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New York
State College of Agriculture
At Gornell University

Dthaca, N.Y.

Library

Date Due

DEC5

Library Bureau Cat. No. 1137

Cornell University Library
QK 306.W33C

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Cornell University

The original of this book is in
the Cornell University Library.

There are no known copyright restrictions in
the United States on the use of the text.

http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001689326

COMPENDIUM

OF THE

CYBELE BRITANNICA;

OR

Hritish Plants in their Geographical Belations.

BY

HEWETT COTTRELL WATSON,

“There is scarcely any well-informed person, who, if he has but the
will, has not also the power to add something essential to the general stock
of knowledge, if he will only observe regularly and methodically some
particular class of facts which may most excite his attention, or which his
situation may best enable him to study with effect.’—HurscHELu.

LONDON:

LONGMANS, GREEN, READER, & DYER.

1870.

@BI697

LONDON :
E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, DEVONSHIRE STREET,
BISHOPSGATE.

PREFACE.

Tus Volume was printed in three successive Parts
in the years 1868, 1869, 1870; the manuscript for the
several portions having been prepared chiefly in the
years preceding those dates. Attention to the dates
is requested, because they will shew that the earlier
pages of the volume could scarcely take into account
any facts ascertained or records made later than 1867;
although in the pages last printed some few discoveries
and records even of 1870 have been noted while the
proof sheets passed through hand. The additions given
under the head of ‘‘ Notes and Corrections,’ on pages
606—615, will bring the whole volume nearly up to
actual knowledge about British plants and their dis-
tribution at the beginning of 1870.

The Author’s personal experiences in British botany
may be said to extend over most of the forty years
preceding the last mentioned date. In course of those
years he has observed and collected plants in many
different counties, from Cornwall and Kent southwards
to Sutherland and Caithness northwards, from the:
coast line to the summits of the highest hills. But
most of his botanical ramblings were done in years
before the railways had grown into such a network
of locomotive facilities as they now afford for botanical
purposes. Thus, while much was seen, much also has
remained unseen by him; advancing age and other
conditions having latterly interfered to render him

iv PREFACE.

sedentary at home, or locomotive only to the range of
a single-day journey to and fro. Books and the manu-
script communications of botanical friends have been
largely resorted to, in order to extend and supplement
the knowledge acquired by personal investigation. His
writings are thus to be looked upon as a combination
between actual observation at first-hand and rather
elaborate compilation at second-hand.

This present volume may be taken as a condensed
summary from thousands upon thousands of individual
facts, real or alleged, actually ascertained or accepted
on faith. It is not to be expected that such a sum-
mary has been made without errors and oversights on
the part of the Author himself, besides those which
may have been taken on trust from other writers or
communicators. The attempted elimination of old
errors, over and over again repeated in books, and of
the many others of more recent date continually in-
creasing their numbers, has been found one of the
most unsatisfactory among the emendatory tasks under-
taken.

On the whole, however, it is believed that the present
Compendium may be accepted by the botanists of
Britain, as a fairly reliable exposition of that depart-
ment of botanical science to which it relates. If so
accepted, it may claim to constitute a new and advanced
starting ground for further investigations. At any rate,
the Author must himself feel well assured that his own
past efforts would have been very greatly assisted, if
he could have found any similar book forty years ago.
For want thereof he has been compelled to sacrifice
much time and labour in the accumulation of small
facts, to be methodically arranged and then selected

PREFACE. ¥

from. The course has been always onward, indeed, but
at the deliberate pace of the tortoise. Successors may
march forward all the faster and surer for this slowness
hitherto.

A work like the Cybele Britannica or its Com-
pendium, the first of its kind, unavoidably assumes a
good deal the character of being critical and polemical.
Distribution is primarily based on localities observed
and recorded; and records of localities give frequent
occasion to weigh critically the personal testimony, in
reliance upon which the records are to be accepted
and made use of as scientific truths or facts. Dis-
tribution, again, deals with plants as so many species;
and under existing conditions of technical botany,
that term itself immediately suggests controversial dis-
crepancies of opinion about the validity of those entities
intended by the specific names used.

It is not the Author’s disposition to accept opinions
on faith or facts non-inquiringly. His creed is, that
intellectual truth should be held paramount over all
other considerations. Such a creed is certain to give
offence to individuals when practically carried out. The
official and, the influential are prone to think it quite
proper that they should receive the largest amount of
personal laudation, and yet they will inconsistently
object against the smallest degree of personal censure,
in reference to their published opinions or public
practices in science. While the Author has refused to
be restrained by rules so inconsistent, he has never
wittingly either misrepresented or misquoted the writers
whom he has had occasion to criticize. Not seldom
he has himself been subjected to garbled quotation
and intentional misrepresentation, usually anonymous or

vi PREFACE.

editorial. But there is nothing surprising in the fact,
that those who are base enough to be intentionally
false, should also be mean enough to be covertly
false.

The name Cybele has been variously pronounced.
The two first vowels are short, the final e is sounded
long. This correct pronunciation is insured by making
the two first syllables end with the consonants thus,
Cyb-el-e. Some persons insist on Cy-bel-e, and others
even on Cy-be-le. The Author prefers to sound the
name nearly as if it were written Sib-el-e.

The Address of the Author remains at Thames
Ditton, near Kingston, Surrey. But the town of
Kingston-on-Thames having been changed under postal
arrangements to a Head country office, it is no longer
proper to add the letters ““S.W.” which are the initials
of a Metropolitan district. Correspondents are requested
to note this change in postal address.

CONTENTS.

PAGE
I, Introductory Explanations :—
1. Topographical Divisions 2
2. Ascending or Climatic Zones. ll
3. Types of Distribution . 23
4, Grades of Species ‘ 32
5. Relation of Varieties to Species 40
6. Nativity of the Species 59
7. Explanation of the Formula used 62
II. Synopsis of Species :—
Orders RatviuncuLacez to EquisETacum . 79 to 420
ITI. Segregates and their Nomenclature 425
1. Ranunculus aquatilis, its history.
2. Thalictrum minus, ditto.
8. Viola canina, ditto.
4. Hypericum quadrangulum, ditto.
5. Valeriana officinalis, ditto.
6. Aspidium spinulosum, ditto.
IV. Additional List 461

1 Segregates, 461. 2 Aliens, 464. 38 Casuals, 465.

4 Extincts, 467. 5 Errors, 468. 6 Ambiguities 469.

Orders RanuncuLackzé to EquisrTacEz . 478 to
V. Notes and Corrections in Synopsis
Cybele Britannica, explanatory notice concerning it
Index of Names

605
606
616
617

I. INTRODUCTORY EXPLANATIONS.

Puyro-croaraPuy traces out the history and distribution of
plants, in connexion with the geographical position of countries,
their conditions of climate, and the physical peculiarities of their
surface. It has been more specially described under two names
or divisions, according to the different modes in which the subject
matter is chiefly taken under consideration. 1. Geographical
Botany is understood to begin with the plants themselves, whether
by individual species or in generic or ordinal groups, and to trace
the distribution of the species or groups over the surface of the
Earth, or over any portion of it immediately under consideration.
2. Botanical Geography regards the Earth’s surface itself pri-
marily, and examines the floral peculiarities of its various parts or
divisions ; investigating the diversities and correspondences of
their respective floras, and endeavouring to ascertain the circum-
stances or influences which have determined the existing con-
ditions of plant-distribution. Briefly, the former may be said to
treat about the places of the plants; the second, conversely, to
treat about the plants of the places. If reduced into brief
questions, the distinction may become still more clear. 1. In
what places, and under what conditions, does this plant or group
of plants occur ? 2. By what kind of plants, or combination of
plants, is this country inhabited and characterized ?—how did
they first get to it?—how maintained there ?

This present volume will be devoted to geographical botany.
Each British species will be treated separately and successively,
and its geographical distribution will be indicated in accordance
with a fixed form. The ample details thus condensed within a

B

2 INTRODUCTION.

small compass, and the uniformity of treatment ensured by ad-
herence to one fixed formula of distribution, will be found advan-
tageous to phyto-geographers. All the leading facts are thus
placed ready for use, whether it be wished to compare the
botanical geography of Britain with that of any other country,—
or, to compare one part of Britain with any other part of itself,
under the like view,—or, to compare the distribution of one
species with that of another, or with the distribution of all others
by means of general lists.

Many of such comparisons have been shown in the fourth
volume of the Cybele Britannica. Those readers who may desire
to see and understand such an application of the details of geo-
graphical botany, can readily do so by consulting that fourth
volume ; which may be regarded, indeed, as a second volume also
to the present more epitomized work. The three earlier volumes
of the Cybele Britannica having been longer in print (1847—
1852) their details were brought up of course less near to the
actual knowledge of to-day; while the later date of the fourth
volume (1859) places it less in arrear, and more especially so on
account of the more generalised character of its contents. The
present work will be understood to replace the three earlier
volumes of the Cybele Britannica almost exclusively, and with
only brief explanations drawn from the fourth volume and the
Supplement. But it is not simply an epitome of these three
volumes; being in fact almost a re-written work on a similar
plan.

1. TopoGRAPHICAL DIvIsrons.

For the purposes of phyto-geography it was found expedient to
form and name some other partitions of the surface of Dritain,
besides those in current use for social or political geography. The
three antient divisions of the island—England, Wales, Scotland—
were too few and too unequal; while ninety counties and islet-
groups were too numerous, and also too unequal, for some of the
objects. Intermediate divisions were especially required, and
these were easily formed by uniting the counties into less numerous

I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 3

groups. At the same time, it was sought to obviate the prac-
tical inconvenience of new sections and new names as far as
possible. A close adherence to county-boundaries was conse-
quently resolved upon, for a basis of all the new divisions. To
this rule some slight exceptions will be found, where small
portions of one county lie apart, being imbedded or insulated
within the outline limits of other adjaccut counties.

Provinces. — In forming the intermediate sections, by grouping
the counties, a wavy middle line was first traced from the south
coast of England northwards into the Highlands of Scotland; this
line corresponding with the boundaries of counties, and being
traced in that course which would best divide the counties whose
rivers flow to the eastern coasts, from those other counties the
waters of which are emptied into the western seas or ocean. These
two longitudinal portions of the island were then transversely sub-
divided into Provinces, or groups of counties which together con-
stitute the basin of a principal river, or have some other physical
peculiarity in common. The mesial line was not continued
northward of Inverness, where Scotland becomes very narrow,
and where counties extend from the east to the west coast, as
Ross and Sutherland. The wide county of Inverness itself, also
extending from east to west, is bisected by the longitudinal line ;
the eastern portion being thus divided from the western portion ;
its two portions being severally named East-Inverness and West-
Inverness, abbreviated into Easterness and Westerness. The
small eastern county of Nairn is included with Easterness ; while
that detached part of Argyle, situate on the north-west side of
Loch Linhe, is taken along with Westerness.

In this manner eighteen Provinces, or groups of counties, have
been traced on the map of Britain; and though still being arbi-
trary or conventional partitions of the surface, through conforming
with county boundaries, they will be found on examination to be
more natural sections of the island, than are the counties them-
selves. It will be observed that any needful new names are given
to the provinces in accordance with some physical peculiarity or
character, usually that of a principal river basin, as Thames or

4 INTRODUCTION.

Severn. If other names were already in familiar use and suffi-
ciently applicable, those customary names have been retained im
preference ; as in the case of North or South Wales, or Highlands
and Lowlands of Scotland.

In order to render these Provinces suitable for phyto-geogra-
phical comparisons among themselves, it was sought to give to
each a considerable portion of coast line; as otherwise maritime
plants in some of them, and not in others, would have rendered
their local floras less comparable. But the inland province of
Severn was unavoidably left with a coast line of less extent than
elsewhere. For convenience of geographical nomenclature it was
deemed better to keep the twelve counties of Wales to themselves ;
and to have included all Somerset with the Severn counties, more
strictly so designated, would have intruded their province too far
into that of the Peninsula. The existing conditions of botanical
knowledge and records, at the date of 1840—5, likewise in some
degree affected the provincial boundaries, more especially those of
the Highland provinces. The counties were so grouped that the
then existing records should furnish a tolerably full list of the
species for each group. Otherwise, it would have been preferable
to group the Highland counties into four provinces instead of
three only ; also, to keep the Western isles of Scotland, Ebudes
and Hebrides, united together as one province, apart from the two
sub-groups of Northern isles, Orkney and Shetland. But the
botanical data on record a quarter century ago, though much
increased by the present writer’s own manuscript notes, were still
too incomplete and imperfect to allow a compilation of local Floras
for six instead of four Highland and Insular provinces. By a
subsequently adopted arrangement, presently to be explained, the
same counties and isles can now be treated as ten sub-groups,
instead of four chief groups, in cases where the more numerous
partitions are likely to prove more useful.

Before proceeding to explain the other divisions and sub-
divisions of Britain, more numerous than these eighteen pro-
vinces, it seems advisable to present a list of the counties
enumerated under their respective provinces ; this first grouping

I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. 5

of the counties into the eighteen primary provinces being the
guide to all other divisions and combinations, whether larger and
fewer, or smaller and more numerous sections. Through a
reference to the subjoined list, any plain county map of Britain
may readily be converted into a provincial map, by colouring such
of the outlines of counties as constitute any portion of the bound-
aries of the provinces. For example, a coloured line along the
contiguous boundaries of Devon and Somerset, on the one side,
with Dorset and Wilts on the other side, will separate the province
of the Peninsula from that of the Channel; and in like manner a
coloured line traced along the northern boundaries of Wilts,
Hants and Sussex, will separate the Channel province from that
of the Thames.

List of Provinces and their included Counties.

1. Pentysunta.—Cornwall, Devon, Somerset.

2. CaanneL.—Dorset, Wilts, Isle of Wight, Hants, Sussex.

3. TuHames.—Kent, Surrey, Berks, Oxford, Bucks, Middlesex, Herts, Essex.

4. Ousr.—Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Bedford, Huntingdon, North-
ampton.

5. SEvERN.—Gloucester, Worcester, Warwick, Stafford, Salop, Hereford,
Monmouth.

6. Sours Wares.—Glamorgan, Caermarthen, Pembroke, Cardigan, Bre-
con, Radnor.

7. NortH Wares.—Montgomery, Merioneth, Caernarvon, Denbigh, Flint,
Anglesea.

8. Trent.—Leicester, Rutland, Lincoln, Notts, Derby.
9. Mersry.—Cheshire, Lancashire.
10. Humsper.—York.
11. Tyne.—Durham, Northumberland.
12. Laxes.—Westmoreland, Cumberland. (Isle of Man).
13. West Lowzanps.— Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Wigton, Ayr, Lanark,
Renfrew.
14. East Lownanps.—Berwick, Roxburgh, Peebles, Selkirk, Haddington,
Edinburgh, Linlithgow.
15. East Hiaunanps.—Fife, Kinross, Clackmannan, Stirling, Perth, For-
far, Kincardine, Aberdeen, Banff, Moray (including Nairn,
Elgin, and the north-east of Inverness).
16. West Hicuianps.—Dumbarton, Argyle, Inverness, westward of Loch
Erricht. Isles adjacent, from Arran to Skye.
17. Norra Hicuranps.—Ross and Cromarty, Sutherland, Caithness.
18. Nortu Istes.—Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland.

6 INTRODUCTION.

Sub-provinces. — The varying width of the island in its different
latitudes, and the necessity also for taking into account the then
actual state of botanical records, caused the provinces to be less
equalized in size or area than was desirable ; although they were
made much less disproportionate than the counties themselves.
As the distribution of the plants became better ascertained, it was
found to become practicable and useful to equalize the provinces
more closely, by further subdividing the larger of them, and
leaving the smaller undivided. By this course the eighteen pri-
mary provinces were increased into thirty-eight subordinate pro-
vinces, to which the designation of Sub-province was given; the
original names being retained for the undivided provinces, and a
prefix added to the original names for the severed portions of the
others. The great county of York, constituting alone the province
of Humber, thus became apportioned between two sub-provinces,
—those of East Humber and West Humber. In other respects
county boundaries were still adhered to in forming the sub-
provinces ; several of which are identical with large counties.
There is one important difference between the provinces and sub-
provinces, which is to be kept in recollection in all comparisons
between their floras; namely, that some of the English sub-
provinces are entirely inland, presenting no coast line for maritime
plants. Thus, while several species of the sea-shore can be stated
to occur generally in all the provinces, the like character of
generality cannot be assigned to them, when their distribution is
traced by the sub-provinces in England.

Vice-Counties.— The still greater inequality and disproportion
in the size of the counties, frequently rendering any comparison
between their floras quite unsatisfactory and delusive, was also
sought to be partially removed by cutting the larger counties into
two or more sections designated Vice-counties, and leaving the
smaller counties whole. Some few of the smallest counties had
previously been sunk or included in those adjacent to them, as
Rutland in Leicestershire, and Kinross in Fifeshire; and the
fragmentary county of Cromarty was held as part of Ross, within
which its detached portions are situate. Through this course of

I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS. vA

subdivision, the counties and vice-counties together are increased
to 112. The familiar names of the counties are almost always
retained, the vice-counties being distinguished by a prefixed word,
usually denoting the points of the compass,—North, South, East,
West, or Mid,—as being obvious and easily remembered. Some
few exceptions to this rule of nomenclature are introduced, where
a familiar name already existed, as Isle of Wight, or else in order
to avoid the awkwardness of writing, for instance, “ North North-
umberland with North Durham ;” the name of “ Cheviotland ”
being substituted for this latter compound. The vice-counties,
equally as the sub-provinces, came into use only in the fourth
volume and Supplement of the Cybele Britannica; the distribution
of the species being traced by the provinces and counties only in
the three earlier volumes. In this work, the sub-provinces and
the vice-counties will come fully into use in forming a ‘ Census’
scale; and hence the necessity for explaining what they are and
what their names represent.

Divisions of Britain.—Taking the 18 Provinces as a basis, we
are now prepared to trace larger divisions of the surface, which
can often serviceably be substituted for the old divisions into Eng-
land and Scotland, or England and Wales. The single mesial line
traced from south to north, as before explained, will make two
longitudinal divisions into East and West Britain. Two trans-
verse lines will in turn divide the island into South, Mid, and
North Britain. These three longitudinal divisions are thus shown
on the map prefixed to this volume :—

8. Britain includes provinces 1—7; sub-provinces 1—18

M. Britain . . «2 @ B14 « = « « 10-28

N. Britain . . . . . .15—18; . . . . 29-88
In subdividing the whole island longitudinally by provinces only,
there comes the difficulty before mentioned, of the two most
northerly provinces being partly eastern and partly western. This
difficulty is somewhat lessened by founding the two longitudinal
divisions on the sub-provinces. On this basis, the two sub-pro-
vinces of Lower and Upper North Highlands, together with the
Hebrides, and also the West Channel in England, are to be

8 INTRODUCTION.

reckoned in the nineteen Western Sub-provinces, forming West
Britain ; while Shetland and Orkney, with Mid Channel and
East Channel, are to be reckoned among the nineteen Eastern
Sub-provinces, forming East Britain.

A clear understanding of these various divisions or sections of
the whole area of Britain, more or less in use through this
present work, as well as in the volumes of the original Cybele
Britannica, is quite necessary to those readers who may consult
either of the works. The subjoined enumeration of them in
detail, with the aid of the map, will shew all the provinces and
their subordinate partitions, as well as the three series of. con-
secutive Nos. by which they are respectively distinguished.

I—Divisions of Britain into Eighteen Provinces, as indicated by
Nos. on the margin of the Map.

I. PENINSULA. X. HUMBER.
II. CHANNEL. XI. TYNE.
Til. THAMES. XII. LAKES.

IV. OUSE. XIII. WEST LOWLANDS.
V. SEVERN. XIV. EAST LOWLANDS.
VI. SOUTH WALES. XV. EAST HIGHLANDS.
VII. NORTH WALES. XVI. WEST HIGHLANDS.
VIII. TRENT. XVII. NORTH HIGHLANDS.

Ix. MERSEY. XVIII. NORTH ISLES.

I1.— Subdivisions of the primary Provinces into the
38 SuB-PRovINcES, and 112 Counties and Vice-Counties.

A TL.
I. Sourm Prwninsuna. IV. West CHannen.
1 West Cornwall. 7 North Wilts.
2 East Cornwall. 8 South Wilts.
TI. Mm Penrnsvuna. 9 Dorset.
3 South Devon. V. Mip Cuannet.
4 North Devon. 10 Isle of Wight.
III. Norte Preninsvna. 11 South Hants.
5 South Somerset. 12 North Hants.

6 North Somerset. VI. East Cuannet,

I. TOPOGRAPHICAL DIVISIONS.

13 West Sussex.
14 East Sussex.

II.
VIL. Sours THames.
15 East Kent.
16 West Kent.
17 Surrey.
VIII. Norta Tames.
18 South Essex.
19 North Essex.
20 Herts.
21 Middlesex.
IX. West Tuames.
22 Berks.
23 Oxford.
24 Bucks.

IV.
X. Sour Ouse.

25 East Suffolk.

26 West Suffolk.
XI. Norra Ovse.

27 East Norfolk.

28 West Norfolk.
XII. West Ouse.

29 Cambridge.

30 Bedford.

31 Hunts.

32 Northampton.

Vv.
XIII. Sourm SEVERN.
33 East Gloucester.
34 West Gloucester.
35 Monmouth.
XIV. Mip Severn.
36 Hereford.
37 Worcester.
38 Warwick.
XV. Norto SEVERN.

39 Stafford.
40 Salop.

VI.
XVI. Sourn East Wates.
41 Glamorgan.
42 Brecon.
43 Radnor.
XVII. SourH West WALEs.
44 Caermarthen.
45 Pembroke.
46 Cardigan.

VII.

XVOI. Norra Wates.

47 Montgomery.

48 Merioneth.

49 Caernarvon.

50 Denbigh.

51 Flint.

52 Anglesea.

VOL

XIX. East TRENT.

53 South Lincoln.

54 North Lincoln.
XX. West Trent.

55 Leicester.

56 Notts.

57 Derby.

IX.
XXII. MERsEy.

58 Chester.
59 South Lancaster.
60 West Lancaster.

x:
XXII. East HumpBer.
61 South East York.
62 North East York.

10 INTRODUCTION.

XXIII. West Humser.
63 South West York.
64 Mid West York.
65 North West York.

XI:
XXIV. Tyne.
66 Durham.
67 Northumberland.
68 Cheviotland.

XIf.
XXYV. Lazes.
69 Westmoreland.
70 Cumberland.
71 Isle of Man.

XIIT.
XXVI. South West Lowzanps.
72 Dumfries.
73 Kirkcudbright.
74 Wigton.

XXVII. NortH West Lowzanps.

75 Ayr.
76 Renfrew.
77 Lanark.

XIV.
XXVIII. East Lowzanps. °
78 Peebles.
79 Selkirk.
80 Roxburgh.
81 Berwick.
82 Haddington.
83 Edinburgh.
81 Linlithgow.

XV.

XXIX. Sourm East HicHnanps.

85 Fife, Kinross.

86 Stirling.
87 West Perth, Clackmannan.
88 Mid Perth.
89 East Perth.
XXX. Mip East HicHLanps.

90 Forfar.
91 Kincardine.
92 South Aberdeen.
93 North Aberdeen.

XXXI. Nortu East Hieunanps.
94 Banff.
95 Elgin.
96 Easterness.

XVI.
XXXII. Inner W. Hicuranns.
97 Westerness.
98 Main Argyle.
99 Dumbarton.
100 Clyde Isles.
101 Cantire.
XXXII. Outer W. HieHranps.
102 South Ebudes.
103 Mid Ebudes.
104 North Ebudes.

XVII.
XXXIV. Lower N. Hienuanps.
105 West Ross.
106 East Ross.
XXXY. Upper N. Hieunanns.
107 East Sutherland.
108 West Sutherland.
109 Caithness.

XVIII.
XXXVI. Nortu Wust Istrxs.
110 Hebrides.
XXXVILI. Lower Nortu Istzs.
111 Orkney.
XXXVI. Urrer Nortu Iszes.
112 Shetland,

II. ASCENDING ZONES. 11

2. AscENDING oR CLIMatTic Zonns.

If a Botanist, while standing on the summit of one of our
loftiest hills, will make out a list of all the plants he can see close
around him, he will find that his list includes very few flowering
plants. Suppose that, while slowly descending from summit to
base, he carefully sets down the names of all the other phanero-
gamous plants successively as they may come under his notice.
His list will thus shew the highest point, or upper limit, attained
by each species on that particular hill, and in that particular line
of descent from its summit; of course, not the absolute heights,
but the upper limits of the species relatively to each other, or one
above another.

If the Botanist should now reverse his course of observation, in
ascending from base to summit, he will first make a much more
numerous list of species at-and about his starting point at the foot
of the hill. The species quite on the summit being very few, those
of the base will be found gradually disappearing from his view as
he ascends higher and higher towards that summit. At the same
time, a smaller number of other species, not descending so low as
the base of the hill, will gradually come under his notice ; some of
which will again disappear from view, while probably some others
will continue to be found at intervals nearly or quite up to the
actual summit. All the species which were not seen at the base
of the hill, and which first became obvious in succession during
the ascent, may be said to have a lowest point, or lower limit on
the hill supposed to be under examination.

. By a further supposition, our Botanist shall make like observa-
tions on some other adjacent hill, one of nearly equal elevation,
and in the character of its surface also resembling the hill before
ascended and descended. Often repeated experience warrants an
expectation that the Botanist will find a nearly similar series or
succession of species on this second hill, if comparing its plants
with those on the former hill. He would never find two lists
corresponding precisely, if so made on different hills. Some of
the species seen on the one hill, might likely not be observed at all

12 INTRODUCTION.

on the other hill. Those really seen would seldom or never be
found exactly in the same series or order of succession on both.
Real differences would be traced, through some of the species
themselves not invariably keeping the same upper and lower limits
relatively to each other. Apparent differences would arise, through
the Botanist failing to observe the highest or lowest points for
some of the species. But the absolute heights by measurement,
at which the same single species appeared or disappeared on the
two hills respectively, would usually be found to differ more than
the relative heights of the several species, one compared with
another.

Again, the Reader will please to suppose that our botanical
observer has repeated the described process on numerous hills
within Britain; making out so many lists of the species, as they
were first observed in ascending or descending the hills. The
series of names in his various lists will present an approximate
similarity, although not an actual sameness. The closest approxi-
mation towards sameness will be found among the very common
species which occur almost everywhere; the rarer species in
general being less uniform in their relative position. For
instance, it will be found almost invariably that Evica cinerea
ascends higher than Ulex europaus; that Calluna vulgaris ascends
higher than the Erica; that Vaccinium Myrtillus ascends higher
than the Culluna. Conversely, Saxifraga stellaris will almost
always be found to descend Jower than Surifraga nivalis ; Eimpe-
trum nigrum will be seen lower down than Azalea procumbens ;
and Luzula spicata will appear at a much lower elevation than the
rarer Luzula arcuata is ever found at in Britain. ‘

This tendency of plants to cease at different altitudes, to have
upper and lower limits, and for several also usually to keep an
approximate similarity in the distance apart of those limits, one
species relatively to another, affords the facility for forming
ascending zones of plants. Common and conspicuous species are
selected, which usually cease at some considerable distance from
each other, a distance tolerably uniform in measurement. The
intervening spaces between the limits of these species are taken to

Il. ASCENDING ZONES. 13

apportion the whole height of the hills into successive stages;
which are denominated Ascending Zones. If, for example, on one
hill the Ulex ewrop@us should cease at 1000 feet of altitude, Erica
cinerea at 2000 feet, Calluna vulgaris at 3000 feet, and Vaccinium
Myrtillus at 4000 feet,—in such a case, their upper limits would
divide the hill into four ascending zones of 1000 feet each.
Again, on some more northerly hill, if the same shrubs should
cease respectively at 500, 1500, 2500, and 3500 feet,—in this
case, their upper limits would still form equivalent zones, rela-
tively to each other, although their absolute altitudes differed by
500 feet on the two hills.

The low horizontal surface of the island equally admits of zonal
division. A large number of the species which are seen in the
southern counties of England, fail to reach the northern counties
of Scotland ; disappearing or being left behind successively as a
traveller proceeds from south to north. Conversely, various other
species which flourish in the northern counties, will be found to
run out and disappear as the traveller returns southward. But it
is less easy to make or mark out horizontal zones on the low
grounds, although in their general character they correspond with
the vertical or montane zones, one single country being under
view. Zones must be bounded by imaginary lines, while species
seldom or never cease thus abruptly in hard lines. In the usual
mode of cessation, especially on the horizoutal surface, a species
first becomes less abundant and less continuous in its distri-
bution ; its localities gradually becomimg wider and wider apart,
and often less productive ; finally, a few outlying localities may be
found, far separated from each other, in which the species almost
seems to re-appear after a cessation. These extreme localities
constitute the actual or true limits of the species, southerly or
northerly, easterly or westerly, as the case may be. But if they
were correctly marked on a map, such localities would be only
minute dots wide apart, and not real lines. It is the conventional
custom, however, to connect these dots on a map by tracing lines
from one to another, and thus to make the terminal limits of
plants to appear linear, instead of distantly dotted. Something of

14 INTRODUCTION.

the linear character may often be really traced along the upper
limits of species, as seen on the acclivities of mountains; although,
even on the hill-sides, there is the like tendency to run out
gradually in detached spots, rather than to cease suddenly along a
continuous line.

The mode in which it has been found most convenient to divide
the surface of Britain into floral zones, horizontal and vertical
taken together, is that of first tracing a line along the upper limit
of grain crops, and then subdividing the two spaces above and
below that line into three zones each. The two primary divisions
have been designated the Agrarian Region, or region of culti-
vation, and the Arctic Region, or region of (so-called) alpine plants.
The three subordinate zones into which each of these two regions
is subdivided, are similarly named by prefixing the words Infer
Mid Super to the names of the regions. Tracing them upwards,
—that is, from south to north, from lower grounds to higher
grounds,—they may be said to stand thus

I. Agrarian Region. II. Arctic Region.
8. Super-agrarian Zone. 6. Super-arctic Zoue.
2. Mid-agrarian Zone. 5. Mid-arctic Zone.
1. Infer-agrarian Zone. 4. Infer-arctic Zone.

The manner in which they succeed and overlap each other, is
shown by a diagram at the lower corner of the map. These zones
represent the facts of nature, but represent them by an artificial
or conventional method. The zones are arbitrary sections, in so
far as the selected species and fixed boundary lines are concerned ;
and yet they do correspond with and represent differences which
actually exist in nature, inasmuch as the flora (the species) and
vegetation (general mass of plants) of each single zone differ con-
siderably from those of the other zones above or below. In truth,
however, the natural changes in flora and vegetation being every-
where gradual, any line will unavoidably sever that which is
nearly alike ; the vegetation being more similar on the contrary
sides of any single dividing line, than it is on the two sides of the
wide space between any two lines.

I, ASCENDING ZONES. 15

It is to be observed also, that climatic or ascending zones of
plants are designed to indicate the relative distribution of species
under the joint influence of altitude and latitude, with other con-
ditions of more local character, such as proximity to seas or moun-
tains, the state of exposure or shelter, etc. Connexions may be
traced between the distribution of plants and each of those con-
ditions singly ; but everywhere the influence of any one condition
is more or less disturbed and modified by the influence of other
conditions. Their effect upon the species-flora, or upon the
general vegetation, is mostly indirect or remote; that is, the flora
varies with the climate, and the climate varies with altitude, lati-
tude, and other conditions of place and surface. On a single
isolated mountain floral stages are strongly marked in accordance
with height ; some species disappearing, other species appearing,
one above another, as we gradually ascend from base to summit.
Yet on a single mountain the regularity of its ascending zones
will be somewhat disturbed by local differences in the character of
its surface, as even or rocky, dry or damp; and through dif-
ferences of aspect on its acclivities, as facing to or from the sun.
On an extended range of mountains the disturbing effect of local
peculiarities will become much more obvious. And when we
require to generalize our zones from the facts noted on several
groups of mountains, dissimilar in extent, elevation, latitude,
maritime proximity and other circumstances, it then becomes
difficult to define them with any exactness.

This difficulty is experienced within Britain. The absolute
elevation at which the same species is found to grow, varies by
several hundred feet on the different mountain ranges of our own
island. And as this variation is by no means uniform among the
different species, we find local changes in their relative elevation
also, when the limit of some one species is constantly compared
with the limit of some other species. Notwithstanding such local
exceptions, however, the general rule may still be held true, that
a species which ascends decidedly higher than another on one range
of mountains, will also usually be found higher on other ranges ;

16 INTRODUCTION.

and the commoner the species, the more constant is this rule
found to be.

The primary division into Agrarian and Arctic Regions, adopted
as the one best applicable in Britain, is ostensibly founded upon
an artificial character; namely, the presence or absence of culti-
vation. In the spontaneous flora or vegetation of Britain we can
find no character equally obvious and general as is that afforded
by the cultivation of grain. The interests of mankind are so
closely connected with the production of corn, that we shall every-
where find cultivated fields as far up the valleys and acclivities of
the mountains as their climate will allow. We may doubtless see
many spots where the nature of the soil or surface, rather than
the climate by itself, forbids success in cultivation. But a correct
observer can scarcely be misled in such instances, since he will
usually find cultivation sufficiently near to those spots, to show
that it has not been prevented by inferiority of climate. More-
over, nature will afford us a second test of the Agrarian region, in
the presence of a very common and conspicuous fern, the Pteris
aquilina. This fern is abundantly distributed through the lower
region, and from one extremity of our island to the other; its
upper limit usually running almost uniform with the climatic
limit of corn cultivation ; so that the two characters in connexion
afford a satisfactory test of the region.

The height to which cultivation ascends among the mountains
varies much with aspect and position. Among the Grampian
mountains of Scotland, about the latitude of 57, the general line
of corn cultivation runs from 1000 to 1200 feet; rising in some
favorable situations in Aberdeenshire even to 1500 or 1600 feet.
So likewise with the Pteris; which is seldom seen above 1200
feet on the exposed moors of the Highlands, unless in sheltered
depressions of the surface, or on acclivities which front to the sun;
while in the woods of Lochnagar, in Aberdeenshire, it was ob-
served in two spots respectively estimated, and perhaps somewhat
over-estimated, to be 1760 and 1900 fect of elevation. In the
North of England, we are told by Mr. J. G. Baker, oats have
been grown as a field crop at 1650 feet, and that in Weardale he

Il. ASCENDING ZONES. 17

saw oats at 1340 feet, barley at 1000 feet, and wheat at 750 and
800 fect. Turnips and potatoes can be grown up to the extreme
limit of the oat, or somewhat higher. The highest point at which
the Pteris has been noted in Yorkshire by Mr. Baker, is about
1500 feet; and 1680 feeteis the highest point indicated for it in
the Lake province, at page 337 of the fourth volume of the Cybele
3ritannica.

The <Aretic Region is conveniently subdivided into its three
zones by the upper limits of Erica Tetralix and Calluna vulgaris ;
the Mid-arctic zone being understood to include any spaces which
lie between the upper limits of these two heath shrubs on the
acelivities of the mountains. The spaces situate above the limit
of cultivation, and below the limit of Erica Tetralix, belong to the
Infer-arctic zone. Those above the limit of the Calluna, being
only the upper portions of the highest hills, belong to the Super-
arctic zone. Of course, it is only in places where the upper limits
of these shrubs are determined by general climate, that they can
be correctly taken as tests and indications of the zonal stages.
On very arid ground, at any elevation, the Calluna might still be
present, while the Evica Tetralia might be absent owing to lack of
sufficient moisture ; and in any such case the absence of the latter
would be uo indication that the ground in question was really a
portion of the Mid-arctic zone. Neither would the absence of both
always suffice to show that the surface spaces destitute of them
were certainly within the uppermost or Super-arctic zone. In
England, we often find green pasturages, instead of heath-bearing
moors, quite within the natural limits of those heaths. The test
derived from the presence or absence of either of those shrubs,
indeed, is more obvious and more readily applied in the Highland
provinces, than is found to be the case in those more southward,
where the ericaceous shrubs are more frequently and completely
destroyed by fire, in order to the production of a pasturage suitable
for sheep. The three Arctic zones are further distinguishable by
the presence or absence, respectively, of several other common
plants; so that we do not depend absolutely on any one species as

atest of a zone. Thus, in the absence of Evica Tetralix on dry
D

18 INTRODUCTION.

ground, the presence of Erica cinerea might be taken for a test
instead.

The Agrarian Reyion cannot be subdivided into its three zones
rigidly by the presence or absence of single species. As corn
cultivation of some kind extends throsigh the whole length of
Britain, even into Shetland where crops of oats and barley are
still grown, the whole low surface of the country has to be
apportioned between the three Agrarian zones, along the sea coast,
and thence upwards to the line or spots where cultivation ceases
on the acclivities of the hills, and where the Pieris aquilina also
usually disappears. If we had to deal with a truly level or only
slightly undulated surface, the region might conveniently be
divided into three zones simply in accordance with latitude ;
namely, South—Middle—North. But the three zones must also
be considered to overlap each other in succession on the lower
acclivities of the mountains, and in their intervening valleys;
increasing elevation above the level of the sea, in any more
southerly province, corresponding in a general manner with
increasing latitude in a northerly direction. Our indications of
the zones must thus keep in view both elevation and latitude, and
be adapted to both conditions. On comparing a flora of one of
the south-eastern provinces of England with a flora of the High-
land valleys, or of the plains near the north coast of Scotland, the
differences would be found decidedly marked, and this both in the
species and in their comparative numbers or frequency; and an
intermediate tract between these two extremes of the agrarian
region, would be sufficiently well characterised by its own dis-
tinctive features taken in the aggregate. But the difficulty is
always renewed when we attempt to divide natural gradations by
abrupt lines, or to lay down distinctions which rest upon single
characteristics to be applied under varying circumstances. Keeping
this practical difficulty im recollection, the three Agrarian zoncs
may now be shortly described, rather than very rigidly defined.

The Super-ayrarian zone may be said to comprise three different
kinds or portions of the surface of Britain. First, all the coast-
line and low plains or moors in the north and north-west of

II. ASCENDING ZONES. 19

Scotland, where plants of an alpine character are found descending
to the sea level or sea shore, such as Thalictrum alpinum, Draba
incuna, Savifraga oppositifolia, Arbutus alpina, and Dryas octopetala,
Secondly, all other spaces in any parts of the island, where the
elevation of the ground leads to the production of the same or
usually associated species; Arbutus Uva-Ursi, Saxifraga stellaris,
Alchemilla alpina, Tofieldia palustris, Luzula spicata, and Juncus
triglumis being examples of the latter. Thirdly, those tracts of
slight elevation, upon which a corresponding flora ‘and general
vegetation prevail, apparently in consequence of simple proximity
to the high mountains; Sawxifraga aizoides growing so low as 300
feet among the mountains of Cumberland, and Epilobium alsini-
folium at 500 or 600 feet in Carnarvonshire ; although these
plants are never seen at so low an elevation in the English
counties remote from the higher hills. In addition to the species
mentioned, which are to be regarded as descending from the
Arctic into the Agrarian region, this upper zone of the latter
region is characterised by the presence of Ilex, Quercus, Fraxinus,
Lonicera, Crategus, and the fruticose Rubi, which can scarcely be
said to occur above the limits of cultivation or of Pteris aquilina ;
equally so, by the absence of other species which are not seen
truly wild until we descend into the next lower zone.

The Mid-agrarian zone will comprehend all the low grounds,
clear from the mountains, which are situate between the estuaries
of the Clyde and Tay, on the north, and those of the Humber and
Dee, on the south; also, a narrow coast tract of the East High-
lands, extending from Perth to Aberdeen. ‘To this space is to be
added a narrow belt winding around and amid the hills of Wales,
and characterised by the vegetation of the present zone, rather
than by that of the zones above or below this intermediate one.
The higher hills of Wales rise to the Arctic region; and as the
surrounding coast line and low grounds inland belong to the
lowest Agrarian zone, the middle and upper Agrarian zones will
be found represented above the bases and below the summits of
the Cambrian hills. In descending from the Super-agrarian into
the present zone, we find some of its characteristics in the first

20 INTRODUCTION.

appearance of Convolvulus sepium, Bryonia dioica, Tamus com-
munis, Acer campestre, Rhamnus catharticus, Ulex nanus, Vibur-
num Lantana, Euonymus europaeus, and Cornus sanguinea ; all
of which occur also in the lowest zone, and more plentifully there ;
while none of them are ascertained to occur truly native in the
uppermost portion of the Agrarian region; and all certainly
fail far below the upper limit of Pteris aquilina ov of cultivated
crops.

The Infer-agrarian zone will embrace all the country southward
from the Dee and Humber (continued into the river Trent) ex-
cepting the mountainous tracts of Wales and the higher hills and
moors in the provinces of the Severn and the Peninsula. This
zone is more particularly characterised by the increased prevalence
of the species before mentioned as commencing in the zone above.
Clematis Vitalba is one of the couspicuous species almost (if uot
quite) restricted to this zone as a truly native shrub. Rubia pere-
grina is another characteristic species, partially prevalent in the
southern and western counties; while the Clematis affects the
calcareous tracts of the southern, eastern and inland counties,
where it is often abundaut and conspicuous. ‘hough several
species are quite peculiar to this lowest, or most southern, of the
six zones, they are usually too scarce or too local to be relied upon
as characteristic tests. Examples occur in Erica ciliaris, Iilece-
brum verticillatum, Sibthorpia europaea, Cyperus longus, Scilla
autumnalis, Pulicaria vulgaris, and Actinocarpus Damasonium.

The six climatic zones, into which the two regivus are thus
subdivided, may be better understood and borne iu meniory,
after presentation to the eye in closer connexion with each
other. Their Nos. are reversed here because it has been found
more convenient to describe or explain the zones downwards,
although the plants themselves are in general traced niore
readily upwards, that is, from south to north, from low to high
grounds, from the open country to the montane valleys and
acclivities :— y

II. ASCENDING ZONES. Q1

II. Arctic Region.

6. Super-arctic zone—Salix herbacea, without Calluna.
. Mid-aretic zone—Calluna vulgaris, without Erica.
. Infer-arctic zone—Erica Tetralix, without Pteris.

eo

I. Agrarian Region.

3. Super-agrarian zone—Pteris aquilina, without Rhamnus, &e.
. Mid-agrarian zone—Rhammnus catharticus, without Clematis.
1, Infer-agrarian zone—Clematis, Rubia, Cyperus longus.

~w

“Unless the highest part of Snowdon can be deemed to attain
the super-arctic zone, none of the before-explained provinces will
include the full series of six zones. Elsewhere the hills are not
sufficiently lofty to pass the mid-arctic zone, until we arrive at the
Highland provinces, all three of which have their highest summits
clearly above the limits of the Calluna; but the lowest portions of
these provinces, near their coast-line and southern boundary, fall
barely within the mid-agrarian zone.”

“It is probable that six such zones are quite as many as can be
satisfactorily distinguished when attention must be directed to the
whole surface of Britain. Even with six only, it would be useless
to attempt very great precision in assigning the species to their
respective zones. We must disregard the occasional and slight.
trespass of a species into a zone above or beneath those to which
it is otherwise restricted by its natural adaptation to their climate.
Such trespasses (if the expression be allowable) are usually found
in connexion with some local peculiarity by which the true climate
is varied, or its influence on the plants modified. For example,
the cool spray of a waterfall, or the efflux of a cold spring, will
support the species of a colder climate than is natural to the
latitude and elevation. And, on the contrary, the plants of a
warmer climate will grow on the south face of rocks which are
raised above the altitude where the same species cease to exist in
more bleak situations. These apparent exceptions come incon-
veniently in the way of precise lines on botanico-geographical
maps. Thouyh such lines muy be made to look very clear and

22 INTRODUCTION.

satisfactory upon paper, nature refuses to trace them on her own
domains.

“To take an example: — Gnaphalium supinum has been seen
at the level of a corv-field by Loch Callater (1600 feet) in Aber-
deenshire, and Pteris aquilina has been found much above the
same altitude, at a distance of half a dozen miles; namely, at or
near 1700 and 1900 feet. Yet in ascending the gradual declivities
of the same mountains, under equal conditions of surface and
shelter, the Pteris always ceases before we attain the altitude at
which the Gnaphalium commences. On this account, they are
assigned to different zones, although their limits can thus cross in
respect of absolute elevation. They belong to different climates,
and are so placed by nature when under equal conditions of
exposure, &. So, again, a bush of Corylus Avellana has existed
during many years against the sunny face of a steep rock on the
Clova Mountains, at nearly 2000 feet of elevation ; rather below
which, and at a slight distance, some weakly plants of Sawifraga
nivalis have been observed. Nevertheless, this solitary instance
cannot warrant the assignment of these two species to the same
zone; because the upper-line of the Corylus is usually 500 to
1000 feet below the lower-line of Saaifraga nivalis. In studying
the climatic affinities of plants, we must reason as well as observe,
and estimate as well as measure.

“Though examples of each may thus occur, it is more usual
to find ‘trespasses’ downwards than upwards. The descending
course of water conduces much to‘this result in the mountain
districts, not only by bringing down the seeds of plants from
the higher zones, but also by bringing down the cold of the
mountains; so that the first appearance of alpine species, as we
ascend the mountains, is usually by the side of the water-courses,
or upon wet rocks which are kept cool by the dripping and oozing
of water. In such situations, Silene acaulis may be found a
thousand feet lower than it is seen as a constituent of the drier
and sun-exposed sward. And there is also another circumstance
which makes the lower limits appear more irregular and ex-
ceptional than the upper ; namely, the fact that mouutain species

III, TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 23

will re-appear on maritime cliffs, although absent from the open
plains and low hills between the coast and the mountains. Thus,
on the southern acclivities of the Grampian mountains, Savifraga
oppositifolia is seldom seen below a thousand feet of elevation ;
although still farther south, it was found on the west-coast of
Scotland, by Professor Balfour, very little above the sea-level.
On the coast, consequently, this ‘ alpine plant’ intermingles with
species which never occur at alpine elevations on the mountains.”

»

3. Types or DISTRIBUTION.

In addition to their distribution traced horizontally through
provinces and counties, or northwards and upwards through
ascending zones, a third mode of indicating the geographical
relations of plants requires explanation here Many species are
spread over the whole island; at any rate, are so spread near the
coast level; while others are limited to one, two, three, or more of
the provinces. The same holds true of their distribution in
ascending zones ; some species being found in all of the six zones,
others only in one or more of them. Perhaps no two species have
exactly the same distribution or uniform frequency of repetition ;
and yet certain general similarities can be traced, by which the
native species can be grouped together under a few leading Types
of Distribution,—as they are at present named, in the want of
some better designation. The groups into which it has been found
convenient to congregate the plants of Britain, are primarily six ;
to which two others are subordinate or supplementary. They may
be briefly shown thus :—

1. British type,—species widely spread through 8. M. N. Britain.

2. English type,—species chiefly seen in 8. or 8. M. Britain.

3. Scottish type,—species chiefly seen in N. or in N. M. Britain.

Intermediate type,—species chiefly seen in Mid Britain.

4, Highland type,—species chiefly seen about the mountains.

. Germanic type,—species chiefly seen in Kast England.
6. Atlantic type,—species chiefly seen in West England.

Local species, restricted to single or few provinces.
+

OT

Q4 INTRODUCTION.

No decided lines of separation can be traced between these
Types of Distribution. They may be said to pass gradually into
each other; the distribution of some of the species presenting
a character so intermediate, as to render the choice of type to
express it either dubious or optional. Still, the differences be-
tween them are real, inasmuch as a prevailing tendency to such
peculiarities of distribution among the plants of this country has
been made quite evident through the Cybele Britannica, and was
also earlier shown, though perhaps less clearly shown, in the same
Author's “Remarks on the Geographical Distribution of British
Plants,” published so long back as 1836. The transition from one
group or type into another, is gradually brought about through
some species having less of the distinctive character of the group
to which they must be assigned on the general view, and thus in
so far partially resembling the plants of some other group also.
Many of the species assigned to the British type, in becoming less
plentiful towards the northern or southern extremities of the
island, will thus approximate to the English or Scottish types. In
like manner, some of those placed under the English type may be
regarded as passing into the Germanic or Atlantic type by their
lessened frequency in the westerly or easterly provinces of Eng-
land. And between the Highland and Scottish types (or arctic
and boreal types) the distinction is occasionally very slight indeed;
certain species being assignable to either with almost equal fitness.
Still, it is repeated, these geographic types do represent real
peculiarities of distribution, thrown into combination according to
some common points of similarity. They will now be briefly
described, each in succession, simply as facts in nature, and
apart from all the idle and hypothetical fancies which have been
spuriously connected with them.

1. The British Type.— In this group will be included those
species which are found in all, or in nearly all, of the eighteen
provinces before explained; and which, moreover, are not so
exclusively prevalent in any particular portion of the island as to
bring them clearly within one or other of the succeeding types.
Some of them may be regarded as of universal occurrence in this

III. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 25

country, having been well ascertained to occur in all the eighteen
provinces, probably to be found in every county, and even in all
the six ascending zones also. Few species even of this most
general type, however, are so very general in their distribution,
By far the larger number of them have a restricted zonal range.
Many, too, which are general with reference to the provinces, are
absent from some of the counties. And a considerable number of
species, which are too widely and abundantly distributed to come
properly under any of the other types, are yet rare or wholly
wanting in one or more of the provinces; particularly so in the
northerly provinces of Scotland, and more especially in that of the
North Isles, which has a very scanty flora. These are the
“common plants,” too frequently disregarded by mere collectors of
specimens ; and being seldom recorded, it has been found difficult
to ascertain their full distribution from book records. It is to be
observed, that the name of ‘ British type’ is applied to them, not
as indicating any hypothetical notions about their origin within
Britain, but because such a general distribution and -prevalence
indicate great adaptation to the climate and other physical con-
ditions of this island, and entitle them to be held Britons in the
widest application of the term. Over one-third of the native and
well-established species belong to this type, including ‘ natives,’
‘ denizens,’ ‘ colonists,’ as presently to be explained. Among the
more thorough examples of the type may be instanced the fol-
lowing, namely, Alnus glutinosa, Betula alba, Corylus Avellana,
Lonicera Periclymenum, Hedera Helix, Calluna vulgaris, Ranun-
culus acris, Cerastium viscosum, Trifolium repens, Stellaria media,
Lotus corniculatus, Bellis perennis, Carduus palustris, Plantago
lanceolata, Polygonum aviculare, Urtica dioica, Juncus effusus,
Carex panicea, Poa annua, Festuca ovina, Anthoxanthum odora-
ratum, Pteris aquilina, Polypodium vulgare.

2. The English Type. — The plants of this geographic type are
distinguished from those belonging to the preceding type, by
having their chief prevalence in England, and particularly in its
more southern provinces; whence they gradually become rare in
a northern direction, and finally (with few peculiar exceptions) find

E

26 INTRODUCTION.

an earlier northern limit or cessation than those of the preceding
type. Their terminal points or lines are very different among
themselves ; some of the species being entirely limited to two or
three of the most southern provinces of England; while other
species occur in all the provinces of Britain, with an exception of
two or three of the most northern; the great majority having
their limits between these extremes. ‘Those species which extend
into nearly all the provinces, except two or three of the northern,
approximate very closely to the less general examples of the
British type; and, in fact, there are cases where it becomes
almost optional whether the species are to be referred to the one
or to the other type. To the characters of lessened frequency and
earlier termination northward, which distinguish the species of the
English from those of the British type, must be added that of
spreading into both the eastern and the western provinces of
England, and without any very decided difference of comparative
frequency towards the two sides of the island, beyond that
which may be caused by the repellent influence of the western
mountains, which necessarily tend to banish such species as are
naturally adapted to low situations, in a warmer and drier climate
than that of our mountainous districts. The name will not be mis-
understood to indicate that all the species are peculiar to England,
but is to be understood only as implying that the species are
apparently adapted to the climate of England, either being
restricted to that part of Britain, or being more prevalent there
than in Scotland. Characteristic examples of the English type of
distribution may be cited in Rhamnus catharticus, Ulex nanus,
Tamus communis, Bryonia dioica, Hottonia palustris, Chlora per-
foliata, Sison Amomum, Linaria Elatine, Ranunculus parviflorus,
Lamium Galevbdolon, Hordeum pratense, Alopecurus agrestis, Ce-
terach officinarum.

3. The Scottish Type—This may be deemed the opposite of the
English type; the distribution of the species referred hercto
being characterised by a northern tendency, either by absolute
limitation to Scotland or the north of England, or otherwise by a
chief prevalence there and increased rarity southward. Parallel

Ill. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. Q7

with some of the species referred to the English type, so some of
those referred to this present one are quite restricted to two or
three of the most northern provinces of Scotland, while others
abound in Scotland, and also spread southward, although in
diminished frequency, far down England; others, again, finding
their southern limits between the extremes of narrow and wide
distribution. With respect to those species of the type which are
most widely distributed, their lessened frequeucy in the southerly
provinces, or entire absence therefrom, applies more particularly to
the south-east of Ingland, where the climate is drier, and the
summer temperature is higher, than usually experienced in the
south-western provinces of England. Along with this group, also,
certain species may be associated which run out to diminished
frequency, or early entire cessation, northward as well as south-
ward ; occurring chiefly or only in the northern provinces of
England and southern provinces of Scotland. In these respects
they constitute an ‘“ Intermediate Type.” Equally with the rest,
these are truly plants of a boreal distribution and prevalence,
when we consider them with reference to the southern provinces
of England; although it may also be said that they are so far
species of a southern distribution likewise, when considered with
reference to the northern provinces of Scotland. From most other
species of the Scottish type, however, they differ chiefly by their
more restricted areas; for their tendency to the hilly districts of
England and the Lowlands, like those which extend still farther
northward in Scotland, indicates a general similarity of climatal
adaptation, while it clearly distinguishes them from species of the
truly English type. It will thus be understood that several of
the species assigned to the Scottish type of distribution are not
prevalent in Scotland only ; some few of them, as explained, being
really more prevalent in the northern provinces of England,
although nowhere very abundant. But since the majority are
prevalent in Scotland, the name of the type is taken from that
northern portion of the kingdom, as a contrast against the name
adopted for the more southern or English type. Primula scotica
and Ajuga pyramidalis ave instances of an extremely restricted

28 INTRODUCTION.

and quite boreal area. Goodyera repens and Corallorhiza innata
are also very partial, though less exclusively boreal. Primula
farinosa and Sawifraga Hirculus may be cited as examples of the
Intermediate type, characterised by a comparatively early limit
northward. More characteristic examples of the Scottish type
may be mentioned in Empetrum nigrum, Rubus saxatalis, Trol-
lius europaeus, Geranium sylvaticum, Trientalis europea, Ligus-
ticum scoticum, and Mertensia maritima.

4. The Highland Type.— This may be considered the boreal
flora in a more intense degree, as respects climate, than that of
the Scottish type. The species referred hereto are distinguished
from those of the Scottish type by being more especially limited to
the mountains or their immediate vicinity. Some of them are
wholly confined to the higher mountains, and never descend
within the agrarian region; these bemg the ‘aretics,’ less appro-
priately called ‘alpines.’ Others, though prevalent on the
mountains, do descend also into their glens and valleys quite
within the agrarian region. And others, again, may occasionally
be seen outside the mountainous tracts, particularly along the
courses of rivers which are fed by the mountain streams, or even
upon the rocks of the seacoast. As a group, these plants are
either restricted to the mountains or very decidedly more pre-
valent there. Several of them, more especially the true arctics,
are strictly peculiar to the Highland mountains; while others
occur also on the hills of England and Wales, though less plenti-
fully there than in the Highland provinces of Scotland. The
name chosen for the type intimates their most appropriate habitat,
allhough some of them do likewise find a suitable climate on the
mountains of England or Wales. As examples of thoroughly
Highland plants, such as do not occur in any province southward
of the Highlands, we may cite «lzalea (Loiseleuria) procumbens,
Cherleria sedoides, Veronica alpina, Alopecurus alpinus, Phlewin
alpinum, Juncus trifidus, Sibbaldia procumbens, Erigeron alpinus,
and Gentiana nivalis. And as examples of other species which
occur also on the more southern mountains, and mostly descend
lower than the preceding on the mountains of the Highland

Ill. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 29

provinces, may be enumerated Sulix herbacea, Silene acaulis,
Saxifraga stellaris, Oxyria reniformis, Thalictrum alpinum, Luzula
spicata, Juncus triglumis, Rubus Chamemorus, Draba incana,
Dryas octopetala, and Alchemilla alpina.

5. The Germanie Type.— The distribution of several species
which might otherwise be associated with those of the English
type, is peculiarly characterised by a tendency to the eastern side
of the island. Some few of these are quite restricted to the south-
eastern provinces of England,—Channel, Thames, Ouse, one or
more; while others of them extend farther northward or west-
ward, yet decidedly diminishing in abundance in either direction.
«As the cretaceous deposits lie almost exclusively in the eastern
and south-eastern provinces of England, the ‘chalk plants” are
included with the others referred to the present type; although
the type itself is primarily founded upon botanico-geographical
peculiarities, and not upon any geological character or preference.
Some of the eastern species extend their area even into Scotland :
but, for the most part, they are the plants of England only. The
name of ‘Germanic’ type is not applied in reference to any sup-
posed origin from Germany, but simply as indicating the tendeucy
of the plants to a distribution specially connected with those
provinces of England which are bounded by the ‘ German Sea’
(otherwise called ‘ North Sea’) eastward, including the Straits of
Dover and upper part of the English Channel; for the species of
this present type, and those of the next (Atlantic) type, more or
less intermingle in the counties of the English Channel. Among
the examples of the type may be mentioned the following ; namely,
Frankenia levis, Anemone Pulsatilla, Reseda lutea, Silene conica,
Silene noctifiora, Pimpinella magna, Pulicaria vulyaris, Lactuca
Scariola, Atriplex pedunculata, dceras anthropophora, and Spar-
tina stricta.

6. The Atlantic Type.*- Contrary to the peculiarity of distri-
bution which constitutes the preceding type, there is in that of
other species an evident tendency towards the western and south-
western coasts or counties. Some few species are known only in
the single province of the Peninsula. Others occur also in one or

30 INTRODUCTION.

more of the adjacent provinces. And others, again, run far up
the western coasts in a northerly direction, often plentifully there,
and yet occur rarely, or not at all, towards the eastern coasts of
the island. These species, while thus dissimilar in their area and
census, correspond in the one circumstance of having some evident
tendency to the western or Atlantic side of the island, in contra-
distinction to the eastern or Germanic (sea) side. Although there
may exist other grounds for specially designating some of these
the “ Atlantic species,” the name of the type will be here under-
stood in reference only to their distribution within Britain itself,
and by itself. As examples we may cite Sinapis monensis,
Matthiola sinuata, Raphanus maritimus, Sedum anglicuin, Coty-
ledon Umbilicus, Bartsia viscosa, Pinyuiculu lusitanica, Euphorbia
portlandica, and Scirpus Savii. More strictly local examples are
found in Sibthorpia europea, Erica ciliaris, Polycarpon tetraphyl-
lun, Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, and Cynodon Dactylon, each
occurring in very few counties.

7. A Local or Doubtful Type. — Dispersed about the island,
there are some species whose area includes only single or few
counties. Such plants can seldom exhibit that decided tendency
to the east or the west, to the south or the north, to the mountains
or otherwise, which would fully warrant their assignment to any
one of the six preceding types of distribution. In those instances
where the single or few localities occur clearly and solely within
the geographic limits of one of the types, the plants will usually be
associated with the group to which they thus make the nearest
approximation. There can be no hesitation, for example, in
assigning to the Highland type the extremely local Oaytropis
campestris and Lychnis alpina, both mountain species; and
scarcely more doubt can arise in placing Arenaria norvegica of
Shetland, and Primula scotica of the two most northerly pro-
vinces, among plants of the Scottish type. So also, the local
Cicendia filiformis may join in with the English type; Veronica
verna, with the Germanic type; Erica vagans, with the Atlantic
type. But after thus disposing of a large portion of these very
local plants, there still remain some others which cannot be so

III. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION. 31

fairly assigned to any of the six principal groups. Potentilla
rupestris and Lloydia serotina are peculiar to single mountains in
North Wales, and are found considerably below the highest
summits. As local western species they might seem properly to
associate with those of the Atlantic type, did not the hilly and
inland character of their special localities, and their absence from
the provinces of South Wales and the Peninsula, come incon-
veniently in conflict with the chief characters of the Atlantic type.
Draba aizoides and Cotoneaster vulyaris, found very locally on the
rocky coasts of Wales, approximate rather nearer to that type, and
might be associated under it in so far as Britain alone is con-
cerned ; and yet, if we should extend our views, so as to take in
their distribution upon the Continent of Europe, this would be
found a misposition. Some other less local species have also a
distribution which does not correspond well with that of any of the
six types specified ; their localities being restricted to calcareous
rocks, and being such as net to place them properly under one of
those types. Examples may be cited in Draba muralis and
Hutchinsia petrea, the distribution of which is strictly neither
eastern nor western, northern nor southern; and though they are
in some degree hill plants, they are unknown in the Scottish
Highlands; while their very limited area separates them as
clearly from the British or general type. Eriocaulun septangulare
is another anomaly, limited to Ireland and a few islets on the
western side of North Britain; the species beimg otherwise
American, not European.

This mode of viewing the distribution of plants is still
essentially a climatic classification of them, though not exclusively
so. It would seem not incorrect to regard the types as repre-
senting so many present climatic areas, which are not separated
by limitary lines, as the climatic zones are supposed or feigned to
be, but which amalgamate or at least intermingle one with
another. The actual areas and sites of the various species, as
well as their directions of increase or decrease in abundance,
appear on the whole to accord so closely with existing climatic and
other physical conditions, as legitimately to warrant a conclusion,

32 INTRODUCTION.

that the present distribution of plants within this country is
mainly determined by its present physical circumstances.

4. Grapes oF SPECIES.

An ever recurring difficulty in treating the distribution of
plants, and one continually increasing from year to year, is found
in the uncertainty and inequality of species, as described in Floras
and other botanical writings. Independently of errors in nomen-
clature—very numerously in print—the same specific name unfor-
tunately will too often be found not to include or intend the same
species. As used by one botanist, it means a gross whole ; and it
is then applicable indifferently to any part or fraction of that same
whole ;—while another botanist restricts the same name to express
some special part or fraction of the whole, exclusively of all other
parts or fractions ;—and more inconveniently still, the special part
or fraction is itself occasionally made a varying portion of the
whole. In one book, the same single name may apply to two or
more different species treated as a single species ;—in another
book, it may be strictly limited to one of those two species solely
and exclusively. In the former case, the name is applicable alike
to all or to any of the included forms or species which go to make
up the aggregate union ;—in the latter case, it is applicable only
to some one of the dissevered forms or species, the other forms
taking different names.

These discrepancies in the meaning of applied names cause
enormous trouble to students in phyto geography. Perhaps some
clearer idea of the practical working of such discrepant meanings
may be given by taking letters and numerals to represent the
species and sub-species in successive grades. Let it be supposed
that two dozens of the many modern species carved out of the old
book-species Rubus fruticosus, are cach-represented by one letter of
the alphabet Keeping to the old idea, the name ‘ Rubus fruti-
cosus’ means and includes the whole alphabet; and as a name it
may thus be applied alike and indifferently to any one letter.
But some modern botanist will declare that it means only, and

IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 833

ought to be applied only, to the first six letters A B C D E F,—
to any or all of these, but to none others. Another botanist will
demur to that narrowed application of the name, and will propose
to limit the meaning and application of the word to A B CD, or
any of these four, excluding E and F. Yet another will restrict it
to A B, or either of them. And still another will next confine it
to A alone, excluding all the rest of the alphabet. Nor does the
variation or inequality of name always end even here; for other
botanical species-splitters might subdivide species A, and then
restrict the name ‘ fruticosus’ to only some special part or fraction
of A itself, giving new and different names to the other part or
parts. The name thus means:

Rubus fruticosus = the whole alphabet, belonging alike to each

and every letter.

Rubus fraticosus = A BC D EF, all or any of these six letters.

Rubus fruticosus = A BC D, all or any of these four only.

Rubus fruticosus = A B, both or either of these two only.

Rubus fruticosus = A only, excluding all the other letters.

Rubus fruticosus = Some special part of A, not the whole.

A seeming exactness or definiteness was given to species in
books, by the peculiar nomenclature of Linneus, which is now
seen to be often far from true in nature. That system of nomen-
clature (with its false analogy to the surnames and christian-names
of mankind) has thus proved in some respects a misleading inno-
vation upon older methods, however great its redeeming practical
convenience may be in other respects. As the Linnean method of
nomenclature came into general use, his named species also came
at first to be considered the true natural or real species, which his
disciples and immediate successors were unwilling to call in
question, and were seldom allowed to alter. More gradually, it
became apparent to careful observers that many of the Linnean
species were readily divisible ; two or more easily and constantly
distinguishable forms having been united together by him under a
single specific name. The process of subdivision or re-division
then commenced ; done cautiously and sparingly at first, freely
and numerously of late.

34 INTRODUCTION.

As time wore on, the authority and influence of the Linnean
writings became lessened; and more botanists began practically
to admit that the bestowal of a Linnean specific name had not
sufficed to prove the various forms of plants, which Linneus him-
self had grouped under it, to be all rightly regarded as together
making up one single fixed species. For some time, it was more
customary to keep up the Linnean species and its name, dis-
tinguishing the included forms as so many “ varieties” of the
species ; the more familiar form being usually adopted as the type,
or else that particular form to which the brief Linnean description
best applied, or any fragment of which chanced to have been
preserved in his wretched herbarium, as the representative of the
species which he had named.

Subsequently, some of the varieties were quite separated from
the supposed type; and other specific names having been bestowed
upon them, they came to be admitted as real species, and were
then held entitled to take equal rank in botanical books with the
supposed type forms of the original compound species, or with any
other still undivided species. But this was seldom accomplished
without a good deal of disputation and denial; some botanists
stoutly maintaining the separated forms to be “ only varieties,”
while other botanists earnestly advocated their ‘claims to the
rank of species.”

This process has gone on to the present time, and with an
increasing tendency among botanists to divide and subdivide the
species named and believed in by Linneus and his earlier
successors. Most unfortunately, while thus splitting the Linnean
species into two or more secondary species, the original Linnean
name was usually retained for one of them, and it was thus taken
away from the other or others of them. As before illustrated by
the alphabetical letters, the original name thus acquired two or
more different meanings and applications, with a vast amount of
confusion in botanical records, incidental on the double or multiple
signification. The old name now means either the aggregate
species to which it was originally given by Linneus, or only some
one of the segregate quasi-specific forms into which that aggregate

IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 35

species has since been subdivided. Literally, the name in books
still means the whole or avy part of the whole, or it is used ina
more restricted sense to mean one special part exclusively, —
a logical equally as a mathematical absurdity.

It would certainly have been the wiser course, always to keep
up the Linnean specific name for the original aggregate species,
and thus to keep it still applicable to all and any of the included
forms ; and to give a new name to each of the segregate species,
not excepting the type form itself, whether real or suppositious.
The Linnean name would thus have retained his own meaning
and application of it, and would have been so far true and
constant; while the substituted modern practice makes an
arbitrary and false limitation of it. But the mere species-
describers who have most delighted in dividing and re-naming,
have usually been persons of an unreasoning character of mind,
and were perhaps seldom capable of seeing how illogical their
practice was, and how inconvenient to their botanical successors it
would prove to be.

In thus pointing out the process of separating original aggregate
species into more modern segregate species, the name of Linneus
has been used simply for convenience, and because many of his
old species have been thus subdivided, or “ split ” as the process is
more scornfully designated. But of course the like may be said of
the aggregate species originally named and described by any other
botanical describer, which have been subsequently split into segre-
gates. For instance, many of Robert Brown’s original Australian
species were probably aggregates ; their short characters having
been since found applicable to more than one apparent species.
The same, I am assured by a resident botanist there, is true of
New Zealand plants named and described by Dr. Hooker, or
referred by him to the named species of Europe or other
countries.

Partly owing to more exact discrimination, but it may be
feared chiefly under a weak-minded craving for name-notoriety, the
modern tendency is to subdivide species on differences so slight
and uncertain that descriptive language now almost fails to make

36 INTRODUCTION.

them intelligible to other botanists, without the aid of portrait
figures or selected specimens. To such an excess has this practice
been carried of late, that we now find in print long and worthless
descriptions, miscalled specific, made only from a single individual
plant, or even from a fragment of an individual plant,—say, from
a single fern frond or from the dried twig of a rose-briar or
bramble-bush. It would be about as wise to describe an individual
Hottentot or Eskimo, a Tom Thumb or a Daniel Lambert, a one-
legged Donato or a three-legged Baby, as a species distinct from
the fair-skinned and two-legged Homo sapiens (Linn.) of medium
size.

As the result of all this ingenuity in rightly or wrongly dividing
and subdividing species, originally so considered and still retained
as such by at least some botanists of authority, we have now
various ‘ grades of species ’ in Floras and other works of descriptive
botany. The conventional expression “rank of species” means
wide inequality of rank in its actual application to plants; for
there is truly no equality among book species, but instead many
grades of them. Some botanists of high authority will keep up
an original aggregate species, or will even combine two or more
such species into one; while others divide the original into two
segregates ; others again making three segregates out of it; and
still others going on to four, five, six, or any greater number of
segregated sub-species,—occasionally, as in Rubus fruticosus (Linn.),
even a score or a hundred sub-species,—all carved out of the
formerly supposed single species. And much more troublesome
than this, through the illogical methods in re-naming before
adverted to, we too often find the same specific name now applied
to quite different things, that is, applied alike 10 combinations and
separations which are themselves widely unequal and variable.

Without attempting to define all the various grades possible, we
may place plants under three ranks or categories which have been
conveniently designated “ Super-species, Ver-species, Sub-species.”
The first work on British plants in which these terms have been
adopted and practically carricd out, is Mr. Boswell Syme’s Third
Edition of ‘English Botany.’ The Super-species are those originally

IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 37

described species which have been subsequently found (or supposed)
to be correctly divisible into other subordinate species. The Ver-
species are those which remain undivided, and seemingly are
indivisible. The Sub-species are those into which the super-
species have been or may be divided. Of course, the same terms
may be used in the reverse process, that of uniting or re-uniting
species. Various botanists still regard the ‘ super’ to be the true
species, and only co-equal with the ‘ver-species ;’ while others
look on the * sub’ as co-equal with the ‘ ver-species.’

Three other terms have also been employed; namely, “ Aggre-
gate, Integrate, Segregate species ;” which certainly better express
the facts, apart from all theory about the reality of species. And
just because of their superiority in sense and logic they will be

longer in coming into use than the terms Super-species and Sub-
species. They might be defined in the same words as the other
three terms; but they better admit of practical application without
involving any inconsistency real or seeming. The Aggregate
species is the compound which has been, or may be, divided into
quasi-specific parts. The Segregate species are those quasi-specific
parts themselves. The Integrate species stands between them, as
an undivided or indivisible whole. The chief advantage of these
terms is, that they admit of any change or variation in use, to suit
the actual views of botanists, however diverse and changeable
those views may be. The very same species may be placed as an
aggregate by one botanist, as a segregate by another botanist,
without contradiction between them; because the words simply
express the fact of union or severance, without necessarily raising
the controversial question, as to which among them are equal to
Ver-species. For instance, in the English Flora by Smith the
Linnean Ranunculus aquatilis is an aggregate species (there
treated as a specific integrate) including four principal forms or
varieties, which are now usually accepted for true species ; namely,
heterophyllus, pantothria, circinatus, and fluitans. Regarded as
subdivisions of Ranunculus aquatilis, these latter may be denomi-
nated four segregate species ; although Smith himself, like many
other botanists, hit upon a false line of separation between

38 INTRODUCTION.

heterophyllus and pantothrix (now named trichophyllus and Drouetii).
But these two last have been again subdivided into other species,
real or supposed ; thus, they also in turn become aggregates, when
viewed relatively to the segregates into which they have latterly
been further separated. In using the words ‘Super-species’’ and
‘ Sub-species,’ we are checked at the first division ; for how are we
to designate the two halves or the three thirds of a sub-species ?
The two words ‘ aggregate’ and ‘segregate’ can be applied inde-
finitely to any series of combinations in the one direction, or of
severances in the contrary direction.

Treated in this form, the vexed question of species becomes a
comparatively novel subject in botanical books, the right under-
standing of which is truly a matter of much importance for young
botanists. Hence, even at the risk of tediousness, some further
illustration by examples may still be presented to readers. In the
‘Handbook of the British Flora’ Mr. Bentham united two Lin-
nean species, by sinking Ranunculus hederaceus as a ver-species,
and uniting it with Ranunculus aquatilis ; an union sufficiently
justifiable in the eyes of those who also combine R. tripartitus and
R. Lenormandi with either. By that union, it will be seen, the
two aggregate or super-species (now more usually so deemed) were
xeduced to segregates or sub-species; and our illustration shall
commence with this great combination of subordinate forms,
divided and subdivided into successive segregates by other
botanists, as here shown :—

A. Ranunculus aquaticus (Bentham).

1. hederaceus (Linn.)
a. hederaceus.
b. Lenormandi.
2. aquatilis (Linn.)

a. heterophyllus.
heterophyllus.
floribundus.
peltatus, ete.

b. pantothrix.
trichophyllus.
Drouetii, etc.

c. fluitans.
d. circinatus.

IV. GRADES OF SPECIES. 39

Now, it may be asked, with which grade in the above treble or
quadruple series should Rununculus Ficaria be associated as a
co-equal? Mr, Bentham made it the equal of his very inclusive
RR. aquaticus (A). Sir James Smith made it the equal of the
Linnean hederaceus and aquatilis as two disunited species (1 and 2),
—a view to which Mr. Bentham himself has subsequently gone
back. Professor Arnott makes it the equal of hederaceus, Lenor-
mandi, fluitans, circinatus, and also of aquatilis Linn.) Professor
Babington makes it the equal of the former four; also (instead of
aquatilis) the equal of heterophyllus, floribundus, peltatus, tricho-
phyllus, Drouetii, etc.

In further illustration, let us suppose a botanist to follow the
nomenclature of Bentham’s Handbook, first edition, and to print
the name of R. aquaticus in a list of plants seen in some given
country or place, it would be impossible for a reader to know
whether the Linnean hederaceus or the Linnean aquatilis was
intended ; either or both might be there, and every form of both,
or only one form of either. Another botanist, avowedly using
Smith’s English Flora, might print nearly the same name in like
manner ; and here we should know that he intended some form of
the Linnean aquatilis, exclusive of hederaceus and its sub-forms,
although we should still be uncertain whether heterophyllus, panto-
thria, fluitans, or circinatus,—or some one, two, three, or all of
these,—had been found in the district under report. Still less
should we be prepared by the name of R. aquatilis (Linn.) or
aquaticus (Benth.) to decide whether all or any of the sub-forms
heterophyllus, floribundus, peltatus, trichophyllus, Drouetit, etc.,
had been found; since our Benthamian or Linnean botanist might
have intended to record fluitans or circinatus only by his use of
the name Ranunculus aquatilis or aquaticus.

A practical consequence of much importance to works like the
present one, arises out of these diverse ways of dividing or
grouping, of segregating or aggregating plants. As the phyto-
geographer consults many recorded localities and lists of plants,
written by various botanists at widely different dates, or by those
severally using the same name to express various different unions

40 INTRODUCTION.

and severances of the quasi-specific forms, he is too frequently left
uncertain what is really intended by the names used. He is thus
forced to go backward rather than forward, by keeping up the
elder and larger aggregates, and by shunning the more recent and
smaller segregates, while endeavouring to trace out the distribution
of plants by examining those discordant sources of information.
His motto must be “omne majus in se continet minus ;” for, in
falling back upon the larger aggregate, all the records become
available; while the further he gets forward to the newer and
smaller segregates, the less available for his purposes do the past
printed records become. In several instances in the prescut
volume, two or more readily distinguishable segregates are un-
avoidably treated together as one aggregate species, simply because
the printed records of their localities would mostly be found non-
available, in attempting to treat them apart.

5. Rexation of VARIETIES TO SPECIES.

The antecedent remarks on the different grades of species will
have prepared us to see that no theoretic line of distinction is
always practically available between Species and Varieties. That
which is a good and true species, in the estimation of one botanist,
is simply a variety of some other species, in the estimation of a
second botanist; or, it may be held a sub-variety, by a third
botanist ; even a sub-sub-variety, by a fourth botanist. Thus, to
revert to the illustration on page 88, if Ranunculus aquatilis
(Linn.) be accepted as the true species, then heterophyllus is one
of the forms or varieties of that species, and floribundus is a
secondary or sub-variety of the primary variety. And if, by any
possible expression of technical characters, the floribundus itself
could be further divided, any of its segregated parts would be in
the position of tertiary or sub-sub-varieties to the Linnean species
R. aquatilis ;— it even was so, without further subdivision, rela-
tively to the very aggregate species, the Rununculus aquaticus of
Bentham’s Handbook in its first edition. In the actual practice of
technical botanists, let the student understand and remember,

V. VARIETIES, ETC. 41

there is no constant distinction made between species and
varieties, other than a decision by individual opinion in each
special instance. Super-species, ver-species, sub-species, heredi-
tary race or strain, greater variety, lesser variety, variation, are
simply a series of terms expressing gradations of difference, not
things shown to be absolutely distinct in their kind.

No doubt a theoretic distinction may be alleged between them
at some one of the grades. It is still hypothetically assumed that
distinct species do exist in nature, and that one real or natural
Species can never pass into or produce another species. This
assumption, while accepted as a truth, will occasionally afford a
practical and seemingly positive test for a variety, although it can
never become such a test for a species. However dissimilar any
two plants or sets of plants may be, if it is known that they have
descended from a common ancestor, or have been produced by the
same parent,—then they are held to be varieties, or type-form
and variety, of the species represented by that common ancestor
or same parent. On the contrary, however similar any two plants
may be otherwise, if some constant and inconvertible difference
seemingly exists between them, by which they can be dis-
tinguished one from the other, one form never having been
observed to produce or pass into the other form ;—then, any
botanist may hold himself warranted to name and describe them as
two distinct species, in reliance on the negative evidence only, and
with little fear of refutation.

But here comes the conflict of opinion about species and
varieties ; because it can never be possible to ascertain that the
seemingly constant difference is a really inconvertible difference,
or even that it is a really constant difference. In most cases it is
made a matter of analogical inference, not one of experimental
knowledge. A decision must often be given simply in the absence
of any positive evidence of sameness. Where the differential
characters do not exceed, either in kind or in degree, those which
experienced botanists have observed to be convertible between
other plants, some of them will usually declare the characters

@

42 INTRODUCTION.

insufficient to justify a severance into two species, and will prefer
to place one as a variety of the other plant.

On the other hand, the “ splitters” will too often ‘* make
species ” resting on differences of a very slight kind or degree, if
they expect or hope to find them constant,— rather, that nobody
else will find them inconstant. Usually, all they look for is some
difference which can be expressed in technical language, or shown
in portrait drawings ; while they leave to others the far less facile
task of trying whether the difference is constant or inconstant, of
proving that the characters of the two alleged species are con-
vertible, if such be the case. This latter task and proof, though
perhaps easy and rapid in some few instances, will more commonly
require experiments or observations carefully carried on during a
succession of years. However injudicious or precipitate he may
be, the “ species-maker” has thus the chances largely in his favour
for maintaining the species, truly or falsely so called; although it
may be much doubted by other botanists, it cannot be denied on
proof,—at any rate, not for some considerable time after its first
penni-facture. The proper category or position of a ‘‘ new species”
so made, is eventually decided on the balance of conflicting
opinions, which may be long in suspense before inclining either
way so far as to become a quasi-unanimity. And even if thus
virtually decided at one time or by one generation, the question
whether a given plant is a species or variety may be re-opened at
any after time. In the Floras of our own small and much
examined island, there are probably more proposed and disputed
species at the present time, than was the case half a century ago.
Aud certainly there never was a time when so wide a species-
discrepancy could be found between two standard Floras, as is now
seen between ‘ Babington’s Manual of British Botany’ and ‘ Ben-
tham’s Handbook of the British Flora.’

Thus, it must certainly be admitted, Botanists have truly no
clear and available line of severance between species and varieties.
Most of them still believe, or act as believing, that species are
absolute and permanent realities in nature; while they deem
varieties fluctuating and temporary, always liable or tending to

Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. A3

revert into the type-species. But when they come to practice, it
is found that they too often cannot at all agree among themselves
where to trace the dividing line between the two categories. And
we are at last practically left in this alternating definition :—
Species are wider varieties ; varieties are closer species.

Much new light has been brought upon this debatable matter
by the theory of Charles Darwin, so rapidly become known to all
naturalists, and still so much discussed among them, although
with an increasing tendency to acceptance. It bears very im-
portantly on phyto-geography in various ways; and thus some
consideration of that theory has become unavoidable with every
student in this department of botany. According to the Darwinian
theory, there is no absolute difference between species and varieties.
They are supposed to be the same in kind, differing only in age or
degree. A slight variety is held to be an “incipient species,” the
progeny of which, in course of many generations, and by increasing
variation, may eventuate in a new and (so considered) distinct
species. Mr. Darwin's idea is, that organic life on the earth com-
menced with extremely few original forms, possibly with one only ;
all the thousands on thousands of present species, and all the
countless numbers (millions on millions?) of extinct species,
having proceeded from those few original forms. He does not
insist upon this origin of all from one only; but he writes, “I be-
lieve that animals have descended from at most only four or five
progenitors, and plants from an equal or lesser number.” (Edition
2, p- 518). The process by which those few original forms have
become the million or so of species which now exist, is alleged to
have been of a two-fold character, — accumulation of divergent
variations by “‘ Natural Selection.”

First, as to accumulating divergences or variations. The imme-
diate progeny usually resemble their parents, without being always
exact repetitions of those parents, or exactly like each other. Any
little difference apparent in the progeny is so far a divergence
from the characters of their parents; and they thus become two
varieties, or a normal and a varied form. The progeny become

44 INTRODUCTION.

parents in their turn ; and some of their descendants, immediate
or remote, may again differ among themselves ; diverging still
farther from the original stock, either by increase in the first
variation, or by other variations superadded thereto. Let such a
process continue for an indefinite time, and through an indefinite
number of generations, and the divergent variations from the
original stock may (it is fancied) accumulate to any conceivable
extent. Given, the measureless time; given, the countless gene-
rations; given, the variations gradually increasing in kind and in
number ;— all the differences now seen between the present
species, and all the differences ascertained between the living and
the extinct species, might thus have accumulated by way of
repeated divergences from the original stock, whether single or
sparingly multiple at first.

So far, many other naturalists had held views closely similar to
those lately announced by Mr. Darwin. Among animals and
plants they have seen variations arise, and augment, and accumu-
late, until some of the descendants have thus gradually become
widely unlike their ancestors, certainly known or fairly supposed
to be such. And they have thought and argued, if such changes
can be seen produced in course of a human life or of human
history ;— then, why not all the changes which geology shows to
have occurred between the former and the present, the extinct and
the living, animals and plants of the globe? During time so vast
and measureless, these wide changes may also possibly have come
to pass, as gradual evolutions of life in the ordinary course of
nature. The result, as now seen or known, may perhaps have
been practically and methodically brought about without the
necessity of any direct interference of Creative Power, whether it
be supposed to have been exerted immensely at some few distant
intervals of time, or to be exerted very gradually and continuously
through past and present time. All undoubtedly fore-seen and
fore-arranged ; but fore-arranged with such perfect fore-sight, that
no man-like intermeddling or rectifying could ever have become
requisite.

Sir Humphrey Davy, with others of his day and school,

Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 45

contended for a few enormous efforts of destructive and re-creative
power, as well in the organic as in the inorganic world. Sir
Charles Lyell, with a curious inconsistency in so able a writer and
reasoner, contended for the most gradual and ever-successive and
still-continuous changes in the inorganic world, from past to
present, by natural processes alone ;—yet also argued in favour of
an absolute distinctness of species and their successive creations,
not gradual evolution from those past to those present.

The doctrine maintained by Lyell conduced greatly to the
advance of correct views in geology ; but at the same time all the
influence of his deservedly high repute was repeatedly given in
support of views in biology, which Darwin and many others
declare to be incorrect. The baneful effect of this influence could
hardly be better exemplificd than by citing the instance of Dr.
J.D. Hooker. ‘This illustrious Botanist appears to have been
kept out of the light, in his earlier years, by the mere authority of
Sir Charles Lyell ;—it could not have been so through the force
or clearness of Lyell’s arguments. In ‘Flora Indica,’ vol. 1,
page 20, Drs. Hooker and Thomson wrote in high eulogy of
Sir Charles Lyell’s inconsistent views, rather too dogmatically
designating as “ superficial naturalists” those who accepted “ the
doctrine of the mutability of species.” Subsequently, it would
now seem, both Sir Charles Lyell and Dr. J. D. Hooker have
adopted the Darwinian doctrines; thus enlisting themselves into
the ranks of the (so-called) “superficial naturalists,” and rapidly
rising to generalship over them. But, might it not now be fairly
retorted by any one satirically disposed, that the aforesaid de-
signation has been fairly earned by both of them? Assuredly it
was no great evidence of clearness or profundity, altogether to
miss the right track until it was converted by Darwin into a
broad highway, along which “ he that runs, may read.”

True, the track then was indistinct in itself, and but dim in the
early twilight. Before Darwin’s theory was formed and announced,
all may justly be said to have failed in their attempts to show
satisfactorily how the changes from past to present species could
actually have been brought about. According to present appearance,

46 INTRODUCTION.

Charles Darwin has made a really grand advance beyond his
predecessors ; although he too, after much ingenious effort, has
left the most important part of the problem for some successor to
elucidate; while he has unfortunately mixed up the probably
sound portion of his doctrine almost inextricably with views which
cannot be accepted for anything better than crude hypothesis
unsupported by facts.

An example may here be permitted, in illustration of the similar
but crudely unsettled ideas which were afloat before Darwinism
gave a more precise direction to them. The example is suitable
for showing in contrast the onward advance made by the ‘ Origin
of Species... The Author of the Cybele Britannica, im a con-
troversial pamphlet published so long ago as 1836, intimated his
own leaning in favour of the transition-of-species theory, as it was
then designated. That subject, however, was connected only
indirectly and incidentally with the immediate purpose of the
pamphlet, and was therefore only slightly alluded to. But he
introduces here some extracts from the pamphlet, as a record of
the direction which his own thoughts had taken full thirty years
ago, at a date when comparatively few naturalists would have
admitted that species and varieties differ only in degree, and that
the present species may be the actual descendants of the extinct
species. Witness the opposite views advocated by Dr. Hooker, a
score of years later; and still the prevailing views among botanists.
The extracts must in fairness be read by the rush-lights of thirty
years ago, not by any luminous lamp of the present time.

“The facts of geology, explained by the only test which science
can legitimately apply to them—namely, the causes now in action
—lead to inferences showing a very different course of events
prior to the time when man is supposed to have commenced his
existence. And thus explained, they give some probability that
the earth has contained within itself the elements of all the
changes hitherto unfolded to us by geological researches. In the
present state of scientific knowledge, a philosopher, reasoning
solely on philosophical grounds, is not entitled to say that the
productions of our globe were created hy the direct exercise of

V. VARIETIES, ETC. 47

Divine Power. The existence of the earth itself may be only one
of a long series of changes in our planetary system, ultimately
referable to the Power that has fashioned all things, but which
may have required no more direct interference than the creation
of Mr. Scott’s essay itself has required.” . . . . .

“ Geology, be it observed, has shown nothing whatever con-
cerning the creation of races or individuals. Neither the mode of
creation, nor the first state, nor yet the last state, of any race or
species, has been in the slightest degree explained by geological
discovery. The fossil records of past life are limited to incomplete
representations of the state of individuals at death; and in the
older deposits the remains are scarcely more than mere copies of
their shapes. In the more recent deposits good skeletous, etc.,
are found; but in all likelihood, the stony models and skeletons,
which have hitherto met the eye of man, will not bear the pro-
portion of one individual out of every million that have existed.
Granting this, how can any sober reasoner assert positively, on
such meagre evidence, that intermediate forms and structures
have not existed? Geology is far too imperfect yet, to allow of
any fair presumption, from its individual facts, either of the
trausition or non-transition of one species into another. On the
great scale, it is as clear as such evidence can make it, that one
species has been substituted for another, but we know not how this
substitution has been brought about; and, allowing for the dif-
ference of time, it may well be questioned whether the changes
brought to light by geological researches, at all exceed the changes
now effected in the vegetable world by human efforts.” . . . .

“The nearest approach towards bringing about a sudden
change of species, occurs in the production of hybrids or mule
breeds. This is something ; but it is not the way for permanently
converting or creating species, if it be possible to do so at all.
These hybrids rarely breed with each other; and, when mixing
with the original stocks, they soon revert back so far as to be
undistinguishable. If man is ever to create a permanent species,
he must go to work in a much more gradual manner, by coupling
together varieties becoming more and more unlike the original

48 INTRODUCTION.

stock at each descent. We have yet to learn what would be
effected by following this course through several hundreds of
successive descents. It would almost seem as if the dog had
been thus created. If not, where is the original stock to be
found ?”

“In the east world, it is peculiarly man’s interest to bring
hundreds or thousands of species (as they are called) into a domes-
ticated state, to use his utmost skill in bringing about considerable
changes in many of them, and to keep extending these changes.
The extent to which their external circumstances can be varied,
and the facility of rapidly producing many successive generations,
with other peculiarities appertaining to vegetable life, afford ad-
ditional aids to his exertions. Accordingly, we find varieties
produced, and regularly continued by descent, having greater
differences between themselves, than are seen between other races
generally supposed to be distinct species.”

“An illustration may assist in showing the liability to false
inferences, by predicating of a long series of events from in-
specting a small part of the series. In the middle period of life,
many individuals change so gradually that we see little difference
between the same person on the first and last day of the same
year. Yet is a year one-seventieth part of a life; and in the
seventy years an individual passes from infancy to manhood, and
thence wanes again to feebleness. Now, two or three thousand
years may not be the seventieth, or even the seven-hundredth part
of the duration of a species; so that an inappreciable change,
were it established, would be no very cogent argument against a
great change during the full series of time and events.” (Exami-
nation of Mr. Scott’s Attack on Mr. Combe’s Constitution of
Man).

This last quoted passage has reference to the alleged identity of
embalmed mummies of Egyptian animals with those now living.
It bears on a defect in the Darwinian hypothesis, to which
allusion will shortly be made. In the preceding extracts a very
decided bias is evinced in favour of the transition-of-species
theory ; especially so, considering that the subject was only an

Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 49

incidental one in the pamphlet from which they are extracted.
The more matured views of the same writer were set forth in
papers in the Phytologist for 1815, and partially copied thence
into the Cybele Britannica, volume 4, pages 59—63. They afford
a fair sample of the state of the question in the years that inter-
vened between the date of the ‘ Vestiges’ and that of the ‘ Origin
of Species by means of Natural Selection.’ At same time, a full
conviction of the truth of the transition-of-species theory is not
declared ; in either instance cited, being evidently withheld from
lack of the one key or explanation which Mr. Darwin has brought
to its support, whether successfully or unsuccessfully so brought,
under the designation of “ Natural Selection.”

The distinctive peculiarity of the Darwinian theory, is, that its
Author has much more fully and clearly explained how (in his
view) the changes between past and present life on the earth
could have been brought about, and this in a manner so gradual
and unobtrusive that it is even yet going on around us in ceaseless
progress, long unobserved by most of us, imperfectly recognized
by a very few, clearly and fully detected by none before Mr.
Darwin himself took up the subject. By giving a name to this
hitherto nameless process of nature, most ably marshalling an
ample array of illustrative details, all more or less intimately
bearing upon his leading principle of “ natural selection,” he has
perhaps achieved the greatest advance in natural science that ever
has been achieved by one individual.

What is the real advance? It is familiar even to triteness that
variations do arise among animals and plants, and that some of
these variations do tend to become hereditary, by re-appearing in a
second generation, and so on to succeeding generations. It is
well known, too, that the progeny of the variety will often also
apparently tend back, by reproducing the original ancestral like-
ness, more or less perfectly, instead of its own altered likeness or
“characters.” Here are two seeming tendencies, both inferred
from actual facts; the preponderance of one keeping up the
species ; the preponderance of the other keeping up its varicties.

In the long run, which of the two tendencies will prevail, and
H

50 INTRODUCTION.

why ? We know that the full restoration of the original characters
of the “species” may often be prevented by carefully breeding or
seed-saving from select examples of the variety ; destroying or
letting die out those individuals that are tending back towards the
orizinal form. And so long as this careful selection of parents is
continued, whether among animals or plants, an apparent (but,
still, only an artificial or humanly-dependent) character of per-
manence is given to the variety. We know also that, by this
careful selection of parents, the peculiarities may be increased in
their descendants; either some given peculiarity may become
stronger, or other divergent peculiarities may be superadded
thereto. Is there any analogous selection in nature, ceaselessly in
operation, especially tending to the increase and conservation of
varieties, and eventually allowing or causing the ancestral species
to become extinct as itself, and to be represented by descendants
specifically changed ?

The Darwinian theory asserts that a like process is always
operative in nature; but it is one not truly identical in action,
though supposed to be analogous in its effect. Mankind yolun-
tarily and designedly select the varieties to be conserved, from
those which are to be lost by neglect or purposely destroyed. In
this respect, Man is declared to be simply an imitator of Nature,
in a small way and with few species, for his own purposes or
advantage. But always, as well now as through epochs long past,
Nature is declared to have been selecting fresh varieties of
animals and plants to be conserved, and further varied, and
re-varied to any extent. What is the “ Nature” which has thus
selectel, and is still selecting? The Will of the Creator
primarily, beyond question, but immediately acting on the animals
and plants through the secondary instrumentality of all those
external circumstances or conditions, to which they are indi-
vidually subjected, and by which they are affected in health,
existence, fertility, etc. Thus, the external circumstances may be
said to conserve the varieties best adapted to themselves, and
gradually to destroy or let perish those which are less so adapted ;
the ratio of increase by sced (in plants) allowing great numbers of

Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 51

the less adapted forms to die in the struggle for ground whereon
to live. This is “ Natural Selection,” or selection by natural
agencies. The better adaptation of the variation or variety to the
external circumstances conserves it; the external circumstances
select (figuratively) the variety or variations to be conserved.
Accumulated variations change the species, —even the genus or
order.

From one point of view, and to a limited extent, this is such
an obvious truth as to be simply a truism, which nobody would
dispute, and nobody had taken the trouble to describe in detail or
to endow with a special name. But it is an old and just saying
“Nomina si nescis, perit cognitio rerum.” By giving a special
name to the agency, describing its operation very clearly, illus-
trating it in copious detail, showing its universality, and con-
necting its phenomena together, Mr. Darwin has rendered vast
service to the progress of natural science, and fairly made the
previously rude recognition of this agency into a new and explana-
tory theory of organic life. It is the characteristic of Mr. Darwin's
reasoning, to heap fact upon fact, and to convince his readers by
accumulations of evidences and illustrations,—always the most
successful mode of addressing the miscellaneous public of readers.
A more causal reasoner would have stated his principle or rule,—
illustrated it by half a dozen examples,—left it then to make its
own way,—and remained neglected or misunderstood for half a
century.

A man who only convinces himself, how warrantable soever
that conviction may be, has done but little. Although guesses_
and suggestions about the gradual transition of past into present
species, and even that varieties are less distinct species, and that
species are more distinct varieties, were repeatedly made before
Darwin wrote on the subject,—yet the scornful scepticism with
which his first announcements were received by some of the most
eminent naturalists of his day, abundantly testify that he had
really carried onward previous crude ideas into something con-
siderably different or more perfect, — virtually a novelty and a
discovery, its truth being admitted.

52 INTRODUCTION.

A pre-recognition of the Darwinian theory has been claimed
for Mr. Patrick Matthew, whose volume on ‘Naval Timber and
Arboriculture,’ dated in 1831, bears much internal evidence of
mental vigour and independent thought. A theory of species was
only incidental to the leading object of that book; and hence
perhaps in part the vagueness and brevity of its Author’s remarks
on species-conservation and species-transition ; both of which were
recognized and alluded to, as fact and probable fact. But the
ambiguously worded and half-conjectural remarks by Mr. Matthew,
though certainly an advance beyond ideas currently prevailing at
the date of his work, cannot thus late be fairly adduced as an
exposition of the Darwinian theory of “ natural selection,” or even
as a real pre-recognition of it. They read, indeed, like a near
guess at it, if now interpreted under the light so clearly thrown
upon the matter by Mr. Darwin’s own publications. But, it may
fairly be asked, whether Mr. Matthew himself, or any of his
readers, ever afterwards united the disjointed and incidental
remarks into a connected theory of nature, or theory of species ? —
into anything which would have required or justified a volume
under the Darwinian title of “ Origin of Species by means of
Natural Selection”? His views, on the whole, seem to have been
more Lamarckian than Darwinian.

The reaction against a first sceptism has been great and rapid
in favour of the Darwinian doctrines. The danger now is, that
Mr. Darwin will be supposed to have discovered and established
much more than he truly has done. Along with what is clear and
presumable in his theory as a whole, there still remain points of
primary importance left unexplained, and things assumed as
probable or certain on the slenderest possible evidence, not to say,
positively against the bearing of such evidence as can be adduced.
How far will this go towards accounting for the utter neglect of
Darwinism in the only Journal of Botany maintained in England?
It can hardly be that none of the writers in that Journal are
of intellectual calibre and training sufficient to treat the subject ;
one which bears so closely, not only on questions about species

Vv. VARIETIES, ETC. 53

and varieties, but otherwise also on the very foundations of phyto-
geography, phyto-geology, and other departments of botanical
science, so soon as we rise above the a b ¢ of descriptive botany.

First, the selection theory cannot be accepted as a true causal
theory of variation in plants and animals. The variations must
have already come into existence, before “ natural selection” could
begin at all. It thus fails to explain the mutation of species into
species, if such mutation does actually occur. It assumes that
new species are (and have been) coming into existence very
gradually, and as gradually are gaining the places of other ceasing
species which are ousted by them. On this yet unsubstantiated
‘assumption, the theory very plausibly explains how existing
species might be lost or extinguished, and how the new species
might become substituted for them. It tells us that when
variations a b ¢ d ete. have successively accumulated or combined
in the descendants of a given species, those descendants will have
become so unlike their remote ancestor, as properly to be accepted
in our systems of classification as a new and distinct species. But
this brings us no nearer towards a real answer to the question,
how variation a or b or ¢ or d can have arisen.

Unfortunately, Mr. Darwin has not kept his phraseology clear
from the vulgar error of attempting to exp’ain natural events by
fitting them to the human standard of thought and language,
instead of fitting that very plastic standard to the natural events
observed. Selection is a human act, an act of will and effort, and
the prefixed Natural fails to change the fundamental idea of
intentional choice,—choice for a purpose or with a motive. Apart
from Mr. Darwin's unlucky phraseology, and the false bias given
by it to the thoughts of his followers, the true question is, ‘Are
new species developed from older species, by accumulated varia-
tions, which better adapt them to changing external conditions ?’
But in answering this question of fact, we still fail to reach the
causal origin of the variations. Indeed, it would scarcely be wrong
to assert, that the very title itself of Mr. Darwin's admirable
volume is a misnomer,—false in phrase, unsound in idea. Natural
Selection cannot properly be said to originate either varieties or

54 INTRODUCTION.

species ;—at best it can only be said to conserve some among
those variations which have originated through other causes or
agencies. When the gardener selects good plants of any favoured
variety, from which to save seed, he is not originating the variety,
he is simply conserving it by his care in selecting the parents of
the next expected generation. The first variation, howsoever
brought about, begins the new species ; the superadded variations
being a gradual further mutation of it towards apparent distinct-
ness, until their accumulation amounts to a difference sufficient to
place it as an independent species. Natural Selection may rightly
be said to conserve the first variation,— to conserve the super-
added variations,— to conserve the accumulation or totality of the
variations. But, if it does not originate any one of these variations,
how can it be said to originate the totality of them,— the new
species ?

Secondly, the Darwinian theory, as above intimated, is based on
the hypothetical assumption that variations can and do accumulate
sufficiently to convert species into species; forming new species
from old species, by divergences of characters gradually accumu-
lating until the descendants cease to resemble specifically their
own remote ancestor. And further still, the theory assumes that
such divergences can go on in a limitless extent until, not only
species is changed into other species, but also until genus is
changed into other genera,—order is changed into other orders,—
class is changed into other classes. What is there now seen
adequate to sustain such bold assumptions ? The varietal changes
hitherto traced and recorded go such an infinitesimally small way
towards such results, that they cannot be construed into giving
much support to the likelihood of those results. Is there any
change now noted, that is really sufficient to warrant the belief
that (say) a Fern and a Fir-tree, a Moss and a Mushroom, ever
had the same common ancestor for both ?

Thirdly, the theory assumes a beginning of organic life in some
eight or ten types, if not im one only; all the countless species in
subsequent succession, the extinct and the still existent, having
hereditarily resulted from those eight or ten original species ; less

V. VARIETIES, ETC, 55

than half being allotted to the present plant-species, as their
primitive Adams. How the first one, or first eight or ten, began
and progressed, the theory fails to explain. Surely a “ Natural
Selection” would not be potent enough to give an “origin” to
these out of nothing! But is there anything observed in the
present age at all sufficient to show that species are still increasing
in numbers? Is there any sort of evidence on record to show that
they have increased in the historical time? (Book-species increase
fast, no doubt, but that sort of increase is beside the true
question.) Is the geologic evidence enough to show, or even
reasonably to suggest, that species are truly more numerous now
than they were at any former period? When it suits his pur-
pose, Mr. Darwin is very justly disposed to lay great stress on the
extreme “imperfection of the geologic record.” The older in
date, the more imperfect is it likely to be; and thus there seems a
sufficiently good explanation of the more numerous species now or
less long ago living, in contrast against the remains of less
numerous species at the more remote epochs. On the other hand,
if a single or half score original species could have increased by
divergent variations into the tens or hundreds of thousands now
existent,—what is to stay the progress of their numbers hence-
forth? If eight or ten can diverge into (say) an existing million,
why not one million into millions of millions ?— the millions of
millions into....? At what figure or degree in the increasing
thousands or millions is the limit to be fixed? Are not these
simple queries something very like a reductio ad absurdum ? To
assume or assert a period when only one, or ten, or a hundred
species existed, is not reading the past by the present facts ;—it is
inventing the past; fitting it badly with the present, incredibly
with the future.

Fourthly, to the writer of these pages it seems to be a great
deficiency or insurmountable defect in the Darwinian theory, that
it makes uo provision for a counterbalance in nature which seems
warrantable enough as an hypothesis, and is abundantly obvious
as a fact. The theory is wholly one of constantly successive
divergence from antecedent forms, without taking into account

56 INTRODUCTION.

that divergence from one form, as now witnessed, usually is and
must be approximate convergence towards and with some other
form. ‘To illustrate this counterpoise of convergence, as fully and
clearly as Mr. Darwin has illustrated bis principle of divergence,
would demand a volume by itself. One very simple example
must here suffice to show what is meant by convergence. Let it
be supposed that in some genus of plants there are two species
respectively with ovate leaves and linear leaves; these two forms
of leaf being part of their specific characters or differences. It
would be a simple divergence, such as really does occur in nature,
if a variety of either species should be found with lanceolate
leaves,—an intermediate form of leaf. In such a case, just to thie
extent to which the variety diverges from one species, it approxi-
mates towards the other species. Aud if varieties with lanceolate
leaves should occur to both species, the convergence would be
complete between the two, so far as the one simple character of
lanceolate leaf is concerned.

Any number or kind of other characters might be taken in
like manner. Let any actual variation in any plant be taken,
and the probability is great almost to certainty, that the so-far
divergence from its own specific type is more or less approximately
a convergence with some other type, whether belonging to the
same or to some other genus. The similarities among plants are
equally numerous with the dissimilarities. The convergences may
be found to equal the divergences. Mr. Darwin thinks that
species arise through accumulated divergences. Is it not as true
that they are known by (not to say, result from) the convergence
of numerous characters,—the classic—ordinal—generic—specific
characters all converging in the individual plants put together as a
species ? Why should it be declared that all these combinations
of character in each species have resulted from or through
divergence solely ?

If divergence and convergence both be admitted—and truly the
one seems as visible in nature as is the other—the two processes
might reasonably be supposed to keep up, and perhaps to have
ever kept up (that is, so far as we see or trace), an approximate

V. VARIETIES, ETC, oT

equilibrium in the number of species by their compensating
balance of action. On present evidence, it might be unsafe to say
that any one new species would ever actually be formed by gradual
convergences of variation from numerous other species. The
tendency of convergence, as seen at present, may rather be said to
operate by check or counterpoise against the limitless results of
unbalanced divergence endlessly in action. Still, there are not
wanting facts which at least suggest the possibility, that indi-
viduals of two closely allied species may converge into an inter-
mediate species, by divergences from their own stocks, and
without the intermediate being necessarily a return towards any
more remote ancestor, from which those two had themselves
originated by accumulated divergences. There is a tendency
among botanists to use the adjective “ intermedia” as a specific or
varietal name, because many plants do appear like intermediates,
* uncertainly assignable to either of the two allied species. But
botanists have never supposed that the two species had developed
out of the ‘intermedia’ by divergent variations therefrom ‘ natu-
rally selected.’ On the contrary, the name “ hybrida” is now
often substituted instead of ‘* intermedia,”
that the intermediate has originated from the two species, and not
itself given origin to both or to either of them.

It seems curious that Mr. Darwin should have failed to see,
and have refused to admit when shown, that some such hypothesis
as this one of convergence— indeed, the expression of actual facts
which are continually in occurrence—would have saved his theory
from the supposed necessity of tracing backwards all the past and
present species into and out of scarcely half a score, completed
somehow, without a beginning for themselves,—without stocks to
diverge from in their turn, — without any aid from “ Natural
Selection” itself. To step farther back, from this short half-score
into one solitary species, cannot mend the matter. In this respect,
the theory is too much like the sage explanation of the Earth
on an Elephant;—the Elephant on a Tortoise ; -—the Tortoise

clearly showing a belief

Oil aac?

58 INTRODUCTION.

If it be granted that the Darwinian theory seems sound in the
main, though disputable and perhaps false in some of its parts,—
it is necessarily granted also, that there is and can be no absolute
difference between species and varieties; that they are groupings
of individuals which differ in degree, but not in kind. Where the
differences are so many, or so wide, or so slowly convertible, that
numerous generations must have been required for diverging one
from the other,—or, it may be added, would be requived for con-
verging one into or with the other,—then, the two groups of
individuals thus decidedly differing, may be accepted as two
species. On the contrary, if their differences are of a slighter
character or constancy, of so small a degree that the production of
one of them from the other seems probable on analogy, although
not actually observed,—then they are more properly to be
accounted varieties, or type form and variety, of a single species.

When the much discussed question is re-viewed under this
theoretic light, the same conclusion is at length come to, as was
almost unavoidably reached from a consideration of the wide dis-
crepancies of opinion and practice among technical botanists; who
are so much at variance among themselves in deciding which are
species, and which are yarieties only, among their described
plants. Through Darwinism, or some modification of Darwinism,
we come back again to the former alternating definition, and may
repeat that “Species are wider varieties; varieties are closer
species.” Or, nearly the same idea may be expressed in another
form by saying, ‘ Varieties are infantile species, Species are adult
varieties.’ There are many stages between infancy and ado-
lescence ; and botanists will continue to differ as to the stage of
development where the one becomes the other.

Perhaps it may be thought that too many pages have been
given to these remarks on the grades of species, and on the
relation of varieties to species, which is but carrying the gradation
into further detail. Certainly the remarks have run out to con-
siderable length ; but a writer on phyto-geography, during present
unsettled opinions, ought to let his readers have a clue to his
own views, and especially to make them aware of the difficulties

VI. NATIVITY OF SPECIES. 59

and uncertainties which the discrepant views of the authors he
must consult and rely upon, unavoidably introduce into his geo-
graphical records and arrangements. Further, it is to be hoped,
that Darwinism may operate serviceably in checking the frivolous
vanity of ‘‘ species-making ;” while it will also stimulate to a more
careful study of variation, and perhaps induce naturalists to
discard that unphilosophical expression “ only a variety,” far too
frequent in use among botanists.

6. Nativity oF THE SPEcIEs.

Among the plants now found seemingly wild in Britam, whether
more or less widely distributed, are many species which occur
“under conditions calculated to suggest an idea that they may have
been first introduced into this island by the agency of mankind,
and not by pre-human natural agencies. Botanists are far from
agreed on a line of separation between the admitted and disputed
natives. Inexperienced observers more readily believe in the true
nativity of plants; while those of greater experience will frequently
find grounds for doubt or distrust. Besides this personal dif-
ference, the desire of appearing as discoverers too often leads vain-
glorious collectors to make out the best case they can in support of
the “ native claims” of species, and the “ truly wild” character of
their localities. A good deal of actual misrepresentation, along
with the frequent suppression of important circumstances which
are adverse to an acceptance of the localities, thus comes into the
records of plant-localities, greatly to the inconvenience of phyto-
geographers; some of whom have not been sparing of their
censures upon the writers who are guilty of these paltry falsifi-
cations, which always finally recoil in disparagement of their
short-seeing perpetrators.

Various questions in botanical geography, retrospective and
present, require an elimination of the introduced or non-native
elements in a mixed flora; leaving those only which are truly
natural to the country as aboriginally native species. Not that
botanists expect ever to make an exact separation of the humanly-

60 INTRODUCTION.

introduced species from the aboriginal natives of Britain ; because
those species (if any) which were so introduced, and became
thoroughly established before botanical history commenced, are
now unavoidably looked upon as aboriginal natives; while all
degrees of uncertainty appertain to the other species, whose
conditions here still show some sort of evidence of a foreign origin.
Cultivation has been carried on in this island during many
centuries; while our truly reliable records scarcely extend back
one century. Really careful observations and reasonings on the
nativity of species can hardly be dated back half a century. Even
in the present day, the records made by a large number of the
locality-reporters are too often unreliable by reason of their
deficient knowledge, carelessness in observation, inaccuracy of
language, or wilfully one-sided statements.

A series of terms, drawn from our own legal and social classi-
fications, has been used to express the various grades of uncer-
tainty or belief with respect to those plants whose aboriginal
nativity is more or less unsettled. The terms ‘ Native, Denizen,
Colonist, Alien, Casual’ serve to express a descending series, from
the truly wild and pre-historically established species, down to the
occasional stragglers from cultivation, or the products of seeds
accidentally imported with merchandize, ship-ballast, or otherwise.
The word “naturalised” has been so variously and carelessly
applied by botanical writers, that it has ceased to carry with
it any exact signification. It ought to mean a species originally
introduced by man, but now become thoroughly established, by
seed or otherwise, among the native plants of the country, and
existing without human aid in sowing its seeds or in preparing the
ground for them. We have two American plants fully coming up
to this definition,— Impatiens julva and Elodea canadensis. Few
botanists indeed restrict the use of the term “naturalised” to this
just and proper meaning; while some will even apply it to mere
casuals, stragglers from cultivation, with no permanent or certain
locality.

The Natives, Denizens, and Colonists will be formally treated
in this volume. The Aliens and Casuals will be enumerated in

VI. NATIVITY OF SPECIES. 61

an Appendix List; as also the few species supposed to have
become extinct, and most of which perhaps were Casuals only;
and those improperly recorded as British species, through errors of
name or mistakes about the localities of garden examples, or con-
sequently on tricks and impositions practised by guides and others
at the expense of incautious botanists. Typographical convenience
will necessitate a somewhat strict adhererence to this rule; the
adopted formula of seven lines of text just allowing four species to
a page without break or division. It would be scarcely possible,
and little useful if possible, to exhibit the distribution of the
Aliens and Casuals in the same form. The definition and use of
the three terms may be thus understood :—

1. Native. — Apparently an aboriginal British species; there
being little or no reason for supposing it to have been first intro-
duced into this island by human agency. Eaamples may be cited
in Corylus, Calluna, Clematis, Brilis, Butomus, Teesdalia, Glaus,
Littorella.

2. Denizen.—At present maintaining its habitats as if a native
species, without the direct aid of man, but liable to some suspicion
of haviug been originally introduced by human agency, whether
by design or by accident. The single species of Aconitum, Cheli-
donium, Saponaria, Myrrhis, and Buxus, well established in some
of their localities, are perhaps not clearly native in any of them,
and certainly introduced to several of them.

3. Colonist.— A weed of cultivated land, by road sides or about
houses, and seldom found except in places where the ground has
been adapted for its production and continuance by the operations
of man; with a tendency also in some of them to appear on the
shores, landslips, and in what are called “ waste places.” Ranun-
culus arvensis, Papaver dubium, Thlaspi arvense, Centaurea Cyanus,
Alopecurus agrestis ave weeds of cultivated land, and would
perhaps disappear if plough and spade ceased their work. Several
Chenopodia, Mercurialis annua, Rumex pulcher, Lepidium ruderate;
Asperugo procumbens, and others constitute connecting links be-
tween the Colonists and Denizens, found chiefly by road sides,
rubbish heaps, dunghills, and near the sea.

62 INTRODUCTION.

4. Alien species are those certainly or very probubly of foreign
origin; though several placed in this category are now well
established amid the indigenous flora of this island; others less
perfectly so. 5. Casual species are chance stragglers from culti-
vation ; those occasionally imported and sown with agricultural
seeds ; those introduced among wool, oil-seeds, or other mer-
chandize; foreign plants found on ballast heaps deposited from
ships; and generally such alien species as are most uncertain in
place or persistence.

7. EXPLANATIONS OF THE FoRMULA.

In treating various questions of phyto-geography, and in forming
comparative tables and lists for illustration, it is found convenient
that the distribution of each and every species in a flora should be
shown under some uniform plan or method, all treated alike.
Besides its more direct uses, such an uniformity of treatment has
the considerable incidental recommendation of being easily read
and understood by foreigners, whose knowledge of our language
may be too limited for easily following a more varied diction. And
strict condensation of many details being an object especially
sought to be attained in the present work, a fixed formula has
been adopted, which will be found to express much within a
compass comparatively short; showing the distribution of each
species under various aspects, and in various relations to the
physical geography of Britain; as well as tracing its area or
geographic extension over many other countries.

Allowing seven lines to each, it is found that four species can be
conveniently got on a page, without the awkwardness of disjoining
the lines relating to the same species, by the necessity of carrying
some of them over to a succeeding page. Four of these lines will
suffice for a condensed summary of distribution within Britain
itself ; leaving three lines available for tracing out the geographic
area beyond Britain, and in a manner which will exhibit the
negative equally as the positive facts of distribution elsewhere ;
a part of the inquiry far too much neglected by Authors who

VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 63

profess to show the outside extension of the species treated in their
Floras ;— a good practice in itself, lately adopted by several
botanists, but in this country almost exclusively in the ‘ Hand-
book’ by Mr. Bentham.

The Natives, Denizens, Colonists, as explained on pages 60—~
61, are treated under the formula. Aliens and Casuals will be
subsequently treated in a general commentary ; as also several
Segregate species, the distribution of which is yet too imperfectly
ascertained, to allow of the formula being adhered to for them,
taken apart from each other. Their localities having been
recorded usually under the name formerly applied to them col-
lectively as an unit, it remains at present too often impossible to
distinguish which one of two or more segregates was observed in
the places indicated; fresh examination and corrected records
being now required, in order to remove the uncertainty. It is by
no means always the separated or new-named segregate, whose
distribution is the more difficult to show; being even more fre-
quently the remnant of the original aggregate species, which is
thus uncertain. The localities ascertained and recorded for the
recently distinguished segregate, will often be found only incom-
plete or insufficient, not uncertain or erroneous. Those on record
for the older aggregate must usually be uncertain between the
two, and may be assigned erroneously to either. By way of
example, it would be easier now to trace the distribution of the
segregate species H’pilobiwn obscurum, than that of the remnant
Epilobium tetragonum, from which the former was first separated
-many years ago. We know exactly what is intended by the
former of these names, supposing it correctly applied by a botanist
of the present age ; but we do not know what was intended under
the latter name in records of past ages, or in present records by
botanists who still use the aggregate name of tetragonum, unless
accompanied by some explanation that it intends the segregate
remnant only, and not either or both of the two segregates
formerly included under the one name. It is this difficulty which
prevents the distribution of Epilobium obscurum from being shown

64 INTRODUCTION.

by the formula; namely, because the other half of the aggregate
cannot also be so shown apart.

The names and numbers of the plants will correspond with those
used in the ‘London Catalogue of British Plants,’ sixth edition,
published in 1867, which thus becomes an arranged Index to the
present volume. The nos. will not be found to run quite regu-
larly ; and less so in this volume than in the Catalogue itself.
Plants peculiar to Ireland or the Channel Islands are enumerated
in the Catalogue, as also various Alien species and some segre-
gates, which must here be omitted from the regular series. Hence,
the omission of their appropriate nos. in this volume. Moreover,
since the first edition of the London Catalogue was printed,
various changes have been made in it, in order to adapt each
successive edition to the actual knowledge and views of British
botany at its date; and these changes necessitated a doubling or
repetition of some of the nos. and a transfer of others ; so that the
numeration of the Catalogue itself has ceased to be quite regular.
As the same Catalogue was followed in the original Cybele Britan-
nica, the several volumes of that work corresponding with the
successive editions of the Catalogue, the sequence of names will
still be nearly the same in the present Compendium, and usually
also the same nos. will precede them. This co-relation of
Cybele and Catalogue was one among the several cogent reasons
for continuing the original numeration of the latter through six
editions ; it being found altogether far more convenient to alter a
few nos. in each edition, than to have six editions differently
numbered throughout; which must otherwise unavoidably have
been the case with respect to all nos. after the first changes, which
would each time have occurred almost at the beginning of the list,
in the genera Thalictrum and Ranunculus.

No species is admitted into the series unless the Author has
actually seen a specimen alleged on good grounds to be of British
origin. So many errors have got into our botanical literature, and
have been transferred from book to book, as merely false names or
otherwise incorrect reports, that some such rule for non-admittance
scems to have become highly desirable. And after his many years

VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 65

of experience, there can be only very few known British plants
which he has not seen living or dried. All such plants or names,
however, will have a brief notice in the latter portion of this work.
The records of localities in local guide-books, county-histories, and
such-like publications, are usually altogether ignored; unless in
those cases where they have been already adopted into some work
expressly botanical; an adoption unfortunately far too frequent, and
giving permanence to many errors. In such cases, the usual
ordeal for acceptance or distrust is applied to them here; hence
the rejection of many plants adopted into Ravenshaw’s Devon
Flora, Balfour's Edinburgh Flora, etc., on bad authority or no
authority. The original series of the Phytologist has been care-
fully consulted throughout, and has been found highly serviceable
in its numerous facts, although not free from occasional errors by
correspondents. But the ‘ New Series” of that periodical, under
its incompetent editorship, and largely contributed to by ignorant
pretenders in botany, has been wholly ignored, as standing too
far below the grade of scientific reliability. The statements of
some few individual botanists and collectors are also disregarded,
through grave distrust of their good faith or their botanical know-
ledge. If anything else has been overlooked, which ought to
have altered the filling in of the formula under any species, it
may be attributed to the errors or oversights which must be
unavoidable in a work involving in its preparation the collection
and examination of thousands upon thousands of special details ;
often very petty details, if looked at singly and separately, not in
their collective bearings. e

The First line of the Formula traces the area of the plant
within Britain, from south to north, by citing the nos. of those
provinces, as explained on pages 8 to 5, in which it has been
reported to occur. The enclosure by crescent curves () dis-
tinguishes the provinces into which the species is known or
suspected to have been introduced through human agency,
although it may be indisputably native in other provinces.
In various cases of plants being fairly accounted indigenous in

EK

66 INTRODUCTION.

some of the more southerly provinces, while they are thought to
have been introductions from thence into the more northerly
provinces, it is found impossible to decide with confidence where-
about the line of distinction should be drawn. Under suck
circumstances the enclosed nos. must be somewhat arbitrarily
apportioned ; and perhaps this sort of optional separation may have
been made unduly frequent at the border line which runs between
the English and Scottish provinces, or between the Lowland and
Highland provinces. The angular enclosures [] are used for
provinces, in regard to which there is so much distrust that it
seems better to reject them until reported anew on some reliable
authority. Errors of name, mistakes about the localities, tem-
porary casuals and planted examples recorded as if natives, and
generally any circumstances which lead to an expectation that the
plant will not long continue to be found in the province, if it ever
really were seen there, may warrant the use of the angular
enclosures ; which may thus be construed to mean either decided

”

or only doubting rejection. Little linear marks “--” indicate
absence from the province, usually real, occasionally perhaps ouly
the want of record. In the latter part of the line one of the three
words before explained on pages 60 to 62 is introduced, with any
brief remark added, to show whether the plant is deemed Native,
or Denizen, or Colonist in this country.

The Second line gives the range of latitude within Britain by
the even parallels south and north of the extreme known localities;
that is, all the true localities ascertained for the species under
consideration, fall between the two mathematical lines of latitude
cited, although the area of the plant may not perhaps reach close
up to either line. The extreme south-west of Cornwall is slightly
below the fiftieth line of latitude ; so that some plants might have
been given as “‘49—,” by the rule specified, though it appeared
not worth while to go below “50—” for the few of them so on
record. Following the indications of latitude, the names of the
most southern and most northern counties known for the plant
are also mentioned. For native species the lines and counties are
to be understood as indicating only the seemingly native localities,

VII, FORMULA EXPLAINED. 67

exclusive of others to which they may have been extended by
human agency. If these latter are named, they are enclosed in
the same manner as the provincial nos. in the line above. For
denizens and colonists less strictness in this respect is unavoidable;
none of their localities of course being clear from some degree
of doubt or distrust; and thus only the most distrusted are left
out or enclosed. The counties in which these plants become more
evidently aliens or casuals, for instance, are either not taken into
account at all, or else. are enclosed like the provincial nos.
Usually, the citations of counties are so made as to include both
the western and eastern sides of the island, so as to indicate also
the longitude. Thus, “ Cornwall, Wight, Kent,” will not only
show an area extending into the most southern counties, but will
serve also to show an intermediate along with an extreme westerly
and easterly extension. It has been found not so easy to adhere
closely to this rule in citing counties for the northern limits ;
although it is usually acted upon in cases where those limits
would not appear to be unduly contracted by so doing. Botanists
will scarcely require to be reminded, that the discovery of a new
locality beyond the limitary lines specified, would in general be a
more important fact in topographical botany, than would be the
discovery of another locality within the limits specified. Besides,
they may hold with some approach to certainty, that localities
beyond the indicated limits truly are new additions to our reliable
records, not simply repetitions of the old facts.

The Third line indicates the zonal and altitudinal distribution.
The Ascending or climatic zones in which the plant occurs, are
first shown by citing their corresponding nos. The explanations
about these zones were given on pages 14 to 21. Secondly, such
notices of the range of altitude are added as can be compressed
into the other portion of the line. The relation of plants to
elevation was treated in full in the original Cybele Britannica ;
and two linés of the formula there used were devoted to the indi-
cations of upper and lower limits. The subject is too complex to
permit of full and precise indications within the space that can be
allotted to it in this Compendium. The citation of the zonal

68 INTRODUCTION.

range will partly compensate for the brevity, more especially in
reference to the lower limits which are seldom given. With com-
paratively few exceptions, less than a hundred, all the plants
treated occur at or near the coast-level in some part of the island ;
the greater, number of them being found on the low open country
of the southern counties, away from hills of any considerable
elevation. Many of these also ascend the acclivities of the
northern and western mountains, though to widely unequal
heights, as previously explained on pages 11 to 13. All the
species indicated as occurring in the first zone, are found at a
trifling altitude in South Britain, and far the greater number of
them at or near the coast-level,—say, between the level of the sea
and one hundred yards above it; and thus “zone 1” is almost
equivalent with the words “ descending nearly or quite to the
coast-level in latitude 50—53.” Of those which commence in the
second zone, also, nearly all descend to the like low level in Mid
Britain ; though of course not so low in South Britain, “otherwise
they would have been assigned to the first zone. Some few of
those indicated to find their lowest climatal limit in the third
zone, have not been recorded so low as the coast-level anywhere in
Britain ; for instance Luzula spicata and Sibbaldia procumbens.
But most of them do descend nearly or quite to the coast-level in
North Britain, although rarely found so low even there. Thus, for
the most part, it will suffice to give indications of upper limits only ;
making occasional exceptions to this rule, when some indications
of lower limits may seem specially desirable. The figures (which
denote the highest observed localities in yards of three English
feet) are primarily divided into three sets, respectively belonging to
North Britain, to Mid Britain, and to South Britain; the last
division being seldom mentioned, and then usually by naming
instead some subordinate province or county, as North Wales or
Devon. For those plants which rise to the greatest heights, only
North Britain will need to be mentioned; the hills of that division
greatly exceeding those of Mid Britain in altitude. The first
numeral figure will indicate the highest station noted, whether by
measurement or by estimation ; other heights being added thereto,

VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 69

as space may admit or records supply them. The ranges of High-
land mountains, situate about the fifty-seventh line of latitude,
and which culminate in Ben Nevis (1458 yards or 4874 feet) and
Ben-na-muick-dhu (1440 yards or 4320 feet), have supplied most
of the specified altitudes for North Britain. The most carefully
made measurements have been taken on these mountains; and in
general, owing to the greater elevation and extent of that mountain
tract, it is the one best adapted for showing the heights attained
by plants in this island. But doubtless many of the species
could exist at a considerably higher elevation in the latitude of
North Britain, if its hills were so much higher as to afford
suitable situations for them above their actual limits. For most
of the plants which fail to reach the uppermost zone, some indi-
cations of altitudes attained in Mid Britain are added. These are
mostly re-copied from a list given in the fourth volume of the
Cybele Britannica, supplemented by the statements of altitude
since printed in Mr. J. G. Baker's excellent work bearing the title
of “North Yorkshire—Studies of its Botany, Geology, Climate
and Physical Geography.” For many of the species which are
found only in the three lower zones, the actual upper limits are un-
ascertained, and can seldom be a matter of much interest. Unless
known to rise above 150 yards from the sea-level, their altitudinal
position may be sufficiently expressed in general terms. The
words “ Low grounds” will thus be understood to express places
of any height between the coast-level and 150 yards or nearly 500
feet ; the words “Coast” or ‘‘ Coast-level” being used for plants
known or supposed to grow considerably lower than 100 yards.
* Littoral” plants are those of the seashore and its immediate
vicinity ; mostly restricted thereto, as the Euphorbia Peplis and
Atriplex arenaria; occasionally found inland likewise, at a low
elevation, as the Asplenium marinum and Erodium maritimum,
notwithstanding their sea-side names; and some of them rising to
or reappearing high upon the mountains, as the Armeria maritima
and Silene maritima. These terms are seldom introduced, how-
ever, unless to intimate that no higher elevation has been ascer-
tained ; although sometimes used with intent to show a descent to

70 INTRODUCTION.

the lower situations, as in the case of arctic species which grow on
coast rocks occasionally.

The Fourth line is somewhat miscellaneous in its subjects. It
begins with a “Census” of the species, founded upon the pro-
vincial and sub-provincial, the comital and vice-comital sections
before explained on pages 8 to 10. The three nos. set after that
word show the number of provinces, of sub-provinces, and of
counties (including vice-counties therewith) ascertained for the
plant under treatment ; usually excluding all those in which it is
deemed an alien only, as well as any others in which its existence
is not sufficiently authenticated. Such a census will thus un-
avoidably fluctuate in respect of its exact numbers, according to
fluctuations in knowledge or belief. New localities may raise the
figures, by adding counties or provinces to those previously ascer-
tained; while occasionally the figures may be reduced lower, either
through detection of errors or by increased reasons for distrusting
records of localities suspected to be erroneous. For comparison it
has appeared desirable to introduce here a Census for Ireland
also; which is now made available by the publication of Moore
and More’s Cybele Hibernica,—a very serviceable addition to the
geographic botany of the British Isles. These Authors divide
Ireland into twelve “ Districts,” which may be held to correspond
with the eighteen provinces of this present volume. The numeral
figure set after the name of “Ireland” will show the number of
Trish districts in which the species is recorded by the Authors named.
Details must of course be sought in the Cybele Hibernica itself.
The remainder of line fourth is devoted to the ‘ Type of Distri-
bution,’ in accordance with the expositions before given on pages
23 to 82. Where combinations are used, they will be understood
to express something intermediate between two types,—a shading
off from one to the other. Thus, “ British-english type” will
intend that the species is widely distributed over Britain; but that
its lessened frequency or comparatively early termination in Scot-
land, gives to it also somewhat the character of the English type
of distribution.

The Fifth line commences an outline of the area or extcusion of

VIT. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 71

the species outside of Britain; shown in this and the two
succeeding lines, simply by naming a series of habitats in the
extra-tropical portion of the Northern Hemisphere ; more particu-
larly in Europe and adjacent portions of Asia and Africa. This
fifth line relates to Europe only, and is exclusive of Russia which
comes under line sixth. The plant is here traced over Europe by
indicating its retorded presence in fourteen countries of South and
West Europe; absence therefrom being likewise indicated by short
marks “--” the same as used for vacant provinces in line first.
As with the British provinces, so here with European countries,
the comparative predominance of marks or abbreviated names in
the line, will give at a glance the more or less general distribution
of the plant, independently of the special details. And as the
enumeration runs from South to North, the shortened lines will
indicate a restricted northern extension. For convenience of using
familiar names, those of the political and national divisions of
Europe will mostly be adhered to, although not always repre-
senting the sections most suitable for phyto-geography. And in
order to get a sufficient series of these names within the length of
a single line, each name is abbreviated to its first three letters ;
initial capitals being dispensed with. Some of the abbreviated
names must stand for more than a single political territory, and
others for portions only of an empire or kingdom. Spain (spa)
will include Portugal also; and this name may be omitted
occasionally through lack of the needful information about the
plants of the Spanish peninsula ; no completed or general list of
its plants being yet in print. Italy (ita) extends from Sicily to
the southern sides of the Alps bordering Piedmont and Lombardy;
and it may be held to include also the islands situated between
the two peninsulas of Italy and Spain. Turkey (tur) must still
cover modern Greece also, together with some adjacent portions of
Asia minor, included in the Prodromus Flore Graca, by Sib-
thorpe and Smith. Austria (aus) is the heterogeneous empire
so named, extending from Dalmatia to Galicia, from Tyrol to
Transylvania; and in its flora but imperfectly separable from
Germany and Italy. Germany (ger) must be extended south-

72 INTRODUCTION.

ward to take in Switzerland also ; its north-west angle being taken
along with another section, as explained underneath. France is
the more compact country so named, exclusive of the quasi-italian
isle of Corsica; and since it must thus share the Alps with Italy,
Austria, and Germany as here taken, the “ Alpine plants” are so
made to belong alike to the floras of western, middle and southern
Europe; as indeed many of them truly do belong by being
repeated on the Pyrenees and Carpathians, and farther southward
on the Sierras of Spain, and some even on the lower hills of Italy
and Turkey. Channel (cha) is intended to express a com-
paratively narrow section of north-west France, bordering upon
the English Chanuel, between Britany and Belgium. As the
citations are here mostly made from Brebisson’s Flore de la
Normandie the abbreviation ‘nor’ might have been more appro-
priate for this northerly portion of France, had it not been
required for Norway instead. Many of the plants equally belong
to the ‘Channel Isles’ still under the English Crown, and so far
the name suits fitly enough; although it is to be understood that
not all of them occur there. Netherlands (net) is an old name
revived to include Belgium and Holland; and it must be so far
extended as to cover Hanover and other small territories of North-
west Germany, completing the space between France and Den-
mark. N.B. These three comparatively small tracts are thus
specialized in order to indicate the existence of our English
species on the lands fronting opposite the southern and eastern
coasts of Britain, and believed to have been united therewith
formerly, as continuous land without intervening sea. As a whole
the flora of this country sufficiently accords with the belief of such
a former land continuity, while there is now little or nothing
special on the two coast lines, insular and continental, to be
adduced as botanical evidence of that continuity. Not only by
these three sections, but throughout the three lines also, the
habitats have been selected and arranged in order to relate to
Britain as a quasi-centre,— to show where the species extend in
neighbouring countries, not to trace them equally over the earth,
independently of a fixed starting point. Gothland (got) is a

VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 73

name taken from the Summa Vegetabilium Scandinavia, by Fries,
to express the southern portion of Sweden,—say, southward of
latitude 59 or 60. Norway (nor) is the country usually so
designated ; the most northerly portions of which will come
under the abbreviations for Lapland and Finmark, presently to be
mentioned. Sweden (swe) will here be restricted to the northern
latitudes, that is, exclusive of Gothland above mentioned. Lap-
land (lap) is the still more northerly part of the long Scandinavian
peninsula ; being partly Norwegian, partly Swedish, partly Russian.
Finmark (fin) is the most northern portion of Norwegian Lapland,
about latitude 69—71; the less northern portion being known as
Nordland. Finmark is thus specially brought into the series, im
order to give that far northerly latitude for such British species as
are known to grow there. The lists given by Professeur C.
Martins, in his highly valuable Voyage Botanique, have proved an
essential assistance in this respect; though other authorities have
likewise been consulted, for instance, a collection of plants made
in Finmark by Dr. Lund.

The Sixth line traces the distribution eastward from Europe ;
commencing with Russia, and passing thence into Asia. In Lede-
bour’s Flora Rossica the great country of Russia-in Europe is
distinguished into four latitudinal zones or wide belts, with two
added sections ;—1 Arctic, to the northward of the arctic circle ;—
2 Northern, thence to latitude 60 ;—8 Middle, between latitudes
60—50, or thereabouts ;—4 Southern, to the southward of lati-
tude 50;—also, 5 Crimea;—6 the Caucasian provinces, more
Asiatic than European. These six figures or some of them follow
the name of Russia at the beginning of line sixth; being reversed
in the order of their sequence, because it is found more con-
venient, and more in accord with the divisions of Europe in
the preceding line, to trace the extension of the plant from south
to north. West-asia, or simply Asia, will apply to the wide extent
of countries southward from Caucasus, eastward from the Mediter-
ranean sea to India. Occasionally, more special habitats will be
named, but without meaning that the plant is found only there,
and not elsewhere in West Asia. North India or India will be

i

ve! INTRODUCTION.

considered to include Affghanistan and Belookistan, together with
the Himalaya Mountains; the latter sometimes specially named
instead of the wider name of India. Unfortunately, the Flora
Indica by Drs. Hooker and Thompson, and the almost equally
important Flora Orientalis by Boissier, are yet only in their first
volume, perhaps towards half a dozen which may be required to
complete those valuable works on the same scale as volumes first.
And the botanical data for West Asia and India are otherwise
widely scattered, and sparingly within reach of the present writer.
Siberia is the vast Russian territory stretching across Northern
Asia, from the Ural Mountains to the Sea of Ochotz.

The Seventh line is more miscellaneous or inclusive than either
of the two preceding lines. North Africa with some of its islands
will come into the first portion of the line. For this division the
Algerian Flore and Cutalogue of Munby will be preferentially
relied upon; ‘ Algeria’ being thus often named to represent North
Africa, with or without a second habitat added. The Canaries
must be understood to include Madeira and its islets, sometimes
recognized by geographers as a second and distinct small group ;
but too many subdivisions would here prove inconvenient and
unnecessary. The Azores, however, are kept distinct; being in
the latitude of South Europe, and lying wide apart from the
Canaries and Madeiras. — The remainder of line seventh will be
devoted to America and the insular lands between America and
Scandinavia. The British Isles would be the intermediate stage
between the Southern and Northern Isles, the African and Sub-
arctic. The name of America will be taken to include all the
United States and British territories eastward from the Rocky
Mountains. The name of Columbia will be taken to represent all
Western America, from the Aleutian Isles to the Rocky Moun-
tains, southward to the borders of Mexico, northward to the shores
of the Arctic Ocean through Behring’s Straits. Greenland, Ice-
land, Faroe are named apart, abbreviated or otherwise according
to space in the line. And in this, as in either of the two pre-
ceding lines, any space left on account of much restricted distri-
bution, will occasionally be utilized ly naming other habitats, or

VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 75

by explanations reducible to words sufficiently few. It is not
intended by this juxta-position of the three, to connect Faroe and
Iceland as American Islands, equally with Greenland. The two
former are usually held by geographers to belong to Europe; and
they are European by their floras. This is not quite the case
with Greenland. An elaborate attempt has been made lately, to
show that the flora of Greenland is Scandinavian, not American ;
also, that there is something very peculiar in it, at variance with
the present climate and geographical position of Greenland itself.
After full consideration of these views, and of the facts and
arguments by which they are supposed to be proved, the writer of
this volume must entirely dissent from them ; believing the views
to be unsound in themselves, and looking upon the arguments
as curiously weak and inconclusive. Nevertheless, it must be
admitted, they were brought before the scientific public on very
high authority ; while they have challenged denial by a bold con-
fidence of assertion, barely short of authoritative dogmatism.

The flora of Greenland appears to correspond remarkably well
with the present climate and surface character of that gelid land,
and with its intermediate position between Europe and America,
more approximate to the latter. By far the greater number of the
Greenland plants are species common to Europe and America;
some few being European only; some few being American only.
If an European botanist starts from the one-sided notion of the
species common to Greenland and Europe being “ Scandinavian
plants” specially, because found also in that part of Europe, he
can of course make out a seemingly close affinity between the
plants of Greenland and Scandinavia. On the other hand, if an
American botanist as correctly calls most of them “ American
plants,” because found elsewhere in America, he may then make
out a like close floral relation between Greenland and America ;
that is, by adding to the species found on both sides of the North
Atlantic, those also which occur only on the American side; thus
leaving only a score or so to be designated Europeans. On either
side, this would simply be a mode of reasoning falsely or fal-
laciously,—the usual style and manner of ratiocination performed

76 INTRODUCTION.

by English writers on questions in phyto-geography. On the
whole, after eliminating from the Greenland list all the migratory
weeds and other plants likely carried thither by human agency,
Greenland may be found to possess a slight excess of American
species and subspecific varieties; though its floral balance is
nearly even between the two sides of the Atlantic. And the flora
of arctic and boreal Europe being more exactly known, than is the
flora of the corresponding latitude or climate in America, addi-
tional identities are more likely to come from the latter side. Of
course, so far as British species alone are concerned, Greenland
might be treated as au outlier of Europe, wanting some of the
plants which extend westward to Iceland or Faroe, with milder
climates. The non-European plants found in Greenland and
America, are non-British also.

Au attempt was first made to show the distribution of our
native plants outside Britain, by stating their limits in latitude
and longitude, expressed in numerals or the degrees of mathe-
matical geography ; but the result was found unsatisfactory, and
was abandoned for the simpler and more intelligible plan of
naming habitats. Still, the habitats themselves have been so
selected and arranged that they do indirectly express ranges of
latitude with considerable accuracy. For instance, in the series of
names ‘ Channel, Netherlands, Denmark, Gothland, Norway,
Sweden, Lapland, Finmark,” the range or limit of latitude north-
ward is approximately indicated. At whichever name in the series
the northern extension is arrested, the latitudinal limit may be
inferred with a near approach to exactness.

These three lines will bring together, in the form of habitats or
names of countries, a considerable amount of information towards
showing the areas and ranges of British plants beyond the small
island of Britain itself, although not carried into the intertropical
and austral lands. Still, the Author requests his Readers clearly
to understand, that the epitomized sketch of external distribution
cannot pretend to be complete in itself, or to Le free from errors
and oversights. It is impossible to sift such indications of widened

VII. FORMULA EXPLAINED. 77

area, so as to separate the true and the false with anything like
the same care and confidence given to the sifted records of
localities within our own island. Many errors likely exist in the
numerous Floras and other writings consulted, without an English-
man being able to detect and correct all their errors ;—any more,
for instance, than a Foreigner would be able to see and amend all
the many errors about plants and their places, which are still to
be found within our home books on the botany of Britain; and
which are repeatedly cited by the continental botanists as if they
were true and unquestioned facts ;—even still so cited and re-
peated by various English botanists themselves.

It is also to be kept in recollection, in attempting to trace
species-distribution over distant lands, that the geographical inves-
tigation becomes greatly entangled with questions and opinions
about the technical distinctness of the plant-species themselves ;
with questions as to what foreign forms ought to be united
with, or to be kept separated from, the special forms known in
Britain, or in Britain and Europe. This is the case, for example,
with various East-Asian and American plants; their position
under the names of European species depending upon the indi-
vidual opinions of botanists; some holding them entitled to dis-
tinctive names, as species ; others placing them as varieties under
single specific names. Theories about centres of distribution,
about migrations and modifications of species, also inconveniently
interfere with good judgment. Such theories cause alleged facts
to be recorded in a misleading manner, or to be so tabulated as to
become unavailable for any use beyond the one purpose of making
out a seeming evidence in support of some foregone conclusion or
fanciful hypothesis ; perhaps only such an one as would imme-
diately fall before a fair and plain record of the simple facts
themselves. English writers on phyto-geography have sinned
greatly against a logical philosophy in this wise; almost all of
them treating their facts unequally and one-sidedly ; the sup-
pressed portion being just those facts which would alter or modify
the bearings of the others, if all were fully and fairly given alike.

Moreover, alleged similarities between plants are sometimes

78 INTRODUCTION.

only non-detected differences; often so, likely, with general sys-
tematists whose view seeks to take in the flora of the whole
globe ; and who thus cannot compete on equal terms with the local
botanists, engaged in minutely examining the species of very
limited areas. Curious examples of this non-appreciation of real
differences might be adduced, by citing vecent combinations and
severances widely at variance with those which a more careful
and continued observation of the living plants ought to suggest.
Would it not be held highly absurd in a gardener, for instance, to
maintain that the black and red currants are simply varieties of
the same single species, while the white currant is distinct from
both? Or, equally injudicious in a botanist to combine the
cherry and bullace together as one species, keeping the sloe
apart as a distinct species? And yet, it may be asserted
confidently that the writings of our first-rate systematists show
severances and unions quite as outrageous as these, only relating
to plants of smaller size and less familiarity, when they write
Local Floras or make out species-lists in support of their phyto-
geographical theories. Here is one of the many difficulties and
error-traps for those who endeavour to trace out the geographic
areas of species ;—the comprehensive knowledge of the general
botanist is not sufficiently precise ;—the precise knowledge of the
local botanist is not sufficiently comprehensive.

II. SYNOPSIS OF SPECIES.

1. Clematis Vitalba, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6(7891011)-- [1415]. Native.
Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Pembroke, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 6 17 48. (Ireland 4.) English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. “ Holstein.”
Russia 6-4. West Asia. Syria, etc.

Barbary ; Lecoq geogr. bot.

2. Thalictrum alpinum, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - 7--101112138-15161718. Native.
Lat. 583—61. Carnarvon, York. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones-- 3456. North Britain 0 —- 1300 yards.

Census 9 15 23. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6 --- 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

3. Thalictrum minus, Auct.

Prov. 1-3456789101112131415161718. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Herts, Suffolk. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1284. Lakes to 600 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 17 30 50. Ireland 9. Scottish-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Finmark ?
Russia 6 5 48. West Asia. India. Siberia.

— Greenland. Columbia ? T. saxatile, in Algeria.

80 1. RANUNCULACE.E.

4. Thalictrum fiavum, Linn.

Provinces 12845°789101112 181415 16 [17]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon? Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Fife.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds only.

Census 15 24 52. Ireland 10. English type of distribution.
Hiurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. Kamschatka.

Algeria. N.B. An aggregate species.

5. Anemone Pulsatilla, Linn.

Provinces--345--8-10. Native.

Lat. 51—55. Gloucester, Berks, Herts, Essex. — N.W. York.
Zones 12. Low grounds.

Census 5 9 16. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 432. Siberia.

—N.B. Turkey doubtful. “In agro Byzantino;” Sibth. prodr.

6. Anemone nemorosa, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17, continuously. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland; Oliver !
Zones 12345. Highlands to 960 yards. England to 850 yards.
Census 17 34 87. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.
Russia -- 4 3 2. Siberia.

— America. Columbia. Rocky Mountains.

9. Adonis autumnalis, Linn. seepage boy

Provinces (1) 23 4 (5--891011-18 14). Alien or Colonist.
Lat. 50—52. Dorset, Kent. — Somerset? Oxford? Norfolk ?
Zone 1. Low grounds. Imperfectly established.

Census 8 6 10. (Ireland 2). Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha (net).

Russia 6 5 4 (3). West Asia; Syria, etc.

Algeria. — (America, certainly introduced.) “ Labrador.”

1. RANUNCULACER. 81

10. Myosurus minimus, Linn.

Provinces ?23845--891011. Native.

Lat. 50—85. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Chester, Northumberland.
Zones 12. Low grounds. [South Devon; on old authority.]
Census 8 17 383. Ireland 0, Germanic-english type.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Syria, Mesopotamia.

Algeria. — America. Columbia.

11. Ranunculus aquatilis, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. An aggregate species.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 850 yards.
Census 18 36 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.
Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Col.

11. Ranunculus “ trichophyllus” et “ Drouetii,” Anglor.

Provinces 12345---9101112-1415. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Edinburgh, Fife.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities much confused.
Census 11 15 ? Ireland 6. English type?

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia? West-asia; Syria, etc. India?

—N.B. Distribution given, as variously recorded.

11. Ranunculus circinatus, Sibth.
Provinces 123456-891011--14 [15]. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Devon? Dorset, Kent. — Edinburgh. Fife ?
Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities unsafely recorded.
Census 11 21 88. Ireland 5. English-germanic type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia --- 38. Siberia.
—N.B. Ranunculus divaricatus, of several Floras.

82 1. RANUNCULACES.

11. Ranunculus fluitans, Liza.

Provinces 1234567891011--14 [15]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Devon? Dorset, Kent. — Berwick. Fife ?
Zones 12. Low grounds. Many false localities.

Census 10 22 87. Iveland1. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia --- 8. “ Lithuania, Warsaw, Moscow.”

Algeria. A segregate hitherto insufficiently recorded.

11. Ranunculus tripartitus, De Cand.

Provinces 123--6. Native. Rare or overlooked.

Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Dorset, Hants, Kent, Surrey, Pembroke.

Zone 1. Coast level, or Low grounds.

Census 4 5 6. Iveland 0. English-local type.

Europe spa - - - - fracha net. Belgium.

—N.B. a western plant only ; but its habitats perhaps imperfectly
recorded hitherto. Algeria ?

12. Ranunculus Lenormandi, Schultz.

Provinces 1 to 18, and likely farther north. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Northumb.

Zones 123. North Yorkshire to 550 yards; Baker.

Census 13 21 385. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.

Europe spa - - - - fra cha.

—N.B. Long confused with R. hederaceus; and habitats thus
imperfectly on record. Algeria? sage soy

13. Ranunculus hederaceus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones 1234. Carnarvon to 770 yards, by estimate.

Census 18 386 85. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Norway ?

Russia --- 8. Isle of Oesel, Mid Russia.

Algeria. — Iceland; Zoega. Greenland; Giesecke.

1. RANUNCULACER. 83

14. Ranunculus Ficaria, Linn. see Aase 607

Provinces all? Native. Province 16 needs verification.

Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 28 4, Carnarvon to 800 yards. Highlands to 300 yards.
Census 18 385 82. Jreland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.
Russia 654821. West-asia; ‘Charles Fellowes.”

Algeria. — Faroe. Columbia ?

15. Ranunculus Flammula, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. R. reptans in province 15.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 810, ete.
Census 18 88 100. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.
Russia -- 4821. Siberia. ‘ Constantinople.”

Algeria. “Azores.” — Faroe. Greenland. Amer. Columbia?

16. Ranunculus Lingua, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—38. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin.
Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 15 30 63. Ireland 11. English-british type.
Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-482. India. Siberia.

—N.B. Likely in Turkey and Asia minor.

18. Ranunculus auricomus, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Any locality in province 16?
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray.
Zones 128. Highlands to 530 yards, Humber to 400 yards.
Census 15 30 68. Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Caucasus?
— Faroe. In America, if R. affinis united with this.

84 1. RANUNCULACES.

19. Ranunculus acris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent.— Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1330 yards; also at 1210, etc.
Census 18 88 100. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Southward to Portugal and Sicily.

Russia 65 4821. Siberia. Mid-asia; Hooker arc. distr.
(Madeira). — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Col.

20. Ranunculus repens, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23 4(5). Highlands to 910 yards; also at 850, 830, ete.
Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. Westasia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col.

21. Ranunculus bulbosus, Linn.

Provinces I to 16 - [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray.

Zones 1238. Highlands to 510 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 16 83 83. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe. (Norway).
Russia 6-432. West-asia. Constantinople. Persia.
Algeria. — (America, introduced).

22. Ranunculus hirsutus, Curtis. R. Philonotis, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Province 16 needs verification.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Forfar.
Zones 1 2 ? Low grounds. Sparse or overlooked ?
Census 16 30 58. Ireland 0. LEnglish-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got nor).
Russia- 5 43. West-asia. Syria.

Algeria. Canaries.

1. RANUNCULACES. 85

23. Ranunculus sceleratus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Hebrides, Ross.
Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds.

Census 18 85 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Egypt. Algeria. — America. “ South America.”

24. Ranunculus parviflorus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 11. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds ; sparsely distributed.

Census 11 23 50. Iveland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net den.

Russia - 5. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America.

25. Ranunculus arvensis, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 14. Colonist.
Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.
Census 14 26 59. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.
Russia 6 5-8. West-asia. India. Siberia.
Algeria.

26. Caltha palustris, Linn.
Provinces all. Native. ©. radicans in province 15.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128456. Highlands to 1160 yards; also at 1150, etc.
Census 10 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.
Russia 66-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

86 1. RANUNCULACEE.

27. Trollius europeus, Linn.

Prov. ----56789 101112181415 16 17 (18). Native.
Lat. 51—59. Glamorgan, Worcester, Derby. — Sutherl. (Shetl.)
Zones-2345. Highlands to 1050 y.; also at 1010, 1000, ete.
Census 138 21 50. Ireland 1 or 2. Scottish type of distrib.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6 - 43 21.

— Not in Africa or America.

29. Helleborus viridis, Linn.

Provinces (1) 28 45 (6 7)8 91011 12(13 1415). Denizen.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — Westmorel., Durham.

Zones 12. North Yorkshire 50—200 yards, native; Baker.

Census 10 16 30? (Ireland). English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

— This may be a true native in some of the English counties,
though frequently an escape from gardens.

30. Helleborus fetidus, Linn.

Provinces (1) 2345 (678 -)1011 (12131415). Denizen.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — West York, Durham.

Zones 1 2 ? West Yorkshire, above 200 yards; Tatham.

Census 6 14 25? (Ireland). English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net.

— The same remark may be repeated with this second species
also, perhaps more dubiously native.

31. Aquilegia vulgaris, Linn.
Provinces 12345678910 1112 13(1415 16). Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumfries, Durham.
Zones 1 2 ? Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 18 23 49. Ireland 4 (and 3). English-intermed. type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe.
Russia 6-4 3. India. Siberia. Caucasus, var. caucasica.
Canaries. Azores; but not clearly indigenous there.

1, RANUNCULACESR. — 1.* BERBERACE®. 87

82. Delphinium Ajacis, Reich.
Provinces (1 2 3) 4 (5 6-891011)-- [14]. Alien or Colonist.
Lat. 52—53. Cambridge, Norfolk, etc., but scarcely established.
Zone 1. Low grounds; usually as an alien or casual.
Census 1 3 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra (cha - den).
Russia 6 5 4 3. (Siberia).
Algeria. Egypt. (Canaries. Azores.)

33. Aconitum Napellus, Linn.

Provinces 1 (23 4)567--(1011 131415-17). Denizen?
Lat. 51—53. Somerset, Monmouth, Glamorg., Heref., Denbigh.
Zone 1. Low grounds; usually as an alien or casual.

Census 4 6 7. Ireland 0. Atlantic-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.

Russia 6. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Columbia; but a variety or sub-species there.

34. Actea spicata, Linn.

Provinces - - [8] - - ---- 10 ? 12--{15]. Native?

Lat. 53—-54 or 55. E. and W. Yorkshire. Durham? Cumb.?
Zones - 23. Yorkshire 50—850 yards; Baker. _

Census 2 8 6. Ireland 0. Intermediate or local type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

— America; but the species perhaps distinct from our plant.

35. Berberis vulgaris, Linn.
Provinces 123845-78910(11121314 15 16). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Difficult to assign its. native limits.
Zones 12. Yorkshire to 200 yards, “ native ;” Baker.
Census 10 20 80?° (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe.
Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. India. Persia.
— (America, but probably introduced).

88 2. NYMPHMACER, — 3. PAPAVERACE.

36. Nymphea alba, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lake province to 350 yards.
Census 18 38 65. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 6-48321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. — Columbia.

37. Nuphar lutea, Smith.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. (Elgin, introduced).

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall? Devon, Kent. — Isla, Aberdeen.
Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 or 300 yards.

Census 16 31 69. Ireland 12. TEnglish-british type.

Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia6- 4821. West-asia. Mid-asia. Siberia.

— America? Columbia. “Wooded country ;” Dr. Richardson.

38. Nuphar pumila, DeCand. Seepage Go7
Provinces ---[45--8--11 18]-1516. Native.
Lat. 56—58. Argyle, Perth, Kincardine, Moray.
Zones ? 8. Some uncertainty about the species in England.
Census 2 4 4. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.

Europe - - - aus ger fra - net (den got) nor swe lap.
Russia ---3 21. Siberia.
— America?

39. Papaver hybridum, Linn.

Provinces 12345-78(910)11. Colonist.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Carnarvon, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds; chiefly the calcareous soils.

Census 8 17 380. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 65. West-asia. India. Syria.

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries.

3. PAPAVERACER, 89

40. Papaver Argemone, Linn.

Provinces all; except 18 without record? Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — “ Hebrides,” Ross.
Zones 128. Low grounds; especially the arenaceous.
Census 17 33 74. Ireland 5. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Caucasus to Palestine.

Algeria. N.B. Is it a casual only in provinces 17, 18 ?

41. Papaver dubium, Linn.
Provinces all. Colonist.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 18 88 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor swe.
Russia 65 4 8. India.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

42. Papaver Rheas, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15 - - (18). Colonist.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar. (Shetland).
Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yards.
Census 15 29 78. Ireland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.
Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Syria.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

44. Meconopsis cambrica, Vig.
Provinces 1 - - -- 6 7 - (9) 10- 12 (138 14 15). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Devon, Somerset. — Westmorel., York.
Zones 1234. Carnarvonshire to 700 yards.
Census 5 7 15. Ireland 7. Atlantic-intermediate type.

Europe spa - fra cha.
—N.B. The area of this plant is restricted to Western Europe,

extending from England to the Pyrenees.

90 3. PAPAVERACEE. — 3*. FUMARIACE.

45. Chelidonium majus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 14 (15 16). Denizen.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lowlands.
Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yards.

Census 14 28 70. (Ireland 11). English-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65482, West-asia. Siberia. Persia.

“ Canaries.” (Azores). — (America).

46. Glaucium luteum, Scop.

Provinces 1234567 9101112131415 16- (18). Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Kincardine.
Zones 1 2 (3). (One locality recorded for Shetland).

Census 15 24 46. Ireland 6. English-british type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor.

Russia 6 5 4. West-asia. Syria.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

48. Corydalis claviculata, De Cand.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Ross.

Zones 123. Devon to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.

Census 17 30 64. Ireland 2. British-atlantic type.

Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den.

— This otherwise western plant is reported to occur also in Sicily
and Greece; correctly so reported ?

50. Fumaria capreolata, Auct.

Provinces all. Colonist. Various segregates included.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 18 85 77. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia? West-asia. Syria, ete.

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores.

3.* FUMARIACER. 91

51. Fumaria officinalis, Linn.

Provinces all. Colonist.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 18 36 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6 6 482. West-asia. Siberia. Syria, etc.

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. “Azores.” — (America).

52. Fumaria micrantha, Lag.
Provinces -2345--8--11--1415--[18]. Colonist.
Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Forfar, Elgin.
Zones 123. Low grounds; sparsely distributed.
Census 8 15 21. Ireland ? English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur -- fra cha. ‘“ Hamburg.”
Russia? West-asia. India. Persia. Syria.
Egypt. Azores; Drouet flore.

53. Fumaria parviflora, Lam.
Provinces - [2] 84 ----- 10 ---1415 -- [18]. Colonist.
Lat. 51—58. ([Dorset?] Kent, Surrey. — Perth, Elgin.
Zones 123. Low grounds.
Census 5 8 19. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.
Russia 6. West-asia. India. Arabia.
Algeria. Egypt. Canaries.

58 (54). Fumaria Vaillantii, Lois.
Provinces - 234----- (10) -?----- [18]. Colonist.
Lat. 51—58 or 54. Hants, Kent. — Hunts, (York).
Zones J (2). Low grounds. Casual in Shetland.
Census 3 5 7. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - - swe.
Russia 6-4 8. West-asia. India. Siberia. Syria.
Algeria. Canaries.

92 4, CRUCIFERE.

55. Cakile maritima, Scop.
Provinces 1 to 18, except 5 without authority? Native.
Lat. 59—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.
Census 17 80 54. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all. ;
Russia - 5-82. [C. americana excluded underneath].
Algeria. ‘“ Egypt.” “Madeira.” [Azores]. — Faroe. Iceland.

56. Crambe maritima, Linn.

Provinces 1234-678-10-1218 141516. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Islay, Fife.

Zones 12. Littoral ; now quite sparsely distributed.

Census 13 21 26. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.

Europe - - - - - fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6-- 82. N.B. Germany, perhaps only in the north-
west, or the Netherlands section.

57. Coronopus didyma, Sm.
Provinces 1 2 (83 - 5)67(891011---15). Denizen.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. — Pembroke, Carnarvon.
Zone 1. Low grounds; and perhaps truly an alien in Europe, etc.
Census 4 9 12. Ireland 7. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita - - ger fra (cha net). (Isle of Bornholm).
Russia 6. Caucasus; Bentham Handb. br. flo.
Canaries. Azores. — America, in the South States.

58. Coronopus Ruellii, Gaertn. see Aage 607

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, (Elgin).
Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 200 yards; Baker.

Census 15 28 70. Ireland 11. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Syria.

Algeria. Lgypt. Canaries. — (America).

4. CRUCIFERE. 93

60. Thlaspi arvense, Linn.

Provinces all. Colonist. ‘‘ Probably native ;” A. De Candolle.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 1 28. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 18 82 62. Ireland 7. British type, sparsely spread.
Europe all. More frequent than it is in Britain ?

Russia 654821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. “ Azores.” — (America).

61. Thlaspi perfoliatum, Linn.

Provinces - - [8] - 5 ---- [10 - 12]. Native.

Lat. 51—52. Gloucester. Formerly in Oxford also.
Zone 1. About 700 feet; Rev. H. Roberts.

Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. English-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Bornholm.
Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. Isle of Oesel.
Algeria.

62. Thlaspi alpestre, Linn.
Provinces [1 - 3-- 6] 78-101112--15. Native.
Lat. 51—57. Carnarvon, Derby. — Cumberland, Forfar.
Zones ? 2345. Forfarshire, at 900 yards or thereabouts.
Census 6 6 10. Iveland 0. Highland-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net - got.
—N.B. In the Flora Boreali-americana, this is recorded as a
plant of Canada, on authority of “ Mrs. Percival.”

63. Capsella Bursa-pastoris, De Cand.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards. England to same.
Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all; northward to Mageroe.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
Algeria, Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. (Gre. Am.)

94 4. CRUCIFERZ.

64. Hutchinsia petrea, Br.

Provinces 1 -(3)- 5678-10. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Somerset, Gloucester, Derby. — Carnarvon, York.
Zones 123. Wales to 450 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 6 9 11. (Ireland). Intermediate-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - got - swe.

Russia 543. West-asia. India.

Algeria.

65. Teesdalia nudicaulis, Br.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin.
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards; Baker.

Census 15 26 54. Ireland 0. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia -- 43. West-asia? Caucasus ?

Algeria. Canaries; Dr. Lemann’s Madeira list.

66. Iberis amara, Linn.
Provinces (1)284(5-7 8-10-1213 1415). Colonist.
Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Hants. — Cambridge, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds; chiefly on cretaceous soils.
Census 8 7 10. JTreland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.
Russia 0. West-asia ?
— In West Europe, from Portugal to Hanover.

67. Lepidium latifolium, Linn.
Provinces 1 (2)34567(891011-1381415-17). Native.
Lat. 51—58. Somerset, Glamorgan, Kent. — Flint, Norfolk.
Zones 1 (2 3). Coast-level ; introduced to many localities.
Census 6 8 9. Treland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Siberia, Tibet.
Algeria. Egypt.

4. CRUCIFERE. 95

69. Lepidium Smithii, Hook.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native in England. Scotland also?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray.

Zones 128. Highlands to 850 yards; but introduced ?

Census 16 28 62. Ireland 7. British-english type.

Europe spa---- fra cha. Transylvania? Holland?

—N.B. Synonyms unsettled; more widely distributed, if united
with L. hirtum of South Europe.

70. Lepidium campestre, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards; Baker.

Census 15 39 68. Ireland 6. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 65 432. West-asia. Cilicia. Constantinople.
Algeria. — Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega. (America).

71. Lepidium ruderale, Linn.

Provinces 128456--(91011---15). Denizen?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Hants, Kent. — Pembroke, Norfolk.
Zones 1 (2). Low grounds; chiefly near the coast.

Census 6 12 20. Ireland ? English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

— America. Columbia.

72. Cochlearia officinalis, Linn,
Provinces all. Native. Alpine segregate included below.
Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1300 yards; also at 1260, ete.
Census 18 30 62. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor - lap fin.
Russia --- 821. Siberia. — Synonyms unsatisfactory.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America?

96 4. CRUCIFERAE.

72. Cochlearia danica, Linn.

Provinces 1234?67-9-1112-1415 16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Shetland; Neill, etc.
Zones 128. Littoral. Northern localities questionable.
Census 13 22 386. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe spa - - - - fra cha net den got nor swe. Finmark?
Russia ----2 1. Kamtschatka; Ledeb. flo. ros.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

72*. Cochlearia anglica, Linn.
Provinces 1234567 (8]9 [10] 1213 ? 1516. Native..
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mid-ebudes, Moray.
Zones 1 28. Littoral; the northern provinces uncertain.
Census 12 20 30. Ireland? British type?
Europe - - - - - fra cha net den. CO. fenestrata, nor swe lap fin.
Russia ----21. ©. fenestrata in Arctic Russia and Spitsbergen.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

74. Subularia aquatica, Linn.
Provinces ---- [5] 7-[9]--1218-151617. Native.
Lat. 53—59. Anglesea, Carnarvon, Denbigh. — Ross, Sutherl.
Zones ? 2545. Highlands to 710 yards; and low grounds.
Census 6 8 14. Ireland 7. Highland-scottish type.
Europe - - - aus ger - - net den got nor swe lap. France ?
Russia--- 321. Siberia. Altai.
— Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega. Maine, America.

75. Draba aizoides, Linn. Se¢efage Gos
Provinces [1 2]---6. Native?
Lat. 51—52. Glamorgan. Also in Somerset?
Zone 1. Coast-level, or thereabout.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net.
West-asia? =N.B. The area varies according to the segregates
included under the one name, or excluded.

4, CRUCIFER.E. 97

76. Draba rupestris, Br.

Provinces - [2] ------------ 15 1617 [18]. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Perth, Forfar, Banff, Dumbarton, Sutherland.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 1000—1360 yards.
Census 8 4 4, Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Hurope ---~------ nor swe lap fin.

Altai and Eastern Siberia. Spitsbergen.

Faroe? Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

77. Draba incana, Linn.

Provinces - [2-- 5]-78-101112--15 161718. Native.
Lat. 583—61. Carnarvon, Derby. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones -- 3456. Highlands 0—1060 y.; also at 960, 900, etc.
Census 9 13 18. Ireland 8. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita-- ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

78. Draba muralis, Linn.
Provinces 1 - (8) [4] 5-7 8-10-12(13 1415). Native.
Lat. 51—55. Somerset, Stafford. — Westm., York, to 400 yds.
Zones 1 2 3. Nearly down to coast-level, in Monmouth; Babington.
Census 6 7 8. (Ireland). Intermediate-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - got - swe lap.
Russia654821. West-asia. India. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. America?

79. Draba verna, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. D. preecox included below.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. _D. inflata in zone 5.
Census 18 85 83. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 482. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. America.

‘98 4, CRUCIFERE.

88. Dentaria bulbifera, Linn.

Provinces - 28-5 ------- 18 - (15). Native.

Lat. 51—56. Sussex, Surrey, Herts, Midx., Bucks, Staff., Ayr.
Zones 12, Low grounds. (Dupplin, Perthshire).

Census 4 5 6. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-48. West-asia. Bithynia.

—N.B. Is it really indigenous in Scotland ?

84. Cardamine amara, Linn.

Provinces (1)2345-78910111213 1415 16. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Dumbarton, Elgin.
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards; Baker. _

Census 14 25 57. Ireland 2. British-germanic type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia-- 432. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Faroe? Is this alleged habitat correct ?

85. Cardamine pratensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1080 y.; also at 980, 810, etc.
Census 18 88 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Northward to Spitsbergen.

Russia6 54321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

86. Cardamine hirsuta, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. C. sylvatica included.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1000 yds. ; also at 930, 900, etc.
Census 18 36 88. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe.

Russia 65482. West-asia. Himalaya. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col.

4, CRUCIFERE. 99

87. Cardamine impatiens, Linn.
Provinces 1 (2) 8-5 67 8 (9) 10 - [1218 --16]. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Surrey. — Denbigh, York.
Zones 12. Humber to 800 yards; Baker.
Census 7 10 17. Ireland 0. Intermediate type:
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor swe.
Russia 6-482. West-asia. India. Siberia.
— Faroe? An error for C. sylvatica?

88. Arabis thaliana, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, coun:
Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards; Baker.

Census 18 83 74. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. — (America).

89. Arabis petra, Lam.

Provinces [1---5] 7[8-10-12]--15161718. Native.
Lat. 52—61. Merioneth, Carnarvon. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones -- 345 6. Highlands to 1200 yards, or “1390 yards.”
Census 5 8 11. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution.
Fiurope - - - aus ger - - - - - nor swe. France ?

Russia 6---2. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

90. Arabis stricta, Huds.

Provinces 1 ---5-[7----12]. Native.

Lat. 51--52. North Somerset, West Gloucester..

Zone 1. Altitude ...? Below 200 yards?

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.

Europe spa aus ger fra. Apparently limited to Mid-europe.
North Spain to Transylvania.

— America? Labrador; Pursh flo. amer. sept.

100 4. CRUCIFERZE.

92. Arabis hirsuta, Br.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight? Kent. — Skye, Sutherland ?
Zones 12845. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 830, 750, ete.
Census 17 84 78. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65432. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— America. Columbia.

94. Turritis glabra, Linn.

Provinces ? 2345--8-101112--1516. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Wilts, Hants, Kent. — Dumbarton, West Perth.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 10 16 31. Iveland1. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

— America. Columbia. Same species in America?

95. Barbarea vulgaris, Auct.
Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Segregates included below.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Elgin.
Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 15 31 81. Iveland 12. British-english type.
Europe all northward to Sweden. B. stricta in lap fin.
Russia 6-43 21. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. TKamtsc.
— (America). Columbia; but a sub-species ?

98. Nasturtium officinale, Br. Ske fap 608

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Comwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 128. Humber to 350 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 18 86 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6-- 32. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am.) Col.

A. CRUCIFERZE. 101

99. Nasturtium terrestre, Br.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. N. palustre, auct. plur.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Forfar.
Zones 12. Low grounds.

Census 16 380 59. Ireland 9. British-english type.

Europe all, except Finmark and Spain ?

Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
Egypt. Libya. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

100. Nasturtium sylvestre, Br.
Provinces 12345 6-891011-1314(15). Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Dumfries, Edinburgh.
Zones 12. Low grounds. (Fife, perhaps introduced).
Census 12 22 46. Ireland]. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe.
Russia-- 482. West-asia. Siberia. “Persia.” ‘ China.”
— (America, introduced).

101. Nasturtium amphibium, Br.’

Provinces 12845--8910(11)-131415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Lanark, Fife.

Zones 12. Low grounds. Is it native in Scotland ?

Census 11 22 42. Ireland 10. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria, Egypt. — America ??

102. Sisymbrium officinale, Scop.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 18 87 88. Jveland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland with Finmark.
Russia 65432. West-asia. Syria.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (Greenland. Amer. Columbia).

102 4. CRUCIFERZE.

103. Sisymbrium Irio, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 3 4 [5] 6 - [8] ----- 14. Denizen.

Lat. 51—56. London, Oxford, Glamorgan. — Berwick-on-Tweed..
Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities very uncertain.

Census 4 5 6. Ireland1. English-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Sweden).

Russia 6-48. West-asia. India. ‘ Arabia.”

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. <‘‘ Azores.”

104. Sisymbrium Sophia, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011-181415-17. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 12 8. Low grounds; widely but thinly spread.
Census 15 28 53. Ireland 4. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 4321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — America? Columbia. “ Straits of Magellan.”

106. Erysimum cheiranthoides, Linn.

Provinces 12345 678(9101112-14 1516). Colonist.
Lat. 50—53. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Denbigh, Lincoln.
Zones 1 (2 3). Low grounds. Well established in S. B.
Census 8 17 32. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia- 4821. Mid-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— America. Columbia. Arctic America; Hooker dist. are.

107. Erysimum Alliaria, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 123. Lakes and Humber to 300 yards.
Census 17 33 81. Iveland 9. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 65432. West-asia, India.

Algeria.

4. ORUCIFER.E. 103

110. Matthiola incana, Br.

Provinces - 2---(6). Denizen. (Sussex, Pembroke).

Lat. 50—51. Isle of Wight, perhaps introduced ; A. G. More.
Zone 1. Coast cliffs; deemed native by Dr. Bromficld.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. English-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus - fra, Sicily, Crete, ete.

West-asia. Cyprus.

‘Canaries. (Azores).

111. Matthiola sinuata, Br.

Provinces 1 [2]---67. Native. [Dorset? Sussex ?].
Lat. 50—52. Cornwall? North Devon. — Anglesea, Flint.
Zone 1. Littoral.

Census 8 5 7. Ireland 3. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Sicily, Crete, etc.
West-asia. Cyprus,

Algeria.

118. Brassica oleracea, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 3 (4 5) 6 7--(10 11 12--15). Denizen?

Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Merioneth, Carnarvon.

Zone 1. Coast cliffs, native? Inland only an alien.

Census 5 9 10. (Ireland 2). Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe. Wild on the western coasts of France?

—N.B. Exceedingly difficult to trace the native habitats of this
plant. See De Cand. Geog. bot. 653 and 839.

114. Brassica campestris and B. Napus, Linn.

Provinces 1284567 89-10 (111218 1415 16). Colonist ?
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — York, Scotland ?
Zones 12. Low grounds; often through cultivation.

Census 10 20 80? (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger (fra cha) net den got nor swe lap.
Russia65 4821. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Barbary. — (Faroe). Distribution not satisfactory.

104 4, CRUCIFER.E.

116. Sinapis arvensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Colonist, or likely Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Highlands to 400 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65482. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. (Azores). — (America).

117. Sinapis alba, Linn.
Prov.1234567891011-13 14 15 16 (17 18). Colonist.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Kincardine.
Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 200 yards.

Census 15 28 50. Ireland 7. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia - 5-3. West-asia. Syria.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

118. Sinapis nigra, Linn.
Provinces 1234567891011-1381415. Native?
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, (Elgin).
Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 14 27 57. Ireland 2 (8). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia -- 43. West-asia. India. Siberia?
Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

120. Sinapis tenuifolia, Br.
Provinces 1234567-9101112-1415. Denizen.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Cumberland, Fife.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Alien in Scotland ?
Census 13 23 34. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia).
Russia 6-- 3. West-asia,
Algeria.

4, CRUCIFERA. 105

121. Sinapis muralis, Br.

Provinces 128 45 6--(9101112--15). Denizen.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Carmarthen, Suffolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 6 11 14. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net.

Russia - - 4,

Algeria.

122. Sinapis monensis, Bab., etc.

Provinces (1)----67-9--1218(14 15) 16. Native.

Lat. 51—58. (Cornwall), Glamorgan. — Cantire, Skye ?

Zones 1 2 ? Littoral. (S. Cheiranthus, introduced).

Census 6 8 17. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net. — Algeria.

—N.B. The native plant of West Britain is now held to be a
slight variety of S. Cheiranthus.

123. Raphanus Raphanistrum, Linn.

Provinces all. Colonist.

Lat. 5|0—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Highlands and Humber to 350 yards.

Census 18 88 87. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia -- 43 2. West-asia. Mid-asia; Hook. are. pl.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

124. Raphanus maritimus, Sm.
Provinces 1 2 - [4] - 6 7-9 [10] - 1213 --16-{18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Bute, Cantire.
Zones 12. Littoral. Sufficiently distinct from Raphanistrum.
Census 8 18 17. Ireland 6. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa - - - - fra cha net. Norway? Baleares?
— A western species, reported from South Spain to Holland, or

perhaps to Norway.
Pp

106 5. RESEDACER. — 6. CISTACE.

125. Reseda Luteola, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Denizen in North Britain.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 17 83 79. Ireland 12. British-english type,
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia.

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

126. Reseda lutea, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011 -1314(15). Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumfries, Haddington.
Zones 12. Low grounds. (Fife to Moray, introduced).

Census 138 25 58. Ireland 4. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia).

Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia.

Algeria.

128. Helianthemum vulgare, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native. Any locality in 16?

Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.

Zones 1234. Highlands to 670 yards. Humber to 700 yards.
Census 16 81 73. [Ireland]. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net deu got nor swe.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Finland; Fries sum. veg.

Algeria.

129. Helianthemum polifolium, Pers.

Provinces 1 - -- [5]. Native.

Lat. 50—52. South Devon, North Somerset. [Glouc., Worc.]
Zone 1. Somerset, at 150 or 200 feet; T. B. Flower.

Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.

Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha. “ Meuse et Moselle.”

— Not in Russia or Asia?

Algeria. — America? ‘“ Arkansas and Texas.”

wy

6. CISTACER, — 7. VIOLACER. 107

130. Helianthemum canum, Dunal.

Provinces [1 - -- 5] 6 7--10-12. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Glamorgan. — Cumberland, Westmoreland, York.
Zones 1234, Humber to 600 yards or upwards.

Census 4 4 7. Ireland 1. Intermediate-atlantic type.

Europe spa ita tur fra cha aus ger. Isle of Ocland.

Russia 6 5 48. West-asia.

Algeria.

131. Helianthemum (guttatum) Breweri, Planch.

Provinces [1 ---5]-7. Native in form of H. Breweri.

Lat. 53—54. Isle of Anglesea only.

Zone 1. Coast-level or cliffs.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 1. Local-atlantic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Hanover.

West-asia. Cyprus, Syria, ete.

Algeria. — N.B. H. guttatum in lines 5 6 7, and in Ireland.

132. Viola palustris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23456. Highlands to 1860 yards; also at 1800, etc.
Census 18 36 74. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey. With varieties in lines 5, 6, 7.
Russia-- ? 821. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

133. Viola odorata, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 12 (13 14 15)-- [18]. Native in England.
Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Alien in Scotland ?
Census 12 24 57. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden).
Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores; but doubtfully native there.

108 7. VIOLACE.

134. Viola hirta, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine.
Zones 12. Lakes and Humber to 300 yards each.

Census 15 29 63. Ireland 1or4? English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia.

185. Viola sylvatica, Bab. man. V. canina, Sm. eng. flo.

Provinces all. Native. V. Riviniana the prevailing form.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Wales 1100 yards.
Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark ; but synonyms uncertain.

Russia 6-- 8. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

Algeria. Canaries. — Faroe.

135. Viola canina, Bab. man. excl. V. lactea, Sm.

Provinces 1 to 15 ; but no certain record for 18. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight Kent. — Aberdeen, Banff.
Zones 1 23. Highlands to 710 yards.

Census 14 27 54. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe, in all the divisions, if in Finmark.

Russia 654821. Siberia.

Canaries? — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. [Am. Col.]

135. Viola lactea, Sm.

Provinces 123 [4--7-9----14]. Native.

Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent.

Zone 1. Low grounds. _ V. flavicornis often thus misnamed.

Census 8 3 5. Ireland? English type of distribution.

Europe. Holland, Norway, France, Italy ; Nyman Sylloge.

—N.B. Confused with V. stagnina in Continental Floras; as
was formerly the case in England also.

7. VIOLACER. 109

135. Viola stagnina, “ Kit.” Bab. man.

Provinces 1--4---8. Native.

Lat. 50—54. South Devon? Cambridge, Hunts, Lincoln.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Much confused with V. lactea.
Census 3 3 4. Ireland 1. English-germanic type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor (swe).
Russia -- 4 8. Siberia.

— N.B. See above, under V. lactea.

136. Viola tricolor, Auct.

Provinces all; but in part perhaps V. arvensis only. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards.

Census 18 88 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Finmark excepted.

Russia 65 4321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. (Azores). — Faroe. Iceland. America?

136. Viola arvensis, Murr.

Provinces all; apart from V. tricolor. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 1 2 3. Highlands, Humber, each to 350 yards.
Census 18 34 64. Ireland 12? British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - swe.
Russia654321. West-asia. Siberia. Persia.

Canaries. — America ?

136. Viola Curtisii, Forster, and Mackay.

Provinces 1----67-9. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Devon, Carmarthen, Anglesea, Cheshire, Lancash.

Zone 1. Coast-level. Sub-littoral. Cornwall ?

Census 4 4 6. Ireland 5? Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe? YV. sabulosa, in Normandy.

—N.B. Two violets, ‘ Curtisii’ much like a depauperised ‘lutea’ ;
and Mackaii (sabulosa ?) approximating to ‘tricolor’ in colour.

110 7. VIOLACEH. — 8. DROSERACEZ.

186. Viola lutea, Huds.

Provinces ? --- 5 to 18. Native. Cornwall?

Lat. 52—58. Glamorgan, Monmouth. — Hebrides, Ross.

Zones ? 2845. Highlands to 930 yards. Humber to 830 yds.

Census 14 21 52. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net. Naples; Nyman Sylloge.

—N.B. Much uncertainty yet remains respecting the affinities
of this violet with Continental forms.

138. Drosera rotundifolia, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 770 yards. Humber to 750 yards.
Census 18 88 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey. :

Russia --4 821. West-asia. Siberia. Altai. Syria.

— Iceland. America. Columbia.

139. Drosera intermedia, Hayne.

Provincees 123456789 10-1218 - [15] 16- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Westerness, Fife ?
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 14 24 42. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia -- 4 38. West-asia. “ Syria.”

— America. D. longifolia of several english works.

140. Drosera anglica, Huds.

Provinces 12-45 6--9101112131415 1617 18. Native.
Lat. 50—60 or 61. Devon, Dorset, Suffolk. — Orkney, Shetland?
Zones 1234. Highlands to 580 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 14 25 40. Ireland 10. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey. D. longifolia of Auct. cont.

Russia-- 4321. Siberia. WKamtschatka.

— Iceland. America. Columbia. D. longifolia of Authors.

9. POLYGALACEA, — 10. FRANKENIACER. 111

141. Polygala vulgaris, Auct.

Provinces all; including P. depressa. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 930 yards; also at 800, 760, etc.
Census 18 87 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapl. and Finmark. P. depressa, in Lapl. ete.
Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia.

Barbary. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland.

141*. Polygala calcarea, F. Schultz.

Provinces ? 23-5 [6] Native. Scilly? Carmarthen?

Lat. 50—52. Wilts, Dorset, Kent, Surrey, Berks, Gloucester.

Zone 1. Low grounds ; also above ?

Census 3 5 6. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha. Spain?

—N.B. The European distribution of this plant not satisfactorily
made out.

141*. Polygala uliginosa, Reich.
Province --------- 10. Native.
Lat. 54—55. In North Yorkshire only, as yet known.
Zone -- 8. Humber at 550—600 yards; Baker.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia? Finland; Fries sum. veget. scand.
—N.B. Distribution not satisfactorily made out.

142. Frankenia lavis, Linn.
Provinces (1) 234. Native. (11 Durham, on ballast).
Lat. 50—53. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Suffolk, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Littoral. Also in South Hants and Essex.
Census 3 6 10. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - fra cha.
Russia - 5. West-asia. Tauria; Boiss. flo. or.
Algeria.

112 11. ELATINACER. — 12. CARYOPHYLLACE,

143. Elatine hexandra, De Cand.

Provinces 123-5-789----- 15 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Sussex. — Bute, West Perth, Kincard.
Zones 1 2 38. Low grounds.

Census 9 12 13. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net - got.

Russia? Under E. Hydropiper ?

Azores.

144. Elatine Hydropiper, Linn.

Provinces -- 3-5-7. Native.

Lat. 51—54. Surrey, “ Worcester,” Anglesea.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 3 3 8. Ireland 1. English-local type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia --- 32. Siberia?

—N.B. This and E. hexandra are reunited by some authors.

145. Dianthus prolifer, L.

Provinces - 2 3 4 [5]. Native ?

Lat. 50—53. Wight, Sussex, Berks, Norfolk.

Zone 1. Low grounds. Middlesex? Worcester ?

Census 3 4 4 Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries.

146. Dianthus Armeria, Linn.

Provinces 1 234567 -(9)101112-(14 15). Native?

Lat. 50—55 (or 57). Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Durham.
Zones 12. Low grounds. (Edinburgh, Perth, Forfar).

Census 10 16 30. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden).

Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia.

— (America, introduced).

12. CARYOPHYLLACEE. 113

149. Dianthus cesius, Sm.

Provinces 1 - - - (5)--[8---12-14]. Native.

Lat. 51—52. North Somerset.

Zone 1. Somerset between 50—250 yards; Thomas Clark.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net.

— In Europe only, eastward to Transylvania, southward to Lom-
bardy, northward to Belgium.

150. Dianthus deltoides, Linn.

Provinces 1 [2] 845-789 101112- 1415 16 - [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent? — Cantire, Moray.

Zones 123. Low grounds; anywhere above 200 yards?

Census 14 22 35. Ireland 0. English-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia - - 4 3 2.

— In Europe southward to Sicily.

151. Saponaria officinalis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15; usually by former cultivation. Denizen:

Lat. 50—56 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Moray.
Zones 1 23. Low grounds; by coasts, and near houses.

Census 15 28 50? (Ireland 10). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).

Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. Siberia.

— (America). The native habitat very uncertain.

152. Silene inflata, Sm.

Provinces 1 to 17 [18 also?] Native.

Lat 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Islay, Ross.

Zones 128. Lakes, Humber, to 300 yards.

Census 17 34 83. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all the divisions.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

114 12. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

153. Silene maritima, With.
Provinces 1 to 18; but no record for province 8. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128456. Highlands to 1060 yds. ; next at “720” yds.
Census 17 82 61. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - - - fra cha net den got nor - lap fin.
Russia - - - 8 or 2. South Finland.
Canaries. [Azores ?] — Iceland.

154. Silene Otites, Linn.
Provinces - - [3] 4- [6---10]. Native.
Lat. 52—53. Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge. [York ?]
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 1 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.
Russia 6 5 4 38. West-asia. Siberia. Persia.

155. Silene anglica et gallica, Auct.
Provinces 12345678910(11) 12131415. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Moray.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Colonist in Scotland?
Census 14 26 48. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net got.
Russia 6-43. West-asia. Syria.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

156. Silene nutans, Linn.
Provinces 1 238 [4] 5-7 8-10- [12]--15--[18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine.
Zones 12. Low grounds.
Census 8 9 15. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 654321. Siberia. Davyuria.
Canaries.

12. CARYOPHYLLACES, 115

157. Silene noctiflora, Linn.

Provinces -2345--891011--1415. Colonist.

Lat. 50—57. South Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Perth, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 10 16 32. Ireland 2. English-germanic type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

158. Silene conica, Linn.

Provinces - - 8 4 [5] -------- 1415. Native.

Lat. 51—57. Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk, Haddington, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 4 5 5. [Ireland]. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria.

159. Silene acaulis, Linn.

Provinces [1] - - - - - 7----12--151617 18. Native.

Lat. 53—61. Caernarvon, Westmoreland. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones --- 45 6. Highlands to 1440 yards. Shetland coast.
Census 6 11 9. Ireland 3. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.
Russia----21. Siberia. Spitsbergen.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

160. Lychnis alpina, Linn.

Provinces ----------- 12--15. Native.

Lat. 54—58. Cumberland, Forfar.

Zone--- ? 5. Highlands about 1000 yds. Lakes at “2000 ft.”
Census 2 2 2. Treland 0. Highland-local type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ---- 21. Siberia. Davuria.

—TIceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

116 12. CARYOPHYLLACE.

161. Lychnis Viscaria, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - 67----- 18 1415. Native.

Lat. 52—57. Radnor, Montgomery. — Stirling, Perth, Forfar.
Zones - 28. North Wales to 300 yards?

Census 5 6 9. Ireland 0. Scottish-iutermediate type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 - 4 3 2. Siberia.

— Iceland; Dr. Lauder Lindsay’s list.

160. Lychnis Flos-cuculi, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 660 yards; also at 650, 640, etc.
Census 18 38 93. TJreland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6 - 4 8 2. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland.

163. Lychnis (dioica) diurna, Sibth.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 450 yds.
Census 18 38 90. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.
Russia --- 3821. Siberia.
— Faroe. Greenland, between 72—76.

164. Lychnis (dioica) vespertina, Sibth.
Provinces 1 to 17. Colonist or Native.
Lat. 50-——59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 16 31 74. Ireland 5. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6 £321. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria.

12. CARYOPHYLLACEZX. 117

165. Lychnis (Agrostemma) Githago, Lam.

Provinces all. Colonist ; but scarcely so in North Isles.

Lat. 50—59 (or 61). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross or Shetl.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 17 33 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe (lap).
Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Persia.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

166. Moenchia erecta, Sm.

Provinces 1234567891011). Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Cheviotland.
Zones 123. North Wales to 400 yards; Bowman.

Census 1] 21 48. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net.

—N.B. Replaced by M. octandra in Asia minor.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

167. Sagina maritima, Don.

Provinces 123 4-67-9101112 131415 161718. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones 128. Littoral. [Alpine also ?]

Census 16 28 47. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

—N.B. Distribution not sufficiently ascertained ; reported south-
ward to Sicily, eastward to Greece.

167. Sagina apetala, Linn. (in part).
Provinces 1234567891011-131415-- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine.
Zones 12. Humber to 300 yards; Baker.
Census 14 28 66. Ireland 9. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.
Russia 6-43. West-asia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

118 12. CARYOPHYLLACES,

167. Sagina ciliata, Fries. §S. apetala, Auct. var.

Provinces 1234---8-10 L1--1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Fife, Aberdeen.

Zones 12. Low grounds. Distribution ill ascertained.

Census 9 18 24. Ireland 8. English-british type.

Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net - got.

—N.B. Confused with Sagina apetala, as well in Britain as in
Europe. Likely to be found in Russia.

168. Sagina procumbens, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Clearly distinct from the annual species.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23456. Highlands to 1260 yards; also at 1080, etc.
Census 18 88 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6- 4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

169. Sagina saxatilis, Wimm. Spergula saginoides, L.
Provinces - -- - [B ------- 13] - 15-17 [18]. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Easterness, Sutherland.
Zones---45. Highlands to 900 yards. Descends to ... ?
Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap.
Russia 6---21. Siberia. Kamtschatka. [Spitsbergen].
— Faroe, Iceland. Greenland? America. Columbia.

169.* Sagina subulata, Wimm.

Prov. 123 [4]567-9101112131415 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. —- Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 12345, Highlands to 700 yards, or upwards.

Census 15 25 39. Ireland 4. Scottish-british type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

— Absent from Russia and Asia ?

— Iceland? Columbia? ‘“ Rocky Mountains; Drummond.”

12, CARYOPHYLLACER. 119

170. Sagina nivalis, Fries.

Provinces -------------- 15 16 [17]. Native.
Lat. 56—57. Perth, Dumbarton. [Forfar, Skye, Ben Nevis]:
Zones ----5 6. Altitude not ascertained.

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Norway. Elsewhere?
— Spitsbergen ; formerly as Spergula saginoides.

— Greenland; under name of Spergula saginoides.

171. Sagina nodosa, Meyer. Spergula nodosa, L.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 510 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 18 86 79. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia -- 4321. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

172. Spergula arvensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Highlands to 850 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6-43 21. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am. Col.)

173. Honkeneya peploides, Ehbrh.
Provinces all; unless 5 Severn is to be excepted. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 2 8. Littoral.
Census 17 30 58. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin. Italy ?
Russia --- 321. Siberia. Kamtsc. Spitsbergen. Adriatic?
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

120 12. CARYOPHYLLACER.

174. Spergularia (or Lepigonum) marina, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. Several segregates included.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Littoral. Localities of segregates much confused.
Census 18 33 60. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. ‘“ Himalaya.”

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores? —Greenl. Am. Col.

175. Spergularia (or Lepigonum) rubra, Auct.

Provinces all. Native ; but rather a Colonist in North Britain.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 18 82 72. Ireland 2. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Greenland?? Am. Col.

177. Arenaria norvegica, Gunn.

Provinces ----------------- 18. Native.

Lat. 60—61. Shetland only. [* Orkney,” erroneously].

Zone--8or4. Altitude about “200 feet” above the sea.

Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Scottish-local type.

Europe Norway. Lapland. Finmark. Italy ??

—N.B. A. ciliata is distributed from Crete to Arctic Russia. A.
noryegica, true, occurs in Iceland ; Bab. list.

178. Arenaria serpyllifolia, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. A. leptoclados, a slight var., is included.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 123. Humber to 650 yards. Lakes to 450 yards.
Census 18 87 87. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland; Hooker list. (America).

12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 121

179. Arenaria tenuifolia, Linn.

Provinces 12845-78-10---[1415]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Anglesea, York.
Zones 12. Humber to 300 yards ; Baker.

Census 7 16 26. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 65 4 8. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — N.B. A. viscosa included for ‘den got.’

180. Arenaria verna, Linn.

Provinces 1 [2]--56789101112131415--18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Somerset, Stafford. — Aberdeen, Shetl.
Zones 128345. Highlands to 850 yards. Humber to 830 yds.
Census 13 16 27. Iveland 3. Scottish-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. Belgium.

Russia 6? Caucasus? Siberia? The British form?

Algeria. — Greenland? America. Columbia.

181. Arenaria rubella, Hook.

Provinces - -.------------ 15 17. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Mid Perth, West Sutherland.
Russia ---- 5 6. Highlands 850—1800 yards.

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Norway. Nordland. Dwarfed A. verna?
Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen.
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

181*. Arenaria uliginosa, Schl.

Province ---------- 11. Native.

Lat. 54—55. Durham; G. 8. Gibson sp.

Zone --3or4. A single station, “about 1800 feet.”
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type.
Europe - ita - - ger fra - - - - nor swe lap.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia, middle and eastern.

— Greenland; J. D. Hooker distrib. of arctic plants.

122 12, CARYOPHYLLACE.

182. Arenaria (or Moehringia) trinervia, Linu.

Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 16 32 76. Ireland 10. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 482. West-asia. Siberia.

Canaries, a variety. — Greenland; Gisecke list.

183. Holosteum umbellatum, Linn.

Province --- 4. Denizen or Native ?

Lat. 52—53. Suffolk, perhaps extinct, and Norfolk.
Zone 1. Coast-level, or low grounds.

Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. India.

Algeria.

184. Stellaria nemorum, Linu.

Provinces [1 8]-56789101112181415 16. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Glamorgan, Monmouth. — Dumbarton, Moray.
Zones ? 2 8. Humber 50—400 yards; Baker.

Census 12 18 85. Ireland 0. Scottish-intermediate type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia -- 4821. Caucasus, dubia civis ; Boiss. flo. or.
—N.B. Cerastium aquaticum occasionally thus misnamed.

185. Stellaria media, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 830, 530, ete.
Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Segregately named, through diversities of situation.
Russia654821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtse.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Ice. Gre. (Am. Col.)

12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 123

186. Stellaria Holostea, Linn.

Provinces all.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards; also at 600, 4380, etc.
Census 18 35 86. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. Sweden?
Russia 6-482. West-asia. Siberia ?

.

187. Stellaria glauca, With.

Provinces 12345-789101112181415. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon, Dorset, Sussex. — Renfrew, Fife.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 14 25 45. Ireland 5. English-british type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia -- 482. West-asia. India. Siberia.

— Greenland ?? <“ Disco Island, Dr. Lyall ;” J. D. Hooker.

188. Stellaria graminea, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 410 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 18 36 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all.
Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia.
“Madeira.” — Faroe. Iceland; Mr. Isaac Carroll.

189. Stellaria uliginosa, Murray.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123845 6. Highlands to 1100 yards; also at 1060, etc.
Census 18 88 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.
Russia 6-432. Himalaya. Siberia.
Canaries. — Faroe. Greenland. America. Columbia.

124 12. CARYOPHYLLACE.

190. Stellaria cerastioides, Linn.

Provinces -------------- 1516. Native.

Lat. 56—58. Perth, Aberdeen, Easterness, Westerness.

Zone - - - - - 6. Highlands at 900—1260 yards.

Census 2 4 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6 --- 21. West-asia. Mid-asia. Siberia. Spitsbergen.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Cerastium trigynum, E. B. 3.

191. Cerastium aquaticum, Linn.

Provinces 12345678910--[181415--18]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — North Yorkshire.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Does it occur in Scotland?
Census 10 22 46. Ireland? English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe.
Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Stellaria aquatica, Eng. bot. ed. 3.

192. Cerastium glomeratum, Thuil.

Provinces all. Native. C. vulgatum, Anglor.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Lakes to 350 yards.
Census 18 88 90. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. —_C. viscosum, Auct. plur.

Russia 654821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia?

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. (Am. Col.)

193. Cerastium triviale, Link.

Provinces all. Native. C. viscosum, Anglor.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128456. Highlands to 1200 yards; also at 1080, ete.
Census 18 38 99. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all. C. vulgatum, Auct. plur. [Spitsbergen].

Russia 654321. Westasia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
Barbary? Canaries. Azores. — Far. Ice. Gre. Am. Col.

12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 125

194. Cerastium semidecandrum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray.
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 15 81 69. Ireland 7. British-english type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6 5 4 3 2.

Barbary. — Faroe? America?

194.* Cerastium tetrandrum, Curt.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. C. pumilum, in - 23-5.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 17 28 46. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha net den got.

—N.B. Mr. A. G. More places C. pumilum under this, rather
than as a variety of C. semidecandrum. “ Madeira.”

195. Cerastium arvense, Linn.

Provinces - 2345 78910111218 1415 -- [18]. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Kirkcudbright, Moray.
Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 18 25 49. Ireland 5. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. (Sweden).
Russia 6-432. Himalaya. Siberia.

Canaries. — America. Columbia. ‘ South America.”

196. Cerastium alpinum, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - 7 (8]---12--151617 [18]. Native.

Lat. 53—59. Carnarvon, Westmoreland. — Sutherl. [Orkney?]
Zones ----5 6. Highlands 800—13800 yards.

Census 5 6 9. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Siberia. Spitsbergen.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia,

126 12. CARYOPHYLLACED,. — 13. LINACER.

197. Cerastium latifolium, Auct.

Provinces - - - - - - 7------- 15161718. Native.

Lat. 58—61. Carnarvon. — Sutherland. C. nigrescens in Shetl.
Zones --- 45 6. Highlands 1000—1210 yds. Shetl. «200 ft.”
Census 5 7 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor - lap.

Russia 6. — N.B. An unsatisfactory species.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

198. Cherleria sedoides, Linn.

Provinces -------------- 15 1617 [18]. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Argyle, Perth, Forfar. — Sutherland.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands 850—1310 yards. Lower also?

Census 3 6;6. Iveland 0. Highland type of distribution.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra.

—N.B. Area limited; the plant being reported to grow on the
Alps, Pyrenees, Carpathians, Parnassus.

200. Linum perenne, Linn.
Provinces [1 2] 8 4 [5] --8-1011 [12-14]. Native.
Lat. 52—55. North Essex, Suffolk. — Durham, Westmoreland ?
Zones 12 3. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 5 9 12. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra. [‘¢ Channel Isles.”
Russia--4 3. West-asia. India? Siberia. Kamtschatka.
— America. Columbia. The European species?

201. Linum angustifolium, Huds.

Provinces 1 23 4 [5] 67 [8] 9 [10] 12. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Lancashire.
Zones 12. Low grounds.

Census 8 13 22. Ireland 4. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles.

Russia 6. West-asia. “ L. marginatum, flo. ross.”
Algeria. Canaries.

13. LINACE.R. — 14, MALVACER. 127

202. Linum catharticum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yds. Humber to 700 yds.
Census 18 88 97. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-4 82. West-asia. Persia.

Canaries ; Boissier. — Faroe. Iceland.

203. Radiola millegrana, Sm.

Provinces 1 to 18; except 14, East Lowlands. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 123. Low grounds; rather uncommon.

Census 17 31 65. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia -- 4 38. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries.

204. Malva moschata, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 (16). Native. Alien in North Britain ?

Lat. 50—56 or 57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lowl.? Highl.?
Zones 12 ? Humber to 300 yards.

Census 15 81 73. Ireland 8. English-british type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia --- 8. Lithuania only, by Led. flo. ross.

—N.B. Occurs in Scotland, perhaps native in Lowlands.

205. Malva sylvestris, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16 (17). Native. Alien in North Britain ?
Lat. 50—57 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, (Ross).
Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 16 83 80. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia.
Algeria. Lybia. — (America).

128 14. MaLvacE.©. — 15. TILIACES.

206. Malva rotundifolia, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15; except 14, East Lowlands? Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Elgin.
Zones 1 238. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 14 28 68. Ireland 8. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Barbary. Canaries? Azores? — (America).

208. Althea officinalis, Linn.

Provinces 12845 6-8(910111213--16). Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — S.Wales, Lincoln.
Zones 12. Low grounds, or coast-level only.

Census 7 15 20. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. (Gothland).
Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

210. Lavatera arborea, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 (8 4)- 67 --- [11] 1218 (14 15). Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Dorset — Man, Ailsa Craig. (Fife ?).
Zones 1.2. Coast cliffs; but often from gardens?

Census 6 9 12. Ireland 6. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles.

N.B. Eastward to Greece; but not in Russia or Asia?

* North Africa, Canaries ;” Boiss. flo. or. (Algeria, introduced).

211. Tilia (europea) parvifolia, Ehrh.
Provinces 1 2 3 (4)5 678910 (11) 12- (14). Native?
Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, York.
Zones 12. Humber to 200 yards, “ native;” Baker.
Census 10 18 24. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 65 432. Siberia.
— Apparently the T. europzea of various authors.

15, TILIACEs«.

16. HYPERICACEA. 129

213. Tilia grandifolia, Ebrh.

Provinces (- 28 4) 5-(7 8 9)10 (11 -- 1415). Denizen?
Lat. 51—55. Gloucester, Worcester, Warwick, York.
Zones 12. Low grounds, and hill-sides.

Census 2 8 5. (Ireland). English-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra (cha net den got).

Russia 6 - 4 8.

— Difficult to know where really indigenous.

214. Hypericum Androsemum, Linn.

Provinces 123456789 10(11) 1218 (14 15) 1617. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross.

Zones 123. Low grounds. (Perthshire ?)

Census 14 27 64. Iveland 12. Atlantic-british type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6. West-asia. ‘ Pontus and North Persia.”

Algeria.

215. Hypericum perforatum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - 17 (18). Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin, Ross.

Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 16 83 82. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. (America).

216. Hypericum (quadrangulum) dubium, Leers.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native,

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Hants, Sussex. — Argyle, Perth:
Zones 12 2? Humber to 250 yards.

Census 16 27 56. Ireland 6. English-british type.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark.

Russia -- 4 3 2. Siberia.

— Faroe.

130 16, HYPERICACE.F.

216. Hypericum (quadr.) beticum, Boiss.

Province 1. Native. Only recently distinguished.

Lat. 50—5J]. Cornwall, Devon.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe spa ita. France? Area not clearly made out, because
the species was long confused with H. tetrapterum.

Africa. Canaries. Azores. H. undulatum ?

216 (217). Hypericum (quadr.) tetrapterum, Fries.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Moray, Ross.
Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 17 34 84. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. Loffoden?
Russia 6-4 3. West-asia.

[Canaries. Azores. Misnomers for H. beticum ?]

218. Hypericum humifusum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Moray.
Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 300 yards. Highlands to 150 yards.
Census 16 83 81. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got

Russia- 5 8.

Canaries. Azores.

219. Hypericum linarifolium, Vill.

Province 1. Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha,

—N.B. Eastward to Greece? Not in Asia.

Canaries.

16. HYPERICACER. 181

220. Hypericum pulchrum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1284. Highlands to 750 yds.; also at 700, 680, etc.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor.

Russia --- 8. Lithuania only; by Led. flo. ros.

— Faroe. Gothland, “ sporadica seu inquilina;” Fries.

221. Hypericum hirsutum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Banff, Ross.

Zones 1 23. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 16 31 73. Ireland 2. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor swe.

Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. Siberia.

—N.B. Gothland, “sporadica seu inquilina;” Fries sum. veg.

222. Hypericum montanum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Durham.
Zones 12. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 12 20 35. Iveland 1? English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe.

Russia-- 43. West-asia. Caucasus, a variety.

Algeria. Norway, “sporadica seu inquilina;” Fries.

223. Hypericum elodes, Linn.

Provinces 12345678910 1213--16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Orkney.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Wales to “1000 feet.”
Census 14 28 52. Ireland 10. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net.

Russia? Simbirsk; Lepech. in flo. ros.

Azores; T. C. Hunt!

182 17. ACERACEAM. — 18. GERANIACER.

225. Acer campestre, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011 (12131415 16). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham.
Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 300 yards.

Census 11 23 56. Ireland 3 (and 2). English type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia.

— Is it native anywhere in Scotland?

227. Erodium maritimum, Sm.

Provinces 1 2 3 [4] 5678 [9]--1218. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Cumberland.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Littoral; rarely inland.

Census 9 15 28. Ireland 6. Atlantic-english type.

Europe - ita - - - fra cha.

—N.B. Reported to grow also in Turkey, Greece, and Egypt ;
but not admitted into ‘ Flora Orientalis.’

228. Erodium cicutarium, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. Two or three varieties included.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. —. Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones 123. North Wales to 400 yards; Edwin Lees.

Census 18 36 Sx. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. (America). ‘ Columbia.”

228%. Hrodium moschatum, Sm.

Provinces 1 2 (3 4) 5 6 (7 8 9 10) - [12-14]. Native.

Lat. 50—52 (or 54). Cornwall, Dorset. — Pembroke, Anglesea?
Zone 1. Littoral. Inland, but not wild there ?

Census 4 6 8. Ireland 7. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia).

Russia? West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azoves.

18. GERANIACE E. 133

230. Geranium sylvaticum, Linn.

Prov. [1 - 8 4] 5--891011 1213 1415 1617 [18]. Native.
Lat. 52—58. Worcester, Warwick. — Westerness, East Ross.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 760, 750, ete.
Census 11 16 37. Iveland 1. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except the Channel section.

Russia 6-4 3821. West-asia. Siberia.

Barbary ? — Faroe. Iceland.

231. Geranium pratense, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Isla, Banff.
Zones 1234. Highlands to “600 yards.”

Census 16 31 69. Ireland 1. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor swe lap.
Russia 6-43 Siberia. “ Iberia, Constantinople.”

— Faroe? Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega.

232. Geranium pyrenaicum, Linn.
Provinces 12345 67 [8] -10(11 12-1415 16). Denizen.
Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Surrey. — Denbigh, York.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 100 yards, “native ;” Baker.
Census 8 16 81. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got - swe).
Russia 6 5 4 3. West-asia. India.
Algeria.

233. Geranium rotundifolium, Linn.
Provinces 12345 [6789 10(11) 12-14]. Native.
Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Gloucester, Suffolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Many erroneous records.
Census 5 10 16. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha, net.
Russia 6-432. West-asia. India. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flore.

184 18. GERANIACES.

234. Geranium pusillum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Banff.
Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 15 29 63. Iveland 2. English-british type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 65482. West-asia. Cyprus, Syria.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

235. Geranium molle, Linn.

Provinces al]. Native. Two forms.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, to 500 yards. Highl. 850 yards.
Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

236. Geranium dissectum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — South-east Sutherland.
Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, to 300 yards. Highl. 150 yards.
Census 17 385 88. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

237. Geranium columbinum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards; Baker.

Census 16 29 56. Ireland 6. English-british type.
Burope all, execpt Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 4.3. Siberia.

Algeria.

18. GERANIACEa., — 19. BALSAMINACEA. 135

238. Geranium lucidum, Linn.

Provinces | to 17 [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, sent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 17 80 71. Iveland 11. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5-3. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Barbary. Canaries.

239. Geranium Robertianum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Two or three segregated forms.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney,
Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Highlands to 530 yards.
Census 18 36 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America.

240. Geranium sanguineum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. G. lancastriense in 12 only?

Lat 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.

Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards? Lakes to 300 yards.

Census 17 28 48. Iveland 6. British type?

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. — N.B. Three forms, the interme-
diate one being of late confused with true Lancastriense.

212. Impatiens Noli-me-tangere, Linn.

Provinces (1 23 45)-7(891011)12(18 1415). Native?
Lat. 52—55. Montgomery, Merioneth, Westmoreland, Cumberl.
Zone ? 2. Is it truly wild in Somerset and Lancashire ?

Census 2 2 4. Ireland 0. Local or doubtful type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— N.B. Much mis-reported ; but it may be native in England.

136 20. OXALIDACE.Z. — 22. RHAMNACEZS.

248. Oxalis Acetosella, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. (Summer flowers apetalous, as in Viola).
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney ?
Zones 12845 6. Highlands to 1800 yds. Lakes to 1020 yds.
Census 18 37 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-43.21. West-asia? Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. America. Columbia.

245. Euonymus europeus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark ? Edinburgh.
Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 14 28 65. Ireland 10. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6 5 4.3. Western Siberia.

Algeria. N.B. Kirkcudbright perhaps the true limit.

246. Rhamnus catharticus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 (138 - 15 16). Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 12 22 49. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. Siberia.

Algeria. — (America, used for hedges, locally naturalised).

217. Rhamnus Frangula, Linn.

Provinces 12345678910-1218-15 17. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Elgin.

Zones 123. Low grounds. Is it native in Scotland ?
Census 13 25 40. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-4 82. Siberia. Constantinople.

Algeria.

23. LEGUMINIFER. 137

248. Sarothamnus scoparius, Koch.

Provinces 1 to 17. (Introduced to 18, Orkney).

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland.

Zones 1234. Highlands to 660 yards; also at 600, 570, etc.
Census 17 85 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia -- 4 3. Siberia.

(Canaries. Azores).

249. Ulex europeus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. (Sown in 18, Orkney).

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross or Sutherland.
Zones 1 23. Wales to 700 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 17 35 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den. (Gothland).

Russia? Caucasus ; Georgi in flo. ros.

(Canaries. Azores). Greece ; Chaub. flo. pel.

250. Ulex nanus, Forster.

Provinces 1 to 18 [14 15]. Native. U. Gallii included.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Northumberland.

Zones 12. Lakes to 250 yards. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 13 26 58. Ireland 9. English type of distribution.

Europe spa ---- fra cha net. U. Gallii in France.

—N.B. U. Gallii, of Planchou, is likely the more frequent form
in Britain, and more widely distributed.

251. Genista tinctoria, Linn.

‘Provinces 1 to 14. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Edinburgh.
Zones 12. Lakes to 250 yards. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 14 27 63. Treland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 65 43. Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

138 23. LEGUMINIFER®.

252. Genista pilosa, Linn.

Provinces 128456 (7]. Native. Extinct in 3 and 5?
Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Pembroke, Suffolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds ; and quite rare.

Census 6 6 6. Iveland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - 5 - 3.

—N.B. Found by Mr. Borrer in province 5, Worcestershire.

253. Genista anglica, Linn.

Provinces ] to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Ross.

Zones 1234. Highlands to 730 yards; also at 720, 710, etc.

Census 17 88 77. Ireland 0. British-english type.

Europe - - - - ger fra cha net den. Italy ?

— The isolated habitat of Aspromonte, in Calabria, is recorded
by Bertoloni, in Flora Italica.

254. Ononis arvensis, “ Linn.”

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 17 35 86. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia -- 4. India?

(Azores). N.B. Includes O. repens of several authors.

255. Ononis spinosa, ‘“ Linn.” Auct.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Much confused with O. arveusis.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar.
Zones 12. Low grounds.e

Census 16 80 58. Tveland? Einglish-british type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Sweden; Wahl.
Tussia 6 4 3-2. West-asia. “ VPalestine.”

— N.B Synonyms and habitats unsatisfactory.

23 > LEGUMINIFERS. 139

257. Anthyllis vulneraria, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Irregularly distributed.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 600 yds.
Census 18 88 87. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 4321. West-asia.

Algeria. — Iceland ; Hooker list from Zoega.

259. Medicago falcata, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 8 4 [5 6---1011]. Alien or Denizen.
Lat. 51—53. Surrey? Kent? Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge.
Zone 1. Low grounds. M. sylvestris, in province 4.
Census 2 + 7. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe.
Russia 6543. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria.

—N.B. M. sylvestris, of Fries, in Britain and Scandinavia.

260. Medicago lupulina, Linn.

Provinces all; perhaps only an introduction in 18. Native.
Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney?
Zones 123. Lakes to 820 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 18 84 87. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

261. Medicago maculata, Sibth.
Provinces 12345 678(9)10J1---(15). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham.

Zones 12. Low grounds.
Census 10 19 81. (Ireland 2). English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Sweden).
Russia 6 5.
Algeria. — (America, introduced).

140 23, LEGUMINIFERA.

262. Medicago denticulata, Willd.

Provinces 12345---910(l1)---[15]. Denizen?
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — North-east York.
Zones 12. Low grounds.

Census 7 12 15. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). ‘‘ California.”

263. Medicago minima, Lam.
Provinces [1] - 8 4 - (6)-- [9]. Native.
Lat. 50—53. Kent, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Glamorgan; T. Gissing.
Census 2 5 8. (Ireland). Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha uet den got. Bornholm.
Russia 65 4 3. West-asia.
Algeria. Canaries.

264. Melilotus officinalis, Willd.

Provinces 1 to 11 (12 to 15 less established). Denizen.

Lat. 50—55 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham.
Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 200 yards.

Census 11 24 58. Ireland 3 (or 5). English type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia.

Barbary. — (America, introduced).

265. Melilotus vulgaris, Willd.

Prov.128456--(9101112-14 15). Alien or Colonist ?
Lat. 50—53 (or 58). Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Carmarth., Norfolk.
Zones 1 (2 3). Low grounds; often sown with clover seed.
Census 6 8 13. (Ireland 2). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia,

— (America, introduced).

23. LEGUMINIFERA, 141

266. Trifolium (or Trigonella) ornithopodioides, Linn.

Provinces 12345-7-9 [10-12] 181415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Fife.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 10 16 21. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha. Bornholm.

— N.B. Comparatively a restricted distribution ; from Portugal
to the isle of Bornholm ; eastward to Constantinople ?

267. Trifolium repens, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. ;

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 830 yds.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. Westasia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am. Col.)

268. Trifolium subterraneum, Linn.

Provinces 12845678[91011]. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Notts.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Cardigan; Miss Atwood.
Census 8 16 29. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.

Russia 6 5. West-asia. India?

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

269. Trifolium ochroleucum, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 84 [5--891011]. Native.

Lat. 52—58. Essex, Herts, Suff., Norf., Camb., Bedf., Hants.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Surrey? Worcester? Lincoln? ete.]
Census 2 4 7. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.

Russia 6 5 4. “ Belgrad, in Turkey.”

— N.B. Many localities in England need verification,

142 23. LEGUMINIFERE.

270. Trifolium Molinieri, “ Balb.”

Province 1. Native? ‘T. incarnatum cultivated.

Lat. about 50. West Comwall only.

Zone 1. Coast-level.

Census 1 1] 1. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type.

Europe. Italy. France. Channel. Elsewhere?

—N.B. Is this truly a variety or wild state of the cultivated
T. incarnatum ?

271. Trifolium pratense, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Common; but much sown.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 930 yards; next highest 570 yds.
Census 18 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. (Canaries). — Iceland. (America. Columbia).

272. Trifolium medium, Linn.
Provinces all; but not an abundant plant. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight? Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Humber to 450 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 35 79. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark and perhaps Spain.
Russia 6-43. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
— (America). “Temperate Asia ;” Hooker dist. are.

271. Trifolium maritimum, Huds.
Provinces 12345 67---(11). Native. Cumberland?
Lat. 50—53. Cornwall? Dorset, Kent. — Merioneth? Norfolk ?
Zone 1. Littoral. Cumberland ; Joseph Robson.
Census 7 10 14. Iveland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus - fra‘cha net. Holland.
— Eastward to Greece and Crimea: Lecog. Not in Ledeb. flo. ros.
Algeria. Canarics, Azores.

23. LEGUMINIFERM®. 143

275. Trifolium arvense, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross.

Zones 1 23. Low grounds.

Census 17 33 78. Ireland 5. British-English type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland; Hooker list. (Am.)

276. Trifolium scabrum, Linn.

Provinces 12345678 ?1011--1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine.
Zones 12. Low grounds. “Cheshire ;” Miss Potts.

Census 12 24 40. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

277. Trifolium striatum, Linn.
Provinces 1234567891011 12-1415-- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stirling, Forfar.
Zones 1 2 ? Highlands to 300 yards.
Census 14 26 52. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6 5.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

277.« Trifolium Bocconi, Savi.
Province 1. Native?
Lat. about 50. West Cornwall only.
Zone 1. Coast-level.
Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Atlantic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Normandy.
— Not in Russia. Portugal to Greece eastward.

Canaries.

144 23. LEGUMINIFER..

278. Trifolium glomeratum, Linn:

Provinces 1284-([678--11]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Scilly Isles, Wight, Kent. — Suffolk, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Formerly in South Wales?

Census 4 10 12. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles.

Russia 6 A single locality in Caucasia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

278.« Trifolium strictum, Linn.

Province 1. Native? Once seen in Anglesea.
Lat. about 50. West Cornwall only for certain.
Zone 1. At or near the coast-level.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Atlantiv-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra. (Channel Isles!)
— Absent from Russia and Asia?

Algeria. Lybia.

279. Trifolium suffocatum, Linn.

Provinces 1234--7. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 5 9 10. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus - fra cha.

Russia 6. A single locality in Caucasia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

280. Trifolium fragiferum, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011 (12)-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, Fife ?
Zones 12. Low grounds,

Census 13 26 56. Ireland 3. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 4 38. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries.

23. LEGUMINIFERE. 145

281. Trifolium procumbens, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. (18, Orkney ; Neill).

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross.

Zones 128. Humber to 800 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 17 34 86. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 432. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

282. Trifolium minus, Relhan.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Often taken for T. filiforme.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Banff.
Zones 123. Lakes to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 16 33 70. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Scandinavia?
Russia 6--3. N.B. T. filiforme of foreign authors.
Algeria? Canaries. Azores.

282.% Trifolium filiforme, Anglor.

Provinces 1 to 15 apparently. Native. Many false records.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, Clackmannan.
Zones 12. Low grounds. [Forfar to Ross, by misnomers].
Census 15 26 59. Jreland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita aus ger fra cha net. Scandinavia?

Russia 6. Caucasia, certain in one locality.

Algeria? ‘“'T. micranthum, Viv.”

283. Lotus corniculatus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 950 yds.; also at 850, 830, ete.
Census 18 88 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 65 48. West-asia. India. Siberia.
Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland.

U

146 23. LEGUMINIFERS.

283,b. Lotus tenuis, Wald. et Kit.

Provinces 12345-789101112-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Kincardine.

Zones 12. Doubtfully distinct from L. corniculatus.

Census 13 23 ? Ireland..? British-english type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 65 4. N.B. Habitats insufficiently recorded apart from
those of L. corniculatus.

284. Lotus major, Scop.
Provinces 1 to 16. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Banff.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards; Baker.
Census 16 33 85. Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6 - - 3.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

285. Lotus angustissimus, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 [845 --8----- 14]. Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Sussex. Suffolk ?
Zone 1. Coast-level.

Census 2 4 5. Ireland? Atlantic-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Channel Isles.

Russia 6-4. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria? Canaries. Azores.

285. Lotus hispidus, Desf.

Provinces 1 2. Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset.

Zone 1. Coast-level.

Census 2 3 4. Ireland? Atlantic-english type,
Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha.

— Absent from Russia and Asia >

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

23. LEGUMINIFERA, 147

286. Astragalus glyciphyllus, Linn.

Prov.12345-78-101112181415-17. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Banff, Ross.
Zones 1238. Low grounds.

Census 14 27 52. Ireland 0. Germanic-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 8. Siberia.

287. Astragalus hypoglottis, Lian.

Provinces - 2345--8-1011 [1218] 1415-17. Native.
Lat. 51—58 or 59. Wilts, Oxford, Essex. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Worcester to 250 yards; Edwin Lees.

Census 10 19 31. Ireland 1. Germanic-british type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den.

Russia 6-4 8. Siberia. Temperate Asia; Hooker dist. arc.
Barbary ? — America. Columbia.

288. Astragalus alpinus, Linn.

Provinces - ------------- 15. Native.

Lat. 56—58, or about 57. Forfar, South Aberdeen.

Zone ----5. Highlands about 800—850 yards.

Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6---21. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— America. Columbia.

289. Oxytropis uralensis, De Cand.
Provinces ------------ 18-15 1617. Native.
Lat. 55—59. Wigton, Argyle, Fife. — Sutherland, Caithness.
Zones - 28. From coast-level to .... yards.
Census 4 6 8. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus - fra - - - - - - lap. O. Halleri,” a var.
Russia 6-- 321. Siberia. Davuria.
— America. Columbia. An aggregate species.

148 238. LEGUMINIFERZ.

290. Oxytropis campestris, De Cand.

Province -------------- 15. Native.
Lat. 50—57. North of Forfar only.
Zone----5. Highlands about 700 yards?

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got - - lap fin.

Russia 6 -- 821. Siberia. Temperate Asia; Hooker dist. arc.
— America. Columbia. Also an aggregate species.

291. Ornithopus perpusillus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Elgin.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 16 380 72. Ireland 2. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia --- 8. Eastward to Moscow.

Barbary. Canaries. Azores.

292. Arthrolobium ebracteatum, De Cand.

Province 1. Native.

Lat. 49— 50. Scilly Isles, by West Cornwall.

Zone 1. [South-west York; Elihu Berry, in Phytol. 3, p. 366}.
Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Atlantic-local type.

Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha.

— Eastward to Greece.

Canaries. Azores.

293. Hippocrepis comosa, Linn.

Provinces 12345678-10-1213-15. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Kincardine.
Zones 1234. Humber to 600 yards.

Census 12 23 388. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

— Eastward to Transylvania.

“ Barbary.”

23, LEGUMINIFER. 149

294. Onobrychis sativa, Linn.
Provinces (1) 2845 -(78-10-12-1415). Native?
Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Salop, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Usually a relict from cultivation.
Census 4 10 20. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra. (Scandinavia).
Russia 6 5 4 8. Siberia.
—N.B. In Britain, possibly native on the chalk.

295. Vicia Orobus, De Cand.

Provinces 1---5-7-- [10] 111213141516. Native.

Lat. 51—58. Somerset, Gloucester, York. — Skye, Aberdeen.

Zones 128. Low grounds. “Somerset ;” T. B. Flower.

Census 9 14 22. Ireland 2. Scottish-intermediate type.

Europe - - - aus ger fra - - den - nor.

—N.B. Distribution partial and interrupted; from the Pyrenees
to South Norway ; eastward to Transylvania.

296. Vicia sylvatica, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — West Ross, Elgin.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 560 yards; also at 460, 350, etc.
Census 17 29 62. Ireland 9. Scottish-british type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 4321. Siberia. Temperate Asia; Hooker dist. arc.
—N.B. “Mountains of central Asia;” Bentham Handb. brit. flo-

297. Vicia Cracca, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards; also at 500, 400, etc.
Census 18 388 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts.
Barbary. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

150 23. LEGUMINIFERA.

298. Vicia sativa, Auct.

Provinces all; but usually through cultivation. Denizen?
Lat. 50—61. Records confused with those of V. angustifolia.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards, sown ?

Census 18 85 77. (Ireland). British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 - 4 3 (2). West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

298. Vicia angustifolia, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native. V. Bobartii, a small state.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray.

Zones 123. Low grounds, and higher?

Census 15 26 52. Ireland 6. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 48. India. Punjab; Edgeworth.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America).

299. Vicia lathyroides, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 17 26 45. Ireland 2. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Cyprus; Sibth. Sm.
Algeria.

300. Vicia lutea, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 - 4 - - - [8] 9 (10) - [12] 18-15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Ayr, Kincardine.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds, or coast-level only.

Census 6 10 11. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6-4. West-asia. Caria; Don, etc.

Algeria. Canaries.

23. LEGUMINIFERA. 151

801. Vicia sepium, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Lakes to 560 yards.
Census 18 37 92. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 6-4821. West-asia. Siberia. Cyprus.

3802. Vicia bithynica, Linn.
Provinces 123-567--10(11). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Flint, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.
Census 7 11 14. Ireland 0. English-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.
Russia 6 5. West-asia?
Algeria. Azores; T. C. Hunt add.

303. Vicia (Ervum) hirsuta, Koch.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. [18, Orkney; Lowe].
Lat. 50—859. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Caithness.
Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 17 384 83. Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia6 543821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America. Columbia).

304. Vicia (Ervum) tetrasperma, Moench.

Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native in England.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Forfar.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Alien in Scotland ?

Census 15 29 65. Ireland 4 English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

152 23. LEGUMINIFERA.

804.* Vicia (Hrvum) gracilis, Lois.
Provinces 12345. Native or Colonist?
Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Warwick, Cambridge.
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 5 9 13. Ereland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.
Russia - 5. Crimea: Bieb. flo. taur. cauc.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

305. Lathyrus Aphaca, Linn.

Provinces 1 2345 --(8 9) [10---14]. Colonist.

Lat. 50—53. Devon, Dorset, Sussex. — Warwick, Cambridge.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 5 13 22. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 65 4. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

306. Lathyrus Nissolia, Linn.

Provinces 1 2345 - [7] 8-(101112-1415). Native.
Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Derby.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 6 17 85. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.

Russia 6 5 4.

Algeria.

307. Lathyrus hirsutus, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 8----[8-1011]. Colonist.
Lat. 51—52. Surrey, Essex.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.
Russia 6 5 4 3.

Algeria.

23. LEGUMINIFERA. 153

308. Lathyrus pratensis, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 530 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 18 38 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 65 4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland; Giesecke.

309. Lathyrus palustris, Linn.
Provinces 1 [2 8] 4 [5] - 7 8 [9] 10 -- [18]. Native.
Lat. 51—54 or 55. Somerset, Suffolk. — Carnarvon, York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. “Hants.” “ Galloway.”
Census 5 8 11. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe all; including var. tenuifolius, in Finmark.
Russia -- 482. ‘Temperate Asia.” Siberia. Davuria.
— America. Columbia. A var. pilosus in Kamtschatka.

310. Lathyrus sylvestris, Linn.

Provinces 12845 67 8(9) 10-12181415 16. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mull, Forfar.
Zones 1 28. Low grounds.

Census 14 26 49. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia - - 4 3 2.

Algeria.

310.* Lathyrus tuberosus, Linn.

Province -- 3. Denizen, through ancient cultivation ?
Lat. 51—52. Essex; Gibson’s Flora of Essex.

Zone 1. Low grounds. (Surrey, Middlesex ; “ Gerarde”].
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.
Europe-spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - (swe).
Russia 6 5 4 3.

Algeria.

154 23. LEGUMINIFERM. — 2-4. ROSACER.

311. Lathyrus maritimus, Bigel.

Provinces [1] 234---8---[12]----- 18. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral. Also in Suffolk and Lincoln.
Census 5 7 7. Ireland 1. Doubtful or local type.

Europe - - - - ger fra - net den got nor - lap. Istria?
Russia---32]. East Siberia. Kamtschatka. Behringia.
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

312. Orobus tuberosus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 720 yards ; also at 680, 670, etc.
Census 18 35 81. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia -- 43 2. Davuria?

313. Orobus niger, Linn.

Provinces - - - - [5] - ---- 11---15-- [18]. Native?

Lat. 55—57 or 58. Cheviotl., Perth, Forfar, Elgin ? Easterness ?
Zone - 2 or 38. Altitude not ascertained.

Census 2 8 8o0r5. Ireland 0. Scottish-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 5 4 3.

—N.B. O. tuberosus often thus mislabelled by young botanists.

814. Prunus (communis) spinosa, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 12 8. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 17 84 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution,
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3.

— (America, introduced).

24. ROSACER. 155

314. Prunus (communis) insititia, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 13 (1415 17). Native in England.
Lat. 50—56. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Dumfries, Northumberl.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Is it native in Scotland?
Census 13 25 45. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).
Russia 6 5 (4 3). West-asia. Smyrna.
Algeria. — (America, introduced).

315. Prunus Padus, Linn.

Provinces (1 23 4)56789101112131415 1617. Native.
Lat. 52—59. Glamorgan, Brecon, Gloucester? — Ross, Sutherl:
Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 19 40. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

* Canaries”; Lecog. Geogr. bot. An error?

316. Prunus Cerasus, Linn.

Provinces 12845 678910-12-(1415). Denizen.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, York ?
Zones 12. Low grounds. Wild or well-established.

Census 12 16 22. (Ireland 5). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia).

Russia 6 5 (4 3). India.

(Canaries. Azores).

316. Prunus avium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native? Often misnamed P. Cerasus.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, ...?
Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 yards.

Census 16 30 60? Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got uor (swe).

Russia 65 4.3. West-asia. India.

Algeria:

156 £4, ROSACEA.

317. Spirea Ulmaria, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 760, 700, etc.
Census 18 88 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 66-4821. Siberia. Davuria. ‘Temperate Asia.”

— Faroe. Iceland.

318. Spirea Filipendula, Linn.

Provinces 1 2845-789 1011 12 (18) 14 15- (17). Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, Forfar.

Zones 12 3. Humber to 400 yards; J. Tatham.

Census 138 26 50. Ireland 1. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6 5 432. Siberia.

Algeria. (Azores).

321. Geum urbanum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin, Ross.
Zones 1 23. Lakes to 560 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 17 83 86. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. — G. strictum in America and Columbia.

322. Geum rivale, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Devon, Dorset, South Hants, Sussex. — Orkney.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 930 yds.; again at 930, 900, ete.
Census 18 34 71. Iveland 3. British-scottish type.

Europe all.

Russia 65 4821. West-asia. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

24. ROSACER. 157

322,b. (321,b.). Geum intermedium, Ehrh.

Provinces -2345-789101112181415--18. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Dorset, North Hants, North Essex. — Orkney.
Zones 123. Range of altitude ...?

Census 14 18 26. Ireland 3. British type?

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 - 4 8. Siberia ?

— Iceland; Dr. Lauder Lindsay’s floral list.

323 (3820). Dryas octopetala, Linn.

Provinces ----5-7--10[lL-13]-15 161718. Native.
Lat. 54 or 583—60. York, Stafford? Carnarvon? — Orkney.
Zones -- 345. Highlands 0—900 yards, or upwards.
Census 7 10 14. Iveland 7. Highland type of distribution.
Kurope - ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6----1. Siberia, to the arctic coast, west and east.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

324. Sibbaldia procumbens, Linn.

Provinces ------------ [18] 1415161718. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Peebles, Stirling, Perth. — Sutherland, Shetland.
Zones-- ? 456. Highlands 50U—1360 yards.

Census 5 8 16. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - - swe lap fin.

Russia 6---21. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

825. Potentilla fruticosa, Linn.

Provinces - - [38] ------ 10 11 12 (13 14). Native.

Lat. 54—B5 (or 56). York, Durham, Westmoreland, Cumberland.
Zones -234. Humber 250—400 yards; Baker.

Census 3 8 8. Ireland 2. Intermediate-scottish type.

Europe - - - - - fra net. Isle of Oeland.

Russia 6-4 3. “Temperate Asia.” Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Greenland. America. Columbia.

158 24. ROSACER.

326. Potentilla rupestris, Linn.

Province - - - - - - 7. Native. (15, Perth, by mistake].
Lat. 52—53. Craig Breiddin, Montgomery only.

Zone - 2. Apparently about 150—200 yards.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net - got. Norway?
Russia 65-8. India. Siberia. Davuria.

—N.B. A curiously local plant in Britain.

827. Potentilla anserina, Linn.

Provinces all.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber, the same.
Census 18 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted.

Russia 6-43 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Azores? — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

328. Potentilla argentea, Linn.

Provinces 12845-789101112 ? 1415 -- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Dorset? South Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Elgin.
Zones 128. Low grounds. Wales to 200 yards?

Census 13 22 46. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. Siberia. ‘ Bithynia and Constantinople.”
— America. “Canada! North States”; Torrey and Gray flo.

329. Potentilla verna, Linn.

Provinces 1--45678([9]101112-1415. Native.

Lat. 51—57. Somerset, Cambridge, Suffolk ? — Fife, Forfar.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards; Baker.

Census 11 14 18. Ireland 0. Doubtfully British type?
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65432. Himalaya, Siberia.

“ Azores”? — Faroe. Iceland? Greenland. America. Col.

24. ROSACEA. 159

330. Potentilla alpestris, Hall. fil.

Provinces - - - - - 6---101112--15. Native.

Lat. 52—57. Brecon? Cardigan, York. — Forfar, Aberdeen.
Zones-- 345. Highlands to 900 yds. ; again at 900, 830, etc.
Census 5 6 9. Treland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6---21. West-asia. Spitsbergen.

— Iceland; Babington, in Annals, 1847.

331. Potentilla reptans, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Banff.
Zones 123. Humber to 350 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 16 32 78. Ireland 12. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor) swe.
Russia 6 5 432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Azores ?

832. Potentilla Tormentilla, Schreb.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1110 yards; also at 1060, etc.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6-4 321. Siberia. Constantinople.

Azores. — Faroe. Iceland.

332. Potentilla procumbens et nemoralis, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 15 - 17 [18]. Native. Orkney?

Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross.
Zones12 3. Altitude ...? Tormentilla reptans, Linn.
Census 17 80 47. Ireland! British type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Spurious aggregate ?
Russia - - 4 3; but no example seen by Ledebour.

Canaries. Azores. — Labrador; Torrey and Gray.

1160 24, ROSACEA.

333. Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh.

Provinces 1 to 15 1718. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; Miss Boswell.
Zones 1234. Wales to 700 yards. Lakes to 500 yards.
Census 17 33 82. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha uet den.

Russia --- 8. Lithuania only.

Algeria.

334. Comarum palustre, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 930 yards; also at 710, 600, ete.
Census 18 36 80. Ireland 12. British-scottish type.

Europe all, except Turkey.

Russia 6-4 821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

335. Fragaria vesca, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. —- Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1284. Highlands to 650 yards ; also at 500, 450, ete.
Census 18 37 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia654321. Westasia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Barbary. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland. America. Columbia.

337. Rubus Chamemorus, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - 789101112138 14151617. Native.
Lat. 52—59. Montgomery, Derby, York. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones -- 345 6. Highlands to 1080 yards; also at 1080, ete.
Census 10 14 80. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution.
Europe --- ger - - - den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia --- 321. Siberia.

— Greenland. America. Columbia.

24, ROSACEAE. 161

338. Rubus saxatilis, Linn.

Prov. [1] ---5 678910111218 1415161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. [Corn., Dev.], Glamorg., Gloucest. — Ork., Shetl.
Zones ? 23845. Highlands to 910 yards; also at 900, 760, etc.
Census 14 23 42. Iveland 11. Scottish-highland type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia 6-43 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America? Columbia?

339. Rubus Ideus, Linn.

Prov. 1 to 17 (18). Native; but introduced to many localities.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 1284. Highlands to 660 yards; also at 650, 640, ete.
Census 17 82 77. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia65 4321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka

“ Algiers.” — Columbia?

340. Rubus césius, “ Linn.” Auct.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57 or 58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Perth, Elgin?
Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 800 yards. Lakes the same.
Census 15 28 63. Ireland 4. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Siberia. Finland; Fries.
—N.B. Distribution given, as nominally recorded.

340*. Rubus corylifolius, “Sm.” Auct.

Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Moray.

Zones 128. Low grounds.

Census 16 ? ? Ireland 8. British type of distribution.

Europe - ita - « ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6-48. N.B. The distribution of this, as of the very
aggregate R. fruticosus, is that of a name only.

162 ae 24. ROSACEAE.

340*. Rubus fruticosus, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. Including numerous segregates.

Lat. 50—60. Cornw., etc. — Hebrid.; Balf., Bab. Ork.; Neill.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 800 yards; Baker,—* discolor,” ete.
Census 18 87 99. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

341. Rosa spinosissima et pimpinellifolia, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native. [18 Orkney; Lowe.]
Lat. 50—59. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Sutherland, Caithness.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 570 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 17 81 67. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - nor.
Russia 654382. India. Siberia. Davuria.
— Iceland; Lauder Lindsay flo. “ R. pimpinellifolia.”

842. Rosa hibernica, Sm.

Provinces - - 8 ----- 9101112. Native.

Lat. 53—55. Surrey, Chester, York, Northumberland, Cumb.
Zones 12. Humber to 200 yards; Baker.

Census 5 5 6. Ireland 1. Intermediate type?

Europe. No habitat ascertained.

Russia. ‘The same remark.

— Iceland; Hooker list. “R. villosa var. hibernica ”; Lindsay flo.

343. Rosa Sabini, Doniana, Wilsoni, etc.

Provinces 123 ?56789101112-1415--([18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. North Devon, Sussex. — Aberdeen.

Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards; Baker.

Census 13 17 25. Ireland 2. British type?

Europe. No certain habitats ascertained.

—N.B. The distribution is filled in to accord with the use of
these names by the botanists of Britain.

24. ROSACEA. 163

344. Rosa villosa, mollis, mollissima, Anglor.

Provinces all, by safe and unsafe records. Native.

Lat 50—60. Isle of Wight; A. G. More. — Orkney; B.-Syme.
Zones 1234. Humber to 500 yards; Baker.

Census 18 387 88. Ireland 1. British type of distribution.
Europe - - - - - fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia. General in Finland; Fries sum. veg.

—N.B. European habitats taken from Baker and Fries.

345. Rosa tomentosa, scabriuscula, Anglor.

Provinces all, by safe and unsafe records. Native.

Lat. 50—58 or 61. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Aberdeen, Shetl. ?
Zones 1 23. Humber to 500 yards; Baker.

Census 18 33 78. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden).

Russia 6-432. Siberia.

Algeria. N.B. Distribution not satisfactory.

348. Rosa Borreri, Woods.

Provinces-23-5----10. Native. (Query, 1481114 15].

Lat. 50—55. “Sussex, Kent, Worcester, York”; Baker.

Zones 12. Altitude perhaps 20—200 yards.

Census 4 5 ? Ireland 0. English type of distribution ?

Europe. Identified with the German R. inodora of Reichenbach,
according to Mr. J. G. Baker, but not identical with the
Scandinavian R. inodora of Fries.

349. Rosa micrantha, Sm.

Provinces 12345678-1011. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham ?

Zones 1 2. North Yorkshire 0—250 yards; Baker.

Census 10 18 80. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.

Europe. “Belgium. Germany.” Usually combined with R.
rubiginosa, by the Continental botanists.

— (America. New England, with R. rubiginosa; Gray).

164 24. ROSACES.

350. Rosa rubiginosa, Linn.

Provinces 12345-78910111213814 15 16). Native.
Lat. 50—58? True and false localities inextricably confused.
Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards; Baker.

Census ? ? ? (Ireland 1). English type of distribution ?
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 4 3. West-asia? India.

Algeria. — (Ameriea, naturalised in many places).

351. Rosa canina, Auct.

Provinces all; including many segregates. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 2.3. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 420 yards.
Census 18 36 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6543821. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries.

352. Rosa systyla, Anglor.

Provinces 12345 6([7--101112-1415]. Native.
Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Cambridge.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Strangely confused with R. arvensis.
Census 6 12 22. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.
Furope - - - aus ger fra cha net. Normandy.
—N.B. Distribution in England uncertain. By Nyman’s syl-

loge it occurs in Austria, Switzerland, France, Belgium.

353. Rosa arvensis, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Haddington.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Kincardine; Boswell Syme).
Census 14 27 65. Ireland 8. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.
[Siberia?] Ouly a single locality in the Flora Rossiva, namely,

“in Siberia uralensi prope Jekaterinenburg; Uspenski.”

24. ROSACER. 165

854 (823). Agrimonia Eupatoria, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent, — Sutherland.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 17 34 85. Ireland 10. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries Azores. — America. Columbia.

354 (323, b). Agrimonia odorata, Mill.
Provinces 123-5678-10-12. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Distribution imperfectly known.
Census 9 13 19. Ireland 3. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. ‘A. procera, Wallr.”
Russia 6 5 4.
Canaries ; Lecog. geogr. bot.

354*. Sanguisorba officinalis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. — Kirkcud., Roxburgh.
Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 450 yards.
Census 14 23 49. Ireland 2. Intermediate-english type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6-4 83-1. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

=Iceland; Zoega. America? Columbia?

355. Poterium Sanguisorba, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth, Forfar.
Zones 128. Humber to 550 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 15 29 61. Jreland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) swe.

Russia 65 4 3. Siberia.

Egypt. Azores ; Seubert flo. — (America).

166 24, ROSACEA.

355*. Poterium muricatum, Spach.

Provinces 12834 5. Alien or Colonist.

Lat. 50—538. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Hereford, Cambridge.
Zone 1. Low grounds; introduced with clover seeds ?
Census 5 10 15. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra - net.

Russia 6-4. P. polygamum.

Algeria? Azores?

356. Alchemilla vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1200 yards; also at 1080, ete.
Census 18 33 71. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. ‘“ Labrador; Dr. Morrison.”

357. Alchemilla alpina, Linn.
Provinces --------- 10-12--15161718. Native.
Lat. 54—61. Cumberl., Westmorel., York. — Hebrides, Shetl.
Zones--3845 6. Highlands 150—1330 yards.
Census 6 11 23. Treland 2. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.
Russia - - - - - 1. [West-asia; “ Bithynia.”] Siberia.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. [N. States; Pursh].

358. Alchemilla arvensis, Scop.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Highlands to “570 yards.” Humber to 450 yds.
Census 18 87 87. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.
Russia 6 - 4 3.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

24, ROSACEA. 167

360. Crategus Oxyacantha, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 16 (17 18). Native; very frequently planted.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray.

Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 500 or 600 yards. Lakes to 450 yards.
Census 16 33 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 48. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — (America). ©. monogyna included above.

861. Cotoneaster vulgaris, Lindl.

Province - - - - - - 7. Native?

Lat. 53—54. Ormeshead, Carnarvonshire.

Zone 1 or 2. Coast-cliffs, at or about “150 yards.”
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local and doubtful type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net - nor swe. Bornholm.
Russia 654821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

—. How brought to the Ormeshead ?

362. Pyrus communis, Linn.

Provinces 128 45-78 (9) 10 (1112181415). Denizen?

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — North Yorkshire.

Zones 12. Low grounds; usually chance-sown ?

Census 8 17 28. (Ireland). English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).

Russia 65438. N.B. Not clearly native in several of the Eu-
ropean countries cited. Algeria?

363. Pyrus Malus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 14 (15 16). Native. Denizen in Scotland.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh.
Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber the same.
Census 14 28 60. Ireland 9. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 8 2.

— Likely a native more widely than P. communis.

168 24. ROSACER. — 25. ONAGRACE.

364. Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh.

Provinces 123845678(9-1112). Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Notts.
Zones 12. Low grounds; very sparsely distributed.
Census 8 12 ? Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6 5 4 8. Siberia? Constantinople.

Algeria. N.B. Decreasing in England?

365. Pyrus Aria, Auct.

Prov. 12345678 (9) 1011 12 (18) 14 (15) 1617. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland.

Zones 1 2 38. Humber to 500 yards.

Census 14 24 40? Ireland 6 (2). English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - (got) nor. Bornholm.
Russia 6 5. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Segregates included above.

366. Pyrus Aucuparia, Gaertn.

Provinces all; unless 4, Ouse, should be excepted. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 880 yards; also at 830, 700, etc.
Census 17 834 70. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6543821. Siberia. Davuria.

Madeira? — Faroe? Icel. Var. americana in Gre. Am. Col.

367. Epilobium angustifolium, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yds.; again at 550, 500, ete.
Census 18 31 72. Ireland 4. British-scottish type.

Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

26. ONAGRACER. 169

368. Epilobium hirsutum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 -- [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray?
Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 200 yards.

Census 15 30 76. Ireland 11. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria.

369. Epilobium parviflorum, Schreb.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Moray.
Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to same.
Census 17 83 82. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 8. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

370. Epilobium montanum, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 530 yards. Lakes to 560 yards.
Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.
Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
— Faroe. Iceland.

371* (370%). Epilobium lanceolatum, Seb. et M.

Provinces 1 (2) 3-5. Native.

Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Devon, Surrey, Gloucester, Monmouth.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 38 4 5. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Channel Isles.

—N.B. This is sufficiently distinct from ‘montanum’ or roseum,
with which it has been confused. Madeira?

170 25. ONAGRACEA.

371. Epilobium roseum, Schreb.

Provinces 128456-891011--1415 Native.

Lat. 50—57 or 58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Forfar? Moray ?
Zones 1 2 ? Low grounds; often overlooked or misnamed ?
Census 11 17 30. Ireland 1? English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-48. India. Siberia.

— Faroe? Columbia. Isle of Sitcha; Led. flo. ros.

372. Epilobium palustre, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Segregates included in lines 5, 6, 7.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards. Humber to 650 yards.
Census 18 38 88. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Finmark excepted.

Russia6-4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Canaries. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Col.

373. Epilobium tetragonum, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Probably in province 17.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards, Ep. obscurum.
Census 17 85 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6543-1. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

374. Epilobium alpinum, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - [7 8-10] 11 [12] --15 1617. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Cheviotland. — Ross, Sutherland.

Zones --- 45 6. Highlands 500—1300 yards.

Census 4 7 17. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

25. ONAGRACES. 171

374". Epilobium alsinifolium, Vill.
Provinces - - - - - (6] 7--101112138-151617. Native.
Lat. 53—59. Cararvon, York, Westmoreland. — Sutherland.
Zone-- 345. Highlands to 960 yards. Wales 200—? yards.
Census 8 10 18. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6-43-1. N.B. Two forms in Britain.
— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia; Flo. ros.

376. Isnardia (or Ludwigia) palustris, Linn.

Province - 2. Native. [12 Cumberland; Joseph Robson].
Lat. 50—51. South Hants, East Sussex.

Zone 1. Coast-level. Extinct in Hants?

Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Hamburg.

Russia 6 - 4.

Algeria. — America. Columbia. Oregon; Torrey and Gray.

377. Circea lutetiana, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Moray.
Zones 12 3. Humber to £00 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 17 32 79. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — America. Columbia.

378. Circea alpina, Linn.

P. 10 -12--15 1617. Native. (1-456789 11-18 14-18}.
Lat. 54—59. York, Westmoreland, Cumberland. — Sutherland.
Zone -- 8. Lakes to 450 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 5 6 ? Ireland 5. Scottish-highland type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 65432. Himalaya. Siberia.

— America. Columbia. N.B. Ill understood in Britain.

172 26. HALORAGIACER.

379. Hippuris vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 17 36 72. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Spain and Turkey to be excepted.

Russia 6- 4321. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

380. Myriophyllum verticillatum, Linn.

Provinces 1 2345 [67] 891011 [12--15--18]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Northumberland.
Zones 12. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 9 15 85. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. India. Siberia. Davuria. ‘“ China.”
Algeria. — Faroe? Iceland? America. Columbia.

381. Myriophyllum spicatum, Linn.

Provinces all; but much confused with no. 882. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Carnarvon, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney ?
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 350 yards.
Census 18 83 70. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-432 1. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. America.

382. Myriophyllum alterniflorum, De Cand.

Provinces all. Native. Localities not fully recorded.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Highlands to 400 yards ; also at 350, 300, etc.
Census 18 29 42. Ireland 7. British type of distribution,
Europe - ita - - ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia? Not in Ledebour’s Flora Rossica.

Algeria. Azorcs. — 8. Greenland and Arc. Am.; Hook. dist. are.

26, HALORAGIACES. 173

383. Callitriche verna, Auct.

Provinces all? Native. Other species confused with this.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 28. Humber to 750 yards? Lakes to 510 yards.
Census 18 88 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Segregates partly included ?
Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Ice. Gre. Am. Col.

384. Callitriche platycarpa, “ Kutz.”

Provinces 1 to 16 18. Native. Localities insufficiently on record.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards. Lakes the same.

Census 17 31 49. Ireland 12? British type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia. Distribution not given apart from that of C. verna.
Algeria.

885. Callitriche hamulata, Kutz., et pedunculata, De C.

Provinces all. Native. ‘C. autumnalis,” by frequent misnomer.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 1234 ? Highlands to 710 yards, perhaps higher.
Census 18 31 45. Ireland 4. British type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - - 4 3.

Algeria.

386. Callitriche autumnalis, Linn.
Provinces [-238456]7?9?11?? 1415 16 ?? Native.
Lat. 58—57 or 60. Anglesea. — Islay, Kincardine. Orkney?
Zones ? 2 8. Alt....? Much confused with no. 385.
Census 6 ? ? Ireland 4? Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus - - - net den got nor swe lap. ‘‘ Spain”?
Russia-- 4321. Siberia.
“ Algeria” ?? — Faroe. Iceland. America? Columbia?

174 26. HOLORAGIACEE. — 27. LYTHRACER.

387. Ceratophyllum demersum et submersum, Linn.

Provinces lL to11--1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Edinburgh, Forfar.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities imperfectly separable.
Census 13 26 40. Ireland 4 LEnglish-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-438. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

389. Lythrum Hyssopifolia, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 8 4 [5 6]-8 9 [101112]. Native?

Lat. 51—54. Hertford! Cambridge! Derby? Lancast.? Cumb. ?
Zone 1? Old authorities for other counties, Kent to York.
Census 4 ? ? Ireland? English type?

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Hanover.

Russia 65 43. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

390. Lythrum Salicaria, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Perth.
Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 yards. Lakes 150 yards.
Census 16 3] 79. Ireland 12. English-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — America, “ probably native”; Torrey and Gray.

391. Peplis Portula, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 1 28. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 18 86 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6 41 3.

Algeria. Azores.

29. CUCURBITACER. — 31. ILLECEBRACER. 175

393. Bryonia dioica, Linn.

Provinces 12345-7891011. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Introduced to Northum. ; Mr. Chrisp).
Census 10 20 50. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6. West-asia. Lycia or Caria; Fellowes.

Algeria.

394. Montia fontana, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1060 yards; also at 1000, ete.
Census 18 38 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia --- 321. West-asia. Hast Siberia. Smyrna.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

395. Illecebrum verticillatum, Linn.

Province 1.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon.

Zone 1. Coast-level.

Census 1 2 8. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia --- 3. Isle of Oesel and Poland; Led. flo. ros.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

396. Corrigiola littoralis, Linn.

Province 1. Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon.

Zone 1. Coast-level.

Census 1 2 2. Jreland 0. Atlantic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia -- 4 8. Shore of the Caspian sea; Led. flo. ros.
Algeria.

176 31. ILLECEBRACEA, —— 32. SCLERANTHACE.

397. Herniaria (vulgaris) glabra, etc.
Provinces 1 [2 8] 4[56-89----1415]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lincoln ?
Zone 1. Low grounds. Two forms, “ glabra” and “ciliata.”
Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia.
Algeria.

898. Polycarpon tetraphyllum, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 (3)--6---(10). Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. (Middlesex ; Hind. cat.)
Zone 1. Coast-level. (Yorkshire; P. W. Watson; 8. Hailstone).
Census 2 3 8. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6. West-asia. Syria.

Algeria. Egypt. Azores. — (America, introduced).

399. Scleranthus annuus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards in several places.
Census 17 34 80. Ireland 5. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. (America).

400. Scleranthus perennis, Linn.

Provinces [1 - 3] 4 [5] 6 [7-9----- 15]. Native.

Lat. 52—58. Suffolk! Norfolk! Radnor!

Zone 1. Low grounds. [Kent? Surrey? Chester ?].

Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia -- 4 38. Siberia. N.B. An intermediate form of S.
annuus, sub-perennial, is mistaken for this.

33. GROSSULARIACE&. LT

403. Ribes nigrum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16, by the records. Alien or Denizen.

Lat. 50—55 or 57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Islay, Aberdeen?
Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards.

Census ? ? ? (Ireland). Intermediate type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra (cha net den) got nor swe lap.
Russia-- 4321. India. Siberia. Davuria.

—N.B. Usually a garden-escape in Britain.

404. Ribes rubrum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16, by the records, usually as an Alien.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Aberdeen ?
Zones 1 23. Humber to 350 yards.

Census ? ? ? (Ireland). Type ...?

Europe all, native or assumed as native.

Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
— America. Columbia. N.B. See the vest.

404. Ribes (rubrum) petreum, Sm.

Province - - - - - ---- 10 1112--15 16. Native.

Lat. 54—57. Cumberland, Westmoreland. — Isla, Elgin.

Zones - 2 8. North Yorkshire, 100—500 yards; J. G. Baker.
Census 5 7 18. Ireland 0. Scottish-intermediate type.
Europe. Not distinguished from R. rubrum.

_—N.B. This is treated apart, as some approach towards showing
the truly native area of R. rubrum.

405. Ribes alpinum, Linn.

Provinces - - - - (5 6)7 891011 12 (18 1415). Native.
Lat. 583—55. Stafford? North Wales ? — Cumberland, York.
Zones 1 2 ? N.Yorkshire to 250 yds., “ clearly indigenous ;” Baker.
Census 6 7 15. Ireland 0. Intermediate type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.
Russia 6- 4321. Himalaya. Siberia. ISamtschatka.
— America. Labrador; Hooker dist. are. plants.
aa

178 33. GROSSULARIACE®. — 34, CRASSULACER.

406. Ribes Grossularia et Uva-crispa, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15, by records. Denizen in 9 to 12?

Lat. 54—56. Cumberland, Westmoreland, York, Lancaster, etc.
Zones (1) 23. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber the same.

Census ? ? ? (Ireland). Intermediate type?

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-482. India.

Algeria. — N.B. Doubtful where native.

407. Tillea muscosa, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 (3) 4. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Hants, Suffolk, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Spreading more widely of late?

Census 3 6 8. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net. Holland.

— Not in Russia or Asia? Hastward to Greece.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

408. Sedum Rhodiola, De Cand.

Provinces - - - - - 67--1011121381415 161718. Native.
Lat. 51 or 52—61. Glamorgan or Brecon. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones- 2845 6. Highlands to 1300 yards. Coast rocks, N.B.
Census 11 17 26. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia --- 3-1. Himalaya.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

409. Sedum Telephium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native, but only Denizen northward.
Lat. 50—57 Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Perth?
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 150 yards.
Census 16 29 60? Ireland 5 (5). English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-432. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— (America, introduced). A single species in Britain ?

34, CRASSULACE.L. 179

410. Sedum villosum, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - - - [9] 10 11 12 13 1415 16. Native.

Lat. 54—58. Westmoreland, York. — Argyle, Elgin.

Zones ---3 4. Humber 200—700 yds. Highlands to 660 yds.
Census 7 10 25. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra ----nor-lap. Transylvania.
Russia -- 8. Lithuania only, by Led. flo. ros.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland.

412. Sedum anglicum, Huds.

Provinces 123 4567-91011 12 13 [14] 15 16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 12345. North Wales to 1110 yards; unusually high.
Census 15 26 46. Ireland 10. Atlantic-british type.

Europe spa - - - - fra cha - - got nor. Austria?

— A West-european species, reported from Transylvania.

— Iceland; Dr. Lauder Lindsay’s Flora.

414. Sedum acre, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney ?
Zones 1 23. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 18 37 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654821. Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega.

416. Sedum rupestre, Huds. “5S. elegans, Lej.”
Provinces 1 (2 - 4)5 67 (8 -10]-1213. Native.
Lat. 51—53 or 55. N. Devon, Somerset. — Westm.? Wigton ?
Zones 1 2. Upper limit not ascertained. Two forms.
Census 6 9 12. (Ireland 3). Atlantic type?
Europe spa ita tur aus - ger fra cha net. Germany?
—N.B. Confused with ‘ Forsterianum’ and ‘ reflexum.’
— Iceland ; Lauder Lindsay’s Flora. Error?

180 34, CRASSULACEH. — 85. SAXIFRAGACES.

416. Sedum Forsterianum, Sm.

Provinces [1--4] 567. Native. Two forms under this name.

Lat. 51—54. Glamorgan? Heref., Radnor. — Carn., Denbigh?

Zones 1 2. Altitude not ascertained.

Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe. Germany, if 8. aureum, of Wirtgen, identical.

—N.B. Four forms occur in West Britain, confusedly ap-
portioned to the two names of ‘ Forsterianum’ and ‘ rupestre.’

418. Cotyledon Umbilicus, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 8 [4]5678910-1213--16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mid Ebudes, Argyle.
Zones 123. North Wales to 350 yards.

Census 12 22 46. Ireland 1}. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Tessin for “ ger.”
West-asia. Brought from Lycia or Caria; D. Don.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

422. Saxifraga stellaris, Linn.

Prov. [1] - ---- 7--101112181415161718. Native.

Lat. 52—59. Montgomery, Merioneth. — Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones -- 3845 6. Highlands to 1440 yards. Wales 150—?
Census 10 14 80. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. 8. foliolosa in Spitsbergen, etc.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Labrador.

423. Saxifraga nivalis, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - 7----12--1516. Native.
Lat. 58—57 or 58. Carnarvon, Westmorel. — Argyle, Aberdeen.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands 700—13810 yards.

Census 4 5 10 Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Switzerland? Bohemia. Scandinavia, nor swe lap fin.
Russia ----21. Siberia. Spitsbergen.

—— Faroc. Iecland. Greenland. America Columbia.

35. SAXIFRAGACER. 181

424. Saxifraga Hirculus, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - - - 9101112131415. Native.

Lat. 53 or 54—57. [Chester, extinct], York. — Perth, Kincard.
Zones - 2.3. Humber 350—700 yards.

Census 7 8 9. Ireland 2. Scottish-intermediate type.
Ksurope - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-43821. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. Spitsbergen.

425. Saxifraga aizoides, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - (789) 10111213-15 161718. Native.
Lat. 54—60. Cumberland, Westmoreland, York. — Orkney.

Zones- 28456. Highlands 9—1050 yards.

Census 8 12 27. Ireland 3. Highland type of distribution.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Spitsbergen.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

426. Saxifraga oppositifolia, Linn.
Provinces - - - - - 67--10-1213-15161718. Native.
Lat. 52—61. Brecon? Merioneth, Carnarvon. — Orkney, Shetl.
Zones -- 3845 6. Highlands 0—1310 yards.
Census 9 14 22. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution.
Kurope spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.
Russia - - - - - 1. Himalaya. Siberia. Spitsbergen.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

427. Saxifraga granulata, Linn.

Provinces- 2345 7891011121314 15--(18). Native.
Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Elgin, Banff.

Zones 1 2.8. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 13 24 57. Ireland 2. British-intermediate type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia-- 43. Himalaya. North Asia; Hook. dist. arc.
Algeria. — Iceland; Lindsay Flo.

182 35. SAXIFRAGACEX.

428. Saxifraga cernua, Linn.

Province -------------- 15. Native.

Lat. 56—57. On Ben Lawers, Mid Perth.

Zone - - -- - 6. Altitude about 1300 yards.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

—TIeceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. Spitsbergen.

429. Saxifraga rivularis, Linn.

Provinces - - ----------- 15 16. Native.

Lat. 56—57 or 58. Westerness, Aberdeen, Perth, Forfar?
Zones ---- - 6. Highlands 1000—1200 yards.

Census 2 3 3. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - --------- nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen.

— Faroe? Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

430. Saxifraga tridactylites, Linn.

Prov.123456789101112-1415 17. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Humber to 600 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 15 30 64. Ireland 11. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-43 21. West-asia? Eastern Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega.

431. Saxifraga hypnoides, Linn.

Prov. 1 [2] --5678-10111213 1415161718. Native.
Lat. 51—59 or 60. N. Somerset, Glamorgan. — Sutherl., Ork.
Zones ? 2345 6. Highlands to 1800 y. Somerset below 200 y.
Census 14 19 37. Ireland 7. Scottish-highland type.

Europe spa - - aus - fra - net. Norway ?

Russia? Synonyms and habitats uncertain.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland; Gicsecke.

35. SAXIFRAGACER. 183

431. Saxifraga decipiens, “ Ehrh.” Eng. bot. ed. 3.

Provinces - - - - - - 7 (8---12]. Native.
Lat. 53—54. Carnarvonshire only ?
Zones---- ? Altitude not ascertained.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type.

Europe? Distribution not ascertained. It is to be feared that
the habitats of 8. decipiens, cespitosa, and hypnoides are
much confused together in books. Faroe? Iceland?

432. Saxifraga cespitosa, “ Linn.” Eng. bot. edit. 8.

Provinces - - ------------ 15 16. Native.

Lat. 56—58, about 57. Banff. Westerness. [Aberdeen, etc. ]
Zone - - - - - 6. Altitude not ascertained.

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa - tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. Hub. une.
Russia - - - - - 1. Arctic Siberia. Spitsbergen.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

434. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1110 yards; also at 1060, etc.
Census 18 85 87. Ireland 12. British-highland type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den - nor.

Russia -- 3. “ Himalaya.” Siberia?

— Columbia? OC. oppositifolium var. Scouleri; Hook. bor. am.

435. Chrysosplenimm alternifolium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Nairn, Elgin.

Zones 12345 Highlands to 1060 yards ; also at 900, etc.
Census 16 26 65. Ireland 2. British-scottish type.

Europe all, unless Spain to be excepted.

Russia 6- 4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Greenland. America. Col. OC. tetrandrum in Spitsbergen.

184 35, SAXIPRAGACEE. — 37. CORNACER.

436. Parnassia palustris, Linn.

Provinces [1] 2345-7 to18. Native. [Somerset].

Lat. 50—61. [Dorset], South Hants. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Lakes to 600 yards.
Census 16 29 64. Ireland 11. Scottish-british type.

Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland. America. Columbia.

437. Adoxa Moschatellina, Linn.
Provinces 1 to15-17. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hast Ross.
Zones 12845 6. Highlands to 1080 yards; rarely so high.
Census 16 32 74. Ireland1. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.
Russia 6-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
— America. Columbia.

438. Hedera Helix, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 350 yards.
Census 18 387 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43. India.

Algeria? Canaries? Azores? A distinct species there ?

439. Cornus sanguinea, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16). Native in England.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 12 25 56. Ireland 2 (8). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 4.3. West-asia. Siberia.

— (Isla and Elgin, North Britain ; but introduced).

37. CORNAGESR. — 38. UMBELLIFERAE. 185

440. Cornus suecica, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - --- 10 11 -- [14] 15 1617. Native.

Lat. 54—59. North-east York, Cheviotland. — Ross, Sutherl.
Zones 23845. Highlands 300—950 y. Humber 150—250 y.
Census 5 8 18. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - -- - - net den got nor swe lap fin. N.W. Germany.
Russia --- 321. Eastern Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

441. Hydrocotyle vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 18 87 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tuf aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6 -- 8. Caucasia, Lithuania, Poland.

Barbary. — Iceland; W. J. Hooker.

442. Sanicula europea, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 350 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 17 383 81. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Aland.
Russia 6543. Finland; Fries sum. veg.
North Africa? “ Equatorial Africa.”

444, Eryngium maritimum, Linn.

Prov. 1284-6789101112181415 16- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mid Ebudes, Aberdeen.
Zones 12. Littoral. (Shetland, casually ?].

Census 15 24 44. Ireland 8. English-british type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 4. Finland; Fries sum veg.

Algeria.

186 38. UMBELLIFERA.

445. Eryngium campestre, Linn.

Provinces 1 -- 4 (5)6--[9 10] 11. Denizen.

Lat. 50—55. 8S. Devon! N. Somerset! Glamorgan! Durham!
Zones 1 2. Coast-level. Extinct in Suffolk and Northampton,
Census 3 4 4. (Ireland). English-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Denmark).

Russia 6 5 4 3. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Egypt.

446. Conium maculatum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native; becoming doubtfully so northward.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Caithness. Ork.; Neill,
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 18 86 90. Ireland 11. British type of distribution,
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

447. Physospermum cornubiense, De Cand.

Province 1. Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, South Devon.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type.

Europe spa ita tur-- fra. Danza aquilegifolia.

Russia 6 5. N.B. The identity of the Dana and Physospermum
appears still an unsettled question.

448. Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Denizen on coast. Alien inland?

Lat. 50—57 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stirling, (Aberd.)
Zones 1 2. Littoral; possibly native on the coast.

Census 15 22 35. (Ireland 12). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net. Holland.

Russia 6-4. West-asia. Cyprus.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores,

38. UMBELLIFERA. 187

449. Cicuta virosa, Linn.

Provinces 12345--8910111213141516. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Sussex? Kent? — Dunbarton, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Many erroneous records ?
Census 14 20 24. Iveland 5. English type?

Europe - ita - aus ger fra ? net den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 4321. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— America? Columbia? In Scandinavia it is var. tenuifolia.

450. Apium graveolens, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 18 (14 15) 16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Northumb.
Zones 1 2. Littoral. Inland in province 5.

Census 14 23 48. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Columbia? “South America.”

452. Petroselinum segetum, Koch.

Provinces 128456-8-10----- [16]. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lincoln, York.
Zones ] 2. Low grounds.

Census 8 18 32. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe - - - - ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6. Western Temperate Asia; Helmsley.

—N.B. Portugal and Turkey also recorded for this plant.

453. Trinia vulgaris, De Cand.

Provinces 1 ---5-[7----12]. Native.

Lat. 50—62. South Devon, North Somerset, West Gloucester.
Zone 1. (Hereford, Carnarvon, Cumberland, erroneously].
Census 2 8 3. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5 4 38.

~— In Europe, southward to Greece.

188 38. UMBELLIFERA.

454. Helosciadium nodiflorum, Koch.

Provinces | to 14 [15] 16. Native. Including H. “repens.”
Lat. 50—86. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Haddington.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 15 29 72. Ireland 12. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Denmark?

Russia --- 3. Lithuania only.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

455. Helosciadium inundatum, Koch.

Provinces 1 to 17; perhaps to 18. Native.

Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney?

Zones 1 23. Humber to 550 yards. Highlands to 250 yards.

Census 17 88 72. Jreland 11. British type of distribution.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - - - 8. N.B. Dr. Neill included this among plants
observed in Orkney; not found there by others.

456. Sison Amomum, Linn.

Provinces 12845678910(11--14). Native?

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Chester, York.

Zones 12. Low grounds.

Census 10 23 49. Treland 0. English type of distribution.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha. Normandy.

West-asia? N.B. Looks indigenous in Southern England. Dr.
Johnston thought it introduced into its single Scottish locality.

457. #agopodium Podagyraria, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native? Denizen in N. Britain.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin. (Orkney).
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Highlands to 150 yards.
Census 16 32 69. Iveland 9. British-english type.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got swe.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia.

— Always near inhabited places in Britain ?

38. UMBELLIFER. 189

459. Carum verticillatum, Koch.

Provinces 1 ----6 7----1218--16]. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon? Glamorg., Pembroke. — Dunbarton, Argyle.

Zones 1 23. Low grounds.

Census 6 8 17. Ireland 2. Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net. Holland. Corsica?

— N.B. If truly found in Corsica, then “ita” should be added in
the line above. Barbary ?

460 Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch.

Provinces - [2] 83 4. Native.

Lat. 52—53, Hertford, Bedford, Cambridge. [Wilts, Middx.]
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 2 2 3. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6. Siberia.

Algeria.

461. Bunium flexuosum, With.

Provinces all. Native. Shetland; G. Tate.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent, — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones 123. Highlands to 530 yards. Lakes to 410 yards.

Census 18 87 65. Ireland 11. British type of distribution,

Europe spa ita - - fra cha net - nor. Corsica.

Russia? By the references (erroneously ?) to Smith and De Candolle,
in the Fl. Ros., this would appear to grow in Crimea and Caucasia.

462. Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — North-west Sutherland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 570 yards. Lakes to 600 yards.
Census 17 84 89. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 65 432. Siberia. Davuria.
— In Europe, southward to Grenada.

190 38. UMBELLIFERA.

463. Pimpinella magna, Linn.

Provinces 12845--891011--(1415). Native.

Lat. 50—55 (or 57). Devou, Sussex, Kent. — York, Durham.

Zones 12. Humber to 150 yards. (Fife or Perth; Dewar!)

Census 9 18 87. Ireland 5. English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).

Russia 6 - 4 3. N.B. Reported from province 14 in the Flora
of Edinburgh, by Professor Balfour. Correctly so?

464. Sium latifolium, Linn.

Provinces 123845-78-101112-1415. Native.
Lat. 50 or 51—57. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — Stirling or Fife.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.
Census 12 28 35. Ireland 5. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark.
Russia - - 4 3 2.
— America? Columbia? The European species ?
465. Sium angustifolium, Linn.
Provinces lL to 15 - - [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kincardine, Elgin.
Zones 12. Low grounds.
Census 15 30 66. Ireland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. India.
—N.B. Common in Orkney, according to Neill; an error?

466. Bupleurum tenuissimum, Linn.

Provinces 12345--89-11. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Lancashire, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 8 14 20. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6. Caucasus; Bieb. flo. taur. cau.

Algeria.

38. UMBELLIFERAE. 191

467. Bupleurum aristatum, Barth.

Provinces 1 2 -- [5]. Native.

Lat. 50—51. South Devon, East Sussex.

Zone 1. Coast-level, or low grounds.

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Atlantic-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.

Russia 6. [Reported for Worcestershire, by Mr. Edwin Lees;
but very likely some error in nomenclature. ]

468. Bupleurum falcatum, Linn.

Province -- 8. Native; Gibson’s Flora of Essex.

Lat. 51—52. Essex only, between Ongar and Chelmsford.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 1 1. Iveland 0. Local-germanic type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia6 543. Eastward to Japan; Mr. Helmsley, in the
Journal of Botany. Ceylon; Mr. Thwaites.

469. Bupleurum rotundifolium, Linn.
Provinces 12845--8(9)1011. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Dorset? Wight, Kent. — York, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.
Census 8 17 35. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got).
Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia.
Barbary ? — (America, introduced).

470. Oenanthe fistulosa, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16; but authority wanted for no. 12. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Argyle.
Zones 128. Low grounds.

Census 15 28 56. Ireland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 - - 3 2.

Algeria.

192 38. UMBELLIFERAE.

471. Oenanthe pimpinelloides, Linn.

Provinces 1 2845. Native. Not‘ pimpinelloides” of Smith, etc.
Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Worcester, Suffolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Muny false localities on record.

Census 4 8 12. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia - 5. West-asia. Lycia or Caria; Fellowes.

Algeria.

471*. Oenanthe Lachenalii, Gmel.

Provinces 1 to 14-16. Native. Oe. pimpinelloides of old authors.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Haddington.

Zones 12. Littoral. Occasionally inland.

Census 15 28 55. Ireland 7. English-british type.

Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6. N.B. Until a recent date, this was named “ pimpi-
nelloides ” in books on British botany.

472. Oenanthe silaifolia, Bieb.
Provinces [1] 2345 [67] 8[91011]-18]. Native.
Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Notts, Lincoln.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Many erroneous localities.
Census 5 7 13. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe - ita - aus - fra cha net. Habitats uncertain.
Russia 6 5.
Algeria. In Britain, confused with “ Lachenalii.”

473. Oenanthe crocata, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Elgin.

Zones 123. Lakes to 250 yards.

Census 16 30 70. Ireland 9. British-english type.

Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha. Belgium ?

—N.B. Some of the British examples closely resemble those dis-
tributed by Borgeau, no. 1889, as Ov. apiifolia of Brotero.

38. UMBELLIFER®. 193

474. Oenanthe Phellandrium, Linn.

Provinces 12345-789101112-14-([16]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Devon, Hants, Kent. — Cumberland, Haddington.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 12 21 48. Ireland 9. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 - 4 3 2. Siberia.

—. Southward to Andalusia and Sicily.

474, Oenanthe fluviatilis, Coleman.

Provinces 12345--8. Native; but a dubious species.

Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — Leicester, Cambridge.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 6 11 20. Treland 1. English-germanic type.

Europe? If existent in European countries, beyond the British
islands, it would seem not to be distinguished by foreign
botanists from the ordinary Phellandrium.

475. Athusa Cynapium, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15 - - (18). Native. Colonist in N. Britain.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin. (Orkney).
Zones 128. Humber to 200 or 300 yards. Lakes to 200 yds.
Census 15 81 78. Iveland 10. British-english type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 65 432. Siberia.
— (America, introduced).

476. Feniculum vulgare, Gaertn.

Provinces 12384567 (891011 12)-[1415]. Native?

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Anglesea, Carnarvon.
Zone 1. Littoral; on coast cliffs. Alien in most localities.
Census 7 10 21.* Ireland 3 (3). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur (aus ger) fra cha net. (Scandinavia).

Russia 6 - (4 3). India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

a
Oy

194 38. UMBELLIFERAE.

477. Seseli Libanotis, Linn.

Province -284------- [12]. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Sussex, Herts, Cambridge. Bucks?
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 5 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-482. Himalaya.

—. Cumberland, on worthless testimony.

478. Ligusticum scoticum, Linn.

Provinces - --------- 11-13814151617 18. Native.
Lat. 55—61. Ayr, Cheviotland. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 7 12 20. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe--- ---- den got nor - lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Eastern Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

479. Silaus pratensis, Bess.

Provinces 1 to 12-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Fife.
Zones 12. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 14 25 59. Treland1. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net - got.

Russia -- - 32. Siberia.

—. Southward to South France, North Italy, Transylvania.

480. Meum Athamanticum, Jacq.

Provinces - - - - - - 7-91011 1218 [14] 1516. Native.

Lat. 52—58. Merioneth, York. — Dumbarton, Moray.

Zones - 23. Highlands to 460 yards. Humber 300—850 yds.

Census 8 11 21. Ireland 0. Scottish-intermediate type. ;

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra- net. Belgium.

—. Distribution much restricted; eastward to Transylvania ;
southward to Naples ; northward to Germany and Belgium.

38. UMBELLIFERA. 195

481. Crithmum maritimum, Linn.

Provinces 123 [41-67 [9])--12138[14]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Ayr.
Zones 12. Coast-level. Formerly found in province 4?
Census 9 13 24. Ireland 9. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.

Russia - 5.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

482. Angelica sylvestris, Linn.

Provinces all.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards; also at 820, 670, etc.
Census 18 388 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6-4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland.

483. Peucedanum officinale, Linn.
Provinces [- 2] 38 [4--- 8]. Native.
Lat. 51—52. Kent, Essex. [Sussex, Norfolk, Leic., Notts. ]
Zone 1. Coast-level.
Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net.
Russia 6--38. Siberia.

—N.B. Oenanthe Lachenalii occasionally mistaken for this plant.

484. Peucedanum palustre, Moench.

Provinces 1 - 8 4 [5] -- 8 [9] 10 - [12 18 14]. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Somerset, Essex. — York, Notts, Lincoln.
Zones 12. Low grounds.

Census 5 8 10. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.
Russia-- 4321. Siberia.

— Is there any reliable locality for this plant in Scotland ?

196 38. UMBELLIFERZ.

486. Pastinaca sativa, Linn.

Provinces 12845 6-891011-(13--16). Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards, “native”; J. G. Baker.
Census 10 20 45. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4.3. Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

487. Heracleum Sphondylium, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yds.; again at 900, 630, ete,
Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia -- 432. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

Algeria. — Columbia ?

488. Tordylium maximum, Linn.

Provinces -- 3 - [5]. Alien or Denizen.

Lat. 51—52. Middlesex! Oxford, 1799, 1819. Bucks, 1803.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [5, Gloucester; Buckman B. G. C.]
Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. English-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5.

—— Gathered in Middlesex by the late R. Castles.

489. Daucus Carota, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 18 37 90. Iveland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 48. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, naturalised).

38. UMBELLIFER®, 197

491. Caucalis daucoides, Linn.

Provinces 12345--8-1011. Colonist.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Kent. — York, Durham.
Zones 12. ‘“ At 650 feet near Bath’’; R. Withers, 1857.
Census 8 14 22. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia.

Barbary.

493. Torilis Anthriscus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray.
Zones 123. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 16 33 88. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3. India.

Algeria.

494. Torilis infesta, Spreng.

Provinces 1 to 10---[14 16]. Colonist.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 10 22 46. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.

Russia 6 5 4,

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries? Azores?

495. Torilis nodosa, Gaertn.

Provinces 1 to 12-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Forfar.
Zones 12. Low grounds.

Census 14 27 62. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net den.

Russia 6 5. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries.

198 38. UMBELLIFERA.

496. Scandix Pecten-Veneris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - 17 (18). Colonist. (18, Orkney !)
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 123. Humber to 350 yards.

Census 16 31 78. Ireland 10. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5-3. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries.

497. Anthriscus vulgaris, Pers.

Provinces 1 to 15-1718. Native. Shetland?

Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight? Kent. — Sutherland.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 16 28 57. Ireland 6 (2). British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5-3. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria.

498. Anthriscus sylvestris, Hoffm.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 480 yards. Humber to 450 yards.
Census 18 37 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. Siberia. Davuria.

North Africa ?

500. Cherophyllum temulum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 17 33 82. Ireland 3. British-english type.
Europe spa jta tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 6543. West-asia? ‘ Davuria; Pallas.”

Algeria.

39. LORANTHACEA, — 40. CAPRIFOLIACEA. 199

501. Myrrhis odorata, Scop.

Prov. (1- 8-5 6 7 8)9 10 1112 18 (14 15 16 17 18). Denizen.
Lat. 583—56. Chester, Derby. — Renfrew, Northumberland.
Zones - 23. Humber 0—400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 5 8 15. (Ireland 5). Intermediate type?

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - (net den got nor swe).

Russia 6 - - (8). West-asia.

— Best established in Mid Britain; but always an Alien?

503. Viscum album, Linn.

Provinces 1 2345-78 (9) 10 (11---15). Native.
Lat. 50—54. Devon, (Wight), Kent. — Denbigh, York.
Zoues 12. Low grounds.

Census 8 17 34. [Ireland]. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4.3. Siberia.

504. Sambucus nigra, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 (17 18). Native. Denizen in N.B.
Lat. 50—57 (60). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Fife.
Zones 1 2 (3). North Yorkshire to 450 yards; Baker.
Census 16 80 70. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 6 5 4 3.

(Algeria. Madeira. Azores).

505. Sambucus Ebulus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Denizen. Decreasing?

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Forfar. (Ross).

Zones 1 2 (3). North Yorkshire 0—200 yards; “indigenous.”
Census 15 25 50. (Ireland 10). English type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got).

Russia 6 5 4 3.

Algeria. Madeira, dubiously native.

200 40). CAPRIFOLIACER.

506. Viburnum Opulus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.
Zones 123. Teesdale to 350 yards; Baker.

Census 17 33 70. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark and nearly all Lapland.
Russia 6543821. Siberia. Davuria.

— Viburnum Oxycoccos, in America and Columbia.

507. Viburnum Lantana, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6-8-10(11-131415). Native.
Lat. 50—54. Devon, Wight, Kent. — South-west York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Surrey to 200 yards.

Census 8 15 34. (Ireland). English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5 4 3.

Algeria; variety glabrescens.

508. Lonicera Periclymenum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. North of England to 5U0 yards.

Census 18 37 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net deh got nor.
Kamtschatka (Krascheninnikow); Ledeb. flo. ros.

Morocco ; Lowe. (Madeira, introduced).

511. Linnea borealis, Linn.

Provinces ---------- 11--1415-17. Native.

Lat. 55—58. Northumberland, Edinburgh. — Moray, Ross.
Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 800 yards.

Census 4 6 11. Ireland 0. Scottish-highland type.

Europe - ita - aus ger - - net - got nor swe lap fin. Alpine Italy.
Russia --- 821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— America. Columbia. Newfoundland.

41. RUBIACER. 201

512. Rubia peregrina, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 3 [4] 567----[12---16]. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Carnarvon.
Zone 1. Low grounds only.

Census 6 12 21. Iveland 6. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.

Russia - - 4 3.

Algeria. Canaries.

513. Galium verum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. G. elato-verum in 1 2 38.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Highlands to 580 yards.
Census 18 388 100. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — Iceland. (America, introduced).

514. Galium cruciatum, With.

Provinces 1 to 15. -- 18. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Elgin.
Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Tyne to 400 yards.
Census 15 82 82. Ireland 1. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia.

515. Galium palustre, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. G. elongatum and Witheringii included.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123 ? Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6-4 821. Siberia. Persia.

Algeria. Azores. — Iceland. Greenland.

202 41. RUBIACEE.

516. Galium uliginosum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 [17 18]. [Orkney; Lowe. Shetl.; Edm. flo.]
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye; Lawson. Banff.
Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards.

Census 16 80 61. Iveland, probably. British-english type.
Europe all, unless Turkey excepted.

Russia- 54821. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland; Lindsay list. Greenland; Hook. are.

517. Galium saxatile, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128456. Highlands to 1280, 1230, 1120, 1100 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa “ita” - aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia? Western Siberia.

— Faroe. “Iceland.” Greenland; Hooker distr. arc. pl.

518. Galium erectum, Huds.

Provinces [1] 2345--8-10---{[1415]. Native.
Lat. 50—55 [or 57]. Dorset, Kent. — Derby, York.
Zones 1 2. Humber province at 100—150 yards.
Census 6 14 27. Ireland1. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur “aus” - fra cha.

Russia, apparently absent.

Algeria. N.B. A species not well understood.

519. Galium Mollugo, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6-8910111213 1415. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, introduced ?
Zones 1 2:8. Humber to 350 yards. Lakes to 820 yards.
Census 14 27 70. Ireland 2. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 432. Siberia.

Madeira? — Iceland ; Hooker, from Zoega’s list.

41. RUBIACER. 208

520. Galium sylvestre, Poll.

Provinces 1 2 [3 4] 5 - [7] 8 [9] 1011 12-1415 --18. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Dorset, Somerset. — Perth, Forfar, Orkney.
Zones 1234. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 650 yards.
Census 9 13 19. Ireland 4. Intermediate-highland type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Absent from Russia. Eastward to Transylvania.

— Iceland; Isaac Carroll, etc.

521. Galium anglicum, Huds.

Provinces ? 284(56--9 10]. Native. Somerset?

Lat. 51—53. Sussex, Kent, Essex. — Suffolk, Norfolk, Camb.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Many doubted localities on record.
Census 38 6 10. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. G. parisiense included.
Russia 6 5 4.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

522. Galium tricorne, With.

Provinces 1 2845 6-8-101112. Colonist.

Lat. 50—56. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumberl.
Zones 1%. Low grounds. (H. Cornwall, 8. Devon; Briggs).
Census 10 19 39. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got).

Russia 6 5. India.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

523. Galium Aparine, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 18 38 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe lap).
Russia 654821. Siberia. India. Kamtschatka.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America. Columbia).

204 4]. RUBIACEZ.

524. Galium Vaillantii, De Cand.

Provinces -- 8. Alien or Colonist.

Lat. 52. North Essex. (G. spurium, casual in province 10).
Zone 1. Low grounds. [G. “spurium” in 4 5 8 10 11 15.}
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net (den) got (nor swe).

Russia - 5-8. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — N.B. G. spurium included above.

525. Galium boreale, Linn.

Provinces - - [8 - 5] 6 7--10111218 1415161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Brecon, Carnarvon. — Orkney? Shetland.
Zones- 2345. Highlands 0—930, 730, 700 yards.

Census 11 J6 36. Ireland 9. Highland type of distribution.
Europe all, except Channel and Netherlands.

Russia 6-4321. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

526. Sherardia arvensis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Colonist in (15 1617 ?).

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.

Zones 123 ? Tyne to “850 yards”? Humber to 850 yards.
Census 17 384 88. Ireland 12.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. Siberia

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

527. Asperula odorata, Linn.
Provinces all. Native. Rare in provinces 17 and 18.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to “400 yards.” Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 18 86 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65 4.32. West-asia. Siberia. ‘“ Olympus.”
Algeria.

41]. RUBIACER. — 42. VALERIANACER. 205

528 Asperula cynanchica, Linn.

Provinces 123456-8910-12. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 10 22 33. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria.

‘531. Valeriana dioica, Linn.

Provinces 123456789101112-1415 16. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Fife.
Zones 128. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 15 27 60. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 5 - 3.

— Apparently unknown in Asia, Africa, America.

532. Valeriana officinalis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. V. Mikanii in 2 8 4, local or rare?
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1234. Lakes to 800 yards. Highlands to 720 yards.
Census 18 387 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. V. sambucifolia and V. Mikanii combined.
Russia 6-4321. India. Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland.

534, Valerianella olitoria, Moench.

Provinces all. Native? Colonist in northern provinces.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 18 84 77. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Cyprus.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

206 42. VALERIANACEE, — 48. DIPSACER.

536. Valerianella Auricula, De Cand.

Provinces 128456---10----15. Colonist.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife; Macauley !

Zones 12. Low grounds; perhaps often overlooked.

Census 8 16 22. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.

Europe “spa” “ita” - aus ger fra cha net.

— N.B. Apparently absent from Asia and Africa; but its habitats
not readily separable from those recorded for V. dentata.

537. Valerianella dentata, Koch.

Provinces 1 to 15. Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray.
Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 15 31 82. Ireland 10. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 4 8. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

539. Dipsacus sylvestris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Colonist in Scotland ?

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dunbarton, Fife.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 16 28 66. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

540. Dipsacus pilosus, Linn.

Provinces 12345-78910(11)---[15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset? South Hants, Sussex, Kent. — York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 9 21 43. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6-4 3. West-asia.

43. DIPSACER. — 44. COMPOSITA. 207

541. Scabiosa succisa, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 860, 850, 800, 750 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, Turkey (?) and Finmark excepted.

Russia 6 - 4 8 2. Siberia.

Algeria. Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland.

542. Scabiosa columbaria, Linn.

Provinces 123456789101112-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Aberdeen.
Zones 123. Humber to 550 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 14 28 61. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 8.

Algeria, a variety. [Madeira, by misnomer].

543. Knautia arvensis, Coult.

Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native. Colonist in North Britain ?
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland. (Orkney).
Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, Tyne, each to 800 yards.

Census 17 384 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. Siberia.

Algeria.

544. Tragopogon pratensis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Native.

Lat. 50—858. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray.

Zones 128. Tyne to 860 yards. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 15 30 74. Ireland 6. British-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 4 32. Siberia. N.B. T. pratensis and T. minor
are taken together above, as one single or aggregate species.

208 44, COMPOSITZ.

546. Helminthia echioides, Gaertn.

Provinces 1234561789 1011--(14 15). Native or Colonist.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Northumberland.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 11 24 55. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 - - 8.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

547. Picris hieracioides, Linn.

Provinces 123456%78-1011- [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Durham.

Zones 12. Low grounds. Tyne to 150 yards.

Census 10 23 49. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 65 4 3. India. Siberia.

Canaries.

548. Leontodon hirtus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native. (Aberdeen, introduced).

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Fife.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 15 28 59. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - - - 3

Algeria? Canaries? Azores.

549. Leontodon hispidus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 [18]. Native. Rare in North Britain.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Kincardine.
Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 16 30 78. Jyreland 9. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3.

44, COMPOSITA. 209

550. Leontodon autumnalis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. L. Taraxaci or pratensis included.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1000, 960, 930, 900 yards.
Census 18 88 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia ? 54321. West-asia. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. (America, introduced).

551. Hypochoeris glabra, Linn.

Provinces 12 3456-8910 [11]-18-15. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ayr, Moray.
Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds.

Census 11 19 28. Ireland 0. Germanic-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia -- 4 3. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

552. Hypochoeris maculata, Linn.
Provinces 1 [2] 3 4 [5] -7--[10]-12-- [15]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Essex, Cambridge, Carnarvon, Westm.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds only ?
Census 4 5 5. Ireland 0. English-local type.
Europe all, except Channel and Finmark.
Russia -- 4382. Siberia. Davuria.
— N.B. In Britain, confused with maculate Hieracia.

553. Hypochoeris radicata, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 580, 560, 530 yards.

Census 18 87 95. Treland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia - - 4 8 2.

Algeria. (Madeira, introduced).

210 44. COMPOSITA.

554. Lactuca virosa, Linn.

Provinces 123456 ? 8-1011--1415-- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Stirling, Perth.
Zones 1 2. Humber and Tyne, in each to 150 yards.

Census 11 20 40. TJreland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia --- 3. Western Siberia.

Algeria.

555. Lactuca Scariola, Linn.

Provinces - [2] 3 45 -- [8]. Native? [Sussex, an error].
Lat. 51—53. Kent, Surrey, Essex, Norfolk, Worcester.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Extinct in Cambridge ?}

Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got).

Russia 6 5 43. Siberia.

Madeira. Azores.

556. Lactuca saligna, Linn.

Provinces - 234 [5--8]. Native?

Lat. 50—53. Sussex! Kent! Essex! Suffolk. Cambridge ?
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 3 5 6. Ireland 0. Germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia.

Algeria.

557. Lactuca muralis, De Cand.

Provinces 1 to"16. Native. Doubtfully native in Scotland.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray.

Zones 1 23. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 16 28 58. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-4 32. West-asia.

—. N.B. In Scotland, the localities are few and suspected.

44, COMPOSITE. Q11

558. Sonchus palustris, Linn.
Provinces [1 2] 3 4 [5 --8---12-14]. Native, but decreasing.
Lat. 51—58. Kent; B. Syme! Essex; Newman! Suffolk; Paget !
Zone 1. Coast-level. Huntingdon; Rev. M. J. Berkeley.
Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got).
Russia 6 - 4 8. N.B. Reported erroneously in several counties
of Britain, through misnomers of 8. arvensis.

559. Sonchus arvensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 330 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 18 87 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Northward to Finmark; N. J. Andersson.
Europe 6-432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

560. Sonchus asper, Hoffm.

Provinces all? Native. No authority for province 17.

Lat 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones ] 23. Tyne to 480 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 17 33 67. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

561. Sonchus oleraceus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. 8. asper often confused with this.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 400 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 87 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654821. India. Siberia. Davaria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). ‘ Columbia.”

212 44. COMPOSITE.

562. Mulgedium alpinum, Less.

Provinces ---------- [ll]---15. Native.

Lat. 56—57, about 57. Forfar. Aberdeen.

Zone ----5. Highlands about 760—900 yards.

Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.

Europe spa ita aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-- 821. Siberia. [Erroneously attributed to America,
by an error explained in Torrey and Gray’s Flora, 2, p. 498.]

563. Crepis virens, Linn.
Provinces all. Native. Orkney; Lowe in Gillies flo.
Lat. 50—59 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Ross.
Zones 1 28. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 18 35 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.
Russia 6 - 4 3.
Canaries. Azores; Drouet flore.

564. Crepis biennis, Linn.
Provinces 1 ? 84??? &-10[1112-14]. Native.
Lat. 51—55. Devon, Kent! Essex! Northampton! Leicester!
Zones 12, Low grounds. Floras of Suffolk, Cambridge, York.
Census 5 9 15. [Ireland 1.] Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.
Russia -- 43. N.B. In England, this and Crepis or Borkhausia

taraxacifolia have been confused together. ‘‘ America”?

566. Crepis succisifolia, Tausch.
Provinces --------- 10 11--1415 16. Native.
Lat. 54—57. York. — Dumbarton, Forfar, Kincardine? Aberd. ?
Zones- 284. Tyne to 400 yards. Humber 150—300 yards.
Census 5 6 11. Ireland 0. Intermediate-scottish type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra.
Russia - 5 4 8.
— (America; Pursh].

44, COMPOSITR. 213

567. Crepis paludosa, Moench.

Provinces [1] -- 4]567891011121314151617. Native.

Lat. 51 -59. Glamorgan, Leicester. — Skye, Sutherland.

Zones ? 284, Highlands to 660 yards. Tyne to 650 yards.

Census 18 18 47. Ireland 9. Scottish-highland type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 432. Siberia. N.B. This may have been truly
reported in Norfolk, although needing to be verified there.

568. Hieracium Pilosella, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. H. “collinum” is reported in prov. 14.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1284. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 720 yards.
Census 18 87 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland.

570. Hieracium alpinum, Auct.
Pro. ------ 7----12--151617. Native. Several segregates.
Lat. 583—59. Cararvon, Westmoreland. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 4200 feet; Backhouse.
Census 5 9 13. Iveland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.
Russia ---821. Siberia.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. “ Labrador.”

570*. Hieracium lingulatum, Backh.

Provinces - - ------------ 15 16. Native.
Lat. 56—57 or 58. Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, West-Inverness.
Zones ---45. At 1500—2500 feet; Backhouse.
Census 2 8 4. Treland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe? N.B. “Not certainly described by Continental Authors.”
. “ A strongly marked and handsome species .... one of
the most distinct of our British Hieracia ;” Backhouse.

Q14 44. COMPOSITE.

571. Hieracium pulmonarium, Sm.

Provinces - - - - - - - - - 10-12--15 1617. Native.

Lat. 54—59. York. — Sutherland. 4H. chrysanthum, Backh.

Zones----6 ? Highlands to 1000 yards. To “3000 feet;” B.

Census 5 7 11. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.

Europe : - - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap fin. N.B. This must be
understood as including H. chrysanthum and H. nigrescens
of Backhouse’s Hieracia. ‘“ Arctic Russia.”

572. Hieracium murorum, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. H. cesium inclusively.

Lat. 50—61. Devon, Dorset, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. At “ 0—38000 feet.”
Census 18 84 66. Ireland 2. British type of distribution.
Europe all, by the use of the name in books.

Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria? — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

573. Hieracium sylvaticum, Sm.
Provinces all. Native. H, vulgatum included.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123845 6. Highlands to 1100 yards. To “3500 feet.”
Census 18 36 70. Iveland 4. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey should be excepted.
Russia-- 43821. Siberia. Davuria.
— Greenland? America? Columbia; Ledeb. flo. ross.

575. Hieracium pallidum, Fries.

Prov. ? --- ? 678-101112131415161718. Native.

Lat. 52—58 or 60. Cardigan, Derby. — Sutherland, Orkney ?

Zones ? 234. Humber to 550 yards. At “* 1000—2000 feet.”

Census 12 15 23. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution.

Europe. “ Almost all Europe.” Italy. Austria. Germany. Scan-
dinavia. N.B. Formerly assigned, by English botanists,
partly to H. murorum, partly to H. anglicum.

44, COMPOSITA. 215

576. Hieracium anglicum, Fries.

Provinces -------+-- 10 11 12 - [14] 15 161718.. Native.

Lat. 54—59 or 60. Westmoreland, York. — Hebrides, Orkney ?

Zones --3 45. Highlands to 900 yds. At “1500—2000 feet.”

Census 7 10 16. Ireland 5. Highland type of distribution.

Europe. France. Sweden. Norway. Finmark; N.J. Andersson.

N.B. The H. Lawsoni of Smith and various other English Bota-
nists. Reported in Faroe and Iceland.

577 (574). Hieracium iricum, Fries.

Provinces - - - - - -- - - 1O01lL 18-15 17. Native.

Lat. 54—59. York, Durham, Dumfries, Aberdeen, Sutherland.

Zones-- 34. Tyne to 8350—550 yards.

Census 5 5 5. Ireland 6. Highland type of distribution.

Europe? ‘Only found hitherto in Great Britain and Ireland.”
Apparently this means ‘ Hitherto found only in Great Britain
and Ireland,’ not elsewhere.

579. Hieracium prenanthoides, Vill.

Provinces -+------- 10 1112-1415. Native. Edinburgh ?
Lat. 54—58. York, Northumberland. — Aberdeen, Moray.
Zones -- 345. Highlands to 800 yards, or thereabouts.

Census 5 7 15. Ireland 1 or 2. Highland type of distribution.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6. Siberia.
— “Greenland; Fries.” ‘ America,” probably an error.

580. Hieracium crocatum, Fries.

Provinces - [2]------- 1011 ?--1516. Native. .

Lat. 54—58. York, Durham. — Argyle, Perth, Aberdeen.
Zones -- 8 ? Highlands, Tyne, Humber, each to 400 yards.
Census 4 7 14. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Norway. Sweden. Lapland.

Russia ----21. Siberia, if H. boreale of Led. flo. ros.

— “Greenland”; Backhouse British Hieracia.

216 44, COMPOSITA.

581. Hieracium strictum, Fries.

Provinces - - ------- 10-12--15 1617. Native.

Lat. 54—59. Cumberland, York. — Sutherland.

Zones - ? 8. Lakes and Humber to 300 yards.

Census 5 8 12. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution.

Europe. “Middle and North Europe.”. Norway. Sweden.
N.B. An unsatisfactory species, variously named by Eng-
lish botanists of past years.

581*. Hieracium gothicum, Fries.
Provinces - - - - - - 7--1011---15. Native.
Lat. 54—58. Merioneth, Carnarvon, York. — Forfar, Aberdeen.
Zone -- 3. Highlands 250—350 yards.
Census 4 6 11. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution ?
Europe - - - - ger - - - - got nor.
Russia - - - 3. N.B. Treated apart here, through the difficulty

of assigning its alleged specimens to other reputed species.

582. Hieracium tridentatum, Fries.

Provinces 12845--89101112. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Westmorel., Northumb.

Zones 128. Humber and Tyne to 400 yards.

Census 10 14 20. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia. Finland; Fries sum. veg. N.B. This is perhaps the
the true ‘rigidum’ of Hartman. “Scotland”; Bab. Man.

583. Hieracium corymbosum, Fries.

Provinces --------- 10 11 1814151617. Native.

Lat. 54—59. York, Durham, Northumberland. — Sutherland.
Zones -- 34. Tyne and Humber 150—400 yards.

Census 7 8 13. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra - net - got nor swe lap.

Russia 6 - - - 2.

— “Newfoundland.” N.B. H. rigidum included above.

44, COMPOSITA. 217

584. Hieracium umbellatum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 14 [15 1617]. Native. Islay? Cantire?

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kirkcudb., Berwick.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 14 27 61. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe all? All Scandinavia; Fries sum. veget.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
— Greenland. America. Columbia. Through misnomers ?

584.*. Hieracium boreale, Fries.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Banff.

Zones 1 2 3. Humber and Tyne, in each to 400 yards.

Census 16 33 70. Ireland 3 or 4. British-english type.
Europe all? Lapland; Fries. Finmark; Martins voy. bot.
Russia 6 5 43 (21). [Arctic Russia and Siberia; Led. flo, ros.]
— “Canada.” Not likely ?

585. Barkhausia fetida, De Cand. prodv.

Provinces - 2 3 4 [5] ----- [11]. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Sussex! Kent! Essex! Suffolk! Norfolk, Carbr.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Surrey? Berks? Hereford?

Census 3 7 10 or 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia - - 4.

Algeria. Canaries,

586. Barkhausia taraxacifolia, De Cand. prodr.
Prov. (1) [2] 8 4--7-[91011]. Native. (Tyne, on ballast).
Lat. 50—-54. Kent, Surrey, Essex, Suffolk, Carnarvon.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Lancaster? York ?].
Census 3 4 5. Ireland 1. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.
Russia ----2. Finland?
Algeria, N.B, Formerly confused with Crepis biennis.
2¥

218 414d. COMPOSITE.

588. Taraxacum officinale, Wigg.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 680 or 910 y. Lakes to 500 y.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6543821. Westasia. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

588*. Taraxacum palustre, De Cand.

Provinces all. Native. TT. levigatum partly intended ?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1360, 1310, 1200, 1100 yards.
Census 18 81 ? Ireland 6. British-scottish type.

Europe all? Not always distinguished from T. officinale.

Russia 65432. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen.

— Faroe. Greenland. America. Columbia.

589. Arnoseris pusilla, Gaertn.

Provinces ? 2345--8------ 15. Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall? Dorset, Hants. — Banff, Elgin.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 6 11 20. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - - - 3 2.

- 590. Lampsana communis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50--60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 123. Tyne to 450 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 37 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Lapsana, L. Lampsana, Diosc., DC., etc.
Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria, Canaries. — (America, introduced).

44, COMPOSITE. 219

591. Cichorium Intybus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16). Native or Colonist.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 12 25 60. (Ireland 5). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).

Russia 6 5 432. India. Siberia.

Algeria, Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

592. Arctium majus, Schkuhr.

Provinces 12345--89. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Devon, Wight, Sussex. — Lancaster, Derby.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds; imperfectly recorded.

Census 7 12 18. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Hurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).
Russia 65 432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Madeira; Lemann. — (America, introduced).

592%. Arctium minus, Schkuhyr.

Provinces all? Native. ‘“ Lappa” and “ Bardana” in all.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Skye; Prof. Lawson.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 15 22 387. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. West-asia.

Madeira ; Lowe. — (America, introduced).

593. Saussurea alpina, De Cand.

Provinces - - - - - - 7-(9]--1218-15 161718. Native.
Lat. 58—61. Carnarvon. — Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland.
Zones ---45 6. Highlands to 1310, 1000, 900, 850 yards.
Census 7 12 16. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— America. Columbia. Not exactly the British plant there.

220 44, COMPOSITE.

594. Serratula tinctoria, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 18 - - - - [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Northumberl.
Zones 12 ? Humber, Tyne, Lakes, in each to 300 yards.
Census 13 26 59. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia - - 4 8 2. Siberia.

595. Carduus nutans, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray.

Zones 123. Humber to 550 yards. Lakes to 370 yards.
Census 16 30 68. TIyreland 3 (2). English type of distribution.
Kurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - - nor swe. Baltic.

Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia.

Algeria.

596. Carduus crispus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. C. acanthoides, Angl., included.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 800 yards. (Highlands to 350 yards).
Census 16 80 74. Ireland 5. British-english type.

Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

—N.B. The true C. acanthoides is different from our plant.

597. Carduus tenuiflorus, Curt.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Elgin?
Zones 12. Low grounds. “ Reported in Elgin”; Gordon, cat.
Census 15 29 74. Ireland 9. English-british type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 65. N.B. Different from the English plant ?

Algeria. Lybia. Mogador. Madeira. ©. pyenocephalus ?

44, COMPOSITA. 221

599. Carduus lanceolatus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 650 yards. Highlands to 570 yards.
Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43 2. Siberia.

Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (America).

600. Carduus eriophorus, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6-891011 [12 -(14 15) 16]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Humber 0—250 yards.

Census 10 20 41. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Turkey?

Russia -- 43. West-asia.

601. Carduus palustris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 700 yds.
Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.

Europe all, except Finmark ; — but Finmark list incomplete.
Russia 6- 4321. Siberia.
— Faroe.

602. Carduus arvensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 660 yards. Highlands to 480 yards.
Census 18 88 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia.

— Iceland. (America, introduced).

222 44, COMPOSITE.

604. Carduus pratensis, Huds.

Provinces 123456? 8 10[11---- 16]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — York.

Zones 12. Humber between 150—400 yards.

Census 8 19 40. Ireland 12. English type of distribution.
Europe spa “ita” - - ger fra cha net.

Russia, apparently absent.

— [N.B. C. tuberosus formerly in province 2].

606. Carduus acaulis, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6-89- [1112]. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Devon? Wight, Kent. — Chester, Lincoln !
Zones 1 ? Low grounds. To 250 yards in Surrey.
Census 8 17 387. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

607. Carduus heterophyllus, Linn.

Provinces - - [8 45 67891011121314151617. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Glamorgan, Stafford, Derby. — Skye, Ross.
Zones - 234. Highlands to 720 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 18 17 70. Ireland 0. Scottish-highland type.
Europe - ita = aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia --- 321. “Persia.” Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland.

608. Onopordium Acanthium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 9 and (10 to 15) -- [18]. Alien or Denizen.
Lat. 50—54. Conwall, Dorset, Kent. — Chester, Lincoln.
Zones 12. Low grounds; often as a casual or alien.

Census 9 20 30. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 4 3. Siberia.

— (America, introduced from Europe).

44, COMPOSITA. 224

609. Carlina vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Arran, Elgin.
Zones 1 2 38. Tyne to 400 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 16 30 68. Ireland 9. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 32. Siberia.

611. Centaurea nigra, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Radiate varieties 1 to 13 - 15.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 480 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net - - nor.

Russia - - 4 38.

— (America, introduced).

612. Centaurea Cyanus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - (17 18). Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Moray.
Zones 1 23. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 16 28 70. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia.

-— (America, introduced).

618. Centaurea Scabiosa, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Native. Colonist in Scotland ?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray. (Sutherland ?)
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 15 80 72. Ireland 6. British-english type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 5 432. Siberia.

224 44, COMPOSITA.

615. Centaurea Calcitrapa, Linn.

Provinces 12384-6---[1011]. Native?

Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, S. Hants, Kent. — Glamorgan, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Coast level or Low grounds.

Census 5 11 16. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia- 5-3. India.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introdnced).

617. Bidens cernua, Linn.

Provinces 1 to16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Elgin.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 16 81 64. Ireland 11. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-432. India. Siberia.

— America. Columbia,—a variety ‘ elata.’

618. Bidens tripartita, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Clackmannan.
Zones 12 ? Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 16 380 69. Treland 10. English-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. — America; Hook. distr. arc. plants.

619. Eupatorium cannabinum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Introduced to N. Britain ?
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 17 35 86. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria.

44. COMPOSITA&. 225

620. Chrysocoma Linosyris, Linn.
Provinces 1 (2]----7. Native?
Lat. 50—54. Devon! Carnarvon! [Dorset, Sussex.]
Zone 1. Low grounds or low hills.
Census 2 3 8. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Baltic Isles.
Europe 6 5 4 3.
Algeria.

621. Diotis maritima, Cass.

Provinces 1234--7. Native?

Lat. 50—54 formerly. Cornwall, Kent. — Anglesea, Suffolk.
Zone 1. Littoral; but now become almost extinct.

Census 5 7 7 (formerly). Ireland 2. English type?
Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha.

Russia, absent.

Algeria. Canaries.

623. Artemisia campestris, Linn.

Provinces [1] --4----- [10 11]. Native.

Lat. 50—83. Suffolk! Norfolk! Cambridge? (Durham !),
Zone 1. Low grounds. (On ballast, in provinces 10, 11.)
Census 1 2 2. Iveland 0. Germanic type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 - 43.2. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. — “ Canada ;”—likely something different.

624. Artemisia maritima, Linn.

Provinces 1 t0 15. Native. Any locality in province 16?
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Aberdeen.
Zones 1 2. Littoral.
Census 15 22 42. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 65 43. India. Siberia. N.B. The plant of Russia

and Asia may not be quite identical with ours.

2G

226 44, COMPOSITA.

625. Artemisia Absinthium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12-14 15 -- (18). Denizen.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Forfar.
Zones 12. Tyne to 400 yards, doubtless introduced there.
Census 14 28 55. Ireland (12). English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got nor swe).
Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — America. Columbia; Led. flo. ross.

626. Artemisia vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. (Highlands to 400 yards).
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark ?

Russia 654821. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Barbary; Desf. flo. atla. — America. Columbia. Not typical.

627. Gnaphalium dioicum, Linn.

Provinces 1 [2] 8 to 18. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devou, Herts. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345 6. Highlands to 960, 930, ¥380, 920 yards.
Census 17 31 70. Treland 12. Scottish-british type.
Europe all; but as a variety in Turkey.

Russia65 4321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Greenland. America. Columbia.

630. Gnaphalium sylvaticum, Linn.
Provinces all. Native. Extinct in Isle of Wight ?
Lat. 50—61. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 530 yards. Tyne to 450 yards.
Census 18 385 79. Iveland 7. British type of distribution,
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia.
— Iceland. Greenland? Labrador? Canada. Columbia.

44, COMPOSITA. 227

630%, Gnaphalium norvegicum, Gunn.

Provinces -------------- 15-17 [18]. Native.

Lat. 56—58. Forfar! Aberdeen! Ross. [Shetland].

Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 800—1200 yards.

Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6 ---21. Siberia.

— N.B. Do the American habitats for “sylvaticum” belong here?

631. Gnaphalium supinum, Linn.

Provinces -------------- 15 16 17 [18]. Native.

Lat. 56—59. Stirling, Ochills, Forfar. — Sutherland.

Zones --- 45 6. Highlands to 1480, 1360, 1310, 1270 yards.
Census 3 6 12. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6 - - - 2 1.

— Faroe. Iceland; Lindsay list. Greenland. America.

632. Gnaphalium uliginosum, Linn.

Provinces all? Native. Authority wanted for province 17.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orlmey, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Tyne to 300 yards.
Census 17 35 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia- 5 4821. India. Siberia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America.

634. Filago minima, Fries.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native. (F. gallica, casual in 2 8).
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 300 yards. Highlands to 250 yards.
Census 17 31 72. Ireland 6. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor.
Russia -- 4 32. Siberia.
Algeria.

228 44, COMPOSITH.

635. Filago germanica, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in North Britain.

Lat. 50—68. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Ross.
Zones 128. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 250 yards.
Census 17 82 74. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6-48. Westasia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introdnced).

635.* Filago apiculata, G. E. Smith.

Provinces-2345----10. Native? Likely elsewhere.

Lat. 50—54. South Hants, Surrey, Essex. — South-west York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Distribution ill ascertained.

Census 5 9 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution ?
Europe spa - - - - fra cha net.

Russia, not recorded.

Algeria. N.B. It is the F. lutescens of Jordan.

635%. Filago spathulata, Presl.

Provinces- 284. Native? Likely to occur elsewhere.

Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Wight! Sussex! Kent! — Cambridge !
Zone 1. Low grounds. Distribution imperfectly known.
Census 8 7 14. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha net.

Russia? Siberia? Ledebour flo. ros. vol. 2, p. 616.

Algeria.

636. Petasites vulgaris, Desf.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. [Hebrides, Orkney, Shetland].
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray.
Zones 123. Tyne to 315 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 16 83 78. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).
Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia.

Barbary ; Desf. flo. atlant.

44, COMPOSITA. 229

637. Tussilago Farfara, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. No authority for the Hebrides.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900, 900, 830, 700 yards.
Census 17 87 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.
Algeria. Faroe. Iceland. — (America, introduced).

638. Erigeron alpinus, Linn.

Provinces -------------- 15. Native.

Lat. 56—57. Perth! Forfar! Aberdeen!

Zone ----5. Highlands at 850—1000 yards.

Census 1 2 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap.

Russia 6----1. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

639. Erigeron ‘acris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12--15. Native. One county in Scotland.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar; Mr. Croall !
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 18 25 56. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
—. America. Columbia. Varieties there.

641. Aster Tripolium, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50-59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones 1 2 3. Littoral.

Census 18 31 69. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria.

230 44. COMPOSITA.

641". Aster salignus, Willd.
Provinces - -- 4------- 12--15. Alien or Denizen.
Lat. 52—57. “Cambridge.” “Perth.” Cumb.; Miss Edmonds!
Zones 12. Low grounds. Nativity unsettled.
Census 3 8 8. Ireland 0. Local-english type.
Europe - ita- aus ger. Central Europe. N.B. Lately found
passably well established in some few wide-apart localities in
England, where it seems not likely to be a true native.

642. Solidago Virgaurea, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 980, 970, 910, 850 yards.
Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 43821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts.
Algeria? — America. Columbia.

643. Senecio vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 400 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia -5 4321. (India). Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (America).

644. Senecio sylvaticus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; B. Syme.
Zones 1 23. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 18 85 87. Jreland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia - -- 32. Siberia.

Madeira; Lemaun. Azores. — Iceland; Lindsay list.

44. COMPOSITE. Q31

645. Senecio viscosus, Linn.
Prov. ? 284567 8(910) 1112131415 16- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon? Dorset? Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Localities decreasing ?
Census 13 18 29. Ireland 2. Germanic-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia - - - 3.
‘« Madeira ;” probably by a misnomer.

647. Senecio erucifolius, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 14. Native. (13 Lanark; Dr. Graham in H.B.F.)
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Berwick.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 14 27 62. Iveland1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6543. Siberia. Davuria.

648. Senecio Jacobea, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Denizen in N. Britain ?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards. Tyne to 600 yards.
Census 18 38 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43. India. Siberia. Davuria.

649. Senecio aquaticus, Huds.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1238. Lakes to 510 yards. Tyne to 500 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia -- 4. Siberia.

232 44, COMPOSITE.

650. Senecio paludosus, Linn.

Provinces ---4---8 [9]. Native. [9 Cheshire.]

Lat. 52—54. Suffolk, Norfolk, Cambridge, Lincoln.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 2 4 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got.

Russia -- 4 3. Siberia.

651. Cineraria palustris, Linn.
Provinces [1] - - 4 [5 6 7] 8 [9-- 12]. Native.
Lat. 52—54. Suffolk, Norfolk! Cambridge? Hunts? Lincoln?
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type.
Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia-- 48-1. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria.
— America. Columbia. Not typical there.

652. Cineraria campestris, Retz.
Provinces - 2345-7----[12]. Native.
Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Wight, Sussex. — Anglesea, Cambridge.
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 5 10 18. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got.
Russia654321. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria.
— America. Columbia. Not typical there.

655. Inula Helenium, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 (8 4 5) 6 7(8910111213-151617). Native?
Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, (Wight), Sussex. — Anglesea, (Durham).
Zones 1 ? Possibly native about the south coasts.

Census 4 ? ? (Ireland 7). English type of distribution ?
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got. (Sweden).

Russia 65432. Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

44. COMPOSITE. 233

656. Inula Conyza, De Cand.

Provinces 12845678910 (11)12-- [15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 11 23 62. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 65 43. West-asia.

657. Inula crithmoides, Linn.

Provinces 1 23 [4] 567----- 13. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent, Essex. — Wigton.
Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 7 12 15. Ireland 3. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.

Russia, unrecorded.

Algeria.

658. Inula dysenterica, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 14-16. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Haddington.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 15 29 69. Ireland 12. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.
Russia 6 - 4 3.
Algeria.

659. Inula Pulicaria, Linn.
Provinces - 2345--8-[10]. Native.
Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Hereford, Leicester.
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 5 11 22. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries.

234 44, COMPOSITE.

660. Bellis perennis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. No authority for S.E. Wales.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 980, 910, 830, 820 yards.
Census 18 38 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Kurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Europe - 5 4 3.

(Madeira). (Azores; Guthnick’s coll.) — Faroe. “Iceland.”

661. Chrysanthemum segetum, Linn.

Provinces all. Colonist.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 250 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 18 88 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).

Russia 6-432. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

662. Chrysanthemum Leucanthemum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. No authority for the Hebrides.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Wales to 700 yards. Highlands to 500 yards.
Census 18 387 or 88 90. Ireland 12. British type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 66-4321. West-asia. Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

663. Chrysanthemum Parthenium, Pers.

Provinces 1 to 17. Denizen. Alien in Scotland?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray, Ross.
Zones 123. Tyne to 300 yards. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 17 32 ? (Ireland). British-english type.

Europe spa (ita) tur aus (ger) fra cha (net) den got (nor swe).
Russia 65 43. West-asia. Pyrethrum Parthenium of C. B.
Canaries. (Azores). — (America, escaped from gardens).

44, COMPOSITAE. 235

663. Chrysanthemum Tanacetum, B. Syme.

Provinces all. Native. Alien in North Britain ?

Lat. 50—58 (61). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — (Heb. Ork. Shetl.)
Zones 1 2 (8). Humber to 200 yards. (Highlands to 350 yards).
Census 18 87 ? (Ireland 10). British-english type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia 6543821. Siberia. Tanacetum vulgare of C. B. 622.
— Faroe. (America). Columbia; in the Aleoutian Isles.

664. Chrysanthemum inodorum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards. Tyne to 330 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Pyrethrum inodorum of C. B. vol. 2, ete.
Russia654321. West-asia. Siberia.

Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Am. Col.

664,b. Chrysanthemum maritimum, Auct.

Provinces 1234-67-9101112181415 16 1718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Simply a littoral form of C. inodorum ?

Census 16 26 49. Ireland-? British type of distribution.
Europe spa - - - - fra cha net. Scandinavia to Finmark ?
Russia? C. maritimum and C. salinum not distinguishable.

— Faroe. Iceland.

665. Chrysanthemum Chamomilla, Mey.

Prov. 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16) - [18]. Colonist. Casual northward.
Lat. 50—56 (57). Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — (Lanark, Fife).
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 12 24 51. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

236 44, COMPOSITE.

667. Anthemis nobilis, Linn.

Prov. 1 to11--(14-16-18). Native. (Isla, Skye, Orkney).
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Durham.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 11 21 39. Iveland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha (net).

Russia - - 4 8.

Madeira. A. aurea, Algeria and Azores.

668. Anthemis arvensis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray !
Zones 123. Humber to 800 yards.

Census 15 28 56. Ireland 5. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. Cyprus.

Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America, introduced).

669. Anthemis Cotula, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16- [18]. Colonist. [Forfar? Shetland ?]
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton! Fife!
Zones 12 ? Humber to 300 yards.

Census 16 27 65. Ireland 9. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

670. Achillea Ptarmica, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 710 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia- 5482. Siberia.

— Faroe. (America, introduced).

44, COMPOSITH. — 45, CAMPANULACER. 237

671. Achillea Millefolium, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1310, 1080, 900, 850 yards.
Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.
Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

675. Campanula rotundifolia, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Absent from Orkney?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1180, 1080, 1060 yards.
Census 18 37 96. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all. N.B. Confused with C. linifolia elsewhere ?
Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland? Greenland? America. Columbia.

676. Campanula patula, Linn.

Provinces 123 ? 56-8-10[11]12. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Kent? — Westmoreland, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds ; sometimes confused with C. Rapunculus.
Census 8 14 25. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor swe.

Russia 6-432. Siberia.

— [Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega].

677. Campanula Rapunculus, Linn.
Provinces 1 2 8 (4) 5 -(78-1011---15). Denizen.
Lat. 50—54,. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Stafford! (York !).
Zone 1. Low grounds; uncertain in most localities.
Census 4 8 12. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got).
Russia 65 4 3. Siberia.
Algeria.

238 45, CAMPANULACER.

678. Campanula latifolia, Linn.

Provinces [1 2]3456789101112138141516. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Monmouth, Gloucester, Surrey. — Isla, Moray.
Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Lakes to 350 yards.
Census 14 25 53. [Ireland ?]. Scottish-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

— N.B. In English records sometimes confused with Trachelium.

679. Campanula rapunculoides, Linn.

Provinces - [2] 845 --8(91011)--1415. Alien or Denizen.
Lat. 51—57. Oxford? Surrey? Bedford! — Fife! Perth?
Zones 12. Low grounds; likely not a native species.

Census 6 7 10. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor swe.

Russia 65 4 3. Siberia.

680. Campanula Trachelium, Linn.

Provinces 1234567 8 [9] 10 (1112131415 16). Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, York.

Zones 1 2 (3). Low grounds; much confused with C. latifolia.
Census 9 19 48. Ireland1. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. Siberia. “Japan; Thunberg!”

Algeria.

681. Campanula glomerata, Linn.

Provinces 123456-8-101112-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine.
Zones 12. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 12 25 46. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe all, except Norway, Lapland, Finmark.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

45, CAMPANULACER. 239

683. Campanula hederacea, Linn.

Provinces 123-567-910-1218. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Renfrew, York.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. To 3800 yards on Dartmoor.

Census 10 19 389. Ireland 3. Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net den. N.B. The European
area is comparatively a limited one, extending from Portugal
and Dalmatia to North-west Germany and Denmark.

684. Campanula hybrida, Linn.

Provinces 12 3 45 --(89)1011--(1415). Colonist.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham.
Zones 12. Low grounds; chiefly on chalk.

Census 7 19 41. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia - 5 4. “ Georgia.”

Algeria. Canaries.

685. Phyteuma orbiculare, Linn.

Provinces - 2 3------ {10]. Native. [10 York? see below].

Lat. 50—52. Dorset? Sussex! Kent. — Wilts! Hants! Surrey!

Zone 1. Low grounds; to 200 yards on chalk hills.

Census 2 5 8. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia -- 48. N.B. Specimens were distributed in 1841 by the
Botanical Society of London, as coming from 8.W. Yorkshire.

687. Jasione montana, Linn.

Provinces 12345678910111213-1516-18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1238. Tyne to 350 yards. Wales to 350 yards.
Census 16 82 67. Ireland 10. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 - 4 8. West-asia.

Algeria.

240 45. CAMPANULACEE. — 46. ERICACE.

688. Lobelia urens, Linn.

Provinces 1 [8]. Native.

Lat. 50—51. South Devon only.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.

Europe spa - --- fra cha. Area very limited, comprising parts of
Spain and Portugal, Western France northward to Normandy.

Madeira; an isolated or outlying habitat, on present knowledge.

689. Lobelia Dortmanna, Linn.
Provinces ----567----1213-15161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Glamorgan, Cardigan, Salop. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 530 yards, or upwards.
Census 9 17 29. Ireland 9. Scottish-highland type.

Europe - - - - ger fra - net den got nor swe.
Russia - - - 8 2.
— America.

690. Erica Tetralix, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 790, 760, 720, 700, 700 yards.
Census 18 38 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa - - ? ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia --- 3. Eastward to Transylvania, by records.

— Iceland ; Lauder Lindsay’s list. An error?

691. Erica ciliaris, Linn.
Provinces 1 2 [3]. Native. [‘* Hants”! “ Surrey” !].
Lat. 50—51. Cornwall! Dorset; Sir W. C. Trevelyan!
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 2 2 8. Ireland 1. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe. Spain. West France. Normandy.
N.B. Specimens have been distributed from the alleged
localities of Alresford, Hants, and Farnham or Frensham, Surrey.

46, ERICACER. 241

692. Erica cinerea, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 780, 780, 715, 690, 680 yards.
Census 18 88 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - ? ger fra cha net - - nor.

Not in Russia. Alleged to occur in Transylvania.

Madeira. — Faroe. N.B. The Madeira plant is a slight variety.

694. Erica vagans, Linn.

Provinces 1--- [56-8]. Native. [8 Notts].

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall! [Devon? Glamorgan ?]

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.

Europe. Spain. France. Normandy.

N.B. It is desirable to ascertain whether the counties of Devon
and Glamorgan were correctly reported for this heath.

695. Calluna vulgaris, Salisb.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1100, 1080, 1060, 1050 yards.
Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. N.B. Authorities wanting for 14 counties of Britain.
Russia -- 4821. Western Siberia.

Azores. — Iceland. Faroe. Greenland; Giesecke. America!

696. Menziesia cerulea, Swartz.

Province -------------- 15 -{17]. Native.

Lat. 56—57. Perthshire; Brand! Still there in 1866; Naylor.
Zone ----5. Highlands at about 900 yards, by estimate.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - - - fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. “ Pyrenees.”
Russia----21. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— Greenland. America. Columbia.

242 46. ERICACER.

698. Loiseleuria procumbens, Desv.

Provinces [1]------------- 15161718. Native.

Lat. 56—61. Stirling, Perth, Forfar. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1180 yards, or up to ** 1280.”
Census 4 9 16. Iveland 0, Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

699. Andromeda polifolia, Linn.

Provinces 1 [2 3] 45678910111218-15. Native.

Lat. 51—57. Somerset, Hunts, Norf. — Perth. [Hants, Bucks.]
Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards. Anywhere higher?

Census 10 16 22. Ireland 4. Intermediate-scottish type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia -- 4321. Siberia.

— Greenland ; Taylor list. America. Columbia.

700. Arbutus alpina, Linn.

Provinces ----------- [12}-- 15161718. Native.

Lat. 56—61. Mull? Perth? Forfar. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones -- 3456. North Highlands at 50—900 yards.
Census 4 9 11. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

—Iceland. America. Columbia.

701. Arbutus Uva-ursi, Linn.

Provinces ---- [5 -- 89} 101112-1415 161718. Native.
‘Lat. 54—61. Cumberland, York. — Orkney, Shetland. [Derby ?]
Zones --845. Highlands 0—930 yds. Humber 350—500 y.
Census 8 13 26. Ireland 5. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Hamburg.
Russia 6--321. Siberia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

46. BRICACE. 243

708. Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1400, 1310, 1250 yards.
Census 18 36 77. Ireland 12. British-highland type.
Europe all.

Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
Atlas ; Desf. flo. — Faroe. Iceland. America? Aloutia.

704. Vaccinium uliginosum, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - [7--10]1112--15161718. Native.
Lat. 54—61. Westmoreland, Durham. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones - ? 8456. Highlands to 1160 yds. Tyne 150—450 y.
Census 6 10 16. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe all, except the English-Channel countries.

Russia -- 43821. Persia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

705. Vaccinium Vitis-idea, Linn.

Provinces 1- ? -567891011121314 15 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—58. “Devon.” Essex, extinct. — Hebrides, Sutherl.
Zones - 23456. Highlands to 1110, 1100, 1080, 1066 yards.
Census 15 23 49. Ireland 9. Highland-scottish type.
Europe all.

Russia 6-4821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

706. Vaccinium Oxycoccos, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in South Britain.

Lat. 50—58. ‘ Devon,” Hants, Sussex. — Skye, Ross.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900, 810, 660 yards.

Census 17 28 56. Ireland 11. British-intermediate type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia-- 4821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— Iceland. Greenland. America.. Columbia.

244 46. ERICACER.

707. Pyrola rotundifolia, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 845 ---910 11 [12 18] 1415 -- [18]. Native.
Lat. 51—57 or 58. Kent, Salop, Stafford! — Forfar! Aberdeen.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 or 850 yards.

Census 8 12 19. Ireland 0. Scottish-germanic type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6- 4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
— Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. Greenland. Am. Columb.

708. Pyrola media, Swartz.

Prov. - 2 [3]-5---9101112131415161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Sussex, Worcester! — Mull! Ross, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 600, 590, 580, 500 yards.
Census 11 18 380. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia 6 -- 3 2. “ Norway northward to Tromsoe; Blytt.”
— Faroe. N.B. Has been often mislabelled “ rotundifolia.”

709. Pyrola minor, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in South Britain.

Lat. 50—58. Devon, Hants, Kent. — Skye, Ross, Moray.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 500 yards, and likely higher.
Census 17 27 50. Ireland 4. Scottish-british type.
Europe all, except Turkey.

Russia 654321. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

710. Pyrola secunda, Linn.

Provinces - [2] ------- 101112138-151617. Native.
Lat. 54—58. Cumberland! York! — Skye, Ross, Moray!
Zones -- 345. Highlands to 800 yards. Tyne at 200 yards.
Census 7 10 16. Ireland 1. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Channel aud Netherlands.

Russia 6- 4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

e

46, ERICACE®, — 48. JASMINACE.E. 245

711. Pyrola uniflora, Linn.

Provinces ----------- [12]--15 1718. Native. .

Lat. 56—59. Perth! Forfar ? — Hebrides, Sutherland, Ross!
Zones - - 3. Only in low situations ?

Census 3 6 8. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net (den) got nor swe lap fin.
Russia --- 321. Siberia.

— Greenland ; Giesecke. America. Columbia.

712. Monotropa Hypopitys, Linn.

Provinces 1 23 4 5 [6]-8910[1112]--15. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 9 20 37. Ireland 3. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria.

— (America; but probably an error].

718. Tlex Aquifolium, Linn,

Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native. (18 Planted near Roddal ?)
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 500 yards. Humber to 450 yards.
Census 17 34 83. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den [got] nor.

Russia 6. N.B. Destroyed by winter frost in N.E. Europe.
Algeria.

714. Ligustrum vulgare, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 11 (12 13 14 15 16). Native in England.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 11 24 58. Ireland 1 and (9). English type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 43. “Inter Smyrnam et Bursam.”

Algeria; Desf. flo. atla. — (America, introduced).

246 48. JASMINACER. — 50. GENTIANACE,

715. Fraxinus excelsior, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native. Denizen in N. Britain.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, (Hebrides).
Zones 1 23. Humber to 450 yards. Lakes to 400 yards,
Census 17 31 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor swe.
Russia 6 5 4 3 2.

Algeria. “ F. excelsior var. australis, Gay.”

716. Vinca minor, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 7 (8 to 15). Native or Denizen in England.

Lat. 50—53 (58). Devon, Wight, Kent. — Montgom., Norfolk.

Zone 1. Low grounds; frequently near dwellings.

Census 7 15 ? (Ireland). English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got).

Russia 65 43. West-asia. | N.B. In England it may perhaps
be truly native in some places; usually a stray from gardens.

718. Gentiana verna, Linn.

Provinces - - [8] ------ 101112. Native.

Lat. 54—55. Cumberland? Westmoreland? York. Durham.
Zones-- 34 ? Humber 400—800 yards. Tyne 850—550 yds.
Census 3 3 4. Ireland 3. Intermediate type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra.

Russia 6. West-asia. Siberia.

— Iceland; an outlying habitat, if correct.

719. Gentiana Pneumonanthe, Linn.

Provinces -234-678910-12. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — Cumberland, York.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 9 13 26. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nov.

Russia 6-432. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— America; Gray’s Manual.

50. GENTIANACE.. 247

720. Gentiana nivalis, Linn.

Provinces -------------- 15 [16]. Native.

Lat. 56—57. Perth; Syme! Gourlie! — Forfar! [Inverness].
Zones ----5. Highlands about 900 yards, and upwards.
Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Davuria?

— Iceland. Greenland. Labrador. “ Arctic America.”

721. Gentiana Amarella, Linn.

Provinces 123456789101112-1415161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1284. Humber to 700 yards. Tyne to 500 yards.
Census 17 32 67. Ireland 10. British-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland? “ Altenfiord”; Martins voy. bot.
Russia 6-43.21. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland. “America” and “Columbia”; a distinct species there ?

722. Gentiana campestris, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Cornwall! Wight! Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 600 yds.
Census 18 35 80. Ireland 11. British-scottish type.
Europe all, except Turkey. South Finmark; Andersson.
Russia --- 382. Western Siberia.
— Faroe. Iceland.

723. Cicendia filiformis, Reich.
Provinces 1 2 [3] --6. Native.
Lat. 50—52. Cornwall! Devon, Dorset, Hants! Sussex! Pemb.
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 3 5 7. Ireland 1. English-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.
Russia, absent. Eastward to Greece and Transylvania.
Azores.

248 50. GENTIANACES.

724. BErythrea Centaurium, Pers.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 18 36 91. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Morocco. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

724, Erythrea latifolia, Sm. (vera).

Provinces (1 2---6 7]-9--{12---16]. Native.

Lat. 53—54. Lancashire only. Formerly in Cheshire ?

Zone- 2. Littoral. An irregular growth of Centaurium ?

Census 1 1 1. [Ireland]. Local type of distribution.

Europe? N.B. The habitats of “ France,” “ Norway,” “Algeria,”
“Azores,” are referred to Centaurium. Authors who cite fig.
2719 in E. Bot. Sup. evidently misunderstand Smith’s plant.

724. Krythrea, littoralis, Fries.

Provinces 12-4-67 9-111213141516-18. Native.
Lat. 50—58. “ Cornwall,” “ Sussex.” — Moray? Heb.? Shetl.?
Zones12 ? Littoral. Suffolk! Holy Isle! Arran! etc.
Census 13 18 81 (as reported). [Ireland]. British type?
Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe. N.B. This
includes the E. linearifolia or linarizefolia with E. chloodes
as a single aggregate species. Range in Britain uncertain.

724*, Erythrea pulchella, Fries.

Provinces 1234-678910- [12] 13 [14]. Native.

Lat. 50—55 or 56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumfries, York ?
Zones 1 2. Littoral and low grounds.

Census 10 19 38. Iveland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries? Azores; Drouet flo. — (America, introduced).

5U. GENTIANACER. — 50*. POLEMONIACE. 249

725. Chlora perfoliata, Linn.

Provinces 12345678910 [1112]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — York, Cumberland?
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 10 21 41. Ireland 9. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5. West-asia.

Algeria; but the African plant is C. grandiflora, Viv.

726. Villarsia nympheoides, Vent.

Provinces - 23 4(5--89101112131415). Native.

Lat. 50—53. Sussex, Surrey, Berks. — Northampton, Norfolk.
Zones 1 (2). Low grounds. “Wild” in Sussex; Mr. Hemsley.
Census 3 5 10. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria. China.

727, Menyanthes trifoliata, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50 —61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12384. Lakes to 600 yards. Highlands to 510 yards.
Census 18 88 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6- 4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

728, Polemonium ceruleum, Linn.
Provinces (1 2 8 4) 5 - (7) 8-10 11 12 (18 14 15 16), Native.
Lat. 52—56. Stafford, Derby! York! — Westmorel., Cheviotl. !
Zones - 28. Cheviotland at 200 yards. Cumberland ?
Census 5 5 6. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - (got) nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6-4321. Himalaya, Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc,
— [N.E. Greenland, by a misnomer]. America? Columbia?

2K

250 51. CONVOLVULACEE. — 51%, CUSCUTACER.

729. Convolvulus arvensis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Denizen in N. Britain.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Moray.
Zones 12 8. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 15 30 72. Ireland 9. English-british type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Sib. Day. “China.”
Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores.

730. Convolvulus sepium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Denizen in 14 15 16.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin.
Zones 128. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards. .
Census 16 83 79. Ireland 11. LEnglish-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Azores. — America, a variety or subspecies.

731. Convolvulus Soldanella, Linn.

Provinces 1284-678910111213 ? 1516. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Forfar.

Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 14 21 388. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5. West-asia.

Algeria. [Azores; Drouet flo. a mistake].

732. Cuscuta europea, Linn.
Provinces 12845--8[9(10)--131415]. Native.
Lat. 50—-58 or 55. Wight, Sussex. — Leicester or York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Much confused with the other species.
Census 6 12 23. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia -- 432. Siberia. The species not certain.
Algeria. Egypt. The same remark as in line above.

51*, CUSCUTACEH. — 52. SOLANACES. 251

734. Cuscuta Epithymum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 11-13 [14]. Native. 13 C. europea, Burgess.
Lat. 60—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York or Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 12 20 86. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia? West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries.

735. Cuscuta Trifolii, Bab.

Provinces 128345--891011--1415. Alien or Colonist.
Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. ~ Fife ; always sown ?
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 11 20 ? (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe -? France; South Sweden; Nyman Sylloge.
N.B. Difficult to decide whether an old native in Britain, not
distinguished apart, or a late introduction with clover seeds.

736. Hyoscyamus niger, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Denizen in Scotland.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Ross.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.
Census 17 32 76. Ireland 9. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria. -
Algeria. — (America, introduced).

737. Solanum nigrum, Linn.

Provinces 12845678910(11-181415). Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 10 21 41. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America). ‘ Columbia.”

252 52. SOLANACEH. — 58. SCROPHULARIACES.

738. Solanum Dulcamara, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Denizen in N. Britain.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross.
Zones 1283. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 16 34 82. Ireland 11. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. ‘ China.”
Algeria. — (America, introduced).

739. Atropa Belladonna, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 (13 14 15 16). Denizen.

Lat. 50—56. Sussex, Kent. — Westmoreland, Northumberland ?
Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yds. Native in Yorkshire ; Baker.
Census 12 23 41. (Ireland 4). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6 5.

Algeria. — (America, escaped from gardens).

740. Verbascum Thapsus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Denizen in North Britain.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Arran, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 16 30 74. Ireland 10. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

(Azores, but likely introduced). — (America, introduced).

741. Verbascum Lychnitis, Linn.
Provinces (1 2) 3.45 -(78-10----15 16). Native?
Lat. 59—54 (or 57). Devon? Sussex, Kent. — Denbigh, Stafford.
Zone 1. ILow grounds; very sparsely scattered.
Census 3 ? ? Ireland 0, English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den (got - swe).
Russia 65 4.3. West-asia, a variety.
— (America, introduced),

53. SCROPHULARIACEA. 2538

742. Verbascum pulverulentum, Vill.

Provinces [1 2 3] 4---[8-10----15]. Native?

Lat. 52—53. Suffolk! Norfolk! Hants? Surrey?

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 2 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.

Europe “spa” ita tur aus ger fra cha net. N.B. It is probable
that V. nigrum or Lychnitis has been mistaken for this in
some of the English counties. Madeira?

743. Verbascum nigrum, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6-8-(1011--14). Native.

Lat. 50—54, Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stafford, Notts.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 7 17 38. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-- 32. Siberia.

—N.B. Next to Thapsus, the most native-seeming in Britain.

744. Verbascum Blattaria, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6--(9101112). Alien or Denizen.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Stafford, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds; often temporary.

Census 6 ? ? (Ireland 3). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5 4 38. West-asia. India. Siberia?

Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America, introduced).

745. Verbascum virgatum, With.

Provinces 1-345 6(7 8-10). Alien or Denizen.

Lat. 50—(55). Cornwall, Devon! — (Denbigh, Lincoln, York).

Zone 1. Low grounds; mostly as a Casual.

Census 5 ? ? (Ireland 2). Atlantic-english type.

Europe spa ita - - - fra cha (net). Stated to extend northward into
Belgium and even possibly into Holland.

Algeria. Azores. — Not in Flora Rossica.

254 53. SCROPHULARIACE.

746. Veronica spicata, Linn.

Provinces [1-3] 4567----12----- [18]. Native.

Lat. 51—55. Gloucester, Suffolk, Radnor, N. Wales, Westmorel.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds (spicata) and cliffs (var. hybrida).

Census 5 5 8. Ireland 0. English-intermediate type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. Siberia. N.B. Some other subordinate forms
included for the European and Russian areas.

747. Veronica arvensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 650 yards. Tyne to 600 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65482. West-asia. Siberia. Cyprus.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America).

748. Veronica verna, Liun.

Provinces - [2 3] 4-- [7]. Native.

Lat. 52—53. Suffolk! Norfolk!

Zone 1. Low grounds. [London. Sussex. Denbigh].
Census 1 2 3. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

749. Veronica triphyllos, Linn.

Provinces - - [8] 4 [5] ----10. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Suffolk! Norfolk! West York!

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (London. Warwick].

Census 2 3 5. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Western Siberia.
Algeria.

58. SCROPHULARIACE. 255

750. Veronica serpyllifolia, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 850 yards? Humber to 850 yds.
Census 18 38 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, if it be this in Finmark,—not the V. humifusa.
Russia 6543821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

750,b. Veronica humifusa, Dicks.

Provinces - - - - - - 7---1112--151617. Native.

Lat. 58—59. Denbigh; Bowman. — Sutherl.; Northern Flora.

Zones ---45 6. Highlands to 1260, 1210, 1200, 1060 yards.

Census 6 7 11. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.

Europe? N.B. Not distinguished apart from V. serpyllifolia by
Continental writers. Said to occur on the ‘ Rocky Mountains’
of Western America. Verification of “ Denbighshire” desirable.

751. Veronica alpina, Linn.

Provinces -- ------------ 15 16. Native.

Lat. 56—58. Stirling, Perth, Forfar. — Westerness, Kasterness.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands between 700—1230 yards.

Census 2 4 7%. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

752. Veronica saxatilis, Linn.

Provinces - ------------- 15 ? 17. Native.

Lat. 56—59. Perth! Forfar! — Sutherl. Cruachan? Nevis?
Zones ----5 6. Highlands between 700—1000 yards.

Census 3 4 6. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia, absent. Eastward to Transylvania.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland.

256 53. SCROPHULARIACE,

753. Veronica scutellata, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native. ‘“ Orkney; Barry’s list.”
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 500 yards.
Census 17 84 79. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. ‘“ Thrace”; Lecoq. geogr.
Russia -- 43821. West-asia. Siberia. “ Persia.”
Algeria. — Iceland. America. Columbia.

754. Veronica Anagallis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lake province to 300 yards.

Census 18 88 85. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col.

755. Veronica Beccabunga, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 930 yards. Tyne to 650 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — Faroe. Iceland. America? Aleutia.

756. Veronica officinalis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Humber to 800 yds.
Census 18 88 92. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Kurope all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 482. India. Siberia.

Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. America, introduced ?

58. SCROPHULARIACES. 257

757. Veronica montana, Linn.

Proviuces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray.
Zones 128. Humber to 350 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 16 32 72. Ireland 10. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia -- 43. Western Siberia.

Algeria.

758. Veronica Chamedrys, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 800 yds.
Census 15 37 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Northward to Finmark; N. J. Andersson.
Russia654321. West-asia. Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

759. Veronica hederifolia, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 18 386 83. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Cyprus, Euphrates, &c.
Algeria. — (America, an introduced weed).

760. Veronica agrestis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 18 36 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

— Algeria. — (America, introduced).

258 53. SCROPHULARIACE.

761. Veronica polita, Fries.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Frequently recorded as V. agrestis.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Forfar. ,

Zones 1 2. Tyne to 830 yards. Lakes to 800 yards.

Census 16 380 69. Ireland 12. British-english type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got - (swe).

Russia -? Included under V. agrestis in Ledeb. flo. ross. But
the two are abundantly distinct.

762. Veronica Buxbaumii, Ten.

Provinces 1 to 15. Alien, becoming a Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — (Aberdeen, Moray).
Zones 1 2 (3). Tyne to 330 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 15 28 ? (Ireland 7). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 - 4 3. West-asia. Punjaub; Edgeworth.

— Algeria. — (America, probably introduced).

763. Bartsia alpina, Linn.

Provinces - - [3] ------ 10 11 12--15 [16 17}. Native.

Lat. 54—57. York! Durham! Perth! Westmoreland? Ross ?
Zones ---45. Highlands about 900 y. Humber 300—600 y.
Census 4 4 5. Ireland 0. Intermediate-highland type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - (got) nor swe lap fin.

Russia ---- 21.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Labrador.

764. Bartsia viscosa, Linn.

Provinces 12---6--9---13--16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Argyle, Dumbarton.
Zones 1 2 ? Low grounds.

Census 6 10 17. Ireland 2. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fracha. Dalmatia for “aus.”

Russia 6. West-asia.

Algeria. Tunis. Egypt. Azores. Canaries; Bentham.

58. SCROPHULARIACER, 259

765. Bartsia Odontites, Huds.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 128. Highlands to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 18 87 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65482. Siberia. Davuria.

— North Africa; Bentham, in De Cand. prodr.

766. Euphrasia officinalis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones-1 23456. Highlands to 1200, 1120, 1090, 1080 yards.
Census 18 38 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
[Azores; Drouet flo.] — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Am. Col.

767. Rhinanthus Crista-galli, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. R. major included.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 850, 800, 680, 610, 580 yards.
Census 18 88 93. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.

Russia65 4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

768. Melampyrum cristatum, Linn.
Provinces - (2) 3 4 [5 ----10]. Colonist?
Lat. 51—53. Herts! Essex! Suffolk! Norfolk! Beds! Northton !
Zone 1. Low grounds. (South Hants) — [York].
Census 2 4 8. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe.
Russia -5 432. Siberia.

260 58. SCROPHULARIACES.

769. Melampyrum arvense, Linn.

Provinces - 23 4 [5---9]. Casual or Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Wight! Essex! Herts. — Suffolk, Norfolk.

Zone 1. Low grounds. [Dorset, Gloucester, Warwick, Chester.]
Census 3 4 6. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.

Russia 65 432. West-asia.

770. Melampyrum pratense, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Often misréported as “sylvaticum.”
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1080, 930, 900, 830, 800 yards.
Census 18 37 87. Ivreland1l. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey excepted.

Russia 6-4321. Siberia.

— America. M. pratense var. americana.

771. Melampyrum sylvaticum, Linn.
Prov. [12 3-5-789]101112131415 17 [18]. Native.
Lat. 54—58. Westmoreland, York! — Moray! Ross.
Zones - 2.3. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 300 yards.
Census 7 10 17. Treland1. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6-- 321. Siberia.
— “America”; but the species not certain.

772. Pedicularis palustris, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12384. Highlands to 600 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 18 38 92. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.
Russia -- 4821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.
— Faroe. America; Hook. flo. bor. am. Columbia?

53. SCROPHULARIACEE. 261

773. Pedicularis sylvatica, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1284. Highlands to 670 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 18 38 94, Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia - - - 3 2.

[Algeria]. — Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega.

774. Scrophularia nodosa, Linn.

‘Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Ross.
Zones 123. Humber to 500 yards. Tyne to 400 yards.
Census 18 36 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia.

— America, Columbia. 8. marilandica, Linn.

775. Scrophularia Balbisii, Hornem.

Provinces 1 to 14 [15 -- 18]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent.— Renfrew, Berwick.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 14 27 65. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6. Siberia? India?

Algeria. “Canaries.” Azores.

775*. Scrophularia Ehrharti, Stev.

Provinces-23-5-7-910--? 14. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Sussex, Middlesex. — Linlithgow or Edinburgh.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber at 200—250 yards.

Census 7 8 14. [Ireland]. English-intermediate type.

Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den (got). Imperfect?

Russia 6 5 4 8. Siberia ? N.B. This and the ‘ Balbisii’ have
been confused under the common name of ‘aquatica.’

262 53. SCROPHULARIACEA.

776. Scrophularia Scorodonia, Linn.

Provinces 1 - [8]. Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall! Devon! [Hertford].

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 2 2. [Ireland]. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha.

Russia 6.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

778. Digitalis purpurea, L.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1284. Highlands to 660, 650, 630, 590, 570 yards.
Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor.
Russia - 5 - 8.
Madeira; Lemann. Azores; Drouet flo. Introduced?

780. Antirrhinum Orontium, Linn.

Provinces 12345 67--(101112). Colonist.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, Norfolk.
Zone 1 ? Low grounds.

Census 7 17 89. Iveland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia- 5 38. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

782. Linaria spuria, Mill.

Provinces 12345 6-8-(1011). Colonist.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Notts, Lincoln.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 7 18 41. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5-3. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

53. SCROPHULARIACE. 263

783. Linaria Elatine, Mill.

Provinces 12345678(91011). Native or Colonist.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Anglesea, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 8 19 49. Ireland 3. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

784. Liparia repens, Ait.
Provinces 12345 6-(8 91011) 12 (13 14 15). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent? — Westmoreland.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.
Census 7 11 17. Ireland 3. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net - - nor (swe).
Russia ? -- 3. West-asia? N.B. Perhaps more usually native
in the English habitats, than is indicated above.

785. Linaria vulgaris, Mill.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray.
Zones 1238. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 16 32 78. Ireland 8. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark, and possibly Spain.

Russia 65 482. Siberia. Davuria.

— (America, introduced).

787. Linaria minor, Desf.

Provinces 12345678-1011-1314 (15). Colonist.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Roxburgh.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 12 25 48. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3 2.

Algeria. N.B. Prof. De Candolle holds it an alien in Britain.

264 58, SCROPHULARIACE®. — 54. OROBANCHACES.

788. Limosella aquatica, Linn.

Provinces 12345-7891011--1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall? 8. Hants, Sussex. — Kincardine; D. G.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds mostly. Surrey to 300 yards.

Census 12 21 33. Ireland? Germanic-english type.

Europe all, except Turkey (?) and Finmark.

Russia - - 4 821. N.B. It is L. tenuifolia below, in Am. Col.
Algeria; Lecog. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland? [Am. Col.]

789. Sibthorpia europea, Linn.

Provinces 1 2---6-[8---12]. Native. Extinct in prov. 2.

Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, Glamorgan, Caermarth.

Zone 1. Low grounds. Destroyed in Sussex; Mr. Hemsley.

Census 3 6 7. Ireland1. Atlantic type of distribution.

Europe spa - tur--fracha. So-called 8. “africana” in Baleares.

Azores. N.B. The Azore plant is not separable from the usual
British form of S. europea.

790. Orobanche rapum, Thuil.

Provinces 1234567891011 -18-[15 16]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kirkudb., Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. O. major, of many authors.
Census 12 24 54. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net.

Russia - - 4 3.

Algeria.

791. Orobanche caryophyllacea, Sm.
Provinces [1]- 84. Native. O. “lucorum” in province 3.
Lat. 51—538. South-east Kent. Semer; Flora of Suffolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha - den.
Russia 6543. West-asia. Siberia.

54. OROBANCHACEA. 265

792. Orobanche elatior, Sutton.

Provinces 1 23 4 5 6 [7] 8-10 11---- [16]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — York, Durham ?
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Several localities are uncertain.
Census 9 16 24. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got.

Russia 6-48. Siberia.

— N.B. This, not O. rapum, said to be the true O. major, Linn.

793. Orobanche minor, Linn.

Provinces 12345 [6 7]-91011. Native or Colonist.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 8 17 384. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den got).

Russia 6 - 4.

Algeria. Madeira; Lemann list.

793*. Orobanche Picridis, F. Schultz.

Provinces - 234-6. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Wight. Kent. Cambridge. Pembroke.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 4 4 4. Ireland 0. English or Germanic type

Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net.

N.B. Hitherto confused with O. minor, but alleged to be distinct
by those botanists who have seen it living.

793*. Orobanche Hedere, Duby.

Provinces 12--5678. Native. Likely in other provinces.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight. — Carnarvon, Leicester.

Zone 1. Low grounds. Long united with O. minor.

Census 6 10 15. Ireland 9. LEnglish-atlantic type.

Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net. N.B. The British stations
recorded by old Authors for so-called ‘ minor’ on ‘ivy,’ have
been transferred to the present species. “West Asia.”

2M

266 54, OROBANCHACEE. — 54*. VERBENACER.

794. Orobanche rubra, Sm.

Provinces 1 ----6---10----151617. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, York, Fife. — Skye, West Ross.

Zones 128. Coast rocks. Humber at 250 yards.

Census 6 7 8. Ireland 4. Scottish-atlantic type.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra. Baltic Isles.

Russia 6 - - 8. N.B. The O. rubra, of Smith, latterly has been
identified or united with O. Epithymum.

795. Orobanche cerulea, Vill.

Provinces 1 23 4 5 [6]. Native or Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight! — Monmouth, Herts! Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 5 5 6. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.

Russia -- 4 3. India.

797. Lathrea squamaria, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Clackmannan.
Zones 123. Tyne to 330 yards. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 16 24 48. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 5 432. India. Western Siberia?

798. Verbena officinalis, Linn.
Provinees 1 to 12 - - (15). Denizen or Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds; usually about inhabited places.
Census 12 25 60. Ireland 9. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6 5 43. India. “China. Japan.”
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. (America).

55, LAMIACE. 267

799. Salvia Verbenaca, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12-14 15 -(17). Native. (17 Ross).

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife, Forfar?
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 14 25 55. Ireland §. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. ‘“ Denmark.”

Russia 6 5. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries ?

800. Salvia pratensis, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 8 [45678-1011]. Denizen.

Lat. 51—52. Kent, certainly and for many years. Oxford.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Many erroneous localities.

Census 1 ? ? Ireland 0. Germanic-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Sweden).

Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. Western Siberia.

801. Lycopus europeus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Rare in province 14.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westerness, Ross.
Zones 128. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.
Census 17 384 83. Ireland 11. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Azores.

802. Mentha rotundifolia, Linn.

Provinces 12345678-1011 12 -(14)[15 16]. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb.
Zones 12. Low grounds. Denizen in Mid Britain.

Census 11 23 40. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Bornholm.

Russia --- 3. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, from gardens).

268 55. LAMIACE.

803. Mentha sylvestris, Linn.

Provinces 12345678-10-12-1415 16. Native?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Dumbarton, Moray.
Zones 128. Humber to 200 yards. True area uncertain.
Census 18 ? ? [Ireland]. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Cashmere. Siberia.

Algeria. Egypt. Morocco. Canaries. Azores.

805. Mentha piperita, Huds.

Provinces 123456789101112-141516. Native?

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Dumbarton, Aberd.?

Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 yards. Distribution uncertain.

Census 15 ? ? (Ireland 5). English type of distribution ?

Europe - - - aus ger. N.B. So seldom indicated as a native
plant, in the Local Floras of Europe, that its area cannot be
satisfactorily traced out.

806. Mentha aquatica, Linn.

Provinces all? Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney.
Zones 128. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 450 yards.
Census 18 84 87. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Madeira; Lemann list. Azores; Drouet flo.

807. Mentha sativa, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Exclusive of M. rubra.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Isla, Kincardine.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 16 ? ? Ireland 9. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor. (Sweden ?)
Russia? As a variety of M. arvensis, in Led. flo. ross.
Canaries. Azores?

55. LAMIACE.E. 269

808. Mentha arvensis, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney.
Zones 128. Highlantls to 850 yards. Humber to 300 yds.
Census 18 33 81. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 6-482. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
— Faroe. (America, introduced).

809. Mentha Pulegium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to [2 - (14.15). Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Durham.

Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yds. Is it wild in Lake province ?
Census 12 23 43. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — ‘ America.”

810. Thymus Serpyllum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. T. Chamedrys included.

Lat. 50 -61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1180, 1100, 1010, 850 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. T. ‘‘ Chameedrys” from Spain to Norway.

Russia 6-4 821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. [America].

811. Origanum vulgare, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Moray.

Zones 128. Humber to 450 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 16 82 75. Ireland 9. British-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
Algeria? Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America).

270 55. LAMIACES.

812. Calamintha Acinos, Clairv.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Colonist in Scotland ?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.
Census 15 380 61. Ireland 2. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland (uncertain) and Finmark.
Russia 6 5 4 3 2.

Algeria.

813. Calamintha Nepeta, Clairv.

Provinces 1 2 3 45 6 (7 8]-10 (11 12]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon? Kent! Essex! Herts! Oxford! Gloucester!
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Native in N. Yorkshire; Baker.
Census 7 ? ? Ireland? LEnglish-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 65 4. N.B. In England, confused with C. officinalis.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America).

814. Calamintha officinalis, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 10 ? 12--(15). Native. C. sylvatica - 2.
Lat. 50—56 (57). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland !
Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards. Extinct in province 11?
Census 11 24 56. Ireland 9. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6-- ? West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

815. Calamintha Clinopodium, Spenn.
Provinces 1] to 15. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Elgin.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 15 380 73. Ireland 5. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 6 5432. West-asia. India. Siberia. “Japan.”
Algeria. Madeira. Azores. — (America, introduced).

55. LAMIACEA. Q71

817. Melittis Melissophyllum, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 [3 - 5] 6 - [8]. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Cornw. Dors. Suss. — Cardigan; Miss Atwood !
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 8 7 10. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia --- 3. Eastward to Greece and Transylvania.

—. N.B. Apparently confined to Europe.

818. Teucrium Scorodonia, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards.
Census 18 36 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den). Norway.

Russia, apparently absent.

“ Algeria.” “Morocco.” Madeira; Lemann list.

819. Teucrium Scordium, Linn.

Provinces 1-3 4---8-10. Native?

Lat. 51—55. N. Devon; Mrs. Russell! N.W. York; Bowman!
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Oxf. Suff. Norf. Camb. North. Linc.
Census 5 7 9. Ireland 8. Germanic-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6-4 3. West-asia. Cashmere. Siberia.

North Africa? ‘ Abyssinia”; but this is beyond our limits.

822. Ajuga reptans, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones 1234? Highlands to 730, 620, 540, 530 yards.

Census 18 35 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 - 4 3. N.B. A. “alpina,” of Forfarshire, 1831, was
simply a misnamed example of this species.

272 55, LAMIACER.

823. Ajuga pyramidalis, Linn.
Provinces [1 - - - - - T]------- 15161718. Native.
Lat. 56—60. Argyle, W.E. Inverness. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones -- 34. Orkney at 200 yards; Boswell Syme.
Census 4 6 8. Iveland1. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Channel and Finmark. Loffoden Isles.
Russia 6 - 4 8 2.
— Greenland; Giesecke. N.B. Distribution in Britain anomalous.

824. Ajuga Chamepitys, Schreb.

Provinces - 23 4-[67]. Colonist. [Sussex, Gloucester, etc.]
Lat. 51—53. Surrey! Kent! — Herts! Cambridge! Bedford!
Zone 1. Low grounds. ‘“N. Wilts. N. Hants. 8. Essex.”
Census 3 5 8. Iveland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 6 4.3. West-asia.

Algeria.

825. Ballota nigra, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native. 3B. ruderalis in provinces 3 and 12.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Fife.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 15 28 69. Ireland 8. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia.

Algeria. Madeira. Azores.

827. Lamium Galeobdolon, Crantz.

Provinces 12345678910-12-(14 15) [16]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland? York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 11 24 54. Ireland 38. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia -- 4 3. Western Siberia.

—. N.B. A specimen came to Bot. Soc. London, labelled “Argyle.”

55. LAMIACE.®. 273

828. Lamium album, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Denizen in N. B.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Moray.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 215 yards.
Census 15 31 74. Ireland 7. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria.

[Barbary ; Desf. flo. atla.] — Iceland; Lindsay list.

830. Lamium amplexicaule, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1 2 8. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 18 34 79. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland; Lindsay list. (Am.)

830%. Lamium intermedium, Fries.

Provinces - [2-- 5 - 7]---11-138141516-18. Native.

Lat. 54—61. Wigton, Dumfries, Cheviotland. — Orkney, Shetl.
Zones - 23. Low grounds. Tyne to 250 yards.

Census 6 12 18. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger - - - den got nor swe.

Russia --- 32. Lithuania; flo. ross. Finland; Fries.

—. N.B. In Britain the distribution not well ascertained.

831. Lamium purpureum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 650 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 15 388 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia.

Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland.

aT4 55. LAMIACE.

831*. Lamium incisum, Willd.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Any record for N. Highlands?
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 17 31 53. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - - 4 8.

—. N.B. Doubtless often confused with L. purpurewni,

832. Galeopsis Ladanum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Elgin.
Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 16 30 59. Ireland 3. Enuglish-british type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-432. Armenia. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. (America, introduced).

833. Galeopsis ochroleuca, Lam.

Provinces - - 3 - [5] - 7 (8 9)1011. Colonist.

Lat. 51—55. Essex! Carnarvon! York! Durham!

Zone 1 2. Low grounds. [Warwick]. (Notts? Lancaster ?}
Census 4 6 7. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia - - - 3:

834. Galeopsis Tetrahit, Linu.

Provinces all. Native or Colonist. G. bifida included.

Lat. 50—61. Cotnwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1238. Tyne to 450 yards. Highlands to 400 yards.
Census 18 38 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted.

Russia 66-4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse.
= Faroe. Iceland. (America, introduced).

55. LAMIACEA. 275

835. Galeopsis versicolor, Curt.

Provinces - 2345 789101112131418 1617. Colonist.
Lat. 50—58. Sussex, perhaps only casual ? — Ross, west and east.
Zones 123. Highlands to 250 yards. Tyne to 250 yards.
Census 15 26 60. Ireland 7. Scottish-british type.

Europe - ita - aus ger - - net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 66-4321. Asa variety of G. Tetrahit in Flo, Ross,

— N.B. Perhaps truly a boreal variety of Tetrahit.

836. Stachys Betonica, Benth.

Provinces 1 to 16, Native. Betonica officinalis, Linn.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross.
Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Lakes to 360 yards,
Census 16 29 70. Ireland 7. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 65 432. Western Siberia.

{Barbary ; Desf. flo. atla.] Madeira; Lemann list.

837. Stachys palustris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 87 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark,

Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria,
— America. Columbia.

837,b. Stachys ambigua, Sm.

Provinces all, by the records. Native. Two or three sub-forms,

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall! Dorset! Kent! — Orkney! Shetland.

Zones 123. Tyne to 450 yards. Name often misapplied.

Census 18 82 46. Ireland 6. British type of distribution.

Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net (den got) nor.

Russia -? Caucasus ? N.B. In the Flora Rossica, a Stachys
“ambigua” is made the type form of 8. palustris.

276 55. LAMIACEA.

838. Stachys sylvatica, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 88 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 432. Himalaya. Siberia.

839. Stachys germanica, Linn.

Provinces (1 2) 8 4---(8-10). Alien or Denizen.

Lat. 50—53. Formerly in Hants! Kent! — Oxford! Norfolk.

Zone 1. Low grounds. (Cornwall — York, by report).

Census 2 ? ? Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Denmark, extinct).

Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Siberia. Northward to the Isle of
Oesel, in European Russia.

840. Stachys arvensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native or Colonist.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 128. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 18 35 82. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 6-- 3. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

841. Nepeta Glechoma, Benth.

Provinces all? Native. 18 North Isles uncertain.

Lat. 50—58 or 60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney ?
Zones 123. Tyne to 430 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 18 35 79. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. | Glechoma hederacea, Linn.
Russia 6 5 4.32. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Azores, perhaps introduced. — (America, introduced).

55, LAMIACE. Q77

842. Nepeta Cataria, Linn.

Proy. 1234567 8(9)10 11 -(18 1415-1718). Native?
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Northumberland !
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (* Lanark.” “ Berwick.” “ Perth.”)
Census 10 21 45. Ireland 8. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia,

— (America, introduced).

848. Marrubium vulgare, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 - (14 15). Native in England?

Lat. 50—56 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Man, Cheviotl.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds; often as a casual escape.

Census 12 ? ? Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

844. Prunella vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1284. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 730 yards.
Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark? Loffoden Isles.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. “Japan.”
[Barbary]. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. Am. Col.

845. Scutellaria galericulata, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Ross.

Zones 128. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 18 35 82. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 66-4321. Westasia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtsc.
Algeria. — America. Columbia.

278 55, LAMIACE&. — 56. BORAGINACE.

846. Scutellaria minor, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 13 --16. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Durham.

Zones 1 2. Devon to 350 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.

Census 14 26 58. Ireland 7. English-atlantic type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net.

Russia --- 38. Siberia? N.B. Chiefly a western plant, extended
in Europe from Portugal to Holstein; eastward to Transylv.

847. Myosotis palustris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - [17 18]. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth! Forfar.

Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 200 yds. [* Aberdeen ”—“ Shetland”].
Census 15 80 74. Ireland 12. British-english type.

Kurope all, except Finmark. Partly M. repens here ?

Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. Davuria. Same query ?
Algeria? — [Faroe. Iceland. America],

848. Myosotis repens, Dou.

Prov. 128 [4] 5 6 [7] 8910111218 1415161718. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.

Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 680 yards.

Census 16 27 44. Ireland 7. British-scottish type.

Europe —? Normandy? South Sweden.

Russia? N.B. Not included in the Flora Rossica; but perhaps
passed by on the Continent, as a form of M. palustris.

849. Myosotis caspitosa, Schultz.
Provinces all. Native. Much confused with M. palustris.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Humber to 550 yards.
Census 18 36 76. Tveland 10. British type of distribution,
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe lap.
Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
Algeria. — America; Hook. flo. bor. am. and DC, prodr,

56. BORAGINACE.%. 279

850. Myosotis alpestris, Schmidt.

Provinces - - - - - - - -- 10-12--15. Native.

Lat. 54—57. York! Westmoreland? Perth!

Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 13800 y. Humber at 750—800 y.
Census 38 3 3. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - - - - - swe lap.

Russia 654821. Sib. Dav. Confused with M. sylvatica ?
= America. Columbia. “Common on the Rocky Mountains.”

851. Myosotig sylvatica, Ehrh.

Provinces 12845-789101112131415. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon? Sussex, Kent. — Forfar, Aberdeen.
Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 15 22 38. Ireland 0. English-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra ? net den got nor. Finmark?
Russia 6--3821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

Canaries. — America? Columbia? By misnomers?

852. Myosotis arvensis, Hoff.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 5.0—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 410 yards.
Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654821. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Madeira. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am. Col.)

853. Myosotis collina, Hoffm.

Provinces 1 to 15 -~- [18]. Native. Shetland?

Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Banff, Elgin.
Zones 128. Highlands to 350 yards? Humber to 200 yards.
Census 15 29 62. Ireland 3. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-432. West-asia.

Algeria. — Faroe. N.B. ‘Abundant in Shetland”; Edm.

280 56. BORAGINACEE.

854. Myosotis palustris, Lehm.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones ] 23. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards.
Census 18 85 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6 -- 38. West-asia.

Aigeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland. ‘“ Columbia.”

855. Lithospermum officinale, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native; but doubtfully so in Scotland.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin, Ross!
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 200 yards.
Census 17 382 69. Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.
— (America, introduced).

856. Lithospermum arvense, Linn.
Provinces all. Colonist.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Ross.
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 200 yards. *
Census 18 82 77. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Western Siberia.
Algeria. — (America, introduced).

857. Lithospermum purpuro-ceruleum, Linn.
Provinces 1 - 3 - [5] 6 7-- [10-12]. Native.
Lat. 50—54. Devon, Somerset! Kent! Glamorgan! Denbigh!
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Hereford, York, Cumberland].
Census 4 5 6. Ireland 0. English-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.
Russia 6 5 4 3.

56. BORAGINACE, 281

858. Mertensia maritima, G. Don.

Prov. [1 2]--- ? 7---1112181415 161718. Native.
Lat. 53—61. Carnarvon, Cheviotland. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral. [Cornwall, Devon, Hants, Cardigan ?]
‘Census 9 15 28. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe -------- den got nor lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Spitsbergen.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

859. Symphytum officinale, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native. Denizen in North Britain.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Kincardine.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Tyne to 150 yards.

Census 15 31 72. Ireland 12. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 6 5 432. Western Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

860. Symphytum tuberosum, Linn.

Provinces - (2 3 4 5)- 78-10 [11] 1213141516. Native.

Lat. 52—58. (Beds!), Merioneth, York. — Isla, Elgin.

Zones ? 23. Low grounds only? (Sussex, Herts, Essex, etc.)

Census 8 11 20. Ireland 0. Intermediate-scottish type.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra.

Russia -- 4 8. “ Davuria; Pallas.” N.B. Possibly a native in
S. England, though usually recorded there with some distrust.

862. Lycopsis arvensis, Linn.
Provinces all. Native? Introduced; Alph. De Candolle.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Highlands to 350 yards; sown with corn?
Census 18 88 88. Ireland 6. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland (scarcely) and Finmark.
Russia 6 5 43 2. India. Western Siberia.
— (America, introduced).

282 56. BORAGINACE.

864. Anchusa sempervirens, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17%. Alien or Denizen. (Cornwall to Ross).

Lat. 50—58. Devon! Sussex! Kent! — Dumbarton! Kincard. !

Zones 123. Low grounds. Mostly a casual, from gardens.

Census 17 ? ? (Ireland 6). English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - - - fra cha.

—. N.B. It would likely be wiser to discard this from the lists
of quasi-british plants, and treat it as truly an alien.

865. Asperugo procumbens, Linn.

Prov. [1234] 5-7---11--1415 17. Alien or Denizen.
Lat. 52—58. Salop! Cheviotl.! Haddingt.! Fife! Forfar! Ross !
Zones 1 2 8. Low grounds. Misreported or extinct in many places.
Census 6 9 9. Ireland 0. Local-scottish type ?

Europe all, except Channel.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria.

866. Cynoglossum officinale, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 - 14 15 - (17) [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—57 (or 58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife. (Ross).
Zones 1 2 ? Humber to 250 yards.

Census 14 28 66. Ireland 6. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia.

Barbary ; Desf. flo. atla. — (America, introduced).

867. Cynoglossum montanum, Linn.

Provinces = [2] 345 --------- (15). Native in England.

Lat. 51—58 (57). Surrey! Essex! Gloucester! Warwick !

Zone 1. Low grounds. [Sussex] — (Perth, Forfar).

Census 3 6 12. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia 6. N.B. Apparently mis-records occur in English books,
through mistaking C. officinale for the present species.

56. BORAGINACEH. — 57. PINGUICULACER, 283

868. Pulmonaria angustifolia, Linn.

Provinces [1] 2 [8 4--7]. Native. [1 Ravenshaw Flo. Dev.]

Lat, 50—51. Dorset. Wight! South Hants!

Zone 1. Low grounds. [Devon, Surrey, Suffolk, Flint].

Census 1 2 8. Treland 0, Local-english type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net (den) got nor.

Russia-- 432. N.B. P. officinalis occurs in many counties of
Britain, as an escape from gardens, and is confused with this.

869. Echium vulgare, Linn,

Provinces all? Native. Alien or Colonist in North Britain.

Lat. 50—56 or 59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Caithness.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards, Tyne to 150 yards,
Census 18 33 78. Ireland 5. British-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Azores. — [Iceland; Hooker list]. (America).

872. Pinguicula vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Rare in the South of England.

Lat. 50—61. Devon, Dorset, Hants. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123845. Highlands to 970, 930, 930, 900, 880 yards.
Census 18 34 75. Ireland 12. Scottish-british type.
Europe ail.

Russia ---821. Siberia. Aleutia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

878. Pinguicula alpina, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - --- presses 16 17 [18]. Native.

Lat. 5758. Skye; James Mackay! E. Ross; W. A. Stables!
Zone -- 8. Low grounds only?

Census 2 2 2 Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia--- 321. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland; Giesecke,

284 57. PINGUICULACE.

874. Pinguicula lusitanica, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 - [4] ------- 1213-15 161718. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Dorset, Wight. — Hebrides, Sutherland.

Zones 1 2 8. Low grounds only? [West Norfolk, by an error].

Census 8 13 24. Ireland 12. Atlantic-scottish type.

Europe spa ---- fra cha. Portugal to Normandy, and continued
northwards only in Britain and Ireland. A single locality in
the East Highland province, in its extreme North-west.

875. Utricularia vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15-1718. Native. U.neglectain 28-5.
Lat. 50 -61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 500 yards; Prof. Dickie.

Census 17 82 66. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.. U. neglecta, N. Italy to Sweden.
Russia -- 4 8 2. Siberia. “Davuria.

Algeria. — America. Columbia.

876. Utricularia intermedia, Hayne.

Provinces [1] 2 - [4 5] ----- 1112--151617. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Dorset, South Hants. — Ross, Sutherland.

Zones 128. Tyne to 250 yards. Several false localities ?
Census 6 10 14. Iveland 5. Local-scottish type ?

Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 4321. Siberia.

— America. N.B. The British localities mostly need verification.

877. Utricularia minor, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Occasionally mislabelled ‘intermedia.’
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 250 yards. Sparse or overlooked.
Census 18 33 57. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Jurope - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 4 3. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria.

58. PRIMULACEE. 285

878. Primula vulgaris, Huds.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 550 yards. Highlands to 500 yards.
Census 18 38 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got) nor.

Russia 65 4. “Syria; Labill”; De Cand. Prodr.

Algeria; Munby cat. — Faroe.

879. Primula elatior, Jacq.

Provinces -- 34. Native. Not P. elatior of With. ete.

Lat. 51—53. Essex! Suffolk! Cambridge. [Middlesex].

Zone 1. Low grounds. Varieties of P. vulgaris excluded above.
Census 2 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got.

Russia 6 -- 3. Siberia.

Iceland; Lecoq. geogr. Surely this is an error?

880. Primula veris, Linn.

Provinces ] to 15 - 17 (18). Native. Orkney; Gillies herb.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Caithness! Sutherl.!
Zones 1 2 3. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 450 yards.
Census 16 30 77. Ireland 11. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia.

Barbary; Desf. flor. atla. ‘‘ Flores umbellati,” etc.

881. Primula farinosa, Linn.

Provinces [1 8---7]-9101112-14--[1718]. Native.
Lat. 53—56. Lancaster, York. — Cumberland, Peebles.

Zones - 234. Humber 0—600 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 5 6 11. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra -- den got- swe. Lapland?
Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria. Mongolia.

—TIceland. “Greenland.” Am. Col. The same species ?

286 58. PRIMULACE.

882. Primula scotica, Hook.

Provinces ---------------- 17 18. Native.

Lat. 58—60. Sutherland! Caithness! Orkney!

Zones -- 8. Low grounds only ?

Census 2 2 38. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.

Europe. Scandinavian mountains, nor swe lap. N.B. This seems
quite satisfactorily distinct from P. farinosa, with which it is re-
united in the Handbook of the British Flora, and in DC. prodr.

884. Trientalis europea, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - - - - 10111218 1415161718. Native.
Lat. 583—61. Westmoreland, York. — Orkney? Shetland !
Zones-2345. Highlands to 930 yards. Tyne 70—500 yds.
Census 9 13 30. Ireland 0. Scottish-highland type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia--43821. Siberia. Davuria. T. arctica, in Kamtsc.
— Iceland; Lindsay list. T. arctica, in Aleutian Isles.

885. Hottonia palustris, Linn.

Provinces 12345-789101112-- [15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. [Dorset, on old authority,]

Census 11 19 41. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia - - 4 3 2. Western Siberia.

886. Lysimachia vulgaris, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mull, Aberdeen.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 16 382 70. Ireland 10. English-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia65 43821. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria.

58. PRIMULACES. 287

887. Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Linn.
Provinces [1 2 3 - - - 7] 8 [9] 10 - [12] 13 [14] 15 16. Native.
Lat. 583—57. Notts, York! — Lanark! Forfar!
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Dumbarton or Stirling ?
Census 5 7 8. Ireland 0. Intermediate-scottish type.
Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.
Russia-- 4321. Siberia. Davuria.
— America. Columbia.

888. Lysimachia nummularia, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 13 (14 15). Native. (Renfrew to Forfar).

Lat. 50—56. Devon, 8. Hants, Kent. — Dumfries, Northumb. ?
Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 13 25 56. TJreland 1 & (4). English type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3.

889. Lysimachia nemorum, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 810, 710, 700, 680, 670 yards.
Census 17 35 87. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor.
[ Kamtschatka; Rudolph”). Not elsewhere in the Russian empire.
[Azores”]. The Azoric plant is not identical with the European.

890. Anagallis arvensis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Colonist in North Britain.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Banff.
Zones 1238. Tyne to 200 yards. A. cerulea included.
Census 16 82 81. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Western Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

288 58. PRIMULACE.

891. Anagallis tenella, Linn.

Provinces all? Native. No authority for province 17.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 250 yards. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 17 86 87. Ireland12. British type of distribution
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

[‘‘ Eastern Siberia”]. Otherwise, unknown in the Russian Empire.
Algeria. — Faroe.

892. Centunculus minimus, Linn.

Provinces 12384567-910-12181415 16. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Kincardine.
Zones 128. Low grounds.

Census 14 25 46. Ireland 7. English-british type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia -- 4 3. Siberia.

Azores. — Said to occur in South America.

893. Samolus Valerandi, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Moray.
Zones 1 28. Low grounds; chiefly littoral.

Census 16 81 72. Ireland 10. TEnglish-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. Columbia.

894. Glaux maritima, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 18 85 69. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.

Russia 6- 4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. China.
— Iceland. America. Columbia.

59. PLUMBAGINACE, 289

895. Armeria maritima, Auct.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128456. Highlands to 1270, 1200, 1100, 1000 yards.
Census 18 84 71. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all; if A. elongata or vulgaris be included herewith.
Russia -- 4 82. Arctic and Eastern Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

897. Statice Limonium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 18 - (15 --18). Native. Province 5 uncertain
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Littoral. (Fife. Shetland).

Census 13 21 33. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia, absent. But S. Gmelini of Rus. and Sib. is closely allied.
Algeria. Azores; the species not certain. — America.

898. Statice bahusiensis, Fries.

Provinces [1] 284-6--910111218. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Wigton, Cheviotland.

Zones 1 2. Littoral. [Reported in Devon].

Census 10 11 18. Iveland 8. English type of distribution.

Europe -? France. Scandinavia, den got nor.

—. N.B. Whether this is sufficiently and permanently distinct
from Limonium, may be held an open question.

899. Statice binervosa, G. E. Smith.

Provinces 12384-6789--1218. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Wigton, Lincoln.
Zones 1 2. Littoral. 8S. Dodartii, Dorset? Norfolk?
Census 10 14 20. Ireland 4. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa -- --fracha. S. occidentalis and Dodartii.
N.B. The prevailing form in England is 8. occidentalis, of Lloyd ;
true Dodartii being very local or unknown.
2P

290 60. PLANTAGINACES.

900. Statice caspia, Willd.
Provinces [1 - 8] 4-- [7] 8--- [12]. Native.
Lat. 52—54. Norfolk! Cambridge. ‘Lincoln; Banks. Herb.”
Zone 1. Littoral. [By misnomers, in other counties also].
Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra.
Russia -5 4. Siberia. Hast Asia.
—. N.B. Friestone, Lincoln; Bab. Man. 6.

901. Plantago major, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Highlands to 580 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. N.B. Carried widely over the earth.

Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
Algeria, Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Am. Col. (States).

902. Plantago media, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 --{18]. Native. (Shetland, casual.]
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Aberdeen.
Zones 128. Tyne tw 550 yards. Lakes to 360 yards.
Census 15 29 70. (Izeland). English-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6543821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.
fAzores; Drouet flo.) — Faroe? Iceland? Columbia ?

903. Plantago lanceolata, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Wales to 750 yards. Highlands to 710 yards.
Census 18 38 101. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432: West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Am. Col. (States).

60. PLANTAGINACEE. — 62. CHENOPODIACEE. 291

904. Plantago maritima, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 600 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 18 35 76. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia-5 4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
Barbary; Desf. flo. atla. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

905. Plantago Coronopus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Low grounds; often littoral. Humber to 200 yds.
Census 18 387 82. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland.

906. Littorella lacustris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 550 yards; James Backhouse.
Census 18 34 64. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey (overlooked there?) and Finmark.
Russia --- 8. Lithuania only.

Azores; only the leaves found. — Faroe.

908. Chenopodium olidum, Cart.

Provinces 12384---891011 -14(15). Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Edinburgh. (Fife).
Zones 12. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 9 18 82. (Ireland 2). Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 4 3.

Algeria.

292 62. CHENOPODIACER.

909. Chenopodium polyspermum, Linn.

Provinces 123456789 10(11)--- [15]. Native

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Scarcely indigenous in prov. 9 10?
Census 10 20 88. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-4 3 2. Siberia.

910. Chenopodium urbicum, Linn.

Provinces 12 845-[7]891011--[1415]. Native?

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall! Wight, Kent. — Chester, Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. “Colonist” in provinces 10 11.
Census 9 18 34. Ireland? Germanic-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 482. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

Canaries. — (America, introduced).

911. Chenopodium rubrum, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011-181415. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Fife.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 14 27 54. Ireland 3. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-4 32. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.
Azores. — “ America.” “ Columbia.”

9l1*. Chenopodium botryoides, Sm.
Provinces [1 2] 3 4--[7---11---15]}. Native.
Lat. 51—53. Kent! Essex. Suffolk. Norfolk!
Zone 1. Littoral. [C. pseudo-botryoides in 1 27 11 15.]
Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.
Europe —? [Channel Isles, by a misnomer}. Scandinavia?
N.B. The European area (if any) of this plant cannot be determined

until its proper synonyms are ascertained.

62. CHENOPODIACE®. 293

912. Chenopodium murale, Linn.

Provinces 1 23 45 6 [7] 891011 [12 13 14 15]. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Northumb.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to J00 yards.

Census 10 20 38. Ireland 3. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6543. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

913. Chenopodium hybridum, Linn.

Provinces 12345----- (1L--14). Native?

Lat. 50—53. Dorset! Kent! — Salop, Cambridge, Norfolk !
Zone 1. Low grounds. 1 South Somerset; Coleman.
Census 5 11 19. Ireland 0. English type of distrikution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6543. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

914. Chenopodium album, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Including Ch. viride, etc.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 28. Humber to 800 yards. Tyne to 250 yards.
Census 18 38 90. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Ch. candicans, viride, paganum.

Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria.
Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. — Faroe. (America. Columbia).

915. Chenopodium ficifolium, Sm.

Provinces - 23 4 [5 -- 8]-(10 11). Native.

Lat. 50—53. Dorset? Sussex, Kent! — Cambridge, Norfolk.

Zone 1. Low grounds. Surrey! Middlesex! Essex!

Census 3 8 15. Ireland 8. Germanic type of distribution.

Europe spa - tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia -- 4 3. Siberia. N.B. In England, the ‘paganum’
variety of Ch. album is occasionally mistaken for this.

294 62. CHENOPODIACE.

916. Chenopodium glaucum, Linn.

Provinces - 28 4-6---1011---(15). Native?

Lat. 50—55. [Dorset ?], Wight, Hants. — Durham! (Fife !)
Zones 1 2. Low grounds; and very scarce.

Census 6 7 8. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. Cashmere. Siberia. Davuria.

Canaries. — (America, introduced).

917. Chenopodium Bonus-Henricus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native? (Often near houses).

Lat. 50—58. Carnarvon, Wight, Kent. — Moray, Ross.

Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 400 yards.
Census 14 32 74. (Ireland 10). British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. Often semi-domestic.
Russia-- 432. Siberia. Davuria.

— (America, introduced).

918. Obione portulacoides, Mog.
Provinces 1234-678910 111218 [14-16]. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Northumberl.
Zones 1 2. Littoral. [Dumbarton, Edinburgh.]
Census 12 20 28. Ireland 3. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Sweden, extinct.
Russia -- 4 38. West-asia. Western Siberia.
Algeria. Egypt. Azores; Drouet flo. — “ America.”

919. Obione pedunculata, Mog.
Provinces -- 3 4 -(6)-8--(11). Native.
Lat. 51—53. Kent! Suffolk! Norfolk! Cambridge? Lincoln?
Zone 1. Littoral. (Caermarthen and Durham, on ballast).
Census 3 4 5. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe - - - - ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia.
—. N.B. Atriplex pedunculata in Cvb. Brit. vol. 2,

62. CHENOPODIACE. 295

920. Atriplex arenaria, Woods.

Provinces 1234--7 29? 1011 2? 13 ? ? 1617 [18]. Native.

Lat. 50-59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent! — Arran, Sutherland?

Zones 123. Littoral. Much confused with A. Babingtonii.

Census 10 18 18. Ireland 8. British-local type.

Europe - - - - - fra cha net den got nor. “A. crassifolia, Mey.”

Russia ? N.B. This plant long stood in our books under the
name of A. laciniata, but is now alleged not to be that species.

921. Atriplex Babingtonii, Woods.

Provinces all. Native. Perhaps a variety of A. hastata?
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 2 8. Littoral. Formerly confused with A. arenaria.

Census 18 81 55. Ireland 6. British type of distribution.

Europe —? Channel Isles. A. hastata, var. salina, Fl. de Fr. ?

— N.B. This plant is not satisfactorily identified with any Eu-
ropean Atriplex.

922. Atriplex hastata, Linn.

Proy. all. Native. Including ‘ patula’ (Sm.) and ‘ deltoidea’ (Bab.)
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 450 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 18 38 88. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India? Siberia.

Azores? — Faroe? (America, introduced).

923. Atriplex angustifolia, Sm.

Provinces all, ifin 17. Native. A. patula, “ Linn.”

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 350 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 17 34 69% Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, if in Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. India? Siberia.

Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. — Faroe. Iceland.

296 26. CHENOPODIACEA.

923%. Atriplex erecta, Huds.

Provinces 123845 6-8-1011-181415 16-18. Native.
Lat 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent? — Skye, North Uist.
Zones 12 8. Low grounds. Scarcely separable from ‘ angustifolia.’
Census 14 23 386. Ireland 3. British type of distribution.
Europe - ita - - ger fracha. Scandinavia? N.B. Wide ex-
tremes occur; from a weakly state often merged in ‘ angusti-
folia,’ to an extra-luxuriant state figured in Eng. Bot. ed. 3.

924. Atriplex littoralis, Linn.

Provinces -234-6789101112-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — West Perth, Fife.

Zones 1 2. Littoral. A. marina is included.

Census 12 19 382. Jreland 4. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-4 8 2. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. — Columbia? “ Kotzebue Sound,” “ Bay of Eschscholtz.”

925. Beta maritima, Linn.

Provinces 1234567? 101112-1415 16-(18). Native.
Lat. 50—57 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Fife.
Zones 1 2 ? Littoral. (18 Orkney & Shetland; Neill).
Census 13 19 33. Ireland 9. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ? fra cha - den.

Russia 6-48. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

926. Salsola Kali, Linn.

Provinces 1234-6789101112 13141516. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Moray.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 15 25 50. Ireland 8. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries? Azores. — America.

62. CHENOPODIACE. 297

927. Sueda maritima, Dum.

Provinces all? Native. No authority for province 13.

Lat. 50 -61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral. Schoberia maritima in Cyb. Brit.
Census 17 29 51. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except North Sweden, Lapland, Finmark.

Russia 65 432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — America.

928. Sueda fruticosa, Foersk.

Provinces 1 234 -6---(10 11) [12]. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Devon? Dorset! Essex. — Glamorgan? Norfolk!
Zone 1. Littoral. Cornwall? Somerset?

Census 5 6 8. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus - fra. Dalmatia for ‘aus.’

_ Russia 6-4. West-asia. India.

Algeria. Canaries. N.B. Schoberia fruticosa in C. B.

929. Salicornia herbacea, Linu.

Provinces all. Native. 8. procumbens (Sm.) included.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 18 31 55. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — America.

930. Salicornia radicans, Sm.

Provinces [1] 23 4- [6]---10---- [15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset! Wight! Kent! — Norfolk! York!

Zones 1 2. Littoral. (Somerset, Glamorgan, Forfar].

Census 4 8 10. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - - - fra - - den got. N.B. The area is not well
traceable by books, apart from that of ‘fruticosa,’ in which
Smith’s S. radicans is merged as a variety by several authors.

29

298 63. POLYGONACE.

931. Polygonum Bistorta, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native; but introduced to many counties.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Skye, Ross.

Zones 123. Tyne to 350 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 17 ? ? Ireland 8. British-intermediate type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den) got - (swe).

Russia 6- 4821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
— Iceland ; Hooker list, from Zoega. Am.? Col.? A var. there?

932. Polygonum viviparum, Linn.

Provinces ---- [5] - 7 [8] -101112--15 161718. Native.
Lat. 53—61. Carnarvon, York. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones- ? 3456. Highl. 20—1310 y. Humber 200—450 y.
Census 8 13 27. Ireland 1. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6--321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc. Spitsbergen.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

933. Polygonum amphibium, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12 8. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 18 88 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 654321. West-asia. India. Siberia. Dav. China.
Algeria. — Iceland. America. Columbia.

934 (935). Polygonum lapathifolium, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. P. laxum (of Eng. auth.) included.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin.

Zones 128. Humber to 300 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.
Census 17 84 77. Ireland 8. British-english type.

Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 432. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

63. POLYGONACE. 299

935 (934). Polygonum Persicaria, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. No authority for Sutherland.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Lakes to 400 yards.
Census 18 87 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution
Europe all. Northward to Finmark; N. J. Andersson.

Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flo. — Far. Icel. (Am.)

936. Polygonum mite, Schrank.

Provinces ? 234-[67 9]10-?-. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset! Surrey! — Hunts! Northton! York.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. “ Cornwall” to “ Cumberland”?

Census 4 8 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra eha net den got.

Russia 6--3. N.B. This is nearly allied to Persicaria, but has
been strangely confused with the less similar P. minus.

937. Polygonum Hydropiper, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Shetland ?
Zones 1238. Lakes to 450 yards. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 16 82 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-43.21. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland. America.

938. Polygonum minus, Huds.

Provinces 1234567891011-18- [15]. Native.
Lat. 58—55. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Kirkcudbright, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards. Somerset; Dr. Southby.
Census 12 19 33. Ireland 10. English type of distribution.
Europe spa. ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-43. India. Siberia. “China.”

N.B. Clearly distinct from P. mite, see mem: under 936.

300 63. POLYGONACE.

939. Polygonum aviculare, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 600 yards. Highlands to 460 yards.
Census 18 38 97. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Spread hence over the earth.

Russia 654821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. (Am. Col.)

940. Polygonum Raii, Bab.
Provinces 12-4-67-9-1112181415 16- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall! Wight! Sussex. — Cantire! Forfar!
Zones 1 2 ? Littoral. [Shetland, “common”; Edm. flo.]
Census 12 18 29. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe. South France. Bretagne.,, Channel Isles. Euxine.
N.B. The range may be expected to extend from Spain to
Scandinavia, but is ill ascertained as yet.

940*. Polygonum maritimum, Linn.

Provinces [1] 2 --- [67]. Casual or Native.

Lat. 50—51. South Hants; Borrer, in 1847. Extinct since ?
Zone 1. Littoral. [P. Raii thus misnamed in 1 6 7.]

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.

Russia 5 4. West-asia. Cyprus.

Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores. — America.

941. Polygonum Convolvulus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Colonist northward.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Tyne to 300 yards.
Census 18 87 89. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamts. Japan.
Algeria, probably introduced. — (America, certainly introduced).

63. POLYGONACER. 801

942. Polygonum dumetorum, Linn.
Provinces 123-5----- [11]. Native.
Lat. 50—52. Somer.! Dorset! Hants! Surrey ! Herts! Monm.!
Zone 1. Low grounds. Sussex; Borrer. Essex; Varenne.
Census 4 6 7. Ireland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 6 54832. India. Siberia,
— “America.” But the American plant is P. scandens exclusively ?

943. Rumex Hydrolapathum, Huds.

Provinces 1 to 13 - [15] 16. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla! Perth?

Zones 1 2 ? Lowgrounds. Formerly confused with R. aquaticus.
Census 14 26 58. Ireland 8. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.

Russia -- 48. Cyprus?

— America?

944. Rumex crispus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1238. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark? <“ Altenfiord.”
Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. China. Japan.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

944%. Rumex aquaticus, Linn.

Provinces [1 - - 4 5] ----1011 12181415 161718. Native.
Lat. 54—61. Westmoreland, York. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones- 23 ? Highlands to 530 yards. Tyne to 450 yards.
Census 9 14 28. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe -? Germany. France. Scandinavia all.

Russia 66-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. (Iceland). Greenland. America. Columbia.

302 63. POLYGONACE.R.

945. Rumex pratensis, Mert. et Koch.

Provinces 12345678-1011---15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen; Syme.
Zones 12 ? Tyne to 400 yards. A species ill understood.
Census 10 21 34. Ireland —? English type of distribution ?
Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5 - 8. “ Specimina rossica non vidi”; Ledebour.

— N.B. A dubious species, —“ R. cristatus,Wallr.” “R. acutus, L.”

947. Rumex obtusifolius, Auct. (Meisner, etc )

Provinces all. Native. No authority for 8.W. Lowlands.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Lakes to 510 yards.
Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

948. Rumex nemorosus, Schrad.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. R. sanguineus et viridis.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 250 yards.
Census 16 83 72. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 - 4 8. West-asia.

— (America, introduced).

948%. Rumex conglomeratus, Mur.
Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native. Common in Shetland; Edm. flo.
Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye. Shetland?
Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 17 30 78. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6-4 3. West-asia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe? Iceland? (America).

63. POLYGONACE. 303

919. Rumex pulcher, Linn.

Provinces 123845 6-8--(11-13). Native?

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Notts, Lincoln.
Zones 1 ? Low grounds. (Northumberland, on ballast.)
Census 7 17 388. (Ireland 5). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5 4. West-asia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

950. Rumex maritimus, Linn.

Provinces 12345 ?? 8 ? 1011-[13-15--18]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Durham; Prof. Lawson!
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 8 17 30. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 48. Siberia.

— America?

950*. Rumex palustris, Sm.

Provinces 123 45--[8]910[11---15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall? Dorset, Kent. — Chester, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.

Census 7 15 22. {Ireland]. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia -- 4 3. India. Siberia. Davuria.

951. Rumex Acetosa, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128456. Highlands to 1350, 1320, 1270, 1230 yards.
Census 18 38 101. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

304 63. POLYGONACEZ. — 65. THYMELAACE.

952. Rumex Acetosella, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Humber to 850 yds. Highlands to 710 yds.
Census 18 38 97. Treland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Carried thence almost over the globe.

Russia 6-43.21. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

953. Oxyria reniformis; Hook.

Provinces - - - - [5] - 7--[10]-12--15161718. Native.

Lat. 52—60. Merioneth, Carnarvon. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones --345 6. Highlands to 1830, 1800, 1250 yards.

Census 6 10 20. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6----1. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Kamtsc. Spitsb.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

954. Hippophae rhamnoides, Linn.

Provinces -- 38 4---8-10(11--14-16). Native in England.
Lat. 51—55. Kent! Suffolk. Norfolk! Lincoln. York!

Zoves 1 2. Chiefly littoral. (Islay, Fife, etc.)

Census 4 5 5. (Ireland). Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den - nor swe.

Russia 6-- 32. Westasia. India. Siberia.

955. Daphne Laureola, Linn.

Provinces 12345 -(7)891011 (1218 14 15). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — York, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Lanark, Fife, Kincardine.)
Census 9 19 42. Treland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia, absent. Mount Olympus, in Bitbynia.

Algeria. Azores, high on the Peak of Pico island.

65. THYMELEZEACE®. — 68. EMPETRACES. 305

956. Daphne Mezereum, Linn.

Provinces 1 2845--8-101112. Alien or Denizen.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Sussex. — Westmorel., Durham.

Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards. Sussex, truly wild; Borrer.

Census 9 ? ? Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe all, except Denmark (introduced ?) and Finmark.

Russia 6-43.21. Siberia. N.B. A garden escape in various
localities in Engl., and now difficult to decide where it is native.

957. Thesium humifusum, De Cand.

Provinces 12345. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Gloucester, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds; littoral sands and chalk hills.

Census 5 12 2). Ireland 0. English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. T. divaricatum, DC prodr.
Russia 6. West-asia. ‘ Crimea.”

Algeria.

958. Asarum europeum, Linn.

Provinces 2 3----(8)910(11 12-1415). Denizen.

Lat. 51—55. Wilts! — 8. Lancaster! York! Westmoreland ?
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Herts; Ray Syn. Berks; B.G.
Census 4 5 6. Ireland 0. Local-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. (Scandinavia).

Russia 6 - 4 3. Western Siberia.

—. N.B. Decreasing in Britain, if ever well established.

960. Empetrum nigrum, Linn.

Provinces 1 [2]--5 to 18. Native. [2 Sussex, extinct.]
Lat. 50—61. Devon, 1866. Somerset! — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1850, 1170, 1130, 1110 yards.
Census 15 27 59. Ireland 8. Scottish-highland type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.
2R

304 63. POLYGONACEH. — 65, THYMELZEACE.

952. Rumex Acetosella. Linn.
Peovinces all. Native: Native. Very rare and uncertain.
Lat. 50- p; 4 Comwall, 1821. Wight, before 1840. Glam., 1834.
Zone he: Littors 1. Devon, Dorset, Somerset, Cardigan.
Census 3 @y 7. Ireland 1. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Dalmatia.
Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia. Western Siberia.
Algeria. Egypt. Canaries. Azores.

962. Euphorbia Helioscopea, Linn.
Provinces all. Colonist.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Lakes to 300 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 65 432. West-asia. India. Siberia. Japan.
Algeria. Canaries. — America, introduced.

963. Euphorbia platyphyllos, Linn.
Provinces 1 23845 ----(1011). Casual or Colonist.
Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Worcester, Cambridge.
Zones 1 (2). Low grounds. Humber to 100 yards.
Census 5 10 24. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net.
Russia 65 43. West-asia.
Algeria. Canaries. — (America, introduced).

963%. Huphorbia stricta, Koch.

Provinces [1 2]-- 5. Native. Not E. stricta of Smith.
Lat. 51—52. W. Gloucester; Hort. Monmouth; Watkins!
Zone 1. Low grounds?

Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type.

Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6. West-asia.

69, RUPHORBIACE. 307

964. Euphorbia hiberna, Linn.

Provinces | - [3] - --- - - (10). Native.

Lat. 51—52. Linton, North Devon; Mrs. Russell !

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 3. Local-atlantic type.

Europe. Italy. Sardinia. Corsica. France. Switzerland.
Russia, apparently absent. Said to occur in Gallicia.

965. Euphorbia pilosa, Eng. Bot. Supp. 2787.

Provinces 1 2. Alien or Denizen. ‘ Wild” in Sussex ; Hemsley.

Lat. 51—52. 1 Somerset. 2 Westmeston, Sussex; Hemsley.

Zone 1. Low grounds. [Not E. coralloides, found at Slinfold.]

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type.

Europe —? N.B. According to Bentham and Syme, this is E.
pilosa of Linneus ; while Boissier (DC. prodr.} and Babington
hold it a form of E. palustris of Linneus. The area would be
changed in accordance.

969. Euphorbia Paralias, Linn.

Provinces 1234-67-9-(11)12- [14]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Cumberl. Suffolk.
Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 8 14 27. Ireland 6. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia, absent? West-asia, several habitats recorded.
Algeria. Egypt. Canaries.

970. Euphorbia portlandica, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 [8] --67-9--1213. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent? — Wigton, Cumberland.
Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 7 10 16. Ireland 6. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe. Spain. France. Channel Isles. Greece?

Russia, apparently absent.

Azores; Drouet. Perhaps a misnomer here.

308 69. EUPHORBIACER.

971. Euphorbia exigua, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Colonist.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar, Banff.
Zones 123. Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards.
Census 15 30 70. Ireland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - (swe).
Russia 6 5-8. West-asia. India. Western Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

972. Euphorbia Peplus, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native or Colonist.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Caithness.
Zones 123. Highlands to 350 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 17 33 82. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia---8. Westasia. India. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

974. Euphorbia amygdaloides, Linn.

Provinces 12345678 1011. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cheviotland; Bigge!
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 10 20 46. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Isle of Oesel ?

Russia 65 4. West-asia. Western Siberia.

976. Mercurialis perennis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17, possibly 18. Native.

Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney ?
Zones 1234. Highlands to 570 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 17 84 88. Ireland 6. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3.2. Western Siberia?

Algeria.

69. EUPHORBIACE.Z. — 70. URTICACEZ. 309

977. Mercurialis annua, Linn.

Provinces 123456789 (101112-14 15). Colonist?
Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Notts.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (York — Perth, a casual weed.)
Census 9 18 80. Ireland 4. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net (den - nor).

Russia 6 5 4. West-asia. Cyprus.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

978. Urtica urens, Linn.

Provinces all. Nutive.

Lat. 50—61, Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 400 yards.
Census 18 388 92. Ireland 1x. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Carried widely to other countries.
Russia654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland, introduced? (America).

979. Urtica dioica, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 830 yards. Humber to 800 yds.
Census 18 88 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6543821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

Barbary; Desf. atlan. — Faroe. Iceland. (America). Aleutia.

982. Parietaria officinalis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 - (17). Native.

Lat. 50—57 or 58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Forfar! (Ross).
Zones 1 2 (3). Low grounds. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 15 30 74. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 43. India. Western Siberia (P. erecta).

Algeria. Egypt. Morocco. Canaries. Azores,

310 70. URTICACER. — 71. AMENTIFERA.

983. Humulus Lupulus, Linn.

Provinces 12345678910(11 121314 15). Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York.
Zones 1 2 (8). Highlands at 350 yards, doubtless introduced.
Census 10 23 50. (Ireland 10). British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia.

— America, “truly indigenous”; Gray.

984. Ulmus montana, 5m.

Provinces all, wild or planted. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones 128. Humber to 450 yards. Tyne to 400 yards.

Census 18 36 ? Jreland 1 and (9). British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 5 432. Siberia. U. campestris var. vulgaris.

— N.B. Difficult to assign habitats of “campestris” between the two.

985. Ulmus suberosa, Ehrh.

Provinces 1 to 11 - (18 14 15). Denizen.

Lat. 50—55. Almost all England. Planted in Scotland.

Zones 1 2. Humber to 350 yards, not clearly native.

Census 11 ? ? (Ireland 12). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha. Baltic Isles.

Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia. Davuria. U. campestris var. suberosa.
Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. U. campestris.

988. Quercus pedunculata, Ehrh.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native in all? “ Robur” included.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross.

Zones 123. Humber to 450 yards. Tyne to 100 yards.
Census 17 84 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark. ‘“ Robur” included.
Russia 6 - 4 38. Varieties in West-asia.

Barbary; Desf. atlan. ‘ Q. Robur.”

71. AMENTIFERA. 311

988*. Quercus sessiflora, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native in all? Apart from “ Robur.”

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherl.; G Johnston.
Zones 128. Heights not ascertained for this species apart.
Census 17 82 ? Ireland 1. British type of distribution.
Kurope spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got (nor swe).

Russia 6 5 4 8. West-asia, with varieties.

— N.B. Few British botanists appear to understand this.

989. Fagus sylvatica, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17, wild or planted. Native in England.

Lat. 50—54. (Cornwall). Hants, Sussex. — Chester. (Ross).

Zones 1 2. Tow grounds. Humber to 400 yards, planted.

Census 17 ? ? (Ireland). English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. | N.B. It has become impossible to
fix the native limits of this in Britain.

990. Carpinus Betulus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15, wild or planted. Native in South Britain.

Lat. 50—58 (58). Sussex, Kent. — Cambridge; Bab. flo.

Zones 1 (2 3). Low grounds. (Devon — Moray.)

Census 15 ? ? (Ireland). English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. N.B. In Britain the true native
limits cannot be determined now. Decreasing?

991. Corylus Avellana, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Formerly in Lewis and Shetland.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney.
Zones 128. Highlands to 630 yards. Humber to 550 yards.
Census 18 36 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Limit within South Lapland.
Russia 65 432. Davuria.

Algeria.

312 71. AMENTIFERS.

992. Alnus glutinosa, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Wild in the Hebrides?

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 123 ? Highlands to 550 yards. Tyne to 400 yards.
Census 18 35 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia. “Japan.”

Algeria. — [America. Columbia.]

993. Betula alba, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Segregates included.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 12845. Highlands to (9002), 680, 670, 660, 630 yds.
Census 18 36 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.

Europe all. B. ‘glutinosa’ and ‘ pubescens’ included.

Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.

— Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. ‘ America.”

994. Betula nana, Linn.

Provinces ---------- 11-13 14151617. Native.

Lat. 55—59. Lanark, Peebles, Cheviotland ? — Sutherland.
Zones -- 345. Highlinds to 920, 700, 650, 640, 600 yards.
Census 6 9 12. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.
Russia---321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

995. Populus alba, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16, wild or planted. Native in England?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Cantire, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. N.B. provinces given as reported.
Census 16 ? ? (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net) den got (nor swe).

Russia 65 4 3. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka?

Algeria. | N.B. Impossible to fix the native area in Britain.

71. AMENTIFERA. 318

996. Populus canescens, Sm.

Provinces 1 to 11, wild or planted. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cheviotland, “denizen.”

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 11 16 ? Ireland 0. English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - (net) den (got). By use of the name.

Russia? Caucasus and Siberia; if truly identical with P. hybrida
of Bieb. flo. taur. cauc.

997. Populus tremula, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. No authority for S.W. Lowlands.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 123 ? Humber to 550 yards. Highlands to 530 yards.
Census 18 86 78. Iveland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6543821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. “Japan.”
Algeria.

999. Salix pentandra, Linn.

Prov. (12 3 4)5678910111213 14 15 16-(18). Native.
Lat. 51—58. Pembroke; Bab. cat. — Argyle, Moray. (Harris).
Zones 128. North Yorkshire O—350 yards. Tyne to 450 yds.
Census 12 18 33. Ireland 6. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 4321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse.

— Iceland.

100]. Salix fragilis, Russelliana, etc.

Prov. 1234567891011- 1314 15 16 (1718). Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, (Wight), Kent. — (Moray, Ross).
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 450 yards.
Census 15 26 50. Ireland 7. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 654382. West-asia. Siberia.

Azores; Drouet flo. Planted only ? — (America, introduced).

Qs

314 71. AMENTIPER.

1002. Salix alba, vitellina, etc.

Provinces 1 to 16 (17 18). Native in England.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, (Wight), Kent. — (Harris, Sutherland).
Zones 12 ? Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 250 yards.
Census 16 83 51. Ireland 7. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).

Russia 6543. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

1004. Salix triandra, amygdalina, etc.

Provinces 12345678910 11 (12)-14 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth. (Kincardine).
Zones 1 2. Low grounds; usually planted.

Census 13 24 43. Ireland 4. English-british type.

Europe all, except Lapland (uncertainly) and Finmark. “Tornea.”
Russia 6-- 3. Siberia. ‘ Amur river.”

— N.B. Surrey examples named “ undulata” by Dr. Andersson.

1005. Salix purpurea, Lambertiana, etc.

Provinces 12345--891011-18141516. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Isla, Perth.

Zones 12 2 Humber to 250 yards. ‘Tyne to nearly 500 yards.
Census 13 23 43. Ireland 6. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).

Russia 65 43. West-asia. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. (America).

1005,e. Salix Helix, “ Linn.”

Provinces- 2345-7891011-13 141516. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Dorset, (Sussex), Kent. — Isla, Kincardine.

Zone 1 2 ? Low grounds; distribution uncertain.

Census 13 20 86. Ireland 3 or 5. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den (got).

Russia? N.B. In England, this has usually been deemed a
segregate of S. purpurea. See no. 1006.

71. AMENTIFERR. 315

1006. Salix rubra, Huds. et Forbyana, Sm.

Provinces 12345 78-101112-[14 15]. Native?

Lat. 50—56. Devon, Hants, Kent. — Cumberland, Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds ; distribution ill ascertained.

Census 9 14 25. (Ireland 3). English type of distribution ?
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den (got - swe).

Russia 6-43. “Mid Asia.” Davuria.

—. N.B. Mr. Boswell Syme unites “ Helix” herewith.

1007. Salix viminalis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — (Elgin, Harris).

Zones 1 2 (3). Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 450 yards.
Census 16 32 58. (Ireland 12). British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia -- 432. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka; Andersson.
— (America, as an introduced species).

1008. Salix Smithiana, Willd. 1009. S. acuminata, Anglor.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — “Isla.” Fife; E.B.S.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 450 yards.
Census 16 29 37. Ireland 5. English-british type.
Europe—? France. Germany. Netherlands. Scandinavia.
Russia. Siberia. Davuria. The English species ?

— N.B. The British localities for these two are not separable.

1010. Salix cinerea, aquatica, oleifolia, Auct.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Orkney.
Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards.
Census 17 85 78. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland (in extreme south ?) and Finmark.
Russia 6-432. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka?

— Recorded localities for these are not satisfactorily separable.

316 71. AMENTIFER-E.

1012. Salix caprea, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — W. E. Inverness.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 16 82 73. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark, and perhaps Turkey.

Russia 65 432-1. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Amur.
— Faroe. Icel. N.B. Our Highl. form may be 8. grandifolia, Scr.

1013. Salix nigricans, Fries; cum segr. var.

Provinces [1 23 45--89]10111213141516. Native.
Lat. 54—58. Cumberland, York. — Isla, Aberdeen.

Zones- ? 345. Highlands to 700 or 800 yards.

Census 6 9 16. Ireland 1. Scottish-highland type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia ---83 21. Siberia? Kamtschatka?

—. N.B. Vix in Asia, nec in America; Andersson in DC. prodr.

1014. Salix laurina, Smith; cum segr.

Provinces [-2 3 4-6---]101112--15. Native. S. Britain?
Lat. 54—57. Westmoreland, N.W. York. — Mid Perth, Forfar?
Zones - 2 3. Tyne to 450 yards. Distribution uncertain.
Census 4 4 6. Ireland 1. Scottish type of distribution ?
Europe - - - - ger ---- got nor - (lap). “ Silvestris rarius occurrit,
in Saxonia, Anglia, parte meridionali Sueciz et circa Petropo-
lin observata; in hortis autem sat frequenter culta”; Andersson.

1015. Salix phylicifolia, Linn. cum segr. var.

Provinces [- 2 3-4----]910111213 1415 16-18. Native.
Lat. 53—60. ‘ Cheshire,” ‘ Lancashire.” — Orkney; B. Syme.

Zones - 2345. Highl. to about 700 y. Humber at 50—550 y.
Census 9 12 19. Ireland 1. Scottish-highland type.

Europe spa - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ---3-1. West-asia. Siberia? Kamtschatka?

— Iceland. ‘ Ex Siberia incerta, in America vix crescit”; And.

71. AMENTIFERE. 317

1016. Salix ambigua, Ehrh. et plicata, Sm.

Provinces ? 234------ 11L--14 15-1718. Native.

Lat. 50—60. 8. Devon? Sussex; Borrer. — Orkney; Borrer.

Zones 1 2 3. Highlands at “400 yards.” Tyne at 150 yards.

Census 8 10 10. Ireland 1 or 2. Doubtful type.

Europe - - - - ger fra - - den got.

Russia --- 38. N.B. A dubious species; perhaps better included
under 8. aurita, as a segregate form.

1017. Salix repens, fusca, prostrata, etc.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards. Humber to 550 yards.
Census 18 86 72. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia--4321. Siberia. Davuria?

— Iceland. America?

1021. Salix arbuscula, prunifolia, vacciniifolia, etc.

Provinces ------------ (18] - 15 16- [18]. Native.
Lat. 56—58. Argyle, Mid Perth, Forfar, South Aberdeen.
Zones ---45. Highlands to 800 yards, or upwards.
Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6 ---21. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland.

1022. Salix Lapponum, Linn. cum segr.

Provinces - - - - - [6----11]--1415 16 17 [18]. Native.
Lat. 55—59. Edinburgh; Maughan! — Sutherland; Graham!
Zones -- 845. Highlands to 800 or 900 yards.

Census 4 7 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia -- 4321. Siberia.

— Iceland. America. Columbia.

318 71. AMENTIFERA.

1023. Salix lanata, Linn.

Provinces - ------------- 15. Native.
Lat. 56—57. Mid Perth, Forfar, South Aberdeen.
Zones ---- 5. Highlands to 900, 860, 830 yards.

Census 1 2 38. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Scandinavia - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Arctic Siberia. Altai.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Aleutia.

1025. Salix Myrsinites, L. 1024. §. procumbens, Forbes.

Provinces - - - - - - - [8-10] ----1516. Native.
Lat. 56—58. Argyle, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Moray.
Zones----5 ? Highlands to 900 yards, or upwards.

Census 2 4 5. Ireland 1 “procumbens.” Highland type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia’--- 821. Siberia. Kamtschatka. Aleutia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains.

1026. Salix reticulata, Linn.

Provinces [- - - -- - 7--10-12]--15-17. ‘Native.

Lat. 56—59. Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Sutherland.

Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1080, 1000, 900 yards.
Census 2 8 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Davuria. Spitsbergen.

—Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1027. Salix herbacea, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - 67--10-1213-15 161718. Native.
Lat. 52—61. Brecon, Carnarvon, York. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands at 620—1440 yards.

Census 9 15 24. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

71. AMENTIFER®. — 72. CONIFER. 319

1028. Myrica Gale, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. Province 8 uncertain.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Sutherl., Caithness.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 600, 560, 530, 510, 500 yards.
Census 17 80 60. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia ---821. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— America. Aleutia.

1029. Pinus sylvestris, Linn.

Provinces (-2 845-78910111213814)15 1617. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Now truly wild in the Highland provinces only.
Zones (12) 34. Highlands to 740 yards. Planted to 840 yds.
Census 3 6 ? Ireland? Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all. Extinct in Denmark, etc.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— N.B. Anciently spread throughout Britain.

1030. Juniperus communis, Linn.

Prov. ?234567(89)101112131415 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Dorset? Sussex, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234 ? Highlands to 800, 732, 720 yards.

Census 15 30 58. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe all. N.B. Do some of the other habitats belong to J. nana?
Russia 65-321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1030,b. Juniperus nana, Willd.
Provinces - - - - - - 7--[1011]12--15 161718. Native.
Lat. 538 —61. Carnarvon, Cumberland. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 920, 900, 890, 880 yards.
Census 6 9 13. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.
Russia ---- 21. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtse.
“ Algeria; Cosson!” — Greenland, America, Columbia.

820 72. CONIFERE. — 73. ORCHIDACEA.

Taxus baccata, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. (Introduced to9 1314 ?)
Lat. 50—57. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Argyle, Aberdeen.
Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Humber to 450 yards.
Census 14 20 ? Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. “River Amur.”
Algeria. [Azores; Drouet flo.] — T. canadensis in Am. Col.

1032. Goodyera repens, Br.

Provinces [- 2 8------- 11 12]-14151617. Native.
Lat. 55—58. Roxburgh. Berwick, Linlithgow. — Ross.
Zones - 2.8. Highlands to 150 or 200 yards.

Census 4 6 13. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. Pyrenees.
Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya. Siberia.
— America.

1033. Spiranthes autumnalis, Rich.

Provinces 12345678910-12. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, York.
Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker.

Census 11 28 57. Iveland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Bornholm.

Russia 6 - - 3.

Algeria.

1034. Spiranthes estivalis, Rich.

Provinces -2--? Native. A single specimen found in Wore.
Lat. 50—53. South Hants; Brewer! Worcester; Gissing.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 1 1 or 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia, absent.

Algeria.

73. ORCHIDACE.X, 821

1036. Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. 16 “ Argyle; Carmichael.”

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Easterness; Miss Grant!
Zones 1 23. Humber to 200 yards. Highlands to 200 yards.
Census 16 81 65. Tyreland 4. British-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. Western Siberia.

— Iceland; Dr. Lindsay’s list.

1037. Listera cordata, Br.

Provinces 12--5-789101112131415 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. North Devon, South Hants. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yds. Humber 0—600 yds,
Census 15 28 50. Ireland 4. Scottish-highland type.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin. “Turkey.”
Russia 6-- 821. Siberia. Aleutia.

— Greenland. America. Columbia.

1038. Listera ovata, Br.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native,

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Devon, Kent. — N.W. Sutherland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 17% 34 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3 2. Siberia.

— Iceland.

1089. Epipactis latifolia, All.

Provinces 1 to 16 [17]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Banff. “ Ross.”
Zones 1 23. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards,
Census 16 31 78. Ireland 7. British-english type,
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark,

Russia 65432. Siberia,

Algeria.

322 73. ORCHIDACEA,

1039.* Epipactis media, E. purpurata, Auct.

Provinces 12845--8-10-12-14. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland. Linlithgow.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Distribution ill ascertained.

Census 9 15 26. Ireland 3. English-germanic type.

Europe. Mid-Europe? Scandinavia den got nor swe lap.

Russia? N.B. Synonyms uncertain; some of the British lo-
calities likely mis-assigned to E. latifolia.

1089%. Epipactis ovalis, Bab.
Provinces - [2]-45-7--10-12----17. Native.
Lat. 52—59. Norfolk, Heref., Carnarvon, York, Westm., Sutherl.
Zones 123. Humber 0—450 yards; Baker.
Census 6 6 7. Ireland 1. Intermediate type ?
Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net den. “ Ep. atrorubens.”
Russia 6 - 43. Western Siberia. N.B. Possibly the Ep. atro-
rubens may include ‘ media’ with ‘ ovalis.’

1040. Epipactis palustris, Sw.

Provinces 1234567891011 12-141516. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Fife! Skye; Lightf.
Zones 123. Humber 0—250 yards; Baker.

Census 15 24 51. Ireland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 5 4 8, Siberia.

—. N.B. Verification in “ Skye” desirable.

1041. Cephalanthera grandiflora, Bab.

Provinces 12345--8-10-12--[15 16}. Native.

Lat. 50—55 [57]. Dorset, Kent. — Cumberland. Scotland ?

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 8 12 26. [Ireland]. English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6 5 4 3. N.B. Are both this and ‘ensifolia’ found in
Scotland or one of them only ?

73. ORCHIDACE. 323

1042. Cephalanthera ensifolia, Rich.

Provinces - 23-5-78-101112-141516. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Isle of Mull, Perth.
Zones 123. Humber 100—250 yards; Baker.

Census 11 19 23. Ireland 8. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Western Siberia. ‘‘ Olympus.”

1043. Cephalanthera rubra, Rich.

Proviuces 1-- 45 -[7--10]. Native.

Lat. 51—52. Somerset? Huntingdon? Gloucester.

Zone 1. Low grounds; but rarely found.

Census 3 3 3. Ireland 0. English-local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha - den got. Norway?

Russia 6 5 4 3. Western Siberia. N.B. Ep. ovalis has been
sometimes mis-labelled “ C. rubra” by English collectors.

1044. Epipogium aphyllum, Sw.
Provinces ----5. Native, if still existent in England.
Lat. 52—58. N.E. Herefordshire; Mrs. A. Smith, July, 185+.
Zone 1. Low grounds; but found once ouly.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe.
Russia 6-43. Siberia.

1044. Corallorhiza innata, Br.

Provinces - - [3] --------- 131415 17. Native.

Lat. 55—58. Ayr, Berwick, Edinburgh. — Moray, Ross.
Zones - 2.3. Low grounds.

Census 4 5 10. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin. Pyrenees.
Russia 65-321. Siberia. Davuria.

“Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

324 73. ORCHIDACEA.

1045. Orchis Morio, Linn.

Provinces 1284567891011 12-[14 ? -- 18). Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl. Cheviotl.
Zones 1 2. Humber 0—300 yards; Baker.

Census 12 24 57. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 43. West-asia. Siberia. ‘‘ Cyprus.”

— [Faroe ; Trevelyan, from Lingbye]. {Icel. ; Hooker, from Zocga].

1046. Orchis mascula, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 18. Native. 16 Flo. Glot. ‘very common.”
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 2. Lakes to 500 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 18 34 80. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 4.3. Western Siberia.

Barbary; Desf. — Faroe. Iceland.

1048. Orchis ustulata, Linn.
Provinces 12345--89101112. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Keut. — Cumberland, Northumb.
Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Buker.
Census 10 21 39. [Ireland]. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got. Norway ?
Russia 6 - 4 38. Western Siberia.
— [Faroe; Landt descr.]

1049. Orchis militaris, ‘‘ Linn.”
Provinces -- 8. Native.
Lat. 51—52. Berks! Oxford! Bucks. Herts?
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Middlesex, Kent).
Census 1 2 4. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 65 £3. Siberia. Davuria.
N.B. Localities of this and next two much confused.

73. ORCHIDACEAE. 325

1049. Orchis Simia, Lam.
Provinces - - 8. Native.
Lat. 51—52. Berks. Oxford! [Kent, Surrey].
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Germanic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net. Normandy? Belgium.
Russia 6 5 - 3.
Barbary ?

1049. Orchis fusca, Jacq.

Provinces - [2] 3---- [8]. Native.

Lat. 51—52. Sussex, extinct. Kent! Surrey. Bucks.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Liucoln; Carrington].
Census 1 2 8. [Ireland]. Germanic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. ‘“ Holland.”
Russia 6 5 - 8. Siberia?

Algeria ?

1050. Orchis hircina, Scop.

Provinces -- 8 4.---[8---12]. Native.

Lat. 51—53. Kent and Suffolk, still or recently.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Very rare, nearly extinct.
Census 2 2 2. [Ireland]. Germanic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.
Russia - - - 3.

Algeria.

1051. Orchis pyramidalis, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 13 - [15 16]. Native. [Fife, Colonsa].
Tat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Humber 0—150 yards; Baker.
Census 13 25 55. Ireland 10. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Baltic Isles.
Russia 6 5 - 3.

Algeria.

326 73. ORCHIDACEAE.

1052. Orchis latifolia, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. O. incarnata inclusively.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 580 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 18 37 83. Iveland12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. _O. incarnata spread more widely.
Russia 66-4321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
Algeria? — Faroe. Iceland. “Columbia.”

1053. Orchis maculata, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1010, 960, 950, 930 yards.
Census 18 87 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6 4821. West-asia. Siberia, Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland.

1054. Orchis conopsea, Linn.

Provinces all? Native. Any authority for South Wales ?
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Shetland, one locality.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 680 yards. Tyne to 500 yards.
Census 18 35 85. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all.
Russia 65 £321. Westasia. Siberia. Davuria.

N.B. Gymnadenia conopsea, of several authors.

1055. Habenaria bifolia, Auct.

Provinces 1 to17. Native. H. chlorantha included.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 17 386 86. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. HH. chlorantha not in Lapland.
Russia654821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

N.B. Localities of ‘ bifolia’ and ‘ chlorantha’ much confused.

bad

73. ORCHIDACE.. 327

1056. Habenaria viridis, Br.

Provinces all. Native. Rare in South England.

Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 850, 800 yards; also 830.”
Census 18 35 76. Ireland 10. British-scottish type.
Europe all, if in Turkey.

Russia 6-4321. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. America.

1057. Habenaria albida, Br.
Provinces - 2- [4 5° 67-910111218-15161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Sussex; Borrer. Cardigan. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 630 yards. Humber 200—450 y.
Census 12 18 38. Ireland 10. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.
Russia --- 821. Western Siberia.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland.

1058. Aceras anthropophora, Br.

Provinces - 23 4---8-10. Native.

Lat. 51—54. Wilts? Sussex, Kent. — S.W. York? Lincoln.
Zones 1 ? Low grounds.

Census 5 9 16. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia - - - 3.

Algeria.

1059. Herminium Monorchis, Br.
Provinces [1] 28 45----[10-12!. Native.
Lat. 30—53. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Cambridge, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds. (Somerset; Dr. Davis, in F. B.j
Census 4 10 19. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.
Russia 6- 4321. Siberia. Himalaya.

N.B. Extinct or mistaken in several English localities.

328 73. ORCHIDACE.

1060. Ophrys apifera, Huds.

Provinces 1234567891011. Native.

Lat. 50—55. “ Cornwall,” Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Severn to 350 yards; Rev. H. Roberts.

Census 11 25 50. Ireland 9. English-germanic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia ?

Algeria; but not a typical form.

1060,b. Ophrys arachnites, Reich.

Provinces - [2] 8 [4 5]. Native.

Lat. 51—52. Kent, Surrey? West Gloucester?

Zone 1. Low grounds. [“ Suffolk,” by an error].

Census 1] 1 2. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia? ‘Isle of Oesel.” N.B. Ifa good species, this would
seem to be imperfectly known in England.

1061. Ophrys aranifera, Huds.

Provinces [1] 23 4[5--8-10]. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Northampton, Camb. ?

Zone 1. Low grounds. Apparently decreasing.

Census 3 7 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia ---3. N.B. The ‘aranifera’ and ‘fucifera’ of English
botanists are here taken together.

1062. Ophrys muscifera, Huds.
Provinces 12345-789101112. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Humber at 50—200 yards; Baker.
Census 12 21 40. Ireland 8. English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia --- 2 ‘ Warsaw.”

73. ORCHIDACE.E. — 74. IRIDACES. 329

1063. Malaxis paludosa, Sw.
Provinces 1 2845-7-910111218-151617. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Dorset, Sussex, Kent ? — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 400 yards.
Census 14 22 382. Ireland 5. British type of distribution ?
Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia --- 321. Siberia. Davuria.

N.B. Sparingly, though widely, distributed in Britain.

1064. Liparis Loeselii, Rich.

Provinces - - (314. Native.
Lat. 52—53. Hunts, Cambridge, Suffolk, Norfolk. [Kent].
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 1 3 4. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got vor.
Russia - - 4 3.

N.B. “ Ham Ponds near Eastry, Kent”; Dillwyn in B. G.

1065. Cypripedium Calceolus, Linn.

Provinces - - - - [5] ----101112. Native.
Lat. 54—55. York, Durham, Westmoreland. [Cumberland].
Zone - 2. Humber at 150 yards. Nearly extinct.
Census 3 4 4. Iveland 0. Intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net - got nor swe lap.
Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
N.B. Very local and now rarely found in England.

1066. Iris fetidissima, Linn.
Provinces 12345 678-1011-- (1415). Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Durham. (Fife).
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.
Census 10 23 45. Iveland 6 (and 3). English type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.
Russia 6.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores; Drouet flore.

330 74, IRIDACER.

1067. Iris Pseudacorus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Three segregates, in E. B. edit. 3.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-43 2. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe.

1068. Gladiolus illyricus, Koch.
Provinces (1) 2. Native?
Lat. 50—61. (Devon, Dorset, Wight). South Hants !
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus - fra.
Russia 6.
Algeria. N.B. Distribution varying with the nomenclature.

1068*. Trichonema Columna, Reich.

Province 1. Native.

Lat. 50—51. South Devon; Sir W. C. Trevelyan!
Zone 1. Coast level.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Dalmatia for “aus.”
Russia, absent. West-asia. “ Caria or Lycia.”
Algeria. Azores.

1070. Crocus nudiflorus, Sm.

Provinces - - -- 5--89 (10). Denizen or Native.

Lat. 52—54. Warwick, Salop, Stafford. — Lancaster, Notts.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 3 4 7. Ireland 0. Intermediate type.

Europe. Spain. France. Greece ?

Russia, absent. N.B. Area not sufficiently known, and syno-
nyms somewhat uncertain.

75. AMARYLLIDACEA. — 76. LILIACER. 331

1072 (1073). Narcissus Pseudo-narcissus, Linon.

Provinces 1 to 12 (18 14 15 16). Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberl., Northumb.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 12 23 46. (Ireland). English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net (den) got (nor swe).

Russia 6. N.B. Several recorded localities in England belong
to N. major escaped from gardens.

1074. Leucojum vernum, Linn.

Provinces - 2-- (5). Alien or Denizen.

Lat. 50—51. Dorset; J. C. Mansel!

Zone 1. Low grounds. Predial claim unsettled.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net den got).

Russia, absent. N.B. The right of this species to be held a
British plant, is yet undecided.

1075. Leucojum estivum, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 3 4 (5)----- [11 12]. Denizen.

Lat. 50—52. Devon, Dorset, Kent. — Oxford, Suffolk.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 4 5 7. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - (net) den.

Russia 6 5. N.B. This may perhaps be a native in province 38 ;
less likely so in other provinces of Britain.

1078. Fritillaria Meleagris, Linn.
Provinces (1) 28 4 (5 --8-10)-[12]. Denizen.
Lat. 51—58. Dorset, Hants, Sussex ? — Bedford, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 3 8 15. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net den got) nor swe.
Russia 6-43. West-asia.

N.B. Is this truly wild in Warwick or Stafford ?

332 76, LILIACE.

1081. Allium Scordoprasum, Linn.

Provinces [L 2 -- 5]---9101112131415. Native.
Lat. 53—57. Lancaster, York. — Fife, Perth, Forfar ?
Zone - 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker.
Census 7 9 15. Ireland 2. Intermediate-scottish type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.
Russia 5432. West-asia? “Cyprus”; Sibthorpe.
N.B. Confused with A. vineale, through the name “ arenarium.”

1082. Allium oleraceum, Linn.

Provinces 12345 [6]-8-101112 [14] 15. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Fife, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 or 3800 yards.

Census 10 18 380. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.
Russia -- 432. Himalaya. Western Siberia.

Madeira; Dr. C. Lemann’s manuscript list.

1083. Allium vineale, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Aberdeen.
Zones 1 2. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker.

Census 15 29 65. Ireland 5. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia - - - 3.

Canaries; Webb. phyt. can. — (America, introduced).

1084. Allium spherocephalum, Linn.

Provinces ----5. Native?

Lat. 51—52. St. Vincent’s Rocks, West Gloucester; Stephens!
Zone 1. Slight elevation. Another station in 1869.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.

Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net (den). Belgium.

Russia 6 - 4 3.

Algeria. Canaries.

76. LILIACE. 333

1085. Allium Schenoprasum, Linn.
Provinces 1 - - - (5 - - 8- 10) 11 12 (18 14 15) [16]. Native?’
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall! Westmorel.! Northumb.! Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Tyne at 150—250 yards; New Flora N.D.
Census 3 3 4. Ireland 0. Local-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - (net). Finmark, ‘sibiricum.’
Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
— America. Columbia.

1086. Allium ursinum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross.
Zones | 23. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 17 34 82. Ireland 11. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-4321. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

1087. Gagea lutea, Kerr.

Provinces 12345--89101112131415. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Somerset, Surrey? — Moray; Stables!
Zones 123. Humber, Tyne, in each to 250 yards.

Census 13 18 29. Ireland 0. Intermediate-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-482. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

1088. Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 [8] 4 [5]. Native. Extinct in Cambridge.
Lat. 50—53. Devon? Somerset! Wilts! Sussex. Bedford.
Zone 1. Low grounds. (Surrey, Middlesex, Salop].
Census 8 4 5. Iveland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5.

Tripoli; Viviani flo. lyb.

334 76. LILIACEA.

1091. Scilla verna, Linn.

Provinces 1 [2]---6 7---1112181415 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, [Wight]. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Orkney to 300 yards; Dr. Gillies.

Census 11 18 23. Iveland 3. Atlantic-scottish type ?
Europe spa - - - - fra cha. Norway?

Russia, absent.

— Faroe.

1092. Scilla autumnalis, Linn.

Provinces 123-5 [Y%----12]. Native.

Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Gloucester, Middlesex ?
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 4 5 7. Treland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia 6 5.

Algeria.

1093. Hyacinthus non-scriptus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native Not native in province 18?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — “ Harris,” Ross.
Zones 1238. Lakes to 500 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 18 314 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Lombardy to Holland.
Russia, absent.

Algeria ?_

1094. Muscari racemosum, Mill.
Provinces - (2 38) 4.---(8). Denizen.
Lat. 52—53. Suffolk, Norfolk ; alleged to be wild there.
Zone 1.
Census 1 2 3. (Ireland). Germanic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha (net).
Russia 6 5 4.
Barbary ; Lecoq geogy. bot.

70, LILIACEA. 335

1095. Lloydia serotina, Reich.

Provinces - - - - - - 7. Native.

Lat. 583—54. Snowden mountains, in Carnarvonshire.
Zone---4,. At 700—800 yards, or thereabouts.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution.
Hurope - ita - aus ger fra.

Russia 6----1. Himalaya. Siberia.

— America. Columbia.

1095*. Simethis bicolor, Kunth.

Provinces - 2. Alien or Denizen.

Lat. 50.—51. Dorset; Borrer!

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 1. Local-atlantic type.

Europe. Spain. Italian isles. South France. Normandy.
Russia, absent.

Algeria.

1095* (1175). Narthecium ossifragum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1960, 1010, 1000 yards.
Census 18 387 83. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Loffoden Isles.
Russia --- 8. “ Livonia”; otherwise non-russian.

— Faroe. N. americanum, its representative in America.

1096. Asparagus officinalis, Linn.

Provinces 1 (238 4 5)67(89----14). Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall. (Wight, Kent). — (Lancaster, Lincoln).
Zone 1. Littoral. Often only the garden variety escaped.
Census 3 5 5. Ireland 2. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).

Russia 65 4 3. Siberia.

Algeria. — (America, naturalised on the coast near New York).

336 76. LILIACEA.

1097. Ruscus aculeatus, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 3 4 [5] 6 -(8- 1011-13 1415 16). Native.
Lat. 50—53. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Glamorgan, Suffolk.
Zones 1 (2). Low grounds. (Ayr, Lanark, Isla).

Census 5 11 20. (Ireland). Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5. West-asia.

Aigeria, Madeira. Azores.

1098. Maianthemum bifolium, De Cand.

Provinces - - (3 4) - --- [9] 10 (11). Denizen.

Lat. 54—55. N.E. Yorkshire, “wild”; James Ward!

Zone - 2. Humber at 150—200 yards; Baker.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark.

Russia -- 4321. Himalaya, Siberia, Davuria, Kamtschatka.
— Iceland. America, not typical. “Columbia.” Aleutia.

1099. Convallaria majalis, Linn.
Provinces 12345-78910111213(14)15. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Somerset, Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Moray.
Zones 123. Humber 50—300 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 13 26 50. Treland 0. Germanic-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 6543821. Siberia. Davuria.
N.B. Clearly native ; though introduced to some of its localities.

1100. Polygonatum verticillatum, All.

Provinces - - [8] - - - - -+- 10 --(13)-15. Native?

Lat. 55—57. Northumberland! Perth! (Dumfries, Forfar).
Zones - 28. Tyne, probably about 200 yards.

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.
Russia 6 5-3. Himalaya.

—. N.B. Usually accepted as a native in Britain.

76. LILIACEA. — 77*. DIOSCOREACE. 337

1101. Polygonatum multifiorum, All.

Provinces 1 2 8 4 5--8910(11 12131415) [16]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Devon, Hants, Sussex, Kent. — York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Humber at 150 yards.
Census 8 15 21. (Ireland). English-germanic type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65 432. Siberia. Davuria.

N.B. Difficult to decide where truly wild in Britain.

1102. Polygonatum officinale, All.

Provinces 1 2 [8 4] 5 6-- 91011 [12--15]. Native.
Lat. 51—56. Somerset, Wilts, Hauts ? — Lancaster, Cheviotl.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne about 150 yards.
Census 7 7 8. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65 432. Siberia. Davuria.

N.B. Localities of this and ‘ multiflorum’ confused in books.

1108. Paris quadrifolia, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Renfrew, Moray.
Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 350 yards.
Census 15 28 78. [Ireland]. British-english type.
Europe all.

Russia 6-43821. West-asia. Siberia.

— Iceland; Hooker’s list.

1104. Tamus communis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12. Native.

Lat. 50—55 or 56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumb., Northum.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 12 25 65. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5. West-asia. ‘“ Cyprus.”

Algeria.

338 78. MELANTHIACEEZ. — 79. HYDROCHARIDACE.

1105. Colchicum autumnale, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 - - [15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Hants, Surrey. — Westmorel., Durham.
Zones 1 2. Humber, Tyne, in each to 200 yards.

Census 12 18 37. Ireland 3. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - - (swe).

Russia ? ? 4 3.

Algeria.

1106. Tofieldia palustris, Huds.

Provinces ------ - [8] - 10 11- - [14] 151617. Native.
Lat. 54—59. York, Durham. — Skye, Ross, Sutherland.
Zones -- 345. Highlands to 800, 750, 710, 660 yards.
Census 5 9 13. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Arctic Russia. Western Siberia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1107. Hydrocharis Morsus-rane, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011-- [14]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, (Wight), Kent. — Lancaster, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 11 22 48. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-43 2. Siberia.

1108. Stratiotes aloides, Linn.
Provinces - (2 8) 4 [5] -- 8910 11 [12] -(1415). Native.
Lat. 52—56. Northampton, Suffolk. — Lancaster, Northumb.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. .
Census 5 7 14. (Ireland 3 or 5). Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.
Russia 6-4 3 2. Siberia.

N.B. Certainly wild in the eastern provinces of England.

80. ALISMACE. 339

1109. Alisma Plantago, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross. [Orkney ?]
Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards.

Census 17 34 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Kurope all, except Finmark.

Russia654321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. — America. Columbia. Not typical in America.

1110. Alisma ranunculoides, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — East Ross!

Zones 1 238. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 17 34 73. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia --- 3. “Lithuania.” “ Kursk.”

Algeria.

1111. Alisma natans, Linn.

Provinces - - [8] -5 6 7--10-1213. Native.
Lat. 51—55. Glamorgan? — Wigton? Cumberland? York ‘!”
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Salop! Carnarvon!
Census 6 7 9. Ireland 3. Local-atlantic type.
Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net den - nor.
Russia --- 3. ‘“ Nowgorod.” “Livonia.” ‘ Lithuania.”
N.B. British localities mostly need verification.

1112. Actinocarpus Damasonium, Brown.

Provinces [1] 2845. Native. [Cornwall; Bree].

Lat. 50—53. South Hants, Sussex. — Salop, Suffolk ?
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 4 9 12. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha. Dalmatia.

Russia 6 -- 3. Eastward to Moscow ?

| Algiers].

340 80. ALISMACEA.

1118. Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 18. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Devon, Sussex, Kent. — Renfrew, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 13 24 538. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 66-4321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
— America. Columbia. Not typical in America.

1114. Butomus umbellatus, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011 12-(14 15). Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 12 25 52. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. India. Siberia.. Davuria.

1115. Triglochin maritimum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 18 35 61. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted.

Russia-- 4821. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — Faroe. America. Columbia.

1116. Triglochin palustre, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 960, 880, 710, 710 yards.
Census 18 38 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted.

Russia 654321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
Barbary. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia

80. ALISMACE&. — 81. POTAMACEA. 841

1117. Scheuchzeria palustris, Linn.

Provinces ----5--8910----15. Native.

Lat. 52—57. Salop, Notts, Chester, York, Perth.

Zones 1 2 ? North Yorkshire at 50 yards.

Census 5 5 6. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 4321. Siberia.

— America. Rocky Mountains.

1118. Potamogeton densus, Linn.

Provinces 12345678-1011121814. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh.
Zones 1 2. Lakes to 340 yards.

Census 13 24 52. Ireland 6. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia - - - 3.

Algeria. — America ?

1119. Potamogeton pectinatus, Auct.

Provinces 12345-789101112131415-1718. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney. [Shetland ?]
Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 16 28 63. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. P. flabellatus inclusive.

Russia 6--3 21. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Azores. — Iceland. America. Columbia.

1119*. Potamogeton filiformis, Nolte.

Provinces - [2-4--7 8]----- 1415 1718. Native.
Lat. 56—61. Berwick, Fife, Forfar, Orkney, Shetland, etc.
Zones ? 2 8. Sub-littoral. Imperfectly on record.

Census 4 6 6. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - den got - swe.

Russia 65432. “P. marinus, Linn. spec. 184.”
Algeria. — Iceland; Bab. cat. America; Gray bot.

3842 81. POTAMACEA.

1120. Potamogeton trichoides, Cham.

Prov. ---4-[6]. Native. Var. of P. pusillus; Benth. Handb.
Lat. 52—58. Norfolk; A. M. Barnard!

Zone 1. Low grounds. An unsatisfactory species.

Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Local type of distribution ?

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net.

Russia --- 38. N.B. Lombardy to Petersb. Schleswig to Hungary.
America.

1121 (1120). Potamogeton pusillus, Linn.

Prov. 1 to 16-18. Native. P. “ compressus” partly included.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney ; Gillies herb.
Zones 123. Humber to 350 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 17 33 69. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark.

Russia 6-432. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Icel. Greenl. America.

1123 (1121). Potamogeton obtusifolius, M. et K.

Provinces 12345-2? 891011 ? 181415--[18]. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Sussex, Kent! — Lanark! Kincardine!

Zones 1 2. Tyne to 200 yards.

Census 12 20 86. Ireland 5. English-british type.

Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got. Sweden, very local.

Russia --- 38. Western Siberia. N.B. The P. gramineus of
British botanists; not so of several Continental botanists.

1128*, Potamogeton acutifolius, Link.
Provinces - 23 4---8-[10]. Native.
Lat. 50—53. Dorset! Sussex! Surrey! Norfolk! Lincolo.
Zones 1 ? Low grounds. Kent. Herts. Yorkshire?
Census 4 5 5. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe - - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor.
Russia 6 -- 3. = N.B. In Britain ,this also has occasionally been
labelled as P. gramineus.

81. POTAMACES. 348

1123, Potamogeton zosterifolius, Schum.

Provinces - [2] 845 --8-[10]----15. Native.

Lat. 51—57. [Sussex], Surrey. — East Perth, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 5 8 12. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia - -- 3 2. P. compressus, Led. ross. et Fries sum.
— America.

1i24. Potamogeton crispus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native. [Shetland].

Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin.
Zones 12 3. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 16 82 71. Ireland 11. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. India. Siberia.

— Iceland; Hooker’s list, from Zoega. [America].

1125. Potamogeton perfoliatus, Linn.

Provinces all? No authority for South Wales? Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 17 34 68. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-43.21. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. America.

1126. Potamogeton lucens, Linn.

Provinces 12345-7891011121314 15 -- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen, Banff.

Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 14 28 55. Ireland 9. English-british type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia -- 432. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. -Tccland. America.

344 81. POTAMACE.

1127. Potamogeton prelongus, Wulf.
Provinces --345--8-101112-1415. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Berks! Surrey ? — Westmoreland, Moray.
Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds ; area not sufficiently ascertained.
Census 9 14 18. Ireland 5. Scottish-intermediate type.

Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.
Russia --- 3 2. Himalaya.
— America.

1129. Potamogeton heterophyllus, Schreb.

Provinces -2345678910111213141516 18. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Dorset? Sussex? Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 16 27 48. Ireland 0. British-english type.

Europe spa - - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia ? N.B. Much confused with obtusifolius, nitens, poly-
gonifolius, and other species.

1129*. Potamogeton nitens, Weber.

Provinces -------------- 15 16. Native.

Lat. 55—58. Bute, Perth, Elgin, Nairn.

Zones - 2 3. Low grounds.

Census 2 3 4. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution.

Europe - - - aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe.

Russia --- 8 2. N.B. The P. lanceolatus (Sm.) is made up of this
and the next species; the Scottish localities belonging to this.

1129* (1130). Potamogeton Janceolatus, Sm. in part.
Provinces [1 --- 5] -7--[10-1218 15--18]. Native.
Lat. 58—54. Isle of Anglesea only, as yet known.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Confused with P. nitens.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland? Local type of distribution.
Europe ? N.B. The Anglesea plant has not been certainly
identified with any European species. By name it is enu-
merated in Babington’s list of Iceland plants.

81. POTAMACE.E. 345

1131. Potamogeton rufescens, Schrad.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — Isla, Caithness.
Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards.

Census 17 26 388. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia ---3 2. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland; Lindsay flo. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1182. Potamogeton natans, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15, or all by safe and unsafe records. Native.

Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides? Shetl.?
Zones 123. Low grounds. Confused with ‘ polygonifolius.’
Census 15 32 ? Ireland 12. Bvritish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-4 321. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Madeira. Azores? — Faroe. Iceland. America. Ool.

1132 (1133). Potamogeton polygonifolius, Pourr.

Provinces all. Native. Often mislabelled ‘ natans.’

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Lakes to 590 yards. Highlands to 530 yards.
Census 18 384 65. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia --- 3. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries? Azores! — America.

1132 (1134). Potamogeton plantagineus, Ducros.

Provinces-234-678-101112-14-16. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Wight, Hants, Kent. — Arran, Argyle.
Zones 123. Humber to 150 yards. Area ill ascertained.
Census 11 15 22. Ireland 9. English-british type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den. N.B. Apparently re-
stricted to Europe; but this and ‘ polygonifolius’ have been
much confused with each other and with ‘ natans.’
2x

346 81. POTAMACER.

1135 (1186). Ruppia maritima, Linn.

Provinces 1234-67-910111213141516-18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12 3. Littoral. P. rostellata, Wight to Orkney.
Census 15 29 43. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. West-asia. Western Siberia.

Algeria. — America. Columbia.

1136 (1137). Zannichellia palustris, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 14--1718. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland, Orkney.
Zones 128. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 16 28 56. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 6-432. India. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. — America. Columbia.

1187. Zostera marina, Linn.

Provinces 1234-67-9101112181415161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 16 28 44. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia - 5 4 8 2.

— Faroe. Icelaud. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1137. Zostera nana, Roth. |

Provinces 12-------- 11-13-1516 [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Sussex. — Argyle, Forfar?
Zones 1 2? Littoral. Localities overlooked ?

Census 6 8 10. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe - - - - - fra cha net den got.

Russia - 5.

Algeria.

82. LEMNACE.E. 347

1138. Lemna minor, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney.
Zones 123. Lakes, Humber, in each to 300 yards.

Census 18 34 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America.

1139. Lemna gibba, Linn.

Provinces 128456-8910---1415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Fife; B. Syme, 1840.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Perhaps often overlooked.
Census 11 20 387. Ireland 8. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 - 4 8 2. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. — America, rarely.

1140. Lemna polyrhiza, Linn.

Provinces 12345678910--13814. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Edinburgh.
Zones 1 2, Low grounds.

Census 12 24 46. Treland 3. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. Siberia.

Madeira. — America.

1141. Lemna trisulca, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — “ Banff; Dr. L. Stewart.”
Zones 1 2 3. Low grounds.
Census 15 28 60. Ireland 6. English-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 6 432. Siberia.

— Ameriva.

345 82. LEMNACEA, — 82*. ARACER.

1]41*. Wolffia arhiza, Wimm.
Provinces - 2 8. Native. Likely in other provinces.
Lat. 50—52. Middlesex ; Trimen, 1866. Hants. Surrey! Essex.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Full area not ascertained.
Census 2 8 4. Ireland G. Local-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. From England to Transyl-
vania, from Naples to Holland. Sparsely reported, but
minute and likely to be disregarded.

1142. Arum maculatum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native. (Edinburgh — Moray).

Lat. 50—56 (58). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Berwick, Roxburgh.
Zones 1 2. Tyne to 825 yards. Humber to 250 yards.

Census 14 28 62. Ireland 12. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia --- 3. “Livonia. Lithuania. Warsaw.”

Algeria; Desf. atlant.

1142*. Arum italicum, Mill.

Provinces - 2. Native; but also planted at Steephill.
Lat. 50—51. Isle of Wight; A. G. More!

Zone 1. Coast level or thereabout.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net. Holland.
Russia, absent.

Algeria. Madeira? Azores.

1148. Acorus Calamus, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6-89 10--(13). Native.

Lat. 51—55. Somerset, Hants, Surrey. — Lancaster, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. (Devon, Sussex — Ayr, Renfrew).
Census 9 17 25. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-482. India. Siberia. Davuria.

— (America, probably introduced; Gray Bot. N.§.)

82*, TYPHACEL.E. 349

1144. Sparganium natans, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. 8. minimum inclusive.

Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 530 yards.

Census 18 32 66. Ireland 8. British-scottish type.

Europe all, except Turkey. 8. minimum included.
Russia---321. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1145. Sparganium simplex, Huds.

Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native. [Orkney; Neill}.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross.

Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 17 34 76. Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia -- 4 32. West-asia. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
— America. Columbia.

1146. Sparganium ramosum, Huds.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Orkney.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 18 35 85. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — America.

1147. Typha latifolia, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 -- [18]. Native. Formerly in Orkney ?
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Renfrew, Elgin.
Zones 123. Tyne to 200 yards.

Census 15 80 67. Ireland 10. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 43. India. Siberia.

Algeria, “La Calle’; Desf. atlant.

350 82*. TYPHACES. — 84. JUNCACE.

1148. Typha angustifolia, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 18 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kirkcudbright, Fife.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. ‘Truly wild in Fife; Arnott.
Census 18 25 48. Iveland 2. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. — America.

1149. Eriocaulon septangulare, With.

Provinces --------------- 16. Native.

Lat. 56—58. Mid and North Ebudes.

Zones -- 3. Low grounds only ?

Census 1 1 2. Ireland 5. Scottish-atlantic type.
Europe, absent.

Russia, absent.

— America. Order 88. ReEstIacra.

1150. Juncus filiformis, Linn.
Provinces - - [3] ----- [9] --12--15--[18]. Native.
Lat. 54—58. Westmoreland. Cumberland! Kincardine! Perth ?
Zones - 28. Lakes to 150 yards.
Census 2 2 38. Ireland 0. Intermediate type of distribution.
Europe all, except the Channel division.
Russia 6-- 821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
— Greenland. America. Columbia.

1151. Juncus conglomeratus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Any authority for Sutherland ?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123 4. Highlands to 630 yards. Lakes to 560 yards.
Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles; Martins.

Russia 6-432. Himalaya? Siberia.

Madeira? — Faroe.

84. JUNCACER. 3851

1151*. Juncus effusus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Any authority for Hebrides ?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 800 yards. Humber to 800 yards.
Census 18 37 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. Himalaya? Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. America. Columbia.

1151* (1152). Juncus diffusus, Hoppe.

Provinces 12845--89101112--15. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Sussex. — West Perth; Bab. Man.
Zones 1 2. Humber, Tyne, in each to 250 yards.
Census 11 17 22. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa - - - ger fra - net den got.
Russia, not recorded in Ledebour’s Flora.

N.B. A dubious species, usually or always infertile.

1152. Juncus glaucus, Sibth.

Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Native. Orkney?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Aberdeen.
Zones 1 2 ? Lakes, Humber, Tyne, in each to 400 yards.
Census 15 80 71. Ireland 10. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 65 43. Siberia.

Algeria. Madeira. Azores; Drouet flore.

1153. Juncus balticus, Willd.

Provinces -------------- 15 1718. Native.

Lat. 56—59. Forfar, Kincardine. — Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones - 2 8. Littoral and Sub-littoral.

Census 3 5 9. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe. North Germany. Scandinavia den got nor swe lap.
Russia --- 3 21.

— Iceland. America. Columbia.

352 84. JUNCACEL.

1154. Juncus maritimus, Linn.

Provinces 12384-678910111218-1516. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Nairn.
Zones 1 28. Littoral.

Census 14 25 45. Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ? fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America.

1155. Juncus acutus, Linn.
Provinces 1 28 4 [5] 6 7---- [1213]. Native.
Lat. 50—54. Cornwall? Sussex, Kent. — Carnarvon, Flint ?
Zone 1, Littoral. [North Lancashire? Kirkcudbright ?]
Census 6 10 15. Ireland 3. English-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha.
Russia 6.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1156. Juncus acutiflorus, Ehrh.

Prov. all. Native. Any authority for subprovinces 16 and 26?
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 2 8. Lakes to 600 yards. Tyne to 500 yards.

Census 18 36 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark? Loffoden Isles.
Russia? Siberia?

— America. Rocky Mountains.

1157. Juncus lamprocarpus, Ehrh.

Provinces all. Native. Any authority for Sutherland?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards; Prof. Dickie.
Census 18 37 89. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. Himalaya, Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. Madeira. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

Sd. JUNCACE. 353

1158. Juncus obtusiflorus, Ehrh.

Provinces 1284567891011 1814 [15]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Wigton, Haddington.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 200 yards?

Census 138 25 47. Ireland 38. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia, probably absent.

Algeria.

1159. Juncus supinus, Moench.

Provinces all. Native. Any authority for 8.E. Lowlands ?
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 800 yards. Tyne to 700 yards.
Census 18 37 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark. Loffoden Isles.
Russia 6 - - 3 2.

Azores. — Faroe. Ice'and. America?

1160. Juncus compressus, Jacq.

Provinces 1 to 16-18; but doubtful in several of them. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Skye? Shetland?
Zones 123. Low grounds. Surrey and Middlesex; H.C. W.
Census ? ? ? Ireland —? British type of distribution ?
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Persia.

— Iceland; Hooker list. America. Columbia.

1160,b. Juncus Gerardi, Lois.

Provinces 12 34-6789101112 131415 16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Littoral. Often labelled ‘‘ compressus.”
Census 16 30 50. Ireland —? British type of distribution.
Europe all? Scarcely distinct from ‘ compressus.’
Russia 6-4 321. Siberia.
— America ? Is it this, not ‘compressus,’ in Iceland ?

QZ

B54 84. JUNCACER.

1162. Juncus bufonius, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123 ? Lakes to 650 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.

Europe all.
Russia 6-4 321. India. Siberia. Davuria.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

1163. Juncus squarrosus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Any authority for 5.W. Wales?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Oikney, Shetland.
Zones 12345 6. Highlands to 1080, 1000, 960 yards.
Census 18 87 84. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia -- 43. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland.

1164. Juncus castaneus, Jinn.

Provinces [1] --------- [11] ---15 16. Native.
Lat. 56—58. Mid Perth! Forfar! South Aberdeen! Argyle!
Zones--- 5 6. Highlands at 800—1000 yards.

Census 2 8 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Alps of Switzerland and Austria. Norway, Sweden, Lapl.
Russia ----21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Greenland. America. Columbia.

1165. Juncus trifidus, Linn.

Provinces -- --------- [12] --15 1617 [18]. Native.

Lat. 56—59. Dumbarton, Perth. — Skye, Sutherland. Orkney ?
Zones ----5 6. Highlands at 550—1410 yards.

Census 8 7 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. West-asia. Siberia. Persia.

— Faroe. Jecland. Greenland. America.

ot

84. JUNCACEX. 35

1167. Juncus biglumis, Linn.

Provinces - ------------- 15 [16]. Native.
Lat. 56—58. Perth! Forfar? Aberdeen. Banff?
Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1100 y. Down to 2000 ft.; Dickie.

Census 1 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Norway, Sweden, Lapland, Finmark.

Russia - - - - - 1. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1168. Juncus triglumis, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - 7--(10)1112--15161718. Native.

Lat. 53—61. Carnarvon, Durham. — Sutherland, Shetland.
Zones-- ? 45 ? Highlands at 400—1000 yards.

Census 7 11 17. Ireland 0, Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-- ? 21. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains.

1169. Luzula sylvatica, Bich.

Provinces all. Native. Orkney?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 12345 ? Highlands to 1030, 900, 900, 860 yards.
Census 18 86 85. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den nor - lap. Loff,
Russia ? -- ? 6 Caucasia? 3 Isle of Oesel?

— Faroe. “ America.”

1170. Luzula pilosa, Willd.

Provinces all, Native. L. Borreri - 2 3-5.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 630 yards. Lakes to 560 yards.
Census 18 36 86. Ireland 6. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 4321. West-asia, Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

306 R41. JUNCACEA.

1171. Luzula Forsteri, De Cand.

Provinces 123-56----- [12 13 - 15]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cardigan, Essex.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Cumb. Ayr. Forfar.]

Census 5 13 25. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha. ;
Russia 6.

Algeria.

1172. Luzula campestris, Willd.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1080 yards. Wales to 1080 yds.
Census 18 87 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 4521. Himalaya? Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsce.
Madeira. Azores. — Iceland; Hooker list. Greenl. Am. Col.

1173. Luzula multifiora, Le}.

Provinces all? Native. Any authority for N. Highlands?
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Tyne to 850 yards.
Census 17 34 73. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Confused with ‘ campestris’ in the older books.
Russia 6-4321. Siberia.

Madeira. — Iceland; Bab. cat. America; Taylor, etc.

1174. Luzula arcuata, Hook.

Provinces -------------- 15 17. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Forfar? Aberdeen! Banff. Sutherland!
Zones - - - - - 6. Highlands at 1100—1410 yards.

Census 2 3 3. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Norway, Sweden, Lapland.

Russia---- 21. Siberia. L. hyperborea to Spitzbergen.
— Greenland. America. Columbia.

~

R41. JUNCACE-E. — &4. CYPFRACE.E. 35

1175. Luzula spicata, De Cand.

Provinces - - - - - - 7----12--15161718. Native.

Lat. 53—59. Carnarvon, Westmoreland. — Hebrides, Sutherl.
Zones --- 45 6. Highlands to 1440, 1310, 1270, 1200 yards.
Census 6 10 14. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-- 3-1. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1176. Cyperus longus, Linn.

Provinces ? 28 [45] 6. Native. Cornwall? Somerset ?
Lat. 50—52. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Pembroke, Wilts.
Zone 1. Low grounds. |Norfolk. Stafford.]

Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia 6 5 4.

Algeria. Madeira. Azores.

1177. Cyperus fuscus, Linn.

Provinces -- 3------ [10°. Native.

Tat. 51—52. Surrey, Middlesex. [York, an error].
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 2 2. Ireland? Local-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria.

1178. Cladium Mariscus, Brown.
Provinces 1 to 14 [15] 17. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Berwick, Sutherland.
Zones 1 23. Low grounds. [Formerly in Forfar].
Census 15 22 30. Ireland 10. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia 65 3. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries, a variety. Azores.

358 85. CYPERACE®,

1179. Schenus nigricans, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Rare in provinces 2 8 5 and 18 14.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Hants. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. West Highlands to 350 yards.

Census 18 34 56. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den - nor. Baltic isles.
Russia 6-- 43. Siberia.

Algeria.

1180. Rhyncospora alba, Vahl.

Provinces 1234567891011 1213-15 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 150 yards.

Census 17 82 61. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.

Russia -- 4 32. Siberia.

— America. Columbia. ‘North States, common in bogs.”

1181. Rhyncospora fusca, Sm.
Provinces 1 2--(5] 6--- [10]. Native.
Lat. 50—52. Cornwall? Somerset! Dorset! Glamorgan.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Reported in Salop and York].
Census 3 5 5. Ireland 4. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia --- 8. ‘Isle of Oesel.” ‘ Lithuania ”
— America; Gray’s Botany of the Northern States.

1182. Blysmus compressus, Panz.

Provinces 12345-7891011 121314 - [16]. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall? Dorset, Kent. — Ayr, Haddington.
Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 13 25 45. [Ireland]. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 482. Siberia.

— Iceland; Hooker’s list, from Zoega.

85. CYPERACEA. 359

1183. Blysmus rufus, Link.

Provinces - - - - - - 7-9-11121381415 161718. Native.
Lat. 58—61. Anglesea, Durham. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 10 16 31. Ireland 4. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe. North Germany. Scandinavia den got nor swe lap.
Russia --- 32. India. Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland; Lindsay flo.

1181. Scirpus lacustris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 18 88 75. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. America. Columbia.

1184,b. Scirpus glaucus, Sm.

Provinces 12345678-1011 131415 16- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Forfar.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds; sub-littoral.
Census 14 25 82. Iveland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria.
N.B. 8S. Tabernemonti of Continental authors.

1184*. Scirpus carinatus, Sm.
Provinces - 23 -[5--8--11j. Native.
Lat. 50—52. Sussex, Kent, Surrey, Middlesex.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Provinces 5 - - 8 by misnomers].
Census 2 3 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den.
Russia, absent. N.B. An unsatisfactory species; its localities

confused with those of ‘triqueter’ and ‘ glaucus.’

360 85. CYPERACE.E.

1185 (1188). Scirpus triqueter, Linn.

Provinces - 2 8 [4---8]. Native.

Lat. 50—52. Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex.

Zone 1. Low grounds. (Norfolk. Leicester.]

Census 2 3 38. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita ? aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6 - 4.

— [America]. ‘ Columbia.”

1186. Scirpus setaceus, Liun.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney?
Zones 128. Humber to 500 yards. Lakes to 480 yards.
Census 18 36 79. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6 5 43. Siberia.

Algeria? Azores. — Iceland.

1187. Scirpus Savii, Seb. Maur.

Provinces 12-4-67 9--1213--16. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Devon, Wight. — Isla; Prof. Balfour!
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Lastward in Suffolk and Norfolk.
Census 9 15 22. Ireland 7. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha.

Russia, absent.

Algeria. Azores.

1188 (1185). Scirpus Holoschenus, Linn.

Provinces 1 [2--5------ 12]. Native.

Lat. 51—52. North Devon! ([Somerset? Dorset? Hants ?}
Zone |. Sub-littoral.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-atlantic type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra.

Russia 6 5 4. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries.

85. CYPERACE. 361

1190. Scirpus maritimus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross.

Zones 1 2 3. Littoral.

Census 17 29 56. Treland 10. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. America Columbia.

1191. Scirpus sylvaticus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Occasionally mislabelled “ carinatus.”
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Banff.

Zones 1 2 3. Humber, Tyne, in each to 150 yards.

Census 16 31 61. Ireland 6. British-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria.

— America. Columbia.

1192. Scirpus palustris, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. S. uniglumis partly included?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 36 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654821. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

1193. Scirpus uniglumis, Link.

Provinces - 2----7-9-11--1415 16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Dorset, Sussex. — Orkney; Boswell-Syme.
Zones 123. Altitude -? Localities imperfectly known.
Census 8 10 18. Ireland 1. British-scottish type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-- 321. Himalaya.

— Iceland. N.B. Jil understood in Britain.

362 85. CYPERACE&.

1194 (1193). Scirpus multicaulis, Sm.

Provinces all. Native. Partly confused with 8. uniglumis ?
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; B.-Syme.
Zones 1 23. Low grounds; also higher ?

Census 18 30 55. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net den got.

Russia --- 8. Lithuania; Ledeb. flo ross.

Algeria. Azores. — America. Columbia,

1195 (1194). Scirpus pauciflorus, Lightf.
Provinces 1 to 17 [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 1234. Humber, Lakes, in each to 700 yards.
Census 17 82 61. Ireland 5. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.
Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.
Madeira; Lemann’s list. — Faroe. ‘ Rocky Mountains.”

1196. Scirpus cespitosus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Occasionally mislabelled “ pauciflorus.”
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1160, 1060, 980 yards.
Census 18 36 77. Ireland 12. British-scottish type.

Europe all, except Turkey.

Russia --- 821. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1197. Scirpus acicularis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 --[18]. Native. [Orkney; Lowe].
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Perth, Forfar?
Zones 1 2, Low grounds.

Census 15 28 49. Iveland 4. English-british type.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark.

Russia 6-4321. India. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

85. CYPERACES. 363

1198. Scirpus fluitans, Linn.

Provinces all? Native. Any authority for S. Wales?

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 128. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 17 383 59. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha net den got.

Russia --- 8. Warsaw; Ledeb. flo. ross.

Azores. — Faroe.

1199 (1200). Eriophorum vaginatum, Linn.
Provinces all. Native. [E. alpinum, 15 - 17].
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 980 yards. Lakes to 950 yards.
Census 18 84 73. Ireland 11. British-scottish type.
Europe all, except Turkey.
Russia -- 4 32:1. West-asia. Siberia.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1200 (1201). Eriophorum angustifolium, Roth.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345 6. Highlands to 1160, 1060, 1050 yards.
Census 18 38 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia-- 4821. West-asia? Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1201 (1200). Eriophorum latifolium, Hoppe.

Provinces 1 to 15-17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ross! Sutherland !
Zones 128. Tyne to 500 yards. Humber 100—400 yards.
Census 16 25 387. Ireland 3. British-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-43821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— Iceland; Lindsay flo. America. Columbia.

364 85. CYPERACER.

1202. Eriophorum gracile, Koch.
Provinces - [2] 3 - [5 - 7] --10---- [15]. Native.
Lat. 51—55. Surrey! York; Woods, Borrer.
Zones 1 2. Humber at 100 yards. [Sus. Worc. Carn. Per. Forf.]
Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Local-english type.
Europe all, except Finmark and perhaps Spain.
Russia --- 321. Siberia.
— America. Columbia.

1203. Kobresia caricina, Willd.

Provinces [1] ------- - 1011 12--15. Native. [Devon].
Lat. 54—57. York! Durham! Westmoreland? Perth!
Zones-- 345. Highlands (say) 900 y. Humber 400—600 y.
Census 4 4 4. Iveland 0. Intermediate type of distribution.
Europe. Alps - ita aus ger. Scandinavia - nor swe lap.

Russia 6.

— Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains.

1204. Carex dioica, Linn.

Provinces all; but the Peninsula not certain. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Dorset, Sussex; Borrer. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 960, 900, 830, 710 yards.
Census 17 34 62. Ireland 9. Scottish-british type.
Europe all, except Turkey and perhaps Channel.

Russia ---3821. Siberia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. ‘ Columbia.”

1205. Carex pulicaris, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900, 810, 810, 800 yards.
Census 18 37 81. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia 6 -- 3 2. Siberia.
— Faroe. Iceland.

85. CYPERACEA. 365

1206. Carex pauciflora, Lightf.

Provinces ----(5]----1011 138-151617. Native.

Lat. 51—59. Duwfries, N.E. York. — Ross, Sutherland.

Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 900 yards. Tyne 150—250 yds.
Census 6 10 19. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia --- 38 21.

— America. Columbia.

1207. Carex rupestris, All.

Provinces - - ------------ 15 17. Native.

Lat. 56—59. Perth. Forfar. Aberdeen! Sutherland!
Zones--- ? 5. Highlands at 800 or 850 y. Also “low rocks.”
Census 2 3 4. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Davuria. Spitsbergen.

—TIceland. Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains.

1208. Carex incurva, Lightf.

Provinces - ------------ 1415-1718. Native.

Lat. 55—61. Holy Isle, in Cheviotland. — Shetl.; Edmondston.
Zones - 2 8. Littoral or Sub-littoral in Britain.

Census 4 7 14. Ireland 0. Scotish type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger - - - den got nor - lap fin.

Russia 6--- 7. “India.” Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1209. Carex stellulata, Good.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 990, 980, 960, 700 yards.
Census 18 38 87. Treland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles.

Russia 6-4 3821. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Azores. — Faroe. America, Columbia.

366 85. CYPERACE.

1210. Carex lagopina, Wahl.

Provinces -------------- 15. Native. C. leporina, in C.B.
Lat. 57—58 (about 57). Aberdeenshire; Prof. Dickie!

Zones - - - - - 6. Highlands at about 1200 yards; Dickie.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

—— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia. Rocky Mountains.

1211. Carex ovalis, Good.

Provinces all. Native. C. leporina of various authors.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Lakes to 560 yards. Highlands to 500 yards.
Census 18 35 81. Iveland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles.

Russia -- 432. Siberia.

La Calle; Desf. atla, — Iceland? Greenland; Taylor list. Col.

1212. Carex curta, Good.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Elgin.

Zones 1234 ? Highlands to 750 yards, more or less.
Census 16 80 52. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Spain and Turkey.

Russia 6-- 321. Siberia. Kamtschatka. #

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1212,b. Carex alpicola, Wahl.

Proy. ------ 7--1011---15-17. Native. “CC. curta, var.”
Lat. 53—58. Merioneth; Hort. York; Mudd. Ross; Babington.
Zones -- 345 6. Highlands to 1200 y. Humber below 300 y.
Census 5 6 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia--- 321. As varieties of C. curta.

— America? Columbia. “ Unalaschka; Eschsc.”

85. CYPERACE. 367

1213. Carex elongata, Linn.
Provinces --3-5---910. Native.
Lat. 51—55. Surrey, Kent, Essex. — Lancaster, York.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Also in Salop and Chester.
Census 4 5 7. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. ,
Russia - -- 3 2. Western Siberia. Davuria.
— Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. Columbia. “ Sitcha.”

1214. Carex remota, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Ross.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 350 yards. Tyne to 330 yards.
Census 17 32 69. Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-- 32. India. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. — Columbia. “ Sitcha.”

1215. Carex axillaris, Good.

Provinces 12345--8910---[1415]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 8 15 27. Ireland 2. English type of distribution.

Europe. Tyrol. North-west Germany.

Russia? The Caucasian plant, apparently C. Boenninghauseni-
ana, is placed as a variety of this, in Ledeb. flo. ross.

1216. Carex Benninghauseniana, Willd.

Provinces - 28 - - --- ?----1415. 9 Chester?

Lat. 50—58. Wight? Sussex, Kent. — Aberdeen, Banff.

Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 4 8 10 Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution ?

Europe. Germany. Denmark. Scania. N.B. A most un-
satisfactory species; some examples approximating to C.
axillaris, others to depauperised C. paniculata.

368 85. CYPERACEA,

1217. Carex intermedia, Good.

Provinces 1234567891011-18141516. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Kincardine.
Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards? Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 15 27 56. Ireland 11. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia --- 82. Siberia. Davuria.

— America ?

1218. Carex arenaria, Linn.

Provinces all? Native. Any authority for Severn province ?
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral; rarely inland.

Census 17 383 58. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 65 43 2. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland.

1219. Carex divisa, Huds.

Provinces 1284-678-[1011--1415]. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight! Kent! — Lincoln? York?
Zone 1. Littoral. [Northumb. Edinb. Forf.] '
Census 7 15 21. Ireland 1. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia 65 43. India? Western Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries.

1220. Carex muricata, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Dumbarton, Elgin.
Zones 1 23. Humber, Tyne, in each to 250 yards.
Census 16 31 65. Ireland 5. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 6 5 4 8 2. Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. — Iceland. (America). Columbia?

85. CYPERACE.E. 369

1221. Carex divulsa, Good.
Provinces 12345-78-10 [11-1814]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Denbigh! York!
Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards. [Renfrew, Edinburgh].
Census 8 19 40. Treland 4. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.
Russia, absent ?
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1222. Carex vulpina, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Elgin.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 17 34 76. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe.all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43 2. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Iceland. America.

1223. Carex teretiuscula, Good.

Provinces 1234567891011-13 1415. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray.
Zones 123. Humber to 150 (or, to 400?) yards.
Ceusus 14 25 42. Ireland 5. British-english type.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark.

Russia -- 432. Himalaya.

Canaries. — America. Rocky Mountains.

1223*. Carex paradoxa, Willd.

Provinces - - - [4] ----- 10. Native.
Lat. 54 or thereabouts. Yorkshire only? [Suffolkj.
Zones - 2. Low grounds. A dubious species.

Census 1 2 2. Ireland 1. Local-intermediate type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap.
Russia 6-- 3 2. Siberia.

— «America; Dr. Richardson.”

370 85. CYPERACE.

1224. Carex paniculata, Linn.

Provinces all? Native. Any authority for the Lake province ?
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; B. Syme.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 17 80 62. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 -- 3. Western Siberia.

Canaries. — America.

1225. Carex alpina, Vahl.

Provinces -------------- 15. Native. OC. Vahlii, Schk.
Lat. 56—57. Forfar, Aberdeen.
Zones----5. Highlands at 800—850 yards, or thereabouts.

Census 1 1 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Switzerland. Tyrol. Scandinavia - - nor swe lap fin.
Russia - - - - - 1. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Caucasus ?
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1227. Carex atrata, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - 7-(9)---18-15. Native.

Lat. 53—58. Carnarvon. Dumfries? Perth! Forfar! Aberdeen!
Zones ----5 6. Highlands at 850—1250 yards.

Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-4 8-1. India. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1228. Carex vulgaris, Fries.

Provinces all. Native. C. cespitosa of Smith, ete.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 980, 900, 880 yards.

Census 18 86 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Finmark excepted.

Russia 6 -- 3 21.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

85. CYPERACER. 371

1229, Carex rigida, Good.

Provinces [1] - - - - - 7--1011 12 131415 161718. Native.
Lat. 53—61. Carnarvon, York. — Hebrides, Shetland.

Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1449, 1310, 1270, 1200 yards.
Census 10 15 23. Ireland 4. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-- 3821. India. Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1230. Carex aquatilis, Wahl.

Prov. ------------ 2-15. Native. Two species included ?
Lat. 56—58. Lanark? Fife? Forfar! Aberdeen !

Zones -- ? - 5 6. Highlands at 900—1100 y. And much lower?
Census 1 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
KKurope. Scandinavia - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia --- 3 21.

— Iceland; Nyman Sylloge. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1231. Carex stricta, Good.

Provinces 1 to 12 (13 1415 16]. Native. In Scotland?

Lat. 50—55. Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Westmoreland, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. Confused with C. acuta, etc.
Census 12 25 88. Ireland 11. English-intermediate type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 - 4 3 2.

Algeria. — Faroe. America. Columbia.

1232. Carex acuta, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011-1814 15 16- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Moray.

Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. “ Kingussie, 1830.”
Census 15 29 56. Ireland 5. British-english type.

Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

372 85. CYPERACEA.

1233. Carex saxatilis, “Linn.”

Provinces -------------- 151617. Native. C. pulla, Good.
Lat. 56—59. Dumbarton, Perth, Forfar. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 800—1030 yards.

Census 3 6 10. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Scandinavia - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ----21. Spitsbergen.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1234. Carex flava, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. C. “ Oederi” unavoidably included.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 960, 900, 800, 800 yards.
Census 18 36 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. For ‘flava’ and ‘ Oederi’ alike ?

Russia-- 4321. West-asia. India.

Madeira. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

1235. Carex extensa, Good.

Provinces 128 4 [5] 67-9101112181415 16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 15 26 41. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.

Russia 654. >

Algeria.

1236. Carex pallescens, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Devon, Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland
Zones 1284. Highlands to 630, 600, 410 yards.
Census 17 81 65. Ireland 6 or 8. British type of distribution.
Kurope all, except Spain and Finmark. Loffoden Isles.
liussia 6-4 821. Siberia.
—Varoe. Iceland. America.

85. CYPERACE. 373

1237. Carex fulva, Good.

Provinces all? Native. C. speirostachya inclusive.

Lat. 50—59. Devon? Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Sutherland.
Zones 1234, Highlands to 630 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 18 33 69. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6 - - 8 2.

— America; “ Dr. D. B. Greene” and “ Dr. Goodenough.”

1238. Carex distans, Linn.

Prov.1234567[(8]91011-131415161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Littoral or Sub-littoral.

Census 16 27 44. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3 2; but perhaps C. binervis, not our distans.
Algeria.

1239. Carex binervis, Sm.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1030, 1010, 800 yards.
Census 18 386 75. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.

Europe spa - - - ger fra cha net -- nor. Portugal to Norway.
Russia? See the preceding species.
Algeria.

1240. Carex levigata, Sm.

Provinces 123-5678910111213141516. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Mull, Aberdeen.
Zones 123. Tyne to 350 yards. [Hasterness; Ball].
Census 15 27 46. Ireland 8. British-english type ?
Europe spa ita - - ger fra cha net. Gallicia. Holland.

Russia 6 - - 3. N.B. In Britain, confused with C. binervis.
Algeria. — America ?

374 85. CYPERACE®.

1241. Carex panicea, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123845. Highlands to 760 yards. Tyne to 750 yards.
Census 18 36 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted.

Russia 654321. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

1241*. Carex vaginata, Tausch.

Provinces -------------- 151617. Native.

Lat. 56—59. Dumbarton, Perth, Forfar, Aberdeen, Sutherland.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands to 1260, 1220 yards.

Census 38 5 6. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger - - - - - nor swe lap.

Russia ---- 2 1. Siberia.

—TIceland. Arctic America.

1242. Carex depauperata, Good.
Provinces 1-3----------- {15 16]. Native.
Lat. 51—52. N. Somerset; Norman! Surrey; Salmon! Tent.
Zone 1. Low grounds.
Census 2 2 8. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.
Russia 6 5. Kamtschatka; Ermann, in flo. ross.
—N.B. Alleged to be “frequent” in Devon ; is it so?

12438. Carex capillaris, Linn.
Provinces ---- [5]----1011 ? ? -15-1718. Native.
Lat. 54—61. Dumfries? Cumberland? York. — Shetland?
Zones --345. Highlands 0O—900 yds. Humber 400—700 y.
Census 5 7 9. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.
Russia 6--321. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

85. CYPERACE. 375

1244. Carex limosa, Jinn.
Provinces [1] 2-45 67-9101112 181415 16 17. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Dorset, Hants, Suffolk. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Tyne 0—200 yards. C. irrigua included.
Census. 14 21 32. Ireland 7. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey. —C. irrigua in Finmark.
Russia 6--38 21. West-asia. Siberia.
—TIceland. America. Columbia.

1245. Carex rariflora, Wahl., Sm.

Provinces - ------------- 15-17. Native.
Lat. 56—59. Forfar, Aberdeen, Banff, Moray, Sutherland ?
Zones ----5. Highlands at 800—1000 yards.

Census 2 3 5. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Scandinavia - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia ---- 21. Kamtschatka.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1246. Carex strigosa, Huds.

Provinces 12345678910---[14--17]. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Dorset, Wight, Kent. — Chester, York.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 10 18 81. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6.

Algeria.

1247. Carex sylvatica, Huds.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Moray.
Zones 1234 ? Highlands to 700 yards, or thereabout.
Census 15 29 67. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia --- 3. Siberia. Davuria.

376 85. CYPERACE.

1248. Carex pendula, Huds.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native. C. maxima, Scop.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lanark, Elgin.
Zones 128. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 15 29 57. Ireland 5. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6 5.

Algeria. Madeira. Azores. C. myosuroides, Lowe.

1249. Carex pseudo-Cyperus, Linn.

Provinces 12345-78910----(15) [16]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, York.
Zones 1 2.8. Low grounds. (Elgin, planted). [Isla ?]
Census 9 20 38. Ireland 8. English type of distribution
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-4 8. India.

Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. America.

1250. Carex glauca, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. C. recurva, of various books.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 750 yards. Highlands to 670 yds.
Census 18 36 89. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-4 3. Siberia.

Algeria.

1251. Carex precox, Jacq.
Provinces 1 to 15 --18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones12345. Highlands to 750 yards. Humber to 600 yds.
Census 16 82 75. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and J*inmark.
Russia 6-432. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
— (America, introduced; Gray’s Bot. nor. sta.)

~
~

&5. CYPERACE.E. 3

1251. Carex ericetorum, Jiun.

Provinces --- 4. May occur elsewhere ?

Lat. 52—53. Cambridgeshire; Mr. Boswell-Syme!
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-germanic type.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-43 21. Siberia. Davuria.

— N.B. A recent addition to the English flora.

1251*. Carex montana, Linn.

Provinces - 2--5. Native.

Lat. 51—52 or 58. Sussex, Gloucester, Monmouth, Heref., Wore.
Zone 1. Low grounds; and higher ?

Census 2 3 5. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.

Russia --- 3 2. Western Siberia.

— “Iceland”; but likely C. pilulifera.

1252. Carex pilulifera, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1100, 1080, 1030 yards.
Census 18 35 69. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia --- 382. West-asia. Kamtschatka.
—TIceland? Greenland. America.

1253. Carex tomentosa, Linn.

Provinces - 2. Native.

Lat. 51—52. North Wilts! East Gloucester ?
Zone 1. Channel at 150 yards; T. B. Flower.
Census 1 1 1. Ireland 0. Local-english type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Baltic Isles.
Russia 6 5 £3.

378 85. CYPERACLA.

1254. Carex clandestina, Good.

Provinces 1 2--5. Native. C. humilis, Bab. Man., etc.
Lat. 50—52. Somerset, Wilts, Dorset, Gloucester, Hereford.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Local-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Belgium.

Russia 6-4 3. Siberia.

1255. Carex digitata, Liun.

Provinces 1 2--5--8-10. Native.

Lat. 51—55. Devon? Somerset, Wilts. — Notts, York.
Zones 1 2. Humber at 0—200 yards; Baker.

Census 5 8 12. Ireland 0. Inglish-local type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6 5-82. Siberia.

1256. Carex filiformis, Linn.

Provinces 12-45-7891011121314151617. Native.
Lat. 50—59. Devon? Somerset! Hants; Borrer. — Sutherland.
Zones 123. Humber to 200 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.

Census 15 20 381. Ireland 8. Scottish-british type.

Europe all, unless Spain and Turkey excepted.

Russia --- 321. Siberia.

— America.

1257. Carex hirta, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Moray.
Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Humber to 350 yards.
Census 16 30 73. Ireland 11. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. —- Iceland.

me
2D

S5, CYPERACK.©. 3

1258. Carex ampullacea, Good.

Provinces all. Native. C. ‘“involuta” in province 9.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900, 780, 760, 710 yards.
Census 18 87 82. Treland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6-48 21. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1259. Carex vesicaria, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Isla! Moray !
Zones 1 2.3. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Ceusus 16 82 58. Iveland 9. British-english type.

Europe all, unless Turkey excepted.

Russia 6-48.21. Himalaya? Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse.
Algeria. — Faroe; Landt. Iceland. Greenland. Am. Col.

1260. Carex paludosa, Good.

Provinces 1234567891011 1814151617. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross; W. A. Stables!
Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 16 31 62. Ireland 4. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 482. India. Western Siberia.

Algeria. — Columbia. “ Sitcha.”

1261. Carex riparia, Curtis.
Provinces 1 to 15. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Banff, Dumbarton ?
Zones 1238. Humber to 150 yards. Tyne to 100 yards.
Census 15 31 64. Ireland 5. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 6-43. Siberia.
Algeria. — Faroe. me

BRO 8G. GRAMINA.

1262. Leersia oryzoides, Sw.

Provinces - 2 3. Native.

Lat. 50 or 51—52. South Hants! West Sussex! Surrey!
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 2 3 3. Iveland 0. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 6 - - 3.

— America.

1263. Spartina stricta, Roth.

Zones 1234---8. Native. (8. alterniflora 2).

Lat. 50—54. Devon, Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Lincoln.

Zone 1. Littoral.

Census 5 8 10. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha net.

Russia, absent. N.B. 8. alterniflora, established in South
Hants, is supposed to have been introduced from America.

1264. Cynodon Dactylon, Pers.

Provinces 1 2 (3). Native.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset. (Surrey).
Zone 1. Littoral or Sub-littoral ; on sand.

Census 2 3 3. Ireland 0. Atlantic-local type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.
Russia 65 43. India. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

1265. Digitaria humifusa, Pers.

Provinces - 23 4----- (10 ----15). Colonist or Native.
Lat. 50—58. Hants, Surrey, Suffolk, Norfolk. (York).
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 8 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia 6 5 4 38.

— America ? s

86. GRAMINA. 381

1267. Setaria viridis, Beauv.
Provinces - (2) 3 4 (5 ---9 10 11)--- [15]. Colonist or Native.
Lat. 50—53. Surrey, Suffolk, Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds. (Wight to Tyne, occasionally).
Census 2 3 4, Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 65 432. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Azores; Drouet flo. — (America, introduced).

1269. Phalaris arundinacea, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 450 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 18 87 93. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654821. Westasia. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. America. Columbia.

1271. Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1130, 1080, 1000 yards.
Census 18 37 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark? Loffoden Isles.

Russia 6-43821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

(Algeria). Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am.

1271*:. Hierochloe borealis, Linn.

Provinces -------------- (15]-17. Native.

Lat. 58—59; formerly also 56—57. Caithness; Robert Dick!
Zones -- 3. Low grounds? ([Forfarshire, formerly].

Census 1 1 1. Treland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia6-4321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
— Iceland. America. Columbia.

382 86, GRAMINA,

1272. Phleum alpinum, Linn.

Provinces -------------- 15 [16]. Native.

Lat. 56—58. Perth, Forfar, Aberd. “ Garvay Moor”; Dickson.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 700—1200 yards.

Census 1 3 4. [Ireland]. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6---21. West-dsia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtsc.
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1273. Phleum pratense, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. (Hebr. Ork. Shetl. introduced ?)
Lat. 50—59 (61). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 1238. Tyne to 450 yards. Highlands to 850 yards.
Census 18 37 90. Ireland 9. British-english type.

Europe all.

vussia 654821. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. (America). “Columbia.”

1274. Phleum arenarium, Linn.

Provinces 1234-6789101112-1415. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen; Dickie.
Zones 1 23. Low grounds.

Census 13 23 38. Ireland 6. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia --- 3. “ Specimina rossica uon exstant”; Ledebour.
Algeria. N.B. Three reporters for it in West Russia.

1276. Phleum Boehmeri, Wibel.

Provinces--34[5]. Native?
Lat. 51—53. Lssex. Herts! Suffolk! Norfolk! Cambridge!
Zone 1. Low grounds. [Gloucester; Buckman B. G. C.]
Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65482. Siberia. Davuria.

N.B. No certainly English P. asperum seen by myself.

86. GRAMINA. 883

1277. Alopecurus alpinus, Linn.

Provinces - ------------- 15-17. Native.
Lat. 56—58. Perth? Forfar, Aberdeen, Easterness, Ross.
Zones ----5 6. Highlands about 700—1200 yards.

Census 2 4 5. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe, absent. .
Russia - - - - - 1. Arctic Siberia. Spitsbergen.

— Greenland. America. Columbia.

1278. Alopecurus pratensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 650 yards. Highlands to 430 yards.
Census 18 36 85. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Burope all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6543821. West-asia. India. Siberia. Davuria.
Barbary; Desf. atlan. — Faroe. ‘Am. Col.” (North States).

1279. Alopecurus geniculatus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Lakes to 520 yards.

Census 18 38 91. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.

Russia 6-4821. India. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Egypt. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. (States).

1280. Alopecurus fulvus, Sm.

Provinces -2345-78-[10----15]. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Sussex, Wilts, Surrey. — Denbigh, Leicester.
Zone 1. Low grounds. [York? “Fife, Forfar.”]

Census 6 11 17. Ireland 0. English type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. A. paludosus, Beauv.
Russia-- 4321. Siberia.

—. N.B. Not to be confused with A. agrestis.

384 86. GRAMINA.

1281. Alopecurus bulbosus, Linn.

Provinces 12345 6--910([l1]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Chester, York.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 8 12 18. [Ireland]. English type of distribution.

Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha net. N.W. Germany.

Russia, absent. N.B. Perhaps a state of A. geniculatus, as
held in Bentham’s Handbook.

1282. Alopecurus agrestis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 (13 14 15). Colonist. (Casual in Scotland).
Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Northumberl.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 12 23 55. (Ireland). English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den. Baltic. (Sweden).
Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia.

Algeria.

1288. Knappia agrostidea, Sm.
Provinces - - [8] ---7------ (14). Native?
Lat. 53—54. Anglesea only, at present.
Zone 1. Coast level. [Essex, extinct]. (Haddington, sown).
Census 1 1 1. Jreland 0. Local-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Hanover.
Russia, absent.
Algeria. N.B. Agrotis minima. Mibora minima.

1284. Gastridium lendigerum, Gaud.

Provinces 1284567. Colonist?

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Flint? Norfolk.
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 7 15 25. Ireland 0. English type of distribution
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia, absent. Asia minor.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

86. GRAMINA. 385

1285. Polypogon littoralis, Sm.

Provinces - 234. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Dorset? Hants! Kent! Essex. Norfolk!

Zone 1. Littoral or Sub-littoral.

Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Kurope spa - - -~ fra cha net. Constantinople? N.W. Germany.
Russia, absent.

1286. Polypogon monspeliensis, Desf.

Provinces (1) 23 4 (5 ----- 11--14). Native?
Lat. 50—53. Hants! Kent! Essex! Norfolk!
Zone 1. Coast-level. (Devon to Fife, casually).
Census 3 4 5. Ireland 0. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.
Russia 6 5. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1287. Milium effusum, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16 [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Moray.
Zones 123. Lakes to 350 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 17 31 67. Ireland 7. British-english type.
Europe all. Northward to Mageroe.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia.

— Iceland; Hooker list, from Zoega. America.

1288. Apera Spica-venti, Beauv.

Provinces - 234(5 67 8)91011 [12-14]. Colonist.

Lat. 50—56. Hants, Sussex, Kent. — Durham, Northumberl.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 6 10 22. [Ireland]. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 654321. Siberia. “ Russian Lapland.”

Barbary ; Desf. atlant.

386 86. GRAMINA.

1288+. Apera interrupta, Beauv.

Provinces - - [8] 4. Colonist.

Lat. 51—53. Essex? Suffolk! Norfolk! Cambridge.

Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 1 3 3. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Holland?

Russia 6 - 4.

—. N.B. Barely distinct from Spica-venti.

1289. Agrostis setacea, Curtis.

Provinces 1 2 [8]--6[7--10]. Native.

Lat. 50—52. Cornwall, Wight, Sussex. — Glamorgan. Surrey ?
Zone 1. Low grounds.

Census 3 7 9. Ireland 0. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa - - - - fra cha net. Northward to Belgium.

Russia, absent.

1290. Agrostis canina, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Humber, Tyne, in each to 150 yards.

Census 18 35 67. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Northward to Mageroe.

Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America? Rocky Mountains?

1291. Agrostis vulgaris, With.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1060 yards. Tyne to 850 yards.
Census 18 388 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.
Russia 6-4 321. India.
Algeria, — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

86. GRAMINA. 387

1292. Agrostis alba, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Humber to 450 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 88 92. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 43821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col.

1293. Ammophila arundinacea, Host.

Provinces all. Native. Psamma arenaria, Bab. man.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 18 82 57. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia - - 4 3 2.

Algeria. — Iceland. America.

1294. Arundo Phragmites, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Phragmites communis, Bab. man.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12 3. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 18 88 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6543821. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.
Algeria. Madeira. — Iceland. America. Columbia.

1295. Arundo Calamagrostis, Linn.
Provinces 128456-891011 [12]. Native.
Lat. 50—56. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Cheviotland.
Zones 12. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 10 20 38. [Ireland]. English type of distribution.
Europe all? Calamagrostis lanceolata, Roth.
Russia- 54321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.
— Labrador; Meyer pl. labr.

388 86. GRAMINA.

1296. Arundo Epigejos, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011 ? ? [14] 1516. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Mull, Aberdeen.

Zones 128. Highlands to 250 yards? Humber to 150 yards.
Census 138 25 48. Treland1. English-british type.

Europe all, except Spain and Finmark.

Russia 654821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

— Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega.

1298. Arundo stricta, Schrad.

Provinces -------- Q----- [15]. Native.

Lat. 53—54. Cheshire; F. M. Webb! [Forfar, extinct].
Zones -2. At about 550 feet; Mr. J. Robinson.

Census 1 1 1. Iveland 2. Local-intermediate type.
Europe - - - - ger - - net den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia --- 321. Davuria. C. neglecta, Geertn.

— Iceland. America. Columbia.

1299. Sesleria cerulea, Scop.

Provinces [1 --- 5]----101112--15-17. Native.

Lat. 54—58. Westmoreland, York. — West Ross; Lightfoot.
Zones- ? 345. Highlands to 850 y. Humber at 200—800 ys.
Census 5 5 8. Ireland 4. Highland-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - got - swe.

Russia - - 4 3 2.

— Iceland; Babington cat.

1800. Aira cespitosa, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 980, 970, 930, 900 yards.
Census 18 38 938. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6-4 321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
— laroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

86. GRAMINA. 389

1301. Aira alpina, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - ? ---[11])---15 1617 [18]. Native.
Lat. 58 or 56—58. Carnarvon? Perth. — Harris? Sutherland.
Zones----5 6. Highlands to 1380, 1360, 1230 yards.

Census 3 5 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe. Scandinavia - - nor swe lap.

Russia ----21. Spitsbergen. Deschampsia alpina, R. et 5.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Columbia.

1302. Aira flexuosa, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. “Aira uliginosa,” provinces 2, 15.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1230, 1220, 1200 yards.
Census 18 37 78. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe all. A. uliginosa in Ireland; A. G. More!

Russia 65-321. West-asia. Western Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1303. Aira caryophyllea, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 450, 400, 360, 350 yards.

Census 18 36 82. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - 5-3. Siberia?

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1304. Aira precox, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 600 yards. Highlands to 500 yards.
Census 18 87 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa. ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia - 5 - 3.

— Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. (Ameriva, introduced).

390 86. GRAMINA.

1305. Aira canescens, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 8 4--- [8]. Native.

Lat. 51—538. Kent, Suffolk, Norfolk.

Zone 1, Low grounds. (Notts, Dorset, Somerset].

Census 2 3 3. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6 - 4 8. Siberia.

—. N.B. Corynephorus canescens, of Bab. Man.

1807. Avena fatua, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 11 - - (1415 -- 18). Colonist.

Lat. 50—(61). Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — (Orkney, Shetland).
Zones 123. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 200 yards.
Census 11 23 55. Ireland 3. British-english type.

Europe all, except Finmark ; and scarcely in Lapland.

Russia 6 5 432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries.

1309. Avena pratensis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross.

Zones 12345. Highlands to 750 yards? Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 17 80 61. Ireland? British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65482. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria.

1310. Avena pubescens, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland. .
Zones 1234. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to 450 yards.
Census 18 34 68. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe lap. Loff.
Russia 6-432. Siberia. N.B. The British localities for

‘pratensis’ and ‘ pubcscens’ are somewhat confused together.

86. GRAMINA. 391

1311. Avena flavescens, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 12 - 1415 -- [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Aberdeen; Dickie.
Zones 128. Tyne to 550 yards. Humber to 450 yards.
Census 14 28 67. Ireland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor (swe).
Russia 6-43. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse.
Algeria.

1312. Arrhenatherum avenaceum, Beauv.

Provinces all. Native. Avena elatior, Linn.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Highlands to 350 yards.
Census 18 88 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 - 4 82. Armenia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — (America, introduced).

1318. Holcus lanatus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123 4. Humber to 600 yards. Highlands to 510 yards.
Census 18 88 100. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. (America, introduced).

1314. Holeus mollis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Harris, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 500 yards. Humber to 450 yards.
Census 18 86 82. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia - - 4 3.

Barbary; Desf. atlant. — Faroe.

392 86. GRAMINA.

1315. Triodia decumbens, Beauv.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 600 yards. Highlands to 560 yards.
Census 18 37 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia - - - 3 2.

Algeria. Madeira. Azores.

1816. Koeleria cristata, Pers.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native. South Wales; Miss Atwood.
Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Sutherland.
Zones 1 28. Humber to 600 yards. Highlands to 450 yards.
Census 17 33 62. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den (got - swe).

Russia 65 43. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. — America. Columbia.

1317. Melica uniflora, Retz.

Provinces 1 to 15 -- [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent — Elgin; Coll. Mor.
Zones 1 28. Tyne, Humber, in each to 350 yards.

Census 15 29 68. Ireland 10. English-british type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 - 4 3.

—. N.B. Northward to Shetland, by Edmondston’s Flora.

1318. Melica nutans, Linn.
Provinces [1 2 3 4]5-789101112131415 1617. Native.
Lat. 52—58. Salop, Stafford, Derby. — Argyle? Ross.
Zones 128. Tyne, Highlands, in each to 450 yards.
Census 12 18 32. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except the Channel division.
Russia 66-4321. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
—. N.B. M. uniflora formerly thus misnamed in England.

86. GRAMINA. 393

1319. Molinia caerulea, Moench.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 950, 850, 750, 660 yards.
Census 18 87 85. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Enodium ceruleum, Fries, sum. veget.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland ?

1320. Catabrosa aquatica, Presl.

Provinces ] to16-18. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 23. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 17 33 74. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, if in North-west France.

Russia 654321. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1321. Glyceria aquatica, Sm.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Forfar. (Moray).
Zones 1 23. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 15 29 63.. Ireland 4. English-british type.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6543821. Himalaya. Siberia.

— America. Columbia. Is it the European species there ?

1322. Glyceria fluitans, Brown.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones 1234. Humber to 550 yards. Highlands to 500 yards.

Census 18 88 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-432. Himalaya. Western Siberia.

Algeria? Madeira, — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. Am. Col.
3—E

394 86. GRAMINA.

1322,b. Glyceria plicata, Fries.

Provinces 12345-7891011--1415-- [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife. Orkney?
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 250 yards.
Census 12 21 36. Ireland 3 or more. English-british type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha - den got nor.

Russia, absent or not distinguished from ‘ fluitans.’

Algeria; Munby cat. G. fluitans; Munby flore?

1323. Sclerochloa maritima, Lindley.

Provinces 1234567-91011-181415 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 16 30 53. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - - fra cha net den got nor. “ Finmark.”
Russia 6----1. Siberia. G. angustata, Sib. Spitsbergen.
Algeria. — Iceland? Greenl.? _G. angustata, Gre. Am. Col.

1324. Sclerochloa distans, Bab.

Provinces 1234567891011 12--15--18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Shetland; Tate cat.
Zones 123. Littoral; occasionally inland.

Census 14 25 43. Ireland 3. English-british type.
Europe all, if in Turkey.

Russia654321. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. — Columbia; Dr. Scouler.

1324*. Sclerochloa Borreri, Bab.
Provinces - 23 4----- 10. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — York; Mudd, in N. Y.
Zones 1 2. Littoral. Localities imperfectly ascertained.
Census 4 6 8. Ireland1. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe - - - - ger fra - - - got nor swe. Likely elsewhere.
Russia, absent or overlooked. ;
— N.B. An unsatisfactory species, not understood by H. C. W.

86. GRAMINA. 395

1325. Sclerochloa procumbens, Beauv.

Provinces 128456--91011--- [15]. Native.

Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Cheviotland.
Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 9 14 22. Ireland 2, English-germanic type.

Kurope spa ita--- fra cha net. Holland.

Russia, absent.

1326. Sclerochloa rigida, Link.

Provinces 123456789101112-1415-17. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross; Boswell-Syme.
Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 800 yards.

Ceusus 15 29 62. Ireland 7. British-english type.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Holland.

Russia 6 5 - 38.

Canaries. Azores.

1827. Sclerochloa loliacea, Woods.

Provinces 1234-67-9101112181415--(18]}. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Fife! [Harris].
Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 13 20 32. Ireland 7. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Dalmatia for “aus.”

Russia, absent.

Algeria. Azores. Festuca rotboelloides, Kunth.

1328. Poa annua, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1080, 1060, 1000 yards.
Census 18 388 99. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. And carried to the Southern hemisphere.

Russia6 54321. West-asia. India. Sib. Day. Kamtsce.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

396 86. GRAMINA.

1829. Poa bulbosa, Linn.

Provinces 1284. Native.

Lat. 50—53. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Somerset? Norfolk!
Zone 1. Low grounds, sub-littoral.

Census 4 7 9. Ireland 0. Germanic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - got - swe.

Russia 6 5 4 8 2. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries.

1330. Poa alpina, Linn.

Provinces - - [8] ---7--10-12--15 1617. Native.

Lat. 54—59. Westmoreland, York. — Sutherland.

Zones --- 45 6. Highlands to 1310, 1260, 1180 yards.
Census 6 8 13. Ireland 2. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6---21. Olympus. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1330*. Poa laxa, Henke.

Provinces -----------:--1516. Native.

Lat. 56—58. Westerness? Forfar? Aberdeen; Boswell-Syme!
Zones - - - - - 6. Highlands at “1200 yards.”

Census 2 2 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap. Finmark?
Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia. Spitsbergen.

— Iceland; Lindsay flo. Greenland. America.

1330*. Poa minor, Gaud.

Provinces - ------------- 15 16. Native.

Lat. 56—58. Westerness. Aber@een; Boswell-Syme.
Zones - - - - - 6. Highlands at “1200 yards.”

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor - lap.

Russia, absent ?

— America? N.B. Much confused with P. laxa.

86. GRAMINA. 397

1331. Poa pratensis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 750 yds.
Census 18 88 91. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. P. pratensis var. alpigena, Spitsbergen.

Russia 654321. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.
Azores; Drouet. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col. (States).

18382. Poa trivialis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123845. Highlands to 830 yards. Lakes to 710 yards.
Census 18 87 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6543821. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. (Am.)

1333. Poa compressa, Linn.

Prov.12845678-10111213 1415-17 [18]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ross; Boswell-Syme.
Zones 1 28. Humber to 300 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 15 27 53. Ireland 1. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Iceland? (American States, introduced).

1334. Poa nemoralis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. P. Parnellii, 10 11.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Elgin.
Zones 12384. Highlands to 530 yards, perhaps higher.
Census 16 29 59. Ireland 3. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654821. India. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse.
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

398 86. GRAMINA.

1334*. Poa casia, Sm. P. Balfourii, Bab. Man.

Provinces - - - - - - 7--1011---1516. Native.

Lat. 58—58. Carnarvon, York. — Argyle, Aberdeen.

Zones ----5. Highlands about 750—1000 yards.

Census 5 6 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita tur aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap fin. “Sleswig.”
Russia - - - - - 1. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

1835. Briza media, Linn.

Provinces 1 to15 ? 17 (18). Native. 16 “about Glasgow.”
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross. (Orkney).

Zones 1234. Humber to 700 yards. Highlands to 630 yards.
Census 16 380 80. Ireland 12. Bnitish-english type.

Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia. Siberia.

— (America, introduced).

1336. Briza minor, Linn.

Provinces 1 2 (3) - [5 --- 9]. Casual or Colonist.

Lat. 50—51. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Wight, Hants.
Zone 1. Low grounds. Somerset? (Middlesex).
Census 2 4 5. (Ireland1). Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha.

Russia 6.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1837. Cynosurus cristatus, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 600 yards. Highlands to 530 yards.
Census 18 88 96. Ireland 12. Bnitish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 4 3 2.

Algeria. Azores; Drouet.

86. GRAMINA. 399

1339. Dactylis glomerata, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 128. Tyne to 550 yards. Highlands to “ 450 yards.”
Census 18 388 97. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. India. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries? — Faroe. (America, introduced).

1340. Festuca uniglumis, Sol.

Provinces 1234-67-9[10]. Native.

Tat. 50—54. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Lancaster, Norfolk.
Zones 1 2. Littoral or Sub-littoral.

Census 7 13 19. Ireland 2. English-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia, absent.

Algeria.

1341. Festuca sciuroides, Roth.

Provinces 1 to 17 (18). Native. F. bromoides, Anglor.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Ross. (Orkney).
Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 800 yards. Tyue to 200 yards.
Census 17 33 74. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia ? V. Myurus, “Ind. cauc. p. 22 cum var. bromoide.”
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1841*. Festuca pseudo-myurus, Soy.

Provinces 1238456789 10(11)- [13 1415}. Native.

Lat. 50—54. Cornwall, Dorset, Kent. — Chester, York.

Zones 1 2. Humber to 800 yards.

Census 10 20 88. Ireland 8. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5 ? “FE. pseudo-myurus, C. Koch.”

Algeria? Canaries? — Col.; Hook. bor. am. ‘HE. Bot. t. 1412.”

400 86. GRAMINA.

1342. Festuca ovina, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Much confused with F. duriuscula.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1440, 1310, 1270 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 4821. India. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1343. Festuca duriuscula, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Much confused with F. ovina.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 900 yards? Tyne to 750 yards.
Census 18 34 75. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark ; and scarcely in Lapland.

Russia 65432. Siberia.

Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. (America, introduced).

1844. Festuca rubra, “ Linn.”

Provinces all? Native. Confused with F. duriuscula.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hekrides, Ross.
Zones 128. Tyne to 250 yards? Humber to 200 yards?
Census 17 28 45. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey excepted.

Russia 6- 4321. Siberia.

— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1845. Festuca sylvatica, Vill.

Provinces - 2--5 [6]---10111213141516. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Wilts, Sussex. — Westerness, Elgin, Banff.

Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Tyne to 250 yards.

Census 9 18 20. Ireland 6. Scottish type of distribution.

Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor.

Russia--- ? “Lithuania; Eichw.” ‘Grodno; Lindem.” But
Ledebour adds the words “ Specimina rossica non exstant.”

86. GRAMINA. AOL

1816. Festuca elatior, F. arundinacea, Anglor.

Provinces 123845-789101112138141516-18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 450 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 16 33 70. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark ; but not certain.
Russia -- 432. Himalaya. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Azores. — Far. Icel. Am. Col. (States).

1347. Festuca pratensis, F. loliacea, Anglor.

Provinces all. Native. Much confused with F. elatior.
Lat. 50—60. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Ross, Orkney.

Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Humber to 400 yards.
Census 18 82 69. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark ; but synonyms uncertain.

Russia 65 482. Siberia. Davuria.

— Columbia; Douglas.

1348. Bromus giganteus, Jinn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native. Festuca gigantea of Bab. Man. ete.

Lat. 50—58. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Elgin.

Zones 128. Humber to 350 yards. Lakes to 250 yards.

Census 16 32 77. Ireland 12. British-english type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-432. Siberia. N.B. A Bromus in general ap-
pearance, rather than a Festuca.

1349. Bromus asper, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cantire, Elgin.
Zones 123. Humber to 400 yards. Tyne to 330 yards.
Census 16 32 80. Treland 12. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-4 3. Siberia.

402 86. GRAMINA.

1350. Bromus sterilis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15. Native. 16 Dumbarton ?

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Elgin, Banff.
Zones 123. Humber to 250 yards. Tyne to 150 yards.
Census 15 29 76. Ireland 10. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - (swe).
Russia 6 5 4 3. Western Siberia.

Algeria. — (America, introduced).

1351. Bromus madritensis, Linn.

Provinces 123-5 6----(11--1415). Native?

Lat. 50—52. Devon, Hants, Kent. — Pembroke, Surrey.
Zone 1. Coast-level or low grounds.

Census 5 9 11. Iveland 1. Atlantic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha. Dalmatia for “aus.”
Russia - 5 4.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1353. Bromus erectus, Huds.

Provinces 123845678-1011 181415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Kirkcudbright, Fife.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards. Dorset?

Census 13 22 40. Ireland 3. Germanic-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.

Russia 6 5 4 3.

Algeria.

1354. Bromus secalinus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Colonist; but uncertain in its localities.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Isla, Ross.
Zones 128. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 17 82 60. (Ireland 5). British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland (“ inquilina”) and Finmark,
Russia 6 - 4.3.2. Western Siberia.

Algeria, — (America, introduced).

86. GRAMINA. 403

1355. Bromus commutatus, B. racemosus, Anglor.
Provinces 1 to 16 - (18). Native.
Lat. 50—58 or 61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Moray. (Shetl.)
Zones 123. Highlands to 400 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 16 81 70. Ireland 8. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.
Russia --- ? ‘ Specimina rossica non exstant”; Led. flo. ross.
Algeria. N.B. In Britain, confused with ‘mollis,’ ‘ secalinus,’ ete.

1356. Bromus mollis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Any authority for S.E. Wales ?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 600 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 18 37 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 65 432. Western Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores, a var. — (America, introduced).

1357. Brachypodium sylvaticum, Beauv.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney; Gillies herb.
Zones 123. Humber, Tyne, in each to 350 yards.

Census 18 85 84. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6 5 43. India.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1358. Brachypodium pinnatum, Beauv.

Provinces 12345--8-10[1112--15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Devon, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — W.E. York.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 7 17 86. [Ireland]. Germanic-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.

Russia 6-432. Siberia.

Algeria.

404 86. GRAMINA.

1359. Triticum caninum, Huds.

Provinces 1 to 15 - 17 [18]. Native.

Lat. 50—59,. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Sutherland. Orkney?
Zones 128. Humber to 450 yards. Tyne to 400 yards.
Census 16 382 72. Ireland 7. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted.

Russia 6 -- 321. Himalaya. Siberia.

—Iceland. America. Columbia. (N. States).

1360. Triticum repens, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 450 yards. Highlands to,400 yards.
Census 18 38 93. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 6543821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

1362. Triticum junceum, Auct.

Provinces all. Native. Two or more species here.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Littoral.

Census 18 34 56. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 65 43. Siberia.

Algeria. — “‘ Columbia; Douglas.”

1363. Lolium perenne, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 550 yards. Humber to 500 yards.
Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65432. West-asia.

Algeria. Madeira. Azores. — (America, introduced).

86. GRAMINA. 405

1364. Lolium temulentum, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16-18. Colonist. L. arvense, With., included.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Islay, Elgin.
Zones 123. Low grounds; usually sown with the crop.
Census 16 80 ? Ireland 9. British-english type.
Europe all, except Lapland and Finmark.
Russia 65 432. India. Western Siberia.
Algeria. Madeira. — (America, introduced).

1365. Elymus arenarius, Linn.

Prov. [1 2] 8 4 - [6] 78 [9] 101112131415 1617 18. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Devon? Dorset? Essex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1 2 3. Littoral. Confused with Ammophila.

Census 138 18 380. Ireland 4. Scottish-british type.

Europe all, except Italy ?

Russia 6- 4821. Siberia. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

13866. Hordeum sylvaticum, Huds.

Provinces -2845-[7]891011. Native.

Lat. 51—56. Wilts, Hants, Kent. — Chester, Northumberland.
Zones 1 2. Tyne to 200 yards. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 8 18 24. Ireland 1. Germanic-english type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got.

Russia 6-438. Elymus europeus, Linn.

— “Canada; Mrs. Percival,” in Hooker flo. bor. am.

1367. Hordeum pratense, Huds.

Provinces 1234567891011-131415. Native.

Lat. 50—57. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Fife, Perth.

Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 14 25 59. Ireland 5. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net den got.

Russia 6-4. India. Siberia. Davuria.

— “ Columbia.”

406 86. GRAMINA.

1368. Hordeum murinum, Linn.

Provinces 1234567891011--1415--([18]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Kincardine. (Elgin).
Zones 1 2. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 13 27 66. Ireland 6. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got.

Russia - 5 4 3.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1369. Hordeum maritimum, With.

Provinces 12345 6-891011[12--15]. Native.

Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Chester, Durham.
Zones 1 2. Littoral.

Census 10 17 25. [Ireland]. English-germanic type.
Europe spa ita tur aus - fra cha net den. N.W. Germany.
Russia? ‘ Dubia imperii rossici civis est”; Led. flo. ross.
Algeria. Canaries.

1870. Nardus stricta, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1100, 1070, 1060 yards.
Census 18 37 84. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.

Europe all.
Russia 6-4 821.
Azores; T. C. Hunt! — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland.

1371. Lepturus filiformis, Trin.
Provinces 1 to 14 (15). Native. L. incurvatus, a casual ?
Lat. 50—56. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Linlithgow. (Fife).
Zones 1 2. Littoral.
Census 14 22 41. Ireland 9. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus - fra cha net den (got). N.W. Germany.
Russia, absent.
Algeria. L. incurvatus and L. filiformis both there.

87, FILICES. 407

1372. Ceterach officinarum, Willd.

Provinces 12345678910 [11] 1213 [14] 1516. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Argyle, Perth.

Zones 123. Humber to 250 or “450” yards.

Census 14 27 54. Ireland 12. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net.

Russia 6 5. West-asia. Cashmere. Siberia? Warsaw ?
Algeria. Canaries.

1378. Woodsia ilvensis, Brown.

Provinces - - - - - - 7--(10] 111213-15. Native.

Lat. 583—57. Carnarvon, Durham. — Dumfries, Perth, Forfar.
Zones ---4 5. Highlands 630—900 yards.

Census 5 6 6. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger - - - - got nor swe lap.

Russia 65-3821. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Rocky Mountains. Sitcha.

13873*. Woodsia hyperborea, Brown.

Provinces - - - - - - 7----- [13]-15. Native.

Lat. 53—56. Carnarvon! Perth! [Dumfries. Forfar].

Zones ----5. Altitude... ?

Census 2 2 2. Ireland 9. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap.

Russia - - -- 21. Himalaya. Sib. “Mandschuria (Maack)”; Milde.
— Greenland. America. Columbia.

1874. Polypodium vulgare, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 700 yards.
Census 18 38 97. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. ‘South Africa. Mexico. Japan.”

Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Am. Col.

408 87. FILICES.

1375. Polypodium Phegopteris, Linn.

Prov. 1 2 [3]-56789101112181415 161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Dorset, Sussex. — Ork. Shetl.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1150, 910, 900, 850 yards.
Census 16 28 62. Ireland 9. Scottish-british type.

Europe all, unless Spain to be excepted.

Russia 6--321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka, a var.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1376. Polypodium Dryopteris, Linn.

Prov. [1 2 3]-567891011121381415 161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Glamorgan, Gloucester. — Sutherland, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 910, 850, 830, 820 yards.
Census 14 23 54. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted.

Russia---321. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtsc.
—TIceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1377. Polypodium Robertianum, Hoffm.

Provinces 123-56789101112--[15]. Native.

Lat. 51—55. Somerset! Bucks. — Westmoreland! Durham !
Zones 123. Tyne to 400 yards. Reported in Perth.

Census 11 13 18. Ireland 0. English-intermediate type.
Europe - - tur aus ger fra cha net - - nor swe.

Russia --- 8. Jithuania; Siberia altaica; Ledebour flo. ross.
— America; Gray bot. under P. Dryopteris.

1878. Allosurus crispus, Bernh.

Provinces 1---56789101112131415161718. Native.
Lat. 51—59. North Devon or Somerset. — Harris, Sutherland.
Zones- 238456. Highlands to 1160 yds. Wales to 1110 yds.
Census 15 24 388. Ireland 3. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net - - nor swe lap. Loffoden.
Russia - - - - - 1. Olympus. Himalaya? Siberia?

— Iceland; Lindsay. Greenland; Milde. America? Columbia?

87. FILICES. 409

1379. Cystopteris fragilis, Bernh.
Provinces all. Native. Numerous segregate forms.
Lat. 50—60. Devon, Sussex, Kent ? — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 12345. Highlands to 1800, 1080, 960 yards.
Census 18 28 57. Ireland 10. British-highland type.
Europe all. “ Omnium filicum maxime boream versus progreditur.’
Russia 654321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtse.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Far. Icel. Greenl. Am. Col.

7

1381. Cystopteris montana, Link.

Provinces - --- - - (7]------- 15. Native.

Lat. 56—57 or 58. Mid Perth! Forfar! 8. Aberdeen. [Carn.]
Zones ---- 5 6. Highlands at about 1200 yards.

Census 1 2 3. Iveland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra -- - - nor swe lap. Denmark? Belg.?
Russia, absent. Kamtschatka.

— Rocky Mountains, in America.

1382. Polystichum Lonchitis, Roth.

Provinces - - - [4 - 6] 7-- 1011 [12 13] - 15 1617 [18]. Native.
Lat. 583—59. Carnarvon, York. — Sutherland. [Orkney].
Zones - ? 8456. Highlands to 1080, 1000, 960, 920 yards.
Census 6 10 16. Iveland 8. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - - - got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6----1. Olympus. Himalaya. Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1383. Polystichum aculeatum et lobatum, Anglor.

Provinces 1 to17. Native. Confused with P. angulare.

Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Ross.

Zones 1284. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 700 yards.
Census 17 384 85. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.

Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. ‘“ Scandinavia.”
Russia 6. West-asia.
[Azores; Drouet],-—— America, Columbia.

410 87. FILICES.

1384. Polystichum angulare, Newm.

Provinces 123456789101112-14. Native.

Lat. 50—66. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Cumberland! Roxb.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 300 yards.

Census 13 25 49. Ireland 12. English type of distribution.
‘Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net - [got nor].

Russia 6. West-asia. Himalaya. Synonyms uncertain.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores.

1385. Lastrea Thelypteris, Presl.

Provinces 123456789101112--15--[18]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Dorset, Wight, Sussex, Kent. — Forfar!
Zones 1 2. Low grounds.

Census 13 21 36. Iveland 8. English type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.

Russia 6-- 32. Himalaya. Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland; Hooker, from Zoega. America.

1386. Lastrea Oreopteris, Presl.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, ent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123845. Highlands to 980 yards. Humber to 550 yds.
Census 18 87 81. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Sweden and Finmark.

Russia -- - 8. West-asia.

1387. Lastrea Filix-mas, Presl.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland ?
Zones 1234. Humber to 800 yards. Highlands to 500 yards.
Census 18 387 96. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 654321. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. “Japan.”
Algeria. Madeira. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland.

87. FILICES. All

1388. Lastrea rigida, Presl.

Provinces [1] ------- 910-12. Native.

Lat. 58—55. Lancaster, York, Westmoreland. [Somerset].
Zones -- 8. Probably about 400—500 yards.

Census 3 3 5. [Ireland]. Intermediate type.

Europe spa ita - aus ger fra----nor. L. pallida, spa ita tur.
Russia, absent. L. pallida, West-asia.

L. pallida, Tunis. — [America ?]

1389. Lastrea cristata, Presl.
Provinces [1 - 3] 4 [5]-- 89 [10----15]. Native.
Lat. 52—54. Suffolk, Norfolk, Hunts, Notts, Chester.
Zones 1 2. Low grounds. [Essex? Derby ?]
Census 3 5 6. [Ireland]. English-intermediate type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra - net den got nor swe.
Russia 6-4 3. Western Siberia.
— America.

1390. Lastrea spinulosa, Anglor.
Provinces 12345 ? ? 89101112--15 16 [1718]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Perth! Inverness!
Zones 123. Low grounds. West Inverness; Mrs. Maskelyne!
Census 14 24 53. Ireland 9. English-british type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net. Scandinavia?
Russia --- 321. “Amur. Manchuria.” Kamtsc. a variety.
[Pico, Azores; Milde]. — America, “forma genuina.” Sitcha, “var.

1391. Lastrea dilatata, Anglor.

Provinces all. Native. Strangely confused with L. spinulosa,
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1238456. Highlands to 1230, 1200, 1150 yards.
Census 18 36 86. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, unless Turkey and Finmark to be excepted.

Russia 6-4321. West-asia. Siberia?

Azores. — America. Columbia.

412 87. PILICES.

1392. Lastrea emula, Brack.

Provinces 128-567--101112-14 [15] 16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—60. Cornwall! Sussex! Kent! — Mull, Skye, Orkney !
Zones 1 2 3. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 12 18 24. Ireland 12. Atlantic-british type.

Europe. Bretagne, in herbario Preslii; Milde, p. 142.

Russia, absent or not observed.

Madeira. Azores. Feenisecii of Lowe, recurva of Bree.

1393. Pseudathyrium alpestre, Newm.

Provinces -------------- 151617. Native. P. flexile, 15.
Lat. 56—59. Argyle, Perth, Forfar — Sutherland; Oliver!
Zones ---45 6. Highlands between “ 600—1200 yards.”
Census 3 5 8. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa - - aus ger fra - - - - nor swe lap.

Russia 6-- 3-1. West-asia.

— Greenland. Columbia; Dr. Lyall.

1394. Athyrium Filix-femina, Roth.

Provinces all. Native. | Two species, but localities confused.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Tyne to 750 yards. Highlands to 550 yards.
Census 18 388 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Loffoden Isles.

Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtse.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Am. Col.

1395. Asplenium viride, Huds.

Prov. - (2 8)- 2? 678910111218 ? 15161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Glamorgan! Worcester, extinct ? — Shetl.; Tate.
Zones- 23845. Highlands to 960 yds. Humber 200—800 yds.
Census 12 17 30. Ireland 5. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra -- ? - nor swe lap fin.

Russia 65 --2. West-asia. Siberia.

— New Brunswick. Rocky Mountains. Aleutian Isles.

87. FILICES. 413

1396. Asplenium Trichomanes, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. A. anceps included below.

Lat. 50—66. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1234. North Wales to 650 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 18 37 88. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Lapland; Milde, not Fries sum.
Russia 65 432. West-asia. Siberia. Japan; Milde.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. America. Columbia.

1397. Asplenium marinum, Linn.

Provinces 1 2---67-9101112181415161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12 3. Littoral; rarely far inland.

Census 14 25 46. Ireland 10. British-atlantic type.
Europe spa ita - -- fra cha. Corsica; Milde fil. eur.

Russia, absent. “Jamaica. Helena. Bermudas.”

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — British America.

1398. Asplenium lanceolatum, Huds.
Provinces 123-567--{[10]. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Merioneth, Gloucester.
Zones 1 2. North Wales to 200 yards.
Census 6 9 10. Ireland 1. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur - ger fra cha.
Russia, absent. N.B. A. obovatum, spa ita tur - - fra.
Algeria. Madeira. Azores.

1399. Asplenium Adiantum-nigrum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 680 yards. Tyne to 500 yards.
Census 18 37 90. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia 6 -- ? West-asia. Himalaya. ‘Western Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. Abyssinia; Milde fil.

414 87. FILICES.

1400. Asplenium Ruta-muraria, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—60. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Orkney.
Zones 1 2 8. Humber to 650 yards. Tyne to 550 yards.
Census 18 87 87. Iveland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Cashmere. Siberia.

Algeria, — America.

1400*. Asplenium germanicum, Weiss.

Provinces - - - - - - 7---1112-1415. Native.

Lat. 583—57. Carnarvon! Cheviotland! — Cumberland, Perth!
Zones ? 3. Tyne at about 150 yards.

Census 5 5 7. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net - got nor swe.

Russia ----2. Fennia australi prope Helsingfors.”

“ Desideratur in Asia, Africa et America”; Milde fil. eur.

1401. Asplenium septentrionale, Hull.

Provinces 1 - [8] ---7--101112-1415-- [18]. Native.
Lat. 51—58. North Devon, Carnarvon. — Perth, Aberdeen.
Zones - 2345. North Wales to 1000 yds.? Lakes to 500 yds.
Census 7 8 11. Ireland 0. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Lapland; Milde, not Fries.

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia.

—- Iceland; Hooker list. Greenland; Giesecke. America; Milde.

1402. Scolopendrium vulgare, Sym.

Provinces 1 to 16-18. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney? Shetland.
Zones 12 8. Humber to 150 yards.

Census 17 35 88. Ireland 12. British-english type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net. Gottland.

Russia 6-4 8. West-asia. Western Siberia. “Japan.”
Algeria. Madeira. Azores. — America, very local. Sitcha?

87. FILICES. 415

1403. Blechnum horeale, Sw.

Provinces all. Native. Blechnum Spicant, Newm.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1300, 1160, 1080 yards.
Census 18 88 95. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Crete; Heldreich.

Russia 6 -- 8. Kamtschatka.

Canaries. Azores. — Faroe. Columbia.

1404. Pteris aquilina, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Highlands to 640 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 18 38 98. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 65 482. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamtse.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. Columbia, a var.

1405. Adiantum Capillus-Veneris, Linn.
Provinces 1 2 - - [5] 6- [8-10] -12--[15 16]. Native.
Lat. 50—55. Cornwall, Devon, Som., Dorset, Glamorgan, Man.
Zones 1 2. Coast level. ([Sal. Staff. Derb. Kinc. Arran].
Census 4 6 7. Ireland 4 or 5. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra. ‘“ Limbourg.”
Russia 6. West-asia. North-west India. Western Siberia.
Algeria. Canaries. Azores. ‘ Sandwich Islands.”

1407. Hymenophyllum tunbridgense, Sm.

Provinces 123-2? 67 ? 91011121314 ? 16 [17]. Native.
Lat. 50—57. Cornwall, Sussex, Kent. — Mull, Argyle.

Zones 1 23. Peninsula to 350 yards. Tyne at “300 yards?”
Census 12 15 25. Ireland 8. Atlantic type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha net.

Russia, absent. Extends to the Southern hemisphere.

Canaries. Azores; Drouet.

416 87. FILICES.

1408. Hymenophyllum Wilsoni, Hook.

Provinces 1---567-9101112131415161718. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon. — Orkney, Shetland.

Zones 1234 2? Hebrides to 950 yards?

Census 14 22 40. Ireland 9. Atlantic-highland type.
Europe. Norway. Overlooked elsewhere ?

Russia, absent. Extends to the Southern Hemisphere.
Canaries. Azores. — Faroe.

1409. Osmunda regalis, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Very rare in Shetland.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Hebrides, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 300 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 18 84 70. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den got - swe.

Russia 6 -- 3. West-asia. India. China. Japan.

Algeria. Azores. — America, if O. spectabilis, Willd.

1410. Botrychium Lunaria, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. B. rutaceum in province 15 ?

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123845. Highlands to 900 yards. Humber to 550 yds.
Census 18 34 78. Ireland 12. British-scottish type.

Europe all, unless Turkey to be excepted. ‘‘ Australia.”

Russia 65 4321. West-asia. Himalaya. Sib. Dav. Kamts.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1411. Ophioglossum vulgatum, Linn.

Provinces 12345-7891011121381415 16-18. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Lakes to 300 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 16 32 69. Ireland 11. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey and Finmark

Russia 65 432. West-asia. Himalaya. Western Siberia.
Madcira; Milde. Azores. — Iceland; Hooker. Am. Col.

82. LYCOPODIACER. 417

1412. Lycopodium clavatum, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1284. Humber to 850 yards. Highlands to 650 yards.
Census 18 34 67. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Turkey.
Russia -- 4821. Himalaya. Siberia. Amur; Milde. fil.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1413. Lycopodium annotinum, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - 78 (9-11) 12--15161718. Native.
Lat. 53—60. Carnarvon, Leicester. — Ross, Orkney.

Zones - ? 345. Highlands to 900, 900, 880, 860 yards.
Census 7 10 14. Ireland 0. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap fin.
Russia-- 4321. West-asia. Siberia. ‘‘Amur. Kamtsc.”
— Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1414. Lycopodium inundatum, Linn.

Provinces 12845--8910-12--151617. Native.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex, Kent. — Ross.
Zones 123. Low grounds.

Census 12 24 43. Ireland1. British-english type.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra cha net den got nor swe.
Russia - - 4 3.

— America; but perhaps a species sufficiently distinct.

1415. Lycopodium alpinum, Linn.
Prov. 1--- [5]6789101112131415161718. Native.
Lat. 51—61. Somerset, Wales, Derby. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones -- 845 6. Highlands to 1300, 1200, 1180 yards.
Census 14 24 45. Ireland 7. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa ita - aus ger fra - net - - nor swe lap. Loffoden.
Russia - - - - - 1. West-asia. Himalaya. Siberia. Kamtse.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.
3H

418 88. LYCOPODIACEAR. — 89. MARSILEACEA.

1416. Lycopodium Selago, Linn.

Provinces all. Native. Rare in South-east England.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Devon, Sussex. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123456. Highlands to 1440, 1330, 1300 yards.
Ceusus 18 84 68. Ireland 9. British-highland type.

Europe all, except Turkey.

Russia 6--321. West-asia. Siberia.

Azores. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1417. Lycopodium selaginoides, Linn.

Prov. [I] ----- 78910111213 1415161718 Native.
Lat. 53—61. Anglesea, Carnarvon, Derby? — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones - 2345 6. Highlands to 1080, 930, 910, 900 yards.
Census 12 19 43. Ireland 10. Highland type of distribution.
Europe spa - - aus ger fra - - den got nor swe lap fin.

Russia 6-- 821. Himalaya. Siberia. Selaginella spinulosa.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

1418. Isoetes lacustris, Linn.

Provinces - - - - [5 6] 7-- [10 11] 12--151617. Native.

Lat. 52—59. Salop? Glamorgan ? Merioneth. — Skye, Sutherl.
Zones - 2384. Highlands to 600 or 700 yards, or upwards.
Census 5 7 16. ireland 6. Highland type of distribution.
Europe - - - aus ger fra - net den got nor swe lap.

Russia --- 321. Western Siberia.

— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America.

1419. Pilularia globulifera, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 17. Native.

Lat. 50—59. Cornwall, Dorset, Sussex. — Skye, Sutherland.
Zones 123. Wales to 300 yards. Humber to 150 yards.
Census 17 83 47. Ireland 2. British type of distribution.
Europe - - - - ger fra cha net den got nor.

Russia -- 4 3.

90. EQUISETACES. 419

1420. Equisetum maximum, Lam.

Provinces 1 to 16 - [18]. Native. E. Telmateia, Ehrh.
Lat. 50—58. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Skye, Aberdeen.
Zones 1 2. Humber to 400 yards. Rarely above 200?
Census 16 380 67. Ireland 8. English-british type.
Europe spa ita tur aus ger fra cha net den.

Russia 65 4 8. West-asia. Siberia.

Algeria. Canaries. Azores. — America. Columbia.

1421. Hquisetum umbrosum, Willd.

Provinces - - ----- (8] 9101112131415. Native.

Lat. 583—58. Lancaster, York. — Perth, Aberdeen.

Zones 123. Tyne 30—400 yards. Humber to 300 yards.
Census 7 8 15. Ireland 2. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe - ita - aus ger fra cha - den got nor swe lap.

Russia 6-482. “ All Siberia, to 70 lat.” Caucasus; Milde fil.
— Iceland. America. Rocky Mountains.

1422. Equisetnm arvense, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 123. Tyne to 650 yards. Humber to 550 yards.
Census 18 38 94. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all. Eastward to China and Japan.

Russia 6-4321. Himalaya. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtsc.
North Africa; Milde. — Faroe. Iceland. Greenl. Am. Col.

1423. Equisetum sylvaticum, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Devon, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Sutherland.
Zones 12845. Highlands to 900 yards on several hills.
Census 18 36 72. Ireland 10. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria. Wamtse.
— Faroe. Iceland. Greenland. America. Columbia.

420 90. EQUISETACES.

1424. Equisetum palustre, Linn.

Provinces all. Native.

Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 12345. Highlands 830, 810, 790, 710 yards.
Census 18 87 86. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark. Eastward to Japan.

Russia 654821. West-asia. Siberia. Davuria.

— Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

1425. Equisetum limosum. Linn.

Provinces all. Native. E. fluviatile, Linn., not of Smith.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent. — Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 710 yards. Humber to 600 yards.
Census 18 35 81. Ireland 12. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia- 54821. Siberia. Davuria. Kamtschatka.

— Faroe. Iceland. America.

1426. Equisetum hyemale, Linn.

Provinces [1 2] 3456789101112131415 17. Native.
Lat. 51—58. Hereford, Surrey, Kent. — Ross, Moray.
Zones 123. Humber 0—200 yards; Baker.

Census 14 21 36. Ireland 5. Scottish-british type.
Europe all, except Finmark.

Russia 6-4 321. West-asia. Siberia. Kamtschatka.
Algeria. — Faroe. Iceland. America. Columbia.

1428. Equisetum variegatum, Schl.

Provinces 1 - ----- - 910111213814151617. Native.

Lat. 50—58. Devon! Somerset? Chester! York! — Ross!
Zones 123. Humber to 600 yards. Tyne to 500 yards.
Census 10 12 16. Ireland 3 or 5. Scottish type of distribution.
Europe spa - tur aus ger fra - net den- nor. Baltic Isles.

Russia --- 321. Siberia.

Algeria. — Iceland; Mr. Carroll. Greenland. America.

Acer, 132.
Aceras, 327.
Achillea, 236.
Aconitum, 87.
Acorus, 348.
Actsea, 87.
Actinocarpus, 839,
Adiantum, 415.
Adonis, 80.
Adoxa, 184.
fEgopodium, 188.
Aithusa, 193.
Agrimonia, 165.
Agrostemma, 117.
Agrostis, 385.
Aira, 388.

Ajuga, 271.
Alchemilla, 166.
Alisma, 339,
Allium, 332.
Allosorus, 408.
Alnus, 312.
Alopecurus, 383.
Althea, 128.
Ammophila, 387.
Anagallis, 287.
Anchusa, 282.
Andromeda, 242.
Anemone, 80.
Angelica, 195.
Anthemis, 236.
Anthoxanthum, 881,
Antirrhinum, 262.
Anthriscus, 198,
Anthyllis, 139.
Apera, 385.
Apium, 187.
Aquilegia, 86.
Arabis, 99.
Arbutus, 242.
Arctium, 219.
Arenaria, 120.

INDEX TO GENERA.

421

INDEX TO THE GENERA
In THE FOREGOING SyYNOPsIS oF SPECIES.

Armeria, 289.
Arnoseris, 218.
Arrhenatherum, 391.
Artemisia, 225.
Arthrolobium, 148.
Arum, 3818.
Arundo, 887.
Asarum, 305.
Asparagus, 335.
Asperugo, 282.
Asperula, 204,
Asplenium, 412.
Aster, 229.
Astragalus, 147.
Athyrium, 412,
Atriplex, 295.
Atropa, 252.
Avena, 390.
Azalea, 242.
Ballota, 272.
Barbarea, 100.
Barkhausia, 217.
Bartsia, 258.
Bellis, 234.
Berberis, 87.
Beta, 296.
Betula, 312.
Bidens, 224.
Blechnum, 415.
Blysmus, 358.
Botrychium, 416.
Brachypodium, 403.
Brassica, 103.
Briza, 398.
Bromus, 401.
Bryonia, 175.
Bunium, 189.
Bupleurum, 190.
Butomus, 340.
Cakile, 92.
Calamintha, 270.
Callitriche, 173.

Calluna, 240.
Caltha, 85.
Campanula, 237.
Capsella, 93.
Cardamine, 98,
Carduus, 220,
Carex, 304 to 379.
Carlina, 223.
Carpinus, 311.
Carum, 189.
Catabrosa, 393.
Caucalis, 197.
Centaurea, 223.
Centunculus, 288.
Cephalanthera, 322.
Cerastium, 124.
Ceratophyllum, 174.
Ceterach, -L07.
Cherophyllum, 198.
Chelidonium, 90.
Chenopodium, 291.
Cherleria, 126.
Chlora, 249.
Chrysanthemum, 234.
Chrysocoma, 225.
Chrysosplenium, 183.
Cicendia, 247.
Cichorium, 219.
Cicuta, 187.
Cineraria, 232.
Ciresea, 171.
Cladium, 357.
Clematis, 79.
Cochlearia, 95.
Colchicum, 338.
Comarum, 160.
Conium, 186.
Convallaria, 336,
Convolvulus, 250.
Corallorhiza, 323.
Cornus, 184.
Coronopus, 92.

422

Corrigiola, 175.
Corydalis, 90.
Corylus, 311.
Cotoneaster, 167.
Cotyledon, 180.
Crambe, 92.
Crategus, 167.
Crepis, 212.
Crithmum, 195.
Crocus, 330.
Cuscuta, 250.
Cynodon, 380.

Cynoglossum, 282.

Cynosurus, 398.
Cyperus, 357.

Cypripedium, 329.

Cystopteris, 409.
Dactylis, 399.
Daphne, 804.
Daucus, 196.
Delphinium, 87.
Dentaria, 98.
Dianthus, 112.
Digitalis, 262.
Digitaria, 380.
Diotis, 225.
Dipsacus, 206.
Draba, 96.
Drosera, 110.
Dryas, 157.
Echium, 283.
Elatine, 112.
Elymus, 405.
Empetrum, 305.
Epipogium, 823.
Epilobium, 168.
Epipactis, 321.
Equisetum, 419.
Erica, 240.
Erigeron, 229.
Eriocaulon, 350.
Eriophorum, 363.
Erodium, 132.
Ervum, 151.
Eryngium, 185.
Erysimum, 102.

INDEX TO GENERA.

Erythrea, 248.
Euonymus, 136.
Eupatorium, 224,
Euphorbia, 306.
Euphrasia, 259.
Fagus, 311.
Festuca, 399.
Filago, 227.
Foniculum, 193.
Fragaria, 160.
Frankenia, 111.
Fraxinus, 246.
Fritillaria, 331.
Fumaria, 90.
Gagea, 333.
Galeopsis, 274.
Galium, 201.
Gastridium, 384.
Genista, 187.
Gentiana, 246.
Geranium, 133.
Geum, 156.
Gladiolus, 330.
Glaucium, 90.
Glaux, 288.
Glechoma, 276,
Glyceria, 393.
Guaphalium, 226.
Goodyera, 320.
Habenaria, 326.
Hedera, 184.
Helianthemum, 106.
Helleborus, 86.
Helminthia, 208.
Helosciadium, 188.
Heracleum, 196.
Herminium, 827.
Herniaria, 176.
Hieracium, 213.
Hierochloe, 381.
Hippocrepis, 148.
Hippophae, 304.
Hippuris, 172.
Holeus, 391.
Holosteum, 122.
Honkeneja, 119.

Hordeum, 405.
Hottonia, 286.
Humulus, 310.
Hutchinsia, 94.
Hyacinthus, 3384.
Hydrocharis, 338.
Hydrocotyle, 185.
Hyoscyamus, 251.
Hymenophyllum, 415.
Hypericum, 129.
Hypochoeris, 209.
Iberis, 94.-

Tlex, 245.
Tlecebrum, 175.
Impatiens, 135.
Tnula, 232.

Tris, 329.
Isnardia, 171.
Isoetes, 418.
Jasione, 239.
Juncus, 350.
Juniperus, 319.
Knautia, 207.
Knappia, 384.
Kobresia, 364.
Koeleria, 392.
Lactuca, 210.
Lamium, 272.
Lampsana, 218.
Lathrea, 266.
Lastrea, 410.
Lathyrus, 152.
Lavatera, 128.
Leersia, 380.
Lemna, 347.
Leontodon, 208.
Lepidium, 94.
Lepigonum, 120.
Lepturus, 406.
Leucojum, 331.
Ligusticum, 194.
Ligustrum, 245.
Limosella, 26-4.
Linaria, 262.
Linnea, 200.
Linum, 126.

Liparis, 329.
Listera, 321.

Lithospermum, 280.

Littorella, 291,
Lloydia, 335.
Lobelia, 20.
Loiseleuria, 242.
Lolium, 404.
Lonicera, 200.
Lotus, 145,
Luzula, 355.
Lychnis, 115.
Lycopodium, 417.
Lycopsis, 281.
Lycopus, 267.
Lysimachia, 286.
Lythrum, 174.

Mainthemum, 336.

Malaxis, 329.
Malva, 127.
Marrubium, 277.
Matthiola, 103.
Matricaria, 235.
Meconopsis, 89,
Medicago, 139.

Melampyrum, 259.

Melica, 392.
Melilotus, 140.
Melittis, 271.
Mentha, 267.
Menyanthes, 249.
Menziesia, 241.
Mercurialis, 308.
Mertensia, 281.
Meum, 194,
Milium, 385.
Moenchia, 117.
Moehringia, 122.
Molinia, 393.
Monotropa, 245.
Montia, 175.
Mulgedium, 212.
Muscari, 334.
Myosotis, 278.
Myosurus, 81.
Myrica, 319.

INDEX TO GENERA.

Myriophyllum, 172.
Myrrhis, 199.
Narcissus, 331.
Nardus, 406.
Narthecium, 335.
Nasturtium, 100,
Neottia, 321.
Nepeta, 276.
Nuphar, 88.
Nymphea, 88.
Obione, 294.
Oenanthe, 191.
Onobrychis, 149.
Ononis, 138.
Onopordum, 222.
Ophioglossum, 416.
Ophrys, 328.
Orchis, 324.
Origanum, 269.
Ornithogalum, 333,
Ornithopus, 148.
Orobanche, 26-4.
Orobus, 154.
Osmunda, 416.
Oxalis, 136.
Oxyria, 304.
Oxytropis, 117.
Papaver, 88.
Parietaria, 309.
Paris, 337.
Parnassia, 184.
Pastinaca, 196.
Pedicularis, 260.
Peplis, 174.
Petasites, 228.
Petroselinum, 187.
Peucedanum, 195.
Phalaris, 381.
Phleum, 382.
Physospermum, 186.
Phyteuma, 239.
Picris, 208.
Pilularia, 418.
Pimpinella, 189.
Pinguicula, 283.
Pinus, 319.

Plantago, 290.
Poa, 305 to 898.
Polemonium, 249.
Polycarpon, 176.
Polygala, 111.
Polygonatum, 336.
Polygonum, 298.
Polypodium, 407.
Polypogon, 385.
Polystichum, 409.
Populus, 312.
Potamogeton, 341.
Potentilla, 157.
Poterium, 165.
Primula, 285.
Prunella, 277.
Prunus, 154.

423

Pseudathyrium, 412.

Pteris, 415,
Pulmonaria, 283.
Pyrola, 244.
Pyrus, 167.
Quercus, 310.
Radiola, 127.
Ranunculus, 81.
Raphanus, 105.
Reseda, 106.
Rhamnuus, 136.
Rhinanthus, 259.
Rhyncospora, 358.
Ribes, 177.
Rosa, 162.
Rubia, 201.
Rubus, 160.
Rumex, 301.
Ruppia, 346.
Ruscus, 336.
Sagina, 117.
Sagittaria, 340.
Salicornia, 297.
Salix, 313.
Salsola, 296.
Salvia, 267.
Sambucus, 199.
Samolus, 288.
Sanguisorba, 165.

424

Sanicula, 185.
Saponaria, 113.
Sarothamnus, 137.
Saussurea, 219.
Saxifraga, 180.
Scabiosa, 207.
Scandix, 198. A
Scheuchzeria, 341.
Schoberia, 297.
Schoenus, 358.
Scilla, 334.
Scirpus, 359.
Scleranthus, 176.
Sclerochloa, 394.

Scolopendrium, 414.

Scrophularia, 261.
Scutellaria, 277.
Sedum, 178.
Senecio, 230.
Serratula, 220.
Seseli, 194.
Sesleria, 388.
Setaria, 381.
Sherardia, 204.
Sibbaldia, 157.
Sibthorpia, 264.
Silaus, 194.
Silene, 113.
Simethis, 335.
Sinapis, 104.
Sison, 188.
Sisymbrium, 101.
Sium, 190.

INDEX TO GENERA.

Smyrnium, 186.
Solanum, 251.
Solidago, 230.
Sonchus, 211.
Sparganium, 349.
Spartina, 380.
Spergula, 119.
Spergularia, 120.
Spireea, 156.
Spiranthes, 320.
Stachys, 275.
Statice, 289.
Stellaria, 122.
Stratiotes, 338.
Suda, 297.
Subularia, 96.
Symphytum, 281.
Tamus, 337.
Tanacetum, 235.
Taraxacum, 218.
Taxus, 320.
Teesdalia, 94.
Teucrium, 271.
Thalictrum, 79.
Thesium, 305.
Thlaspi, 93.
Thymus, 269.
Tilia, 128.
Tillea, 178.
Tofieldia, 338.
Tordylium, 196.
Torilis, 197.
Tragopogon, 207.

Trichonema, 330.
Trientalis, 286.
Trifolium, 141.
Triglochin, 340.
Trigonella, 141.
Trinia, 187.
Triodia, 392.
Triticum, 404,
Trollius, 86.
Turritis, 100.
Tussilago, 229.
Typha, 249.
Ulex, 187.
Ulmus, 310.
Urtica, 309.
Utricularia, 284.
Vaccinium, 243.
Valeriana, 205.
Valerianella, 205.
Verbascum, 252.
Verbena, 266.
Veronica, 254.
Viburnum, 200.
Vicia, 149.
Villarsia, 249.
Vinca, 246.
Viola, 107.
Viscum, 199.
Wolffia, 348.
Woodsia, 407.”
Zannichellia, 346.
Zostera, 346.

III. SEGREGATES anp tHErR NOMENCLATURE.

In explaining the formula used in the ‘Synopsis of Species,’
on pages 79—420, it was intimated that a general commentary
afterwards would include the Alien plants and * also several
segregate species, the distribution of which is yet too imperfectly
ascertained, to allow of the formula being adhered to for them,
if taken apart from each other.” Great difficulty is experienced
in the attempt to shew the topographical distribution of that
miscellaneous group of plants, which ought to include everything
not already treated in the foregoing ‘Synopsis.’ Brevity is
absolutely necessary in a single volume which professes to be
only a Compendium ; while something like sameness of plan is
needful, to prevent brevity lapsing quite into non-intelligilility.

Looking to the Segregates in the first place. These may be
distinguished roughly into three groups. First, those which have
long been separated in books, more or less clearly, and which
have thus become passably well known to botanical collectors and
recorders of localities. Many of this first group have been already
treated in the Synopsis, because the records of their localities
were found sufficiently numerous, and in the main also sufficiently
reliable, to afford the necessary data, when joined with those in
the Author’s own notes and herbarium, the accumulations of
many years. Second, there are numerous recent severauces, not
yet become familiar to botanists who are guided by descriptive
books in which these recent segregates remain unnoticed, or who
have not seen such authentic examples as would suffice to render
the novel species or variety (it matters not which it be called here)

rf

426 lI. SEGREGATES AND

clearly understood by them. Of course, the localities for these
segregates are yet sparingly on record; and, if on record at
all, they may usually have been assigned to some other more
aggregate species. Third, there is the very troublesome class of
“splits,” in which not only are old familiar species subdivided into
these recent and yet unfamiliar segregates, but in which also
transfers of name from one thing to another, the raking up of old
obsolete names to displace those in habitual use, and perverse
misapplications of names so as to give them different meanings
from heretofore, —all come in more or less, to make confusion and
to insure false records and frequent misnomers.

The simple fact of severance always creates the topographical
difficulty, even though quite warranted by clear differences in
nature, and distinctly explained in books, without confusion-
creating name-changes. Under these most favorable conditions
it takes a long time before the segregates become so generally
understood by botanists, that the recorded localities for them can
also become numerous and generally correct. Too many of those
which must here be treated after some fashion, have only quite
recently been distinguished in books, as quasi-species, with special
names and descriptions ; and they have become known as yet to
very few botanists. Some of them which have been admitted only
into the latter editions of Professor Babington’s carefully worked
‘Manual of British Botany,’ or have first appeared in this country
in the new edition of ‘ English Botany,’ under Mr. Boswell-
Syme’s discriminating Editorship, are yet imperfectly known to
myself as living realities, or even remain still unknown either
alive in nature or mummified in the herbarium. To the general
body of botanical observers and collectors, scattered through
England, several of them must be utterly unknown, or be so
unfamiliar that little of reliance can be placed at present on
reports of localities for them. Thus, in too many instances, the
records being few, and not always reliable if made, the time is
not yet come for condensing the localities into any fixed formula
that would truly illustrate the distribution of the plauts geographi-
cully considered,

TIIFIR NOMENCLATURE. A27

Unfortunately, they are not the novel segregates only which are
thus difficult to trace. The severance of any one of these from an
older species, as previously recognized in books, must usually
nullify all the past records about that old species, if the object now
be to shew also its own distribution apart from the severed
novelty ; such former records having been made for the undivided
aggregate, not specially for either of its severed portions, that is,
neither for the segregate nor for the remnant. When aggregate
species AB comes to be made into two by the severance of B from
it, leaving A equally alone, what are we to do with all its old
recorded localities? None of them were reported for A or for B
specially by itself; and often the places must be re-visited, or
authentic specimens be re-examined, in order to determine the
doubtful alternative between A and B for each locality.

Such is the difficulty, at present almost an insurmountable
difficulty, to be met in this division of the ‘Compendium.’ It
must take inclusive notice of segregate species and varieties,
familiar to few of us, and some of which are certainly ill-understood
even by their own proposers or introducers into English books ;
and the localities for which are at best very sparingly recorded, if
not in some cases already misrecorded for the wrong thing. A
commencement only can be attempted here, by putting into an
abbreviated form so much or so little as is yet known to the writer
concerning the distribution or localities of the segregates. Some
half-century henceforward, when new Local Floras and Lists and
other records have accumulated, a successful attempt will become
possible to the botanists of that future time. As to now tracing
their distribution through other countries (which has been
advised), the attempt to do so would be only a futile mockery of
the former portion of this work, so meagre and uncertain would
any such enumeration of foreign habitats unavoidably become.

Before proceeding to the brief summary alluded to, some pages
will be devoted to expositions of the manner in which the
aggregates (the recognized species of the older botanists, and still
accepted in the same character by influential botanists of the
present time) have passed into the modern segregates ; which too

428 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

often bewilder us by their ill-defined pettiness, and doubtless drive
away in disgust some of the students who might have become
botanists under more encouraging conditions. The tendency of
the practice must be to make book-botany attractive only to the
lowest class of minds which can engage in science at all; the
minds which devote themselves exclusively to minute details, and
which find their right vocation there, simply because incapable of
anything higher. <A few aggregates will here be taken as special
instances, and will be traced quasi-historically into their smaller
segregates; the names of which now so greatly puzzle us, over
and above the difficulty in distinguishing the things intended, one
from another.

It is trusted that some few such expositions will not only bring
home to readers the botanico-topographical difficulties consequent
on the changes, but may serve also in some degree as warning
suggestions, that other mischiefs and inconveniences will arise
through the making or adopting of such changes with ill-considered
haste. It will become apparent, that practically a good deal of
confusion is the immediate result, chiefly through the name-
transfers and misnaming which too often have accompanied well-
meant changes supposed to be elucidations ; and that the taste for
this kind of innovation has already introduced much confusion
into our nomenclature, by making the same name mean quite
different things,— applicable to one species at one date, —to
another, not identical species, at a second date, —to a third still
varied species at a third date, and so on.

The expositions must be understood as examples only, on the
rule of “ex uno disce omnes.” This work would lose its title and
intended character of ‘Compendium,’ if similar expositions in
detail should be entered into for any considerable number of the
many other old aggregates, which of late have been converted into
their more numerous modern segregates. And yet, in order
clearly to understand these recent segregates, and to connect them
at all with the past records of their localities, and too often even
with the present records, such details ought to become known
to botanical investigators. In the absence of that knowledge,

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 429

recorders of localities will be continually making mistakes, through
their use of specific names which only confuse, instead of
explaining, what the records were intended to make known.

1, Ranunculus aquatilis, Linn. —The various and very un-
equal divisions of this great aggregate species into a larger or
smaller number of subordinate species, with their recombination
into a single aggregate, in Bentham’s ‘ Handbook of the British
Flora,’ have previously come under notice as illustrations of the
” They are well adapted further for illustrating
the more immediate bearing of such changes upon those records
of localities, at different dates, which must frequently be taken as
present evidences in tracing out distribution, and also for shewing
how inconveniently they nullify the usefulness of the records.

Independently of the hederaceus and Lenormandi, and leaving

“grades of species.

the intermediate tripartitus non-assigned to anything else, the
Linnean aquatilis was treated as four several species on pages
81—2. The first of the four, the aquatilis of many authors, may
be taken as synonymous with the type form which very usually
has been named also heterophyllus in books. The second, given
under the two modern names of trichophyllus and Drouetii very
confusedly applied among English botanists, may be said to
correspond with the old segregate recorded under the names of
tenuifolius or capillaceus, or more lately as pantothrix; but
excluding those terrestrial states of heterophyllus, which out of
water are of course destitute of “floating” leaves, and which
usually have only the multipartite leaves on them. Fries would
absurdly restrict the old name of heterophyllus, used in so many
books to mean aquatilis (after deducting tenuwifolius, circinatus,
and fluitans), to some very special form closely allied to Drouetii
and trichophyllus ; in other words, he tries to give the name an
application and meaning quite different from what it has in all
works of older date than his own. And he has found English
imitators in this mischievous folly.

The remaining two out of the four, the circinatus and jluitans,
also have been frequently confused with pantothrix, and indeed

430 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

still are so confused by some describers of plants and recorders of
localities in the present day. And examples of heterophyilus,
drawn out in running water, have been repeatedly mistaken for
fluitans, while destitute of floating leaves ; these mistakes having
led to some false records for the latter. On the whole, however,
it may be said that circinatus and fluitans are now familiar to
most botanists, and that they are seldom confused with the other
two unless by beginners. But as to the limits and distinctions
between heterophyllus and pantothrix, or between the two groups
of segregates into which they are cut up, these may still come
under the old showman’s liberally given ¢hoice to the childish
mind, “ Which you please, my little dears.”

The four species were recognized as such by the ante-Linnean
botanists two centuries ago. But for the object now in view it
will be quite far enough to go back to the ‘Synopsis’ of Ray,
edition of 1724, which Dillenius rendered the most convenient
edition for reference. Ray’s four species are thus characterized in
the name-descriptions of ante-Linnean times:

1. R. “aquatilis”.... “aquaticus folio rotundo et capillaceo.”

“Water Crowfoot with various leaves.”

2. R. “aquatilis omnino tenuifolius” .... “ aquaticus capil-
laceus.” ‘‘ Fine leaved Water Crowfoot.”

3. R. “aquaticus albus, circinatis tenuissime divisis foliis,
floribus ex alis longis pediculis innixis.”

4. R. “sive Polyanthemo aquatili albo affine Millefolium Ma-
ratriphyllum fluitans.” ‘ Fennel leaved Water Crow-
foot.”

There is no room for dispute as to what these name-descriptions
intended ; notwithstanding any mistakes or confusion which may
have occurred among botanists, in actually applying the names to
individual plants. Evidently, they intended the four species
treated in this volume at pages 81—2.

In the ‘ Flora Anglica’ of 1762 the Linnean aquatilis appears
as a single species, including all the above four combined into
one. “ Ranunculus foliis submersis capillacets, emersis peltatis’’ is
made the type form or variety; the three others being added as

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 131

subordinate varieties. They still appeared the same in the ‘ Flora
Britannica,’ as also in the ‘English Flora’ just a century later
than the third edition of Ray’s ‘ Synopsis’ above quoted.

In the ‘Flora Oxoniensis,’ before the dates of Smith’s Floras,
Sibthorpe had treated the same plants as four separate species,
under the names of heterophyllus, aquatilis, circinatus, and
Jlwiatilis. Three of these names were adopted from Wiggers
(or Weber) ; that of circinatus being a specific adaptation of the
adjective used in the old name-description before quoted from
Ray. In Gray’s ‘ Natural Arrangement of British Plants,’ dated
in 1821, all four were also continued as separate species; the
heterophyllus being subdivided into two species distinguished by
their “ smooth” or “ bristly” achenes ; a variety peltatus also being
distinguished by its leaves “ orbicular, three-lobed, peltate.” This
was a movement towards the more recent pseudo-specific sub-
divisions of heterophyllus.

In the ‘British Flora’ of Hooker, in which a leading aim
was condensation of matter, occasionally becoming injudicious
omissions, Smith’s single species was adhered to; the fourth
variety fluviatilis or fluitans being entirely ignored in some
editions, but it was restored in the fifth. (All the editions are not
at hand, only three, five, six, eight.) In edition sixth, 1850,
Dr. Arnott re-promoted fluitans and circinatus to the “rank of
species”; keeping the specific name aquatilis to include hetero-
phyllus and pantothrix, as the two forms or varieties of that
species. The same’ arrangement is continued in edition eighth,
1860, with some mention of the segregate species of the ‘ Manual,’
treated as subordinate forms under the two primary varieties
mentioned above.

We can now turn to the ‘Manual of British Botany,’ a little
book, but as great an Innovator among the various Floras of
Britain, as Gray’s great book the ‘Natural Arrangement’ had
been. The latter work, being in some respects a quarter of a
century in advance of its cotemporaries in 1821, was neglected
accordingly ; thus it effected neither good nor harm. The inno-
vations of the ‘ Manual’ have come much into use. Occasionally

482 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

they have been uncalled for, and simply mischievous ; but more
usually warranted, and made circumspectly. They seem to have
been suggested by looking into foreign books or upon the labels of
foreign specimens, rather than by looking at English plants.
Examples of this fault will shortly be given, with its confusing
consequences to our own botanical nomenclature; here given, not
for the purpose of finding fault with the fault, but in order to
shew the confusion brought into our names of plants through the
characteristic mentioned. Of course, where the object is to shew
the uncertainty of our locality records, arising from transfers of
names and other changes in them, it is unavoidably to the defects
of our descriptive Floras in this wise, rather than to their com-
pensating excellencies otherwise, that attention must here be
drawn.

In its first edition the ‘Manual’ differed from the ‘ English
Flora,’ as to the plants now under consideration, only by again
describing the circinatus and fluitans as two species instead of
two varieties. This course might be called giving judgment in
favour of Ray, Sibthorp, Gray, and others, as against Linneus,
Hudson, Smith, etc. Few botanists of the present time will be
disposed to reverse that judgment ; and the Author may well be
forgiven for not so clearly recognizing the differences between the
two first of the four species above quoted from Ray’s book.
Indeed, the Author of the ‘ Manual’ seems to have less of that
discriminative tact for recognizing tenable species, apart from
casual variations, which is more a characteristic of Mr. Boswell-
Syme’s writings; and it is so pretty much because this latter
botanical writer studies the real plants themselves in nature, more
than at second-hand as described in the books of Fries or Koch.

In the second edition of the ‘Manual’ the pantothriv, which
had been placed under aquatilis in the former edition, is now lost
sight of in the Author's growing tendency to believe in anything
Friesian, sound or unsound. After there describing R. aquatilis
aremark was added which merits some critical notice, because it
involves a fallacy frequent and detrimental among botanists, and
not unknown among zoologists ; although it is not usually made so

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 433

naively obvious. ‘The words run: ‘ Probably two or more
species are confounded under this name, viz. (B) heterophyllus
(Fries) ; floating leaves with dentate or cut lobes, flowers from the
axils of the submersed or floating leaves ; or (B) peltatus (Fries) ;
floating leaves subpeltate with a cordate or truncate base and
crenate lobes, flowers from the axils of the floating leaves alone.
Often the floating leaves are wanting in the former; never in
fertile plants of the latter.” It was not a very sublime effort of
reason to find out, after restricting the name peltatus to the plants
with flowers “from the axils of the floating leaves alone,” then,
that the floating leaves would never be wanting on the fertile
(i.e. on the flowering) plants of peltatus. If only men with red
hair should be baptised Rufus, assuredly red hair would “never be
wanting” on any bearded Homo rufus ; and such men would thus
admirably be proved a species of themselves, distinct from all
other men, by the constancy of the character! The premisses so
being laid down, the inverted conclusion is more undeniable than
profound. But how about Ranunculus peltatus when it flowers
out of water, and has no floating leaves above its multipartite
leaves? Ceasing to be peltatus, what does it become ?

In edition third of the ‘Manual’ R. confusus was separated from
aquatilis as a distinct species; the rest of aquatilis being now
distinguished into three varieties, — heterophyllus, trichophyllus,
subpeltatus ; the middle one of these three presumably being the
omnino tenuifolius of the ancient authors, the pantothria of edition
first, slipt out of edition second to make room for that fine
touch of Friesian ratiocination indicated above. The distinctions
between the two other varieties, separated by its interposition
between them, were perhaps better known to the writer than
expressed to the reader.

In edition fourth a much larger change is ventured upon.
BR. aquatilis at length disappears, having diverged into seven
other species, including its former divergence confusus. On the
Darwinian theory there ought to have forthwith commenced
among them an arduous struggle for existence on the same extent
of habitable country which had so recently held only the one

3K

434 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

undiverged parent species. But all of them have held their
ground or water through editions five and six, without extinguishing
each other. In this last edition they are even placed in living
competition with an eighth divergence under name of pseudo-
fluitans, given to our ancient friend heterophyllus when better
adapted to external circumstances by elongating its growth and
shape in running water. This being a state of aquatilis which had
often been mistaken for true fluitans, the name is apt enough.
The Author of the ‘ Manual’ assigned the sponsorial paternity of
this eighth species to Mr. Newbould ; but he omits to tell us from
which one of his own adopted species in former editions this
eighth one had diverged by natural selection, or had been excised
by botanical art

The first volume of ‘ English Botany,’ edition third, bears date
one year after the fifth edition of the ‘Manual.’ Mr. Boswell-
Syme keeps up the ancient name aquatilis to fit an aggregate or
super-species, which is divided into four “sub-species,” namely,
peltatus, heterophyllus, Drouwetit, and trichophyllus ; all of them
being names and species of the ‘Manual’; but the first of these
four being re-composed of the peltatus and floribundus (with
pseudo-fluitans), admitted into the ‘ Manual’ as distinct species.
This may be regarded as a case of orthodox convergence, rapidly
supervening upon heterodox divergence. The other two species
of the ‘Manual’ are represented by Baudotii as a type, with
confusus for its subvariety. The eight species of the ‘Manual’
thus are represented in ‘ English Botany’ by five species or sub-
species and three subordinate varieties. So that, at any rate,
these two good authorities for British plants agree in recognizing
eight forms, more or less separable, of our familiar friend
aquatilis ; while they differ widely in the varietal or specific rank
which they assign to the plants.

Having small faith indeed in these eight alleged species, I
should really have preferred to continue the opposite extreme of
Mr. Bentham’s ‘ Handbook,’ where all are converged into one, if
that extreme did not also involve the necessity for re-sinking the
long recognized fluitans and circinatus ito varieties of aquatilis,

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 435

and not distinguishing the circinatus even as a mere variety from
the tenuifolius of the ancient botanists, the pantothriw of their
successors. As to the distinctions of this latter in England into
Drouetit and trichophyllus, perhaps that may be found a matter of
more or less confervoid growths in the water. Certainly such an
intermixture often causes the finely divided leaves of tenuifolius
and heterophyllus to cling together when drawn out of water; thus
producing that valuable specific distinction of “collapsing seg-
ments.”

And now, looking back to the dates of our first acquaintance
with the eight species recently made out of aquatilis, will the
Reader be pleased to declare how it is possible to trace their
geographic or topographic distribution apart from each other ?
The older segregates fluitans and circinatus having become known
to botanists before the present century, and having usually been
distinguished in books indifferently well, a goodly number of
localities are now found on record for them; although some
confusion has occurred from time to time between those two and
the plants now called pseudo-fluitans and trichophyllus or Drouetii.
It is with these three and their five other congeners that the
impossibility begins ; for not only are the plants themselves ill-
distinguished as species, but their names are contradictory and
chaotic in their meanings, that is, in their applications to the
plants.

In example, the botanists who have sought to follow the
nomenclature of the ‘Manual,’ in its successive editions, must
unavoidably have been using the same names with diverse
meanings. Under what name, for instance, was the R. floribundus
recorded in local lists before 18562 How are we to know, when
meeting with an earlier record for a “ peltatus,” whether the
peltatus, or the floribundus, or the pseudo-fluitans of later editions
is intended by that name? And so on with the other names;
each one in turn including more forms as we go back in dates,
fewer forms as we go forward. This uncertainty will meet us
even while keeping to the one single book, the ‘ Manual’ only.
And if we look to the records of botanists who name their plants

436 III. SEGREGATES AND

by other Floras,—say, by those of Hooker or Bentham,—how
are we to understand their names as. applicable to the eight
segregates of the ‘Manual’? All becomes inconsistency and
confusion !

But without going outside the one book, the ‘Manual’ in its
successive editions, the diversity of names, and especially the
diversities in their meanings, is sadly perplexing. Here are the
dates and names; the alleged species being numbered as a dis-
tinction between them and their included or component varieties :

1843. 1851. 1856—67.
1. aquatilis. 1. aquatilis. 1. trichophyllus.
a. heterophyllus. a. heterophyllus. 2. Drouetii.
b. pantothrix. b. trichophyllus. 3. heterophyllus.
c. subpeltatus. 4. confusus.
2. confusus. 5. Baudotii
1847. 6. floribundus.
1. aquatilis. 7. peltatus.
- heterophyllus. 8. pseudo-fluitans,
- peltatus. added in 1867.

Thus, in tracing backwards, the eight species of 1867 were
compressed into two species, one of them composed of three
varieties, before 1856 ;—into one species, of two varieties, before
1851;—into one species, of two other varieties, before 1847 ;
that is, the two varieties of 1847-1850 not corresponding with
the two preceding varieties of 1843—1816.

If it be wished to trace the distribution of any one of the seven
or eight nominal species of 1856—1867, either by help of records
made before 1856 or by records made since that date by botanists
to whom the newly dissevered species are unfamiliar,—how is it
to be done? The name aquatilis used before 1856, or since that
date under the conditions mentioned, may mean any one of them,
except perhaps confusus in the latter part of the time. Again,
the name heterophyllus uscd as the only alternative of pantothrix
in 1818, must have had quite a different meaning from that of the
same name used as the only alternative of peltatus in 1847. So,
the heterophyllus of 185], as the third alternative ayainst both

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 137

trichophyllus and subpeltatus, and these three all independently of
confusus, must have had a much different and mere restricted
meaning in 1851—6.

Further, the same name heterophyllus, in contradistinction
against six others in 1856, or against seven others in 1867, must
have meant and belonged to a fragment quite different from the
half of aquatilis in 1848, or a different half in 1817, or the third
of a half in 1851; for it becomes only the quarter of a half
(an eighth) of the old aquatilis in 1867. How are we ever again
to know what is truly intended by this name heterophyllus so
diversely employed, when finding it in a list of plants or con-
nected with a locality? The ‘Manual’ has made it unmeaning in
England, by giving to it a different meaning in each edition.

Truly, a Bentham to keep alive old names, used with some real
and constant meaning, is not an useless Conservative for British
botany, even if he do pull rather to an extreme in some cases.
I could wish he had been conservative enough to retain in his
‘ Handbook ’ a prefixed arrangement of genera under the Linnean
system. But that system left out of question, I will here take
the opportunity somewhat indirectly produced, to record my own
conviction that Mr. Bentham’s ‘ Handbook of the British Flora’ is
(time, 1869) the most recommendable Flora I have ever seen for a
beginner in botany. It wanted only a little more fulness and
clearness in noticing the severed segregates under their proper
aggregates, to render it a thorough model guide for students of
British botany. Those of them who might afterwards wish to
acquire a more exact knowledge of the segregate species or
varieties, could then very rapidly have passed on to Floras
written under that view. For making records of localities, and for
other such like uses, a good knowledge of the subdivisions in
these latter works has now become indispensable; otherwise the
records, though not wholly useless, are left much less useful than
they might be made.

2. Thalictrum minus, “Linn.” Auct.—This was treated as a
single species on page 79 by reason of the impossibility of

438 III. SEGREGATES AND

bringing its localities under the formula in any other way. It
must shortly be noticed in partition, as four or five segregate
species of the ‘Manual’ and ‘ English Botany,’ little as can yet be
shewn about their areas or distribution when taken singly, apart
from each other. In books it has been treated as one species, —
then divided into two species, —then re-united into a single
species, — then re-divided into two other species, not the same
as the former two, —then further divided into four species, these
reduced to three, and again expanded into four species, in rapid
succession. At length, the old specific name minus (always
retained for one or other of the fragments) has thus ceased to
have any precise significance or fixed applieation, unless when
used for the four-fold totality or old aggregate species ; the manner
in which it is applied in Bentham’s ‘Handbook’ before quoted,
and on page 79 of this volume.

In the ‘Synopsis’ of Ray the plant in question was entered as
two species, namely, Thalictrum minus and Thalictrum montanum
minus foliis latioribus. These two were still kept up in the third
edition of Ray’s work, by Dillenius; but they were accompanied
by a note, on the testimony of Richardson, stating that culture in
the garden had proved the two identical. This was virtually
reducing the two into one species; and accordingly we find them
so treated in the ‘Flora Anglica’ by Hudson, who there places
the montanum as a variety of the Linnean minus.

In the ‘Flora Britannica’ and in the ‘English Flora,’ as in
various other works based on those Floras of Smith, a two-fold
division of this aggregate was again made, namely, into minus and
majus ; the species in this new dual division not corresponding
with those in Ray’s dual division, for Smith imitates Hudson in
placing the montanum as a variety of minus, disconnecting his
own majus from them. While this division by Smith served
passably well for distinction in most instances, it naturally led
botanists to look to size as a chief difference between the species ;
thus doubts would arise occasionally as to which of the two names
was most applicable, whether an individual example was large
enough to be majus, or small enough to remain minus. And

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 439

the whole plants of the former would seldom be accessible for
examination in the study, because only fragments of such large
plants could be conveniently preserved in the herbarium. Eventu-
ally, it was found necessary to discard Smith’s name of majus ;
because the species of Jacquin, to which that specific uame more
properly belonged, was different from Smith's plant, and one not
found in Britain. Unfortunately, too, the same name majus had
been used earlier for our British species flavum ; the consequence
being, that at later dates some of the localities for flavum were
mis-assigned to Smith’s majus in books, ea. gr. in the original
‘ Botanist’s Guide,’ page 37.

The subsequent changes will best be shewn through the
successive editions of the ‘ Manual of British Botany.’ In the first
and second editions the accustomed names of minus and majus were
still retained, and the species were treated accordingly as two only.
In the third edition of that work (1851) a change began. Two other
names, those of fleruoswm and saxatile, to represent newer species
carved off from the two older, were placed between minus and
majus ; both the latter still retained there, and thus raising the
alleged species from two to four. The two new names were both
applied to plants at Cheddar, in Somerset ; making it appear that
two distinct species had been found in that locality; the latter
name of the two being also applied to a plant from Brathay
(by Windermere), in Westmoreland. In preceding books the
Cheddar plants had been designated minus, as a single species.
The plant of Brathay had probably been named the same; as,
under the county of Westmoreland, in the ‘ Botanist’s Guide,’ we
find Dawson Turner recording minus on the borders of Winder-
mere, and majus located only on the “ banks of Ullswater.” The
former is the plant erroneously published as flavum in Martineau's
Guide to the Lakes.

Tn the fourth edition of the ‘Manual’ comes a further change.
T. majus of Smith ceases to be a distinct species, and its name is
made a synonym of flecuosum. The number of species is thus
reduced back from four into three. In the same edition the
T. Kochii of Fries is entered as a synonym of 7. savatile ; the

AAQ) Ill. SEGREGATES AND

localities assigned to this latter now being ‘ Damp places in the
Lake district”; but the locality of Cheddar was not repeated for it.
Now, as Cheddar, in Somerset, is not a damp place in the Lake
district, we had only the name of fleauoswm left for the plants
of Cheddar; and yet Smith’s majus, pre-eminently a plant of
the Lake district, was still made synonymous with fleawosum.
Altogether, these were sufficiently puzzling emendations of the
arrangements in former editions.

In the fifth edition of the same ‘Manual’ (1862) we find still
other changes; the same names being retained, but applied in a
somewhat different manner. The four names there used were
minus, flecuosum, Kochii, and sawatile. The two first of these
four specific names apparently were applied nearly as before ;
Kochit supplanted the name of sawatile (Bab. ed. 8, 4) for the
species of “damp places in the Lake district”; and another
sawatile (of Schleicher) was brought in, and the name bestowed
upon a species of “stony places” in England exclusively. From
which of the three species in edition fourth this new sawatile was
split off, the Author of the ‘ Manual’ did not explain to its readers.

In ‘English Botany’ (1863) and in the sixth edition of the
‘ Manual’ (1867) the same four segregates last above named are
adhered to. In the latter work they stand as so many equivalent
species. But in the former work, the flewuosum figures only with
the equivocal dignity uf a ‘“sub-species” under minus, and it
is given as made up from parts of minus (Sm.) with parts of
majus (Sm.) clubbed together. These various variatious, whether
approximating nearest to the sublime or to the ridiculous, may be
epitomized historically in this fashion :—

Ray, 1696. Two species, minus and montanum.

Hudson, 1762. One species, minus with var: montanuin.

Smith, 1800. Two species, minus and majus.

Babington, 1851. Four species, minus, flexuosum, sexatile, majus.
Ditto, 1856. Threespecies, minus, flexuosum, sawatile no. 1.
Ditto, 1862. Four species, minus, flecuosum, Kochii, saxa-

tile no. 2.

English Botany, 1863. Four species, minus (including the two
subspecies eu-minus and flecuosum), Kochii,
saxatile no. 2 (this last not quite certainly a
full species).

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 441

The minus of the ‘ Manual’ (or the eu-minus of ‘ English Botany ’)
is divisible further into var: maritimwm and var: montanum.
Including these two varietal subdivisions, the segregates now
stand at five, and have remained so since 1862, but indications of
other variations have already been given. I confess myself unable
to apportion half the specimens in my own herbarium satis-
factorily among the five; and hardly care to do so, in truth, under
an expectation of other changes impending.

And now, puzzled Reader, can you instruct me how the
localities recorded for minus or majus nominally, in the times of
Ray, or Hudson, or Smith, or Babington up to 1856 inclusive,
are to be apportioned among the four species of 1862—70; among
the eu-minus, flecuosum, Hochii, saxatile no. 2, and the two
varietal halves of eu-minus ? Lists and localities, in or for which
the old names of minus and majus have been used, have now
become unavailable in attempting to trace out the distribution of
any of the four or five segregates adopted for the present; but
how soon to be rejected in favour of some other mode of dividing
and naming the aggregate minus, who can say? Even should
the writer of a Local Flora, or the recorder of a locality, expressly
follow the ‘Manual of British Botany’ (and, it is fully admitted,
he could hardly do better at present), it would still be necessary
for him to inform his own readers, which one of the six editions
he supposed himself to be following, in his nomenclature and
species of Thalictrum. The next score years will prove insufficient
time, in this instance, to rectify the mischief arisen, and still
to arise, through an unwise introduction of new names and
descriptions into books, before the plant-species themselves had
been properly investigated and understood.

8. Viola canina, Auct.—The canine violets have been divided
and treated under several names on page 108, because the
separate distribution of some of these modern segregates could be
shewn with fair approximation to accuracy, although still not
fully shewn even in Britain by itself. Originally, they were
treated as a single species by Ray and his predecessors ; perhaps

38L

442 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

not all of them known to him. They still appeared as such so
late as 1858, in the ‘Handbook’ of Bentham, where the Linnean
specific name canina is made applicable to the aggregate species,
which has been treated segregately on pages 108—9 of this
volume, under the names of sylvatica, canina, lactea, and stagnina.
Possibly with the exception of stagnina, Mr. Bentham’s use of the
name is more truly the Linnean one, than is any restriction of it
to forms exclusive of sylvatica.

In the ‘Flora Britannica’ (quoting Eng. Bot. t. 445) a severed _
species appears under name of lactea. But it seems that Smith
(perhaps misled by Edward Forster) then confused with his lactea
the other plant afterwards described under name of flavicornis.
His words “Folia in hortis cordata evadunt, floresque cerulei”
were likely suggested by a garden example of flavicornis confused
with lactea. In the ‘ Flora Scotica’ Hooker went farther astray ;
for he there transferred the name lactea to the species flavicornis,
as is shewn by the specimens from Mr. Maughan, which belong
to the latter. Has any botanist ever found true lactea in
Scotland ?

In the ‘English Flora’ the Viola canina minor of Dillenius
(page 479) and his successors is again raised to the grade of
a species under the name of flavicornis above mentioned. But it
can hardly be questioned that Smith himself never clearly under-
stood any one of his three species of canine violets. His canina
certainly intended what is now called sylvatica; but along with
this he seems to have constantly confused the larger examples of
flavicornis. In situations the most favorable to its growth this
latter rivals sylvatica in size; and yet Smith particularly dis-
tinguishes it as a “little plant,” with leaves “scarcely half an inch
long,” and which remained of the like “humble stature” for
above a dozen years in a garden. Edward Forster went beyond
this union by size; clubbing together the little examples of
sylvatica along with the little examples of flavicornis, to make up
his idea of the latter species. Again, by Smith or others, the
lactea has been confused with flavicornis on the one side, and with
stagnina on the other side. No wonder that we, the immediate

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 448

successors of Smith and his cotemporaries, so long failed to make
out his species clearly.

We may now look into the ‘Manual of British Botany’ for a
gradual clearing away of the confusion, by bringing into use and
prominence the real and sufficient distinctions between the several
species. In this instance, the imitation of foreign Floras proved to
be nearly the right course. Unfortunately, the clearance came so
gradually and hesitatingly, as to put the successive editions of the
‘Manual’ inconveniently inconsistent with each other. In the
first edition a retrogression was made, by re-combining or re-
confusing Smith’s three species into one ; which was, however,
correctly designated canina (Linn.) In the second edition a better
course was taken, by separating sylvatica on the one side, and
lactea on the other side; but still leaving the shorn canina some-
thing of an ill-understood jumble between them; and incon-
sistently keeping up the same name restrictedly to a third of the
whole, which in edition first had meant the whole of the whole. It
is this bad practice, as already shewn under Ranunculus aquatilis,
which has repeatedly caused confusion, instead of elucidation, in
Professor Babington’s writings about English plants.

True, at the date of his second edition, he had not yet seen his
way clearly among these plants. The sylvatica is far the most
abundant of the three in England, and it had consequently
become the representative of the Linnean canina in our herbaria,
and was figured for it in ‘English Botany.’ But in that second
edition it was indicated as questionably “common?” While the
less plentiful flavicornis (the canina of that edition) was reported
positively ‘‘ common.” These indications, taken in connexion with
the imperfect descriptions, shew the Author of the ‘Manual’ not
yet become quite familiar with the true species in their living
reality, apart from books, so lately as 1847. And at that date,
it may be, no English botanists were more clear and advanced in
their knowledge of these canine violets.

In the third edition of the same book there is further progress ;
perhaps also an unwarranted retrogression. Viola stagnina is
there added; having been previously confused with lactea. It

444 III. SEGREGATES AND

would have made a fourth species, had not this numerical increase
been prevented by placing the true lactea as a variety of the
Babingtonian canina. The three adopted species— sylvatica,
canina (including lactea), and stagnina—are there at length fairly
discriminated by physiological characters, derived from their
different modes of growth or evolution. Nature is at length
understood.

Thus have these canine violets remained up to edition sixth, in
which another of them is added by name of arenaria ; whether a true
species, or a dwarf hill and sand form of sylvatica, for the present
may be held “an open question.” The Author of the ‘Manual’
keeps it away from its near-akin sylvatica, by placing his canina
between them, and so getting arenaria between his subform lactea
and stagnina. Thus, the important character of “flowering
branches axillary from a short flowerless central rosette of leaves,”
the very character which connects them, is virtually blinked. In
‘English Botany,’ more faithful to natural affinities, the plant is
mentioned under sylvatica, as the “ V. arenaria D.C. which closely
resembles Riviniana.”

The arrangement of these canine violets in ‘English Botany,’
though not materially different, is improved in clearness and
expressiveness. Three primary “species” are described there ;
two of them subdivided into secondary or segregate “ sub-species,”
thus :-—

1. Viola sylvatica, Fries.
1. Riviniana, Reich.
2. Reichenbachiana, Bor.
(? arenaria, DC.)
u. Viola canina, Bab.
1. flavicornis, Sm.
2. lactea, Sm.
iu. Viola stagnina, not subdivided.
This arrangement shews well the similitudes or relationships
between the plants; in each instance, the distinctions between
1 and 2 being of slighter kind or character, than are those
between 1, u, mr. Riviniana and Reichenbachiana, however, seem

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 445

more closely allied than are flavicornis and lactea. For instance,
it would seem to my expectations more likely that Reichenbachiana
should evolve from a seed of Riviniana, than that lactea could
evolve from a seed of flavicornis. It may be said that ‘English
Botany’ virtually shews five species, which are treated as three
only in the ‘Manual.’ But this is simply a question of degree;
since all five are recognized in the ‘ Manual,’ editions fifth and
sixth, and are there distinguished either as species or as varieties.
In making Reichenbachiana the type for sylvatica, instead of the
more robust and abundant Riviniana, Professor Babington fol-
lowed his too frequent course of steering as wide of nature as he
well could get; certainly not from an inability to understand
nature, but in adhesion to some pet writer on the Continent. To
prefer foreign writers before those of our own country, looks
learned and may be held optional; but to prefer the artificial
arrangements in foreign books, before the living nature we see
around us at home, is surely something short of wisdom.

This historical sketch of Viola canina brings us again to the old
difficulty. How are we now to know, when seeing the name of
canina in a list of plants or connected with a locality, what exactly
is intended by the name? (1). Is it the all-inclusive canina of
Bentham’s ‘ Handbook’ and of the ante-Smithian botanists? If
so it may intend any one of the five species or sub-species of
‘English Botany.’ (2). Is it the canina of Smith, made up from
sylvatica with the large examples of flavicornis added in? If so,
it may intend any of the three sub-species, exclusive of lactea.
(8). Is it the canina of the ‘Manual,’ latter editions only, or of
‘English Botany,’ edition third? In this case, how are we to
know whether it intends flavicornis or lactea, as the plant of the
locality? The name of Viola canina has come to signify only
‘this,’ ‘that,’ or ‘the other species.’ How curiously exact and
clear are we making our botanical nomenclature !

4, Hypericum quadrangulum, Auct. (say, of DC. prodr.)—The
segregates of this have been more confused by false-naming, than
by changeability of division in England. It affords an equally

446 III. SEGREGATES AND

instructive example, although one of a different kind from the
three preceding aggregates. Its three segregates, treated apart on
pages 129—30 of this volume, are now generally recognized and
well understood ; although an exclusive use of some descriptive
works and editions might still much mislead a student. Begin-
ning this time with the ‘Flora Anglica,’ we find Hudson's curt
Linnean character for his one species “floribus trigynis, caule
quadrato herbaceo” applicable to any of its three segregates now
recognized as so many good species.

In ‘ Flora Britannica’ the dubium appears as a distinct species,
disconnected in print from quadrangulum by the interposition of
perforatum between them. Smith there shews that he sufficiently
understood these plants, by his contrasted characters of “ foliolis
calycinis lanceolatis ” for the quadrangulum, and of “ foliolis caly-
cinis ellipticis” for the dubiuwm. Hooker's ‘ British Flora’ and
other descriptive works kept up the same easily distinguished
species ; and thus there seemed scarcely a chance left for any
English botanist to throw them into confusion. And yet, through
the help of foreign importations, the chance has been found and
acted upon twice over !

The Authors of the ‘ Flora of Shropshire’ and ‘ Primitie Flore
Sarnice,’ with the good intention of correcting the imputed errors
of everybody else, did contrive to confuse our otherwise clear
nomenclature, by their efforts to rectify it. They transferred the
name quadrangulum to Hypericum dubium, discarding this latter
specific name. They compensated our familiar species, the true
Hypericum quadrangulum, by giving to it the name of tetrapterum
instead of its own. ‘This was an imitation of the Friesian model;
being about equivalent to a declaration, that a misnomer by Fries
was more reliable than a correct name used by all English
botanists, themselves only excepted.

The two species thus each became blessed with two specific
names. And as if to convert that simple inconvenience into
a compound confusion, in each instance one of its two names now
meant the other species also. The nomenclature was rectified into
this highly unsatisfactory position :—

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 447

Species 1. H. tetrapterum, alias quadrangulum.

Species 2. H. quadrangulum, alias dubium.

Thenceforth, when recorders of localities used the familiar name
of quadrangulum, the question would necessarily arise, ‘ Which of
the two species they intended by that name?’ The first or the
second? This quadrangulum or That quadrangulum ?

By good chance, that unlucky blunder never got into the much-
used ‘Manual’; it blemished only some local Floras and other
works of less botanical importance. But one of the two plants
under notice nevertheless seemed destined to keep up error and
confusion among us, sown broadcast through the ‘ Manual’ itself.
There appeared a sort of unwillingness to let it get back its true
name of dubium fully and honestly. In the first edition of the
‘Manual’ that poor victim was split unequally into two supposed
species respectively named maculatum and dubiwm. And with a
curious taste for confusing innovation, the old name was specially
restricted to a “‘ rare” plant, a very local and lesser half, while the
new name maculatum was freely bestowed upon the better half,
the comparatively common plant, which all preceding botanists
had known as dubium. This perverse crotchet was carried into
the second edition also. More wisely, in the third edition, the
legitimate name dubiwm was restored in full to the species; that
of maculatum being now in its turn restricted to a trifling variety
of it.

The recent discovery of Hypericum beticum in Cornwall and
Devon, by Mr. Archer Briggs, has completed the trio of quadran-
gular species, as treated in this volume at pages 129—380.
Professor Babington takes up the older name undulatum, instead
of the more recent beticum, for the plant of the peninsular
province; and perhaps he is technically correct in doing so.
Reichenbach's figure of undulatun may possibly have been
intended for our species, although (if so) it is made an un-likeness
of the plant through the exaggerated waving of the margins of the
leaves and other defects. Equally exaggerated in another way,
is the better figure in the ‘Journal of Botany,’ where the artist
has represented our plant with the large flowers of dubium or

448 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

perforatum ; whereas its own flowers are nearer to those of true
quadrangulum (tetrapterum) in size, though still somewhat larger,
and also deeper in their colour. Under which of the two names,
dubium or quadrangulum, had the beticum passed before its
distinctness was observed by Mr. Archer Briggs? Some among
the many botanists who had sought plants in Cornwall and South
Devon must surely have noticed it there ?

Through some unexplained error it is enumerated in Seubert’s
‘ Flora Azorica’ under the name of perforatum. In Lowe's ‘ Flora
of Madeira’ it passes for the Linnean quadrangulum. TEqually
with dubiwm it was made one of the varieties of quadrangulum
in the ‘ Prodromus’ of De Candolle; that is, assuming it to be
certainly the undulatum of Schousboe. Not conceiving it to be a
variety distinguished from the Linnean quadranyulum in the
‘Prodromus’ only by the three words “ foliis margine undulatis,”
I described it in the ‘ London Journal of Botany’ under name of
HZ, decipiens, a name suggested by the uncertainties about it.
Subsequently, it was found to have been named and described
independently by Botanists in different countries; and in con-
sequence it had a different name in each country.

The purpose of this story is, to shew that the name quadrangu-
lum may now unfortunately intend any one of the three species ;
it having been specially applied to each of them singly, and also to
all of them unitedly. Hence a necessity now for using some other
name for each one apart from the other two, or else for giving
some sort of explanation, as to which of the three plants is really
intended by the use of a name made inconveniently common to all
of them.

5. Valeriana officinalis, Linn.—This plant affords an illus-
tration of more simple character than the preceding examples.
Originally treated as one species in Ray’s ‘Synopsis,’ it was
divided into two, or a second species added, by Dillenius. The
original was recorded under the appropriate names of “ Valeriana
sylvestris major” and ‘sylvestris magna aquatica.” The added
or parted species was described as “ Valeriana sylvestris major

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 449

montana” and “folio angustiore.” Both are adopted in ‘Flora
Anglica’ and in ‘ Flora Britannica,’ as a single species under the
Linnean name officinalis, the second being placed as a variety.
They are still the same in the ‘ English Flora’; but an important
distinction is there made in indicating their situations of growth,
namely, while the officinalis is located “in marshes, and about
the banks of pools and rivers,” the montane variety is assigned to
“dry mountainous woods and pastures”; the word dry being an
addition to the previous description of place in the ‘ Flora Britan-
nica.’ This addition shewed that Smith had ascertained the
narrow-leaved variety to be the inhabitant of drier situations.

Between the dates of Smith’s two Floras, Gray's ‘ Natural
Arrangement’ had more decidedly distinguished the variety thus ;
—‘ Stem slender; leaves narrower; root more aromatic.” In
Gray’s book the name montana was adopted for the narrow-leaved
variety, with a reference to Dillenius. In the ‘British Flora’ by
the late Sir William Hooker, the variety is lost sight of ; and thus
we got back to the single specics of Ray. This neglect of the
variety prepared the way for a subsequent confusion in our
nomenclature presently to be pointed out. None of the above
mentioned authors would appear to have observed the more
numerous leaflets of the montane or narrow-leaved variety.
Perhaps that variety was little known to them; for, if not
absolutely rare in Britain, it is certainly much rarer or more local
than their type form, that of the marshes and such like wet
places.

The Author of the ‘ Manual’ foreshadowed an innovation in his
first edition, and carried it into effect in his second. He did so
with a neglect of his English predecessors, in favour of anything
foreign, which he had almost promised us on the first page of
his first Preface. And here again, as in the preceding instance of
Hypericum, an ill-considered foreign importation has thrown our
nomenclature into confusion. In that second edition an alleged
species is disjoined from Valeriana officinalis, under the name of
“sambucifolia (‘ Mikan’).” It is distinguished by its less numerous
leaflets; which are stated at 7—10 pairs in officinalis, and at

3M

450 III. SEGREGATES AND

4—5 pairs in sambucifolia. This difference prevails, but is far
from constant; it being no unusual thing to see plants of sambuci-
folia with six pairs of leaflets, and others of officinalis with only
five or six. And as the less numerous leaflets are usually wider
and more serrate, the two chief differences almost disappear in
many instances; for flowers, fruits, and stolons are the same
in both.

The change in the ‘Manual’ was in truth only repeating in
a topsy-turvy manner the distinctions made of old by Dillenius,
Hudson, Withering, Smith, and Gray; converting their second
species or variety into the type, and their type into the variety ;
disguising the real character of the change by help of the new
foreign name sambucifolia. Much inconvenience and confusion
were sure to arise through an unnecessary exchange of names
such as this. The localities of the old type (renamed sambucifolia)
are fifty times more numerous in Britain, and consequently that
usual form represented V. officinalis in most of our herbariums,
and had been figured for it rightly in ‘English Botany.’ Thus,
when botanists were told ‘of a supposed second species, under
the new name of sambucifolia, they compared specimens of this
imagined novelty with specimens of the same thing under its old
name officinalis. Of course, they were only mystified by an
attempt to enlighten them, which was so badly carried out. The
matter has remained in this confused condition in the ‘Manual’
up to its latest or sixth edition ; very likely, it has so remained
because the Author of the book has never yet clearly understood
his own handiwork. Even the same misleading notice as to
situation of growth has been regularly repeated. Notwithstanding
the differences more correctly indicated in ‘ English Flora’ two
score years ago, and even intimated by the mere names
( aquatica” and “ montana”) used in Ray’s Synopsis, edition
third, we have this information substituted in the ‘ Manual’ :-—

V. officinalis. “ Ditches and damp chalky places.”

V. sambucifolia. ‘“ Damp places.”
So that, as far as any difference of site is expressed by these
words, students are told that it is the broad-leaved form, the one

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 451

with few leaflets, which grows in the less watery places. But
sambucifolia, the form with 4—6 pairs of broad leaflets, is more
especially the plant of ditches and watery places; while the other
form, that with usually more numerous and narrower leaflets, is
the plant of the less humid places. This difference is con-
spicuously shewn near Godalming in Surrey, for instance, where
the narrow-leaved form is plentiful among nut-bushes on a sand-
stone hill infiltrated with chalk, known as Frith Hill; while the
broad-leaved sambucifolia alone grows in a deep bog at its base,
among alder bushes and various swamp plants. ‘This is a note-
worthy difference, considering that seeds from the hill plants are
likely to be blown into the adjacent bog year after year. In each
place the plants occur by hundreds; and elsewhere in the same
county I observe the like connexion between the varieties and
their places.

When Mr. Boswell-Syme took the question in hand for ‘ English
Botany,’ edition third, a more accurate observation and a better
botanical judgment were brought to bear upon it. This botanist
adheres to the single species, and gives it under its proper specific
name officinalis. He distinguishes the two segregates, as varieties
differing but little from each other. And he avoids the confusion,
by giving to each of the segregates its own distinctive name;
adopting that of sambucifolia for the abundant broad-leaved form,
and fitting that of Mikanii to the rarer narrow-leaved form. In
consequence, those botanists who may have occasion to speak of
these plants, or to record localities for either, can now do so in an
intelligible manner, by using the names of ‘English Botany.’
They can record any form of the species by its old and true name
officinalis; or they can shew exactly which variety of it is
intended, by using Mikanii or sambucifolia, as the case may
require. Truly, we much needed a Boswell-Syme, to adjust our
botanical nomenclature to the requirements of science and the
dictates of common sense!

6. “Aspidium spinulosum, Sw.” is the name used in ‘ Ben-
tham’s Handbook’ to include under its broad wings the three

452 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

ferns treated separately on pages 411—2, under the specific
names of spinulosa, dilatata, and @mula. The most dissimilar
views still hold place among our botanical authorities in respect to
the specific relationships of these ferns. They had, however, been
described as distinct species so frequently, with so many special
localities recorded for each, that it was found practicable to treat
their distribution apart on preceding pages. Such was the rule
followed in all cases where it was found at all possible to act up to
it. But those botanists who have looked over the examples of
name-confusion given on preceding pages, will hardly experience
difficulty in believing that the rule must have proved an
impossible one in some instances.

Ferns appear to have been understood very imperfectly by the
ante-Linnean botanists; and even through the books of the
eighteenth century there runs a want of clear distinctions between
them. Perhaps some Fern-lovers will be ready to declare, that
such want of clearness is still to be found in the writings of
leading botanical authorities even past the middle of the nine-
teenth century. This want of clear perception about them may be
attributed mainly to the examination of dried fronds in the
herbarium, more than a careful observation of the whole living
plants in the wilds, or even under less natural conditions in the
gardens. Several of the allied species are so closely similar
during the first few years of their existence, that single fronds of
them in the herbarium can scarcely be distinguished, unless by
those botanists who have become specially familiar with the
several species as they appear at their different ages. In this
respect they may be likened to shells, many species of which
must be traced from young age to mature growth, through
series of specimens, before they can be understood sufficiently.
The manner of growth or evolution, the kind of rootstock or
rhizome, so seldom shewn by herbarium specimens of ferns, will
occasionally serve well to decide a question about difference,
which fronds alone in the herbarium would leave unsolved.

An instance of this sort of assistance will not be unuseful,
and here scarcely out of place, because it throws light on the

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 453

distinctions of the ferns which have been bundled together under
the same name of spinulosa. Two of the species included under
spinulosa by Mr. Bentham, Sir W. Hooker, and other botanists of
the highest authority (the spinosa and multiflora of Newman, the
spinulosa and dilatata of this volume), are quite easily dis-
tinguished by their root-like stems or rhizomes at all seasons of
the year; so that a thousand plants of them promiscuously
mingled in the winter, with every frond cut away, could still be
sorted into their two kinds; perhaps without a single mistake, if
no plants of less age than half a dozen years should be mingled
among them. And yet, strange to say, a very recent and able
writer on the Ferns of Europe (Milde) prints such an erroneous
statement on this head, as almost to force a doubt whether he had
ever seen both of these ferns alive. He writes “ Rhizoma Aspidii
spinulosi nullo modo ab A. dilatato differt.” Mr. Newman tells a
different tale in the ‘ History of British Ferns;’ although perhaps
he rather over-states (or un-clearly states) the differences, instead
of denying them altogether; thus :—

L. spinulosa. ‘< Caudex stout, slowly but extensively creeping.”

L. dilatata. ‘‘Caudex large and tufted; I have never found it

either horizontally elongated or branched.”
The spreading caudex of L. spinulosa had been correctly repre-
sented in ‘ English Botany,’ no. 1460; a plate strangely referred
to by Hooker and Arnott, as a figure of L. recurva.

A record in four words may be seen on page 411 of this
volume, the detailed explanation of which will shew us a practical
refutation of Milde’s statement, and equally practical confirmation
of Newman's description. The four words are “ West Inverness ;
Mrs. Maskelyne!” When my manuscript for the page quoted
from was sent to the printer, I was not aware of any sufficiently
reliable record for true spinulosa farther northward than Perth-
shire. Before receiving the printer's proof of page 411 I had been
shewn examples of that fern brought from Inverness-shire by the
Lady named. She knew it apart from dilatata by the loose or
less-tufted crowns of leaves, consequent on the branched and
horizontally spreading character of the rhizome. Now, if the

454 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

rhizomes of the two species differ in no wise “nullo modo,” how
did the Lady named manage to distinguish one from the other by
a difference in leaf-growth, depending entirely on the difference of
underground stem or rhizome ?

It may be useful to explain here, however, that plants of
spinulosa may be found often enough without rhizomes extending
horizontally under-ground. For example, such plants may be seen
growing above the surface of the ground, about the branching
stocks of alder bushes, in coppices periodically cut down, or on the
mossy trunks of trees in swamps. Horizontal extension is only
slightly possible in such situations; but the tendency to it is
shewn by the crowns of spinulosa loosely dividing into small tufts
of leaves, after few years of growth; not remaining like the dense
crowns of dilatata under similar conditions. And there are still
the other differences, in the form and colour of the scales, to assist
diagnosis. But this is digressive ; the object properly before us at
present, is the change of segregate nomenclature, rather than the
purely distinctive characters.

In 1858 Mr. Bentham stood not alone among us in England,
by uniting into one all the three species now more usually
accepted as distinct. Sir William Hooker was still doing the
same up to the sixth edition of the ‘British Flora.’ (Edition
seventh has not come under my own examination.) But in edition
eighth the late Dr. Arnott diverged rather remarkably from that
aggregation. Both the other great Botanists named had kept
cristata quite apart from their inclusive spinulosa ; Hooker even
interposing Filia mas and rigida between them in his Flora;
while Bentham, more true to nature, has avoided that unnatural
separation, by bringing the two former into immediate sequence.

Dr. Arnott equally makes two aggregate species out of the four ;
but he does this in a different manner, namely by uniting cristatu
and spinulosa; thus leaving the Hookerian and Benthamian
aggregate reduced to dilatata with @mula, under the name of
Aspidium dilatatum. This is a curious instance of discordant
views ; for it is taking away a part of one species (fide Hooker and
Bentham) and patching it on to another and distinct species (fide

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 455

Hooker and Bentham still). Nevertheless, this was sound dis-
crimination (borrowed from other observers) on the side of Dr.
Arnott, for the two couples so formed bring each one of the four
segregates into union with its next of kin; and we have only to
split Arnott’s couples (or perhaps only one of the two couples) to
work down to things pretty clearly distinct from each other by
physiological characters. The dilatata and @mula seem to be
sufficiently distinct, by several permanent characters; and if once
clearly known, they cannot afterwards be confounded with each
other. But the uliginosa of Newman, a variety diverging from
cristata towards spinulosa, or vice versa, keeps these two latter in
closer relationship ; seeing that botanists are ill agreed to which
of the two it ought to be assigned. Sir William Hooker referred
it to spinulosa. I thought him correct in this, while judging only
from dried fronds. But after watching it in cultivation through
some years, side by side with spinulosa, I now separate it from
this latter and refer it to cristata. The three are closely alike in
form and general habit, though divergent in the cutting of their
fronds ; and when they are full-grown and perfect, they look wide
apart from the living dilatata. I think that scarcely any botanist
could confound this last with the others in a wood or swamp,
although he might readily do so through book descriptions, or
even in the herbarium. On young or weakly plants of dilatata
and spinulosa the fronds are short and subtriangular. On older
and vigorous plants they are deltoid-lanceolate in dilatata, deltoid-
linear in spinulosa ; that is, lanceolate and linear, always tending
to deltoid by the length of the lower wings, in much the same
manner as angulare may be distinguished from truly lanceolate
lobatum, or Filix femina from rheticum.

Now going back some time in the chronological nomenclature of
these ferns, we find Hudson’s Flora (1762, etc.) describing a
Polypodium cristatum to represent them, with the addition of a
Polypodium rhaeticum from Westmoreland, possibly to stand for
a variety of one of them, not of Cystopteris fragilis. But we may
hold it almost certain that Hudson had not seen either emula or
true cristata; and if so, his Polypodium cristatum meant simply

456 III. SEGREGATES AND

the two ferns we now know as dilatata and spinulosa. It is not
conceivable that London botanists had seen only one of those two
plentiful ferns before the end of the eighteenth century ; but, like
leading botanists of this time, they doubtless held them forms of a
single species.

In the ‘ Flora Britannica,’ 1804, we find a dual division into
the spinulosa and dilatatu as now understood,—the Polypodium
rheticum of Hudson alluded to as seemingly a variety of dilatata,
—a declaration that the cristata of Linneus is a species quite
distinct from those,—with a compliment to Withering as the
elucidator of spinulosa. This was a good advance beyond Hudson ;
but unfortunately succeeding botanists retrograded into confusion
again. In ‘English Flora,’ a quarter century later, the dual
division of its Latin predecessor was made tripartite by addition of
a supposed third species under name of dumetorum, a fern which
has since led to considerable discussion. On faith of the Banksian
herbarium the rhaticum of Hudson is quoted as synonymous, and
it may be so.

By some fern-men it has been thought that Smith’s dumetorum
was the more modern species @mula. (See Newman’s ‘ History,’
pages 60 and 61 of first edition, page 230 of second edition).
I assume this to have been a mistake, relying on the evidence of
five fronds sent by Shephard to Smith, from a Derbyshire root
cultivated in the Botanic Garden of Liverpool; also, of one frond
picked by Dr. Godfrey Howitt, in “ Smith’s original locality of
Cromford Moor,” as stated on its label in my herbarium. These
six fronds all belong to dwarf dilatata. The garden specimens are
conspicuously convex (not concave or recurve) on their upper
surface, their outline is not triangular as in @mula, and the scales
on the stipes are dark and entire. They were found among
miscellaneous plants bought at the sale of the Linnean Society’s
collections ; and putting little circumstances together, I inferred
that they had been sent to Smith in the year 1825. They are
passally represented by Newman’s figures of dumetorum on page
60 of the first edition, especially the upper figure, which is given
for nana on page 222 of the second edition, repeated on page 153

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. A157
of the third edition. I may add, however, in referring to Mr.
Newman’s nana, that my experience with living roots sent to me
as “dwarf dilatata” by Mr. Tatham, is exactly the opposite of the
statements made on the pages referred to. In my own garden,
Mr. Tatham’s plants have gradually increased in size and resem-
blance to ordinary dilatata, until they have become so similar
thereto, that I should doubtless have passed by them as simply
dilatata, if found wild. It seems safe to assume that Smith never
knew L. amula. As Gray had done in 1821, so Smith in 1828
added true cristata to his enumeration of English ferns; but his
specimens of it had been received from Francis in 1805, after
publication of the ‘ Flora Britannica.’

Mr. Newman’s beautiful ‘History of British Ferns’ began a
new era in our fern-literature. True, the work of G. W. Francis
was the first to meet the rising taste for ferns, being three years
earlier in the field; but his figures were too small for clearness,
and wanted the artistic elegance of those which adorn Newman’s
works. The first edition of the ‘ History,’ indeed, gave only faint
prognostication of what it subsequently became. In that edition,
Mr. Newman started as a severe unionist; and it was not until
the second edition, 1844, that he changed sides (on better know-
ledge?) and became as decidedly a separatist. In the first edition
we find cristata kept apart, but Smith’s other three species
(dilatata, dumetorum, spinulosa) clubbed together under the one
name of dilatata, made applicable to all. But four subordinate
forms are clearly enough distinguished even in that first tentative
edition, namely, Smith's three species with the addition of Bree’s
recurva, subsequently known as Fenisecii of Lowe, and then
as e@mula. In the second edition three several species are
described under the names of multiflora, spinosa, and recurva ;
the dumetorum of Smith figuring as variety nana of the first.
These names meant the species now familiar to us as dilatata,
spinulosa, and emula; names much more correct than those of
Mr. Newman, according to botanical rules. In his successive
editions Mr. Newman fell more and more into the egotism of

3N

458 Ill. SEGREGATES AND

name-changing ; a procedure which has justifiably created some
bias against his fern-books, otherwise so very recommendable.

The ‘Manual of British Botany’ may be said to have imperfectly
imitated ‘Newman’s History.’ In its first edition, 1843, Bree’s
recurva is unnoticed by name; dumetorum is mentioned as a sub-
variety of “ triangularis,” which is assumed as the first or type
variety of dilatata; while spinulosa is made a second variety
under name of “linearis.” In the second edition, 1847, we find
Newman’s three species recognized, and the ‘ History’ referred to;
but the better established names of dilatata and spinulogg, with
Fenisecti, were kept to instead of those taken up by Mr. Newman.
Little change has been made subsequently.

It thus appears that Newman in 1840, Babington in 1848,
Hooker in 1850 and later, and Bentham in 1858, were about on
equality in their ideas concerning these three ferns, that is, they
then alike clubbed all three into one inclusive aggregate. But
subsequent to those dates, Mess. Newman and Babington have
held that one aggregate to be more properly divisible into three
true species with subordinate varieties; while Dr. Arnott, in
dividing into two, united with cristata the form (spinulosa) which
he severed from dilatata. The state of the nomenclature and
division at different dates may be thus shewn :—

Hudson, 1762. Two species, cristata and rhetica.

Smith, 1804. Two species, spinulosa and dilatata.

Smith, 1828. Three species, spinulosa, dilatata, dumetorum.

Babington, 1843. One species, dilatata, with var : linearis.

Babington, 1847. Three species, spinulosa, dilatata, Fcenisecii.

Hooker & Arnott, 1850. One species, spinulosa.

Bentham, 1858. One species, spinulosa.

Hooker & Arnott, 1860. One and a half species, dilatata (in-
cluding @mula) for one species ; spitulosa (become a portion
of cristata) for the half species.

Thus, through a long history, comes out again another illustration
of the old difficulty. Writers of local Floras or other botanical
records may profess to follow one or other of these Authors in
their nomenclature, or to abide by that of Mr. Newman. This

THEIR NOMENCLATURE. 459

would be insufficient explanation, although some local writers
might excusably be unaware how or why it would be insufficient.
If they wish to be intelligible, they must tell us further which
edition they suppose themselves to be following. In cases where
we do not find this more explicit information, and unfortunately
in some instances even when we have it given, we may remain
quite at a loss to know what is really intended by a specific name
used. Take the name spinulosa in illustration of this uncertainty.
According to the ‘ British Flora’ of 1850 it may mean itself as a
segregate species, corresponding with the spinosa of Newman; or
it may mean dilatata, corresponding with the multiflora of
Newman ; or it may mean @mula, corresponding with the recurva
of Newman. According to the same work, edition of 1860, it
cannot mean either dilatata or emula, but must exclusively mean
a form of cristata. Or, take the name dilatata, almost equally
confused and uncertain. According to the first editions of the
‘ History’ or the ‘ Manual,’ it will include and may mean either
dilatata or spinulosa, or even @mula more or less confused with
dumetorum. Thus, when meeting with localities on record for
“spinulosa” or for ‘ dilatata,” without further and _ special
explanation, how are we to know whether spinulosa, or dilatata, or
amula, or dumetorum is truly intended by either name? Lach
name may mean any one of the four ferns.

These instances given at some length from the genera Ranun-
culus, Thalictrum, Viola, Hypericum, Valeriana, and Aspidium,
are only samples of many such confusions in our descriptive
Floras. I could have wished to give other illustrations from the
yet more confused and changeable nomenclature in the genera
Rubus, Rosa, Hieracium, Mentha, Salix, and Potamogeton ; were
it not that their unavoidable length and tediousness would too far
exhaust my own pages and the Reader's patience. Those Readers
who may have thus far got through the half dozen illustrations,
and have begun to estimate the difficulties they bring in the way
of a writer on geographic or topographic botany, will feel no
surprise that he should be so hostile to needless innovations
which add to the difficulties by further increasing the confusion.

460 Ill. SEGREGATES ETC.

In general, however, the differences between our describing books
turn more frequently on the greater or less number of segregate
species which are taken up by them. And where this only has
been the case, without such injudicious transfers of name from one
plant to another, or from one combination to a different com-
bination, the recorded localities can be made available so long as
we are keeping to the larger aggregates. But nothing is gained
in this way, towards ascertaining the special distribution of the
segregates. For this latter purpose the requirements are different
and more rigid. The subordinate forms, whether held to be
species or varieties, need to be clearly discriminated; they must
be mentioned by names which tell precisely what is meant, and
nothing else; and whenever possible it should be stated whether
only the one special form is found in the locality, or other forms
also. So little hitherto has been done in this way for many of the
segregate forms, that their treatment in the following pages can be
only a meagre beginning.

How far to notice the more petty segregates, usually the more
difficult to trace topographically, is a matter of some hesitation.
Where it is practicable to do so, I am inclined to notice even
petty segregates. But some limit must be set to this; and in
general mere differences of size, or colour, or pubescence, will not
be deemed sufficient to warrant separate treatment; even though
such differences are made into specific distinctions by some
botanical describers. In the old writers, of ante-Linnean times,
the white-flowered varieties were not seldom taken up as species.
And at the present time we find rather a tendency to make
varieties “ minor,” different only by size from the typical forms.
The absolute difference between “ glabra” and “hirsuta” may be
allowed usually to constitute good varieties; but that of a
graduated pubescence, a little more or a little less, will be held
insufficient distinction,

IV. ADDITIONAL LIST.

INCLUDING

Segregates, Aliens, Casuals, Extincts, Errors and
Ambiguities.

PRELIMINARY EXPLANATIONS.

This miscellaneous List is intended to include any plants
reported to have been found seemingly wild in Britain, under
conditions which have not been deemed sufficient to warrant
their inclusion in the foregone ‘Synopsis of Species,’-—or, con-
cerning the localities for which our knowledge is yet so imperfect
that it was found practically impossible to bring them under the
formula there adopted. The heterogeneous assemblage is divisible
into various groups or categories, as above indicated; although
such divisions will be found to pass one into another by almost
insensible gradations. widely different in meaning as the terms
used to designate them may appear to be. Just as gradually do
they pass into the three categories of plants before treated in the
Synopsis. These still remaining for notice, in the following list,
are separated from those previously treated in the Synopsis, by an
uncertain line, chiefly determined by our lack of sufficient know-
ledge about their localities, or by our individual differences of
opinion respecting the degree or character of their wildness in this
country. Nevertheless, it seems desirable to classify them into
groups, if only to obtain a series of terms to epitomize explanations
in the List presently to follow, by the substitution of single terms
instead of many words. The sense or meaning of the several
terms will be rendered more familiar by the subjoined brief
account of them.

1. Segregates——The character of this group has been fully
shewn in the half-dozen examples which were taken to explain

462 IV. EXPLANATIONS OF THE

the relations between Aggregates and Segregates, or the division of
the former into the latter. The practicability of bringing these
under the formula, which is mainly a question of time and
familiarity, was unavoidably made the test for inclusion or ex-
clusion, more than the recognizable distinctions between the
plants themselves. Thus, Habenaria bifolia and chlorantha,
Epilobium tetragonum and obscurum, Polygala vulgaris and
depressa, Salia Smithiana and acuminata, Sparganium natans
and minimum, with other such couplets, were before treated
together as unit-species; so treated, not because there is now
much difficulty in distinguishing the plants themselves, but
because usually they have not been distinguished by recorders
of localities. The result of that non-distinction being, that
localities recorded under the first name of the two, long in use
for both, cannot be safely assigned to either without re-examina-
tion. If the plants now understood by those couplets of nares,
had been well distinguished in books half a century ago, and
habitually kept apart by subsequent authors and collectors, a
stock of data would have been gradually accumulated, enabling
us of the present time to trace their separate distribution suffi-
ciently well. The great impediment to this satisfactory result
has been raised by the very authors who did treat them apart;
for, by adhering to the first of the two names for expressing the
one half only, while in other works it expressed both halves or the
whole, they stultified their own subdivision, and rendered the
name meaningless through its uncertainty of application.

With very few exceptions, all the segregates may be held native
plants; and in this respect they differ from the plants placed in
the other groups. In the following pages they can be dis-
tinguished readily from almost all the rest, the non-indigenous
plants, by their names being given in triplets; the name of the
aggregate species being inserted between the generic name and
the distinctive name of the segregate, as a brief and uniform
manner of expressing the relation of one to the other. It is at
the Reader's own choice to receive that distinctive name as varietal
or as specific, in accordance with his own views in each separate

ADDITIONAL LIST. 463

instance. And he will always be reminded of the more inclusive
aggregate to which others refer the segregate plant, through the
middle name so interposed. It should be mentioned, however,
that the abbreviated authority given with the distinctive name has
been often accepted here along with the name, without other more
special verification; and it may mean either a variety or a species
in the views of the Author cited. A general reference may be
given here to the Third Edition of English Botany for explana-
tions more special and complete.

A further circumstance should be noted. In some cases it will
be necessary to notice all the segregate forms which go to make
up the total aggregate, as treated in the Synopsis. Such will be
the case when the distribution of the aggregate, as before set
forth, will too uncertainly represent that of any one of the
segregates by itself. Thus, according to present knowledge, the
formulary distribution of Thalictrum minus, as given for the
aggregate on page 79, would not be correct for any one of its
five segregates. The same must be held true for the present,
if not permanently so, in regard to the three segregates of
Thalictrum flavum; the distribution of which, apart from each
other, is yet almost entirely unascertained. And in the couplets
of species shortly above quoted, we may find instances where the
indicated distribution of the aggregate would perhaps less well
represent that of the segregate retaining the like name, as its
typical form, than it would represent that of the segregate named
as a second or aberrant one. Certainty is not attained; but it
seems likely on present knowledge, that Polygala eu-vulgaris is
less general than P. depressa, and that Epilobium eu-tetragonum
is less general than E. obscurum. If so, the formula filled in for
the aggregate certainly over-states the distribution of the type
form, while it may or may not over-state that of the segregate;
a question to be answered only on further and more complete
knowledge about their respective localities.

In other cases the segregate is so rare or local that its severance
from the aggregate makes no difference in the stated distribution.
Thus, Caltha radicans being known only from one or two of the

464 Iy. EXPLANATIONS OF THE

Highland counties, which certainly produce Caltha palustris also,
the stated distribution in the Synopsis equally answers for the
C. palustris, whether the C. radicans be included or be excluded.
The same holds true of Ranunculus reptans and Geranium lan-
castriense ; but here subject to some differences of opinion, as to
whether these names should be applied strictly to very local
plants, or more loosely to include other plants and localities also.
Sarothamnus prostratus and Genista humifusa are very local
varieties; and whether we unite them with the widely diffused
Sarothamnus scoparius and Genista tinctoria, or separate them,
the formulary distribution of these two latter remains unchanged.

2. Aliens.—These follow close on the denizens of the Synopsis.
They may be said to differ from the latter only by being under
greater distrust of their claims to be accounted aboriginal natives
of Britain. Some few of them are so perfectly established amid
the native vegetation, that no question might have arisen against
their nativity here, had it not been known that their wildness in
Britain is recent, and that they came into the Old World from
America within the dates of modern history. Such are Hlodea
canadensis, so recently and so rapidly spread through England in
damaging abundance; Impatiens fulva and Mimulus luteus, locally
well established; LErigeron canadensis and Oxalis stricta, more
casual and changeable in their places.

Others, of unknown origin, have become so well established in
many places that botanists are beginning to believe that they
must have existed in this country from pre-historic times, having
originally got into it through natural agencies alone, quite inde-
pendently of human agency. If all or most of us had concurred in
this view, of course the plants in question would have been treated
as natives. If opinions and evidences had seemed to be about on
an even balance, the plants would have come under the category
of denizens. They are classed with the alieus because only a
minority regard them in the higher predial character; while the
majority among those botanists best prepared to give a verdict,
through general experience and trained judgment, hold a contrary

ADDITIONAL LIST. 465

opinion about them. As examples, we may take Geranium
pheum, Spirea salicifolia, Saxifraga umbrosa, Lonicera Xylos-
teum, Valeriana rubra and Galanthus nivalis. On the contrary,
at the other extremity of a series, some of the aliens are so very
local, or so uncertain in persistence at any given place, as to be
scarcely separable from the next group.

3. Casuals.—These together make a wide range of plants
between the two extremes of the group. Some few of them are
met with almost as frequently as some of the colonists; being
now hardly separable from the latter, unless on the ground of
only recent notice, that is, by the absence of records for them
in the books of past generations. Veronica Buxbauwmii was
unnoticed in the ‘English Flora’ of Smith, under date in 1824.
Now, it is seen so frequently on arable land, as to demand pro-
motion to the quasi-indigenous rank of colonist. Midway between
1824 and 1869, it might have passed as a casual, occasionally
introduced among clover or other agricultural seeds. Perhaps
others of the plauts, which remain still to be curtly noticed here
as casuals only, may be gradually advancing now to the higher
predial grade. It can scarcely be doubted that Galinsoga parvi-
flora, Crepis setosa, Cynosurus echinatus, Bromus arvensis, with
some other weeds of cultivated ground, are now met with more
plentifully than was the case with them not many years back.
As far as it can be applied, the best test to separate the colonists
from the casuals, is that of regular self-maintenance in this
country by seed ripened here, without the necessity of renewal
through fresh importation. From other aliens, the casuals are to
be distinguished chiefly by less persistence in their localities;
a distinction often turning on their physiological character of
annuals or perennials.

Passing to the other extreme of the series, we reach plants
which have been so rarely seen, or have proved so transitory in
any given place, that it is barely justifiable to enumerate them
among things only casually quasi-british, Through such plants,

the present group gradually merges into that of extinct plants;
30

466 IV. EXPLANATIONS OF THE

some of these latter having been seen once or oftener, but being
found here no longer. Echinophora spinosa may be one example
ofan extinct casual. Others appeared on or near the sites of the
Exhibitions of 1851 and 1862, and lingered there a brief time;
long enough, unfortunately, to encumber our book lists with
names which it would have been more convenient, if not also more
sensible, never to have admitted into them. It is to be regretted
that more reticence is not practised by our juvenile botanists, so
hurriedly anxious to make book records of such valueless facts.
If all of us freely indulged in that practice, our list of casuals
would soon be made longer than the list of all others put together.
Almost anything in cultivation for use or ornament, outside
hothouses, could be made into an occasionally-wild plant, through
an industrious examination of the rubbish-heaps of gardeners and
farmers. The refuse from oil and flour mills, dock sides where
ship rubbish is thrown, and such like chances, might equally
reward an equally useless industry.

One warm autumn, I met with a luxuriant plant of the Tomato,
bearing ripe fruit, on a bit of waste space near the bridge over
the Thames at Walton. But I did not make haste to record that
grand discovery in a Journal of Botany, and to declare Lyco-
persicum esculentum ‘perfectly established” by the Thames in
Surrey. I knew that the spot had been often used for throwing
down waste refuse from a neighbouring house aud garden; and
as might readily have been expected, no descendants of my Tomato
were to be seen there the two autumns following. In the same
neighbourhood, I once saw the blue Nemophila quite abundant
in a corn field; and repeatedly I have seen stray examples of the
same favourite garden annual, in fields and on rubbish heaps.
But I am guiltless of making a formal record of it as a
“naturalised plant,” and arguing for “the propriety of including
it in the British Floras” for ever thereafter. Itis to be hoped
that the mention of the two plants here will not be pounced upon
as an excuse for adding them to the list of Surrey plants, to be
printed in any future Flora of the county. Not that I can myself
be held wholly innocent of book records for merely casual aliens;

ADDITIONAL LIST. 467

but my sins in that line have not gone so far as to encumber our
books with names and localities for evanescent plants seen as
single stragglers, or more numerously for a single season only.
Here, it is wished to notice those only which have already been
noticed elsewhere.

4. Eatincts.—This is a very small group, while limited to native
plants which are known to have become extinct; say, like Carex
Davalliana, in Somerset. When we take in also other plants
reported for localities at former times, but at present not found in
the places named, the group becomes enlarged; and no absolute
line of separation can then be traced between it and the temporary
casuals, on the one side, or between it and the errors, on the other
side. If a plant, otherwise not known as British, have been
reported in a place once only by a supposed eye-witness, and
cannot be again found in the same place when sought by others,
there would seem fair reason to suspect an error or misnomer by
the “eye-witness.” The alternative would be, to regard the
plant as a temporary casual on the spot indicated; while there
would still also remain a bare possibility of a real extinction of a
native plant, made no longer so. In this way, the small group of
extincts lapses into the two others, or stands with undefined
limits between them. Some truly English plants are gradually
decreasing in the number of their localities, and in their own
numbers in localities where they still linger. The Scirpus
parvulus, so small and easily overlooked, may not really have
been made extinct. Cypripedium Calceolus and Orchis hircina
still exist, though in great risk of extirpation by gardeners and
botanists. Potentilla rupestris is reported to be now (1869) very
rare in its only locality, on Craig Breiddin. It is doubtful whether
Eriophorum alpinwn is extinct or not so. Like the Hierochloe
borealis it may really turn up somewhere else in Scotland, away
from its one county of Forfarshire, where it was destroyed by
drainage. Professor Balfour’s alleged habitat of Sutherland
should belong to the category of errors, rather than to the present.
While some actual extinctions among plants are probable, both

468 IV. EXPLANATIONS OF THE

retrospective and prospective, the larger number of species no
longer findable in recorded localities, may have more truly
belonged to the list of errors, next to be mentioned.

5. Errors.—Unfortunately these are rather numerous. At
first thought, it might seem allowable and even more judicious to
let them drop out of notice altogether. An objection arises
against this course, in the difficulty of deciding which are certainly
errors, and which are only uncertainly so; these latter of course
linking the present category closely with the others. If a plant
cannot be found now in a locality formerly reported for it, there
is a more or less uncertain choice between declaring it a case of
extinction or a case of misnomer, as before intimated. Even the
preservation of specimens in herbaria is by no means always
satisfactory evidence, to warrant a decision in favour of extinction
as against error. If it were held so, we should be compelled to
accept the American Potentilla tridentata as having been a
‘genuine britisher’ up to a modern date, though found only by
George Don. And the same with several other plants, alleged
by Don to have been found wild in Scotland, and his specimens
of which still exist in herbaria. In some cases, too, we seem to
have better authority than Don, for the former finding of plants
on the northern mountains, which have subsequently been
sought there unsuccessfully. Examples of this occur in Veronica
fruticulosa, alleged to have been found in Scotland by Robert
Brown; and in Hieraciwm villosuin, alleged to have been picked
there by Thomas Drummond. Considering the wild character of
their reported habitats, and that wide spaces among the Highland
mountains remain still almost unexamined, we are scarcely yet
entitled absolutely to dismiss these plants unnoticed in any full
enumeration of plants British and possibly British. That the list
of Highland plants was not completed by our predecessors, has been
made quite clear by the first finding or first recording of some
of them in post-Donian times. Pseudathyrium alpestre, Sagina
nivalis, Astragalus alpinus, and other indisputably native plants
are among such recent additions to the Scottish flora.

ADDITIONAL LIST. 469

On the other side, if it be scarcely possible to trace a decided
line of separation between errors and extinctions, or between errors
and out-of-sight rarities, it is found equally impracticable to separate
the errors from the casuals. A local botanist, of little botanical
authority or experience, may report a non-british species, say, in
Somerset or Gloucester, in Argyle or Perth. How are other
botanists to know for certain whether he named his plant
correctly or misnamed it? The plant may have been misnamed,
or it may have been a rightly named casual, introduced with
ballast or merchandize and soon extinct there. Add to such
instances as these, the cases where the impositions of guides or
dealers have caused temporarily planted species to be actually
found, and their localities reported by indiscreet botanists; and
it will be admitted that too many errors (very probably such, at
best) must be allowed to remain in our lists of quasi-British
plants. Still, it would be well to begin the practice of dropping
them out of the regular lists in our General and Local Floras, by
committing them to an Appendix list, altogether apart from the
proper enumeration.

6. Ambiguities—This term is sufficiently ambiguous itself to
cover many cases which may fall more appropriately under one or
other of the preceding heads. As here used it may be held to
mean or include those doubtful plants which do not clearly fall
into the other groups. The ambiguity may attach either to the
plant itself, or to the fact of its existence wild in Britain. The
latter case is illustrated by Hutchinsia alpina. Some ground
has been shewn for admitting this true species among the
plants of Britain, but the evidence in support seems incomplete
or insufficient. The same may be held true of Jalva borealis
aud Thesium humile, which cannot certainly be assigned to
the category of errors, although not verified in the localities
reported for them. Alchemilla conjuncta is a more complicated
example. Though very similar to A. alpina, it has physiological
or climatal peculiarities to assist in keeping it apart, so that
as yet Professor Babington appears to have been quite warranted

A70 IV. EXPLANATIONS OF THE

in naming and describing it with the technical rank of
species. The ambiguity lies in the testimony to be accepted
in evidence of its alleged localities within Britain. Looking
to its habitats outside of Britain, there seems a geographical
probability in favour of this country; the species having
been found in Faroe and probably also on the Alps and
Pyrenees. Four different localities have been reported for it
within Britain. In a collection of “ British Plants” competing
for a prize at a flower-show, there was a living example of this
plant; but it was labelled “4. alpina—Wales.” Mr. J. E. Bow-
man was cited as the authority for conjuncta having been found
in Gatesgarth Pass or Dale, Cumberland; but he himself has
expressly declared that the plant he brought thence was alpina,
which remained unchanged in his garden; and Mr. Borrer
unsuccessfully sought the conjuncta in the locality named, finding
alpina there only. George Don distributed examples from the
Forfarshire hills ostensibly; but Don habitually sent garden
examples of supposed wild plants; so that his testimony alone
goes for nothing. Mr. A. O. Black also reported the plant from
Forfarshire, and shewed examples; but Mr. Black was convicted
of reporting a planted American shrub as if also a true native of
that county; so that, in relying on his testimony, we ought
equally to include the Diervilla canadensis among truly British
plants now and for ever. ‘Dr. Tyacke” is also stated to have
found the plant in Arran, an island frequently visited by botanists,
less fortunate than this Dr. Tyacke. If that habitat can be
verified by some second collector, it will remove 4. conjuncta from
the group of ambiguities into that of native segregates.

Tu other cases the ambiguity inheres in the plants themselves,
not in their localities; that is, the doubt being as to whether they
ever existed as quasi-species anywhere, except in the printed words
of their inventors. Through these instances, the ambiguities
pass by insensible gradations into the segregates. Professor
Babington described his Cerastium atrovirens and Cerastium
pedunculatum, with usual parade of technical words; grandiose
verbiage having a wonderful effect in decking petty varieties with

ADDITIONAL LIST. 471

the cloak of species. Further consideration of those supposed
species led their inventor to abandon them altogether, even as
varieties seemingly. Instead of making haste to encumber our
lists with false species, it would have been a wiser course first to
ascertain their validity, and then to name and describe them only
if warranted in doing so. Now, by the course taken, other
botanists are left in this ambiguous position:—Are we to treat
those two specific names simply us synonyms with tetrandrum, or
are we to deal with them as representing segregate plants of a
grade below species? Surely there must have been, and so still
must be, some differences to warrant a specific severance of them
from the ordinary C. tetrandrum ? Again, the Ranunculus flori-
bundus of the same botanist, the Hieracium nudicaule of Edmond-
ston, Pow polynoda of Parnell, with various other names in
printed books, may optionally represent either word-alone species
or very ambiguous segregates.

The plants to come within the following List are thus seen
to be so very miscellaneous in kind and in their claims to notice,
that no precise plan for treating their distribution can be made
successfully applicable to them; while they are so numerous that
strict brevity is indispensable. As a rule, occasionally to be
departed from, only three lines can be allowed to each plant; and
the first of the three will be required for the name, which ought
to stand alone for the sake of typographical clearness. The second
line will enumerate the provinces, as was done in the Synopsis;
aud in cases where the provincial nos. are very few, the full series
of intermediate blanks will be omitted; a little space being so
gained for a brief remark, the citation of an authority, or name
of a county, etc. The character of the plant in Britain will be
indicated in the third line, by one of the terms before explained ;
in the case of ‘Segregates’ the No. of the ‘ Aggregate,’ under
which they fall in the Synopsis, is substituted instead of the
categorical term. Many of the Alien plants and others were
commented upon at some length in the original Cybele Britannica ;
and as they cannot be so treated within the much less space

472 IV. EXPLANATIONS OF THE
allotted to them in the present Compendium, it seems desirable
to substitute references to that more extended work. Occasionally
it may be found desirable to add some few lines of comment or
explanation; but any such addition will be the exception rather
than the rule, or this Third Part would soon swell into a volume
of itself. Looking forward to the many plants which may be held
to claim some notice, however brief, eight or ten of them must be
brought on a page; such closeness necessarily implying a very
curt notice for each.

Records sufficiently in detail to show at least the county
distribution of each plant, whether native or introduced, are still
much to be desired. This subject was alluded to on page 119 of
the ‘Supplement to the Cybele Britannica.” The wish then
expressed is still felt, although the prospect of its accomplishment
becomes less with each year of delay; whilst the need of such a
topographical summary is yearly becoming more apparent. In the
absence of some such tabulated record, false statements are
continually made by provincial collectors, to the effect that some
given species had by them been discovered in some given county,
and is there recorded for the first time; although the fact may be,
that the same plant had been previously and even repeatedly
found and recorded for the same county by other botanists. Of
course, such false statements are simply exhibitions of halflearned
self-sufficiency, not intentional deceptions; but equally their
obvious tendency is to mislead other persons. Take an instance
in point, printed so recently as this present year of 1869 :—

In the Phytologist for 1844, page 650, a communication from
Mr. Alfred Knight, then of Cirencester, points out the distinctions
between Fragaria vesca and I’. elatior better perhaps than they
had been explained by any preceding English botanist. His
opportunity for comparing them together in the living state, was
found in the county of Gloucester and is thus stated ;—“I found
the two species growing together in Hail Bathurst's park in this
neighbourhood.” The Phytologist is a well-known repertorium of
facts in local botany; and the original series of that journal was
contributed to by many among the best English botanists at its

1. RANUNCULACES. 473

dates; and thus it is always consulted by writers on local botany.
Mr. Prentice includes the same strawberry in his list of plants
found in the neighbourhood of Cheltenham; whether Mr. Buck-
man has it also in his ‘ Botanical Guide,’ cannot be ascertained
here just now. At any rate, F’. elatior was reported in Gloucester-
shire long before this present year of 1869 and by botanists fairly
trustworthy. Nevertheless, in the Journal of Botany for July,
1869, we find the Fragaria elatior included in a short list of
“New Gloucestershire Plants, collected by Dr. St. Brody in 1868.”
From that one county alone, and by that self-same botanist, a
dozen or score of such easily contradicted asseverations about new-
ness might be adduced. Such misleading statements would
become utterly inexcusable in printed journals and other books, if
there existed some ready means for ascertaining whether any given
species had been already put on record for the county under con-
sideration. But while no tabulated records specially for counties
are available for consultation, there is some excuse for the
ignorance of the mis-announcement, even in one who thus vir-
tually announces himself thoroughly acquainted with the botanical
records for his county. Obviously a most thorough knowledge
must be first acquired, in order to warrant a printed assertion
by any one that ‘I alone, I by myself I, have found this
plant in this county.’

For the present, the less precise provincial enumerations in
this Compendium, with the help of the subordinate divisions in
the Supplement to the Cybele Britannica, seldom for single
counties, are the best tabulated summaries available in cases
where county floras or other more local lists do not yet exist
elsewhere. And although many blanks may remain to be
afterwards filled in, a continuance of the similar provincial nos.
through the following List will not be unuseful.

1. Ranuncunacexz.
Thalictrum (minus) maritimum, Eng. Bot. ed. 8.
Provinces ---4----- 10 11--1415-? And others also?
Synopsis no. 38. The provinces are here indicated exclusively on
the evidence of specimens in the herbarium of Mr. Boswell

3 P

A74 1, RANUNCULACER.

Syme. Not seeing the way to any clear separation between the

eu-minus of Syme (which includes the two sub-varieties mari-

tumum and montanum) and the flecuosum, I do not venture to

os _ the provincial nos. from my own herbarium ; still less from
ooks.

Thalictrum (minus) montanum, Eng. Bot. ed. 8.
Provinces 1---5-78-10---- ? From Syme herb.
Synopsis, no. 8. Somerset to York, possibly to Fife, etc.

Thalictrum (minus) flecuosum, Bernh.
Provinces 1--4--7--101112-1415 ?
Synopsis, no. 8. Cornwall to Kincardine; Syme herb. West
York; Baker North bot. Durham; Cheviotland; New flo.

Thalictrum (minus) Kochii, Fries.
Province 12. Damp places in the Lake district; Bab. man. ed. 5, 6.
Synopsis, no. 8. See pages 439—441 of this volume.

Thalictrum (minus) saxatile, Schleicher.
Provinces - - 8 4. North Essex; Gibson flo. Cambridge; Bab. flo.
Syn. no. 8. (Cheddar, Somerset. Disserth, Flint.]

Thalictrum majus, Sm. (not of Jacquin).
Provinces [1 234] 101112181415. York to Perth.
Ambiguity. Cyb.i.72. This may be regarded now as a spurious
species, made up from the larger examples of any of the preceding
segregates. Professor Babington holds it synonymous with his
flecuosum ; while My. Boswell Syme thinks this latter made up of
majus partly and of minus partly. See pages 438—441.

Thalictrum (flavum) spherocarpum, E. B. 3.
Provinces- ?? 45--8--?%? Camb. Heref. Derby; Eng. bot.
Syn. 4. This and the two succeeding segregates are unnoticed in
the ‘Manual of British Botany’; and thus they are yet scarcely
known among English botanists. Most of my herbarium examples
of T. flavum are in flower, not in fruit. According to the achenes
figured in ‘English Botany,’ plate 8, I have examples of this
segregate from South Hants, Middlesex, Essex, Durham, and
Westmoreland.

Thalictrum (flavum) riparium, “Jord.” E. B. 8.
Provinces - - 8------ 10. Surrey; Essex; York; Eng. bot.
Syn. 4. Middlesex; ‘Trimen & Dyer flo.

Thalictrum (flavum) Morisoni, EK. B. 3.

Provinces... ? :
Syn. 4. “'T. flavum, HE. B. 367, is quoted by Reichenbach, under

his figure of T. Morisoni”; Eng. bot. i. p. 9.
Anemone apennina, Linn.

Provinces 1-3 45----10---- 15. Devon to Banff.
Alien. Cyb. i. 75. Long established in Surrey.

1. RANUNCULACER, 475

Anemone ranunculoides, Linn.
Provinces --845--8-10. [1 Devon. 14 Berwick.]
Alien. Cyb.i. 75. iii. 378. iv. 87.

Ranunculus (aquatilis) peltatus, “Fries.” E. B. 3.
Provinces 12345---91011-18-15. Aberdeen?
Syn. 11. Including R. floribundus in part?

Ranunculus (peltatus) floribundus, “ Bab.” EH. B. 3.
Provinces- 2845---91011----15. England; Bab. man.
Syn. 11. Northward to Braemar, Aberdeen (‘ Bab. herb.”) Syme.

Ranunculus (peltatus ?) pseudo-fluitans, “ Newb.” HE. B. 8.
Provinces 1 2 3-5. Probably in other provinces.
Syn. 11. Pages 434—436 of this volume.

Ranunculus (aquatilis) heterophyllus, Auct.
Provinces all, or few, according to the use of the name.
Syn. 11. See pages 429—437 of this volume.

Ranunculus (aquatilis) Baudotii, E. B. 8.
Provinces 12345---91011--14-16.
Syn. 11. More or less including confusus, Godr.

Ranunculus (aquatilis) confusus, BE. B. 3.
Provinces 1234?6-- 1011-18 14. Partly R. Baudotii?
Syn. 11. England only; Bab. man. 1867. Edinburgh; Eng.
bot. 1863. It would seem that Professor Babington and Mr.
Boswell Syme assign the individual examples differently between
Baudotii and confusus ; and if these two leading British botanists
are thus in contradiction about the precise name applicable to the
Scottish specimens, it may fairly be supposed that a like un-
certainty must attach to the records made by less experienced
botanists. There is even wider inconsistency between the two in
regard to R. floribundus. In the first volume of English Botany,
with the title-page date of 1863, we are told by the Editor that a
specimen gathered by himself in Braemar, Aberdeenshire, “ stands
in Professor Babington’s herbarium as R. floribundus ;” yet in the
two last editions of the Manual. 1862 and 1867, the Professor
limits his foribundus to England exclusively. ‘he like contradic-
tion between them is shewn under the next two segregates. ‘ Who
must decide, when experts disagree?’

Ranunculus (pantothriz) Drouetii, Schultz.
Provinces 12845---91011--14. Edinburgh; Syme.
Syn.11. England; Scotland; Eng. bot. England only; Bab. man.

Ranunculus (pantothria) trichophyllus, Chaix.
Prov. 12845---91011 12-141516-18. Clydesdale flo.
Syn. 11. England; Scotland; Eng. bot. England only; Bab. man.

Ranunculus (trichophyllus) radians, “Rev.” Jour. Bot. no. 34.
Province 10. ‘Silverdale, Yorkshire”; Myr. Hiern.
Syn. 11. Said to be trichophyllus with floating leaves.

476 1. RANUNCULACER.

Ranunculus (fluitans) Bachii, “« Wirtgen.” E. B. 8.
Provinces ----5-------- 14. Glouc. Staff. Berwick.
Syn. 11, page 82. Simply as a variety even in Bab. man.

Ranuneulus (Ficaria) inewmbens, F. Schultz.
Provinces 1- 3-14. Likely to be found in other provinces.
Syn. 14. North Devon! Surrey! Near Edinburgh; Eng. bot.
The differences between this and the commoner divergens are
not more than are seen between individual examples of Caltha
palustris or of some other plants with cordate leaves.

Ranunculus (Flammula) reptans, Linn.

Province 15. And almost certainly elsewhere also.

Syn. 15. Cyb.i. 84. This may prove an instructive segregate
either to the ‘‘ splitters” or to the ‘‘lumpers ” of species. Whether
the reptans seen at Loch Leven, Kinross, be included or excluded,
still the extreme forms of F'lammula are so dissimilar that perhaps
no describing botanist would have ventured to unite them as
one single species, if only those extremes had been separately
brought from some different and distant countries, without the
intermediate links of connexion so plentifully found in this country.
Is the R. reptans but a short grade farther in the series ?—or, is it
a ver-species apart? After years of hesitation, Mr. Boswell Syme
has unintentionally induced me to answer the former alternative of
the query in the affirmative. In 1869 he kindly sends me a
plentiful supply of specimens from Loch Leven, the locality from
which my herbarium before included only a solitary example.
While it might be difficult to find a clear distinction between some
of Mr. Syme’s Scottish specimens and the Scandinavian examples
of ft. reptans, I deem it quite impossible to separate others of them
from examples of the plant called Flammula pseudo-reptans,
collected in other localities in Britain; notably so, from a series of
specimens collected at Coniston, in the Lake province, by Mr. A. G.
More, one of which is more filiform and reptant, than are several
of those from Loch Leven. As to the leaves, I have examples
from Surrey and other counties, with leaves inseparable from those
of Loch Leven either by shape or by size. On the whole, but
with only few Scandinavian examples to guide a decision, I think
the differences between the Scottish and Scandinavian specimens
rather stronger than are the differences between the Scottish and
English specimens. It is worth while to note a change between
the earlier and the more experienced views of Wahlenberg in
relation to &. reptans. In ‘Flora Lapponica’ he declared it so
unlike Flammula, that he deemed it nearer akin “affiniorem” to
R. hyperboreus. But fourteen years later, in ‘Flora Suecica,’ he
compares it with Flammula only, and writes of it “Itaque quan-
quam precedenti forsan nimium affinis, tamen est forma valde
memorabilis.”

1. RANUNCULACEE. 477

Ranunculus gramineus, Linn.
Province 7. Brought from North Wales, by Pritchard; With.
Error. Cyb.i. 85. The Rev. W. W. Newbould informs me that
there is a specimen of this plant in Withering’s herbarium,
received from Pritchard, but without locality stated.

Ranunculus alpestris, Linn.
Province 15. Clova mountains; G. Don, in Smith herb.
Error. Cyb. i. 82. Now generally excluded from our flora.

Ranunculus (acris) Steveni, E. B. 3.

Ranunculus (acris) vulgatus, Ditto.

Ranunculus (acris) rectus, Ditto.
Provinces. ..? The two first of these segregates are stated to be
“very common throughout the kingdom”; the third ‘on Loch-
nagar, Aberdeenshire, and probably in other places.” I have not
yet clearly understood them apart. Synopsis 19.

Caltha (palustris) minor, E. B. 8.

Provinces 12 - 14 15 16. In other provinces also.

Syn. 26. Cyb. i. 92. A series of intermediate, apparently
connecting, forms between the typical C. palustris and the widely
aberrant C. radicans ; some of which were certainly included under
the latter name by Smith and his cotemporaries, as is shewn by
the descriptions and the cited localities in ‘English Flora.’ The
four provinces enumerated above are those in which J have
gathered specimens, still kept in my herbarium ; and some of those
specimens seem more nearly allied to the C. radicans now under
culture in gardens, than to the ordinary wild form of C. palustris,
as seen in Surrey and elsewhere. ‘“ Guerangerti” is unknown
to me.

Caltha (palustris) radicans, Forster.
Province 15. In a ditch, Carse, Forfarshire, 1790; G. Don.
Syn. 26. Cyb. i. 92. In English Botany the Editor restricts
the name of radicans to the garden plants, representatives of the
ditch plant found by Don, as above indicated. The same name
has been applied by others to examples of Caltha in various
counties, even southwards to Dorset; and in this manner the topo-
graphical distribution is made into a question of nomenclature, or
a difference between Caltha radicans (limited) and Caltha radicans
(unlimited).

Erranthis hyemalis, Salisb. Helleborus, L.
Provinces -23-5--8-10---14. Sussex to Edinburgh.
Alien. Cyb.i. 98, iii. 876. Surrey! Notts! Derby! York!

Delphinium Consolida, Linn.
Provinces... ? No province certainly known for this.
Casual? Error? Reported from several provinces by name;
erroneously so in all or most of them. The plant which is seen

478 1*. BERBERACEX — 3. PAPAVERACER.

occasionally in English corn-fields, and in places where garden
refuse is cast, is the D. Ajacis, no. 32 in the Synopsis.

Paonia corallina, Retz.
Provinces 1- 5-10. Steep Holmes island, in Severn estuary.
Alien. Cyb.i. 99. iii. 378. “Bath. Bristol. Yorkshire.”

1*, BrERBERACER.

Epimedium alpinum, Linn.
Provinces 1 -------- 10-12-1415 16. Leigh woods, Somerset ?
Alien. Cyb.i. 392. York. Cumb. Westm. Fife. Mor. Dumb.

2. NYMPHEACES.

Nuphar (lutea) intermedia, “ Ledeb.”

Province 11. Chartner’s Lough, Northumberland.

Syn. 87. Cyb. i. 102. Formerly this was mistaken for iV.
pumila; which gave occasion to the report that the latter changed
into N. lutea in the garden. N. “ pumila,” rightly or erroneously
so named, has been recorded also for Dorset, Salop, Notts, and
Chester; counties from which I have not seen specimens. Rev.
M. J. Berkeley informed me that the plant of “Thorney Abbey,
Notts,” is not distinct from N. lutea. Possibly that one and those
from Salop and Chester may equally belong here. The county of
Dorset may be entirely erroneous.

3. PAPAVERACER.

Papaver (Rheas) strigosum, Boenn.
Provinces - 2 3------ 10. Probably in other provinces.
Syn.42. Seldom noticed in the local Floras.

Papaver (dubium) Lamottei, Boreau,
Provinces all? The ordinary P. dubiwm of England.
Syn. 41. “A common weed throughout Britain, more frequent in
Scotland than P. Rhceas, and reaching even to the Orkney and
Shetland Islands; ” Eng. bot. ed. 3.

Papaver (dubium) Lecogti, Lamotte.
Provinces 123456-------- 15. Fife; Syme cat. 1869.
Syn. 41. “Apparently much more local than P. Lamottei, and
preferring a caleareous soil; ” Eng. bot. ed. 3. Barely distinguish-
able from the other segregate? Mr. Boswell Syme thinks other-
wise, and elevates them to the grade of “sub-species.” Professor
Babington also treats them as two clear species.

Papaver somuiferum, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16. But some may belong to P. setigerum.
Casual. Cyb. i. 106. Some explanations seem required here, to

8*. FUMARIACEAE. 479

account for discrepancies of nomenclature. In English Botany,
edition third, this poppy is divided into two sub-species named
hortense and officinale. Two forms of it are found in our gardens,
and both are occasionally found sub-spontaneous; namely, one
having the peduncles hispid, the other having them glabrous. The
former is the more frequent casual, and it has usually single
flowers with narrower petals of a pale dull-purple colour. The
latter is the stock of the handsomer garden varieties; its single
flowers being often milk-white; it is represented in English
Botany, original edition, no. 2145. In the ‘London Catalogue of
British Plants,’ editions 5 and 6, the specific name setigerum was
used for the former, that of somniferum being kept for the latter.
In English Botauy, third edition, the name hortense includes both
these plants; that of officinale being given to a third segregate,
unknown to myself, but as the representative of which “ there is a
specimen in the British Museum from Battersea meadows,
collected by the late Mr. E. Forster.” P. setigerum (Godron, not
of De Candolle, fide Syme) is the colonist-casual of the corn-fields,
I believe; and P. somniferum (Lond. cat.) more usually that of
refuse heaps near gardens and river-sides.

Papaver setigerum, Godr.

Province -- 8. And elsewhere? See the preceding.

Casual. Jn Surrey, rarely. ‘‘ Abundant in corn-fields at Green-
hithe, Darenth, Cobham, and several other places in Kent, where
it seems as well established as the common red Poppies; but this
is the only county where I have seen it in the same places year
after year;” Eng. bot. ed. 3. On faith of Kent specimens from
Mr. Boswell Syme himself, that passage is assigned to the setigerum
specially. Too often I have myself neglected to collect herbarium
specimens of casual plants, assumed to be sufficiently known
at the time of seeing them alive in situ.

Glaucium violaceum, Linn. Reemeria hybrida, DC.
Provinces - 84. Cambridge. Norfolk. Surrey.
Casual. Cyb.i.109. Extinct in Norfolk. Once seen in Surrey.
Glaucium pheniceum, Orantz. G. corniculatum, Curt.
Provinces - 2384-10. ‘ Horned Poppy” of the gardens.
Casual. Cyb. i. 109. iii. 379. Jour. of Bot. iv. 149.

3%, FUMARIACE.

Corydalis lutea, DC.
Provinces 12345 6-89101112--15. On walls, etc.
Alien. Cyb.i.110. Well established in many places.
Corydalis solida, Sm.
Provinces - 23-5--891011 12.
Alien. Cyb.i. 110. iii. 379. An escape from gardens.

480 4, CRUCIFERAE.

Declytra formosa, DC. Corydalis formosa, Pursh.
Provinces - 10 11. Seamerdale, in 1859. Hulne Rocks, Alnwick.
Casual or Planted. Botany of N. Y. New Flora of N. D.

Fumaria (capreolata) pallidiflora, Jord.
Provinces 12--567-91011. South Somerset; E. B. 3.
Syn. 50. Devon. Somerset. Wight. Salop. Glam. Caern.

Fumaria (capreolata) Borai, Jord.
Provinces ? 23-5 6--9101112-1415--18.
Syn. 50. Probably common and generally distributed; Eng. Bot.
1,106. “Extremely like F. pallidiflora”; Ditto.

Fumaria (capreolata) confusa, Jord.
Provinces 1 2---67-910-19. Cornwall to Westmoreland.
Syn. 50. F. agraria, Bab. in Bot. Gaz.i. 61. ‘“F. Bastardi.”

Fumaria (capreolata) muralis, Sonder.
Provinces 12845-7-91011. Wight to Durham.
Syn. 50. Apparently rather rare; Eng. Bot. i. 108. ‘“ Very like
F. confusa, but the flowers are rather smaller”; Ditto.

Fumaria media, DC.
Provinces - 2 9-15. Dorset. Chester. Forfar.
Ambiguity. Perhaps this name may have intended I’. muralis
with us, as it certainly did in lists for Madeira and Azores; but it
has been applied variously to forms of aggregate capreolata and
also to luxuriant officinalis.

Fumaria spicata, Linn.
Province - 3. Kelvedon, Essex; E. G. Varenne!
Casual. Introduced with grass seed in 1852.

4, CRUCIFERA.

Bunias orientalis, Linn. ‘ Crambe orientalis,” Coll. Mor.
Provinces 3-15. Surrey! Middlesex; Dyer! Moray; Gordon!
Casual. Cyb.i. 115, from N.B.G. E. C. rep, 1866.

Isatis tinctoria, Linn.
Provinces 12845--89-1]--1415 16.
Casual. Cyb.i.117. Many counties; perhaps best established
near Guildford, in Surrey, where it has been seen several years in
large quantities.

Thlaspt (alpestre) sylvestre, Jord.
Provinces - 11-15. Durham. Northumberland. Forfar.
Syn. 62. One of the three segregates in Cumberland also.

Thlaspt (alpestre) oceitanum, Jord.

Provinces-7 10 11. Caernarvon. York. Durham.
Syn. 62. Bab. in Bot. Gaz.i.4. New Flora of N. D.

4. CRUCIFERS. 481

Thlaspi (alpestre) virens, Jord.
Province - 8. Derby; Mr. Joseph Whittaker !
Syn. 62. Bab. in Bot. Gaz.i.4. Eng. Bot. i. 206.

Hutchinsia alpina, Brown.
Province - 10. Ingleborough, Yorkshire; but very uncertain.
Ambiguity. See the Journal of Botany, i. 359.

Lepidium Draba, Linn.
Provinces 1-845 6-891011 12.
Casual. Cyb. i. 124. iii. 881. Journ. Bot. iii. 349.

Lepidium hirtum, Linn.
Province... ? LL. Smithii was intended under this name.
Error. “A plant in the Sloane herbarium, from the Welsh
mountains, may be L. hirtum, but has the pods broader and more
oval”; Eng. bot. i. 224.

Lepidium sativum, Linn.
Provinces 1 2 8 ete. On rubbish heaps. Not uncommon; E. B.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 817. A waif from cultivation.

Cochlearia (officinalis) alpina, Bab. Man.
Provinces - [2] ----7 ?- 101112 [13] 1516-18.
Syn. 72. Cyb.i 127. GC. groenlandica, With., ete.

Armoracia rusticana, Fl. Wett.
Provinces 1234567891011-138 14---18.
Alien. Cyb.i.129. iii. 381. Bot. Gaz. iii. 141. DeCand. Geog. 654.

Draba (verna) brachycarpa, BE. B. 8. D. preecox, Reich.

Provinces 1 2 8----- 910 11---15. 18 Orkney?

Syn. 79. It seems quite easy to distinguish this from D. eu-verna
in a book. The words, “pods once and a quarter to once anda
half as long as broad” and “ pods twice or more times as long as
broad,” read like a positive distinction. But this leaves only a
distinction of one-half in the width relatively to the length, and
I find in Surrey that variations of relative length from less than
twice to more than thrice are intermediately connected by gradual
transitions. I found, however, that some seeds of a short-podded
form, brought from sterile gravel in Surrey, produced only the
same short-podded form when sown in good garden mould. A
second descent was not tried by re-sowing with the seeds produced
in the garden; which would have been a better test.

Draba (verna) inflata, Hook.
Province - 15. Mid Perth. Also North-east York ?
Syn. 79. Has come up true in a garden, freely and repeatedly,
selfsown from seed originally brought from Breadalbane.
Camelina sativa, Orantz.
Provinces all, or nearly all, but nowhere permanent.
Casual. Cyb.i. 134. Often appearing among crops of flax, and
3Q

482 4, CRUCIFERZS.

oceasionally among clover and ryegrass. In English Botany,
edition third, it is distinguished into two sub-species, under names
of eu-sativa and fetida; the latter stated to be the more frequent
segregate.

Alyssum maritimum, Lam. Koniga maritima, Br.
Provinces 123456--9----- 15. A waif from gardens.
Casual. Cyb.i. 134. Partially established on south-west coast.

Alyssum calycinum, Linn.
Provinces 1284---891011--1415. Devon to Forfar.
Casual. Cyb. i. 185. iii. 882. Nowhere persistent?

Alyssum incanum, Linn. Berteroa incana, DC.
Province - 2. Dorset; Pulteney, 1766. Sussex; Borrer.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 8317. Bab. man. ed. 8. Eng. bot. i. 224.

Innaria biennis, Moench.
Province - 8.‘ Gerarde,” in Middlesex flora.
Casual. Occasionally on refuse heaps in Surrey, ete.

Vella annua, Linn.

Provinces - 23. Wilts; Lawson, in Ray Syn. Oxford; Gulliver cat.
Error in 2. Casual in 3. A specimen of this plant is in my
possession, labelled ‘‘ Richmond, Surrey, 1846, perfectly naturalised.
A. W. Mac Ivor. Ex herb. E. Edwards”; J. G. Baker, msc. It
is mentioned also among many other non-british plants in a list
appended to the Flora of Surrey, being foreigners which “have
evidently originated from the siftings and sweepings of corn from
the Distillery, situate at the Water-side, Wandsworth.” Many of
the same plants are further noticed in the Journal of Botany
iv. 149—150. In Gulliver's Catalogue of Banbury Plants the
Vella is said to be “not uncommon” there. Some error of name is
to be suspected in this case, as Mr. Beesley failed to find the plant
there. In English Botany, edition third, we are told on authority
of the Rev. W. W. Newbould, “that the plant which represents it
in the Sloane Herbarium is Reseda lutea.”

Rapistrum orientale, DC.
Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don, the sole authority.
Error? Oyb. i. 136. The “ Myagrum orientale” of Don’s list.

Neslia paniculata, Desv.

Provinces- 3-15. Kent. Surrey. Forfar?

Casual. Cyb. i. 186. The “Myagrum paniculatum” of Don’s
Forfarshire list. It has oceurred ‘‘on the beach, Sandown, by
Deal;” but a flour-mill stands close by. Also, has been found at
Mitcham and Wandsworth, probably introduced with corn for a
distillery, as recorded in the Journal of Botany, iv. 149. These
distillery plants are occasionally noticed in this Compendium, in
connexion with any other localities recorded for them; not so, if
hitherto found there only.

4, CRUCIFERS. 483

Cardamine (hirsuta) ev-hirsuta, Syme, E. B. 3.
Provinces all? Cornwall to Shetland, by the records.
Syn. 86. Cyb. i.188. iii. 817. My herbarium specimens of this
are from provinces 13891013815. See the next.

Cardamine (hirsuta) sylvatica, Link.

Provinces all? Devon to Hebrides by the records.

Syn. 86. Cyb.i. 180. iii. 818. Much confusion has occurred
between the localities for the two segregates of C. hirsuta; and
dissimilar as they may seem in their extreme forms, some of the
examples are so intermediate that they can hardly be assigned
with confidence to either one specially. My herbarium specimens
here positively assigned to the sylvatica are from provinces 1 2 3 5
811121516. Occasionally, this segregate has been mistaken
for C. impatiens.

Cardamine bellidifolia, Linn.
Provinces 1-5 -7-10. “Scotland; With. Herb.”
Error. Cyb.i. 140. Misnomers of Arabis stricta or hirsuta and
Cochlearia alpina ; Eng. bot. edit. 3.

Arabis (ciliata) hispida, Bab. Man. E. B. 3.

Province - 6. Lidstep, Pembroke; Bab. Man. ed. 6.

Syn. 92. Dr. Boswell Syme adds, “‘ And probably in other places
in the West of England, but overlooked on account of its resem-
blance to A. sagittata”; Eng. bot.i.167. George Don reported
Arabis ciliata as found in Forfarshire; see Gardiner’s Flora of
that county. In the ‘Manual’ this is placed as a variety of the
Trish Arabis ciliata, usually so named. In ‘ English Botany’ this
latter is made a sub-species of Arabis hirsuta; the other sub-
species being A. sagittata, DC., which is the usual plant of Britain,
known under our more familiar specific name of hirsuta.

Arabis Turrita, Linn.
Provinces- 845-15. Kent. Oxf. Camb. Warw. Kinross.
Alien. Cyb. i. 148. On old walls rarely. (The Arabis alpina has
been established many years, clinging in quantity on the outside
of a high garden wall, in Walton-on-Thames.)

Barbarea arcuata, Reich.

Provinces ?23845-7891011---15. All erroneous?
Ambiguity. Cyb.i.145. iii. $83. “I believe the English ‘ Bar-
barea arcuata’ a mere variety of B. vulgaris, whatever the foreign
one, which differs a little, may be”; W. Borrer, in letter of October,
1850. This opinion is so far borne out by comparing Mr. Borrer’s
garden plant with the wild examples sent to me labelled as
arcuata from Worcester, Warwick, York, and Cheviotland; the
wild examples being different, and apparently vulgaris.

484 4. CRUCIFERE.

Barbarea stricta, Andrz.
Provinces -23845----10--([18]. Mostly errors?
Casual? Oyb. i. 145. ili. 819. Hereford! York! Native in
Yorkshire, according to Mr. J. G. Baker.

Barbarea intermedia, Bor.

Provinces 1-3-910. Surrey. Chester. Lancaster. York.
Colonist or Casual. In cultivation the pods become longer and
spread away from the stem, much the same as they spread in
arcuata and some states of vulgaris. In the ‘Botany of North
Yorkshire’ Mr. Baker designates it a ‘ Colonist’; but he had seen
it only “in one place and that quite recently.” I brought a
specimen from the neighbourhood of Manchester in 1845, and it
has been frequently met with there since date. Reported also from
South Devon and Surrey; but I have seen no specimen really
of this from either county.

Barbarea precoxz, Brown.
Provinces 1234567891011 12 13 14.
Alien. Cyb.i. 146. Said to have become well established in the
Isle of Wight and about Bristol; but more usually it appears to
be only a casual waif from gardens.

Nasturtium (officinale) siifolium, Reich.
Provinces- 1415. Apparently rare; Eng. bot. i. 177.
Syn. 98. A luxuriant variety; a near approach to which, though
perhaps not quite identical, occurs about streamlets in Surrey; the
plants of these places having stems rising from a procumbent base,
not strictly “erect.”

Nasturtium (sylvestre) anceps, ‘‘ DC. non Reich.”
Provinces- 5 11-14, etc. Bab. man. editions 1,2; not in 3—6.
Syn. 100. Cyb.i. 148. Eng. bot. i. 180.

Sisymbrium polyceratium, Linn.
Provinces - 84. About Bury, Suffolk, introduced. Essex ?
Alien. Cyb. i. 152. iii. 384. Botanist’s Guide, page 557.

Sisymbrium austriacum, Jacq.
Provinces - 8-11. Hartlepool, Durham, in 1852; J. G. Baker.
Casual. Phytologist iv. 720. Flora of Surrey, app. 314.

Sisymbrium pannonicum, Jacq.
Provinces - 8-9. Crosby sand-hills, Lancashire; Fisher !
Casual. HE. C. report, 1862. Flora of Surrey, app. 314.

Erysimum virgatum, Roth.
Province 1. A weed near Bath; Bab. man. ed. 1.
Casual. Extinct? Cyb.i. 153. Phytologist i. 310.

Erysimum orientale, Br. Brassica orientalis, L.
Provinces 123456----11 1814. Devon to Renfrew.
Casual. Cyb. i. 154. Rep. Paisley P. 8. 1865. Berw. proc. 1869.

5. RESEDACEE. — G6. CISTACER. 485

Cheiranthus Cheiri, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. On old walls, ruins, etc.

Alien. Cyb.i. 155. iii. 109. Well established in some places.
Malcolmia maritima, Brown.

Provinces- 3-9. Kent. Chester. Surrey flo. app.

Casual. Cyb.i. 157. Waif from garden culture, etc.
Hesperis matronalis, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 16. Nowhere really permanent ?

Alien or Casual. Cyb.i.157. A waif from gardens.
Brassica Napus, Linn.

Provinces 1 to 15 -- 18; by name, but no reliable record.

Casual? Cyb. i. 160. iii. 885. No specimen seen by me.
Brassica Rapa, Lion.

Provinces 1 to 16; always a waif from culture.

Casual. Cyb. i. 160. iii. 885. Journal of Botany, vii. 846.
Erucastrum ineanum, Koch. Sinapis incana, L.

Provinces - 2 8. Sussex, Surrey flo. app.

Casual. Cyb. iii. 386. Jour. Bot. iv. 149. E.B.5. no. 2843.

Erucastrum Pollichii, Schimp. et Spenn.
Province - 8. Near Saffron Walden; Joshua Clarke.
Casual. Seemann’s Journal of Botany, ili. 169 & 221.

Sinapis Cheiranthus, Koch.
Provinces 1-11. [6. South Wales, by misnomer ?]
Casual. Cyb.i. 166. iii. 386. Apart from 8. monensis, in Syn. 122.
Enarthrocarpus lyratus, DC.
Provinces - 3-9. Surrey; Boswell Syme. Lancaster; Windsor.
Casual. HE. C. report, 1861. Surrey flo. app. 314.

5. RESEDACEE.

Reseda fruticulosa, Linn. Also R. alba, L.
Provinces 12345 6-89101112-14. From gardens.
Casual. Cyb.i. 170. 11. 887. One or other, as above.

Reseda Phyteuma, Linn.

Province - 10. Ballast-hills, Middlesborough, York.
Casual. Baker plt. crit. no. 2.

6. CIsTACER.

Helianthemum (vulgare) Surrejanum, Eng. bot. 1821.
Province - 8. Surrey; extinct, unless in gardens?
Syn. 128. Cyb.i.170. H. tomentoswm is another slight variety.
A third is distinguished by its large flowers.

486 7. VIOLACEA.

Helianthemum (canum) vineale, “Pers.” HE. B. 3.
Province - 10. On Cronkley Fell, Teesdale, N. W. York.
Syn. 130. Barely a variety, when series of specimens from
Cronkley Fell and other localities are examined together; the
distinctions becoming very slight, if any left at all.

Helianthemum guttatum, Linn.
Provinces 1---5-7. Somerset. Gloucester. Caernarvon.
Error. Cyb. i. 178. iii. 388. See H. Breweri, in Syn. 131.

Helianthemum ledifolium, Willd. C. salicifolius, Huds.
Province 1. Brean Down, Somerset; Hudson flo. ang.
Error. Cyb. i.172. [Correction :—At the foot of page 48, in the
Phytologist for 1848, the name of H. ledifolium was inadvertently
substituted for that of H. polifolium; thus making it appear, but
incorrectly, that specimens of this present species had been
received for distribution by the Botanical Society of London.]

7. VIOLACEA.

Viola biflora ? ?
Province - 10. Ambiguity. “A Viola (probably a variety of
palustris) with roundish kidney-shaped leaves and yellow flowers,
was found on the wolds near North Dalton, in the spring of 1834,
by Mr. Fenton of Londesbro’;” Baines Flora of Yorkshire, p. 14.

Viola epipsila, Ledeb.
Province - 18. North Uist, Scotland; Bab. man. ed. 2.
Ambiguity. Omitted from later editions of the ‘ Manual.’

Viola (odorata) purpurea, lilacina, alba, L.C. 6.
Provinces. Same as for the species ?
Syn. 188. Iam not prepared to shew the provincial distribution
of these apart; not having kept them so in my own notes, whether
original or copied. The lilac variety is less frequent, and passes
gradually to the white, as far as colour is concerned.

Viola (odorata) imberbis, Leighton.
Province - 5. Leighton, in Flora of Shropshire, p. 116.
Syn. 188. Cyb. i. 174—176. A sub-variety of alba?

Viola (hirta) calcarea, Bab. man.
Provinces - 2-4. Portland and Gogmagog hills; Bab. man. 6.
Syn. 134. A dwarf state, becoming larger in its progeny.

Viola (hirta) permicta, Jord. V. sepincola ?
Provinces 1- 3-10. Devon; Briggs! Surrey! York; Baker!
Syn. 134. Forms inconveniently intermediate between hirta and
odorata. Mr. Baker distributed the specimens from Beckdale,
Yorkshire, labelled interrogatively as V. sepincola of Jordan. Those
collected by Mr. Archer Briggs in South Devon, corresponding
with others found by myself near Hashing in Surrey, have been

7. VIOLACER. 487

labelled permiata. By their scentless flowers, pubescence, position
of stipules, and more divergent lobes of the leaf, they approximate
to hirta; by their elongate runners, some of them a foot long, they
approximate to odorata, although the rnnners root less freely, less
strawberry-like. Mr. Baker’s specimens from Beckdale appear to
me to be divisible between hirta and odorata, not strictly connective
of the two.

Viola (sylvatica) Riviniana, Reich.
Provinces all? The usual representative of V. canina, Sm.
Syn. 135. See pages 441—5, for explanations about this plant.

Viola (sylvatica) Reichenbachiana, Bor.
Provinces 12345----1011. Cornwall to Durham.
Syn. 185. Two sub-forms of this occur in Surrey.

Viola arenaria, DC.
Provinces - 1112. Durham. Westmoreland. Page 444.
Ambiguity. Eng. Bot. ii. 21, also 285. Jour. Bot. i. 825.

Viola stricta, Hornem.
Province - 4. Cambridge; Mr. Polwhele. Ireland; Prof. Babington.
Error. Phytologist iv. 424, 615, 649. Bab. Man. ed. 4.

Viola lepida, Jord. ‘ V. eu-tricolor”; fide Syme.
Province - 15. Glen Shee, Perthshire; J. G. Baker.
Ambiguity. E. C. report, 1862. Eng. Bot. ii. 27.

Viola (Curtisii) Forsteri, L. C. ed. 6.
Provinces 1-7. North Devon! Anglesea. Yellow-flowered.
Syn. 186. Cyb. i. 183. Cornwall? Caermarthen? Cumbrae?
By favour of Mrs. Russell, there are specimens in my herbarium,
collected by that Lady at the Land’s End, Cornwall, which I
cannot separate from luxuriant garden examples raised from seeds
of the diminutive Curtisit brought from Instow sands, North
Devon. And those specimens may be said to pass into the
mountain V. lutea, through a Tenby example labelled “lutea” by
Professor Babington. Curtisit and lutea thus apparently meet by
transition forms, although their opposite states seem so dissimilar
by the habit of the plants and the size of their flowers.

Viola (Curtisti) Mackaii, L. C. ed. 6.
Province - 9. Flowers party-coloured, purple and yellow.
Syn. 186. Cyb. i.182. M. Jordan identifies with Viola sabulosa,
Boreau, the pansy of the New Brighton Sand-hills, which seems
the same with that of Portmarnock Sand-hills, Dublin, called
‘ Curtisit’ by Mackay ; Exchange Club report, 1858.

Viola (Curtisti) Symei, Baker.
Provinces ?----? Cornwall? Glamorgan ?
Syn. 136. This is a variety of V. Curtisii found in Ireland. See
Eng. bot. ii. 27. Is the so-called V. lutea at the Land’s End in

488 8. DROSERACER. — 10. FRANKENIACES.

Cornwall, and Crumlyn Burrows in Glamorgan, the same with
variety Symei ?

Viola (lutea) hamulata, Baker.
Province - 10. Near Richmond, Yorkshire; Baker.
Syn. 186. Botany of N. Yorkshire, 207. E. C. rep. 1865.

8. DrRosERACEA.

Drosera (anglica) obovata, Mert.
Provinces- 15 17. Aberdeen. Sutherland.
Syn. 140. To my eyes this seems a very slight variety of anglica.
Dr. Boswell Syme holds it a hybrid between anglica and rotundi-
folia; which may be true of foreign specimens. The “only
British specimen of it” seen by Dr. Syme is in flower, not advanced
in fruit. See Eng. bot. i. 33.

9. PoLyGaLacea.

Polygala (vulgaris) eu-vulgaris, H. B. 8.
Provinces -- 3---7------ 1415. And doubtless elsewhere.
Syn. 141. Less common than P. depressa, which frequently
represents the aggregate P. vulgaris in the herbarium, and bears
that specific name in books.

Polygala (vulgaris) ciliata, Lebel.
Provinces -- 34. Surrey. Cambridge. And probably elsewhere.
Syn. 141. Apparently a spurious species, made up by specimens
of any segregate which has the enlarged sepals ciliated, a character
observed in eu-vulgaris and owyptera, and perhaps also in depressa.
E. C. reports, 1866 and 1867.

Polygala (vulgaris) oxyptera, Reich.
Provinces 1284-6--9101112. Cornwall to Man.
Syn. 141. Cyb. i186. Eng. bot. ii. 36.

Polygala (vulgaris) depressa, Wenderoth.
Provinces -284----91011--1415--18. General?
Syn. 141. The most frequent of the segregates, and probably to
be found in every province. See the remark under ew-vulgaris.

10. FRANKENIACE.

Frankenia pulverulenta, Linn.
Province - 2. Sussex; Brewer, in Dill. R. Syn. & Hudson.
Casual. Cyb.i.187. Brit. herb. Linn. Soc. fide D. Oliver.

12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 489

12. CARYOPHYLLACEZ.

Dianthus barbatus, Linn.
Provinces - 3-10-1314. Essex. York. Renfrew. Edinburgh.
Casual. Cyb.i.191. <A waif from garden culture.

Dianthus plumarius, Linn.
Provinces --345678-10----15. On walls, etc.
Alien. Cyb.i. 191. Several counties have been reported for this
under the erroneous name of Caryophyllus.

Dianthus Caryophyllus, Linn.
Province - - 8. Walls in Kent; originally planted there ?
Alien. Cyb.i. 191. See above under D. plumarius.

Dianthus (deltoides) glaucus, Linn.
Provinces- 3-10-14. Surrey. York. Edinburgh.
Syn. 150. Cyb. 1.192. (Cumberland; Hutton.]
Saponaria (officinalis) hybrida, Mill.
Provinces - 4-9. Northampton. Lancashire.
Syn. 151. “A curious variety, or rather monstrosity”; HE. B.i1. 53.

Saponaria Vaecaria, Linn.
Provinces -- 3-5 ----10----15. Kent to Moray.
Casual. Cyb.i.194. iii. 891. Among flax crops, corn siftings, etc.

Cucubulus bacciferus, Linn.
Province - 38. Middlesex. [7 Anglesea, by a misnomer.]
Alien. Cyb.i.194. Isle of Dogs, 18837—1853. Extinct?

Silene Armeria, Linn.
Provinces- 3-910. Surrey. Herts. Chester. York.
Casual. Oyb. i. 201. A waif from gardens, etc.

Silene quinquevulnera, Linn.

Provinces 1234-6---10. Anywhere native?

Casual. Cyb.i. 198. Perhaps this name has been applied alike
to casual waifs from garden culture and to native varieties of
S. anglica with more coloured and larger flowers. In province 6 it
was an imported casual, found ‘on ballast near the Custom House,
Llanelly”; jide Motley msc. And it is enumerated among the
foreign plants found near the Distillery at Wandsworth.

Silene (nutans) paradoxa, Sm.
Province - 8. On Dover cliffs, Kent.
Syn. 156. Cyb. i. 199. A form of nutans which has been
variously reported under the three names of italica, patens, and
paradoxa. Dr. Boswell Syme rightly declares that it “is not
distinguishable even as a variety”; that is to say, as imperfectly
distinguishable as many other plants which pass for varieties.

3R

490 12. CARYOPHYLLACER.

z Silene italica, Pers. 8. patens, E. B. supp.
ree -- 34. Kent. Cambridge. (Edinburgh, sown ?)
‘ ie Cyb. 1.200. It occurs along the side of the road
is cao and Darenth, apparently perfectly wild”; Eng.
Silene annulata, Thore,
Province 4. Near Bungay. Mr. D. Stock.
Casual. Introduced among the ‘Excluded’ plants of the London
Catalogue, on faith of Mr. Stock’s report that it was found “In
some plenty in a meadow half a mile from Bungay, about the year,
1845.” T have not seen any example of it. —
Silene alpestris, Jacq.
Province - 15. _ Forfar; “ G. Don, in Borrer Herb.”
Error? Cyb. i. 208. Specimens from Don are now distrusted.

Bufonia tenuifolia, Sm. B. annua, DC.
Provinces - 3-8. Middlesex. Lincoln.
Error. Cyb. i. 233. Middlesex flo. 52. Bot. Guide 387.

Sagina (maritima) alpina, E. B. 3.
Province - 16. Summit of Ben Nevis; G. Don.
Syn. 167. Apparently not found by any living botanist; and the
summit of Ben Nevis is almost destitute of phenogamous plants.

Sagina (maritima) genuina & debilis; E. B. 8.
Provinces...? As on page 117? “ Rather common.”
Syn. 167. <A third variety, under name of “densa, Jord.”, dis-
tinguished by stouter stems and shorter internodes, is mentioned
in English Botany, ii. 117; and is said to be found “at Christ-
church, Hants, and Wisbeach, Cambridgeshire.” I do not under-
stand these three segregates apart from each other.

Sagina pilifera, Fenzl. Spergula pilifera, DC.
Province - 15. Hill of Moncerieffe, Perth; Mr. John Sim.
Planted Alien. Supplement to Cyb. Brit. p. 38, for particulars.

Spergula (arvensis) pentandra, Sm. (not of Linn.)
Provinces - 4-9. Bedford. Lancaster. Elsewhere ?
Syn. 172. 8. arvensis var: vulgaris; Eng. Bot. ii. 127.

Spergularia (marina) neglecta, E. B. 38.
Provinces 1284567891011 12----- 18.
Syn. 174. yb. iii. 394. Including also var. media & salina.

Spergularia (marina) marginata, E. B. 8.
Provinces 12----7-9-I11------ 18. And others?
Syn. 174. Perhaps this is general along the coasts.
Spergularia (marina) rupestris, “ Lebel (non Camb.)”
Provinces 1 2----7-9--12. Probably elsewhere.
Syn. 174. Lepigonum rupicola, of Bab. man.

12. CARYOPHYLLACER. 491

Arenaria montana, Linn.
Province - 8. Wimbledon Common, Surrey, 1858, 1865.
Alien. Prof. W. T. Dyer, in E. C. report 1865.

Arenaria (serpyllifolia) Lloydii, Jord.
Provinces 123-1011. Corn. Wight. Kent. York? Durham?
Syn. 178. A contracted form, growing on stony or sandy soils
exposed to sea winds. I cannot separate Mr. Lloyd’s own French
specimens from those of our southern coasts, notably, of the Isle
of Wight; and seeds of these latter, sown in an inland garden,
produced plants scarcely distinguishable from the forms usually
seen in fields and by road-sides. York and Durham are quoted
from the Exchange Club report for 1861; but whether the
examples from those counties are the same with those of the
southern coasts, I am not prepared to say.

Arenaria (serpyllifolia) leptoclados, Guss.

Provinces 12345--891011. Scotland?

Syn. 178. An opposite state to Lioydii; being distinguished by
slenderness and diffuseness, with small capsules, narrower sepals,
etc. Dr. Boswell Syme remarks that the extreme forms of this
and sph@rocarpa (the type form) are widely different, ‘« but so many
specimens have come under my notice which cannot be satisfactorily
assigned either to the one or to the other, that it seems to me
better to consider them as varieties than to admit them as sub-
species”; Eng. bot. ii. 103. Certainly, some good English
botanists label specimens by the name ‘ leptoclados’ which appear
to my own eyes to be inseparable from ordinary serpyllifolia.

Arenaria (verna) Gerardi, Willd.
Province 1. The Lizard, West Cornwall. The only county?
Syn. 180. Cyb.i. 219. This form alone in Cornwall?

Arenaria laricifolia, Lightf. (not of Linn.)
Province - 15. Castle hill, near Forfar; Lightf. Scot.
Error. The plant intended was A. verna.

Arenaria fastigiata, Sm.
Province - 15. Forfar; Fife; G. Don.
Error? Cyb. i. 220. Dr. Arnott intimated in the British Flora
that he was in possession of Clova specimens “from Drummond as
well as Don.” But Drummond may have got them from Don or
from Don's garden. And Dr. Arnott himself suggests, under
the head of Carex hordeiformis, that Drummond did distribute
specimens from Don’s garden, as if collected elsewhere and wild.

Stellaria (media) Boreana, Jord. & 8. neglecta, Weihe.
Provinces - 2-10. ‘Isle of Wight and Yorkshire ;” Eng. bot. il. 95.
Syn. 185. Two forms of chickweed learnedly named.

Stellaria (media) umbrosa, “ Opitz.” Bab. man.

Provinces 123-10. Kent; Ed. Edwards, 1846.

492 12. CARYOPHYLLACES.

Syn. 185. Dr. Boswell Syme remarks of this, most probably a
sub-species, as the seeds are different in colour and sculpture,”
from those of the two other chickweeds above noticed. I raised
this by seed taken from the Kentish specimens of Mr. Edwards.
The characters of glabrous sepals and pedicels, with larger and
somewhat paler seeds, were repeated in the garden seedlings. The
other characters of “long slender peduncles” and “ acuminated
leaves” are occasionally seen on examples of media with hairy
sepals; thus, are not distinctive.

Stellaria (graminea) Babingtonii, Deakin. 7
Province...? “Flor. Brit. 1i. 643, £7385”; Bab. man. ed. 2.
Syn. 188. Cyb. i, 224. Omitted from later editions of Bab. man.

Stellaria scapigera, Willd.
Provinces - 15 16. Perth; Inverness; G. Don, in Eng. Flo.
Ambiguity. Cyb.i. 225. According to Dr. Boswell Syme this
is “apparently a monstrosity of S. graminea”; whereas Professor
Babington “can scarcely believe that this is a state of S. graminea.”
Professor Arnott says that its seeds produce S. graminea.

Cerastium (triviale) holosteoides, F yes.
Prov. - 11-15. Durham; Mr. Baker! Northumbrl.; Mr. Storey!
Syn. 193. Also in Perth, according to the ‘ Manual.’

Cerastium pumilum, Curtis.
Provinces 12345-[7-11 15]. Wight! Gloucester!
Ambiguity. Cyb. i. 229. To my apprehension this remains still
an ambiguous species. Is Professor Arnott right in referring it to
triviale ?

Cerastium (tetrandrum) atrovirens, Bab.

Provinces all. Isle of Wight; Bromfield. Shetland; Edm flo.
Syn. 194%. Cyb. 1, 228. iii. 328. Mag. Zool. Bot. ii. 201.
Scarcely more than a synonym of C. tetrandrum; but having been
elaborately described as a novel and genuine species, it cannot well
be left out of a miscellaneous list in which even segregated varieties
are generally noticed. The like remark may be applied to the
next also. See pages 470—1.

Cerastium (tetrandrum) pedunculatum, Bab.
Provinces - 2 3. Isle of Wight and Essex; Bab. ]. c. infra.
Syn. 194%. Cyb. i. 228. i. 328. Mag. zool. & bot. ii. 200.

Cerastium (latifolium ?) nigrescens, Edm.
Province - 18. Shetland; Edmondston flo. 29—80.
No. 197. Cyb. i. 233. iii. 397. I am not able clearly to dis-
tinguish apart the other two forms of C. latifolium in English
Botany; namely, the Smithii and compactum.

138. LinacEm. — 15. TILIACER. A)3

18. Linacza.

Linum usitatissimum, Linn.
Provinces any. Sown as a crop, or casually among clover.
Casual. Cyb. i. 285. Occasionally scattered by bird-catchers.

14. Matvacea.

Malva borealis, Wallm. M. pusilla, Sm.
Provinces -- 3--6. Hythe, Kent. Cardiff, Glamorgan.
Ambiguity. Cyb.i.240. Ray syn. 271. Eng. bot. ed. 1, no. 241.
More like parviflora, than rotundifolia, although it is usually
compared with the latter.

Malva parviflora, Linn.
Provinces -- 3 - ? Journ. Bot. iv. 149. Midx. flo. Kent; Syme!
Casual. ‘‘ Meadows, Gloucester.” Not a pratal plant.

Malva verticillata, Linn.
Province - 6. Corn-fields, Llanelly, Caermarthen ; Motley !
Casual. Cyb. iii. 829. Phytol. i. 973. HE. B. supp. 2953.

Malva nicensis, All.
Province - 8. Surrey; Mr. Thomas Moore!
Casual. Cyb. iii. 329. Surrey flo. app. 314.

Malwa crispa, Linu.
Province - 8. Surrey, on refuse heaps. Middlesex flo. 61.
Casual. Occasionally kept in gardens, for table decoration.

Malva Alcea, Linn.
Provinces - 5 - 8. Warwick. Leicester. Notts.
Error. Cyb. i. 240. Misnomer for M. moschata ?

Althea hirsuta, Linn.
Province - 8. Near Cuxton, Kent. Surrey flo. app.
Alien. Cyb. i. 241. Established many years in the Kent locality.

Lavatera Olbia, Linn.
Province -3. Essex; H. Doubleday, in Phytol. 1842. Surrey flo. app.
Casual. Cyb. i. 242. (L. punctata has been found as a chance
waif in a quarry at Northampton, along with Datura Stramonium.
It is also enumerated in the Appendix to the Flora of Surrey.)

15. TILracEs.

Tilia intermedia, DC. T. europea, Anglor.
Provinces 1 to 16. Always a planted tree.
Alien, Cyb.i. 244. Apart from misnomers of Tilia grandifolia
(which is satisfactorily distinct) this may be simply a cultivated
variety, or set of varieties, of 7’. parvifolia.

AOL 16. HYPERICACER. — 17. ACERACES.

16. Hyprricaces.

Hypericum (dubium) maculatum, Bab. man.
Provinces 1 to 16; according to the use of the name.
Syn. 216. Cyb. i. 247. See pages 447—S of this volume.

Hypericum hircinum, Linn.
Provinces --3456--9----- 15. Surrey to Stirling.
Alien. Springs freely from fallen seed, and creeps much at the
root where planted about shrubberies, etc.

Hypericum elatum, Ait. H. anglicum, Bab. man.
Provinces 1--4-------- 13-15 16. Cornwall to Argyle.
Alien. Cyb. iii. 3380. Not H. grandifolium, Choisy? Somewhat
impatient of severe frost in Surrey gardens, and killed to the ground
in winters of unusual severity. The fruit is dry, quite dissimilar
from that of Androsemum, as is the whole plant; and yet they
have somehow become confused together.

Hypericum barbatum, Jacq.

Province - 15. Perth; G. Don, sole authority.

Ambiguity. A garden plant? Cyb.i. 254. In English Flora
Smith accepts this as a true native, and without a word of doubt;
attributing it to “ bushy places in Scotland,” as though there were
any number of localities for it in addition to the one specially men-
tioned, ‘“‘ by the side of a hedge,” in Strath Earn. Smith was too
exclusively a botanist of the study, not of living nature in the
wilds, to warrant any reliance on his decisions about the genuine
nativity, or otherwise, of plants in Britain. And yet not alone
foreign botanists (excusably) but even some English botanists
(inexcusably) cite him as an authority whose decisions are to be
received and abided by.

Hypericum calycinum, Linn.
Provinces 12345 6-89 101112 13.
Alien. Cyb.i. 253. Much planted in shrubberies and on banks;
where it readily spreads by its creeping rootstocks; thus mis-
leading the inexperienced botanist to suppose it native in this
country.

17. AcERACES.

Acer Pseudo-platanus, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16. Much planted, and springing freely from seeds.
Alien. Cyb.i. 255. ii1.400. Described as a ‘ Denizen’ in Baker's
Botany of North Yorkshire; but given as an ‘ Alien’ by the same
botanist in the New Flora of Northumberland and Durham,

18. GERANIACER. AVS

18. GERANIACER.

Erodium (cicutarium) cherophyllum, DC.
Province -- 8. Surrey, and probably elsewhere,
Syn. 228. Scarcely separable from the ordinary state of E. cicu-
taritum. The special notice of this variation in English Botany,
third edition, is my only warrant for a special notice of it here;
and the Editor himself said that “the transition between the two
seems to be gradual.” In the ‘Manual of British Botany,’ as in
the ‘English Flora’ also, three subforms are mentioned. But
Babington’s three do not exactly correspond with Smith's three,
nor of course can they do so with Syme’s two.

Erodium littoreum, Willd.
Province - 3. Middlesex Flora, quoting “Irv. H. B. P. 752.”
Casual. Near the Chelsea old water-works, Pimlico.

Geranium pheum, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15 - - [18]. Has been seen in many counties.
Alien. Oyb. i. 259. iii.400. Included in Edmondston’s Flora of
Shetland ; but too likely only a garden plant there.

Geranium striatum, Linn.
Province 1 6-10. [12. Cumberland.]
Alien. Cyb. i. 258. Said to be well established in Cornwall.

Geranium angulatum, Curtis.
Province - 12. Cumberland, as pretended by a Lake guide.
Ambiguity. Cyb. i. 259. Phytologist ii, 430.

Geranium nodosum, Linn.
Provinces - 8-10-12-14. Herts. York. Cumberland. ‘ Tweed.”
Alien. Cyb. i. 259. iii. 401. The subject of several errors, and
perhaps of one wilful imposition.

Geranium macrorhizum ?

Province - 10. Washerlane, near Halifax; S. Gibson.
Ambiguity. This was recorded in the ‘New Botanist’s Guide’
under the name of “ G. nodosum ;’’ its locality being misread into
Waterham. In Phytologist 1. 556, Mr. Gibson denies it as
nodosum and declares it pyrenaicum; which latter name certainly
is given on its label in Mr. Gibson’s own handwriting. The
specimen is a mere scrap, the top of a flowering stem or branch,
and assuredly wide away from G. pyrenaicum. It may perchance
be the old garden flower, as above named; the fragment itself
perhaps picked in a garden. But ‘ Washerlane” might be examined
by a resident botanist.

Geranium (molle) innominatum, Lond. Cat. ed. 6.
Provinces - 8, etc. This means a “nameless” variety. There are
two forms or states of the species, differing much in pubescence,

496 19, BALSAMINACER. — 21. CELASTRACER.

and slightly in other characters; but they remain for further
observation.

Geranium (Robertianum) purpureum, Forster.
Provinces 1234-67. Cornwall to Suffolk.
Syn. 239. COyb. i. 266. iii. 402. (What is the variety “ pin-
guescens,” on Holy Island, recorded in Johnston’s Flora of the
Eastern Borders, but not mentioned in the New Flora of Nor-
thumberland and Durham ?)

Geranium (Robertianum) modestum, Jord.
Province 1. ‘ Torquay; Mr. C. Eyre Parker”; E. B. ii. 204.
Syn. 239. Unknown to myself, apart from the type or other var.

Geranium (sanguineum) lancastriense, With.
Province - 12. Walney Isle, Lake Lancashire.
Syn. 240. Cyb. i. 267. Borrer in Phytol. ii. 430. Page 464.

19. BALSAMINACES,

Impatiens fulva, Nutt.
Provinces - 23. Sussex; Miss Carr! Surrey! Midx. flo. 71.
Alien. Cyb. i. 268. Thoroughly established by the river Wey
and Basingstoke Canal, Surrey, and in several places about the
Thames.

Impatiens parviflora, DC.
Provinces -- 8 4. Surrey. Middlesex. Oxford. Cambridge.
Casual. Likely to become an established weed.

20. OXALIDACER.

Oxalis corniculata, Linn.
Provinces 123-5------- 13 15. Several counties.
Alien or Casual. Cyb. i. 271. iii. 402. Alph. De Cand. geog.
bot. 660. Thought to have originally migrated from Asia into
Europe. Although the first recorded, it is now less frequent than
O. stricta within Britain; which latter is perhaps still occasionally
mistaken for the present.

Oealis stricta, Linn.
Provinces 123-5---9. Several counties.
Alien or Casual. Cyb.i. 272. iii. 4038. Alph. DC. geog. bot. 724.
Thought to have immigrated from America. See the preceding.

21. CELASTRACES.

Staphylea pinnata, Linn.
Provinces -- 8---7-91011 12 18 14.
Alien. Cyb. i. 278. iii. 404. Nowhere permanent?

23. LEGUMINIFER@. A97

23. LeGUMINIFERA.

Sarothamnus (scoparius) prostratus, Bailey.
Province 1. West Cornwall; Charles Bailey.
Syn. 248. Described in the Manchester Phil. Trans.

Ulex (nanus) eu-nanus, Syme, E. B. 8.
Provinces 1 2 8. And probably in 4 to 6 or 8.
Syn. 250. Distribution ill ascertained apart from “anus.”

Ulew (nanus) Gallii, Planchon.
Provinces 123 ? 5678910111213. Cornwall to Apr.
Syn. 250. Cyb. iii. 830. Chiefly in the western counties.

“ Ulea strictus, Lindley.”
Provinces 1 2. Cornwall and Devon; Hore, in Phyt. i. 162.
Error? Sussex; F. A. Malleson, in Gardener’s Chronicle?

Genista (tinctoria) humifusa, “ Dickson.”
Province 1. Kynance Cove, Lizard, Cornwall.
Syn. 251. “ Between Caerthilian and the Lizard Lights”; C. Bailey.

Ononis reclinata, Linn.
Provinces - 2-13. Mull of Galloway; Graham, 1835.
Casual? Cyb. i. 282. Devon, 1865; “Mr. E. Holmes,’”— as
reported in the Journal of Botany vi. 51; but erroneously referred
to Dorset in the Index of same.

Ononis ramosissima, Desf.
Province - 15. Ballast.heaps, Fife; Graham excurs. 1835.
Casual. Cyb. i. 282. In 1834, and only once found ?

Anthyllis (vulneraria) Dillenii, Schultz.
Provinces 1----67. Corn. Dev. Glam. Pemb. Angl.
Syn. 257. ‘May be a distinct sub-species”; HE. B. iii. 20.

Medicago sativa, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Many counties; but usually temporary.
Casual or Alien. Cyb. i. 283. Frequently sown as food for
cattle; and occasionally found to linger awhile in fields, perhaps
more especially in dry ground near the coast.

Medicago (falcata ?) sylvestris, Fries.
Province - 4. Suffolk. Norfolk. Cambridge. Also Cheshire?
Syn. 259. Cyb. iii. 831. Cambr. flo. 53. Eng. bot. iii. 28.

Medicago (denticulata) apiculata, Willd.
Provinces 5 1011-15. Hereford. York. Durham? Fife?
Syn. 262. The examples from Ross, Hereford (Purchas!) and
Scarborough, Yorkshire (Bean !) have short straight spines; those
from Hebburn ballast-hills (Storey !) and Charlestown, Fife (Syme ')
are without spines, though the prominent nerves of the pod do
make a sort of marginal tubercles.

3s

498 23. LEGUMINIFERE.

Medicago muricata, All.
Province - 4. Said to have grown at Orford, Suffolk.
Extinct, if not Error. Cyb. i. 287. Bab. man. 71. “ The Rev.
W. W. Newbould informs me that Ray’s plant was denticulata, on
the faith of the specimens in the old herbaria”; Eng. bot. iti. 112.

Melilotus arvensis, Wally.
Provinces 1238456--91011-18 15.
Casual or Alien. Cyb. iii. 882. Among crops, and on ballast, ete.
This seems likely to become established as something more than a
Casual, although unnoticed by Smith or Hooker (edition 5) and
even in the earlier editions of the ‘ Manual.’

Melilotus parviflora, Linn.
Provinces- 3-5-9. Sur. Mid. Glouc. Ches. Lane.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 332. (Some other species are mentioned in the
Middlesex Flora and Appendix to the Flora of Surrey; namely,
sulcata, messanensis, cerulea. The second of these also in the New
Flora of Liverpool.)

Trigonella Fenum-grecum, Linn.
Provinces - 3-9. New roads; New Flora of Liverpool.
Casual. E. C. report 1861. Surrey flo. app. 816. (In the Journal
of Botany, iv. 149, Trigonella laciniata is enumerated among various
exotics introduced at Mitcham, in Surrey, through corn imported for
a Distillery at Wandsworth.)

Trifolium incarnatum, Linn.
Provinces any. Where sown, and left as a strageler.
Casual. Cyb. i. 294. In the sown fields this occurs occasionally
with pale yellowish flowers; yet is then hardly the same with
T. Molinerii.

Trifolium hybridum, Linn. Also T. elegans, Savi?
Provinces any. As a waif or relict of sown crops.
Casual. Cyb. ili. 332. Frequently sown of late. The T. elegans
of English botanists, whether or not that of Savi also, seems to be
just the same thing with the hybridum under rather different
conditions of growth.

Trifolium stellatum, Linn.
Province - 2. Sussex, established on old ballast heaps.
Alien. Cyb.i. 297. [Som. Kent. Essex. Glouc.]

Trifolium resupinatum, Linn.
Provinces - 23-5 6--9. Cornwall to Liverpool.
Casual. Cyb. i. 801, iti. 409. Nowhere permanent.

Trifolium patens, Schreb.
Province - 8. Leicestershire; Rev. W. H. Coleman.
Casual. Particulars in Phytologist, iv. 1100.

23. LEGUMINIFERZ. 499

Trifolium agrarium, Linn.
Provinces - 3-11-15. Sown with grass or clover seed.
Casual. Eng. bot. iii.61. “This species has been seen lately
in many parts of England in forage fields laid down with imported
seeds”; New Flora of Northumberland and Durham.

Ornithopus compressus, Linn.
Province - 9. Cheshire; F. M. Webb, in E. C. report 1861.
Casual. Ballast heaps by the Birkenhead Docks; New Flora of
Liverpool, page 45.

Scorpiurus subvillosus, Linn.
Province - 8. Surrey; G. Lawson, in Phytol. iv. 461.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 8385. Field near Wandsworth Rail Station.

Coronilla varia, Linn.

Provinces 1 2-4 -9- 12.

Casual. Cyb. i. 331. Dr. Bromfield tried to force this plant into
the lists of British natives, on very unsatisfactory evidence wordily
set forth in the Magazine of Nat. Hist. ix. 604. Two extracts
from letters written by the late W. L. Notcutt will help to shew
the worthlessness of such hearsay evidence. ‘It was gathered last
year, I am informed, plentifully wild about four miles from Faken-
ham”; Letter of September 17,1849. Again, a fortnight later,
“T went to Bagthorpe, the station for Coronilla varia, last week ;
and though it looked wild at first, on inquiry I found that it had
been planted there; the person who had planted it acknowledged
this to me”; Same, October 1, 1849. Dr. Bromfield habitually
tried to make out a case in support of nativity, much as though he
were an advocate retained to support a side, nght or wrong. Mr.
Notcutt endeavoured to find out the truth. It will be well for
future botanists to know of such differences between those of our
own time. I should myself have been spared much trouble, and
been saved from several false conclusions, if earlier put on my guard
with respect to the trusty or untrusty peculiarities of botanists who
flourished before (say) 1800 or even 1825.

Vicia villosa, Linn.
Provinces - 5-10. Gloucester. North-east York.
Casual. HE. C. reports for 1867 and 1868.

Vicia varia, Host.
Province - 10. North-east York, 1861; Mr. W. Foggitt.
Casual. Botany of N. Y. p. 222. Same as the preceding ?

Vicia (angustifolia) Bobartii, Forster.
Provinces - 8-15. Essex. Middlesex. Oxford. Fife. Elsewhere.
Syn. 298. Common and generally distributed in England, more
rare in Scotland; Eng. bot. iii. 98. A small state of V. angusti-
folia, not kept apart in my own notes of localities; nor, indeed, do
1 know where to trace the line of severance between angustifolia

500 24, ROSACES.

and Bobartit. ‘The two varieties pass insensibly into each other,
and intermediates often occur”; Eng. bot. 1. c.
Vicia hybrida, Linn.
Provinces 1-8. Somerset. Lincoln. Extinct?
Ambiguity. Cyb.i.319. <A variety of V. lutea?

Vicia levigata, Sm.
Province - 2. Portland Isle, Dorset; Cullum.
Ambiguity. Not found of late on Portland Isle.

Vicia pannonica, Jacq. var purpurascens, DC.
Province 1. South Devon; Mr. Briggs, E. C. report 1866.
Casual. ‘‘ Weed in a garden, Honicknowle.”

Ervum Monanthos, Linn.
Province- 11. Allenheads; New Flora of Northumberland.
Casual. Among cultivated Vicia sativa, July, 1865.
Ervun Ervilla, Linn.
Province 1. Somerset; Bab. man. ed. 3.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 8336. Omitted from Man. ed. 4.

Lathyrus latifolius, Linn.
Provinces 123845-7--10-12131415. Partly errors?
Alien. Cyb.i.327. In several counties, originating from gardens ;
but simply misnomers of L. sylvestris in others.

Lathyrus (maritimus) acutifolius, Bab.
Province - 18. Shetland; Edmondston’s Flora.
Syn. 311. A slight variation or starved state of the species.

Orobus (tuberosus) tenuifolius, Roth.
Provinces 123-5-7891011 12-1415.
Syn. 812. Cyb. i. 828. Widely dissimilar as the extremes are,
leading some botanists to hold this variety distinct specifically from
the type, the one form quite gradually passes to the other by
intermediate variations.

24, Rosaces.

Prunus domestica, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16. As recorded, with exception of province 6.
Alien? Cyb. 1.330. Never truly wild; but whether an imported
tree, or a gradual improvement of the wild bullace (or even sloe)
seems an unsettled question. Professor Alphonse De Candolle
considers the bullace and plum both as being wild species, natives
of Caucasus and other Hastern lands; the bullace perhaps also of
Europe. See Geogr. Bot. 878, 986.

Spirea salicifolia, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Chiefly in Wales and Scotland.
Alien. Cyb. i. 835. Much planted; long lasting.

24, ROSACER, 501

Aremonia agrimonioides, DC.
Provinces - 10-15. York; Gissing flo. Perth; E. C. rep. 1858.
Alien. Not noticed before 1856 ; fide E. B. iii. 260.

Potentilla norvegica, Linn.
Provinces - 45. Norfolk. Gloucester.
Casual. Journal of Botany, vi. 802. E. C. rep. 1868.

Potentilla hirta, Linn.
Provinces- 3 7-15. Surrey. Merioneth. Perth.
Casual. Casual in Surrey. Planted in Perth? (P. recta, Linn.
Mitcham Station, Surrey; Jour. bot. iv. 150.)

Potentilla opaca, Sm. “ P. intermedia, Nestl.”
Province - 15. Perth and Forfar; G. Don only.
Error. Cyb.i. 345. Possibly in Merionethshire.

Potentilla (reptans ?) mixta, Nolte.
Province - 2. Near Valebridge, in Keymer, Sussex; Mr. Mitten.
Syn. 331. London Jour. Bot. ix. 529. Eng. bot. iii. 148.

Potentilla alba, Linn.
Province - 7. Reported to have been brought from Wales.
Error. Cyb. i. 347. Still remains unverified.

Potentilla tridentata, Sm.
Province - 15. Forfar; G. Don, the sole authority.
Error. Cyb. i. 348. iii. 418. Not British or European.

Fragaria (vesca) calycina, Lindley (not Lois.)
Province - 11. Northumberland; Eng. Bot. supp. 2742.
Syn. 335. New Flora of Northumberland and Durham, 158.
Fragaria elatior, Ehrh.
Provinces 12345-7891011-131415. Partly errors?
Alien. Cyb. i. 349. iii, 419. The true elatior (Hautbois straw-
berry) is very rare. Stragglers of other garden strawberries are
reported under this name; so that it becomes impossible to say in
how many of the provinces enumerated this plant has truly
occurred. Once I saw it copiously in a wood in Surrey, over a
space about fifty yards across. Two years afterwards not a plant
of it was to be found there.

Rubus arcticus, Linn.
Provinces- 10-1516. York. Perth. Mull.
Error. Cyb. i. 850. No safe authority for it in Britain.

Rubus Leesit, Bab.
Province 1. Devon; Bab. man. Somerset; Miss Gifford !
Ambiguity. Seemingly a variety of Rubus Ideus.

Rubi Babingtoniani.

‘Botanists are not held in over-reverence by the outer world,
and collectors of Brambles are often rated very low even by
potanists.” Thus writes one of the Bramble-brotherhood, whose

502 24, ROSACER.

own social position is too assured, to leave it matter of the slightest
importance to himself, that no honour is gained by carrymmg a
wicker basket behind his shoulders, suggestive of fish, but really
stored instead with clippings from the bramble-bushes. The
article which commences with the two lines of humility quoted, is
deserving of perusal and of thought. Its tendency is sound; to
recommend description and arrangement of the Bramble forms
met with, but not prematurely or too dogmatically to make them
into fixed species “ of such diverse equivalent values,” to wit, non-
equivalents.

Still, something must be done with the quasi-species here and
elsewhere. ‘“ We must faggot our Rubi forms into bundles some-
how,” it is remarked. And now that we find presented to us a
volume which does faggot them into species, which shew the
results of long continued attention to the living bushes, to the
herbarium fragments, and to the descriptions of them in other
books, all duly combined,—it seems safest and wisest for the
“outer-world” of non-brambledom to accept the ready-made
arrangement in thankful fealty. For the purposes of this Com-
pendium, indeed, it would be useless to make any attempt at
tracing out the areas or localities of the species, aggregate or
segregate, unless on the rule of adhering to those named and
treated in the writings of some one Botanist, known to have
bestowed especial attention upon these entangling bushes, and
whose species combinations or severances, with more or less
continued sameness of nomenclature for them, are known to other
reporters of localities, and practically accepted by them.

This consideration determines the course to be taken in the
present volume; namely, strict adherence to the names and
species, as they have lately been set forth in ‘Tue BritisH
Rust,’ by Professor C. C. Bazineton of Cambridge. It is the
course which has been rendered practically convenient, too, through
the Professor’s own method for shewing the distribution of his
species being based on the same provinces and provincial nos.
which are used in this present volume and in the original ‘ Cybele
Britannica.’ More detailed records by counties and special
localities will be found in ‘ The British Rubi’ itself. Its Author’s
own words may best express the reliability of the topographical
portions of his Work:

“The localities for each species are with comparatively few
exceptions founded upon specimens preserved in my own her-
barium.” And previously, “In the attempt that is made to point
out the geographical distribution of the species I have been
obliged to trust chiefly to my own collection for information; for
in the present uncertain state of the nomenclature of brambles it
is not advisable to accept the names given even by the best
botanists.”

24, ROSACEA. 503

The subjoined table, copied from Professor Babington, includes
the 41 species of ‘ British Rubi’; the common Raspberry with
the two herbaceous species being omitted, because already treated
in this volume, on pages 160—1 of the Synopsis. These 41
Babingtonian Brambles are to be considered as segregates of
arog corylifolius, and fruticosus ; most of them belonging to the
atter.

I do not here take heed of segregates of lower grade than
Professor Babington’s species; partly because he himself has not
exhibited their provincial distribution after the same methodical
and quasi-complete fashion ; partly because I am abundantly certain
that even the species themselves will never become generally
known to botanists, much less therefore their sub-varieties. They
may become familiar to the very few who will spare much time
for their critical study, and who can work under the assisting
advantage of mutual instruction direct or indirect. Botanists will
never generally name segregate brambles by printed descriptions
only. Obviously, they are not usually named by book characters
alone even among the few who care to study them. The species
are empirical; their names given and communicated much after the
methods resorted to by florists in naming their varieties of Rose or
Geranium ; that is, by oral communication, by labelled specimens,
or by pictures. Individuals, not species, are described technically.

Still, ‘The British Rubi’ must be received as a very acceptable
and truly valuable contribution to the literature of descriptive
botany, even though it may give only the selected species of the
individual writer. For this country we may be said now to possess
a fair approximation to a definite standard. It matters less that
some botanists may deem the species too numerous, or that others
may deem them too few; and that Professor Babington neither
can nor does claim oracular infallibility. The impossibility of any
individual doing so is well illustrated in a Review of ‘ British
Rubi’ in the Journal of Botany for October, 1869. The reviewer
thus writes, in reference to the vexed question as to what is or
what is not a true species in bramble-dom:

“For our own part, we can only say that we heartily wish,—
that, at any rate, it would save an enormous amount of trouble,—
if he had in this work and his other writings on this subject, and
if the numerous writers of the class which he represents had as
firm ground under their feet as they seem to think that they are
standing upon; but we cannot admit that the ground is firm, for
this reason, amongst others, that after having examined authenti-
cated specimens of every one of Professor Babington’s species, and
studied most of them in a growing state, we have had the oppor-
tunity of comparing with M. Genevier's work [Brambles of the
Loire] a large collection of English and French specimens labelled
by the latter, and that we cannot see that the 2038 species in the

504 24. ROSACEA.

one case, individualized and defined in perfect good faith as the
deliberate result of the labour of many years, cover a wider range
of form, or a materially greater degree of variability within that
range, than the 43 species in the other, individualized and defined
with a sincerity and an amount of labour which every one in
England, who knows anything about the matter, is fully prepared
to appreciate.”

The argument here seems unanswerable, and is in itself more
clear than the language in which it is interred. It shews that
bramble-species are really optional even among the special experts.
Certainly, it does not show that bramble segregates cannot be dis-
criminated; but it does show that those segregates are not species
in the strict and usual acceptation of this term. Professor
Babington writes, page 22, “I believe in the distinctness of
species, although unable to demonstrate it.” But in whose species
of Rubi are we to believe? In the two hundred of M. Genevier?
—In the two score of Professor Babington ?—In the two units,
Jruticosus and cesius, of Mr. Bentham’s Handbook ?

Rubus. Provincial Distribution, from ‘ British Rubi.’
3 suberectus 1238 5 78 10 - 12181415 16

4 fissus 1- 5 78910111213 15 16
5 plicatus 123 56 891011121814 15 16
6 affinis 128 5678910 - 1218141516
7 Lindleianus 1234567891011 1213 15 16
8 rhamnifolius 12345 78 10 12 Ss) ee 8
9 incurvatus -23- 67-- 12 - - - 16
10 imbricatus - -5 - -- -

11 latifolius 5 - - - 1415

12 discolor 12345678910111213 16
13 thyrsoideus 23845 78-- . -

14 leucostachys 123 56789101112 14

15 Grabowskii - 2 - 78 - eee

16 Colemani 5 8 - 10 - -

17 Salteri 12 -5 78-10- -

18 carpinifolius 23456789101112- - 16

19 villicaulis, 17.128 5-78 101112 1415

20 macrophyllus 12345678910111213 1415 16

21 mucronulatus 1 - 5 78 - 14 15 16

22 Sprengelii -28 5 78910 12 -

23 Bloxamii 1-- 5- 8 ll ws

24 Hystrix 12345 8 1011

25 rosaceus 1238 5 78 101112 -

26 pygmeus - 38 - - -

27 scaber 123 5-78 10 - 2

28 rudis 1238 5678 10111213814

29 Radula 128456 8 1011 1814 -

or

24. ROSACEA. 50

30 Koehleri 12345 78910111218 - 1516
31 fusco-ater - 2 5--8 1011

32 diversifolius 1284567 910

33 Lejeunii 23 5 7 910 12

34 pyramidalis 1 5-7 - -

35 Guntheri 1 3 5 -8 410

36 humifusus 3 5 7 910111218 15
37 foliosus 1---5 - sos
38 glandulosus 23 5 78-10 - +

39 Balfourianus 1 3845 910 12 14

40 corylifolius 12345678910 - 13 1516
41 altheifolius 123145 - 9101112

42 tuberculatus 2345 8 10 12

43 czsius 12345678 1011 13 14

Rubus (glandulosus) obliquus, Wirtgen.
Provinces 1-3-7-10. Devon. Surrey. Anglesea. N. York.
An additional species reported by the Rev. Andrew Bloxam, in the
Journal of Botany, for April, 1870 ; — while these pages are going
through press.

Rosa cinnamomea, Linn.
Provinces- 1011 18. York. Cheviot. Ayr. [12 Cumb.]
Alien. Cyb. i. 859. New Flora of Northumberland & Durham.

Rosa lucida, Ehrh.
Prov. - 12. Cumberland; Phytol. ii. 427. “ Tunbridge Wells.”
Alien. Cyb.i. 859. Planted in a hedgerow, Keswick.

Rosa pomifera, Herm.
Province - 5. Gloucester. Stafford. B. B. R. 210.
Alien. E. C. report, 1868. Eng. bot. iii. 261.

Rosa rubella, Sm.
Province - 11. New Flora of N. D. p. 162.
Ambiguity. Cyb. i. 355. Baker’s British Roses, p. 208.

Rose Bakeriane.

Woods, Smith, Borrer, and others successively tried their skill in
“descriptions ” and “ revisions” of the British wild roses. Smith
began with half-a-dozen in 1800, and ended with a score in 1824.
The species of Woods were more numerous; those admitted by
Borrer were somewhat less numerous. In 1858 ‘ Bentham’s
Handbook’ fell back on the very condensed number of five species.
Which of these botanical writers was nearest to Nature? As in
the Brambles, so in the Briars, evidently any number of species
may be made at the option of the individual botanist, say from five
to fifty.

The labours of his English predecessors have failed to satisfy
the re-modelling mind of my much-esteemed friend in botany,

37

506 24. ROSACER.

Mr. J. G. Baker. He in his turn has twice again sought to
improve upon former species-arrangements. In 1864 he published
his ‘Review of the British Roses, especially those of the North of
England.’ And in 1869 he brings out ‘A Monograph of the
British Roses.’ This latter.commences with an account of his own
personal qualifications for the task, on the ground of long study,
practical observation, and special facilities for acquiring knowledge
about our wild roses themselves, and about the ideas and nomen-
clature of other botanical Dog-rose-fanciers. These qualifications are
so ample as to have required a full page of close text for the simple
enumeration of them. Thus, on Mr. Baker's own assurance and
shewing, it may be held certain that no other English botanist is
now in so good a position for arranging over again the wild roses of
this country.

The essay of Woods was published in the Transactions of the
Linnean Society of London. The Monograph by Baker appro-
priately comes forth in the Proceedings of the same Society. Not
many years ago, an Address by the President of that Society
informed its Fellows that Authors on Brambles were providing the
world with waste paper. Apropos of Briars, will another Address
inform the Fellows that their funds are expended in the same
serviceable manner? In regard to uncertainty of their species
Brambles and Briars are in one category; and alike they require
longer study than the generality of botanists care to bestow upon
them. The uncertainty is curiously illustrated in Mr. Baker's
Monograph set against the earlier Linnean paper by Woods. Not
one of the various species invented by Woods appears to be retained
as such by Baker. The names of Woods used in the Monograph
of Baker are there made to represent varieties of more aggregate
species, or are treated as no better than synonyms, not representing
even separable varieties.

The characteristic of the new Monograph is combination of
species, with severance of varieties; the latter being numerous;
the former being comparatively few. In the Review of 1864
Mr. Baker intimated that the dozen roses there treated were what
he understood as being “species of primary value,” and of which
he had “seen specimens from the six northern counties of England.”
Those 12 species, with systyla or stylosa for a thirteenth, were placed
in 5 chief groups thus :—

. spinosissima, Sabini, hibernica.
. mollissima, tomentosa.
. rubiginosa, micrantha, Borreri, Jundzilliana, cryptopoda.
. canina,—alone, but including many varieties.
h. arvensis, systyla.
In the ‘Monograph’ of 1869 these thirteen are reduced to eleyen
species; two of those in the middle group being lowered to the
rank of varieties. And it is further illustration of the uncertainty

mB wore

24. ROSACER. 507

or changcability of species, even those of ‘“ primary value,” that the
two reduced species are now not placed as varieties of their con-
geners in the same group, but each of them is changed into a
variety of another species in a different group. Borreri has become
a variety of canina, the sole species of group 4; while Jundzilliana
has sunk into a variety of tomentosa in group 2. Cryptopoda is
retained in group 3, but there sinks into a variety of pulverulenta,
an aggregate species first appearing in 1869.

Other evidences are to be found in the ‘ Monograph,’ shewing
that the combination of varieties into species of “ primary value”
is really much a matter of whim or fancy. Pretty full diagnoses
are given for the species, which look very important and imposing
in their latin words ;—and then succeed descriptions of varieties
which decidedly contradict the diagnosis, through the variety of
one species assuming some of the distinctive characters attributed
to the other species. Contrast the diagnoses of rubiginosa and
micrantha, for instance, and then compare the descriptions of their
varieties with the words of their specific diagnoses. It will be seen
that the diagnostic characters of the one species appear in the
varieties of the other species.

Such uncertainties and inconsistencies are not here imputed as
faults in Mr. Baker’s workmanship. Their true significance is
quite different. They really shew that the various forms of our
wild roses are so connected by the interchange and crossing of
technical characters, only imagined to be diagnostic between them,
that the book-species really depend on an arbitrary preference given
to this or to that set of characters, as indicating affinity, and as
necessitating union or severance.

With the omission of Jundzilliana and cryptopoda, two spe-
cies which I was unable to understand at all, and the reluctant
acceptance of Borreri, the species of the Synopsis on preceding
pages of this volume are essentially the same with those of
Mr. Baker’s Review. Substituting pulverulenta for Borreri, they
would be made to correspond with those of the new Monograph,
although not absolutely so in respect to all included varieties.
Probably much less so in respect to the recorded localities, on
faith of which the formula for their distribution was filled in.

Anticipating now that the names and arrangements of the
Monograph will be generally accepted by English botanists, I wish
to add a tabular arrangement of the provincial distribution, as
nearly similar to the one taken from ‘The British Rubi’ as the
different treatment by the two Authors will allow it done. I shall
seldom venture to add any province besides those in which
Mr. Baker has cited localities, either in the Monograph or else-
where and recently. The provincial nos. will thus be few, and
blanks be numerous; for Mr. Baker has accomplished in the
topographical department of his British Roses nothing like the

508 24. ROSACER.

ample store of information to be found in ‘The British Rubi.
The nos. preceding names will distinguish the species of “ primary
value”; the unnumbered names being those of their varieties ;
many of these latter being segregates held as proper species in the
writings of Woods and his successors in the species-making line of
botanical business. The two first roses in the series, spinosissima
and rubella, need not be repeated here. The distribution of the
former was given on page 162; and the ambiguous rubella is
mentioned above, page 505. No. 5 in Mr. Baker's series is
R. pomifera, not native.

Rosa. Provincial Distribution from Baker.

8 involuta Q2- §- 1011 15 1617
Sabini Q-- 1011 15 17
Doniana 2- 5
Robertsoni 1011 -
Smithii 10 16
levigata 10
Wilsoni 7

4 hibernica 8 - 9101112 17
cordifolia 11 e

6 mollissima 78-10111 16 17
cerulea TOIT 16
ps. rubiginosa 10

7 tomentosa 1284- 7- 10111218 15 16 17
subglobosa 12384- 7- 1011
farinosa 10 15
scabriuscula 1 - - il
sylvestris 10
obovata 11

8 rubiginosa 1234 1011 15 16
permixta 3 - -
sylvicola 10

9 micrantha 123-5-7- 91011 -
Briggsii 1.

Hystrix - B8- 5- -
10 pulverulenta 1- 5 - 10 11
Billietii 5 -
cryptopoda 10 -
11 canma “18” 128456789101112181415 16 ?
lutetiana Ais 10 11
surculosa Q-
spherica 1-
senticosa 1 - -
dumalis Le 5- 8- 10111218 16
biserrata - 10
urbica - 1011

24, ROSACEE. 509

frondosa Q- 10
arvatica - 91011
dumetorum - - 1011
pruinosa 10 11 -
incana - 15
tomentella - 28- 1011 -
andegavensis - - - 15 -
verticillacantha 1 - - os
collina 1 3- - -
ceesia -3-- -8- 11 16
concinna alee
decipiens -- 89 Il -
Reuteri - 10
subcristata - 10 11 15
Hailstoni - 10 -
implexa - + 10 -
corifolia 10 11 12 14 15
Watsoni 11 12 15 16
celerata 11 ?
Borreri 238-65- 1011
Bakeri - 10
marginata - 7 10 11 16
12 stylosa 1238- 5-
systyla 123-5- -
Desvauxii Q =
opaca 3 - - -
gallicoides 5 - oa4 as
Monsonize 3 - -
13 arvensis 1-38 5- 10 11 12
bibracteata, 1234- 11

Rosa sepium, Thuiller. “R. rubiginosa, var. sepium, DC. prodr.”
Province - 3. Southern slope of Hind Head, Surrey, 1869.
Additional species, recorded by Mr. Baker in the Journal of
Botany, April, 1870; who writes, “I saw only a single bush .. .
and could find no other anywhere else in the neighbourhood.”
The Rosa sepium of Eng. Bot. Supp. 2553 is the Billietii of
Baker’s Monograph.

Sanguisorba (officinalis) media, Don. (not Linn.)
Province - 18 or 16. West of Scotland; G. Don.
Syn. 854.* Cyb. i. 360. A variety of S. officinalis; Mr. Borrer.
Sanguisorba canadensis, Linn.
Province - 15. Perth; Mr. John Sim.
Error? Journal of Botany, iv. 392. Perhaps the Canadian plant
may have been found and rightly named ; for it is pretty manifest
that somebody has made a practice of introducing foreign plants to
wild-seeming localities about Perth.

510 24, ROSACEA.

Poterium (muricatum) platylophium, Jord.
Provinces 123-5. “Som. Wight. Warw.” And elsewhere.
Syn. 355.* Not clear to me, apart from the next.

Poterium (muricatwm) stenolophium, Jord.

Provinces - 84. “Newmarket, Cambr.” ‘St. Margaret's, Kent.”
Syn. 355.* “There is so much difference between the fruits of
the two forms, that very probably they ought to be separated
as sub-species”; Eng. bot. iii, 135. But a specimen from St.
Margaret’s, given to me labelled “ stenolophium” by Dr. Syme
himself, has the “denticulated” wings attributed to platylophium
in Eng. bot.

Alchemilla (vulgaris) montana, “ Willd.”

Provinces --845--8910--131415. Midx. to Aberdeen.
Syn. 356. Eng. bot. iii. 188. Glot. flo. 25. Among the specimens
of A. vulgaris, promiscuously in my British herbarium, I find
those with the “petioles and under-side of leaves pilose” are more
numerous than are those with the same parts “ sub-glabrous”;
and so far it would seem that the alternative variety “ genuina”
may be the less usual form.

Alchemilla conjuncta, Bab.
Provinces - 7-12-15 16. See pages 469—70 of this volume.
Ambiguity. Cyb. i. 868. iii. 423. Eng. bot. ni. 139.

Mespilus germanica, Linn.
Provinces 12345---9 10.
Alien? Cyb. i. 864. iii. 424. Some reliable botanists hold this
tree to be truly native in England.

Crategus (Oxyacantha) oxyacanthoides, Thuil.
Provinces - - 3 - - ---- 10(11---15). And elsewhere.
Syn. 860. Usually this has not been well distinguished in books ;
the aggregate name “ Oayacantha” being set against the segregate
name monogyna or ertocarpa. Tn Surrey this appears equally wild
with the latter or type variety; but it is less frequent, and
certainly less sown.

Pyrus (communis) Achras, ‘‘ Boreau,” E. B. 3.
Province -- 8. And elsewhere?
Syn. 862. In English Botany this is separated as a sub-species
from the commoner variety there named Pyraster. The evidence
for it, as a tree really wild in England, is most unsatisfactory.

Pyrus (Malus) acerba, DC.
Provinces - 23-5---9. [Scotland ?]
Syn. 863. Two chief varieties of Crab-Apple are found in hedge-
rows and copses. The true or austere Crab has nearly glabrous
leaves, with small very sour fruit on slender pedicels. The wilding
Apple has the under-side of the leaves and other surfaces clothed
with cottony pubescence; its fruit is usually larger and less sour,

24, ROSACER, 511

and on a shorter and thicker stalk. This latter is the more
frequent variety, or rather series of varieties, filling up the interval
between the sour Crab and the Garden Apples; and no doubt it is
often produced directly from the latter, if not always so. I have
seen the acerba certainly in Surrey and Cheshire, and very
probably in other counties, without making special notes of it.
In English Botany we are told that it is “not unfrequent, and
generally distributed in the south and midland counties of
ee but that it has never been seen in Scotland by the
ditor.

Pyrus (Aria) eu-Aria, Syme in E. B. 38.
Provinces 123-5. (Teesdale. Scotland.)
Syn. 365. This segregate unfortunately has been labelled “ scan-
dica” by some botanists, and thus the recorded localities of the
two have become confused in books.

Pyrus (Aria) rupicola, Syme in E. B. 8.
Provinces 1 - - - - - 78-1011--14---18,
Syn. 365. Devon to Sutherland; Eng. bot. This is the Aria of
many botanists; and really I do not see how to distinguish it
satisfactorily from the eu-Aria.

Pyrus (Aria) scandica, KE. B. 3. P. intermedia, Ehrh.
Provinces 128-5-7--1011. Partly errors? Arran?
Syn. 865. Cyb. iii. 348. Bot. Gaz. iii. 34. The line of separa-
tion between this segregate and Aria or eu-Aria, on the one side,—
between this and pinnatifida or fennica, on the other side, is traced
differently by botanists. Specimens from Arran have very usually
been labelled as pinnatifida or fennica; but Dr. Boswell Syme
informs me, while these pages are going through the press, that
the Arran species is scandica not fennica.

Pyrus (Avia) pinnatifida, Sm. P. fennica, Bab. man.

Provinces 123-5--8----- 14 16. Partly alien.

Syn. 867. Cyb. iii. 347. Wild in Arran, subject to the recently
formed opinion of Dr. Syme that it is scandica, not fennica, which
occurs there. Mr. Borrer held it wild also in North Hants,
between Farnham and Farnborough; where it was observed
sparingly along with Aria and Aucuparia, both more plentifully.
A specimen in my herbarium was picked by Mr. James Macnab
in Darenth Wood, Kent; and this I cannot separate from Arran
examples distributed by Professor Balfour and Mr. Bell through
the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. For the present I must
dissent from the changed opinion of Dr. Syme, by regarding the
Arran pinnatifida (Sm.) as the same species with specimens sent
me from Sweden labelled hybrida and fennica; not the same with
others also sent me thence labelled as scandica. Both these
apparent species differ evidently from ew-Aria and rupicola of
Syme, by their venation and tomentum.

512 25. ONAGRACEA.

Pyrus domestica, Linn.
Provinces 123-5 --8. All erroneous, except 5.
Alien. Cyb. i. 369. One aged tree in Wyre Forest, Worcester
or Stafford, makes the only certain locality; and it may have been
planted there.

25. ONAGRACEA.

Epilobium (angustifolium) brachycarpum, Leighton.
Provinces -2--5 7--10---14. Anywhere native?
Alien? Syn. 3867. Cyb. i. 870. Possibly this variety, dis-
tinguished by its short capsules and other characters, is always of
garden origin, though established in places by its creeping roots.

Epilobium rosmarinifolium, Haenke.
Province - 15. Glen Tilt, East Perth; Mr. Robertson only.
Error? See Annals of Natural History, second series, 17, 317.

Epilobium (parviflorum) rivulare, Wahl.

Epilobium (parviflorum) intermedium, Merat.
Provinces... ? Distribution not ascertained for either.
Syn. 869. Two slight varieties mentioned in Eng. bot. iv. 12;
the former being “ sub-glabrous”; the latter having “most of the
leaves alternate.” Perhaps hardly requiring notice here.

Epilobium (tetragonum) eu-tetragonum, EH. B. 3.
Provinces 12345--8. No certain locality in Scotland.
Syn. 873. See page 63 of the present volume.

Epilobium (tetragonum) obscurum, Schreber.
Provinces 1 2345-789101112131415. Orkney?
Syn. 873. More frequent than Ep. eu-tetragonum.

Epilobium virgatum, “ Fries.” Bab. man. ed. 1, 2, 8.
Provinces -234---8 1011-18-15 16.
Ambiguity. Cyb. 1.878. iii. 350. Ill understood; apparently
states of eu-tetragonum and obscurum confused together; but in
editions 4, 5, 6 of the ‘Manual’ it is made simply synonymous
with EF’. obscurum.

Epilobium Lamyi, “ F. Schultz.”
Provinces- 2345. Kent; Mr. T. Moore. Hants, Hereford, etc.
Ambiguity. Cyb. i. 350. Phytol. iv. 9338. Apparently poor
examples of Ep. obscurum thus named.

Fpilobium (alpinum) anagallidifolium, Lam.
Provinces - 11 12 -- 15 16.
Syn. 874. A new name for the plant which has been usually (and,
I believe, quite rightly) named Hpilobinm alpinum by the botanists
of Britain. After separating this form from the Linnean alpinum,
it is supposed that the remnant segregate would be held limited to
three Highland provinces; all the alpinwn of England being
assigned to this present segregate.

26. HALORAGIACEA, 513

Cnothera biennis, Linn.
Provinces 1284567-91011-1314 15.
Alien. Cyb. i. 375. Introduced from America. Now seen occa-
sionally in abundance on waste spots where the ground is sandy,
both on the coast and inland.

Ginothera odorata, Jacq.
Provinces 1-8. Devon. Somerset. Middlesex.
Casual, (CE. pumila, Linn. is mentioned in Middlesex flo.)

Circea (alpina) intermedia, Ehrh.

Provinces ----5-78910?121381415 16. Partly errors?
Syn. 378. Cyb.i. 377. Eng. bot. iv. 29. This is made up from
specimens which are more or less dubious between alpina and
lutetiana. Several examples received from Continental botanists,
labelled as the intermedia of Ehrhart, best unite with alpina. The
same usually holds true with the specimens so labelled by English
botanists; although some of the latter extend their ideas of inter-
media to examples which would be assigned to lutetiana by myself.
TI am unable to trace any satisfactory line of severance between
alpina and intermedia. In the garden, alpina and lutetiana remain
conspicuously dissimilar through many years.

26. HatoraciacEs.

Myriophyllum (verticillatum) pectinatum, DC.
Provinces -- 845, etc. Nearly through England?
Syn. 380. According to English Botany this and the type form
(‘genuinum” with longer, more leaf-like, bracts) are “ about
equally common”; and the two varieties “pass insensibly into
each other.” Is there not something unsound or inconsistent
implied in these two admissions? ‘To take the two contrary
extremes of a series,—to name one as the type, and the other as
the aberrant variety,—and so virtually to ignore all the inter-
mediate forms, which constitute the insensible gradation between
them, while thus dividing the aggregate into its two extremes?
The intermediate should rather be the true type of the species;
unless in those cases where one extreme is the usual or prevalent
form, and the other only an occasional departure from it, which
cannot be declared the case when the two are “about equally
common.”

Ceratophyllum (aquaticum) submersum, Linn.
Provinces 12845--8-[10---14]. Localities uncertain.
Syn. 387. Cyb. i. 882. iii. 430. Eng. bot. iv. 124. Connected
with demersum by the intermediate apiculatum? But the latter
has not been found certainly in England.

514 28. TAMARISCACEM.— 83. GROSSULARIACEAR.

28. TAMARISCACER.

Tamarix anglica, Webb. T. gallica, Sm.
Provinces 1234-6. Planted near the coast for hedges, etc.
Alien. Cyb. i. 885. An unfortunate specific name.

30. PorRTULACACEE.

Montia ( fontana) rivularis, Gmel.
Provinces ...? Not separately noted, by the seeds.
Syn. 394. Perhaps ought to be considered as a sub-species; E. B.
iv. 136.
Claytonia perfoliata, Don.
Provinces - 23 45---9. May occur elsewhere.
Casual. Cultivated in gardens; easily becomes weed-like.

Claytonia alsinoides, Sims.
Provinces - 89-18-16. Derb. Ches. Lan. Renf. Bute.
Casual. Reported as likely to become naturalised “in woods.”

381. ILLECEBRACER.

Herniaria (vulgaris) glabra, Linn.
Provinces 1234-6-89-(1415). Partly erroneous?
Syn. 397. Cyb. i. 388. A sub-variety “ subciliata” in Cornwall.
Herniaria (vulgaris) ciliata, Bab.
Province 1. Lizard Point, Cornwall; Bab. man.
Syn. 397. Cyb. i. 388. A very dubious species.
Herniaria hirsuta, Linn.
Provinces [1]-38-5-(8]. Middlesex. Warwick.
Casual. Cyb.i. 889. Ihave seen a specimen of this which was
found in Warwickshire; and according to the Flora of Middlesex
it was found at Highgate by Dickson. The Botanical Society of
Edinburgh distributed Cornish specimens of wulyaris labelled
impartially both for glabra and for hirsuta.

33. GROSSULARIACES.
Ribes (rubrum) sylvestre, Reich.
Provinces - 2, etc. Var. Bromfieldianum, E. B. 38.
Syn. 404. The name sylvestre was used by Dr. Bromfield in the
Phytologist, ii. 519 for a varicty of R. rubrum. THis wordy paper
includes several inaccuracies; to correct which would make this
present notice inconveniently long also. The Editor of English
Botany, edition third, unites the sylvestre and petreum along with
spicatum into one ‘‘sub-species,” to counterpoise Ribes sativum for

84. CRASSULACER. 515

the other. This is an unfortunate division and naming; some of
the best garden varieties of the Red Currant corresponding more
closely with his character of sylvestre, than they do with the
character given for his sativum; for instance, by their pubescent
leaves and coloured calyx, with less pendulous racemes while in
flower. I do not believe Ribes rubrum really native in the southern
counties, although it often springs from seeds scattered by birds.
By an unlucky mistake in Eng. Bot. pages 445, a remark of
mine about the shape of the young fruit in the half-wild Goose-
berry, has been misplaced to the Red Currant sub-species sylvestre.

Ribes (rubrum) spicatum, Robson.

Provinces - 10-16. Extinct in Yorkshire. Skye, 1868.

Syn. 404. Said to have been found by Professor Lawson and
My. Fox “in abundance, in Skye, in 1868.” Apparently a form
of rubrum with the rachis still less developed (or simply less
pendulous) than in the petrewm of Smith. While the garden
varieties are more or less divergent from typical rubrum sylvestre
in one direction, the wild petreum and spicatum of English botanists
are divergences from it in the contrary direction.

84. CRASSULACEE.

Sedum (Telephium) Fabaria, Koch.
Provinces - 5-7-1218. Salop. Carn. Westm. Kirke.
Syn. 409. <A specimen from Lydhole, Salop, collected by Mr.
Hinds, has leaves still narrower and more cuneate downwards than
are those of the Westmoreland plant represented in English
Botany, third edition. But between the Salop specimen and the
quite opposite extreme drawn for purpurascens, in the same work,
come too many intermediate forms to allow of any certainty that
the extremes have been well designated “ sub-species.” In Surrey,
plants brought from dry sterile spots into garden ground, acquired
considerably wider leaves than they produced in their wild or
quasi-wild condition. The distribution set forth for Telephium,
on page 178, may be held to represent that of the other segregate
or “ sub-species ” purpurascens.

Sedum dasyphyllum, Linn.
Provinces 12345-78910-12-14.
Alien. Cyb. i. 898. Only on walls?

Sedum album, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15; with exception of 13.
Alien. Cyb. i. 399. iii. 484. This has been held native at Pen-
pole Rocks, below Bristol. Some years ago Mr. Flower shewed
me the locality, a cavity from which stone might have been
quarried formerly, and which was evidently then used as a
receptacle for -garden refuse from the adjacent grounds of a

516 34. CRASSULACEA.

gentleman’s house. The Sedum had become well established
there. I do not recollect now whether it was the sub-species
teretifolium or otherwise.

Sedum (album) teretifolium, ‘“‘ Haworth”; Borrer.

Provinee - 5. Native on the Malvern Hills; Mr. Lees.

Denizen or Alien. Syn. 413. Cyb. i. 897. iii. 484. The opinion
of Mr. Lees must be of some worth, in the question of seeming
nativity ; but that gentleman is the authority also for Delphinium
Consolida being native on Swansea Bay (Cyb. ili. 877); for Men-
ziesia polifolia being found on the Bromsgrove Lickey (Cyb. ii.
152); and for other very deniable notions in topographical botany.

Sedum micranthum, Bast.
Province - 2. “At Arundel and elsewhere in Sussex.”
Ambiguity. Entirely unknown to me, unless as a garden plant;
equally unknown to the Editor of English Botany, third edition.
“ §. micranthum represents S. album in the Linnean herbarium” ;
Eng. bot. iv. 53.

Sedum sexangulare, Linn.
Provinces 123456-8-10-12. Several erroneously ?
Alien. Cyb. i. 401. iii. 485. Bot. Gaz. ii. 94. Phytol. iii. 1060.
S. sewangulare is represented in the Linnean Herbarium by the
lax form of S. acre; Eng. bot. iv. 56. Perhaps the same may be
true of some of the provinces indicated above.

Sedum reflecum, Linn. S. eu-reflexum, E. B. 3.
Provinces 1 to 16; more or less established.
Alien. Cyb.i. 401. iii. 485. Planted on banks, etc.

Sedum glaucum, Donn. 8. albescens, Haworth.
Provinces 1234--78. As reported, but very uncertain.
Alien. Closely allied to S. refleewm. The “ glaucous” equally as
the “green” leaves are occasionally reflexed.

Sedum anopetalum, DC.
Province 1. Devon; but perhaps some error.
Ambiguity. Phytologist, v.47. Eng. bot. iii. 63.

Sedum stellatum, Linn.
Province - 2. Sussex; an escape from Mr. Borrer’s garden.
Casual. See particulars in Phytologist, v. 47.

Sedum Cepe@a, Linn.
Province - 8. Hedgerley, Bucks; Mrs. W. James!
Casual. I have no particulars about this plant.

Sempervivum tectorum, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Cornwall to Moray.
Alien. Cyb.i. 408. ili. 485. Almost exclusively on or about
houses and walls. But in the Flora of Cornwall and Devon,
Mr. Keys writes, ‘I do not think it is in all cases ‘planted’,

85. SAXIFRAGACES, 517

having seen it in both counties in out-of-the-way nooks, which, if
not always inaccessible, could offer no temptation to any one to
take the trouble to plant it there.”

Cotyledon lutea, Huds.
Provinces 1 10. Somerset; (Clement) Huds. York; Tofield.
Error. Cyb.i. 404. The plant of it in Chelsea Garden, given by
Hudson, was more likely brought from Mr. Clement’s garden, not
from Yorkshire.

35. SAXIFRAGACER.

Sawifraga Cotyledon, Linn.
Province - 12. Westmoreland; Phytol. ii. 429.
Error. Cyb. i. 405. Perhaps more truly an imposition.

Saxifraga umbrosa, Linn.

Provinces 1---5--891011 121314 15.

Alien? Cyb.i. 406. Planted in many places. Mr. Tatham
deemed it native in Heseltine Gill, West Yorkshire. And Mr.
Brand is quoted in Cyb. Brit. as follows: ‘“ On Craig-y-barns, a hill
to the northward of the Park at Dunkeld, covering acres, and, in
some places, to the exclusion of everything else, forming the entire
turf. But for the occurrence also of Hypericum calycinum, and
other introduced plants, it would have been considered native.”
But against this fairly-given testimony of Mr. Brand there is
something more positive than the suggestive counter-evidence of
Hypericum calycinum and its associates. In the ‘ Correspondence
of Sir J. E. Smith’ i. 516-7, we find a letter from Mr. Winch,
expressly stating that the Saxifrage was introduced into the woods
at Blair Athol, by the gardener. Whether his introductions
extended as far as Craig-y-barns does not (from memory) appear in
the letter.

Saxifraga Geum, Linn.
Provinces - 10 11 [12] 18 14 15 16. “Only where planted.”
Alien. Cyb.i. 405. [12 Westmoreland. Cumberland.]

Saxifraga rotundifolia, Linn.
Province - 12. Cumberland; Phytologist, ii. 376.
Error. Cyb. i. 404. Recorded on hearsay report only.

Saxifraga Sibthorpii, Boiss. & Sprun.
Province - 16. Near the Crinan Canal, Argyle; Mr. W. Bennett.
Casual. Eng. bot. iv. 87. “8. Cymbalaria.”

Saxifraga muscoides, Wulf.
Province - 12--? Westmoreland; Huds. ‘“ Highlands”; E.B. 3.
Error. Cyb. i. 416. Eng. flo. ii. 272. Eng. bot. iv. 87.

518 38. UMBELLIFERS.

Saxifraga pygmea, Haw.
Province? “ Highlands of Scotland; Mr. James Donn.”
Ambiguity. Smith’s English Flora, ii. 273.

Saaifraga (hypnoides) platypetala, Sm.

Provinces - 7 --10-12--15. As recorded.

Syn. 481. Dr. Boswell Syme places this as the type form of
S. hypnoides, including with it Smith’s elongella as a synonym
simply. His alternative or second form is named gemmifera in
English Botany. This latter is far the more frequent, according
to my own observations, and why it should be assigned to the
subordinate place of variety, instead of being the leading variety or
type form, is not made clear. Other names appear in books, but I
am unprepared to say anything about the distribution of the special
forms they are supposed to mean; such are lete-virens and denudata,
names bestowed upon varieties of hypnoides alleged to occur on the
Highland mountains.

Saaifraga hirta, “ Donn Cant.”
Province - 7-? North Wales and Scotland; Eng. Flo.
Ambiguity. Quite unknown to me.

Saaifraga pedatifida, Ehrh.
Province - 15. Clova mountains, Forfar; G. Don in E. F.
Error. Cyb.i. 417. iii. 487. ‘Don does not pretend to have
found it, but sends a garden specimen, saying he has heard it
has been found in Scotland”; Dr. Boswell Syme, letter, 1864.

Mitella diphytla, Linn.
Province - 5. Stoke on Trent, Staffordshire.
Casual? ‘An American plant, originally escaped from a garden,
on a bank near Stoke upon Trent”; Garner's Natural History of
the county of Stafford.

38. UMBELLIFERA.

Astrantia major, Linn.
Province - 5. Hereford. Shropshire. [1 Devon.]
Alien. Cyb. i. 424. The A. major is recorded in Ravenshaw’s
Flora of Devon, on authority of the Rev. G. B. Warren; but
Mr. Eyre Parker says that it is the A. minor which is found in
Mr. Warren’s locality.

Echinophora spinosa, Linn.
Provinces - 2 3 - [12]. Dorset. Kent. [Lake Lancashire.]
Extinct Casual? Cyb.i. 464. ui. 447. Dill. R. Syn. 220.

Petroselinum sativum, Hoffm.
Provinces 1 2, etc. Casual in 3 to 16.
Alien. Cyb. i. 429. Established on cliffs of the south coast.

38. UMBELLIFERZ. 519

Trinia Kitaibelii, Bieb.
Province 1. Uphill, Somerset; Joseph Woods.
Error. English Botany, ed. 8, iv. 179.

Helosciadium (nodiflorum) repens, Koch.

Provinces -- 384-14. Suffolk; Paget! Hadd. Edin.

Syn. 454. Cyb.i. 431. By name this plant is reported from the
first 14 provinces, and from two-thirds of their included counties.
The only specimens I have seen which truly accord with the book
characters of “umbellis pedunculo brevioribus” are from Mid-
dlesex, Suffolk, and Edinburgh; all others seen so labelled being
simply prostrate or creeping states of nodiflorum. The figure in
English Botany, no. 143], repeated in the third edition, is the
pseudo-repens of the London Catalogue, the variety with short
peduncles. The two varieties pass gradually into each other; two

of my examples even having long and short peduncles on the same
plant.

Ammi majus, Linn.

Provinces -- 3-5. Surrey. Middlesex. Gloucester.

Casual. Journal of Botany, January, 1865; where it required
thirty-two lines of close print,—say, near 400 words,—to record
Dr. St. Brody’s remarkable discovery of some chance examples of
this foreign plant near Gloucester. How many volumes would be
filled in doing the like with every chance locality of every foreign
plant so found anywhere in England? In the Flora of Middlesex
it took a line and half for the record of a similar locality for the
same imported plant. Both this and Ammi Visnaga are enumerated
in the list of foreign plants introduced into Surrey among corn
imported for a Distillery.

Carum Carui, Linn.
Provinces - 8-10-12. Asa Casual in several others.
Alien or Denizen. It seems desirable to make a printed record
here from a manuscript note about this plant which was communi-
cated to me by letter from Mr. Thomas Kirk :—‘JI have picked
the Carui on the banks of the L. & N. W. Railway at various
spots between Hampton and Brandon, a length of 14 or 15 miles.
Curiously enough, a policeman at Hampton informed me that he
recollected a package of Caraway seeds being injured whilst on a
truck, and he supposed the seeds would be scattered ‘all the way
up the line.’ It is sufficiently plentiful at Hampton to be collected
by the porters and others for culinary purposes.” Compare this
account with Teesdale’s record quoted in ‘ Cybele Britannica’ and
‘The Botanist’s Guide.’

Bupleurum protractum, Link.
Province - 3. Surrey; Trimen. Middlesex; T. D. flo. 126.
Casual. “ Probably introduced with foreign seed ;” Midx. flo. The

520 38. UMBELLIFERZ.

same origin at Wandsworth and Mitcham, Surrey, as shewn in the
Journal of Botany, iv. 150.

Archangelica officinalis, Hoffm.
Provinces - 238 45--8-1011--14. Misnomers in some?
Casual. Cyb.i. 451. iii. 444. Flora of Middlesex, 130.

Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch.
Provinces ----5--8 to 16. Chiefly in provinces 10 11 12.
Alien. Oyb. i. 453. Mr. Baker holds it originally planted about
farm houses in York and Durham, for use as a cow medicine. See
Botany of North Yorkshire, 238, and New Flora of Northumberland
and Durham, 180.

Tordylium officinale, Linn.
Province -- 3. Middlesex and Oxford, through misnomers.
Error. Cyb.i. 455. Essex; Rev..8. Palmer, in Mag. nat. hist.
li. 885; but Mr. Palmer was a sad mis-recorder.

Daucus (Carota) maritimus, With.

Provinces 12 8--67-9-11--[14]-16. D. gummifer, Lam.
Syn. 489. Cyb. i. 456. iii. 444. Seeds sown in a Surrey garden,
two different years, in each case produced D. Carota only; one set
of the seeds brought by myself from the coast of Jersey; the others
given to me by Dr. Boswell Syme. Besides this direct change,
intermediate forms occur on the coast; while on inland examples
of Carota, growing on dry exposed ground, the umbel occasionally
remains perfectly convex in fruit.

“ Daucus Gingidium, Linn.” Bab. man. ed. 2, not 3.
Provinces 1-8. ‘Kent, Cornwall.” ‘Probably distinct.”
Ambiguity. Unknown to me. The intermediates mentioned
above ?

Caucalis latifolia, Linn. Turgenia latifolia, Hoffm.
Provinces 1234-6. [8. Dovedale; Dr. Johnson, in B. G.]
Casual. Cyb.i. 457. ili. 445. Seldom found.

Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hofim.
Provinces 1 to 15, interruptedly. Devon to Moray.
Casual. Gyb. i. 462. iii. 446. An escape from gardens.

Cherophyllum aureum, Linn.
Provinces - 1415. Edinburgh and Eorfar; G. Don only.
Error or Casual. Cyb. i. 463. Flora of Forfarshire, 85.
Cherophyllum aromaticum, Linn.
Province - 15. Forfar; G. Don, sole authority ?
Error. Cyb. i. 463. Flora of Forfarshire, 86.
Coriandrum sativum, Linn.
Provinces -- 3 45--89-11-13-15. Kent to Aberdeen.
Casual. Cyb. i. 464. I have not seen specimens of this.

40. CAPRIFOLIACEM: — 41. RUBIACER. 521

40. CaPRIFOLIACE.

Lonicéra Caprifolium, Linn.
Provinces 12845-7-910-12 1814.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 10. iii. 448. Frequently planted; and stated to
have become well established in Cambridgeshire.

Lonicera Xylosteum, Linn.

Provinces 128-5 6-89101112-1415. Wild in Sussex?
Alien? Cyb. ii. 10. iii. 448. “In a coppice called the ‘ Hacketts,’
to the east of Hough Bridge, four miles from Arundel, plentiful
and certainly wild”; Mr. Borrer in B. G. 1805. At that date,
Mr. Borrer was a young botanist; at a later age, experience had
made him much less ready in declaring garden shrubs “ certainly
wild.” Besides, “wild” is an ambiguous term. A plant may
have become certainly wild, although originally introduced by
human agency; ew. gr. the Udora canadensis and Impatiens fulva ;
which are now wild, although not natives aboriginally.

Lonicera alpigena, Linn.
Province - 14. Collinton woods, near Edinburgh.
Planted Alien. See English Botany, iv. 210.

Diervilla canadensis, Willd.
Provice - 15. Planted in Forfarshire.
Alien. Explanations in Cyb. Brit. Supp. 84.

Symphoricarpus racemosus, Mich. Symphoria, Hort.

Provinces ...? Eng. bot. edit. 3, iv. 210.

Alien. I am not aware of any alleged locality; and thus include
the shrub here only because enumerated in English Botany, as
cited. It belongs to a small group of shrubs which are often
planted for ornament, and which keep the ground by their
creeping roots; such as the Diervilla above mentioned, the
Hypericum hircinum, Spirea salicifolia, ete.

Al. Rupiaces.

Galium (verum) ochroleucum, “ Wolf.”
Provinces 1 28. G. elato-verum, Eng. bot. iv. 214.
Hybrid? Cornwall and Devon; A. Briggs! Sussex. Kent.

Galium cinereum, Sm. G. diffusum, Don. Hook.
Provinces - 14 15. Edinburgh and Forfar; G. Don.
‘Ambiguity. See Eng. Bot. iv. 216. Eng. Flo. i. 208.

Galium (palustre) Witheringii, Sm.
Provinces all? <“ Rather rare ;” Eng. bot. iv. 222.
Syn. 515. Cyb.ii. 14. It would seem that authors and collectors
apply the name ‘ Witheringii’ differently. If it be understood
simply to mean G. palustre with the stem hispid, not smooth,
then it represents a plant not at all rare, I think.

3k

522 41. RUBIACER.

Galium (palustre) elongatum, Presl.
Provinces 12345--891011. Infrequent?
Syn. 515. Differing from ordinary G. palustre chiefly by its
much larger flowers and fruit; otherwise, very similar. Made the
first or type form in English Botany; while the name ‘ genuinum’
is given to the more usual form, placed as a second variety.

Galium debile, Desv. G. constrictum, Chaub.
Province - 10. Exchange Club report for 1858.
Ambiguity. Probably “passed over as G. uliginosum.”

Galium (erectum ?) aristatum, Sm.
Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don.
Syn. 518. “It is evidently one of the intermediate forms which
connect the two sub-species” of Mollugo, namely, erectum and
elatum ; Eng. bot. iv. 217.

Galium (Mollugo) scabrum, With.
Province - 5. Near Worcester; Stokes in With arr.
Syn. 519. A species, by Withering; a variety of Mollugo, by
Smith ; disregarded by subsequent describers.

Galium (Mollugo) insubricum, “ Gaud. Koch.”
Province - 12. Winandermere; Rey. C. A, Stevens.
Syn. 519. Bab. man. “A distinct species?” The “G. insu-
bricum, Gaud.” of the Botany of North Yorkshire, perhaps is the
next variety, the Bakeri of English Botany, not this present one?

Galium (Mollugo) Bakeri, Syme.
Province - 10. Near Thirsk, Yorkshire; J. G. Baker.
Syn. 519. “ One of three or four of the intermediate forms which
connect G. erectum with G. elatum”; Eng. bot. iv. 218.

Galium (sylvestre) montanum, Vill.
Provinces - 8- 10, etc. G. pusillum of Cyb. Brit.
Syn. 520. Made the type of sylvestre in H. B. iv. 220.

Galium (sylvestre) nitidulum, Thuil.
Provinces - 8-10. Botany of North Yorkshire, 242.
Syn. 520. See English Botany, iv. 221 and 282.

Galium commutatum, Jordan ?
Province - 10. Cronkley Scars, North Yorkshire; Baker.
Ambiguity. “The Teesdale plant, supposed to be G. commu-
tatum of Jordan, for specimens of which I am obliged to Mr.
Baker, is certainly not the plant described by Grenier and
Godron”; Eng. bot. iv. 221 ;—but see also page 232.

Galium saccharatum, All.‘ G. verrucosum, E. B.”
Provinces - 10-15. [8 - 8, misnomers.]
Casual. Cyb. ii. 19 and iii. 449.

Galium spurium, Linn.
Provinces -- 84 5--8-101112--15. Mostly erroneous.
Casual. Cyb. 11.20. A synonym for G. Vaillantit in province 8.

41. RUBIACER. — 42. VALERIANACEA, 523

Casual in 10 and possibly 15. Misnomers of G. tricorne in
others.

Asperula taurina, Linn.
Provinces - 8-12-1415. Leic. Westm. Hadd. Edin. Perth.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 28. iii. 450. Eng. bot. iv. 229.

Asperula arvensis, Linn.
Provinces 1-8-10-18. Dev. Midx. Herts. York. Renf.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 23. Eng. bot. iv. 230.

Crucianella stylosa, DC. E. B. 8.
Province - 10. Scarborough, Yorkshire; J. G. Baker.
Casual. Ona railway embankment.

42, VALERIANAGES.

Centranthus ruber, DC.
Provinces 1 to11--14. Escaped from gardens.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 24. iii, 529. Well established in chalk-pits in
the southern provinces.

Centranthus Calcitrapa, Dufr.
Province -- 8. Garden walls, Kent and Middlesex.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 25. Phytologist, iii. 649.

Valeriana (officinalis) sambucifolia, Mikan.
Provinces all. Cornwall to Orkney. See page 205.
Syn. 582. Cyb. ii. 26. “ Sambucifolia” is simply a second name
for the ordinary or usual form of Linnean VJ. officinalis in Britain
and elsewhere ; as explained on pages 448—51.

Valeriana (officinalis) Mikanii, Syme E. B. 3.
Provinces - 234. Likely in other provinces.
Syn. 532. Cyb. ii. 26. Number of leaflets very variable.

Valeriana pyrenaica, Linn.
Provinces ----5-7----121314 1516. [4 Ipswich.]
Alien. Cyb. ii. 27. Well established in Scotland.

Valerianella carinata, Lois.
Provinces 1-3-5-7 8-10.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 27. iii. 334. An escape from culture.

Valerianella (dentata) miata, Dufr,
Provinces 1 283 ------ 10. Common; Eng. bot. iv. 243.
Syn. 587. Oyb. ii. 28. A slight variety, chiefly noticeable be-
cause several times mislabelled as eriocarpa.

Valerianella eriocarpa, Desy.
Province 5. [2-7 -10- 14, by misnomers only ?]
Casual. Cyb. ii. 28. iii. 356. In English Botany we are told
that Dr. Boswell Syme has actually seen a specimen alleged to
have been found in Worcestershire in 1845.

524 43, DIPSACER. — 44. COMPOSITE.

43. Dipsacraz.

Dipsacus fullonum, Mill.
Provinces 1 2--5 6--91011-13 1415. Partly misnomers ?
Casual. Cyb. ii. 29. An occasional waif from culture.

44, Compositz.

Tragopogon (pratensis) grandiflorus, BE. B. 3.
Province -- 3. Kent and Surrey ; Eng. bot. v. 189.
Syn. 544. This remains unknown to myself. Of the other two
forms, treated together on page 207, the minor is much more
frequent. In herbarium specimens, the relative length of florets
and phyllaries depends partly on the age of the head when
pressed, partly on the degree of pressure used; but the relative
length differs even at first expansion of the head or compound
flower, although becoming less after expansion. I am not pre-
pared to state the distribution of an intermediate form, apart from
the two extremes of minor and grandiflorus.

Tragopogon porrifolius, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16; chiefly in 1 to 5. Casual in 7 to 16.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 84; treated as a denizen. Two forms of this
also are mentioned in Eng. Bot. v. 141, differing by the relative
length of florets and phyllaries ; perhaps in this case, too, varying
with age and pressure.

Picris (hieracioides) arvalis, Jord.
Province - 8. ‘“ Groby Pool and Market Bosworth, Leicestershire.”
Syn. 547. Eng. bot. v. 136. Not known to me.

Picris stricta, Jord. P. hieracioides, var.
Province - 8. Herts; Rev. W. W. Newbould.
Casual. Eng. bot. v. 217. Equally unknown to me.

Leontodon (autumnalis) pratensis, « Koch,” E. B. 3.
Provinces - 1516. Dalwhinnie! Skye; Balf. & Bab.
Syn. 550. A synonym of Tarawaci, fide E. B. v. 1385. My Dal-
whinnie plant, from a corn-field there, differs from the ordinary
state of autumnalis only by the copious green pubescence.
Taraxaci is single or few-flowered, with black woolly pubescence.
Hither one is but a slight variety.

Leontodon (autumnalis) Taraxaci, Willd.
Provinces -- - [4] -- 7------- 15 16 17 18.
Syn. 550. Cyb. ii. 89. See preceding segregate.

Hypocheris (glabra) Balbisii, Lois.
Provinces -- 8-5. Kent and Salop; Bab. man.
Syn. 551. Eng. bot. v. 128—9.

44, COMPOSITA. 525

Prenanthus purpurea, Lam.
Provinces - 14-16. Skye; Balf. Bab. Acc. Hebr. 5.
Alien. Cyb.ii.44. On Salisbury Craigs, Edinburgh, about 1839.

Crepis barbata, Linn.
Province 1. On the Downs near Sidmouth, in 1833 ; W. R. Crotch.
Casual? Reference lost; where was this published ?

Crepis pulchra, Linn.
Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don, sole authority.
Error. Cyb. ii. 49. Flora of Forfarshire, 99.

Hieracium (Pilosella) pilosissimum, Fries.
Provinces - 2----78. Wight. Montgomery. Derby.
Syn. 568. H. Pilosella var. peleterianum, Bab. man.

Hieracium stoloniferum, W. K.

Province - 14. ‘ Granton Railway banks, Oct. 1869.”

Ambiguity or Alien? Eng. bot. v. 218. See H. dubium below.
Recorded as Scottish, in the Journal of Botany for November,
1869, on authority of ‘ Professor Balfour and Mr. J. Saddler.”
The names of these two botanists stand on the title-page of a
recent “Flora of Ediburgh,”’—a work which includes unquestioned
so much that is most questionable. A variety of Pilosella ?

Hieracium dubium, Sy. in Eng. Flora.
Provinces - ? ---12-? Derby? Westmoreland. Scotland?
Ambiguity. Mr. Backhouse states that the figure of dubiwm in
English Botany, 2332, was taken from garden specimens of
H. stoloniferum of Fries, whilst Smith’s description in the English
Flora was made from H. Auricula, Linn.

Hieracium Auricula, Sm. in Eng. Flora.
Province - 12. On Dale-head, Westmoreland.
Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 52. Phytol. ii. 484. Smith’s description
and figure in English Botany, 2368, are alleged by Mr. Backhouse
to have been “ taken from a Swiss specimen of H. glaciale of Fries
and Lachen.”

Hieracium collinum, Fries.
Province - 14. Banks of the Ettrick, Selkirkshire.
Ambiguity? Particulars in Journal of Botany, for December, 1868.
I am not aware whether the name has been confirmed by Dr. Bos-
well Syme or Professor Babington; nor whether the locality can
be relied upon, as a native one, if assuming the name to have
been correctly applied.

Hieracium aurantiacum, Linn.
Provinces 1 - 8--6--9101112 ? 1415 16.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 52. An escape from gardens.

526 44, COMPOSITE.

Hieracium (alpinum) Halleri, Hook. Scot.
Province- 15. Perth. Forfar.
Syn. 570. Hooker cited the figure of so-called villosum, in
English Botany, 2379, for his Halleri; Mr. Backhouse cites it for
his eximium.

Hieracium divaricatum, G. Don.
Province - 15. Clova Mountains; G. Don.
Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 61. “H. lingulatum?” Backh. mon. 380.

Hieracium rupestre, Bab. man. ed. 3.
Province - 15. Aberdeenshire; Bab. man.
Ambiguity. Cyb iii. 360. Backhouse in Bot. Gaz. iii. 46.

Hieracium nudicaule, Edmondstone.
Province- 15. Perth. Moray. 12 Westmoreland?
Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 54. Phytologist iv. 843-4.
Hieracium incisum, Tausch. Hoppe?
Provinces- 15-17. Forfar; Gard. flo. Ross; Bab. man.
Ambiguity. As a variety of H. murorum, in Man. ed. 3.
Hieracium maculatum, Sm.
Provinces 12845. And elsewhere?
Alien. This name has been used for maculate varieties of several
modern species. It is now specially applied to a plant known only
on walls and about gardens, as an escape from cultivation, in
Devon, Somerset, Sussex, Surrey, Middlesex, Norfolk, Warwick,
and perhaps other counties. See especially English Botany,
edition third, v. 106.

Hieracium precox, Schultz.
Province - 7. “ Denbigh; J. E. Bowman.”
Ambiguity. In the Journal of Botany for 1866, page 223, it is
stated by Dr. Schultz that his H. precoa occurs at Castle Dinas
Bran, Denbighshire, and on the great Ormeshead, collected by
Mr. Bowman, and deposited in the British Museum. According
to my herbarium, Mr. Bowman’s specimens from Dinas Bran are
more like pallidum or Gibsoni, while the precow of Schultz is very
like maculatum of Smith.
Hieracium pictum, Auct.
Provinces ----5-7---111218-151617. By reports.
Ambiguity. Maculate varieties of sylvaticum, tridentatum, rigidum,
gothicum, and perhaps some others, have passed under this name.
ieracium plumbeum, Fries.
Provinces - 11-15. Durham; Baker in Phytol. iv. 64. Scotland?
Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 863. Bot. Gaz. iii, 1384. This “is regarded
by Fries as British, but as no native locality is known to British
botanists I am best satisfied to omit it”; Backhouse mon. 64.
Hieracium Schmidtii, “Tausch.” Bab. man. ed. 2.
Provinces-- ---78-10-12--15.

44, COMPOSITE. 527

Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 56. iii. 358. Caernarvon, Leicester, York,
Perth; C. C. Babington, in C. B.ii.56. Westmoreland; Borrer,
in Phytol. i. 434. Forfar; J. Backhouse, in Phytol. iii. 768.

Hieracium Oreades, Fries.
Province - 10. ‘Yorkshire; Dill.” See Bab. man. ed. 3.
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 8361. Backhouse mon. 53.

Hieracium saxifragum, Fries.
Provinces - 10 or 11 --14 15. Bab. man. ed.3. Eng. bot. v. 218
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 361. Backhouse, in Bot. Gaz. iii. 47.

Hieracium cerinthoides, Linn.
Provinces -10-1381415. True plant not British.
Error. Cyb. ii. 59. ii. 453. Misnomer of H. anglicum.

Hieractwm villosum, Linn.
Provinces - 10 - 15 16. Aberdeenshire; Drummond?
Error? Cyb. 11.60. Journal of Botany, iii. 91. Extremely
doubtful whether this ever has been found in Britain; most of
the supposed examples were certainly other species misnamed.
Possibly Drummond’s specimens came from the garden of his
predecessor George Don.

Hieracium amplewicaule, Linn.
Provinces - 3-15. Oxford. Kinross. On walls there.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 61. [Forfar; G. Don, probably false.]

Hieracium Borreri, Syme, E. B. 8.
Province - 14. Harehead wood, near Selkirk ; Dickson.
Ambiguity. At present, known in gardens only. My own examples
came originally from the garden of Mr. Borrer. No botanist would
mistake this for prenanthoides after culture of both in the garden.
The name of denticulatum, apparently intended for this species,
has been confusedly applied to several others.

Hieracium denticulatum, Sm.
Provinces - - - - - 6---10--13 1415161718. All uncertain.
Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 62. iii. 859. See the preceding.

Hieracium dovrense, “ Fries,” Bab. man. ed. 3.
Province - 15. ‘ Scotland; Fries.” Aberdeenshire ?
Ambiguity. Backhouse mon, 66. Bot. Gaz. iii. 134.

Hieracium virescens, Sonder.
Province - 8. Surrey; Fries, fide Mr. Woods.
Ambiguity. See Backhouse mon. p. 80. Eng. bot. v. 205.

Hieracium pallescens ?
Province - 15. Forfarshire; James Backhouse.
Ambiguity. Bot. Gaz. iii. 135. Not in Back. mon.

Hieracia Backhousiana.

In the preceding enumeration of Hawkweeds the usual course has
been adhered to, that of noticing the introduced and the nominal

528 44. COMPOSITE.

species which had not been treated in the Synopsis. There still
remain the thirty odd species of Mr. Backhouse’s elaborate Mono-
graph ; the majority of which were not noticed segregately in the
Synopsis, or were absolutely unnoticed there. But it is impossible
to disregard a treatise so sedulously worked out, and from the pen
of a botanist much more familiar with the genus in question, than
is any other English describer of plants. The great difficulty in
using that Monograph, is, that nobody could possibly name his
specimens by it; there must be the further aid also of examples
already labelled by Mr. Backhouse himself, or through direct com-
parison with other individual specimens so labelled.. I cannot
doubt that several of the so-called “species” are optional and
arbitrary ; that the forms are associated (‘fagotted”) into species,
or separated into species, and named accordingly, by the will of a
Backhouse or a Fries, and not by anything more real in nature.
For example, Mr. Backhouse arbitrarily restricts the old Linnean
name “alpinum” to a segregate which is comparatively of rare
occurrence in this country, and is not specially or exclusively the
alpinum of any preceding author. Dr. Boswell Syme, endowed
with a better appreciation of Science, its ends and means, writes
thus in English Botany ;—“I have adopted the name H. melano-
cephalum (Tausch.), which doubtless belongs to this fort, instead of
restricting the name of H. alpinum to this aberrant member of the
group. There is no custom which has introduced greater con-
fusion than that of applying the name properly belonging to a
whole series of forms to one of its parts only ;—where this has
been done, and generally received by botanists, of course such
names ought to be retained, as they do not lead to confusion ; but,
in the present case, it is only two or three British authors who use
H. alpinum in the sense intended by Mr. Backhouse; so that their
H. alpinum does not represent the H. alpinum of continental
authors”; E. B. v. 172. This is sound and clear; but why not
acted on in the case of Ranunculus heterophyllus? (See page 429
of the present volume). In the subjoined list of names from the
work of Mr. Backhouse, his own recorded localities, those of
English Botany, those on labels in my herbarium, with some very
few other additions, are condensed into their corresponding
provincial nos.

Hieracium.

3 alpinum 15 16
4 holosericeum 12 15 16
5 eximium 15 16

b. tenellum - 15 16
6 calenduliflorum - - - - 15
7 gracilentum - 15
8 globosum - 15

9 nigrescens - 15 16

44, COMPOSITE. 529

10 lingulatum z see eee - 1516
11 senescens mee “+ 15 16
12 chrysanthum - ee - - - 161617
b. microcephalum - - - - - 12 15
13 cerinthoides (b) ---- --- - 1112 - 15
b. anglicum -- 101112 - - 15 18
c. acutifolium -- - - 15
14 iricum ~ 1O1ll 18-15 17
15 pallidum ? 7 - 1011121381415 1617 18
16 lasiophyllum -7 + IL - - 15 ?
17 Gibsoni - - - - 10
18argenteum ------ 7 - 1112 - 15 18
19 nitidum -- - - 15
20 aggresatum -- - - - + 15
21 murorum 123456-8-101112- - 15
b. rotundatum - - + + 15
22 cesium - ses ? - 1011 - - 15 1718
... obtusifolium - & Be 15
23 stelligerum - Bee is - - 15
24 vulgatum 1234-6- 89101112 .- 15 16
b. cinereum - 7
c. rubescens - - 10
25 gothicum -- 7- 1011 15
b. latifolium - 15

26 tridentatum 128-5- 891011

27 prenanthoides - +e - 1011 - 1415

28 strictum -- 10 =«12 15 1617
29 umbellatum 12345678910111213 ? ? ?
30 crocatum - 1011 - 15

31 rigidum - 1011 1814151617
32 corymbosum S85 - 15

Barkhausia setosa, DC.
Provinces -23-5---91011---165.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 68. Sown with imported clover seed; thus
uncertain and temporary, though not very rare.

Taraxacum (officinale) erythrospermum, Andrz.
Provinces - 2 3. ‘‘ Chalk downs and sandy places.”
Syn. 588. Eng. bot. v. 148. Perhaps frequent.

Taraxacum (officinale) levigatum, DC.
Provinces- 2? 45-7. “Sandy places”; E. B. v. 143.
Syn. 588. Localities confused with those of palustre.

Calendula arvensis, Linn.
Provinces - 2-11. 2 Sussex coast, extinct. 11 Ballast-hills.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 92. ili. 457. (C. officinalis, so much cultivated,
is occasionally seen by waysides. Bot. N. Yorkshire, etc.)

3Y

530 44. COMPOSITE.

Arctium Lappa, Linn. With varieties.

Provinces all. A. Bardana in all, unless 12 and 17 excepted.
Cyb. ii. 72. In the Flora Anglica and Flora Britannica only a
single aggregate species was treated under name of Lappa, with
subordinate varieties. In the English Flora it was divided into
two species, Lappa and Bardana. In the British Flora these two
were re-united into one. In English Botany, edition third, that
dual division is discarded in favour of another, into the two species
majus and minus; the latter subdivided into three sub-species.
T can recognize the two species as probably real, and have so
treated them on page 219. Other names need a notice here.

Arctium intermedium, Man. ed. 4,5. A. nemorosum, Bab. 6.

Arctium intermedium, Man. ed. 6. A. pubens, Bab. ed. 4, 5.
Provinces 12345678-10---14.
Ambiguities. Professor Babington having applied the name
intermedium differently in successive editions, it will become
usually impossible now to say which of the two segregates is
intended by recorders of localities who use that name. In the
sixth edition it means pubens, but in former editions it means
something which is not pubens, but whether the nemorosum of
edition sixth is not made apparent there. Probably both are
slight varieties of A. minus. In English Botany they are made
sub-species under this latter; but the Editor intimates non-
acquaintance with A. nemorosum.

Arctium tomentosum, “ Pers.” Bab. man. ed. 4, 5.

Provinces- 238? Sussex. Oxford. East England.

Ambiguity. ‘Apparently not a native of England, but may have
been found in E. Anglia”; Bab. man. ed. 5. Oxford Botanic
Garden in 1867; to which Mr. Baxter says he brought it from
Bagley Wood, many years before; Rev. W. W. Newbould. Sussex ;
Mr. Hemsley, in Journal of Botany, no. 69. I must leave to others
the reconcilement between these contradictory records, finding
myself only mystified thereby.

Serratula (tinctoria) monticola, Bor.
Province 1. In the Lizard, Cornwall!
Syn. 594. “Scarcely deserves the name of a variety, though
made a species by Boreau; .... it is represented in E. B. No. 88”;
Eng. Bot. ed. 3.

Carduus (crispus) genuinus, Gren. & Godr.

Provinces...? Probably as they are shown on page 220.

Syn. 596. Oyb. ii. 75. ii. 454. This and the other two segre-
gates made up the ‘‘acanthoides” of most English botanists until
very recent dates. Jam unable to apportion my own herbarium
specimens among them with the needful confidence; and thus am ,
compelled to leave the provinces in blank, not finding special
localities on record.

44. COMPOSITA:. 531

Carduus (crispus) polyanthemos, Godr. ‘‘ Koch Syn.”
Provinces... ? Not ascertained for this apart.
Syn. 593. Indirectly said to be “common”, in E. B. 3.

Carduus (crispus) litigiosus, Gren. & Godr.
Provinces... ? Less abundant than the other forms; E. B. 3.
Syn. 596. “C, acanthoides, Koch Syn.” “C. polyacanthos, Schreb.”

Carduus Marianus, Linn. Silybum Marianum, Gaertn.
Provinces 1 to 17. Cornwall to Ross. Garden escape.
Casual or Alien. Seldom permanent. Cyb. ii. 77. iii. 454.

Carduus oleraceus, Pers.
Province - 8. Lincoln; Mr. Cole, fide E. Edwards.
Alien. Particulars in Phytologist ii. 58 and 115.

Carduus setosus, E. B. 3.

Provinces 1- 3-11-15. Surrey; Irvine! Fife; Dewar! Orkney?
Casual or Alien. Cyb. ii. 80. The Surrey plant came to my
herbarium, thus labelled, through the Botanical Exchange Club,
with the date of 1860. The Fife plant came through the extinct
Botanical Society of London. The two examples are widely dis-
similar in their stem-leaves and bracts. It has also been reported
in South Devon and Durham.

Carduus tuberosus, Linn.
Province - 2. Formerly found in Wilts.
Extinct? Cyb. ii. 83. iii. 455. [6 Glamorgan, erroneously.]

Carduus Woodwardii, Cyb. brit. C. acauli-pratensis, E. B. 3.
Provinces -2---6. Wilts. Glamorgan.
Hybrid? Cyb. ii. 83. iii. 455. A series of examples, wild and
garden-grown, shew a range of form sliding almost into pratensis
at one extremity, and into caulescent acaulis at the other extremity.

Carduus Forsteri, Bab. C. pratensi-palustris, E. B. 3.
Provinces - 2 3- [5]. Sussex; Coleman! Surrey!
Hybrid? Cyb. ii. 80. iii. 455. The true plant has seldom been
found. Forms of C. pratensis have been reported occasionally
under name of Forsteri, as from the Isle of Wight and Stafford,
and probably from Gloucester.

Carduus Gibsoni, Lond. Cat. C. arvensi-acaulis, E. B. 3.
Province - 8. Essex; Mr. G. 8. Gibson. “C. dubius, Willd.”
Hybrid? Cyb. ii. 84. Eng. Bot. ed. 3. Phytol. iti. 902.

Carduus Newbouldi, L. C. C. nutanti-crispus, E. B. 3.
Provinces - 38-11. ‘C. acanthoides, Flore de France.”
Hybrid? North Essex; Rev. W. W. Newbould, in E. B. 3.
A similar intermediate has been found near Wooler, in the Tyne
province, by Mr. J. G. Baker. See E. C. report for 1866; also
New Flora of N. D. page 196.

532 44. COMPOSITAE.

Centaurea montana, Linn.
Provinces -5 10. Stafford; Garner. York; Mr. James Ward!
Alien. Oyb. ii. 287. A waif from gardens.

Centaurea Jacea, Linn.
Provinces - 23. Sussex; Borrer. Middlesex: Dyer! Syme!
Alien. Cyb. ii. 88. iii. 456. Eng. Bot. v.81. Flora of Middlesex,
164. The so-called “Jacea” of Forfarshire, and of various other
counties, was the C. nigrescens or radiate states of C. nigra.

Centaurea (nigra) nigrescens, “ Willd.”
Provinces 1 to 15; but authority wanting for 7 9 12.
Syn.611. Cyb. ii. 88. iii. 456. The name “ nigrescens” included
almost any radiate form of C. nigra or C. nigra decipiens.

Centaurea (nigra) decipiens, E. B. 8.
Provinces 12 345-15. Cornwall to Cambridge. Fife.
Syn. 611. Scarcely distinguishable from C. nigra.

Centaurea melitensis, Linn.

Centaurea centaurivides, Linn.
Province 5. Gloucestershire; Dr. St. Brody.
Casuals. Exchange Club reports, 1867 and 1868.

Centaurea solstitialis, Linn.
Provinces -2345-7891011--14. Chiefly in S.E. England.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 92. Among lucerne, clover, etc.

Centaurea Intybacea, Linn.
Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don, sole authority.
Error. Cyb. ii. 91.

Artemisia (maritima) gallica, Willd.
Provinces 128-5----10---1415. And elsewhere?
Syn. 624. I have not kept notes of this segregate apart from
“maritima.” In English Botany it is said to be “ about equally
common” with the more typical form, from which indeed it differs
very slightly.

Artemisia caerulescens, Linn.
Provinces- 2-8. Wight. Hants. Sussex. Lincoln.
Error. Cyb. ii. 99. Phytologist ili. 491. Eng. bot. v. 216.

Artemisia scoparia, Wald. & Kit.
Province - 3. South Kensington, Middlesex, 1865-7.
Casual. Site of the Exhibition of 1862; Midx. flo.
Artemisia compacta, Fischer.
Province - 14. ‘ Tweedside, Melrose”; Mr. G. C. Stuart.
Casual. Proceedings of the Berwickshire N. H. Club, 1869.

Gnaphalium (dioicum) hyperboreum, “Don.” “ Winch.”
Province - 16. Stated to have occurred in the Isle of Skye.
Syn. 627. I have not seen an example of this variety.

44, COMPOSITA. 533

Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Linn.
Provinces --34567--10-12-14 15 16.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 101. iii. 458. From America. See De Candolle
Geog. Bot. Rais. 669 and 728.

Gnaphalium luteo-album, Linn.
Provinces - 2-4-9. Sussex. Norfolk. Cambridge. Lancaster.
Casual. Oyb. ii. 101. Noticed very seldom.

Gnaphalium (uliginosum) pilulare, Wahl.
Province ---4. Toft, Cambridge; Eng. bot. v.
Syn. 632. “May be common”; Eng. bot. Not yet known to me.
Filago gallica, Linn.
Provinces -- 3 4 5 --8---12--15. In corn-fields.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 104. iii. 458. Has occurred in Kent, Surrey,
Herts, Essex, Bucks. Errors elsewhere?

Tussilago alpina, Linn. Homogyne alpina, Cass.
Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don, sole authority.
Cyb. ii. 110. iii. 459. Absent from Scandinavia.

Tussilago fragrans, Vill. Nardosmia fragrans, Reich.
Provinces 1 23--6 7. Escape from gardens.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 108. Too impatient of severe frost to become truly
naturalised, although its roots will endure long in sheltered spots
or near the coast.

Tussilago alba, Linn. Petasites albus, Gaertn.
Provinces - 5-10-15. Warwick. York. East Highlands.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 108. iii. 459. EH. C. rep. 1868. Eng. bot. v. 118.

Erigeron unifiorus, Linn.
Province - 15. Perthshire; G. Don in Eng. Flora, etc.
Error. A misnomer of EL. alpinus single-headed.

Erigeron canadensis, Linn.
Provinces 1-8-5 6--9-11. Chiefly about the Thames.
Alien or Casual. Cyb. ii. 111. A weed in several places.

Aster salicifolius, Scholl.

Province- 11-15. By the river Tay, below Perth; Syme!

Alien. Comp. 641*, Aster salignus in part. Perhaps more than
one species pass under the name salignus. The examples sent
to me from Perth, by Dr. Boswell Syme, well correspond with a
specimen from [name not legible] labelled by Hornung as
“A. salicifolius Scholl.” I am not certain that the Cumberland
plant belongs to the same species; and have not seen that of
Cambridge. The Perth specimens ill accord with one from
Strasbourg, sent as salignus. 11, N. H. of Eastern Borders.

Aster Novi-Belgii, Linn. A. brumalis?
Provinces - 8-10-15. Surrey. Essex. York. Perth.
Alien. One or both of these occur occasionally as garden escapes.

534 44, COMPOSITE.

And some other American species of this large genus have been
found in isolated localities in Britain. Aster leucanthemos (Desf.)
grew increasingly for several years, near to ‘Three Thimble
Bridge,’ in the parish of Thames Ditton, Surrey. But in 1869 a
new bridge was built, the channel of the stream altered, houses
erected on one side of it, a garden made on the other side,—and
the Aster became utterly destroyed. Some other species have
boon plexed in that much be-planted locality, the Tay-side below
erth.

Solidago (Virgaurea) cambrica, Huds.
Provinces - - - - - 67--10-12--15--18. And others?
Syn. 642. An opposite variety to this is noticed in English
Botany, by name of angustifolia.

Solidago lanceolata, Linn.
Provinces ...? Where are the localities ?
Alien. “ Sometimes found naturalised”; Brit. Flora.

Senecio squalidus, Linn.
Provinces 1-345. Devon! Oxford! Worcester! Warwick!
Alien. Oyb. 1.115. Midx. flo. Suff. flo. Norf. flo.

Senecio erraticus, Bert.
Provinces- 5 6 14. Flora of Shropshire, but a misnomer.
Error. Cyb.ii.117. iii.461. Bot. Gaz.ii.9. Mag. N. H. iii. 563.

Senecio (aquaticus) pinnatifidus, Gren. et Godr.
Provinces...? Probably general; localities not noted.
Syn. 649. Eng. bot. v. 86. A slight variation or state.

Senecio saracenicus, Linn. 8. salicetorum, Godr.
Provinces 123-5-789 10111218 1415 16.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 118. Occasionally misrecorded as S. paludosus.
Cineraria (campestris) maritima, Davies.
Province - 7. On sea cliffs, near Holyhead, Anglesea.
Syn. 652. The severance of this variety would take province 7
from the area of C. campestris; but Professor Babington states
that the latter becomes converted into the variety maritima during
wet seasons. See Mag. Nat. Hist. v. 88; and Bot. Gaz. iii. 69.

Doronicum Pardalianches, Linn.
Provinces 12345--891011-1381415. Partly errors?
Alien. Cyb. i. 121. Some of the localities which have been
recorded for this species, may belong perhaps to the other. My
herbarium specimens of the present one are from Somerset,
Norfolk, Northumberland, Perth, and Forfar.

Doronicum plantaginewn, Linn.
Provinces 123----8910---1415. And others?
Alien. Cyb. ii. 121. See note to the preceding species.

44, COMPOSITE. 535

Anthemis (arvensis) anglica, Spreng. A. maritima, Sm.
Province - 11. Durham; Robson, Backhouse.
Syn. 668. Oyb. ii. 129. [By misnomers, in 2- 6-11 - 18 - 15.]

Anthemis tinctoria, Linn.

Provinces- 3-11 15. Sur. Ess. Dur. North. Fife. Forf.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 181. iii. 463. Journal of Botany, iv. 150.
(Winch enumerates also the Anthemis Valentina, tomentosa, and
miata among “ Exotics found on the ballast-hills of Tyne and
Wear ;” Geog. dist. 38. It would needlessly extend this List if
all the plants ever seen on the ballast in Tyne province should be
included in it.)

Achillea decolorans, Schrad. A. serrata, Sm.
Provinces 1-8-10. Somerset. Derby. York.
Extinct Casual? Cyb. ii. 182. Garden examples only ?

Achillea tomentosa, Linn.
Provinces -10--13-15 16. York. Renf. Banff. Dumb.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 188. iii. 463. Brit. flo. ed. 6, p. 245.

Achillea nobilis, Linn.
Province - 5. Gloucester; Dr. St. Brody.
Casual. Exchange Club report for 1868.

“ Achillea asplenifolia, of gardeners.”
Province -- 3. Twickenham, Middlesex; Boswell Syme!
Alien. In the same field with Centaurea Jacea and Hieracium
aurantiacum ; a triplet tending much to shew each other simply
Aliens, relicts of some garden. It is apparently the Millefolium
with purple or deep pink flowers.

Achillea tanacetifolia, All.
Provinces - 8-10. Derby; C. C. Babington. York; J. Hardy.
Extinct casual. Cyb. ii. 184. iii. 464. Bot. Gaz. ii. 96.

Cotula coronopifolia, Linn.

Province -- 8. Highbury, Middlesex; Mr. Peter Gray !

Casual. In 1869 a rather dense patch of it ‘was growing in a
building lot nearly opposite the new church of St. Augustine in
Highbury New Park Road”; Peter Gray. It would be of some
interest to know how this plant had got to the place named.
Perhaps originally from the Southern Hemisphere, it had become
established in Holland in the time of Linneus. It has spread into
north-west Germany and Denmark; and it has also settled itself
on the coasts of Spain and Portugal. (‘ Cotula aurea, a native of
South Europe and the East, occurred a year or two ago in corn-
fields at Mitcham, where it was associated with many other exotics
obviously introduced with foreign grain”; Journal of Botany,
Feb. 1870.)

536 45. CAMPANULACER. — 46. ERICACER.

Galinsoga parviflora, Cav.
Province - - 8. Surrey; Dr. Gray, 1860. Middlesex ; Mr. Britten.
Alien. Journal of Botany, i. 104 and 875. Midx. flo. 151.

Aanthium Strumarium, Linn.
Provinces- 28-11. Dor. Ham. Sur. Midd. Dur. North.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 135. Journal of Botany, i. 875.

Xanthium spinosum, Linn.
Provinces - 5 6-10-1314. Hereford; Dr. Bull!
Casual. Wakefield flo. 50. E. C. rep. 1867. Berw. proc. 1869.

45. CAMPANULACES.

Campanula persicifolia, Linn.
Provinces - 10-1415. York. Edinburgh. Banff.
Casual or Alien. Cyb. ii. 141. Bot. N. Y. 255.

Phyteuma spicatum, Linn.
Provinces - 2--5. Hast Sussex; W. Christy!
Alien. One plant of it found in Warwickshire, in 1865.

46. EricacEa.

Erica (Tetralix) Watsoni, Benth. in DC. prodr.

Province 1. West Cornwall!

Syn. 691 or 692. Cyb. ii. 147. A series of intermediate forms,
to all appearance hybrids, between Tetralix and ciliaris; hence
re-named “ Tetralici-ciliaris” in English Botany edition third.
One of the forms, a living plant of which was kindly given to me
by the Rey. C. A. Johns, has been distributed numerously through
the Botanical Exchange Club; though not the special form
described by Mr. Bentham.

Erica multiflora, Linn.
Province - 8. Derbyshire; Pilkington, quoted in B. G.
Error. What could this name have intended in Derbyshire ?

Erica mediterranea, Linn.
Province - 6. Pontardulais, Glamorgan; Dr. Turton.
Error. Cyb. ii. 349. Phytologist i. 142. Dillw. mat. 31.

Erica carnea, Linn.
Province 1. Newton Abbot, South Devon; Dr. Hance.
Alien or Error? Journal of Botany, v. 136.

Calluna (vulgaris) atlantica, Seem.
Provinces... ? Probably any or all.
Syn. 695. See Journal of Botany, iv. 306 and v. 84, for an
account of the characters by which Dr. Seeman proposed to dis-
tinguish his atlantica from the ordinary vulgaris. Since attention
was called to their differences, in the Journal referred to, I have

49. APOCYNACEER. — 50. GENTIANACER. 5387

particularly examined some hundreds of the living shrubs on the
heaths in Surrey and neighbouring counties, besides a number of
herbarium examples from other countries than England. The
result is, that the distinctive characters indicated for atlantica
entirely fail when a sufficient series of specimens is under examina-
tion ; those of ordinary vulgaris so shading off towards atlantica,
as to leave little or nothing to keep them apart. In English
Botany, a different dual division is adhered to; namely, into
glabrata and incana, dissimilar in their extreme states, but quite
connected by a series of intermediate states.

Menziesia polifolia, Juss.
Provinces - 5 - 8. Worcester; E. Lees. Notts; N. B. G.
Error. Cyb. ii. 152. Hast. Tus. Wore.

Andromeda (polifolia) curta, Tate.
Province - 8. Derby; Rev. A. Ley! Ireland; Dr. Tate.
Syn. 699. Journal of Botany, iv. 377. HE. C. rep. 1868.

Pyrola (rotundifolia) arenaria, Koch.
Province - 9. Coast of Lancaster. P. maritima, Kenyon.
Syn. 707. Phytol. ii. 727. Liverpool Nat. Jour. no. 17.

Vaccinium macrocarpum, Ait.
Province - 7. Flintshire, doubtless planted there.
Alien. Extinct. Cyb. ii.158. An American species.

49. APOCYNACES.

Vinea major, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Cornwall to Forfar.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 167. An escape or relict of gardens.

50. GENTIANACES.

Gentiana acaulis, Linn.
Provinces - 6 - 9. Pembroke; B.G. Lancashire; “Mr. Townley.”
Error. Cyb. ii. 168. Misnomers or mis-reports.

Gentiana (Amarella) germanica, Willd.
Provinces - 2 8 - [5] 6---10. Hants to York, by report.
Syn. 721. Cyb. ii. 1738. Hants; Mrs. Russell! It has been
found also in Bucks and Herts. Among five specimens sent to
me from as many different counties, labelled *‘ germanica,” two are
simply Amareila ; these latter being from Monmouth and Hereford.
Not admitted into the ‘ Botany of North Yorkshire.’

Swertia perennis, Linn.
Province - 6 or 7. Wales; Richardson, in Huds. flo. ang.
Error. Cyb. ii. 177. Never verified; but what was the plant?

3%

538 50*. POLEMONIACER. — 52. SOLANACER.

50*. PoLEMONIACER.

Collomia grandiflora, Douglas.
Provinces 1-10. Shingle, Exmouth. Fields, Thirsk.
Casual. Eng. bot. vi. 83. A very hardy annual or biennial from
America, readily becoming weed-like in gardens.—(Gilia tricolor,
another garden flower in the same order, is also mentioned in
English Botany, vi. 83.)

51. ConvoLVULACES.

Cuscuta epilinum, Weihe.
Provinces 1 to 17, interruptedly. Sown with flax seeds.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 182. iii. 470.—(C. approximata, Bab. in Cyb.
ii. 183. Found on a cultivated Melilot.)

Cuscuta hassiaca, Pfeif.
Provinces -- 34. Essex, Varenne! Herts? Cambridge.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 364. HE. O. rep. 1867. HE. B. vi. 98.

52. SoLANACEE.

Hyoscyamus albus, Linn.
Provinces- 3-11. Middlesex; Dyer. Durham; Robson.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 184. Jour. Bot.iv.151. Surrey flo. app. 317.—
(H. aureus has occurred on the ballast-hills of Tyne.— And
Hi. pallidus, a variation of niger without coloured veins in the
corolla, has been seen in Surrey, Norfolk, and Edinburgh.)

Solanum (Dulcamara) marinum, E. B. 38.
Provinces - 2.3---7. Likely in others also.
Syn. 738. Unless I misunderstand the plant intended under the
name, it seems only a trifling variation, arising from its sea-side
localities. The words of Ray express a different view: “ Hanc
plantam toto habitu suo et omnino specie a priore (Duleamara)
diversam.” The description of it in English Botany, edition
third, is more accurate than that in the Manual of British
Botany.

Lycium barbarum, Linn.
Provinces - 2 3------ 10. Only where planted ?
Alien. Cyb. ii.187. ‘Nota native, but quite naturalised on the
south and south-east coasts”; Eng. Bot. vi. Doubtless it lives
where planted ; but is it renewed by seed ?

Datura Stramonium, Linn.
Provinces 1 to11---15. Cornwall to Moray.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 186. An escape from garden culture.

53. SCROPHULARIACEZ, 539

Datura Tatula, Linn.
Province - 8. East Kent; Eng. bot. vi. 108. Midx. flo. 196.
Casual. Now usually held a variety of Stramonium.

Physalis Alkekengi, Linn.
Provinces -- 8-5. Middlesex; Dyer. Warwick; Kirk.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 187. Phytol. ii. 971. Jour. Bot. iv. 151.

Nicandra physaloides, Gaertn.
Provinces - 2.3. Wight. Sussex. Kent. Middlesex.
Casual. Declared to have become “ partially naturalised in waste
and cultivated ground” in the Isle of Wight A plant so certainly
destroyed by slight frost, can never become truly naturalised in
England, although it seeds freely in gardens about London during
hot summers.

Nicotiana rustica, Linn.
Province -- 3. Occasionally about London; Midx. flo.
Casual. Jour. Bot. iv. 151. One year a plant of it appeared
casually in my own garden, in Surrey; and I cannot at all guess
through what agency it got thither; there was not then a seeding
example of it in my herbarium, to suggest an explanation.

53. SCROPHULARIACEA.

Verbascum thapsiforme, Schrader.
Province -- 3. Kent. ‘A mistake of Dr. Lindley.”
Error. Cyb. ii. 88. English Botany, vi. 187.

Verbascum phlomoides, Linn.
Provinces - 2 8. Sussex, accidentally; Borrer. Surrey, sown?
Casual. Cyb. ii.192. iii. 470. Bot. Gaz.ii 9. Eng. bot. vi. 187.

Verbascum pheniceum, Linn. “ V. ferrugineum, Andr.”
Provinces 1-7. Anglesea, 1808-4. Somerset, 1 plant, 1830.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 192. iii.470. “In a scattered old fence, on the
right hand from Beaumares to the Almshouse, in 1803. In the
following year, it nearly covered acres of ground in the adjoining
field. 1 have never seen it in a garden in the neighbourhood”;
Davies, in Welsh Botanology.

Verbascum Thapso-Lychnitis, E. B. 8. Thapsoides, Huds.
Province -- 8 --(6 7). Kent; Dr. Boswell-Syme!
“ Hybrid.” Cyb. ii. 188. (Wales, in gardens; Motley, Griffith.)

Verbascum Thapso-nigrum, “ Schiede,” E. B. 3.
Provinces -- 3 4. Kent and Surrey; Syme. Norfolk.
« Hybrid.” English Botany, vi. 118. “ V. collinum, Schrad.”

Verbascum nigro-pulverulentum, “Sm.” E. B. 3.
Province --- 4. Norfolk; Eng. flo. ii. 310.
“ Hybrid.” Re-found by the Rev. K. Trimmer, in 1863; E. B.

540 53. SCROPHULARIACER.

Verbascum nigro-Lychnitis, “ Schiede,” E. B. 3.
Provinces - 234. Kent; Syme! Sussex. Norfolk.
“ Hybrid.” Phytologist, iv. 861. Eng. Bot. vi. 119.

Veronica (spicata) genuina, E. B. 3.
Provinces [-- 3] 4. [18]. Suffolk! Cambridge; Bab. flo.
Syn. 193. Cyb. ii. 198. Hast of England.

Veronica (spicata) hybrida, Linn.
Provinces [1] ---5 67----12. Glouc. Wales. Westm.
Syn. 746. COyb. ii. 193. West of England.

Veronica fruticulosa, Linn.
Provinces -15 16. (14. Wall near Edinburgh.)
Error. (Alien in 14.) Cyb. ii. 198.

Veronica (scutellata) pubescens, E. B. 3.
Provinces -- 3-5 ---9---13-15. Probably in others.
Syn. 753. Simply a pubescent state of the type form.

Veronica (officinalis) hirsuta, Hopkirk.
Provinces - 18. Ayrshire only, and now extinct?
Syn. 756. Cyb. il. 200. A specimen from Perthshire is in my
herbarium, given to me labelled as hirsuta by Mr. Maughan; but
this is not quite like the garden plant from Ayrshire.

Veronica Allionti, Villars.
Provinces - 15 --18. Forfar; Don. Shetland; Edmondston.
Error. Hook. Scot. 10. Shetland flo. 16. Forfar flo. 186.

Veronica peregrina, Linn.
Provinces - 3-15, Middlesex, sown. Perth, in gardens.
Casual. Ireland, in cultivated land; Cyb. Hib.

Veronica (polita) grandiflora, Bab. man.
Provinces- 2-4-1415. Wight. Camb. Berwick? Fife.
Syn. 761. Eng. bot. vi. 150. Omitted from the latter editions of
the Manual. In the ‘Eastern Borders’ the Berwick plant is
named ‘ Buxbaumii,” but the figure of “V. filéformis” in the
Flora of Berwick has the capsule of polita, not that of Buabaumii.

Bartsia (Odontites) vulgaris, E. B. 8.“ O. verna, Reich.”
Provinces all? “ Rather common, especially in the South”; E. B.
Syn. 765. Naming the specimens in my own herbarium, by the
printed characters in English Botany, this segregate seems to be
the more frequent form.

Bartsia (Odontites) serotina, E. B.3. ‘O, rubra, Gr. & Godr.”
Provinees all? “ Very common”; Eng. Bot. vi. 175.
Syn. 765. “Seems to have little claim to be considered a distinct
species, as most continental botanists regard it”; E. B.

Bartsia (Odontites) rotundata, “ Ball, in Ann. N. H.”
Provinces - 2-4. Sussex. Cambridge.
Syn, 765, Eng. Bot. vi. 174. Not known to me.

53. SCROPHULARIACER. 541

Euphrasia (officinalis) gracilis, Fries.
Provinces all? A slender state, frequent on heaths.
Syn. 766. The E. officinalis is so very variable with situation
that it appears scarcely possible to select a fixed type for the
species.

Rhinanthus (Crista-galli) major, Elirh.
Provinces ? 2--5--8-101112-1415--18. Sussex to Shetl.
Syn. 767. Cyb. ii. 207. iii. 472. Not readily distinguished from
the type, though held a true species by many good botanists. The
recorded localities are not always reliable.

Melampyrum (pratense) latifolium, E. B. 3.

Provinces - 23-5. Wight. Oxford. Monmouth.

Syn. 770. In English Botany, this segregate is made the primary
“variety” of the species, although it is is stated to be “rare”; the
“common, and generally distributed” form being placed as the
second “variety.” This runs counter to established usage in
botanical books, where the prevailing or -usual form of a species
stands for the type, and the less usual forms of it for the varieties.
Why should a “rare” exception be accounted the primary form?

Melampyrum (pratense) montanum, Johnston.
Provinces----5 7--1011--1415--18. And elsewhere?
Syn. 770. Oyb. ii. 209. A boreal or montane form.

Scrophularia vernalis, Linn.
Provinces 1-345 7--1011121314 15.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 214. iii. 472. An introduced plant; Alph. De
Cand. Geog. bot. rais. 675. Said to have become well established
in some places.

Antirrhinum majus, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16. Cornwall to Argyle.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 216. iii. 473. On walls, chalk rocks, ete.

Linaria Cymbalaria, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Cornwall to Moray, on walls.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 217. Well established in many places.
Linaria purpurea, Linn.
Provinces 1 23--6----11--1415. On walls, etc.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 219. Cornwall to Edinburgh or Aberdeen.

Linaria vulgari-repens, E. B. 3.
Provinces 1 2-12. Cornwall. Wight. Hants. Sussex. Lake Lane.
“Hybrid.” Cyb. ii. 219. iii. 473. Eng. bot. vi. 143. A series
of forms, apparently hybrid, some of which were referred to
L. italica formerly, but erroneously.

Linaria (vulgaris) speciosa, Bromf.
Provinces - 23. Isle of Wight; Bromfield!
Syn. 785. Cyb. iii, 478. Phytol. iii. 627. Eng. bot. vi. 141.

542 54. OROBANCHACER.

This reverts to the typical form under culture; and in the wild
state they are connected by intermediate forms.

Linaria supina, Desf.
Provinces 12-11. Cornwall. Devon. Dorset. Durham.
Alien. Oyb. ii. 221. Probably not native; DC. geogr. bot. rais.

Linaria spartea, Hoffmansegg ?
Province -- 3. Recent inclosures by Walton Station, Surrey.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 221. Seen in quantity in 1848—5 ; less plenti-
ful afterwards; extinct before 1860.—~— (The African Linaria
bipartita is occasionally found in Surrey, in places where game has
been fed on imported seeds.—And L. triphylla has occurred in a
newly made road near Birkenhead, Cheshire.)

Mimulus luteus, Linn.
Provinces 123-5 6--910111213 1415 16.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 224. iii. 474. Established in Scotland._(The
M. guttatus has been reported in Scotland also, by Dr. Arnott in
the British Flora.)

Mimulus moschatus, Douglas.
Provinces- 3 7. Surrey; Dr.Trimen. N. Wales; Mr. Pamplin.
Alien. Journal of Botany, iv. 151. Increases rapidly in damp
loose ground, and likely may become established as a naturalised
plant in Britain.

Erinus alpinus, Lion.
Province - 10. Near Tanfield, York; Bab. man. ed. 6.
Alien. ‘In abundance on the old bed of the river.”

54. OROBANCHACER,

Orobanche lucorum, Koch. 0. elatior, fide Borrer.
Province -- 3. Corn-field near Epsom, Surrey, in 1846.
Terror of name. Cyb. il. 226. i. 475. Eng. bot. vi. 197.

Orobanche (minor) amethystea, Thuil.
Provinces 1 ? 8. East Cornwall. South Devon. Kent.
Syn. 793. Cyb. ii. 228. iii. 475. Sussex? “TIT much doubt the
correctness of the name”; Mr. Borrer, 1859. But the name is
adhered to in Bab. Man. ed. 6, and in Eng. Bot. ed. 3.

Orobanche ramosa, Linn.
Provinces 1234. On Hemp, and thus very uncertain.
Casual. Cyb. ii, 281.—(O. speciosa, DC., was found in 1860 by
the late Thomas Clarke in a garden at Bridgewater, parasitical in
a, row of pease.)

54*, ACANTHACEM. — 55. LAMIACE. 543

54%, ACANTHACER.

Acanthus mollis, Linn.
Province 1. Near Penzance; Jones Tour, 31. “ Scilly Isles.”
Alien. Cyb. ii. 232. iii.475. Phytol.iv.408. “ A.N.H. viii. 505.”

55. LamMraceez.

Salvia clandestina, Linn.
Province 1. Lizard Point, West Cornwall; Bab. man.
Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 234. The corolla of Verbenaca elongates
after first expansion, and thus perhaps gave occasion to make out
a second species in England. The figure in Eng. Bot. 154 repre-
sents the corolla with the short tube of its earliest expansion, not
as seen when elongated beyond the calyx.

Elsholtzia cristata, Willd.
Province - - 3. Middlesex, 1856, lost in 1857. Scarcely admissible.
Casual. T. D. flora, with reference to Irvine’s Handbook.

Menthe Bakeriane.

In the Journal of Botany for August, 1865, Mr. J. G. Baker
published an article “On the English Mints.” He groups these
proteiform plants into thirteen species, exclusive of Pulegium. 1n
English Botany, third edition, Dr. Boswell Syme has, “for the
most part, adopted the views of Mr. Baker,” as expressed in the
paper referred to. In the Manual of British Botany, sixth
edition, Professor Babington keeps some of the Bakerian species
in combination; thus reducing the number into nine. In the
Synopsis, pages 267-9, only six aggregates are treated. These
half-dozen correspond with the Babingtonian species, except that
viridis was omitted, as not being a real native; and no account
was taken of alopecuroides and pratensis, known to me imperfectly
by garden examples only. Among plants so readily multiplied
through division of roots, all the garden examples of any one
variety may have been only a single plant originally.

To me now it would be an useless and most uninteresting
trouble to relearn Mints by the species and varieties of Mr.
Baker’s selection. I regard them, especially the varieties, simply
as optional and arbitrary, as artificial arrangements of dried speci-
mens and of portraits of individual plants; any other botanist
having equal right to make either more or fewer species and
varieties out of the same materials; and being just as likely to be
correct by doing so. My indifference to them is not lessened by
the circumstance that Mr. Baker enters very slightly into topo-
graphical details; his scanty citation of localities warrantably
suggesting that his arrangement rests really on a narrow experience
altogether, as well in himself as in those from whom he adopts or

544

adapts. Still, this may not be at all the feeling of other botanists
who will use the present Compendium; and thus it seems proper
to imitate for Mentha the examples heretofore set in treating
segregately the Roses, Brambles, and Hawkweeds.
a list of Mr. Baker’s named Mints is given here, along with such
provincial nos. as his own scant enumeration of localities will
warrant; assisted further by a few added in English Botany. As
in Rosa, the prefixed numbers here also distinguish the Bakerian
species, the non-numbered names which follow being those used
for their varieties ;—

Mentha.
1. rotundifolia
. sylvestris
a. sylvestris
b. nemorosa
c. mollissima
d. alopecuroides
. viridis
. crispa
. piperita
a. officinalis
b. vulgaris
. pubescens
a. palustris
pb. hircina
. hirsuta, 18
. citrata
. cardiaca
b. gracilis
. sativa
b. paludosa
c. subglabra
. rubra
. gentilis
a. gentilis
b. Wirtgeniana
c. Pauliana
d. pratensis
arvensis
a. arvensis
b. nummularia
c. preecox
d. agrestis
e. Allionii

om 09

13.

f. parietaricefolia -

55, LAMIACER.

12- -
ae ee
34-
Ces
1-3-
1-384--7%
1-3
23-
- 45-7 9
2
84- 8 -
3-5 9
5 - 9
12-45 7 9
?
2
1
12-

- 14.
14 15.
- os 15 16.
11.
15.
10
10 15.
11
15 16.
11 15.
14,
10 11 12 18.
- 13 14.
11.
10.

Accordingly

55. LAMIACER. 545

Thymus (Serpyllum) eu-Serpyllum, E. B. 3.
Provinces 12345----10. And elsewhere?
Syn. 810. Cyb. iii. 478. Both are widely distributed in Britain ;
Borrer msc. Especially in mountainous districts; Eng. bot. Dry
heaths ; Bab. man.

Thymus (Serpyllum) Chamedrys, Fries.

Provinces -2345----1011. And elsewhere?

Syn. 810. Cyb. iii. 478. Dr. Boswell Syme writes, “ This is the
only Thyme I have been able to meet with in the vicinity of
London”; and most of the specimens in my own herbarium,
brought together there from various parts of Britain, apparently
belong to this segregate. But I find that the book-characters,
taken as distinctive between the two, are occasionally cross-
combined in nature. For instance, the stems or branches of
Chamedrys may be seen variously “ procumbent, rooting, much-
branched,” instead of “ascending, not rooting, slightly branched ”;
—the printed words being very satisfactory distinctions between
the two Thymes, if Nature would only act up to the rules of a
Fries, a Babington, or a Boswell-Syme, instead of perversely going
contrary to their printed text.

Origanum virens, Link. & Hoffng.
Province - 2. Isle of Wight; Dr. J. E. Gray.
Ambiguity. <A pale variety of O. vulgare, and perhaps not quite
the true O. virens of Link, although near to it.

Origanum megastachyum, Link.
Provinces - 5-14. Herefordshire and Edinburgh; E. B. 3.
Alien? As a variety of O. vulgare, in Eng. bot. vil. 29.

Origanum Onites, Linn.
Province -- 8. Essex; Dale, in Huds. flo. ang.
Error. Cyb. ii. 248. A misnomer of O. vulgare ?

Calamintha (officinalis) menthifolia, Host.
Provinces 1 to 12, probably. The usual form in England.
Syn. 814. The distribution of C. officinalis, page 270, represents
that of the present segregate.

Calamintha (menthifolia) Briggsti, Syme E. B. 3.
Provinces 12. South Devon; Briggs! Wight; Stratton.
Syn. 814. A slight variety; E. C. report, 1867.

Calamintha (officinalis) sylvatica, Bromf.
Province - 2. Isle of Wight; Dr. Bromfield! :
Syn. 814. Cyb. i. 245. This is the C. officinalis of some conti-
nental botanists; our more usual form being the C. ascendens of
Jordan, which may be taken as the same thing with the var.
menthifolia treated above.

4A

546 55. LAMIACEA.

Melissa officinalis, Linn.
Provinces 1 23-8 6-8. Likely in others also.
Alien. Cyb. i. 246. A waif from gardens, by railways, etc.

Hyssopus officinalis, Linn.
Province - 2. Ruins of Beaulieu Abbey, Hants; Bromfield.
Planted Alien? Cyb. iii. 864. Phytologist, iii. 688.

Teucrium (Scordium) scordioides, Bab. Man.
Provinces 1--4. Devon. Cambridge. By misnomer?
Error. The English plant is a broad-leaved variety of Scordium.
The T. scordioides of Schreber looks specifically distinct. See
Phytologist ii. 129.

Teucrium Botrys, Linn.
Province -- 3. Surrey, in 1844—1866; found several years.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 248. iii. 364. Phytol. iii. 308 & 737.

Teucrium Chamedrys, Linu.
Provinces 12345678-1011---15. Cornwall to Forfar.
Alien, Oyb. ii. 248. iii. 480. I have never chanced to find this.

Teucrium regium, Schreber.
Province - 5. “Near Abergavenny; Mr. E. Y. Steele.”
Error. Cyb. ii. 249. Phytol. i. 310. A. N. H. v. 877.
Ajuga (reptans) alpina, Anglor.
Provinces - 7 8--1112--15. <A. genevensis in part?
Syn. 822. Cyb. ii. 249. Eng. bot. vil. 87. Scarcely a var.
Ajuga genevensis, Linn.
Provinces - 7-11-18. Wales. Durham. Lanark.
Casual or Alien. From gardens? Eng. bot. vii. 87.

Ballota (nigra) ruderalis, Fries.
Provinces- 3-11. Casual in 5. Misnomers in 2 3 4 5.
Syn. 825. Oyb. ii. 251. Midx. flo. 221. A solitary plant of it
picked in Oxfordshire; Newbould and Syme! Near Newcastle ;
John Storey! A white flowered variety of the commouer segre-
gate, B. (nigra) fetida, has occasionally been mistaken for this
one.

Leonurus Cardiaca, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. I have seen it in North Devon only.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 252. iii, 481. Originally brought from Asia,
according to Dr. Godron, in Cons. p. 21.

Lamium maculatum, Linn.
Provinces 1-345 78910--1381415- 17.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 254. A waif from gardens, often casual.

“ Lamium levigatum, Linn.” “ZL. rugosum, Ait.”
Provinces 1 ---5------- 13 14 15.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 254. i1i.481. Scottish examples of L. maculatum
have been distributed through the Botanical Society of Edinburgh

56. BORAGINACES, 547

under both the names cited; perhaps they ought properly to be
held synonyms of maculatum, not as representing anything clearly
distinguishable.

Lamium (purpureum) decipiens, Sonder.
Provinces all? Localities not noted for this apart.
Syn. 83]. An intermediate form, sometimes enough so to puzzle
more than young botanists, whether they should label it purpureum
or incisum; and on this account it may demand a notice here.
See Eng. bot. vii. 73.

Galeopsis (Ladanum) intermedia, Vill.

Province - 15. Elgin; Wilson! Gordon!

Syn. 832. In English Botany we find the Ladanwm first divided
into two “‘sub-species,” this one and the more usual form; the
latter named angustifolia, and again subdivided into two “ varieties,”
genuina and canescens. I can myself barely keep apart the two
sub-species, and that by general physiognomy only, not by the
technical character of leaves “rounded and abruptly contracted
into the petiole at the base.” The leaf in my herbarium which
best of all meets this description, is on a specimen from Dalhousie,
and perhaps the next best is on one from Dunfermline; neither of
these places being in Moray, and the specimens less like those
from Moray, than others from England. ‘ Kuown to occur only
in Moray”; Eng. bot. vil. 64. But the quoted words may
perhaps have truly intended, ‘Ouly known to occur in Moray’,
—a very different statement.

Galeopsis (Tetrahit) bifida, Boenn.
Provinces - 8-10-15. And doubtless most others.
Syn, 834, Slender claims to be considered distinct; E. B. vii. 67.

Stachys annua, Linn.
Province -- 8. Kent, in 1830 and 1855.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 264. [6 Stafford. 12 Cumberland.]

Scutellaria hastifolia, Linn.
Provinces 1 8. Cornwall! Bree? Herts; 8S. Warner.
Error. Cyb. ii. 268. Botanical Gazette, ii. 97.

56. BoRAGINACES,

Myosotis (palustris) strigulosa, Reich,
Provinces --3-------- 12131415. Likely in others.
Syn. 847. Phytol. iv. 647 & 693. Eng. bot. vii. 99.

Myosotis multiflora, DC. ?
Province - 6. Glamorgan; Joseph Woods, in Phytol. ii. 1059.
Ambiguity. In a moist hollow, in Kenfig Pool, near Pyle.

548 56. BORAGINACE,

Myposotis stricta, Link.
Provinces 12. Devon; Torquay flo. Sussex; Mr. Mitten.
Ambiguity. A note by Mr. W. Mitten, in Phytol. ii. 220.

Echinospermum Lappula, Lehm.
Provinces-- 345 18. Kent. Herts. Suff. Glouc. Renf.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 283.—(E. deflecum also; Cyb. iii. 365.)
Symphytum (officinale) patens, Sibth.
Provinces 1 - 8-5-1415. And probably elsewhere.
Syn. 859. A variety in colour only? In examining the plants
by the Thames side I have not found any other constant difference
between the pale and purple varieties, besides that of colour.
Symphytum asperrimum, Bieb.
Provinces 1-8-9. Somerset. Essex. Cheshire?
Casual. Oyb. ii. 279. iii, 486. “An evident escape, having
formerly been cultivated at the Rocks Estate, near Bath”;
R. Withers msc. notes on Flora Bathoniensis.

Symphytum tauricum, Willd.
Provinces --- 45. Flora of Cambridge. Warwick; Kirk.
Casual or Alien. ‘Permanently established” at Allesley; Kirk.

Symphytum. orientale, Linn.
Provinces ...? Has “been noticed in England,” but is “not
native”; Bab. man. Distinct from the preceding ?

Borago officinalis, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Chiefly through culture in gardens.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 280. iii. 486.

Anchusa officinalis, Linn.
Provinces 1 -3-5--8--11-13-15 16. Several erroneous?
Alien. Cyb. ii. 280. Northumberland, very local, but during
many years. Penzance, very sparingly in 1867; C. Bailey msc.
Mitcham, Surrey; Trimen in J. B. iv. 150. Bute; Clydesdale
Flora. Uddingston, 8 miles from Glasgow; British Flora, ed. 8.

Cynoglossum Omphalodes, Linn.
Provinces [1]- 6-15. [Devon.] Glamorgan. Fife; Syme.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 284. Dillwyn’s Swansea Materials, page 37.

Pulmonaria officinalis, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16. Authority wanting for 7 North Wales.
Alien. Oyb. ii. 285. iii. 8366 & 487. Phytol. iii. 577. Bot. Gaz.
ii. 97.
Pulmonaria virginica, Linn. Mertensia, Don.
Province - 2. Ruins of Netley Abbey, South Hants.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 285. ii. 8365. Phytologist ili. 576.
Echium italicum, Mill.
Provinces - 6-11. Glamorgan, erroneously. Durham, extinct.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 286. On ballast hills, in Durham, formerly.—

57. PINGUICULACEM.— 58, PRIMULACER. 549

(Echium violaceum has occurred in Surrey, introduced among corn
for a Distillery; see Journal of Botany, iv. 150.)

57. PINGUICULACES.

Pinguicula longicornis, Edinb. cat. 1841.
Province - 12. Phytologist i. 810. Botanical Gazette ii. 9.
Error. Cyb. ii. 287. iti. 488. A form of P. vulgaris.
Utricularia (vulgaris) neglecta, Lehm.
Provinces - 2 3? 5--8. Dorset to Notts. Elsewhere?
Syn. 875. Journal of Botany, 1867. Naming by the elongate
and nearly erect pedicels, examples are preserved in my herbarium
from Sussex, Surrey, Notts; perhaps also (judging by the smaller
bladders) from Hants, Suffolk, Norfolk; all of them formerly
labelled as vulgaris.

58. PRiMuLACEs.

Primula (vulgaris) intermedia, L. C. P. elatior, With.
Provinces 12345-78-101112131415. [18 Orkney.]
Hybrid? Cyb. ii. 292. ii. 489. A series of intermediate forms,
very probably hybrids; some of them closely approximating to
veris, others to vulgaris. Usually labelled Primula elatior, after
Withering, until recently, and thus confused with the true
P. elaiior of Jacquin. In English Botany it is named “ officinali-
vulgaris ” by Dr. Boswell Syme.

Primula (scotica) acaulis, L. C. ed. 6.

Province - 17. North-west Sutherland!

Syn. 882. This is a variety of P. scotica, differing from the usual
form by having the umbel sessile, so that the elongated pedicels
appear to be one-flowered peduncles, as in the common Primrose.
Thus far, the two forms are in analogy with veris and vulgaris ;
but there is no corresponding change of character in calyx or
corolla.

Cyclamen hederifolium, Willd. C. europeum, Sm.

Provinces 12384-6-8. Var. ficariifolium formerly in 4.

Alien. Cyb. ii. 295. iii. 490. A considerable wish would seem
to have been felt by various botanists to enrol this plant among our
true natives; even single stray roots of it have been so reported,
and deceptively swell the number of localities on record in books.
Sir James Smith gradually changed the original memorandum of
the Bramfield locality, and for what other purpose it might be
difficult to find out. I am informed by the Rev. W. W. Newbould
that the msc. note on the original drawing, made for Eng. Bot. 548,
is in these words :—‘“‘ D. E. Davy, Esq. from a bank in the parish
of Bramfield in a situation that gives no reason to suppose it has
crept (at least lately) in there from any garden, it being 200 or 300
yards from any house.” Surely, it is no uncommon thing for

550 58. PRIMULACER.

garden plants to be 250 yards from a house! But in the text of
English Botany, the words “200 or 300 yards from any house”
are changed into “far from any house.” And in English Flora,
the situation becomes simply “on a wet clay soil,” without mention
of house or garden. Prof. Alphonse De Candolle deems the plant
introduced to Britain; and, thus countenanced, I now act up to
my own inclination by placing the Cyclamen among the Aliens,
though before assigned to the doubtfully intermediate rank of
Denizen in the Cybele Britannica, as a compromise with the ideas
of some other English botanists.

Lysimachia punctata, Linn. L. quadrifolium, E. B. 3.
Provinces 1-11-15. Devon. Northumberland. Forfar.
Alien. Cyb. il. 299. ii. 492. Eng. bot. vii, 147. Naturalised
and abundant in Mr. Sewell’s grounds at Heaton Dene, near New-
castle; John Storey! Glen Clova, Forfar; George Lawson! In
English Botany, Dr. Boswell Syme reports that he has the
American L. quadrifolia “under the name of L. punctata,” col-
lected by Mr. Storey in the locality here quoted. But the
examples in my own herbarium, sent by Mr. Storey himself, are
certainly punctata; they are widely dissimilar from the quadrifolia
of America, as described by Gray, and as shown by an example in
the herbarium of the late Dr. Boott. Again, in his Manual, 1867,
Professor Babington tells us that “ Dulverton, Devon, is the only
station” for punctata; but without explaining what name he would
give to the plants of Heaton Dene or Clova. Not having seen any
specimen from Dulverton, I cannot confidently say that we mean
the same plant by the same name of punctata? If not, what is
the Devon plant ?

Lysimachia ciliata, Linn.

Provinces - - - - - - - 89--12--15 16.

Alien. Cyb. ii, 298. iii. 491. ‘“ Hast bank of Leven Water
about a mile from Dumbarton, growing rather plentifully amongst
Carices and Junci with Carum verticillatum. This species,
probably introduced by aquatic birds, deserves a place in our
Floras”; John Ball, in Bot. Gaz. iii. 68. Mr. Ball’s locality is
not the same place, I suppose, but must be in the same neighbour-
hood as that explained in the following more guarded report by
Mr. Galt ;—‘ Wood in which the Aconitum grows at Balmaha,
about half a mile from the Quay, left hand side going towards
Buchanan House. Although now a wood, there was a small
cottage here some thirty or forty years ago; the plants doubtless
the remains of its garden”; W. Galt in 1869. The two records
will help on the history of L. ciliata, as before partly given in
Cybele Britannica, vol. ii. pages 298-9.

Anagallis (arvensis) cerulea, All.
Provinces 1 to 15. Authority wanting for uo. 7.
Syn. 890. Cyb. ii. 301. ili, 498. Two different plants seem to

59. PLUMBAGINACER. 551

be included under this name in England; one being the “ true
blue” species; the other being a variety of arvensis, the flowers of
which are purplish-blue in colour, but otherwise not differing from
those of the red-flowered phenicea; this latter varying also into
pinky white and pale lilac varieties.

59, PLUMBAGINACES.

Armeria (maritima) planifolia, E. B. 3.

Province - 15. Highlands; H.C. Watson, cited in E. B. vii. 157.
Ambiguity. I should prefer this held uncertain as a British plant,
for the present. In 1841, I brought an drmeria from the High-
lands, probably from some hill near Dalwhinnie or Dalnacardoch,
as something apparently distinct from A. maritima; after which it
was left several years almost unnoticed in my garden. I cannot
feel sufficiently assured that no transfer of peg-label had been made
during those years by the gardener; this being a source of error
which I have experienced much difficulty in guarding against. The
hoe or rake catches a peg and draws it out of the ground; the
gardener sees it loose among weeds or leaves, sticks it in again
somewhere, and too often does so by sheer guess at best.

Armeria maritima, pubescens, scotica, duriuscula.
Provinces. .? Bab. Man. editions 8 to 6.
Ambiguities. These segregates of Armeria maritima are unknown
to myself, and were left unnoticed by Dr. Boswell Syme, in the
third edition of English Botany.

Statice tatarica, Linn.
Province - 2. By a misnomer of S. bahusiensis.
Error. Cyb. ii. 305. Where originally reported ?

Statice (Limonium) pyramidalis, Syme, in E. B. 38.
Provinces 1234----910. “5. serotina, Gr. & Godr.”
Syn. 897. Dr. Boswell Syme gives only Kent, Sussex, and Dorset
for this segregate. I do not see how to separate his Kent speci-
mens from others in my herbarium received from Somerset, Norfolk,
Chester, and York.

Statice (binervosa) intermedia, Syme, in E. B. 3.
Provinces ---4-67. Norfolk. Glamorgan. Carnarvon.
Syn. 899. Dr. Boswell Syme remarks that this passes insensibly
into our type form of binervosa, which is the occidentalis of Lloyd.

Statice (binervosa) Dodartii, Gir.
Provinces - 2-4. Dorset? Norfolk ?
Syn. 899. Ambiguity. This and the preceding one bear about
the same relation to occidentalis, as it is usually seen in England,
that Limonium var. genuina bears to its segregate var. pyramidalis.
But some uncertainty about the habitats remains to be cleared up.

552 60. PLANTAGINACER, — 62. CHENOPODIACER.

60. PLANTAGINACES.

Plantago (laneeolata) Timbali, Jordan.
Provinces -- 3-10. Sown with imported seeds of clover.
Casual. Surrey! Midx. flo. Essex; Syme! York; Baker!

Plantago (maritima) hirsuta, E. B. 8.
Province - 18. Mainland of Orkney; Eng. bot. vii. 173.
Syn. 904. ‘Singular from being densely hairy.”
Plantago arenaria, Linn.
Provinces 1 - 38. Somerset; Clark! Flower! Essex; Syme!
Casual. English Botany, third edition, vii. 175.
Plantago Psyllium, Linn.
Provinces - 2.3. Isle of Wight? Middlesex, extinct.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 495. Phytol. iii. 745. Midx. flo. 280.—(Also
Plantago Lagopus, casual in Surrey ; see J. B. iv. 150.)

61. AMARANTHACEA.

Amaranthus Blitum, Linn.
Provinces - 2384-11-14. Dorset to Northumbl. & E. Lowlands.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 313. Very seldom met with.

Amaranthus retroflecus, Linn.
Provinces -- 8-65-10. Sur. Hert. Midx. Glouc. York.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 313. Webb flo. Jour. Bot. iv. 150.

62. CHENOPODIACES.

Blitum virgatum, Linn.
Province - 14. Fisher-row, Edinburgh; Boswell Syme.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 367. Eng. bot. viii. 38.

Chenopodium (polyspermum) cymosum, or obtusifolium.
Chenopodium (polyspermum) spicatum, or acutifolium.
Provinces, as given in the Synopsis; same for both?
Syn. 909. These two segregates, differing by their inflorescence
and by the forms of their leaves, may be said to correspond with
the candicans and viride, segregates of C. album.

Chenopodium (urbicum) intermedium, M. & K.

Provinces 12345. Doubtful in 1 and 5.

Syn. 910. Cyb. ii. 315. The distribution to be assigned to this
segregate will vary with the application of the name. If it be
restricted to the plants with the leaves more rhomboid than
triangular,.and with the inflorescence less spicate and less erect,
and quite independently of the marginal divisions of the leaves,—
then the present segregate reverts gradually to our type form
under culture. The continental form of C. wrbicum, that with the

62. CHENOPODIACER. 553

sub-entire leaves and much elongated spikes, is found in Britain
only as a Casual, on ballast, etc.

Chenopodium (rubrum) pseudo-botryoides, Lond. Cat.

Provinces 1284--7---11--- [15].

Syn. 911. Eng. bot. viii. 28. Since the second volume of the
Cybele Britannica was printed, it has become quite clear that
a form of C. rubrum had been mistakenly reported for true
botryoides of Smith, in several counties. Hence the name of
pseudo-botryoides, given to it in the London Catalogue, to facilitate
the acquisition of specimens of both by those who mark their
Desiderata in that Catalogue. In its extreme state, the present
segregate is a dwarf depressed form, with leaves entire or very
slightly toothed, thick in substance and usually much reddened ;
its place of growth being about ponds in a gravelly soil, especially
where much trodden by geese. Having been distributed nume-
rously through the Exchange Club, it thus ought no longer to be
mis-reported for Smith’s C. botryoides, which is a sea-side plant.
Unnoticed in Bab. Man. ed. 6. Mistaken for botryoides in the
former editions.

Chenopodium (album) candicans, Lam.
Provinces, probably all. C. album, Linn. herb.”
Syn. 914. Eng. bot. viii. 15. Varenne, in Phytologist iv. 1111.
A less expanded form, often found in some relation to cold,
drought, or sterility of soil.

Chenopodium (album) paganum, Reich.

Provinces, possibly all. _C. (a.) virens, Lond. cat. ed. 6.

Syn. 914. Journal of Botany vi. 289. Contrasted only in their
extreme forms, these three segregates of Ch. album do indeed
appear widely dissimilar. But the other two are so completely
connected with this one by intermediate or transition forms, that
specific separation of them is rendered ridiculous or impossible.
Probably this ought to be regarded as the typical form of the
species, not candicans, although it is the one which has been
repeatedly labelled C. ficifolium by English collectors. It is the
plant of rich and loose ground, and perhaps of a warmer season.
The most frequent form in Surrey; but apparently less common
in the northern counties, and possibly quite absent from some of
the most northern provinces of Britain.

Chenopodium (album) viride, Linn.
Provinces 1 - 3 - 15, etc. Not ascertained apart. Fife; Syme.
Syn. 914. Cyb. ii. 318. Especially the form of loose rubbish-
heaps, and of the autumn season. In Surrey, it is the least
frequent of the three segregates.

Chenopodium opulifolium, Schrader.
Provinces-- 3-10. Surrey. Middlesex. York?
Casual. Eng. bot. vili. 38. Midx. flo. 238. J. B. iv. 150.

4B

554 62. CHENOPODIACER.

Chenopodium Botrys, Linn.
Provinces -- 8-910. Berks. Liverpool. North York.
Casual—(The C. multifidum and C. ambrosioides also have been

recorded, in KE. C. report for 1866, as found casually near
Gloucester).

Atriplex nitens, Reb.

Province - 2. Isle of Wight; Dr. Bromfield.

Casual. Cyb. ii. 822. iii, 498. Phytologist iii. 755.
Atriplex hortensis, Linn.

Provinces - 2 8 etc. A waif from culture.

Casual. Cyb. ii. 8322. Occasionally also on ballast-heaps.

Atriplex laciniata, Linn.

Provinces all, or nearly all, by name.

Ambiguity. This name formerly intended the plant now called
arenaria, along with which the very distinct A. Babingtonii was
also confused. What was intended by the name of laciniata in
Neill’s Tour in Orkney ?—(The true A. rosea, Linn., is recorded
in the list of plants imported into Surrey among corn for a
Distillery ; Jour. Bot. iv. 150).

Atriplex (Babingtonit) glabriuscula, Edmondston.
Province - 18. Shetland; Edmond. flo. 39.
Syn. 921. Not known to other botanists.

Atriplex (hastata) patula, Sm. HE. B. ed. 1.
Provinces all? A. Smithii of Syme, in Eng. bot. ed. 3.
Syn. 922. Cyb. ii. 824. iii. 499. A. hastata, Bab. man.

Atriplex (hastata) deltoidea, Bab.
Provinces 12345678910--1314 16-18.
Syn. 922. Cyb. ii. 325. i. 499. Including A. prostrata, Bab.

Atriplex microsperma, Bab.
Provinces 1-3. Near Bath. Wouldham, in Kent.
Ambiguity. A name representing three leaves and one calyx valve,
as figured in the Transactions of the Botanical Society of Edin-
burgh; not otherwise known to me, but seemingly a form or state
of hastata.

Atriplex (erecta) Symei. “A. erecta, Huds.”

Provinces - 28. North Hants. Surrey. Middlesex.

Syn. 923%. Cyb. iii. 499. Flora of Middlesex, 287. In English
Botany Dr. Boswell Syme unites the angustifolia of Smith and the
erecta of English botanists generally, as two varieties under the
specific name of Atriplea patula, Linn. He there distinguishes a
third variety, one of very vigorous growth, to which he would
specially restrict the name of erecta, Huds. This was found at
Twickenham in 1867, and “at the entrance of Battersea Fields
from Nine Elms” many years back. In 1869 I found the same
variety in a potato field between Fleet and Farnborough Stations,

63. POLYGONACER. 555

North Hants, but not quite so luxuriant as the Twickenham
plants, or as some of those plants. In turn, the Hants examples
were more luxuriant in growth than specimens of so-labelled erecta,
received from other counties ; and hardly separable from these last
by any character other than that of size or vigour in growth.
Dr. Syme would distinguish Hudson’s erecta from Babington’s
deltoidea by the leaves “ wedge-shaped at the base, with the cusps
ascending”. But Professor Babington’s figure of his prostrata
(placed under deltoidea by Dr. Syme) shews us nearly such a leaf
as described in the words quoted. Further observation of the living
plants would thus seem to be needed.

Atriplex (littoralis) marina, Linn.
Provinces - 28----8-1011. Wight to Northumberland.
Syn. 924. Cyb. ii. 827. English Botany, viii. 28.

Salicornia (herbacea) procumbens, Sm.
Provinces 1234-6-8-10-12--15 16.
Syn. 924. A very slight variety of S. herbacea.

63. PoLyGonacEsz. -

Polygonum (amphibium) terrestre, Auct. ;

Provinces all? More frequent than the aquatic form.

Syn. 933. A state, rather than a variety; and yet so unlike the
typical or floating form of the plant, that it would assuredly have
been considered quite a distinct species, if it had been brought
into herbaria from distant countries only. ‘In this instance, the
more frequent state cannot well be held the typical one; and
perhaps it becomes the more frequent only because the surface of
our lands so much exceeds the surface of our waters. The ter-
restrial stems are often flowerless.

Polygonum (lapathifolium) laxum, “ Reich.” E. B. 8.
Provinces 12845--8-10. ‘“P. nodosum, Auct. plur.”
Syn. 9384, Cyb. ii. 885. “Ido not see how it can be separated”
from the type form “ even as a sub-species”; Eng. bot. vil. 77.

Polygonum (Persicaria) elatum, Gren. & Godr.
Province -- 8. “P. biforme, Wahl.” <“ P. nodosum, Pers.”
Syn. 935. I have only seen it from Battersea Fields, and else-
where about the neighbourhood of London; Dr. Boswell Syme, in
Eng. bot. viii. 75. Not known to me.
Polygonum (aviculare) agrestinum, Jord.
Provinces -- 3 -5----10----1516. And most others?
Syn. 989. ‘Common and generally distributed”; E. B. 3.
Polygonum (aviculare) vulgatum, HE. B. 38.
Provinces -- 3----8-10. And all others?
Syn. 939. “Very common, and generally distributed”. The

556 63. POLYGONACER. -

segregates of P. aviculare are unnoticed even in very recent Floras,
as those of Cambridge, North Yorkshire (except agrestinwm) and
Northumberland and Durham.

Polygonum (aviculare) arenastrum, Bor.
Provinces -- 8 4------ 11-1415. And others?
Syn. 939. Common near London, but apparently less abundant
in the north; Eng. bot. viii. 65.

Polygonum (aviculare) microspermum, Jord.
Provinces - 2 3------- 11. Surrey. Durham. Northumb.
Syn. 939. Apparently rare; Eng. bot. viii. 66.

Polygonum (aviculare) rurivagum, Jord.
Provinces 1-3 45--8--11. And others probably.
Syn. 939. ‘Common in sandy and chalky districts in Kent,
Surrey, Essex, and Norfolk. I have it also from Warwickshire
and Durham ;” Eng. bot. viii. 67.

Polygonum (aviculare) littorale, Link.
Provinces ?23------ 10. Wight. Kent. Essex. York.
Syn. 939. Probably not uncommon; Eng. bot. viii. 67.

Polygonum (Convolvulus) pseudo-dumetorum, L. C.
Provinces - 2 3. Probably in many others also.
Syn. 941. Flora Vectensis, p. 435. Simply P. Convolvulus
growing luxuriantly, and with the angles of the fruit perianth
conspicuously winged; in so far somewhat resembling P. dume-
torum, for which it has been mistaken in some places.

Polygonum Fagopyrum, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Devon flo. to Forfar flo.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 341. Sown for feeding game; not permanent.

Rumex maximus, Schreber.
Province - 2. Sussex; Bab. man. edit. 1 only.
Error. Cyb. ii. 842. ii. 502. A misnomer?

Rumea conspersus, Hartm.
Province- 15. Winross; Dr. Arnott!
Native? For particulars, see Eng. bot. viii. 48—49.

Rumex alpinus, Linn.
Provinces - - - [4] ---8- 1011 121314 15 16.
Alien. Cyb. it. 844. [4 Norfolk; Rev. Mr. Small.]

Rumex (nemorosus) sanguineus, Linn.
Provinces - - (8) -- -- 8 - - (11) - - 14, ete.
Syn. 948. Cyb. ii. 345. Midx. flo. 240. The name sanguineus
is usually given by English collectors for the type form of the
species. Assuming it to have intended the plant only when it has
a network of purplish veins in the leaves, it ought surely to be held
the variety, not the typical form, both as being less usual and as
being a less natural condition of the species. There arc two states

65. THYMELEACES. — 67. ASARACEA. 557

of it with coloured veins; a wild state, with the colour nearly con-
fined to the midrib and veins themselves; a garden form, in which
the colour extends to the substance of the leaf alongside the veins,
and thus giving the appearance of widened (varicose) purple veins.
This latter state perhaps is seen only as a casual escape from
gardens. By book records the localities for “sangwineus” are
numerous; but usually it is not clear whether viridis or one of the
other two states is intended by the name.

Rumezx limosus, Thuill.
Province - 8. Lincoln. Derby.
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 503. Bot. Gaz. i. 296. Given as a third
species, between maritimus and palustris, by Professor Babington,
in the Gazette referred to. The name is cited simply as a synonym
of R. palustris, in Eng. bot. viii. 48.

Rumex scutatus, Linn.

Provinces - 6 - 9 or 10-12-14. Glamorgan to Edinburgh.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 848. Naturalised near Settle (Mr. J. Back-
louse); Moore’s msc. Flora of Yorkshire. Is this Mr. Tat-
ham’s locality of Silverdale? If so, it is the Silverdale in
Lancashire, according to Mr. J. G. Baker; which I suppose to be
situate in the extreme north of province 9, being ‘8 miles north
of Lancaster,” according to Sharp’s Gazetteer. But in English
Botany Dr. Syme writes the locality “at the head of Silverdale in
Yorkshire”. Hence the uncertainty between provinces 9 and 10.

65. THYMELZACER.

Daphne Cneorum, Linn.
Province - 7. Beddegelart, Carnarvon; Mr. Meyrick.
Error. Cyb. ii. 358. Botanist’s Guide, 83.

66. SANTALACER.

Thesium humile, Vahl.
Province 1. Dawlish, Devon, 1829; C. C. Babington.
Error? Oyb. ii. 858. Not verified.

Thesium intermedium, Schrader.
Province 0. ‘“‘ Said to be a native of Britain”; Bab. man. ed. 2.
Error. Cyb. ii. 358. Where and by whom so said?

67. ASARACEE.

Aristolochia Clematitis, Linn.
Provinces 123845--8-10. S. Devon to N. E. York.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 355. Ruins, and near gardens.

558 69. EUPHORBIACER.

69. EupHoRBIACES.

Euphorbia dulcis, Linn. “ var. purpurata.”
Provinces: 7-15. Denbigh. Ochills. Moray.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 866. Coll. Mor. E. B. viii.117. E.C. rep. 1868.

Euphorbia coralloides, Linn.
Province - 2. Slinfold, Sussex. Now extinct?
Alien. Cyb. ii. 360. iii. 505. Bot. Gaz. ii. 98.

Euphorbia Esula, Linn.

Provinces [1]2--5----- 11--1415. Chiefly in 14.

Alien. Oyb. ii. 860. iii. 505. Bot. Gaz. ii. 98. One of the
recorded localities for this plant may afford us an illustration of the
difficulty in distinguishing between artificial and natural stations.
In the Supplement to the Flora Bathoniensis a station is recorded
for it as a true native, with the name of Mr. T. B. Flower as the
authority. Several years afterwards that gentleman “ ascertained
this species was planted in the locality. The root had been taken
from the Prior Park Botanic Garden by one of the students.” In
English Botany this is distinguished into two varieties, genuina
and Pseudo-Cyparissias ; the latter known by its narrower leaves.

Euphorbia salicifolia, Host.
Province- 15. Forfarshire; George Lawson, in Phytol. iii. 345.
Alien. Cyb.ii. 3866. ‘Sub-species of E. Esula”; Eng. bot. vii. 117.

Euphorbia Cyparissias, Linn.
Provinces 12-45 6---101112-14 15.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 861. iii. 505. Cornwall to Fife.

Euphorbia Lathyris, Linn.
Provinces 12345---91011-18-15.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 864. iii. 505. Introduced; DC. geog. bot. rais.
Becomes a sort of weed, a self-sown biennial, in shrubberies; but
is killed by severe winters. There is weighty authority for holding
it a native in some counties, notably, Professor C. C. Babington
for Somerset, Mr. Borrer for Sussex, Mess. Webb and Coleman
for Herts. It readily renews itself ‘on sufferance” in shrub-
beries and gardens; and it is thus likely to do so in coppices
afterwards, if a single seed should once be introduced and grow to
plant-hood there.

Euphorbia Characias, Linn.
Province - 5. Malvern, Worcester. Needwood, Stafford.
Error. Cyb. ii. 8365. A misnomer, probably of amygdaloides.

Buaus sempervirens, Linn.
Provinces 12845--8-10. Always planted?
Alien? Cyb. ii. 866. Surrey, locally established. Perhaps
introduced; A. DC. in Geog. bot. rais. 686.

70. URTICACER.—71. AMENTIFERZE. 559

Mercurialis (perennis) ovata, HE. B. 3.
Province - 2. Hurstpierpoint, Sussex; Mr. Mitten.
Syn. 976. Cyb. ii. 8367. Not known to me.

Mercurialis (annua) ambigua, Linn. fil.
Provinces - 28. Kent; E. C. rep.1866. Middlesex; T. D. flo.
Syn. 977. Chiefly along the south coast; E. B. 3.

70. URTICACEs.

Urtica pilulifera, Linn. |
Provinces 12384567-91011. Casual in most of them.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 8369. Permanent in province 4; E. B. 3.

Urtica Dodartii, Linn.
Provinces - 234. Isle of Wight, sown; Phytol. i. 806.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 370. A variation of U. piludifera.

Parietaria (officinalis) fallax, Gren. & Godr.
Provinces --34-6-1415. P. erecta, Bab. man. (misnomer).
Syn. 982. Cyb. ii. 8371. Eng. bot. viii. 126.

Cannabis sativa, Linn.

Provinces 1 etc. A waif from bird cages, on rubbish, etc,

Casual. Cyb. ii. 372. iii. 506. Pity is it to see a plate of this
formally given in English Botany, the plant not having any real or
proper claim to be held British, even by an imperfect state of
naturalisation ;—why not equally give plates of the bean and pea,
much more frequently seen as relicts of culture, or as casuals from
scattered seeds ?

Ulmus major, Sm.
Provinces 1234. Corn. Dor. Sus. Essex. Northampton.
Alien? Cyb. ii. 374. Unknown to me. Dr. Boswell Syme places
it as a variety of U. montana, and likely enough I may have noted
it myself by that specific name.

Ulmus glabra, Sm.
Provinces 12845678-10. As reported by name.
Ambiguity. Perhaps this is usually a planted tree; and the name
may represent glabrous states of suberosa and montana indifferently.
Dr. Boswell Syme unites with it the carpinifolia and stricta of
Lindley’s Synopsis, to make up his variety glabra, placed under
suberosa.

71. AMENTIFERA.

Quercus intermedia, D. Don.
Provinces... ? According to the varying use of the name.
Ambiguity. This is usually placed under sessiliflora in books:
but judging by labelled specimens the short-stalked forms of

560 71. AMENTIFERA.

pedunculata are also thus named by collectors. It seems that
Don’s name is applied to any intermediate-looking form, which
cannot confidently be called either pedunculata or sessiliflora
specially.

Castanea vulgaris, Lam.
Provinces 1 to 16; but always planted.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 877. Often damaged by frost in spring.

Betula (alba) glutinosa, Fries.

Betula (alba) pubescens, Wally.
Provinces all? Devon! Hants !-—to Highlands!
Syn. 998. Cyb. ii. 881. The lateral lobes of the catkin scales
are very variable in form and direction; though made much of in
specific diagnosis as if uniform.

Betula (alba) verrucosa, Ehrh.

Betula (alba) pendula, Roth.
Provinces all? Less frequent than the preceding segregate ?
Syn. 993. Seedlings which spring under old pendulous trees,
with rhomboid glabrous or sub-glabrous leaves, have their own
leaves cordate-ovate and pubescent; a circumstance which tells
something against the supposed distinctness of the extreme forms.
Possibly each of them, glutinosa (with pubescens) and verrucosa, may
have a variety pendula ?

Betula intermedia, Thomas.
Province - 15. Clova; “ Prof. Balfour, Colonel Brown.”
Error. Cyb. ii. 882. Flora of Forfarshire, 163.—(In the two
earlier editions of the Manual there was an attempt to divide
Betula nana into two species “probably.” But as this was not
repeated in after editions, it is little worth while here to introduce
separate paragraphs for those abandoned segregates).

Populus nigra, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16. [18. Shetland; Edm. flo. p. 37.]
Alien? Cyb. ii. 885. This was treated as a native tree in Cybele
Britannica, because so deemed by several of our provincial botanists.
I have myself never yet seen a locality for it which could be
declared a satisfactorily natural or unplanted one.

Populus (tremula) glabra, E. B.

Provinces - 15-1718. Aberdeen. Sutherland. Orkney.

Syn. 997. Eng. bot. viii. 196. Probably in other provinces and
counties besides those quoted. Very few of my herbarium specimens
of tremula are in young leaf, and my attention in years past had not
been directed to this variety in its living state. I think that it
occurs in England; though the typical “ villosa”, with the young
leaves densely silky, may be the form more frequent.

71. AMENTIFERA. 561

Salix aurita, Linn.
Provinces all. Native.
Lat. 50—61. Cornwall, Wight, Kent.—Orkney, Shetland.
Zones 1234. Highlands to 700 yards. Humber to 550 yards.
Census 18 87 72. Ireland 9. British type of distribution.
Europe all, except Finmark.
Russia 6- 4321. West-asia? Siberia.
—. N.B. This Willow was accidentally left out at its proper place
in the series of native species, at the foot of page 315.

Salices segregate, etc.

Salix is another genus much like Rubus and Rosa, in being
inconveniently numerous in uncertain species and little-known
varieties, in individualities about which most botanists must
“agree to differ.” David Don enjoyed telling an anecdote of
somebody having offended the estimable William Borrer, by a
remark that ‘all sensible botanists eschewed Willows, while the
crazy ones had each their own ideas about the species.” And
perhaps the most sensible among us are those who rest content to
look at Willows in the wilds, and take least heed of their names
and arrangements in books. Unfortunately, this prudent course is
not the one open to those who profess to describe or to topograph
all plants british or seemingly british. Twenty-three Salices
(reckoning in the omitted aurita) have been treated in the
Synopsis, as quasi-specific groups or aggregate species; their
indicated distribution taking in the subordinate segregates, at least
to some extent, and thus not always strictly representing that of
the assumed type form apart. Except in those cases where
the supposed typical segregate has itself acquired a distinctive
name, one currently in use, it is too often impossible to decide
positively that the type-form was the one really intended by a
familiar name; say, by the names alba, purpurea, triandra, fragilis,
cinerea, repens, nigricans, or phylicifolia. In finding these names
connected with general habitats, or even with special localities,
recorded in books, the question arises and too often must
remain unanswered, ‘ whether (Say) vitellina, ramulosa, amyg-
dalina, Russelliana, aquatica, argentea, Forsteriana, Davalliana, or
various other secondary segregates were intended, either along with
the primary segregate or even solely and exclusively of the latter?’

Tn here looking to the segregates, apart from each other, not
united into groups, it becomes necessary to fall back on the
English Flora of Smith, with its predecessor the Flora Britannica,
as the real starting ground from which subsequent English
writers have proceeded, aided. of course by the plates and descrip-
tions in the original series of English Botany. (Of that earlier
edition no copy is before me to refer to while writing.) I cannot
make out that Hooker, Babington, Bentham, or even Boswell-Syme
have subsequently written under the advantage of very complete or

Ac

562 71. AMENTIFERA.

very clear knowledge of these difficult plants in their living reality
and wild condition. At any rate, they have more usually re-said
than added to previous knowledge. And I assume that they have
taken their descriptions mainly from Smith or Borrer, more or less
assisted by dried specimens; that is, by a limited supply of
fragments in the herbarium.

Unisexual trees and shrubs, numerous in species and very
numerous in varieties, whose flowers precede the leaves, and
which perhaps often hybridize, and certainly sport much into
subordinate variations of form and pubescence, would require to
be illustrated by an extensive series of good specimens in the
herbarium, in order to yield a sufficiency of materials for their
technical arrangement and description in books. The difficulty
of this is increased by their great liability to the attacks of insects,
if left undisturbed in the herbarium for any considerable time.
Few botanists are in a position to devote sufficient space to a living
collection. Take our own insular Willows at 80 to 100 named
segregates. Double that number for the sexes. Allow the
inadequate average of half-a-dozen examples to each sex of each
segregate, to illustrate its sub-variations in form or pubescence ;
and then a thousand living trees or bushes would not be found
unnecessarily numerous, as a fairly good living collection. To
examine them in their native localities (and in Osier grounds) from
the South of England to the Arctic zones of the Highland hills, at
several different times in the year, and for several years in
succession, returning even to the very same individual bushes at
different seasons, is obviously a requisite which can be achieved
only in very limited degree by any one botanist.

The first of the four describing botanists above mentioned has
very candidly put on record his own kind of preparedness or
qualification for the task of describing Willows. But for the
difficulties specially appertaining to this genus, it might reasonably
have been expected that his Mlora Scotica would have been a
descriptive account of plants actually found in Scotland, and made
on living examples or herbarium specimens really of Scottish
growth. And yet he introduces his account of the Willows of
Scotland by the frank admission conveyed in these words : —“ The
following specific characters of this most intricate genus are taken
in every instance, where not otherwise mentioned, from specimens
that are the best authority for the H. Bot. species; that is, from
individuals gathered in the late Mr. Crowe’s garden near Norwich,
in company with Mr. Crowe himself, or with Sir James Smith. If
my characters differ in some measure from those published by Smith,
it will show how variable these plants are, and how careful we
ought to be in not multiplying the species unnecessarily.”

Sir James Smith himself had seen little of British botany in the
wilds. For willows he too trusted much to Mr. Crowe’s garden,

71. AMENTIFERZ. 563

constantly visited; the same bushes seen there doubtless month
after month and year after year. He was not too modest to
explain his own better opportunities in Crowe's garden, or to
contrast them against the inferior opportunities of Sir William
Hooker, as these extracts will make apparent :—‘ Full 30 years
have I laboured at this task, 10 of them under the instructive
auspices of my late friend Mr. Crowe, in whose garden every
Willow that could be got was cultivated; more especially all that
could be obtained from any part of Britain, by that unrivalled
collector Mr. Dickson. The plants were almost daily visited and
watched by their possessor, whom no character or variation
escaped; seedlings innumerable, springing up all over the ground,
were never destroyed till their species were determined, and the
immutability of each verified by our joint inspection.”.... “No
botanist can be competent to form an opinion about them, unless
he resides among the wild ones, for several seasons, or continually
observes them in a garden. No hasty traveller over a country, no
collector of dried specimens, or compiler of descriptions, can judge
of their characters, or essential differences.” ... . ‘I should have
hoped that my excellent friend Dr. Hooker would have given
Mr. Crowe and myself credit for some accuracy of observation, and
not have set almost all our labours at nought, without some
i knowledge, at least, of his own.” (Eng. Flo. iv. 164,
165.

Since the decease of Smith and Crowe, probably no English
botanist has acquired a technical familiarity with the Willows of
this country at all equal to that of Mr. Borrer, himself one of the
Smithian-Linnean school. Following Borrer, although in a much
more local and limited range of exploration and observation, come
the Rev. J. E. Leefe and Mr. James Ward, as Salicetists with
“some practical knowledge” of their own. But none of these
three botanists, Borrer included, has given us a general revision or
re-arrangement of the genus Salix, at once descriptive and topo-
graphical, which can be placed on a par with those of the genus
Rubus, Rosa, or Hieracium, by three other ‘“Industrious Bees”
among our botanists still in living usefulness.

For the purpose here immediately in view, my own notes on the
localities of the Willows are sadly deficient. They were made
mostly in years long past, and in relation to the aggregate species
before treated on pages 3183—318; sparingly extended to any
reliable acquaintance with the special segregates now to come
under notice. Nor will the specimens and labels placed in my
own herbarium sufficiently supply what is wanting. On turning
to the Local Floras and other records of localities, in the endeavour
to trace out the areas or other topographical details of the segre-
gates, I am still much at fault: quite convinced that many false
localities are on record, through misapplied names or aggregate.

564 V1. AMENTIFERS.

names used in an uncertain manner, and yet not feeling safely
prepared to sift out properly the true from the false, the reliable
from the unreliable records.

The widest contradictions (and therefore errors on one side or
other) are to be seen between the names given to the same Willow
by different botanists, not simply among the inexperienced young,
but even among the most experienced and the special experts.
Thus, by the list of names taken into the ‘London Catalogue
of British Plants,’ the nigricans and phylicifolia are two aggregates,
each including eight or ten subordinate species or segregates.
Surely, the two aggregates ought to be sufficiently distinguishable
from each other, if their subordinate segregates can be also
accepted as species! And yet my own herbarium distinctly answers
‘no’ to the exclamatory query. Yorkshire specimens, female
catkins and grown leaves, labelled “ Davalliana” by Mr. James
Ward, are there corrected to “nigricans” by Dr. N. J. Andersson ;
though the botanists of to-day pretty generally place Smith’s
Davalliana as a segregate of phylicifolia, not of nigricans. Again,
a young botanist (whom I suppose to have been guided in his
nomenclature by Professor Balfour) sent me Highland Willows
labelled “ Myrsinites var. arbutifolia?” Some time afterwards he
wrote, “A Salix, which I sent you formerly, labelled ‘ 8. Myrsinites
var. arbutifolia’, is stated by Mr. Babington to be ‘ S. phylicifolia,
var.’” Here again the name is re-corrected by Dr. Andersson into
‘nigricans’. And so far as I may venture to express an opinion,
I hold the corrections by Dr. Andersson to be right in each
instance. It would be easy to cite other such cases; even some
instances where Mr. Borrer and Dr. Andersson are equally in
contradiction with each other. But two are as good as two score,
for the purpose immediately in view; namely, to illustrate the
uncertainty of names and localities for the species in this trouble-
some genus; an uncertainty greatly increased when the segregates
come to be named and specially localized apart from each other.

In the following account of them it is proposed, first, to take the
segregates which have been usually assigned with some confidence
to the aggregates already treated ; and afterwards to notice a series
of other names which represent something additional, actual or
supposed, along with errors and ambiguities of various kinds.
The typical forms of the formerly treated aggregates, which bear
only the same uames, are unavoidably passed over here, left as
represented by the distribution indicated for the aggregate species ;
their localities having usually been recorded under the name of
double signification, and therefore as usually of doubtful significa-
tion. “ Salix fragilis” may or may not mean Salia fragilis genuina ;
“Salix alba” may or may not mean Salia alba genuina; “ Salix
triandra” may or may not mean Salia triandra genuina; and so
on, after the manner of distinction used in the nomenclature of

71. AMENTIFERE, 565

English Botany, edition third ;—not unusefully so used, although
with the considerable objection against it, that while the other
segregates can be exactly expressed by their single distinctive
names, decipiens, vitellina, amygdalina, ete., the Salix genuina
would be a name by itself non-distinctive. And it would be found
exceedingly imconvenient in lists of plants or indices of names,
always to introduce the aggregate name, in order to make genuina
intelligible, or to add this latter word, in order to give precision of
meaning to the aggregate name when intended to be used in the
limited signification.

In giving the provincial nos. it must be understood that they are
here accepted in accordance with the records of localities in the
principal Floras, general and local, in ‘ Leefe’s Salictum,’ or in other
publications of some authority; but without any guaranty on my
part for their accuracy, except to the extent of omitting several of
the less reliable records.

Salix (fragilis) decipiens, Hoffm.
Provinces 12345--8-1011--14.
Syn. 1001. By records in books, it extends from Cornwall (Jones
Tour, page 21) to Edinburgh (Hook. Scot. etc.) But the numerous
records, many of them not specially for the male plant, are ill
reconcileable with the following extract :—‘ Only the male plant of
it is known in this country, although Smith describes the female.
It is not improbable that it only appears when S. fragilis has its
shoots cut annually for osiers”; Eng. bot. viii. 207.

Salix (fragilis) Russelliana, Sm.
Provinces 12345----1011 1314 15 -- (18).
Syn. 1001. Devon (Flo. Dev.) to Hebrides (Balf. & Bab. cat.).
Nearly all the examples sent to me labelled as Russelliana, I think,
belong truly to fragilis; but see viridis, mentioned some pages
onward.

Salix (alba) cerulea, Sm.
Province 1 ---5----1011-18. And elsewhere?
Syn. 1002. A sub-glabrous state of alba; limit optional ?

Salia (alba) vitellina, Sm.
Province 1-345 6---1011-13-15 1617.
Syn. 1002. Devon (Jones Tour) to Dumbarton (Hook. Scot.) and
perhaps Sutherland.

Salix (triandra) Hoffmaniana, Sm.
Provinces - 2 345--8. Not known to me.
Syn. 1004. Sussex (Borrer) to Leicester (Coleman).

Salix (triandra) amygdalina, Sm.
Provinces 12345----1011. Scotland?
Syn. 1004. Devon (Flora D.) to Durham (James Backhouse, in
Phytologist, 1069) and Forfar (Gard. Flora). 58. triandra of Leefe’s

566 71. AMENTIFERR.

Salictum, nos. 7, 8, fide Andersson. S. amygdalina of Winch, in
Flora of Northumberland and Durham, is pentandra according to
the New Flora of those counties.

Salix (purpurea) Woolgariana, Borrer.
Provinces - 2 3. Lewes, Sussex. Kingston, Surrey.
Syn. 1005. About Lewes, where Mr. Woolgar found it, it is
probably a mere stray from the osier grounds; but it has the
appearance of being wild on the sides of the Thames near
Kingston ; Borrer, in Eng. bot. supp. 2651.

Salia (purpurea) ramulosa, Borrev.
Provinces -- 8 ------ 10. Leefe Sal. nos. 11, 12, 18.
My. Leefe cites Helia (Anderson) as a synonym under his no. 11;
and Helix (Auct.) is accepted as synonymous with this in the Flora
of Middlesex. See the willow named, some pages onward.

Salia (purpurea) Lambertiana, Sm.
Provinces -2845--8-10---14? Forfar; G. Don.
Syn. 1005. Wilts to Edinburgh; Brit. flo. ed. 5.

Salix (rubra) Forbyana, Sm.
Provinces --845----1011lor14. (15, Forfar, planted.)
Syn. 1006. Thames to Tweed, by records. “Chiefly in the east
of England”; Eng. bot. viii. 221.

Salix (viminalis) intricata, Leefe, nos. 21 and 24.
», (viminalis) leptostachya, Leefe, no. 23.
Province - - 8. Audley End, Essex; Leefe Salictum.
Syn. 1007. I do not see how these differ from the ordinary
viminalis. To no. 21 of the Salictum Dr. Andersson wrote “ Mihi
S. stipularis Sm. videtur.” And Dr. Boswell Syme writes, “Judging
from the Rev. Mr. Leefe’s specimens, I am unable to separate his
varieties intricata and stipularis”; Eng. bot. vili. 224.

Salix (Smithiana) rugosa, Sm.

Provinces- 238-56-8-10. Sussex to York.

Syn. 1008. In English Botany, third edition, this is separated
from Smithiana and acuminata, and is placed as a second variety
under ferruginea, “Anders.” The leaves are there described as
“silky below”, and those of Simithiana as ‘somewhat satiny”;
both terms ill applying to a willow in my garden, to which
Mr. Leefe gave the name of rugosa (correcting my own doubtfully
given name of acuminata). It is the holosericea of most (or all)
English writers on the willows.

Salix (Smithiana) ferruginea, Anderson.
Provinces -23-5----101112-- 165.
Syn. 1008. From Sussex to Fife, fide Borrer. Not unfrequent in
England; Fifeshire, Scotland; Eng. bot. viii. 228.

71. AMENTIFERZ. 567

Salix (cinerea) glabrescens, Andersson.

Provinces 1 - 3, etc. N. Devon. Surrey. Midx. Westmoreland ?
Syn. 1010. This is a state of cinerea with the leaves almost
glabrous, and somewhat lucid or shining on the upper surface,
which J have collected in the counties named above; that from
Westmoreland shading off towards aquatica. A Surrey example
was named as above by Dr. Andersson, and I understood him to
regard it as specially the acuminata of Hoffman,—of course, not
that of Smith.

Salix (cinerea) aquatica Sm.

Provinces all? Authorities wanting for 16 and 17.

Syn. 1010. By the use of the name, this is distributed from
Cornwall to Hebrides (Balf. & Bab.), to Orkney (Neill’s Tour), and
to Shetland (Edm. Flora). But a change in the application of the
name appears to have gradually come about among English
botanists and in our botanical books. Formerly, the name aquatica
seems to have had the wider or more general use; that of cinerea
being applied more specially. Of late years, this has been con-
versed ; cinerea coming into use as the general name, and aquatica
becoming the more limited or specially applied one. The form
which we now call cinerea, as distinguished from aquatica, is that
which botanists labelled by the latter name earlier in the present
century. Of course, there is thus inextricable confusion in tlie
recorded habitats. Moreover, as Dr. Boswell Syme correctly
states, ‘“‘The varieties run so into each other, that it is often
impossible to say to which of the three a form ought to be
referred”; Eng. bot. viii. 232.

Salix (cinerea) oleifolia, Sm.
Provinces 12345678-1011---15.
Syn. 1010. By name the oleifolia is recorded from Devon (Chud-
leigh Flora) to Perth and Forfar (Gard. Flora). David Don gave
me the name oleifolia for a hedge-row willow in Surrey, to which
Dr. Andersson wrote the name “ cinerea var. rufinervis.”

Salix (caprea) sphacelata, Sm.

Provinces - 23-5 ----1011--- 16.

Syn. 1012. Sussex; Borrer. Oxford; Besley cat. Salop;
Leighton flo. Notts; Jowett in Howitt flo. York; Ward, Leefe
Sal. no. 66. Tyne; New flo. Perth; “Lightf. Herb.” If we
take the more pointed leaves and their sub-entire margins, as the
character for sphacelata, and not specially their discoloration at the
point, this is a frequent willow, perhaps more especially in Scotland,
where its habitats include the Lowlands and all three Highland
provinces, and it grows to a tree. “Specimens of S. sphacelata
show it to be only a small state of S. caprea”; Eng. bot. vii. 234.

568 71. AMENTIFERA.

Salia (nigricans) genuina, H. B. 8. “8. nigricans, Sm.”
Provinces -- 84 5, etc. Norfolk? Hereford? Elsewhere?
Syn. 10138. Wrongay Fen, Norfolk, and Shobden Court, Here-
ford, with osier beds in other places, are still repeated in books as
localities for this willow. Jam not acquainted either with this or
with cotonifolia, although something has been recorded from Surrey
and Oxford, under name of “ nigricans.” Dr. Boswell Syme writes
of the present, “this is the only form I know of occurring so far
south.” In 1849, Mr. Borrer wrote that he was “quite per-
suaded” that no form of phylicifolia or nigricans is either native or
denizen in the first 6 (or 9) provinces of England.

Salix (nigricans) cotonifolia, Sm.
Provinces --+4---8-10--13- 15.
Syn. 1018. 4 Crowe? 8 Nott. Flora. 10 Settle cat. 18, 15
Hook. Scot. ete.

Salix (nigricans) Forsteriana, Sm.

Provinces -1112--15. “ Frequent in Scotland.”

Syn. 1018. Dur. North. Chev. Cumb. Perth. Forfar.
Salix (nigricans) rupestris, Donn.

Provinces - 10 11---15. York? Dur. North. Perth. Forfar.

Syn. 1018. Dr. Andersson refers the “rupestris” of Leefe’s

Salictum (nos. 68, 69, 70, 71) to phylicifolia, not to nigricans.
Salia (nigricans) Andersoniana, Sm.

Provinces - 10 11 12-14 15.

Syn. 1018. York. North. Cumb. Edinb. Perth. Forfar.

Salix (nigricans) damascena, Forbes.
Provinces - 10, etc. Rievaulx, North-east York; Baker.
Syn. 1018. ‘South of Scotland and the Borders.”

Salix (nigricans) petrea, Anderson.
Provinces- 10----15. York? Perth. Forfar.
Syn. 1018. Dr. Andersson refers Mr. Ward's “ petreea” from the
neighbourhood of Richmond, Yorkshire, in 1841, to phylicifolia.
Salix (nigricans) hirta, Sm.
Provinces - 1011---15. [4 Norfolk; Crowe.]
Syn.1018. York. Durham. Perth. Forfar. Aberdeen?

Salia (nigricans) floribunda, Forbes.
Provinces ...?
Syn. 1013. “8S. tenuifolia, Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. no. 2186 (non
Brit. Flo.). 8. bicolor, Hook. Brit. Flo. (non Ehrh. nec Sm.).”
Referred to phylicifolia suggestively by Dr. Walker-Arnott in
British Flora.

Salia (laurina) bicolor, Sm. H. B. ed. 1, no. 1806.
Provinces - 234-6---1011. Records unreliable.
Syn. 1014. The lawrine and bicolor were made synonymous

71. AMENTIFERZ. 569

in the English Flora. The two names are so treated in the third
edition of English Botany; rejecting the three other segregates
assigned to laurina in the London Catalogue of British Plants,
following Babington’s Manual. After stating localities in Dorset
(Mansel), Isle of Wight (Bromfield), and York (Ward, in Leefe sal.
no. 48), the Editor of E. B. adds that ‘‘it has been so much con-
founded with forms of phylicifolia that I cannot give its correct
distribution in England, and I have no reliable record of it from
Scotland.” Mess. Baker and Tate indicate “laurina, Sm.” as
found in Durham, Northumberland, and Cheviotland; but perhaps
they and Dr. Boswell Syme may intend different things under the
same name of laurina. In Norfolk, fide Crowe in Eng. Flo. See
some pages onward for mention of the three other segregates—
propinqua, tenuior, tenuifolia—placed under laurina in the L. C.-

Salix (phylicifolia) radicans, Sm.
Provinces - 111218-15. Dur. North. Cumb. Dumf. Perth.
Syn. 1015. “8S. phylicifolia, Sm. Eng. Bot. ed. i. no. 958.”

Salix (phylicifolia) Davalliana, Sm.
Provinces - 10----15. York; Leefe, Ward. Highlands; E. F.
Syn. 1015. Gardiner gives two localities in his Flora of Forfar.

Salix (phylieifolia) Weigeliana, Willd. Borrer.
Provinces - 10 1112--15. ‘S. Wulfeniana, Sm. non Willd.”
Syn. 1015. York. Tyne. Westmoreland. Perth. Forfar.

Salix (phylicifolia) nitens, Anderson, Borrer.
Provinces - 10 LL --- 15. York; Leefe, Ward. Tyne; New Flora.
Syn. 1015. “ Brought from Scotland by the late Mr. G. Anderson.”

Salix (phylicifolia ?) Croweana, Sm.

Provinces - -- 4---- [9] 1011----16. Habitats not reliable.

Syn. 1015. It is difficult to understand how any form of phylici-
folia could have been originally intended under the name of
Croweana, which represented a species placed by Smith between
rubra and triandra in the Flora Britannica, and there localized
only in Norfolk. I have received cinerea from Lancashire labelled
Croweana.

Salix (phylicifolia) Dicksoniana, Sm.
Province - 15. Highlands of Scotland; Dickson, in E. F.
Syn. 1015. “SS. myrtilloides, Sm. Flo. Brit., not of Linn.”

Salix (phylicifolia) laxiflora, Anderson, Borrer.
Provinces -10----15. York. Perth.
Syn. 1015. North Yorkshire; Leefe, Ward. Killin; Borrer.

Salix (phylicifolia) tetrapla, Walker.
Provinces - 10----15. York; Ward. Perth; Borrer.
Syn, 1615. See under propinqua, some pages onward.

4D

570 71. AMENTIFERE.

Salix (phylicifolia) Borreriana, Sm.
Provinces- 1516. Perth. Forfar; Gard. flo. Inverness.
Syn. 1015. In Breadalbane and Glen Nevis; Borrer, in E. F.

Salia (phylicifolia) phillyreifolia, Borrer.
Province - 15. Perth. East-Inverness.
Syn. 1015. Glen Farfe, near Fort Augustus, Borrer.

Salix (ambiqua) major, Bab.

»» (ambigua) spatulata, Willd.

», (ambigua) undulata, E. B. 3.
Provinces - 3-15. “Hopton, Suffolk”; for all three.
Syn. 1016. The first of the three is said to have formerly grown
in Forfarshire, and to have become lost there subsequently through
drainage. The second was reported from Perthshire. All three
are unknown to myself.

Salix (repens) depressa, Sibth. “ genuina,” E. B. 3.
Provinces all? Cornwall to Shetland, as repens.
Syn. 1017. But the name “repens” was used promiscuously.

Salix (repens) fusca, Sm.
Provinces 123456--9-11-1381415 16-18. Uncertain.
Syn. 1017. Both fusca and repens have been in use uncertainly
or promiscuously as the aggregate names for this common willow ;
and thus they can now really express a limited or segregate
application only through some special explanation.

Salix (repens) prostrata, Sm.
Provinces 12384----- 1011 --415.
Syn. 1017. Cornwall; Jones Tour. Scotland; Dickson, in E. F.

Salia (repens) adscendens, Sm. KE. B. 1962.
Provinces 123456---1011. Scotland; G. Don.
Syn. 1017. §. feetida, English Flora, iv. 208.

Salia (repens) parvifolia, Sm. E. B. 1961.
Provinces 1-8 4------ J]1---15. Cornwall to Forfar.
Syn. 1017. Variety of 8. foetida, English Flora, iv. 208.

Salix (repens) incubacea, “ Linn.” Forster, in E. F.
Provinces - 2384-15-18. Dor. Ex. Midx. Suff. Forf. Shetl.
Syn. 1017. ‘“ Whatever this may be,. . . . it has nothing to do
with my fetida, prostrata, fusca, or argentea”; Eng. flo. iv. 218.

Salia (repens) argentea, Sm. ‘8. arenaria, Lightf.”
Provinces 1234567-91011--1415 16-18.
Syn. 1017. Perhaps this name often intends Syme’s “ genuina.”

Salia (arbuscula) carinata, Sm.
Province - 15. Breadalbane mountains, Perthshire.
‘Syn. 1021. What is Arbuscula of Neill’s Tour in Orkney ?

71. AMENTIFERA, 571

Salix (arbuscula) prunifolia, Sm.
Provinces - 15 16. Perth. Forfar. Argyle. Orkney; Neill?
Syn. 1021. Salix Myrsinites of Lightfoot’s Flora Scotica.

Salix (arbuscula) venulosa, Sm.
Province - 15. Breadalbane mountains, Perthshire.
Syn. 1021. A variety of prunifolia, fide Forster in E. F.

Salix (arbuscula) vacciniifolia, “ Walker,” Sm.
Provinces -18- 15. Dumfries. Perth. “ Plentifully” in 8. Scotl.
Syn. 1021. Highland mountains, not unfrequent; Eng. flo.

Salia (Lapponum) arenaria, Sm.
Provinces - [6-8 --11]-1415 1617. [18 Orkney ?j
Syn. 1022. [11 Teesdale moors, fide Winch. Flora.]

Salia (Lapponum) Stuartiana, Sm.
Province - 15. Breadalbane, Perthshire.
Syn. 1022. Smith states that “its distinctive characters remained,
with very little variation,” in the garden of Mr. Forster; but the
difficulty is to know what its distinctive characters really are.

Salix (Lapponum) glauca, Sm. not of Linn.
Province - 15. Clova mountains; on authorities in next line.
Syn. 1622. “Don, Drummond, Hooker, Greville, Burchell”; Flo.
Forf.

Salia (Myrsinites) serrata, E. B. 3.
Provinces - 15 16. Perth. Forfar. Argyle.
Syn. 1025. “8. retusa, Dicks. Trans. of Linn. Soc.”
Salix (Myrsinites) arbutifolia, Sm.
Province- 15. Perth. Aberdeen; Dickie Bot. Guide.
Syn. 1025. Habitats of this are perhaps confused with those of
the next preceding and next succeeding segregates.

Salix (Myrsinttes) procumbens, Forbes.

Provinces- 1516. Perth. Forfar. Hasterness. Argyle.

Syn. 1025 (1024). ‘I am unable to see any grounds for supposing
that 8. procumbens is a species distinct from S. Myrsinites. The
length of the catkin, given as one of its characters, is unsatisfactory ;
even on the same plant I have seen some catkins twice as long as
others in the same stage of growth, and the length of the style is
also inconstant”; Eng. bot. vill. 252. Under Myrsinites, in British
Flora, eighth edition, Dr. Walker Arnott remarks, “ The figure in
E. B. is from cultivated specimens; Dr. Stuart’s plant from Glen-
coe, referred to there, belongs to procumbens ; whilst Mr. Dickson’s
was probably the same as our own, and from the Breadalbane
mountains.”

Salix cuspidata, Schultz.
Province - 5. Shropshire, in two localities. [12 Westm.]
Alien, planted. Cyb. ii. 888. ili. 508. “I believe S. cuspidata

572 71. AMENTIFERE.

has not been found in Westmoreland. TI originally mistook for it
some male specimens of pentandra. I never saw female specimens
of cuspidata of British growth, besides those communicated by
Mr. Leighton. I have long known the male tree in cultivation”;
W. Borrer, letter, 1849.

Salia viridis, Fries.

Provinces-- 84. Surrey. Essex. Norfolk. Moray?

Ambiguity. Dr. Andersson so named examples in my herbarium,
which had been considered to represent Russelliana ; but one of
which is more probably alba, misplaced among the fragiles. It will
be well for botanists to examine carefully any willows resembling
fragilis, but distinguished by smaller and more finely serrate
leaves. Possibly the explanation of Dr. Andersson applying both
names to the nos. 52 and 54 of Leefe’s Salictum, may be found in
some intermingling of the specimens, the leaf-specimens being
crossed to the wrong nos. See Botanical Gazette, ili. 60.

Salia undulata, Ehrh. §. lanceolata, E. B. 1436.
Provinces 12345----10. [15 Forfar; G. Don.]
Denizen. Cyb. ii. 890. South Hants; Notcutt’s Fareham cat.
Northwards to York or Forfar, by. records. This has been con-
sidered an introduced species; perhaps because Mr. Borrer reported
it as a willow of cultivation in Sussex. But the narrow-leaved
plant of the Thames side, to which Mr. Baker and others have
applied the name of undulata or lanceolata (not lanceolata of Fries,
which Dr. Andersson holds synonymous with acuminata of Smith)
appears quite as natural there as does the viminalis or the purpurea
along with which it occurs. A willow from Claygate, Surrey, dis-
tributed as “undulata, fide Andersson,” is different from that of
the Thames side, at any rate by its much wider leaves, and may
belong to triandra or amygdalina ; possibly “undulata” may have
been written to it inadvertently, instead of amygdalina.

Salia contorta, Crowe.
Provinces - 2 8. Cultivated in Sussex. Essex; Sal. no. 6.
Alien? Appears not to be wild in Britam; E. B. vii. 216.

Salia acutifolia, Willd. S. daphnoides, Vill.
Province - 10. North-west York; Ward. North-east York; Mudd.
Alien? Denizen; Baker N. Y. p. 280. Originally reported as
daphnoides ; why the name acutifolia was soon substituted, I know
not. Andersson places acutifolia as a variety of daphnoides, in the
Prodromus, xvi. 261.

Salia Helix, Linn.
Provinces -2845-7891011-1381415 16. Uncertain.
Ambiguity. Syn. 1005 e. “A very puzzling plant.” KE. B. vii.
222. Judging by the specimens thus labelled in my own herbarium,

71. AMENTIFERA. 573

this associates with purpurea better than with rubra; seé those
species on preceding pages 815 and 316. I have received leaves of
alba (rose-willow state) under this name, from a good botanist in
Norfolk ; and from a well-known Yorkshire botanist, a combination
(as it seems to my eyes) of the catkins of purpurea with the adult
leaves of triandra. And if a like confusion of two kinds, purpurea
aud rubra, has occurred on the plate of English Botany, 1848, we
may partly account for the uncertainty which apparently belongs
to the recorded localities for Helia even more than for those of
most other willows.

Salix Doniana, Sm. ‘8. purpurea var. sericea, R.”
Province ...? Scotland; G. Don, in E. F. Baldovan woods; Flo. F.
Ambiguity. Resembling S. purpurea; Brit. flo. ed. 8.

Salia petiolaris, Smith.

Provinces - 8-13-15. Notts; Jowett. Lanark. Forfar.
Ambiguity. Alien? In the low parts of Angus-shire, forming a
fine tree; Don Acc. Sent from Scotland by the late Mr. Dickson ;
Eng. Flora, iv. 181. Possil marsh, north side of the canal;
D. Don, in Hook. Scot. ‘It is not now (even in cultivation) in
Possil marsh, where it was said to have been found by G. Don”;
Brit. flo. ed. 8. “A native of North America.”

Salix acuminata, Sm.

Provinces 12345-78-1011121314-16-18. Uncertain.
Ambiguity. The name acuminata (Anglorum) was added to that
of Smithiana in the Synopsis, no. 1008, under a belief that the
willow which is held to be rugosa, by the Rev. J. EK. Leefe, has
been repeatedly labelled by collectors as the acuminata of Smith;
their localities thus becoming much confused together. Certainly,
some years ago, I also thus labelled the Smithiana rugosa, more or
less doubtfully. By name (thus uncertain) the records would dis-
tribute “acuminata” from Devon to Edinburgh (Hook. Scot.), to
Islay (Balf. cat.), and even to Orkney (Neill’s Tour). But the non-
reliability of records under this name goes beyond Smithiana, for
the Authors of the New Flora of Northumberland and Durham
remark, “Judging from his herbarium, Winch’s acuminata is a
form of caprea.” Mr. Borrer wrote, in letter of 1849, “I am not
sure that I ever saw this except in cultivation”.

Salia dasyclados, Wimmer ?

Province -- 8. Audley End, Essex; Leefe Sal. no. 37.

Ambiguity. Cyb. iii, 509. Bot. Gaz. iii. 59. This is named
“acuminata Sm.” on Mr. Leefe’s label. Dr. Andersson noted it
as “certainly dasyclados of Wimmer”, and quite distinct from
acuminata of Smith, which is lanceolata of Fries. Dr. Boswell
Syme meets this by an indirect contradiction, thus; ‘The speci-
men in my set is rightly named S. acuminata, Sm., a plant which
Dr. Andersson at that time evidently misunderstood”; Eng. bot.

574 71. AMENTIFERZ.

vill. 262. But the question here properly is, whether Dr. Anders-
son knew the dasyclados of Wimmer, for he had the acuminata
of Smith then before him. In the Prodromus, dated 1868,
Andersson still places the dasyclados under acuminata, as “ huic
sine dubio affinis si non cum ea identica”.

Salix stipularis, Sm.

Provinces 123845-7--10---141516. Very uncertain.
Ambiguity. Crowe, in E. F. Leefe Sal. no. 21, fide Andersson.
“This plant I have never seen alive, and possess no specimen of
it”; Eng. bot. viii. 226. By the records, many of doubtful
reliability, its area extends from Devon to Islay (Balf. cat.) and
Forfar (G. Don, Gard. flo.). Marked as common about the Forth
counties (which are botanically familiar to Dr. Syme) in the Cata-
logue of Edinburgh Plants. And in the Flora Scotica, on authority
of D. Don, it is stated to be common in Scotland.

Salia Pontederana, “ Willd.” E. B. 8.

Province - 5. Shropshire.

Ambiguity. “No. 86 of Leefe’s Sal. Brit., which is from Shrews-
bury, collected by the Rev. W. A. Leighton, is said by Andersson
to have much in common with 8. Pontederana.”... .“ The
specimen in my set is rightly named S. ferruginea”; Eng. bot. viii.
262. Andersson’s words are “Valde dubia forma. Multa cum
Salice Pontederana habet communia; foliarum forma iis Salicis
holosericeze W. similis. Nil certe de hac enuntiare audeo”; Bot.
Gaz. iii. 59. In conformity (Prodromus, 1868) we find him place
S. holosericea (of Koch’s Synopsis) as a synonym of his Smithiana
var. velutina, and ferruginea (of Anderson and Smith) as a sub-
variety of his own velutina. ‘“ Pontederana” is a name of various
application by Andersson, to include presumed hybrids between
purpurea, on one side, with caprea, cinerea, and aurita.

Salix grandifolia, Ser.
Provinces - 14 15 16. All of them very doubtful.
Ambiguity. Dr. Andersson wrote this name at the corner of a
sheet of five specimens, brought from the counties of Perth and
West Inverness; but I cannot certainly say that he intended the
name to apply to all of them. More doubtfully, the same name
was suggested for a willow picked near Queensferry, Linlithgow-
shire, in 1831; which Mr. Macnab, senior, then named for me (a
student) aquatica. I now refer all six specimens to caprea, but to
that form of it with pointed and nearly entire leaves, which was
alluded to under sphacelata, on page 567. I have not seen the
catkins; the leaves differ considerably from those of caprea, as
usually seen in England.

Salix propinqua, Borrer in E. B. 8. 2729.
Provinces - 10 - - - - 15.
Ambiguity. So placed here because we have three aggregate

71. AMENTIFERR. 575

species to choose among for a name to this segregate. A form or
variety of laurina, according to Babington’s Manual. A variety of
nigricans, according to Hooker and Arnott’s British Flora. A
variety of phylicifolia, according to Boswell Syme’s edition of
English Botany. It is placed under the last of these three, rather
as synonym than variety, by Andersson in DC. prodromus xvi. 242.
The same position is there assigned to tenuior and tenuifolia; the
latter interrogatively, through E. B. 2186.

Salix tenuior, Borrer.
Province - 10 ----15. York. Perth.
Ambiguity. <A variety of laurina, according to Hooker & Arnott,
and to Babington. A variety of phylicifolia, according to Anders-
son, and to Boswell Syme.

Saliz tenuifolia, Sm. in F. B. & E. F.

Provinces - - [8] ------ 10 11 12 - 14 15. Two willows confused.
Ambiguity. A variety of laurina, according to Hooker & Arnott,
and to Babington. A variety of phylicifolia, according to Dr.
Boswell Syme. “It is now sufficiently understood that 8S. tenui-
folia of Eng. bot. 2186 is not the plant bearing that name in Flora
Britannica, but S. bicolor of Hooker’s British Flora”; W. B. in
Eng. bot. supp. 2795.

Salia plicata, Fries, fide Andersson.
Province - 15. Perth or Hasterness.
Ambiguity. This name was given by Dr. Andersson to dried
specimens in my herbarium, taken from a small shrub in the
garden, which had been brought either from Drumochter Forest
or from Athole Forest in 1841.

Salix angustifolia, Wulf.
Provinces - 18-15. Dumfries? Forfar? Aberdeen ?
Ambiguity. §. Arbuscula, Sm. E.'B. 1366, not of continental
authors; Brit. flo. Of course there is something to answer to this
specific name, although that something is quite unknown to myself.
A recent record for it is ‘“‘ Shores of Loch Muick, Mr. Croall”; in
Dickie’s Botanist’s Guide, page 151.

Salix rosmarinifolia, Linn.
Provinces -2-45----1011. “ Highlands of Scotland.”
Ambiguity. Sus. Suff. Monm. York. Tyne. Islay; Balf. cat.

Salix livida, Wahl.
Province - 18. At the foot of Hertfell; Maughan.
Error. This is now understood to mean Smith’s vacciniifolia.

Salia hastata, L. S. malifolia, E. B, ed. 1, no. 1617.
Provinces -- 384-15. Middlesex. Norfolk. Forfar.
Ambiguity. Error? Cyb. ii. 397. iii. 509. “Mr. Crowe was
always persuaded that he found this willow wild in some parts of
Norfolk, from whence he took cuttings for his garden. It has

576 72. CONIFERS.

since been gathered in Scotland, and was perhaps originally sent
thence by Mr. Dickson, who supplied Mr. Crowe with several new
Scottish species”; Eng. flo. iv. 180. “ It is most improbable that
this plant, which is truly alpine on the Continent, growing in
Switzerland only at great elevations, should be even naturalised on
the sands of Barrie, where Drummond met with it. The Norfolk
station is entirely hypothetical, and equally unlikely”; Brit. flo.
ed. 8, p. 413. “ This is an alpine species, which cannot have been
native, if indeed it were ever found in any of the localities men-
tioned”; Eng. bot. viii. 263. As to Middlesex, see page 260 of
the recent Flora of that county, by Trimen & Dyer.

Salia retusa, Linn.

Province - 15. Ben Lawers; Dickson, in Linn. Trans.

Error. Misnomer. S. procumbens ‘“ was originally communicated
to Withering ‘by Mr. Griffith, to whom Townson sent roots from
Scotland under the name of retusa’, and first noticed in one of the
earlier editions of his work; it is also inserted in Hull’s British
Flora in 1799”; Brit. flo. ed. 8. In the English Flora, the Salia
retusa of Dickson (Trans. Linn. Soc. ii. 228) was made synonymous
with the typical Myrsinites.

Salia serpyllifolia, Scop. Var. of S. retusa, Linn.
Province - 15. Perthshire, fide Fries.
Ambiguity. ‘Fries states that beautiful specimens of the var.
serpyllifolia, collected by Mr. Winch in Breadalbane, are preserved
in Horneman’s herbarium. This must be a mistake; Mr. Winch’s
retusa is that of Withering, or procumbens of Forbes, and is widely
different from the true one”; Brit. flo. ed. 8, p. 412.

Salix Grahami, Baker in Jour. Bot. June, 1867.

Province - 17. North-west Sutherland; Macnab, Graham.
Ambiguity. Edinburgh Botanic Garden; Macnab! Professor
Graham pointed out this willow to me in the Edinburgh Garden,
in presence of Mr. Macnab, assuring me that it was herbacea when
brought from Sutherland. At the time I was a very young
botanist, and the Professor’s assurance, uncontradicted by Macnab,
impressed me decidedly in distrust of the segregate species of
willow, then accepted with little hesitation by most of our botanists.
Now, we find Dr. Hooker placing this willow of Graham under
Myrsinites, in the Student’s Flora. I have it in leaf only.

72. ConIFERs.
Pinus pinaster, Ait.
Province - 2. Bournemouth, South Hants.
Alien, planted. ‘1 am indebted to Dr. Falls of Bournemouth, for
fresh specimens of the plant, which is completely naturalized in
that neighbourhood”; Eng. bot. viii. 271. It would have been

73. ORCHIDACER. 577

well for Dr. Boswell Syme to let his readers know the sense in
which he wished them to understand his own use of the term
‘naturalised’ in his edition of English Botany. (See page 60 of
this volume, lower half.) I have much regretted to see so many
plants formally described and figured in that edition, which at best
required only passing mention in the category of “excluded
species,” if even there.— [June, 1870. Opportunely, “The
Student’s Flora of the British Islands,” quite a model Flora-in
its completeness and condensation, has been published since the
preceding remark was penned. In it I find no mention at all of
the “naturalised” Pinaster. But Dr. Hooker has judiciously
sought to expunge improprieties from our descriptive books, not to
increase their numbers needlessly. If the Pinaster, why not also
the Laburnum, Pseud-acacia, Hippocastanum, and many others
spring freely from self-sown seeds, and are more familiar to
us?

73. ORCHIDACEE.

Epipactis (media) purpurata, Sm.

Province - 5. Worcestershire; Rev. Dr. Abbott, in 1805.

Syn. 1089*, Cyb. ii. 417. A monstrosity, only once found. The
Ep. purpurata of Smith was founded upon a single plant, with
unexpanded flowers, apparently an epiphyte (‘ parasitical ”) mon-
strosity. What the variety may be, to which the name has been
transferred in Babington’s Manual, I do not know. Many dried
examples from “ Reigate” have passed through my hands, none of
them the same with Smith’s specimen plant. Dr. Boswell Syme
is under some error in recording that the Claygate plants of Ep.
media “are not at all tinged with purple.” On a label with a
specimen dried in 1849, I wrote “whole plant with a lilac-purple
bloom over the green’; and, indeed, it was the purple tint which
first drew my attention to the plant of the Telegraph Wood, Clay-
gate, as something different from ordinary Ep. latifolia.

Orchis (latifolia) maialis, Reich. O. latifolia, E. B. 3.
Provinces all? <‘‘ Rather common, and generally distributed.”
Syn. 1052. Cyb. it. 427. Dr. Boswell Syme uses the name
palmata to include the latifolia and incarnata of English botanists.
Until recently the former name intended either or both, by its use
in England; and if by change of meaning it is henceforward to be
limited to the more frequent segregate, left after separation of the
O. incarnata therefrom, some joint name for the two may be held.
desirable. I keep to latifolia here because it is the aggregate
name used for both together in the Cybele and in English books
generally. O. maialis, Reich. is quoted in English Botany as a
synonym for our usual segregate, and is taken up distinctively on
faith here.

4E

578 73. ORCHIDACER.

Orchis (latifolia) incarnata, Linn.
Provinces - 23456. 12 Cumberland; J. B. Davies.
Syn. 1052. Dors. Kent. Sur. Camb. Shrop. 8S. Wales.

Orchis (incarnata) densiflora, Wahl.
Province -- 8. Barkway Moor, Herts; Newbould in E. B.
Syn. 1052. English Botany, ix. 108.

Orchis odoratissima, Linn. Gymnadenia odoratissima, R.
Province ...? Has been reported as English,—where ?
Ambiguity. Cyb. ii. 429. See Phytol. iii, 262.

Habenaria (bifolia) eu-bifolia, E. B. 3.
Provinces 1 to 16. Cornwall; Briggs.— Banff; Dickie’s Guide.
Syn. 1055. Cyb. ii. 429. iii. 512. The more frequent segregate.

Habenaria (bifolia) chlorantha, Bab.

Provinces 1 to 16. Cornwall; Briggs.—Skye; Lawson.

Syn. 1055. Cyb. ii. 429. iii. 512. Dr. Boswell Syme reports
that intermediate forms are seen on the Reigate hills, between
chlorantha and eu-bifolia. Mr. Bentham, after observing that “the
extreme forms have been distinguished as species” goes on to
declare that ‘every intermediate may be observed between the
broad and the narrow forms.” Since my own attention was
particularly called thereto, IT have not enjoyed an opportunity to
examine the chlorantha in its wild localities. Mr. Darwin contends
that the two are quite distinct from each other; being fertilised by
different insects in a different way. Dr. Hooker, one of the most
able and most earnest among the supporters of the Darwinian
theories, nevertheless only ventures so far as to give them the
dubious grade of “ sub-species.” Assuming intermediate forms in
the plants, how are they produced? It does not appear that
Mr. Darwin can shew intermediate insects to correspond; he has
them for the extremes only. If the intermediates are half-breeds,
cross-bred between the two extreme forms or “species,” the same
insect should be on visiting terms with each parent, and the pollen
of one be capable of fertilising the other parent. If not half-breeds,
the machinery of different insects for the two ends of the series
only, seems an elaborate non-necessity, until insects are found
specially for “every intermediate.”

Ophrys (aranifera) fucifera, Sm.
Provinces - 28. Dorset. Wight. Hants? Sussex. Kent.
Syn. 1061. Cyb. ii. 434. iii. 513. O. aranifera (limited) in
provinces - 84; counties of Kent, Oxford, Suffolk, Cambridge
and Northampton; very doubtfully in Somerset, Salop, York.
But it is remarked in English Botany that the two segregates
“can scarcely be separated.”

74, IRIDACE. 579

74, [RIpAcEa.

Iris (fatidissima) citrina, E. B. 3.
Province - 2. Dorset; Woods. Wight; Bromfield.
Syn. 1066. Particulars in Phytol. iii, 264 & 952.

Iris (pseudacorus) genuinus, Hi. B. 3.
Provinces -- 8-15 etc. East Kent; E.B. Fife; Boswell Syme.
Syn. 1067. This and the twe succeeding segregates of our old
familiar yellow Flag-Iris are not yet clearly known to me apart
from each other. Dr. Boswell Syme, the only English author who
hitherto has distinguished them, writes that he is “ unable to give
the distribution of the varieties in Britain.” See Eng. bot. ix. 145-6.

Iris (pseudacorus) acoriformis, “ Boreau” E. B. 3.
Provinces -- 8-14-18. Probably general. Surrey!
Syn. 1067. ‘The only form I have seen by the Thames and its
tributaries, and I have specimens of it also from Swanbister,
Orkney, and Seton, Haddingtonshire”; Eng. bot. ix. 146.

Iris (pseudacorus) Bastardi, “ Boreau” E. B. 3.
Provinces -- 84-18. Middlesex. Cambridge. Ayr.
Syn. 1067. Appears to be rare; Eng. bot. ix. 146.

Tris tuberosa, Linn.
Province 1. Cornwall; Mr. Pascoe, etc. S. Devon; Mr. Flower.
Alien. Cyb.ii.440. Mag. nat. hist. ix. 205. Phytol. ii. 679. iii.104.

Iris Xiphioides, Khrh.
Provinces - 6-15. Glamorgan; Dill. mat. Forfar; G. Don.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 440. Reported habitats for some other species are
mentioned in the Cybele Britannica; namely, for Xiphiwm, in
Worcestershire, but an error; for pumila, in Leicestershire ; for
germanica, in Staffordshire. Tris susiana is mentioned in English
Botany, ix. 155.

Gladiolus communis, Linn. G. eu-communis, E. B. 3.
Province -- 8. Harlow, Essex. ‘ D. F.” in Gibson’s Flora.
Alien. Likely enough a stray garden plant, but of course it is
reported a “naturalized” one.

Crocus sativus, Linn.
Provinces -- 8 4--7 8. Essex. Cambridge. Anglesea? Derby?
Alien, extinct. Cyb. ii, 448. Essex formerly, by cultivation.

Crocus vernus, Willd.
Provinces 12345-78910-12.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 442. Said to have become well established in
Middlesex, Suffolk or Norfolk, and Nottingham.

Crocus biflorus, Mill. C. reticulatus, Sm.
Province - 4. Suffolk. C. minimus, Cyb. ii. 443.
Alien. ‘ Naturalised on the site of an old garden in Barton Park,

580 75, AMARYLLIDACER. — 76. LILIACER.

Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk. In this station it has maintained its
ground more than half a century”; Eng. bot. ix. 150.

Crocus aureus, Sibth.
Province - 4. Suffolk. Casually seen elsewhere.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 448. “Naturalised in Barton Park, Bury St.
Edmunds, Suffolk; where it grows in company with Crocus
venga Ornithogalum nutans, and Muscari racemosum”; Eng.
ot. ix. 151.

75. AMARYLLIDACES.

Narcissus poeticus, Linn.
Provinces 1-345---910-12-1415. Usually planted.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 444, “ Very abundant in a field at Blaber’s Hall,
Warwickshire, from whence I received a large supply of living
specimens from the late Rev. W. 8. Bree”; Eng. bot. ix, 162.

Narcissus biflorus, Curtis.
Provinces 1284567891011--14.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 444. Native; fide Lees, Bowman.

Narcissus incomparabilis, Miller.
Provinces --38-56---10. Mid. Wore. Glam. York.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 446. iii. 513. See Eng. Bot. ix. 160.

Narcissus (p. n.) concolor, Bromf. Ajax lobularis, Hawarth ?
Provinces - 2---6. Isle of Wight. Pembroke.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 446. See English Botany, ix. 158,

Narcissus major, Curt.
Provinces ...? No special notes kept for the provinces.
Alien. This is the ‘ Daffodil’ so frequent in gardens, and escaping
thence to hedgerows and brook-sides; situations which lead to its
being mistaken and mis-reported as the true Pseudo-Narcissus.
Some other alien species are mentioned in the Cybele Britannica,
volume second, page 446; namely, minor, in South Wales; con-
spicuus, in Surrey; and moschatus, in Warwickshire, perhaps
through an error. Narcissus aurantiacus is reported for Somerset,
by Mr. Thomas Clark in the Phytologist, iv. 646. And N. serratus
and others are mentioned in the Flora of Middlesex, p. 276.
Galanthus nivalis, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Cornwall to Moray.
Alien? Cyb. ii. 447; where opinions are cited in favour of
regarding the Snowdrop as a true native,

76. LILIacEa&.

Lilium Martagon, Linn. ;
Provinces - 23-5--8-10---1415. Hants to Fife.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 449. Long established in one spot in Surrey

76. LILIACEA, 581

and in Herts. Very plentiful in Bourton wood, Gloucestershire ;
Rey. H. Roberts msc.

Lilium pyrenaicum, Gouan.
Province - 2. North Devon; Mr. George Maw.
Alien. Cyb. iii. 370. Phytol. iv. 717. Bot. Gaz. ii. 305.

Tulipa sylvestris, Linn.
Provinces 12345--8-1011-1814 15.
Alien? Cyb. ii. 449. Usually originating from gardens.

Allium Ampeloprasum, Linn.
Provinces 12. Som. Dor. [In 4-12-15, by misnomers ?]
Alien. Cyb. ii. 451. Relict from culture in province 1.

Allium Babingtonii, Borrer.
Provinces 1 2. Cornwall; Mr. Borrer. Dorset; Mr. Mansel.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 451. Eng, bot. ix. 205.

Allium carinatum, Linn.

Provinces - 8-15. Notts; Eng. bot. ix. 227. Perth; Syme!
Alien? The account of the locality in Nottinghamshire, as given
in English Botany, suggests an inference that the plant is simply
an introduction there. The Perthshire locality is by the side of
the Tay river, below Perth; a locality to which several foreign
plants have been introduced, and in which they have become
established.

Allium (oleraceum) complanatum, “Fries. Boreau.”
Provinces - [8 4.5] -10- [12-14] 15. York. Forfar. (Kinc.)
Syn. 1182. Cyb. ii. 453. A. carinatum, Smith, by error.

Allium (Schenoprasum) sibiricum, Linn.
Province 1. The Lizard Point, West Cornwall.
Syn. 1085. The formula for Schenoprasum, page 338, will need
to be altered by omission of the province and county above named,
when taken to represent the distribution of the type species apart
from A. sibiricum.

Allium nigrum, Linn.
Province --- 4. Norfolk; Trimmer flo. & E. B. ix. 227.
Alien. Misnamed Ampeloprasum, in the Flora quoted.

Allium paradoxum, Don.
Province --- 4. Linlithgow, planted? Edinburgh, unreliable.
Casual or planted. See Eng. bot. ix. 227.

Allium roseum, Linn. A. ambiguum, Sm.
Provinces -- 34. Kent; E. B.S. 2808. Suffolk ; Bab. man.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 455. Kent 1837—1853; extinct in 1866.

Allium triquetrum, Linn.
Province -- 8. Isle of Dogs, Midx. 1852; J. Banker! ;
Ambiguity. Not found by any other botanist ; and as the specimens

582 79. HYDROCHARIDACEH. — 80. ALISMACER.

came labelled “‘ Leucojum e@stivum,” some error of locality may
have occurred, equally as of name.

Ornithogalum nutans, Linn.
Provinces 1-345-78-1011. Surrey to Durham.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 458.

Ornithogalum umbellatum, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 16; excepting 1112. Cornwall to Fife.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 458. A var. ‘ angustifolium’ in Isle of Wight.

Scilla bifolia, Linn.
Province 1. ‘West of England.” (Devon, from a garden.)
Error. Cyb. ii. 460. Eng. bot. ix. 226.

Asphodelus fistulosus, Linn.
Province - 9. Cheshire; F. M. Webb.
Casual. In a new made road; E. C. report, 1861.

Asparagus (officinalis) maritimus, HE. B. 3.
Provinces 1 2, West Cornwall! Dorset, 1869; Flower msc.
Syn. 1096. More or less doubtful in provinces 34-67 8. This
is the wild form, as distinct from the garden escapes. Suggested
to be the A. prostratus of Du Mortier Flo. Belg. —

Polygonatum (officinale) intermedium, Bor.
Province - 2. Colerne, Wilts; Eng. bot. ix. 179.
Syn. 1102. A variety not noticed in Bab. Man.

79. HypRocHARIDACES.

Elodea canadensis, Rich. Anacharis, Bab.
Provinces 12345 6-891011-181415. Devon to Perth.
Alien. Cyb. ii. 474. iti. 515. Thoroughly established, and in-
juriously abundant. Only the female plant said to be found in
England.

80. ALISMACER.

Alisma (Plantago) lanceolatum, E. B. 8. (not of With.)
Provinces...? Probably 1 to 17, as given for the aggregate.
Syn. 1109. A slight variety graduating into the type. The
“lanceolata” of Withering is described as being “ Not more than
an inch or two in height. Leaves nearly strap-shaped, without any
distinct leaf-stalk.” The plant of Kew Gardens, distributed as
“lanceolatum” through the Exchange Club, has a petiole of six
inches or upwards, and flower-stems (lower portions cut away) more
than a foot high; it is thus a less limited form than the “ species”
of Withering. Leaves “cordate at the base” is the exception,
rather than the rule; being the character of luxuriant plants. In
herbarium. examples, generally the leaves are lanceolate-ovate or

81. POTAMACER. 583

ovate-lanceolate; though this may in some measure be attributed
to a selection of small or weakly examples to fit the paper of an
herbarium.

Alisma (ranunculoides) repens, Davies.
Provinces - 7 - 9, etc. Wales and Scotland; Bab. Man.
Syn. 1110. I have not kept distinct notes for A. repens; the two
extremes of scapes “erect” and “ rooting” are connected by various
intermediate states, not distinctly meeting either character.

81. Potamacka.

Potamogeton (pectinatus) flabellatus, Bab. man.
Provinces 123845--891011. “England. Ireland.”
Syn. 1119. Cyb. iii. 10. ‘ Not uncommon in England.”

Potamogeton (eu-pectinatus) genuinus, E. B. 8.
Provinces --345------- 13 14 15--18. And others.
Syn. 1119. “ Frequent in England. Rare in Scotland.”

Potamogeton (eu-pectinatus) scoparius, “ Wallr.” E. B. 3.
Provinces -23---7--10. “DP. marinus, Huds.”
Syn. 1119. Plentiful in South-England; Syme, in E. B. 3.

Potamogeton gracilis, Fries.
Province - 11. Cheviotland; Professor Oliver!
Ambiguity. Dubious between gracilis and pusillus.

Potamogeton mucronatus, Schrader. “P. compressus, Sm.”
Provinces -- 3-5 ---9. In nearly all, by printed records.
Native. Cyb. ni.12. It remains still impossible to give a proper
account of the area and distribution of Smith’s compressus; that
name having been so variously applied, usually to examples of
pusillus, occasionally also to those of obtusifolius. From Devon to
Orkney, by the Floras, etc. Shropshire; J. EK. Bowman! Surrey;
Boswell Syme. Specimens from Stoke Heath, Warrington ; Syme
in Eng. bot. ix. 49.

Potamogeton (lucens) acuminatus, Schum.
Provinces ---- 5---9. And in several others.
Syn. 1126. Hereford; Rev. W.H. Purchas! Warwick; Mr. T.
Kirk! Cheshire; Hon. J. B. L. Warren! Having kept no
separate notes for this variety, I can now venture to cite three
counties only, as shown by labels in my herbarium; although
I have certainly seen the variety in others also.

Potamogeton (lucens) decipiens, Nolte.
Province 1. Canal at Bath, Somerset; Exchange Club sp.
Syn. 1126. I possess only the leaves from the EK. C.

584 81. POTAMACER,

Potamogeton (natans) “ proper,” Student’s Flora.
Provinces -- 3 4----9---13 141516. Surrey to Fife.
Syn. 1182. Cyb. iii. 20. This has been represented so often by
examples of the more frequent P. polygonifolius, labelled or recorded
as “natans”, that fresh records for it have become very desirable,
made on re-examination throughout Britain ; all those made before
oe being rejected, as well as several of those bearing a later
ate.

Potamogeton (polygonifolius) ericetorum, E. B. 8.

Provinces all? ‘‘ Found on almost every heath.”

Syn. 1132 (1133). This is distinguished in words from the type
variety genuinus, of Dr. Boswell Syme, chiefly by the absence of
the pellucid lower leaves; an accident of place or season. I think
that the seeds never germinate, and vegetate so far as to produce
leaves, unless under water for the time being; and that the
earliest submerged leaves are always narrow and pellucid. In the
coriaceous or floating leaves there is the most completely gradual
transition from broadly or roundedly oval, with a cordate base, to
acutely lanceolate, narrowing insensibly into the foot-stalk. So
that, in truth, the three “ varieties” are only three selected forms,
or two extremes and an intermediate, described in English Botany
apart from their connecting links.

Potamogeton (polygonifolius) pseudo-fluitans, E. B. 3.
Province - 12. Buttermere, Cumberland; Hort! Oliver!
Syn. 1132 (1133). Dr. Boswell Syme makes a distinct variety of
this Buttermere plant. To my own eyes it appears to be simply a
rather extreme state of polygonifolius, as elongated by rising
from deeper or drawn out by growing in running water, such as
T have seen in various places, from Fleet Pond, Hants, to Braemar,
Aberdeen, and Loch Erricht, Inverness.

Potamogeton fluitans, Auct. varr.
Provinces ...? Several, by use of the name.
Ambiguity. This is a name of various application in our botanical
books and on labels. Most usually it has meant either rufescens
or the pseudo-fluitans (not limited) form above mentioned. An
extract from a letter written by Mr. J. G. Baker, in 1864, will
afford a striking example of the confusion in applying this name ;
—Winch’s three stations under ‘ fluitans’ belong, one each, to
rufescens, oblongus, and plantagineus.” See English Botany, ix. 63.
Ruppia (maritima) spiralis, “ Hartm.” E. B. 8.
Provinces 1 28 ------ 10. 18 Kirkcudbright ?
Syn. 1135. In separating the R. rostellata, the formula on
page 346 is left unavailable for R. maritima (limited) which is the
Jess frequent form. Dr. Boswell Syme writes that spiralis “does
not appear to occur in Scotland.” A specimen is preserved in my
herbarium, labelled from the county of Kirkcudbright by Professor

82. TYPHACER, 585

Balfour, in which the nuts (rather young) are quite like those
figured for spiralis in English Botany, 1427; but the peduncle is
short, as in the real rostellata collected in the same county by
Dr. Syme himself.

Ruppia (maritima) rostellata, “ Koch.” E. B. 8.
Provinces 1238456----11-138 1415 16-18.
Syn. 1135. Cyb. ii. 28. Isle of Wight to Orkney; E. B. ix. 59.

Zannichellia (palustris) eu-palustris, E. B. 8.

Provinces all? “Common in England”. . . “extending to Orkney.”
Syn. 1136. Cyb. ii. 28. According to the figures (caricatures ?)
of the fruits in English Botany, nos. 1425 and 1426, all the thirty
specimens of palustris in my herbarium are intermediate forms
between eu-palustris and pedicillata. Thus, I do not understand
the distinctions of English Botany, and can still hold only to the
undivided palustris, in localising the specimens.

Zannichellia (palustris) pedicillata, “ Fries.” E. B. 8.
Provinces 12 38-5----1011. “Frequent in England”; Syme.
Syn. 1136. This is the pedunculata of several books. “I have
seen no Scotch specimens”; Dr. Boswell Syme.

Zannichellia (palustris) polycarpa, Nolte.
Provinces 0. Not found in Britain; Bab. man.
Error. Cyb. iii. 24; where the error is explained. E. B. ix. 57.

Zannichellia dentata, Willd.
Provinces... ? Perhaps none at all.
Ambiguity. In some of the older books on English plants this
genus was differently distinguished into two species, under names
of palustris and dentata. See Gray’s Arrangement, ii. 82.

Zostera (marina) angustifolia, Fries.” ‘‘ Reich.” E. B. 3.
Provinces...? Same as no. 1137 of the Synopsis ?
Syn. 1137. This “has no tangible characters by which it may be
separated ” from marina, according to Dr. Boswell Syme. A mistake
is made sometimes; by giving this name to young examples of
Ruppia maritima.

82. TyPHACEs.

Sparganium (natans) affine, “ Schneiz.” E. B. 3.

Provinces -- 8 ---7---1112 ?-15 16-18.

Syn. 1144. Cyb. iii. 31. From Surrey (rarely) to Shetland.
Sparganium (natans) minimum, “Fries.” KE. B. 3.

Provinces - 23 45 6--910--1381415 1617. Wight to Suth.

Syn. 1144. Cyb. iii. 81. Difficult to distinguish from affine.
Typha (latifolia) media; “DC.” E. B. 3. |

Provinces ?- 8. Devon? Surrey, and likely elsewhere.

Syn. 1147. Spikes half-inch apart in the Devon plant.

4F

586 84. JUNCACES.

Typha minor, Sm.
Provinces -- 8-910. Apparently through misnomers. ;
Error. Cyb. iii. 36. The Liverpool example was angustifolia.

84. JUNCACER:

Juncus nigritellus, D. Don.
Province - 15. Forfarshire; G. Don.
Ambiguity. Apparently a small state of lamprocarpus? I have
seen specimens labelled as nigritellus, from Northumberland,
Westmoreland, Cumberland, and Fife; all of which appeared to
me simply lamprocarpus. It has been reported also in the counties
of Kent and Chester.

Juncus tenuis, Willd. J. Gesneri, Sm.
Province - 15. Scotland; Dickson. Clova mountains; G. Don.
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 47. Neither authority is reliable; but_the
figure of gracilis in English Botany, no. 2174, may pass well
enough for one of true tenuis.

Juncus (bufonius) fasciculatus, “Koch.” E. B. 3.

Provinces - 28-15 18. And all the rest?

Syn. 1162. This segregate is said to be connected with “ genuinus”
the type form “by a complete series of intermediate forms.” Under
such circumstances which name, genuinus or fasciculatus, should
be given to the intermediates? — There is yet a third form
“ranarius” mentioned in English Botany, which “scarcely de-
serves to be ranked as a variety.” And yet, it seems, all three
are held to be so many distinct species by some botanists on the
Continent; thus, properly enough explained in English Botany.

Luzula (pilosa) Borreri, Bromfield.
Provinces 123-5. And probably elsewhere.
Syn. 1170. Cyb. iii. 54 & 518. A sterile state of pilosa ?

Lugzula (multiflora) sudetica, DO. EH. B. 3.
Province - 15. Glen Callater, Aberdeen; Boswell Syme.
Syn. 1173. In English Botany, x. 10, this third form is added to
the other two, which have become sufficiently familiar under the
names of multiflora and congesta; and both of which probably
spread alike into all the provinces, though separate notes have not
been made about their localities, apart from each other.

Luzula nivea, Desv.
Provinces- 5 15. Salop; Mr. Maw. Fife; Dr. Dewar!
Alien. Cyb. iii. 59. Planted at Broomhall, Fife.

&5. CYPERACEAE. 587

85. CYPERACES.

Scirpus (uniglumis) Watsoni, Bab.
Provinces - 9-15 16. Lancashire. Argyle. Moray.
Syn. 1193. Cyb. ili. 76. Attention was first called to this variety
solely on account of the nuts (observed on a specimen from Moray)
being “covered over closely with impressed dots.” And as authors
were then describing uniglumis with “smooth” nuts, I did not
suppose it to be that quasi-species, then quite unknown to me
except by book-description. Dr. Boswell Syme now describes the
nuts of the latter segregate as being “faintly punctate-striate
under an ordinary lens”; so that ‘‘ Watsoni” may be held scarcely
more than a synonym of uniglwmis, not the name of a clearly
distinguished variety. [This appears a place not unsuitable for a
personal explanation, which I have desired to put on record some-
where. Early in my botanical life I resolved never either to split
off a “new British species” or to give a new name to any British
plant. The former part of this resolution has been strictly adhered
to; and the latter departed from in extremely few instances, where
the use of a temporary name became needful, as the better alterna-
tive than that of using one likely to prove erroneous. I much
prefer, also, not to see my own surname converted into either
varietal or specific name for a plant; and thus shall be very
willing to let “ Watsoni” pass out of use in Scirpus, as having now
become an useless synonym ;—although, under the original circum-
stances, I cannot say that Professor Babington was wrong in 80
distinguishing the plant.]

Scirpus parvulus, R. & 8.
Province - 2. South Hants? Dorset; J. C. Mansel!
Re-discovered in 1870. Cyb. iii. 78. Ireland; A. G. More!

Eriophorum alpinum, Linn.

Province - 15. Erroneously in 7 and perhaps 17.

Extinct? Cyb. iii. 81. Forfarshive, formerly; afterwards lost
through drainage. A specimen exists in the herbarium of Professor
Balfour, labelled as Scirpus cespitosus from Sutherland. It would
seem to be the most reasonable explanation of this circumstance,
that the label had accidentally got displaced to the wrong specimen.
I believe myself warranted in making a record that Mr. A. G.
More arrived at this opinion after fair investigation.

Eriophorum capitatum, Host. E. Scheuchzeri, Hoppe.
Province - 15. Perth; G. Don.
Error. Cyb. iii. 82. Eng. bot. x. 174. Misnomer?

Eriophorum (angustifolium) minus, Bab.
Provinces - - - - - - G----12--151617. And others?
Syn. 1200. A weakly state of the species; noticed here because

588 85. CYPERACEA.

sometimes mistaken for true gracile. The opposite state, that of
vigorous or luxuriant growth, is given as a further variety in
English Botany, under name of elatius. The name of polystachion,
as used in the English Flora, may be said to mean the variety
elatius ; that of gracile being used there for minus.

Carex Davalliana, Sm.
Province 1. Lansdown, Bath; lost there “ by drainage.”
Extinct. Cyb. iii. 87. (York. Hadd. Edin. Kinc.]

Carea (ovalis) bracteata, E. B. 3.
Provinces -- 3-5. Surrey! Worcester.
Syn. 1211. Cyb. iii. 96. C. ovalis, b. argyroglochin, L. C. exc.
The true C. argyrolochin is distinguished essentially by its pale
and silvery glumes, not by foliaceous bracts, which are present or
absent in either.

Carex (elongata) Gebhardi, Schkuhr.
Provinces... ? ‘ Professor Babington includes it in his Manual,
but gives no station for it, and I have seen no British specimens”;
Eng. bot. x. 100.

Carex (remota) tenella, Sm. (not Schkuhr.)
Province - 15. Forfar; G. Don. Hants; Boswell Syme?
Syn. 1214. Cyb. ii. 98. Eng. bot. x. 96.

Carex brygoides, Linn.
Province - 10. Studley Wood, Yorkshire; Bab. man. ed. 8 to 6.
Error? Cyb, ii. 94. If really found, probably planted; E. B.

Carex (muricata) pseudo-divulsa, E. B. 3.
Provinces 1-8. Somerset. Kent. Surrey.
Syn. 1220. OC. virens, Lam., not of Reichenbach; E. B.

Carex (teretiuscula) Ehrhartiana, Hoppe.
Province - 9. Manchester. North Hants? Surrey?
Syn. 1228. Oyb. iii, 107. Near Basingstoke, Hants, and on
Wimbledon Common, Surrey, I have seen sedges which I hesitated
to name teretiuscula only because their stems were several together
in loose tufts; and thus approximating to the present variety, if
not absolutely identical.

Carex ustulata, Wahl.
Province - 15. Perth and Forfar; G. Don, sole authority.
Error? Oyb. iii. 129. Eng. bot. x. 187.

Carex (vulgaris) uliginosa, i. B. 3.
Province -- 8. And-elsewhere? “In muddy places.”
Syn. 1228. By the character “densely cespitose” in Eng. Bot.
ed. 8, I suppose this to be the same with a form which I dis-
tributed from North Surrey, in 1846, labelled as “vulgaris, var.
juncea.” It was found growing in dense tufts in swampy rather
than muddy ground.

85. CYPERACER, 589

Carea Gibsoni, Bab.
Province - 10. Yorkshire; Bab. man. ‘“ Extinct.”
Ambiguity. Oyb iii. 111. A variety of C. vulgaris; E. B. 8.

Carex (aquatilis) Watsoni, E. B. 3.

Provinces - 138 1415. Lanark. Linlith. Aberd. Fife? Forfar?
Syn. 1230. I have some hesitation about combining the aquatilis
of the Clova mountains with the Lowland plants from the Clyde
and Almond rivers. Dr. Boott made out other affinities by pencilled
notes to the specimens in my own herbarium. On two of them,
collected in the Clyde district, probably in Lanarkshire, by
Dr. Hooker, his note runs thus; ‘ Near Goodenovii, bracts too
long.” On other two, from the Almond, collected by Professor
J. H. Balfour in Sept. 1838, his note is “very like stricta (Lam.)
of America.” These last were named “ (C. stricta, Good.” on the
labels of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Thus, these sedges
of the Almond river, near Edinburgh, have been assigned more or
less uncertainly to three different species, to aquatilis, to stricta of
Goodenough, and to stricta of Lamarck ;—the latter being the
virginiana of Smith, and one we might have supposed Dr. Boott
likely to know.

Carex cespitosa, “ Linn.” “Fries.” ‘“ C. Drejeri, Lunge.”
Provinces...? “Britain; Dr. Greville.”
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 112. Probably a mistake; Eng. bot. x. 175.

Carea (acuta) Moenchiana, Wendl.

Provinces ...? A form of acuta; Student's Flora of B. B. p. 480.
Syn. 1232. Not noticed in the third edition of English Botany.
But two other suggested varieties of acuta are mentioned there,
as being “perhaps” the proliva of Fries and the tricostata of
Fries. These two are unknown to me. The former is stated to
grow “in the ditch by the side of the Towing path, on the banks
of the Thames near Richmond.” The latter came “from clay-pits
at Northwick, near Worcester, collected by Mr. G. Maw.”

Carex (saxatilis) Grahami, Boott.
Province - 15. Forfar; W. Brand! Perth; E. B.
Syn. 1233. Cyb. iti. 115. Eng. bot. x. 172.—
Carex saxatilis.—‘‘ I cannot escape the conviction that this totally
different-looking plant”... “is an alpine form of C. vesicaria, to
which variety Grahami forms a passage”; The Student’s Flora of
the British Islands, p. 421.

Carex (flava) Cederi, Auct. “ Ehrh.”
Provinces --34--7-910---1415--18. From E. B. 3.
Syn. 1284. Cyb. iii, 116. Apparently two different plants have
been thus named by English botanists. The more frequent of
these is a slight variety of flava, closely connected with the type
by a series of intermediate forms. But another less frequent
plant may perhaps be held separable from the flava by better and

590 85. CYPERACER.

less variable characters. Still, I cannot assign all the specimens
in my own herbarium quite confidently between the Oederi and
lepidocarpa; apparently, they shew localities for the former
ranging from South Hants to Orkney. In English Botany,
x. 159, Dr. Boswell Syme expresses the like uncertainty, but
adds, “I never found the same difficulty when the plants were
growing.”

Carex (flava) lepidocarpa, Tausch.
Provinces all? But usually under name of Oedert.
Syn. 1234. See the preceding segregate.

Carex (fulva) genuina, EB. B. 3.
» speirostachya, Sm. EH. B. 3.

Provinces all? Not ascertained for either of these apart.

Syn. 1237. Cyb. iii. 118. In my own notes of past years the
names fulva and speirostachya have been used as exchangeable
synonyms; for I never understood how to separate the plants
themselves. In English Botany, Dr. Boswell Syme expresses the
like uncertainty, and writes of speirostachya “had Smith not
described it as a species, I should certainly not have noticed it
even as a variety.” He there adds a third variety, one quite un-
known to myself, the sterilis, suggested to be a sedge intended by
“ Dr. Boott, in letter quoted in Bromtield’s Flo. Vect. p. 565.”
This may possibly be the true fulva.

Carex punctata, Gaud.

Provinces 1-7. Cornwall? Anglesea? [12 Cumberland.]
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 121. See Phytologist iv. 679, as to Cumber-
land. As to the locality “ near Beaumaris or Bangor,” Dr. Arnott
wrote “one of these is erroneous.” There might be nothing very
unexpected, in the finding of this sedge in England and Ireland ;
but the evidence for it appears to me hitherto to have been far
from satisfactory. Dr. Boswell Syme had seen no British, Ivish, or
Guernsey specimens, as mentioned in English Botany, x. 151.
Dr. Hooker accepts it for Guernsey and Ireland,—whether on
testimony or by examined specimens, is not stated in ‘ The
Student’s Flora.’

Carex (limosa, I.) vera.
Provinces -?-4??--91011?-? 15 1617.
Syn. 1244. Cyb. iii. 128. It seems impossible to assign old
records of localities for ‘‘limosa” between this and irrigua. In
English Botany, Dr. Syme gives no localities for the present
segregate distinctly on his own individual knowledge. In my
herbarium the specimens of true limosa are from East Suffolk,
Cheshire, Fife, Forfar, Dumbarton, and Sutherland. York;
Baker Bot. Northumberland and Cheviotland; New flo. Re-
examination must determine which of the two really occurs in
provinces 2 5 6-12-14.

86. GRAMINA. 591

Cares: (limosa) irrigua, Hoppe.
Provinces -?----7---11 ? 18-1516.
Syn. 1244. Cyb. iii. 128. The specimens in my herbarium are
from Denbigh, Northumberland, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Argyle
(Ben Ima). Dr. Syme found it at Glenquay Moss, West Perth,
and quotes the British Flora for the ‘‘Clova Mountains and Hill
of Knock, Dunfermline.”

Carex (glauca) Micheliana, Sm.
Province - 15. York; B.G. Kincardine; Beattie. Aberdeen.
Syn. 1250. Cyb. ili. 133. Smith Correspondence, i. 441—2.

Carex (glauca) stictocarpa, Sm.
Province - 15. Forfarshire; Don. Ben Lawers, Perth; Syme.
Syn. 1250. Cyb. iii. 1383. Not known to me.

Carex angustifolia, Sm.
Province - 15. Forfar; G. Don in Eng. flo.
Ambiguity. “Of this I have seen but one specimen, and that
none of the best”; Smith in E. F. iv. 128.

Carex (hirta) ebracteata, E. B. 38.
Province -- 3. Between Epsom and Ashtead, Surrey.
Syn.1257. The sub-glabrous var. ‘hirtiformis’ in several provinces.

Carex (ampullacea) involuta, E.. C. report, 1863.
Province - 9. Hale Moss, Cheshire; S. H. Bickham!
Syn. 1258. Said to occur also at Congleton and Oakmere.

Carex (paludosa) Kochiana, Gaud.
Province - 2. Isle of Wight; More. Sussex; Mitten.
Syn. 1260. ‘‘Scarcely deserves notice as a variety”; E. B. 3.

Carex hordeiformis, Wahl. C. secalina, Sm. in E. F.
Province - 15. Forfar; Thomas Drummond.
Error. Cyb. iii. 148. Gard. Flo. Forf. 217.

Carex laxa, Wahl.
Province - 15. Clova mountains, Forfar; Don. Acc.
Error. This name is omitted from the Indices to English Flora
and English Botany; my note of it was taken from Don’s Account,
in Headrick’s Agricultural Survey of Forfarshire, a work which
T have not seen for many years past.

86. GRAMINA.

Spartina alterniflora, Loisel.
Province - 2. South Hants. Imported from America?
Alien? Oyb. iii. 145. Dr. Bromfield in E. B. §., ete.

Echinochloa Crus-galli, Beauv.
Provinces - 23 4----- 10. [18. Orkney; Barry hist.]
Casual. Cyb. iii. 148. Panicum Crus-galli of Linneus and of

592 86. GRAMINA.

most British writers.—(In the Flora of Middlesex, Trimen and
Dyer record P. capillare, only a single plant, and P. miliaceum, a
casual. The latter has been seen also near Mitcham in Surrey,
and within the docks at Gloucester.)

Digitaria sanguinalis, Beauv.
Provinces- 34----91011 13-15.
Casual. Cyb. ili. 148.—(D. ciliaris is recorded in the Appendix
to the Flora of Surrey; and the same grass was found by Dr.
Carrington near Bury in Lancashire, according to the Exchange
Club report for 1858.)

Setaria verticillata, Beauv.
Provinces 1-34----- 1011. [5. Stourbridge; Scott.]
Casual. Cyb. iti. 150. Exchange Club rep. 1858.

Setaria glauca, Beauv.
Provinces 1-8. Somerset. Surrey. Middlesex. Herts.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 150.—(Setaria italica, another casual, is men-
tioned in the Flora of Middlesex.)

Phalaris canariensis, Linn.
Provinces 1 to 15. Cornwall to Aberdeen, occasionally.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 151. Scattered by bird-catchers, etc.

Phalaris paradoxa, Linn.
Provinces - 23-10. Swanage, Dorset, in 1847 and 1851.
Casual. Cyb. ii. 152. Both this and P. minor are enumerated
in the list of foreign plants imported into Surrey among corn for a
Distillery. See Appendix to the Flora of Surrey, and the Journal
of Botany, iv. 150. It has been seen also near Huddersfield in
Yorkshire, according to Exchange Club report for 1858.

Phleum asperum, Jacq.
Provinces 1-345. No certain locality for it. :
Casual. Cyb. iii. 156. I have specimens of it collected by Mr.
W. Mac Ivor, at “ Cobham, Kent”; Dr. Boswell Syme, msc. The
Collector named seems to have been singularly fortunate in finding
plants which nobody else can find, and in places frequented by
other botanical collectors; see Vella annua, page 482, as another
instance.—(Mr. Baker recorded Phleum tenue as a “ weed on a bed
of onions in garden ground at Thirsk”; see E. C. report for 1862,
page 10.)
Phleum Michelii, All.
Province - 15. Forfarshire ; G. Don, sole authority.
Error. Cyb. iii. 157.“ Very summit of the highest mountains.”

Alopecurus (geniculatus ?) pronus, Mitten, mse. & L,
Province - 2. ee Sussex; Mr. Mitten ! -C.
Syn. 1279. This is placed under pratensis in Th ; ,
Mr. Mitten contrasted it only against genicy aged 8 Fee
incline to place it notwithstanding the more acute plies stil

86. GRAMINA. 593

Stipa pennata, Linn.

Provinces -- 3-10-12. Midx. York. Westm. Cumb.
Error. Cyb. iii. 183. See the Flora of Middlesex on the record
for that county. The following extract from a letter written by
Mr. Tatham, in 1845, is suggestive of error somewhere ;—“ I have
wild specimens gathered in Westmoreland by the late J. Gough, of
Kendal; and having these I did not keep, but gave away, the
specimens I had sent me from Rumbolds Moor, by 8. Gibson; it
grew near the pathway between Ilkley and Keighley, and I have
no reason whatever to doubt its correctness.” (See under Geranium
macrorhizum, page 495, as to Samuel Gibson.)

Agrostis (vulgaris) pumila, Light.
Provinces 1 - 8---7-9101112-1415 1617 18.
Syn. 1291. Somerset; Flower. Middlesex; T. & D. flo. TI have
myself never met with it in the southern counties.

Agrostis (alba) stolonifera, Linn.
Provinces 12345-7-910. 18. Orkney?
Syn. 1292. A name of rather loose application. (Subsequent
experience has led me to distrust my own notes, made in years
past, on the localities of canina, vulgaris, and alba, with their
subordinate varieties; probably somewhat confused together in at
least the earlier years of my botanical wanderings.)

Aira (flexuosa) uliginosa, Weihe.

Provinces - 234-15. Hants! Surrey! Norf. Forf. Kine.
Syn. 1302. [Cheshire? Lancashire?] This appears to be suffi-
ciently distinguishable from the 4. fleruosa of dry heaths, by site
and by characters. Shown by Dr. Trimen to be the variety
setacea of Hudson’s Flora Anglica; but it seems most unadvisable
to create confusion in the specific name by which this is now
known, through substituting a discarded varietal name.

Lagurus ovatus, Linn.
Province -- 3. Near Saffron Walden, probably sown there.
Extinct Casual? Cyb. iii. 182. Gibson’s Flora of Essex, p. 367.

Avena strigosa, Linn.
Provinces all? Rare in England, more frequent in Scotland.
Colonist-Casual. Cyb. iii. 184. An ancient introduction into
France; Godron Consid. Originally from the Caucasian countries ;
De Cand. geogr. bot. rais.

Avena (pratensis) alpina, Sm.
Province- 15. Forfar; G. Don. Perth? York?
Syn. 1309. Cyb. ii. 185. The counties to be indicated for this
segregate may be said to depend on the degree of divergence from
ordinary pratensis, which is enough to warrant the application of
Smith’s specific name alpina. I should apply the same name to
the plants seen above the road on the Perthshire side of the Pass

46

594 86. GRAMINA.

of Drumochter (Drum Uachdar ?) as to those seen in Glen Fiadh,
Forfarshire; the latter being called alpina, so should be the
former ; all of them wide away from planiculmis.

Avena planiculmis, Schrader.
Provinces - 15 16. Forfar, by misnomer. Arran, by error?
Error. Cyb. iii. 186. The garden plant, which I received under
this name from W. Borrer, has a tufty and spreading root, cer-
tainly not a “widely creeping root.” As remarked above, it is
quite unlike the Linnean pratensis or Smithian alpina.

Avena subspicata, Link. Trisetum subspicatum.
Provinces...? ‘In Alpibus Anglis. Anders. 69.”
Ambiguity. ‘Should be looked for. I cannot obtain information
from Sweden”; Bab. man. ed. 4 to 6. An error?

Glyceria (fluitans ?) pedicellata, Townsend.
Provinces -2-45----10----15.
Syn. 1822. As a variety of plicata in Man. Brit. Bot.

Schlerochloa dura, Beauv.
Province - 11. On ballast, Hartlepool, Durham.
Casual. Professor M. A. Lawson, in E. OC. rep. 1867.

Poa sudetica, Haenke.
Prov. -- 8-5. Kewgrounds; Dr.Hooker! Warwick; Mr. Kirk!
Casual. Introduced with foreign hay or seeds? It is somewhere
recommended to agriculturists, and perhaps is occasionally sown by
them.

Poa (pratensis) subcerulea, Smith.
Provinces - - - - - - 7--10-12--15. Elsewhere also?
Syn. 1831. Some other states or varieties of Poa pratensis appear
in our books, under distinctive names; but I have not collected
notes about their localities apart from those of the type.

Poa (nemoralis) Parnellii, Bab. man.
Provinces - 1011. York; Baker! Durham; Hort.! Gibson!
Syn. 1834. Cyb. iii. 206. P. nemoralis, var., in New Flora.

Poa (glauca) Balfourii, Bab. man.

Provinces - - - - - - 7--1011---1516. Carn, to Westerness.
Syn. 1834%. Cyb. iii. 207. Journal of Botany, iii.157. I received
living plants labelled “‘ Balfourii” and ‘“ Parneilit” from Mr.
Borrer’s garden for cultivation. The former, very glaucous, was
soon lost; while the latter, rather green than glaucous, established
itself in a weed-like manner, as much at home in the Surrey
garden as the Poa nemoralis might become.

Poa (glauca) cesia, Smith.
Provinces - 1516. Perth. Forfar. Aberdeen. Argyle.
Syn. 1384*, Cyb. iii. 208. “ Poa glauca, Sm.” has varied appli-
cations in botanical books; for instance, the grass so named in the

86. GRAMINA. 595

‘ Catalogue of Plants collected in South Kent’ cannot have been
the species of the northern mountains so named. But, as Sir
James Smith evidently intended the name to belong to the
glaucous Poa of the mountains, it is here taken to express the
aggregate species; Smith’s variety cesia (Eng. Flo. i. 128) being
a segregate divergent in one direction, and the Balfourit apparently
a segregate diverging towards nemoralis in a contrary direction.
But truly, after abstracting these two, it is difficult to say what is
left of glauca for a typical segregate. I understand from Dr. Bos-
well Syme, that he holds the Poa cesia figured in English Botany,
no. 1719, to be quite distinct from Smith’s glauca. Unfortunately
for myself, while writing these latter pages of my ‘Compendium’
I am ahead of the third edition of ‘ English Botany,’ and thus lose
its great help in doing so. Possibly what I mean by cesta may
truly be typical glauca in the views of Dr. Syme.

Eragrostis pogoides, Beauv.
Province - 9. Near Birkenhead, Chester; F. M. Webb.
Casual. In a new made road; E. C. rep. 1862.

Cynosurus echinatus, Linn.
Provinces 12 8----891011--14---18.
Casual. Cypb. iii. 214. Sown with seeds of clover, etc.

Festuca ambigua, “‘ Le Gall. in Flore de Morbihan.”
Province - 2. Isle of Wight; A. G. More!
Native. ‘“ Eng. Bot. Supp. 2970.”

Festuca (ovina) tenuifolia, Sibth.

Provinces 12 83--6----11---15. Elsewhere also?

Syn. 1842. Ihave not kept special notes for this variety. Other
forms of F’. ovina are recorded in books as segregate species or
varieties —(N.B. Since the Synopsis was printed, I have learned
from Dr. Boswell Syme, that a slightly creeping pratal and pascual
Festuca, frequent in Surrey and elsewhere, which I have always
considered to be the duriuscula, is really what various Authors
intend by the name rubra. This cannot well have been Smith’s
idea of rubra, which he locates on the mountains and sandy sea-
coast, not in the low inland fields of southern England. I doubt
much whether the creeping rubra (or sabulicola) of the sea-coast
has any actual reappearance on “alpine precipices.” See the Flora
of Middlesex, page 329; the F’. duriuscula of that well worked out
Flora is apparently the same thing with the Surrey grass here
alluded to, and which I separate alike from inland ovina and from
coast rubra.)

Festuca (sylvatica) decidua, Sm.
Province- 15. Perthshire; G. Don. Eng. bot. 2266.
Syn. 1345. Reduced to a variety in Eng. flo. i. 146.

596 86. GRAMINA.

Festuca (elatior) arundinacea, Schyeber ?
Provinces 123. §. Devon! Isle of Wight! Kent; Syme!
Syn. 1346. Cyb. iii. 222 and 519. A large state of F. elatior?
Festuca (pratensis) loliacea, Huds.
Provinces 1 to 15. Devon to Perth! 18 Orkney; Neill Tour.
Syn. 1847. Cyb. iii. 223. I can still see in this nothing but
pratensis with the panicle reduced to a raceme or “ spicate raceme.”
Impossible as it is to confound together the two extreme segregates,
arundinacea and loliacea, yet they appear to be only states of the
intermediate elatior and pratensis; two species which botanists
cannot always distinguish with certainty, and the names of which
appear to have been frequently misapplied or interchanged.
Bromus rigidus, Roth.
Province - 15. Fifeshire; Graham excurs.
Casual. yb. iii. 232.—(B. maximus, Desf. casual in Surrey.)

Bromus tectorum, Linn.
Provinces - 23-5. [15. Forfar; G. Don.]
Casual. Cyb. iii. 232. Introduced among corn and flax seeds,
also perhaps with other merchandize or ballast.

Bromus (asper) serotinus, “ Beneken.”
Provinces - 8-10-15. Derby. York. Fife.
Syn. 1349. Exchange Club report, 1867.

Bromus (secalinus) velutinus, Smith.
Provinces - 23. Sussex! Surrey; Syme! Midkx. flo.
Syn. 1854. Cyb. ili. 229. Several mis-records omitted.

Bromus (commutatus) racemosus, Anglor.

Provinces 1 to 16. By the name, as it is loosely applied in books.
Syn. 1355. Cyb. 11. 231. Two grasses haye been thus labelled
by collectors. Usually racemosus is simply a synonym, intending
commutatus ; the plants so designated being one same species.
The name racemosus has been also given instead to a non-
pubescent state of mollis. I do not know that there is any other
racemosus in England, except as a mere set of words in books,
which are only supposed to represent something different in living
nature.

Bromus arvensis, Linn.
Provinces 1234---8-1011---15. Excluding commutatus.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 232. Of Jate years this has been met with by
collectors more often than formerly; being sown among imported
lucerne or clover seeds. But formerly specimens of commutatus
were frequently mis-labelled as arvensis, while this latter was a
grass known to few.

Bromus patulus, Mert. & Koch.
Provinces--3-5----10. Surrey. Gloucester. York?
Casual, Cyb. iil. 282. Among us, confused with arvensis 2

86, GRAMINA. 597

Bromus squarrosus, Linn.
Provinces 123 5. Som. Sus. Metrop. Glouc. Scotland?
Error. Cyb, iii. 232. Eng. flo. i. 155. Flo. Metrop.

Ceratochloa unioloides, DC.
Provinces- 5 10. Warwick; Cox! York; Mudd!
Casual or sown? 5. Round a partly drained pond in Warwick
Old Park, in 1869; brought to Mrs. Russell. 10. Baker’s Botany
of North Yorkshire.

Triticum cristatum, Schreber.
Province - 15. Forfar; G. Don. Lunan Bay, Arbroath?
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 237. Specimens from Don are in herbaria?
Triticum biflorum, “ Brig.” Mitten. ‘
Province - 15. Ben Lawers, Perth; “Don in Borrer herb.”
Ambiguity. Cyb. iii. 237. London Jour. Bot. viii. 533.

Triticum (repens) littorale, Anglor.
Provinces all? Scilly Isles to Shetland.
Syn. 1360. Cyb. iii. 235. I do not know how to separate this
from some of the forms named lazwm or acutwm by other
botanists.

Triticum (junceum) verum.
Provinces - 234-6-891011----1617.
Syn. 1862. This is certainly a different grass from TJ’. acutwm
and T. pungens; but I am not able to point out among the
localities on record for aggregate “junceum” all those in which
this typical segregate will certainly be found; the provinces
enumerated above are probably correct.

Triticum (junceum) acutum, DC. “T. laxun, Fries.”
Provinces 1234-6-8-1011121314 16.
Syn. 1862. Cyb. iii. 236. See littorale above.

Triticum (junceum) pungens, Pers.
Provinces 1234----- 10. Cornwall to York.
Syn. 1362. Also in Sussex, Kent, Essex, and Cambridge.

Lolium italicum, Braun.
Provinces 1 to 16. LL. ‘‘ multiflorum,” of several localities.
Alien. Cyb. iii. 288. Abundantly sown in fields for hay, and
accidentally sown among other crops. Half naturalised.

Lolium linicola, Sonder.
Provinces - 2-10. Sussex; Salter! York; Ward.
Casual. Cyb. iii. 289. It is an Alien in France, according to
Dr. Godron; into which it is frequently brought with flax seeds
from Riga.

Elymus geniculatus, Curtis.
Province -- 8. Near Greenwich (or Gravesend) Kent; Dickson.
Extinct? Cyb. iii, 240. Was it ever found really wild either

598 87, FILICES.

near Greenwich or near Gravesend ? — (Elymus crinitus, an intro-
duced casual, is enumerated in the Appendix to the Flora of
Surrey.)

Lepturus incurvatus, Trin.
Province - 15. Fife, on ballast. Doubtful elsewhere.
Casual? Cyb. iii. 246. L. filiformis is the usual form or species
in Britain, and has been frequently recorded under the name of
incurvatus. Iam not prepared either to assert or deny that true
or typical incurvatus has occurred in this country except as a
casual introduction on ballast heaps, etc.

Eleusine. Chloris. Lappago. Atgilops. Crypsis.

Casuals. In the Exchange Club Report for 1858 we are told that
Eleusine indica was found by Dr. Carrington, near Bury in
Lancashire. And in the same report Mess. Hobkirk and Ingle
are stated to have found the Chloris compressa and Lappago
racemosa, with other exotics, near Huddersfield in Yorkshire.
4igilops ovata and Crypsis aculeata are enumerated among the
various other introduced casuals, in the Appendix to the Flora of
Surrey. It seems little worth while more formally to notice these
rarely seen grasses.

87. Finices.

Gymnogramme leptophylla, Desv.
Province - 15. Aberdeen; Miss Veitch, fide W. Tanner.
Error. Cyb. iii. 870. Phytologist iv. 600 & 716.

Polypodium (vulgare) cambricum, Linn.
Province - 6. Glamorgan; Ray’s Synopsis.
Syn. 1874. As being a monstrosity, rather than a variety, this
should scarcely be admitted here, except on the ground that it is
so usually noticed in a special manner in fern-books, and has
formerly passed for a species of itself. Polypodium vulgare is
found with the pinne ranging from quite entire to coarsely
serrated or even deeply incised ; the cambricum form is a further
grade of marginal indentation, with the pinne irregularly or
laciniately pinnatifid. It is now a plant cultivated in Ferneries,
but Iam not aware of any certain locality for it wild in England.
Mr. Newman states that he has received it from Ireland.
Cystopteris (fragilis) dentata, Hook.
Provinces 1---5 67891011 12--15 16. As reported.
Syn. 1379. I do not pretend to distinguish this fern clearly from
fragilis ; nor can their localities be satisfactorily apportioned
between them. C. angustata is even more unsatisfactory. And
C. regia seems to be truly but another name for the present
segregate ; except in so far as it may have been applied to the
alien C. alpina.

87. FILICES. 599

Cystopteris (fragilis) Dickieana, “ Sim.” Newm.

Province - 15. Aberdeen; Dickie!

Syn. 13879. Phytol. iv. 716. Bot. Gaz. ii. 810. “This fern is
known to botanists from a single locality only, a sea cave near
Aberdeen, where it was found by Dr. Dickie;” Newman Hist. ed.
8, page 94. The fern itself is rather an aberrant production or
monstrosity than a varietal segregate, much less a true species.
I should have small confidence indeed in the botanical judgment
and experience of any one who could suppose it to have tenable
claim to be held a distinct species. Mr. Newman’s figure, in the
History, page 98 of edition third, represents a very extreme state
of it. (I have seen a corresponding instance, in barren fronds of
Adiantum-nigrum grown in the corner of a room where the light
was dim.) Four wild specimens of the fern are placed in my
herbarium, from the Aberdeen locality, and given to me by
Professor Dickie himself. Three of these, which make the nearer
approximation to Mr. Newman’s figure, are entirely barren. The
fourth is fertile or sori-bearing, and is at least half way from that
figure to the ordinary fragilis as represented in the work of Mr.
Newman; it might have quite well passed for dentata, apart from
the dilated barren fronds. Moreover, my garden-grown examples,
living and dried, all diverge farther from Newman’s figure, than
do the three barren fronds given to me by Dr. Dickie from the
wild locality. If I were to judge exclusively by the fronds of
Dickieana, which hitherto have come under my own inspection,
IT ought to suspect the sori-bearing fragment (represented alongside
Newman’s figure of the barren state) of being purely a fancy-
sketch, a bit from a barren frond made fertile by the pencil of the
draughtsman. Mr. Newman will act wisely if he carefully pre-
serve the scrap of frond so represented, in evidence of the truth
of his figure. Perhaps a similar tuft of barren fronds could be
produced on a plant grown under cover and in dimmed light ; but
I should despair of ever re-producing a fertile frond of that dilated
and overlapping form ; is it not a great rarity ?

Cystopteris alpina, Desv.

Provinces 1-3. Hssex, supposed to have been planted.

Alien. Cyb. iii. 259. A letter from Mr. Edward Parfitt, of the
Exeter Institution, dated in 1869, informed me that C. alpina
had been ‘discovered by Miss Caroline Johnson, near Diptford,
Totness.” Mr. James Britten kindly gave me a frond, taken
from a root sold by a Dealer, who had stated that he got it
in Westmoreland in 1864.

Polystichum (lobatum) aculeatum, Anglor.
Provinces 1- 3-12. And doubtless elsewhere.
Syn. 1383. Cyb. iii. 261—2. Although aculeatum, as English
botanists usually apply the name, is a more developed form than

600 87. FILICES.

lobatum, it is conveniently treated here as the variety. Apart
from aculeatwn there is now little confusion between lobatum and
angulare in England; they are easily distinguished from each
other, and can scarcely be confused if seen alive, mature, and full
lengths ; though fragments in the dried state, especially from
immature plants, may be difficult. P. aculeatum, with a rigid
and perfectly evergreen frond like that of lobatum, still makes
some approximation to anyulare in the cutting or divisions of the
frond, especially of the pinnules ; and occasionally, when glued to
paper in the herbarium, some specimens of it are not readily
distinguished from the latter. Moreover, the name aculeatum
is used for Smith’s angulare, by Milde and other continental
botanists, as if the two ferns were absolutely identical; although
in England we mean by it a different fern, one more closely akin
to lobatum. The book localities for ‘“aculeatum” are divisible
among the three; some few really going to angulare, more of them
belonging to lobatum. I have seen no example of true angulare
from Scotland; nor any which I should call aculeatum ; but both
are included in the Clydesdale Flora, by Mr. Hennedy. A root of
lobatum, brought from Glen Beg, in the Grampian mountains, in
1844, has remained permanently different, by colour and form, as
well as manner of growth, from the aculeatum of Surrey, growing
by it in the garden for a quarter of a century; but 1 deem them
too gradually united by intermediate forms from various localities,
to be fairly separable as varietal segregates. Mr. Briggs sent me
the aculeatum from Cornwall; and I have it from Northumber-
land, sent by the late Mr. Storey. Briefly, aculeatum is that form
of lobatum which comes nearest to angulare ; this latter being as
distinct from lobatum, as an apple-tree is from a pear-tree.

Lastrea (Filix mas) affinis, Newm. Hist.

Provinces 12 3---7--101112--15. And others ?

Syn. 1387. Mr. Newman figures single pinne of two extreme
forms, to represent this variety and the other which he calls
Borreri. Two extremes serve well to illustrate the range of
variation; but Mr. Newman himself admits the occurrence of
“connecting links” between them. In truth, anybody may find
almost any number of such links; some of them so evenly mid-
way between the extremes, as to render it optional which varietal
name to bestow upon them ; — or, more correctly, to render both
names alike non-applicable to them.

Lastrea (Filia mas) Borreri, Newm. Hist.
Provinces all? See the preceding.
Syn. 1887. The “Filic mas” is usually represented by the
fronds which in texture and cutting are more or less middle inter-
mediates betwveen this and the preceding extreme.

87. FILICES. 601

Lastrea (Filix mas) abbreviata, Newm. Hist.

Provinces - 10 11. Ingleborough Hill, York. Teesdale, Durham.
Syn. 1387. This fern is not known to me. Newman's beautiful
work, the ‘ History of British Ferns,’ is conveniently referred to
for the three varieties of Filix mas; but it should be mentioned
that he has them under the generic name of Dryopteris, not that
of Lastrea. It is curious to note the discrepancies in the generic
name adopted for this common fern by our three chief living
Authors of British Floras; Aspidium, by Bentham, Nephrodium,
by Hooker, Lastrea; by Babington. Of course Mr. Newman must
look about for a different generic name, one not so likely to be
adopted in books more strictly botanical. So again, in their turn,
for the under-mentioned Lastreas or Aspidiums or Nephrodiums,
the new name Lophodium is invented. Great as have been the
services of Mr. Newman, in elucidating our British Ferns, he has
gone far towards outbalancing them, by the great dis-serviee of
adding a number of new and needless names to our super-
abundant supply.

Lastrea (cristata) uliginosa, Newm. Hist.
Provinces -- 3 4---89. [15. Kincardine, erroneously.]
Syn. 1389. Cyb. iii. 269. See page 455, for some remarks on
this fern. Approximates to spinulosa in its cutting.

Lastrea (dilatata) glandulosa, Newm. Hist.

Provinces - - 3-5. Essex. Gloucester. [10. York].

Syn. 1891. This stands between dilatata and spinulosa, not
satisfactorily assignable to either by the dried specimens alone,
and I have not seen the plant alive. As in the case of uliginosa,
it presents the difficulty of an intermediate form, the dried fronds
of which might be united with either, or made into a species not
clearly distinguished from either. LL. dilatata has been sent to me
labelled “glandulosa” by a good botanist; I do not know that
any one ever so labelled an example of spinulosa. ,

Lastrea (dilatata) collina, Newm. Hist.
Provinces - 10-12. York. Westmoreland.
Syn. 1391. A variety known to me by description only.

Lastrea (dilatata) nana, Newm. Hist.
Provinces -23---78910-12--15.
Syn. 1891. This is the Aspididum dumetorum of Smith, as
explained on page 456. But the name may be intended also to
cover a wider range of form than Smith’s dumetorum ; for Mr.
Newman states that his nana is found in the woods of Sussex and
Kent. Of late years, I have sought and collected fern roots
numerously in Surrey and the adjacent portions of Sussex and
Hampshire, but have never met with anything at all corresponding
with Newman’s figure of nana (originally given for dumetorum) or

4u

602 87. FILICES.

with my half dozen fronds of Derbyshire dumetorwm, mentioned
on page 456 of this volume.

Pseudathyrium (alpestre) flewile, Newm. Hist. ed. 3, p. 208.

Province- 15. Mid Perth. Forfarshire ; Mr. Backhouse !

Syn. 1398. Rather a puzzling fern. Mr. Newman has omitted to
tell us in the work quoted, by what special characters it is to be
distinguished from P. alpestre. His figure appears to represent a
fern in an abnormal state, a sort of monstrosity, as are so many
other strange aberrations of ferns now in cultivation. Of course,
we accept the figure as the portrait of an individual, selected for
its least likeness to alpestre. Let us illustrate this mode of
making or figuring species, by a fancy counterpart. If a Zoologist
should wish to make two species-on-paper out of Canis familiaris,
he might draw a portrait of a strong and shaggy Newfoundland
Dog, and then put in contrast a portrait of the slimmest of Italian
Greyhounds. No doubt the two figures would make very good
species-on-paper, if taken by themselves, with all intermediate
forms left conveniently out of sight and description. Doubtless,
a truth-seeker in their localities would easily make out the species
to which flexile really belongs. The new generic name Pseu-
dathyrium is used in my books because it so aptly expresses the
affinity of this Polypodium with Athyrium Filix femina.

Athyrium (Filic femina) rheticum, Roth.

Provinces all? But authorities not clear.

Syn. 1394. <A characteristic figure of this, the “ smaller form ”
of Filix-feemina, was given on page 68 of the first edition of
Newman’s History, repeated on page 207 of the third edition. It
includes the molle, conveaum, and irriguum, as figured in editions
second and third. Judging by the examples in my herbarium,
supported by more local observation of late years, in Surrey and
adjacent counties, this is much the commoner form or sub-species.

Athyrium (Filia feemina) incisuem, Newm. Hist.

Provinces all? General; Newman History.

Syn. 1394. This is distinguished from the other form or sub-
species by its larger size, more upright growth, more compound
frond, thicker and more scaly stipes, pinne usually commencing
abruptly far up the stipes, not extended in a gradually decreasing
size almost to its base, and by the less numerous fronds, which
are not produced in such continued succession through the
summer, as on the smaller form. In the garden, and in the
wilds where it can grow clear from other herbage, the indicated
characters are well marked ; but when the rheticum has to push
through other herbage, its lower shortened pinne are few or
absent. I incline much to believe in two fairly distinct «sub-
species,” as here explained. In the other named forms (all

87. FILICES. 603

belonging to rheticum?) I can see only varieties, variations,
aberrations.

Athyrium (Filia femina) ovatum, Newm. Phytol.
Province - 12. Keswick, Cumberland. Extinct there?
Syn. 1894. Cyb. iii, 2783—4. Phytol. iv. 369 & 646. The
variety latifoliwm of Babington and other describers.

Phegopteris plumosa, J. Smith.
Province - 10. Yorkshire, a single plant ?
Syn. 1894. A curious aberration of Filia famina, at first sight
suggesting the subgenus Allantodea, rather than Athyrium.

Asplenium fontanum, Presl.

Provinces - 2 8---78-101112--15.

Ambiguity. Alien or Errors? Cyb. iii. 275 & 520. Reported
from the counties of Dorset, Hauts, Kent, Surrey, Bucks, Merio-
neth, Derby, York, Northumberland, Westmoreland, Cumberland,
and Kincardine. All or nearly all these dozen counties become
inadmissible when critically inquired into. In addition to the
references given in the Cybele Britannica, two other locality-
claims have been put forth in the Manual of British Botany,
namely “ Ashford, Hants,” and “Northumberland.” Does the
former of these intend the locality of or near “‘ Ashfield Lodge,” as
reported in the Phytologist for 1852, with Mr. W. H. Hawker's
testimony to the fern being “truly a native of the locality”? If
so, its nativity there is ill sustained by the following extract from
a letter written by a celebrated Pteridologist, in November, 1853 ;
namely, ‘A correspondence with the Rev. W. Hawker fixes the
Hants habitat of fontanum on ‘the inside wall of a garden,’” The
wide habitat of “‘ Northumberland ” is not accepted by the Authors
of the New Flora of Northumberland and Durham, dated in 1868.
It is to be feared that “ Asplenium fontanum” ought still to go to
the category of errors.

Asplenium (Trichomanes) anceps, Lowe.
Provinces -- 38-15. And very likely in others between.
Syn. 1896. Cyb. iii. 277. This is a large state, rather than
a distinctly different variety of Trichomanes. As found on the
hedgebanks, in some of the lanes in South-west Surrey, it closely
resembles the anceps of Madeira and the Azore Isles.

Asplenium (Adiantum nigrum) productum, Lowe.

Provinces--3-%? Surrey! Stratford-on-Avon ?

Syn. 1899. A very elongate form of the species, but traceable
through transition links into the more usual form. I have not
seen English examples so slenderly divided as the acutum of
Treland, figured in Newman’s History. My longest English
example measures about twenty inches, stipes all included; its
lowest pinna exceeding four inches; all the pinne being much

604 88. LYCOPODIACER.

produced at their tips. On placing together a number of speci-
mens from Spain, Italy, Madeira, Canaries, and Azores, they
appear entirely to connect the extreme acutum, through Virgila
and productum, with our English Adiantum nigrum ; it being
impossible to find any decided line or place of severance. Even
the figure of the Irish acutum, in Newman’s History, has not
quite the extreme of fineness or slenderness in subdivision of the
frond; a Spanish example, brought from Castille by Mr. John
Ball, being even more finely divided.

Trichomanes radicans, Sw.
Provinces - 7-10-16. 10. Extinct? 7—16. Planted ?
Ambiguity. Oyb. iii. 287. Carnarvon; a Guide. York; Dr.
Richardson, in Ray's Synopsis. Arran; Mr. George Combe.
Argyle; Mr. Young. ‘A very questionable native”; Clydesdale
Flora.

Botrychium rutaceum, Swartz. Newman.

Provinces - 12-15. Westmoreland? Forfar ?

Ambiguity. Three examples of Botrychium, all irregular in form,
were found by Mr. Cruickshank, on the sands of Barry, near
Dundee, in 1839; a locality where the Lunaria is said to be
frequent. These were referred by Mr. Newman with confidence
to rutaceum. Three species of Botrychiwm have been recorded
heretofore as British ; appearing in Gray’s Arrangement under the
names of lunatum, rutaceum, and matricarioides. The first of
these three intended Lunaria. Ray had put together the two last,
apparently as a second species, found in Westmoreland. Pro-
bability leans to the side of B. rutacewm being actually a British
fern, but confirmation is needed.

Onoclea sensibilis, Linn.
Provinces - 9 10-12. Warrington. North York. Lake Lanc.
Planted Alien. Phytol. i. 492. Aiton in Jopling’s C. & F.

88. LycopopIacEs&.

Lycopodium complanatum, Linn.
Provinces -2--5. Near Bramshot, Hants? Worcestershire?
Error? Bab. man. ed. 6, p. 445. Leefe msc.

Lycopodium helveticum, Linn. Selaginella helvetica.
Provinces 1- 3. Mendip, Somerset. Middlesex ?
Error. Cyb. iii. 298. Phytologist iv. 884. Correspondence of
Linneus and other Naturalists i. 184.

Isoetes (lacustris) echinospora, Dur.
Provinces: 7 1516. Carn. Kinc. Dumb. Elsewhere?
Syn. 1418. Bab. Man. ed. v. & vi. Journal of Botany i. 3.

90. EQUISETACEA. 605

90. EQquisETACEs.

Equisetum (limosum) fluviatile, Linn. (not of Smith).

Provinces all? But not all actually certified.

Syn. 1425. Cyb. iii. 307. The name fluviatile has been used in
various books for the species subsequently known as Telmateia,
and quite recently among us renamed maximum. It has also
been used for the branched state of EH. limosum, as here intended.
It has likewise been supposed to stand for some third species,
distinct from both of those here mentioned; but that third
species seems to be only a book supposition.

Equisetum trachyodon, A. Braun. E. Mackaii, Newm.
Province - 15. Den of Airly. Dee river, Aberdeenshire.
Ambiguity. Phytol. i. 174 & 876. No specimens of this plant
having come under my own inspection, it was left out of the
Synopsis, in accordance with the rule stated on page 64. If I
could have felt satisfied about the reality of the species, from
reading the book descriptions of it, adherence to the strict rule
might have been waived in the case of an Hquisetum adopted as a
species equally by Newman and Babington.

Eiquisetum (variegatum) Wilsoni, Newm.
Province - 15. By the Dee, Aberdeen or Kincardine.
Syn. 1428. “Probably a large form” of E. variegatum; Bab.
Man. The E. arenarium is an opposite form, small and prostrate
or procumbent.

V. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS.

This volume has been printed in three separated Parts, dated
in 1868, 1869, 1870; the several Parts having been written
chiefly in the years preceding those dates. Some additional
information has been obtained during the years named. The
Clydesdale Flora, by Roger Hennedy, a well written and
apparently a very reliable work, remained entirely unknown to
me, while writing the First and Second Parts. And as my
information about the botany of the western provinces of Scotland
was incomplete, mostly old, and not quite reliable in many cases,
the Clydesdale Flora has been since found a most useful
acquisition. The Second Edition, dated in 1869, the one quoted
from in the following pages, enables me to add provinces 13 or 16
to the areas of various plants, which before had not been ascer-
tained to occur in the West Lowland or West Highland
provinces; two of those in regard to which our floral lists might
be deemed least completed. And I have been usefully aided in
like manner for the same provinces by manuscript notes kindly
sent by Mr. Galt of Glasgow.

Mr. Archer Briggs, a resident of Plymouth, has kindly com-
municated various acceptable facts about the plants of the
Peninsula, and the extension into Cornwall of some species not
before ascertained for that most westerly county of England. And
Mr. A. G. More has also most obligingly gone over the two Parts,
in order to test the accuracy of the usual citation of “ Wight”
in the series of southern counties; pointing out some needed
corrections, which his own more thorough knowledge of the island
botany enabled him to make.

V. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. 607

Those four sources, with the Annual Reports of the Exchange
Club, and other Contributions to the Journal of Botany, supply
most of the added facts in the following pages, which lead to
alterations in the provincial areas, and in the southern or northern
counties, as before indicated for the plants treated in the
‘ Synopsis of Species’ on pages 79—420.

Eventually, and perhaps already to some extent, there will
doubtless be most need of corrections in the “ Additional List” as
printed on pages 473—605. Corrections of that List will be the
gradual work of many botanical observers, spread over many years
to come. As given on preceding pages, that very miscellaneous
list will be found an useful summary towards shewing what is
already known or recorded about the plants and their places, and
through the references introduced it will usually direct readers to
other sources for more ample information than could be conveyed
here in the abbreviated forms used.

1. Clematis Vitalba, Linn. Localities in East Cornwall are
reported by Mr. Archer Briggs.

9. Adonis autumnalis, Linn. I believe this is as wild and as
well established in the Isle of Wight, as in any part of England ;
A. G. More, msc.

11. Ranunculus trichophyllus, Chaix. Province 16. “ This is
the only form of the old R. aquatilis growing in the Island of
Cumbrae”; W. Galt, msc. Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran; Clydes-
dale Flora.

1l. Ranunculus fluitans, Lam. The authority for the specific
name is misprinted ‘ Linn.’

12. Ranunculus Lenormandi, Schultz. Province 16. Island
of Cumbrae; W. Galt, msc.

14. Ranunculus Ficaria, Lion. Province 16. Cumbrae; W.
Galt, msc. Very common; Clydesdale Flora.

38. Nuphar pumila, DC. “Mr. Wilson informs me that this
is growing at Oulton. If so, province 9 must be added. I have
a specimen from Shropshire”; J. F. Robinson, msc. But see
page 478, for doubts about this plant.

58. Coronopus Ruellii, Gaertn. Province 16. Cumbrae; W.
Galt, msc.

608 Vv. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS.

L 75. Draba aizoides, Linn. Mr. T. B. Flower's inquiries
elicited an assurance that the report of this having been found in
Somerset is incorrect.

98. Nasturtium officinale, Brown. Found in Shetland; A. C.
Christie.

101. Nasturtium amphibium, Brown. The county of Lanark
is very doubtful. Though recorded by Hopkirk ‘on the banks of
the Clyde, frequent,” Mr. Hennedy has not been able to find this
plant there. Does it really occur in Dumfries-shire, as reported ?

106. Erysimum cheiranthoides, Linn. This has been intro-
duced in the neighbourhood of Frodsham, Cheshire, with agri-
cultural seeds, and is now well established as a Colonist there, in
province 9; J. F. Robinson, msc.

120. Stinapis tenuifolia, Brown. Isle of Wight, in 1869;
F. Stratton. Must have been recently introduced, at the building
of the Forts; A. G. More, msc.

125. Reseda lutea, Linn. Province 15. Possibly native in
the county of Fife.

185. Viola canina, Bab. Man. Provinces 18 --16. Cathkin
hills, in Lanarkshire; Gourock hills, in Renfrewshire; W. Galt,
msc. Cumbrae; Ditto.

136. Viola Curtisii, “ Bab. Man.” Provinces 13 -- 16. Ayr-
shire coast, from Largs to Ardrossan; Cumbrae; W. Galt, msc.

145. Dianthus prolifer, Linn. Province [1. South Devon ;
Ravenshaw’s Flora of Devon.]

150. Dianthus deltoides, Linn. “I should exclude it alto-
gether from the Isle of Wight list, until it can be shown
thoroughly established at some distance from cultivation ; until
then I do not think it deserves even the (Wight)”; A. G. More,
msc.

182. Arenaria trinervia, Linn. Province 16 to be added.
Common ; Clydesdale Flora.

— 183. Holostewm umbellatum, Linn. [Province 16.] Hills at
Bowling ; Clydesdale Flora. This is a record which can hardly
be accepted, unless on very special testimony to its accuracy; and
no sort of remark or explanation is added in the excellent Flora
quoted.

127. Radiola millegrana, Smith. Province 14 not to be
excepted. A locality for the East Lowlands is given in Dr.
Johuston’s ‘Natural History of the Eastern Borders.’ In the
Flora of Berwick, by the same Author, the locality of Ancroft
moor, in Cheviotland, is given on page 43; a locality and plant
apparently overlooked by the Authors of the ‘New Flora of

¥. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. 609

Northumberlaud and Durham.’ The plant would seem to be

pe rare in provinces 11 and 14, but not wholly absent from
either.

__ 210. Luvatera arborea, Linn. Provinces 18 - - (16). “ Con-
sidered native on Ailsa Craig. Occurring as an outcast of gardens
in Cumbrae, Bute, and Arran”; Clydesdale Flora.

215. Hypericum perforatum, Linn. Province 16. Cumbrae;
W. Galt, msc. Arran; Clydesdale Flora.

238. Geranium rotundifolium, Linn. In East Cornwall ;
T. R. Archer Briggs !

240. Geranium sanguineum, Linn. The two names “ Wight,
Kent” have been mis-printed by repetition from the preceding
species ; the southern counties ought to have run “ Cornwall,
Dorset, Essex.”

247. Rhamnus Frangula, Linn. Province 17 is indicated ;
but the northern county ‘‘ Ross” is omitted from the next line.

255. Ononis spinosa, Linn. Say “Sussex” instead of ‘ Wight”
for south range. ‘Look to Bromfield’s latest remarks, in the
Phytologist iii. 278, where it is shown that he was only latterly
acquainted with the right plant. I could never find spinosa in
the Isle of Wight, and am even not quite satisfied as to South
Hants”; A. G. More, msc.

266. Trifolium ornithopodioides, Linn. Stated to occur in
Madeira, but the reference is not at hand.

292. Arthrolobium ebracteatum, DC. Correct the reference to
Phytologist, which should be page 386, not 366.

298. Vicia angustifolia, Auct. Province 16 to be added, on
authority of the Clydesdale Flora.

300. Vicia lutea, Linn. Enclose (Wight). Mr. A. G. More
thinks there may have been some mistake about this in the Isle
of Wight, unless simply as an introduced plant.

310*. Lathyrus tuberosus, Linn. Add a reference to the
Journal of Botany, no. 70, p. 319.

332. Potentilla procumbens, Auct. Province 16 to be added,
on authority of the Clydesdale Flora.

332. Potentilla Fragariastrum, Ehrh. In the Clydesdale
Flora this is indicated as “very common”; which may warrant
the addition of province 16, and thus complete the series.

338. Rubus sawatilis, Linn. Province 1. Devon; Archer
Briggs! The Cornish locality, recorded on the single and somewhat
unsafe authority of the late Mr. Bree, may now be regarded with
less distrust.

411

610 Vv. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS.

840%. Rubus corylifolius, Sm. ‘“ Very common”; Clydesdale
Flora. This may warrant the addition of province 16.

343. Rosa Sabini, Woods. Geneva, France, Belgium ; Journal
of Botany, viii. 161.

344. Rosa mollissima. Enclose the [Isle of Wight; A. G.
More]. Mr. More deems the Vectian rose a form of tomentosa,
not rightly placed under this villosa aggregate.

845. Rosa tomentosa, Sm. Add the Isle of Wight, in the
south line, as above. Cornwall; Archer Briggs!

362. Pyrus communis, Linn. ‘ This might have ‘ Wight’ men-
tioned in the southern line. Though I believe it not aboriginal in
the Isle; still, it is probably not less wild there than in other
parts of South England. By omitting ‘ Wight’ it seems as if the
plant were not known in the island”; A. G. More, msc.

864. Pyrus torminalis, Ehrh. Province 9. Delamere Forest,
truly wild; J. F. Robinson, mse.

371. Epilobium roseum, Schreb. Not wild in the Isle of
Wight. It occurs in South Hants aud Sussex.

374. Epilobium alpinum, Linn. Province 12 certainly.
Gathered on Cross-fell, Cumberland, by the Rev. Frederic Addi-
son; this hill being politically in the county named, although
more properly belonging to the chain of hills mostly included in
province 11. The base of the flowering stem being absent from
Mr. Addison’s specimen, it is impossible to say confidently to
which segregate of alpinum the specimen belongs.

374%, Hpilobiwm alsinifolium, Vill. Province 18. Reported
for Shetland by Mr. A. C. Christie. -

878. Circea alpina, Linn. Supposed to have been really
found in Warwickshire, but as an escape from the garden of
Mr. Boultby.

881. Myriophyllum spicatum, Linn. “Carnarvon” is purely a
mis-print for ‘ Cornwall”; a substitution which escaped detection
in correcting the proof.

884. Callitriche platycarpa, Kutz. Mentioned in the Journal
of Botany, v. 348, as C. stagnalis, Scop.

436. Parnassia palustris, Linn. Dorset is correct; the plant
having been found there by Mr. Mansel, in 1868.

449. Cicuta virosa, Linn. The “?” should be affixed to
“Dorset” also; the existence of the plant in that county requires
verification. Sussex is probably correct; but Oenanthe fluviatilis
has been occasionally mislabelled Cicuta.

V. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. 611

459. Carum verticillatum, Koch. A mis-print “]” seems to
throw doubt on province 16 for this plant.

470. Ginanthe fistulosa, Linn. Provinces 13 and 16 require
verification. Lachenalii, ill understood when the ‘Flora Glot-
tiana’ was written, may have then been misnamed /istulosa.

475. Athusa Cynapium, Linn. Province 16 to be added.
Cumbrae; Clydesdale Flora.

477. Seselt Libanotis, Koch. The authority for the name has
been inadvertently written “Linn.” The plant is Athamanta
Libanotis of Linneus. :

; 511. Linnea borealis, Gronov. <A similar error here. Ber-
wickshire; Johuston’s Natural History of the Eastern Borders.

537. Valerianella dentata, Koch. Province 16 also. Londes-
borough’s locality in Arran, road to Loch Ranza, is correct;
W. Galt, msc.

604. Carduus pratensis, Huds. Erase the words “ Humber
between 150—400 yards”; they related to heterophyllus, and were
accidentally misplaced to pratensis.

612. Centaurea Cyanus, Linn. Province (16) to-be added.
Cumbrae; Clydesdale Flora. This is one of the instances where
it becomes almost optional whether to designate the plant a
Colonist, or to regard it as a Casual only, in the northern
provinces.

630. Gnaphalium sylraticum, Linn. Isle of Wight very un-
certain. ‘TI should think rather a mistake of the plant. I do not
think it ever was gathered in the Isle of Wight”; A. G. More.

630*. Gnaphalium norvegicum, Gunn. Perth; Eng. Bot. 3.

641%. Aster salignus, Willd. Province 11. ‘“ Aster salicifolius,
D. I have found this American growing by the Tweed-side
opposite Fishwick-mains; and I have been told that it has almost
naturalised itself in Hirsel woods on the Leet”; Jobnston’s
Eastern Borders, page 102. See also page 533 of this volume.

667. Anthemis nobilis, Linn. Perhaps ought to be accepted
as a native in province 16. Mr. Galt writes, ‘‘ Formerly of frequent
occurrence in Cumbrae; still got though much rarer, having been
mostly dug up and transplanted into gardens.” See also the
Clydesdale Flora.

694. Erica vagans, Linn. Province [11]. New Flora of
Northumberland and Durham, page 207.

705. Vaccinium Vitis-Idea, Linn. Shetland; A. Craig Christie.
Not unlikely, but I am unprepared to say what reliance can be
placed on the additional plants of Shetland reported under that
gentleman's name, which was otherwise unknown to me.

612 Vv. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS.

706. Vaccinium Oaycoccos, Linn. Isle of Wight. “ Plentiful
in one locality, where Bromfield and Salter both gathered it”;
A. G. More, msc.

716. Vinea minor, Linn. Mr. Robinson writes, “ without a
doubt truly wild in Appleton Dingle, Cheshire.”

728. Polemonium caruleum, Linn. Insert (9). “I have found
this in Cheshire, but must confess it generally looks suspicious ae
J. F, Robinson, msc.

768. Melampyrum cristatum, Linn. Truly native in provinces
3 and 4, not a colonist, according to the Rev. W. W. Newbould.

790. Orobanche rapum, Thuil. “I take this to be O. major of
Linneus, who states that it is parasitic especially on Leguminosae,
and quotes for it the Rapum geniste of Lobel”; Student’s Flora,
page 278.

79L. Orobanche “lucorum.” My. Borrer appears to have been
correct in referring the Surrey plant, thus named, to elatior,
instead of to caryophyllacea. Cyb. Brit. i. 475.

807. Mentha sativa, Linn. Isle of Wight, in two localities.
“ At Yar Bridge it seems quite wild enough; and Mr. Hambrough
considers the other locality satisfactory; so I believe it may very
well pass as a native”; A. G. More, msc.

846. Scutellaria minor, Linn. It occurs in the Peninsula of
India; Dr. Hooker, C. B.

854. Myosotis versicolor, Lehm. By an unlucky misprint at
the top of page 280 the specific name palustris has been sub-
stituted for that of versicolor. It should be corrected by the pen;
the unsightly look being less objectionable than the misleading
error of press.

868. Pulmonaria angustifolia, Linn. Reported to occur also
in Somerset, but until specimens can be certified by some critical
botanist, the province of the Peninsula [1] must remain within the
distrusted enclosure.

888. Lysimachia nummularia, Linn. This is found in Stir-
lingshire by Mr. Galt, well established or perhaps indigenous.

892. Centunculus minimus, Linn, The county of Aberdeen
may be substituted for that of Kincardine, in the north limit.

906. Littorella lacustris, Linn. Said to occur in Canada. It
is curious to see the order Plantaginacee placed between, and thus

separating, the closely allied Solanace@ and Scrophulariacea, in
‘The Student's Flora.’

Vv. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. 6138

940. Polygonum Rati, Bab. Province 10 to be inserted.
Found in Yorkshire, in 1867, by Mr. T. J. Foggitt.

945. Rumex pratensis, M. & K. Province 14 to be added for
this very unsatisfactory species.

958. Asarum europeum, Linn. Bucks and Berks to be added
as counties for this plant, with Oxford more dubiously. See
Journal of Botany, vol. viii. pp. 84 & 161.

1011. Salix aurita, Linn. Accidentally omitted at the top of
page 316, this is given on page 561 instead.

1030, b. Juniperus nana, Willd. Erase the “0” after Ireland.
This does occur in several stations in Ireland, and is mentioned
under vulgaris in the Cybele Hibernica.

1038. Listera ovata, Brown. Isle of Wight, common; A. G.
More, msc.

1041. Cephalanthera grandiflora, Bab. It has really occurred
in the Isle of Wight, and may not be extinct there; A. G. More,
msc.

1078. Fritillaria Meleagris, Linn. Province 1 should perhaps
escape from the enclosure. Mr. Flower writes to me, “ This plant
grows in some plenty in Philips Norton, Somerset, where it has
been observed ‘ for ages’ and considered truly wild.”

1082. Allium oleraceum, Linn. Isle of Wight; A. G. More,
msc.

1087. Gagea lutea, Kerr. Sussex; E. B. 3.

1088. Ornithogalum pyrenaicum, Linn. Province 5. Glouces-
tershire, according to English Botany, third edition.

1094. Muscari racemosum, Mill. Province (1). The name is
included in a list of Somerset plants, compiled by Mr. Flower, in
1869.

1096. Asparagus officinalis, Linn. The wild prostrate form is
alleged to have been found in Dorset, in 1869.

1102. Polygonatum officinale, All. Dorset; E. B. 3.

1126. Potamogeton lucens, Linn. Never found by me in the
Isle of Wight; and I fear a mistake, as I know the supposed
locality quite well; A. G. More, msc.

1189. Lemna gibba, Linn. Province 13 to be added. Forth
and Clyde canal; Clydesdale Flora.

1141+. Wolffia arhiza, Wimm. As yet, known only in pro-
vince 8. The county of “ Hants,” in province 2, was an error for
“Kent,” through misreading the name in a letter penned in a
very small handwriting.

614 Vv. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS.

1146. Sparganium ramosum, Huds. Northward to Shetland ;
A. C. Christie.

1152. Juncus glaucus, Sibth. Province 16 to be added.
Cumbrae and Arran; Clydesdale Flora.

1158. Juncus obtusiflorus, Ehrh. Northward to Renfrew,
according to the Clydesdale Flora.

1159. Juncus supinus, Moench. A misprint of “S.E. Low-
lands ?” which intended ‘‘ 8.W. Lowlands?”

1164. Juncus castaneus, Linn. Perhaps the county of Dum-
barton, not that of Argyle. See Eng. Bot. ed. 3.

1165. Juncus trifidus, Linn. Province 18. This occurs in
Shetland, according to Mr. A. C. Christie. (See Vaccinium Vitis-
Idea on page 611.)

1174. Luzula arcuata, Hook. At 8000 feet in Hast Inverness,
according to Dr. White.

1175. Luzula spicata, DC. This occurs in Shetland, according
to Mr. A. C. Christie.

1181. Rhyncospora fusca, 8m. Found in Hampshire, mainland,
according to English Botany, edition third.

1182. Blysmus compressus, Panz. In Edinburgh and Renfrew,
according to Eng. Bot. ed. 8; the latter county being to the
northward of Ayr. B. rufus is occasionally thus mis-named.

1197. Scirpus acicwlaris, Linn. Province 16 to be added;
and perhaps also 18. Arran; Clydesdale Flora. Shetland;
A. Craig Christie. ;

1204. Carex dioica, Linn. “ Shapwick Moors, Glastonbury”;
T. B. Flower, msc. So far Province 1 is confirmed.

1208. Carex incurva, Lightf. Province 11. The no. of this
province is accidentally omitted, although a locality in it “ Holy
Isle” is named in the succeeding line.

1216. Carea Boenninghauseniana, Willd. Wight ! Parsonage
Lynch, the only locality I know for it in the Isle of Wight;
A. G. More, sp.

1223. Carex paradoxa, Willd. Province 4. County of Nor-
folk; Bab. Man.

1280. Alopecurus fulvus, 58m. Province 9. Chester; C. Bailey!
N.B. The name of agrestis has been used inadvertently, instead of
geniculatus, in the last line of page 383.

1286. Polypogon monspeliensis, Desf. Isle of Wight; F.
Stratton. Must have been recently introduced, at the building of
the forts; A. G. More.

Vv. NOTES AND CORRECTIONS. 615

1307. Avena fatua, Linn. Province (13). “Very rare... -
Near Uddingston”; Clydesdale Flora.

1811. Avena flavescens, Linn. Provinces 13 and 16. “ Very
rare. Below Fairlie, on the sandy pastures; Island of Arran;
sometimes introduced with seeds”; Clydesdale Flora.

1841*. Festuca Pseudo-Myurus, Soy. Occurs in the Isle of
Wight, according to Mr. A. G. More.

1359. Triticum caninum, Huds. Enclose [Wight]. I believe
not growing in the Isle, as neither Dr. Salter nor I could find it ;
A. G. More, msc.

1381. Cystopteris montana, Link. In Canada; The Journal
of Botany, for 1870, page 129.

1884. Polystichum angulare, Newm. Provinces 13 and 16, by
the records. “ Woods at Skelmorlie, very plentiful; several glens
below and towards Largs; Cumbrae and Arran”; Clydesdale
Flora.

1887. Lastrea Filix-mas, Presl. This fern is alleged to grow
in Canada; but it is not admitted by Dr. Gray into the flora of
the Northern States.

1389. Lastrea cristata, Presl. Province 13. “On the edge
of a loch beyond Crofthead, parish of Neilston, Renfrewshire ; first
discovered by Dr. Walker Arnott and Mr. Clark, Curator of the
Glasgow Botanic Gardens”; W. Galt, msc. and spec.

1412. Lycopodium clavatum, Linn. On St. Boniface Down,
in the Isle of Wight; A. G. More, msc.

CYBELE BRITANNICA.
Votumes I. troTV. 1847—1859.

(Price reduced to 5s. each Volume, after 1870.)
———

THE publication of this present Compendium, as a condensed
reprint of the first three volumes of the original work, corrected to
the more advanced knowledge of its subject in 1867—1869 (the
years in which the three successively printed Parts were chiefly
written), must largely supersede the scientific usefulness of the
original work. Unless for its fourth volume, the larger edition of
the Cybele Britannica can no longer be deemed a work necessary
to those botanists who concern themselves with the geographical
or topographical connexions of British Plants. The time has now
come when the general tendency to cheapen books can be met
without injustice to those persons who purchased the four volumes,
or any of them singly, from the Publishers at their price of ten
shillings a volume.

The Author has wished to send free copies of the Compendium
—Parts 1, 2, 3, as printed—to every Possessor of the original
work. But it was impossible for him to ascertain exactly the
names and addresses of all such parties, even of those at home in
Britain ; while in one instance an application for the Compendium
came from a purchaser of the Cybele Britannica in far distant
China. He still invites any such Possessor of the original work
to apply to him for a free copy of the Compendium, as a necessary
supplement thereto. After 1870 this Compendium will be ob-
tainable through booksellers, at the publishing price of ten
shillings the completed volume. It will then become optional
with topographico-botanical writers, either to test their own ob-
servations by the condensed records given in this work, or to go
on re-announcing in print what has been already sufficiently
certified by others or shewn to be certainly erroneous.

INDEX TO NAMES.

N.B. Pages up to 420 will distinguish plants treated in the ‘Synopsis of Species.’

Acanthus

mollis, 543
Acer

campestre, 132

Pseudo-platanus, 494
Aceras

anthropophora, 327
Achillea,

aspleviifolia, 535

decolorans, 535

Millefolium, 237

nobilis, 535

Ptarmica, 236

serrata, 535

tanacetifolia, 535

tomentosa, 535
Aconitum

Napellus, 87
Acorus

Calamus, 248
Actea

spicata, 87
Actinocarpus

Damasonium, 339
Adiantum

Capillus-Veneris, 415
Adonis

autumnalis, 80, 607
Adoxa

moschatellina, 184
Zégilops

ovata, 598
ZZgopodium

Podagraria, 188
A&thusa

Cynapium, 193, 611
Agrimonia
Eupatoria, 165
odorata, 165
Agrostemma
Githago, 117
Agrostis
alba, 387
canina, 386
pumila, 593
setacea, 386
stolonifera, 593
vulgaris, 386
Aira
alpina, 389
cespitosa, 388
canescens, 390
caryophyllea, 389
flexuosa, 389
precox, 389
uliginosa, 593
Ajax
lobularis, 580
Ajuga
alpina, 546
Chamepitys, 272
geneyensis, 546
pyramidalis, 272
reptans, 271
Alchemilla
alpina, 166
arvensis, 166
conjuncta, 510
montana, 510
vulgaris, 166

618

Alisma
lanceolatum, 582
natans, 389
Plantago, 339
ranunculoides, 339
repens, 583
Allium
ambiguum, 581
Ampeloprasum, 581
arenarium, 332
Babingtonii, 581

carinatum (Linn.), 581
carinatum (Sm.), 581

complanatum, 581
nigrum, 581
oleraceum, 332, 613
paradoxum, 581
roseum, 581

Schcenoprasum, 333

Scorodoprasum, 832
sibiricum, 581,

spherocephalum, 332

triquetrum, 581
ursinum, 833
vineale, 332
Allosorus
crispus, 408
Alnus
glutinosa, 312
Alopecurus
agrestis, 384
alpinus, 383
bulbosus, 384
fulvus, 383, 614
geniculatus, 383
paludosus, 383
pratensis, 383
“pronus, 592
(Phalaris.)
Althea
hirsuta, 493
officinalis, 128
Alyssum
calycinum, 482
incanum, 482
maritimum, 482
Amaranthus

INDEX.

Blitum, 552
retroflexus, 552
Ammi
majus, 519
Visnaga, 519
Ammophila
arundinacea, 3887
Anacharis
Alsinastrum, 582
Anagallis
arvensis, 287
cerulea, 550
pheenicea, 551
tenella, 288
Anchusa
officinalis, 548
sempervirens, 282
Andromeda
curta, 537
polifolia, 242
Anemone
apennina, 474
nemorosa, 80
Pulsatilla, 80
ranunculoides, 475
Angelica
_ sylvestris, 195
Anthemis
anglica, 535
arvensis, 236
Cotula, 236
maritima, 535
mixta, 535
nobilis, 236, 611
tinctoria, 585
tomentosa, 535
valentina, 535
Anthericum
(Lloydia.)
Anthoxanthum
odoratum, 381
Anthriscus
Crefolium, 520
sylvestris, 198
vulgaris, 198
Anthyllis
Dillenii, 497

vulneraria, 139
Antirrhinum
majus, 541
Orontium, 262
Apargia
(Leontodon.)
Apera
interrupta, 386
Spica-venti, 385
Apium
graveolens, 187
Aquilegia
vulgaris, 86
Arabis
ciliata, 483
hirsuta, 100
hispida, 483
petreea, 99
stricta, 99
thaliana, 99
Turrita, 483
Arbutus
alpina, 242
Uva-ursi, 242
Archangelica
officinalis, 520
Arctium
Bardana, 530
intermedium, 530
Lappa, 530
majus, 219
minus, 219
nemorosum, 530
pubens, 530
tomentosum, 530
Aremonia
agrimonioides, 501
Arenaria
fastigiata, 491
Gerardi, 491
laricifolia, 491
leptoclados, 491
Lloydii, 491
montana, 491
norvegica, 120
rubella, 121
serpyllifolia, 120

INDEX. 619

spheerocarpa, 491
tenuifolia, 121
trinervia, 122, 608
uliginosa, 121
verna, 121
Aristolochia
Clematitis, 557
Armeria
duriuscula, 551
maritima, 289
planifolia, 551
pubescens, 551
scotica, 551
Armoracia
rusticana, 481
Arnoseris
pusilla, 218
Arrhenatherum
avenaceum, 391
Artemisia
Absinthium, 226
ceerulescens, 532
campestris, 225
compacta, 532
gallica, 532
maritima, 225
scoparia, 532
vulgaris, 226
Arthrolobium
ebracteatum, 148, 609
Arum
italicum, 348
maculatum, 348
Arundo
Calamagrostis, 387
Epigejos, 388
Phragmites, 387
stricta, 388
Asarum
europeum, 305, 618
Asparagus
maritimus, 582
officinalis, 335, 613
prostratus, 582, 613
Asperugo
procumbens, 282
Asperula

620

arvensis, 523
cynanchica, 205
odorata, 204
taurina, 523
Asphodelus
fistulosus, 582
Aspidium
dumetorum, 456
(Lastrea.)
Asplenium
Adiantum-nigrum, 413
anceps, 603
fontanum, 603
germanicum, 414
lanceolatum, 413
marinum, 413
productum, 603
Ruta-muraria, 414
septentrionale, 414
Trichomanes, 413
viride, 412
Aster
brumalis, 533
leucanthemos, 534
Novi-Belgii, 533
salicifolius, 583, 611
salignus, 229, 611
Tripolium, 229
Astragalus
alpinus, 147
glycyphyllos, 147
hypoglottis, 147
Astrantia
major, 518
minor, 518
Athyrium
convexum, 602
Filix-foemina, 412
incisum, 602
irriguum, 602
molle, 602
ovatum, 603
rheeticum, 456, 602
Atriplex
angustifolia, 295
arenaria, 295
Babingtonii, 295

INDEX.

deltoidea, 554
erecta, 296
glabriuscula, 554
hastata, 295
hortensis, 554
laciniata, 554
littoralis, 296
marina, 555
microsperma, 554
nitens, 554
patula, 554
pedunculata, 294
portulacoides, 294
prostrata, 554, 555
rosea, 554
Smithii, 554
Symei, 554
Atropa
Belladonna, 252
Avena
alpina, 593
elatior, 391
fatua, 390, 615
flavescens, 391, 615
planiculmis, 594
pratensis, 390
pubescens, 390
strigosa, 593
subspicata, 59-4
Azalea
(Loiseleuria. )
Ballota
foetida, 546
nigra, 272
ruderalis, 546
Barbarea
arcuata, 483
intermedia, 484
preecox, 484
stricta, 484
vulgaris, 100
Barkhausia
foetida, 217
setosa, 529
taraxacifolia, 217
Bartsia
alpina, 258

Odontites, 259
rotundata, 540
serotina, 540
viscosa, 258
vulgaris, 540
Bellis
perennis, 234
Berberis
vulgaris, 87
Berteroa
incana, 482
Beta
maritima, 296
Betula
alba, 312
glutinosa, 560
intermedia, 560
nana, 312
pendula, 560
pubescens, 560
verrucosa, 560
Bidens
cernua, 224
tripartita, 224
Blechnum
boreale, 415
Blitum
virgatum, 552
Blysmus
compressus, 358, 614
rufus, 359
Borago
officinalis, 548
Botrychium
Lunaria, 416
matricarioides, 604
rutaceum, 604
Brachypodium
pinnatum, 403
sylvaticum, 403
Brassica
campestris, 103
Napus, 485
oleracea, 103
orientalis, 484
Rapa, 485
Briza

INDEX.

media, 398
minor, 398
Bromus
arvensis, 596
asper, 401
commutatus, 403
erectus, 402
giganteus, 401
madritensis, 402
maximus, 596
mollis, 403
patulus, 596
racemosus, 403, 596
rigidus, 596
secalinus, 402
serotinus, 596
squarrosus, 596
sterilis, 402
tectorum, 596
velutinus, 596
Bryonia
dioica, 175
Buffonia
tenuifolia, 490
Bunias
orientale, 480
Bunium
flexuosum, 189
Bupleurum
aristatum, 191
falcatum, 191
protractum, 519
rotundifolium, 191
tenuissimum, 190
Butomus
umbellatus, 840
Buxus
sempervirens, 558

Cakile
maritima, 92
Calamintha
Acinos, 270
ascendens, 545
Briggsii, 545
Clinopodium, 270
menthifolia, 545

621

622

Nepeta, 270
officinalis, 270
sylvatica, 545
Calendula
arvensis, 529
officinalis, 529
Callitriche
autumnalis, 173
hamulata, 173
pedunculata, 173
platycarpa, 173, 610
stagnalis, 610
verna, 173
Calluna
atlantica, 536
glabrata, 537
incana, 537
vulgaris, 241
Caltha
Guerangerii, 477
minor, 477
palustris, 85
radicans, 477
Camelina
eu-sativa, 482
foetida, 482
sativa, 481
Campanula,
glomerata, 238
hederacea, 239
hybrida, 239
latifolia, 238
patula, 237
persicifolia, 536
rapunculoides, 238
Rapunculus, 237
rotundifolia, 237
Trachelium, 238
Cannabis
sativa, 559
Capsella
Bursa-pastoris, 93
Cardamine
amara, 98
bellidifolia, 483
eu-hirsuta, 488
hirsuta, 98

INDEX.

impaiiens, 99
pratensis, 98
sylvatica, 483
Carduus
acanthoides, 530
acaulis, 222
arvensis, 221
crispus, 220, 530
dubius, 581
eriophorus, 221
Forsteri, 581
Gibsoni, 531
heterophyllus, 222
lanceolatus, 221
litigiosus, 531
Marianus, 531
Newbouldi, 581
nutans, 220
oleraceus, 531
palustris, 221
pratensis, 222, 611
polyacanthus, 531
polyanthemos, 531
setosus, 531
tenuiflorus, 220
tuberosus, 531
Woodwardii, 531
Carex
acuta, 371
alpicola, 366
alpina, 370
ampullacea, 379
angustifolia, 591
aquatilis, 871
arenaria, 368
argyroglochin, 588
atrata, 370
axillaris, 367
binervis, 873

Boenninghauseniana, 367, 614

bracteata, 588
bryzoides, 588
ceespitosa, 589
capillaris, 374
clandestina, 378
curta, 366
Davalliana, 588

depauperata, 374
digitata, 378
dioica, 864, 614
distans, 873
divisa, 368
divulsa, 369
Drejeri, 589
ebracteata, 591
Ehrhartiana, 588
elongata, 367
ericetorum, 377
extensa, 372
filifomis, 378
flava, 372

fulva, 378, 590
Gebhardi, 588
Gibsoni, 589
glauca, 376
Grahami, 589
hirta, 378
hordeiformis, 591
incurva, 365, 614
intermedia, 368
irrigua, 591
involuta, 591
juncea, 588
Kochiana, 591
levigata, 873
lagopina, 866
laxa, 591
lepidocarpa, 590
leporina, 366
limosa, 875
limosa-vera, 590
Micheliana, 591
Moenchiana, 589
montana, 377
muricata, 368
COideri, 589
ovalis, 8366
pallescens, 372
paludosa, 379
panicea, 374
paniculata, 370
paradoxa, 369, 614
pauciflora, 365
pendula, 376

INDEX. 623

pilulifera, 877
precox, 376
pseudo-Cyperus, 376
pseudo-divulsa, 588
pulicaris, 364
punctata, 590
rariflora, 375
remota, 367
rigida, 371
riparia, 879
rupestris, 865
saxatilis, 8372
secalina, 591
speirostachya, 590
stellulata, 365
stictocarpa, 591
stricta, 871, 589
strigosa, 375
sylvatica, 375
tenella, 588
teretiuscula, 869
tomentosa, 377
uliginosa, 588
ustulata, 588
vaginata, 374
Vahlii, 370
vesicaria, 379
vulgaris, 370
vulpina, 369
Watsoni, 589
Carlina
vulgaris, 223
Carpinus
Betulus, 311
Carum
Bulbocastanum, 189
Carui, 519
verticillatum, 189, 611
Castanea
vulgaris, 560
Catabrosa
aquatica, 393
Caucalis
daucoides, 197
latifolia, 520
Centaurea
Caleitrapa, 224

624

centaurioides, 552
Cyanus, 223, 611
decipiens, 5382
intybacea, 532
Jacea, 5382
melitensis, 532
montana, 532
nigra, 223
nigrescens, 532
Scabiosa, 223
solstitialis, 532
Centranthus
Calcitrapa, 523
ruber, 523
Centunculus
minimus, 288, 612
Cephalanthera
ensifolia, 323
grandiflora, 322, 613
rubra, 823
Cerastium
alpinum, 125
aquaticum, 124
arvense, 125
atrovirens, 492
compactum, 492
glomeratum, 124
holosteoides, 492
latifolium, 126
nigrescens, 492
pedunculatum, 492
pumilum, 125, 492
semidecandrum, 125
Smithii, 492
tetrandrum, 125
triviale, 124
viscosum, 124
vulgatum, 124
Ceratochloa
unioloides, 597
Ceratophyllum
apiculatum, 513
demersum, 174
submersum, 174, 518
Ceterach
officinarum, 407
Cherophyllum

INDEX.

aromaticum, 520
aureum, 520
temulentum, 198
Cheiranthus
Cheiri, 485
Chelidonium
majus, 90
Chenopodium
acutifolium, 552
album, 293
ambrosioides, 554
Bonus-Henricus, 294
botryoides, 292
Botrys, 554
candicans, 553
cymosum, 552
ficifolium, 293
glaucum, 294
hybridum, 293
intermedium, 55%
multifidum, 554
murale, 293
obtusifolium, 552
olidum, 291
opulifolium, 553
paganum, 553
polyspermum, 292
pseudo-botryoides, 553
rubrum, 292
spicatum, 552
urbicum, 292
viride, 553
virens, 553
Cherleria
sedoides, 126
Chlora
perfoliata, 249
Chloris
compressa, 598
Chrysanthemum
Chamouilla, 235
inodorum, 235
Leucanthemum, 234
maritimum, 285
Parthenium, 234
segetum, 234
Tanacetum, 235

Chrysocoma
Linosyris, 225

Chrysosplenium
alternifolium, 183

oppositifolium, 183

Cicendia
filiformis, 247
Cichorium
Intybus, 219
Cicuta
virosa, 187, 610
Cineraria
campestris, 232
maritima, 534
palustris, 232
Circea,
alpina, 171, 610
intermedia, 513
lutetiana, 171
Cladium
Mariscus, 357
Claytonia
alsinoides, 514
perfoliata, 514
Clematis
Vitalba, 79, 607
Cochlearia
alpina, 481
anglica, 96
danica, 96
groenlandica, 481
officinalis, 95
Colchicum
autumnale, 338
Collomia
grandiflora, 538
Comarum
palustre, 160
Conium
maculatum, 186
Convallaria
majalis, 336
(Maianthemum.)
(Polygonatum.)
Convolvulus
arvensis, 250
sepium, 250

INDEX.

Soldanella, 250
Conyza
(Inula), 233
Corallorhiza
innata, 323
Coriandrum
sativum, 520
Cornus
sanguinea, 184
suecica, 185
Coronilla
varia, 499
Coronopus
didyma, 92
Ruellii, 92, 607
Corrigiola
littoralis, 175
Corydalis
claviculata, 90
lutea, 479
solida, 479
Corylus
Avellana, 311
Cotoneaster
vulgaris, 167
Cotula
aurea, 535
coronopifolia, 535
Cotyledon
lutea, 517
Umbilicus, 180
Crambe
maritima, 92
orientalis, 480
Crategus
eriocarpa, 510
monogyna, 510
Oxyacantha, 167
Oxyacanthoides, 510
Crepis
barbata, 525
biennis, 212
paludosa, 212
pulchra, 525
succisifolia, 212
virens, 212
Crithmum

625

626

maritimum, 195
Crocus
aureus, 580
biflorus, 579
minimus, 579
nudiflorus, 330
reticulatus, 579
sativus, 579
vernus, 579
Crucianella
stylosa, 523
Crypsis
aculeata, 598
Cucubalus
baccifer, 489
Cuscuta
approximata, 538
Epilinum, 538
Epithymum, 251
europea, 250
hassiaca, 588
Trifolii, 251
Cyclamen
europeum, 549
ficariifolium, 549
hederifolium, 549
Cynodon
Dactylon, 380
Cynoglossum
montanum, 282
officinale, 282
Omphalodes, 548
Cynosurus
cristatus, 898
echinatus, 595
Cyperus
fuscus, 357
longus, 357
Cypripedium
Calceolus, 329
Cystopteris
alpina, 599
angustata, 598
dentata, 598
Dickieana, 599
fragilis, 409
montana, 409, 615

INDEX.

regia, 598

Dactylis
glomerata, 399
Daphne
Cneorum, 557
Laureola, 804
Mezereum, 305
Datura
Stramonium, 538
Tatula, 539
Daucus
Carota, 196
gingidium, 520
gummifer, 520
maritimus, 520
Delphinium
Ajacis, 87
consolida, 477
Dentaria
bulbifera, 98
Dianthus
Armeria, 112
barbatus, 489
cesius, 113
Caryophyllus, 489
deltoides, 113, 608
glaucus, 489
plumarius, 489
prolifer, 112, 608
Dielytra
formosa, 480
Diervilla
canadensis, 521
Digitaria
ciliaris, 592
humifusa, 380
sanguinalis, 592
Diotis
maritima, 225
Diplotaxis
(Sinapis.)
Dipsacus
Fullonum, 524
pilosus, 206
sylvestris, 206
Doronicum

Pardalianches, 534
plantagineum, 534
Draba
aizoides, 96, 608
brachycarpa, 481
incana, 97
inflata, 481
muralis, 97
praecox, 481
rupestris, 97
verna, 97
Drosera
anglica, 110
intermedia, 110
longifolia, 110
obovata, 488
rotundifolia, 110
Dryas
octopetala, 157

Echinochloa
Crus-galli, 591
Echinophora
spinosa, 518
Echinospermum
deflexum, 548
Lappula, 548
Echium
italicum, 548
violaceum, 549
vulgare, 283
Elatine
hexandra, 112
Hydropiper, 112
Eleusine
indica, 598
Elodea
canadensis, 582
Elsholtzia
cristata, 543
Elymus
arenarius, 405
crinitus, 598
geniculatus, 597
Empetrum
nigrum, 3805
Enarthrocarpus

INDEX,

lyratus, 485
Epilobium
alpinum, 170, 610
anagallidifolium, 512
alsinifolium, 171, 610
angustifolium, 168
brachycarpum, 512
eu-tetragonum, 512
hirsutum, 169
intermedium, 512
Lamyi, 512
lanceolatum, 169
montanum, 169
obscurum, 512
palustre, 170
parviflorum, 169
rivulare, 512
roseum, 170, 610
rosmarinifolium, 512
tetragonum, 170
virgatum, 512
Epimedium
alpinum, 478
Epipactis
atrorubens, 322
latifolia, 321
media, 322
ovalis, 322
palustris, 322
purpurata, 322, 577
(Cephalanthera.)
Epipogium
aphyllum, 323
Equisetum
arenarium, 604
arvense, 419
fluviatile, 605
hyemale, 420
limosum, 420
Mackaii, 605
maximum, 419
palustre, 420
sylvaticum, 419
Telmateia, 419
trachyodon, 605
unobrosum, 419
variegatum, 420.

627

628

Wilsoni, 605
Eragrostis
powoides, 595
Eranthis
hyemalis, 477
Erica
carnea, 536
ciliaris, 240
cinerea, 241
mediterranea, 536
multiflora, 536
Tetralix, 240
vagans, 241, 611
Watsoni, 586
Enigeron
acris, 229
alpinus, 229
canadensis, 533
uniflorus, 583
Erinus
alpinus, 542
Eriocaulon
septangulare, 350
Eriophorum
alpinum, 587
angustifolium, 363
capitatum, 587
elatius, 588
gracile, 364
latifolium, 363
minus, 587
polystachion, 588
Scheuchzeri, 587
vaginatum, 363
Erodium
cherophyllum, 495
cicutarium, 182
littoreum, 495
maritimum, 132
moschatum, 132
Erucastrum
incanum, 485
Pollichii, 485
Ervum
Ervilla, 500
monanthos, 500
(Vicia. )

INDEX.

Eryngium
campestre, 186
maritimum 185

Erysimum
Alliaria, 102

cheiranthoides, 102, 608

orientale, 484
virgatum, 484
Erythrea
Centaurium, 248
latifolia, 248
littoralis, 248
pulchella, 248
Evonymus
europzeus, 136
Eupatorium
cannabinum, 224
Euphorbia
amygdaloides, 308
Characias, 558
coralloides, 558
Cyparissias, 558
dulcis, 558
Esula, 558
exigua, 308
Helioscopia, 306
hiberna, 307
Lathyris, 558
Paralias, 8307
Peplis, 306
Peplus, 308
pilosa, 807
platyphyllos, 806
portlandica, 807
purpurata, 558

Pseudo-cyparissias, 558

salicifolia, 558
stricta, 306
Euphrasia
gracilis, 541
officinalis, 259

Fagus
sylvatica, 311
Farsetia
(Alyssum.)
Fedia

(Valerianella. )
Festuca
ambigua, 595

arundinacea, 401, 596

bromoides, 899
decidua, 595
duriuscula, 400
elatior, 401
loliacea, 401, 596
ovina, 400
pratensis, 401

Pseudo-myurus, 899, 615

rubra, 400
sabulicola, 595
sciuroides, 399
sylvatica, 400
tenuifolia, 595
uniglumis, 399
Filago
apiculata, 228
gallica, 533
germanica, 228
minima, 227
spathulata, 228
Feniculum
vulgare, 193
Fragaria
calycina, 501
elatior, 501
vesca, 160
Frankenia
levis, 111
pulverulenta, 488
Fraxinus
excelsior, 246
Fritillaria
Meleagris, 331, 613
Fumaria
agraria, 480
Borei, 480
capreolata, 90
confusa, 480
media, 480
micrantha, 91
muralis, 480
officinalis, 91
pallidiflora, 480

INDEX.

parviflora, 91
spicata, 480
Vaillantii, 91

Gagea
lutea, 333, 613
Galanthus
nivalis, 580
Galeopsis
angustifolia, 547
bifida, 547
canescens, 547
intermedia, 547
Ladanum, 274
ochroleuca, 274
Tetrahit, 274
versicolor, 275
Galinsoga
parviflora, 536
Galium
anglicum, 203
Aparine, 203
aristatum, 522
Bakeri, 522
boreale, 204
cinereum, 521
commutatum, 522
constrictum, 522
cruciatum, 201
debile, 522
elato-verum, 521
elongatum, 522
erectum, 202
insubricum, 522
Mollugo, 202
montanum, 522
nitidulum, 522
ochroleucum, 522
palustre, 201
pusillum, 522
saccharatum, 522
saxatile, 202
scabrum, 522
spurium, 522
sylvestre, 203
tricorne, 203
uliginosum, 202

630

Vaillantii, 204
verucosum, 522
verum, 201
Witheringii, 521
Gastridium
lendigerum, 884
Genista
anglica, 138
humifusa, 497
pilosa, 138
tinctoria, 137
Gentiana
acaulis, 587
Amarella, 247
campestris, 247
germanica, 537
nivalis, 247
Pneumonanthe, 246
verna, 246
Geranium
angulatum, 495
columbinum, 134
dissectum, 134
innominatum, 495
lancastriense, 496
lucidum, 135
macrorhizum, 495
modestum, 496
molle, 184
nodosum, 495
pheeum, 495
pratense, 133
purpureum, 496
pusillum, 134
pyrenaicum, 133
Robertianum, 135

rotundifolium, 183, 609

sanguineum, 135, 609
striatum, 495
sylvaticum, 133
Geum
intermedium, 157
rivale, 156
urbanum, 156
Gilia
tricolor, 588
Gladiolus

INDEX.

communis, 579
illyricus, 330
Glaucium
corniculatum, 479
luteum, 90
pheeniceum, 479
violaceum, 479
Glaux
maritima, 288
Glechoma
hederacea, 276
Glyceria
aquatica, 393
fluitans, 393
pedicillata, 594
plicata, 394
(Schlerochloa.)
Gnaphalium
dioicum, 226
hyperboreum, 532
luteo-album, 533
margaritaceum, 533
norvegicum, 227, 611
pilulare, 533
supinum, 227
sylvaticum, 226, 611
uliginosum, 227
Goodyera
repens, 320
Gymnadenia
conopsea, 326
odoratissima, 578
Gymnogramme
leptophylla, 598

Habenaria
albida, 327
bifolia, 326
chlorantha, 578
eu-bifolia, 578
viridis, 327
Hedera
Helix, 184
Helianthemum
Breweri, 107
canum, 107
guttatum, 107, 486

ledifolium, 486
polifolium, 106
salicifolium, 486
surrejanum, 485
tomentosum, 485
vineale, 486
vulgare, 106
Heleocharis
(Scirpus.)
Helleborus
feetidus, 86
viridis, 86
Helminthia
echioides, 208
Helosciadium
inundatum, 188
nodiflorum, 188
repens, 519
Heracleum
Sphondylium, 196
Herminium
Monorchis, 327
Herniaria
ciliata, 514
glabra, 76, 514
hirsuta, 514
subciliata, 514
vulgaris, 176
Hesperis
matronalis, 485
Hieracia
Backhousiana, 527-9
Hieracium
alpinum, 213
amplexicaule, 527
anglicum, 215
aurantiacum, 525
Auricula, 525
Borreri, 527
boreale, 216
cesium, 214
cerinthoides, 527
chrysanthum, 214
collinum, 525
corymbosum, 216
crocatum, 215
denticulatum, 527

INDEX.

divaricatum, 526
dovrense, 527
dubium, 525
gothicum, 216
Halleri, 526
incisum, 526
iricum, 215
Lawsoni, 215
lingulatum, 213
maculatum, 526
melanocephalum, 528
murorum, 214
nigrescens, 214
nudicaule, 526
Oreades, 527
pallescens, 527
pallidum, 214
peleterianum, 525
pictum, 526
Pilosella, 213
pilosissimum, 525
plumbeum, 526
preecox, 526
prenanthoides, 215
pulmonarium, 214
rigidum (?), 216
rupestre, 526
saxifragum, 527
Schmidtii, 526
stoloniferum, 525
sylvaticum, 214
strictum, 216
tridentatum, 216
villosum, 527
virescens, 527
vulgatum, 214
umbellatum, 216
Hierochloe
borealis, 881
Hippocrepis
comosa, 148
Hippophae
rhamnoides, 804
Hippuris
vulgaris, 172
Holcus
lanatus, 891

631

632

mollis, 391
Holosteum

umbellatum, 122, 608

Homogyne
alpina, 533
Honckeneja
peploides, 119
Hordeum
maritimum, 406
murinum, 406
pratense, 405
sylvaticum, 405
Hottonia
palustris, 286
Humulus
Lupulus, 310
Hutchinsia
alpina, 481
petrea, 94
Hyacinthus
non-scriptus, 339
Hydrocharis
Morsus-rane, 338
Hydrocotyle
vulgaris, 185
Hyoscyamus
albus, 588
aureus, 5388
niger, 251
pallidus, 538
Hymenophyllum
Tunbridgense, 415
Wilsoni, 416
Hypericum
Androsemum, 129
beeticum, 130
barbatum, 494
calycinum, 494
dubium, 129
elatum, 494
elodes, 181
grandifolium, 494
hircinum, 494
hirsutum, 131
humifusum, 130
linarifolium, 130
maculatum, 494

INDEX.

montanum, 131
perforatum, 129, 609
pulchrum, 131
quadrangulum, 130
tetrapterum, 130
Hypocheeris
glabra, 209
Balbisii, 524
maculata, 209
radicata, 209
Hyssopus
officinalis, 546
Theris
amara, 94
Tlex
Aquifolium, 245
Tlecebrum
verticillatum, 175
Impatiens
fulva, 496
Noli-me-tangere, 135
parviflora, 496
Thula
Conyza, 233
crithmoides, 233
dysenterica, 233
Helenium, 232
Pulicaria, 233
Tris
acoriformis, 579
Bastardi, 579
citrina, 579
foetidissima, 3829
germanica, 579
Pseud-acorus, 380
pumila, 579
susiana, 579
tuberosa, 579
xiphioides, 579
Xiphium, 579
Isatis
tinctoria, 480
Tsnardia
palustris, 171
Tsoetes
echinospora, 604
lacustris, 418

Jasione
montana, 239

Juncus
acutiflorus, 352
acutus, 352
balticus, 851
biglumis, 355
bufonicus, 354
castaneus, 354, 614
cecenosus (Gerardi.)
compressus, 353
conglomeratus, 350
diffusus, 851
effusus, 351
fasciculatus, 586
filiformis, 350
Gerardi, 853
glaucus, 351, 614
lamprocarpus, 352
maritimus, 352
nigritellus, 586
obtusiflorus, 353, 614
ranarius, 586
squarrosus, 3854
supinus, 353, 614
tenuis, 586
trifidus, 354, 614
triglumis, 355

Juniperus
communis, 319
nana, 319, 613

Knautia
arvensis, 207
pubescens (var.), 207

Knappia
agrostidea, 384

Kobresia
caricina, 364

Koeleria
cristata, 892

Koniga
maritima, 482

Lactuca
muralis, 210
saligna, 210

INDEX.

Seariola, 210
virosa, 210

Lagurus

ovatus, 593

Lamium

album, 273
amplexicaule, 273
decipiens, 547
Galeobdolon, 272
incisum, 273
intermedium, 273
levigatum, 546
maculatum, 546
purpureum, 273
rugosum, 546

Lampsana

communis, 218

Lappago

racemosa, 598

Lastrea

abbreviata, 601
emula, 412
affinis, 600
Borreri, 600
eollina, 601
cristata, 411, 615
dilatata, 411
dumetorum, 601
Filix mas, 410, 615
foenisecii, 412
glandulosa, 601
nana, 601
Oreopteris, 410
recurva, 412
rigida, 411
spinulosa, 411
Thelypteris, 410
uliginosa, 601

Lathreea

squamaria, 266

Lathyrus

acutifolius, 500
Aphaca, 152
hirsutus, 152
latifolius, 500
maritimus, 154
Nissolia, 152

633

634

palustris, 153
pratensis, 153
sylvestris, 153

tuberosus, 153, 609

Lavatera
arborea, 128, 609
Olbia, 493
punctata, 493
Leersia
oryzoides, 880
Lemna
gibba, 347, 613
minor, 847
polyrhiza, 347
trisulca, 347
Leontodon
autumnalis, 209
hirtus, 208
hispidus, 208
pratensis, 524
Taraxaci, 524
Leouurus
Cardiaca, 546
Lepidium
campestre, 95
Draba, 481
hirtum, 481
latifolium, 94
ruderale, 95
sativum, 481
Smithii, 95
Lepigonum
(Spergularia.)
Lepturus
filiformis, 406
incurvatus, 598
Leucojum
estivum, 331
vernum, 331
Ligusticum
scoticum, 194
Ligustrum
vulgare, 245
Lilium
Martagon, 580
pyrenaicum, 581
Limosella

INDEX.

aquatica, 264
Linaria
bipartita, 542
Cymbalaria, 541
Elatine, 263
italica, 541
minor, 263
purpurea, 541
repens, 263
spartea, 542
speciosa, 541
spuria, 262
supina, 542
triphylla, 542
vulgaris, 263
vulgari-repens, 541
Linnea
borealis, 200, 611
Linum
angustifolium, 126
ceatharticum, 127
perenne, 126
usitatissimum, 493
Liparis
Loeselii, 329
Listera
cordata, 321
ovata, 321, 613
Lithospermum
arvense, 280
officinale, 280

purpureo-ceruleum, 280

Littorella
lacustris, 291, 612
Lloydia
serotina, 335
Lobelia
Dortmanna, 240
urens, 240
Loiseleuria
procumbens, 242
Lolium
arvense, 405
italicum, 597
linicola, 597
multiflorum, 597
perenne, 404

temulentum, 405
Lonicera
alpigena, 521
Caprifolium, 521
Periclymenum, 200
Xylosteum, 521
Lotus
angustissimus, 146
corniculatus, 145
hispidus, 146
major, 146
tenuis, 146
Ludwigia
palustris, 171
Lunaria
biennis, 482
Luzula
arcuata, 356, 614
Borreri, 586 ;
campestris, 856
congesta, 586
Forsteri, 356
multiflora, 356
nivea, 586
pilosa, 855
spicata, 857, 614
sudetica, 586
sylvatica, 355
Lychnis
alpina, 115
dioica, 116
diurna, 116
Flos-cuculi, 116
Githago, 117
vespertina, 116
Viscaria, 116
Lycium
barbarum, 538
Lycopodium
alpinum, 417
annotinum, 417
clavatum, 417, 615
complanatum, 604
helveticum, 604
inundatum, 417
selaginoides, 418
Selago, 418

INDEX.

Lycopsis

arvensis, 281

Lycopus

europeus, 267

Lysimachia

ciliata, 550

nemorum, 287
nummularia, 287, 612
punctata, 550
quadrifolia, 550
thyrsiflora, 287
vulgaris, 286

Lythrum

Hyssopifolia, 174
Salicaria, 174

Maianthemum

bifolium, 336

Malaxis

paludosa, 329

Malcolmia

maritima, 485

Malva

Alcea, 493
borealis, 493
crispa, 493
moschata, 127
niceensis, 493
parviflora, 493
rotundifolia, 127
sylvestris, 127
verticillata, 493

Marrubium

vulgare, 277

Matthiola

incana, 103
sinuata, 108

Matricaria

Chamomilla, 235

Meconopsis

cambrica, 89

Medicago

apiculata, 497
denticulata, 140
falcata, 189
lupulina, 139
maculata, 139

635

636

minima, 140
muricata, 498
sativa, 497
sylvestris, 497
Melampyrum
arvense, 260
eristatum, 259, 612
latifolium, 541
montanum, 541
pratense, 260
sylvaticum, 260
Melica
nutans, 392
uniflora, 392
Melilotus
arvensis, 498
cerulea, 498
messanensis, 498
officinalis, 140
parviflora, 498
sulcata, 498
vulgaris, 140
Melissa
officinalis, 546
Melittis
Melissophyllum, 274
Mentha
aquatica, 268
arvensis, 269
piperita, 268
Pulegium, 269
rotundifolia, 267
sativa, 268, 612
sylvestris, 268
Menthe
Bakeriane, 548-4
Menyanthes
trifoliata, 249
Menziesia
cerulea, 241
polifolia, 537
Mercurialis
ambigua, 559
annua, 309
ovata, 559
perennis, 308
Mertensia

INDEX.

maritima, 281
virginica, 548
Mespilus
germanica, 510
Meum
athamanticum, 194
Milium
effusum, 385
Mimulus
luteus, 542
guttatus, 542
moschatus, 542
Mitella
diphylla, 518
Moenchia
erecta, 117
Moehringia
trinervia, 122
Molinia
cerulea, 393
Monotropa
Hypopitys, 245
Montia
fontana, 175
rivularis, 514
Mulgedium
alpinum, 212
Muscari
racemosum, 384, 613
Myagrum
orientale, 482
paniculatum, 482
Myosotis
alpestris, 279
arvensis, 279
ceespitosa, 278
collina, 279
multiflora, 547
palustris, 278
repens, 278
stricta, 548
strigulosa, 547
sylvatica, 279
versicolor, 280
Myosurus
minimus, 81
Myrica

Gale, 319
Mpriophyllum

alterniflorum, 172

pectinatum, 513

spicatum, 172, 610

verticillatum, 172
Myrrhis

odorata, 199

Narcissus
aurantiacus, 580
biflorus, 580
concolor, 580
conspicuus, 580
incomparabilis, 580
lobularis, 580
major, 580
minor, 580
moschatus, 580
poeticus, 580
Pseudo-narcissus, 331
serratus, 580

Nardosmia
fragrans, 533

Nardus
stricta, 406

Narthecium
ossifragum, 335

Nasturtium
amphibium, 101, 608
anceps, 484
officinale, 100, 608
siifolium, 484
terrestre, 101
sylvestre, 101

Neottia
Nidus-avis, 321

Nepeta
Cataria, 277
Glechoma, 276

Neslia
paniculata, 482

Nicandra
physaloides, 539

Nicotiana
rustica, 539

Nuphar

INDEX.

intermedia, 478

lutea, 88

pumila, 88, 607
Nymphea

alba, 88

Obione

pedunculata, 294

portulacoides, 294
Odontites

(Bartsia.)
Oenanthe

apiifolia, 192

crocata, 192

fistulosa, 191, 611

fluviatilis, 193

Lachenalii, 192

Phellandrium, 193

pimpinelloides, 192

silaifolia, 192
Oenothera

biennis, 513

odorata, 513

pumila, 513
Omphalodes

(Cynoglossum.)
Onobrychis

sativa, 149
Onoclea

sensibilis, 604
Ononis

arvensis, 138

ramosissima, 497

reclinata, 497

spinosa, 138, 609
Onopordum

Acanthium, 222
Ophioglossum

vulgatum, 416
Ophrys

apifera, 328

arachnites, 328

aranifera, 828, 578

fucifera, 828, 578

muscifera, 328
Orchis

Conopsea, 326

6387

638

densiflora, 578
fusca, 825
hircina, 325
incarnata, 578
latifolia, 826
maculata, 326
maialis, 577
mascula, 824
militaris, 324
Morio, 324
odoratissima, 578
pyramidalis, 325
Simia, 325
ustulata, 324
Origanum
megastachyum, 545
Onites, 545
virens, 548
vulgare, 269
Ornithogalum
nutans, 582
pyrenaicum, 833, 613
umbellatum, 582
Ornithopus
compressus, 499
perpusillus, 148
Orobanche
amethystea, 542
ceerulea, 266
caryophyllea, 264
elatior, 265, 542
Epithymum, 266
hederze, 265
lucorum, 542, 612
major, 264
minor, 265
picridis, 265
ramosa, 542
Rapum, 264, 612
rubra, 266
speciosa, 542
Orobus
niger, 154
tenuifolius, 500
tuberosus, 154
Osmunda
regalis, 416

INDEX.

Oxalis
Acetosella, 186
corniculata, 496
stricta, 496

Oxyria
reniformis, 304

Oxytropis
campestris, 148
uralensis, 147

Peonia
corallina, 478
Panicum
capillare, 592
Crus-galli, 591
miliaceum, 592
Papaver
Argemone, 89
dubium, 89
hortense, 479
hybridum, 88
Lamottei, 478
Lecoqii, 478
officinale, 479
Rheeas, 89
setigerum, 479
somniferum, 478
strigosum, 478
Parietaria
diffusa (offic.), 309
erecta, 559
fallax, 559
officinalis, 309
Paris
quadrifolia, 337
Parnassia
palustris, 184, 610
Pastinaca
sativa, 196
Pedicularis
palustris, 260
sylvatica, 261
Peplis
Portula, 174
Petasites
albus, 583
vulgaris, 228

Petroselinum
sativum, 518
segetum, 187

Peucedanum
officinale, 195
Ostruthium, 520
palustre, 195
halaris
arundinacea, 381
canariensis, 592
minor, 592
paradoxa, 592

Phegopteris
plumosa, 603

Phleum
alpinum, 382
arenarium, 382
asperum, 592
Boehmeri, 382
commutatum (alp.), 382
Michelii, 592
pratense, 382
tenue, 592

Physalis
Alkekengi, 539

Physospermum
cornubiense, 186

Phyteuma
orbiculare, 239
spicatum, 536

Picris
arvalis, 524
hieracioides, 208
stricta, 524

Pilularia
globulifera, 418

Pimpinella
magna, 190
Saxifraga, 189

Pinguicula
alpina, 283
longicornis, 549
lusitanica, 284
vulgaris, 283

Pinus
Pinaster, 576
sylvestris, 319

INDEX. 639

Plantago
arenaria, 552
Coronopus, 291
hirsuta, 552
Lagopus, 552
lanceolata, 290
major, 290
maritima, 291
media, 290
Psyllium, 552
Timbali, 552
Poa
alpina, 396
annua, 395
Balfourii, 398, 594
bulbosa, 396
cesia, 398, 594
compressa, 597
glauca, 594
laxa, 396
minor, 396
montana (var.), 594
nemoralis, 397
Parnellii, 594
pratensis, 397
sub-cerulea, 594
sudetica, 594
trivialis, 397
Polemonium
ceruleum, 249, 612
Polycarpon
tetraphyllum, 176
Polygala
calcarea, 111
ciliata, 488
depressa, 488
eu-vulgaris, 488
oxyptera, 488
uliginosa, 111
vulgaris, 111
Polygonatum
intermedium, 582
multiflorum, 337
officinale, 337, 613
verticillatum, 336
Polygonum
agrestinum, 555

640

amphibium, 298
arenastrum, 556
aviculare, 300
Bistorta, 298
Convolvulus, 300
dumetorum, 301
elatum, 555
Fagopyrum, 556
Hydropiper, 299
lapathifolium, 298
laxum, 555
littorale, 556
maritimum, 800
microspermum, 556
minus, 299
mite, 299
nodosum, 555
Persicaria, 299
pseudo-dumetorum, 556
Raii, 300, 613
rurivagum, 556
terrestre, 555
viviparum, 298
vulgatum, 555
Polypodium
alpestre, 412
cambricum, 598
Dryopteris, 408
Phegopteris, 408
Robertianum, 408
vulgare, 407
Polypogon
littoralis, 385
maritimum,
monspeliensis, 385, 614
Polystichum
aculeatum, 409, 599
angulare, 410, 615
lobatum, 409
Lonchitis, 409
Populus
alba, 312
canescens, 313
glabra, 560
nigra, 560
tremula, 313
villosa, 560

INDEX.

Potamogeton

acuminatus, 583
acutifolius, 342
compressus, 342, 583
crispus, 343
decipiens, 583
densus, 341
ericetorum, 583
eu-pectinatus, 583
filiformis, 341
flabellatus, 583
fluitans, 584
gracilis, 583
gramineus, 342
heterophyllus, 344
lanceolatus, 344
lucens, 348, 613
marinus, 583
mucronatus, 583
natans, 345, 584
nitens, 344
oblongus (polygonifolius), 345,
584

obtusifolius, 342
pectinatus, 341
perfoliatus, 343
plantagineus, 345
polygonifolius, 345
prelongus, 344
pseudo-fluitans, 584
pusillus, 342
rufescens, 345
scoparius, 583
trichodes, 342
zosterifolius, 343

Potentilla

alba, 501
alpestris, 159
auserina, 158
argentea, 158
Comarum, 160
Fragariastrum, 160, 609
fruticosa, 157
hirta, 501
mixta, 501
nemoralis, 159
norvegica, 501

opaca, 501
procumbens, 159, 609
reptans, 159
rupestris, 158
Tormentilla, 159
tridentata, 501
verna, 158
Poterium
muricatum, 166
platylophium, 510
Sanguisorba, 165
stenolophium, 510
Prenanthes
purpurea, 525
Primula
acaulis, 549
elatior, 285
farinosa, 285
intermedia, 549
officinali-vulgaris, 549
scotica, 286
veris, 285
vulgaris, 285
Prunella
vulgaris, 277
Prunus
avium, 155
Cerasus, 155
communis, 154
domestica, 500
insititia, 155
Padus, 155
spinosa, 154
Pseudathyrium
alpestre, 412
flexile, 602
Pteris
aquilina, 415
Pulicaria
(Inula.)
Pulmonaria
angustifolia, 283, 612
officinalis, 548
virginica, 548
Pyrethrum
(Chrysanthemum.)
Pyrola

INDEX. 641

arenaria, 537
media, 244
minor, 244
rotundifolia, 244
secunda, 244
uniflora, 245

Pyrus

acerba, 510

Achras, 510

Aria, 168
Aucuparia, 168
communis, 167, 610
domestica, 512
eu-Aria, 511
fennica, 511
hybrida, 511
intermedia, 511
Malus, 167
pinnatifida, 511
Pyraster, 510
rupicola, 511
scandica, 511
torminalis, 168, 610

Quercus

intermedia, 559
pedunculata, 310
Robur, 310
sessiliflora, 311

Radiola

millegrana, 127, 608

Ranunculus

acris, 83
alpestris, 477
aquatilis, 81
arvensis, 83
auricomus, 82
Bachii, 476
Baudotii, 475
bulbosus, 83
circinatus, 81
confusus, 475
divergens, 476
Drouetii, 81, 475
Ficaria, 82, 607
Flammula, 82

642

floribundus, 475
fluitans, 82, 607
gramineus, 477
hederaceus, 82
heterophyllus, 475
hirsutus, 83
incumbens, 476

Lenormandi, 82, 607

Lingua, 82
pantothrix, 475
parviflorus, 83
peltatus, 475
Philonotis, 83
pseudo-fluitans, 475
pseudo-reptans, 476
radians, 475
rectus, 476

repens, 83

reptans, 476
sceleratus, 83
Steveni, 477

trichophyllus, 81, 475, 607

tripartitus, 82
vulgatus, 477
Raphanus
maritimus, 105
Raphanistrum, 105
Rapistrum
orientale, 482
Reseda
alba, 485
fruticulosa, 485
lutea, 106, 608
Luteola, 106
Phyteuma, 485
Rhamnus
catharticus, 136 |
Frangula, 136, 609
Rhinanthus
Crista-galli, 259
major, 241
Rhyncospora
alba, 358
fusca, 358, 614
Ribes
alpinum, 177

Bromfieldianum, 514

INDEX.

Grossularia, 178
nigrum, 177
petreum, 177, 514
rubrum, 177
sativum, 514
spicatum, 515
sylvestre, 514
Uva-crispa, 178
Rosa
arvensis, 164
Borreri, 163
canina, 164
cinnamomea, 505
Doniana, 162
hibernica, 162
lucida, 505
micrantha, 163
mollis, 168
mollissima, 163, 610
pimpinellifolia, 162
pomifera, 505
rubella, 505
rubiginosa, 164
Sabini, 162, 610
scabriuscula, 163
sepium, 509
spinosissima, 162
systyla, 164
tomentosa, 163, 610
villosa, 163
Wilsoni, 162
Rosse
Bakeriane, 505—9
Rubia
peregrina, 201
Rubi

Babingtoniani, 501—5

Rubus
arcticus, 501
ceesius, 161
Chamemorus, 160
corylifolius, 161, 610
Ideeus, 161
fruticosus, 162
Leesii, 501
obliquus, 505
saxatilis, 161, 609

Rumex

Acetosa, 803
Acetosella, 804
alpinus, 556
aquaticus, 301
conglomeratus, 302
conspersus, 556
crispus, 301
Hydrolapathum, 301
limosus, 557
maritimus, 303
maximus, 556
nemorosus, 802
obtusifolius, 802
palustris, 303
pratensis, 302, 613
pulcher, 303
sanguineus, 556
scutatus, 557
viridis, 802, 557
Ruppia

maritima, 346
rostellata, 585
spiralis, 584

Ruscus

aculeatus, 336

ina
alpina, 490
apetala, 117
ciliata, 118
debilis, 490
densa, 490
maritima, 117, 490
nivalis, 119
nodosa, 119
pilifera, 490
procumbens, 118
saxatilis, 118
subulata, 118
Sagittaria
sagittifolia, 340

Salicornia

herbacea, 297
procumbens, 555
radicans, 297
Salices segregate, 561

INDEX.

Salix

acuminata, 315, 573
acutifolia, 572
adscendens, 570
alba, 314

ambigua, 317
amb. major, 570
amb. undulata, 570
amygdalina, 314, 565
Andersoniana, 568
angustifolia, 575
aquatica, 315, 567
Arbuscula, 317
arbutifolia, 571
arenaria, 571
argentea, 570
aurita, 561, 613
bicolor, 568
Borreriana, 570
cerulea, 565
caprea, 316
carinata, 570
cinerea, 315
contorta, 572
cotonifolia, 568
Croweana, 569
cuspidata, 572
damascena, 568
daphnoides, 572
dasyclados, 573
Davalliana, 569
decipiens, 565
depressa, 570
Dicksoniana, 569
Doniana, 573
ferruginea, 566
floribunda, 568
Forbyana, 315, 566
Forsteriana, 568
fragilis, 313

fusca, 317, 570
glabrescens, 567
glauca, 571
Grahami, 576
grandifolia, 574
hastata, 575
Helix, 314, 572

643

644

herbacea, 318
hirta, 568
Hoffmanniana, 565
holosericea, 574
incubacea, 570
intricata, 566
Lambertiana, 314, 566
Janata, 318
lanceolata, 572
Lapponum, 317
laurina, 316, 568
laxiflora, 569
leptostachya, 566
livida, 575
malifolia, 575
Myrsinites, 310
nigricans, 316, 568
nitens, 569
oleifolia, 8315, 567
parvifolia, 570
peutandra, 313
petiolaris, 573
petrea, 568
phillyreifolia, 570
phylicifolia, 316
plicata, 317, 575
pontederana, 574
procumbens, 318, 571
propinqua, 574
prostrata, 317, 570
prunifolia, 317, 571
purpurea, 314
radicans, 569
ramulosa, 566
repens, 317
reticulata, 318
retusa, 576
rosmarinifolia, 575
rubra, 315

rugosa, 566
rupestris, 568
Russelliana, 313, 565
serpyllifolia, 576
serrata, 571
Smithiana, 315
spathulata, 570
sphacelata, 567

INDEX.

stipularis, 574
Stuartiana, 571
tenuifolia, 568, 575
tenuior, 575
tetrapla, 569
triandra, 314
undulata, 572
vacciniifolia, 317, 571
venulosa, 571
viminalis, 315
viridis, 572
vitellina, 314, 565
Weigeliana, 569
Woolgariana, 566
Wulfeniana, 569
Salsola
Kali, 296
Salvia
clandestina, 543
pratensis, 267
Verbenaca, 267
Sambucus
Ebulus, 199
nigra, 199
Samolus
Valerandi, 288
Sanguisorba
canadensis, 509
media, 509
officinalis, 165
Sanicula
europea, 185
Saponaria
hybrida, 489
officinalis, 118
Vaccaria, 489
Sarothamnus
prostratus, 497
scoparius, 137
Saussurea
alpina, 219
Saxifraga
aizoides, 181
ceespitosa, 183
cernua, 182
Cotyledon, 517
cymbalaria, 517

decipiens, 183
denudata, 518
elongella, 518
gemmifera, 518
Geum, 517
granulata, 181
Hirculus, 184
hirta, 518
hypnoides, 182
letevirens, 518
muscoides, 517
nivalis, 180
oppositifolia, 181
pedatifida, 518
platypetala, 518
pygmea, 518
rivularis, 182
rotundifolia, 517
Sibthorpii, 517
stellaris, 180
tridactylites, 182
umbrosa, 517
Scabiosa
Columbaria, 207
succisa, 207
Scandix
Pecten, 198
Scheuchzeria
palustris, 341
Schoberia
fruticosa, 297
maritima, 297
Schcenus
nigricans, 358
Scilla
autumnalis, 334
bifolia, 582
verna, 334
Scirpus
acicularis, 862, 614
cespitosus, 362
carinatus, 359
fluitans, 863
glaucus, 359
Holoschenus, 360
lacustris, 359
maritimus, 361

INDEX. 645

multicaulis, 362
palustris, 361
parvulus, 587
pauciflorus, 362
Savii, 360
setaceus, 360
sylvaticus, 361
triqueter, 360
uniglumis, 361
Watsoni, 587
Scleranthus
annuus, 176
perennis, 176
Sclerochloa
Borreri, 394
distans, 3894
dura, 594
loliacea, 895
maritima, 394
procumbens, 395
rigida, 395
Scolopendrium
vulgare, 414
Scorpiurus
subvillosus, 499
Scrophularia
aquatica, 261
Balbisii, 261
Ehrharti, 261
nodosa, 261
Scorodonia, 262
vernalis, 541
Scutellaria
galericulata, 277
hastifolia, 547
minor, 277, 612
Sedum
acre, 179
albescens, 516
album, 515
anglicum, 179
anopetalum, 516
Cepeea, 516
dasyphyllum, 515
elegans, 179
glaucum, 516
Fabaria, 515

646

Forsterianum, 180
glaucum, 516
micranthum, 516
purpurascens, 515
reflexum, 516
Rhodiola, 178
rupestre, 179
sexangulare, 516
stellatum, 516
Telephium, 178
teretifolium, 516
villosum, 179
Selaginella
helvetica, 604
Sempervivum
tectorum, 516
Senecio
aquaticus, 232
erraticus, 584
erucifolius, 231
Jacobeea, 231
paludosus, 232
pinnatifidus, 534
salicetorum, 534
saracenicus, 534
squalidus, 534
sylvaticus, 230
viscosus, 231
vulgaris, 230
Serratula
monticola, 580
tinctoria, 220
Seseli
Libanotis, 194, 611
Sesleria
cerulea, 388
Setaria
glauca, 592
italica, 592
verticillata, 592
viridis, 881
Sherardia
arvensis, 204
Sibbaldia
procumbens, 157
Sibthorpia
europea, 264

INDEX.

Silaus
pratensis, 194
Silene
acaulis, 115
alpestris, 490
anglica, 114
annulata, 490
Armeria, 489
conica, 115
gallica, 114
inflata, 113
italica, 490
maritima, 114
noctiflora, 115
nutans, 114
Otites, 114
paradoxa, 489
patens, 490
quinquevulnera, 489
Simethis
bicolor, 335
Sinapis
alba, 104
arvensis, 104
Cheiranthus, 485
incana, 485
monensis, 122
muralis, 105
nigra, 104
tenuifolia, 104, 608
Sison
Amomum, 188
Sisymbrium
austriacum, 484
Trio, 102
officinale, 101
pannonicum, 484
polyceratium, 484
Sophia, 102
Sium
angustifolium, 190
latifolium, 190
Smyrnium
Olusatrum, 186
Solanum
Dulcamara, 252
marinum, 538

nigrum, 251
Solidago
angustifolia, 5384
cambrica, 584
lanceolata, 534
Virgaurea, 230
Sonchus
arvensis, 211
asper, 211
oloraceus, 211
palustris, 211
(Mulgedium)
Sparganium
affine, 585
minimum, 585
natans, 349
ramosum, 349, 614
simplex, 349
Spartina
alterniflora, 591
stricta, 380
Spartium
(Sarothamnus.)
Specularia
(Campanula.)
Spergula
arvensis, 119
nodosa, 119
pentandra, 490
pilifera, 490
saginoides, 118
subulata, 118
vulgaris, 490
Spergularia
marginata, 490
marina, 120
media, 490
neglecta, 490
rubra, 120
rupestris, 490
rupicola, 490
salina, 490
Spirea
Filipendula, 156
salicifolia, 500
Ulmaria, 156
Spiranthes

INDEX. 647

sestivalis, 320
autumnalis, 320

Stachys

ambigua, 275
annua, 547
arvensis, 276
Betonica, 275
germanica, 276
palustris, 275
sylvatica, 276

Staphylea

pinnatifida, 496

Statice

bahusiensis, 289
binervosa, 289
caspia, 290
Dodartii, 551
intermedia, 551
Limonium, 289
occidentalis, 289, 551
pyramidalis, 551
rariflora, 299
—(bahusiensis.)
reticulata, 290
—(caspia.)
serotina, 551
spathulata, 289
—(binervosa.)
tatarica, 551

Stellaria

Babingtonii, 492
Boreana, 491 ~°
cerastoides, 124
glauca, 123
graminea, 123
Holostea, 123
media (With.), 122
neglecta, 491
nemorum, 122
scapigera, 492
uliginosa, 128
umbrosa, 491

Stipa

pennata, 593

Stratiotes

aloides, 388

Subularia

648

aquatica, 96
Sueda
fruticosa, 297
maritima, 297
Sivertia
perennis, 537
Symphoricarpus
racemosus, 521
Symphytum
asperrimum, 548
officinale, 281
orientale, 548
patens, 548
tauricum, 548
tuberosum, 281

Tamarix
anglica, 514
Tamus
communis, 337
Tanacetum
vulgare, 235
Taraxacum

erythrospermum, 529

levigatum, 529
officinale, 218
palustre, 218
Taxus
baccata, 320
Teesdalia
nudicaulis, 94
Teucrium
Botrys, 546
Chamedrys, 546
regium, 546
scordioides, 546
Scordium, 271
Scorodonia, 271
Thalictrum
alpinum, 79
flavum, 80
flexuosum, 474
Kochii, 474
majus, 474
maritimum, 473
minus, 79
montanum, 474

INDEX.

Morisoni, 474
riparium, 474
saxatile, 474
spherocarpum, 474
Thesium
humifusum, 805
humile, 557
intermedium, 557
Thlaspi
alpestre, 93
arvense, 93
occitanum, 480
perfoliatum, 93
sylvestre, 480
virens, 481
Thrincia
(Leontodon.)
Thymus
Chameedrys, 545
eu-Serpyllum, 545
Serpyllum, 269
Tilia
europea, 128, 493
grandifolia, 129
intermedia, 493
parvifolia, 128
Tillea
muscosa, 178
Tofieldia
palustris, 338
Tordylium
maximum, 196
officinale, 520
Torilis
Anthriscus, 197
infesta, 197
nodosa, 197
Tragopogon
grandiflorus, 524
minor, 524
porrifolius, 524
pratensis, 207
Trichomanes
radicans, 604
Trichonema
Columne, 880
Trientalis

europea, 286
Trifolium
agrarium, 499
arvense, 143
Bocconi, 143
elegans, 498
filiforme, 145
fragiferum, 144
glomeratum, 144
hybridum, 498
Incarnatum, 498
maritimum, 142
medium, 142
minus, 145
Molinerii, 142
ochroleucum, 141
ornithopodiodes, 141, 609
patens, 498
pratense, 142
procumbens, 145
repens, 141
yesupinatum, 498
scabrum, 148
stellatum, 498
striatum, 148
strictum, 144
subterraneum, 141
suffocatum, 144
Triglochin
maritimum, 340
palustre, 340
Trigonella
Foenum-grecum, 498
laciniata, 498
ornithopodioides, 141
Trinia
Kitaibelii, 518
vulgaris, 187
Triodia
decumbens, 392
Trisetum
subspicatum, 594
Triticum
acutum, 597
biflorum, 597
caninum, 404, 615
cristatum, 597

INDEX. 649

junceum, 404, 597
laxum, 597
littorale, 597
pungens, 597
repens, 404
Trollius
europzus, 86
Tulipa
sylvestris, 581
Turgenia
latifolia, 520
Turritis
glabra, 100
Tussilago
alba, 533
alpina, 533
Farfara, 229
fragrans, 533
Petasites, 228
Typha
angustifolia, 350
latifolia, 349
media, 585
minor, 586

Ulex
eu-nanus, 497
europeus, 137
Galli, 497
nanus, 187
strictus, 497
Ulmus
campestris, 310
carpinifolia, 559
glabra, 559
major, 559
montana, 310
stricta, 559
suberosa, 310
Urtica
dioica, 809
Dodartii, 559
pilulifera, 559
urens, 3809
Utricularia
intermedia, 285
minor, 284

650

neglecta, 549
vulgaris, 284

Vaccinium
macrocarpum, 537
Mprtillus, 243
Oxycoccus, 248, 612
uliginosum, 243
Vitis-idea, 243, 611

Valeriana
dioica, 205
Mikanii, 523
officinalis, 205
pyrenaica, 523
sambucifolia, 528

Valerianella
Auricula, 206
carinata, 523
dentata, 206, 611
erlocarpa, 523
mixta, 523
olitoria, 205

Vella
annua, 482

Verbascum
Blattaria, 253
collinum, 539
ferrugineum, 539
Lychnitis, 252
nigro-Lychnitis, 540
nigro-pulverulenta, 539
nigrum, 253
phlomoides, 539
pheeniceum, 539
pulverulentum, 253
thapsiforme, 539
thapsoides, 539
Thapso-Lychnitis, 539
Thapso-nigrum, 539
Thapsus, 252
virgatum, 253

Verbena
officinalis, 266

Veronica
agrestis, 257
Allionii, 540
alpina, 255

INDEX.

Anagallis, 256
arvensis, 254
Beccabunga, 256
Buxbaumii, 258
Chameedrys, 257
fruticulosa, 540
grandiflora, 540
hederifolia, 259
hirsuta, 540
humifusa, 255
hybrida, 540
montana, 257
officinalis, 256
peregrina, 540
polita, 258
pubescens, 540
saxatilis, 255
scutellata, 256
serpyllifolia, 255
spicata, 254, 540
triphyllos, 254
verna, 254
Viburnum
Lantana, 200
Opulus, 200
Vicia
angustifolia, 150, 609
bithynica, 151
Bobartii, 499
Cracca, 149
gracilis, 152
hirsuta, 151
hybrida, 500
levigata, 500
lathyroides, 150
lutea, 150, 609
Orobus, 149
pannonica, 500
sativa, 150
sepium, 151
sylvatica, 149
tetrasperma, 151
varia, 499
villosa, 499
Villarsia
nympheoides, 249
Vinca

major, 537
minor, 246, 612
Viola
arenaria, 487
arvensis, 109
biflora, 486
calearea, 486
canina, 108, 608
Curtisii, 109, 608
epipsila, 486
flavicornis, 442
Forsteri, 487
hamulata, 488
hirta, 108
imberbis, 486
lactea, 108
lepida, 487
lutea, 110
Mackaii, 487
odorata, 107, 486
palustris, 107
permixta, 486
Reichenbachiana, 487
Riviniana, 487
sepincola, 486
stagnina, 109
stricta, 487
sylvatica, 108

INDEX. 651

Symei, 487

tricolor, 109
Viscum

album, 199

Wahlenbergia
(Campanula.)
Wolftia :
arhiza, 348, 613
Woodsia
hyperborea, 407
ilvensis, 407

Xanthium
spinosum, 536
Strumarium, 536

Zannichellia
dentata, 585
eu-palustris, 585
palustris, 346
pedicellata, 585
pedunculata, 585
polycarpa, 585

Zostera
angustifolia, 585
marina, 346
nana, 346

E. NEWMAN, PRINTER, 9, DEVONSHIRE STREET, BISHOPSGATE,

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