wounds of poultry Symptoms. A flesh wound that instead of healing develops into a sore with a slight running. On examination, maggots will be found. Cause. Several species of flies are al- ways ready to lay their eggs in any available wound or sore; therefore wounds must be watched in the case of poultry, as with all other animals of the farmyard. ‘The eggs laid by these flies hatch and develop into small footless grubs commonly known as maggots. | Treatment. Wash the wound with 1 to 2% creolin; remove as many of the maggots as possible with a pair of tweezers or a 72 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS feather. If the maggots are deep-seated, stuff the wound with a cotton wad saturated with strong creolin or 10% carbolic acid. Examine next day and remove dead mag- gots. Treat again in a similar manner if the maggots are not all killed. Fish oil, or iodoform made into a paste with vase- line, will prevent the flies depositing their eggs, if smeared on the surface of the wound. MITES (AIR-SAC) Not a common parasite Symptoms. There are no definite ex- ternal symptoms. If the bird is very badly ‘affected, there may be evidences of suffoca- tion. This may end fatally. A post-mor- tem examination will show the mites in the air passages and bronchi as small yellowish and whitish particles, which on careful ob- servation may be seen to move. Cause. A small mite (Sarcoptes levis) which infests the air sacs and bronchi. These mites, when present in large numbers, 73 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT obstruct the air passages and cause suffoca- tion. A secretion from the mucous mem- brane affected, results from the presence of the mites and increases the obstruc- tion of the air passages. Treatment. The fumiga- tion method tried for gapes ie. de has been recommended, THe Aim Sac Mite but there is little reason to expect success. MITES, DEPLUMING (SCABIES) Symptoms. Bare patches on the bird’s body due to the loss of feathers. The rump and the breast are most fre- quently attacked. Cause. A small mite (Sarcoptes levis) found on the bird’s body near the base of the fallen feathers. Treatment. Isolate af- fected birds; rub bare seat : : THE DEPLUMING MITE patches and neighboring (From Salmon.) iG DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS portion of body with sulphur ointment (see page 9) or dip body of fowl in a solution of about 2% creolin. MITES (RED MITE) A serious pest Symptoms. Unthriftiness of birds. Cause. A small whitish mite, which ap- pears red when filled with blood. These mites suck the bird’s blood at night and hide during the day in the sockets of the perches and in the crevices of the woodwork. Treatment. Examine the fowl house at night. Dust hens with an insect powder; thoroughly spray houses and perches with 5% creolin or other disinfectant, and squirt kerosene oil or turpentine into cracks and crevices. A specially constructed mite-proof perch, or one that can be easily removed, should be used. Fic. 17 THE RED MITE MOLTING Molting is not a disease, but may prove 75 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT trying to poultry not in the best condition to stand the strain of the process. Hens overtaxed with forced laying and cocks running with too large a number of hens are most likely to suffer. Molting occurs in healthy adult birds every twelve months. The process, which is a natural one, should be allowed to take its natural course unless the fowls appear weak and depressed dur- ing the period. In such cases specially nourishing and stimulating food should be given. Anyhow, it would be well to pay particular attention to the feeding of birds during the molting season. OVARY DISEASES Hens suffer from various diseases of the ovary, which may become shriveled and use- less or gangrenous. Tumorous growths, sometimes called cancers, are also found. As diseased conditions of this organ can be detected only by post-mortem examination, and as no remedies are known, the subject need not be dealt with more fully. 76 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS OVIDUCT, DISEASES OF Abnormal eggs must be regarded as due to functional disorders of the oviduct. One cause of soft eggs is lack of shell-forming material; therefore a liberal supply of powdered oyster shells, or lime in some other form, should always be accessible to laying hens. Other abnormal eggs occur, such as those with double yolks, without any yolk, with blood clots, etc. No treat- ment can be suggested beyond feeding a varied diet and avoiding too stimulating or over-heating foods. Prolapse of the oviduct may occur. The protruding portion should be oiled or vase- lined and gently pressed back. PERITONITIS Not common and not contagious Symptoms. Loss of appetite, fever and evidence of discomfort and pain in the stomach, especially if the abdomen is pressed with the hand. Post-mortem ex- 77 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT a. Undeveloped ovules in ovary. b. Partly developed ovule show- stigma. Here the follicle wall breaks and allows the ovule yolk to leave the ovary pre- Paratory to laying. ec, An empty follicle in which the stigma and the yolk passed out. d. Opening of oviduct. e. Portion of oviduct distended, allowing yolk to pass down. f. Walls of oviduct which secrete albumen forming the white of the egg. g. Membranous lining added. h. Portion of oviduct that secretes shell-forming substance. i. Cloaca. Fic. 18.—ORGANS OF REPRODUCTIGN “OF THE HEN (From Salmon.) 78 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS amination shows inflamed appearance of membrane of the abdominal cavity. Cause. Serious inflammation of the wall of the abdominal cavity. Treatment. Put the bird in a quiet place. Aconite (see page 9), to reduce the tempera- ture, and opium, or one drop of laudanum, to relieve pain, have been recommended, but as a rule it is best to kill the bird. PIP Generally the effect of some other disorder Symptoms. A hardened scale formed at tip of tongue. Cause. Generally due to cold or other disorder affecting the breathing of the bird. Treatment. Do not try to tear off the growth on the tongue by force, but moisten with vaseline or glycerin until it becomes loose. Give soft food. PNEUMONIA AND CONGESTION OF LUNGS Generally fatal Symptoms. Extreme depression and 79 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT great difficulty in breathing. Difficult to distinguish in the living bird from a very bad cold. Post-mortem examination shows the affected lung filled with an exudate. The lung sinks if put in water. Cause. Following on a cold, the lung becomes congested with blood and a dark, viscous matter. Pneumonia may be con- sidered a further, and generally final, stage of congestion. Treatment. A cure is seldom effected, but in the case of a valuable bird the follow- ing treatment may be tried: Keep the bird in a dry, warm place; paint the skin above the lungs with tincture of iodine; give aconite. Feed on soft food and give a stimulant. POISONING Symptoms. As a rule the poisons that fowls eat are mineral. The most pro- nounced symptom is evidence of pain. In cases of arsenical poison there is diarrhea. A poison containing a copper compound 80 DISEASES AND PESTS. OF FOWLS acts partly as an emetic, causing the fowl | to make an effort to vomit. In cases of mineral poisons, post-mortem examinations show inflammation of the stomach and the digestive tract. Sources of poison. Poultry are likely to get poisoned from the following sources: Fertilizers (e. g., nitrate of soda) used on fields in which fowls scratch for food. Such cases are rare. Insecticides and fungicides (e. g., Paris green [arsenic], lead arsenate, Bordeaux mixture) applied to plants under which fowls run. If sprays are mixed in correct proportions and used in normal quantities, there is little danger to poultry feeding on the grass below sprayed trees. Great care should, however, be taken in disposing of the sediment and the residue after spraying operations are completed. Rat poisons (e. g., phosphorus, strych- nine, baryta). These poisons are particu- larly dangerous when mixed with cornmeal or other bait attractive to fowls. The best way to set rat poison is to put it in a piece 81 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT of piping of such a diameter and length that fowls cannot reach it. Salt. Food mixed with salt for other domestic animals may be accidentally given to fowls. Chickens are the most likely to be poisoned by excess of salt. Treatment. If fowls have eaten poison- ous substances, the fact is not usually dis- covered until after death or until it is too late to administer an antidote. Most of the poisons fowls are likely to eat act as irri- tants of the digestive tract. Milk and white of egg should be given. It is advis- able to give a stimulant, such as half a tea- spoonful of brandy. PYAMIA Not contagious, and not common Symptoms. This disease cannot be diag- nosed except by post-mortem examination and microscopic identification of pus-form- ing organisms in the infected areas (whitish spots) of liver, spleen, etc. Cause. Pus-forming organisms believed 82 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS to enter the blood through a wound in the skin. Treatment. As there are no external symptoms, treatment is not possible. RHEUMATISM Not a common trouble Symptoms. Lameness and stiffness of joints. Cause. May be due in some cases to too stimulating food and to dampness. Treatment. Put affected bird in dry quarters and vary food, adding more greens. Rub joints with embrocation, or turpentine and oil. ROUP (CONTAGIOUS CATARRH ) One of the most serious contagious diseases Symptoms. The bird first has symptoms of an ordinary cold, such as running at the nostrils and sneezing. Definite evidence of roup is the offensive odor detected on open- ing the bird’s mouth. The exudate is also offensive. The disease may attack the eyes, 83 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT which then become inflamed and swollen; a tumor, containing offensive, yellowish, cheesy matter, sometimes develops. The Fic. 19.—EXAMINING A FOWL WITH A SUSPICIOUS COLD course of the disease may extend over sev- eral weeks or months and there may be cases of chronic roup. Some cases end fatally 84 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS in a comparatively short time. The form of the disease, in which yellowish patches develop on the throat, is dealt with under diphtheria or diphtheritic roup. Cause. Cases of roup occur when birds are subjected to draft and damp, but the cause must be infection with disease germs. It is believed that the almost constant pres- ence of the germs is due to lack of regular disinfection and to birds in the flock be- lieved to have recovered from a previous attack of the disease, but that, in reality, are suffering from chronic roup, and are able, whenever suitable conditions arise for an outbreak of this disease, to infect the rest of the flock through the drinking water and the soil. Treatment. ‘The seriousness of this dis- ease makes it tmperative for the poultry rearer to isolate immediately any birds showing any suspicious symptoms. If treatment of the infected bird is taken in hand early, and carried out faithfully, a cure can be effected, but it is often wiser to kill and burn infected stock. In treating 85 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT birds, the mouth and nostrils should be washed out with 5% carbolic acid, or with 50% hydrogen peroxide, or with 2% per- mangan&ate of potash. It is important to clean out the passage of the nostrils, and this may be done by: 1. Pressing against the roof of the bird’s mouth from inside and squeezing the nostrils from above downwards. 2. Syringing out the nostrils. 3. Dipping the fowl’s head for a few seconds in a solution of the dis- infectant. Great care should be exercised in this method of treatment, which is only recom- mended when permanganate of potash is used.- It is well to keep birds isolated for some time after apparent recovery. When the eye is affected (see Fig. 20), the tumor should be carefully lanced and the cheesy matter removed, after which the cavity should be rinsed out with one of the dis- 86 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS infectants recommended above; such treat- ment may have to be repeated time after time. . As an after effect of a cold or of roup, conjunctivitis or sore eyes may develop. A discharge comes from the eyes and the eye- Fic. 20.—A Roupy EYE lids become stuck together. Bathe the eyes with hydrogen peroxide mixed with an equal quantity of water. If this condition follows an attack of roup, there is danger that the fowl has not entirely recovered, and may be a source of infection to the rest of the flock. 87 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT SCALY LEG An unsightly affection that, although contagious, does not spread rapidly Symptoms. A rough and scaly growth on the legs of the bird, Cause. A small mite (Fig. 22), known as Sarcoptes mutans, burrows in the skin Fic. 21.—SCALY LEG A. Showing early stages of attack. and gives rise to the unsightly growth (Fig. 21) that gives this disease its name. Treatment. Soften the scaly growth by washing and soaking the legs with warm water and soap. Scrub the affected portion 88 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS of the legs with a brush and then treat as follows: Dip the legs in kerosene oil, holding them there for not longer than a few seconds. If the kerosene oil is mixed with # sweet oil, or if the legs are wet (7 first with water, there will be \ no risk of the kerosene prov- ing harsh, as sometimes hap- "S42; Citses” pens. Sulphur ointment (see °*”"* page 9) may be used instead of the kero- sene oil treatment. SOFT CROP Not a serious complaint Symptoms. Distended crop, soft to the feel. Cause. Over-eating; or food turning sour in the crop. Treatment. Hold bird downwards and squeeze contents of crop through mouth, taking care not to suffocate the patient. Repeat treatment if necessary. Put on low diet for some time, feeding slowly and sparingly. , 89 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT TICKS A pest found in the Southern States and tropical countries Symptoms. The fowl has fever, appears depressed, and stands in a cramped position. Cause. The fowl tick (Argas minatus), which hides during the day in cracks and crevices, sucks the , fowl’s blood at night and in- a troduces a fever-producing Oe Seah parasite. HE OWL ICK # . . a. Adult. Remedies. Examine sick birds during the day, and visit the roosts at night, for proof of the presence of ticks; carefully search under perches, in nests, and in corners of woodwork, etc. Spray woodwork with 5% creolin; squirt kerosene oil, or turpentine, into cracks and crevices. TUBERCULOSIS A very serious poultry disease Symptoms. This disease may be present in a poultry yard for some time without being detected. Suspicion should be see) DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS aroused if birds gradually lose weight and die. If a bird that has gradually been getting thinner, goes lame, or loses the use of a wing, without ap- parent injury, the evi- dence that tuber- culosis is present is strong, but positive proof of its presence can be obtained only by post-mortem and microscopic examina- tion. This disease gen- erally attacks adult birds. Cause. The specific organism causing this disease, known as the Bacillus tuberculosis (Fig. 5), infects the liver (Fig. 24), the spleen (Fig. 24), and other organs, least fre- Fic. 24.—ORGANS AFFECTED BY TUBERCULOSIS AND BLACKHEAD a. Normal spleen. b. Tubercular spleen. c. Portion of tubercular liver. d, Blackhead liver of turkey for comparison with c. a and b after Edwards. gI POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT quently the lungs. The disease may be in- troduced into a flock by the purchase of an infected bird, and may be spread by unin- fected birds picking up the excrement of diseased birds with their food. Treatment. _ There is no known cure. The insidious manner in which this disease advances through a poultry yard makes it a very serious malady. Birds suffering from it should be killed and _ burnt. Thorough disinfection of coops, etc., should be made. Strict attention to sanitation will help in preventing and controlling this dis- ease. If many birds in a flock are believed to have tuberculosis, it would be well to destroy the whole flock and start again, preferably on fresh ground. WHITE DIARRHEA OF CHICKENS A very serious disease, causing the death of large numbers Symptoms. Chickens are generally at- tacked when 10 to 15 days old. They ap- pear listless, their feathers become rough, and they stand about with drooping wings. A white diarrhea is soon noticed. Chicken 92 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS Fic. 25.—CHICKENS AFFECTED WITH WHITE DIARRHEA Ten-day White Leghorn chickens showing symptoms of bacillary white diarrhea. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.) after chicken shows similar symptoms and dies, resulting in much loss and discourage- ment to the poultry rearer. Cause. Various causes, such as im- proper or stale food, may upset the chick- en’s digestive organs and give rise to a whitish diarrhea, but the term ‘“‘white diar- rhea” is best restricted to a contagious form of diarrhea due to minute parasites in the intestinal tracts of chickens. A coccidium Fic. 26.—HEALTHY CHICKENS Normal ten-day White Leghorn chickens. (After Rettger & Stoneburn.) 93 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT and a bacillus have been proved by different investigators to cause very similar forms of white diarrhea. A distinct form of white diarrhea, known as brooder pneumonia, is described on page 35. Treatment. ‘This disease is a very dif- ficult ‘one to control. Incubators and brooders should be thoroughly disinfected. Special care should be taken in the feeding during the first few weeks. Chickens should not be overfed. The feeding of dry bran is recommended, as it tends to keep the bowels in a healthy, active condition. In the form of white diarrhea due to a bacillus, suspicion rests on the hen and the egg as sources of infection. When the dis- ease becomes serious, and general sanitation and proper care of chickens do not control it, the advisability of obtaining the eggs for hatching from a poultry farm free of white diarrhea should be considered. WORMS Intestinal parasites that occasionally become serious Symptoms. General debility; worms or 94 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS segments of worms, seen in the droppings. If there is doubt as to whether a flock is suffering from worms, give a suspected bird a strong purgative and keep it up so that the feces may be examined for worms. If doubt. still exists, the sus- pected bird should be killed and a post-mor- tem examina- tion made. Cut the intestines open length- ways (see Fig. Fic. Seen IN eae TRACT 34) with a small (After Bradshaw. From Pearl, Surface pair of scissors and wash them out with water so as to de- tect the smaller worms, and the tapeworms attached to the lining of the intestines. Cause. ‘Two classes of worms are com- monly parasitic on fowls—round worms (see Fig. 27) and tapeworms. There are generally a few specimens of worms in the intestines of fowls; but only when the num- 05 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Fic. 28.—THE PARTS OF A FOWL 96 DISEASES AND PESTS OF FOWLS Fic. 29.—SKELETON OF A FOWL 97 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT bers are large do worms affect the health of the fowl. Treatment. Every bird suspected of having worms may be tested with a purga- tive as suggested above. Or, if it is estab- lished that several birds in a flock are suf- fering from worms, all in poor condition, without any cause being apparent, should be dosed with santonin—three to five grains in the morning before any food has been picked up. After about two hours give a purgative of two teaspoonfuls of castor oil and soon after let the fowl have its morning food. As important as dosing the fowls, is disinfecting the feed troughs, the water ves- sels, and the soil of the runs in order to pre- vent re-infection. Nodular teniasis. Small nodules on the intestines, resembling the nodules in tuber- culosis, are sometimes caused by tapeworms. The name “nodular teniasis” has been given to this disease. 98 CHAPTER V Post-MoORTEM EXAMINATIONS I. Making the Examination POST-MORTEM examination should always be undertaken if there is any doubt as to the cause of death. Poultry rearers who are not already familiar with the normal appearance of the internal or- gans of a fowl should take the first oppor- tunity of studying them. Post-mortem examinations should be done in a systematic manner; but, if de- sired, a very speedy examination may be made by rapidly removing, or bending back, the breast bone of the unplucked bird. It will be more generally satisfactory, however, to devote time to the operation, and it is suggested that the work be carried out on the following lines: 1. Nail the body of the dead fowl on a board in the position shown 99 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Ly. in a Coe etl Y Fic. 30.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 1 Fowl nailed on board; lines A B, A C and B D show where to cut. sfele) POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS in Fig. 30, having first partly or wholly plucked the bird. 2. With a sharp knife cut along lines AC, BD (Fig. 30), and bend the breast bone back- wards, exposing the internal organs. (Fig. 31.) As _ the breast bone is raised it will be necessary to cut through the mesentery and other connecting tissues. Break it back at D, cutting through the flesh and the muscle with sharp scissors. 3. Remove heart, liver, gall-bladder and spleen, making neat sever- ances and without injury to any of the other organs. If the heart or large blood vessels be injured in the operation, blood will flow out and interfere with the work. 4. Cut through the cesophagus, be- low or above the crop, as most convenient, and also cut through the large intestine near 101 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Fic. 31.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 2 Breast bone removed; internal organs in situ. 102 POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS the cloaca. Without discon- necting the parts, lift out the gizzard, intestines, and other portions of the alimentary canal, carefully tearing away the membranous tissues of the mesentery. 5. Spread the organs out and ex- amine each one carefully and critically, making sections if necessary. (Fig. 32.) 6. Cut open gullet, crop, stomach, gizzard, intestines, and ceca and examine the contents. 7. Examine the lungs, cutting off a portion and throwing it into water, when it will float if healthy, but sink if congested. 8. Cut through the skin of the neck. Sever the windpipe near the head, and also where the bron- chi enter the lungs. With scissors.cut it open, and examine for molds or gapes or for ex- udates indicative of various 103 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Oesophagus Gall Bladder Pancreas Mesentery Large Intestine Cloaca_ ~~ Fic. 32.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 3 Internal organs removed for examination. 104 POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS forms of cold or lung conges- tion. g. Examine the brain (Fig. 34) for blood clots. Some care will be necessary in cutting through the skull so as not to injure the brain tissue, which should be a milky white. A sharp and strong pair of scissors or a small, fine saw (e. g., tenon saw) will be useful for older birds. Remove the skin and cut from behind, raising the bones and exposing the brain. 2. The Normal Condition of the Internal Organs (See Fig. 32.) The esophagus carries the food from the mouth and passing down the neck beside the windpipe opens into— The crop, where the food is macerated. Thence it gradually passes into— The true stomach (or proventriculus), 105 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT which is lined with small gastric-secreting glands that may be seen with the naked eye. This organ is hidden by the liver, and opens directly into— The gizzard, situated on the left side of the abdomen. It rests on the coiled-up mass Windpipe \ Left Lung Testes Fic. 33.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 4 Lungs, kidneys, etc., in situ. of intestines. It is dark red and is partly hidden by the left lobe of the liver. The walls are strong and muscular. Here the food is ground against small bits of stone, etc. The partially digested food passes out 106 POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS through an aperture near the entrance of the true stomach into— The duodenum or upper portion of the small intestine. It forms a loop that in- closes— The pancreas, a compact, flattened organ, pinkish in color, that discharges its secre- tion by three ducts into the intestines. The small intestine, after forming the loop (duodenum), continues its course. It first passes toward the left and is disposed in many folds connected by the mesentery; toward the end it passes up behind the true stomach. Connected to the intestines arc the blind bodies known as— The c@ca, connected to the small in- testines for several inches and which, after becoming considerably smaller in diameter, enter the alimentary tract where— The /arge intestine (rectum) starts. This portion of the intestines is short and enters— The cloaca, into which the urinary and 1eproductive ducts discharge. The exter- nal opening is known as the vent or anus. The brain, situated in the back of the 107 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT head, is protected by the cranial bones. It is milky white except where the blood ves- sels may be seen. The windpipe connects the larynx at the throat with the lungs branching into the two bronchi. The /ungs, situated in the upper portion of the thoracic abdominal cavity, are firmly attached to the ribs, in the interspaces be- tween which they fit. They are flattened and oval in shape, bright red in color, and loose and spongy in texture. The heart is cone-shaped. The lower portion rests between the lobes of the liver. The heart is red and is inclosed in a sac (the pericardium) that is easily removed. The liver, situated a little lower down than the heart, consists of two lobes. ‘The right lobe is often larger than the left which may be cleft at the lower end. The left lobe covers the true stomach and part of the gizzard. If there is some delay in holding a post-mortem examination the edges of the lobes of the liver become discolored. Nor- mally the color is a purplish red. 108 POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS The gall bladder fits into a shallow de- pression on the underside of the right lobe of the liver and appears green in color. A duct conveys the bile from the liver into the gall bladder, whence it passes by another duct into the intestine. The spleen, a nearly round, reddish body, with a purplish tinge, is attached by a liga- ment to the right side of the true stomach and is hidden by the liver. The kidneys extend along the sides of the spine from immediately below the lungs to near the termination of the abdominal cavity. The general color is a chocolate red, but a small portion at the upper end (known as the adrenal), is yellow. There is no urinary bladder. ‘The urates are car- ried direct through the ureters to the cloaca, The testes (of the male bird) are attached to the upper portion of the kidneys. They are white or very light-colored, and may be of different sizes. The ovary (of the female bird), situated on the left side, covers the kidney on that side. It consists of numerous ova of vari- 109 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Brain (Exposed) Portion of Intestine (Cut open) Windpipe (Cut open and Showin fungoid growth) Fic. 34.—POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION NO. 5 Examination of brain and of portions of intestines and windpipe. TIO POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS ous sizes each of which may develop into an egg. As an ovum passes through the oviduct it is first coated with an albuminous covering (the white of egg); lower down it is coated with a calcareous deposit that forms the shell of the egg. (Fig. 18.) 3. Diagnosis of Disease by Post-Mortem Symptoms For purposes of diagnosis each organ must be examined. Note in each case if it is enlarged, spotted, ruptured, inflamed or engorged with blood. Observe if it is an unusual color or if it possesses any other symptom of an abnormal character. A single symptom in a single organ, un- less very pronounced and characteristic, will not be sufficient evidence for forming an accurate opinion as to the cause of death. But if the condition of the other organs and the symptoms before and attending death are taken into consideration, there will sel- dom be any difficulty, from a practical standpoint, in deciding upon the nature of III POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT the disease. Many points can be decided only by a pathologist with the aid of a mi- croscope, such, for example, as the difference between coccidial and bacterial diarrhea, but it is quite enough for the poultryman to realize that one of his fowls has died of an attack of an acute form of diarrhea and that the rest of his birds may become infected. The following notes draw attention to the main diagnostic symptoms observable on post-mortem examination, arranged under the heading of the organs affected. Other symptoms are put in parentheses. Post-MorTEM SYMPTOMS BRAIN Apoplexy—Shown by congestion of blood vessels of brain. (Staggering gait and sudden death.) HEART Cholera.—Punctiform hemorrhages are generally found in the heart in cases of cholera. (Yellow feces; diarrhea; sudden tie POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS death of several or many fowls; inflamma- tion of upper portion of intestines.) LIVER Tuberculosis.—Yellowish-white spots on liver varying in size, somewhat raised and convex; the spots or nodules may be readily separated from the rest of the liver. The liver itself is often very much enlarged. (Fowl gradually loses weight and may go lame; mesentery and spleen affected with nodules. ) Cholera.—Liver enlarged, dark green and softened, sometimes showing whitish spots. Coccidial diarrhea—More or less circu- lar patches, depressed in the centre, associ- ated with plugged ceca, the linings of which have sores. Congested liver —Much enlarged and en- gorged with blood, may be readily torn. Fatty degeneration or fatty liver.—In the first case the liver is rather shrunken and 113 POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT hardened, and in the latter excessive de- posits of fat may be noticed. Liver trouble.—(Indigestion.) An en- larged liver without any of the special symptoms noted among the other diseases of the liver. Gout.—Needle-like crystals (urate of soda) give the liver the appearance of hav- ing been covered with chalk. (Other or- gans in abdominal cavity covered with same powder-like crystals.) Aspergillosis— Necrotic areas with mold. (Fowls go light and move about in a depressed manner, resting on their breast bones. ) STOMACH Gastritis—The mucous membrane lin- ing of the stomach is reddened and inflamed. INTESTINES Diarrhea.—Acute forms of intestinal troubles give rise to inflammation of the 114 POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS mucous membrane lining the walls of the intestines. Cholera.—The upper portion of the in- testines may be reddened and the contents show streaks or clots of blood. WV orms.—Round or tape worms present in intestines. CHCA These blind ducts are of importance in showing the presence of coccidiosis in fowls or blackhead in turkeys. Coccidial diarrhea.—The ceca are en- larged and show ulcers developing from the inside. WINDPIPE The linings of this organ should be clean and free of obstruction or mucous exuda- tions. Gapes.—Small worms about three-quar- ters of an inch long are found attached to the trachea. Trg POULTRY DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT Aspergillosis——A whitish mold will be seen along the inside of the windpipe. Pneumonia.—The bronchial tubes con- tain a thick mucous exudate. Congestion of lungs.—Blood escaped from congested lungs is found in the bron- chi. LUNGS These should be a bright red and spongy in texture. Congestion.—One or both lungs are dis- tended with blood and dark in color. Pneumonia.—A condition that follows on congestion, the whole lung affected losing its spongy texture, the air spaces being filled with a semi-solid substance. Brooder pneumonia.—Spots due to an as- pergillus fungus on lungs. (Chickens at- tacked.) MESENTERY Cholera.—Congestion of blood vessels of mesentery often seen. 116 POST-MORTEM EXAMINATIONS Tuberculosis—The mesentery may be studded with nodules. SPLEEN Tuberculosis. greatly enlarged spleen. Enteritis —(Bacterial.) Spleen — en- larged but paler in color. URETERS Cholera.—Ureters distended with yellow urates. 117 INDEX Abscesses Abnormal eggs (see Oviduct diseases) : Aconite Air under skin (see Emphysema) Air sac mite (see Mites, air sac) . Anemia Apoplexy . Aspergillosis Atrophy of liver (see Liver dideases) Bacterial enteritis (see ore Baldness (see Favus) . Biliary repletion (see Jaundice) . Blackhead of turkeys . Brandy ‘ Breakdown Broken limbs (see Fractures) Bronchitis Brooder pneumonia Bumblefoot Calomel Cancer (see Liver diseases and Ovary diseases) 72, Canker (see i saa Carbolic acid Castor oil . Catarrh (see Cold) Catarrh, contagious (see Roup) . Catarrh of crop . *Catarrh of stomach (see Gastritis) Chicken pox I 19 INDEX Chlorodyne Cholera Cloacitis : Coccidiosis of adult fowls ‘ Coccidiosis of chickens (see Brooder p pacunodig) Coccidiosis of turkeys (see Blackhead) . Cold . Congestion of the iver (se. Liver diseases) . Congestion of the Lungs (see Pneumonia) Conjunctivitis (see Roup) . Constipation Cramp Creolin Crop-bound Crop, soft . Crop, catarrh of Depluming mite Diarrhea, bacterial Diarrhea, mycotic Diarrhea, protozoan Diarrhea, mild . Diarrhea, severe Diarrhea, white . Diphtheria : Diphtheritic roup Disinfection Dislocations (see F vactures) Doses Dropsy Drugs Ducks Dysentery . Ege-bound Egg-eating . . 120 INDEX Emphysema Enlargement of heart (see Heart, diseases of) Enlargement of liver (see Liver diseases) Enlargement of kidneys (see Kidney diesases) Enteritis (see Diarrhea) . j Entero-hepatitis (see Blackhead) Epilepsy F j Epsom salts Fatty degeneration Favus Feather-eating Fits (see Epilepsy ) Fleas . : : Fowl typhoid Fractures Frost bite . : Gangrenous ovary (see Ovary diseases) Gapes ‘ , Gastritis Geese Going light (see Angin) . Gout . ’ Grippe (See Cold) Guinea fowls Heart, diseases of Heart, dropsy of Heart, enlargement of Heart, rupture . Hydrogen peroxide . Hypertrophy of the liver (see Liver diseases) Impaction of crop = Crop-bound) . Indigestion : Influenza (see Cold) « Todine 5 : I21 INDEX Jaundice Kidney diseases . Leg weakness . Leukemia (see Cholera) Lice . Limber-neck Liver diseases Lungs, congestion of (see Pacumonial Maggots Medicines Mites, air sac Mites, depluming Mites, red . : Mites, scaly leg (see Sealy leg) . Molting Nodular fenose ie Woon), Nursing fowls Ointment . Ovary diseases . Oviduct diseases Peritonitis . Permanganate of potash Pigeons Pip Pneumonia Poisoning . Post-mortem on palaariae Prolapse of oviduct (see Ovidact diseases)... Puffed skin a eee) Pyzmia Quinine Rheumatism Roup Scabies (see Mites, depluming) . Scaly leg 122 INDEX Soft crop . Sore head (see Chicken pox) Sulphur ointment Ticks Tuberculosis _ Turkeys ‘Turpentine Vertigo (see Apoplexy) Water F White comb (see Favu) « White diarrhea of chickexs Worms 123 STANDARD BOOKS PUBLISHED BY ORANGE JUDD COMPANY NEW YORK CHICAGO AsuHLanp BuiLpine Peopte’s Gas BuILpinG 315-321 Fourth Avenue 150 Michigan Avenue Any of these books wiil be sent by- mail, postpaid, to any part of the world, on receipt of catalog price. We are always happy to correspond with our patrons, and cordially invite them to address us on any matter pertaining to rural books. Send for our large illustrated catalog, free on appl:- cation. First Principles of Soil Fertility _ By Atrrep Vivian. There is no subject of more vital importance to fhe farmer than that of the best method of maintaining the fertility of the soil. The very evident decrease in the fertility of those soils which have been under cultivation for a number of years, combined .with the increased competition and the advanced price of labor, have convinced the intelligent farmer that the agriculture of the future must be based upon more rational practices than those which have been followed in the past. We have felt for some time that there was a place for a brief, and at the same time comprehensive, treatise on this important subject of Soil Fertility. Professor Vivian’s experience as a teacher in the short winter courses has admirably fitted him to present this matter in a popular style. In this little book he has given the gist of the subject in plain language, practically devoid of technical and scientific terms. 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This book will meet the needs of amateurs as: well as commercial poultry raisers. Profusely illustrated. 160 pages.’ 5x 714 inches. Cloth, . . . $0.50 Poultry Architecture Compiled by G. B. Fisxr. A treatise on poultry buildings of all grades, styles and classes, and their proper location, coops, additions and special construction; all practical in de- sign, and reasonable in cost. Over too illustrations. 125 pages. Gacy inches: Cloth, ao eos! Boe os Sm 50 Poultry Appliances and Handicraft Compiled by G. B. Fisxe. Illustrated description of a great variety and styles of the best homemade nests, roosts windows, ventilators, incubators and brooders, feeding and watering appliances, etc., etc. Over 100 illustrations. Over 125 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth. . . . . . . . $0.50 Turkeys and How to Grow Them Edited by Hersert Myricx. A treatise on the natural history and origin of the name of turkeys; the various breeds, the best methods to insure success in the business of turkey growing. With essays from practical turkey growers in different parts of the United States and Canada. Copiously illustrated. 154 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth,. . . . $1.00 (18) Profitable Stock Raising By Crarence A. SHAMEL. This book covers fully the principles of breeding and feeding for both fat stock and dairying type. It tells of sheep and mutton raising, hot house lambs, the swine industry and the horse market. Finally, he tells of the preparation of stock for the market. and how to prepare it so that it will bring a high market price. Live stock is the most important feature of farm life, and statistics show a production far short of the actual requirements. There are many problems to be faced in the profitable production of stock, and these are fully and comprehensively covered in Mr. Shamel’s new book. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 288 pages. Cloth. Net, $1.50 The Business of Dairying By C. B. Lane. The author of this practical little. book is to be congratulated on the successful manner in which he has treated so important a subject. It has been pre- pared for the use of dairy students, producers and handlers of milk, and all who make dairying a business. Its pur- pose is to present in a clear and concise manner various business methods and systems which wil! help the dairy- man to reap greater profits. This book meets the needs of the average dairy farmer, and if carefully followed will lead to successful dairying. It may also be used as an alementary textbook for colleges, and especially in short- ourse classes. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 300 pages. Cloth. Net, $1.25 Questions and Answers on Buttermaking By Cuas A. Pustow. This book is entirely different from the usual type of dairv books, and is undoubtedly in a class by itself. The entire subject of butter-making in all its branches has been most thoroughly treated, and many new and important features have been added. The tests for moisture, salt and acid have received special attention, as have also the questions on cream separa- tion, pasteurization, commercial starters, cream ripening, cream overrun, marketing of butter, and creamery man- agement. Illustrated. 5x7 inches. 100 pages. Cloth. Questions and Answers on Milk and Milk Testing By Cuas. A. Pustow, and Hucu C. Troy. A book that no student in the dairy industry can afford to be without. No other treatise of its kind is available, and no book of its size gives so much practical and useful information in the study of milk and milk products. cranes 5x7 inches. 100 pages. Cloth. - .... . . Net, $0.50 (3) Soils By ChasttS WILLIAM Burkert, Director Kansas Agri- cultural Experiment Station. The most complete and popular work of the kind ever published. As a rule, a book of this sort is dry and uninteresting, but in this case it reads ‘like a novel. The author has put into it his in- dividuality. The story of the properties of the soils, their improvement and management, as well as a discussion of the problems of crop growing and crop feeding, make this book equally valuable to the farmer, student and teacher. Illustrated. 303 pages. 51%4x8 inches. Cloth. . Net, $1.25 Weeds of the Farm Garden By L. H. Pammet. The enormous losses, amounting to several hundred million dollars annually in the United States, caused by weeds stimulate us to adopt a better system of agriculture. The weed question is, therefore a most important and vital one for American farmers This treatise will enable the farmer to treat his field tc remove weeds. The book is profusely illustrated by photo- graphs and drawings made expressly for this work, and will prove invaluable to every farmer, land owner, gar- dener and park superintendent. 5x7 inches. 300 pages. Gloth,. 3 “a aw wtB el Be ee we a dae UNE Orso! Farm Machinery and Farm Motors By J. B. Davipson and L. W. Cuase. 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It is a practice’ and reliable treatice on the saving of the seed, raising of the plants, selection and preparation of the soil, planting, cultiva- tion, manuring, cutting, bunching, packing, marketing, canning and drying, insect enemies, fungous diseases and every re- quirement to successful asparagus culture, special emphasis be- ing given to the importance ot asparagus as a farm and money crop. Illustrated. 174 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth. . $a.5¢ The New Onion Culture By T. Grrinrr. Rewritten, greatly enlarged and brought up to date. A new method of growing onions of largest size and yield, on less land, than can be, raised by the old plan. Thousands of farmers and gardeners and many experiment stations have given it practical trials which have proved a success. A complete guide in growing onions with the great- est profit, explaining the whys and wherefores. Illustrated 5 x 7 inches. 140 pages. Cicth, . . 2. - . $0.50 The New Rhubarb Culture A complete guide to dark forcing and field etd Part I-—By J. E. Morse, the well-known Michigan trucker and originator of the now famous and extremely profitable new methods of dark forcing and field culture. Part II~Com- piled by G. B. Fiske. Other methods practiced by the most experienced market gardeners, greenhouse men and experi- mezters in all parts of America. Jliustrated. %36 pages. sx 7inches, Cloth . . . . .. . $080 (7) Alfalfa By F. D. Copurn. Its grow..., uses, and feeding value. The fact that alfalfa thrives in almost any soil; that without reseeding, it goes on yielding two, three, four, and sometimes five cuttings annually for five, ten, or perhaps 100 years; and that either green or cured it is one of the most nutritious forage plants known, makes reliable information upon its pro- duction and uses of unusual interest. Such information is given in this volume for every part of America, by the highest authority. Illustrated. 164 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth. $0.50 Ginseng, Its Cultivation, Harvesting, Marketing : and Market Value By Maurice G. Karns, with a short account of its history and botany. It discusses in a practical way how to begin with either seeds or roots, soil, climate and location, preparation planting and maintenance of the beds, artificial propagation, manures, enemies, selection for market and for improvement, preparation for sale, and the profits that may be expected. This booklet is concisely written, well and profusely illus- trated, and should be in the hands of all who expect to grow this drug to supply the export trade, and to add a new and profitable industry to their farms and gardens, without inter- fering with the regular work. New edition. Revised and en- farged. Illustrated. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth, . . . . $0.50 Landscape Gardening By F. A. Wauen, professor of horticulture, university of Vermont. A treatise on the general principles governing outdoor art; with sundry suggestions for their application in the commoner problems of gardening. Every paragraph is short, terse and to the point, giving perfect clearness to the discussions at all points. In spite of the natural difficulty ° of presenting abstract principles the whole matter is made entirely plain even to the inexperienced reader. Illustrated. 152 pages. 5 x 7 inches. Cloth . . . . . - . $0.50" Hedges, Windbreaks, Shelters and Live Fences By E. P. Powrz. A treatise on the planting, growth arid management of hedge plants for country and suburban homes. It gives accurate directions concerning hedges; how to plant and how to treat them; and especially concerning windbreaks and shelters. It includes the whole art of making a delightful home, giving directions for nooks and balconies, , for bird culture and for human comfort. Illustrated. 140 pages. 5x7inches, Cloth, . . . . . 2. « . $056 (8) Successful Fruit Culture By SamugL T. Maynarp. A practical guide to the culti- vation and propagation of Fruits, written from the standpoint of the practical fruit grower who is striving to make his business profitable by growing the best fruit possible and at the least cost. It is up-to-date in every particular, and covers the entire practice of fruit culture, harvesting, storing, mar- keting, forcing, best varieties, etc., etc. It deals with principles first and with the practice afterwards, as the foundation, prin- ciples of plant growth and nourishment must always remain the same, while practice will vary according to the fruit grower’s immediate conditions and environments. Illustrated. 265 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth . . . . . . . $1.0c Plums and Plum Culture By F. A. WaucH. A complete manual for fruit growers, nurserymen, farmers and gardeners, on all known varieties of plums and their successful management. This book marks an epoch in the horticultural literature of America. It is a complete monograph of the plums cultivated in and indigenous to North America. It will be found indispensable to the scientist seeking the most recent and authoritative informa- tion concerning this group, to the nurseryman who wishes to handle his varieties accurately and intelligently, and to the cultivator who would like to grow plums successfully. Ilus- trated. 301 pages. 5x7 inches. Cloth . . . . . $1.50 Fruit Harvesting, Storing, Marketing By F. A. Waucu. A practical guide to the picking, stor- ing, shipping and marketing of fruit. The principal subjects covered are the fruit market, fruit picking, sorting and pack- ing, the fruit storage, evaporation, canning, statistics of the fruit trade, fruit package laws, commission dealers and deal- ing, cold storage, etc., etc. No progressive fruit grower can afford to be without this most valuable book. Illustrated. 232 pages. 5x 7 inches. Cloth . . . . . . . $1.00 Systematic Pomology By F. A. Wauen, professor of horticulture and landscape gardening in the Massachusetts agricultural college, formerly of the university of Vermont. This is the first book in the English language which has ever made the attempt at a com- plete and comprehensive treatment of systematic pomology. It presents clearly and in detail the whole method by which fruits are studied. The book is suitably illustrated. 288 pages. 5x 7inches. Cloth. . . . . . 1. . . $1.00 (11) Neate we aos