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Library “Tic Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002063570 MANUAL OF THE BOTANY OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION. MANUAL OF THE BOTANY (PHANOGAMIA AND PIERIDOPHYTA) OF THE ROCKY MOUNTAIN REGION, FROM NEW MEXICO TO THE BRITISH BOUNDARY. : BY JOHN M. COULTER, PaD., HEAD PROFESSOR OF BOTANY UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO. NEW YORK +: CINCINNATI -::* CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY Copyright, 1885, By Joun M. CouLtEr. W.PL7 PREFACE. THis manual is intended to do for its own range what has been for a long time so admirably done for the Northeastern States by Dr. Gray’s Manual. About ten years ago it was the writer’s privilege to assist Professor Porter in the preparation of the Synopsis of the Flora of Colorado, a first attempt to bring together in convenient shape, for a restricted region, the scat- tered material of our Western collectors. The demand even then for a book by no means complete or conveniently arranged was unexpected, and in the wonderful development of the decade since then lies the confidence that a more convenient book covering a greater range will be welcome to many. The difficulties attending the naming of Western plants, owing to the fact that descriptions are scattered through numerous and often inaccessible publications, can only be appreciated by those who have attempted it. From this fact, a great stimulus to the study of systematic botany has been lacking, collectors have been almost entirely professional, and a thousand possible streams of information have been reduced to a. score. West of the Mississippi Valley prairie region, which is but the continuation of more eastern conditions, there are three well-defined floras. One is that of the Pacific slope; another is Mexican in character, extending from the Great Basin to Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas, and southward into Mexico; the third is the Rocky Mountain region, extending eastward across the plains to the prairies. The first region is well provided for in the two volumes of the Botany of California. The second, in the Great Basin, has vi PREFACE. Sereno Watson’s Botany of the 40th Paraiiel, and in its Ari- zona and New Mexican section, Dr. Rothrock’s Botany of the Wheeler Survey. The third region is that which this manual attempts to provide for, its only predecessor being the Synop- sis of the Floru of Colorado, already referred to. Essentially, therefore, the range includes Colorado, Wyoming, Montana, Western Dakota, Western Nebraska, and Western Kansas, the hundredth meridian representing very nearly the eastern boundary. While this is true, the larger part of contiguous floras also will be found described, so that the western part of the Indian Territory, Northwestern Texas, Northern New Mexico and Arizona, and Eastern Utah and Idaho, may be included for all except their own peculiar plants. In Utah, our range is naturally carried westward by the Uinia and Wah- satch Mountains, whose plants are intended to be included. This edition only claims to be a compilation, an orderly arrangement and sifting of scattered material. The chief reason is, that first editions are necessarily incomplete, and that materials for the satisfactory presentation of a flora most quickly come from the provocation of an incomplete edition. The author will therefore esteem it the surest evidence of the usefulness of this book, if in the abundance of correc- tions called forth a more complete edition may be attempted at an early day. It is unnecessary to give all the sources of descriptions and information, as it would simply be a catalogue of the very numerous contributions to western botany. The professional botanist will notice that descriptions have been chiefly obtained from the Botany of California, Botany of King’s Expedition, and Eaton’s Ferns of North America, all constantly influenced by Gray’s Manuai ; and that the presentation of Gamopetale is little more than a culling from Dr. Gray’s recent volumes of the Synopticaé Flora of North America. As in most cases de- scriptions and synoptical arrangement could be obtained from the writings of Dr. Gray, Mr. Watson, and Professor Eaton, little more is attempted in this edition than to adapt these descriptions to the spirit of the work with as little change as PREFACE, vu possible. To Dr. Gray is due, not only the thought which grew into this book, but also a constant encouragement and patient criticism which have developed anything of merit it possesses. Mr. Watscn has also responded generously to ev- ery demand made upon him; while to Messrs. M. S. Bebb and L. H. Bailey, Jr. is due the relief of some original work, the former being our well-known authority in the difficult genus Salix, and the latter an ardent and most successful student of the perplexing genus Carex. At the time of his death, Dr. George Engelmann had in preparation the groups with which his name is so closely connected, and their presentation shows the lack of his master hand. In general, the ordinal sequence adopted by Bentham and Hooker’s Genera Plantarum lias been followed, but Gymno- sperms have been transferred to the end of Phenogams, and Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons subordinated to Angio- sperms. This change has been made simply because it better expresses relationships which have long been recognized. The term ‘‘ Cryptogam * has been discarded as the correlative of Phenogam, and Pteridophyta (Vascular Cryptogams) is used as the name of the second great series of plants. The orders and ordinal sequence of the Pteridophyta are thought best to express their relationships. Introduced plants are placed in foot-notes, that they may be separated as far as possible from our native plants, and their relation to the flora thus emphasized. To save space, there is no attempt to give any but the most important references and synonymy, while geographical range is reduced to its lowest terms, and collectors’ names almost entirely omitted. For the most part no characters have been repeated, and the student is warned that generic characters especially must be sought for through analytical keys. The professional botanist will note a glaring inconsistency in this respect, the genera of some families being grouped by means of a few very salient characters, while those of others are presented with almost full descriptions, only certain supple- mentary statements being left to head the descriptions of viii PREFACE, species. It is sufficient to say that the two methods hold the relation to each other of former and latter in the preparation of this book. In groups of species certain contrasting characters have been italicized, according to the method of Gray’s Manual. This is done to facilitate the work of the student, but with the mental reservation that its abuse may more than offset its advantage. Ten years’ experience as a teacher has shown that the ordinary student will fix his attention upon the itali- cized characters to the neglect of the description as a whole. The student is here warned that the specific descriptions in this book have been so much reduced that no unimportant characters are intended to be given. JOHN M. COULTER. WasasH CoLLEGE, CRAWFORDSVILLE, INDIANA, January 1, 1885. ANALYTICAL KEY TO THE ORDERS. Series f. PHASNOGAMIA or FLOWERING PLANTS. Those with flowers and seeds. Cuass I. ANGIOSPERM. Pistil a closed ovary containing the ovules, Susctass I. DICOTYLEDONS. Embryo with two cotyledons. Leaves netted-veined. Flowers usually 4 or 5-merous. Division I. POLYPETALAE. Calyx and corolla both present: the latter of separate petals. A. Stamens numerous, at least more than 10, and more than twice the petals, 1, Stamens on the receptacle, free from the ovary and calyx. Pistils few to many distinct carpels. . ‘ : : RANUNCULACEA, 1 Pistil compound : cells, placentz, or stigmas more than one. Petals more uumerous than sepals, Very numerous, small and persistent: aquatic. . . NymMPpHmacem, 8 Twice as many (4 or 6), aud both usually caducous. PAPAVERACES, 4 Five to sixteen: sepals persistent. . s . Porruntacacem, 12 Petals same number as sepals, Four, and both deciduous. . : z : . CaPpPARIDACEH, 7 Five, and the calyx persistent. Sepals valvate in the bud: stamens monadelphous. Matvacea, 15 Sepals imbricated in the bud: leaves entire and pellucid-punctate. ‘i F : . . Hyperroaces, 14 2. Stamens on the ( free or adnate) calyx. Leafiess mostly prickly fleshy plants; ovary l-celled. . . CacTacra, 34 Leafy fleshy plants: ovary 3 or more-celled. ‘ . . Ficormea, 35 Leafy fleshy herbs: ovary l-celled. . me Iz . PorTuLACcACEs, 12 Not fleshy. Leaves opposite, simple: sepals and petals 4 or 5. . Sax1FRAGACEA, 27 Leaves alternate, with stipules. . : . . . » Rosacex, 26 Leaves alternate, without stipules, rough. . - Loasaces, 32 x ANALYTICAL KEY. B. Stamens 10 or less, or at most not more than twice the petals. 1. Ovary or ovaries superior or mainly so. * Pistils more than one, and distinct. Pistils same number as petals and as sepals: leaves fleshy. CrassULACEm, 98 Pistils not same number as petals or sepals. Stamens on the receptacle. . ‘ a . . RaANUNCULACES, 1 Stameus on the calyx. Stipules persistent: leaves alternate. . . ot: 2 RosacE#, 26 Stipules none or indistinct. : : . $ SAXIFRAGACEZ, 27 x * Pistil only one. + Pistil simple, as shown by the single style, stigma, and cell. Anthers opening by uplifted valves or transversely. . BERBERIDACEA, 2 Anthers opening lengthwise or at the top. Flowers irregular, or leaves twice pinnate : fruit a legume. Leguminos™, 25 Flowers irregular: leaves simple. . . : : . POLYGALACES, 9 Flowers regular: leaves mostly stipulate: fruit a drupe orakene. . ‘ : ‘ 4 1 , - . RosacEex, 26 + «+ Pistil compound, as shown by the number of cells or placente, styles or stigmas. Ovary 1-celled, with (2 to 4, rarely more) parietal placentz. Petals eee and teeth of long-tubular calyx 4 or 5. i 3 FRANKENIACES, 10 Petals and sepals or PleBes of the cleft pale 5. Corolla irregular: lower petal spurred. “ 3 . VIOLACER, 8 Corolla regular or nearly so: styles or stigmas entire. SAXIFRAGACEA, 27 Petals 4: bract-like sepals 2: flower irregular... . FuMAriacee, 5 Petals and sepals each 4: stamens 6. ‘ 2 . CAPPARIDACER, 7 Ovary and pod 2-celled: 2 parietal placentz: stamens tetra- dynamous. . 3 : , CrUCcIFERm, 6 Ovary and capsule 1-celled, several to sianyeeedel on a central placenta, Truly so; the partitions wanting or very incomplete. Sepals 2: leaves often alternate. . PorTULACACES, 12 Sepals or calyx-lobes 5 or 4: leaves all opposite. CaryYorPHYLLACE.£, 11 Apparently so; the partitions at length vanishing. Stipules between the opposite leaves. . i . ELATINACES, 13 No stipules. ; 3 . LytuHraces, 30 Ovary and fruit 1-celled, with a single seed ona ait from the base. Shrubs: styles or stigmas 3: fruit drupe-like. ANACARDIACES, 24 Herbs: style at most 2-cleft: fruit a utricle. ILLECEBRACEA, 63 Ovary more than 1-celled: seeds attached to the axis, or base, or summit. Flowers very irregular: ovary 2-celled : cells 1-seeded. , POLYGALACEA, 9 Flowers regular or nearly so. No green foliage. . . . - Monotropew, etc., in Ertcacna, 45 Foliage pellucid-punctate: strong-scented shrubs... Rurace.x, 19 Foliage not pellucid-punctate. Anthers opening by terminal chinks or pores. . Ertcacea, 45 ANALYTICAL KEY, x1 Anthers opening lengthwise. Stamens as many as the petals, and opposite them. Calyx-lobes valvate in thebud. . . . RAAMNACES, 21 Calyx-lobes small or obsolete: petals valvate. . ViTacEa, 22 Stamens when just as many as petals alternate with them. Strong-scented shrub: leaves opposite, 2-folio- late. : F . ZYGOPHYLLACEA, 17 Strong-scented her fis iene lobed orcompound. GERANIACE&, 18 Herbs, not strong-scented. Ovules 1 to 4 in each cell. Leaves all simple and entire. 5 7 . Lryacea, 16 Leaves all opposite, compound, and leaflets entire. : : f . ZYGOPHYLLACEA, 17 Leaves alternate or es the latter with divisions or leaflets not entire. r GERANIACEA, 18 Ovules numerous. Stamens on the calyx : styles 2 or 3. SAXIFRAGACES, 27 Stamens on the receptacle: leaves opposite, simple. Cells of the ovary as many as the sepals, 2or5. . ‘ c . Eatinaces, 13 Cells fewer than the sepals, 3. Mollugo, in FicorpEz, 35 Shrubs or trees with opposite simple leaves. Leaves pinnately veined, not lobed. . . CErLASTRACE®, 20 Leaves palmately veined, lobed. . : . SapInDAcEz, 23 Shrubs or trees with opposite compound leaves. Stamens 4 to 8. A P - : . SaPINDACES, 23 Stamens 2orrarely3. . . «© . OLEACcEa, 47 2. Ovary and fruit inferior or mainly so. Tendril-bearing herbs: flowers moneecious or dicecious. | CUCURBITACER, 33 Aquatic herbs: flowers dicecious or monandrous. HaLoraGez, 29 Shrubs or herbs, not tendril-bearing nor dicecious, nor umbelliferous. Stamens as many as the small or unguiculate petals and opposite them. . * . . RHaAMNACES, 21 Stamens if of the number of the ssatall albgraate with them. Styles 2 to 5, distinct or united below. Fruit a few-seeded pome. . : ‘ . . . Rosacea, 26 Fruit a many-seeded capsule. . ‘i - c SaXIFRAGACER, 27 Fruit a l-celled many-seeded berry. . Ribes, in Saxirracacres, 27 Style 1, undivided : stigmas 1 to 4. Flowers in cymes or a glomerate cluster. - Cornaces, 38 Flowers racemose, spicate, or axillary. Ovary 1-celled: herbage scabrous. . so Loasacem, 32 Ovary 2 to 5-, mostly 4-celled. ey Sy ONAGRACES, 31 Herbs: flowers in umbéls: styles 2: fruit dry. . . UMBELLIFERZ, 36 Herbs or shrubs: flowers in umbels: styles 4 or 5: fruit berry-like, . 6 + «© «© « « «+ » ARALIACER, 37 xii ANALYTICAL KEY, Division II. GAMOPETAL. Petals more or less united into one piece. A. Ovary inferior, or mostly so. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla, 8 or 10, dis- tinct. . ji C ‘i J . a 7 ERIcACEz, 45 Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, 5 (or 4), syngenesious. Flowers in an involucrate head. is é is P . Composit, 42 Flowers separate, racemose or spicate. . . . . ‘Domuacun, 43 Stamens as many as the corolla lobes (at least 4), distinct, Nearly or quite free from the corolla: leaves alternate: no stipules. : - « « CAMPANULACES, 44 Inserted on the corolla: jaaves opposite or whorled, With stipules, or else in whorls, quite entire. . . RvuBIACEe, 40 Without stipules, opposite. . ep + « CaPRIFOLIACES, 39 Stamens only 3, fewer than the lobes of the corolla. Leaves opposite : stamens distinct. ee ee VALERIANACE, 41 Leaves alternate: stamens often united. . é . CucurBriacEes, 33 B. Ovary superior ( free), or mostly so. 1. Stamens more numerous than the lobes of the corolla. Pistil single and simple: leaves compound. . . Lecuminos#, 25 Pistil compound, with one undivided style. . . : . Ericacea, 45 2. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Style 1: ovary and capsule several to many-seeded. . . PrimuLacez, 46 8. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla, and alternate with them, or fewer. % No green herbage. Corolla regular: stamens free: seeds very many and minute. . - + Monotroper, in Er1cacEs, 45 Corolla regular : stamens on the tube: fruit 2-celled. Cuscuta, in CONVOLVULACES, 54 Corolla irregular: stamens didynamous: capsule 1-celled, many-seeded. F F ‘ . ‘ - OROBANCHACEA, 57 * * With ordinary green herbage. + Corolla regular or nearly so: stamens not didynamous. Corolla scarious and veinless: stemless herbs. . . PLANTAGINACEA, 61 Corolla more or less veiny. Stamens 2 or 3: parts of the corolla4or5. . . . OLEacrs, 47 Stamens 5 (or 4), as many as the corolla-lobes. Pollen in solid waxy masses: fruit a pair of folis- cles. . é 7 , j ‘ ‘ . ASCLEPIADACES, 49 Pollen powdery. Ovaries 2: fruit a pair of follicles. ‘ : . Apocrnaces, 48 ANALYTICAL KEY, xili Ovary 4-lobed, forming 4 separate or separable seed- like nutlets. ‘ é - . ; -. BorraGiInacea, 53 Ovary single and entire. Style 3-cleft at apex : capsule 3-celled: corolla convolute. . . . * . : POLEMONIACES, 51 Styles or stigmas 2 or 1. Ovules and seeds at most 4, large, with large embryo and little or no albumen: peduncles axillary. ConvoLVULACE, 54 Ovules few or numerous: embryo small, in albumen. Leaves all opposite or whorled and entire: capsule l-celled: corolla convolute. - GENTIANACEA, 50 Leaves various, mainly alternate. Styles 2 (or 1 and 2-cleft): capsule 1 to 2- celled. |. : ‘ Z . HyYDROPHYLLACEA, 52 Style 1: stigma usually 1: capsule or berry 2celled, rarely more. . . . . SoLANACEA, 55 See also Limosella, in . ‘ . SCROPHULARIACES, 56 « + Corolla irregular: stamens (with anthers) 4 and didynamous, or 2: style 1. Ovary and capsule 2-celled: seeds small, mostly indefi- nite. ‘ P : ‘ : F . i ScROPHULARIACES, 56 Ovary and capsule 1-celled, with many-seeded placente in the axis. : ‘ ‘i 2 . 7 . LEnTIBULARIACER, 58 Ovary 4-parted, in fruit as many seed-like nutlets. . Lasrata, 60 Ovary undivided : fruit splitting into 2 or 4 one-seeded nutlets. . ‘ ° . . . . < VERBENACE, 59 Division II]. APETALAS. Corolla (and sometimes calyx) wanting. A. Flowers not in aments. 1, Ovary and fruit superior, 1-celled and 1-ovuled, or carpels distinct if more than one. Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes. . . . POLYGONACEA, 66 Stipules not sheathing the stem or none. Shrubs or trees. Leaves alternate: flowers perfect: fruit a tailed akene. Cercocarpus, in RosacEem, 26 Leaves alternate: flowers unisexual: fruit a utricle. CHENOPODIACES, 65 Leaves opposite. Fruit an akene: leaves small and narrow. Coleogyne, in RosacreZ, 26 Fruit a simple samara: leaves pinnate. Fraxinus, in OLEACES, 47 Herbaceous, or sometimes woody at base. Fruit a utricle : seed lenticular: embryo annular or spiral. Flowers with scarious persistent sepals and bracts: no stipules. . «© + « + «» « AMARANTACER, 64 xiv ANALYTICAL KEY. Bracts herbaceous or none: no stipules. . CuHEnopopiaces, 65 Stipules scarious. is : . ILLECEBRACEs, 63 Fruit a more or less triangular uikones eubaid curved. Flowers perfect, on jointed pedicels, involucrate. PoLtyconaces, 66 Akene not triangular: embryo straight. Flowers unisexual : filaments incurved in bud: leaves simple. . : é * Urrticacea, 73 Submerged: flowers asdtinis, sstidis kas sessile, filiformly dissected. ‘ ‘ CERATOPHYLLACEZ, 72 Carpels several and distinct, 1 to several-ovuled : calyx usually corolla-like. : F . ; RANUNCULACES, 1 2. As in (1), but ovary and fruit enclosed by the calyx and apparently inferior. Shrubs, with scurfy opposite entire leaves: flowers dicecious : fruit baccate. : i ‘ . ELZAGNACES, 67 Herbs: calyx corolla-like : fruit an nukes, Leaves simple, opposite, entire, without stipules: flowers involucrate. . . a : NYCTAGINACEZ, 62 Leaves compound, alternate, stipulate. : . A - Rosacea, 26 3. Ovary and fruit superior, of 2 or more carpels. Fruit 2 to 4-celled, usually lobed : cells 1 to 2-ovuled. Capsule 3-celled, 3-lobed : juice milky: mostly herbaceous. EUPuORBIACEA, 70 Fruit 4-celled, 4-lobed, compressed, indehiscent: styles 2: small aquatic, with opposite entire leaves. CALLITRICHACES, 71 Fruit fleshy, 3-celled, 3-lobed : shrubs with alternate simple leaves. . . - Riuamnacez, 21 Fruit a double samara : aioe with apaiite inna leaves. SapinDACES, 23 Cruciferous herb: pod small, obcompressed. Lepidium, in CruciFERs, 6 Fruit capsular, 1-celled or more, several-ovuled: low herbs with opposite leaves. Capsule 3 to 5-celled: succulent. s . . ‘ - Hrcores, 35 Capsule 1-celled: placente central. Style and stigma 1: stamens alternate with the sepals. Glaux, in PRIMULACES, 46 Styles or stigmas 3 or more: stamens opposite the sepals. . - . «© «© © « . CARYOPHYLLACES, 11 4, Ovary and fruit inferior. Fruit many-seeded: capsule (a inferior) 1-celled: leaves cordate. . ae tg ose . . . SaXIFRAGACES, 27 Fruit mostly 1-seeded. Flowers perfect: fruit nut-like: herbs with alternate entire leaves... ‘ ‘ . SANTALACE, 69 Diecious nea: on heeeas with opposite leaves and jointed stems: berry with glutinous pulp, . . . Loranrnacea, 68 Aquatic herbs, with opposite or verticillate leaves. . Haroraces, 29 ANALYTICAL KEY. sv B. Flowers unisexual, at least the staminate in aments. Trees or shrubs with alternate leaves. Moneecious: male’ flowers in aments; female solitary or few: ovary inferior: leaves simple, with caducous stipules. Authers 2-celled: nut in a cup-like or spiny involucre. CUPULIFERZ, 74 Anther cells separate: nut in a foliaceous or tubular invo- lucre. . 3 7 . Corylus in CUPULIFERA, 74 Moneecious or dicecfoui; dower all in aments : ovary superior. Fruit a 1-seeded nutlet: bracts thickened and rigid in fruit: nut winged or angled. : . - Betulex, in CuruLiFERs, 74 Fruit a many-seeded capsule: dicecious: bracts herbaceous : seeds comose. o> ue ORL . . e 23, 26 3. Sessile. Completely 2-celled, Glabrous . ‘ a . . " z . a * bat Pubescent or hoary a Fi . . . ° . . 8, 9, 10, 12 Villous or woolly. . . . : . ° . i . . . 6 Incompletely 2-celled. Stems a span or more high . ‘ ; ‘ : & # s . 18, 19 Stems not rising so high, or none at all. Pod straight ornearlyso . 5 a 8 Pod curved . . < * . . soe w 2 198 4 «29, 80, 31, 32 Systematic Synopsis. § 1. Pod plum-shaped, succulent, becoming thick und fleshy, indehiscent, not stip- itate, completely 2-celled. — Perennials, with low leafy stems : stipules distinct, nearly free : racemes short, spike-like. * Ovary and pod glabrous. 1. A. caryocarpus, Ker. Grayish with an appressed pubescence: flowers violet: pod globose or ovate, usually pointed. — Plains from the Saskatchewan to Texas. 2. A. Mexicanus, A.DC. Taller, greener, /ess pubescent: flowers lighter- colored or white: calyx softly white-villons or tomentose: pod ovate-globose, scarcely pointed. — From Colorado to Missouri and 8. ‘Texas. * & Ovary hoary-hirsute: ped sometimes becoming glabrate. 3. A. Plattensis, Nutt. Loosely villous: flowers ochroleucous or pur plish above: pod ovate, acuminate, or shlong and somewhat curved. — From Colorado to Nebraska and Illinois, and southward to Texas and N. Alahama. LEGUMINOSA. (PULSE FAMILY.) 61 § 2. Pod ovate or globose, membranous, inflated, nearly glabrous, sessile, completely 2-celied and more or less didymous by the intrusion of both sutures, many- seeded. —Stipules distinct, adnate: flowers spicate. 4. A. diphysus, Gray. Nearly glabrous throughout: leaflets 6 to 11 pairs, obovate or oblong: flowers blue or purple, occasionally white: pod curved-acuminate, frequently mottled —§. W. Colorado, southward, and westward in the Great Basin. § 3. Pod cartilaginous or coriaceous, sessile, oblong, turgid, terete, sulcate at both sutures, at length incurved, completely 2-celled. — Subacaulescent, shining with a soft silky-villous often yellow pubescence: peduncles long, scape-like: spikes dense: flowers violet. 5. A. mollissimus, Torr. Pod narrow-oblong, 5 to 9 lines long, gla- brous, subdidymous: ovary also glabrous. — From Colorado to Nebraska and W. Texas. ¢ 6. A. Bigelovii, Gray. Pod oval-oblong, 6 lines long, densely woolly, but slightly suleate. — From S. W. Colorado to Texas and Mexico. § 4. Pod coriaceous, turgid, oblong, terete, scarcely sulcate and only on the back, nearly straight, sessile, completely 2-celled. — Tall, with appressed gray pu- bescence or glabrate : spikes dense: flowers whitish, ochroleucous or purplish: stipules distinct or united, free. 7. A. Canadensis, L. Leaflets 10 to 14 pairs, elliptical or oblong, ob- tuse: pod and ovary glabrous. — From Colorado to the head-waters of the Columbia and Saskatchewan, and eastward to the Atlantic States. 8. A. Mortoni, Nutt. Differs from the last in the somewhat pubescent. ovary and pod, and the latter more decidedly sulcate dorsally and less crowded in the matured spike, and the leaflets 6 to 8 pairs. — A. Canadensis, var. Mortoni, Watson. Head-waters of the Missouri and Platte, westward into Utah, Nevada, and California. § 5. Pod coriaceous, oblong or ovate, straight or slightly curved, usually more or less compressed-triangular, dorsally sulcate (cross-section obcordate), completely 2-celled, pubescent. — Caulescent, grayish short-pubescent or glabrate: stipules more or less sheathing. 9. A. adsurgens, Pall. Rather stout: spikes at length oblong or cylin- drical: flowers purplish: pod sessile. — From Colorado to Oregon, Nebraska, and the Saskatchewan. 10. A. terminalis, Watson. Slender: leaves long-petiolate: raceme an inch long, open, long-pedunculate: flowers nearly sessile, reflexed, purplish : pod sessile, straight, erect. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 870. S. Montana. 11. A. hypoglottis, L. Slender: flowers capitate, violet: pod silky-vil- lous, very shortly stivitate. — From §. Colorado northward along the mountains and Red River Valley to Alaska and the Arctic Circle. 12. A. ventorum, Gray. Stems flexuous, 4 to 6 inches high, simple: leaflets broadly obovate: raceme loose, short-peduncled, equalling the leaves . flowers light yellow: pod sessile, slightly curved. — Watson in Am. Naturalist, viii. 212. Wind River, Wyoming, Parry. 62 LEGUMINOS. (PULSE FAMILY.) § 6. Pod coriaceous, obovoid, straight, short-stipitate, dorsally sulcate, ventral suture rather prominent, completely 2-celled. — Low, caulescent: flowers very small, white or cream-color, tinged with purple. 13. A. Brandegei, Porter. Canescent with minute appressed hairs: branching from a somewhat woody base: leaflets linear: racemes on long peduncles, loosely few-flowered : pod hairy. — Fl. Colorado, 24. Banks of the Arkansas near Cafion City, Colorado, Brandegee. § 7. Pod exsert-stipitate, pendent, very glabrous, straight or faleate, narrow, more or less triangular, very deeply sulcate dorsally, the suture intruded to the middle or beyond. — Stems erect, stout, sulcate, very leafy: flowers in long crowded racemes, rather large. 14. A. Drummondii, Dougl. Softly villous: calyx scarcely gibbous at base, black-hairy: corolla white : pod long-linear, terete, cross-section obcordately 2-lobed. — From Colorado to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 15. A. scopulorum, Porter. Pubescent with uppressed hairs: calyx gib- bous at base, pilose with blackish hairs: corolla yellow or ochroleucous: pod oblong, becoming arcuate with age, sharply 3-angled, the dorsal suture with an acute sulcus on each side. — Fl. Colorado, 24. 1. subcompressus, Gray. Cen- tral and Southern Colorado. 16. A. racemosus, Pursh. Appressed pubescent, glabrate : calyx strongly gibbous at base, whitish-puberulent : corolla white: pod lance-oblong, cross-section somewhat equally triradiate. — From Colorado to Nebraska and Idaho. § 8. Pod sessile, coriaceous, ubcompressed, with the impressed dorsal suture more or less approaching the ventral, but not 2-celled. — Low or prostrate, with a fine hoary pubescence: flowers spicate, deep yellow. 17. A. flavus, Nutt. Diffuse: stipules sheathing the stem and base of the petiole, oblique : leaflets linear: pod half-included, hoary, ovate, straight. —W. Wyoming, Parry, and westward. §9. Pod 2 to 3 lines long, sessile, elliptic-ovate, always wholly one-celled, the ventral suture thick and prominent. — Subcinereous: stems slender, rather rigid, a foot high or more: leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, linear: racemes spike-like : flowers purple to whitish. 18. A. gracilis, Nutt. Stems virgate: leaflets nearly filiform: racemes dense, elongated, long-peduncled : flowers pale purple or whitish: pods spreading, coriaceous, strongly concave on the back, white-hairy, at length glabrous, trans- versely rugose-veincd. — From Colorado to Nebraska and Missouri. 19. A. microlobus, Gray. Stems diffuse: leaflets shorter, linear or oblong-linear : racemes rather short and usually loosely flowered : flowers deep purple: pods reflexed, thick-cartilaginous, puberulent, finely rugulose, a little flattened on the back, the ventral suture very thick.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 203. From the Rocky Mountains to Missouri and Nebraska. § 10. Pod stipitate, coriaceous or nearly membranous, scarcely or not at all obcom- pressed, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. — Caulescent, slender: flowers in short often spike-like racemes, or few in small heads, purple to white, spreading. * Pod membranous, glabrous or pubescent, slightly more compressed laterally, l-celled with a very narrow rudimentary septum from the straight dorsal suture, the ventral suture gibbous. LEGUMINOSA. (PULSE FAMILY.) 63 + Pod long-stipitate, not sulcate, cross-section oval: flowers white or bluish, keel violet. 20. A. aboriginum, Rich. Hoary-pubescent or subvillous : stems numer- ous, rigid: leaflets 3 to 6 pairs, linear or oblong-lanceolate : pod semi-elliptic. — Mountains of Colorado, northward throughout W. British America. 21. A. glabriusculus, Gray. Like the last: glabrous or with short scattered hairs: leaflets thinner, green, linear-lanceolate: pod lanceolate-subfal- cate, the stipe 2 to 3 times longer than the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 204. Mountains of Colorado and British America. + + Pod short-stipitate, cross-section obovate, pubescent with more or less nigres- cent hairs: flowers white. 22. A. Robbinsii, Gray, var. occidentalis, Watson. Pod much com- pressed, tapering at base to a very short stipe, with no indication of a dorsal sulcus. — Bot. King’s Exp. 70. S. W. Colorado and Nevada. . . . 2 * * Pod more coriaceous, black- or rarely cinéreous-pubescent, more or less triangu- lar and semi 2-celled, the dorsal suture sulcate-impressed. + Pod lens-shaped, the cross-section obcordate, the ventral suture a little the more gibbous. 23. A. oroboides, Hornem., var. Americanus, Gray. Subcinereous- puberulent : stems 1 to 1} feet high: leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, oblong and oval or often linear-oblong: flowers in along secund raceme, the wings exceeding the keel: pod with gray pubescence ; stipe very short. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 205. In the Rocky Mountains from Colorado northward into British America, thence eastward to Labrador. + + Pod triangular, more impressed, the cross-section deeply obcordate, rather straight or incurved, gibbous on the back. 24. A. alpinus, L. Hairy-pubescent or glabrous: /eaflets 6 to 12 pairs, oval or oblong: racemes short or subcapitate, many-flowered : wings litile if at all exceeding the rather large keel: pod straight or recurved, black-villous or -pubescent ; stipe usually exceeding the calyx. — Colorado, Wyoming, and north- ward to Arctic America; also in Maine and Vermont. 25. A. sparsiflorus, Gray. Slightly appressed-pilose, glabrate : leaflets 4 to 6 pairs, obovate or subrounded: peduncles 3 to 10-flowered: the emargi- ‘ nate or bifid banner and the wings much exceeding the incurved keel: pod in- curved, mottled ; stipe very short.— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 60. Colorado. § 11. Closely resembling the last, but villous or canescent, lower, and with yellow- ish flowers: pod semi-ovate or oblong, turgid, coriaceous, subtriangular, with the back gibbous and more or less impressed, the ventral suture prominent. 26. A. lotiflorus, Hook. Heads few-flowered: corolla little exceeding ‘he calyx: the cross-section of the pod obovate, retuse, or usually broadly ob- cordate toward the base. — From Colorado and Wyoming to Texas, Nebraska, and Hudson Bay. § 12. Pod sessile, mostly thick coriaceous and obcompressed, the impressed dorsal suture more or less approaching the ventral, not 2-celled, pubescent. — Low, white-silky or hoary: flowers spicate or subcapitate, usually violet or purplish. 64 LEGUMINOS. (PULSE FAMILY.) * Annual or biennial, many-stemmed : flowers rather small: pod inflated, mem- branous, incurved. 27. A. pubentissimus, Torr. & Gray. Dwarf, hirsute-canescent: leaf- lets oblong or obovate: flowers few: pod villous, ovate-lunate, strongly in- curved. — Colorado and W. Wyoming. * & Perennial, short-stemmed or scarcely caulescent, usually prostrate or matted : flowers rather large: pod thick-coriaceous, obcompressed-triangular, trans- versely rugulose. 28. A. Missouriensis, Nutt. Subcaulescent, hoary-silky with u short rery closely appressed pubescence: peduncles scape-like, capitately or spicately few-flowered : pod nearly straight, blackish, elliptic.—From New Mexico to Nebraska and the Saskatchewan. 29. A. Shortianus, Nutt. Usually subacaulescent, silky-canescent with a very closely appressed pubescence: leaflets obovate or ovate: pod strongly arcuate, thick, puberulent, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-lincar. — Includes A. cyaneus of most of the western reports. From Colorado to Nebraska and westward ; also southward into New Mexico. 30. A. Parryi, Gray. Stems short, villous, with loose spreading hairs: flowers loosely subcapitate, whitish or yellowish, the keel tinged with purple: pod arched or at length circinate, pubescent, oblong-lanceolate, strongly obcompressed and rugulose, both sutures sulcately impressed, contiguous. — Am. Jour. Sci. 11. xxxlii. 410. From Colorado to N. W. Texas. 31. A. iodanthus, Watson. Canescent with an appressed hairy pubes- cence, or usually nearly glabrous with scattered hairs upon the petioles and margins of the leaves: stems decumbent: leaflets obovate or orbicular: spikes short, dense: pod strongly arcuate or hamate, nearly glabrous, mottled, linear-oblong, irreguarly folded. — Bot. King’s Exp. 70. Colorado (Coulter) and Nevada. 32. A. glareosus, Dougl. Depressed, villous-silky with white incumbent hairs: flowers 3 to 6: pod incurved, silky-pubescent becoming subglabrous, oblong- ovate, attenuate above. — Wyoming and S. Idaho. Series II. Pod one-celled, neither suture being inflexed or the ventral more intruded than the dorsal. — Puaca, L. A. Leaves pinnate with many or rarely with few or abortive leaflets, or simple. Artificial Key. Leaflets prickly pointed and rigid, persistent . ‘ @. ok ie r A No. 61 Leaflets not prickly pointed. Pod inflated, Stipitate, Mottled . . + . . A a . . s 36 Not mottled. Stipe very short . f . . . . . . se . . 37 Stipe equalling or exceeding the igs ee ee ee Sessile. Annual; pod7tol2lineslong . « . . ee. at) Ow oe 34, 35 Perennial ; pod 2 to 4 lines long , 2 8 . e « 40,41, 42, 43 Pod coriaceous or cartilaginous, not bladdery inflated, Exsert-stipitate, Deeply sulcate a Sr 44, 45 Notdeeply sulcate . . 2 +5 «© «© © © © © « « 58 LEGUMINOS4. (PULSE FAMILY.) 65 Short-stipitate, Glabrous . 2 a ‘i a 5 . e : .