900
Tm
1WOULD etl
a
RHEE b aly
New York
State College of Agriculture
At Cornell University
Ithaca, N.Y.
Library
QK 523. Sen 1896 University Library
WTO
e history.
mann
Cornell University
Library
The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001203094
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
AWE 7g,
ws Ke
S
>
(S\\WV
Se
I,
os yt
KZe
es
ILLUSTRATION OF ORGANOGRAPHY. (Sce p. 55.)
FERNS: BRITISH & FOREIGN.
THE HISTORY, ORGANOGRAPHY, CLASSIFICATION, AND
ENUMERATION OF THE SPECIES OF
GARDEN FERNS
WITH
A TREATISE ON THEIR CULTIVATION,
ETC. ETC.
By JOHN SMITH, A.L.S.
EX-CURATOR OF THE ROYAL BOTANIC GARDENS, KEW;
AUTHOR OF
“DOMESTIC BOTANY,” “MISTORIA FILICUM,” ETC.
NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION.
LONDON:
W. H. ALLEN & CO. LIMITED,
13, WATERLOO PLACE, 8.W.
1896.
LONDON ¢
PRINTED BY WYMAN AND SONS, LIMITED,
GREAT QUEEN STREBT, W.C.
CONTENTS.
a
Page.
PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION.......cccccsecsscesscesceessceccerenee Vid
Prerace To First Epition .......... sauinehigtelas de eiitige seaipsaeeh UU
I. History or tHe Intropucrion or Exortc Ferns... 1
II, OraanocrapPuy, EXPLANATION OF THE TERMS USED
IN DESCRIBING FERNS .......cccccceecsesssceesecescees 44
ITI. Cuassirication OF FERNS EXPLAINED ............00.... 56
IV. Generic CHARACTER AND ENUMERATION OF CULTI-
VATED SPECIES ..ccccecssescsececeesesccsseeessatscessase 7D:
Vi APPENDIX ssseias canse ai sesamin smesces ae meatinasucstencesmene LOD
VI. Erymo.oecy, tHE Meanine or THE Generic Names 327
VII. THe CuntivaTIon OF FERNS....ccccscccscseeccscseeeesees GOD
I, PRenimMInaARY REMARKS ..........:0:cceeeeee seceee OOD
II. Spectan or Pot Cuitivation . 842
III. Narorat CULTIVATION .......... 377
IV. Warpran Case CULTIVATION ...... senators . 388
V. PROPAGATION ...cccisssseeeseeedsssaden cote esccanes, OOD!
VIII. ‘List or AutHoRS AND Books QUOTED IN THIS WoRK 407
JX. Geyzerat Inpex or Genera, SPECIES, AND SyYN-
ONYVMES) a gaisaupcvssausunts scate ve erses can. otevedeesinccaey “ALD
X. INDEX OF SPECIAL TERMS ..scscccscssesecsescecessevcesene 449!
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
—*o+r —.
ae years have now elapsed since the publication
of “Ferns: British and Foreign,” of which the
following pages are a corrected reprint. Since then,
a number of exotic species have been introduced,
making considerable additions to the cultivated col-
lections in this country, of which the names of many
have from time to time been noticed in the Horti-
cultural Journals and in Nurserymen’s Catalogues.
These I have collected and arranged under their
respective genera and tribes, so as to form an
Appendix to the present edition. I, however, deem
it necessary to state, that shortly after the publication
of the first edition in 1866, my sight entirely failed,
and consequently I have not been able to follow up
my rule, which was, not to enter a species on the
list of living plants without first having seen it
growing, or had specimens sent me taken from plants
cultivated in this country. It being impossible for
me now to do so, I have consequently availed myseli
of the great knowledge of Ferns possessed by Mr
William Gower, formerly foreman of the Fern collec.
tion at Kew, whose name is already noticed in tht
Viil PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
preface of the first edition, and who being well
acquainted with the principal Fern collections in this
country, makes it a special point to obtain a know-
ledge of all new introductions.
For my knowledge of the additions to the Kew
collection since 1864, I am indebted to the kindness
of Dr. Hooker for having mentioned to Mr. Baker,
the Assistant Curator in the Kew Herbarium, my
desire to obtain a list of the new introductions, which
he readily furnished me; and whom [ have also further
to thank for special information regarding certain
species. The number of new species introduced since
the last enumeration amount to 234, of which the
names of about one-half are derived from Mr. Baker’s
list, some of which are specially interesting as consti-
tuting several genera new to this work, which will be
found noticed under their respective tribes.
I continue to follow Sir William Hooker’s “ Species
Filicom ” * in the adoption of specific names and
synonyms as far as possible ; at the same time availing
myself of certain corrections, made by Mr. J. G. Baker
in a work entitled “ Synopsis Filicum,” being an
abridgment of the “ Species Filicum,”—this work
was commenced by Sir William Hooker, the first part
of which was published in 1865, only a few months
before the death of that celebrated Pteridologist ; it
was, however, taken up and completed by Mr. Baker,
forming a volume of 482 pages, containing brief
* A work in five volumes, being a description of all known
ferns.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. ix
descriptions of 2,228 species. A second edition of
this work was published in 1874, with an Appendix,
which contains the descriptions of 438 new species;
thus making the total number of known ferns, as
identified by the Kew Herbarium, to amount to 2,646.
In this work Mr. Baker has, however, made consider-
able alterations in the nomenclature and synonyme,
as given in the “ Species Filicum,” which adds addi-
tional testimony to what I have stated at page 56.
The propriety of making such, whether right or
wrong, is not necessary for me to comment on here,*
for to do so would lead to this Appendix being much
enlarged, and only burden genera and species with
additional synonyms, which, tor the sake of amateur
cultivators of Ferns, I deem it prudent to avoid as
much as possible; it is only in a few special cases
that I have thought it necessary to change or add
synonyms to names in the original enumeration.
I felt desirous to state the name by whom each
individual species was introduced, but I found this to
be a difficult task, and therefore deem it sufficient to
state, that the principal introducers were the following
nurserymen:—Messrs, Backhouse, York ; Bull, King’s
Road, Chelsea; Henderson, Pine-apple Place, Edg-
ware Road; Jackson, Kingston; Standish, Ascot ;
Stansfield, Todmorden; Veitch, King’s Road, Chelsea;
and Williams, Holloway.
* For full particulars on this point see my “ Historia Filicum,”
a work of 429 pages, with 29 lithographic plates, published by
Macmillan & Co., 1875.
x PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION.
In consequence of trade collectors and importers of
new plants being desirous of bringing them into early
public notice, names are given them without having
first taken the precaution to ascertain whether they
are not already named and described in Botanical
works ; thus names frequently appear in Nurserymen’s
Catalogues, as new, without descriptions, or even theit *
native country given.* Many of such introductions
are, however, from time to time described in the Gar-
dener’s Chronicle by Mr. T. Moore, whose knowledge
and writings on ferns are sufficient to warrant their
adoption as new species. I have, therefore, in the
present addenda, omitted many of these provisional
names.
In the plant catalogues of Nurserymen who make
ferns a special object of trade, besides the enumeration
of specific names, a great number of what are called
varieties are also recorded, and their prices affixed, of
which Mr. Stansfield’s Catalogue contains the names of
nearly 500. These consist of abnormal forms of a few
British species, principally of Aspleniwm Filia-foemina,
Lastrea Filie-mas, Polystichum aculeatwm, Scolopen-
drium vulgare, Lomaria Spicant, and Polypodium
vulgare, to which numbers of new forms are yearly
* It should be made a special rule that all importers or pos-
sessors of supposed new plants, before offering them for sale, should
have them examined by some competent authority, for which there
is now ample means in the National Botanical Establishment of
Kew, either by examining the living plants in the garden, or in
the Herbarium, or by books in the library, or the Herbarium in the
British Museum, which now contains my Fern collection.
PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION. xi
being added by cultivation, or found wild. The exhi-
bition from time to time of these so-called varieties at
the meetings of the Royal Horticultural Society, and
the awarding of first-class certificates, are indicators
of the great interest in which the curious forms are
held by amateurs. Varieties are also found amongst
exotic species, especially in the genera Gymnogramma,
Adiantum, and Pteris; but these are comparatively
few to those native of this country.
That ferns still continue to be in favour with the
plant-loving public, is manifest by the frequent public
sales of large importations from abroad, especially of
tree ferns, some of which are of large size, and valued
as ornamental plants for conservatories, and at public
or private banquets or balls, the prices varying accord-
ing to height, from £5 to £50, or even more; high
prices are also given for species of certain genera,
such as Adiantum, Gleichenia, Todea, &c.
With regard to cultivation, I have nothing to add
to what I have already given in the first edition.
J. SMITH,
Ex-Curator, Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew,
July, 1876.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION.
EARLY ten years have now elapsed since my
“Catalogue of Cultivated Ferns’? was pub-
lished. During that period many new and fine species
have been introduced to the gardens of this country.
I have therefore been induced to draw up the follow-
ing enumeration, including in it all the species that
have come under my notice in a living state, either by
the evidence of plants in the Kew collection or by
specimens from living plants sent me from various
sources.
Thinking it might be interesting to Fern growers,
T have drawn up a brief history of the introduction
of Exotic Ferns from the earliest records to the present
time.
In order to assist students in the study of Ferns,
an explanation is given of the principal organs and
terms used in describing them, as well as remarks
on their classification. I have also given an alpha-
betical list of the generic names, accompanied with
the derivation of each name.
Great complaints are frequently made, and not with-
xiv PREFACE.
out good reason, of the many names given to the same
plant; to assist in correcting this, I have drawn up a
complete Index of the species and synonymes noticed
in this work ; therefore, by turning to the page referred
to in the Index, the name will be found either with a
number before it showing it to be the adopted name, or
following the same as a synonyme, or what it has been
and is still called by some writers and cultivators.
Although this Index contains nearly three thousand
names, yet, it must be understood, I have only taken
up the synonymes that I consider most essential ;
those who desire to enter more fully into this subject,
may consult the “ Index Filicum” of Mr. T. Moore—
a work which, when completed, will be a treasure to
pteridologists.
With regard to the wood-cuts, I have to explain
that about half of the number were not specially pre-
pared for this work; these, in general, represent a
portion of the fronds of their natural size, in some
cases without fructification, the venation only being
given. The drawings for the other half have been made
principally from specimens in my herbarium or from
living plants. In many of them a magnified portion
of the frond is given, showing the character of the
genus more distinctly.
As a companion to the scientific enumeration, E
have given a treatise on their cultivation, which occu-
pies a considerable space in this book, and it is hoped
will be of service to the Fern-growing public.
PREACH, XV
In drawing up this treatise I have been greatly
assisted by Mr. Henry Prestoe and Mr. William Gower
(both recently foremen in the Fern department at
Kew), two highly scientific and nature-observing
practical cultivators.
In conclusion, I have to thank Dr. Berthold Seemann
and R. Heward, Esq., for looking over the proofs as
they passed through the press. Several causes have
occurred to delay the publication of this work; the
principal one being a partial failure of my sight,
incapacitating me from much use of the pen and
examination of new garden Ferns, which I trust will
be accepted as my excuse for any errors or omissions
that may be found in the following pages.
J. SMITH,
Ex-Curator, Royal Botanic Gardena,
Km.
Kew, May, Loos.
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
HISTORY OF INTRODUCTION OF EXOTIC FERNS.
HOUGH Ferns now occupy a conspicuous place
in our gardens, and are in high favour with
cultivators, it is only in comparatively recent times
that they have been brought into notice. During the
last century certain classes of plants came into
fashion, and after a season of popularity again fell
into disrepute. Thus: Tulips were once the rage.
At the time of the establishing of the several pro-
vincial Botanic Gardens, all of which were founded
upon a strictly botanical footing, though many of them
have now, to a greater or less extent, degenerated
into places of amusement, the plants in greatest demand
were those of our New Holland and Cape colonies,
principally the Heaths, Proteas, Aloes, and their
kindred. In after-years dealers obtained large prices
for Cactuses; but, with the exception of a few of
the easily-grown and most showy kinds, these are
now scarcely saleable. Still more recently the magni-
ticent-flowering Orchids were promoted to the first
place in our gardens ; and though these may still be
said to maintain their position, the expense attending
B
Ba FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN:
their cultivation is so great that they are for the
most part confined to the gardens of the wealthy.
Terns, on the contrary, may, as a general rule,
be grown in a comparatively inexpensive manner.
The discovery made by Mr. N. B. Ward, that these
plants can be grown to great perfection in small
orramental closed cases (now well known as ‘‘ Wardian
Cases’), suitable not only for the drawing-rooms of
the wealthy, but for humbler dwellings, renders it pos-
sible for amateurs to indulge their love of Ferns without
going to the expense of erecting hothouses and em-
ploying a staff of gardeners; and it is to be hoped
that this will be the means of retaining them in favour
and spreading them still wider.
The enumeration in the following pages shows that
at the present time above nine hundred exotic species of
Ferns are cultivated in the various public and private
gardens in this country; and of these by far the
greater number have been introduced during the last
quarter of a century.
7. GONIOPHLEBIUM, Presl.; J. Sm.
Rhizome thick and fleshy, or slender and sub-hypogsous,
Froxds pinnatifid or pinnate, rarcly simple, uniform, 1—3 feet
ligh, smooth or slightly pubescent, segments and pinnz adhe-
rent with the rachis. Veins once or more times forked, or equally
pinnate, the lower anterior venule always free, the rest angu-
larly anastomosing, and generally producing an excurrent f:ce
veinlet from the junctions. Receptacles punctiform, superficial,
terminal on the anterior free venules and also often on the
rs
iS
Genus 7.—Portion of mature frond. No. 12.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 81
excurrent veinlets. Sort round, or rarely oblong, solitary in the
areoles, or transverse, 1—6-serial, naked.
1.
bo
12.
13.
* Fronds pinnatifid.
G. appendiculatum, Moore in Gard. Chron. (1856). Poly-
podium appendiculatum, Linden; J. Sm. Cat. Culé.
Ferns, 1857, p. 2; Hook, Fil. Exot. t. 87. P.scriptum,
Hort. P. sculptum, Hort Venezuela and Mexico.
. G. plectolepis, Moore. Polypodium (Goniophlebium) plec-
tolepis, Hook. Sp. Fil. 5, p. 80.—Dominica, Mexico.
. G. loriceum, J. Sm. Polypodium loriceum, Linn. ; Plum.
Fil. t. 78. Polypodium gonatodes, Kunze. Gonio-
phlebium latipes, Moore and Houlst. P. latipes,
Lang. et Fisch. Ic. Fil. t, 10.—Tropical America.
. G. Catharing, J. Sm. Polypodium Catharine, Lang. et
Fisch. Ic. Fil, t. 9.—Brazil.
. G. glaucum, J. Sm. Polypodium glaucum, Radd. Fil. Bras.
t, 29, f. 1.—Brazil.
. G. harpeodes, J. Sm. Polypodium harpeodes, Link.—
Brazil.
. G. colpodes, J. Sm. Polypodium colpodes, Kunze; Lowe's
Ferns, 2, t. 60.—Venezuela.
. G. letum, J. Sin. Polypodium letum, Radd, Fil. Bras. t.
28.—Brazil.
. G. vacillans, J. Sm. Polypodium vacillans, Link.—Brazil.
** Fronds pinnate,
. G. fraxinifolium, J. Sm. Polypodium fraxinifolium,
Jacq. Ic. Rar. t.639. P. longifolium, Presi—Tzopical
America.
. G. distans, J. Sm. Polypodium distans, Radd. Fil. Bras.
4.31. P. polystichum, Link. P. deflexum, Lodd.—
‘Tropical America.
G. menisciifolium, J. Sm. Polypodium menisciifolium,
Lang. et Fisch. Te, Fil. t.12. P.albopunctatum, Radd.
Fil. Bras. t. 30; Lowe's Ferns, 1, t=. 86. Gonioplile-
bium albopunctatum, J. Sin.—Brazil.
G. dissimile, J. Sm. Polypodium dissimile, Linn., now
Schk.; Lowe's Ferns, 2, t. 85. Goniophlebium chnoodes,
#e,—Jamaica,
G
82 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
14, G. insequale, J. Sm. Phlebodium inzquale, Moore. Poly-
podium inzquale, Lowe’s Ferns, 2, t. 28. Polypodium
(Goniophlebium) Guatemalense, Hook.— Guatemala.
15. G. neriifolium, J. Sm. Hook. Gen. Fil. t.70 B. Poly-
podium neriifolium, Schk. Fil. t.15; Radd. Fil. Bras,
t. 31 bis—West Indies and Tropical America.
8. SCHELLOLEPIS, J. Sm.
Vernation contiguous or distant. Rhizome slender, sub-hypo-
geous. Fronds pinnate or pinnatifid, generally slender and
pendulous, 13-12 feet long, smooth or nearly so; pinne and
segments articulated with the rachis. Veins once or more times
@' ef ee!
ae
Genus 8.—Porticn of pmna of mature frond, under side. No. 3.
forked or pinnate; the lower exterior venules always frec, the
rest angularly anastomosing. teceptacles punctiform, generally
immersed, on the apices of the lower free venules. Soriround,
solitary in the areoles, transverse uniserial, furnished with indu-
siform laciniate scales.
1. 8S. cuspidata, J. Sm. Polypodium cuspidatum, Bl., not Don.
Goniophlebium cuspidatum, Presl. P. grandidens,
Kunze ; Metten. Fil. Hort. Leipsic. t, 23. P. colpo-
thrix, Kunze. Goniophlebium argutum, Cat. Hort.
Kew., not Polypodium argutum, Wall.—Java.
2. S. subauriculata, J. Sm. Polypodium subauriculatum,
Bl. Fl. Jav. 6, t. 83. Goniophlebium subauriculatum,
Presl. P.Reinwardtii, Kunze. P.metamorphum, Kunze.
Goniopulebium Pleopeltis, /’ée.—Malayan Archipelago.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 8&3
& §. verrucosa, J. Sm. Polypodium verrucosum, Tall. ;
Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 41. Marginaria verrucosa,
Hook. Gen. Fil. t.14,10 B. Goniophlebium verru-
cosum, J. Sm. Cat. (1857).—Malacca,
9. PHLEBODIUM, B&R. Br.; J. Sm.
Rhizome thick and fleshy. Fronds large, 2-6 feet high,
pinnatifid or subpinnate, membranous, smooth or glaucous.
Veins pinnate; venules arcuately or angularly anastomosing,
Genus 9.—Portion of pinna of mature frond, under side. No.1.
producing two or three excurrent veinlets terminating in the
areoles; the costal areoles always vacant. Receptacles puncti-
form, on the combined apices of the excurrent veinlets. Sori
round, transversely 1-6-serial, destitute of scales,
1. P. aureum, 2. Br. Polypcdium aureum, Linn. ; Plum. Fil.
t. 76; Schk. Fil. t. 12—Tropical America.
2, P. sporodocarpum, J. Sm. Polypodium sporodocarpum,
Willd. Lowe's Ferns, 2,t.6. P. glaucum, Hort—
Mexico.
3. P.areolatum, J. Sm. Polypodium areolatum, Willd. —
Venezuela.
a2
8k FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
4, P. pulvinatum, J. Sm. Polypodium pulvinatum, Link ;
Lowe’s Ferns, 2, t. 56.—Brazil.
6. P. dictyocallis, J. Sm. Chrysopteris dictyocallis, Fée.
Polypodium dictyocallis, Lowe’s Ferns, 2, t. 36. Phle-
bodium multiseriale, Moore, Gard. Chron, (1855).—
Tropical America,
10. LOPHOLEPIS, J. Sin.
Lhizome slender, much elongated. Fronds simple, entire,
1-6 inches high, squamose or smooth ; the fertile contracted,
linear. Veins pinnately forked; the lower antericr venules free,
Genus 10.—Poition of 1hizome and barren fronds. No.1.
the rest angularly anastomosing. Receptacles punctiform, ter-
minal on the free venules in the costal areoles. Sort round,
generally confluent, transversely uniserial, furnished with
elongated scales, or destitute of scales.
1. L. piloselloides, J. Sm. Polypodium piloselloides, Linn.
(Plum. Fil. t. 118); Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 18; Lowe’s
Ferns, 1, t. 32. Goniophlebium piloselloides, J. Sm,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED TERNS. 85
(olim). Marginaria piloselloides, Presl. ; Hook. Gen.
Fil. t. 51.—West Indies and Tropical America.
2. L. ciliata, J. Sm. Polypodium ciliatum, Willd. ; Gonio-
phlebium ciliatum, J. Sm. (olim)—West Indics and
Tropical America.
3. L. vaccinifolia, J. Sm. Polypodium vaccinifolium, Lang.
et Frisch. Ic. Fil. t. 7; Lowe's Ferns, 1, t. 41. Ana-
peltis vaccinifolia, J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns (1857).
Goniophlebium vaccinifolium, J. Sm. Cat. Kew Ferns,
(1846).—Brazil.
Balbida, J. Sm. Fronds smaller, whitish on the upper
surface.—Bahia.
11. ANAPELTIS, J. Sin.
Rhizome surculose, elongating. Fronds simple,1—6 inches long,
the fertile usually contracted and linear, smooth, generally
opaque. Veins arcuately or angularly anastomosing. Lecep-
a seis
ie Mae On hae
ay} moe ~ Le S
(
=
Genus 11.—Portion of barren frond. No. 5.
tacles punctiform, produced on the confluent apices of two or
more excurrent veinlets terminating in the medial areoles, or
sometimes compital. Sori round or ovate, transversely uniscrial,
naked.
1. A. serpens, J. Sm. Polypodium serpens, Sw.; Plum.
Fil. 4. 121. Pleopeltis serpens, Presl. Goniophle-
bium serpens, Afoore.—West Indies.
86 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
2. A. Owariensis, J. Sm. Polypodium Owariense, Desv. ;
Lowe’s Ferns, 2, t. 62. Goniophlebium Owariense,
Lodd.—Sierra Leone.
8. A. lycopodioides, J. Sm. Polypodium lycopodioides,
Linn.; Plum. Fil. t.119. Pleopeltis lycopodioides,
Presl.—West Indies.
4, A. nitida, J. Sm. En. Fil. Hort. Kew. (1846). Pleopeltis
nitida, Afoore.—Honduras.
5. A. stigmatica, J. Sm. Polypodium stigmaticum, Presl.
Rel. Henk. t. 3, f. 2. Pleopeltis stigmatica, Presl.
Phlebodium venosum, Jfoore et Howlst. Anapeltis
venosa, J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns (1857). Poly-
podium venosum, Lowe's Ferns, 1, t. 85.— Tropical
America.
6. A. squamulosa, J. Sm. Polypodium squamulosum, Kaulf. ;
Lowe’s Ferns, 1, t. 50; 2, t 29 B. Pleopeltis
squamulosa, Presi. Polypodium myrtifolium, Lodd.
—Brazil.
?. A. geminata, J. Sm. Polypodium geminatum, Schrad.;
Metter. Polypodium iteophyllum, Link—Brazil,
12. PLEOPELTIS, uinbd.; J. Sm.
Tthizome sureulose, elongating.
Fronds simple, sinuose, or pinnatifid,
4-12 inches high, opaque, squami-
ferous. Veins arcuately anastomos-
ing. Sporangia produced on the con-
fluent apices of two or more excurrent
veinlets, tcrminating in the medial
areoles. Sort punctiform, oblong, or
(by confluence) linear, transversely
uniserial, furnished with indusiforn:
Genus 12.—Portion of mature peltate scales.
frond, under side. No.1,
1. P. percussa, Hook. ef Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 67. Polypodium per-
cussum, Cav.; Lang. et Fisch. Ic. Fil. t. 6. Poly
(Je)
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED I'ERNS. 87
podium cuspidatum, Presl. Relig. Henk, t. 1, f. 3.
Polypodium avenium, Desv.—Tropical America.
. P. lanceolata, Presi. Polypodium lanceolatum, Linn. ;
Plum. Fil. t. 137. Polypodium macrocarpum, Willd.
Pleopeltis macrocarpa, Kaulf. Pleopeltis lepidota,
Presl. Pleopeltis Helene, Presl—Tropical America,
St. Helena, South Africa, and Bourbon,
. P. elongata, J. Sm. Grammitis elongata, Sw. Synammia
elongata, Presi. Grammitis lanceolata, Schk. Fil. t. 7.
—Tropical America.
4, P. nuda, Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 63 (non Hook. Gen. Fil.). Phy-
al
length, smooth, coriaceous. Veins
compound anastomosing, internal, ob-
scure, nearly uniform. Leceptacles
compital, deeply immersed, forming
oblong or short linear cysts near to,
and parallel with, the margin. Sort
oblong-lincar, marginal, furnished
Rhizome short, cxespitose or slender
elongated. Fronds simple, linear-
lanceolate, obtuse, $ to 14 foot in
matodes (Lepisorus) nuda, J. Sin. Cat. Cult. Ferns
(1857). Polypodium loriforme, Wall. Hook. Gard.
Ferns, t.18. Pleopeltis loriformis, Presl.; Drynaria
Fortunei, T. Moore (non Link). Polypodium Ileio-
_pteris, Kunze; Metten. Fil. Hort. Leip. t. 25, f. 37—
East Indies.
P. excavata, J. Sm. Polypodium excavatum, Dory in
Willd. Phymatodes (Lepisorus) excavata, J. Sim.
Cat. Quit. Ferns (1857). Polypodium scolopendrinum,
D. Don. Polypodium sesquipedalis, Wall. Poly-
podium phlebodes, Kunze; Pleopeltis nuda, Hook.
Gen. Fil. t=. 18 (non Hook, Huot. I'l.).—East Indies,
Mauritius, and China.
Genus 13.—Portion of mature
with indusioid stipitate squamae. frond, under side. No.1.
&8 FERNS! BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
1, P. longifolia, Jfoore, Ind. Fil. Grammatis (Paragramma)
longifolia e¢ decurrens, Blume. Drynaria revoluta,
J. Sm. En, Fil. Phil. Phymatodes longifolia, J. Sm.
Cat. Cult. Ferns (1857). Polypodium contiguum,
Wall.; Took. Ic. Pl. t. 987; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 20.
-Malacea, Moulmein, Java, and Luzon,
14. NIPHOPSIS, J. Sin.
Rhizome slender, surculose.
Fronds simple, linear-lan-
ceolate, coriaceous, opaque,
densely covered with stellate
pubescence, 6 inches to 1 foot
in length. Veins internal,
obscure, compound anasto-
mosing; primary veins indis-
tinct. Receptacles compital.
Sori oval, large, transverse
uniserial,
1. N. angustatus, J. Sin. Lowe's New Ferns, t.88 A. Poly-
podium angustatum, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t.8 c. Pleo-
peltis angustata, Presl. Niphobolus angustatus,
Spreng. Hook. Gard. Ferns, t, 20. Niphobolus
spheerocephalus, Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 94
Polypodium spherocephalum, Wail. Phymatodes
spherocephalus, Presl. Niphobolus macrocarpus,
Hook, et Aim.—Malayan Archipelago.
Genus 14.—Portion of barren frond. No. 1.
FS
15. DICTYMIA, J. Sin.
Rhizomes short. Fronds simple, linear or
lanceolate, coriaccous, smooth, 6-12 inches
long. Veins reticulated, uniform, obscure.
Receptacles punctiform, compital. Sori oval,
transverse uniserial, destitute of scales.
Genus 15.—Po: tion
of fertile frona,
No.l.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 89
1. D. attenuata, J. Sm. En. Fil. Hort. Kew. (1846). Poly-
podium attennatum, I. Br.; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t.30
(not Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 409). Dictyopteris attenuata,
Presl. (not Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 71). — New South Wales
and Victoria.
16. DRYMOGLOSSUM, Presi. ; J. Sin.
Rhizome slender, sureulose. Fronds simple, entire, 14
inches long, of two forms, the stcrile subrotund-elliptical, the
Genus 16.— Barren and fertile frond, sightly enlarged. No.1.
fertile contracted, linear. Veins obscure; venules compoundly
anastomosing. Receptacles elongated, compital. Sori linear,
continuous, transverse, intra-marginal, furnished with stellate
indusioid scales,
1, D. piloselloides, Presl. Hook. Gard. Ferns, t.46. Pteris
piloselloides, Linn. Sw. Syn. Wil. t.2, f.3; Schk.
Fil, t. 87.—Hast Indies.
90 FERNS! BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
17. NEVRODIUM, Fee.
Rhizome short, cespitose. Fronds simple, entire, 6-12
inches long, lanceolate, thick and fleshy, the fertile portion
somewhat contracted. Veins obscure; venules compoundly
anastomosing. Receptacles elongated, compital. Sori linea:,
Genus 17.—Portions of fertile frond, natural size. No. 1.
continuous, transverse marginal, on the upper portion of the
fronds destitute of scales.
1. N.lanceolatum, Fée, Gen. Fil. t=. 8c. Lowe's Ferns, 2,
t.64 A. Pteris lanceolata, Linn. (Plum. Fil. t. 182).
Tvenitis lanceolata, I. Br. Drymoglossum lanceola-
tum, J. Sim. (olim). Pteropsis lanceclata, Desv.;
Look, Fil. Hxet, t. 45.—West Indies,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 91
18. DICRANOGLOSSUM, J. Sm.
Rhizome short, cespitose. Ironds
contiguous, furcately-pinnatifid, 6-12
inches high, coriaceous, sparsely squa-
miferous, segments lanceolate-cuspidate,
the fertile slightly contracted. Veins
obscure, simple, or forked, free, or their
apices arcuately anastomosing, forming
linear transverse superficial receptacles,
which, by contiguity, constitute a con-
tinuous or interrupted, linear, intra-
marginal, naked sorrs.
1. D. furcatum, J. Sm.; Bot. Voy.
Herald. Pteris furcata,
Linn.; Plwn. Fil. t=. 114.
Trenitis furcata, Willi. ;
Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 7.
Pteropsis furcata, Presl. ;
J. Sm. Gen. Fil. 1841. Cus-
pidaria furcata, I'ée, Gen.
Fil. t. 8 A, f. 2.— West
Indies and Tropical America.
Genus 18.—Portion of fertite
frond, under side. No.1.
19. HYMENOLEPIS, Kaulf.
Rhizomes short, cespitose. Fronds simple, 6-12 inches long,
Genes 19.—Portion cf fertile frond, natural size; ditto fertite and sterile,
enlarged. No.1.
92 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
linear-lanccolate, coriaceous, smooth, the upper portion con-
tracted and fertile, plicate and indusiform, forming a linear
spike. Veins obscure; venules compoundly anastomosing.
Receptacles elongated, compital. Sori linear, continuous, trans-
verse, on the upper portion of the fronds confluent, furnished
with numerons suborbicular hyaline scales.
1. H. spicata, Presl ; Hook. Fil. Evot. t. 78; Lowe's Ferns,
2, #64 B. Acrostichum spicatum, Linn.; Sm. Ie.
ined. t.49. Lomaria spicata, TWilid. Gymnopteris
spicata, Presl.; J. Sm. Gen. Ii. Hymenolepis ophio-
glossoides, Kaulf. ; Kunze, Fil. t.47, f. 1. Hymeno-
lepis revoluta, Bl; Kunze, Fil. t. 47, f. 2—Malayan
Archipelago.
2. H. brachystachys, J. Sm. H. spicata, var. brachysta-
chys, Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 2. Teenitis ophioglos-
soides, Hort. Lips—Malayan Archipelago.
20. LEPTOCHILUS, Kauif.
Rhizomes short and ceespitose, or long, slender, and surculose.
Fronds 6-18 inches long, of two forms: the sterile simple, lobed,
or pinnatifid, smooth; the fertile contracted, linear-rachiform,
its margin revolute and indusiform. Veins of sterile frond evi-
Genus 20.—Portion of fertile and sterile frond, natural size; ditto fertile, enlarged.
0.1.
dent, straight or flexuose, pinnate; venules compoundly anas-
tomosing. eceptacles elongated compital. Sorus linear, con-
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 013
tinuous, uniserial, on each side of the costa, ultimately con-
Iuent, destitute of scales.
1, L, decurrens, Bl. ; Fée, Mem. Acrost. t. 48, f.1. Anapau-
sia decurrens, Presl. Gymuopteris decurrens, J. Sm.
(olim) ; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 6.—Ceylon and Ma-
layan Archipelago.
2. L. axillaris, Kaulf. En. Fil. t.1, f. 10. Acrostichum
axillare, Cav. Gymnopteris axillaris, Prest.— East
Indies.
21. PHYMATODSES, Presi; J. Sm.
Rhizome generally thick, short or much elongated, becoming
smooth. Fronds simple, pinnatifid or pinnate, smooth, coria-
ceous or membranous, segments adherent with the rachis,
ae ea
2 sxiT 78
Genus 21.— Portion of mature frond, under side. No.2.
Veins compound anastomosing, internal, obscure or evident;
primary veins generally undefined or evanescent. Receptacles
compital, generally deeply immersed. Sort round or oval,
large, transversely uniserial or irregular, naked.
* Fronds simple or pinnatifid.
1. P. pustulata, Presi. Polypodium pustulatum, Forst,
Schk. Fil. t.10; Lowe's Ferns, 2, f. 8. Pleopeitis
pustulata, Moore—New Zealand.
2. P. Billardieri, Presi. Polypodium Hillardieri, R. Dr.
Pleopeltis Billardieri, Afoore. Polypodium scandens,
Labill, Nov. Holl, t, 240. Polypodium diversifolium,
4 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
Willd. Polypedium lepidopodum, Link.—Tasmania
and New Zealand.
3. DP. terminalis, J. Sm. Chrysopteris terminalis, Link.—
East Indies.
4. P. peltidea, J. Sm. Chrysopteris peltidea, Link. Poly-
; podium peltideum, Link ; Lowe's Ferns, 2, t.42. Poly-
podium phymatodes, Schk. Fil. t. 17—Dast Indies.
5. P. nigrescens, J. Sm. Polypodium nigrescens; Blume,
Fil. Jav. t. 70; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 22. Phymatodes
saccata, J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns (1857), p. 9.—Malayan
and Pacific Islands.
6. P. vulgaris, Presi. Polypodinm phymatodes, Linn. ; Jacq.
Ic. t. 637; Schhk. Fil. t. 9. Pleopeltis phymatodes,
Moore (in part)—Ceylon, South and West Africa,
and Mauritius.
7. PB. longipes, J. Sm. En. Fil. Hort. Kew. (1846). Chry-
sopteris longipes, Link. Polypodium phymatodes,
Schk. Fil. t. 8 d—Malayan Archipelago.
& P. glauca, J. Sm. Drynaria (Phymatodes) glauca, J. Sm.
En. Fil. Phil. Pleopeltis glauca, Moore-—Luzon.
% BP. ineurvata, J. Sm. Polypodinm incurvatum, Blume,
Fil. Jay. t. 65. Pleopeltis incurvata, Moore.—Java.
10. P. longissima, J. Sim. Polypodium longissimum, Bl. Fil.
Jav. 6, t.68. Pleopeltis longissima, Moore. Drynaria
melanococea, Moore and Houlst. Polypodium me-
lanoneuron, Mig. Drynaria rubida, J. Sm. En. Fil.
Phil—Malayan Archipelago,
** Fronds pinnate.
11. P. leiorhiza, Presl. Polypodium leiorhizon, Wall; Hook.
Fil. Exot. t. 25. Pleopeltis leiorhiza, Moore. Phy-
matodes cuspidata, J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns (1857),
p. 10 (excl. syn. Don.).— East Indies.
«. P. albo-squamata, J. Sm. Polypodium albo-squama-
tum, Bluine, Fil. Jav. t.57; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 47.
Pleopeltis albo-squamata, Pres!.—Java and Borneo,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. vd
22. PLEURIDIUM, Fee; J. Sin.
Rhizome short or elongating. Fronds simple, pinnatifd ww
pinnate, coriaceous, firm, marginate; segments articulated with
Lies ee a
Ar Shy on ee
Genus 22.—Portion of fertile frond, natural size. No.1.
the rachis. Veins compound anastomosing; promary veins
evident, elevated, costeform, straight. Meccptacles compital.
Sort round or oval, or by confluence oblong, transversely uni-
serial or obliquely 1-2-serial.
* Fronds simple.
+ Sort obliquely wniserial.
1. P. crassifolium, Fée. Polypodium crassifolium, Linn. ;
Plum. Fil. t. 123. Anaxetum crassifolium, Schott.
Gen. Fil. t. 1. Polypodium coriaceum, Radd. Fil,
Bras. t. 25.—Tropical America.
2. P. albo-punctatissimum, J. Sm. Polypodium albo-
punctatissimum, Linden’s Cat. (1860)—Tropical
America.
3. P. crassinervium, J. Sm. Polypodiam crassinervium,
Blume, Fl. Jav. t. 61.— Java.
tt Sori obliquely biserial.
4. P. rupestre, Iée. Polypodium rupestra, Blume, Fl. Jav.
t. 55, f. 2; t. 60, f. 1-38.—Java and Luzon.
5. P. triquetrum, J. Sm. Polypodium triquetrum, Blume,
Et Ja. t. 69—Java.
6 FERNS: BRITISH AND FORFIGN,
** Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate,
+ Sori transversely wniserial.
é. 2. palmatum, J. Sim. Polypodium palmatum, £1. Fl.
Jav. t. 64.—Java.
7. P. oxyloba, Presi. Polypodium oxylobum, Wall. Poly-
podium (Phymatodes) oxylobum, Hook. Sp. Fil.—
East Indies.
8. P. angustatum, J. Sm. Polypodium angustatum, Blume,
Fl. Jav. t. 62. Polypodium Lindleyanum, Wall.—
Penang, Java.
9. P. juglandifolium, J. Sm. Polypodium juglandifolinm,
D.Don. non Humb. Polypodium capitellatum, Wall.
Polypodium Wallichianum, Spr.—East Indies. T.
tt Sori oblique, biserial,
10. P. venustum, J. Sm. Polypodium venustum, Wall—
Wast Indies. T.
23, SELLIGUEA, Lory.
Thizome slender, elongating cpigeous and squamose, or sub-
Genus 23.—Pertion of fertile frond, natural size Ne G.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. a7
hypogeous and naked. J'ronds stipate, 1-2 feet long, simple,
lmear lanceolate or broad elliptical, rarely pinnatifid, smooth,
opaque, the fertile longer than the sterile, and often sub-con-
tracted. Primary veins costeform, straight; venules com-
pound, anastomosing with free veinlets terminating in the
areoles. Receptacles compital, elongated, oblique, forming a
continuous or sub-interrupted linear sorus between the primary
veins.
* Fronds simple.
1. S. caudiforme, J. Sm. Polypodium caudiforme, Blume,
Fil. Jav. t. 54, f. 2. Grammitis (Selliguea) caudi-
formis, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5328. Gymnogramma
(Selliguea) caudiformis, Hook. Sp. Fil.—Java.
** Fronds piiunatifid.
2. 8. pothifolia, J. Sm. in En. Fil. Phil. Hemionitis po-
thifolia, Don. Grammitis decurrens, Wall. ; Hook.
et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 6. Gymnogramma (Selligues)
decurrens, Hook. Sp. Fil—India, Japan, Philippine
and T'iji Islands,
24, COLYSIS, Presi. ; Fee.
Bhizome short, sub-hypogeous. Fronds simple lobed or
Genus 24,—Portion of mature frond, under side. No ¢,
H
63 FERNS : BRITISIT AND FOREIGN.
pinnatifid, generally membranous, flaccid, 1-3 feet long. Veins
compound anastomosing ; primary veins costzform, elevated or
internal, generally flexuose, sometimes obsolete. Receptacles
compital, superficial. Sori round, or by confluence oblong or
linear, irregular or obliquely 1—-2-serial.
1. C. membranacea, J. Sm. Polypodium membranaceum,
Don. Polypodium hemionitideum, Wall.; Lowe's
Ferns, 2, t. 7. Colysis hemionitidea, Presl.; Fee.
Hemionitis plantaginea, Don. Polypodium gran-
difolium, Wall.—EKast Indies.
2 C. Spectra, J. Sm. Polypodium spectrum, Kaulf. Poly-
podium Thouinianum, Gaud. in Freyc. Voy. Bot. t. 5,
f. 1—Sandwich Islands,
25. MICROSORUM, Link; Feée.
Rhizome short, subhypogeous. Fronds simple, entire or
irregularly sinuose, coriaceous, smooth, 1-3 feet lung Veins
Genus 25.—Portion of mature frond, upper side. No. 1.
compound anastomosing, internal; primary veins obscure.
Receptacies compital, superficial. Sort round, small, numerous,
irregular, sometimes subconfluent.
1. M. irioides, Féc. Polypodium irivides, Potr.; Hook. et
Grev. Ic. Fil. t=.125. Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 4. Poly-
podium polycephalum, Wall. Microsorum irregulare,
Link ; F'ée. Microsorum sessile, Fée—-8 apex of
fronds crested—East Indies, Malayan Archipelago,
Australia, and Trinidad.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 99
26. NIPHOBOLUS, Kauilf.; J. Sin.
Rhizome short or clongated and sureulose. Fronds simple,
Knear-lanceolate, oblong-elliptical, or obovate-subrotund, rarely
lobed, from less than an inch to three or four feet long, thick
and fleshy or coriaceous, covered with sessile or stipulate stellate
pubescence; the fertile usually more or less contracted and
“Se
ae
LE
Genus 26.—Po:tion of rhizome,with a barren frond. No. s.
longer than the sterile. Veins obscure, undefined, or evident
and costeform ; venules compound anastomosing. Receptacles
punctiform, immersed, terminal or medial on simple or brachi-
ate free veinlets, or compital. Sori round or oval, sub-trans-
verse multiserial between the primary veins, or irregular and
confluent, protruding through a dense stellate pubescence,
H )
100 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
* Rhizomes elongated, surculose. Fronds distan’. Primary
veins undefined.
1. N. rupestris, Spr.; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 93; Lowe’s
Ferns, 1, t. 20. Polypodium rupestre, R. Br. Cras-
pedaria rupestris, Link.—Australia. Tr.
2. N. bicolor, Kaulf.; Hook. et Grev. Ic, Fil. t. 44.—New
Zealand. ‘Tr.
3. N. adnascens, Kaulf.; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t.19. Poly-
podium adnascens, Sw. Syn. Fil. t. 2, f. 2. Nipho-
bolus pertusus, Spr.; Lowe’s Ferns, 1, 4.21. Poly-
podium pertusum, Itoxb.; Hook. Evot.- Fil. t. 162.—
East Indies,
4, N. Lingua, Spr.; Kunze in Schhk. Fil. Supp. t. 63. Lowe's
Ferns, 1, t. 22. Acrostichum Lingua, Thunb. Fil.
Jap. t. 33; Sehk. Fil. t. 1. Polypodium Lingua, Sw. ;
Lang. et Fisch. Ic, Fil. t. 5. Cyclophorus Lingua,
Desv. Polycampium Lingua, Presi. Niphobolus
Sinensis, Hort,—East Indies and China.
** Rhizomes short, ceespitose. Fronds contiguous. Primary
veins generally evident.
5. IN, Gardneri, Kunze ; Hook. Fil. Evot. t. 68; Lowe's New
Ferns, t. 38 B. Polypodium Gardneri, Metten. Gen.
Polypodiwm, p. 129. Niphobolus acrostichoides, Cat.
Fil. Hort. Kew., non Polypodium (Niphobolus) acro-
stichoides, F'orst-—Ceylon.
6. N. costatus, Presl. Polypodium costatum, Wall.—Hast
Indies,
27. CAMPYLONEURUM, Presi.
Rhizome short and caespitose or elongated, often subhypo-
geous. Jronds simple or very rarely pinnate, coriaceous, rigid,
smooth, 1-2 feet high, Veins costeform or undefined, elevated
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 101
or internal and obscure; venules arcuately or angularly ana-
stomosing, producing two or more excurrent free veinlets. Ite-
Genus 27.—Portion of mature frond, under side. No. 5.
ceptacles punctiform, terminal or medial on the free veinlets.
Sori round, obliquely biserial or irregular, destitute of scales.
* Fronds sinyple.
1. C. ensifolium, J. Sm. Polypodium ensifolium, Willd.
Marginaria ensifolia, Presl. Campyloneurum angus-
tifolium, 3 teeniosum, Moore—Tropical America.
2. C. angustifolium, Je. Polypodium angustifolium, Sw. ;
add. Fil. Bras. t. 24, f. 2. Marginaria angustifolia,
Presl. Polypodium dimorphum, Link. Polypodium
leucorhizon, Kit. Polypodium amphostemum, Kunze,
—Tropical America.
3. C. fasciale, Presl. Polypodium fasciale, Humb. P. lapa-
thifolium, Radd. Fil. Bras. t. 24, f. 3—Brazil and
Venezuela.
4, C. rigidum, J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns (1857), p. 13. CO. Juci-
dum, Moore. Polypodium nitidum, Hook. Fil. Exot.
t. 12 (excl. syn.).—Tropical America.
5. C. repens, Presl.; Hook. Gen. Fil. t.71 A. Polypodium
repens, Linn.; Plum. Fil. ¢. 134, C. crespitosum,
Link ; J. Sm. Cat. (1857). Polypodium czespitosum,
Link ; Metten. Fil. Hort. Lips. t. 24, f. 4,5.—Tropical
America.
102 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
6. C. Phyllitidis, Pres? Polypodium Phyllitidis, Linn. ;
(Plum. Fil. t. 180).—Tropical America.
7. C. nitidum, Presl. Polypodium nitidum, Kaulf. Cam-
pyloneurum latum, Moore, Ind. Fil. p. 225.—Tropical
America.
8. C. brevifolium, Link. Polypodium brevifolium, Link’;
Mett. Fil. Hort. Lips—Tropical America,
** Fronds pinnate,
9. GC. decurrens, Presi. Polypodium decurrens, Radd. Fil.
Bras. t. 338. Polypodium polyanthos, Hort. Brue.—
Brazil,
28. DRYNARIA, Bory; J. Sm.
Rhizome short, thick, and fleshy. Fronds rigid; the sterile
(when present) sessile, broad cordate, sinuose or laciniated; the
fertile stipitate or sessile, pinnatifid or pinnate, rarcly simple,
the segments articulated with the rachis; when sessile, the base
is similar to the special sterile frond. Veins external, elevated,
Genus 28.—Purtion of mature frond, under side. No. 6.
compound anastomosing, forming quadrate or hexagonalareoles;
primary veins costeform or obsolete. Receptacles compital.
Sori round, small, numerous, and irregular, or transversely or
obliquely serial, sometimes confluent, forming a linear sorus
between the costewform veins.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 103
* Sori transversely uniserial.
+ Fronds pinnatifid.
1. DPD. propinqua, J. Sm. Polypodium propinquum, Wail.
Phymatodes propinqua, Presl. Polypodium Will-
denowii, Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 35; non Bory.—ast
Indies,
tt Fronds pinnate.
2. D, diversifolia, J. Sm. Polypodium diversifolium, BR. Br. ;
Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 5. Polypodium Gaudichaudi,
Bory; Bl. Fil. Jav. #57. Drynavia pinnata, Ice.
Polypodium glaucistipes, Wall. Drynaria Hill,
Hovt.—East Indies, Malayan Archipelago, and Aus-
tralia.
** Sori oblique, uniserial.
+ Fronds pinnatifid.
3. D. coronans, J. Sm.; Fée. Polypodium coronans, Wall. ;
Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 91. Phymatodes coronans,
Presl.—Hast Indies and Malacca.
*** Sori oblique, biscrial.
4. D. quercifolia, Bory; Fée. Polypodium quercifolium,
Tinn.; Schk. Fil. t. 18. Phymatodes quercifoiia,
Presl.—East Indies, Mauritius, Malayan Archipelago,
and Australia.
#*ER Sori numerous, trreqular.
+ Fronds simple.
5. D. museefolia, J. Sm. Polypodium museefolium, Bl. Fv.
Jav. t. 79. Polypodium microsorum, Metten. Cod.
Hort. Herrenh—Malayan Archipelago.
tt Fronds pinnatifid.
6. D. Heraclea, J. Sim. Polypodium (§ Drynaria) Heracleum,
Kunze; Hook, Gard. Ferns, t. 1. Drynaria mor-
Dillosa, J. Sm. Cat. Cult, Ferns, 1857, — Matayan
Archipelago. :
10-4 FERNS: BRITISIZ AND FOREIGN.
Division II. Desmobrya.
Fronds in vernation terminal, uniserial or fasciculate, their
bases adherent and continuous with the stem, which is either
a caudex or sarmentum.
Trine 1V.—ACROSTICHEA.
Sort undefined (amorphous), naked. Fertile fronds or segs
ments always more or less contracted; the under side (or rarely
voth sides) densely sporangiferous. Acrostichum, Linn.
§ 1. Elaphoglossece. Fronds always simple. Veins free or
rarely combined at the margin or reticulated.
* Teins free.
29. ELAPHOGLOSSUM, Schott.; J. Sm.
Vernation uniserial and sarmentose, or subfasciculate and
decumbent, squamose. Stipes often pseudo-articulate, node
Genus 29.—Portion of barren frend, Genus 29.—Portion of fertile
under side. No. 3. frond, under side. No. 8.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 105
elevated. Fronds simple, entire, from 2 inches to 23 feet high,
smooth or squamose. Veins simple or forked, parallel, direct,
their apices free and clavate. Fertile fronds plain, the under
side sporangiferous.
* Fronds smooth or nearly so.
+ Vernation sarmentose. Fronds distant.
1. E. stigmatolepis, J. Sm. Acrostichum stigmatolepis,
Fée, Acrost. t. 24, f. 2.—Ceylon.
2, E. Funckii, J. Sm. Acrostichum Funckii, Fée, Acrost. t. 6,
f.1. Acrostichum (Elaphoglossum) Funckii, Hook.
Sp. Fi. 6, p. 205.— Venezuela and Trinidad.
tt Vernation fasciculate, decumbent.
3. HB. conforme, Schott. Acrostichum conforme, Sw. Syn.
Fil. t. 1, f. 1.—South Africa and Java,
4, EB. callefolium, J. Sm. Acrostichum callefolium, Bl. Fil.
Jav. t. 4.—Java.
5, EB. Sieberi, J. Sm. Acrostichum Sieberi, Hook. et Grev. Ic.
Fil. t. 237,—Mauritius.
6. E. crassinerve, J. Sm. Acrostichum crassinerve, Kunze.—
Brazil.
?. BE. latifolium, J. Sm. Acrostichum latifolium, Sw.; Hook.
Fil. Exot. t. 42.—Trcpical America.
8, E. Herminieri, J. Sm. Acrostichum Herminieri, Bory, in
Fée, Acrost. t. 11. Acrostichum (Elaphoglossum)
Ferminieri, Hook. Sp. Fil. 5, p. 216, — Tropical
America and Trinidad.
9, BE. microlopis, J. Sm. Acrostichum microlepis, Kunze.—
Venezuela.
** Fronds more or less densely squamiferous,
10. E. piloselloides, J. Sm. Acrostichum piloselloides, Pres.
Relig. Haenk. t. 2, f. 1; Hook. Fil. Hot, t. 29—
Tropical America,
106 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
11. E, rubiginosum, J. Sm. Acrostichum rubiginosum,
Fée, Acrost. t. 5, f.1, et t.18, 7.1. E. brachyneuron,
J. Sm. Acrostichum brachyneuron, Fée, Acrost. t.
22,f.1. .
——_ a — a wae”
Genus 35.—Fertile and barren fronds. N6e:.
or pinnatifid, sinus mucronate. Veins forked or pinnate;
venules free. Fertile segments more or less contracted ; venules
evident, contiguous, forsaing a concrete amorphous receptacle,
sometimes forming moniliform spikes.
1, EB. appendiculata, J. Sm. Acrostichum appendiculatum,
Willd.; Hook. Exot. Fl. t.108. Acrostichum vivi-
parium, Sw. Polybotrya viviparia, Hook, Huot. Il.
#107. Acrostichum setosum, Wall. Acrostichun
Hamiltoniana, Wall. Egenolfia Hamiltoniana, Schott,
Gen. Fil, 34.—East Indies and Ceylon.
113 FERNS: BRITISU AND FOREIGN.
36. PSOMIOCARPA, Presl. in part.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. Fronds stipate, deltoid, scb-
bipinnate, the sterile 6-8 inches high, pilose, with articaiae.
hairs; pinne 3-4 inches long; pinnules sessile, decurreno,
Genus 36.— Portion of fertile and barren fronds. No.!.
oblong elliptical, 3-2 inch long, unequally dentate or sub-
laciniated. Veins forked; venules free. Fertile frond 14-18
inches high, long, stipate, slender, wholly contracted, forming a
sporangiferous panicle.
P. apiifolia, Presi. Hpim. Bot. Polybotrya apiifclia, J. Sin.
En, Fil. Philipp. ; Kunze, in Schk. Fil. t. 62; Gard.
and Field Sert. t. 80,31; Hook, Sp. Fil. 5, 248.—
Luzon
37. POLYBOTRYA, IHumb. ct Bonpl.
Vernation uniserial ; sarmentum scandent, squamose. Fronds
bi-tripinnate, 2-3 feet long. Veins pinnate; venules free,
Fertile segments convolute, pinnatifid or spicaeform, wholly
sporangiferous, _
1. P. osmundacea, Humb. ef Bonpl. Nov. Gen. 1, 2.2; Hook.
Gen, Fil. t.78 B. P. cylindrica, Kaulf. ; Ie, Acrost.
t. 386. Polybotrya speciosa, Schott. Gen, Fil. t. 7—
Tropical America.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 112
oer neuminate, Link; Metten. Fil. Hort, Lip. t. 2, f. 1-6 —
razil, 3
Genus 37,—P.1tion of fertile and barren. fronds. No.2.
3. P.incisa, Link; Iée, Acrost. t. 35.—Brazil.
4, P. caudata, Kunze; Fée, Acrost. t. 34.—West Indies and
Tropical America.
++ Segments articulated with the rachis.
38. LOMARIOPSIS, Five.
Vernation uniserial; sarmentum scandent, squamose. Fronds
pjnnate, 1-3 feet high; pinne linear-elliptical, broad, lanceo-
date, acuminate, 2-10 inches long, articulate with the rachis.
a 1
114 FERNS: ERITIfSH AND FOREIGN.
Veins unifcrm, simple or forked, direct, parallel, free. Fertile
Genus 38.— Portions of fertile and barren fronds, natural size, and portion
of fertile, enlarged. No. 2.
pinne plane, often broad, sporangiferous on the under side;
margin membranous, narrow, subindusiform.
1. L. sorbifolia, Fée. Acrostichum sorbifolium, Linn. ; (Plum.
Fil. t.117). Stenochlena sorbifolia, J. Sin. Gen, Fil —
West Indics,
2. L. longifolia, J. Sm. Lomaria longifolia, Kaulf. Lowe’s
New Ferns, t. 37. Acrostichum Yapurense, Hook.
Gard. Ferns, t.57. Acrostichum phlebodes, Kunze ;
Hook. Sp. Fil. 5, p.24, sub Acrostichum sorbifolium.—
West Indies and Tropical America.
8. L, heteromorpha, J. Sm. Stenochlena heteromorpha,
J. Sm. Gen. Fil. 1841. Lomaria filiformis, 4. Cunn.
Hook. Sp. Fil. 3, t 149. Lomaria propinqua,
A, Cunn.—New Zealand.
** Veins combined at the margin.
39. OLFERSIA, Radd.; Pres.
Vernation uniserial, contiguous; sarmentum scandent, squa-
mose. Fronds pinuate, 1-3 feet long. Veins uniform, simple
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 115
tr forked, dircct, parallel, their apices combined by a transverse
Genus 39.—Portion of the barren pinna, under side. No.1.
Marginal vein. Fertile pinne linear or pinnatifid, convolute,
wholly sporangiferous.
1. O. cervina, Pres! ; Hook. Fil. Hxot.t, 43; Lowe's Ferns, 7,
té. 39, 40. Acrostichum cervinum, Sw.; Plum. Fil.
t.154; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 81. O. Corcovadensis,
Radd. Fil. Bras. t=. 14; Hook. Gen, Fil. t. 79 A,
Acrostichum linearifolium, Presl— Tropical America,
*®* Veins angularly or compoundly anastomosing.
40. SOROMANES, Fee.
Vernation uniserial; sarmentum thick, scandent, squamose.
Genus 40,— Portions of fertile and barren fronds. No, 1,
12 :
116 FERNS : BRITISII AND FOREIGN.
Sterile fronds pinnate, 1-2 feet long. Veins pinnate; venvles
acutely anastomosing, forming oblique elongated areotes;
apices next the margin free and clavate. Fertile fronds bipin-
nate; segments convolute, wholly sporangiferous. ~
1.8. serratifolium, Je, Acrost. t. 48. Polybotrya serra-
tifolia, Alotzsch.— Venezuela.
—_
41. STENOSEMIA, Presi.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. J'ronds ternately pinnate, 6-18
inches high; pinne laciniately lobed, bulbiferous. Veins pin-
nate; the lower venules transversely anastomosing, forming
Genus 41,—Portion of mature frond, upper side. No 1,
elongated costal and sub-costal areoles, the superior venules
free. Iertile segments Niuear, rachiform, convolute, nearly
wholly sporangiferous. :
1. S. aurita, Presi. Acrostichum auritum, Sw.; Lowe's Ferns,
7, tt. 52, 53. Polybotrya aurita, Pl. Fl. Jav. t.1°
Took. Fil. Exot, t. 81.—Java,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 11?
42. POSCLLOPTERIS, Eschw.; Presl.
Vernation uniserial, distant cr contiguous, eubfasciculate and
decumbent. Fronds pinnate, 1-3 feet long, often bulbiferous,
Primary veins costeeform, pinnate; venules arcuately or angu~
Genus 42,—Purlion of barren frond, No. 3.
larly anastcmosing, producing on their exterior sides or angles
one or more free or anastowosing veinlets, forming unequal
areoles. Sporangia amorphous, or sometimes in defined lines
on the venules (Jenkinsia, Hook.).
1. P. flagellifera, J. Sm. Acrostichum flagelliferum, Wall. §
Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 23; Blume, Fl, Jaw. t. 13.—~
East Indies.
2. P. erispatula, J. Sm. Acrostichum crispatulum, Wall.—
East Indies.
3. P. prolifera, J. Sm. Acrostichum proliferum, Blume ;
Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 681, 2. Heteroneuron proliferum,
Fée, Acrost. t. 55. Acrostichum virens, Wall. ; Hook.
et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 221,—Hast Indies.
4. P. punctulata, Presi. Acrostichum punctulatum, Linn.
Heteroneuron punctulatum, IFée, Acrost. t, 54,—~
Mauritius and West Tropical Africa,
118 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
43. GYMNOPTERIS, Bernh.; Presl.
_ Vernation uniserial and sarmentose, or contiguous sub-
fasciculate and decumbent. Fronds simple, lobed or pinnate,
a/
Genus 43.—Portion of sterile frond, under sile. No.2
from 6 inches to 2-3 feet high. Primary veins costeeform ;
venules compound anastomosing, with free variously directed
veinlets terminating in the areoles. Sporangia amorphous.
1. G. quercifolia, Bernh.; Presl; IZook. Ic, Pl. t. 905;
Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 80. Acrostichum quercifolium,
Retz.; Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 3. Gymnopteris Nicnerii,
Hort.—Ceylon.
2. G. nicotiansefolia, Presl; Fée, Acrost. t. 46. .Acrostichum
nicotianefolium, Sw.; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t, 26.—
West Indies:
8. G. acuminata, Presi. Acrostichum acuminatum, Willd. ;
(Plum. Fil. t.115).—West Indies.
4, G. aliena, Presl; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 85. | Acrostichum
alienum, Sw.; Plum. Fil. t.10.—Tropical America.
5. G. Gaboonense, J. Sm. Acrostichum (Gymnopteris)
Gaboonense, Hook. Sp. Fil. 5, yp. 270.—Tropical
West Africa,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 119
§ 8. Acrostiche. Vernation fasciculate. Fronds pinnate,
4-8 feet high; pinne adherent. Veins uniform, reticulated ;
areoles small subquadrangular, or large heaagonotd.
44, NEUROCALLIS, Fée.
Vernation fasciculate, decumbent. Fronds pinnate, 8-4 fect
high, smooth; sterile pinnz elliptical-lanceolate, acuminate,
entire, 8-10 inches long, 2 inches wide, sessile, adherent with
Genus 44.—Portions of fertile and barren fronds. No 1.
the rachis. Veins uniform, reticulated; areoles oblong, hexa-
gonoid. Fertile fronds contracted; pinne linear, acuminate,
plane, wholly sporangiferous on the under side; sporangia
destitute of indusoid scales.
1. N. prestantissima, Fe, Acrost. t. 52; Fée, Gen. Fil,
t.4 A. Acrostichum prestantissimum, Bory, Hb. ;
Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 58.—Dominica and Guadeloupe.
45. ACROSTICHUM, Linn. (in part); J. Sm.
Vernation fasciculate, erect, caudiciform. Fronds pinnae,
smooth, 2-8 feet high; pinnw entire, broad, the upper dens:ly
sporangiferous on their under side, Veins uniform, retisu-
120 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
lated, forming numerous elongated subquadrangular parallel
arcoles,
Genus 45.—Pinna of barren frend. No.1.
1.4, aureum, Linn.; Sw.; Plum. Fil. 1.104; Schk. Fil. 1.1;
Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 81.4; Lowe’s Ferns, 7, t.42. Chry-
sodium aureum, J’ée. Acrostichum fraxinifolium,
R. Br. Acrostichum marginatum, Schk. Fil. t.3 B—
Tropics and sub-Tropics of both spheres, generally
in swamps.
§4. Platyceree. Rhizome obsolcte; sterile frond sessile, de-
pressed, conchiform; fertile fronds stipate, repeatedly forked 5
segments broad. Veins compound anastomosing.
46. PLATYCERIUM, Desv.; Bl.
Vernation articulate, rhizome obsolete. Sterile fronds sessile,
oblique reniform, depressed or elongated and subascending,
alternately overlapping each other, forming an epiphytal
spongy conchiform mass, often 1-2 feet in diameter. Fertile
fronds stipitate, rising from the sinus of the sterile, once or
many times dichotomously forked, 2-6 feet in length; segments
broad, obtuse, densely covered with stellated scales, coriaceous.
Veins internal, compound anastomosing. Ieceptacle amorphous,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 721
occupying more or less of the under side of the segments, or on
a sessile or petiolate lobe.
Genus 46.—Portion of ma‘ure frond, under side. No.1.
1. P. alcicorne, Gaud.; Lowe’s Ferns, 7, t. 63. Acrostichum
alcicorne, Sw.; Bot. Reg. t. 262-3.—East Indies,
Malayan Archipelago, and Australia.
p
. P. Stemaria, Desv. Acrostichum Stemaria, Beaw. Platy-
cerium Aithiopicum, Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 9—West
Africa.
3. P. grande, J. Sm.; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 86. Acrostichum
grande, A. Cunn.; Hook. et Bauer, Gen. Fil. t.80 B—
Malayan Archipelago and Australia.
4, P. biforme, Blume, Fl. Jav.t.18. Acrostichum fuciforme,
Waill.— Malacca and Java.
& P. Wallichii, Hoo}, Fil, Exot. t,97—Malacca,
122 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
Tris V.—GRAMMITIDES.
Sori linear, sometimes only oval or oblong, oblique or trars
verse, marginal or costal, or more or less complete, reticulated
naked,
* Veins free.
$1. Grammitee. Fronds linear, entire or rarely forked,
generally smooth.
47. GRAMMITIS, Sw. in part.
Vernation fasciculate, or uniserial and sarmentose, becoming
ceespitose. Fronds linear-lanceolate, entire, rarely subpinnatifid,
plane, opaque, smooth or pilose, 6-10 inches high. Veins simple
‘
eats ean ei
> POO
2,
facts
Pa ee? FPL EF
Genus 47.—Portion of frond, natural size; ditto, enlarged.
or forked, generally clavate, free; the anterior venule fertile.
Receptacles elongated, medial-terminal. Sori ovate, oblong or
linear oblique, sometimes punctiform transverse-uniserial.
1. G. marginella, Sw. Syn. Fil. Schk. Fil. t. 7. Polypodium
marginellum, Sw. I'l. Ind. Occ.—St. Helena.
2. G. Australis, R. Br. Grammitis Billardieri, Willd.; ; Kunze,
Anal. t. 9, f. 2.—New South Wales.
48, XIPHOPTERIS, Kaulf.
Vernation contiguous, sub-fasciculate; sarmentum slender,
sub-erect. Fronds 2-6 inches high, linear, dentate-serrate or
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS, 123
pinnatifid below, sub-entire, and plicate or nearly plane above.
Veins simple, free, very short. Receptaclee costal or medial,
Genus 48.—Plant natural size, and portion of froni enlarged. No.1.
elongated. Sort oblong, confluent, mostly contiguous to and
parallel with the midrib, confined to the upper part of the frond.
1. X.serrulata, Kaulf.; Fée, Gen. Fil. t.10 B; Hook. Gard.
Ferns, t. 44; Lowe's New Ferns, t. 42 A. Grammitis
serrulata, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t.7; Hook. Exot. Fil. t.78.
Polypodium serrulatum, Ifetten—West Indies and
Tropical America.
ny
§ 2. Gymnogrammee. Fronds pinnate or bi-tripinnatifid
or decompound, smooth, or generally pilose, tomentose, or
farinose.
49. LEPTOGRAMMA, J. Sm.
Vernation fasciculate, erect or decumbent. Fronds bipinna-
tifid, 1-3 feet high. Veins of laciniw pinnate; venules free.
Receptacles medial, elongated. Sori oblong or linear, naked.
Sporangia in some species pilose,
4 FERNS: BRITISIT AND FOREIGN.
Genus 49.—Portion of fertile frond,
1, L. totta, J. Sm. Gen. Fil. Polypodium tottum, Willd. Gym-
bo
nogramma totta, Schlecht.; Bl. Fl. Jav.t. 38. Gram-
mitis totta, Presi. Gymnogramma Lowel, Hook. et
Grev. Ic. Fil. t. §9.—South Africa and Madeira.
. L. asplenioides, J. Sm. Gymnozramma. asplenioides,
Sw.; Kaulf. Gymnogramma aspidioides, Kaulf.
Ceterach aspidioides, Willd. ; Radd. Fil. Bras. ¢. 21,
f. 1. Phegopteris aspidioides, Metten, Fil. Hort. Lip.
t, 17, f. 1—Tropical America.
L. Ginkiana, J. Sm. Gymnogramma Linkiana, Kunze;
Fée. Gyrammitis Linkiana, Presl.—Brazil.
. L. rupestris, J. Sm. Gymnogramma rupestris, Kunze.
Phegopteris rupestris, Metten.—Tropical America.
. L. gracile, J. Sm. Gymnogramma gracilis, Hew. in Mag.
Nat. Hist. (1838). Grammitis Hewardii, Moore.
Leptogramma attenuata, J. Sm. En. Fil. Hort. Kew.
(1856) Jamaica,
. L. villosa, J. Sm. Gymnogramma villosa, Link ; Lowe's
Ferns, 1, ¢. 11.—Tropical America.
. L. polypodioides, J.Sim. Ceterach polypodioides, Radd.
Fil. Bras. t. 22. Gymnogramma polypodioides,
Spreng. Gymnogramma Raddiana, Link—Brazil.
ee
AN EXUMERSTICN OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 125
50. GYMNOGRAMMA, Desv.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. Fronds pinnate, bipinnatifid,
or multifid, rarely simple, smooth, villose, or farinose, from a
Genus 50.—Portion of mature frond, upper side. No. 1.
few inches to 2-8 feet high. Veins forked; venules free. De-
ceptacles medial, elongated. Sori linear, simple, or forked, often
becoming confluent, naked. ;
$1. Newogramma. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate, villose,
1. G. rufa, Desv.; Lowe’s Ferns, 1, t. 6 A. Hemonitis rufa,
Sw.; Schk. Fil. tt. 17, 21—Tropical America.
‘2. G. tomentosa, Desv. ; Lowe’s Ferns,1, t.6 B; Hook. Fil.
Lixot. t. 18. Hemionitis tomentosa, Radd, Fil. Bras.
t, 19.—Tropical America,
§ 2. Trismeria. Fronds pinnate; pinne i-trifoliate; seg-
ments linear, covered with white or yellow farina.
3. G. trifoliata, Desv.; Hook. Gard. Ferns, t. 4; Lowe's New
Ferns, t.31. Acrostichum trifoliatum, Linn. ; (Plum.
Fil. t,144;) Schk. Fil. t#.3 et 22. Trismeria argentea
et aurea, I’ée, Gen, Fil. t. 14 A— West Indies and
Tropical America.
§ 3. Ceropteris. Fronds bi-tripinnatifid or multifid, covered
with waxy farina on the under side.
4. -G. Calomelanos, Kaulf.; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 37; Hook. Gard,
Ferns, t. 50. Acrostichum Calomelanos, Linn.; Plum.
Fil.t.40; Schh. Fil. t.5; Lang. et Fisch. Ic, Fil. t. 3.—
Tropical America.
5. G. Tartarea, Desv. Acrostichum Tartareum, Sw.—Tropical
America. a
126 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREICN.
6. G. ochracea, Presl.—Tropical America.
7. G. L’Herminieri, Bory (accord. to Link)—Guadeloupe.
(Link.)
8. G. chrysophylla, Kaulf. Acrostichum chrysophyllum,
Sw.; Plum. Fil. t. 41.—West Indies.
9. G. Martensii, Bory (accord. to Link). (Hybrid, J. Sm.)
10. G. sulphurea, Desv. Acrostichum sulphureum, Sw.
Schk. Fil. t. 4. Var. Wettenhalliana, Moore, in. Gard.
Chron. 1861, p. 984.—West Indies.
11. G. pulchella, Linden’s Cat.; Moore, in Gard. Chron.
1856; Hook. Fil. Huct. t.74; Lowe's New Ferns, t. 5.—
Venezuela.
12. G. Peruviana, Desv.; Kunze, Fil. t. 82. Var. Argyro-
phylla, Moore, in Gard. Chron. 1856; Lowe's New
Ferns, t. 6. Var. dealbata, Moore. Var. laciniata,
Moore, Gard. Chron. 1863.—Tropical America.
§ 4. Anogramme. Fronds bi-tripinnatifid, smooth. (Annuals.)
13. G. leptophylla, Desv. ; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. 1.25; Hook.
Brit. Ferns, t.1; Lowe’s Ferns, 1, t.7. Grammitis
leptophylla, Sw. Polypodium leptophyllum, Linn. ;
Schk, Fil. t. 26.—South of Europe, &c.
14. G. cheerophylla, Desv.; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. #. 45;
Lowe’s Ferns, 1, t. 8.—Tropical America,
15. G. Pearcii, Afoore, in Gard. Chron. 1864, p. 340.—Pern.
§ 4. Plewrosorus. Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate, piloso-
glandulose.
16. G. ruteefolia, Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t=. 90; Hook. Fil.
Exot. t.5; Hook. Ic. Pl.t. 935; Lowe's New Ferns, t.
45 A. Gymnogramma subglandulosa, Hook. et Grev.
Le, Fil, t.91. Grammitis Hispanica, Goss. Grammitis
rutefolia, R. Br—Australia and South of Spain,
§ 5. Eriosorus. Fronds bipinnatifid, lanose-tomentose.
17. G. ferruginea, Kunze. G. lanata, Klotzsch. Var, mone
strosa, Hort—Tropical America.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 127
51. CONIOGRAMMA, Fée.
Vernation contiguous, decumbent, subsarmentose. Fronds
pinnate or bipinnate, 2-5 feet high, smooth; pinna and pin-
Genus 51.—Portion of fertile pinna—under side. No. 1.
nules broad elliptical-lanceolate, distant, smooth. Veins forked,
parallel, free. Receptacles medial, elongated, occupying nearly
the whole length of the venules. Suri linear, forked, contiguous,
naked,
1. ©. Javanica, Fée. Gymnogramma Javaniea, Bl. Fl. Jav.
t. 41; Lowe's New Ferns, t.7.—Malayan Archipelago.
52, LLAVEA, Lag.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. J'ronds tri-quadripinnate,
Genny 52.—Barren pinna. Fertile pinna, natural sizs*
No. b. ditto, unfolded. Ne...
123 FERNS: BRITISH AND #OREIGNs
1-23 feet long, smooth, contracted and fertile above, sterile
below; Sterile pinnules oblong, elliptical, oblique sub-cordate,
serrulate, 1-1} inches in length. Veins forked ; venules free.
wertile pinnules linear, 2-3 inches long, revolute, margin con-
niving and forming an universal indusium. Sporangia occu-
pying nearly the whole length of the contracted venules,
forming linear forked confluent sori.
1. L. cordifolia, Lag.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5159. Cerato-
dactylis osmundioides, J. Sm. in Hook. ct Bauer, Gen.
Fil. t. 36; Lowe's New Ferns, t. 30. Botryogramma
Karwinskii, F’ée, Gen. Fil. t. 15 C. Allosorus Kar-
winskii, Kunze, Fil. t.4; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 887-8.—
Mexico. Tr,
**® Veine anastomosing.
§ 3. Iemionitece. Fronds simple, pinnate or rarely bipinnata
Sori more or less complete reticulated,
58. DICTYOGRAMMA, Fée.
Fernation tnisenial, contiguous; sar
mentumshort. Fronds pinnate or bipinnate
1-3 feet high, smooth; pinne elliptical
lanceolate, 6-10 inches long. Venation sub
uniform, reticulated; areoles unequal, gene
rally elongated, oblique. Receptacles super
ficial. Sovi linear, reticulated, naked.
1. D. Japonica, Fée, Gen. Fil. 4.15 A,
Hemionitis Japonica, Thunb. Gym-
nogramma Japonica, Hook. Sp. Fil_—
Japan, Formosa.
Genus 53 —Portion of
fertile frond. No. 1.
54, HEMIONITIS, Linn.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. short. J'ronds simple, cordate,
palmacz orpinnate, smooth or villose. Ve/ns uniform reticulated,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 129
Sporangia occupying the whole of the vernation, forming reti-
culate, often confluent sori. Receptacles medial, elongated.
Sort reticulated.
Genus 54.—Segment of barren frond, under side. No. 2.
1. H. cordifolia, Roxb.; Hook. Fil. Exot.4.35; Hook. et Grev.
Ic. Fil. t. 64; Hook. et Bauer, Gen. Fil. t. 74. H. sa-
gittata, F'ée—Hast Indies.
2. H. palmata, Linn.; Plum. Fil. t. 151; Hook. Eu. Fl. t. 33;
Schott. Gen. Fil. =. 9; Lowe’s Ferns, 7, t. 37—West
Indies,
3. H. pedata, Sw. Syn. Fil. t. 1, f.3. Gymnogramma pedata,
Eaulf—Mexico. Tr.
55. ANTROPHYUM, Kaulf.
Vernation uniserial, contiguous; sarmentum short (unde»
fined), squamose. Fronds simple, linear-lanceolate or oblong-
elliptical or subrotund, smooth, coriaceous, with or without a
defined midrib. Veins uniform, reticulated. Receptacles mediat,
KE
139 FERNS: BRITISH AND FORTIGN.
elongated, immersed, rarely superficial, forming linear, ccr-
‘tinuous or interrupted reticulated suri.
Genus 55.—Outline portion of fertile frond, under side. No. #
1. A. lineatum, Kaulf. Polytznium lineatum, Desv.; J. Sm.
Gen. Fil.; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 107. Vittaria lanceolata,
Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 101 B.—West Indies.
3. A. lanceolatum, Kaulf. Hemionitis lanceolata, Di. ;
(Plan. Fil. t.127,f. c); Schk. Fil. t. 6—West Indies.
3. A. Cayennense, Kauilf.; Kunze, Anal. t. 19, f. 2. He-
mionitis Cayennensis, Desv.; Presl, — Tropical
America.
4, A. reticulatum, Kaulf. Hemionitis reticulata, Forst.
Schk., Fil. t. 6.—Indian, Malayan, and Pacific Islands
4, Vittarie. Fronds simple, linear. Sori transverse,
. * . be !
continuous, marginal or anti-marginal.
56. VITTARIA, Sm.
Vernation vniscrial, contiguous; sarmentum shost furnished
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 131
with hyaline squame, Fonds simple, linear, smooth, rigid or
flaccid and pendulous, from a few inches to 2-3 feet in length.
Veins simple, forming an acute angle with the midrib, their
Genus 56.—Cutline portion of frond, natu-al size ; ditto enlarged.’ No. 1.
apices prolonged into atransverse marginal vein, which becomes
the receptacle. Sporangia seated in an extrorse slit of the
margin. Sori marginal, linear, continuous.
1. V. zostereefolia, Bory; Fée, Mem. Fil. t. 2, f. 23 Lowe's
Ferns, 2, t.65 B.— Mauritius.
57. HAPLOPTERIS, Pves!.
Yersalion uniserial, contiguous; sarmentum short, becoming
=F
Gees 67.—Portion of ee snghtly enlarged. No. i.
_K
182 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
_erespitose. Fronds simple, narrow, linear or lanceolate, 1-2 feet
long, smooth. Veins simple, parallel, their apices combined by
a transverse intra-marginal vein, which is immersed in a groove,
and becomes the receptacle, forming a linear, continuous, inter-
marginal, naked sorus.
1. H. scolopendrina, Presl, Tent. Pterid. ¢.8, f.21. Pteris
scolopendrina, Bory ; Siw. Teeniopsis scolopendrina,
J. Sm. Gen. Fil. 1841. Teeniopteris Forbesii, Hook. et
Bauer. Gen. Fil. t. 76 B. Vittaria Zeylanica, Iée,
Vittar. t.1, f. 3—Ceylon and Mauritius.
2. H. lineata, J.Sm. Vittaria lineata, Sw. ; Schk. t. 101 B;
J. Sm. Cat.1857 ; Lowe’s Ferns, 2, t. 65 A. Tzeniopsis
lineata, J. Sm. Gen. Ful. 1841.—Tropical America.
58. PTEROESIS, Desv.
Vernation uniserial, contiguous; sarmentum skort, caespitose,
I’ronds simple, linear, acuminate, 6-18 inches long, rigid, smooth,
Veins uniform, reticulated, forming transverse elongated, hexa-
gonoid areoles. Receptacles compital, elongated on the exterior,
transverse anastomosc, forming a linear, continuous, marginal
sorus.
2
Genus 58.— Portion of frond, slightly enlarged. No. 1.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 183
1, P. angustifolia, Desv. ; Hook. et Bauer. Gen. Fil. t.77 B.
Teenitis angustifolia, R. Br. Pteris angustifolia, Si. ;
Willd. Pteris tricuspidata, Linn. ; Plum. Fil. t. 140,
var. comosa, J. Sin. West Indies.
59, DICTYOXIPHIUM, Hook.
. Vernation fasciculate, erect. Fronds simple,
linear-lanceolate, attenuated and decurrent on
the stipes, 1-3 feet long. Veins compound
anastomosing. Receptacles compital, clongated,
immersed in an extrorse marginal groove, which
is indusiform, Sori linear, continuous,
1. D. Panamense, Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 62 3 J. Sm. Genus $9.— Portion
Gen. Fil.; Lowe’s Ferns, 8, t.69. Lindsea of ‘ perfil frond,
Panamensis, Mettn. Hook. Fil. Ewvot, “4° *4e Nod.
t,54.—Panama.
§ 5. Ceratopterice. Fertile fronds contracted ; segments
revolute, forming an universal indusium, enclosing the sporangia.
60. CERATOPTERIS, Brongn.
Veinotion fasciculate, erect (annual). Fronds fragile; the
Genus 60.—Portions of fertile and barren fronds, natural size: portion of
fertile enlarged. Nog. 2.
134 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
fertile decompound; segments forked, linear ; margins revol.tte,
membranaceous, conniving, indusiform. Veins transversely
elongated, distantly anastomosing. Sporangia occupying the
transve:se venules, superficial, large, disposed in a simple series,
constituting two linear sub-parallel sori.
1. C. thalictroides, Brongn.; Hook. Gen. Fil. t.12; Lowe's
Ferns, 2, t. 66. Ellobocarpus oleraceus, Kaulf. Par-
keria pteridioides, Hook. Lx. Fl.t. 147; Hook. et Grev.
Ie. Fil.t. 97. Ceratopteris Parkeri, J. Sm. Gen. Fil.
1841.-—Tropics,
Trize VI—PHEGOPTERIDEA,
Sori punctiform, intra-marginal or rarely on marginal dents,
naked or each furnished with a special indusium, which is
either peltate or lateral and interiorly attached, rarely calyci-
form; or the margin of contracted fronds revolute, forming an
universal indusium; or the dents of the margin reflexed and
indusiform.
* Veins anastomosing in various ways.
+ Sori naked.
§ 1. Dictyopterte. Primary veins costeform, generally well
defined. Sort punctiform or linear, in oblique or transverse
rows or lines, or rarely reticulated between the primary veins,
61. DRYOMENIS, Fe; J. Sm.
Vernation uniserial, contiguous or subfasciculate, sub-
Lypogeous. Fronds simple, pinnatifid or pinnate, smooth,
Genas 61.—Porticn cf trond. No.1,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 185
1-2} fect high, submembraneous. Primary veins costeform,
transversely combined and compound anastomosing, with free
veinlets terminating in areoles. Receptacles punctiform, com-
pital. Sori round or by confluence unequal oblong, oblique
Liserial or irregular, naked.
1. D. plantaginea, J. Sim. in Seemann’s Bot. Voy. Herald.
Polypodium plantagineum, Linn. ; Jacq. Coll.t.3,f.1;
(Plum. Fil. t.128). Aspidium plantagineum, Grisb. ;
Hook. Sp. Fil. (in part). Pleopeltis plantaginea,
Moore, Ind—West Indies.
62. DICTYOPTERIS, Presi (in part).
Vernation fasciculate, decumbent or sub-erect. Fronds
coriaceous, deltoid, bipinnatifid or bipinnate, 3-4 feet hich;
ultimate segments or pinnules sub-entire or sinuous-pinnatifid.
Veins costeform; venules and veinlets anastomosing (rarely
aS
a ~
TRY
SY ON
12
SS
Genus 62.—Portion of fertile pinna; ditto barren and fertile. No.1.
few free, excurrent), forming oblique, somewhat elongated
areoles, the costal ones transversely elongated. Receptacles
medial or compital. Sort round, large, irregular, sometimes
crowded near the margin, naked.
1. D. irregularis, Presi. Polypodium irregulare, Presl. Rel,
Henk. t,4, f. 8.—East Indies, Malayan and Philippine
Islandg.
eee
136 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
63. MENISCIUM, Schreb.
_ Vernation fasciculate and decumbent, or uniserial and ear-
mentose. Fronds pinnate, rarely simple, 1-8 feet high. Fri-
mary veins costeform, pinnate; each opposite pair of venules
——
Genus 63.—Portion of mature frond. No. 4.
angularly or arcuately anastomosing and sporangiferous, pro-
ducing from their junction an excurrent, free, sterile vi in'et.
Receptacles medial, linear, continued across the juncticn cf the
venules, forming arcuate, transverse sori. Sporangia in some
species pilcse.
* Fronds simple.
1. M. simplex, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. v.1, t.11; Hook. Fil.
Exot. t. 83.—Hong-kong.
2, M. giganteum, Meitten.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 5, p. 168.—
Tropical America.
** Fronds pinnata
3. M. triphyllum, Sw. ; Hook. et Grev, Tc. Fil. 4.120; Kunze,
Fil. t. 52.—India, Ceylon.
4, M. palustre, Radd. Fil, Bras. t. 20; Hcok. Gen. Fil. t.40;
Lowe’s Ferns, 2, t.45.—Brazil.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 137
5. M. dentatum, Presl—Brazil.
6. M. reticulatum, Sw.; Schk. Fil. 4.5. Polypodium reticu-
latum, Z.—Tropical America.
64. GONIOPTERIS, Presi.
Vernation fasciculate, erect or decumbent. Fronds pinnatifid
or pinnate, rarely simple, 1-4 feet high. Primary veins coste:+
form, pinnate; venules opposite, the whole or only the lowcr
pair, or more, angularly anastomosing, producing from their
Genus 64.—Portion cf mature frond. No. 8
junction an excurrent sterile veinlet, which is either free or
anastomoses in the angle next above it. Sporangiferous
receptacles punctiform, medial (between the base and angular
junction of the venules). Sori round, obliquely biserial. Spo-
rangia pilose in some species.
1. G. secolopendroides, Presi. Polypodium scolopendroides,
Sw.; (Plum. Fil. t. 91); Hook. Fil. Exot. t.18. Go-
niopteris subpinnata, Hort.—Jamaica.
2. G. gracilis, Moore, in Gard. Chron. 1856 ; Lowe's Ferns, 1,
4. 9 A—Jamaica.
3. G. reptans, Presl. Polypodium reptans, Sw.; Sloane's
Jam. 2, t. 30. Polypodium compositum, Link. -
Jamaica.
138 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
4. G. asplenoides, Presl. Polypodium asplenoides, Sw.;
Sloane’s Jam. 1, t. 48, f. 2; Lowe’s Ferns, 1, t.34 B.—
Jamaica.
5. G. erenata, Presl; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 38, Polypodicm
crenatum, Sw.; (Plum. Fil. t. 111); Lowe’s Ferns, 1,
t, 26 b.— West Indies,
6. G. megalodes, Presl. Polypodium megalodes, Schk. Fil.
t. 19 b.—_ West Indies.
7. G Gheisbeghtii, J. Sm. Polypodiam Gheisbeghtii,
Lind. Cat. 1858. Meniscium pubescens, Linn. Cat.
1858. Polypodium crenatum, Hook. Fil. Exot. t.84 (non
Sw.).—Tropical America.
8. G. tetragona, Presi. Polypodium tetragonum, Sw.; {ch
Fil. t. 18 b.—West Indies.
9. G. serrulata, J. Sm. Polypodium serrulatum, Sw. ; Pes’ ;
Sloane's Jam. t. 43, f. 1—Jamaica.
10. G. prolifera, Presl. Meniscium proliferam, Sw.; Hook.
Qnd Cent. Ferns, t, 15.—EHast Indies.
11. G. vivipara, J. Sm. Polypodium viviparum, Radd. Fil.
Bras. t. 32. Polypodium proliferum, Lowe’s Ferns,
zt. 81. Goniopteris fraxinifolia, Presl (non Polypodium
fraxinifolium, Jacg.). Polypodium -fraxinifolium,
Lowe’s Ferns, t. 31.—Brazil.
12. G.pennigera, J. Sm. Polypodium pennigerum, Fors!.—
New Zcaland.
13. G. Fosteri, Moore—New Zealand.
++ Sori indusiate.
§ 2. Aspidie. Sori punctiform. Indusium orbicular,
reniform or rarely calyciform.
a. Indusium orbicular or reniform.
65. NEPHRODIUM, Schott.
Vernation fasciculate, decumbent or erect, rarely uniserial and
sarmentose. Fonds 1-6 feet high, simple or pinnate; pinns
entire, sinuose or pinnatifid. Veins costeform, pinnate; the
lower pair of venules only, or more, or the whole, angularly
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS, 189
anastomcsing, producing from their junction an excurrent,
anastomising, sterile veinlet. ezeptacles medial or sub-
terminal. Sori round, Indusium reniform, rarely nearly
orbicular,
Genus 65.—Portion of mature frond. No.5.
* Vernation uniserial, distant.
1. N. unitum, &. Br.; Hook. Gen. Fil.t. 48 B. Polypodium
unitum, Zinn, Aspidium unitum, Schk. Fil. t. 33 B,
f. 1. Aspidium serra, Schk. Fil. t.38, f. 2.—Tropics.
2. N. pteroides, J. Sm. Polypodium pteroides, Retz. Aspi-
dium pteroides, Sw. Aspidium terminans, Wall.
Nephrodium terminans, J. Sm. Cat. Fil. Hort. Kew.
1846.—East Indies.
8. N. venulosum, Hook. Sp. Fil. 5, p.17.—Fernando Po.
** Vernation fasciculate, erect or decumbent.
4, N. Hookeri, J. Sm. Aspidium Hookeri, Wall. ; Tool. Ic
Pi. t, 922.—East Indies.
5. N. granulosum, J. Sm. Polypodium granulosum, Presl.
Relig. Henk. t. 4, f. 2. Aspidium glandulosum,
Blume. ; Lowe's Ferns, 7, t. 9. Nephrodium multi-
lineatum, Moore and Houlst. (non Prest)—Philippine
Islands, Java.
6, N. articulatum, Moore and Houlst. in Gard. Mag. of Bot.
1851; J. Sm. Cat. Cult, Ferus, 1857; Lowe’s Ferns,
6, t, 29.—Ceylon.
140 FERNS : BRITISM AND FOREIGN. 4
7. N.vefractum, J. Sm. Polypodium refractum, Fisch. et
Mey. ; Lowe's Ferns, 2, t.48. Goniopteris refracta,
J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns, 1857.—Brazil.
8. N. truncatum, J. Sm. Aspidium truncatum, Gaud. in
Freycinet’s Voy. t.10; Lowe’s Ferns, 6, t. 12.—Sand-
wich Islands,
9. N. abortivum, J. Sm. Aspidium abortivum, Blume.
Aspidium decurtatum, Kunze.—Java.
10. N. venustum, J. Sm. Aspidium venustum, I. Hew. in
Mag. Nat. Hist. 1838, p. 464.— Jamaica,
ll. N. molle, It. Br.; Schott, Gen. Fil. t. 14; Hook. Gen. Fil.
t. 48 B. Aspidinm molle, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 84 B.
A. violascens, Link. Var. corymbiferum, Moore, in
Gard. Chron. 1856; Lowe’s Ferns, 7, t, 18—Tropies,
very general. T,
12. N. patens, J. Sm.—Demerara.
66. MESOCHLANA, R. Br.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. Fronds 2-4 feet high, bipinna-
tifid. Veins costeform, pinnate; the lower pair of venules
apastomosing, the others free, parallel. Receptacles medial,
Genus (6.— Portions of barren and fertile frond, natural size; ditto enlarged. No.1.
elongated. Sori oblong-linear. Indusium hippocrepiform,
attached longitudinally on the centre of the receptacle, having
sporangia in its axis on each side, its margin free,
x
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 141
1, II, Javanica, R. Br. in Horsf. Fl. Jav.; Lowe's Ferns, 7,
t.15. Nephrodium Javanica, Hook. Fil, Huot. t. 62.
Spherostephanos asplenioides, J. Sm. in Hook. Gen.
Fil. t. 243; Kunze, Fil. t. 10, 11—Singapore and
Java.
67, CYCLODIUM, Presi.
Vernation fasciculate, subdecumbent. Fronds pinnate, 2-3
feet high ; sterile pinnze broad-elliptical, linear-lanceolate. Veins
pinnately forked; venules acutely anastomosing, producing
from their angular junctions an excurrent free or anastomosing
Genus 67.—FPortion of barren and fertile frond.
veinlet; fertile pinnae contracted, linear-lanceolate. Veins
unitorm, reticulated. Receptacles medial, punctiform. Sori
round, confluent, and occupying the whole under surface.
Indusium orbicular.
1. C. confertum, Presi. Aspidium confertum, Kaulf.; Hook.
et Grev. Ic, Fil. t. 121; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 49 B;
J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns, 1857. Aspidium Hookeri,
Kl. — Guiana, Bahia.
68. CYRTOMIUM, Presl.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. Fronds 1-3feet high, pinnate;
pinne élliptical-lanceolate, 6-8 inches long, 1-4 wide, falcate
more or less, auriculate at the base, the margin sub-entire or
spinulose. Veins two or three times forked, or pinnate ; venules
142 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
alternate, the lower exterior branch free, the others acutely
anastomcsing, producing from their junctions free or anasto-
mosing veinlets. Receptacles punctiform on or below their
Genus 68.—Portion of mature frond, under side.
apices or points of junction of the venules. Sori round,
transversely uniscrial, or numerous and oblique-serial. Indu-
sium orbiculnr.
1 &, faleatum, Presi. Polypodinm falcatum, Linn.; Thunb,
Fil. Jap. t. 36. Aspidium falcatum, Sw.; Lang. et
Fisch. t. 15; Lowe’s Ferns, 6, t.9; Hook. Fil. Ewot,
t, 92.—Japan, China.
a
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 143
2. C. caryotideum, Pres? ; Hook. Gen. Fil.
t. 49 C. Aspidium caryotideum,
Wall.; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 69;
Hook, Gard. Ferns, t.13, Aspidinm
anomophyllum, Zenk. Pl. Nilgh.
t. 1—Hast Indies and Natal. T.
3. C. juglandifolium, Moore. Polypodium
juglandifolium, Humb. Amblia jug-
sandifolia, Prest; Fée, Gen. Fil.
t, 22 B, f. 1. Phanerophlebia jug-
landifolia, J. Sm. ; Hook. Gen. Fil.
t. 49 A. Aspidium juglandifolinm,
Kunze ; Metten. Fil. Hort. Lips, t. 22,
f. 6-7.— Tropical America,
69. FADYENTA, TIfook.
Vernation fasciculate, erect, caudex undefin: d.
Fronds simple, entire, 5-6 inches long; he
sterile lanceolate, attenuated and prolifercus
at the apex; the fertile linear, ligulate, obtuse,
erect. Veins forked; venules acutely anasto-
mosing; the lower exterior venule of each
fascicle free, and sporangiferous on its apex.
Receptacles punctiform. Sori round, transe
versely uniserial. Indusiwm reniform, sub-
oblong, hippocrepiform.
1. F. prolifera, Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 53 B;
Lowe's Ferns, 6, ¢. 2. Aspidium
proliferum, Hook. et Grev. Ic, Fil, Genus 69.—Fertte
fiond, under side.
t, 96; Hook. Fil. Huot. t. 36.— No. 1.
Jamaica.
70. ASPIDIUM, Sw. (in part); Schoti.
Ternation fasciculate, erect. Fronds 1-4 feet high, entire,
Jobed, pinnate, bipinnatifid or bipmnate; ultimate segments
“generally broad. Primary veins costeform; venules simply or
compoundly anastomosing. Receptacles compital, or on the
144 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
apex of free veinlets terminating. in the areoles. Sort round.
Indusium orbicular or reniform,
Genus 70.--Pinna of mature frond, under side. No, 3.
* Fronds cordate, lobed, or trifoliate.
1. A, Plumieri, Presi, Rel. Henk. (excl. syn. Polypodium
angulatum, Welld.). Polypodium trifoliatum, Linn.
Sp. Pl. (not of Linn. Herb.) ; Plum. Fil. t. 148.—
Martinique and Dominica.
2, A. Pica, Desv. Polypodium Pica, Zinn. ‘Sagenia Pica,
Moore. Aspidium ebenum, J. Sm. Cat. Cult. Ferns,
1857. Bathmiun ebenum, /é—Mauritius,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 145
8. 4. trifoliatum, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 28; Hook. Gen, Fil
4.33; Schott, Gen. Fil. cwm Ic. ; Lowe’s Feris, 6, t. 29.
*Polypodium trifoliatum, Linn. fide specimen in Linn.
Herb. ; Jacq. Ic. Rar, t. 638. Bathmium tvifoliatum,
Link, Aspidium heracleifolium, Willd. (Plum. Fil.
t, 147).—Tropical America.
** Fronds pinnate or subpinnatifid ; pinncee entire or lobed.
4. A. macrophyllum, Sw. (Plum. Fil. t. 145); Metten. Fil.
Hort. Lips. t. 22, f.13; Lowe's Ferns, 6, t. 46. Car-
diochleena macrophylla, Fée. Bathmium macyro-
phyllam, Link.—Tropical America.
5, A, repandum, Willd. Bathmium repandum, Fée, Sagenia
repanda, Moore. Sagenia platyphylla, J. Sm. En.
Fil. Phil. Aspidium platyphyllum, Metten. Fil. Hort.
Avips. t. 21.—Malayan Islands.
6. A. latifolium, J. Sm. Enum. Fil. Phil. Polypodium
latifolium, Forst.; Schk. Fil. t. 24. Aspidium me-
lanocaulon, Blume ; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4, p. 53. Aspidium
nigripes, Hort—Malayan and Pacific Islands.
7. A. coadunatum, Wall.; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 202
Metten. Fil. Hort. Lips. t, 22, f. 8-4; Lowe's Ferns
6,#.50. Sagenia coadunata, J. Sm. Gen, Fil—East
Indies.
8, A. cicutarium, Sw. Polypodium cicutarium, Linn. fide
specimen Linn. Herb. Sagenia cicutaria, Moore, Ind.
Aspidium Hippocrepis, Sw. (Plum. Fil. ¢. 150). Poly-
podium Hippocrepis, Jacq. Ie. rar. t. 641. Sagenia
Hippocrepis, Presl; Hook. et Bauer, Gen. Fil. t.53 A,
—Jamaica.
9, A. apiifolium, Sechk. Fil. t. 56 B. Sagenia apiifolia, J. Sm
Microbrochis apiifolia, Presi. Aspidium sinuatum
Gaud.; Labill. Sert. Aust. Caled. t=. 1. Bathmium
Billardieri, Fce.— Sandwich Islands and New
Caledonia.
10. A. dilaceratum, Kunze, in part; Metten. Fil. Hort. Lips.
t, 22, f. 14, 16.— Jamaica. .
11. A. subtriphyllum, Hook. Sp. Fil. 4, p.52. Polypodiom
subtriphyllum, Hook. et Arn. Bot. of Beech. Voy,
#. 50.—China, Hong-kong, Ceylon.
12. A. variolosum, Wail. ; Hook. Sp. Fil, 4, p. 51.—India,
as a- sd 4 . L
nr
146 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
13. A. giganteum, Blume; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4, p. 50. Far.
(3 minor, Thwaites, Enum. Pl. Zeyln. p. 390.—
Ceylon.
#** Fronds pinnatifid or pinnate ; the segments sessile,
decurrent.
14. A. Pteropus, Kunze; Hook. Sp. Vil. 4, p. 47. Aspidium
decurrens, J. Snv. Cat, 1857,—Ceylon,
71. PLEOCNEMIA, Presi.
Vernation fasciculate, erect, caudex arborescent, Fronds
bi-tripinnatifid, 4-6 feet long. Veins of laciniw costeform ;
venules forked, the lower ones arcuately and angularly anasto-
Genus 71.—Portions of barren and fertile pinnee. No.1,
mosing, forming unequal areoles next the costa, the upper ones
free. Receptacles medial on the free or anastomosed venules,
punctiform. Sort round. Indusiwm reniform,
1. P, Leuzeana, Presl; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 97. Polypodium
Leuzeanum, Gaud. in Frey. Voy. t. 6. Nephrodium
Leuzeanum, Hook.—Philippine and Fiji Islands,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 147
b. Indusiwm calyciform.
72. HYPODERRIS, R. Br.
Vernation uniserial, subsarmentose. Fronds simple, entire
or trilobed, 1-2 feet long. Primary veins costeform ; venules
compound anastomosing: Receptacles punctiform, compital,
7
- Genus 72.—Portion of mature frond, under side. No.1.
included within a calyciform, obscure, membranous indusium.
Sori round, irregular or oblique, biserial between the primary veins,
1. H. Brownii, J. Sim.; Hook. Gen. Fil. t.1; Hook. Gard.
Ferns, t. 24; Lowe's Ferns, 7, t=. 14. Woodsia
Brownti, Metten.—Trinidad and Guiana.
73, TRICHIOCARPA, Hook.
Vernation fasciculate, decumbent. Jronds bi-tripinnatifid,
Genus 73.—Portion of pinna, fertile frond, under side. No. 4,
, La
148 FERNS ; BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
deltoid, 6-18 inches high; pinnz distant, pinnate below, pin-
natifid decurrent above; pinnules lanceolate, pinnatifid or
sinuose lobed. Veins uniform, reticulated; areoles transverse
oblong ; marginal veinlets free, exserted beyond the margin,
bearing a globose pediculate sorus. Indusium calyciform,
spreading, entire.
1 T. Moorei, J. Sm.; Lowe's Ferns, 8, t. 37. Deparia
Moorei, Hook. Jowrn. Bot. and Kew Gard. Mise. v. 4,
t. 3; Hook. Fil. Huxot. t. 28, Cionidium Moorei,
Moore, Ind.— New Caledonia,
** Veins free,
+ Sori indusiate,
§ 3. Oreopterie. Sori punctiform, Indusium orbicular or
reniform, plane or cucullate, rarely calyciform,
a. Indusium orbicular or reniform.
74, POLYSTICHUM, Roth (in part) ; Schott; Prest,
Vernation fasciculate and erect, or uniserial and_ subsar-
mentose. I’ronds pinnate, bi-tripinnate, or decompound ; pinne
Genus 74.—Portion of mature frond, under side. No. 1.
and pinnules auriculated and lobed, dentate, rigid, spinulose,
mucronate, Veins simply or pinnately forked; venules free, the
lower exterior branch or more (of each fascicle) soriferovs on, on
\
}
generally below its apex. Receptacles punctiform. Sort round.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS.
Indusium orbicular or subreniform.
§ 1. Vernation fasciculate, caudex erect.
(Polystichwm verum.)
* Fronds pinnate.
1. P. acrostichoides, Schott. Aspidium
acrostichoides, Sw.; Lowe’s Ferns,
6, 4.19. Aspidium auriculatum,
Schk. Fil. t. 830.—North America.
. P. falcinellum, Presi, Aspidium falci-
nellum, Sw.; Lowe’s Ferns, 6, t.7.
Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 58.—Madeira.
. P. mucronatum, Presi. Aspidium
mucronatum, Sw.; Schk. Fil.
t, 29 B, C; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4,
t, 216.—Jamaica.
. P. Lonchitis, Roth; Schott,Gen. Fil.t.9;
Lindl. and Moore’s Brit. Ferns,
t.9; Sowerby’s Ferns, t. 15. Poly-
podium Lonchitis, Linn.; Eng.
Bot. t. 797. Aspidium Lonchitis,
Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 29; Hook.
Brit. Ferns, t. 9.— Europe,
Britain.
. P, triangulum, Fée. Polypcdium
triangulum, Linn. (Plum. Fil.
4. 72). Aspidium triangulum,
Sw.; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 38.
Aspidium trapezoides, Sw. As- Genus 74— Portion of
mature frond, under
pidium mucronatum, « Lowe’s side. No. 11.
Ferns, 6, t. 81 B (non Sw.). /
Var. laxum, Lowes New Ferns, p. 143. —
West Indies.
6. P. obliquum, J. Sm. Aspidium obliquum, Don. Aspidium
cxspitosum, Wail. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4, t. 213.—Nepal,
Japan.
#* Fronds bipinnate.
. P. aculeatum, Roth ;
Lindl. and Moore’s Brit. Ferns,
t.10; Sowerby’s Ferns, t.17. Polystichum aculeatum,
t3)
0
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
(3 intermedium, Hook. Brit. Ferns, t. 11. Polypodium
aculeatum, Linn, Aspidium aculeatum, Sw.; Schk.
Fil. t.389; Lng. Bot. 1562.
Var. lobatum, Lindl. and Moore’s Brit. Ferns,
t. 11. Polypodium lobatum, Huds. Aspidium
lobatum, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t.40. Polystichum lobatum,
Presl ; Hool:. Gen. Fil. =.48 C ; Sowerby’s Ferns, t. 16.
Aspidium aculeatum, et-A.lobatum, Hook. Brit. Ferns,
t. 10.
Var. angulare. Aspidium angulare, Willd. ; Eng.
Dot. t, 2776. Polystichum angulare, Presl ; Lindl.
and Moore's Brit. Ferns, 12 A; Sowerby’s Ferns,
.18. Aspidium aculeatum, Hook.
Var. angulare, Hook. Brit. Ferns, t.12. Aspidium
Braunii, Spenn. Polystichum Braunii, Fée.
Var. argutum, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, t. 10 B.
Var. alatum, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, t.10 C.
Var, hastulatum, Moore ; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, t. 12 B.
Var. irregulare, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, t. 12 C.
Var. biserratum, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’ Brit.
Ferns, t. 12 D.
Var, imbricatum, Moore ; Lindl. and Moore's Brit.
Ferns, t, 12 E.
Var. sub-tripinnatum, Moore ; Lindl. and Moore’s
Brit. Ferns, t. 18 A.
Var. tripinnatum, Moore; Lindl. and Moore's
Brit. Ferns, t. 18 B; Lowe’s Ferns, 6, t. 24.
Var. proliferum, Wollast ; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, t. 18 C.
Var. cristatum, Moore, Lowe's New Ferns, 1,
t, 27,
Var. aristatum, Wollast ; Lowe’s New Ferns, t. 56.
Var. acro-cladon, Moore, Proc. Hort. Soc. 4, p. 136.
-—Temperate Regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. J51
8. P. squarrosum, T¢ée Aspidium squarrosum, Doz.
spidium rufo-barbatum, NVall.—Hast Indies.
9. P.anomalum, J. Sm. Polypodium anomalum, Hook. et
Arn. ; Hook. Kew Gard. Misc. 8, t. 9.—Ceylon.
10. P. obtusum, J. Sm. Aspidium obtusum, Kunze; Hook.
Sp. Pil. 4, t. 221.—Philippine Islands.
11. P. proliferum, Presi, Aspidinm proliferum, R Br—
Tasmania.
12. P. vestitum, Pres’. Polypodium vestitum, Forsé Aspi-
dium vestitum, Sw.; Sch. Fil. t. 43; Lowe's Ferns,
6, t. 88.— New Zealand.
13. P. pungens, Presi. Aspidium pungens, Kaulf.; Schlecht
Fil. t. 10.—South Africa.
§ 2. Vernation unisertal, sarmentose. Fronds deltoid
tri-quadripinnate (Tectaria, Cav.).
14. P, coriaceum, Schott. Aspidium coriaceum, Sw. (excl.
syn. Forst.) ; Schk. Fil. t. 50—West. Indies.
15. P. Capense, J. Sm. Aspidium Capense, Willd. (i part).—
South Africa.
16. P. flexum, Remy. Aspidium flexum, Kunze. Aspidinm
coriaceum, Lowe's Ferns, 6, t. 26. Aspidium Ber-
teroanum, Col. Pl. Chil. t. 70; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4,
#, 229.—Chili, Juan Fernandez.
17. P.amplissimum, Pres. Aspidium amplissimum, Mfetten,
Aspidium fallax, Fisch. 11S. Lastrea fallax, Moore—
Brazil.
18, P. frondosum, J. Sin. Aspidium frondosum, R. T. Lowe.
Nephrodium lete-virens, I. 7’. Lowe—Madeira.
19. P. aristatum, Presi. Polypodium aristatum, Forst.
Aspidium aristatum, Sw.; Schk. Fil. 1 42.° A.
curvifolium, Kunze. Polystichum curvifolium,
Hovt—Norfolk Island.
20. P. coniifolium, Presi. Aspidium coniifolium, Wall—
East Indies and Ceylen.
21. P. denticulatum, J. Sm. Aspidium denticulatum, Sw. ;
Lowe’s New Ferns, t. 59 —Jarnaiea.
152
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
92. P. amabile, J. Sm. Aspidium amabile, Blume ; Hook.
Sp. Fil. 4, t. 293.
Aspidium rhomboideum, Wall.
Polystichum rhomboideum, Schott.— East Indies,
Java.
23. P. setosum, Presi. Aspidium setosum, Sw.; Lang. et
Fisch. Fil. t. 17.—Japan.
75. LASTREA, Prest; J. Sin.
Vernation uniscrial and sarmentose, or fasciculate and creat
WY
LEE
wy
Ger.us 75.—Finna of fertile frond. No70.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 153
or decumbent. Fronds varying from pinnatifid, bipinnatifid, to
decompound-multifid, 1-6 feet high. Veins simple, or once or
several times forked, or costeeform and pinnate; venules free.
Receptacles punctiform, terminal or medial. Sort round. In-
dusium reniform or subrotund (as in figure), attached by its
sinus on the interior side.
* Vernation uniserial, sarmentose. (Thelypteris.)
t Fronds lanceolate, bipinnatifid.
1. L. palustris, J. Sm. Thelypteris palustris, Schott. Lastr
Thelypteris, Presl; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit. Fern
t.29; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 45 A 2; Sowerby's Ferns,
t. 7%. Polypodium Thelypteris, Linn. Aspidium
Thelypteris, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 52; Lng. Bot. t. 1018.
Nephrodium Thelypteris, Desv.; Hook. Brit. Ferns,
t. 13.—Hurope.
2. L. Noveboracensis, Presl. Polypodium Noveboracense,
Linn.; C7? 7 + 46, Aspidium Thelypteroides,
Sw.—n .
3. L. invisa, Pre invisum, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 18.—
West Inues.
4. L. augescens, J. Sm. Aspidium augescens, Link ; Kunze,
Fil. t. 59; Lowes Ferns, 6, t. 10. Nephrodium
Ottonianum, Kunze,—Tropical America.
tt Fronds deltoid, decompound.
5. L. decomposita, J. Sm. Nephrodium decompositum,
Rk. Br.; Hook. Fil. Fl. Nov. Zel. t.79 (eaclus. name,
glabellum). Aspidium decompositum, Spreng. ;
Lowe’s Ferns, 6, ¢. 33.—Australia, Tasmania, and
New Zealand.
6. L. velutina, J. Sm. Nephrodium (Lastrea) velutinum,
Hook. Sp. Fil. 4, p. 145; Hook. Fil. Nov. Zel. t. 80.
Aspidium velutinum, 4. Rit —New Zealand.
7. L. pubescens, Presi. Polypodium pubescens, Linn. Ne-
phrodium pubescens, Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 62.—
Jamaica.
8. L. quinquangularis, J. Sm. Aspidium quinquangulare,
Kunze. Aspidium pubescens, Lowe’s Ferns, 6, t. 25.—
Native country unknown.
154 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
9.
10
11
13
14.
16.
L. recedens, J. Sm. ‘Polypodium recedens, J. Sm. Een.
Fil. Phil. Aspidium recedens, Lowe’s Ferns, 7, t. 1.—
Ceylon and Philippine Islands.
. L. elegans, Moore and Houlst.—Ceylon.
. L. pilosissima, J. Sm. Aspidium pilosissima, G. Don, in
Herb. 1822; J. Sm.—Sierra Leone.
. L.subquinquifida, J. Sm. Aspidium subquinquifidum,
Beauv. Fl. Owar, t.19. Aspidium protensum, Sw.—
West Tropical Africa.
. L. funesta, Moore. Aspidium fancstum, Kunze—Trepical
West Africa, Brazil.
** Vernation fasciculate, caudew erect or subdecumbent.
Fronds lanceolate, bipinnatifid, rarely pinnatifid. Veins
t p yp
generally simple, rarely forked. (Oreopteris:)
L. decursive-pinnata, J. Sm. Polypodium decursive-
pinnatum, Hook. 2nd Cent. t. 49, Lastrea decurrens,
J. Sm. Cat. 1846 and 1857.—China, Japan.
L. montana, Moore. Polypodium montanum, Vogler.
Polystichum montanum, oth. Polypodium Oreo-
pteris, Ehrhart ; Eng. Bot. t. 1019. Aspidium Oreo-
pteris, Sw.; Schk. Fil. 1, 35, 36. Lastrea Oreopteris,
Presl; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit Ferns, t.28; Sowerby’s
Ferns, t. 8. Nephrodium Oreopteris, Hook. Brit.
Ferns, t. 14.—Var. Nowelliana, Moore; Lowe's New
Ferns, p. 99.— Europe.
L. patens, Presl ; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 45 41. Aspidinm
patens, Sw.; Radd. Fil. Bras. t. 40; Lowe's Ferns, 7,
t, 8,4.—Tropical America.
17. L. concinna, J. Sm. Polypodium concinnum, Willd.
Phegopteris concinna, Fée. Polypodium molliculum,
Kunze. Phegopteris mollicula, J. Sm. Cat. Cult.
Ferns, 1857.—Tropical America.
18. L. contermina, Presi. Aspidium conterminum, Willd,
19.
(Plum. Fil. t. 47). Aspidium polyphyllum, Kaulf,
A. rivulorum, Link.—Tropical America, West Indies,
L. immersa, J.Sm. Aspidium immersum, Blume ; Metten.
Fil. Hort. Lips. t. 18, f. 1-3. Lastrea verrucosa,
J. Sm. En. Fil. Phil. Aspidium iinpressum, Kunze.—
Malayan Islands.
20.
21.
29,
AN ENUMERATION of CULTIVATED FERNS. 155
L. cana, J. Sm. Aspidium canum, Wall. Nephrodium
pubescens, D. Don, (non Sw.).—Hast Indies.
L. strigosa, Presl. Aspidium strigosum, Willd. ; Lowe’s
Ferns, 7,¢.10. Polypodium crinitum, Poir. Lastrea
crinita, Moore; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 66.—
Mauritius.
. L. similis, J. Sm. En. Fil. Phil. (n. 390, Cuming). Asy
diuin submarginale, Hort. Berol—Malacca.
. L, Kaulfussii, Presl. Aspidium Kaulfussii, Link ; Low
Ferns, 7, t. 5.—Brazil.
. L. chrysoloba, Presl. Aspidium chrysolobum, Link.—
Brazil.
. L. Caripense, J. Sm. Polypodium Caripense, H. et B.
Polypodium submarginale. Lang. et Fisch. Fil. t. 13;
Lowe’s Ferns, 2, ¢. 49 (without indusie), Phegopteris
submar; . Cat. 1857.—Tropical America.
. L. vestita, lypodium vestitum, Radd. Fil.
Bras. t.cv. .ue., West Indies.
. L. falciculata, Presl. Aspidium falciculatum, Radd. Fil
. Bras. t. 47,—Brazil.
. L. Sprengelii, J. Sm. Aspidium Sprengelii, Kaulf.
Aspidium glandiferum, Karst.—Tropical America and
West Indies.
L. deltoidea, Moore. Aspidium deltoideum, Sw. Nephro-
dium deltoideum, Desv,; Hook. Sp. Fil. 4, p.103.—
West Indies.
++ Fronds lanceolate or deltoid, bi-tripinnatifid or bipimnate,
rarely pinnate, usually firm and subcoriaceous. Veins forked,
generally immersed. (Dryopteris.)
80. L. podopbylla, J. Sm. Aspidium (Lastrea) podophyllum,
Hook. in Journ. Bot. and Kew Mise. v. 5, t. 1. Aspi-
dium Sieboldi, Van Houtte, Cat.; Metten. Fil. Hort.
Lips. t. 20, f. 1-4. Pycnopteris Sieboldi, Moore—
Japan and Hong-kong. T.
“156
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
ci, L, Filix-mas, Presl ; Lindl. and Moore's Brit. Ferns, t. 14;
Sowerby’s Ferns, t.9. Polypodium Filix-mas, Linn.
Aspidium Filix-mas, Sw.; Schk. Fil. t. 44; Eng.
Bot.1458. Nephrodium Filix-mas, Michx; Hook. Brit.
Ferns, t.15.
Var. paleacea, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, t.17 B. Aspidium paleaceum, Don. Nephro-
dium Filix-mas, var. paleaceum, Hook. Fil. Exot.
-t. 98. Lastrea Pseudo-mas, Wollast. LL. Filix-mas,
var. Borreri, Johns; Nephrodium affine, 2. T. Lowe.
Var. pumila, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, 1.17 A. Aspidium pumilum, Lowe’s Ferns,
6, #15.
Var. cristata, Moore; Lindl. and Moore's Brit.
Ferns, t. 16 A.
Var. incisa, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit. Ferns,
t.15. Aspidium affine, Fisch. et Mey. Lastrea
affinis, Moore.
Var. polydactyla, Moore; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit.
Ferns, t. 16 B.
Var. ramosissima, Moore, Gard. Chron. 1864.
Temperate regions of the earth generally:
32. L. remota, Moore. Aspidium remotum, A. Braun;
Lowe’s New Ferns, t. 22. Nephrodium remotum,
Hook. Brit. Ferns, t. 22. Aspidium Boottii, Tucker-
man, A. dilatatum, var. Boottii, A. Gray.— Europe
and North America.
33. L. lacera, J. Sm. Polypodium lacerum, Thunb. Aspidium
lacerum, Haton.— Japan.
34. L. hirtipes, J. Sm. Aspidium hirtipes, Blume. Nephro-
dium (Lastrea) hirtipes, Hook. Sp. Fil. 4, p. 115.
Aspidium atratum, Wall—India and Ceylon.
85. L. rigida, Presl; Lindl. and Moore’s Brit. Ferns, t. 18;
Sowerby’s Ferns, ¢ 11. *
Lowe's Ferns, 1, t. 14 A—Mexico.
10. N. Eckloniana, Kunze; Lowe's Ferns, 1, t=. 17 A—
South Africa.
11. N. lanuginosa, Desv. Acrostichum lanuginosum, Desf. ;
Fl, Atlan. 2, t. 256; Schk. Fil. t.1. Acrostichum
velleum, Ait.; Sibth. FL. Gir. t. 656.—South Europe
and Madeira.
12. N. sulphurea, J. Sm. in Seemann’s Bot. Voy. Heralil,
p. 233. Pteris sulphurea, Cav.. Cheilanthes Bor-
sigiana, Ivichend. fil. in Hort. Berol.; Lowe's New
Ferns, t, 16 A.— Peru.
87. MYRIOPTERIS, Fée.
Vernation uniserial, sarmentose, or subfasciculate and caspi-
Genus 87.—Mature frond, under Genus 87.—Pinna of miturs
side. Ne. 3, frond, under side, No. 1.
174 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
tose. Fronds 4-18 inches high, slender, decompound, pinnatifid,
pilose or piloso-squamiferous ; ultimate segments minute, gene-
rally orbicular or cuneiform, concave; the margin membranous,
revolute, conniving, forming an universal cucullate indusium.
Veins forked, free. Iveceptacles terminal. Sporangia few to each
receptacle, confluent under the uniserial indusium,
1. M. lendigera, Fée. Cheilanthes lendigera, Sw.; Hook.
Sp. Fil, t. 106 A. Notholeena lendigera, J. Sm. Gen.
Fil. Cheilanthes tenuis, Hort.; Lowe's Ferns, 4,
t, 23.—Tropical America. 'T.
2. M. myriophylla, J. 8m. Cheilanthes myriophylla, Desv. ;
Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 105 A.—Tropical America. T,
3. M. elegans, J. Sm. Cheilanthes elegans, Desv.; Hook. Sp.
Fil. t.105 B; Lowe’s Ferns, 4, t. 20. Myriopteris
Marsupianthus, Fée, Gen. Fil. t. 12.4, f. 1—Tropical
America. T.
4, M. tomentosa, Fée. Cheilanthes tomentosa, Link; Houk.
Sp. Fil. t. 109 A-~-Mexico and Southern United
States.
5. M. frigida, J. Sm. Cheilanthes frigida, Linden. Chei-
lanthes lendigera, Lowe’s Ferns, 4, t. 24.—Tropical
America. TT.
6. M. vestita, J. Sm. Cheilanthes vestita, Sw.; Schk. Fil.
t. 124; Hook. Sp. Fil.t.108 B. Notholena vestitu,
Desv.; J. Sm. Gen. Fil.; Lowe’s Ferns, 1,t.16 B--
North America, T.
7. M. hirta, J. Sm. Cheilanthes hirta, Sw.; Hook. Sp. Fil.
2, t. 101 B; Lowe’s Ferns, 4, t. 18. Cheilanthes
Ellisisna, [Tort.—South Africa.
88. CHHEILANTHES, Sw, (iu part).
Vernation fasciculate, erect or decumbent. Fronds bi-tri-
pinnate, rarely simple pinnate, 4-18 inches or more in height,
smooth, pilose, glandulose, squamose or farinose; ultimate scg-
ments often small. Veins forked, free. Receptacles terminal,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 175
Sort round, marginal, distinct or laterally confluent. Indusium
reniform or subrotund, and special to each sorus, or more or
Genus 88.— Pinna of mature frond, Genus 88.—Fertile pinna,
under side. No. 13. under side. No.4
less elongated, plain or undulate, and including two or moro
sori,
81. Indusium oblong or linear, common to two or more
clusters of sporangia. Fronds smooth, pilose, tomentose, squamose,
or glandulose. (Hucheilanthes, Hook.)
1. C. micropteris, Sw. Syn. Fil. t 8, f£ 5—Quito and
Brazil.
2. C. viscosa, Link; Hook. Sp. Fil. t.93 B; Lowe's Ferns,
4, t. 25.—Tropical America. TT.
&. C. fragrans, Sw. (in part); Hook.; Lowe’s Ferns, 4, t. 14 B.
Polypodium fragrans, Linn.- Cheilanthes odora, Sue. ;
Schl. Fl. t. 123. C. suaveolens, Sw.; Schl. Fil.
4.19; Sibth. Fil. Gr. t=. 966; Hook. et Bauer. Gon,
Fil. t. 106 DB. C. Maderensis, R. ‘7, Lowe. — South
Europe and Madeira,
173 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
4. C. tenuifolia, Sw. ; Schk. Fil. t.125; Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 87 C.
—Kast Indies, Malayan Archipelago, Australia, and
New Zealand.
5. C. microphylla, Sw.; (Plum. Fil. t. 58); Hook. Sp. Fil.
2, t. 98 A. C. micromera, Link; Lowe’s Ferns, 4,
t. 16.—Tropical America. T.
6. C. Sieberi, Kunze ; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 97 B. Cheilanthes
Preissiana, Kunze Lowe’s Ferns, 4, t. 29—Australia
and New Zealand.
7. C. Alabamensis, Kunze ; Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 103 B; Hook.
Fil. Exot.t. 90—South United States. T.
8. C. spectabilis, Kaulf. ; Lowe's Ferns, 4, t. 15. Hypolepis
spectabilis, Link ; Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 88 B. Adiantopsis
spectabilis, Fée. Cheilanthus Brasiliensis, Radd. Fil.
Bras. t. 75, f.2.—Brazil. T.
9. C. multifida, Sw. ; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2,t.100 B; Hook. Gard.
Ferns, t. 39.—South Africa, St. Helena, Java.
§ 2. Indusium linear, continuous, sinuose-undulate.
Fronds farinose. (Aleuritopteris, Fe.)
10. C. argentea, Kunze ; Lang. et Fisch. Ic. Fil. t. 22. Pteris
argentea, Gmel.; Sw—Siberia. T.
11. C. farinosa, Kaulf. ; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 184; Took.
Bot. Mag. t. 4765. Cassebeera farinosa, J. Sm. olim.
Pteris farinosa, Forsk. Cheilanthes dealbata, Don.
Allosorus dealbatus, Presl. Pteris Argyrophylla,
Sw.—lIndia and Arabia.
12. C. pulveracea, Presl.; Lowe's Ferns, 4, t. 28. Aleuri-
topteris Mexicanum, Fée.—Mexico. T.
§ 3. Indusium subrotund, special to each cluster of sporongia,
Fronds smooth. (Adiautopsis, Fée.)
13. C. pteroides, Sw.; Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 101 A; Lowe's
Ferns, 4, t.21. Adiantopsis pteroides, Moore.—South
Africa.
j4. ©. Capensis, Sw.; Lowe's New Ferns, t.26.A. Hypolepis
Capensis, Hook. Sp. Fil. t.77, Adiantopsis Capensis,
Moore.—South Africa, _ :
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 177
15. C. radiata, J. Sm; Lowe's Ferns, 4, t. 18. Adiantum
radiatum, Linn. ; Sw.; (Plum. Fil. t.100). Hypolepis
radiata, Hook. Sp. Fil.t.91 A, Adiantopsis rachata,
Fée.—Tropical America.
10. C. pedata, 4. Br. Hypolepis pedata, Hook. Sp. Fil. 2,
4.92.4. Adiantopsis pedata, Moore.—Jamaica.
89. CRYPTOGRAMME, R&R. Br.
Vernation fasciculate, erect, caespitose. Fronds bi-tripinnate,
6-10 inches high, the fertile contracted; segments oblong,
linear; margins membranous, revolute, oppositely conniving,
Genus 89.—Fortion of barren pinna, natural size, ditto fertile enlarged
aud unfolied. No.1.
forming an universal indusiam. Veins forked, free. Receptacles
terminal, subclongated. Sort defined, oblong, becoming late-
rally confluent, forming a compound, broad, intramarginal,
linear sorus, included under the universal indusium,
1. C. erispa, 2. Br.; Hook. ct Bauer. Gen. Fil. #115 B;
Hook. Brit. Ferns, 3, t. 54, Pteris crispa, Linn. ; Sw. ;
Schk. Fil. t. 98; Eng. Bot. t. 1160. Allosorus crispus,
Bernh.; Presl; J. Sm. Gen. Fil.; Lindl. and Meare's
Drit. Ferns, t. 8; Lowe's Ferns, 5, t. 84. ‘Pnorclobus
crispus, Desv.—Tempcrate Regions ot tn+ Northern
“Yemisphere.
178 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
‘90. CINCINALIS, Desv. (in part); Feée.
Vernation fasciculate, erect. Fronds tripinnate, 4-12 inches
high, slender; pinne distant, spreading; pinnules ovate, hastate-
lobed or trifoliate, plane, smooth, glaucous or farinose. Veins
Genus 90.—Portion of mature frond, under side. No.1,
forked, free. Receptacles terminal. Sporangia large, globose,
sessile, definite, in a short series on the upper portion of the
venules, becoming laterally confluent, forming a broad sub-
intramarginal sorus. Jndusiwm obsolete or very narrow.
* Fronds smooth, glaucous.
1. C. tenera, I’ée. Notholzna tenera, Gill.; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3055; Kunze, Fil. ¢. 22, f. 2; Hook. ct Bauer. Gen.
Til. t. 76 A; Lowe’s Ferns, 1, ¢. 15.—Chili.
** Pronds farinose.
2, CG. nivea, Desv. Pteris nivea, Lam.; Sw. Notholena
nivea, Desv.; Kunze, Fil. t. 22, f.1; Lowe’s Ferns, 1,
t.19 C. Acrostichum albidulum, Sw. Syn. Fil. t. 1,
f. 2. Notholena incana, Presi, Rel. Heenk. t. 1,
f. 2.—Tropical America.
3. C. pulchella, J. Sm. Allosorus pulchellus, Mart. et Gal,
Fil. Mex. t.10,f. 1. Pelleea pulchella, Fée ; Hook.—
Mexico. Tr.
4. C. Hookeri, J. Sm. Notholena Hookeri, Lowe’s Ferns, 1,
obs. sub t. 19 C et t. 18.—Tropical Amezica.
4. 0), flavens, Desv.; Fée, Gen. Fil. 5, t. 80; Lowe's New
Ferns, t. 8 Acrostichum flavens, Sw. Gymno-
gramme ffavens, Kaulf.; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 47.
Notholena chrysophylla, Hort— Tropical America.
—_——=
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 179
91, PELLAA, Link.
Vernation fasciculate, erect or decumbent, squamose. Fronds
palmate, pinnate, or bi-tripinnate, 5 inches to 6 feet high; pin-
nuies articulated to the rachis or to a short petiole. Veins
forked; venules free. Receptacles terminal, generally con- >
Genus 91.—Fertile pinna, under side. No. 6,
tiguous, forming a more or less broad, compound, continuous
marginal sorus, or rarely distant, and each receptacle forming
definite round sori. Indusiwm linearly continuous or gub-
rotund and special to each receptacle.
Na
180 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN,
1. P. geraniifolia, Fée. Pteris geraniifolia, Radd. Fil. Bras.
t. 67; Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 915. Pteris concolor, Lang. et
Fisch. Ic. Fil. t. 21. Platyloma geraniifolia, Lowe's
Ferns, 3, t. 27.—East Indies, Polynesia, Tropicai
Ameriéa,
2. P. cuneata, J. Sm. Cheilanthes cuneata, Link ; Kunze,
Fil. t.36.—Cheilanthes rufescens, Iink.— Mexico.
3. P. profusa, J. Sim. Cheilanthes profusa, Kunze, Fil. t.17.
Notholena profusa, Presl.— South Africa.
4, P, intramarginalis, J. Sim. Pteris intramarginalis, Kaulf. ;
Kunze, Anal. Pterid. t.17,f.1. Pteris fallax, Mart.
et Gal. Fil. Mex. t. 14, f. 2. Cheilanthes intra-
marginalis, Hook. Platyloma intramarginalis, Lowe’s
Ferns, 3, t. 31—Mexico.
5. P. glauca, J. Sm. Pteris glauca, Cav. Cheilanthes
glauca, Metten. Cheil. t.31, f.18, 19.—Mexico.
6. P. hastata, Link ; Fee; Hook. Sp. Fil. t. 116 B; Hook.
Fil. Hzot.t.50. Platyloma hastatum et adiantoides,
Lowe's Ferns, 3, t. 82, 33. Pteris hastata, Sw.
Allosorus hastatus, Presl; Hook. Gen. Fil. t. 5.—
South Africa.
7. P. consobrina, Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 117 A. Pteris con-
sobrina, Kunze—South Africa.
8. P. atropurpurea, Link ; Ice. Pteris atropurpurea, Linn. ;
Schk. Fil. t.99—North America. T.
9. P. Calomelanos, Zink; Fée. Pteris Calomelanos, Sw.;
Schlecht. Aduinb. t. 24, Allosorus Calomelanos,
Presl; Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 4769. Platyloma
Calomelanos, -7. Sim.; Lowe’s Ferns, 3, t. 26—South
Africa. Tr.
10. P. ternifolia, Link; Fée ; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 15. Pteris
ternifolia, Cav.; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t=. 126. Platy-
loma ternifolium, J. Sm.; Lowe’s Ferns, 3, t. 24 B—
Tropical America. T.
11. P. Wrightiana, Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 115 B._New Mexico,
12. P. sagittata, Link. Pteris sagittata, Cav. Allosorua
sagittatus, Presi: Kunze, Fil. t.24.—Pernu. T.
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 181
13. P. flexuosa, Link; Fée. Pteris flexuosa, Kaulf.; Hook.
Ic. Pl. t.119. Allosorus flexuosus, Kunze, Fil. t. 23;
Hook. in Bot. Mag. t. 4762. Platyloma flexuosum,
J. Sm. ; Lowe's Ferns, 3, t.25.—Tropical America, T.
14. P. cordata, J. Sin. (non Fée). Pteris cordata, Cav. Allo-
sorus cordatus, Presl; Hook. ia Bot. Mag, t. 4698.—
Tropical America. T.
92. PLATYLOMA, J. Sm. (in part)
Vernation uniserial; sarmentum sub-
hypogeous. Fronds pinnate, 1-2 feet
high; pinnz entire, opaque. Veins
forked; venules free. Receptacles ter-
minal, oblong, contiguous, forming a
broad, compound, continuous, mar-
ginal sorus. Indusiwm linear, con-
tinuous, narrow, subobsolete.
Genus 92.—Fertile pinne, under side, No. 1; ditto enlarged, No. 3.
182 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
1. P. Brownii, J. Sm.; Lowe’s Ferns, 2, t. 29. Adiantum
paradoxum, R. Br. Pellawa paradoxa, Hook. Fil.
Exot. t.21; Sp. Fil. 2, t.3A. Pelleea cordata, Fée (non
J. Sm.) — Australia.
2. P. faleatum, J. Sm.; Lowe's Ferns, 3, t. 830 AB; Hook.
Gen. Fil. t. 115 A (excl. name P. Brownii). Pteris
falcata, R. Br. Pteris seticaulis, Hook. Ic. Pl. t. 207.
Pellea falcata, Fée; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 111 B.— East
Indies, Australia, :
8 P. rotundifolium, J. Sm.; Lowe’s Ferns, 8, t. 24 A.
Pteris rotundifolia, Forst.; Schk. Fil. .99; Hook. Ic.
Pl. ¢ 422. Pellea rotundifolia, Hook. Fil. Ewot,
t, 48.— New Zealand.
93. ADIANTUM, Linn.
Vernation distant, sarmentose or subfasciculate, decumbent
and cespitose. Fronds simple-reniform, pinnate or bi-tripin-
nate; pinne and pinnules articulated with the petiole; costa
excentric or obsolete. Veins unilateral or radiating, forked ;
Genus 93.—Portion of mature frond, under side. No. 1
venules free, terminating in the axis of a reflexed orbicular or
elongated portion of the margin (indusium), which is altered in
texture, venose and sporangiferous on its under side, ultimately
becoming replicate,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS. 183
1. Reniforme group.
Fronds simple, reniform.
L A. veniforme, Linn.; Schk. Fil. t. 115; Lodd. Bot. Cab.
t. 841; Hook. Huot. Fl. t. 104; Sp. Fil. 2,471 A;
Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 8; Lowe's Ferns, 3, t. 2 D—
Madeira, Teneriffe.
2. Caudatum group.
Fronds pinnate, pinne narrow.
2. A.lunulatum, Burm.; Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 104;
Lowe’s Ferns, 3,t-8 B. Adiantum arcuatum, Sw.—
East Indies.
3. A. dolabriforme, Hook. Ic. Pl. ¢. 191.—East Indies,
Malay and Pacific Islands, Brazil.
4. A. caudatum, Linn. ; Schk. Pil. t. 117; Hook. Exot. Fl,
t. 104; Lowe’s Ferns, 8, t. 2 A—East Indies.
3. Macrophyllum group.
Frvonas pinnate, erect 3 pinne broad.
5. A. lucidum, Sw.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, 79 C (euel. f. 4);
Lowe’s Ferns, 8, t. 4 A.—Tropical America,
6. A. obliquum, Willd.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 79 A—Tropical
America,
7. A. Kaulfussii, Kunze, Adiantum obliquum, Kaulf. ;
Hook. et Grev. Ic. Fil. t.190 (non Willd.).—Tropical
America.
8. A. Wilsoni, Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 72 A; Lowe’s Ferns, 8,
t.16; Hook. Fil. Exot. t. 14.—Jamaica.
9, A. macrophyllum, Sw.; Hook. ct Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 182;
‘Hook. Fil. Hxot, ¢. 55.—Tropical America.
4, Monosoratum group.
Fronds uniformly bipinnate.
10. A, villosum, Linn.; Schk. Fil. t. 120, A. varium, Pres! ;
Lowe’s Ferns, 3, t. 18.—Tropical America,
184. FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
11. A. pulverulentum, Linn.; (Plum. Fil. t. 55); Schk. Fil.
t. 119; Lowe's Ferns, 3, t. 17. A. monosoratum,
Willd.
Var.—Fronds small, pink when young —A.rigidam,
Iori. Berol.
Var.—Fvonds small, green when young.—A. tetra-
phyllum, Hort. Berol.—Tropical America,
5. Prionophyllum group.
12, A. intermedium, Sw.; Lowe's Ferns, 3, & 20. A,
Brasilicnse, Link (non Radd.). A, triangulatum,
Kaulf. ; Klotz—Tropical America,
13. A. prionophyllum, H.B K. A. tetraphyllum, Willd—
Tropical America,
14, A, fovearum, Radd. Fil. Bras. t. 77.—Brazil.
6. Trapeziforme group.
Fronds large, tripinnate ; pinne: distant, alternate.
15. A. subcordatum, Sw.; A. betulinum, Kawlf. A. trun-
catum, Radd. Fil. Bras. t. 78, f. 1—Brazil.
16. A. trapeziforme, Linn. A. rhomboideum, Schk. Fil.
t, 122,— West Indies and Tropical America.
17. A. pentadactylon, Lang. et Fisch. Ic. Fil. t.25; Hook. et
Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 98.—Brazil.
18. A. Mathewsianum, Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 84 4.—Peru.
19. A. cultratum, J. Sm.; Lowe's Ferns, 8, t. 21; Moore, in
Gard. Chron. (1855), p. 660.—Tropical America.
20, A. curvatum, Kauif.; Hook. Sp. Fil, 2, t. 84 C. Lowe's
Ferns, 8, ¢. 6.—Brazil.
21. A. polyphyllum, Willd.; Hook. Gard. Ferns, #12. A.
cardiochlena, Kunze; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 83 A—
Tropical America.
22. A. cristatum, Linn. ; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 646; Lowe's Ferns,
3, t. 22.—West Indies,
AN ENUMERATION OF CULTIVATED FERNS, 185
23, A. Feei, Moore. A. flexuosum, Hack, 2nd Cent. Ferns,
t, 61,—Mexico,
7. Formosum group.
Fronds quadripinnate, decompound, with distant alternate
pinne,
24, A. Brasiliense, Rudd. Fil, Bras. t. 76.—Brazil,
25. A. Wilesianum, IZook. Sp. Fil, 2, t.83 C; Lowe's New
Ferns, t. 29.—Jamaica.
26. A. affine, Willd. A. trapeziforme, Forst. (non Linn.);
Schk. Fil. t. 121 B.—New Zealand.
27. A. Cunninghami, Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 86 A; Lowe's
Ferns, 3, t. 12.—New Zealand.
28. A. formosum, RB. Br.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t.88 B; Lowe's
Ferns, 3, t. 11.—New Holland and New Zealand.
8. Flabellatum group.
Fronds dichotomously pedate-flabellate.
29. A. flabellulatum, Zinn. (Pluk. t. 4, f. 3). A. fuscum,
Retz. Obs. 2, 4 5. A. amcenum, Wall.; Hook. e
Grev. Ic. Fil. t. 103.—East Indies.
30. A. patens, Willd.; Hook. Sp. Fil. 2, t. 87 A.—Tropical
America.
31. A. pedatum, Linn. ; Schk. Fil. t.115; Lowe's Ferns, 3,
t. 14.—North America, North Africa.
32. A. hispidulum, Sw. o——
1, Pretiminary Revanss.
AVING given an account of how the Exotic
Ferns of the preceding enumeration haye been
introduced to this country, I shall now proceed to state
the best means for growing and preserving them in
our collections; and as the successful cultivation of
Ferns depends much upon a knowledge of the con-
ditions under which they grow in their native country,
I begin with a few observations on that point.
Ferns have already been spoken of as favourites
with the plant-loving public; but it is not simply on
their merits as pretty and interesting objects that they
claim attention. Geology reveals to us that Coal—
that source of our domestic comforts and national
greatness—is formed chiefly of Ferns, which at some
remote period grew upon the earth. However, this is
not the place to discuss the views and speculative
theories regarding the thermal and gaseous condition
of the earth and atmosphere, under which Ferns then
flourished, or to reason on the manner by which they
were converted into coal. I may simply remark that
fossil remains show, that contemporaneous with
Ferns grew plants of remarkable character, quite
336 FERNS: BRiYYécl AND FOREIGN.
distinct from those of the present era. Not so the
Ferns, for their beautiful and well-preserved remains
show that their fronds were of various sizes and forms,
in every way analogous to the present race; having
free and anastomosing venation, round and lincar
fructification, aad, in some instances, almost identical
with species now living. At present, Ferns rank
amongst the widest spread of all the orders of the
vegetable kingdom, being found in more or less
number in all climates, between the most northern and
southern limits of vegetable life, and at elevations
ranging from the sea-level to 14-15,000 feet within the
tropics, their number in any localities being generally
in proportion to the degree of atmospheric moisture in
conjunction with elevation, the latter applying specially
to the interior of continents. Comparatively few
spccies are found in open, grassy, thinly-wooded
countries, whether it be the plain or mountain-slope ;
such districts are often in full possession of the most
gregarious and abundant of all Ferns, the common
Brake (Pteris aquilina), which, under slightly different
forms, and in some countries accompanied by different
species of Gleichenia, occupy vast tracts of the earth’s
surface. In hot and moist plains, in valleys of great
extent, the number of different species are few; even
in the valley of the Amazon, teeming as it does witn
vegetable life, the number of Ferns found by Dr.
Spruce after he left the coast Flora, at Para, in his
journey of 2,000 miles, were very fow. They became
more numerous on attaining an elevation of 1,500
feet, and in one locality, at a higher elevation, he
found 250 species in a diameter of fifty miles.
ancther extensive tract with but few Ferns is tha
CULTIVATION. 337
ary zone of Northern Africa, and few have as yet
been recorded from the interior of Australia; while,
on the contrary, on elevated coast-ridges and islands,
they form a large proportion of the entire Flora.
They are the most numerous, both in regard to genera
and species, in the tropical regions, where, too, a
greater number of individual plants are to be found
than in temperate regions.*
On reviewing the above, it may readily be supposed
that the varied influences under which Exotic Ferns
naturally grow, necessitate various kinds of treatment
for cultivating and preserving them in this country ;
but such is not the case. As might be expected,
our native representatives (although only forty-two
in number) have received special attention. We have
Fern Tourists in plenty; almost every spot of our
country, where are conditions congenial to their
development, has become more or less familiar to
those who take an interest in their study—in the
damp shady glen, the wildest wood, banks of streams,
mountain-sides, whether it be in their sheltered easy
slopes, or in the almost inaccessible craggy steeps.
Indeed, so diligently have the Fern explorings been
carried on, that numerous curious and _ beautiful
varieties, highly prized in our gardens, have been
found. But, however laudable and agreeable Fern-
growing may be, yet it is to be regretted that it leads
to the extinction of some of our rarest native species.
Even the more common are becoming scarce in locali-
ties within easy reach; great quantities being yearly
* Want of space prevents me entering more fuily into the
Instory of geographical distribution.
2
338 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
consigned to the London markets. Since Ferns have
become so popular, those who patronize horticulture.
from the members of the upper classes who construct
large hothouses, to the humbler patron, or the hard-
working mechanic who prides himself on his posses-
sion of a Wardian case, are desirous to obtain such
information as will enable them to cultivate them
successfully, either in the Conservatory, Wardian
case, or Rockwork in the open air. To supply this,
several books on the subject have been published.
Indeed, if an example may be taken, besides the
extraordinary degree of familiarity so rapidly attained
in the knowledge of Ferns by all classes, the constant
increase of collections gives sufficient evidence.
Nevertheless, in publications which, through their
cheapness, are within the reach of every Fern lover,
frequent complaints are met with, tending to show
that the result is not always satisfactory to the culti-
vator, especially among amateurs and persons of
small means. These complaints are mainly attri-
butable to the author not familiarizing his readers
sufficiently with the habits of Ferns, the conditions
under which they luxuriate in their native localities,
and the necessity of imitating those conditions as far
as practicable. It is, however, gratifying to observe
that, in the progress of horticulture, the knowledge of
the natural conditions of plants is more and more
sought after, and appreciated with very good results,
fcrming a lively contrast with the old times, when the
Trichomanes vadicans could only with difficulty be
kept alive even by the most eminent horticulturists ;
a fact observed by the originator and promoter of the
Wardian case system, under which this shade and
CULTIVATION. 839
moisture-loving Fern stands pre-eminent, even sur-
passing in size and luxuriance those in their native
retreats. A familiar example of opposite nature to
the preceding is our native species Aspleniwm septen-
trionale, confined to northern localities, generally
growing on rocks and insinuating its delicate roots in
‘the deep crevices and among the débris of irregular
shelvings and prominences, not receiving any apparent
injury from the rigour of winter or the scorching
heat of summer. Although such is its hardy nature,
it nevertheless does not flourish when taken from its
native rocks and brought under artificial cultivation.
What has been stated regarding the shade and
moisture-loving Trichomanes, and the rock-loving
Asplenia, may be viewed as the extremes in the nature
of those Ferns that do not readily conform to ordinary
cultivation; but, on the other hand, the greater
number are not particular in their choice of place of
growth, either in a wild state or under cultivation.
Examples may be cited of species conforming to the
most untoward and varying influences; for instance,
the common hart’s-tongue Fern (Scolopendriumvulgare)
maintains itself in situations of the most opposite
kind, having great predilection for the works of man,
whether elevated in the air or sunk below the surface
of the earth; such as stone, brick, or turf walls,
embankments, hedge-banks and road-sides, pits,
quarries, or deep open wells. In either place it multi-
plies freely, conforming itself to the various atmo-
spheric changes to which those situations are liable.
Such being the case, it is not surprising to find it
assume different sizes and forms; in dry places it is
only a few inches in height, while in open wells, such
Zz 2
340 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
as may be seen in some of the nurseries and markets
gardens near London, it produces fronds 2-3 feet in
length. The Asplenium Trichomanes, A. Ruta-muraria,
Ceterach officinarum, and Polypodium vulgare, are also
wall and tombstone-lovers, and may be called our
domestic Ferns.
Another remarkable example of a Fern making
itself at home under extremes of temperature and
moisture, is Pteris longifolia, a species having a wide
range throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions
of both hemispheres. On the island of Ischia (Bay
of Naples) it is found luxuriating within the influence
of the hot vapours rising out of the cavities left by
extinct volcanoes, growing in soft muddy soil at a
temperature ranging from 140° to 160° In our
hothouses its spores vegetate abundantly upon all
moist surfaces, and in the crevices of brick walls.
Plants of it are nearly always to be found over the
openings of hot-water tanks, and it has been seen
in crevices of the walls outside hothouses, or even
under iron gratings, where it could receive but little
light, and where the temperature was often near the
freezing-point. In the dry air of the Cactus-house
plants of it have produced fronds from 2-8 feet in
length.
In general the fronds of Ferns remain long’ in a
perfect state; the exceptions to this rule are com-
paratively few, and these are chiefly supplied by the
natives of climates alternating with seasons of heat
and cold. But as many species are wanderers and
conform to the effects of various climates, it is no
wonder to see some of our native Ferns assuming
the evergreen habit of their foreign allies, when
CULTIVATION, 341
grown in a temperate house ; of which Polystichwm
aculeatum, Lastrea dilatata, and L. Filiz-mas may be
cited as examples, as also Asplenium marinum. In
1820 I found plants of it, having fronds from 2-4
inches in length, growing in a cave facing the German
Ocean, on the east coast of Scotland ; of these, two
plants have been grown at Kew from that time; of
late years, one in the Temperate and the other in the
Tropical House. These became fine cespitose plants,
with fronds varying from 1-1} foot in length; the
greatest length being attained by the plant in the
Tropical House, even assuming the character of a
species native of the West Indies and Tropical
America, and quite unlike the original plant; thus
showing that although at home in the cold, sunless
cave, it can well appreciate a better fed and warmer
abode. Exceptions to this rule are some alpine
species, Ferns in that respect being analogous to our
ill success in growing many alpine flowering plants.
This is no doubt partly owing to the difference of
atmospheric density, and the varying influences of
temperature and moisture common to the sea-level of
this climate.
The species of cold climates truly deciduous, produce
their fronds from an underground creeping sarmentum,
of which Pieris aquilina, Sttolobium pwnetilobium,
Onoclea sensibilis, Anchistea virginica, Lorinseria arev-
lata, Leucostegia immersa, and Phegopteris aurita are
the principal examples. On the other hand, instances
of tropical species periodically losing their fronds
without any apparent cause, such as by undue excess of
heat and moisture, are Phymatodes oxyloba, Pleuridium
pulmatum, P. venustum, Drynaria propmqua, several
342 FERNS! BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
species of Davallia, and a few others. Their rhizomes
remain perfectly naked during the winter, and seem
to be constituted for a season of dry rest.
These obversations are sufficient to show how
certain species will grow under the most opposite
conditions, and that a knowledge of them materially
assists our efforts of cultivation, which I shall pro-
ceed to treat of under two heads,—special and
natural,
If. Specrar on Por Curtrvation.
ITH the exception of those species sufficiently
hardy to bear the cold of this climate, the
whole family of Ferns can be artificially and most
luxuriantly grown, under but two different scales of
temperature, and with as little difference in other
respects. There can be no better instance than that
afforded by the immense collection nowat Kew,* where,
in the Tropical Fern-house, a great many species from
various climates are placed under an average tempera-
ture of 60° to 70°. In this houset are species from
nearly all the tropical and sub-tropical countries
of the world, and, being in one compartment, they
are all alike subject to the same amount of atmo-
spheric moisture as of heat. However, in respect
to moisture supplied to their roots, the amount
is varied according to the nature and require-
ments of the plant. The same remarks apply to
the Temperate House, of course with a reduction
* May 1864. + Length 130 feet, width 84 feet.
CULTIVATION. 843
of noisture as well as temperature, the latter ranging
from 40° to 50° in winter, that being the only period
of the year when artificial heat is required. In this
house* are growing, in the greatest luxuriance, species
from Australia, New Zealand, China, Japan, North
India, elevated portions of Ceylon, South Africa,
North and South America, and other elevated regions
within the tropics. The whole collection is grown in
common deep or shallow pots, pans, and tubs; the
latter, however, are only used for the large species
of Tree Ferns and Angiopteris ; and though such a
system is the least natural in appearance, yet it is
most convenient and found generally consistent with
the prevailing fashion for in-door horticulture; this
mode of cultivation, being mostly adopted, merits our
first consideration. In the tropical and sub-tropical
localities, where heat and moisture are abundant, by
the manner in which they grow and the various
positions they occupy, soil is of but little importance,
except for affording their roots the means of obtaining
permanency of position. This is evident by the remains
of native soil adhering to the roots of imported plants,
showing that Tree and other large Ferns in some
places grow in stiff adhesive, red clay. To imitate
this soil in pot culture is attended with no success,
and it is remarkable to see how quickly the roots of
newly-imported plants take to the fine loam and
peat in which they are potted. In cultivation, how-
ever, the great beneficial influence of the natural
atmosphere is not obtained, and the soil is therefore
of great importance, necessitating caution in its
* Length 82 feet, width 13 feet,
344 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
sclection. Taking a view of the large number of
Ferns now in cultivation, their requirements as regards
soil, and mode of growth, we easily recognize two
classes—terrestrial and epiphytal. This division is
important. For the first class, by far the most ex-
tensive, it is necessary to use the soil of a finer or
coarser consistence, according to the delicate or
stronger character of the plant. In it there is s
more varied character of vernation, by which their
terrestrial character is indicated and very easily recog-
nized. Natural affinity of course is not taken into
consideration. However, with tolerable accuracy in
this respect, the genera Phegopteris, Lastrea, Ne-
phrodium, Adiantum, Asplenium, and Sitolobium give
examples of the chief variety of vernation indicative of
the terrestrial nature ; viz.,erect, ceespitose, decumbent
or sub-hypogeous, or, as in Nephrodium unitum, and
N. pteroides, which, although with a true sub-scandent
sarmentum, they, however, prefer the firm soil of the
terrestrial group, a compost of two-thirds peat and
one loam, with abundance of sand, according to the
size of the plants for which it is to be used.
In potting Ferns, an over-depth of soil should be
avoided, as well as a great depth of drainage. The
one promotes stagnancy, the other gives an oppor-
tunity for the most vigorous roots to descend
among its particles, and oftentimes they become too
dry when the soil is apparently moist enough, and the
tips of the foliage are in consequence injured, and
the plant disfigured. This applies more strictly
to species of small and delicate structure, such as
Asplenium firmum, A. dentatum,A. decussatum, &c.,and
for such the shallow pot is best adapted, the width of
CULTIVATION. 345
which being considerably greater than the depth,
gives a good extent of surface, and renders a dcep
drainage unnecessary. Such a kind of pot, of course,
is most suitable for all species of decumbent or
creeping habit, and those producing rapidly a great
number of offsets.
The best time for repotting (or shifting, as it is
termed) Ferns, more especially those of the terrestrial
division, is at the end of February, or during March,
as soon after that time they commence growth; but
any time of the year, except winter, will suit them.
The operation of potting is a matter of little difficulty,
nor are the necessary utensils or materials very varied—
a firm potting-bench, several different sizes broad-
pointed firming-sticks, and a garden trowel. It. is
also necessary to have a few extra pots of different sizes,
of both the deep upright and shallow flat kinds, also
a quantity of material for drainage, which may consist
of broken soft brick or hard knobs of old mortar; but
for general purposes, potsherds, broken into different
sizes, are most commonly used, and well known by
the name of “crocks.”’ The removal of the plant,
with its ball of soil and roots, is readily effected by
spreading the left hand over the surface of the soil,
allowing the plant, when not too large, to come
between the fingers; then, by inverting the plant and
pot, and giving the rim of the pot a gentle but sharp
tap with the right hand on the edge of the board ; if
the roots are in a healthy state, the ball will slip
easily out of the pot. In all cases, athorough drainage
is indispensable, and to ensure this, the draining
material should: be of two sizes, the larger size
at the bottom, with a concave large crock over
346 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN,
the hole of the pot, the concave side downwards:
there should be two, three, or four holes at the side,
quite at the base, made in all pots larger than eight
inches in diameter, the number of holes of course
according to the size of the pot. This is the more
essential when the pots are placed on smooth benches,
as of stone or slate, the capillary attraction between
the pot and bench retaining the superfluous water,
and causing much stagnancy. After properly arrang-
ing the drainage, a small quantity of fibry material
should be placed on it to keep the new soil from
mingling with it. No plant should be repotted in
a wet state, nor should it be allowed to become dry
enough to cause it to flag, as this will not only
give an immediate and severe check, but in giving
water after it is potted, it will percolate the new soil
(which should always be uscd in a moderately moist
state) without entering the dry ball; if, from bad
drainage or exhaustion of the soil, it has become
impure, so much of it and of the old inactive roots
should be removed. In such cases, as small a pot as
possible should be used, which will admit the -pre-.
served roots freely, being carefully laid out by the
fingers amid the new soil; for if in too large a pot,.
the soil becomes sour before any vigorous roots.
have entered and promoted drainage, as they are
tardy to perform their functions vigorously after.
having been necessarily so much disturbed. However,
when in a healthy and vigorous state, such space
should be given it that will admit the fingers or
both hands freely by its sides (according to the size
of the plant) in inserting it in the new pot, where
it should be so placed that its crown, if of the
CULTIVATION, 347
erect vernation, will be nearly level with the rim. The
soil should be carefully introduced, and made firm
round the sides by pressure of the firming-stick and a
few thumps of the pot (if easily handled) on the
potting-bench, if not, the stick must suffice; a space
of about half an inch, more or less, according to the
size of the pot, should be allowed at the surface to
contain as much water as would moisten the whole
ball.
The size of the plants will depend upon the amount
of space and the number of species in the collection.
For an amateur’s collection in a small house, very fair
specimens may be grown in pots from eight to twelve
inches in diameter, after the shift into the largest-sized
pot, and with good management the plant will not
require any repotting for two or three years. By
that time the running and cespitose kinds, such as
Adiantum and Gleichenia, will have become exhausted
in the centre ; the ball will, therefore, require divisio:9
by passing a sharp knife through it, taking care not
to injure the young growths next the sides of the pot ;
the most healthy portions to be selected for repotting,
to become the new representative plant of the collec-
tion; and, if proper care is taken, the fronds will
suffer but little injury. In operations of this kind,
some gardeners entirely shake out the soil, cut away
the whole of the fronds and roots, in order to make
the plant, they say, come up strong. This may not do
much injury to certain plants, such as bulbs, tubers,
fuchsias, and such-like plants that rest in winter; but
for Ferns it is a great mistake; it so weakens the
plant that it takes a year or more to be worth looking
at, and, indeed, some never recover. In Adiantuin
348 TERNS: BRIVISH AND FORKIGN.
and other genera, the roots are naturally of a dark, or
even quite black colour, and it is known to have been
cousidered by some cultivators, not well versed in the
nature of Ferns, as dead, and accordingly they are totally
removed, even although with evidence of the plant
being healthy and vigorous. The healthy state of the
plant is readily explained, for on examining the nume-
rous points of the black roots, each will be seen to be
of a pale colour, which are the active feeders of the.
plant ; and, in shifting, great care should be taken not
to bruise or injure them.
The same directions apply to the gigantic Tree
Ferns and species of Angiopteris. The soil for them,
however, should be of a coarser nature when of a size
to require the largest-sized pots or tubs; in no case
is it desirable to give more than three inches extra
space at one shift, even in the largest pot or tub. In all
pots above one foot in diameter, the drainage should
be elevated in the centre. When the shift is large, an
inverted pot should be placed in the new pot, placing
a layer of drainage round it, the height of the pot to
be such that the crocks of the old ball (which must
not be taken out) rest on the top of the new drainage
or pot. By this the outer circle of bottom roots are
not pressed together, or crushed by the weight of the
ball, which is sure to be the case when the ball is set
on a level surface, it also keeps the ball to its proper
height. This'mode of drainage has been the constant
practice at Kew with all large shifts, not only for Ferns
but Proteacece and all fine fibrous-rooted plants, the
nature of which is to extend outwards and downwards
through the new soil, ultimately forming a web of
roots against the sides of the pot. In the ordinary '
CULT:VATION. 849
practice of potting, it is a rule with many gardeners
to remove all the old drainage crocks, the centre thus
becomes a mass of soil, which in time becomes com-
pact, inert, and useless, liable to become stagnant,
and in time causing the plant to sicken. This is
avoided by preparing and retaining the old drainage.
This mode of drainage is, however, only necessary for
plants required to be permanent in botanical collec-
tions. Its utility in prolonging life is verified by some
yet existing plants of Proteacee at Kew, some of
which are forty, and others above sixty years of age.
What has here been stated may be considered as a
general rule for the greater number of the Fern
family, such as are usually found in ordinary collec-
tions of a hundred species, more or less. But in this
extensive family there are many possessing some pecu-
liar nature, and a few examples of these require to be
specially noticed.
The group which has been termed LEpiphytal,
consists of the genera Davallia, Goniophlebium,
Drynaria, Phymatodes, Pleuridium, Platycerium, Lo-
mariopsis, Polybotrya, and others of like habit, charac-
terized by a true and highly-developed rhizome or
sarmentum, generally creeping, and adhering by
their fine fibrous roots to the surface on which they
grow. Their positions in their natural homes are
generally on more or less perpendicular surfaces of
moist and shaded places of rocks or ordinary soil,
where decomposing vegetable matter abounds as a
surfacing. They are often found on trees, and with
many species of Polybotrya and Lomariopsis this
seems to be their true position, and often by their
vigorous growth, the trees are clothed with them in
350 FERNS! BRITISH AND FOREIGN,
the manner of our common ivy. It will be under-
stood by this that an open loose soil is essential for
the whole group; good fibry peat is therefore all
that can he desired, and on account of their creeping
habit, as great an extent of its surface as possible is
necessary to be gained in potting. To this end the
shallow pan is indispensable; by an ordinary deep
pot being inverted in the pan and covered with a
layer of peat, of a thickness according to the size of
the pan or pot used (at a proportion of two inches
thickness for a pan of one foot diameter) carried up
over the inverted pot in a conical form, the whole
pressed firmly together. The rhizomes are fixed to
its surface by pegs, and they will soon attach them-
selves by their own roots. The height of the cone
will be according to the character of the plants; for
Pleopeltis, Anapeltis, Niphobolus, &c., a cone of from
6-10 inches high, with a base from 1 to 1} foot in
width, will make handsome specimens. The genus
Oleandra comes under Lpiphytal, the rhizomes elon-
gating rapidly, and in their natural places adhering
to trees and moist rocks. O. neriiformis is, however,
truly terrestrial, producing roots from its woody erect
rhizome after ascending a few inches from the soil.
The other species in cultivation, however, cannot be
well suited by the conical mode, or being trained on
straight sticks. An open netted wire cylinder, about
three feet high, and about six inches diameter, answers
the purpose exceedingly well. The cylinder is filled
with peat, and by fixing the rhizomes round the
bottom of the cylinder, the roots will soon adhere to
the peat through the meshes, which being kept moist,
a rapid growth is stimulated, and the cylinder soon
CULTIVATION. $e]
becomes furnished with beautiful projecting fronds.
Ifa greater height is desired, another cylinder may
be added to the first. This mode is equally useful for
Stenochlena, Polybotrya, Lomariopsis, &c. In respect
to species in which the rhizomes elongate slowly, the
upper part of the cylinder is bare and unsightly for a
time. This may be obviated by having a short cylinder
and heighten it by adding short lengths when required.
The genus Elaphoglossum is generally epiphytal, and
as some of its larger growing species, such as HV. callee-
folium and EH. latifolium, being decumbent cespitose
in vernation, it is not necessary to have the soil raised
much above the rim of the pot, which should be of
the flat kind, and three inches depth of soil is quite
sufficient. Many smaller species of this genus are
most lovely objects, and some of them are not yet in
cultivation. Of the whole Fern Family the Platycerium
may be considered the most grand, beautiful, and
extraordinary; and it is thoroughly typical of this
epiphytal group. Its natural position of growth is
‘sometimes on moist rocks, but usually on the trunks
and larger branches of trees. The spores becoming
‘lodged there, germinate, and, sending out spongy
‘fibrils, a little plant, like a circular disk, adhering to
‘the tree, analogous to a foliaceous lichen, is formed,
each succeeding disk (frond) becoming larger and
‘overlapping the preceding one. In time the older
ones loose their vitality, and by this mode of growth
envelop, or nearly so, that portion of the tree whereon
they grow in a dense, thick, spongy mass, among which
‘the roots insinuate themselves and receive nourishment.
‘As equivalent to this, in cultivation blocks of wood
are mostly used ; but they are objectionable from their
O52 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
constant liability to breed fungi and harbour insects.
On that account pots are preferable, not of the ordi-
nary shape, but with less difference in the diameter at
the base than at the top, and with a wide opening at
the side, extending about a third of its diameter from
the rim down to within a sixth of its depth from the
base (this will leave the pot in much the same form
asascoop). Thorough drainage should be given, and
a material of very fibry peat will suit. The crown of
the plant should be placed about the centre of the side
opening from where the fronds will be produced. In
time, the sterile fronds will spread in all directions, but
mostly upwards, and quickly obscure the pot, and the
fertile ones will hang loosely downwards. : Their position
in the house should be elevated, and, if possible, against
a wall or partition. Platycerium alcicorne increasing
rapidly by offsets, requires a considerable extent of
surface ; consequently rough sandy peat, arranged in a
conical manner on a shallow pot, to which the plants
will soon attach themselves, is most suitable, and
which, if fancy leads, may be suspended from the roof
of the house by a strong wire.
For the large-growing species of Drynaria, Gonio-
ahlebium, and Phlebodium, it is not necessary to raise
the soil much above the level of the pot; their
fleshy rhizomes soon reach the margin, to which
they cling, and if standing on a moist surface, or
near water, they creep down the sides of the pot.
In Davallia pyxidata, D. ornata, and others, the
rhizomes are what may be termed aérial, rising con-
siderably above the soil, often extending to a distance
beyond the edge of the pot, and, as they in these
tases do not produce roots, the rhizomes in timo
CULTIVATION. 863
{threw or four years) become weak, producing small
fronds ; it therefore becomes necessary to remove the
older parts and re-pot the younger portions in fresh
soil.
Very interesting and natural examples may alsc
be had by placing common cylindrical red chimney-
pots or drain-pipes in a pan wider by two inches than
the base of the cylinder,—this space to be filled with
soil and planted; the rhizomes will soon become
attached to the surface of the cylinder and in time
will cover the whole, forming a handsome pillar of
fronds. In order to maintain a proper degree of
moisture, a pan of water may be fixed inside the
cylinder, and if a piece of woollen cloth is placed in
the water, in contact with the cylinder, a constant
moisture will be kept up congenial to the plants.
The top of the cylinder is also useful for placing
on it some of the pendulous species; for instance,
Phymatodes geminata, Goniophlebium dissimile, G.
nertifolium, Campyloneuron angustifolium, Hlaphoglos-
sum Herminiert.
In Schellolepis subauriculata and S. verrucosa the
fronds are long and pendulous; this necessitates the
plants being placed in an elevated position, such as
suspended from the roof of the house in shallow wire
baskets, the inside of which should have a lining of
sphagnum moss, which assists to retain moisture, and
also gives a clean and neat appearance. Plants of
these two species thus treated have at Kew produced
fronds 12 feet in length, hanging down in a very
graceful manner. There are several other Epiphytes
of special interest, such as the species of Vittarix
and Haplopteris, which hang down from trees lke
. 2A
B54 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
bunches of grass, as also the remarkable Ophioglossui
pendulum, which may be likened to ribands or bands
hanging loose and waving with the wind, often many
feet in length. These plants succeed in a small
quantity of soil, firmly fixed in pots, with pieces of
soft stone or potsherds, and the pot hung against a
shady wall or pillar. For this purpose the pot should
have a flat back, with the front rim lower than the
back, so as to allow the fronds to hang quite free of
the pot.
Neottopteris Australasica, and a few Aspleniums
nearly allied, such as A. sinuatum and A. crenulatum,
of precisely the same mode of growth, are of erect
fasciculate vernation. Their roots being of peculiar
mossy and delicate nature, they are not adapted
for deep insinuation of stiff soil, but are rather
what may be termed aérial. Two-thirds of their
mass is produccd above the surface of the svil.
Substantial but open material is therefore required,
of very rough, fibry peat, and porous, broken bricks,
or soft sandstone, in equal parts; very little pot-
room is necessary; a shallow pot of 18 inches
diameter, with such material, will support a plant
of two dozen fronds, and none less than 3 feet
6 inches long and 8 inches broad, with a stem a foot
high, and as much through, principally composed of
its mossy roots forming a spongy mass. As an
instance of the long life under regular treatment may
be cited the original plant or Neottopteris Australasica,
which was imported in 1825, and is now (1864) -a
magnificent plant, in perfect health, having received
but few shifts the whole of the forty years,
This is, however, far surpassed in size by tho ng
CULTIVATION. 855
nificent Neottopteris muscefolia, which is described by a
Penang correspondent in the following words :—* I
_ saw two fine specimens of the Birds’-nest Fern ; each
had between forty and fifty perfect green leaves; the
average length of the leaves was six feet, and from
one foot to fourteen inches across in the broadest pas,
They were growing on each side of a doorway; when
I was walking up to them I thought they were American
Aloes.” ;
The remarks that have been previously made
_respecting the nature of the rock-loving Asplenic are
equally applicable to others that inhabit rocky placcs,
such as certain species of the genera Notholena,
Myriopteris, Cheilanthes, &c.; some are rocky-coast
plants, others are mountain, being found in elevated
situations within or near the tropics, where they are
subject to the heaviest showers and most powerful
sun, their surfaces being generally furnished with
beautiful scales or woolly covering, which resist in a
great measure the action of the sun. They all seem
_ very impatient of moisture under cultivation, especially
in winter. A material composed of finely-broken and
mixed sandstone, bricks, old mortar, and a small
quantity of sandy loam, suits them, placed ina position
of the coolest shade, with abundance of moisture in
summer, and in winter very little water, just sufficient
to keep the soil slightly moist ; a couxparatively dry
atmosphere and ag much light as may be obtainable
at that dull season, with a temperature not below 36°.
As a general rule, the above may be considered appli-
cable to all small-growing rock species of temperate
_regions, including the natives of this country. The
species of the genus Gymnogramma, especially those
24 2
356 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
with farinose fronds, commonly called Gold and Silver
Ferns, are also very susceptible of moisture ; they
should never be syringed, or water allowed to fall on
their fronds, as the farina, being loose, is disturbed by
the water, and running down, gives the appearance as
if the plants were smeared with dust. They, however,
differ from the preceding, requiring more light, and
the temperature of the Tropical House. The species
of Gymnogramma vary very much in habit, as regards
size and circumscription of the fronds, G. trifoliata
having fronds from three to four feet high, while in
G. cherophylla and G. leptophylla they are fragile, and
average from two to six inches in length. These two
species are peculiar in being, with the exception of
Ceratopteris thalictroides, the only known truly annual
Ferns. G. cherophylla grows freely ; its spores vege-
tate abundantly throughout the house, often as a
weed. G. leptophylla is, however, not so free in its
growth. When its fronds decay, the pot should be
covered with a piece of glass, and put in a dry place
until the proper season arrives in- spring, when the
application of moisture will cause the latent spores to
vegetate. (4. flexuosa differs from the whole of the
genus in having prelonging fronds, which climb in a
rambling manner over bushes, like those of Lygo-
dium, noticed in another page: it will probably here-
after form the type of a distinct genus. The beautiful
genus Lindscea, of which no less than sixty species are
described in Hooker’s “Species Filicum,” are, with
few exceptions, natives of the tropics of both hemi-
spheres; in my Catalogue of 1857, only two species are
recorded as being cultivated; but, within these few
years, the number has increased to fourteen, the greater
CULTIVATION. 357
part having been introduccd from Guiana by Mr.
Backhouse, of York, and on account of their slow
increase, plants of them are yet very rare: they are
natives of generally the lower regions of tropical vege-
tation, growing in open places amongst herbage of
small plants and grass, or on the skirts of woods, and
sometimes under the shade of trees, the soil being
very poor, sometimes almost nothing but sand or
stony débris, in which their sarmentums are partially
hypogeous, the soil and air never being much below
the temperature of 80°, and although almost daily
subject to the influence of tropical thunder-showers,
yet, on account of the nature of the soil, the surface is
never over saturated. Finding that they do not flourish
underthe medium temperature of a Tropical Fern House,
it therefore is necessary that a special part of the house,
on the principle of a Wardian Case, should be adapted,
so that a moist air of 80° may be steadily maintained,
and the plants occasionally sprinkled overhead, taking
care that no superfluity remain in the soil, which
should be no more than moist.
Like Lindscea, the curious and interesting genus
Schizea does not readily conform to cultivation;
plants of Schizcea elegans have often been freely im-
ported from Trinidad, and although tried in various
ways in high and moderate temperatures, it cannot be
said they have yet become established. Under the
Wardian Case, the native imported fronds remain for
a considerable time fresh, and sometimes new fronds
show themselves, but fail to’‘come to maturity. Ina
letter lately received from Mr. Prestoe, in Trinidad, he
informs me that the Schizwa elegans grows in solitary
patches in loamy soil, covered with threo or for
358 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
inches of leaf soil, in company with Adiantum and
other Ferns, as well as much Cyperacee, the whole
forming a dense undergrowth in woods. From this it.
appears there is no great peculiarity from other Ferns
as to its place of growth, and that our ill success
arises in consequence of the nature of the plant, being.
difficult to re-establish after being taken from its
native soil, of which there are many instances; the
common Péeris aquilina being a familiar example.
The numerous aud beautiful species of Hymeno-
phytle, called Filmy Ferns, merit particular attention.
They are natives of both tropical and temperate
regions, and where they abound are generally found
in shady moist woods, clothing the lower parts of the
trunks of trees, especially Tree Ferns, or on dripping
rocks, or surface-soil of the deepest ravines, rarely in
exposed situations. In order to surround them with
a moist atmosphere, adaptations must be resorted to,
such as moveable cases upon the Wardian principle,
hereafter to be described, and which are essentially.
necessary for the cultivation of this delicate tribe.
Such, indeed, is their delicacy, that if once allowed to
betome dry on the surface of their fronds for any
length of time, a rusty and shrivelled appearance will
soon follow. Having, as already stated, succeeded in
cultivating Trichomanes radicans, it becomes obvious
that other species could also be made subservient to
cultivation ; of which there is ample evidence to be
seen at Kew, where there are forty cascs* of different
sizes, arranged on a stone shelf on the north side of
the large Fern House, in such a position that they
* May, 1864.
CULTIVATION. . 359:
receive but little stm in winter, and are densely shaded:
in summer, all filled with patches of fine fronds, of a
number of different species, varying from the delicate.
hair-like Trichomanes tricoidewm, not more than two
inches high, to the robust 7’. anceps and 7’. radicans.
They are grown in square shallow pans and boxes,
well drained in the ordinary way, and having about.
two inches of peat soil mixed with nearly half its bulk.
of sand and small broken potsherds; but soft sand-
stone is best. For the creeping sorts the soil should
be raised in the form of a mound, and for those that
have long-extending sarmentums, if soft stone cannot
be had, it is desirable to invert a pan or common deep
pot, covering it with a layer of soil, as already ex-
plained, to which the plant will cling, and soon form a
green hillock: junks of wood answer the purpose;
but in a moist, close, and warm atmosphere, fungi
and insects. breed, and in a short time the wood
decays, causing unnecessary disturbance of the whole
mass. of the plant.
The singular genus Lygodiwm, and its ally Lygo-
dietyon, grow naturally in firm soils, generally amongst.
trees and bushes, their wiry, flexile, climbing fronds
growing over and involving everything within their
reach in the most intricate complexity. In most
Ferns, the whole of the divisions of the fronds are
formed in the nascent or bud state, and are unfolded
as the fronds elongate ; when the whole of the deve-
loped parts are unfolded, the frond ceases further ex-
tension. This is, however, not the case in Lygodium,
Salpichlena, Pellea flexuosa, Gymnogramma flecuosa,
Odontosoria aculeata, and a few others, the fronds of
which are. of indefinite extension, their apices - con-
360 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN
tinuing to grow and produce lateral pinne, in every
way analogous to the development of branches and
leaves in woody plants. The climbing and rambling
nature of these plants necessitates some kind of sup-
port when cultivated in pots, which may consist of
open wire trellises of a cylindrical form, varying in
height from three to six feet or more, which, if fixed
to a pot ten to twelve inches in diameter, the plants
will, with careful training, become handsome speci-
mens; they are also well adapted for covering trellis
against wall or pillars.
The fronds of the much admired genus Gleichenia_
are also indefinite in extension, and some of the
smaller species, when growing amongst bushes, assume
a climbing habit; but in G. furcata, G. dichotoma, G.
Cunninghami, and G. flabellata, the fronds are rigid
and erect, produced from a more or less stout or slender
sarmentum, which is either superficial or creeps a
little below the surface of the soil; therefore shallow
pans or boxes are best suited for these plants ; and
with attention specimens of considerable size may be
attained, as, for instance, at Kew a plant of G. flabellata
measured twelve to thirteen feet in circumference and
four and a half feet high, consisting of a thicket of
fine fan-like fronds.
It may be expected that in such an extensive family
some species would be found bearing the appellation
of aquatics, but such is not the case; for although
many species grow in wet places, such as Osmunda
regalis and Acrostichum aureum, both of which love
water, but also flourish even in dry places, the only
Fern really entitled to be called a water Fern being
Ceratopteris thalictroides, and which is also singular
CULTIVATION. 361
in another respect—in being one of the few Ferns that
are only annual. It is widely dispersed throughout the
tropics, growing in wet places, often flooded; its
sterile, viviparous fronds floating on or below the
surface of the water, as may be yearly seen in the
Victoria Lily tanks at Kew. Being annual, care must
be taken to preserve spores, which in the spring
should be sown in a shallow pan of loamy soil made
wet like mud, kept moist ; and when the plants are of
sufficient size, the pan may be either filled with water,
or be placed about an inch deepina tank. Acrostichum
aureum is mentioned as growing in wet places; for
instance, in Jamaica and other of the West-India
Islands it is described as taking the place of the Kuro-
pean Typha latifolia, attaining the height of seven or
eight feet. By imitating its natural condition, placing
it in a pan of water, or in a tank, specimens have been
grown at Kew to the height of six feet; but although
it enjoys and luxuriates in water, it also grows in dry
places, its height then not exceeding one to two feet,
and often with simple fronds.
The delicately beautiful Selaginellas, on account of
the large share of notice they receive and meet from
the admirers of the Cryptogamic family, deserve
here an especial notice. Originally the species were
included under Lycopodium ; but have been separated
on account of differing in the character of their
spore-cases. The species are numerous, and their
habit and free growth mark them as a very distinct
group from true Lycopodium. With a knowledge of
a few species, two very distinct modes of growth are
easily understood ; the upright or climbing ones, such
as 8. Africana and 8. filicina, are examples, and the
862 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
decumbent or creeping species, such as 8. serpens,
S. uncinata, S. Galiottit, &c., are examples. The
latter delight in a light soil, composed of fibry peat
and well-decomposéd leaf-soil, free from pieces of
wood (as it generates fungi), with a little sand inter-
mixed, and require a depth of only about two inches
in ordinary round pans, with ample drainage. If,
however, good specimens are desirable, with an
arrangement on a bench or low shelf, square pans
about twice their height at the back as in front, are in
every way preferable, and as at Kew, arranged alter-
nately with the cases of Hymenophylle, with which
they harmonize. The former-mentioned species, on
account of their robust habit and strong rooting cha-,
racter, require the shallow pot, and a similar soil as for
the last, but with a small proportion of light loam.
The magnificent Selaginella levigata, if supported by
wires against a wall, becomes, in a remarkably short
time, the loveliest object to be found in a Fernery.
The species of the Iosulate section differ from the rest
of the genus in having erect, fasciculate vernation, the
frondules rising froma central developing axis, and,
as in S. lepidophylla, spreading out nearly horizontal,
and overlapping one another, forming a beautiful
green rosette, about six inches in diameter; when dry,
they turn upwards and inwards in an inyolute manner,
the whole mass of the plant thus forming a firm ball,
which, on becoming moist, again expands; and even
perfectly dead plants, when expanded, seem as if alive.
In that respect being analogous to that of the insig-
nificant cruciferous plant called the Rose of Jericho
(Anastatica hierochuntica): hence the balls of this
Selaginella are frequently met with in curiosity-shops
CULTIVATION. | 363
ander the above name. This hygrometric property
seems to indicate that this and its allied species are
subjected to occasional drought in their native localities.
But although they may frequently undergo this pro-
cess in nature with impunity, it is, however, not
desirous to be too often repeated on plants artificially
cultivated. Shallow pots, four to five inches in
diameter, best suit this section; and being firm
holders, it is necessary to insert pieces of soft sand-
stone or potsherds amongst the shallow soil, so as
to fix the plant firmly in the pot. The extremely
delicate nature of the tissue of these little plants neces-
sitates. that a position the shadiest and moistest in a
Fernery should be assigned to them. S. Willdenovii,
S. filicina, and others are termed deciduous from their
fronds decaying altogether in the early spring; new
fronds, however, soon begin to grow.
The species of true Lycopodiwm are also numerous,
some being terrestrial and others epiphytal, hanging
from the trees like various-sized cord, one to four feet in
length, Of the terrestrial, five are natives of thiscountry ;
they, as well as several beautiful species that have from
time to time been introduced from North America,
refuse to become domesticated under ordinary treat-
ment; to which must be added the wide-spread and
beautiful tropical species L. cernwum. Equal ill success
attends the epiphytal species ; for although frequently
imported, they are yet but poorly represented in our
collections ; they adhere to trees by producing many
fibrous roots, which ultimately become a large spongy
mass.
. The extra height of roof required for the growing of
good examples of Tree Ferns excludes them from many
864 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
amateur collections. This has also been the case at
Kew for the last twenty years, especially as regards
Tropical Tree Ferns, many fine plants succumbing to
the make-shifts that of necessity had to be resorted
to after they had attained a certain height ; but by
beginning with young plants, they may be grown fora
number of years in houses of the usual average height
of ten to twelve feet, as also the large fronded trce-
like Lastrea villosa, Litobrochia podophylla, Aspleniwm
striatum, Hemidictyon marginatum, and many others
of like habit. The latter, at Kew, in a 20-inch pot,
produced beautiful fronds, seven feet in height, and
which might, with encouragement, soon be made to
produce them equal to those of native growth—fourteen
feet. But in order to get rid of the inconvenient and
unsightly look of large pots and tubs, it is best to
adopt for these plants the system of natural cultivation
explained further on.
In the “ Species Filicum” about one hundred and
twenty species of Tree Ferns are described; but,
according to Mr. Moore’s “Index Filicum,” the
number amounts to nearly two hundred. They are
widely distributed, chiefly within the tropics. They
love shade and solitude, and are generally found at
elevations of from three thousand to five thousand feet
in the humid regions. In the southern hemisphere
they, however, extend much beyond the tropics, their
southern limits being New Zealand, Norfolk Island,
New South Wales, and Tasmania, where they grow at
a lower elevation than within the tropics. On Mount
Wellington, in the latter island, Dicksonia Antarctica
is found in the greatest abundance, at an elevation
of from one thousand five hundred to two thousand
J
CULTLVALION. 869
feet, attaming the height of from eightecn to twenty
feet, growing only in damp places, generally gullies,
where the sun rarely penetrates, and where they aro
sometimes covered with snow, and in summer the
atmosphere loaded with vapour. This suggests that,
with proper selection of situations, they might live
in the open air in the south and west of England, as
also the mild climate of Argyleshire, where shaded
ravines and gullies may be found similar to those of
Mount Wellington.
With few exceptions, Tree Ferns readily conform to
cultivation. Alsophila capensis, A. excelsa, A. Australis,
Cyathea deulbata, C. medullaris, Dicksonia antaretica,
and D. squarrosa, grow freely in the Temperate House ;
the lofty Alsophila glauca, the beautiful tessellated
stem of Cyathea arborea, with its crown of fine
fronds, and the broad shining fronds of Hemitelia
horrida, assume a grand appearance in the Tropical
House. In general, the stems of Tree Ferns are of
sufficient size to warrant the name of trees; but in
many the thickness is more apparent than real, the
diameter of the woody centre being often only a few
inches, but in many cases covered with successive
productions of out-growing aérial roots, which become
hard and wiry, and by their interlacing, form a com-
pact mass; the points of these roots are, however, the
active feeders, and if a layer of fresh soil is occasion-
ally placed round the base of the stem, their growth
will be promoted, and vigour given to the plant. The
most fastidious Tree Fern to cultivate is Dicksonia
arborescens, anative of St. Helena. It was first intro-
duced to this country in 1786, and many times since,
but refuses to become established, either in a tropical
366 FERNS: BRITISH AND FORBICN.
or temperate house. This species, as well as the whole
of the species of true Dicksonice, are characterized by
the base of the stipes being clothed with a more or
less coating of beautiful, articulated silky hairs; in
some species of Cibotiwm, the quantity is so great, that
in the Sandwich Islands it is collected, and ship-loads
of it sent to California and Australia for stuffing
cushions, beds, &c. Another remarkable species of
this alliance is Cibotium Barometz, a native of China
and other parts of Hastern Asia; its fronds attain the
height of twelve to fourteen feet (even in this country) ;
they rise from a thick decumbent caudex, which is
densely covered with silky hairs; as above described ;
lying on the ground, it has the appearance of a woolly-
clad animal. The stories told about it to early travellers
led them to describe it as an animal with flesh and
blood, but fixed to one position, from which it never
moves; hence the story of the now fabulous Barometz,
or Vegetable Lamb. This plant is of easy cultivation ;
if placed on soil slightly raised, a few years’ growth
will produce very good specimens of the “ Lamb.”
The rare Schizoceena sinuata is an exception to the
general rule that characterizes Tree Ferns, the stem
being slender, not exceeding an inch in thickness,
attaining the height of three or four feet, and bearing
a fascicle of simple fronds. This remarkable Fern is a
native of Ceylon; it grows in shady places in woods
where a degree of coolness prevails. A few years ago
plants of it were received at Kew, and it was found
necessary to place them in a large Wardian Case, ir in
which they flourished.
Although the plants belonging to the order Murat-
tiavee are ranked with Ferns, they nevertheless differ
CULTIVATION, 367
much inhabit, chiefly as regards the nature of the roots,
which are thickened and fleshy, and generally pene-
trating deeply into firm soil. In their general character
they present much resemblance to the roots of
Cycadee, Cyclanthee,and other allied endogens; also in
venation the remarkable genus Stangertaconnects them
through Dana with Cycadee ; and their compound
fronds are represented in the same family through the
new genus Bowenia. The species of Marattia and
Angiopteris grow freely in a loamy soil, requiring
plenty of water. Some species of Angiopteris require
amuch space, for although the caudex does not rise
much above the ground, yet a’ plant at Kew produced
fronds that reached the height of twelve feet, spreading
outwards, forming a diameter of thirty-four feet. The
species of Danea and Kaulfussii are, however, not
such free growers; they require a moist and high
temperature.
I have now gone through a few of the principal genera
requiring special kinds of treatment ; the next consider-
ation is good management as regards temperature,
watering, airing, and keeping free from insects. Much
depends on the size and nature of the house ; the larger
it is, the less fluctuations of temperature take place,
especially in a house of the ordinary construction of
glass roof and sides, whether lean-to or span. The
maintenance of a proper condition of the air in plant-
houses depends much on the nature of the interior
fittings. White or polished, reflecting and radiating
- surfacés, should be avoided as much as possible, such
as iron pillars, rafters, spandrels, polished slate or
smooth stone, iron or stone floors, &c. These kinds of
. mater'ai are often introduced in superabundance, for
305 fERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
the purpose of giving consequence and dignity to the
house, thus laying the foundation for conditions un-
favourable to plants. The shelves orbenches may consist
of dark-coloured porous stone or rough slate, with an
edging of smooth slate two inches deep, so as to form a
shallow trough, which should be filled with dark-
coloured sand or fine-sifted coal-ashes, the whole
pressed down, so as to form a firm smooth surface, on
which the pots are to be arranged. By this means a
degree of moisture will be retained more congenial to
the plants than when standing on stone or slate. An
edging of about three inches of Selaginella hortensis or
S. denticulata gives a neat appearance, and if allowed
to run between the pots, the whole becomes more con-
genial than a naked surface. White sand or broken
quartz is frequently used, but it soon becomes dirty,
and has a harsh and dry appearance.
In the arrangement of the plants some degree of
order must be observed, so that every specimen plant
of a species should be seen to advantage, and if the
collection is extensive, and the house has different
aspects as regards light and shade, then it is desirable
to arrange the plants according to their habits and
requirements; thus, at Kew, the division Hremobrya
occupy the whole of the south side of the house ; this
division being less sensitive to the effects of the sun
or deficiency of water than the more extensive division
Desmobrya, which, on account of their thin texture,
very quickly suffer from dryness or too much exposure
to the sun; therefore the north side of the house is
best for them.
The natural direction of the fronds is the most
pleasing, whether upright, pendulous, or sprcaaing,
CULTIVATION. 359
Ta the latter case, sometimes their own weight makes
them fall lower than is convenient; it therefore
becomes necessary to support them by inconspicuous
stakes. Care must, however, be taken not to raise the
fronds above their natural position, and to avoid making
them have a stiff formal appearance.
In “Theories of Horticulture,” it is said that
abundance of hght and a free circulation of air are
indispensable for the cultivation of plants under glass.
In my long experience, I have found, as a rule an
abundance of light and a too free circulation of air
prejudicial to the good cultivation of plants in general.
With regard to Ferns, they love a quiet, dull atmo-
sphere ; the light afforded by a roof glazed with the
ordinary transparent glass, admits fully double the
amouut of light necessary during eight months of the
year. Sufficient means are, however, necessary for
admitting air, in order to keep down the temperature
in sammer; but care must be observed in admitting
it; if not, the increased ventilation in lowering the
temperature will cause a rapid dispersion of the essen-
tial moist atmosphere at a time when most required.
Shading must then be resorted to, this being the chief
purpose which it serves, besides protecting the plant’s
foliage from the too powerful rays of the sun. It may
consist of canvas blinds on rollers; two moderately
thick ones are much better than one very thick, espe-
cially when Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum aro
grown ; one should be permanent during the height of
the summer, the other to roll over it on occasions of full
sunshine. Although canvas is here spoken of as best
for shading, and is extensively used, still it is trouble-
some, and in the end expensive, which makes it de.
2B
370 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
sirable to resort to some other method; such as by
using several kinds of dulled or rough glass.
Tn former years, the fruit and plant-houses at Kew
were glazed with a very dark-green glass called
Stourbridge-green, and which was patronized by the
late Mr. Aiton. Fine crops of fruit were produced
under it, also the tropical plants in the Botanic
Garden flourished without the aid of canvas or shade
of any kind. Not many years ago, solitary squares
of this glass might be seen in the roofs of the
old hot-hcuses, which strongly ccntrasted with the
modern clear glass. My experience with this glass led
me to recommend green glass for the Palm House,
which was adopted ; but the modern-made green tint
does not appear to be so fixed a colour as that of the
old Stourbridge-green.
The Palm House in the nursery of the late Messrs.
Loddiges, at Hackney (now things of the past), affords
another example of successful plant-growing without
the aid of canvas or other moveable shading material.
On the late Mr. George Loddiges being consulted
respecting the glazing of the Kew Palm House,
he was asked if they shaded theirs; his reply was,
“Oh, no; our thick rafters and sash-frames, with
sooty glass, just afford the amount of light necessary
for the plants.” Under this roof, in an atmosphere
of stillness and gloom, Palms, Ferns, Orchids, and
numerous other tropical plants, grew in the greatest
luxuriance, which, with the proverbial solitude of the
place, and when viewed from the elevated platform,
gave the idea of a ravine in a tropical forest.
To judge by the above examples of Kew and Hack-
ney, it appears that fruits and plants were successfully
CULTIVATION. 871
grown under roofs very different in appearance from
the elegant clear glass roofs of the present day,
which, nevertheless, necessitates some kind of invention
for temporary shading in summer; but it is to be
hoped this will be superseded by further improvements.
Double glazing is now spoken of as answering the
twofold purpose of saving shading and fuel; but as
there appear to be different opinions on its merits,
further experience is therefore desirable before it can
be safely recommended.
With regard to watering, it is difficult to explain in
words, or lay down arule, what constitutes the extremes
of dryand wet soil ina flower-pot, feeling is perhaps the
best guide; if, on taking a pinch of soil between the
finger and thumb, the particles will not adhere, then it
is too dry ; if it adheres, and falls like a dry wafer, then
the plant is not in immediate want of water ; but, on the
contrary, should the soil stick to the fingers like a wet
wafer, then the whole is in a bad condition, and should
the plant be weakly, it will get worse if allowed to
remain in the sodden soil; for the correctness of this test
care must be taken not to be deceived by the surface-
soil, for it may be either dry or wet, and the contrary
lower down. Another test of the state of soil is to
give the side of the pot a smart tap with a hard piece
of wood; should the sound be hollow, with a little
tone, then the ball.is dry; if, on the contrary, there
is only the dull sound of the tap, without any tone,
then the ball is moist and tight in the pot. To those
in the habit of watering the same plants for a leneth-
ened time, this test is of service, but it must not
altogether be depended upon. ‘The quality of the
water has great effect on the health of the plants,
2B 2
372 FERNS : PRITISH AND FUSEIGN.
li should always be soft, or, if hard, should be aerated
in open tanks; rain-water is best, but if collected
from the roofs of hothouses, care must be taken that it
does not become impure by the decomposition of the
paint and putty, which is of frequent occurrence, and
in time it so impregnates the water as to cover the
foliage of the plants, when often syringed, with a thin
film, that gives them a dull look; care should also
be taken that the temperature of the water should not
be less than 50°, especially in winter. Syringing is
made an operation of great importance in guide-
books on cultivation, and is readily accepted by the
unskilled amateur as necessary, and being amusing,
is often carried out in the extreme, to the injury of
the plants. An amateur remarked not long ago,
“ Now we have got such a nice lady’s syringe, it is
quite a delight to use it.” Another remarked, “I
every day regularly water, syringe, and sponge my pet
Adiantums, but with all my attention they are getting
of a brown colour, surely your plants (at Kew) must
have great attention to keep them so green.” The
lady syringer is told that many of the plants before her
have been in the same pots for several years, and that
they get water when dry, and are never syringed
or sponged, unless for removing insects when they
appear.
From what has now been stated, an amateur’s
successful cultivation of Ferns simply depends on
proper soil and potting, careful watering, placing in a
quiet, moist atmosphere, keeping down temperature in
summer by shading, and to avoid currents of dry air,
and in winter to maintain the proper temperature,
according to the nature of the plants, by means of
CULTIVATION, 873
hot-water pipes. For the latter purpose, in small
houses, temporary stoves of gas and charcoal are used,
often to the utter destruction of the plants.
To assist in maintaining a moist atmosphere besides
the usual moist surfaces of the pots, it is desirable
to have water-troughs on the top of the hot-water
pipes, as also to place pans of water on or near the
pipes; also in hot weather, the paths and other
evaporating surfaces should be wetted every morning
and evening. An occasional syringing may be given,
which should be done when the out-door air is charged
with vapour; wetting plants when the air is dry
causes a sudden evaporation, and a reduction of
temperature on the surface of the frond is the con-
sequence. This is especially the case with broad,
smooth, glossy species, such as the genera Phymatodes,
Neottopteris, Asplenium, Diplazium, &c. ; occasionally
the whole of some fronds or part of a frond becomes
black. In order to raise vapour, a practice prevails
with many cultivators to throw water over the hot-water
pipes (or flues) ; there is no objection to this, pro-
viding the air out of doors is warm, but in the winter
season it is often done in the evening, in order to
counteract the dryness of the air, caused by the extra
heat of the pipes required at that season ; the house then
becomes filled with hot vapour, which coming in
contact with the glass of the roof condenses and falls
in a shower of cold drops on the plant; at the same
time the temperature of the house rapidly falls, thus
causing black fronds, spots in orchids, and such-like
complaints.
Ferns, like other plants, are liable to be more or
less infested with insects; the soft membraneous kinds
BYE FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
being the most subject, while, on the contrary, the
smooth-fronded kinds, such as the whole of the
division of Eremobrya, Elaphoglossum, &c., are, it
may be said, quite exempt. The mealy bug, three
kinds of scale, and thrips, are the chief pests, and
should be carefully watched. The oblong brown
scale is generally the most common, and very quickly
overruns the under side of the frond, forming lines
along the midribs. Many kinds of fluid mix-
tures, powders, and other nostrums, have from time
to time been advertised for their destruction, but it
too often happens what kills insects also injures the
plant, and makes it look unsightly. Fumigation
with tobacco is the grand preventive against the
breeding of plant-insects; very slight fumigation
destroys the winged male insect of all the Coccos
family, and if frequently repeated, the whole in time
will become extinct. When the mealy bug gets a
head, it is readily got rid of by syringing; not so
the scale, it requires to be loosened with a soft
brush, or blunt-pointed peg, which, if the weather
permit, should be done out of doors, and the plant
afterwards syringed, so as to clear away all loose scale
and eggs. Scale insects are adherers and suckers
only ; not so the less conspicuous insect the thrip,
which is a small, slender, black, shining insect, with
large prominent eyes, and quick in its movements,
herding in groups, generally on the under side of
the frond, voraciously feeding on the cuticle, which
they soon destroy, permanent injury being often done
without any indication of their presence till too late;
they must, therefore, he carefully watched, and, when
seen, at once destroyed by pinching with the fingers,
CULTIVATION. 375
and syringing the plant. They are generally found
on species of Adiantum, Pellea, Platyloma, Doryo-
pteris, Hemionites cordifolia, and other genera having
fronds of a smooth, chestnut-brown colour. Within
the last twenty years a small, white-winged insect, like
a midge, has made its appearance (supposed to have
been first introduced with imported plants to Kew).
They congregate on the under side of the fronds, and,
when the plant is moved, dart off like a flock of
white pigeons. At first it was supposed to be harm-
less; but such is not the case, as it has been found
to feed on the cuticle like thrips; but they are not so
easily caught. Repeated tobacco fumigation destroys
it.* Red spider seldom attack Ferns; when such is
the case, it is a sure sign that the air of the house
is too dry.
Few plant-houses are exempt from the well-known
cockroach, which when once introduced is one of the
greatest of pests. They increase and multiply most
rapidly, and are most voracious feeders, eating and
gnawing the fronds of Ferns, old and young, often
completely in one night spoiling fine plants; there-
fore war in all its forms must be waged against
them. They are night marauders, hiding and breed-
ing in crevices of masonry in dark places, generally
near the furnaces, or hottest parts of the heating-pipes,
and are even found lurking amongst the drainage, in
large pots, from which they issue at dusk to commence
their ravages. Many expedients are resorted to for
their destruction, such as attacking them in their day
* This insect has been described and figured in the
Gardeners’ Chronicle, of 1856, by Mr. Westwood, under the
name of Aleyrodes vaporariorum,
376 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
abode, by the appliance of boiling-water, sulphur
fumes, or exploding gunpowder: when such agents
can be used, they deal with them quickly and whole-
sale. Various kinds of traps are used, which, with
poison, will, if daily attended to, completely extirpate
them. But it must be borne in mind that, although the
whole, old and young, may be got rid of in the course
of a fortnight by poison— the effect of which is
greatly increased by the living eating the poisoned
dead,—eggs are however left, which will soon pro-
duce a new generation that must not be allowed to
arrive at maturity.
Under the ordinary varying atmosphere of hot-
houses, insects seem not to be affected, for if thcir
extirpation is not attended to, they will be found in
more or less abundance all the year. Not so the
sooty mildew,* a fungus covering the upper surface
of the leaves of plants with a black, sooty coat, and
for their sudden appearance, like that of the grape
mildew, the potato disease, and other sporadic
plagues, no satisfactory causes have as yet been
assigned. The pest now under consideration may be
called one of these plagues; in some years it is not
seen, while in another it soon overruns and quickly
covers Ferns, and other plants, in hothouses. The
broad-fronded species of Aspidium, Menisciwm, Gonio-
pteris, Angiopteris, &c., are very subject to its attacks.
Books on mycology name and describe these pests,
but not how to prevent them; and bcoks on horti-
culture instruct how to get rid of them; the principle
of which seems to be dusting with sulphur, washing,
* Fumago foliorum, Fries.
OULTIVATION. 377
and syringing, the latter being the only remedy for
the black mildew.
This concludes my observations on pot-cultivation,
and in order to save repetition, it must be understood
that the process as regards soil, watering, airing, &c.,
is equally applicable to natural cultivation, which I
now proceed to describe.
II. Narorat Currivarion.
d hae natural cultivation of Ferns consists in growing
them without the aid of garden-pots. This is
accomplished by placing them, as far as artificial
appliances will permit, under conditions and influences
analogous to that of their native wilds; for that
purpose uneven irregular surfaces are best adapted,
whether natural or artificially formed; and as Ferns
are generally called rock-plants, which many truly are,
therefore, in order to imitate rocks, the surface on
which they are grown is made irregular and covered
with rude stones, on or between which the Ferns are
planted; hence the term Rockery is applied to this
kind of cultivation.
For all species of Ferns, either hardy or tender,
this system of culture, which admits of their being
planted out, is far preferable, to whatever extent it
may be desirable to practise it, whether in the sheltered
nook, in the open air, or in stoves or greenhouses,
either partially or entirely devoted to it. For by it is
the finest health imparted to the plants. The rockery
bank which once occupied the Temperate Fern House
at Kew, together with the fine fronds of tropical specics
grown on rockery in the Palm House, afforded excellent
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
examples of the superiority of this mode of growing
plants over that of pot culture; by proper arrange-
ment from ordinary level positions, their delicate hue
and elegant form of outline may be seen to much
greater advantage, as the upper surfaces of their
fronds are generally presented to the eye more fully.
And where this system is largely carried out, if a
raised platform or footway be erected considerably
above them, the advantage is still greater. The great
beneficial influence this system has on the plant is
mainly consequent on the more uniformly moist at-
mosphere, so congenial to all Ferns, which can be
successfully maintained from the great extent of the
more natural evaporating surface of the soil, and ma-
terial, with which the rockery is composed; and as they
are allowed to establish themselves at freedom in it,
there is a similar uniformity of temperature at the
root, as well as of moisture. As is well known, in
iarge masses of earthy and other solid material, its
temperature does not fluctuate with that of the house,
at least, as in the case with ordinary-sized pots of soil,
where the absorption and radiation of the heat takes
place so much more rapidly. It may further be men-
tioned, that, in a house entirely devoted to the cul-
tivation of Ferns under this system, its evaporating
surface does not wholly consist of the principal mass of
material composing the rockwork; there is the large
extent of wall-surface, which, if properly constructed
with rough and absorbent material, is continually
giving off its moisture, besides, from that reason,
affording an excellent opportunity for Ferns of more
or less scandent habit to assume their native character
in luxuriant profusion, by growing on it as on natural
CULTIVATION. 879
rocks. As regards the design of any structure in-
tended to be wholly or partially devoted to the culti-
vation of Ferns, it is of course a good deal a matter
of taste and convenience, as the system is available’
in almost any kind of structure, large or small, but
varying in the degree of economy in its construction.
To this end, the first consideration should be to
construct in a manner that will insure the necessary
amount of shade and moisture and (when required)
beat, with as little auxiliary assistance as possible.
Therefore if a lean-to house be adopted, the aspect
should be west or north-west, with the back consisting
entirely of wall. Should a span-roofed structure, how-
ever, be preferred, which indeed for all purposes is
much the best (and which will be here treated of as
a general example), its aspect should be north and
south, by which a shadier and consequently a moister
side of the house will be obtained, suitable for Ferns
of more or less delicate structure, such as the genera
Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum. A sunk house, in
the manner of a ditch or railway-cutting, is most
suitable, and will give ample height for the growth
of Tree Ferns, without the necessity of having high
side walls, and thus exposing a lessened portion of
the house’s surface to the action of climatic vicissitude;
consequently a warm moist atmosphere may be main-
tained with but little assistance from artificial heat.
As a source of heat the hot-water apparatus is to be
preferred, on account of its economic utility, and
where practicable the pipes should be hidden as much
as possible with the rockery mateérial. Perkins’s sys-
tem of heating is perhaps the best for a house of this
kind ; it consists of coils of sriall pipe, which can be
380 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
arranged in any part of the house, and are readily
detached and again fixed at another point when found
necessary. The first deposit for the rockery should
“be rough and somewhat absorbent, such as irregular
brickbats, masses of stone, loosely disposed to admit
of a ready dissemination of the heat amongst its
parts, and then follow with the material proper.
Apertures for the escape of the heat should be con-
structed at frequent intervals, drain-pipes being very
suitable for this purpose, which, by the mass being kept
properly moist, will allow the heated air to circulate
in a congenial steamy condition throughout the house.
In the design and arrangement of the principal
mass of material composing the rockwork, it is, as in
the design of the house, a good deal a matter of taste
and convenience as regards size; whether in repre-
senting in miniature a regged mountain side, or deep
glen, with its clear pool, reflecting the elegant forms
of the Ferns growing near it; or may be a miniature
valley, with undulating surfaces gradually rising on
either side, with projecting rocks. There are nu-
merous kinds of material more or less suitable for
constructing a rockery either indoors or out, and but
a few localities where some of these may not be easily
procured. The chief desideratum is to have such that
is of porous consistence, and generally with rough
and ragged surfaces. It is useless to be particular in
the selection of various kinds of stone on account ot
their fine quality, either in texture or colour ; for where
Ferns properly thrive all such will be speedily obscured
by their luxuriant growth; consequently any brick-
field affords very good material that would contribute
largely in the general structure, in the way of con-
CULTIVATION, 381
glomerated masses of brick, or bricks artificially
amassed with Portland cement to form miniature
rocks, rugged cones, rough pillars, or perpendicular
surfaces. However, when procurable, the absorbent
and roughly quarried soft stone should enter largely into
the composition of the rockery, as it is pre-eminently
useful, not only in contributing so largely to the
natural appearance of the whole, but, when the more
delicate members of the Fern family of creeping habit
are grown, it is invaluable in affording a moist surface
for their tender rhizomes to cling to. It is seldom
that wood of any kind is found of much use, as it is
so soon reduced by decomposition, and fungi produced
in contaminating profusion. The soil to be used in
the rockery-house should be selected and applied
according to the principle already given in pot-
culture. The style of the Fern-rockery having been
decided on and executed accordingly, the next step
will be to arrange the plants about it; and to carry this
out satisfactorily is not the least difficult part of the
whole undertaking, as it is not only essential to provide
positions for each individual plant, but such that
will prevent any injurious interference of its neighbour,
either by foliage or root.
Should the roof require support (and if not, should
it be consistent with elegance and regularity), pillars
composed of rough porous stone or brickwork may
be constructed, and, if admissible, united above as
archings, which, when clothed with the luxuriant
foliage of scandent and pendulous Ferns, intermixed
with the broad foliage of creeping Aroidece, growing
from their crevices and recesses, would greatly enhance
the beauty of the whole, and give a most accurate and
382 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
durable example of the manner in which many species
of Ferns and Aroidee clothe the trunks of trees in
tropical forests; also several species of epiphyial :
woody plants may be introduced with good effect,
such as Tanecium parasiticum, Maregravia umbellata,
Norantea coccinea, Hoyas, and other creepers not
subject to be infested with insects. The species of
Phymatodes, Pleopeltis, Davallia, and several allied
genera,as also Polybotrya and Stenochlena,willluxuriate
over the moist surfaces and form a compact mass; and,
if planted near the wall, direct their rhizomes upwards,
and the plants will quickly assume a most elegant
appearance. The grand and beautiful Schellolepis
verrucosa, and its allies, should be placed in elevated
positions, as their fronds are long and pendulous.
Elevated positions will also be found for the species of
Platycerium, the grand Drynaria Heraclea,and D. coro-
nans: the latter is remarkable in its thick rhizome,
progressing in a circular direction round trees, which,
with the erect, broad, rigid fronds, gives the idea of a
coronet or crown; this circular direction appears to
be normal. A fine plant at Kew, in the course of eight
years, grown in a shallow pot, formed a circle more
than a foot in diameter, For that portion of the
terrestrial group composed of stronger growing spe-
cies, such as Phegopterideee, Pteridew, Aspleniee, &c.,
for which firmer soil is necessary, the ordinary surfaces
of the rockery offer most suitable positions, arranged
there in a manner as their sizes indicate, so as to be
in harmony with those of smaller size around them.
It is perhaps essential to note that the Gymnogramma,
Cheilanthes, and their allies, require a place in the
Fernery, the lightest and best drained; therefore
ry
CULTIVATION. G
Cte
Me
33
thc highey part of the rockery is best suited for them.
tm such a Fernery as this now before the mind’s eye,
convenient positions, in the form of dripping crypts
and recesses, may be provided for the delicately beau-
tiful and easily grown Trichomanes and Hymenophyllum,
without the aid of glass cases that are necessarily
used, as already explained, under pot-culturc.
Where Tree Ferns would be grown, the proper
situation for them is the lowest part of the house, in
the valley, where the greatest head-room would be
obtained, and most constant shade and moisture about
their stems, which will encourage the essential growth
of the aerial out-grown roots. The path in the valley
may be straight or winding between the Tree Ferns,
the intervening spaces to consist of raised mounds or
hillocks, to be planted with the smaller kinds of Tree
Ferns and other large-fronded Ferns. The different
species of Selaginella should occupy the intervening
spaces between the plants, which will add greatly to
the natural appearance of the whole and assist in pro-
moting a genial atmosphere.
To whatever extent a house of this nature may be
carried for tropical Ferns, the same must be allowed
for the extra-tropical kinds, and being sunk, the
necessary amount of heating power required will be
just sufficient to keep out frost. Keeping the house
shut during the winter season, so as to maintain a
quiet, still atmosphere, greatly assists in repelling
frost, indeed for such houses ventilation is only
necessary to keep down high temperature during
summer; free admission is, however, beneficial when the
external air is still and moist, when even the tropical
diyision may be freely left open during the nights of
BY FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
summer, but taking care to prevent currents of dry str.
I have now stated the chief points to be observed
in forming and arranging an indoor natural Fernery,
the principles of which are capable of application to
houses of the ordinary construction and usual average
size, or to any extent that means will allow; even to
realize the grand idea of the celebrated Loudon, who,
more than thirty years ago, speaking in favour of span-
roofs, said, ‘‘ There would be no difficulty in covering
ten acres of Kew Gardens with glass by a series of
span-roofs.”” Although since then much has been
done at Kew, by the erection of lofty plant-houses,
still the area covered falls far short of ten acres; but
as natural cultivation is now patronized, and with
the improving age and desire for novelty, let us hope
that the time is not far distant when Kew may have
at least one acre converted into a straight or winding
Fern-valley covered with glass, the highest part not
to exceed thirty or thirty-five feet above the centre of
the valley, that being sufficient height for such Tree
Ferns as may perchance withstand the vicissitudes of
thirty years careful treatment.
In a house of this kind, furnished with means of
maintaining a temperature of 60 in the coldest weather,
situations in it would be found suitable to the good
growth of not only Ferns and Aroidew, but also
Bromeliacee, Orchids, and other kinds of plants of an
epiphytal nature.
For an open-air Fernery a sheltered situation should
be chosen, and if possible within the influence of
shelter and shade, but not under trees ; a sloping bank,
a natural or artificial hollow, such as an old gravel-pit
or sunk fence, may he turned to good account. Tha
CULTIVATION. 885
fitiaber of species of exotic Ferns sufficiently hardy
te bear the cold of our winters is very limited, much
less than is generally believed, the chief of them
being natives of North America, which, with the
‘British species, amount to about 80 in all; therefore
the extent of space required for a simple collection of
hardy Ferns is small; an area of 60 feet by 10 will be
ample, and which may be either on the side of a slope,
or between two slopes with a path in the centre and
open at one end only; or it may be a raised oblong
mound with a path all around it. If not confined to
a strictly scientific collection, and space to be had, an
interesting natural gien may be formed by introducing
other plants conspicuous for their large foliage.
It has been already stated, that although our small-
growing native and several exotic species, such as the
rock Asplenicee, Woodsia, &c., endure tho extremes of
heat and cold in their native localities, they neverthe-
less suffer by full exposure under artificial cultivation ;
it is therefure necessary to plant them on the rockery,
so that they can readily be protected in winter; an
inverted flower-pot, placed over each plant and covered
with leaves, or some loose material analogous to the
covering of snow of their native country, is a good
protection against being injured by excess of moisture
or severe cold. Where the rockery is to be carried
out ona large scale, then caves and chasms may readily
be constructed, and with a natural or artificial head of
water they can be kept moist by the constant drop-
ping and spreading spray; thus making appropriate
positions for the natural growth of Adiantum Cappilus,
Hymenophyllee, &c. But when a full collection of the
many varieties of Scolopendrium, Asplenium, Lomaria,
2c
386 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
&c., are grown, then a pit, or frame with glazed sashes,
.s the most convenient mode of keeping them. The
width of the pit should not exceed 5 feet, 3 feet or
more high at the back, to slope to about a foot at
front, its length regulated according to the number
of plants. They may be either grown in pots,
arranged to slope to the front, or a bank may be
formed with small rockery stones, neatly arranged
with the plants between them, and if the mason work
for the frame or pit is contrived to be hidden, the
whole will then be in character with the general
rockery. By this an interesting little bank may be
formed, and by proper arrangement of the plants the
variety lover can at a glance see the difference that
marks one favourite from another.. The glass pro-
tection will stimulate the plants into early growth, and
finer fronds will be made, but care must be taken not
to expose the young fronds to the harsh drying winds
of spring, or late frosts, which often do great injury
to out of door Ferns; by midsummer, the glass sashes
may be entirely removed, due attention being pee to
watering and shading.
If the soil and cubueil of the situation chosen tee a
hardy Fernery is stiff and retentive of moisture, and
the neighbouring trees, walls, &c., are clothed with
Musci and Lichens, it is favourable for Ferns without
the aid of much rockery; but if the soil is light and
sandy, then rockery is most essential for retaining
moisture, not only for Ferns, but also all kinds of
small herbaceous plants. Formerly there were great
masses of rockery in the Botanic Garden at Kew, but
modern taste has swept the whole away, which, with
the removal of trees, walls, and old shrubberies, has
CULTIVATION, 887
caused the garden to become drier, as is manifested
by the disappearance of above nearly forty species of
Mosses, Hepatice, and Lichens; the effects of this, with
other canses, have been hurtful to the hardy fern col-
lections. In forming a new rockery, after the plants
have become once established, as few changes should
take place as possible, either with the plants or stones
on which Musci should be encouraged to grow; and
in order to give a decorative effect, Sedums, Semper-
.. vivums, Saxifrages, &c., may be placed on the pro-
jections and shelvings of the stones, the whole bordered
by a line of spring-flowering plants, such as Iberis
sempervirens, Alyssum saxatile, Arabis alpina, and
other plants of that nature.
It may be also mentioned that the vicinity of water
is a favourable position for a Fernery; where such
does not already exist, an artificial piece of water
should be made in conjunction with the rockery,
varying in size from a small basin to any extent: it
may be circular, oblong, straight, or winding, with
irregular projections. In ordinary cases its width need
not exceed ten to twelve feet; its margin should con-
sist of a bog or border, not less than three feet wide,
having a slope to the edge of the water. This border
will afford the means of growing a great many curious
sub-aquatic and bog plants, and the projections will
be excellent positions for the different species of
Osmunda ; water-lilies occupying the centre.
The want of such a rockery and aquarium has been
much felt at Kew; for with all the great cost for
lakes, ponds, and water-works, yet no arrangement
has been made for growing a scientific collection of
bog and aquatic plants, either hardy or tropical.
202
388 FERNS! BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
IV. Courrvation or Ferns iw Warn’s Cases.
T is now thirty years since 1 was invited by Dr.
Ward to visit him at his house in Wellclose
Square, for the purpose of seeing plants growing
in cases and glass jars, so closed as to be considered
air-tight. Knowing, as I did, the common practice
of growing plants under hand and bell-glasses, I
vherefore could not appreciate what I had gone to see
until I was made aware that the plant-loving residents
of such smoky and soot-falling districts of the metro-
polis, as that of Wellclose Square, could grow rare
and delicate plants equal to those at Kew. An
account of this method of growing plants appeared in
the Companion to the Botanical Magazine for 1886, and
in April, 1838, the celebrated philosopher Mr. Faraday
delivered a lecture at the Royal Institution on the
subject, which may be considered as the advent and
introduction of Wardian cases, under which a large
portion, and decidedly the most beautiful of the
Fern family, are now successfully cultivated in the
sitting-rooms of the town-confined lovers of natural
objects. In 1842 Dr. Ward published a small work
on the subject, giving a history and details of manage-
ment, which renders it unnecessary for me to say more
regarding the early history of Ward’s cases. The
principle on which the system is founded, consists
simply in shutting up air in glass cases, in such a
manner that it is not readily influenced by changes
of the external atmosphere. The.case also contains
several inches depth of moist earth, that gives off
Sn ocd c
CULTIVATION. 889
moisture to the absorbent, undisturbed air above it,
which becomes more or less saturated, as dependent
upon changes of temperature, and thus becomes
proper for the growth of plants.
The case may be constructed of any shape or size,
according to taste or means; it can be square or
round, an octagon or hexagon; the roof may be a dome,
span, or sloping, but by all means avoid a flat one ;
and be the shape whatever it may, the design should
inevery point be neat, and not of such an ornamental
description as to be more attractive than the plants.
A very good, interesting collection may be grown
in one 3 ft. long by 14 ft. in width, and 24 feet high;
it will have the best appearance if the sides are con-
structed with single squares of glass; but if divided,
it must not be into more than three, as many
divisions spoil the effect; the ends should be made
to open, to enable any dressing or removing of old
fronds to be done conveniently, and a small piece of
perforated zinc should be inserted in the apex of the
roof at each end, which will assist in preventing the
almost universal complaint, that the plants cannot be
seen for condensed water on the inside of the glass;
this is caused by the variation of temperature. If
the case stunds in the sun or becomes warm inside
during the day, and retains the heat, whilst the
temperature of the room may fall considerably during
the night, the cold air, acting upon the glass, con-
denses the warmer vapour inside and obscures the
plants. By the introduction of the above-named
remedy the temperature is more equally balanced,
and the plants are always to be clearly seen. Should
the air outside become very hot and dry, it will be
390 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
advisable to close the ventilators for a short time
during the day. The glass case should be entirely in-
dependent of the soil-box, but to fit the inside, resting
in a groove or rabbet. The box should be about 6 in.
. deep, and may be made of zinc, brass, or wood lined
with gutta-percha or zinc; but metal of any kind in
contact with the earth or air in which plants are
grown is not genial to either their roots or foliage.
I have always found the plants succeed best in a
neatly-made wooden box lined with pitch, having
a small tap or cock in one corner of the bottom, for
letting away any excess of water; but this will not
be necessary if proper attention is observed in
supplying the plants with a sufficient amount of
water at one time, which, in consequence of little or
no evaporation taking place, will be seldom required.
This knowledge can only be gained by practice ;
many amateurs’ failures with Ward’s cases being
caused mostly by giving too copious waterings at
certain stated intervals.
The height of the stand must be regulated accord-
ing to whether the plants are to be viewed in a
sitting or standing position; for the former the
ordinary height of a table is a sufficient guide, and
for the latter a few inches higher, so that the plants
can be seen through the side glass rather than from
the top. In preparing the box for the plants, about
one inch of its depth should be filled with sand or
other drainage material, such as is already explained
in pot-culture—but in Ward’s cases this is only
necessary as @ precaution against an over-supply of
water,—the rest filled with soil, which should be good
fibry peat and silver sand, intermixed with pieces of
CULTIVATION, 391
sandstone broken small, or (if peat cannot be pro-
cured) good light loam. Having proceeded so far,
two systems of planting the case present themselves.
The first plan is to plant in the soil, which should be
raised in the centre; the number of plants will
depend on the size of the box, and care must be
taken not to plant them in too crowded a manner,
the distance apart depending on the size and nature
of the plants, but in no case should they be closer
than six inches. The second method is to have the
plants established in 4 to 6-inch pots, plunging them
in the soil sufficiently deep to hide the rims of the
pots. The last system has one decided advantage,
namely, should a plant die or does not succeed, it can
be removed and replaced without disturbing its
neighbour. It must be understood that the above
mode of planting relates to plants with erect verna-
tion only, but those with creeping rhizomes, that form
cespitose tufts, require to be planted each on a
separately raised hillock, of which, if the case is large,
there may be a series, and for the creeping Hymeno-
phylla lumps of porous stone are very suitable ; fine
patches may be obtained in this way, not only of
Hymenophylla, but also of the smaller species of
Niphobolus, Anapeltis, the beautiful Humata pinnati-
fida, Davallia pentaphylla, and others of like habit.
After the Ferns are planted, some small-growing
Selaginella, such as S. apus, may be pricked in over
the surface of the soil, in pieces a few inches apart,
which will soon cover it, and give to the whole a neat
and finished appearance, and also materially assist
in maintaining the proper state of moisture in the aix
of the case and about the plants. The planting being
392 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
now completed, the soil must be brought to a uni-
form state of moisture; this is best accomplished by
two or three moderate waterings at intervals of half
an hour, and when thoroughly drained, the case may
be closed and placed in position. To make cases;
ornamental pieces of marble, shells, &c., are often
introduced ; but this should not be tolerated, as they
do not harmonizo with the occupants of such a
structure.
For Hymenophyllu it is necessary they should be
sprinkled overhead occasionally; to enable this to be
done, the tops of all small cases should be moveable,
and in large ones a hinged pane is required. A
sponge, or small thumb-pots filled with water and
placed out of sight, will greatly assist in keeping a
moist atmosphere, which is so essential for the health
of these filmy-leaved plants. If the cases stand in a
room where a fire is regularly kept in the winter, a
great many tropical species may be grown, and in
situations where they stand exposed, such as balcony
windows, halls, &c., care must be taken, as winter
approaches, that the soil does not become frozen,
such being very detrimental 10 even the hardiest
Ferns. Hot bricks and bottles filled with hot
water have been resorted to as a preventive against
frost, as also for maintaining a proper temperature
for tropical species; but unless the bottom of the
case is constructed for that purpose, and arrangements
made for this mode of heating, to be strictly and
regularly attended to, it had better be dispensed with.
Should the case be exposed to the direct rays of the
sun during the summer, it must be shaded, and
care taken that the temperature inside does not
. CULTIVATION.
5 393
become too high; it should not exceed 70°. This
will be much assisted by placing the shading material
at some distance from the case.
Subjoined is a list of
Epecies suitable for cases of ordinary dimensions; it
must, however, be understood that a Ward’s case may
consist of a bell-glass, containing a single plant, up
to a shut-in window, or area covered with glass, where
larger-fronded species may be grown.
Humata heterophylla,
Davallia bullata.
pentaphylla.
Canariensis.
Leucostegia hirsuta.
cherophylia.
pulchella.
Polypodium pectinatum,
Schkuhrii.
Lepicystis sepulta.
squamata,
rhagadiolepis.
Goniophlebium appendicu-
latum.
Lopholepis piloselloides.
Anapeltis stigmatica,
Pleopeltis nuda.
Niphopsis angustatus,
Drymoglossum piloselloides.
Hymenolepis spicata.
Phymatodes longipes.
glauca.
Pleuridium juglandifolium.
venustum.
Sclliguea caudiformis.
Niphobolus Lingua.
Drynaria propinqua.
Elaphoglossum piloselloides.
vestitum.
Hymenodium crinitum.
Rbipidopteris peltata,
Microstaphyla bifurcata,
Psomiocarpa apiifolia.
Stenosemia aurita.
Gymnopteris quercifolia.
Platycerium alcicorne.
Xiphopteris serrulata,
Gymnogramma tomentosa,
Calomelanos,
—— Martensii.
chrysophylla.
Peruviana, vay. argyro-
phyla.
pulchella.
Llavea cordifolia.
Hemionitis palmata,
~—— cordifolia,
Dictyoxiphium Panamense,
Ceratopteris thalictroides.
Meniscium simplex.
Goniopteris asplenioides,
Nephrodium molle.
Cyrtomium faleatum,
Jadyenia prolifera,
Aspidium Pica.
Hypoderris Brownii.
Trichiocarpa Mvorii.
Polystichum mucronatun,
Lonchitis,
triangulum,
anomalum,
| -—— denticulatum,
394 FERNS: BRITISH
Lastrea elegans,
concinna.
— strigosa.
vestita.
podophylla.
erythrosorum,
— Mexicana.
—— emula.
glabella.
—— Shepherdi.
hirta.
sancta,
hispida.
deparioides.
Woodsia hyperborea.
polystichoides.
mollis.
Arthropteris albo-punctata.
Nephrolepis pectinata.
Notholena brachypus.
trichomanoides,
Marante.
sinuata,
sulphurea.
Myriopteris lendigcra.
-—— myriophylla.
elegans.
— tomentosa.
vestita.
hirta.
Cheilanthes viscosa.
fragrans.
tenuifolia.
— microphylla.
—— Alabamensis.
multifida.
argentea,
—— farinosa.
----— pulveracea,
— — capensis,
radiata.
—— pedata.
AND FOREIGN.
Cincinalis nivea.
flavens.
pulchella.
Pellea geraniifolia.
intramarginalis.
hastata.
atropurpurea,
-—— Calomelanos.
ternifolia.
cordata.
Platyloma Brownii.
Adiantum reniforme.
caudatum.
lucidum.
macrophyllum.
villosum.
pulverulentum, var.
rigidum.
fovearum.
curvatum.
affine,
formosum.
hispidulum.
setulosum.
—— fulvum.
tenerum.
sulphureum,
— Chilense.
Capillus.
AMthiopicum.
Onychium Japonicum.
auratum.
Pteris Cretica, var. aibo-
lineata.
longifolia.
--— crenata.
heterophyl'a.
semipinnata.
—— argyrea.
——- tricolor.
scaberula,
Litobrochia denticutata.
#
Litobrochia leptophylla.
Doryopteris sagittifolia.
pedata.
collina.
Blechnum Lanceola.
--— cognatum.
occidentale.
longifolium.
campylotis.
Doodia blechnoides.
caudata,
Lomaria Patersoni.
lanceolata.
L’Herminieri.
Asplenium Hemionitis.
alternans.
formosum.
Brasiliense.
tenellum.
erectum.
marinum.
— firmum.
obtusatum.
brachypteron.
Belangeri.
CULTIVATION, 895
Asplenium viviparium.
viride.
fontanum.
flabellifolium,
pinnatifidum.
—— macilentum.
——- fragrans.
Diplazium Zeylanicum.
Antigramma rhizophyla,
Odontosoria tenuifolia,
Microlepia cristata.
Gleichenia dicarpa.
rupestris.
alpina.
—— spelunca.
Hymenophyllum specics.
Trichomanes species.
Féea spicata.
Lygodium palmatum,
Anemia tomentosa.
fulva.
adiantifolia.
Anemidictyon Phyllitidis.
Mohria thurifraga.
Todea hymenophylloides,
V. ProraGation or Ferns.
Y\HERE is considerable variety in the way in which
[' Ferns reproduce themselves, and we only aid
nature when we attempt to increase any particular
species; such is usually effected, and certainly most
numerously, by sowing their spores or seeds, as com-
monly called, which are contained in cases, as already
explained at page 51; they consist of atomic particles,
which, under favonrable conditions as regards light,
396 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
can be seen discharging from the spore-cases like
puffs of smoke; therefore Fern seed is said to be in-
visible, and to have the power of rendering persons
invisible. ‘I have the receipt of Forn seed and walk
invisible.”* Be that as it may, each particle is by the
aid of the microscope seen to have definite forms vary-
ing in different genera, being globose, oval, or angu-
lar, smooth, plain, striated, or echinate, presenting
very beautiful microscopic objects. Although these ~
spores (see plate I.) are so small, they nevertheless are
endowed with an extraordinary power of retaining
their vitality ; and being easily wafted by currents
of air, readily account for the wide geographical
range of many species of Ferns. When naturally or
artificially placed under favourable conditions, the
spore vegetates by expanding in the form of a simple
oblong cell, from which other cells are successively
produced, ultimately forming a thin green membrane,
called the Prothallium, which lies nearly flat, and by
the aid of fine spongioles attaches itself to the surface,
and when arrived at full size it is of a reniform
cordate shape, or sometimes bilobed, or obcordate,
varying from about 4} to 4 inch in diameter, having
much the appearance of a small foliaceous lichen. But
before proceeding to describe the method of sowing
and rearing, it is important that the seed sower should
be made acquainted with the remarkable discovery
made, in 1848, by Count Leszcezyc Suminski, that Ferns
possessed organs analogous to stamens and pistils of
flowering plants, and that these were produced on the
Prothallium. In the progress of growth peculiar cells
* Shakespeare,
CULTIVATION. 307
ate fotined on its under surface, of two kinds, one
called Antheridia, and the other Archegonia ; the first
(of which there are generally between 30 and 40) con-
taining round cells, called sperm cells, which contain
vermicular spermatozoids that issue from the cells
when arrived at maturity. The cells of the Archegonia
differ considerably in their structure from the Anthe-
ridia; they contain an embryonal sac, which at a certain
period protrudes from the cell, and with which the
moving spermatozoids are said to come in contact, and
thus produce fertilization ; soon after this the embryo
sac is changed, a bud is formed, and ultimately.a young
Fern Plant is gradually developed, and in time the
Prothallium decays. This singular phenomenon excited
considerable interest, and has been carefully inves-
tigated by the late Professor Henfrey and other
eminent microscopists.*
Although the above is only an outline of the prin-
cipal points of this curious subject, yet it will be suffi-
cient to draw the attention of Fern seed sowers to the
subject, and materially assist them in understand-
ing, and arriving at the cause of the many anomalies
in the good and ill success attending the raising of
Ferns from seed. Much has, however, yet to be
investigated before any rule can be arrived at ; such as
why the Desmobrya division does, as a general rule, pro-
duce plants from seed in the greatest abundance, even
to some species becoming the weeds of the hothouse ;
while, on the other hand, those of the division Hremo-
brya are comparatively few, and may be considered
the exception and barrenness of this rule. The differ.
* Dlenfrey, in Lanncean Transactions, vol. xxi. 1853.
8938 PENNS: BRITISTE AND Forutax.
ence in the fertility of the spores of these two divi-
sions is veryremarkable; this is,it must be remembered,
as found with the plants under cultivation, and as with
many true Ferns we find, from experience, the spores
of the latter seldom germinate in less than eighteen
months after having been sown. On the contrary, in
the Desmobrya group, many require but two or three
weeks, and occasionally certain species of Gymno-
-gramma and Cheilanthes will germinate in as many
days. From the irregularity, however, in this respect
it is in a great measure governed by the state of, and
conditions which surround, the seed; from repeated
trials with spores of Brainea insignis, Prothallia were
produced in forty-eight hours. Consequent on this
irregularity, it is impossible to state what time of the
year is most suitable for sowing to ensure success,
especially for imported spores, which should be sown
as soon as received, provided a proper condition can
be given them. Therefore extra attention must be
paid when it unfortunately occurs that the young
Ferns are in their Prothallium stage during the winter
season, to keep them from damping and the growth of
conferva and musci. When itis desirable to increase any
particular species by spores, some precaution is neces-
sary to secure them in a proper ripe condition, and
without spores of other species growing near being
mixed with them. The fructified frond should be taken
as goon as the spore-cases on the plant begin to open,
and placed between sheets of paper in a moderately
dry place for a few days, at the end of which time there
will be escaped spores in abundance. These should
be immediately sown in pots prepared in the following
manner ;—four to six-inch pots are generally the most
CULTIVATION, 699
eonvenient size; they should be half filled with good
drainage material, with the smallest particles at top,
when another fourth of depth should be occupied by
fine soil, half sand and peat, one quarter loam, with a
sprinkling of finely-broken sandstone or soft brick
slightly pressed down on the top; it should then be
watered and time allowed for the whole to become
uniformly moist ; then the spores to be very thinly dis-
tributed over it, the whole covered with a bell-glass
or a piece of glass same size as pot, to be placed on
its rim, allowing a space of about one inch between it
and the surface of the soil. In order to keep the whole
moderately and constantly moist, the pots should be
placed in pans of water of half an inch depth, care being
taken not to allow the soil to become over saturated ;
and whenever any copious condensation takes place
on the glass, it should be carefully sponged off. As
the spores germinate, and the Prothallia become
crowded, so as to touch each other, they should be im-
mediately thinned, and if it is desirable to save the
thinnings they can be removed in little clumps on the
particles of brick or sandstone to other pots prepared
as for spores. It is not, however, with all our care in
sowing different species in separate pots, that the
species sown come up in the pot in which it was sown:
plants of it may be found in other pots, or in different
parts of the houso on moist surfaces. This is easily ac-
counted for, as the least motion of the air carries away
the spores while in the action of sowing, and indeed
all superfluity of spores may be with profit distributed
over the whole house, the moist walls often affording
abundance of young plants. It also often happens that
_@ good crop of Péeris aquilina is the result, its spores
120 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
being no doubt latent in the soil used for filling the
pots. To avoid this it is advisable to bake the soi!
before using, aud to bring it again to its proper moist
state by the use of water that has been boiled.
It is said that spores retain their vitality for a
number of years; in my experience I have no direct
proof of this; but several remarkable instances of
plants making their appearance without the spores of
the species having been sown, or even an Herbarium
specimen having been seen in this country. In the
instance of Lomaria Patersoni, a species originally
discovered in Tasmania, which spontaneously made
its appearance at Kew in 1830, only one specimen
was at that time said to be in the possession of Mr.
Brown, at the British Museum, which I never saw ; and
Allan Cunningham informed me that he never found
the plant, and was very much surprised when he saw
it growing at Kew. This in time gave specimens to
many Herbaria, and living plants to botanic gardens.
A similar instance was that of Doodia blechnoides,
which made its appearance at Kew in 1835. Other
instances might be quoted, such as the appearance of
Asplenium stipitatum,ofwhichtwo plants spontaneously
made their appearance about twenty years ago, and [
at first supposed they had originated from the spores
from a specimen in my Herbarium of a Luzon plant
named by me Neottopteris stipitata; but in time it
became evident that the two plants were quite distinct
from it, and, like the Lomaria and Doodia, I had never
seen native specimens. By what means the spores that
produced these plants came to Kew it is impossible to
say. In 1829 I found a plant of Ceterach officinaruxs
growing in a crevice of masonry on ene of the
CULTIVATION. 401
towers of the New Palace at Kew (since taken down),
As this Fern is not found wild near London, it would
be useless to speculate where this solitary spore came
from ; it seemed however to have found a proper nidus
in the crevice, enabling it to germinate and resist all
untoward influences, to pass through the Prothallium
state and become a plant.
Polypodium vulgare and Asplenium Ruta-muraria
may be considered our domestic Ferns ; for many years
a plant of Polypodium vulgare grew on the brick wall
separating Hyde Park from Kensington Gardens, and
there it remained till the wall was taken down. These
few instances of isolated appearances of Ferns readily
explain the wide geographical distribution of some
species over the surface of the earth.
It has been shown that the spores of many species
germinate quickly and abundantly, and become fully
developed Prothallia, yet it often happens that no
plant bud is formed, and in time the Prothallia
decay; the cause of this has always been supposed to
be undue moisture or some atmospheric action not
sensible to us, as this ]ias always occurred in certain
species of special interest, such as Brainea imsignis,
the spores of which, as already stated, germinate
readily ; yet we have not succeeded in obtaining young
plants, not even one Prothallium being seen to make a
plant bud. Without special microscopical examination
of the Prothallia we can only speculate on the proba-
bility, that, as in flowering plants, the whole of the
spores of some Ferns (such as Brainea) are unisexual or
may even be entirely destitute of both Antheridia and
Archegonia, in either case deficient of the elements
necessary for the oo of a plant bud,
: : “
402 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
I have at page 65 mentioned that a few intermediate
forms of the genus Gymnogramma had been raised from
spores, which are considered sports by some and by
others hybrids ; the latter can only be admitted on the
supposition of two Prothallia of two different species
growing so contiguous to each other that the sperma-
tozoids of one Prothalliwm have the power of passing
and fertilizing the Archegonia of the other, and thus
produce a hybrid, as in flowering plants. Another
point of some practical importance is, that in
general only a single plant bud is formed on each
Prothallium. This may be supposed to be owing to
the vital function of the Prothalliwm not being able to
support more, in that respect analogous to only one
ovulum being fertilized in ovaries of many flowering
plants. Admitting that, then, how are we to explain that
on removing the plant bud a new bud is formed; and
even as many as eight to ten have been obtained from
Prothallia of Hymenodium erinitum, each of which, by
proper care, becomes aplant. Then again experiments
have shown, that by dividing the Prothallium from the
base upwards with a sharp instrument into two or
even four parts, each part produces a plant bud.
Seeing this, it is reasonable to infer that Prothallia
have the power of producing plant buds, analogous to
leaves of Begonias and other plants; but whether such
is the case, or each bud is the result of the action
of spermatozoids on latent Archegonia, is not known.
Then again we have the remarkable instance of the
great profusion of plants produced by the spores of
all farinose Ferns, such as species of Gymnogramma,
Cheilanthes, Notholena, Cincinalis, §c., and also of the
smooth ebcnous genera Pellaa, Plalyloma, Doryor
CULTIVATION. 403
pteris, and Adiantum, while comparatively only a few
of the smooth-fronded species of the division Hreme-
brya produce plants from spores. This subject yet
requires much experimental investigation before
satisfactory reasons can be assigned for what is here
stated.
The majority of Ferns that do not increase by
spores, often, however, readily do so by other means,
such as by offsets, and viviparous buds, or bulbils
produced on the upper surface, on the apex of the
fronds, or in the axils of the segments, which, when
placed under favourable circumstances, become plants.
Ferns of cespitose vernation will occasionally produce
buds or crowns laterally on the old candex, which
may be readily separated for propagation with a
sharp knife; when the vernation consists of a creep-
ing rhizome, such may be cut in pieces of whatever
length desirable, with a bud or growing point in each
piece, and, as with the separated lateral crowns,
should be placed in as small a pot as convenient, with
soil suitable to their kind (selected according to the
rule already given for establishing plants), and the
whole subjected to an extra close atmosphere till
thoroughly established. Up to the present time at-
tempts to propagate Ferns by separated portions de-
void of any previously joined bud have proved fruitless;
although by some a solitary instance in Scolopen-
drium vulgare is considered sufficient evidence to the
contrary, as portions of the base of its fronds, if
separated, inserted in soil, and kept close and moist
by the aid of a bell-glass, will readily strike; so also
with some of the abnormal forms of the same genus, if
portions of the margins of their fronds are treated in
2n2
404° FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
the same manner. Upon close examination, however,
previously formed embryo buds are observable and
considering, too, its close affinity with the Aspleniums,
the most proliferous (in the formation of bulbils) of
all Ferns, this cannot be wondered at. To propagate
Ferns by the buds produced on their foliage is most
easy. As soon as the bulbil plants have attained a size
to be handled conveniently, they should be carefully
taken off and pricked out in pots filled with mode-
rately fine soil, and kept covered with a bell-glass till
thoroughly rooted, when they may be potted off in
single pots, as required.
Species with long, slender, hard sarmentum, such
as Gleichenta, do not root readily when separated ; in-
deed, large plants have been entirely destroyed by too
free division of their sarmentum; to prevent this, layers
are resorted to, which is accomplished by fixing pro-
longing sarmentums over small pots filled with soil,
which, when well rooted, can be separated with safety,
and without injuring the specimen plant. Again, in
regard to the division Iremobrya, they are not only
remarkable in the sterility of their spores, but also in
not producing viviparous buds; however, the readiness
with which small portions of their rhizomes form
plants, and the already described tenacity of life,seem
to make them independent or to render less need of
perfect spores or bulbils.
In concluding this treatise, I deem it necessary
to explain, that, in consequence of the woodcuts
occupying more space than was calculated for, and
in order to keep the book within a limited size,
it has become necessary to considerably reduce the
original manuscript on Cultivation. It is, however,
Cy een)
CULTIVATION. 405
hoped that what is now given in the preceding pages
will be sufficient to show the nature of Ferns, and the
methods adopted for propagating and preserving
them in the collections of this country.
NOTE.
In the preceding article on Cultivation it has been shown
that all Ferns are capable of being cultivated in this country
under one of three conditions as regards temperature, deter-
mined by the nature of the native climate of the different
species, which, as regards the species enumerated in the
preceding catalogue, T classify as follows :—
1st. Hardy, in the open air.
North and Central Europe, including Great Britain
and Ireland, North America, North Asia.
2nd. Temperate House.
South Europe, Madeira, South Africa, Noith
India, China, Japan, Australia, South of the Tropics,
Tasmania, Norfolk Island, New Zealand, Chili,
Mexico.
A few species of those countries are hardy,—such are marked
H. after the name of the country; some others improve by a
higher temperature,—such are marked Tr. after the name of
the country.
3rd. Tropical House.
West Tropical Africa, including St. Helena and
Ascension, Mauritius, Ceylon, India, Malacca, the
406 FERNS : BRITISH AND POREIGN.
Malayan Archipelago, including Penang, Singapore,
Java, and the Philippines, Borneo, the Polynesian
and other Islands of the Pacific within or near the
“fropics, Sandwich Islands, Tropical America, inclu-
ding Venezuela, New Granada, Panama, Pera,
Guiana, Brazil, West Indies.
Some species from high altitudes within these countries will
thrive in the Temperate Housex—such are marked T., after
the name of the country.
a Sd oars = SS Ss
40%
A LIST OF AUTHORS AND BOOKS
QUOTED IN THIS WORK.
N.B.—When no special book is quoted after an author’s name,
his writings on feens are to be found in botanical and other scien-
tific journals of their time, and which are too numerous to notice
in this work,—Those with an asterisk are living authors.
*Agardh. J.C. Agardh, Professor of Botany at Stockholm ; author
of a “Monograph on the genus Pieris.”
Ait. W.& W. T. Aiton, father and son, Directors of the Royal
Botanic Gardens, Kew, from 1760 to 1841 ; authors of 1st and
2nd edition of “ Hortus Kewensis,” 1793 and 1818.
A, Rich. A. Richard, a French botanist ; “ Voyage de l Astrolabe
(Botanique).”
*Arn. Walker Arnott, Professor of Botany at the University,
Glasgow (see Hook. et Arn.).
*Bab. ©. C. Babington, Professor of Botany at the University,
Cambridge ; an eminent British botanist,
*Backhouse. James Backhouse & Son, nurserymen, York ;
importers and cultivators of Ferns.
Bauer. | Francis Bauer. 2 celebrated botanical painter (see Hook,
et Bauer).
Beauv. Palisot de Beauvois, a French botanist ; author of “ Flore
d@Oware ;” figures and descriptions of plants in the Bight of
Benin, 1810. ‘
Bernh. J. J. Bernhardt, Professor of Botany at Erfurt. !
Blume. OC. L. Blume, Director of the Botanic Garden, Batavia;
“ Enum. Plant. Jav.,” 1830 ; “Fl. Jav.,” figures and descrip-
tions of the plants of Java.
Bolt. J. Bolton, an English botanist ; “ Fil. Brit.,” figures of
British Ferns, 1790.
408 FERNS: BRITI6H AND FOREIGN.
Bory, J. B.G. Bory de St. Vincent, a French traveller and botanist.
*Brack. W. D. Brackenridge, Botanist to the United _States
exploring expedition ; Descriptions and figures of the Ferns of
the expedition.
Braun. A. Braun, Professor of Botany, Berlin ; “ Monograph on
Selaginella.”
Br. R. Brown, the most celebrated of botanists ; “ Prodromus
Flore Nove Hollandiz,” 1810; “Observations en Ferns in
Wallich’s Plante Asiaticee Rariores ;” Horsfield’s “ Plante
Jave.”
Br. P. Browne, author of a “ History of Jamaica,” 1756.
Brongn. A. Brongniart, a French botanist.
Burm. J. Burmann, a Dutch botanist, and writer on plants of
India, Ceylon, &c.
Carm. Captain D. Carmichael, a Scotch cryptogamic botanist.
Cav. A.J. Cavanilles, Professor of Botany, Madrid.
*Colenso. Rev. W. Colenso, a New Zealand botanist.
Col. A. Colla, a collector and namer of Chilian ferns. ;
Cunn. A. Cunningham, a celebrated botanist and traveller in
Brazil and New South Wales from 1815 to 1830.
Dec. Aug. Decandolle, a celebrated French systematic botanist.
Desf. M. Desfontaines, a French botanist and traveller in Barbary ;
“Flora Atlantica.”
Desv. N. A. Desvaua, an eminent French botanist; author of
several papers on Ferns, from 1808 to 1814.
De Vriese. G. H. De Vriese, a Professor of Botany, Leyden ;
“Monograph on the genus Angiopteris.”
Dick. J. Dickson, an English cryptogamic botanist.
Don. D. Don, Professor of Botany, King’s College, London ;
“Prodromus Flore Nepalensis.”
Dry. Jonas Dryander, librarian to Sir Joseph Banks ; a writer on
Ferns in the “ Linnean Transactions.”
*#Hat. D.C. Eaton, an American botanist.
Ekrhart. F. Ehrhart, a German botanist.
Endl. Endlicher, Professor of Botany, Vienna; “ Prodromus
Flore Norfolkice.”
Eng. Bot. English Botany, “Figures and descriptions of British
plants,” by Sir J. E. Smith and Jas. Sowerby.
Eschw. F. L, Eschweiler, a German botanist.
*Fée. A. F. A. Fée, Professor of Botany, Strasburg, an eminent
pteridologist ; “Genera Filicum,” descriptions and figures of
the genera of Ferns, 1850-1852 ; “ Memoirs on Acrostichum
and other Genera.”
A LIST OF AUTHORS AND BOOKS. 409
Fisch. Dr. Fischer, a Russian botanist, and Director of the Im-
perial Botanic Garden, St. Petersburg (see Lang. et Fisch.).
Fil. @Oware (see Beawv.).
Fo sk. Peter Forskahl, a Danish naturalist and traveller in Arabia ;
“Flora Agyptiaca.”
Forst. John Reinhold Forster, botanist to Captain Oook’s second
voyage ; “ Figures of Ferns in Schkuhr's ‘ Cryptogamia.’”
Gal. H. Galeottt, a German botanical collector in Mexico.
Gard. Chron. Gardeners’ Chronicle, a weekly journal New
garden ferns described by ‘I’. Moore.
Gardn. Dr. G. Gardner, a botanical traveller in Brazil, and
Director of the Botanic Garden, Ceylon.
Gaud. M. ©. Gaudichaud, a French botanist; “ Plants of
Freycinet, Voyage de l'Uranie,” 1817-1820.
oo. nae Gillies, a Scotch botanist and collector of plants in
i,
Gmel. J.G. Gmelin,a Russian botanist and traveller in Siberia ;
author of a “System of Plants” and “ Flora Sibirica.”
*Gray. Dr. Asa Gray, Professor of Botany, Havard University,
United States.
*Grev. Dr. R. K. Greville, an eminent botanical artist (see
Hook. et Grev.).
*Griseb. A. H. R. Grisebach, a German botanist ; “ Flora of the
West Indies,” 1864,
Haenk. (see Presl).
Ham. Dr. Francis Hamilton, an Indian botanist.
*Hance. Dr. H. F. Hance, an English botanist, and writer on
Chinese Ferns.
Hedw. J. Hedwig, a German cryptogamic botanist.
Hct Boé H. BK. Humboldt, Bonpland, and Kunth. The two
first famous travellers and botanists in South America.
Kunth, a German botanist.
*flew. Robert Heward, a zealous botanist, and writer on Ferns of
Jamaica, in the “ Magazine of Natural History.”
Hitch. — Hitchcock, a North American writer, “ Silliman’s
Journal.”
Tlof. G. F. Hoffmann, a German botanist, and writer on erypto-
gamic plants, 1784.
Homb. et Jacq. Hombron et Jacquemont, French voyagers to the
South Pole ; “ Voyage au Pol Sud, &c.,” History of the Voyage
and Plants.
Hook. Sir W. J. Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
Kew, from 1841 to 1865 ; an admirable descriptive botanist and
eminent Pteridologist ; “ Exotic Flora,” figures of rare plants,
1823 ; “Icones Plantarum,” figures of 1,000 rare plants—many
Ferns ; “ Second Century of Ferns,” 100 figures of rare Ferns ;
“ Filices Exotice,” figures of 100 Ferns ; “ Garden Ferns,” 64
410 VEENS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
figures ; “ Journal of Botany,” 4 vols. ; “London Journal of
Botany,” 7 vols. ; “Journal of Botany and Kew Miscellany,”
9 vols. ; “Species Filicum,” 5 vols. descriptions of all known
Ferns with upwards of 300 figures, 1844-64.
Hook. et Arn. Hooker and Arnott, “ Botany of Capt. Beechey’s
Voyage.”
Hook. oe Baa Hooker and Bauer, the “Genera Filicum,”
figures of the genera of Ferns, illustrated by Bauer, 1838.
Tlook. et Grev. Hooker and Greville; “Icones Filicum,” figures
of rare Ferns, 230 plates, 2 folio vols., 1831.
*Hook. fil. Dr. Joseph Hooker, Director of the Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew; appointed 1865 ; “Flora Antarctica,” ‘“ Flora
of New Zealand,” “ Flora of Tasmania.”
Hoge. J. C. Hoppe, a German botanist, and collector of
plants.
Hort. Gardens; Hort. Ang. English gardens; Hort. Berol.
Berlin garden ; Hort. Linden. Horticultural Garden, Brus-
sels.
* Houlst. (see Moore et Houlst.).
Huds. W. Hudson, an English writer on British plants.
Humb. A.v. Humboldt, a celebrated traveller and philosopher
(see H. B. K.).
Jacg. Nicolas Joseph & Frangois Jacquin, father and son, eminent
Austrian botanists ; “ Icones rariorum,” figures of rare plants.
*Johns. J. Y. Johnson, a writer on Madeira ferns. _
*J. Sm. John Smith, Curator Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
(retired 1864) ; “Gen. Fil,” an arrangement of the genera of
Ferns in Hooker’s “ Journal of Botany,” 1841 ; ‘Enum. Fil.
Philipp.,” an enumeration of the Ferns collected by H. Cuming
in the Philippine Islands; “Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald,” an
enumeration of the Ferns in Seemann’s “Botany of the
Voyage of the ‘ Herald’;” “Cat.” Ferns cultivated at Kew,
in appendix to Botanical Magazine, 1846 ; “ Cat. Cult. Ferns,”
catalogue of Ferns cultivated in British gardens in 1857.
*Karst. Dr. Karsten, a German botanist and traveller in Tropical
America ; “ Flora Columbia.”
Kaulf. G. F. Kaulfuss, Professor of Botany, Leipsic; “Enum.
Fil,” Enumeration of the Ferns collected in Chamisso’s
Voyage.
Klot. Dr. Klotzsch, a German botanist.
Kunz. G. Kunze, Professor of Botany, Leipsic; ‘“ Analecta
Pteridographia,” figures and descriptions of Ferns, 1834;
‘Schkuhr’s Cryptogamia,” continued, 1841-51; numerous
other papers on Ferns.
Labill. J. J. Labillarditre, a French navigator sent in search of
A LIST OF AUTHORS AND BOOKS. 411
M. La Perouse; “Nov. Holl. Plant. Spec.,” figures and
descriptions of New Holland plants, 1804-1806 ; “Sertum
Austro-Caledon.,” figures and descriptions of plants in New
Caledonia.
Lag. M. Lagasca, Professor of Botany, Madrid.
Lam. Jo. Bapt. Monet de Lamarck, a celebrated French naturalist
and compiler.
Lang. et Fisch. G. Langsdorf, a Russian botanist. “ Icon, Fil.”
figures of Ferns, chiefly Brazilian, 1810.
DLHérit. C. L. I’ Heéritier, a French botanist.
Lieb. Liebmann, a German botanist.
Lieb, _ Inebold, a German traveller and botanist, and collector of
plants in Mexico.
*Zinden. J. Linden, a nurseryman at Brussels, and traveller in
Mexico and Pert ; a collector and importer of rare plants.
Lindl. Dr. John Lindley, an eminent systematic botanist,
Professor of Botany, University College, London; “Lindl. &
Moore : Nature-printed British Ferns.”
Link. H. F. Link, Professor of Botany, Berlin ; “ Enumeration of
the Ferns of the Berlin Garden.”
Linn. Car, Linneus, the celebrated Swedish botanist, and founder
of modern botany. :
Lodd. Conrad Loddiges & Son, nurserymen and great cultivators
of Ferns at Hackney.
Lour. Loureiro, a Portuguese botanist and traveller in Cochin
China ; “ Flora Cochinchinensis.”
*Lowe. E. J. Lowe ; “ Lowe’s Ferns,” figures and descriptions of
exotic Ferns, in 9 vols.
Mart. et Gal. “Figures and descriptions of Mexican Ferns,” by
H. Galeotti and M. Martens.
Mart. C.F. P. Martius, Professor of Botany in Munich; “Icon.
Crypt.,” figures and descriptions of Brazilian Ferns, 1820.
*Metten. Dr. G. Mettenius, Professor of Botany at Leipsic, and
eminent writer on Ferns; “Figures and descriptions of the
Ferns in the Leipsic Garden ;” “ Monograph on the genus
Asplenium,” &c.
Mey. C. Meyer, a German botanist.
Michr. A. Michauc, a French botanist and traveller in North
America ; “ Flora Boreali-Americana.”
*Miq. F. A. G. Miquel, a Dutch botanist.
*Moore. T. Moore, Curator of the Apothecaries’ Garden, Chelsea ;
“ Index Filicum,” an alphabetical list of all names of Ferns ;
various books on British Ferns (see Lindl.).
*Moore et Houlst. I. Moore and W. Houlston ; “ Descriptions
and Wood-cuts of Cultivated Ferns,” published in Ayer’s
“ Magazine of Botany.”
Muhl. Muhlenberg, a North American botanist.
412 FERNS : BRITISH AND FOREIGN. i
*Newm. Edwd. Newman, author of works on British Ferns.
Nutt. D. Nuttall, a North American botanist.
Plum. Car. Plumier, a French botanist and traveller in the West
Indies, “Plum, Fil.,” figures and descriptions of Ferns, chiefly
of the French West India Islands, 1666.
Poir. M. Poiret, a French botanical compiler.
Presl. C. B. Presl, Professor of Botany, Prague ; a famous Pteri-
dologist ; “ Reliqua Haenkeana,” figures and descriptions of
Ferns collected by the traveller Haenke ; “Tent. Pterid.,” a
new arrangement of the genera of Ferns, 1836 ; “ Epimeliz
Botanice,” figures and descriptions of Ferns, being an addenda
to the preceding.
Pursh. Frederick Pursh, author of a “ Flora of North America.”
Radd. J. Raddi, a German botanist, who travelled in Brazil ;
“Fil. Bras.,” figures and descriptions of Brazilian Ferns, 1825.
Raoul. M. M. £. Raoul, a French botanist and writer on New
Zealand Ferns.
*Regel. — Regel, Director of the Imperial Garden, St. Petersburg,
1866.
Retz. A.J. Retzius, a German botanist and writer on plants of
Ceylon.
Rheede. H. van Rheede, a Dutch botanist ; “Hortus Indicus
Malabaricus,” a large work on the plants of Malabar, 1703.
Reichenb. — Reichenbach, a German botanist ; “ Flora Germanica.”
Reinw. — Reinwardt, Professor of Botany, Leyden, and traveller
and collector of plants in Java and other Malayan islands.
Remy in Gay. Remy, an authority in Cl. Gay’s “ Flora of Chili.”
Rich. L. C. Richard, a writer on the plants of Guiana.
ci A. G. Roth, a celebrated German botanist and writer on
erns.
Roxb. Dr. Roxburgh, an English botanist ; “ Observations on St.
Helena Ferns.”
*R.T. Lowe. R. T. Lowe, a writer on Madeira Ferns.
Rudge. E. Rudge, author of a work on the plants of Guiana.
Schk. C. Schkuhr, a Dutch botanist; “Crypt. Schk.,” crypto-
gamia; figures of Ferns ; “ Crypt. Supp.,” supplement of the
above, continued by Kunze.
Schlecht. .D. F. L. Schlechtendahl, Professor of Botany in Berlin ;
Schlecht. Adumb. “Adumbratio Plantarum,” figures and
descriptions of South African Ferns.
Schott. Heinrich Schott, Director Royal Gardens, Vienna ; “Schott
Gen. Fil.,” the genera, illustrated by figures.
Schreb. J.C. Schreber, a German botanist.
Schum. — Schumacher, a writer on plants of Guinea.
A LIST OF AUTHORS AND BOOKS. 413
*Seemann. Dr. Berthold Seemann, an eminent botanist and voyager?
“ Botany of the expedition of the surveying ship Herald.”
Sibth. Dr. Sibthorp, an English botanist and traveller in Greece ;
author of “ Flora Greeca.”
Sieber. — Stieber, a celebrated German botanical traveller and
collector in various parts of the world.
*Sim. KR. Sim, a nurseryman and celebrated grower of Ferns at
Foot’s Cray, Kent.
Sloan. Sir Hans Sloane, a traveller in the West Indies; author
of “ History of Jamaica,” and founder of the British Museum.
*Sm. Sir James Edward Smith, a celebrated British hotanist and
writer on botany in various journals ; first President of the
Linnean Society, and purchaser of the “ Linnaean Herbarium.”
*Sowerby. E. Sowerby, a British botanist ; author of a work on
British Ferns.
penn. -— Spenner, a German botanist.
Split. F. L. Splitgerber, a Dutch botanist ; “An enumeration of
the Ferns of Surinam.”
Spreng. C. Sprengel, Professor of Botany, Halle ; “ Syst.,” a syste-
matic enumeration of plants according to the Linnxan
arrangement.
Spring. — Spring, a German botanist and writer on Lycopodiaccee.
*Stansfield. — Stansfield, a nurseryman at Todmorden, Yorkshire,
celebrated as a discoverer and cultivator of numerous varieties
of British species of Ferns.
Sw. Olaf Swartz, a Swedish botanist and traveller in Jamaica ;
“ Synopsis Filicum.” an enumeration and description of all
known Ferns smce 18vuv.
Thunb. P. Thunberg, a Dutch traveller and botanist in Japan
and Cape of Good Hope; “Fl. Jap.,” the Flora of Japan,
1784.
*Thuaites. G. J. Thwaites, Director Botanic Garden, Ceylon ;
author of “Flora of Ceylon.”
Tuckerman. E. Tuckerman, a United States botanist.
Vahl. Mart. Vahl, 2 German botanist.
*Van Houte. L. Van Woute, a celebrated Bclgian nurseryman ;
author of periodical botanical works. :
*Veitch. James Veitch & Son, nurserymen, Lordon, celebrated
importers and cultivators of rare Ferns.
Fent. E. P. Ventenat, a French botanist.
Vogler. — Vogler, a German botanist.
Wall. Dr. Nathaniel Wallich, Director Botanic Garden, Calcutta.
MSS. catalogue of the plants contained in the “ Wallichian
Herbarium” at the Linnean Society.
414 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
*Watson. Hewet Cottrell Watson, an eminent British botanist.
Webb. P. B. Webb, an English botanist ; “Flore des Canaries.”
Weis. F. W. Weis, a German cryptogamic botanist. :
Willd. C. L. Willdenow, Professor of Botany, Berlin ; “ Species
Plantarum ;” Enumeration of plants in the Berlin Garden,
1809.
*Wollast. T. Wollaston, an English botanist and writer on Ferns,
Wulf. F. H. Wulfen, a German botanist.
Zenk. — Zenker, a German botanist and writer on plants of the
Nilgheery.
: 415
INDEX
OF
GENERA, SPECIES, AND SYNONYMS.
N.B.—The names in italics are synonyms,
Where two pages are giver, the second
refers to Cultivation.
—+
Aconiopteris, Prest...... “Page 107
longifolia, Fée......--.-- 107
nervosa, J. Sm. «+. 107
subdiaphand, Presl..
Acrophorus.
aginis, Moore .....+6
cherophyllus, Moore ...... 77
hispidus, Moore .....-.... 233
immersus, Moore... «e.006 77
pulcher, Moore os .sesees q7
Acropteris, Link.
radiata, Fée ....eseeeeee 219
septentrionalis, Link ...... 218
Acrostichum, Zinn. fave 119
acuminatum, Willd. ...... 118
albidulum, Sw. ...ceeeee5 178
alcicorne, SW. cs eceeceeeee 121
alienum, Sw. we. ..eeeeee 118
apodum, Hook. et Girev. .. 106
appendiculatum, Willd. <... 111
areolatum, Linn........... 207
aureum, Linn. ........120, 361
auritum, Sw. s-seeseeee.. 116
axillare, Cav. sees ceceeee - 93
sarbarum, Tuinn, 2... 0.2025 265
bifurcatum, Sw. ..sea.eee- 110
Blumeanum, Hook......... 106
brachyneuron, Fée ... 106
callefolium, Blume........ 105
Calomelanos, Linn......- oe 125
Canariense, Willd. .....- ee 173
cervinum, SW. vevesseevees LIS
Acrostichum—
chrysophilum, Sw....... page 126
citrifolium, Linn......... +. 108
conforme, Sw. .......eeeee 105
105
108
117
crassinerve, Kunze ......00
crinitum, SW. ...sceseseas
crispatulum, Wall. ...eseee
cuspidatum, Willd. ........ 106
flagelliferum, Wall. ........ 117
flavens, Sw... ec ceceeee 178
Feeniculaceum, Hook, et Grev. 110
fraxinifolium, R. Br... .. ». 120
Srigidum, Linden ........ 106
fuciforme, Wall. ...... sooe 121
Funckit, Fée oe... cecceeee 105
Punckii, Hook..........2. 105
Surcatum, Linn. ..... eveae’ 249
Gaboonense, Hook. ........ 118
grande, A. Cunn. ...... - 121
111
105
105
106
162
Hamiltonianum, Wall. ....
HAerminieri, Bory........
Herminieri, Hook. .
hirtum, Sw...
Ilvense, Linn. ....
lanuginosum, Desf. ......6. 178
latifolium, Sw. .... 105
lepidopteris, Lang. et V isch, 80
linearifolium, Presl
Lingua, Thunb. ....
longifolium, Jacq.
Maranta, Lion. ...... ees
marginatum, Schk. .... sees
115
- 100
107
173
120
416 FERNS: BRITIS‘A AND FOREIGN.
Acrostichum— Adiantum, Zinn. ...... page 182
Meyerianum, Hook..... page 208 aculeatum, Linn. .......... 232
microlepis, Kunze ........ 105 | Aitbiopicum, Linn. ...... 186
muscosum, SW...ssececeeee 106| affine, Hook.........e+0000 185
nervosum, Bory ........6. 107] affine, Willd. ........e005 185
nicotianefolium, Sw. ...... 118 amabile, Moore .......++. 31l
paleaceum, Hook. et Grey, 106 ameraim, Wall, .......5+. 185
palustre, Hook. ........2. 298 | arcuatum, Sw....... eens . 183
peltatum, Schk. .......- .. 110 asarifolium, Willd. ... 310
perelegans, Fée .......-4. 298 assimile, Sw. .. 2... 186
phlebodes, Kunze....... woe 114 assimile, Lowe ...seee..++- 186
piloselloider, Fresh. ........ 105 betulinum, Kaulf. ........ 184
prestantissimum, Boy .... 119 Brasiliense, Link.......... 184
Prestori, Baker ...... sees 298] Brasiliense, Radd. .....0.. 185
prolijerum, Blume..... exes 117 capillus-veneris, Linn. .... 186
punctulatum, Linn......... 117 | cardiochlena, Kunze ...... 184
quercifolium, Retz ........ 118 caudatum, Linn......... -- 183
rubiginosum, Fée.......+ 106 Cayennense, Willd. ...... 310
scandens, Linn, .......-.. 208 Chilense, Kaulf........... 186
Schiedei, Kunze .......+.+ 106| colpodes, Moore .......... 290
scolopendrifolium, Radd. .. 106 concinnum, H. B. K. . . 186
setosum, Wall. .......-e00. 111 cristatum, Linn. .......+0. 184
Siebert, Hook. et Grev. .... 105] eubense, Hook............. 810
sinuatum, Sw... ..eeeee wee 178 cultratum, J. Sm. ....... . 184
sorbifolium, Linn. ....... . 114 cuneaium, Lang. et Fisch... 186
sorbifolium, Houk,........ 248 Cunninghami, Hook, ...... 185
spicatum, Linn, ........4 92 curvatum, Kaulf. .....+.. 184
squamosum, SW. ...eceeeee 106 decorum, Moore .......... 311
Stemmaria, Beauv. ......+6 121 dolabriforme, Zfook, ...... 183
stigmatolepis, Fée ......4. 105 emarginatum, Bory........ 186
subdiaphanum, Hook.etGrev. 107 exisum, Kunze...s..eee05. 311
sulphureum, Sw.....ee.e0. 126 Farleyense, Moore ........ 311
Tartareum, Sw. ..ceeeeeee 125 Féei, Moore.....---+- sess 185
trifoliatum, Linn, .....-. « 175 flabellulatum, Linn. ...... 185
undulatum, Willd. ........ 106 flecuosum, Hook..... soseae 185
velleum, Ait. ..cceceeeees formosum, R. Br, ......4. 185
villosum, Sw. .aeee fovearum, Radd........... 184
virens, Wall...... g fulvum, Raoul . eee 185
viscosum, Blume........ fuscum, Retz....
185
viviparum, Sw. ...ceeeee Gbeisbr eghtii, Backhouse «. 289
Yapurense, Hook. ...... +. 114 glaucophyllum, Hook.. 311
Actiniopteris. gracillimum, Moore ...... 3811
radiata, Link ..........65 219 Henslovianum, Hovk. .... 311
Actinostachys, Wadl......... 262 hirtum, Klot ............ 310
digitata, Wall... .csssseee8 268 hispiiulum, Hort. vee 185
Adiantopsis. hispidulum, Sw. .......... 185
Capensis, Moore........ +. 176 intermedium, Sw. ....... 184
pedata, Moore....see.++0+ 177 Kaulfussii, Kunze ........ 183
pteroides, Moore .......+4+ 176 Lindenii, Moore .....+.++. 310
radiata, Fée...... waiaserae LOL lucidum, Sw. ........e000 183
apectabilis, Fée.......00+++ 176 lunulatum, Burm. ......-. 183
INDEX, 417
A ee . ag Aleuritopteris.
1» SW. wee. Page Mexican ewes
Matthewsianum, es - Y 184 Allantodia” aun songs aie — bs
monosoratum, Willd. 184 Australis, R. Br.. Revise at
Moorei, Baker. 311 acillavis, Kaulf. .......... 221
Moritzianwm, Kot... . 186 Brunoniana, Wall, . sees. 316
odliquum, Kaulf........... 183 denticulata, Wall. . cone 221
obliquum, Willd. ........ 188 umbrosa, R. IBY. Gaonk oases 22L
pallens, Sw...-+........., 187 | Allosorus,
paradoxum, R, Pr . 182 Calomelanos, Presl......... 180
patens, Willd Core ee re 185 cordatus, Presl cas 181
pedatum, Linn. .......... 185 crispus, Bernh.. wun LEE
pentadactylon, Lang. et dcalbatus, Presl, . . 176
Piste. cesacscatss enalate 184} flexunsus, Kunze.......... 181
peruvianum, Kiot ......., 319 hastatus, Pres] .......005 18)
polyphyllum, Willd. ..... - 184 Karwinskii, Kunze........ 128
Princeps, Moore ...... -. 811 pulchellus, Mart........... 178
prionophyllum, H, B. K. .. 184 sagittatus, Presl ... «e. 180
pubescens, Schk. .-. 185 | Alsophila, R. Br... «» 243
pulverulentum, Bits Beate 184 aculeata, J. Sit. .......025. 245
radiatum, Linn. . wanes LAT affinis, Fée wo... eee eee 247
reniforme, Dinn..- 0. vee. 183 Amazonica, Lind. Cat. .... 321
rhomboideum, Schk. eee. 184 armata, Presl ............ 245
rigidum, Hort. Berol.. 184 armata, Mart.....sceceee. 244
rubellum, Moore ...... 0... 311 aspera, R, Browsse see eee » 244
Sancle Catharine, Zo. t. 310 atrovirens, Pr, .......... 320
Seemanii, Hook. E 310 Australis, R. Br... 2... 245, 365
setulosum, J. Sis secece en 183 Beyrichiana, J. Sm. ...... 244
speciosum, Hook........... 310 blechnoides, Houk. ........ 168
subcordatum, Sw. ..... 184) Capensis, J. Sm........065 244
sulphureum, ici ine 186 contuminans, Wall. ........ 245
tenerum, Sw. ............ 186 Coopert, Hook. ........ 245, 821
tenerum, J. Sm. .... - 289 Deckeriana, Klot. ........ 247
tetraphyllum, Hort. Berl. . 184 denticulata, Lind. Cut. .... 321
tetraphyllum, Willd, ...... 184 excelsa, R. Brew. ...eee 365
tinctum, Moore .......... 290 excelsa, Mart. ...0...0004 246
trapeziforme, Linn...... -+. 184) ferox, Presl.... . 244
trapcziforme, Forst. 185 | feroz, Presl...........00. 245
triangulatum, Kaulf....... 184 Fischeriana, Regel........
trigonum, Labill........... 186 gigantea, Wall, ..........
truncatum, Radd. . 184 glauca, J. Sm... 2...
warium, Presl ............ 183 Hostmanni, J. Sm....
Veitchianum, Moore ...... 311 infesta, Auuze.. sess ee eens
velutinum, Moore ........ 810 levis, J. Sm. so...
venustum, Dow ....-...68 311 Leichar dtiana, Mull...
villosum, Linn. .......... 183 Macarthuri, Hook. .... “945 5, 321
Wognerti, Mett........... 811 Moorei, J. Sa... . 245, 321
Wilesianum, Hook......... 185 munita, Hort. Bevile nse i 245
Wilsoni, Hook... ......0606 183 oblonga, Alot. ....... oe. 820
Aglaomorpha, Schott ........ 297 Ornata, Bhd! avsncaxcccae B21
Me)eniana, Schott ........ 297 paleplata, Mart. ......cee 245
28
418
Alsophila—
phalerata, Mart. ......page 320
procera, Kaulf. .....00.-. 245
pruinata, Kaulf........... 247
radens, Kaulf....ssceseses 244
sacittifolia, Hook. . 820
Scottiana, Bak. ........-. 320
Shepherdit, Bull. Cat....... 821
Surivamensis, J. Sm. ...... 244
tomentosa, Hook. .....+0. 320
Van Geertti, Van Geert. Cat. 321
villosa, Presto. cee eee ee 245
Walkera, J. Sm.........2. 820
Amblia.
juglandifolia, Presl ...... 148
Amesium.
seplentrionale, Newm....... 218
Amphicosmia.
Beyrichtana, Moore ...... 244
Capensis, Moore .......... 244
Hostmanni, Moore ........ 244
levis, Mo0rGs. <5 iceeeeguas 244
Amphidesmium, Schoit ...... 167
blechnoides, Alol, ........ 168
Parkeri, Schott .......005 168
rostratum, J. Sm. ........ 168
Anapeltis, J. Sm. ........85, 850
geminata, J. Sm........... 86
lycopodioides, J. Sm....... 86
nitida, J. Site 2. cco eaee -. 86
Owariensis, J. Sm.......44 86
serpens, J. Sm... ..eeeeee 85
squamulosa, J. Sim......... 86
stigmatica, J. Sm. ...++..- 86
vaccinitfolia, J. Sm. ....- - 85
TENOSA, J. SM. we eeeeeeeee . 86
Anapausia.
decurrens, Presl ....+2.... 98
Anaxetum.
crassifolium, Schott ...... 95
Anchistea, Presl.......s.e00- 265
Virginica, Presl........+. 205
Anemia, Sw. ....ee.see pine, 209
adiantifolia, Sw. ........+. 240
adiantifolia, Hook... .. seae 260
asplenifolia, Sw... ...ceee. 260
cheilanthvidcs, Kaulf,...... 259
cicutaria, Moore ct LHou?ct. 260
collina, Radd.......+2.005 259
densa, Link ...... wea vege 2261
Dregeanea, Kunze ..1. 224. 259
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
Anemia—
ferruginea, H. B. K. .. page 259
flexuosa, Sw... ...- ssesseee 260
Sraxinifolia, Radd.....e.e- 261
fulva, Sw... csescccsenceee 259
hirsuta, Sw. .....06 260
Gardneri, Hook. ... 323
hirta, Hort. ...cceeeceeeee 209
longifolia, Radd....... weee 261
Mandiocana, Radd. 259
Phyllitidis, Sw. ..eecccees 261
Raddiana, Link .......... 259
oe 260
324
259
259
260
261
261
rotundifolia, ‘Schrag. ieee
tomentosa, Sw. ...ssseeee
villosa, H. B. K.......20-
Anemidictyon, J. Sm. ....+-
Phyllitidis, J. Sm. ...ceeee
Phyllitidis, Lowe .......-
Anetium, Kunze ............ 108
citrifolium, Split.......... 108
Angiopteris, Hofim....... 268, 367
Brongniartiana, De Vricse.. 268
evecta, Hoffm......... sees 268
hypoleuca, De Vricse...... 268
longifolia, Miq. .....+0++. 268
Miqueliana, De Vricse .... 268
pruinosa, Kunze .....-..05 268
Teysmanniana, De Vriese .. 268
Anisogonium.
decussatum, Presl ....0...
esculentum, Presl........0
Serampurense, Pres] ......
sylvaticum, Hook. .......++
Antigramma, Presl........4+
Brasiliensis, Moore.......-
plantaginea, Pr......... oe
repanda, Presl
rhizophylla, J. Sm. . xe
227
227
227
223
226
226
316
226
226
129
108
130
130
299
130
130
162
163
163
166
163
citrifolium, FES: is weiniren
Cayennensis, Kaulf. ......
lanceolatum, Kaulf. ......
latifolium, Bl... .. 2.2.00
lineatum, Kaulf.........05
reticulatum, Kaulf. ....00
Arthropteris, J. Sm. ......6.
albo-punctata, J. Sid... 2.65
filipes, Se SM. apasacswavea a
obliterata, J. Sm. ........
tenella, J. Sm...
ee eeee aces
Aspidium, Sw. ..sceeees «page 143
abortivum, Blume ........ 140
abbreviatum, Schrad, ...... 3804
acrostichoides, Sw. wc... 149
aculeatum, Hook. ........ 150
aculeatum, Sw....... idaess TbO
acuminatum, Hort. ..
acutum, Sw. .. 2.0.
ceemulum, SWi wisi. vos eengs
affine, Fisch. et Mey. ba wade
albo-punctatum, Willd. ....
alpestre, Hoppe ...... 2.65
alpinum, Sw. ...ceeee eee
amabile, Blume .........6
amplissimum, Metten.
angulare, Willd. ........06
angustum, Willd...........
anomophyllum, Zenk.......
apiifolium, Schh........6..
aristatum, Sw... cccecccees
articulatum, Sw... .. eee ee
articulatum, Schk. ........
atomariwm, Muhl. ........
atratum, Wall... .... ee cee
augescens, Link ..........
auriculatum, Schk, ...... 45
axillare, SW. .weceseee eee
Barteri, J. Sm. ... seen ue
Berteroanum, Col. 1.1.4.0
biserratum, Sw... cee eens
Boottti, Tuckermann
Boutonianum, Hook. ......
Braunii, Spenn.........55
bulbiferum, Sw. .... eee ee
cespitosum, Wall.
canum, Wall. .s.e.eeeees 7
Capense, Willd. ........45
caryotideum, Wall. ....
chrysolobum, Link ....
cicutarium, Sw. ....+.65
coadunatum, Wall........ .
concinnum, Thw...
confertum, Kaulf. .......+
contifolium, Wall.
conterminum, Willd. wore cies
coriaceum, Lowe..
coriaceum, Saicasne ae aw eee
cristatum, Sw... eee eres
curvifolium, Kunze....
davallioides, Sw... s+ sees
decompositum, Spreng. ...-
ence
ee uewe
ee
: pe INDEX,
419
Aspidium—
decurrens, J.Sm.......paye 146
decurtatum, J.Sm. .. 6... ee 140
deltoideum, Sw. .........6. 155
denticulatum, Sw. ........ 151
deparioides, Hook..... 159
depastum, Schk. ..... 158
difforme, Blume .... 285
dilaceratum, Junz2 145
dilatatum, A. Gray.. 156
dilutatum, Sm... .. 2.65 aca LOU
drepanum, Sw. ce .eeeeeee 170
dumetorum, Sm. ......+5+6 158
ebenum, J. Sm. wsveeeaee . 144
eburneum, Wall, .....+..+6 220
elatum, J. Sm. .e.eees . 804
elongatum, Sw. ........+. 157
ensifolium, Sw. .......0256 164
eriocarpum, Wall. ........ 806
erosum, Schk. ..........0+ 158
exaltatum, Schk........... 164
fulcatum, Sw. ... 142
falciculatum, Radd.. 155
falcinellum, Sw. ...e.eee ee 149
fallax, Fisch. ........ 0005 151
Filix-foemina, Sw. ........ 219
Filix-mas, Sw.cseeceeeeeee 156
flecum, Kunze .. cece eeeeee 151
fontanwm, SW.svesevecccees 215
fragile, Sw. ....eee 160
frondosum, Lowe.......... 151
Sunestum, Kunze.........+ 154
giganteum, Blume ........- 146
glabellum, Lowe .......... 159
glanduliferum, Karst.. 155
glandulosum, Blume ...... 189
Haller, Willd... .. 2.054. oe 215
heracleifolium, Willd. ...... 145
Hippocrepis, SW. ws sececces 145
hirsutulum, Swe sevesecees 164
hirtipes, Blume .........- 156
hirtum, Sw. .cceeecceeeeee 159
hispidum, Sw. woecceeeeees 159
Hookert, Klot............. 14l
Hookeri, Wall........2+++. 139
ammersum, Blume ...... .. 154
impressum, Kunze ........ 154
intermedium, Willd. ...... 158
tntermedium, Bliicsiecascassncare’s 3806
invisum, Sw. 153
148
juglundifolium, Kunze ....
2n2
120
Aspidium—
Kaulfussit, Link ...... page 155
lacerum, Hat. ...cceee cee 156
Lancastriense, Spreng. .... 158
latifolium, J. Sm. ....0.56 145
lepidocaulon, Hook. ...... 286
leucosticton, Kunze ........ 163
lobatum, Sw. seaccesseees 150
Lonchitis, Sw... ..ceeeceee 149
macrophyllum, Sw......... 145
marginalis, Sw. ....eeeee5 157
melanocaulon, Blume ...... 145
membranaceum, Jivo%. .... 304
Mexicanum, Kunze........ 157
molle, SW.ieeseceesecceeess 140
montanum, Sw. ..-+. dave 61
mucronatum, SW.reccseeees 149
mucronatum, Lowe........ 149
munitum, Kaulf........06- 804
Napoleonis, Bory ......+++. 157
neriiforme, SW. veveceeeee 74
nigripes, Hort. ...se.eeees 145
nodosum, Willd. ........ «= «74
obliquum, Don ...... cones 149
obtusum, Kunze ........6. 151
Oreopteris, SW. sees eee eee 154
paleaceum, Don ......-.05 156
puatens, Sw. .. secoees L54
pectinatum, Willd. ates wae 164
Pica, Desv. .. es ceeececnee 144
pilosissimum, Don ........ 154
pilosum, Lang. et Fisch..... 164
plantagineum, Griseb...... - 135
platyphyllum, Metten. - 145
Plumieri, Pres) .......... 144
podophyllum, Hook. ...... 155
polymorphum, Wall. ...... 286
polyphyllum, Kaulf. .. 154
proliferum, Hook. et Grev, 148
proliferum, R. Br. ........ 151
prolixum, Willd........... 305
protensum, Sw.....eseeee.. 154
pteroides, Sw. ....eeee00-. 189
Pteropue, Kunze......... . 146
pubescens, Lowe ....... ses
pumilum, Lowe ..
punctilobum, Sw...
pungens, Kaulf.
purpurascens, Blume. ......
quinquangulare, Kunze ....
recedens, Lowe......seseee
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
Aspidium—
regium, SW. ..ceeeees page
remotum, A. Br. ...+seeeee
repandum, Willd.
rhomboideum, Wall.
Richardii, Hook..
rigidum, Sw. ...eees
rivulorum, Link... ..
rufo-barbatum, Wall. ....++
sagentoides, Mett. ..+- +++
Schkuhrit, Link. ......65 6+
semicordatunt, Sw. ..+..see
Serra, Schk. ...ceeeeeeers
Setosum, Bl... cece eeeees
Setosum, Sw. ..cecsseeeeces
Shepherdii, Kunze ......++
Sieboldii, Van Houtte .. 155,
(
oe
ssnee
sinuatum, Gaud. ........25 1
spectabile, Blume......++5+
spinulosum, Sw. ...eseeeee
Sprengelii, Kaulf. ..
squamatum, Willd. ......4
squarrosum, Don...c...ss
strigosum, Willd.........-.
submarginale, Hort. Berol.
subquinquefidum, Beauv.
subtriphyllum, Hook. .
tenue, Sw... ere ot
terminans, W. all, Pceveneemaess
Thelypteris, Sw... ee ve sens
Thelypteroides, Sw. .....0 ee
trapezioides, Sw. i... cceees
trapezioides, Schk. ........
triangulum, Sw. ....seeeee
trifoliatam, Sw. ........68
truncatulum, SW.......ee ee
truncatum, Gaud. ........
tuberosum, Bory ......0005
uliginosum, Kunze........
umbrosum, SW... secceeee
undulatum, Sw. ..
unitum, Scbk. ....
variolosum, Wall. aera
varium, Sw. . Cer ar
velutinum, A. “Rich pared aeats
venustum, Hew. ......
vestitum, Sw.
villosum, Sw. ....
violascens, Link
Wallichti, Hook... ......
Asplenium, Linn. ........
1i
156
145
«. 152
.. 804
. 156
154
151
805
164
165
INDEX,
Asplenium—
acuminatum, Wall. .... page 223
acutum, Bory .. oie ie
adiantoides, Hook, aewe 215
adiantoides, Raoul ........ 215
Adiantum-nigrum, Lindl. &
Moore ......... is B17
Adiantum-nigrum, ae as 216
alatum, Humd. ......... x» BIS
alternans, Wallnwessscaias 2
alternifolium, Metten. ....
“ alternifolium, Wulf,
ambiguum, Sw..... a.
anceps, Soland........
angustifolium, Mich.
anisophyllum, Aye ........
appendiculatum, Labill. . eegue
arborescens, Metten. ......
aspidioides, Schlecht. ....05
Athyrium, Spreng. ........ 220
attenuatum, #. Br.........
auriculatum, Sw.....
auritum, Kunze..........+
auritum, Sw.
australasicum, Hook......+
axillare, Webb
Belangeri, Kunze..........
bifidum, Presl...........
bipartitum, Link ..........
bissectum, Hort. .......008
brachypteron, Kunzz ...... 2
Brasiliense, Hort. ........ 210
Brasiliense, Jiadd, ........ 212
Brasiliense, Sw. .. 0.0555. . 226
Breynit, Retz .occesseceae 218
Brownii, J. Sn. ...eeeeee. 221
bulbiferum, Forst. ........ 215
Canariense, Willd. ........ 219
caudatum, Forst.......0.+- 218
Ceterach, Linn. ...se0..6- 229
Ceylonense, Klot. ........ 221
cicutarium, Sw. .... - 216
cicutarium, J. Sm. .....++. 216
cirrhatum, Rich. .......+.. 216
Colensoi, Hook. fil. . . 215
compressum, Sw.. 212
comptum, Moore and Houlst, 216
concinnum, J. Sm. ........ 315
consimile, Remy, in ‘Gay. wee 214
contiguum, Kaulf......0.. 219
costale, SW. weccveseesneee 223
Asplenium—
crenulatum, Presi. . page 210, 354
213
cultrifolium, For bs cee cecen's
cuneatum, Zam. . Seabee 218
cuneatum, Hook. ‘et 'Grev... 219
cyrtopteron, Kunze. oe "916
Dalhousie, Hook. ....06.. 211
davalloides, Hook. . 815
decurtatum, Link . a» 22
decussatum, Wall. ........ 223
decussatum, Sw. ....0s » 227
dentatum, Linn. ........05 213
dentax, Lowe ......++..4. 212
denticulatum, J. Sm....... 221
diforme, R. Br. wos... ..0e 214
dimidiatum, Sw. .......... 219
dimidiatum, Lowe ........ 212
dimorphum, Kunze........ 215
dispersum, Kunze ........ 217
dissectum, Link .........,. 216
divaricatum, Kunze........ 216
diversifolium, A. Qunn..... 215
Douglasii, Hook. et Grev. 316
Dregeanum, Kze. .... 314
ebeneum, A7t....... vs 212
eburneum, J. Sim. .... » 220
elegantulum, Hook. 815
elongatum, Sw. .......... 213
emarginatum, Beawy....... 214
erectum, Bory ....eceeees » 212
erectum, Hook. .......... 212
erosum, Linn. .. 6.6... eee 219.
Fabianum, Hombr. et es 215
faleatum, Lam. * 218
Fernandezianum, Kunze .. 814
ferulaceum, Moore . seee 815
Filix-foemina, Bernh. . Aa we 219,
Filix-femina, Moore ..... + 289
firmum, Aunzé.....eeseeee 218
flabellifolium, Cav..... veee 216
flabellulatum, Hort. ...... 216
flaccidum, Forst.... 214
fecundum, Kunze . +» 212
feniculaceum, Hort. ...... 215
feniculaceum, J.Sm....... 217
fontanum, Bernh. ........ 215
formosum, Willd. ...0.... 212
fragrans, Hook. .......... 212
fragrans, Sw. ......ee eee . 217
Franconis, Metten......... 223
furcatum, Thunb, ..-..... 219
422
Asplenium—
Gardneri, Bak. ......page 815
gemmiferum, Schrad....... 213
Germanicum, Weis........ 218
Goringianum, Meté, ...... 315
Halleri, Spreng. .......... 215
hastatum, Alot. ...... eee 212
Hemionitis, Linn, wvseeee. 211
heterocarpum, Wall, ...... 314
heterodon, Blume ....-... 218
Hookerianum, Colenso .... 215
inequale, Kunze .........+ 214
Japonicum, Melt. .. . 3815
juglandifolium, Lam....... 222
Karstenianum, Klot. ...... 216
Kaulfussii, Schlecht. . 230
Klotzschti, Metten......... 228
le@tum, Hort. ......0202.. 218
laceratum, Desv........+.. 210
lanceolatum, Huds......... 217
lanceum, Thunb... ....+0. « 209
laserpitiifolium, Lam.. . 219
laxum, R. Br... se. 215
lineatum, Sw, ...0.....2.. 214
longissimum, Blume ...... 217
lucidum, Forst. .... 0.008 213
lucidum, Schlecht. ........ 218
macilentum, Kunze........ 217
macrocarpum, Blume...... 221
macrophyllum, J.Sm. .... 217
Maderense, Penny . . 219
marginatum, Linn......... 228
marinum, Linn. . esase 213
melanocaulon, Willd. . 211
Mexicanum, Mart. ct “Gal... 217
Michauxii, Spreng......... 220
monanthemum, Zinz....... 212
multijugum, Wall........, 314
myriophyllum, Priest ..... . 216
Nidus, Radd. ........64. . 210
Nidus, R. Bre we sece cece . 226
Nidus, Linn. ......00.006 226
nigripes, Metten.
nitens, Sw. ..
nitidum, Sw.
nodosum, Linn.
normale, Don ... avers
Nove- Galedoniss, u ook. she
obliquum, Forst........+ .
obtusatum, Forst....... 066
obtusifolium, Twix avigee
FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
Asplenium —
obtusilobum, Sw...ss.. page
Odontites, R. Br..... 2.4
odoratum, Moore......++
oligophyllum, Kaulf...... ‘
Otites, Link ...... 00 ee eee
paleaceum, R. Br. ...... 06
palmatum, Lam, .......005
Petrarche, D.C. .... eee
phyllitidis, Don .......508
pinnatifidum, Nutl.......+.
planicaule, Lowe
plantagineum, Linn,
plumosum, Bory
polyodon, Forst......
polypodioides, Metten, ....
polypodioides, Sw. .. 1.6605
premorsum, Lowe .....+05
preemorsum, Sw. .......e0
productum, Pres]
productum, Lowe ......
proliferum, Lam......+-
prolongatum, Hook. ......
protensum, Kaulf. .....
pubescens, Moore and IT: oulot.
pulchellum, Hort. ........
pulchellum, Radd.........
pumilum, Sw. .......0.05-
rachirhizon, Rada... er
radiatum, Sw
radicans, Prit
radicans, Sw. ....
reclinatum, Moore and Troulst,
refractum, Moore.........5
resecturs, Sm........... ae
rhizophorum, Zinn.........
rhizophyllum, Linn... ss...
Richardi, Hook. fil. ....... .
rutefolium, Presl .......-
Ruta-mutaria, Linn. ......
salicifolium, Zinn. ........
scandens, Hort.
Schizodon, Moore ....
Scolopendrium, Linn...
Seelosii, Leybold ........4.
septentrionale, Haffm.
Serra, Lang. ct Fisch... ....
serratum, Linn. .....eeees
setulosum, Hort. ..sesecees
Shepherdi, Hort.....
sinuatum, Beauv. ......210,
916
214
214
213
218
Asplenium—
squamulatum, Hook.
INDEX.
-. page 210
stipitatum, J. Sm. ........ 210
striatum, Linn, .....0..42 222
strigillosum, Lowe ....... « 221
subalatum, Hook. et Arn... 212
subsinualum, Houk. et Grev. 209
tenellum, Roxb. .......... 212
tenerum, Forst. .......64 ~ 20
thelypteroides, Michx....... 228
Thwaitesii, A. Br. ........ 233
Trichomanes, Linn. ...... 211
umbrosum, J. Sm. ........ 221
Veitchianum, Moore ...... 214
viride, Huds. .........04 215
viviparum, Presl ......... - 215
Wightianum, IVail . 814
zamiefolium, Lodd, wi 219
Zeylanicum, Hook. ........ 222
Athyrium.
australe, Presl....... exeag: 221
Ceylonense, Moore ....... 221
conchatum, Fée .......... 228
Filix-femina, Roth. ...... 219
foliolosum, Moore ........ 221
oxyphyllum, Moore....... . 220
tenuifrons, Moore ..... vee 221
Balantium, Kaulf. .......... 237
antarcticum, Pres] ........ 239
arborescens, Hook. ........ 239
auricomum, Kaulf. ........ 239
chrysotrichum, Hazsk ...... 319
Culcita, Kaulf. save 238
Sellowiana, Presl......... 2239
Bathmium.
Billardiei, Fée ...... «pas. 145
ebeneum, Fée ...... cece - 144
macrophyllum, Link ...... 145
repandum, Fée seseneie: LES
trifoliatum, Link...... woes 145
Blechnum, Linn......... xeee 1BE
angustifolium, Willd.....++ 198
atlenuatum, Metten. ...... 201
australe, Linn. .... 2.06. eae 202
Boreale, SW. ose cece ee eens 201
Boryana, Schlecht........+ 202
Brasiliense, Desv . a 198
callophyllum, Lang. et Fisch. 198
campylotis, J, Sim. «6.2.26 198
Blechnum —
Capense, Schlecht. .... page ate
cartilagineum, Sw...... 0+ 198
cognatum, Presl........... 197
conjugatum, Klot. .......+
Corcovadense, Radd. ......
fraxineum, Willd. ..... tae
glandulosum, Kunze ......-
glandulosum, Link.......+
gracile, Kaulf........... ae
hastatum, Kaul.
intermedium, Link.......6
Japonicum, Liun, .....006
levigatum, Cav. ....... sci
Lanceola, Sw... ...seecsee
lanceolatum, Tadd... 1.660
latifolium, Presl........08
latifolium, Moritz ...... 2.
longifolium, H. B. KR. ......
nitidum, Pr.
occidentale, Linn... .. 1.66 .
onocleoides, Sw.
orientale, Lint. .......00s
polypodioides, Radd.......
procerum, Labill.........6+
punctulatum, SW. weceevee
radicans, Linn. .....+0-
scandens, Bory....eseeeree
serrulatum, Rich.
Spicant, SM... sees eeee
stagninum, Radd. aieioglasuale
stramineum, Labill.........
striatum, 2. Br. .... ta (eteiais
triangulare, Link .......-
triangulatum, J. Sm. 2.005
trifoliatum, Kaulf. ......5
Virginicum, Linn. .. :
wolubile, Kaulf. .....0e005
Botrychium, Sw...... :
daucifolium, Waill.....
dissectum, Spreng. ..
Lunaria, Sw... eee eee
lunarioides, Sw. ....ceveee
lunarioides, Schk. .....
obliquum, Muhl.....
rutaceum, Sw. ....
simplex, Hitch. ..seeccees
Virginianum, Sw. ..sceene
Virginicum, Willd......-..
Botryogramma.
Karwinskii, Fée ........4-
197
198
198
197
197
198
. 198
198
205
198
196
196
198
198
198
312
197
201
198
196
202
202
305
209
198
201
198
168
198
197
197
196
« 205
205
273
- 825
274
274
274
274
274
274
274
274
274
12°
424 FERNS:
Botrypus.
lunarioides, Michx..... page 274
Bowringia,
insignis, Hook.
Brainea, J. Sm...
insignis, J. Sno.
ee ewe enee
Ceenopleris.
appendiculata, Labill.
Fabiana, Bory..
flaccida, Thunb.
myriophylla, SWicaaraiaes is
Nove-Zelandie, Spreng... ..
Odontites, Thunb. .......
vivipara, SW. .eeeceeeeees
Callipteris, Bory........
esculenta, J. Sm .. cc. eee
Malabarica, J. Sin..
prolifera, Bory sists
- Serampurense, Féa .. ...e ae
\ syluatica, Bory. ... ese ee
Cumpteria.
biaurita, Hook. .....e.s0s
Camptosorus.
rhizophyllus, Link .......+
Campyloneurum, Presl ......
angustifolium, Fée
angustifolium. Moore......
brevifoliuun, Link .....6..4
cespitosum, Link ........
decurrens, Presto... 2.0 6s
ensifulium, J. Sm. ....e0 0.
fasciale, Piesl ...... 0.000.
latum, Moore .....0008 ae
lucidum, Moore ....... ere
nitidum, Presl.... ieee ee
Phyllitidis, Prest...... 04,
repena, Presl .......
rigidum, J. Sm. ....
Cardiochlena.
macrophylla, Fée
Cassebeera,
Farinosa, J. Sm... .ceeccee
Ceratodactylis.
osmundioides, J. Sm... 4.00
Ceratopteris, Brongn. .... 183,
Parkert, J. 8m. .......
thalictroides, Brongn. . 134,
Ceterach, Willd. .......00..
aspidioides, Willd. ....
aureum, Desv,.
eee
ee meee ne on
204
203
204
215
215
214
216
214
214
215
227
227
227
« 237
227
223
360
228
124
317
BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
Ceterach—
cordata, Kaulf. ...... page a
officinarum, Willd. .......+
pedunculata, Hook. et Grev. 308
polypodioides, Radd. ...... 124
Cheilanthes, Sw. ........ 174, 309
Alabamensis, Aunze ....+. 176
amaurorachis, Kunze ...... 171
arborescens, Sw. ....eee00. 171
argentea, Kunze .....se00. 176
Borsigiana, Reichenb, .... 173
brachypus, Kunze ........ 172
Brasiliensis, Radd...... vax 176
Capensis, Sw. ........ 176
cuneata, Link ............ 189
dealbata, Don .... 178
elegans, Desv. .......0-.2- 174
Ellisiana, Hort. -.....-... 174
farinosa, fee smerawenae 176
Fendleri, Hook. savee 809
frazrans, SWo casas - 175
frigida, Linden ..... seeee 174
glauca, Metten. .......... 189
gracillima, Hat. .... enneR 309
hirta, Sw. ‘ oy 4
intranarginatis, B Hook. . 18¢
lendigera, Lowe ......00-. 174
lendigera, Sw....e esas sees 174
Maderensis, Lowe .. 175
Matthewsii, Hunze........ 809
micromera, Link .......+4. 176
microphylla, Sw...... 176
micropteris, Sw...... we 175
multifida, Sw.........00.5 176
myriophylla, Desv. . - 174
odora, Sw. ..cceeeeeeseee 175
pedata, A. Br.........0..- 177
Preissiana, Kunz3 ........ 176
profusa, Kunze .......... 180
pteroides, Sw......... . 176
pulchella, Bory .......... 809
pulveracea, Presl .....+06 176
radiata, J. Sm. ..... wn LIT
rufescens, Link .......... 180
Sieberi, Kunze .......... 176
spectabilis, Kaulf. ........ 176
spinulosa, Link .....+.004 198
suaveolens, Sw. ..seeeeees 175
tenuifolia, Sw.......e0..0. 176
tenuis, Hort. ...ceeeseeee 174
tomentosa, Link .....es005 174
tNDEX. 425
Cheilanthes— Cuspidarid.
vestita, Sw. .....4.... page ie Furcata, Fee .sccscses. page 91
viscosa, Link ............ Cyathea, Sm. ..cecccsecacs . 241
Chnoophora. aculeata, TWilld. .......... 242
glauca, Blume.......0...6 245] arborea, Sit. .e.s eee 241, 365
Chrysodium. arbored, Hook. ..sseecees 242
Wit Sic Foe wceeeeesceee 120] Beyrichiana, Presl......2. 244
Ci rystopteris, é Burkei, Hook....... weneae 820
dictyocallis, Féo .....ce00. 84 canaliculata, Wid. ac.cs. 242
longipes, Link .. seeee 94 capensis, Sm. .. covae 244
peliidea, Link .. wee 94 Cunninghamii, sek... ee eee
terminalis, Link .......... 94 dealbata, Sw. ........ 242, 895
Cibotium, Kaulf. ese+ 239) — dentata, Bt.ccseec ce resees 160
Barometz, J. ‘Sm. . Secs 366 Dregei, Kunze . 2B
Billardieri, Kauilf. . +. 239 elegans, Hew. . 241
Cumingii, Kunze ........ 240 excelsa, Sw. . ~. 242
glaucescens, Kunze........ 240 fragilis, ae . 160
Menziesii, Hook... cece eee. 240 funebris, ‘Lind. rier danen OL
princeps, J. Sie sis aca anes 291 grandifolia, Willd. . es
‘princeps, Linden Sieeraayerets Va 291 Grevilleana, Mart. . 241
regale, LANDON si a9 is Gave we BOL Hookeri, Thw....cceeecees 212
Schiedei, Schlecht. ........ 240 horrida, Sm. ....eeeecees 248
spectabile, Lind. .......... 319 Tmrayana, Hoole.ccceceees 820
Wendlandii, Mett. ........ 319 incisa, Sin, sesaae ee ux 161
Cincinalis, Desv, sisasrmeastana Li8 insignis, Ailey pevivasen “E91, 320
Fendleri, Kye..........+. 809 integra, J. Sm... ...eeeee ee 242
flavens, Desv. ......+6.+4+ 178 Manniana, Hook. ........ 242
Hookeri, J. Sm........... 178| medullaris, Sw. ...... 242, 385
nivea, Desv.........06.045 178 muricata, Willd........... 242
pulchella. J. SMsisiseversg ce 178 nigrescens, J. Sim. ......2. 242
tenera, Fé 1... 0.6. eee e. 178 Schanshin, Mart. ........ 320
Cionidium. serra, Willd. ............ 242
Moorei, Moore..... sacseas 148 sinuata, Hook. et Grev..... 241
Cnemidaria. Smithii, Hook, .......... 242
hovrida, Presl ............ 248 speciosa, Humb. .......... 243
speciosa, Presl ossiccersasevie, 243 spinulosa, Wall. .......... 320
Colysis, Prest...... seseeees. 97 villosa, H. B. K.. wae, O45
dilatata, J. Sm. ......044 » 296 Waikerce, Hook. . s+ 820
hemionitidea, Presl........ 98 | Cyclodium, Presl 141
membranacea, J. Siv....... 98 eli are a Pre... 141
Spectra, J. Sm. .......6.. 98 Cyel iti Tpeee Ann es
Coniogramma, Fée........ 05 gay | Czelopelbts, oF Gttisuwvmvieenn 180
Javanica, Fée .....0.0.6.. 127 SEIIROTGAMy de wills, ies os 10R
Craspedaria. Cyclophorus.
rupestris, Link............ 100 Lingua, Desv....e.eeeeees 100
Cryptogramma, R. Br. ..... . 177 | Cyrtomium, Prest .......... 141
crispa, R. Br. ..........-. 177] abbreviatum, J. Sm. ...... 802
Ctenopteris, Rl. ......,..... 301 caryotideum, Presi........ 143
trichomanoides, Sw. ...... 302 falcatum, Presl .......... 142
Culcita, Fortunei, J. Sm.. sees 286
macrocarpa, Presl ........ 238 juglandifolium, Moore sawa J4?
426
FERNS :
Cystea.
regia, Sm. ee
Cystopteris, Ber oh,
alpina, Desv. .....escees
alomaria, Pres] ...
bulbifera, Bernh.....
dentata, Hook.
Dickieana, Sim. ......
fragilis, Bernh.
montana, Bernh. .
“Page a
regia, Presi . sesavevee 161
teruis, Schott . wisiceleraiete\sisievas. LOO,
Danza, Sm. ....00.e024- 269, 367
alata, Sm.. seseceessas 269
nodosa, Sm. . ahseiesreceg 2209
simplicifolia, Rudge. seceeee 324
Darea.
Belangeri, Bory ....
bifida, Kaulf. ....
cicutaria, Sm. ...-
inequalis, Willd... .
rutefolia, Sm... 2... 05
Davallia, &
ese eee
aculeata, Sm. ....seeeeeee 232
adiantoides, Sw...seeseeee 319
afinis, Hook. .. sate aiet AK
alpina, Bl. .... vee 293
angustata, Wall... ..+.00.. 298
bidentata, Schk. ....... wee 76
Boryana, Hook. et Grev. .. 318
bullata, Wall....... Steere (6
Canariensis, Sm. ....eee00. 76
cherophylia, Wall. ......05 77
ciliata, Hook. ..... as 40
clavata, SW. ....eeseaecees 817
concinum, Schrad. ...+..-. 815
Cumingti, Hook... ..cceeee 75
decora, Moore.......6..4- 76
dissecta, J. Sin. .eccaseeee 76
divaricata, Blume ...
elata, SW....... eee.
elegans, Sw... ....eeeeee
flaccida, R. Br. ......4
flagellifera, Wall.
hemiptera, Bory ..... 318
heterophylla, Hook. et ‘Grev. 75
hirta, Kaulf. iswauhiaee 319
hispida, Hew. . sevens 233
immersa, el) saeco, 77
Khasyana, Hook, ........ 288
BRITISH AND FOREIGN.
Davallia—
Kunzeana, Hort...... wepage
Lindenii, Hook. scaishate
Lindleyi, Hook. .......++ .
Lonchitidea, Wall. .....-
majuscula, Lowe...
Mauritiana, Hook. ...
membranulosa, Wall,
Mooreana, Mast........008
nitidula, Kunze ........08
Nove-Zelandie, Colenso ..
ornata, Wall. .......... 76,
pallida, Mett. ... wees
parvula, Wall.. sees
pectinata, Sm, ...eccsecees
pedata, Sm. . aiseaaly
pentaphylla, Blume ...000
pinnata, Cav. ..ccereseece
platyphylla, Don........005
polyantha, Hook. ..
polypodioides, Don ..
pulchra, Don .ssecseccess
pyxidata, Cav. ........76,
repens, Desv. .-.seerecves
rhomboidea, Wall. .. 2.2.55
Saccoloma, Spreng...
scabra, Don .......
Bolida, Sw. ..cceecccceece
solida, Hook. .......
strigosa, SW. ...seccesene
tenuifolia, Sw... sale oie
Thwaitesit, Bak. ....eeeeee
trichosticha, Hook. ......0.
triphylla, Hook. ..........
Tyermanii, Bak. ....
vestita, Bl. 2. .cccceceseae
villosa, Wall. ..
Vogelii, Hook...
Dennstedtia.
adiantoides, Moore....
anthriscifolia, Moore ..
cicutaria, Moore....
davallioides, Moore
dissecta, Moore ........6
Moluccana, Moore ..
nitidula, Moore ...
Pavoni, Moore HAR b6O®
punctilobula, Moore ......
rubiginosa, Moore
tenera, Moore .....0.. .s08
Deparia, Hook, ct Grev. ....-.
se wees ae
sees ceee
78
19
76
233
233
INDEX, 4.27
D-paria—
Macre’, Hook. et Grev. per
Mooret, Hook ABN cd te a mea 148
prolifera, Hook. et Grev.. 236
Diacalpe, Bl... .. .... 2.2000 807
aspidioides, Bl. eee
Dicksonia, L’Hérit. .... .. 288, 366
adiantoides, Humb. ...... 236
antarctica, Labill.......239, 364
anthriscifolia, Kaulf....... 237
arborescens, L'fJérit. .. 239, 365
auricoma, Spreng. ......
chrysostricha, Moore ...... 319
cicutaria, Sw. .....eseee ee 237
Culeita, L’Hérit. ........ 238
davallioides, R. Br... ...... 237
Deplanchei, Vieille ...... 319
dissecta, SW.iew es eecceeeeee 237
fibrosa, Col. ....++ « 319
flaccidum, Sw. ..ee.e..0225 819
integra, Sw... see ieee ae 239
lanata, Colenso .. 12.0004. 289
Moluccana, Blume........ 237
nitidula, Kunze .......... 237
Pavoni, Hook............. 287
pilosiuscula, Willd......... 236
Plumierii, Hook. ........ 319
prolifera, Kaulf. .......... 236
pubescens, Schk. ....... eee 236
punctiloba, Hook. .......- 236
repens, Bory ..sseseeeeee 318
rubiginosa, Kaulf. ........ 237
Sellowiana, Hook. ........ 239
Smithii, Hook. .......... 819
squarrosa, Sw. ......+. 239, 365
Wendlandii, Bak. | Simnerwe O19
Youngii, Moore .........6 291
Diclisodon.
deparicides, Moore........ 159
Dicranoglossum, J. Sm......
furcatum, J. Sm......000.. 91
Dictymia, J. Sm... ....eeeeee 88
attenuata, J. Sm. wee. eee
Dictyocline, Moore.........- 802
Wilfordii, J. Sm. .ececeeees
Dictyoglossum.
crinitum, J.Sm..e.ceeeeee
Dictyogramma, Fée ...
japonica, Fée ......
Dictyopteris, Presl ....
attenuata, Presl .-...+. wee =689
Dictyopteris=
Camerooniana, J. Sm.
irregularis, Presl..........
macrodonta, Presl . i laisse deena
warians, Moore .........6
Dictyoxiphium, Hook. ......
Panamense, Hook. ........ 183
Didymochlena, Desv. ...... 165
lunulata, Desv. ....0...05 166
sinuosa, Desv.......06..66 166
truncatula, J. 8m. ........ 166
Digrammaria.
ambigua, Presl .......... 227
esculenta, Fée ......00000. 227
Diplazium, Sw. ......
acuminatum, Pres)... 6...
acuminatum, Radd........ 222
alternifolium, Blume ...... 222
ambiguum, J. Sm. ........
arborescens, J. Sm. ......
brevisorum, J. Sm. .... 0.0.
coarctatum, Link ........
conchatum, J. Sm......... 2
costale, Presl .....0.....
decussatum, J. Sm.........
dilatatum, Blume ........
diversifolium, Wall. ......
esculentum, Sw. .......e05
expansum, Willd. ........
fabefolium, J.Sm.........
Franconis, Lieb. ..........
fraxinifolium, Wall. ......
giganteum, Hort. Lind... ..
grandifolium, Sw. ........
integrifolium, J. Sm.......
juglandifolium, Sw. ......
Klotzschii, Moore ........ 2
«page 285
135
285
285
133
lanceum, Presl..........2. 209
lasiopteris, Kunze ....... 2 223
Malabaricum, Spreng. .... 227
marginatum, Hort......... 223
plantagineum, Sw......... 222
polypodioides, Blume...... 223
proliferum, Kaulf......... 227
pubescens, Link .......... 227
pulcherrimum, Radd....... 166
Pullingeri, Bak. .......... 315
Serampurense, Spreng. .... 227
Shepherdi, Link .......... 222
Shepherdi, Presl . +. 222
striatum, Presl .......0.. 222
438 FERNS: BRITISH AND FOREIGN
Diplaziim—
subalatum, Hew.. * Page 222
sylvaticum, Sw. ....
thelypteroides, Presl eiiieeatite
Thwaitesii, A. Br. .......
Zeylanicuw, Moore ......
Discostegia.
alata, Presl......se scence
Disphenia.
aculeata, Presl .... seose
arborea, Presl ...,-...00.
Grevilleana, Kunze ......
Doodia, R. Br... .scecc ees
aspera, R. Br... eee eee ee
blechnoides, A. Cunn. ....
caudata, Hort...........65
caudata, R. Bre ...0.. sae
dives, Kunze ese aint
duriuscula, Moore ........
linearis, J, Sm. .... 0.0006
lunulata, R. Brew... eee
maxima, LOWE .....ee00e
rupestris, Kaulf...........
Doryopteris, J. Sm. .......+
collina, J. Sm. ...eee cree ee
palmata, J. Sm. ....0. 00
pedata, J. Sit... ss. cee ee
sagittifolia, J. Sm........-
Drymoglossum, Picsl ......
lanceolatum, J. Sm. ......
piloselloides, Presl ........
Drynaria, Bory......+.
coronans, J. Sm. ...
diversifolia, J. Sm.
Fortunei, Moore.....
glauca, J.Sm. ...eseeeceee
Heraclea, J. Sit........00-
Hillii, Hort. 0... cece ee ee
melanococca, Moore and
Houlstess i xe x% x0c40% sc
morbillosa, J. Sm. ....
musefolia, J. Sm. ....0005
pinnata, Fée .......0e00e
propinqua, J. Sm. ...eee ae
quercifolia, Bory .......
revoluta, J. Sm. .ececseee
pibidd, J, S0ivs sa xaxase x @
Dryomenis, Fée ........0008
plantaginea, J. Sm.........
Egenolfia, Schott.....eeeeees
223
223
+ 223
222
268
242
. 241
241
199
199
199
199
199
- 199
312
199
199
199
199
Egenolfia—
appendiculata, J. Sm. .. page
Hamiltoniana, Schott...
Elaphoglossum, Schott .. 104,
apodum, Schott .....0.+5
Blumeauun, J. Sin...
brachyneuron, J. Sin. ...-
callefolium, J. Sia.....4.
conforme, Scholt........
crassinerve, J. Sm......0.
cuspidatum, J. Sm........
Funckii, Moore ......45
Herminieri, J. Sm.......
latifolium, J. Sm. ......0e
longifolium, J.Sm... ... ite
melanopus, Kunze ...... a
microlepis, J. Sm. .....+
muscosum, J. Sm. «+... 00.
palustre, Te nadauabaies
perelegans, J. Sm. ...+....
piloselloides, J. Sm. ..-. 45
Prestoni, J. Sm.......... es
rubiginosum, Fs SMn oy esas
scolopendrifolium, J. Sin. ..
Sieberi, J. Sm..... sais e ‘i
squamosum, J. Sm....... +6
stigmatolepis, J. Sm.
undulatum, J. Sm.......
vestitum, Lowe ........6.
villosum, J. Sm...... eas
Ellobocarpus.
oleraceus, Kaulf..... tvawes
Eupodium, J. Sm. .....00006
Kaulfussii, J. Sm... 22.00
Fadyenia, Hook. ....seceeees
prolifera, Hook. ......+.- .
Féea, Bory. ......0008 wiaethe
nana, Bory .es