_GEOR LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N. Y. Cornell University Library SF 991.W22 1896 varieties and management in 3 1924 001 018 484 vel Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001018484 STANDARD VETERINARY BOOKS. IMPORTANT TO FARMERS, BREEDERS, GRAZIERS, ETC. ETC. -Price 21s. each. ; : EVERY MAN HIS OWN.HORSE DOCTOR. By GzorcE Armatacz. M.R.C.V.S. In which is embodied BLaINnEe’s “Veterinary Art.” Fourth Edition, Revised and consider- ably Enlarged. With upwards of 330 Original Illustrations, Coloured and Steel Plates, Anatomical Drawings, &c, In demy 8vo, half-bound, 884 pp. EVERY MAN HIS OWN CATTLE DOCTOR. By Georcz ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. Sixth Edition. Forming a suitable Text-book for the Student and General Practitioner. With copious Notes, Additional Recipes, &c., and upwards of 350 Practical Illustrations, showing Forms of Disease and Treat- ment, including Coloured Page Plates of the Foot and Mouth Disease. In demy 8vo, half-bound, 940 pp. < THE SHEEP DOCTOR: A Guide to the British and Colonial ‘Stockmaster in the Treatment and Prevention of Disease. By Grorce ArMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. With Special Reference to, Sheep Farming in the Colonies and other Sheep-producing Territories, With 150 Original Anatomical Illustrations. In demy 8vo, half-bound, price 15s. ; or, cloth gilt, ros. 6d. UNIFORM WITH THIS VOLUME. Price 2s. 6d. each. THE HORSE: Its Varieties and Management in Health and Disease. By Gzorcr ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. With Illus- trations, : a CATTLE: Their Varieties and Management in Health and Disease.’ ' By Grorce ArmataceE, M.R.C.V.S. With Illustrations. THE SHEEP: Its Varieties and Management in Health and Disease. By Grorce ArmataGcE, M.R.C.V.S. With Illus- trations, ¢ “These works are deserving of a large sale, and the more carefully they are perused the more highly they will be appreciated.” —Farvier and Stockbroker. Price 1s, each. THE HORSEOWNER AND STABLEMAN’S COMPANION; : or, Hints on the Selection, Purchase, and Management of the Horse. By Grorcre ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. (Fourth Edition.) ‘To the proprietors of large stables, and to those who are in the practical manage- ment of them, Mr, Armatage’s advice will be valuable indeed, and will doubtless result in improvement and economy.”—County Gentleman, HOW TO FEED THE HORSE, AVOID DISEASE, AND SAVE MONEY. By Gegorcr ArMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S, (Fourth Edition.) - 3 : ‘ “The author gives sound and sensible advice, and the volume should be in the possession of all who own horses and wish to make the most of them.” — The Field. THE THERMOMETER AS AN AID TO DIAGNOSIS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE. By Grorcz ArmatacE, M.R.C.V.S. (Second Edition.) ‘ “Tt will be found a capital and useful text-book on the subject, and one, too, that is well brought up to date.”—Bedl’s Messenger. ‘Sroquaysy fuvwdeyy waqoy ‘ayy Jo Awadoad ayy, ‘saziig puioadg puv ysay Auvur jo xduuray $ *saztig asp AY 4QA0 Jo AIULTA, y 4. /dUQ UIHLVALT] NOMWNVHD,, ANV NV{] GUOTGNVS NOIdNVHD,, SYALNIOg THE DOG THE DOG ITS VA RYE TIES AND MANAG NT IN HEALTH “STONEHENGE” WITH ITS DISEASES AND THEIR TREATMENT ‘BY GEORGE ARMATAGE, M.R.C.V.S. Formerly Lecturer in the Albert and Glasgow Veterinary Colleges AUTHOR OF “THE HORSE DocToR,” “THE CATTLE DOCTOR” “THE SHEEP DOCTOR,” ETC, ETC. WITH NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS LONDON FREDERICK WARNE AND CO. AND NEW YORK [Ad rights reserved| PREFACE. Our dumb friend and companion has advanced to signal prominence in various directions. His mental aptitude, as well as natural capabilities, are better understood, and recent years have witnessed a marvellous increase in his varied spheres of usefulness, with corresponding appre- ciation of his intelligence and intrinsic worth. His management in health and disease is, therefore, a subject of the first importance. To promote the first and remove the latter is the supreme desire of him who ‘rightly appreciates the virtues of his canine’ friend. How to effect this forms the prominent theme of the following pages. The valuable experience of Stonehenge which graced the pages of the first part of former editions has been largely retained, new matter being added where it was expressly needed. The second part, relating to Disease, has been entirely re-written, and presents the standard of current experience as to its nature and appropriate treatment. In the endeavour to present reliable views regarding. the nature of the maladies of the dog, they are arranged as far as practicable in accordance with the supposed causes ; thus, many are conveniently included under the head of Blood Diseases; others are due to specific or contagious élements ; while the majority, perhaps, arising from interference with organic function, injury, &c., are viii Preface. conveniently dealt with in connection with the several systems, or groups of organs. ‘The chapter on Materia Medica deals with the numerous remedies employed in the treatment of disease, their combination and forms of administration, details of which are given in everyday language. The reader will find ample choice, and experience little difficulty in pro- curing from the nearest chemist, the preparations he may need. By way of embellishment, faithful portraits of celebri- ties have been secured, through the kindness of several exhibitors, and especially Mr. Charles Reid, of Wishaw, whose similar efforts have satisfactorily enriched previous companion volumes. Lonpon, 1896. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. THE DOG AND ITS HABITS, Origin —Characteristics—Age, &c. &c. . . CHAPTER II. VARIETIES OF THE DOG. Pointer—Setters—Field Spaniels—Sussex Spaniel—Clumber Spaniel—Norfolk Spaniel—Cocker— Water Spaniels—Old English Water Spaniel—North of Ireland Water Spaniel— South Irish Water Spaniel—English Greyhound, . CHAPTER III. VARIETIES OF THE DOG (continued). Hounds—The Bloodhound—Staghound—Foxhound—Harrier —Beagle — Dachshund — Otterhound — Fox Terrier — Truffle Dog—Retrievers—Deerhound—The Borzoi . ‘CHAPTER IV. USEFUL COMPANIONS OF MAN. Old English Mastiff—The Great Dane—Newfoundland—St. ‘Bernard—Bulldog—Bull Terriers—Pure Terriers—Smooth English Terrier—Black and Tan English Terrier—Rough- or Broken-haired Terrier—Skye Terrier—Dandie Dinmont —Bedlington Terrier—Irish Terrier-—-Welsh Terrier— Whippet—Bob-tailed Sheep-Dog—Collie—Pomeranian or Spitz . . . . : . . . . . PAGE 28 51 x Contents. CHAPTER V. LADIES’ TOY DOGS. . a PAGE Xing Charles Spaniel—Blenheim Spaniel—Italian Greyhound .—Pug—Maltese Dog—Toy Terrier—Poodle . ° . 86 CHAPTER VI. GENERAL MANAGEMENT OF THE DOG. General Management of Dogs—Of Whelps—Dressing—Kennels — Management of Pet Dogs . . . . . + 100 CHAPTER VII. DISEASES OF THE DOG. General Observations—Health and Disease—Pathology—Fever : Simple, Sympathetic, and Specific—Inflammation— Abscess ~—Serous Cyst—Prevention of Disease—Classification of Disease . . e 2 « ‘ F s z . 108 CHAPTER VIII. MATERIA MEDICA. The Dispensing of Medicines—Nursing—Doses of Medicines— Alteratives — Anodynes — Antiseptics — Antispasmodics-— Aperients — Astringents — Blisters — Caustics —Clysters, Enemas, or Injections—Cordials—Demulcents—Diapho- retics—Digestives—Diuretics—Electuaries—Em brocations or Liniments — Emetics — Expectorants — Febrifuges—. Fomentations - Hypodermic Injections — Inhalations — Lotions—Ointments—External Parasiticides—Poultices—-~ Stimulants — Stomachics — Styptics — Tonics — Worm Medicines, Internal Parasiticides . F é i . 116 CHAPTER IX, BLOOD DISEASES. Plethora—Obesity—Anzemia—Rheumatism—Rickets, or Ra-- chitis—Inter-breeding—Crooked or Bandy legs—Leuche- +mia—Jaundice—Uremia—Apneea . 3 ‘ F ‘ 138 Contents. xi, CHAPTER X. SPECIFIC AND CONTAGIOUS DISEASES, PAGE Anthrax—Cholera— Diphtheria—Distemper—-Eczema Epizod- - tica— Glanders — Measles — Rabies— Relapsing Fever— Septiceemia—Tuberculosis—Variola, or Small Pox . « 146 CHAPTER XI. DISEASES OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM. Catarrh, or Coryza—Ozzena—Parasitic Ozzena—Epistaxis— ” Polypus — Laryngitis—Aphonia— Snoring—Bronchitis — Pneumonia— Pleurisy— Parasitic. or Verminous Bron- chitis—Chronic Cough—Asthma a + 170 CHAPTER XII. DISEASES OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM.. Fatty Degeneration of the Heart—Rupture of the Heart— Valvular Disease—Pericarditis—Invasion by Parasites . 180 CHAPTER XIII. DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. The Teeth: Caries—Abscess of the Jaw—Diseases of the Tongue: Glossitis, Wounds, Paralysis—Ptyalism—The Lips : Pharyngitis—Choking—Stricture of the Gullet— Indigestion —-Vomition — Gastric Catarrh — Gastritis— Foreign Bodies in the Stomach—Ulceration—Worms in athe Stomach— Colic— Diarrhoea—Dysentery—Constipa- tion—Impaction— Enteritis — Prolapsus—Piles—Atony — Thickening— Hernia — Worms in theBowels—Peritonitis— Ascites, or Dropsy—Hepatitis, Acute and Chronic—Fatty Degeneration—Parasites in the Liver—Diseases of the Spleen and Pancreas—Goitre . ‘ . . + 1. 184 CHAPTER XIV. DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. Nephritis, or Inflammation of the Kidneys — Albuminous Nephritis— Calculi, or Stones in the Kidney —Hematuria, xii Contents. or Red Water—Atrophy and Hypertrophy—Worm in the Kidney—Impaction of the Ureters—Cystitis, or Inflam- mation of the Bladder—Stone in the Bladder—Rupture of the Bladder—Diabetes—Paralysis of the Bladder—Disease of the Prostate—Stone in the Urethra—Urethritis— Balanitis—Posthitis—Worm in the Urethra. . , 204 CHAPTER XV. DISEASES OF THE GENERATIVE SYSTEM. MALE ORGANS: Gonorrhcea—Imperforate Prepuce—The Penis —Amputation—Scrotal Inflammation—Orchitis—Abscess of the Testicles—Scirrhus. FEMALE ORGANS: Metritis, or Inflammation of the Womb—Dropsy—Inversion, or Prolapsus — Heemorrhage, or Flooding — Amputation — Tumours in the Vagina—Inversion, or Prolapsus—Ampu- tation—Use of the Catheter. DISEASES OF THE ORGANS oF LACTATION: Retention of Milk—Mamnnitis, or Inflam- mation of the Milk Gland—Malignant Tumours— Warts —CEstrum—Parturition . 4 . : ‘ i + 210 CHAPTER XVI. DISEASES OF THE EYES AND EARS. OrGANS OF VISION: Simple Ophthalmia, or Conjunctivitis— Cataract—Iritis—Amaurosis, or Gutta Serena—Staphyloma —Hydrophthalmia—Distension, and Dislocation of the Eyeball—Tumour of the Haw—Dermatoid Conjunctiva— Ulceration of the Eyelids—Ectropion—Entropion— Watery Eyes. ORGANS OF HEARING: Otitis—Internal Canker— External Canker—Abscess of the Ear-flap, or Blood Abscess —Polypi, or Tumours within the Ear—Squamula, or Scurfi- ness of the Ear-flap—Ticks—Mange of the Ear F . 220 CHAPTER XVII. DISEASES OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. Epilepsy—Vertigo—Neuralgia— A poplexy—Tetanus,orLocked- jaw— Chorea—Cramp—Injuries to the Head: Concussion ~—Compression—A poplexy—Encephalitis—Hydrocephalus —Paralysis—Parasitism . ‘ s . : . 229 Contents. xiii CHAPTER XVIII. DISEASES OF THE SKIN. PAGE Alopecia, or Baldness—Anasarca, or Dropsy of the Cellular Tissue—Eczema, Surfeit, or ‘‘ Red Mange ”—Erythema— Warts—PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN, ANIMAL - Parasites: Scabies, or Sarcoptic Mange—Follicular Mange — The Harvest Bug — Fleas — Lice — Ticks —VEGETABLE ParasITES: Tinea Tonsurans, or Ring- worm—Tinea Favosa, or Honeycomb Ringworm . a CHAPTER XIX. LOCAL INJURIES. Anchylosis, or Stiff-joint—Sprain of Muscle and Sinew—Con- genital Deformity—Dislocations—Fracture of Bone—False _, Joint—Lameness—Sprain of Muscle~Sprain of Tendon—. "Lameness of the Feet—Carpet Fever—Injuries by Thorns, Nails, &c. Raw, Bruised and Bleeding Feet—Mange of the Foot — Overgrown Claws — Wounds — Hezemorrhage, or Bleeding . . . . . . . ° . CHAPTER XxX. POISONS. Empirical Poisoning—Accidental Poisoning—Wilful and Mali- cious Poisoning—Symptoms of Poisoning—Treatment— Mineral Poisons—Vegetable Poisons—Animal Poisons— Snake or Viper-bite—Wasps, Hornets, and Bees—Destruc- 236 248 tion of Dogs . . ‘ e . . . » 254 INDEX ) ; ‘ a 261 II. = XV. XVI. LIST OF PLATES POINTERS ‘'CHAMPION SANDFORD BANG"’ AND ‘(CHAMPION HEATHER BEE” Frontispiece » GORDON SETTERS ’ . . . IRISH SETTER ‘“CHAMPION HEATHER Roy” ‘ GREYHOUNDS WIREHAIRED FOX TERRIER ‘‘ JACK ST. LEGER ”’ - i F é ‘ FLAT COATED RETRIEVER ‘ HELPFUL” DEERHOUND © ‘ : . ¥ P BORZOI ye - ‘ 5 ENGLISH MASTIFF ‘' PRINCE OF WALES”’ NEWFOUNDLAND . ROUGH COATED ST. BERNARD . BULLDOG . WHITE ENGLISH TERRIER ‘* CHAMPION MORNING STAR” . Fl 2 IRISH TERRIER ‘‘ BREDA MIXER" . ROUGH COATED COLLIE 3 P ios PUG ‘PRIMROSE KNIGHT” , ‘ . tofacep, 10 ” Iz THE DOG. CHAPTER I. THE DOG AND ITS HABITS, Origin—Characteristics---Age, &c,, &c. HE DOG belongs to the division Vertebrata, and the class Mammalia. It is also in the order Fera, the family Fé/ide, and the sub-family Canina, which in- cludes the dog, wolf, jackal, and fox. This sub-family is distinguished by having two tubercular teeth behind its canine teeth in the upper jaw; and the Canis familiaris has the pupils of the eye round, while in the fox they are like those of the cat, perpendicular slits, and in the wolf oblique ones. Volumes have been written on the origin of the dog, but our knowledge on this subject may easily be summed up in one little word, z/; I shall therefore not inflict upon the readers of this book all the various arguments vo and con; suffice it to say, that the dog is now an inhabitant chiefly of cold and temperate climates; that it rapidly degenerates if transported to a very warm one, as is seen in India and China, but that it will bear every climate from the Arctic circle to the Equator without loss of life. The dog is a carnivorous animal by nature, though he will feed upon and devour any vegetable sub- stance that comes in his way if pressed by hunger. In his domesticated state he thrives best upon a mixed diet, and is usually considered, and with truth, as omnivorous. .His teeth are fitted for tearing flesh, and he has no true grinders suited to bruise grain; his stomach is a simple 1 2 The Dog and its Habits. one, and his intestines are of a medium length between the short ones of the true Carnivora, and the long ones of the graminivorous quadrupeds. It is impossible to fix the epoch, as we have said, when the dog became the servant of man. The oldest tradi- tions, the most ancient historical documents, show us the dog reduced to a state of domesticity. Thus it may be said that the dog forms an integral part of mankind. This is what Toussenel has well said: “Ce quil ya de meilleur dans Phomme, c’est le chien.” The dog pos- sesses all the qualities of intelligence and spirit. Where can we find a more certain, more constant, or more de- voted friendship, a more faithful memory, a stronger attachment, more sincere abnegation, a mind more loyal and frank? The dog does not know what ingratitude is. He does not abandon his benefactor in danger or adver- sity. With joy he offers to sacrifice his life for those who feed him. He pushes his devotion so far as to for- get himself. He does not recall the corrections, the unkind treatment, to which he has been subjected; he thirsts for caresses, while the indifference of those who are dear to him plunges him into deep distress. Noble ‘ creature! the favourite of the rich, consolation of the poor, inseparable companion of the unfortunate; thanks to thee, the miserable individual who dies alone in the midst of society, counts at least one friend at his me- lancholy funeral; he does not descend alone into the cold grave, for thou comest to shed on his tomb the sin- cere tears of affection and regret, and such is the excess of thy grief, that no one can tear thee from that spot where sleeps the corpse of him thou lovest! And what intelligence! what penetration ! what Jinesse is there in this admirable companion of our gladness and. sorrow! How well he can read countenances; how skilfully he. knows how to interpret the sentiments con- veyed in gestures and words! In vain you may threaten, in vain try to frighten him. Your eye betrays you; that smile, which scarcely appears upon your lips, has un- masked your feelings ; and so far from fearing and avoid- ing you, he comes to solicit your attention, The Dog and its Habits, 3 Volumes might be written, if desirable, relating all the extraordinary stories of which dogs are the heroes, Every day, in ordinary life, we see something of this kind, and which, although of so frequent occurrence, is none the less curious. Is it necessary to recall to memory the dog of Ulysses, the model of fidelity; the dog of Montargis, the vanquisher of crime; of Munito, the brilliant player at dominoes? Must we mention the Newfoundland dog and the dog of Mount St. Bernard, both of them preservers of human life? Is it necessary to speak of intelligent dogs going for provisions for their master, and assisting him in his duties with ability ; of the shoeblack’s dog, trained to plant his muddy paws on the best polished boots, so as to bring more business to his master, the man of the brush? We should never come to an end if we attempted to register all the ex- ploits of this valuable companion of man. ‘Dogs are digttigrade, or walk on their toes ; their claws are not retractile—they have five toes on the fore-feet and generally four on the hind ones. Their teeth are— . 6 I—I 6 6 Incisors — Canine —— Molars —— 6 I—I 8 The tongue of the dog is smooth, not lacerating like that of the cat; its application to wounds has a healing ten- dency when the animal is in health. Dogs live on an average about fourteen or fifteen years. ke 4 Varteties of the Dog. CHAPTER II. VARIETIES OF THE DOG. Pointer—Setters—Field Spaniels—Sussex Spaniel—Clumber Spaniel—Norfolk Spaniel—Cocker—Water Spaniels—Old English Water Spaniel—North of Ireland Water Spaniel—South Irish Water Spaniel—English Greyhound. THE Pointer of the present day is no doubt descended from the old Spanish dog, crossed with the foxhound or greyhound, by which he has obtained greater lightness and activity, united with more lasting powers, but at the expense of his nose, which is not so delicate as that of the source from which he sprang. The well-bred pointer, in the eyes of the true sportsman, is a grand and graceful dog. His ancestry probably cannot be traced so far back as that of the setter, but as a true sporting dog he is often preferred, to the exclusion of the latter.. The habit of pointing at their game is an innate qualification of the breed, and may be observed in young puppies standing to their game when they are first taken to the field. At the various shows of the United Kingdom three sizes of this dog may be seen, which are denominated as large, medium, and small weight. Of the first, the dog is estimated to be upwards of 70 lbs., and the bitch over 6o Ibs. ; medium, dogs, 50 to 70 lbs., and bitches, 45 to 60 lbs.; dogs of small weight are under 50 lbs., the bitches not exceeding 45 lbs. The best colours for show purposes are the lemon and white, quality being more prominent in pointers of this colour. Some sportsmen prefer the liver and white, under the conviction that they are possessed of greater endurance ; others regard colour as a secondary matter, resting on the conviction that a good dog cannot possess a bad colour, always looking forward in their selection to obtaining symmetrical proportions, good build, and muscular development, all of Varieties of the Dog. f which combine towards the essential qualities of the breed, viz., strength, speed, and endurance. A black nose is common to the liver and white pointer, but it is disastrous to the lemon and white in the show ring. The head of the pointer should be large but not heavy, wide across the ears, and showing a raised fore- head. The nose should be long and broad, with its front outline square, the teeth being even. ‘This marks the . pointer from the hound, whose nose has a tendency to slope towards the throat, the extreme of which is called the “pig’s snout.” The lips should be well marked, without running into the flews of the bloodhound. Ears long, soft, and thin, set on low down, and carried quite close to the cheeks. Eyes moderately large, soft, and intelligent, the colour varying from buff to dark brown according to that of the coat. A peculiarly rounded out- line on the upper side of the neck marks the well-bred pointer, which can scarcely be described in words. No throatiness is allowable, as it indicates too much of the Spanish strain. This poznt should be divided as follows :— Skull, 10; nose, 10; ears, 5 ; neck, 5—total, 30 The frame may be divided into loin, hind quarter, shoulders, and chest. The loin, which with the hind quarter constitutes the propelling powers, must be well arched, broad, and deep, and strongly united to the ribs in front, and to the couples behind, which latter should be wide and somewhat ragged. Next in importance are the shoulders, upon the obliquity of which depends the elasticity of the action, while they must be well clothed with muscle, to enable the dog to keep up for many hours in succession. The chest must be full, but not so much so as that of the old barrel-shaped Spanish pointer, the back ribs being required to be very deep. Hind quarters well bent at the stifles, provided with strong hocks, and clothed with powerful muscles. In estima- ting these fomnts, I should give to the shoulders and chest, 15 ‘points ; back and hind quarters, 15 peinise= total, 30 points. Without the feet and legs the continued action of each dog must altogether be forbidden, as weakly-formed ones 6 Varieties of the Dog. soon give way, and the dog becomes lame. The feet should be round and cat-like, with hard horny soles, pasterns short, large in the bone and tendons, and not sloping backwards towards the knees to any great extent. A long and muscular arm is specially necessary, and the elbow must be neither in nor out. These fozzts may be valued as follows, viz.:—-feet, 6; legs, 6; elbows, 4; hocks, 2 ; stifles, 2—total, 20. The general quality and stern indicate by their appear- ance the amount of breeding, and are therefore neces- sarily attended to, but the former cannot he described. The stern should be shaped like a bee’s sting, having a strong root, a straight, jie, and stiff body, and a pointed tip—total value, ro. Of the colour, symmetry, and coat, the first may be selected according to fancy, but most people prefer a dog with a good deal of white, so that he may readily be seen in turnips. Liver and white, or lemon and white, are the most common, next to which come black and white, which, when mixed with tan on the cheeks, indicates the hound cross. ‘Whole colours are liver, red, black, and white, The texture of the coat should be short and soft, but not too fine, the last-named quality being often accompanied by a delicate constitution. These poznts are put at 10. Setters of the present day are classed as either Eng- lish, Scotch (Gordon), Irish, or Russian. It is needless to describe the last-named, as the breed, which was com- mon enough thirty years ago, is now seldom met with, and has no advantage to recommend it. It is a very long-haired animal, almost resembling a poodle in coat, except that there is not so much curl. Hence, in the hot weather so often experienced in August and September, it is soon knocked up, and though possessing a very fine nose, this is of little use at its master’s heels. All the various breeds of the setter are doubtless de scended from the spaniel, which dog has a natural pro- pensity to pause before springing on his game. This peculiarity has been encouraged and developed until the innate point has become established, and the setter puppy, if well bred, may be expected to point game on the first Varieties of the Dog. V4 or second time of showing it to him, or, if very high. couraged, as soon as he finds he cannot run it down by speed. In the early days, after the breed was first estab- lished, it was used solely by the falconer and netter, who were contented with any animal which would find birds, and, setting down on the ground, would allow the net to be drawn over him, or the hawk to be cast off, without moving. Since the introduction of the plan of shooting flying, a faster and stouter dog has become necessary, and one also which will bear the heats of August and Septem- ber. Hence the object of the breeder has been to get rid of the thick curly coat of the spaniel on the body of the setter, and at the same time to retain and even improve upon the elegant feather beneath the tail, or flag, as it is called, and behind the legs. The three breeds we have mentioned, into which setters are divided, all agree in this point, however much they may differ in others, as we shall presently see. Youatt’s remarks on the setter are interesting. He says:—‘ The setter is more active than the pointer. He has greater spirit and strength. He loves his master for himself, and not, like the pointer, merely for the pleasure he shares with him. His somewhat inferior scent, however, makes him a little too apt to run into his game, and he occasionally has a will of his own. He requires good breaking and plenty of work, but that breaking must be of a peculiar character; it must not partake of the severity which too often accompanies, and unnecessarily so, the tuition of the pointer.” Several distinct breeds of the setter are met with: the Laverack setter, which is probably the purest of the English breeds, the colours being liver and white, flints, or blue, or lemon and white Beltons, or mottles. The Featherston Castle, and also the Newark Castle setters are liver and white, the latter being distinguished by top-knots. The Lort setter is black and white or orange and white. The Earl of Seafield’s breed is lemon and white, and that of Lord Lovat is black, white, and tan. The Llewellyn setter is described as a very neat and handsome dog, coming pretty close to the Laverack in many of his points, & —_ Varieties of the Dog. As his name implies, the setter crouches, sits, or sets his game, a qualification which is carefully estimated by experienced judges. If he stands at his game, the fault is supposed to be derived from the pointer. The English setter is longer and more open in his frame than the pointer, and has a proportionally longer stride in all his paces. He is capable of harder work than that dog, and as his toes are clothed with hair in the intervals between them, he is not so liable to become “‘foot-sore,” either from very dry or very wet ground. In regard to nose, there is much difference of opinion, but I am inclined to believe that the setter has a slight advantage in this respect. When well bred, the setter is as easily broken as the pointer, to the point and back, but-he is seldom quite as tractable in regard to the other elements of his education, and is, moreover, more apt to forget his lessons than his smooth competitor in the shooting-field. ‘These remarks, however, apply more to the setter of the early part of this century than to the dog of the present day, which is a great improvement upon his ancestors. The head is lighter than the pointer’s, and narrower across the ears, but equally high at the forehead. The nose is long, and shows a slight tendegcy to fall inwards towards the eyes, the corners of which should be not less than four inches from its tip. This should be broad, with large open nostrils, well bedewed with moisture. and of a dark colour. Teeth level, and without the slightest tendency to the “snipe” form. Lips full at the angles, but not pendulous even to the extent allowable in the pointer. Ears must be about 6 inches long, set on low and well forward, carried without any approach to the prick shape, and rounded at the lower edges. Eyes large, but not protruding, and beaming with love of ap- probation and intelligence. Neck long, thin, and slightly arched above, but showing a clean-cut line where it joins the head. Value of these points : head, 10; nose, 10; neck, 5 ; ears, 5— total, 30. The frame and outline, though different to the eye of the judge from that of the pointer, cannot be separated from the latter by any verbal description, except that the Varieties of the Dog. 9 chest is.rarely so wide or barrelled as is allowable in that dog. ‘The hipsare also more ragged and the loin slightly more arched. These foznts are: shoulders and chest, 15 ; back and hind quarters, 15—-total, 30 points. ; In the feet and legs also the remarks on the pointer are equally applicable, but there is some difference of opinion. as to the hare-foot, which by many is considered to be necessary to the thorough-bred setter. In this shape the toes are longer than in the cat-foot, more split up, and thickly clothed with strong hair between the toes. No doubt this last feature is of great service in keeping the skin free from inflammation when at work over marshy grotind, but the long toes which usually attend this de- velopment do not stand so well as the stout cat-like forma- tion of the other foot. It is somewhat difficult to strike the balance between these feet, as one form is best suited to wet ground and the other to hard. If it is possible to get the cat-like foot with sufficient hair upon it, I should no doubt prefer that form, and though I have never seen the two fully united, I do not despair of getting them by careful breeding. Legs and feet, 12; elbows, hocks, and stifles, 8. In the general quality or character there is not much to alter from the remarks given under the pointer, but the stern ox flag varies a good deal. It should be set on weil up the back, but not carried with the slightest curl over it, though there may be a gentle and regular sweep in its upper outline. The feather should be flat, long, and silky, deep in the centre, and tapering to each end. This should be as pointed as in the pointer, and should be carried in the same perpendicular plane as the rest of the flag, without the slightest approach to the corkscrew form. Total value, ro. The coat must be fine and silky, but still somewhat hard to the touch, a combination that can only be felt, and not imagined. There must be little or no curl, while the shortet it is on the body, and the longer in the feather, the better for the value of the dog, Value in conjunction with symmetry, 70. The order of merit of the various colours’ met with is as follows, viz, :—1. Crange and Ke) Variettes of the Dog. white, with freckled nose and legs. 2. Orange and white, plain. 3. Lemon and white. 4. Black and white, espe- cially if ticked slightly with tanned spots on feet and legs, known as “Belton greys.” 5. Pure white. 6, Black. 7. Fallow or yellow. 8. Liver or liver and white. 9. Liver and tan. The Scotch or Gordon Setter has become very fashionable of late years, and especially since dog shows were established. The Gordon differs from the English setter in the following properties :—In stern he is generally shorter, or if long, it has a decided tendency to show the “teapot ” form, than which nothing is more ugly. This is probably derived from the collie cross, which, I have no doubt, has been used in some strains with the disadvan- tage of introducing this defect and a more woolly coat. In my own dog Rex (son of Kent and Regent) whose portrait is here given, the flag is faultless, and is some- what longer both in bone and feather than is given by the artist, who sketched him while yet in his puppyhood. The Gordon head is perhaps slightly heavier than the English, and his nose and intelligence are proportionably good. In colour he is a rich black and tan, but it is as- serted by many experienced breeders, that the original colour was more or less mixed with white, and I believe that black, white, and tan colour is quite as correct as the - whole black and tan. His carriage is very lively, and he is full of hunt, but he is apt to be shy and headstrong. My experience of the breed in the field is chiefly con- fined to Rex, who is certainly one of the most perfect dogs I ever saw out ; but though he was selected from a lot as a sample, to test their value, it does not follow that * he is not an exceptional animal of his strain. He, like all the dogs of the breed I have seen, does not last more than half a day, but some of the bitches of the same strain are everlasting. The points are nearly the same as in the English dog, the only difference being that 5 points are taken off the ears and neck, and added to the colour and coat. The exact origin of the Gordon setter is somewhat enveloped in doubt. As described by judicious authorities boN Servers ‘“‘Grouse” AND ‘ ROCK.” N Gok ‘The property of the Duchess of Bedford Varteties of the Dog. 11 the original colour was black, white, and tan, these being derived from the collie, bloodhound, and the English or Irish setter, each of which contributed to the genesis of the breed. On the other hand, it is averred that the breed was determined in the Gordon kennels, by crossing the collie with an English setter or spaniel, while the evidence of the bloodhound is not forthcoming. Again, it is urged that the breed was not the outcome of special design or selection in the first instance, but the result of numerous as well as various crosses conducted on the principles ‘above named. Careful in-breeding has since secured the distinctive characteristics of this, as in all other breeds. A true Gordon setter is said to possess in almost equal proportions, the main qualifications of the collie, bloodhound, and the setter. This breed is eminently distinguished by a remarkably acute intelligence and scenting power, combined with great endurance, as a glance at the construction of the head will clearly indicate. A beautiful feature in this dog is his straight and slightly wavy coat of jet black, and the well defined mahogany tan of the muzzle and inside of the thighs, and downwards from the front of the stifle and knees to the ground. As observed in the field, the essential characteristics of the English and Irish setters are great speed, activity, and endurance, especially in the cold and wet during rough work on the moors. In this respect the Irish setter is more suitable than the English; but both are extremely sensible of the heat of the sun without water. Some dogs of both breeds are quite incapable of work under a hot sun unless they can plunge into a pool; on this account, in the south the pointer, well up to partridge shooting, is generally preferred to the setter, while in the northern moors the setter will range wider and faster, do more work, and endure the vicissitudes of weather, as well as the strong heather, which proves so irritating to the feet and legs of the high-bred pointer. It is supposed that the pointer is also superior with respect to nose, but it is probable that when both are in condition, neither being distressed by heat, but little if any difference will 12 Varieties of the Dog. be found. A moderately slow dog will always appear to have.a better nose than a very fast one, and will put up less game; but, if too slow, he will lose a great many points which are taken from him by his faster competitor. Hence it follows that there is a medium in point of speed which may be.possessed by either breed, and a selection need not be made on that account. The setter is, however, acknowledged to be more difficult to break than’ the pointer, and is apt to forget his lessons ; the pointer, on the other hand, rarely forgets under an intelligent master. Respecting the Irish Setter thereis still more difference of opinion as to the shade of colour than in regard to the Gordon. By one party it is asserted that the well-bred Irish setter must be of a deep pure blood-red, without the slightest approach to black or mahogany-colour on the back, ear, or stern. After the publication in the /ie/d of the article on this dog, in which this was laid down as the attribute of the breed, Mr. Hungerford opened the con- troversy by asserting that, according to his experience, ‘they might be either red or red and white, followed by the late Mr. John Walker (the well-known judge at most of the recent dog shows), who raised the question as to the ob- jection to the black tinge, which was answered by Colonel Whyte in the negative, and by Mr. Henry Blake Knox as follows: “‘The coat should be rather coarse, for you want him for hard work and hardships; smooth or wavy, not curly ; hair of moderate length on the upper parts of the body; the foot-half tawny, the tip-half deep senna, ap- pearing as if stained with port wine (blood-red), but never showing black on the ears, back, head, or tail; the legs and under parts, deep or pale tawny; white should not appear anywhere except in the centre of the forehead and the centre of the breast. I breed without any white at all.” Captain Hutchinson objects to the black stain, and supports his opinion by adding some high authorities in- its favour. On the whole, therefore, it may be assumed that the weight of evidence is against the dark stain. In other respects Mr. Knox's description is so admirable that I quote it ¢ extenso.— The ears should be long, reaching at the end of the hair to nose, pendulous, and TAR NNN The property of Mr, Robert Chapman, Glenboig. “CHAMPION Harner Roy.” irst Prizes. IRISH SETTER Winner of over fifty Heanaettes of the Dog. 13 as if lying in a fold, set: well back and low on the head; they should never be set high, short in length, or half diamond-shaped ; their feather should be moderate. The eye is of a rich hazel or bright brown, well set, full, kind, sensible, and loving, the iris mahogany-colour ; it should be gooseberry, black, or prominent and staring, like the King Charles. The nose is mahogany, dark flesh, or blackish mahogany, never black or pink. Even dark flesh is not so much admired, though, with a good clear eye, I like it; but with the gooseberry eye you indeed have a rare brute. My old dog has a dark flesh-colour nose, unlike any of his kind, yet none ‘of his pups got it, all having dark mahogany ; ; the whiskers red; the head itself long and narrow, yet wide in the forehead, arched in the peaked cranium behind. A short bullet head, a wide flat one, or one running to a point at the snout, is very common and very bad; the lips deep or moderately so. : The chest should be wide when the dog is sitting on his haunches and the head held back. Too wide a chest is apt to give a dog a waddle and slow gait. The chest ribs cannot be too deep. The loins for speed should be long, moderately wide, and the belly well tucked up. The fore-legs straight, moderately feathered, and the feet close and small, not round like a hound’s, or splayed. The ham straight, flat, and muscular, and feathered well with buff-coloured hair, and the hind quarters altogether square and active made. The tail should be well covered with coarse hair curling along the tip, and hanging mode- rately, though bushy from beneath, but not in silken’ streamers, or in a great bushy flag like a Newfoundland. It should be carried in a horizontal line with the back, or slightly above it, not cocked or curled. In the field or in excitement, I like it carried low, stiff, and beating the hind legs.” As in the case of the Gordon setter, there is no difference in the foznfs from those of the English variety. Field Spaniels are divided into two principal groups, the Springers, or larger variety, used for all sorts of covert game, and the Cockers, kept more especially for wood- cocks, to follow which they must be of smaller size. The springer is again subdivided into the Clumber, Sussex, 14. Varieties of the Deg. Norfolk, and other strains ; while the cocker includes the Devonshire and Welsh varieties, as well as many other strains without special name. ; The Sussex Spaniel is now very rare, being replaced by the Clumber, which works mute, and is more easily Sussex Spaniel. kept under control, and therefore better for assisting the beaters in our modern dadtues. It is a very old breed, and is probably the earliest of all those used with the gun or net, though by some people the Clumber is considered to have the claim to seniority. The head of this spaniel should be long and heavy ; eye large and languishing, with the forehead prominently over it ; muzzle square ; lips somewhat pendulous ; mouth large, with the under iaw receding slightly, though not to Varieties of the Dog. i5 the extent which could constitute a pig-jaw or snipe nose. Ears large and lobe-shaped, well furnished with silky hair, and set on low down. Nostrils large, and the external nose large and liver-coloured. Neck strong and mus- cular, with the crest slightly arched, Value of these boints: head, 20; nose, 10; ears, 5 ; neck, 5—total, 4o. The chest should be very wide, with round or barrel. like ribs, deep behind ; shoulders well thrown back ; body long and round. Value: chest, 5; shoulders, 5—1total, 10. ‘ The legs should be short and strong, well feathered to the feet before and behind. The feet round, with the toes well arched and abundantly furnished with tan between the toes. Points: legs, 5; feet, 5. The loin must be very strong ; back ribs very deep and round ; tail (docked to about g inches in length) set low _and carried considerably below the level of the back, never above it. ozts: loin, 5 ; back ribs, 5; low set and carriage of tail, ro. : ' The colour is a golden liver without white. Coat waved (not curly), thick, shiny, and abundant. oznts: colour, 5; coat, 5; symmetry, 5. The temperament must be cheerful, courageous, and docile. Weight from 35 Ibs. to 4o Ibs. This dog is not mute like the Clumber, but he is not noisy or babbling, seldom throwing his tongue after he is thoroughly broken. He is faster and more enduring than the Clumber, and also bears water better. The Clumber Spaniel has obtained his name from the seat of the Duke of Newcastle, where it is supposed the breed originated. At all events, it was confined to that family until the middle of the nineteenth century. This dog is invariably of great length, low on the leg, and heavy in frame ; his weight varying from 40 lbs. to 45 lbs., and his height not exceeding 20 inches. He is devoted to the gun, but cares little for his master without that accompaniment. Dogs of this breed never throw their tongue when at work, being perfectly mute if pure in blood. They are capable of very high training, and a team of them, consisting of three or four counles. may be 16 Varieties of the Dog. broken to do anything but talk. Hence, where dogs are used in covert, the clumber has become the general favourite, and it is a treat to shoot over a perfect team. — The head is large and long, and should be marked witb lemon to a line just in front of the eyes, with a blaze up Clumber Spaniel. the face. Eyes large and thoughtful ; nose and lips flesh or liver-colour, sometimes cherry. Ears large, but not lobe-shaped or so heavy as those of the Sussex, and with less feather. Neck strong and long. ‘Total value, 4o. Back long and straight ; chest wide and deep, showing scarcely any daylight under it. Shoulders thick and wide through them; Join straight but strong, with wide couples ; back ribs very deep. ‘Total value, 50. The legs w st be straight, very stout, and very strong. Varieties of the Dog. 17 Fore-arm immense ; shanks and hind legs well developed in bone, and clothed with strong muscles. Value, 10. The stern should be set low (it is generally docked, but not always ; if docked, it is left fully 11 in. long). It is carried low and is tufted at its extremity, but not to the same extent. Value, 10. The colour must be a true lemon, the paler the better. Orange is often thrown, but is objectionable. Any other colour is a mark of impurity. The texture of coat is soft, shiny, silky, and nearly straight. Value, 10. These dogs last many years, and seldom give up work till incapacitated by old age or disease. The Norfolk Spaniel differs chiefly in length and colour from the Clumber, being shorter and of various shades of black, liver, and yellow, more or less mixed with white. There are no positive signs by which he may be distinguished from the various mixed breeds of springers found throughout the country. The Cocker is a much smaller dog than the springer, seldom exceeding 18 Ibs. in weight for bitches, and 25 lbs. for dogs. He is much more active than the springer, and of any colour more or less marked with white. The Devonshire and Welsh cocker are, however, of a deep liver-colour, without white, and closely resemble each other in other respects. They are nearly mute, but whimper slightly on a scent, and when well broken they distinguish each kind of game by the note they give out, especially the woodcock, of which they are particularly fond. The head of the cocker should be round and of a medium length. It should not be square, like that of a Clumber spaniel or Sussex spaniel. The muzzle should neither be snipy nor pointed. It should be wide and well developed, and should taper slightly close to the end. The forehead should take a sudden rise from the top end of the muzzle, near the eye, into a finely-arched skull, with a somewhat knotty or jutting occiput, resembling the occiput of a bloodhound. The eye should be of a medium size, not too full (which would indicate a cross with the King Charles spaniel), but should have a gentle, and at the same time a “knowing” expression. The ears should 2 18 Varieties of the Dog. measure 22 in. to 24 in. across the head from tip to tip, including the hair, which should be soft and silky. They should lie close to the head, and be set well back. They should not be fixed on the top of the head, but be set rather Jow. The neck strong and muscular. The shoulders broad and prominent. The chest of medium depth, broad, well developed, and muscular, The body and loins strong and powerful; loins slightly drooping towards root of tail. The legs: fore-legs strong, muscular, straight, and not inclined to be bandied ; hind legs strong and should be like those of a greyhound, well bent, and very short from hock to foot. The feet strong and round, of a good medium size (not too small), and they shoul be well feathered between the to