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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002803660

THE FAUNA OF BRITISH INDIA,

INCLUDING

CEYLON AND BURMA.

PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUTHORITY OF THE SECRETARY OF
STATE ror INDIA 1N COUNCIL.

EDITED BY A. E. SHIPLEY, Sc.D. Cantab., HON. D.Sc. Princeton, F.R.S-
ASSISTED BY GUY A. K. MARSHALL, F.Z.8., FES,

MOLLUSCA.
(FRESHWATER GASTROPODA & PELECYPODA.)

BY

H. B. PRESTON, E.Z,S.

LONDON:
TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

CALCUTTA : BOMBAY :
THACKER, SPINK, & CO. THACKER & CO., LIMITED.

March, 1915.
Go

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLERT STREET.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

Suborder Rhipidoglossa ....

Family 1. Hyprocenipm ....

Subfam. 1. Hydrocenine

1. Hydrocena, Parreyss
2. Georissa, Blanford
1. saritta (Benson)
. liratula, Stoltezka
. Ulex (Benson)
. pyxis (Benson)
. fraterna,
Stoliczha
. frustillum (Benson)... .
. rawesiana (Benson)... .

cum cole

fy Ate Bon)

Family 2. NeRITvip& ........

Subfam. 1. Nerttine

1. Theodoxis, de Montfort ..
1. perotetiana (Zecluz)
2. fuliginosa (Theobald) ..
3. reticularis (Sowerby) ..
4. obtusa (Benson)
2. Septaria, Férussac........
1. reticulata (Zeeve)
2. compressa (Benson)
3. czerulescens (Sowerby). .

. blanfordiana, Stoliczha .

Theobaid SS:

4. livesayi (Dohrn)
5. squamata (Dohrn) .... 8

Order PISCTINI-
BRANCHIATA.. 8

Suborder Teenioglossa cepa Oo

Family 1. Trarrpa [= Je-
laniid@|] .......... lute ake
Subfam. 1. Tiarine.......... 8
J. Faunus, de Montfort .... 8
1. ater (Zinneus) ...... 9
var. perdecollata,
Nevill ........ 9
2. Tiara, Bolten ............ 10
1. cybele (Gould)........ 10
var, amara (Mdérch) .. 10
3, Radina, Preston ........ 10
1. hastula (Lea) ........ ll
var. subacutissima
(Nevill) oo... ll
subvar. subcrenulata
(Nevill) ...... ll
2. erenulata (Deshayes) .. U1
var, tirouri (Lérussac). 12
var. confusa (Dohrn). 12
3. Clavus (Lamarck) 1
var. sobrius (Zea).... 12

subvar. cochlidium

COZ.) eee ene 1
var. pirenoidea (Neril/) 1
subvar. perdecollata

(NOTTS ao auccs. a 13
var. plana (Brot) .... 13
4. fuseata (Born)... 00... 13

iv SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
5, zeleborii (Brot) ...... 13
var. nana (Nevill) 14
var. solidiuscula
(Neill) ...... dA
6. charon (Preston) ...... 14
7. expatriata (Preston) 14
8, multistriata (Pr eston). . 15
4. Striatella, Brot........0. 15
1. tuberculata (Miller) .. 15
var, subcrebra, Nevill. 16
var. layardi (Dehrn) . 16
var. tigrina (Hufton). 16
var. orissaénsis, Nevill 17
var. luteomarginata,
Nevill ccsusaes 17
var. myadoungensis,
Nevill ........ 17
subvar. subplicifera,
Nevill ........ 7
2. sublutosa (Nevill) .... 17
3. turriculus (Zea) ...... 18
4. nevilli (Brot) ........ 18
var. andamanica,
Newt soe ssecs sins 18
subvar. semilevigata,
Nevill ........ 19
subvar. appressa,
Nevill occ caes 19
5. nicoharica (Reeve) .... 19
subvar. canaliculata,
Nevill ........ 19
subvar. gigantea,
NOGUE oss aisieo 19
var. fusiformis,
Nevill oo... 19
var. perstriatula,
Nevill ........ 19
6. crebra (Lea) ........ 20
subvar. emaciata,
Nevill ........ 20
7. vivularis (Philippi) .... 20
var. subunifascialis,
Nevill ......44 20
8. pyramis ( Benson) .. 20
5. Melanoides, I § A,
AGGIE ia cman kaw aden dior 2
1. herculea (Gouwld)...... 2]
2. wloriosa (Anthony) .... 21
yar. peguensis (Hanley
& Theobald) 22
var, compacta, Nerill, 22
yar, beddomeana,
Nevill ss cdscaccesic on
3. humerosa (Gould) .... 22
var. lanceolata ( Mauley
§ Theobald)... 23

a

. Pachychilus, Lea

» Melanella, Swainson

Page

yar. imbricata (Hanley
§ Theobuld)....
var. solidiuscula,
Nevill
4. variabilis (Benson) ....
subvar. cincta (Hanley
§ Theobald)
subvar. subtubercu-
lata, Nevill ....
subvar. subspinosa,
Nevill ........
var. subvaricosa,
INGDUB cos. rag aces
var. fasciata, Nevill ..

5. episcopalis (2. §; HZ. Lea)

vay. pontificalis (v. d.
Busch) .....0...

. menkeana (Lea) ......

var, microstoma,
Nevill .....

. baccata (Gould) ......
subvar. recta, Nevill. .
var. fusiformis (Hanley

& Theobald)....
var. pyramidalis
(Hanley §
Theobald)......
var, iravadica
( Blanford)
8. terebra (Benson)
9. spinata (Godwin-
Austen) oo. cc cceveee
10. baccifera (Theobald)
var. ee
NEUE: oc sian
var. vittata Sos Geel
11. jugicostis (Benson) .
12. godwini ( Brot)

fon

~~

iF limborgi’ (Hanley) ....
2. hungerfordiana, Nevill, ‘
Acrostoma, Brot ........
1. hiigeli (Philipp) ......
var. compacta, Nevill .
2. assamensis, Verill ..
3. preemardica (Tryon)
4. pagodula (Gonld).

1. zonata (Benson) ......
2. riqueti (Cirateloup) ....

. Tarvebla, H. SA. Adams...
J. batana (Gould) 11...
2. broti (Dohrn) woo...

subvar. subrudis,
Nevill

3. vudis (Lea)

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page
var. ceylonica, Nevill. 34
4. lineata (Gray)........ 34
var. semigranosa (v.
d. Busch)...... 35
subvar. pergranosa,
Nevill ........ 36
var. flavida (Dunker). 35
10. Plotia, H. §& A. Adams .. 35
1. scabra (Miller) ...... 35
var. elegans (Benson). 36
2. datura (Dohrn) ...... 36
8. acanthica (Dohrn) .... 36
var. rvepstorffiana,
Nevill ........ 37
subyar. brevispira,
Newill os acesx 37
subvar. subscabra,
Nevill .......6 37
11. Mainwaringia, Nevill .... 0 37
1. paludomoidea, Nevill ,. 3
Subfam. 2. Paludomine ...... 38
1. Paludomus, Swainson .... 88
1. globulosa (Gray) ...... 38
2. spheerica, Dohrn ...... 39
3. conica (Gray) oe... ee. 39
subvar. cherraensis,
Nevill on ve gave an 39
subvar. dihirensis,
NO ccna 40
subvar. chittagong-
ensis, Nevill.... 40
var. sibsaugorensis,
Nevill oo... 40
var, pealiana, Nevill.. 40
var. jaintiaca, Nevill . 40
var. kopilensis, Nevill 40
subvar. nana, Nevill.. 40
4. paludinoides, Reeve 40
5. constricta, Reeve ...... 41
6. ornata, Benson........ 41
7. andergoniana, Nevill 41
var. myadoungensis,
Newmll. since 42
subsp. peguensis,
5 aera 42
subvar. nana, Nevill.. 42
x. regulata, Benson ...... 4?
subvar. minor, Brot . 43
9. blanfordiana, Nevill .. +3
10. petrosa (Gould) ...... 43
11. burmanica, Nevill . 43
12. stephanus (Benson) 44
3. reticulata, Blanford Ad

y
Page
14. obesa (Philippi)...... 45
15. chilinoides, Reeve .... 45
16. levis, LZayurd ...... 45
17. zeylanica (Lea) ...... 46
18. fulgurata, Dohrn .... 46
19. palustris, Layard .... 47
20. tanschaurica (Gmelin). 47

var. kadapaénsis,
Nevill ........ 47

var. malabarica,

Nevill .......- 47
21, monile, Hanley ...... 48
22. rotunda, Blanford.... 48

var. microstoma,
Nev 36 6 ug 43
23. inflata, Brot ........ 49
24, striatula, Nevill ...... 49
25. travancorica, Blanford 49
26. annandalei, Preston .. 50
27. spiralis, Reeve ...... 50
28. maurus, Reeve ...... 51
29. pyriformis, Dohrn 51
30. clavata, Reeve ...... 51
31. lutosa, Souleyet ...... 51
32. nasuta, Dulin ...... 52
33. albreviata, Reeve .... 52
34. acuta, Reeve ........ 52
35. baccula, Reeve ...... 53
. Philopotamis, Layard .... 53
1. sulcata (Reeve) ...... 53
subvar. minor, Nevill. 55
var. contracta, Nevill. 53
var. compacta, Nevill. 54
2. decussata (Reeve) 54.
3. trifasciata (Reeve) .... 54
4. bicincta (Reeve) ...... 55
5. rupeformis (Brot) .... 55
6. regalis, Layard ...... 55
7. nigricans (Reeve)...... 5D

var, subgranulosa,
INCOME sic een 56
8. erronea, Nevill,....... 56
9. subdentata, Nevill .... 56
10. violacea (Layard) .... 56
. Tanalia, Gray .........- 57
1. loricata (Reeve) ..... 57
2. erinaceus (Reeve) 57
3. nodulosa (Dohrn) .... 0 57
4. reevel, Layard........ 5x
subvar. minor, Nevill. 58
5. funiculata, Reeve...... 58
6. picta, Reeve ........4. 58
7. swainsoni (Dohrn) .... 59
8. distinguenda (Dohin).. 59
9. torrenticola, Dohrn .... 59

vi

10. neritoides (eeve) ....
var. globosa (Brot) ..
dilatata (Reeve)
gardneri (Reeve)
cumingiana (Dohrn)
thwaitesi (Layard) ....
tennantii (Zeeve)
dromedarius (Dohrn) ..
solida (Dohrn)........
hanleyi (Dohrn)
var. major? Nerddl ..
skinneri (Dohrn)
similis, Layard

13.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16,
ig
18,

19.
20.
21,

Theobald) voc... .aee
4. Stomatodon, Benson
1. stomatodon, Benson

Fam. 2. Lirrorinip®

Snubfam. 1. Cremnoconchine ..

1. Cremnoconchus, Blanford .
1. syhadrensis (Blunford) .
2, conicus, Blanford
var, canaliculatus,
Blanford
3. carinatus (Layard) ....

2. Bithinella, Moguin- Tandon.

1. canningensis, Preston ..

Fam. 3. PALUDESTRINID.E

Subfam. 1. Paludestrinine ....

1. Paludestrina, @ Orbigny

2, Belgrandia, Bourquignat ..
1. miliacea, Nevill ......
subvar. gibbosula,

NOW, ove ca scans

subvar. subaugulata,
Nevill secvcsiaes
var, minor, Nevill... .
3. Tricula, Benson .........,
1, montana, Benson ......
yar. curta, Nevill...
4. Amnicola, Gould ........
1. cincta, Gould ........

2. parvula (Hutton)

Subfam. 2. Lithoglyphine ....

J. Lithoglyphus, Hartmann. .
1. martabanensis, 7'heobald.

Page
60

melanostoma (Hanley S:

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Page
Subfam. 3. Bithyniine [Bithi-
nine emend.] .. 70
1. Bithynia, Leach. ......... 70
1. tentaculata (Linneus).. 70
var. kashmirensis,
DOUUE ce sccatcasicdn 71
2. cerameopoma (Benson). 71
var. carinulata, Nevill. 72
vay, gigantea, Newd/,, 72
3. travancorica, Benson .. 72
aA. lutea, Gray wo... 72
5. moreletiana, Vevil.... 72
6. pulchella (Benson) .... 73
var. obtusa, Nevill 73
var. pusilla, Vevell 73
7. subpulchella, Nevzl/ 73
var. tenuior, Nevill .. 74
8. inconspicua, Dohin.... 74
9. orcula, Benson ........ 7+
var. minor, Veri/l 74
var. producta, Vertdl.. 74
var. parvula, Nerd .. 75
var. acuminata, Neriil. 75
10. nassa, Theobald ...... 7)
ll. lavis, Morelet ........ 75
12. goniomphalos (Morelet). 76
13. evezardi, Blanford .... 76
Id. pygmeea, Preston...... 76
15, stenothyroides, Dohrn... 7
var. biangulata, Nevill, 77
16. troscheli (Pausch) 7
2? Fossarulus, Newmayr .... 0 7
1. costigera, Kiister...... 78
var. curta, Nevill .... 78
3. Hydrobioides, Nevill. ..... 78
1. turrita (Blanford) 78
Subfam. 4. Stenothyrine 79
1. Stenothyra, Benson ...... 79
1. deltwe (Benson). ....... 79
subvar. minor, Vevl/. 79
subvar. minima, Nevill 79
2. hungerfordiana, New... 80
3. monilifera, Benson .... 80
4, foveolata, Benson 80
var. minor, Nerd! SL
». blanfordiana, Mevil? 81
6, minima (Sowerby) » SL
7. woodmasoniana, Nevill, 81
8. chilkaénsis, Preston.... 89
9. orissaensis, Preston... 82

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Page
Fam. 4, Vivipantm®........ 83
Subfam. 1. Viviparine ...... 83
J. Vivipara, de Montfort .... 83
1. bengalensis (Lamarck). 88
var. balteata (Benson). 88
var. fasciis-clevatius-
culis (Nevill) .. 84
var, phaeostoma,
(Nevill). ....... 84
var. gigantea (Reeve). 84
2. doliaris (Guild)... 2... 84
3. oxytropis (Benson) ..., 84
4. naticoides (Theobald) .. 85
var. concolor (Nevill). 85
var, carinata (Theo-
bald) wvsacaes 85
var. fasciata ( Theo-
bald) ........ 85
5. theobaldi, Hobelt...... 86
G, crassa (Hutton) ...... 86
var. tezpurensis
(Nevill) ...... 37
7. siamensis, Frauenfeld ., 87
var. burmanica( Nevill). 87
8. dissimilis (Miiller) .... 87
yar. sindica (Vevidl) .. 88
var. subumbilicata
CNORUO) ic cas 8&8
var. assamensis
(Nevill) ee, 88
var. bhamoensis
(Nevill) .asnex 8&8
yar. kutchensis
(Nevill) 0... 88
9. variata (Frauen feld) 89
var. pseudohelicina,
Kobelt ........ 89
var. peguensis, Aobelt. 89
10. ceylonica (Dohrn) .... 89
var. ecarinata (Hanley
§ Theobald).... 90
11. lecythis (Benson)...... 90
var, ampulliformis
(Benson) ...... 90
12. remossii (Philippi) .... 91
18. digona (Blanford) 91
14, nagaensis, Preston .... 91
15. hilmendensis, Kobelt .. 9J
16. annandalei, Aobelt .... 92
var. halophila, Kobelt. 92
17. shannensis, Theobald .. 93
2, Idiopoma, Pilsbry ........ 93
1. henzadensis, Pilsbry 93

Page
2. heliciformis (Jvauen-
JOD)? ok hos unis tabbecex aoe 94
var. viridis (Reeve) .. 94
Fam. 5, VaLvaTipe ........ 95
Subfam. 1. Pulrutine ........ 95
Ll. Valvata, Willer oo... 0000, 95
1. piscinalis (Miiller) .... 95
2. microscopica, Nevill 96
Fam. 6. Pinipa [= Ampul-
lartid@} oo... cae. 96
Subfam. 1. Piline .......... 96:
1. Pila, Bolten ............ 96
1. globosa (Swainson) .... 97
var. spheerica (Hanley
§ Theobald) 97
var. fasciata. (Hanley
S Theobald) 97
var, sinistrorsa
(Nevill) ...... 97
var. incrassatula
(Nevill) ...... 97
var. minor (Nevill) .. 97
2. corrugata (Swainson) .. 98
var. longispira (Wevill) 98:
3. carinata (Swainson) 98:
4. malabarica (Philippi) .. 98
5. layardi (Reeve) ...... 99
var. virens (Lamarck). 99
Gs MW (eevee ced on 99
7. maura (Reeve) ........ 99
8. theobaldi (Hanley) .... 99
9. saxea (Reeve) ........ 100
10. conica (Gray)... 06... 100
var. expansa (Nevill). 100
var, orientalis
(Pahilippi)....., 10)
11. dolioides (Reeve) ...... 101
12. meesta (Reeve) ........ 102
18. cinerea (Reeve) ...... 101
14. olea (Reeve)... ....... 102
15. tischbeini (Dohrn) .... 102
16. woodwardi (Dohrn) 102
17. alucinans (Sowerby) .. 103
18. winkleyi (Pilsbry) .... 103

‘Order PULMONATA

SYSTEMATIC INDEX.

Page |

104 _ Subfam. 3. Planorbine
I

Suborder Hygrophila ...... 104
Fam. 1. Linnarwm ........ 104
Subfam. 1. cdneyline .... 600. 104
1, Ancylus, Geoffroy ........ 104
I. baconi, Bourgutgnut 104
2. ceylanicus, Benson .... 104
3. tenuis, Bourguignat .. 105
4. verruca, Benson .... . 105
Subfam. 2. Limneine........ 105
1. Limneea, Lamarck ...... 106
2. Limnea, Lamarck (sensu
SUPLCLON: 5 cian ee arate hoes 106
1. stagnalis (Zinneus) .. 106
2. acuminata, Lamarck .. 106
var. patula, Troschel.. 107
var. sulcatula, Zroschel 107
var. amyedalum
Lroschel wi... 107 .
var. prunum, Zroschel, 108 |
var, cerasum, Troschel. 108
var. strigata, Hanley
§ Theobald .... 108
yar. chlamys, Benson. 108
var, rufescens, Gray.. 109
var. sylhetica, Hanley
§ Theobald .... 109
var. gracilior, von
Martens ...... 109
5. ovalis, Gray .......... 109
var. nucleus, Zroschel. 109 |
4, tigvina, Dohrn... ..... 110
var, 8 minor ........ 110
3. Gulnaria, Leach oo... 110
1. pereger (Drapernaud).. 110
2. auricularia (Draper-
WONG 6 seitsies due kaha 111
3. brevicauda (Sowerby) .. 111
A, hookeri (Reeve) ...... 111
5, auriformis ( Clessin) 112
6. labiosa (Philippi) 112
7. succinea (Deshayes).... 112.
var. impura(Zrosehel), 118 |
&. hians (Sowerby) ...... 113 |
9. pinguis (Dohrn) ...... 1138
10. siamensis (Sowerby) .. 118 '
1]. simulans (Preston) .... 114
A, Bulininea, Haldeman . 4
1. truncatula (Jeffreys) ., 114
2. bowelli (Preston)...... 114

Planorbis, Geoffroy ......
1. exustus, Deshayes
var, eburneus, Gray ..
var. brunneus, Gray. .

var. zonatus, Dunker. 116

2. zebrinus, Dunker...... 116

3. hindu, Clessia ......66 117

4. orientalis, Lamarck.... 117

5. modicus, Benson ...... 117

6. merguiensis, Philippi .. 115
GF TOUMUS fe oath ig sagen weed 11s
1. compressus (Zutton) .. 118

2. convexiusculus (Lfetton) 11%

3. labiatus ( Benson) 119

4. sivalensis (Hatton) .... 120

5, hohenackeri, Clessin 120

6. huttoni (Benson) ...... 120

7. barrakporensis (Clessin). 120

8. himalayanus (Hutton)... 121

9. liratus, Westerland .... 121

10. demissus, Westerland .. 121
11. associatus, Westerland. 122
12. elegantulus (Dohrn) .. 122
13, nanus (Sowerby) ...... 122
14, rotula (Benson) ...... 122
15, stelzneri (Dohrn) 123
16. hyptiocyclos (Benson). . 123
17. acutus, Clessin........ 123
18. issykulensis, Clessin 124

3. Hippeutes, Agassiz ...... 124
1. versicolor, HWesterlund.. 124

4. Segmentina, Fleming .... 124
1. umbilicalis (Benson) .. 125

2. trochoideus (Benson)... 128

38. gruneri (Clesstv) ...... 125

4. spirodelus, Westerlund . 126

5. sindicus (Benson) 126

6. cantori (Benson) ...... 126

7. calathus (Benson) .... 127

8. ceenosus (Benson) 127
Fram. 2, PHysipm .......... 127
Subfam. 1. Physine ........ 27
1. Physa, Drapernaud ...... 127
1. coromandelica, Dunker, 128
Class Pelecypoda.......... 128
Order TETRABRANCIILA ., 128
Suborder 1. Mytilacea...... 128

SYSLEMATIU INDEX. 1X

Page
Pam. 1. ARCIDB..........., 128
Subfam. 1. reine v.00... 00. 128
1. Scaphula, Benson ........ 129
1. celox, Benson ........ 129
2. pinna, Benson ........ 130
5. deltwe, Blanford ...... 130
Suborder 2. Submytilacea .. 132
Fam. 1. Untonma ........ 132
Subfam. 1. Unioning ........ 132
, 1. Solenaia, Conrad ........ 132
1. soleniformis (Benson) .. 132
Subfam. 2. Hyrine ......0... 134
dia Unio, PEE UB 6 ies canis 4 8 134
2, Lymnium, Oken ........ ee
J. mongolicus, .Widdendorf? 13:
3. Nodularia, Conrad........ 35
4. Nodularia, Conrad (sensu
SEPICEO) dad gare cave eae 135
1. digitiformis (Sowerby)... 135
2. exruleus (Lea) ...... 136
var. gaudichaudi (Ly-
DOU) 5 a iieeg alec & 137
var. keraudreni (Ly-
COWEN 5 ees feb Bars eses 137
3. shurtleffiana (Zea) .... 188
4. occata (Lea)... ee... 138
5. pachysoma (Benson) ,, 139
G. chaudhurii, Preston 140
7. bonneaudi (Lydoua) 140
8. pugio (Benson) ...... 141
9. gratiosa (Phillipz) 141
10. crispata (Gould) ...... 142
11. scobina (Hanley)...... 142
12. andersoniana (Nevill) .. 145
13. theobaldi, Preston .... 148
14, olivaria (Lea) ......., l4t
15. nuttalliana (Zea)...... 145
16, involuta (Benson) 146
5. Radiatula, Stmpson ...... 146
1, crispisulcata (Benson)... 146
2, lima, Simpson ........ 147
var. siliguriensis(Pres-
ton): sees setae wes 148
5. Physunio, Stmpson ...... 148
6. Lens, Simpson ........65 148
1. velaris (Sowerby)...... 149
7. Pseudodon, Gould ...... 149
&. Trigonodon, Conrad ...... 149

Page

1. peguensis (Anthony) .. 150
var. crebristriatus (.47-

thony)

var. curvata, Preston .

. Pseudodon, Gould (sensu

stricto) 52

J. inoscularis (Gould) .... 152

2. salwenianus (Gould) .. 152

153

53

150
152

pa]

3. nicobaricus (Mérch)

10. Bineurus, Sipson........ 15:
1. ava (Theobald)........ 153
11. Parreyssia, Conrad ...... 154
12. Parreyssia, Conrad (sensu
SEEUCEO) is, ses ces oingecoe aie 154
1. corrugata (Miiller) . 154
var. fragilis (Hanley yy
& Theobald) ...... 156
» var. levirostris (Ben-
BON). “naa tunhaes weds 156
var. nagpoorensis
(Lee) sa khan dane 157
2. wynegungaénsis (Lea) . 157
3, favidens (Benson) 158

var, marcens (Benson) 159
var. trigona (Benson) .
var. densa (Benson) ..
var. delta (Benson). .
var. chrysis (Benson). 1
var. viridula (Benson) 160
var. assamensis, Pres-

DOM ahead tee ee iene 161
var. pinax (Benson) .. 161
var. plagiosoma (Ben-
SON) ses ainuadaces 162
4. smaragdites (Benson) .. 163
5. bhamoensis (Theobald) . 163
6. pernodulosa (Preston).. 164
7. teddeni (Zheobald).... 165
&. daccaensis, Preston .... 165
9. tavoyensis (Gould) .... 166
var. triembolus (DBen-
S00): Kee ea ba Rees 167
10. vuleana (Hunley) 168
1], fexea (Tapparone- Cane-
Die seaacshes Gee Pa 168
12. rajahensis (Lea) ...... 169
13. rugosa (Gimekin) ...... 169
14. corbis (Hanley) ...... 169
15. burmanus (Blanford).. 170
16, sikkimensis (Zea) 171

17. gowhattensis (Theobald) 171

18. perconvexa, Preston 172
19. annandalei, Preston, ... 173
20. dalliana, Fiverson 174
13. Lamellidens, Stimpson .... 174

14.

SYSTEMATIC INDEX,

Page
Lamellidens, Simpson (sensu

SUHIClO) Vagwsiree wanes 175
1. marginalis (Lamarch) .. 175
var. obesa (IZanley

Theobald) ........ 176

vay. tricolor (Kiister) . 176
var, zonata (Deshayes) 177
var, candaharica (fLan-

ley § Theobald).... 178
var. cylindrica (Han-
ley § Theobald) ., 179

yar. hanleyi, Stimpson. 179
subsp. thwaitesi (Zea) 179
subsp. consobrina

(Lea) ... 180
subsp. lamellata (Zea) 180
var. sublamellata,

Preston ..... sseesie LOW
subsp. scutuin (Sower-
OW) aca 4 age acer. a 181
var, humilior (v. Mar-
LenS)! SAderva desks 181
subsp. corrianus (Lea) 183
subsp. generosus
(Gould) ..cseav nes 184.
subsp. jenkinsianus
(Benson) .. 1.6.0. 184
subsp. sawaddyensis,
Preston acaccvess 185
2. pulcher = (Lapperone-
CONEPPE). ica nies 316 8 185
var. lamellatiformis
(Tupparone-Canefri) 185
var. ponderosus (fa
perone-Canefrt).... 185
5. exanthematicus(Miister) 187
+. canefrianus, Simpson .. 187
oD. narain porensis, Preston . 187
6. nongyangensis, Preston . 190
7. phenchooganjensis, Pres-
LOM) cao 5 ie!e sie s ins 190
X. mainwaringl, Preston... 190
15. Trapezoideus, Simpson . . . 193
1. foliaceus (Gould)...... 198
var. comptus (Deshayes
§ Jullien) vo...
vay, zayleymanensis,
PVOHON eis, aon wees 194
2. misellus (Morelet) .... 194
3. exolescens (Guuld).... 195
+. theca (Benson)........ 195
16. Arcidopsis, Simpson oo... 196
1. footei (Theobald) ,..... 196
Fam. 2. slrneripa.,...... 197

Page
Subfam. 1. sZthertinw ...... 197
1. Mulleria, Férrusac. oo... 197
J. dalyi, Smith. .......-- tvs
Suborder 3, Conchacea .... 200
Fam. 1]. Guaveomyip.a...... 200
Subfam. 1. Glaucomyine .... 200
1. Tanysiphon, Benson ...... 200
]. rivalis, Berson.... 0... 201
Fam. 2. CYRENIDE.......... 201
Subfam. l. Cyrenine ........ 201
l. Cyrena, Lanwreh oo... 64. 201
1. ceylonica (Chemnitz) .. 202

2. impressa, Deshayes .... 202

3. sinuosa, Deshayes .... 205

4. bengalensis, Lamarck. . 205

5. tennentii, Hanley...... 206

6. proxima, Prime ...... 206

7. galathese (Mirch) .... 207

os a Lissa, Gray. Barts dine ee OUT

: 1. inflata, Prime ........ 208

2. similis, Prime ........ 208

3. capillata, Preston. ..... 208

3. Velorita, Gray oo... 66... 209
J. eyprinoides (Gray) .... 209

2. cochinensis (Hanley) .. 210

3. Corbicula, Weyerle ...... 210:
1. fluminalis (.Widler) 2... 217

var. holstiana, Schlesch 21%

2. fluminea (Mirller) 211

3. fluviatilis (Willer) 21

4. parvula, Prime......., 212

5. avrensis, Prime oo... 213

6, subradiata, Prime .... 213

7. cashmirensis, Deshuyes . 213

8. trigona, Deshayes .... 214

9. striatella, Deshayes .... 214

10. huttoniana, Clessin 2... 215

11. subnitens, Clessin...... P15

12, solida, Clessin , P15

18, nevilli, Clessin oo... 00. 216
J4. oecidens, Deshayes .... 216

15. iravadica, Blanford... 216

16. regularis, Prime ...... aur
17. bengalensis, Deshayes.. 217
TR, bensoni, Deshayes sheen DR

19, consanguinea, Prime ., 218

20, sylhetica, Tieston lavig ah 2

21. quiloniea, Preston .... 219

SYSTEMATIC INDEX. xi

22. alberti, Preston
23. inflata, Clessin
24. picta, Clessin. 2.1...

25. indica, Clessin oo... 0.
26, regia, Clessin 2.22...
27. noetingi, 7. Martens... .
2k. arata (Sowerby) ......

Subfam. 2. Spherine

1. Spheerium, Seopolt
1. avanum, Theobald ....
2. indicum. uf, Adams... .
2. Pisidium, C. Pfeiffer

1. clarkeanum, G. ¢ ‘Hl.

INCU 3 cane soit a 8 4 ee

Page

. hydaspicola, Zheobald.. 225
3. bombayanum, Theobald. 226

athinsonianum, Theobald 226

5, nevillianum, Theobald... 227

stewarti, Preston ...... 227

7. augmayeri, Weler .... 227
Fam. 3. SonENIDE...... 228
Subfam. 1. Solentne ........ 228
1. Novaculina, Benson .. ... 229

1. gangetica, Bensouw .... 229
2, andamanensis, Preston, . 230

INTRODUCTION.

In collecting the materials for the following pages, the Author
has been chiefly concerned in assembling, as far as possible, the
original descriptions of all the freshwater species of both
Gastropods and Pelecypods inhabiting the regions in question.
Many of these, however, are of so short or fragmentary a nature
that it has been deemed advisable either to supplant them
altogether or to supplement them considerably by various notes
of his own or of other writers on the subject. Moreover, even
original descriptions have only been retained when printed in
English or Latin, those in other languages having been either
translated or rewritten.

An effort has been made to reduce all original measurements,
as far as possible, to millimeters, and thus to eliminate a host of
different systems ranging from English inches to German lines.

Wherever possible, illustrations of hitherto unfigured species
have been given, though in a few cases, owing to the lack of
authentic specimens, this has not been found practicable

In some cases considerable difficulties have presented themselves
with regard to the inclusion or rejection of certain genera which
include both fresh and brackish-water forms, but generally
speaking a genus has been included where members are liable,
when occasion arises, to adapt themselves readily to new con-
ditions, such, for instance, as in the case of the ponds and _ pools
of the Gangetic Delta, which, though normally brackish, may
become practically fresh through excess of rainfall after a dry
season, or through the gradual silting up of the saltwater chan-
nels feeding them; in such instances the Mollusca which inbabit
them will generally thrive equally well under the new conditions
and become, in effect, freshwater species.

At one time it was intended to add to the present volume the
terrestrial operculate genera, and a certain portion of the work
was actually done when the Author was informed that this group
had already been entrusted to other hands; under the circum-
stances the work was immediately stopped and, presumably, these
families will form the subject vf another volume by a different
author.

It is much to be regretted that the present volume can, in most
instances, only deal with the’ shells of the species quoted, this
being largely due to the little anatomical work which has been so
far done on the freshwater genera inhabiting the Indian region

XIV INTRODUCTION.

chiefly owing to the lack of properly preserved material for
investigation ; it may not, however, be out of place to here insert
a few binomie notes which concern the families generally, these
being grouped under the various headings as below :-—

Breeding Habits.

. Larval Stages.

Development from Post-Larval Stages.
Habitat and Mode of Life.

. Movements, Locomotion, and Dispersal.
. Economic Uses.

Got wile

1. Breeding Habits—Generally speaking the sexes in both the
freshwater Gastropoda and Pelecypoda are distinct, though here
and there examples of hermaphroditism are known to exist, as,
for instance, in the case of certain species of Anodonta.

In the former case, the sexes can frequently be distinguished
by the form of the shell, that of the female being of a larger size
and generally more inflated than is that of the male. In the
Gastropoda this is especially to be remarked in the Viviparide,
while in the Pelecypoda it is chiefly evident in the Unionidae, the
female in this group being noticeably broader than the male.

In the fluviatile Gastropod families sexual contact usually takes
place, ova as a result being deposited in the majority of instances,
though in the case of the Tiaride and Viviparide, as the name of
the latter would imply, the young are produced alive.

In the Pelecypoda, however, union of the sexes does not take
place, the male at certain seasons in the year freely discharging
the spermatozoa into the water, these being introduced into the
inhalent siphons of the female by means of currents set up by
ciliary movements, fertilization taking place either in the oviduct
itself or else in specialized spaces of the mantle cavity.

The quantity of eggs or young produced by the different
families varies enormously, this, while attaining in the Pelecypoda
to thousands, and sometimes even to hundreds of thousands, as in
the case of certain species of Unio and Anodonta, falls in Planorbis
aud Limnea to anything from twenty to a hundred, and in Ancylus
to such a small total as five or six only, while Vivipara and Tiara
average not more than about fifteen individuals at a time.

In Yiara the embryos are developed in a marsupium which is
formed by an infolding of the skin near the base of the right
tentacle, while in the Unionide, Cyrenide, and some other
Pelecypoda development takes place in the spaces between the
folds of the gills where, in the Cyrenidi, special marsupia exist
for their reception.

2. Larval stages—I1n the flaviatile Gastropoda at birth the
animal is generally more or less similar to that of the half-grown
or adult state, though the shell differs considerably ; in the earlier
stages it is exogastric or coiled forward over the head of the
animal, but rapidly assumes the normal spiral of the adult. In

INTRODUCTION. XV

the hyperstroph genus Planorbis the embryonic shell is sinistral,
becoming dextral at a very early stage of growth, though the
animal remains sinistral throughout life, moreover the protoconch
or embryonic shell is frequently uf a horny texture, even though
the later growth is of a calcareous nature, and in all cases the
line of demarcation can be plainly seen between the embryonic
shell and the later formed test, this line being probably caused by
a rest period during which the young animal was occupied in the
fuller development of other parts.

The larval stage of the freshwater Pelecypoda calls for cou-
siderable comment, so different is the embryo of the Unionide
from the later stages of development that it was at first described
as a different creature under the name Glochidium, a name which,
though it can no longer be employed in a generic sense, is still
used to differentiate it from the later stages of growth. The
Glochidium upon iis emancipation from the parent animal is a
helpless creature enough, being unable to swim freely or to fend
for itself in any way, indeed so helpless is it, that it must perforce
become parasitic in its habits ; so that it may attain this object,
it is furnished with a hook-like process in the median part of the
margin of each valve, which is perforate, and in addition a long
byssal thread; should a fish approach, the valves are rapidly
opened and shut, by which action the byssal thread is thrust
forward, and should this touch the approaching fish it clings fast
to it; thus attached it will generally, by the movements of the
fish, be drawn into close contact with it, when the hook-like pro-
jections immediately grip the intended lost beyond power of
dislodgment ; to allay the irritation occasioned by the adherence
ot the Glochidium the unwilling host causes a skin or cyst to
form over it, and thus the embryonic naiad obtains a new home
in which to continue its development, while obtaining its susten-
ance fromm the tissues of the fish. During this second period of
development considerable changes take place, both the byssus and
the aductor muscle are dispensed with, and in place of the latter
two new aductors, together with the foot, make their appearance,
a new shell is formed underlying the embryonic test, and finally
the cyst is eliminated and the animal, falling from its host, begins
its normal life as a free agent.

Post-larval development.—On this subject little need be said,
the Gastropods having passed the embryonic stage proceed to
develop on quite normal lines, only pausing frequently for rest
periods, which may be due to seasonal conditions or other causes ;
generally just before these periods of rest a thickening of the
shell is more or less formed round the outer rim of the aperture,
in some species when the new growth activity commences these
thickenings are left and appear as either slight transverse ridges
or sometimes varicose costule on the adult test, in other species
upon the resumption of growth they are absorbed by the animal,
the material thus secreted being doubtless used in the further
building up of the sheli; in a few genera, such for instance as

XVI INTRODUCTION.

Planorbis, denticles and lamelle are also found on the inner walls
of the shell, these also being absorbed at a later stage; thus
should an immature shell be split open these are often disclosed,
though the inner walls of an old specimen would be quite sinooth
and without excrescence of any kind.

This post-embryonic shell is formed both in the Gastropods
and Pelecypods of three layers, the outer or “ periostracum ”
being formed almost entirely of ‘“conchyolin,” a chitinous sub-
stance indissoluble in water, acid, aleohol or ether; the two
inner layers are composed chiefly of about 95 per cent. of
ealeium carbonate in the form of calcite or arragonite, the
remaining parts being made up of small quantities of calcium
phosphate and magnesium carbonate with a small admixture of
conehyolin, this compound being known as “ ostracum,” and, as
will be readily seen, is easily subject to erosion by reason of the
extreme vulnerability of most of its component parts by acids in
the water, hence the outer chitinous layer for its protection.

The progress of post-larval growth in the Pelecypods is the
same, the growth markings appearing as consecutive lines or
ridges; in many of the Unionide, and especially the Indian
meinbers of the family, the umbonal region of the shell is fre-
quently corrugatedly sculptured, this sculpture becoming obsolete
and gradually disappearing in the later formed portions of the
test, though in some cases, notably of African or Far Eastern
forms, the corrugated sculpture is carried on to the end.

4. Habitat and Mode of Life.—The habitat of the freshwater
pulmonates and prosobranchs varies usually according to the
genus, and even sometimes the species; thus Hydrocena and
Cremnoconchus are more or less amphibious dwellers in wet
vegetation, clinging to the faces of rocks continually washed by
the spray from waterfalls; Theodowis and Stenothyra are in-
habitants of either absolutely fresh or brackish water, and even
in the case of the former, of pure sea-water, these generally
requiring a rocky bottom, while the latter delight in a muddy or
sandy bottom on which to crawl; the habitat of Paludomus is
chiefly rocky mountain-streams, though the author has found
more than one species plentifully occupying the muddy runlets
among the paddy-fields of Ceylon.

Tiara, Bithynia, Vivipara, and Pila, as also the pulmonate
genera Limnea and Planorbis, chiefly inhabit either stagnant or
slow running water, especially where decaying vegetable matter
and mud are abundant.

Among the Pelecypoda the Unionide are chiefly, though not
always, to be found on sandy bottoms in clear running water,
though some species are by no means averse to an abode in the
mud of pools and tanks, in which situations they lie almost buried
in the sand or mud with only the posterior side and the projecting
siphons showing ; Scaphula, which is obviously a descendant from
the marine Arca, is found not only in the brackish waters of the
Gangetic and other Indian deltas but also in perfectly fresh water

INTRODUCTION. Xvii

a thousand miles from the coast; Corbicula and Spherium are
generally sand or mud dwellers; while Pisidzwm largely affects
running streams where there is still considerable vegetation in
which to lurk. 7

As would be naturally supposed the waters of the plains and
lower mountain-slopes are,the most productive of molluscan life,
though the writer was able to record some years ago the presence
of Limnwa and Pisidium in Thibet at an altitude of 14,500 feet,*
this probably establishing a record for the elevation at which
inollusea are known to exist, though it is only fair to state that
the stream in which they were found was fed from a warm spring
and was only completely frozen over in the coldest months
(February to March).

The extraordinary adaptability, in adverse circumstances, of
certain of the delta genera is remarkable, being able, as they are,
to thrive equally well in either brackish or almost salt and per-
fectly fresh water as occasion arises, as is also the power of seme
species of both Gastropods and Pelecypods to wstivate buried
deep down in almost dry mud during times of drought.

To illustrate the powers of endurance of certain species it may
here be stated that Limnca pereger has been known to occur in a
spring in Iceland having a normal temperature of 40° Centigrade,
while a species of Paludestrina has been taken also in a warm
spring with a temperature as high as 50° Centigrade.

As far as is known, the freshwater Gastropoda are usually
vegetable feeders, though some specimens of an African proso-
branch (Cleopatra), kept alive recently by the author, eschewed
oatmeal and all other vegetable food provided for them, prefering
instead to devour the periostracum of one another, this canibalistie
action, however, was probably produced by the sudden change of
climate and environment to which they were subjected.

The Pelecypoda, having once passed the parasitic embryonic
stage, are equally vegetarian in their habits.

5. Movements, Loconwtion, and Dispersal.—The progress of the
fluviatile Gastropods is necessarily slow as they glide along on
the “foot” across the mud, rocks, or up the aquatic plants on
which they live, this gliding motion is caused by the alternate
contracting and expanding of certain portions of the lower surface
of the foot, several contractions and expansions being frequently
in operation in different parts of its “sole” at the same time; in
the Pelecypods, however, the causes of the mode of progression
are rather different, the foot, it is true, is also used to propel the
creature on its way, but the gliding motion of the Gastropods
gives place to a jerky movement caused by the foot being ex-
tended, then swollen by the blood being, as it were, pumped into
it, thus giving it power in its swelled condition to obtain a grasp
of the object or exact spot which is to form the end of the step,

* Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta, iii, 1909, pp. 115-116.

XVili INTRODUCTION,

this being accomplished by a sharp contraction of the pedal muscle,
the shell and the remainder of the animal are forced suddenly
forward.

Both Gastropods and Pelecypods, however, are not dependent
en the foot only for voluntary movement, among the former
Limnea especially, and among the latter Pisidium are able to put
forth filaments of mucous by which they are enabled to ascend
and descend to and from the surface of the water and vot only to
float on, but to skim along it, foot uppermost.

The more or less artificial dispersal of mollusca is a subject
upon which, from time to time, a good deal has been written ;
undoubtedly the larval Gasteropod forms are often swept many
niles by floods, frequently by this means being stranded in pools
and ponds isolated in normal times and to which it would
necessarily be impossible for them to obtain access were it not for
the agency of waterfowl which, there can be little doubt, do carry
certain species about in the plumage just above the legs, con-
siderable opportunity being given for the mollusca to ascend these
and become entangled in the feathers during the lengthy periods
in which the birds remain stationary in the water watching for
their prey.

The Pelecypoda also are great travellers, but this is due to their
being carried far in their embryonic state by the hosts to which
they have attached themselves; once the parasitic larval stage is
over, they are seldom able, except through an exceptional accident,
to move far afield.

From the foregoing remarks, however, it must not by any means
be assumed that all the fluviatile species are widely distributed,
many instances occur of extremely localized forms, among which
may be mentioned as examples the Limneea involuta of Killarney
and some of the peculiar forms of Lake Tanganyika which do not
seem to have become diffused in the remainder of the Congo basin.

6. Economie Uses.—TVhe purification of water is doubtless to
a certain extent performed by the mollusca in their capacity of
scavengers, in addition to which they also provide food for valu-
able birds and fish; as a rule, however, the fluviatile species are
not in much request as food for man; though in Guadeloupe,
Mauritius, China, Japan, and even in France, certain species of
freshwater bivalves are used for human consumption.

The chief services rendered to the human race are, however,
rather ornamental than actually useful; in the Unites States
certain species of Unionidae are extensively fished and even culti-
vated for their nacre which is used largely for button punching,
small knife handles and other purposes to which mother-o’-pearl
is put, while as a bi-product pearls themselves are doubtless
obtained ; indeed, a case has recently been placed on record of as
many as nine hundred and twelve being taken from a single
individual *, one hundred of which were of marketable size, though

* Nantilus, Boston, Mass,, xxv., p. 84.

INTRODUCTION, xix

the large majority of the remainder must have been so small as to
be commercially worthless ; there is no doubt, however, that the
whole industry is of considerabie value.

There is also a legend, which may or may not be true, that one
of the reasons which tempted Casar to the invasion of Britain
was the exaggerated stories current in Rome of the magnificent:
pearls produced by the river mussels of these Islands; whether
this is true or not, the fact remains that, certainly up toa few
years ago, the Highland peasants were in the habit of eking out
their scanty incomes by fishing for Margaritana margaritifera in
the Scottish rivers, though the pearls obtained therefrom were
not of great value, they being generally small and of a dark
colour; bat the shell itself does uot seem to have been a com-
mercial article, possibly because of the small quantities only
obtainable.

In China an extensive artificial cultivation of ‘ blister pearls ”
was at one time in vogue, the mode of culture being as follows.
When adult, or nearly so, a large species, Dipsas piicata, was
selected ; a wedge was placed temporarily between the valves in
order to prevent their closing, while obstructions, often in the
shape of small metal images of Buddha, were inserted between the
mantle and the shell, generally in horizontal rows, the irritation
caused by these foreign bodies in the shell induced the animal to
cover them over with a laver of shelly nacre, though how long
the whole operation took before they were fully and sutticiently
thickly coated it is dilticult to say; as many as twelve of these
metal images were frequently placed in a single shell, each image
measuring about 19 by 13 millimeters.

In India and the middle East, however, the author has never
heard of any economic use for the freshwater mollusca, and
certainly, after a sojouru of some years in Ceylon and Southern
India, 0 case of this ever came to his notice.

In conclusion the author’s thanks are due to many friends for
help most willingly given in various ways, among whom may be
nuentioned Messrs. E. A. Smith, L.8.0., B. B. Woodward, F.L.S.,
and G. C. Robson, of the British Museum, Lieut.-Colonel H. H.
Godwin-Austen, I’.R.S., Mr. T. Iredale, and especially to Dr. N.
Ainandale of the Indian Museum, Calcutta, who has been kind
enough to place the whole of the Indian Museum Collection of
Naiades at his disposal in order to assist him in his work.

To Mr. Forster Cooper, of the Museums at Cambridge, the
author is also indebted for the Joan of certain specimens from the
Benson Collection for purposes of figuring.

Further, the author would wish to acknowledge the help
afforded to him in compiling the above binomic notes by
Mr. B. B. Woodward’s admirable book ‘ The Life of the Mollusca.’

53 West Cromwell Road, 8.W.
March 1915.

MOLLUSCA.

Class GASTROPODA.
Order SCUTIBRANCHIATA.

Suborder RHIPIDOGLOSSA.
Family HYDROCENID 2.

Subfamily HYDROCENIN 2A.

Shell globose, imperforate, small; operculum calcareous, with
concentric striae.

Distribution. 8.E. Europe; 8. Asia; Malaysia; S. Africa.

Genus HYDROCENA.

Hydrocena, Parreyss, 1846, Hermannsen’s Indicis Generum Malac.
1, p. 546.

Typn, H. catéaroensis, Pfeiffer; Dalmatia.

Range. S.E. Europe; 8. Asia; Malaysia; S. Africa,

Shell small, thin, imperforate, with few volutions; whorls
convex; aperture oval, angled at the base; labrum having the
margins joined by a light parietal callus, not reflexed, acute;
operculum subconcentric, outwardly spirally striate.

Subgenus GEORISSA.
Georissa, W. Blanford, A. M.N.H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 463,

Tyre, Hydrocena pyxis, Benson; Burma.

Range. India; Malaysia.

Original description :—Testa imperforata vel vix perforata,
minima, conica, succinea vel rubella, plerumque spiraliter sulcata
vel striata.

Operculum semiovale, sine ullo vestigio structure spiralis, ex-
centrice striatum, testaceum, transparens.

Animal parvum, lobis hemisphericus in loco tentaculorum
munitum.

Oculi normales. Pes brevis, rotundatus.

2) IYDROCENIDA,

1. Hydrocena (Georissa) saritta (Benson).

Hydrocena (Georissa} saritta (Benson), A. M. N. HH. ser. 2, viii, 1851,
p- 188 (as Cyclostoma) ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. i, p. 314 (as Cyclo-
stoma); H. & T.,C.1 pl. 117, fig. 2 (as Hydrocena).

Original description:—Testa subimperforata, ovato-conica, liris
spiralibus crebris, sulcis angustis divisis, munita, ferrugineo-albida,
apice rubente, sutura bene impressa, apice obtuso ; anfractibus 4
valde convexis; apertura vix obliqua, ovata, # longitudinis equante,
peristomate acuto, expansiusculo, marginibus disjunctis, columel-
lari superne angulato, pariete calloso.

Alt. 2, diam. 1°25 mm.

Hab. Cherra Poonjee, Garo Hills.

2. Hydrocena (Georissa) liratula, Stoliczha.

Hydrocena (Georissa) liratula, Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B. xl, 1871, pt. 2,
p. 157, pl. 6, fig. 6.

Original description :—Testa globoso-conica, solida, imperforata,
carneo-luteola; anfractibus 3-34, convexis, sutura profunda sim-
plici junctis, primo apicem subobtusum formante mamumillato,
lavigato, luteolo vel rubescente, czteris supra (infra suturam)
piululum depressiusculis, spiraliter liratis, liris acutis, simplicibus
tere equidistantibus, in ant. penultimo 6-7, in ultimo 9-10, basi
convexa, centraliter minute multistriata; apertura semilunari,
altitudine fere spiram equante, hand dilatata; labro simplici,
curvato, intus striato, labio incrassato, albido, adnato, intus recti-
usculo, levi. Operculum testaceum, tenue, diaphanum, latiuscule
semilunare (nucleo excentrico), striis incrementi rugulosis vestitum,
intus ad nucleum appendice tenui, longo, lateraliter sub marginem
columellarem projiciente, instructum.

Alt. 2°2, alt. ult. anf. ad aperturam fere 1, diam. maj. 1:8, diam.
min. 1°5 mm.

Aperture: diam ‘7 mm.

Hab. Damotha, near Moulmein.

Animal sordide rubescente albidum, rostro lato, nigricante ten-
tuculis brevissimis, vix projicientibus, Jatis, medio fere conflu-
entibus, oculos parvos supra, ad basin et paulo lateraliter sitos,
gerentibus ; pede breve, subovato pallido.

Fe euahia. ’ It is mostly allied to the Khasi hill species G. saritta,
Bens., but is more globose and a little more numerously spirally
ribbed..... =

3. Hydrocena (Georissa) illex (Benson).

Hydrocena (Georissa) illex (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 2, xvii, 1856,
p. 231 (as Hydrocena); Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. ii, p. 161 (as Hy-
drocena) ; H. & T., C. I. pl. 117, fig. 4 (as Zydrocena),

Original description :—Testa vix perforata, ovato-acuta, minutis-
sime striata, spiraliter confertim tenuisulcata, succinea, trans-

HYDROCENA. 3

lucente, versus spiram rubello-fusca, spira nitida, elongato-conica,
sutura profunda, apice obtusiusculo; anfractibus 4 valde convexis,
ultimo 4 totius teste superante; apertura obliqua, ovata, superne
angulata, peristomate tenui, non continuo, marginibus conniven-
tibus, dextro recto acuto, columellari reflexiusculo. Operculo
tenui, corneo, pellucido, pauci-spirato, nucleo basali.

Alt. 2°65, diam. 1:65 mm.

Hab. Phie Than, Tenasserim, adhering to stones.

“ Nearly allied to Hydrocena (Cyclostoma) saritta, nobis,.....
but more slender in form.”

4. Hydrocena (Georissa) pyxis (Benson).
Hydrocena (Georissa) pyxts (Benson), A. M.N. TL. ser. 2, xvii, 1856,
p. 282 (as Hydrocena) ; Pfeitfer, Mon. Pneum. ii, p. 161 (as Hydro-
cena); H. & T., C. 1. pl. 117, tig. 3 (as Hydrocena).

Original description :—Testa obtecte perforata, ovato-conica,
spiraliter sulcata, succinea, translucente, spiram versus rubente ;
spira conica, sutura profunda, apice obtuso; antfractibus 4 con-
vexis, ultimo 2 totius teste ewquante; apertura obliqua, semi-
circulari, peristomate tenui, acuto, non continuo, margine
columellari expanso, reflexiusculo. Operculo — ?

Alt. 1:5, diam. 1-25 mm.

Hab. Thyet-Mio.

“ H. pyxis, although smaller than H. ilex, is more coarsely
suleate, and the furrows on the lower whorl are more distant near
the suture than below.”

5. Hydrocena (Georissa) fraterna, Theobald § Stoliczka.

Hydrocena (Georissa) fraterna, Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A. 8. B.
xli, 1873, pt. 2, p. 832, pl. 11, figs. 5, 6.

Original description :—Testa cylindraceo conoidea, solidula,
pallida, imperforata, regione umbilicali paulo impressa; anfrac-
tibus 34, convexis, supra modice subtruncatis, sutura per-profunda
junctis, spiraliter crasse liratis, liris in anfractu penultimo quinque,
supera a sutura remotiuscula: apice valde mamillato; ultimo
anfractu spira breviore, basi convexiusculo, spiraliter striato ;
apertura fere semicirculari, labro simplici, antice modice recedente,
margiue subobtuso instructo, labio recto, incrassato; operculo
testaceo, tenui, subdiaphano, paucispirato.

Alt. 1-4, diam. maj. 95 mm.

Hab. Ataran River Valley, near Moulmein.

“ Allied to G. pywis in having the uppermost spiral ridge on the
whorls somewhat remote from the suture, but the ridges them-
selves are stronger, the whorls somewhat less numerous, the apex
very distinctly mammillate, and the entire form of the shell more
slender and cylindrical.”

BY

4 HYDROCENIDE.

6. Hydrocena (Georissa) frustillum (Benson).
Hydrocena (Georissa) frustillum (Benson), A. M. N. Ti. ser. 3, vi,

1860, p. 193 (as Hydrocena) ; Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum, iii, p. 251;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 117, fig. 5 (as Hydrocena).

Original description :—Testa imperforata, ovato-oblonga, solidi-
uscula, spiraliter confertissime tenuisulcata, succinea?; spira
sulpyramidata, apice obtusiusculo, sutura impressa; anfractibus 5,
convexis, ultimo 2 teste subequante ; apertura obliqua, truncato-
ovata, superne necnon ad latus sinistrum angulata, peristomate
tenui, non continuo, pariete calloso. Operc. —?

Alt. 2°5, diam. 1°75 mm.

Hlab. Ava.

Differing from G. illew (Benson), ‘‘in the absence of the very
elongate slender spire of that species, in the want of an umbilicus,
and in the form of the aperture, which presents internaily an
angle at the junction of the columellar lip.”

7. Hydrocena (Georissa) rawesiana (Benson).

Hydrocena (Georissa) rawesiana (Benson), A. M.N.H. ser. 3, vi,
1860, p. 193 (as Hydrocena); Pfeiffer, Mon. Pneum. iii, p. 262;
Theobald & Stoliczka, J. A.S. B. xli, 1872, pt. 2, p. 382; H. & T.,
C.I. pl. 117, fig. 6 (as Hydrocena).

Original description :—Testa imperforata, subgloboso-conica,
solida, confertim spiraliter striata, luteo-albida; spira conica, apice
obtuso, sutura profundiuscula; anfractibus 4, valde convexis,
ultimo spiram subequante; apertura vix obliqua, semicirculari,
superne et ad jatus sinistrum angulata, peristomate tenui, margine
parietali calloso, intus recto, stricto; loco umbilicali subfoveato.
Operc. —?

Alt. 2, diam. 1:5 mm.

Hab. Near Moulmein in the Farm Caves.

“The shell is more globose than that of H. pywis, Benson, and
the sculpture is altogether different. In the formation of the
aperture there is an approach to that of H. frustillum, but it
exhibits a straight knife-like edge at the internal parietal
margin.”

8. Hydrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliczka.
Hydrocena (Georissa) blanfordiana, Stoliczka, J. A.S.B. xl, 1871,
ay 2, pp. 157-158, pl. 6, fig. 6; xli, 1878, pt. 2, p. 382; H.& T.,
.I. pl. exvii, tig. 2 (as Hydrocena),

Origenal description:—Testa globoso conoidea, imperforata,
moderate solidula, luteola, apice rubescente, mammillato Jevissimo;
anfractibus 34, convexiusculis, transversaliter striis incrementi
winutis tectis, sublevigatis ; ultimo ad peripheriam rotundato, in
altitudine spiram subequante ; apertura late semilunari; labro,

NERITIDB, 5

uniforme curvato, postice (vel supra) angulata, labio incrassato,
levissime arcuato, supra paululum dilatato, infra angustiore.

Alt. 18, alt. ult. anf. ad apert. -8, diam. maj. 1:2, diam. min.
1 mm.

Aperture: diam. °5 mm.

Hab. Farm Caves, near Moulmein.

Family NERITID-F.

Subfamily NERITIN.

Shell imperforate, subglobular or subpatelliform; operculum
calcareous, the internal surface furnished with projecting apo-
physes, the internal margin being thus articulated to the columellar
septum.

Distribution. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the World.

Genus THEODOXIS [WMeritina].

Theodoxis, de Montfort, Conch, Syst. ii, 1810, p. 350.
Neritina, Lamarck, 1822 [Neritine, 1809].

Trpz, 7’. luietianus, de Montfort (fluviatilis, Linn.) ; Europe.

Range. Temperate and Tropical Regions of the World.

Shell globular, oval, or turriculated, smooth or spirally striated,
often adorned with vivid and varied colours; inner lip septiform,
crenulated, rarely simple.

9. Theodoxis perotetiana (Récluz).

Neritina perotetiuna, Récluz, Rev. Zool. Cuv. 1841, p. 333 ; Sowerby,
Thes. Conch, ii. pl. 115, figs. 200, 201; Reeve, Con. Icon., Ner.
sp. 124; H. & T., C. I. pl. 157, figs. 2, 3.

Original description: —Testa ovato-semiglobosa, fusco-nigricante,
tenuissime striata; anfractibus tribus: nltimo superne coarctato ;
spira brevi, convexa, obtusata; apice pallido, sub-hyalino; aper-
tura extus rotundata; labio plano, albido, in medio vix arcuato
obsoleteque crenato.

Alt. 9, diam. 11 mm.

Hab. Streams of the Nilgherries.

L. ceylonensis (Récluz), J. Conch. 1851, p. 202, appears to be a
variety having an orange edge to the otherwise black operculum.

10. Theodoxis fuliginosa (Z'heobald).

Neritina fuliginosa (Theobald), J. A. 8. B. xxvii, 1859, p. 315.
Neritina reticularis, var. capillulata, Sow. Thes. Conch. ii, pl. 156,
figs. 265, 266; H. & T., C. I. pl. 157, figs. 8, 9.

Original description :—Testa neritineformi, subglohosa, spira

6 NERITiDA,

minima; colore luteo-flavescente rubro reticulata; intus flave-
scente-pallida ; aliquando cerulescente; non raro fasciis duobus
cincta in apertura facilins visis. Epidermide plerumque nigro
colore, extraneo fucato; semipolita, operculo pallide aurantiaco,
margine anteriore rubro.
Alt. 12°5, diam. 12°5 mm. (from fig. 266 in Thes. Conch.).
Hab, Burma, near Amrapoora.

11. Theodoxis reticularis (Sowerby).
Theodoxis reticularis (Sowerby) (for Neritina reticulata, Bens. not
Sow. in P.Z.S.), Conch. Illust., Wer. fig. 44; Thes. Conch. ii.
p. 536, figs. 264, 265; H. & T., C. I. pl. 157, figs, 5, 6.
Neritina humeralis, Th. (name only).

Original description :—Testa subconica, levi, pallide fulva,
rufescente, epidermide tenui, subviridi induta, lineis angulatis
transverse reticulata; spira plerumque exsertiuscula, apice sub-
complanato, anfractu ultimo, supra suturam angulatim elevato,
infra medium ventricoso; apertura subcontracta, labio externo
superne declivo, infra medium producto; columella tumida, margine
subleevigato.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 15 mm. (from fig. 264 in Thes. Conch.).

Hab. Calcutta.

12. Theodoxis obtusa (Benson).

Neritina obtusa, Benson, in Sow. Conch. Ilust., Ner. fig. 43; Thes.
Conch. ii, p. 517, pl. 111, figs. 72, 73.

Neritina spiralis, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Ner. fig. 99 (from type) ;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 157, fig. 7.

Original description :—Testa transverse ovali, leviter striata,
epidermide subviridi induta; spira depressa, anfractibus duobus ;
apertura magna, subcinerea; labio externo interne crassiusculo ;
labio interno complanato, recedente, margine sinistro oblique
acuto, margine dextro in medio subarcuato, subcrenulato. Operculo
cineleo.

Alt. 10, diam. maj. 12°5 mm. (from fig. 72 in Thes. Conch.).

Hab, Banks of the Ganges, Calcutta.

Genus SEPTARIA.

Septarta, Férussac, Essai Méth. Conch., Paris, 1807, p. 61.
Navicella, Lamarck, 1809.

Cimber, de Montfort, 1810.

Sandahum, pars, Schumacher, 1817.

Catilius, Humphrey, 1797, fide Swainson, 1840.

Typz, Patella porcellana, Linn. : Islands of Bourbon, Rodriguez,
Mauritius, and Madagascar.

Range. 8. Asia; N. Australia; Malaysia; Tropical Islands of
Ludian and Pacitic Oceans.

SEPTARIA, 7

Shell oblong-ovate, depressed, Patella-shaped, sometimes con-
centrically striated, more frequently smooth, olive-yellow or
greenish, generally reticulated with black, no spire, vertex rather
obliquely inflected, sometimes beaked, lip simple, columellar area
thin, flat, septum-like, aperture very large, muscular impressions
two, distinct. Operculum testaceous, nearly square, flat, with a
sharp tooth at the side. (Reeve.)

13. Septaria reticulata (Reeve).
Septaria reticulata (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Mavic. pl. 5, figs. 20 a, 5,
& pl. vi, figs. 26,6 (as Navicella exima); H. & T., C. I.
pl. 187, figs. 5, 6.

Original description:—Shell depressly ovate, thin, semitrans-
parent, yellowish, tinged with rose towards the apex, openly
reticulated with olive-black, columellar area small.

Diam. maj. 20, diam. min. 18 mm. (from fig. 20@ in Conch.
Icon.).

Diam. maj. 31, diam. min. 20°5 mm. (from fig. 266 in Conch.
Teon.).

Hab. Ceylon.

14. Septaria compressa (Benson).
Septaria compressa (Benson), J. A. S, B. v, 1836, p. 749.
Navicella lineata, var,, Sow. Thes. Conch. ii, pl. 118, tig. 26; H.& T.,
C. I. pl. 187, tigs. 1, 4.

Original description :—Testa transverse elongata, compressa,
lutea, albida, vel cornea, lineis munitissimis transversis diverse
coloratis, maculisque alternatis radiantibus decoloratis picta;
dorso elevato ; linibi extremitatibus emarginatis.

Diam. maj. 21:25, diam. min, 11°25 mm.

Hab. Hooghly River.

Generally found adhering to the stems of shrubs growing in
the water.

15. Septaria cerulescens (Sowerby).

Septaria cerulescens (Sowerby), Thes. Conch, ii, p. 550, pl. 118,
tig. 29, & pl. 118 bis, tigs. 86, 87, 88; Reeve, Conch. Icon.,
Navie. pl. 7, fig. 29.

Navicella orientalis, Reeve, loc. cit. fig. 33 (young).

Navicella tessellata, Benson (not well of Lam.), J. A. 8. B. v, 1836,
p- 750; H. & T., C.L pl. 187, figs. 2, 8, 7, 10.

Original description :—Testa breviuscula, subdepressa, sub-
quadrata, cerulea, maculis nigris angulatis picta; margine apicem
superante ; septo angustissimo, arcuato, ;

Diam. maj. 17-5, diam. min. 12-5 mm. (from fig. 29 in Thes.
Conch.).

Hab. River Ganges, Bengal.

8 TIARIDE.

16. Septaria livesayi (Dohrn).

Septaria Lvesayi (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 185 (as Navicella) ;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 187, figs. 8, 9.

Original description:—Testa oblongo-ovata, tenuis, parum
pellucida, fusco-viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis triangu-
laribus luteis ornata; apex ad dextram spectans, prominulus ;
apertura alba.

Alt, 6, diam. maj. 35, diam. min. 15 mm.

Aperture: diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

17. Septaria squamata (Dohrn).

Septaria squamata (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 185; H. & T., 0.1L
pl. 157, figs. 1, 4 (as Navicedla),

Original description :—Testa ovata, tenuis, pellucida, fusco-
viridis, ad apicem rubescens, maculis luteis sqnameformibus, striis
fulguratis et maculis nigrescentibus picta; apex ad sinistram
spectans, marginalis ; apertura alba.

Alt. 5°5, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 12°5 mm.

Aperture: diam. 15 mm.

Hab, Ceylon.

Order PECTINIBRANCHIATA.
Suborder 74i1NIOGLOSSA.

Family TIARID [= Melaniide}.
Subfamily TIARIN A.

Shell ovately or subulately fusiform, smooth, striate costulate
cr spinously nodulate.

Distribution. 8.E. Europe; 8.&E. Asia; N. Australia; Africa;
America; Tropical Islands of Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Genus FAUNUS.

Faunus, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. 1810.
Pirena, Lamarck, 1822.
Melunamona, Bowditch.

Typn, Strombus ater, Linneus: Moluccas ; New Guinea; New
Ireland ; Java; Philippines; Timor, Buru, Amboyna; Ceylon.

Range. The above Islands and also New Caledonia; Penang ;
China.

FAUNUS. 9

_ Shell subulate, acuminate; columella smooth, arched, extending
into a parietal callus; aperture ovate, having an anterior canal
at the base.

18, Faunus ater (Linneus).

Strombus ater, Linn. Syst. Nat. xii, p. 1213, no. 516; Rumph. Amb.
pl. 80, fig. R; Chemn. pl. 135, fig. 1227.

Nerita atra, Miill. Verm. no. 875; Schriter, Flussconch. p. 871.

Strombus utropurpureus, Schréter, Flussconch. p. 372.

ss et aia Gmel. no. 46, p. 3523; Seba, Mus. pl. 56,
igs. 13, 14.

Cerithium fluviatile, Fér, Syst. Conch. p. 69, no. 1.

Melanamona, Bowditch, Elem. Conch. pl. 6, fig. 19.

sa na sy (L.), Mousgon, Moll. Java, pl. 10, tig. 1; Reeve, Conch.

cou. fig. 5.

Faunus ater (L.), H. & A. Ad., Gen. of Rec. Moll.; Gray, Guide
Syst. Distrib. ; Chemn. Man. Conch. fig. 2080.

Melanopsis atra (.), Fér. Monogr. Melanops. pl. 2, fig. 7, p. 32;
Sow. Gen. of Shells, fig. 1; Deshayes, Encycl. Méth., Verm. ii,
p. 387, no. 11.

Pirena terebralis, Lam. Anim. s. Vert. no. 1; Quoy & Gaimard,
Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 860; Sowerby, Conch. Man. tig. 316; Brot,
Matér. iii, p. 23.

Pirena picta, Reeve, Conch. Tcon. fig. 3.

Buecinum acicula, Gmel. p. 8503 ; Lister, Conch. pl. mv, fig. 7.

Pirena ucus, Lesson, Voy. Coquille, ii, p. 360.

Melanopsis atra, Pot. & Mich. Gal. pl. 31, figs. 7, 8.

Melanopsis princeps, Lea, Trans, Am. Phil. Soc. v, pl. 19, fig. 74;
Lea, Obs. Gen. Unio, i, p. 194, pl. 19, fig. 74.

Faunopsis princeps (Lea), Gill, Proc, Ac. N. S. Phil. 1863 (Monstv.).

Pirena pagodus, Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 4.

Faunas ater, Linn., Nevill, Hand List, ii, p. 217.

Shell sharply elongately tapering, intense black, obscurely
minutely yellow-mottled ; whorls twenty or more, concavely
flattened, densely minutely wrinkle-striated; aperture small,
columellar margin callously incurved. (Reeve.) _

Alt, 84, diam. 19 mm. (Reeve, Conch. Icon. fig. 5).

Hab. Ceylon; Nicobars?; Moluccas; New Ireland ; Penang ;
Java; Philippines; Timor; Buru; Amboyna; Celebes, etc.

Var. perdecollata, Vevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 218.

“Apparently a form constantly characterized by the strong
decollation, erosion of the surface and iron-rust, reddish colour of
the peristome, etc. ...... Very variable in size.” (Vevill.)

Alt. 76°5, diam. 21 mm.

Hab. Ceylon, Southern Province (Nevill).

10 TIARIDZ.

Genus TIARA.

Tiara, Bolten, 1798, Mus. Bolten.

Melania, Lamarck, 1799 et auct.

Turritella, Link, non lamarck.

Ellistoma, Rafinesque.

Melanites, Krugel.

Hygronoma, Gistel.

Typ, Helix amarula, Linn.: Mauritius ; Madagascar ; Comoro

Islands.

Range. Tropical Islands of the Indian Ocean and Moluccas.

Shell ovate; spire and aperture of nearly equal length ; whorls
coronated with spines or tubercles ; aperture ovate, entire in front,
pointed behind ; inner lip very thin ; outer lip simple, acute.

19. Tiara cybele (Gould).
Tiara cybele (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. ii, 1847, p. 222 (as

Melania cybele).
Melania crenularis, Deshayes, Mag. Zool. 1884, pl. 83 ; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 279.

Original description :—Testa ovata, turrita, crassa, fuliginosa,
epidermide velutina induta; spira ad apicem valde erosa, anfr.
superstit. ad 3 planulatis, superne tribulatis, et pinnis curtis acutis
arrectis ordinatim dispositis coronatis ; apertura angusta, elongato-
ovalis, postice angulata; intus livida.

Alt. 25, diam. 15:5 mm.

Hab. Fiji, Navigators’ Islands, ete.

Var. amara (Moérch), J. de Conch. 1872, p. 319, as Melania
amura, for Jf. mitra, Reeve (not of Meuschen), Con. Icon. sp. 175.

Oriyinal description :—Shell ovate, ventricose, black-brown,
sometimes covered with a soft epidermis; whorls few, smooth,
sharply concavely angled at the upper part, prickly-tubercled at
the angle; aperture obliquely ovate; columella callously effused,
interior sometimes blood-stained.

Alt. 47, diam. 24:5 mm. (fig. b in Conch, Icon.).

Hab. Sumatra (Cuming); Pulo Panjang (Mérch) ; Great Nicobar

(Roepstor ff).

Melania, Lamarck, being an absolute synonym of Ziara, Bolten,
and as none of the names used in the genus appear to be
applicable, the author proposes the subgeneric name fadina for
the following group.

Subgenus RADINA, nov.
Melania, WI, & A. Adams, 1855; Brot, 1874.

Typn, Melania hastula, Lea: Philippines; Fiji; Ualmaheira ;
Aru Islands.

TIARA. 11

Range. 8. & E. Asia; Malay Archipelago; islands of the
Pacific.

Shell subulate, elongated ; spire many-whorled, acute; whorls
smooth, not spinose; aperture ovate, acuminate, posteriorly entire,
rounded in front; inner lip thin, not callous; outer lip simple,
acute, margin entire. (H. g A. Adams.)

20. Tiara (Radina) hastula (Zea).

Tiara (Radina) hastula (Lea), P. Z. S. 1850, p. 189 ; Conch.-Cab. ii,
pl. 16, figs. 3,3; fide Brot.

Melania costata, auct. [not of Quoy].

Melania fammulata, Busch [not of Reeve].

Melania picta, Rve. |not of Hinds].

Melania acuta, Rve. (not of Lea].

Melania arroensis, Rve., Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 228.

Original description :—Testa striata, nonnunquam plicata, elon-
gata subulata, diaphana, tenui, fusca, striis transversis crebris
costulas decussantibus ; spira acuminata; suturis linearibus ; an-
fractibus plano-convexis’; apertura parvula, ovata, intus vel fusca
vel albida; columella incurva tortaque.

Alt. 88, diam. 20°25 mm.

Hab. Philippines; India.

Var. subacutissima, Mevill, tom. cit.

We 6 Sake omens Spiral striation on base of last whorl distinct :
upper whorls obscurely dotted and flamed with brown and
peculiarly alternate .....”

Alt. 55, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Andamans (Roepstorff).

Subvar. subcrenulata, Wevill, tom. cit. p. 229.

Alt. 51, diam. 16°75 mm.
Hab. Andamans (Roepstorff’).

21. Tiara (Radina) crenulata (Deshayes).
Tiara (Radina) crenulata (Deshayes), Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert.
ed. 2, viii, 1838, p. 434.
Bulimus torulosus, Brug. Encycl. Méth., Vers, i, p. 852 ?
Helix crenata, Dillwyn, Cat. ii, p. 950, no. 144; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 225.

Original description: —Testa elongato-turrita, apice truncata albo-
fuscescente obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus latis subplanis ad suturam
depressis, marginatis ; margine lato, excavato; apertura magna,
ovali, ad basim dilatata ; columella contorta, crassa.

Alt. 64, diam. 21 mm.

Hab. Philippines.

12 TIARID AE.

Var. tirouri, Férussac, Quoy & Gaim. Voy. de l’Astr., Zool. iii,
p- 159, pl. lvi, figs. 38, 39 (as Melania tirourt); Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 226.

Original description :—Testa turrita, solida, crassa, rudenter
transversim sulcata, albida; anfractibus plano-convexis ; postice
sulco impresso divisis F spira crassa, truncata; apertura ampla,
ovali et cerulea.

Alt. 54 mm.

Hab. Celebes ; Philippines ; Puniar River, Cuddalore (Beddome) ,
Vizagapatam (Stoliczka) ; Andamans (Loepstorf’).

Var. confusa, Dohrn, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225.

Melania confusa, Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 185; H. & T., C. I. pl. 72,
fig. 4,

Original description :—Testa turrita, solida olivacea vel nigricans ;
anfr. 10-11 planulati, spiralisulcati aut varicosi, longitudinaliter
striati; apertura oblonga, albida, non detruncata. Operculum
corneum, nigrescens, oblongum.

Alt. 72, diam. 18 mm.

Aperture: alt. 22, diam. 11 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

22, Tiara (Radina) clavus, Lamarck.

Tiara (Radina) clavus (Lamarck), Hist. Anim. s. Vert. vi, 1822,

p. 165.
Melania acuminata, Dkr, Phil. Abb.

Melania acus, Lea, P. Z. 8, 1850; Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 92.
Melania gaudiosa, Hinds, A.M. N. HL. xiv, 1844; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 223,

Shell shortly eubulate, spire sharply acuminate towards the
apex, horny, rather thin, livid purple, white at the sutures; whorls
twelve to thirteen, rather flat, the first longitudinally ribbed, the
rest smooth ; aperture ovate, columellar margin callous white.

Alt. 25, diam, 85 mm. (Reeve, Con. Icon. fig. 92 as M. acus,

Lea.)

Hab. Nicobars (Nevill).

Var. sobrius, Lea.

Melania sobrius, Lea, P. Z. 8. 1850, P. 181, and Reeve, Con, Icon.
figs. 32, 80; Nevill, Hand List, pte 2 »P 293,

6 Saisie of a plain uniform colouration, without traces either of
spots or bands.” (Nevill.)

Alt, 31°5-39'5, diam. 10-12-75 mm.

Hab. Nicobars.

TIARA. 13

Subvar. cochlidium, Zea.

Melania cochlidium, Lea, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 183; Reeve, Con. Icon.
tig. 27; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 224.

Original description :—Testa levi, subulata, subcrassa, rufo-
cornea ; spira elevata, acuminata, ad apicem minute plicata;
suturis regulariter impressis ; anfractibus tredecim, subcompressis,
anfractu ultimo supra angulato, magno; apertura late ovata, parva,
ad basim retusa, intus albida; columella regulariter incurva.

Alt. 37°5, diam. 12°5 nm.

Hab, Philippines; Katchall, Nicobar Islands (Roepstorff’).

Var. pirenoidea, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 224.

“A remarkable, ‘ Pirena-like,’ strongly decollate and massive
form, .....” (Nevill.)

Alt. 30, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Nicobars.

Subvar. perdecollata, Vevill, tom. cit.

A smaller form, still more decollate, only two or three whorls
reinaining.
Hab, Nicobars.

Var. plana, v. d. Busch, MS., Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, pl. 21,
fig. 17 a.

? Melania gaudiosa, Hinds, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 225.

“The apical eight whorls are very prominently and regularly,
longitudinally ribbed and spirally striated ; last whorl, of course,
smooth at base; of uniform dark olive-green colvuration.”
(Nevill.)

Alt. 28°5, diam. 7°75 mm.

Hab. Great Nicobar.

23. Tiara (Radina) fuscata (Born).

Tiara (Radina) fuscata (Born), Test, Vindob. 1780, p. 390 (as Helix)
[not of the Con. Indica], and Test. Mus. Czesar. Vindob. pl. 16,
fig. 17; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 221.

Original description :—Testa subulata, levis, transversim sub-
tilissime striata; anfractus decem teretes ; apertura ovata; labrum
leeve ; faux cinerea; color e luteo fuscus.

Alt. 48, diam. 15 mm.

Hab. Nicobars.

24, Tiara (Radina) zeleborii (Brot).

Tiara (Radina) zeleborii (Brot), Mat. Mélaniens, iii, p. 35, pl. 2,
figs. 18, 14; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 280.

Original description :—Testa subulata, solida, fusco-nigra, polita ;

14 TIARIDE.

spira eroso-decollata (specim. adult.) ; anfract. 5-6 incolumes sub-
planulati, lvigati, sutura subcanaliculata, angusta marginata
divisi, ultimo magno, basi obtuse angulato, circa columellam striato.
Apertura piriformis, superne acute angulata, basi producta, late
effusa, columella torta, margine dextro recto, basali arcuato.
Opercul. subspiratum, nucleo basali, marginali.

Testa juvenilis spira subintegra, colore fusco-corneo; anfr.
ultimus basi angulatus, parte mediana fusco tinctus. Anfr.
circa 11, supremi longitudinaliter crebre striati, striis sensim
evanescentibus.

Dim. specim. adult. decollati (anfr. 5-6).

Alt. 54, diam. 13 mm.

Aperture: alt. 18, diam. 10 mm.

Dim. specim. juv. (ante. circa 11),

Alt. 37, diam. 8 mm.

Ifab. Nicobars (Roepstorff’).

Var. nana, WVevill, tom. cit.

“Strongly decollate, only 3 or 4 whorls remaining.”
Alt. 29:5, diam. 10°5 mm.
Hab. Great Nicobar (Roepstorff).

Var. solidiuscula, Wevill, tom. cit.

“A very distinct variety, slightly decollate, 6 whorls ......
constantly distinguished from ...... the preceding by its greater
solidity and by the less convex whorls, especially noticeable in the
last one.”

Alt. 37, diam. 11°5 mm.

Hab. Andamans (Loepstorf/).

25. Tiara (Radina) charon (Preston).

Tiara (Radina) charon (Preston), Rec, Ind. Mus, ii, p. 196, pl. 15,
fig. 22.

Shell elongately subulate, dark brownish black; remaining
whorls 12, convex, marked throughout with lines of growth and
spirally sculptured with faint, somewhat distant raised strie ;
sutures well impressed ; columella descending in a rounded curve
and extending into a slight callus which reaches the lip above ;
peristome simple; aperture oblong-ovate; interior slate-colour.

Alt. 56, diam. maj. 12 mm.

Aperture, alt. 11:75, diam. 7 min.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

26. Tiara (Radina) expatriata (Preston).

Tiara (Radina) expatriata (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. ii, p. 196,
pl. 15, fig. 28.

Shell subulately turreted, dark blackish brown; remaining
whorls 43, spirally striated on the lower half of the upper whorls;

TIARA, 15

the body-whorl encircled by an infra-sutural ridge forming a
distinct shoulder and weakly spirally lirate throughout below the
ridge; sutures impressed; peristome simple ; columella arched, a
callus joining it with the lip above; aperture inversely auriform.

Alt. 33:25, diam. maj. 12-25 mm.

Aperture, alt. 10°5, diam. 5°5 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

The shoulder formed by the infra-sutural ridge presents a some-
what striking appearance and recalls some of the Western Pacifle
Island forms in which this character occurs; the other characters,
however, when taken collectively or singly, easily separate it from
any of the species described from those regions.

27. Tiara (Radina) multistriata (Preston).

Tiara (Radina) multistriata (Preston), Rec. Ind, Mus. ii, p. 196,
pl. 16, fig. 24.

Shell decollate, subulate, dark olive-brown ; remaining whorls 4,
rather flat, sculptured throughout with fine transverse strize and
coarser spiral strie; sutures deep and incised; columella arched ;
peristome acute ; aperture ovate; interior bluish grey.

Alt. 26, diam. maj. 10 mm.

Aperture, alt. 9°5, diam. 4 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

Subgenus STRIATELLA.
Striatella, Brot, Conch.-Cab. 1875, pp. 7, 193.

Typus, Melania corporosa, Gould, Tahiti; and Melania tubercu-
lata, Miller, N. Africa, 8. & E. Asia, Malaysia, N. Australia.

Range. Add to the above S. & E, Africa and Tropical Islands of
the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Original description :—Testa turrita, mediocris, longitudinaliter
plus minusve striata, sepe transverse plicata; apertura basi rotun-
data, columella medice torta.

Testa longitudinaliter inciso-striata, sutura canaliculata.

(Typ. M. corporosa.)

Testa longitudinaliter elevato-lirata; rubropunctata vel flam-
mulata.

(Vyp. M. tuberculata.)

28. Tiara (Striatella) tuberculata (Miilir).
Nerita tuberculata, Miiller, Hist. Verm. 1774 (as Nerita), Coro-
mandel; H. & T., C. I. pl. 74, figs. 1-4; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 239.

Shell elongate, very acuminate or subulate, pale, thin, sculptured
with raised spiral strie and undulating grooves, blotched with
blood-red, these red markings often forming zigzag bands. Whorls
8 or 9, ornamented with longitudinal tubercular ridges, each bearing

16 TIARIDE,

about 9 tubercles on the body-whorl; aperture ovate, outer lip
acute, polished within and marked with more or less transparenc
bands.

Hab. Throughout India, Burma, and Ceylon, and perhaps one
of the most widely distributed and variable of species extending
as it does from Morocco in the West to China and Australia in
the East.

The principal Indian varieties would seem, according to Nevill,
to be as follows :—

Var. subcrebra, Nevill, Hand List, p. 241.

OAL ore aisle subgranulose variety approaching M. erebra, Lea ;
of a uniform siraw-colour; spire net much produced; last whorl
convex, whorls 6-7.”

Alt. 22, diam. 7°75 mm.

Hab. Bandarawella, Ceylon.

Var. layardi (Dohrn), Nevill, Hand List, p. 242.

Melania layardt, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 135; Reeve, Conch. Icon.
pl. 15, sp. 104; H. & T., C. I. pl. 78, figs. 8, 9.

Original description :—Testa turrita, solidiuscula, olivacea; anfr.
6-7 convexi, striis spiralibus, rugis longitudinalibus regulariter
ornata, ad suturam fusco-maculata: apertura ovato-oblonga, intus
ceruleo-albida; columella rotundata, peristomium valde productuin,
arcuatum,

Alt. 35, diam. 10 mm.

Aperture: alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon; 8. Canara (Beddome).

On the S. Canara specimen Nevill makes the following
remarks :—

“ The first specimens, I believe, of this very characteristic variety
described from Continental India. They are a very fine form.—
long. 33, diam. 102 mm.—7 whorls.”

The dimensions given in the original description are those
of Dohrn’s largest specimen, he gives them, together with the
following description, of a smaller form, thus :—

“ Var. Minor, decollata, nigrescens, intus cerulea.”
Alt, 22, diam. 7 mm.
Aperture: alt. 7, diam. 4 mm.

Var. tigrina (Zutton), Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 242.

Melania tigrina, Hutton, J. A. 8, B, 1850, p. 658; H.& T., C.1
pl. 110, fig. 2.

Original description :—Shell devoid of apex, the spire being
inyariably much eroded; general appearance that of MW. pyramis,

TIARA, 17

but differs in being coarser, in wanting the strong and prominent
longitudinal furrows which characterise that species, and which
are observable throughout its length; the outer lip also has a
tendency to be more produced ; while the flame-shaped streaks of
colouring are narrower, closer, and less devious or zigzag, often
becoming bifid or pronged on the body-whorl; epidermis pale
olive-green or olive-brown, ornamented with close, narrow, irregular
transverse dashes. General number of whorls in eroded and
decollated specimens five, though nine or ten would appear to
be the correct number, wrinkled transversely by coarse lines of
increase ; the upper angle of the aperture is never so acute as in
M. pyramis, and the sutures are deeper and whorls more tumid at
their junction.

Var. orissaénsis, Vevill, tom. cit. p. 248.

“A remarkable form; spire short, with ventricose whorls, sub-
stance thick, coloration uniform green (or almost so), longitudinal
ribbing remarkably developed, even on the last whorl.”

Long. 25, diam. 9 (scarcely) mm.

Hab. Cuttack, Orissa (J. Caldwell).

Var. luteomarginata, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 244.

Long. 37:5, diam. 13 mm.
Hab. Kalgan, Persia; Baluchistan.

Var. myadoungensis, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 245.

“A very distinct form remarkable for its ‘terebra-like’ pro-
duced spire, its contracted or appressed whorls (especially the
last) ; the spiral, undulating sculpture is more acutely prominent
than in any form I know; all the whorls, except the last, have
a light longitudinal ribbing as well; of a light yellowish-green
colour, prettily marbled with brown. Anfr. 8; long. 273, diam.

me Pl. 74, fig. 1 of the Con. Indica resembles it, only

earn een

the last whorl is too ventricose, etc.”
Hab. Myadoung, Upper Burma (Anderson).

Subvar. subplicifera, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 245.

“4 form nearer Reeve’s fig. 1098; distinguished from the
preceding by the more developed longitudinal structure through-

out.”
Hab. Myadoung (Anderson).

29. Tiara (Striatella) sublutosa (Nevz/).
Tiara (Striatella) sublutosa (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 234.

Original description :—‘ Very strongly decellate, an exact
c

18 TIARIDA.

‘miniature’ of M. Brot’s pl. 24, fig. 15, ‘If. lutosa, Gould,’ from
Upolu. .sssass. et

Alt. 15, diam. 6:10 mm.; whorls 3.

Hab. Great Nicobar (Roepstorff).

30. Tiara (Striatella) turriculus (Zea).

Tiara (Striatella) turriculus (Lea), P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 190.
Melania perpinguis, Reeve [not of Hinds], sp. 113; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 234.

Original description :—Testa striata, conoidea, subtenui, obscure
maculata, cornea, spira subelevata ; suturis impressis ; anfractibus
novem, convexiusculis, lineis subraris impressis, superne angulatis ;
* apertura parva, subconstricta, intus albida et obscure maculata, ad
basim rotunda; columella regulariter curvata.

Alt. 27°75, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Philippines; Andamans (oepstorff’).

31. Tiara (Striatella) nevilli (Brot).

Tiara (Striatella) nevilli (Brot), Conch.-Cab. ii, 1877, p. 200, pl. 22,
fig.13; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 236.

Original description :—Testa subulato-turrita, subeylindracea,
solida, virenti-olivaces, nitidula. Spira erosa; anfr. persist. 6-7,
declivi-convexiusculi, sutura appressa, subcanaliculato-incisa divisi,
supremi longitudinaliter arcte inciso-striati, ultimi 3-4 omnino
levigati vel lineis incrementi leviter striatuli. Apertura piriformis,
basi latiuscula, vix effusa ; columella subincrassata, parum torta et
arcuata; margine dextro subrecte descendente, hand protracto.

Alt. 38, diam. 11 mm.

Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 5-5 mm.

Hab, Andaman Islands (Hanley); Tahiti (Morelet),

Var. andamanica, Nevill, tom. cit.

ee distinguished by the upper three or four whorls being
invariably longitudinally ribbed, the ribs being not at. all pro-
minent and slightly but distinctly arcuate; quite young specimens
show the ribbing throughout, the ribs only becoming obsolete on
the lower portion of the last whorl. Generally but. slightly
decollate, eight whorls remaining; covered with a rust-brown
coating, beneath which the shell is light green, irregularly and
very slightly spotted with brown below the suture; throughout
spirally striated; a single specimen only has this spiral sculpture
obsolete on the central portion of the last two to three whorls.
The majority ef specimens are smaller than type-figure of
M. nevilli, and have the last two whorls increasing much more
rapidly in breadth ........ a

TIARA, 19

Subvar. semilevigata, Nevill, tom. cit.

The author gives no further description than that implied by
the name.
Hab, Andamans (Ford).

Subvar. appressa, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 237

The last two whorls are contracted much as in typical
T. (S.) nevilli,
Hab. Andamans (Anderson).

32, Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve).

Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica (Reeve), Con. Icon. sp. 54; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 287,

Original description :—Shell turriculated, rather solid, black :
whorls ten to twelve, somewhat rounded, the first spirally grooved
throughout, the rest with the upper and lower grooves fading
away; aperture rather small.

Alt. 33°5, diam. 10 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab. Nicobar Islands.

Subvar. canaliculata, Vevil/, tom. cit.

Apparently channelled below the suture.
Hab. Nicobars (Roepstorf*); S. Andaman (Roepstorff").

Subvar. gigantea, Nevill, tom. cit.

A large form which, though only having four whorls remaining,
is of the following dimensions :-—

Alt. 48, diam. 17 mm.

Had. Camorta (Roepstorf); 8. Andaman (Roepstor ff).

Var. fusiformis, Vevill, tom. cit.

“ Well distinguished by its produced and fusiform shape; the
whorls increase regularly and are more convex than those of
the type form, in which the upper whorls are abruptly and con-
tractedly attenuate, the lower ones increasing rapidly in size,
especially the last, which is always very tumid. In var. fusi-
formis, on the contrary, it is only a trifle more swollen than the
preceding one. More solid and of brighter coloration ; sculpture
rather less distinct.” (Nevtll.)

Alt. 32-5 (9 whorls), diam. 9 mm.

Hab. 8S. Andaman (Roepstorf).

Var. perstriatula, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 238.
“The last two whorls are throughout regularly and evenly,
finely spirally striated.”
Hab. Andamans [?] (Stoliezka). ;
o

20 TIARIDE.

33. Tiara (Striatella) crebra (Lec).

Tiara (Striatella) crebra (Lea), P.Z.S. 1850, p. 193 (as M. erebra) ;
Reeve, Con. Icon. 1860, sp. 162; var. from Nicobars, Brot, pl. 33,
fig. 2, as of Sect. Taurebia ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 238.

Original description :—Testa cancellata, elevato-conica, crassa,
tenebroso-castanea; spira valde elevata ; anfractibus decem, con-
vexiusculis, ad basim striis impressis; apertura parvula, ovata,
intus albida ; ad basim rotunda ; columella incurvata.

Alt. 37°5, diam. 12°56 mm.

Hab. Philippines (Lea); Preparis Isd., Bay of Bengal (Stol-
iczka, Wood-Mason) ; S. Audaman (Roepstorf); Nancowri and
Katchall, Nicobars (Joepstorff).

Subvar. emaciata, Vevill, tom. cit. p. 239.

«Besides the more contracted whorls the coloration is darker
and the longitudinal sculpture less developed.”

Alt. 28°5, diam. 7 mm.

Hab, Katchall and Nancowri, Nicobar Islands (foepstorf’).

34. Tiara (Striatella) rivularis (Philipp:).

Tiara (Striatella) rivularis (Philippi), Abbild. ii, pl. 4, fig. 6, 1847,
p. 171; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 247.

Original description :—Testa turrita, virescente, apice decollata ;
anfractibus 7, convexis, sutura profunda divisis, transverse striatis,
superioribus lineis rufis longitudinalibus, medianis serie transversa,
punctorum infra suturam, pictis ; apertura ovato-oblonga, superne
acuta, basi effusa ; labro basi valde producto.

Alt. 20, diam. 6°75 mm.

Hab. Java; Andamans (Roepstorf’).

Var. subunifascialis, Nevill, tom. cit.

“.,.. the spiral striation is more or less obsolete on the upper
portion of the whorls, imparting a very characteristic appearance
to the shell; basal band round the columella not visible within
the aperture.”

Alt. 19 (whorls 84), diam. 6 mm.

Hab. Andamans (loepstorff ).

35. Tiara (Striatella) pyramis (Benson).
Tiara (Striatella) pyramis (Benson), as Species B, Gleanings in

Science, no. 13, 1830, p. 22; Hutton, J. A. 8. B. xviii, 1850,
pt. 2, p. 658; H. & T., C. I. pl. 110, figs. 3, 4.

Original description:—Shell subulate-turreted, translucent ;
whorls depressed, with longitudinal and transverse ruge, which
give a decussated appearance to the upper whorls. Colour pallid,

TIARA. 2]

with bands of red-brown dots or irregular longitudinal streaks of
the same colour, sometimes altogether devoid of markings.

“This shell occurs alive in the Gumti, Yamuna, Betwa, and
Cén rivers. I have met with the exuvie in the Ganges. In this
++.. species the foot is of a pallid colour with brownish black
markings. The body is light verdigris-green.”

Alt. 29°75, diam. maj. 8°75 mm.

Aperture: alt. 8-5, diam. 4 mm.

The above dimensions are taken from a specimen in the British
Museum, none being given in the original description.

Subgenus MELANOIDES.

Melanoides, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 1854, i, p. 296; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 248.

Typz, Melania asperata, Lamarck; Philippines.

Range. 8. and E. Asia; Japan; Malaysia.

Shell subulate, solid; whorls often nodulous or rugose ; aperture
subcircular, produced in front; inner lip somewhat callous ;
outer lip sinuated, thickened, dilated and produced anteriorly.
Operculum subcircular, subspiral, of few rapidly-enlarging whorls.

36. Tiara (Melanoides) herculea (Gould).

Tiara (Melanoides) herculea (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1846, ii, p. 100; Otia Conch. p. 199; H. & T., C.I. pl. 72, fig. 5.

Original description :—Testa ponderosa, elongato-conica, fusco-
viridis, decollata : anfr., numero integro ad 15, superstitibus 2-5,
planulatis, infra suturam constrictis, plicis profundis 4-nodosis
longitudinalibus ; ultimo subcarinato, basi striis crassis cincto ;
apertura subrhomboidali ; antice producta, callo columellari rotun-
dato, crasso, fauce plus minusve fusco.

Alt. 71:5, diam. 25°5 mm.

Hab. Tavoy River.

37. Tiara (Melanoides) gloriosa (Anthony).

Tiara (Melanoides) gloriosa (Anthony), Amer. Journ. Conch. i,
1865, pt. 3, p. 207, pl. 18, fig. 2; H.& T.,C. L pl. 72, figs. 1, 2.

Original description :—Shell ovate-conic, smooth, olivaceous ;
spire elevated, but abruptly decollate, exhibiting only four whorls,
which are convex and quite broad; sutures very deep and dis-
tinct; lines of growth remarkably prominent, often amounting to
varices, and with revolving strie less prominent, but, nevertheless,
distinct, decussating with them; aperture large, ovate, blotched
with reddish-brown within; columella very much curved, thickened

22 TIARIDA.

with a white callus, and forming, with the sinuous outer lip, a
lengthened, but not very decided sinus at the base.

Alt. (as eroded) 63, diam. 25 mm.

Aperture: alt. 25, diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Pegu.

Belongs to a group of which JV. herculea, Gould, may be cited
as an example, but is much larger, has never such regular folds as
that species, nor are its concentric stri# so prominent as to form
nodulous ridges as in A. herculea; it is probably one of the most
ponderous species of the genus; the revolving striz are more
prominent near the sutures, and at the base of the shell they are
also much crowded and more elevated.

Var. peguensis, Hanley § Theobald, H. & T., C. I.
(as M. peguensis); Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 25
M. touranensis, Soul.).

pl. 72, fig. 6
0 (as var. of

Differing chiefly from the typical form in the absence of spiral
striation and basal contraction of the aperture.

Alt, 88, diam. 31 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).

Hab. Henzada, Pegu (Stoliczka),

Var. compacta, Nevill, tom. cit. (as var. of M. touranensis,
Soul.).

Smaller and more compact than the above, with the spiral strie
at the base of the last whorl very distinct but more crowded than
in typical M. gloriosa.

Alt. 63°5, diam. 23°5 mm.

Hab. Henzada (Stoliczha).

Var. beddomeana, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 251 (as var. of JL, touran-
ensis, Soul.).

‘Closely resembles the preceding in shape of the whorls and
spiral striation at base of the last whorl; relatively even more
solid; appears to be perfectly smooth throughout, with the
exception of the above-mentioned basal striation.” (Nevill.)

Alt. 44, diam. 172 diam.

Hab. Near Moulmein (Beddome).

38. Tiara (Melanoides) humerosa (Gould).

Tiara (Melanoides) humerosa (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
ii, 1847, p. 219; Otia Conch. p. 200; Brot, Conch.-Cab. 1875,
. 107

P :
Melania (Melanoides) reeve’, Brot, Matér, i, 1862, p. 46=balteata,
Reeve, sp. 144, fide Nevill.

Original description :—Testa elongato-turrita simplex, viridi-
cornea; spira derosa, anfr. ad 8 convexis, prope suturam obsolete
angulatis, lineis tenuissimis spiraliter striatis, ultimo antice

TIARA. 23

costato-striato; apertura subovali, antice vix effusa; columella
rotundata, alba, fauce fasciatim sublivida.

Alt. 47-5, diam. 12°5 mm.

Hab, Manko, Tavoy.

Var. lanceolata (Hanley & Theobald), Conch, Ind. pl. 1538,
fig. 1; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 248.

A slender form.

Alt. 63, diam. 22°75 mm.

Hab. Mandalay (Anderson); Henzada, Pegu (Stoliczka) ; Thyet
Myo (Hungerford).

Var. imbricata (Hanley g; Theobald), tom. cit. fig. 4; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 249.

“‘In quite young specimens the ‘imbricated’ sculpture can
scarcely be detected.” (Wevill.)
Alt. 65, diam. 25 mm.

Hab. Henzada (Stoliczka) ; Yaylaymaw (Anderson).

Var. solidiuscula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 249; Brot,
Conch.-Cab. ii, pl. 13, fig. 6 (as ** M. reevei [juv.]”).

“,... Solid and light yellow coloured ; a quite young specimen

having a single broad brown belt on the middle of the last whorl.”
(Nevill.)

Alt. 48, diam: 18 mm.

Hab. Pegu (Stoliczka).

39. Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis (Benson).

Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis (Benson), J. A. 8. B. v, 1836,
pp. 746-747 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1875, pp. 85-87, pl. 10, figs. 1,
la-d; H. & T.,C. 1. pl. 109, figs. 2, 3, 5, 6.

Original description :—Testa elongato-turrita, solida, olivacea vel
picea, sub epidermide albida; anfractibus convexis transverse
liratis, longitudinaliter striatis et costatis; costulis anfractus
ultimi superne nodulosis; apice plerumque truncato; suturis
excavatis. Apertura intus violacea, coiumelle basi sinuata.

Hab, Goomty River at Jonpur, Tolly’s Nullah, near Calcutta,

Var. A. Anfractuum inferiorum liris elevatis, nodulis eleva-
toribus.
Hab. River Hooghli at Calcutta.

Var. B. Liris, mediana excepta, obsoletis ; nodulis subspinosis
carinam humeralem coronantibus.
This is the var. spinosa, Benson.

Var. C. Levis liris costulisque obsoletis ; anfractus ultimi medio
subcarinato, adulti nodulis humeralibus frugaliter sparsis.

24 TIARID A.

Var. D. Anfractuum supericrum costulis vbsoletis, ultimi et
penultimi liris transversis costulis longitudinalibusque superne
serie duplici nodulosis.

Benson further adds :—“ Varieties B, C, and D are in the
Silhet collection. The type specimens of several of these varieties
would, if viewed apart, be easily mistaken for distinct species, but
they melt into each other so gradually, occasionally showing the
characters of more than one variety combined in the same shell,
that no doubt remains of their blending in one species. In
Tolly’s Nullah I took larger specimens than any in the collection
[Museum of the Asiatic Society]; though at least four twists of
the spire were defective, one individual measured 3:4 inches in
length. The Gimti specimens are less liable to truncation, and
in young specimens the apices are nearly perfect. I have not
observed more than 12 whorls present in any specimen. I de-
scribed the type of the species without a name as species A in the
15th no. of the ‘Gleanings in Science.’ It was figured as no. 7
in plate vii. vol. i.”

Subvar. cincta (Hanley § Theobald), H. & T., C. I. pl. 109,
fig. 5; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 252.

The ribs in this variety show a strong tendency to become
spinose.

Alt. 58, diam. 19 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).

Hab. Assam (Bacon); Raniganj (Stoliczka).

Subvar. subtuberculata, Nevill, tom. cit.

“« Aperture relatively very small,almost round ; last two whorls
with scarcely any sculpture.” (Nevill.)

Alt. 36, diam. 12°5 mm.

Hab. Calcutta (Stoliczia).

Subvar. subspinosa, Nevil/, tom. cit. p. 253.

No other description given than that implied by the name.
Hab, Tank opposite Bengal Club, Calcutta (Nevill).

Var. subvaricosa, Nevill, tom. cit.

Appears to be more or less varicose.
Alt. 65°5, diam. 24 mm,
Hab, Arakan and Pegu ? (Stoliczka).

Var. fasciata, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 256.

Having ‘“‘a somewhat indistinct brown band in the middle of
the whorls, two at base; substance rather thin, outer lip not
acutely angled at base, although angled at the periphery; no
tendency to posses a raised keel there, as is often the case.”

Alt. 33, diam. 17 mm. (4 remaining whorls).

Hab, Bhootan (Stoliczha).

TIARA. 25

40. Tiara (Melanoides) episcopalis (J. ¢: H. Lea).

Tiara (Melanoides) episcopalis (I. & H. Lea), P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 184,
in part; Reeve, Con. Icon., Melania, pl. 3, sp. 12; H. & T.,
C. 1. pl. 72, fig. 7, & pl. 75, figs. 5, 7.

Original description :—Testa plicata, turrita, subcrassa, tene-
brosa-castanea; spira elevata; suturis impressis; anfractibus
subconvexis, prope suturam superiorem concavis; plicis raris,
subacuminatis; apertura magna, elliptica, intus cerulescente ;
columella contorta.

Alt. 61, diam. 20 mm.

Hab. A sluggish river, Malacca.

The authors also append the following note :—

“This is a remarkable and interesting species, and differs from
any which has been described in having rather large and some-
what distant folds rising on the upper part into nodular points
in all the four specimens submitted for examination. The apex
of these specimens being truncated, the number of whorls cannot
be ascertained. A perfect’ adult would probably present about
ten. The folds are distinct on the four lower whorls only. On
the middle of the lower whorl there is a slightly elevated line,
below which are about six obscure striz. The aperture is large,
and more than one-third the length of the shell; it is twisted,
and has an elongated base. The columella is whitish and very
much incurved. The operculum is more spiral than usual, and
the polar point more toward the centre.”

A number of minor varieties are cited by Nevill in his ‘ Hand
List,’ from which, however, for the purposes of the present work
it will be sufficient to quote the following : —

Var. pontificalis (v. d. Busch), Mousson, L. & 8S. Moll. Java,
p. 65, pl. 10, fig. 3 (as Melania pontijicalis).

Melania infracostata, v. d. Busch, in Reeve, Conch. Icon., Melania,
sp. 14; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 259.

Original description:—Testa turrita, magna, crassa, lactea,
superne flammulis nonnullis picta, epidermide olivacea induta,
anfractibus longitudine transversimque tenuiter striatis, superiori-
bus fere planatis, inferioribus convexis, ultimo et penultimo
crassicostatis, costis distantibus superne in nodulos exeuntibus ;
columella arcuata, labro acuto ad basin producto ; apertura ovata,
lactea.

Alt. 72, diam. 24°5 mm.

Hab. Borneo ; near Sibsagar (Peal).

41, Tiara (Melanoides) menkeana (Lec), emend.

Melania menkiana, in Lea, Obs. Unio, iv, p. 24, for Melania plhicata,
Lea, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. (& Obs. Unio, ii, p. 20), pl. 23, fig. 95
(not of Menke, Synops. 1880).

26 TIARIDE.

Melania menkeana, Lea, Brot in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 91, pl. U1,
figs. 1, la, b; H.& T., C. 1. p. 45, pl. 110, fig. 6.

Testa turrita vel conoideo-turrita, solidula, fusco-olivacea non-
nunquam brunneo bi- vel trifasciata ; spira decollata, anfr. super-
stit. ad 8, convexi, in medio angulati, infra angulum transversim
plicati, plicis ad angulum in spinas breves, evtus directas termi-
natis. Antr. ultimus basi obsolete liratus, linet suturali con-
spicue filoso-angulata. Apert. elliptico-ovata, superne acuta et
ungustata, basi angulatim producta; columella contorta, margine
dextro simplici, basin versus protracto. (Brot, in Conch.-Cab.)

Alt. 46, diam. 20 mm.

Aperture: alt. 18°5, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Bengal.

Var. microstoma, Mull, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 26].

A small form with a small and almost rounded aperture.
Alt. 25, diam. 11:75 mm.
Hab. Sylhet.

42, Tiaru (Melanoides) baccata (Gould).

Tiara (Melanoides) baccata (Gould), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist.
ii, p. 219; Otia Conch. p. 200; H. & T., C. IL. pl. 75, figs. 1, 4;
Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.

Original description :—Testa magna, crassa, elongato-turrita,
epidermide fusco-castaneo induta; spira decollata, antr. 6 rotun-
datis, plicis longitudinalibus et costis volventibus triseriatim
nodoso-decussatis, ultimo ad basim 4 costato ; apertura lunata,
labio antice producto, columella aurantia valde arcuata; fauce
cerulescente fusco-fasciato..,

Alt. 51, diam. 18°5 mm.

Hab. Thoung-yin River, Burma.

Subvar. recta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262; Brot, in Conch.-
Cab. 1874, pl. 9, fig. 6 (as AZ. baccata, Gld.).

“Well represented by the above figure, but more decollate,
only 23 whorls remaining.” (Vevill.) Upper Salwin.

The following varieties are depicted by Hanley and Theobald
in the Conch. Indica, pl. 75, figs. 2, 3, both from the Shan
States :-—

Var. fusiformis.

Var. pyramidalis.

Melanoides variabilis, var. pyramadalis, Theobald, J. A. 8. B.
xxxiv, 1866, pt. 2, pl. 19, fig. 7.

TIARA, 27

Var. iravadica (Blanford), P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 445; H. & T., C.I.
pl. 71, fig. 1; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.

Original description :—Testa elongato-turrita, tenuis, fusco-
olivacea, decollata. Anfr. circa 7, primi erosi, 3-4 superstites
convexi, superi seriebus duabus spiralibus nodorum confertorum
circumdati, ultimus spiraliter liratus, nodis fere vel omnino
obsoletis. Apertura rhomboideo-ovata, antice subeffusa; peri-
stoma tenue, margine externo subrecto, basali antice porrecto,
columellari sinuato. Opere.?

Length (of a large decollated specimen) 25, diam. 15 mm.

Aperture taken obliquely: length 13, diam. 8 mm.

Total length (of a medium-sized example, also decollated) 13,
of the last whorl 11, largest diameter 14, smallest 12°5 mm.

Aperture taken obliquely and including the labrum : length 13,
diam. 8°5 mm.

Hab, Trawady River above Malé and Bhamo; Manwyne and
Yaylaymaw.

43, Tiara (Melanoides) terebra (Benson).

Tiara (Melanoides) terebra (Benson), J. A. 8. B. vy, 1836, p. 7475
Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 11, sp. 59. ;
Melanoides torquata, Busch, in Philippi, Ab. N. Conch. i, Melania,

pl. J, fig. 18; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 264.

Original description :—Testa elongato-turrita, olivaceo-brunnea,
levi, polita; autractibus tumidis; suturis excavatis; sinu inter
basin labri columellamque nullo. .. . Testa truncata.

Alt. 41 mm.

Hab. North-East Frontier of Bengal; Sylhet.

Benson remarks: “It is distinguished from the young of the
smooth variety of J. variabilis by the want of angularity at the
centre of the lower whorl, by its polished epidermis, more tumid
whorls and more deeply sunk sutures, as well as by the absence of
the sinuation of the inner lip which characterizes that species.
The apex of the shell is more or less truncated.”

44, Tiara (Melanoides) spinata (Godwin-Austen).
Tiara (Melanoides) spinata (Godwin-Austen), P. Z. 8. 1872, p. 514,
pl. 30, fig. 1 (as Melanotdes); Brot, in Conch.-Cah. 1875, p. 89,

pl. 10, figs. 2, 2a; H. & T., C. 1. pl. 109, fig. 1.

Original description :—Shell angularly turreted ; colour olive-
green ; spire acute, rather rapidly decreasing in diameter ; apex
eroded; suture marked by a distinct cord continuous with that
on the lower angle of the last whorl ; whorls 5-6 (there would be
Sif perfect), very convex and flattened on the periphery, with
strong tubercles arranged in two parallel longitudinal rows, the
spines being rather longer on the upper; aperture ovate, vertical,

28 TIARID.E.

well channelled at the base, a thin milky callus on the columellar
margin, within pale grey with two or more bands of brown
coinciding with the rows of spines and the corded surface of the
outer base.

Operculum paucispiral, nucleus subcentral.

Animal 1:4 in. long; foot round and large, not angular in
front; colour grey, mottled with ochre; body also grey, the ochre
markings showing as streaks; tentacles very short, 0-4 inch.

Alt. 58, diam. 30 mm.

Aperture: alt. 26, diam. 17 mm.

Hab. Kopili River, North Cachar Hills, a tributary of the
Brabmaputra.

45. Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera, Zeobald.

Tiara (Melanoides) baccifera (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866,
pt. 2, p. 274, pl. 9, fig. 5 (as M. variabilis, var. baccifera).
Melanoides subasperata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.

Differing from I. variabilis in having the ‘‘ whorls ornamented
with four or five rows of beaded keels, the transverse ribbing being
often well marked likewise” (Theobald). The small and circular
aperture is also a distinctive character.

Alt. 47-5, diam. 18°75 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

Var. sublevigata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 262.

A rather smoother form.
Hab. “ Burma” (Stoliczka); Shan States (Jedden).

Var. vittata (Theobald), J. A. S. B. xxxiv, 1866, pl. 9, fig. 4,
p. 273 (as WV. variabilis, var. vittata); Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p- 263.

Shell smooth, with somewhat convex whorls, rather pale in
colour, ornamented with a dark median band which becomes
obsolete on the last whorls; it is, however, well marked on the
earlier convolutions.

Alt. 50, diam. 18°30 mm.

Hab, Shan States (Ledden).

46, Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis (Benson).

Tiara (Melanoides) jugicostis (Benson), MS, (Ilanley & Theobald),
Conch. Ind. 1876, pl. 110, tigs. 8, 9; Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi,
1877, pt. 2, p. 33.

‘« Shell small, slightly decollated ; whorls five, abruptly angular,
smooth and shining, with a few rather distant, somewhat obsolete
and irregular, transverse ridges on the lower half of the last
whorl; longitudinally angularly ribbed, ribs very distant, thick

TIARA, 29

prominent, almost varicose, eight of them on the last whorl,
disappearing towards the base ; very pale green, with no markings
except a subobsolete brown band at base.” (Nevill.)

Fig. 1.— Tiara (Melunotdes) jugicostis, Bens. (type). X 2.

Alt. 12, diam. 6 mm.
Hab. Tenasserim River (Conch. Ind.); Myadoung, Burma
(Nevill).

47. Tiara (Melanoides) godwini (Brot).

Melanoides hanleyi, Godwin-Austen, P. Z. S. 1872, p. 514, pl. 30,
fig. 2 (as Melanoides) ; H. & T.,C. I. pl. 110, fig. 5.

Tiara (Melanoides) godwini (Brot), in Conch.-Cab. 1875, p. 90,
pl. 10, fig. 3.

Original description :—Shell turreted, colour rich dark chestnut-
brown ; spire rather acuminate, rapidly decreasing ; apex eroded ;
suture impressed but slightly, but strongly marked; whorls 5
(without the apical), flat, sharply angular above with a single row
of well-defined small tubercles on the angular margin ; body-whorl
large, well rounded below, distinctly corded at base near the
columellar margin ; aperture vertical, ovate, very slightly etfused
at base; within pale grey, with three or more red-brown bands.

Alt. 47, diam. 25 mm.

Aperture: alt. 22, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Diyung River, North Cachar Hills.

Subgenus PACHYCHILUS.
Pachychilus, Lea, P. Z. 8. 1850, p. 179.

Typn, P. cumingii, Lea [as gen. n.]; Central America,

Range. W. Indies ; C. & 8. America; Tropical Asia.

Original description :—Testa conica. Apertura ovata, basi
integro. Labrum crassum. Collumella superne incrassata.
Operculum suborbiculare, corneum.

48. Tiara (Pachychilus) limborgi (Hanley).

Tiara (Pachychilus) limborgi (Hanley), Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool. xiv,
1878, p. 580; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 269.

80 TIARIDE,

Original description:—Testa oblongo-turrita, brevis, magis
minusve crassa, olivaceo-flava. Anfractus pauci (circiter 8),
magni, convexi, rapide crescentes ; supremi laves, fascia spirali
livida aliquantulum supra medium sepius picti; inferiores costellis
subdepressis (nonnunquam versus costellas basis acutiores angustas
magisque distantes obsoletis) spiraliter ornati. Sutura distincta.

Fig. 2.—Tiara (Pachychilus) limborgi, Hanley (type).

Apertura ovato-elliptica, basi rotundata, circiter 3 longitudinis
testee zquans, livida vel livido-fasciata; peristomo pallida;
columella arcuata, macula livida picta, haud angusta.

Alt. 25 mm.

Hab. Mulé-it Range, Tenasserim (Limborg).

“ The shell,...... displays no other painting than the narrow
livid band which winds occasionally to the outer lip; it is probable,
however, that additional ones are sometimes developed upon the
body-whorl. The spire tapers quickly to its point......; There
are no longitudinal folds.”

49. Tiara (Pachychilus) hungerfordiana, Nevill.
Tiara (Pachychilus) hungerfordiana, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2
p. 270.

“ Slightly truncate, seven whorls remaining,...... thick and
solid, of a yellowish-brown colour, girt with a single well-marked
band in the middle of the upper whorls; three bands on the last
whorl; the basal margin subacutely angled, not rounded ....; no
spiral sulcation at base of last whorl.’

Alt. 39°5, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma (type) (Hungerford) ; Pegu.

Subgenus ACROSTOMA.
Acrostuma, Brot, in Conch.-Cab, 1874, p. 17.
Typr, Melania hiigelt, Philippi; India.

Range. India; Java.
Original description :—Testa fusiformis subbiconica; apertura
basi angulatim producta.

TIARA, 31

50. Tiara (Acrostoma) hiigeli (Philippi).

Tiara (Acrostoma) hiigeli (Philippi), Abbild. N. Conch. i, p. 61
Melanin, pl. 2, fig. 8. oe ae

Melania siphonata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. pl. 20, sp. 143; H. & T.,
C.I. pl. 71, figs. 5, 6; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270.

Original description :—Testa oblongo-conica, obscure fusca;
anfractibus planiusculis, transversim striatis; ultimo ventricoso,
basi grosse sulcato; apertura ovata, anfractus 3 antecedentes
simul sumptos equante, basi mauifeste effusa; columella arcuata.

Alt. 33, diam. 19°5 mm.

Hab. Khasi Hills; Mysore; Upper Canvery River (Blanford).

Var. compacta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 270.

“Easily distinguished by its short, stout form, relatively con-
tracted aperture, less tumidly swollen, but more subangulate last
whorl, and closer spiral sculpture ; the spire is more truncate, the
coloration darker.”

Alt. 25-5, diam. 18-75 mm. :

Hab. Wynaad [type var.]and Cochin Hills (Beddome); Canvery
River (Jerdon).

51. Tiara (Acrostoma) assamenis, Nevill.

Tiara (Acrostoma) assamensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 271;
Hanley, Conch. Misc. pl. 5, fig. 43, as “ MM. hiigeli, var. of Philippi,
from Khasya.”

Original description:—Remarkably close to Mel. hiigeli, from
which it can be distinguished by its less solid substance, its much
more convexly rounded whorls, the last not being (more or less)
subangulate as in its ally; of a plain, uniform, dark colouration ;
of similar minute striation, but wanting the spiral sulcations at
base of last whorl; characters of the columellar margin and
aperture generally much as in typical IV. higelz, strongly decollate,
three whorls only remaining.

Alt. 35, diam. 18°5 mm.

Hab. North Cachar (Godwin-Austen); “ Delaima” ? (Nevill).

52. Tiara (? Acrostoma) premordica (Zvryon).
Tiara (? Acrostoma) premordica (Tryon), Amer. J. Conch. ii, pt. 2,

1866, p. 111, pl. 10, fig. 3 ; Brot, in Conch.-Cab, 1875, p. 108, pl. 13,
figs. 8, 8a; H. & T., C. L pl. 158, fig. 2. :

Original description :—Shell ovately conical, robust, covered with
regular, close, curved growth lines, and with rounded revolving
ribs, of which seven are on the body-whorl ; spire conical elevated,
(?eroded), suture deeply impressed; whorls convex, surface

32 TIARIDA,

formed into a succession of planes by the revolving ribs; aperture
ovate, a little broadly effused below; the ribs form slight sulcations
within the aperture. Reddish brown, sometimes dark greenish-
brown; internally white or light yellowish, the sulcations deep
brown.

Alt. (eroded) 30, diam. 22 mm.

Hab. Burma.

53. Tiara (Acrostoma) pagodula (Gould).
Tiara (Acrostoma) pagodula (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.
1847, ii, p. 219; Otia Conch. p. 200; Reeve, Conch. Icon., Zo, tig.

10 (as Jo), H. & T., C. I. pl. 153, fig. 3.

Original description:—Testa crassa sub-rhombea, turrita,
tenuiter striata, fusco-castanea, decollata ; spira elevata, conica ;
anfr. 4 angulatis, angulo spinis 6 robustis armato ; ultimo antice
sub-rostrato, et costulis ad 4 cincto ; apertura ovata, antrorsum
producta, fauce cerulescente, fusco-maculato.

Alt. 38, diam. 22:5 mm.

Hab. Thoungyin River, a branch of the Salwin.

Subgenus MELANELLA.

Melanella, Swainson, 1840, Treat. Malac. p. 341; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 271.

Tren, Melania holandri, Férussac ; Austria-Hungary.

Range. S.E. Europe; 8. & E. Asia; Malaysia.

Original description :—Obovate ; spire scarcely longer than the
aperture, which is entire; inner lip much thickened its whole
extent.

54. Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Benson).

Tiara (Melanella) zonata (Benson), J. A. 8. B. v, 1886, p. 747 ;
Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch. i, Me/ania, pl. 1, fig. 12; Reeve Conch.
Icon. pl. 31, sp. 217; H. & T.,C. L pl. 71, fig. 4; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 272.

Original description :—Testa ovato-conica-levi, longitudinaliter
striata, olivacea, zonis tribus brunneis fasciata, anfractibus Jeviter
convexis, suturis minime profundis ; apertura albida, ovato-oblonga,
infra subangulata.

Alt. 21:25 nm.

Hab. North-East Frontier of Bengal; Sylhet.

55. Tiara (Melanella) riqueti (Grateloup).

Tiara (Melanelia) riqueti (Grateloup), Trans. Liu. Bordeaux, xi, pl. 5,
fig. 28; II. & T., C. IL. pl. 71, fig. 10; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877
p. 338, pl. 34, figs. 6, 6a.

,

TIARA. 33

“Testa ovato-turrita, tenuicula, nitida, cornea, sparsim fusco-
punctata. Spira modice exserta, integra, acuta; antr. 8-9;
supremi transverse plicati et longitudinaliter striati, medio
angulate et submuricati, sequentes convexiusculi, infra suturam
leviter constricti, transversim sinuose costati, sparsim longi-
tudinaliter striatuli, costis ad suturam in nodulis terminatis; anfr.
ultimus basi liris elevatis 5-7 ornatus. Apert. ovata, superne
acuta, basi valde et subanguste effusa; margine dextro valde
sinuoso, et versus basin conspicue arcuatim producto ; columella
torta, modice arcuata.” (Brot, in Conch.-Cab.)

Alt. 16, diam. 7 mm.

Aperture: alt. 8, diam. 4 mm,

Hab. India, Bombay (Grateloup), Quilon, Travancore, Cochin
(Hanley) ; Philippines (Cuming); Java? (Dunker).

Subgenus TAREBIA.

Tarebia, H. § A, Adams, 1854, Gen. Rec. Moll. p. 304 (as subgenus
of Vibe, Oken).

Typr, Melania granifera, Lamarck ; Timor.

Range. 8. & EB. Asia; Malaysia; Pacific Islands.

Original description :—Shell ovato-fusiform, whorls granulose or
tessellated with nodules: outer lip sinuated towards the hind
part; interior of aperture often furnished with spiral grooves.

56. Tiara (Tarebia) batana (Gould).

Tiara ( Tarebia) batana (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.i, p. 144;
Otia Conch. p. 191; H. & T., C. I. pl. 74, figs. 8,9; Nevill, Hand
List, p. 274.

Original description :—Testa turrita, solida, fusco-virescente,
apice erosa; anfract. 6-7, planulatis, postice sub-coronatis, costulis
longitudinalibus et volventibus gemmularum series tres effor-
mantibus; apertura angusto-ovata, postice coronata, intus
cerulescente, columella alba.

Alt. 25°5, diam. 38 mm.

Hab. Tavoy; Tenasserim River.

57. Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Dohrn).

Tiara (Tarebia) broti (Dohrn), in Reeve’s Con. Icon. pl. 22, sp. 160.
Melania chocolatum, Brot, Revue Zool. 1860, June, pl. 16, fig. 2;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 71, figs. 2,3; Nevill, Hand List, p, 276.

Shell ovately turreted, rather solid, burnt-olive; whorls few,
decussately wrinkle-edged throughout, concavely angled at the
upper part, spinously tuberculed at the angle; aperture rather
small, truncated at the base, lip notched at the upper part.

Hab. Ceylon
D

34 TIARID A.

“ Strongly grain-wrinkled throughout, and conspicuously coron-
ated with spine-tubercles.” (Zteeve.)

Subvar. subviridis, Veu7l/, tom. cit.

73

. . it may fairly be considered a connecting link between this
species and M. rudis.” (.Nevill.)
Alt. 26, diam. 11:25 mn. (decollate, 33 whorls only remaining).
Hab, Ceylon (Layard),

58, Tiara (Tarebia) rudis (Lec).

Tiara (Tarebia) rudis (Lea), P. Z. 5. 1850, p. 186 ; Reeve, Conch.
Teon. pl. 24, sp. 172; H. & T.,C. 1. pl. 74, figs. 7, 10, as Welania
rudis; Nevill, Hand List, p. 275.

Original description :—Testa plicata, subfusiformi, crassa,’cornea ;
spira subelevata ; suturis irregulariter impressis ; anfractibus plan-
ulatis transversim lineis impressis cinctis, superne canaliculatis ;
plicis numerosis, crebris; apertura parva, ovata, intus falbida ;
labro superne emarginato ; columella levi, suberassa, torta.

Alt. 27, diam, 10 mm.

Hab. Ceylon; Tenasserim River.

The original locality is given as Amboyna.

Nevill in his Hand List cites a “var. ceylonica,” but without
figure or description.

59. Tiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray).

Tiara (Tarebia) lineata (Gray), Wood, Index Test. Supp. (1828),
Helix, fig. 68; Trosch, in Wiegm, Arch. Nat. 1887, p. 176.

Melania lirata, Benson, J, A. 8. B. v, 1836, p. 782, name only tor
nameless fig. D in Glean. Sci. Caleutta, i (1829); Reeve, Con.
Icon. pl. 24, sp. 170; H. & T., C. I. pl. 71, fig. 7; Nevill, Hand
List, p. 276.

Orig<anal description :—-Testa conica, exserta, tenui, subdiaphana,
anfractibus applanatig, lineis elevatis spiralibus 7-8, quarum super-
iores plerumque tuberculate sunt, cinctis ; apertura ovato-acuta.
Anfr, 10.

Alt. 22, diam. of the last whorl 9, alt. of aperture 10 mm.

Hab, River Goomty ; Tenasserim, ete.

Nevill in his ‘Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum’
notes the following forms :—

*“ With one or two undulating, subgranulose keels below the
suture only; well represented by the Con. Indica, pl. 71, fig. 7
—Caleutta—granulose sculpture distinct and well developed ;
fairly represented by M. Brot’s pl. 33, fig. 6, excellently by Reeve's
fig. 170 (Sikkim). Long. 30, diam. 14; another long. 34, diam. 123
mil.” ; Caleutta [in tanks]. :

“Tong. 19, diam. 8 mill., granulose sculpture almost obsolete.”
Jeria Ghat; Ceylon; Tespore; Goalundo; Mandalay ; Growhatty
and Bhootan.

TIARA, 35

Var. semigranosa (v. d. Busch), Nevill, Hand List, p. 277.
Melania semigranosa, v. d. Busch, Philippi, Abbild. i, 1884, Java.

‘Differs conspicuously by the shorter spire, and the more
tumidly ventricose last whorl, which ‘is also more produced, ete.
Long. 31.

“Diam. 15 mm; apex eroded.

*« Hab. Near Moulmein.

“Long. 18, diam. 83 mm. May be considered as a connecting
link with J/. batana, Gld.—~ Pegu.

‘‘A fine form with turriculately planulate whorls. Long. 30,
diam. 18 mm.—Meetan, Tenassernm Province; Teria Ghat?”
(Nevill.)

Subvar. pergranosa, Nevill, tom. cit.

“Long. 153, diam. 7} mm. Granulose sculpture very pro-
minent.” (Vevill.)
Hab, Port Canning.

Var. flavida (Dunker), Nevill, tom. cit. p.277; Philippi, Abbild.
i, 1884, p. 164, pl. 3, fig. 15.

Original deseription:— Testa parva, oblongo-pyramidata, solidula,
flavida, diaphana, anfractibus senis planulatis, transversim sulcatis ;
apertura subelliptica.

Alt. 12, diam. 45 mm.

A pale yellowish variety originally described as a species with-
out locality, itis a common Javan form, Indian specimens of which,
according to Nevill, have the spire more subcylindrically produced
than those from Java,

Hab, Teria Ghat (Stolicziu).

Subgenus PLOTIA.
Plotia, H. & A. Adams, Gen. Ree, Moll. 1854, p. 295.

Tren, JJelania spinulosa, Lamarck = J. scabra, Miiller ; S. Asia.

Range. 8. Asia, Malaysia and Tropical Islands of Indian and
Pacific Oceans.

Original description :— Shell ovate, fusiform; whorls spinose,
transversely sulcate ; aperture elongate, simple in front.

60. Tiara (Plotia) scabra (Wiiller).

Tiara (Ploti«) scabra (Miiller) (as Buccinum scabra), Hist. Verm.
ii, p. 136; Chemn, Conch.-Cab. figs. 1259, 1260, badly as (Heli
scabra) ; Brug. Enc. Méth., Vers, i, p. 330 (as Bulimus scabra) ;
Desh. ed. Lam. Anim. s. Vert. ix, p. 4435.

Helix: aspera, Gmel, Syst. Nat. fig. 3656; Dillw. Cat. ii, p. 950;.
Wood, Ind. Testac. pl. 54, fig. 141.

Melania eleyans, Reeve, Con. Icon., Mel. sp. 178; H.& T., C. 1.
pl. 73, figs. 1-4; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877, pp. 266-269, pl. 27,
figs. 14, l4a-e, 16, 15a.

“ Shell ovate, sometimes a little elongated, rather thin,. brownish-
D2

36 TIARIDAL.

olive, dotted, and sometimes streaked with purple-rust; whorls
seven to nine, specially unequally striately ridged, slopingly angled
round the upper part, prickly spined at the angle, spines a little
descending in varices ; aperture ovate.” (Iteevc, Con. Lcon.)

Alt. 138-26, diam. 7-11 mm.

Aperture: alt 6-11, diam. 2-5-5°5 mm.

Hab. India; Pondichery, Madras (Blanford), Poona, Coro-
mandel, Cochin (Hanley & Theobald) ; Ceylon (Humbert) ; also
‘Timor (Lamarck); Vanikoro (Quoy & Gaimard); Java (Jfousson) ;
New Guinea (Zess.); Halmaheira (Landaner) ; also Mauritius and
‘Seychelles.

Var. elegans (Benson).

elania elegans, Benson, J. A.S. B. v, 1836, p. 782, name only for the
unnamed turreted form in Gleanings in Science, ii, 1830, p. 22.

Melania letter c, Hutton, J. A. 8. B. xvii, pt. 1, 1849, p. 657; II. &
T., C. I. pl. 73, figs. 5-7; Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1877, p. 274,
pl. 25, figs. 9, 9a.

“Testa turrita, solidiuscula, cornea, pallide rubro punctata vel
eleganter interrupte flammulata. Spira integra; anfr. 9 convexi,
Superne subangulati, transverse plicato-costati, plicis ad angulum
spinulosis, longitudinaliter lirati, elegantissima granoso-clathrat.
Apertura ovata, basi subanguste rotundata ; columella vix arcuata,
margine dextro vix sinuoso.” (Brot, in Conch.-Cab.)

Alt. 16-32, diam. 7-5-12 mm.

Aperture: alt. 7-11, diam. 4-6 mm.

Hab. Rivers Gumti, Belwa and Cén.

61, Tiara (Plotia) datura (Dohrn).

Tiara (Plotia) datura (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 135 (as Melania) ;
Reeve, Con. Icon. pl. 52, sp. 213; H. & T., C.I. pl. 73, fig. 10;
Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 281.

Original description :—Testa oblongo-pyramidata, fragilis, dia-
phana, fusco-nigricans, decollata: anfr. 3-4 ad suturam angulati ;
supra plani, subtus vix convexi, in augulo longis spinis, infra
medium lineis elevatis ornati; apertura cxrulea oblonga.

Alt. 21, diam. 11 mm.

Aperture: alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.

Hab, Ceylon.

G2. Tiara (Plotia) acanthica (I. g- 1. Lea).

Tiara (Plotia) acanthica (I. & TH. Lea), P.Z.8, 1850, p. 194 (as
Melania); Hl. & T., C. 1. pl 110, fig. 10; Nevill, Hand List,
p. 281.

Original desertption:—Testa spinosa, ovato-turrita, varicosa,
transversim lineata, subtenui, fusca; spira elongata, conica, sealari-
formi; apice truncata; sutura lineari; anfractibus superne angu-
latis varicibus distortis ; angulo spinis instructo; varicibus magnis

TIARA. 37

regularibus, subobliquis, superne in spinis productis ; spinis longis,
tenuibus, irregularibus, extortis ; lineis transversis, crebris, parvis,
subalternantibus ; anfractu ultimo parvo, ad basim lineato; aper-
tura elliptica, inferne effusa ; labro inferne producto ; columella
parva, inferne incrassata.

Alt. 20, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Ceylon ; also occurs in the Philippines, Sumatra, ete.

Nevill is his ‘Hand List Moll. in Ind. Mus., Calcutta,’ p. 281,
gives the following varieties, all from the Andaman Islands.

Var. roepstorffiana, Nevill.

Long. 183, diam. 92 mm.; whorls 7.
Very near M, Brot’s pl. 28, fig. 10 A. [Philippines].

Subvar. brevispira, Vevill.
Long. 1232, diam. 62 mm.

Subvar. subscabra, Wevill.

Long. 143, diam. 7? mm. A connecting link with Tiara (P.)
scabra, the spines being rather less developed.

Subgenus MAINWARINGIA.
Mainwaringia, Nevill, Hand List, 1884, pt. 2, p. 286.

Trepp, Melania (Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, Nevill ; Gangetic
Delta.

Range. Gangetic Delta.

Original description :—*..... apparently connecting Melania
and Paludomus, distinguished by the presence of rows of hairs or
bristles, especially noticeable on the body whorl, which is orna~
mented with broad revolving brown bands ; not umbilicate ; apex
remarkably acute, ‘ quasi styliform’; peristome acute, columella
thickened and excavatedly inflected. Operculum transparent, of
one substance throughout—that is, without any thickened process
for attachment—of very light horn-colour, without sculpture,
ovate, acuminate at one end, at the other rounded, and distinctly
terminally subspiral, with 24 whorls, closely resembling Adams’
pl. 35, fig. 10 A-B, operculum of Hydrobia ulue.”

63. Tiara (Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, .Vevill.
Tiara (Mainwaringia) paludomoidea, Nevill, tom. cit.

Original description :— [Shell] imperforate, conically produced,
spire turretedly acuminate, apex very acute, suture distinct ; of a
rather yellowish, bright ‘ horn-colour,” girt on the last whorl with
three distinct, broad, dark-brown bands, showing clearly within the
aperture; spirally regularly striated, below the slight subangulation

38 TMARIDA,

of each whorl, the stria prominent, with a minutely “quasi
punctate” appearance, the above becoming somewhat obsolete ;
covered more or less with rather long and well-developed hairs ;
whorls nine, the apical three exceedingly minute, white and sculp-
tureless, the next tive slightly subangulate a little above the middle,
cylindrically turreted, last whorl rather tumidly convex, about the
same length as the spire; aperture rather small, vertically ovate,
peristome acute, columells thickened, dark violet coloured, inflected
obliquely, at base sharply angulate. Operculum as above described ;
it seems to me slightly convex.

Alt. 9°5, diam. 4 mm.

Hab. Mutlah River at Port Canning, in brackish water on trunks
of trees submerged at high tide (Mainwaring).

Subfamily PALUDOMIN&.

Shell solid, ovate or ovately fusiform, imperforate, without
basal canal, smooth or spirally striate or lirate.

Distribution. India, Ceylon, Malay Peninsula, Borneo.

The above was introduced by Stoliezka in his Pal. Ind., Cretac.
Fauna 8S. India, p. 207, but appears to be a nomen nudum, hence
the above description by the present author.

Genus PALUDOMUS.
Paludomus, Swainson, Treat. Malac. 1840, p. 340.

Typ, Aelania globulosa, Gray ; Ceylon.

Range. Ceylon ; India; Malay Peninsula; Borrec.

Shell oblong-globose, strong; spire shorter than the aperture ;
inner lip very thick.

The above may be supplemented by Benson’s amended des-
cription (Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. xvii, 1856, p. 495) :—

Testa plerumque imperforata, globoso-ovata, ovato-oblonga,
vel ovato-acuta, fere solida, glabra, spiraliter sulcata, vel lirata,
interdum spinuloso-costata, epidermide cornea induta; apertura
subverticali, ovato-acuta, callo parietali munita, margine columel-
lari, crasso, arcuato, basali integro, interdum subeffuso,

Operculo corneo, concavo; nucleo subspirali insulari, sub-
mediano, ad sinistram sito, striis lamellatis concentricis partem
majorem disci usurpantibus, circumdato.

64. Paludomus globulosa (Gray).

Paludomus globulosa (Gray), Griff. ed. Cuvier, Moll. pl. 14, fig. 6
(as Melania); Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp.4; IL. & T., C. 1.
pl. 123, fig. 5.

Original description :—Shell globular, solid, spire flatly depressed,

PALUDOMUS, 389

whorls swollen round the upper part, smooth throughout ; olive,
aperture whitish, conspicuously marked with three black bands.

Alt. 24, diam. 21:25 mm. (taken from fig. 4a, pl. 123, in
Con. Icon.).

Hab. Kopili River, Assam (Godwin-Austen).

‘* Distinguished from all others at present known by its solid

globular form, and is figured and named in Griffith’s Cuvier... .
but not described.”
_ The locality given in the Conch. Ind. as * Ambegamoa, Ceylon ”
is, according to Col. Godwin-Austen, who lent Hanley the specimen
from which the species was figured, a mistake, the true locality
being as above.

65. Paludomus spherica, Dohrn.

Paludomus spherica, Dohrn, P. Z. 8, 1857, p. 124; H. & T., 0. L
pl. 124, tig. 8.

Original description :—Testa solida, globosa, olivacea, parum
nitida, confertim longitudinaliter et transverse striata; spira
depressa, exserta ; anfractus rotundati, fasciatim spiraliter nigro-
maculati; sutura simplex, alba.

Alt. 18, diam. 17 mm.

Aperture: alt. 15, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Still rounder than P. globulosa, Gray, and different in the
markings and sculpture; P. globulosa is in the upper part of the
whorls slightly angulated ; the whorls of P. spherica are round.

66. Paludomus conica (Gray).

Paludomus conica (Gray), Griff. ed. Cuvier, Moll. pl. 14, fig. 5 (as
Melania) ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 14; Benson, J. A.8. B.
v, p. 747 (as Melania).

Melania crassa, Busch, in Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch. i, Mel. pl. 1,
fics. 10, 11.

Paludomus rudis, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p.126; H. & T., C. 1.
pl. 124, fig. 4.

Original description :—Testa solida, globoso-conica, longitudi-
naliter striata plerumque transverse obsolete sulcata ; anfractibus,
ultimo ventricoso, ceteris rapide diminutis ; suturis bene signatis ;
apertura ovata, intus albida, fasciis quibusdam castaneis ornata ;
labro intus denticulato.

Alt. 27, diam. 21 mm. (taken from fig. 14c, pl. 3, in Con.
Icon.).

Hab. Sylhet, Bootan, Assam, etc.

Subvar. cherraensis, Wevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 288.

”

“A short spired form. .. .

Alt. 16, diam. 13°5 mm.

Hab. Teria Ghat (type), (Godwin-Austen); Mangken River,
Assam (Godwin-A usten).

40 TIARID A.

Subvar. dihiriensis, WVev7ll, tom. cit.

Nevill gives no description other than the following dimensions :—

Alt. 17-5, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Stream on the Dibiri Hill (Brahmaputra watershed)
(Godwin- Austen).

Subvar. chittagongensis, Vevill, tom. cit.

‘“ Resembling M. Brot’s [figure in Conch.-Cab.] pl. ii, fig. 18,
but with spire even more produced and the last whorl less tumid.”
(Nevill.)

Alt. 21, diam. 14 min.

Hab. Chittagong (type) (Raban).

Var. sibsaugorensis, .Vevill, tom. cit.

“ Acrees well with M. Brot’s [figs. in Conch.-Cab.] pl. viu,
figs. 8, 9.”

Var. pealiana, evil, tom. cit.

No description given, other than dimensions.
Alt. 19°5, diam. 15 mm.
Hab. Assam (Robinson) ; Sibsagar (Peal).

Var. jaintiaca, Nevill, tom. cit. p. 289.

“Spire not decollate, unusually sharp-pointed.” (Nevzil.)
Alt. 14:25, diam. 10 mm.
Hab, 8, Jaintia Hills.

Var. kopiliensis, Nevill, tom. cit.

“Whorls 12 only, the apical ones being decollate, last whorl
remarkably inflated, subangulate.” (Nevill.)

Alt. 24:5, diam. 21 mm,

Hab. Kopili River, North Assam (Godwin-Austen); N. Assam
(Oldham).

Subvar. nana, Nevill, tom. cit.
Presumably a dwarf form.

Alt. 16, diam. 14°5 mm. (13 whorls).
Hab. W. Khasi Hills (Godwin-Austen).

67. Paludomus paludinoides, Zeeve.

Paludomus paludinvides, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 127; H. & .,
C. I. pl. 128, fig. 9; Nevill, Hand List, as DP. conica var. palu-
dinotdes, p. 289.

Original deseription:—Testa oblonga, spira subeleyata; an-
fractibus convexis, longitudinaliter lirato-striatis, superne leviter

PALUDOMUS. 41

depressis et marginatis; apertura mediocri; virescenti-olivacea,
rufo-nigricante irregulariter fasciata.

The dimensions given below are taken from the figure in the
‘ Conchologia Indica.’

Alt. 20-25, diam. 15°75 mm.

Hab. Sikkim branch of the Ganges.

Characterized by a fine sculpture of close-set longitudinal ribs.

68. Paludomus constricta, Reeve.

Paludomus constricta, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 129; H. & T., C.1.
pl. 126, figs. 1-4.

Original description:—Testa subpyramidali- oblonga, solida,
spira exserta; anfractibus levibus vel obscurissime sulcatis,
superne concavo-constrictis ; olivacea, fascia nigropunctata, moni~
liformi, versus apicem picta ; apertura ovata, callosa, alba.

The dimensions quoted below are taken from fig. 1, pl. 126,
in the ‘ Conchologia Indica.’

Alt. 25°25, diam. 18°5 mm.

fab. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

Differing “from P. conica, to which it is most nearly allied,
chiefly by its more oblong and constricted form.”

69, Paludomus ornata, Benson.

Paludomus ornata, Benson, A. M. N. H. (ser. 2) xvii, 1856, p. 496 ;
H.& T., C. I. pl. 108, fig. 8.

Original description :—Testa ovato-conica, solidiuscula, leviuscula,
strus remotis obsoletis, cincta infra suturam marginatam bisulcata,
luteo-olivacea, fasciis 4 fusco-castaneis, suturali angusta, secunda
latissima, quarta inconspicua, ornata; spira conica, apice eroso;
anfractibus 4 superstitibus convexis, ultimo 2 teste vix superante ;
apertura vix obliqua, ovata, fauce ceruleo-albida, 4 fasciata,
superne angulata, angulo intus calloso; peristomate tenui, acuto,
marginibus callo albo junctis, columellari subrevoluto, angusto,
albo. Opere. —?

Alt. 18, diam. 13 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 8 mm.

Hab. Burma.

70. Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill.

Paludomus andersoniana, Nevill, J. A. 5. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35;
loc. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pl. 5, fig. 2.

Original description :—[Shell] large and globose ; spire produced
and pointed; of a striking greenish-yellow colour, with four
intense black bands on the last whorl, the one at the suture and
the two near the base about the width of the broadest band on
P. ornata; the second band from the suture twice this width,

42 TIARIDA

this latter, in all but very old specimens, is very distinctly visible
within the aperture ; whorls seven, the first two or three generally
decollated, transversely superficially ridged, ridges more or less
obsolete towards the centre of the upper whorls, one of them
below the suture more prominent than the rest; columella pure
white; the operculum constantly differs on its inner side from
those of the other Burmese species by the remarkably raised and
very rugose nucleolar portion and by the distinct, though minute,
granular margin.

Alt. max. 2, diam. max. 22 mm.

Hab, Mandalay, Ava, Bhamé, Kabyuet, and Myadoung.

Noze.—The width of the band on LP. ornata, according to fig. 8,
pl. 108, of the Conch. Ind. is nearly a millimetre.

Var. myadoungensis, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160.

Original description :—“ A small decollate and prettily marked
variety, with the whorls markedly more rounded.”

Alt. 15, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Myadoung, near the Yunnan Frontier.

Subsp. peguensis, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 35.
Paludomus vegulata, Benson, var., H. & T., C. I. pl. 108, fig. 6.

Original description :—Differs from the preceding [P. anders-
sonrana }by the slightly more rugose sculpture, by its more decollated
apex, by the less cylindrical whorls and less produced and pointed
spire (more apparent in young specimens), by the columella being
apparently invariably faintly stained with brown, by the almost
entire apparent absence of colouration on the last whorl, especially
in the absence of the second broad band within the aperture.

Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Pegu.

“The specimen figured in the Conch. Indica is a very old
decollated one.”

Subvar. nana, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1, pt. 2, p. 160.

Original description :—Spiral sculpture a trifle less distinct.’
Alt. 15, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. Pegu.

71. Paludomus regulata, Benson.

Paludomus regulata, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496 ;
H. & T.,C. I. pl. 108, fig. 6.

Original description :—Testa ovato-acuta, solidiuscula, regulatim
distinete spiraliter sulcata, interstitiis latis planatis, minutissime
confertissimeque dccussato-striatis, sulcis 2-3 prope suturam
latioribus profundioribus, pallide lutea, fasciis subquatuor, tertia
latiori, ornata; spira elata, conica, apice acuto; anfractibus 6,

PALUDOMUS. 43

convexinsculis, ultimo dimidium teste vix superante; apertura
verticali, ovata, superne angulata, albida, intus 4-fasciata, peri-
stomatis margine dextro rectro acuto, etate intus vix incrassato-
marginato, parietali calloso, columellari versus basin subdilatato,
appresso. Operc. ut in sp. typ.

Alt. 19-24, diam. 12-14 mm.

Aperture: alt. maj. 18, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Thyet-Myo, Burma.

Nevill in his ‘ Hand-list,’ on p. 391, cites a

Subvar. minor, Brot, Conch.-Cab. pl. 7, fig. 16.

Alt. 15-25, diam. 10 mm.
Hab. Burma.

72. Paludomus blanfordiana, Nevill.

Puludomus blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. 8, B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 37;
op. cit., 1, p. 159, pl. 5, fig. 3.

Allied to P. labiosa, Benson, but larger and more angularly
globose than that species, the columella is less vividly stained
with brown, the brown bands are more regular and distinct, and
neither young nor old specimens are truncate; the sculpture of
both is the same, quite smooth except for a few irregular spiral
strie below the suture.

Alt. 19, diam. 15 mm. (type).

Hab. Ava; Assam.

Au Assam specimen measures, according to Nevill:--—Alt. 20,
diam. 15 mm.

73. Paludomus petrosa (Gould).
Paludomus petrosa (Gould), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1844,
p. 144 (as Paludina).
Paludomus labiosa, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 495;
Nevill, J. A. S. B.], pt. 2, p. 159, pl. 5, fie. 5.

Oriyinal description :—Testa solida, imperforata, subglobosa,
apice erosa, saturate viridi, rufo-fasciata ; anfract. 3, ultimo amplo,
sutura precipue marginata; apertura semi-circuiari, columella
late planulata, rufescente; intus nigrescente vel holoserica ;
operculo apice subcentrali, elementis concentricis.

Alt. 13, diam. 10°5 mm.

Hab. Burma (Mason).

74. Paludomus burmanica, Nevill.

Paludomus burmanica, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 36;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 160, pl. 5, fig. 4,

Original description :—Shell small, very thick, spire depressed,

44 TIARIDA,

in shape closely resembling the European Litorina obtusata ; only
two whorls, the others decollated in both young and old specimens ;
smooth, with a few irregular strie at suture; columella very
thick, pure white; aperture somewhat compressed as in typical
P. labiosa [=petrosa], not globosely expanded as in P. blanfordiana
in all the ten specimens found, only three instead of four bands,
the upper one exceedingly broad, covering nearly half the last
whorl, the middle one narrow, the basa! one broad, but not diffused
over any part of the columella; these bands are of the most intense
black within the aperture, even in very old, thick specimens ;.
epidermis unusually thick, dark olive-green, closely covered with
regular raised pustules of a lighter colour.

Alt. 14:5, diam. 12 mm.

fab. Yaylaymaw and Mandalay.

75. Paludomus stephanus (Benson).

Paludomus stephanus (Benson), J. A. 8. B. 1836, v, p. 747 (as:
Melania) ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 11.

Melania coronata, v. d. Busch, in Philippi, Abbild. N. Conch. i,.
Mel, pl. 1, figs. 5,6; H. & T., C. I. pl. 122, fig. 10.

Original description:—Testa ovato-conica, gradata, plerumque
deinde truncata, globoso-ovata, olivacea, anfractibus obsolete
fasciatis, transverse sulcatis, superne planulatis, spiris brevibus
validis coronatis; apertura albida subrotundata, superne fere
angulata; labro subdenticulato.

Alt. 15°5, diam. 14°75 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

A considerably larger shell is depicted in the ‘ Conchologia
Indica,’ of which the following are the dimensions :—

Alt. 19°75, diam. 19°25 mm.

Hab. Bengal.

76. Paludomus reticulata, Blanford.

Paludomus reticulata, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. 1870, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 9,
pl. 3, fig. 1; H. & T.,C. I. pl. 108, fig. 4.

Original description :— Testa imperforata, globosa, solida,
albida, epidermide fusca induta, liris reticulati spiralibus et
verticalibus decussato-sculpta, lirarum intersectionibus nodiferis.
Spira brevis; apice eroso; sutura profunda. Anfr. superst.
2-3 convexi, ultimus infra suturam tumidus. Apertura ovalis,
postice vix subangulata, parum obliqua, intus czrulescens ;
peristoma tenue, acutum fere rectum, ad basin vix retrocurvatum,
intus minute corrugatum, margine basali expansiusculo; colu-
mella mediocri. Opere. normale.

Alt. 19, diam. maj. 17, diam. min. 13-5 mmm.

Aperture: alt. 13°5, diam. 10 mm.

Hab, Cachar.

PALUDOMUS. 45

“ This is an ally of P. stephanus, Benson, so far as form is con-
cerned, but it differs widely in sculpture, and although that is not
a character of much importance in the genus Paludomus and its
‘allies, still, as no intermediate forms between the two are known,
it appears quite justitiable to separate them.”

47. Paludomus obesa (Philippi).

Paludomus obesa (Philippi), Abbild. Neue Conch. ii, 1842, p. 170,
Melania, pl. 4, fig. 3 (as ? Melania).

Paludomus maculatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. viii, p. 110.

Rivulina maculatus, Lea, Journ. Acad. Philad, ser. 2, vi, p. 118,
pl. 20, fig. 10; H. & T., C. L. pl. 126, figs. 7, 10.

Original description :—Testa oblonga, tenuiuscula, lutescente,
punctis rufo-fuseis per series transversas dispositis picta; anfrac-
tibus 4, preter summos erosos, convexis, superne subangulatis ;
apertura ovato-oblonga; labro perpendiculari, recto; columella
-arcuata, incrassata.

Alt. 13°25, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Bombay, Abmednuggur (Conch. Ind.).

78. Paludomus chilinoides, Ztceve.
Paludomus chilinoides, Reeve, Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 7, pl. 2,
fie. 7a, & pl. 3, figs. 7 4, c.
Paludomus phasianinus, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 127.

Paludomus parvus, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1854, p.90; H. & T., C. 1.
pl. 128, fig. 2.

Original description :—Shell ovate, rather thin, spire small,
exserted, whorls depressed round the upper part, smooth ; olive,
longitudinally waved with black, aperture white.

Alt. 17:5, diam. 18°5 mm. (taken from pl. 3, fig. 7¢, in Con.
Icon.).

Hab. Bed of the Mahawelle Ganga, near Kandy, Ceylon ;
Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon (Preston).

“Found abundantly in the stream above noted; the chief
variation of form consists in the whorls being more or less de-
pressed round the upper part, after the manner of a Chilina, with
the spire varying considerably in its elevation.”

79. Paludomus levis, Layard.
Paludomus levis, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 89; H. & T., C. 1
pl. 108, fg. 38; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 208 (as P. chilinoides
var. levis).

Original description :——Shell oblong-ovate, axis 11 lines, diam.
lines ; spire acute, exserted, moderately long; whorls rounded,
not depressed round the upper part, smooth. Colour olive-yellow,
the lower whorls seldom marked, but the upper always spotted

46 TIARID.E.

with one, or two rows of arrow-headed dots; apex bluish ;
aperture white.

Operculum asin P. chilinoides, Reeve.

Hab. Ceylon, in slow-running streams on the northern side of
the mountain-zone extending into the flat country beyond
Anarajahpoora. I also obtained a few in a paddy-field in the
south of the island, near the village of Heneratgodde.

Possibly a variety of P. chilinoides, from which it “only differs
in wanting the depression round the upper part of the whorls
and in the colouring.” It is found in the same localities as that
species.

80. Paludomus zeylanica (Lea).

Paludomus zeylanica (Lea), P. Z. 8. 1850, pp. 194-195 (as
Velania).

Original description :—Testa levi, ovata, crassa, nitida, albida
aut virido-fusca; badio flammulata, spira brevi, acuminata, apice
acuta, aliquando erosa; sutura lineari; anfractibus quinque, con-
vexis, ad suturam superiorem impressis, maculis flammulatis aut
sagittatis badiis; anfractu ultimo magno, bullato; basi levi ;
apertura ovato-rotunda, superne angulata, inferne rotundata, intus
albida; columella magna, alba, superne incrassata, inferne curvata.

Fig. 3.—Paludomus zeylanica (Lea).

Alt. 22°75, diam. 14°75 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (also reported from the Seychelles).

‘‘The markings are very variable, being sometimes oblique,
zigzag lines, extending over the whole surface of the whorls,
sometimes sagittate or short zigzag spots in transverse series.
Indeed, some specimens are of » uniform dark green. The last
whorl sometimes has two impressed transverse lines. The mouth
is nearly two-thirds the length of the shell.”

81. Paludomus fulgurata, Dohrn,

Paludomus fulgurata, Dohrn, VP. Z. 8. 1857, p. 125: Th & T., GC. 1.
pl. 123, fig. 1.

Original description :—Testa oblongo-ovata, tenera; spiraclevata,
apice obtuso, leviter longitudinaliter et spiraliter striata, lete
olivacea, fusco fulgurata, ad suturam impressam fusco fasciata ;-

PALUDOMUS. 47

anfractus quatuor convexi, supra medium obsolete carinati;
apertura oblonga, simplex, albida, lineis fuscis, pellucentibus.
Opere. —?

Alt. 16, diam. 13 mm.

Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 6 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

82. Paludomus palustris, Layard.

Paludomus palustris, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 89; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 126, figs. 2, 3.

Original description :—Shell ovate, thin; axis 10 lines, diam.
6 lines; spire exserted, long; whorls rounded, rather flat, spirally
closely grooved with minute granular stria (visible under the lens).
Colour of adult shell a rich yellow spotted with dark brown, the
markings frequently running into wavy lines; apex bluish; aper-
ture white. Operculum nearly oval, the apex slightly inclined to
the left; concentric nucleus subcentral, sinistral.

Hab. The grassy margins of a tank at Anarajahpoora, Ceylon.

In young shells the ground colour is almost hidden by the dark
markings, and the aperture is found to be spirally marked with
thin lines of the same colour.

83. Paludomus tanschaurica, Ginelin.

Paludomus tanschaurica, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 3655, for the Helix
fluviatilis tanschaurensis of Chemn., Conch.-Cab. ix, p. 174,
fig. 1243.

Helix fluviatilis, Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Shells, p. 959; H. & T., 0.1.
pl. 128, fig. 8.

Paludomus tanjoriensis, HW. F. Blanford, emend. Trans, Linn. Soc.
1863, p. 173, pl. 27, figs. 2 a-e.

Original description :— Testa subturrita, brunnea, glaberrima,
anfractibus septem, maculis obscurioribus seu nigricantibus con-
spersa, ore subrotundo, fauce albicante.

Alt. 16, diam. 13 min. (taken from fig. in ‘Conchologia Indica’).

Hab. India.

Var. kadapaensis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 294.

“ Apparently without sculpture; apex not acute; spire pointed,
of four to five whorls, longitudinally, regularly, handsomely
flamed, somewhat as in P. parva, Layard [=chilinoides, Reeve],
but in a less “ zigzag” manner.” (Nevill.)

Alt. 15-5, diam. 9°75 mm. (spire slightly eroded only).

Hab. Kadapa District, Madras (Aung).

Var. malabarica, Nevill, tom. cit.

‘“‘Decollate aud in shape exactly resembling the Ceylon var.

48 TIARID A.

palustris [P. palustris, Layard]; decussating stric, however,
obsolete in the adult, as in the typical Madras form, spiral striation
very variable in amount of development.” (Nevill.)

Alt. 16:5, diam. 11°5 mm. (decollate, three whorls only re-
maining).

Hab. Travancore (Beddome); Pulney Hills (Fairbank).

84. Paludomus monile, Thorpe MSS., Hanley.

Paludomus monile, Thorpe MSS., H. & T., C. I. pl. 108, fig. 10
(fig. only).

Shell fusiformly turbinate, small, yellowish-olive, painted with
interrupted spiral lines and bands of reddish-purple; remaining
whorls 33, regularly increasing, sculptured with spiral lines crossed
by transverse strie which present a somewhat decussate appear-
ance ; suture impressed, callously and decussately margined below ;
columellar margin descending in a curve, whitish, extending above
into a thickish, well-defined, parietal callus which reaches to the
upper margin of the labrum; labrum acute, bevelled inwardly at
the base; aperture ovate; interior of shell showing the reddish-
purple bands through the test.

Alt. 12°5, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 7 mm.

Aperture: alt. 6-75, diam. 4 mm,

Hab. Southern India.

Type in British Museum,

85. Paludomus rotunda, Blanford.

Paludomus rotunda, Blanford, J. A. S, B, 1870, xxxix, pt. 2, p. 10,
pl. 3, fig. 2; 11. & T., C. I. pl. 108, fig. 2.

Original description:—Testa non rimata, globosa, rotunda,
solida, epidermide fusca induta, sub-laevigata, striis incrementi
et liris sub-obsoletis confertis, minutis, spiralibus decussantibus
signata; spira brevissima; apice erosulo; sutura vix impressa.
Anfr, 23-3 rapide crescentes, primi parum convexi, ultimus valde
major, tumidus, antice non descendens, subtus convexus. Aper-
tura sub-obovalis, postice angulata, obliqua, intus fasciis 2-3 in-
trantibus ornata ; peristoma simplex, acutum, margine basali
expansiusculo ; columella albida, callosa, lata. Operc. normale.

Alt. 15, diam. maj. 14 mm.

Hab. Travancore.

Var. microstoma, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 295,

No other description than dimensions given,
Alt. 11, diam. 10 mm, (much eroded, 14 whorls only remaining).
/fab, Anamallay Rivers (Beddome); Madura Hills (Beddome),

PALUDOMUS. 49

86. Paludomus inflata, Brot.

Paludomus inflata, Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, 1879, p. 44, pl. 8,
figs. 25, 26; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 295.

Original description :—Testa globosa-turrita, solidiuscula, lutes-
centi-olivacea, profuse et distincte nigro undulatim fasciata et
punctata. Spira erosa, sat exserta, anfr. 3 persist. declivi-convexi-
usculi, longitudinaliter inequaliter sulcati; anfr. ultimus subito
globose dilatatus, sulcis longitudinalibus superficialibus, infra
suturam constrictus deinde gibboso-inflatus. Apertura late ovata,
intus vivide maculata et strigata, superne acuminata, basi obtuse
subangulata; columella arcuata incrassata; callo parietali dis-
tincto; margine dextro acuto, superne impresso, deinde valde
arcuato. Opercul. typicum.

Alt. 18, diam. 14 mm. (eroded, 3 whorls remaining).

Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 7 mm.

Hab. Travancore (Hanley, Beddome); Amerghat ; Tinnevelly
(Beddome).

87. Paludomus striatula, Nevill.
Paludomus striatula, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 297.

“In Brot’s pl. 7, figs. 7, 8, in the Conch.-Cab., P. issel from
Borneo gives an exact representation of this new and rare Ceylon
form ; the well-developed, crowded, almost granulose spiral
striation will at once distinguish it.” (Wevill.)

Alt. 18, diam. 135 mm. (Strongly decollate, two whorls only
remaining).

Hab. Ceylon (type) (Z. Nevill).

Brot’s figures appear to depict a conically fusiform, solid, light-
brown form, with yellowish labrum and aperture; they do not,
however, give any appearance of spiral sculpture.

88. Paludomus travancorica, Blanford.

Paludomus travancorica, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 219,
pl. 2, fig. 22.

Original description :—Shell imperforate, ovately conical, rather
thick, covered with a dark-brown epidermis; beneath the epi-
dermis white, with narrow vertical, very wavy dark purple stripes ;
all the whorls spirally ribbed, the ribs rather close together, with
the interspaces smooth, the striz of growth being inconspicuous.
Spire conical, apex eroded (doubtless acute when perfect), suture
impressed. Whorls remaining 3 (probably in the perfect shell
5 or 6), convex, the last exceeding half the length of the sheil.
Aperture nearly vertical, ovate, angulate at the posterior ex-
tremity, bluish white, with conspicuous, close, vertical, wavy, deep

purple bands within ; peristome in one plane, the external margin
E

50 TIARIDZ.

sharp, the columellar and basal margins white, thickened within,
and dilated. Operculum normal.

Alt. (apex wanting) 23 (when perfect about 25), diam. maj. 16,
diam. min. 13-5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 12, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Streams traversing the plains between Trevandrum and
the foot of the Aghastyamali.

“In a young specimen of P. travancorica, there appears to be a
tendency to the development of minor parallel ribs between those
forming the spiral sculpture, and the latter are rather closer
together near the suture.”

89. Paludomus annandalei, Preston.

Paladomus annandalei, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, iii, 1909,
p. 277 (figs. in text).

Oviginal description :— Shell conoidal, upper whorls eroded,
solid, dark olivaceous brown, a paler yellowish brown band
appearing at the periphery, above this obscurely painted with
regular, transverse, vertical, deep chestnut flammules and below
with very oblique flammules of the same colour; remaining whorls
about 3, sculptured with revolving, spiral lire: rather coarser just
below the sutures and disappearing altogether or becoming obsolete
towards the periphery, but reappearing on the base of the shell,
the interstices between the lire having a somewhat punctate
appearance ; sutures lightly impressed ; columella arched, white
and diffused into a minutely granular callus which joins the upper
lip and is thickened almost into a nodule above ; peristome acute,
scarcely serrated; interior of shell bluish white, showing the rows
of fammules distinctly; operculum spirally laminiferous, with
subcentral nucleus.

The dimensions of the three specimens taken as the type series
are as follows :—

1, 2. 3.
Ate i eave aes 24 mm. 22 mm. 21:5 mm.
Diam., maj....... 18, Le 3; 16 CO,
Aperture: alt. .. 16 ,, 13 ,, 125 ,,
$5 diam... 95 ,, S55 cere

Hab. Tenmalai, W. Ghats (W. side), Travancore (rocky mountain
stream (NV, Annandale).

Types in Indian Museum.

9U. Paludomus spiralis, Jteeve.
Paludomus spiralis, Reeve, Con, Icon., Palud. p. 15, pl. 8, fig. 15.

Original description:—Shell ovate, spire large, prominent, whorls
rounded, smooth ; olive, spotted here and there with black, interior
white.

Alt. 17-5, diam. 12°5 mm. (taken from Con. Icon.).

Hab. Streams of Ceylon.

PALUDOMUS. 51

91. Paludomus maurus, Reeve.

Paludomus maurus, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 1297; H. & T., C. 1.
pl. 124, figs. 2, 3. :

Original description :—Testa subacuminato-turbinata, spira pro-
minente ; antractibus rotundatis, superne subexcavatis et obsolete
lineatis; apertura parva; castaneo-fusca, immaculata.

The following dimensions are taken from fig. 3, pl. 124 in
the ‘ Conchologia Indica.’

Alt. 21, diam. 22 mm.

Hab. Branch of the Ganges.

92. Paludomus pyriformis, Dohrn.

Paludomus pyriformis, Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 586; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 125, figs. 2, 3.

Original description :— Testa solidiuscula, pyriformis, late
olivacea, striis viridibus brunneisque ornata, decussata; sutura
striis aliquot valde impressis cireumdata ; anfractus 4 convexiusculi,
ultimus 2 spire: subeequans ; apertura obionga, margine columellari
arcuato albido, striis pellucentibus.

Alt. 21, diam. 15 mm.

Aperture: alt. 15, diam. 9°5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

93. Paludomus clavata, Zeeve.

Paludomus clavata, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 129; H. & T., C. 1.
pl. 128, fig. 4.

Original description :—Testa oblongo-ovata, utrinque attenuata,
crassa, ponderosa, spira breviuscula, conica; anfractibus levibus
conico-declivibus; nigricanti-olivacea; apertura subdilatata, callosa,
alba.

The dimensions according to the figure in the ‘ Conchologia
Indica’ are as below :—

Alt. 20, diam. 12°5 mm.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon; Uda Pussellawa, Ceylon

(Preston).

94. Paludomus lutosa, Souleyet.

Paludomus lutosa, Souleyet, Voy. ‘ Bonite,’ Zool. ii, p. 550, pl. 31,
figs, 28-30; H. & T., C. I. pl. 123, fig. 6.

Original description :-—Testa oblongo-conica, olivacea, nitida ;
spira conico-acuta; anfractibus septenis, supra depressiusculis ;
duobus inferioribus ventricosis, penultimo basi spiraliter sulcato,
ultimo in medio multi-sulcato; apertura ovato-acuta, intus cxru-

E2

52 TIARIDE.

lescente; labro incrassato, albo; labro acuto. Operculum corneum,
fusco-nigrum, concentrice striatum.

Alt. 20, diam. 14 mm.

Hab. Ganges.

According to a note appended to the original description the
animal is of a blackish-brown colour.

95. Paludomus nasuta, Dohrn.

Paludomus nasuta, Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 123; H. & T., O.1
pl. 124, fig. 7.

Original description :—Testa solida, oblongo-conica, apice acuto,
nigrescens, versus apicem albicans, ad suturam linea valde im-
pressa distincta, obsolete decussata; anfractus quatuor convexi-
usculi, ultimus medio leviter angulatus ; apertura simplex, oblonga,
albida. Opere. —?

Alt. 12, diam. 8 mm.

Aperture: alt. 7°5, diam. 45 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

96. Paludomus abbreviata, Peeve.

Paludomus abbreviata, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 127; H. & T., C. 1.
pl. 125, fig. 7.

Original description :—Testa abbreviato-ovata, solida, Neritine-
formi, spira brevissima ; anfractibus superne plano-declivibus,
deinde convexis, levibus; apertura subampla; olivacea, lineis
duabus fuscis interdum obsolete cingulata, aperture fauce fasciata.

The following measurements are taken from the figure in the
‘ Conchologia Indica ’ :—

Alt. 20°5, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Of a solid Neritina-like form.

97. Paludomus acuta, Zeeve.

Paludomus acuta, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 127; H& T, OL
pl. 123, fig. 7.

Original description :— Testa acuminata-turbinata, spira acuta;
anfractibus rotundatis, ad suturam excavatis et lineatis, medio
lineis incisis cingulatis ; apertura parva, virescenti-olivacea.

The measurements of the figure in the ‘ Conchologia Indica’
are as below :—

Alt. 17-25, diam. 10°75 mm.

Hab. Near Pondicherry.

The apex of the shell, which in most species is eroded, is here
sharply developed. The whorls are characterized by being encircled
round the middle with conspicuous engraved lines.

PALUDOMUS. 53

98. Paludomus baccula, Reeve.

Paludomus baccula, Reeve, P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 128; Hanley, Conch.
Misc., Melan. fig. 63; H. & T., C. 1. pl. 124, fig. 10.

Original description:—Testa oblongo-turbinata, spira prominente,
anfractibus, plano-convexis, levigatis, vel, sub lente, subtilissime
striatis ; apertura parva; olivacea, brunneo-nigro tincta.

The dimensions according to the figure in the ‘ Conchologia
Indica’ are as follows :—

Alt. 17, diam. 11 mm.

Hab. Branch of the Ganges.

A small dark olive turbinated species, besmeared with shining
brown-black.

Subgenus PHILOPOTAMIS.
Philopotamis, Layard, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvi, 1855, p. 184,

Typr, Paludomus sulcata, Reeve ; Ceylon.

Range. Ceylon.

Original description :—Animal fluviatile, amphibious, delighting
in rocky torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly ovate ;
apex superior, paucispiral ; nucleus sub-basal, dextral.

The subgenus is based upon the characters of the operculum.

99. Paludomus (Philopotamis) sulcata (2Reeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) suleata (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 8;
H. & T., O. L. pl. 122, fig. 2.

Original description :—Shell ovate, spire prominent, whorls
rounded, spirally very closely grooved, grooves and intermediate
ridges very closely decussated with longitudinal striw ; yellowish
olive, painted here and there with black, sometimes entirely black,
interior whitish.

Alt. 25, diam. 20 mm. (taken from pl. 3, fig. 8¢ in Con. Icon.).

Hab. In a mountain stream at Ratnapoora, Ceylon; Uda
Pussellawa, Ceylon (Preston).

Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 299; cf. Brot, Conch.-
Cab. ii, pl. d, fig. 18.

Apparently a small form.

Alt. 14-5, diam. 11°5 mm. (according to Brot’s figure).

Hab. Ceylon (Stoliczha).

Var. contracta, Nevill, tom. cit.; Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, pl. 5,
figs. 19, 20 (as “ P. sulcatus, var.”’).
Nevill gives no description beyond the reference to Brot’s

figure ; it appears to be a narrow form.
Hab. Arbegammoa, Ceylon (Blanford).

54 TIARIDA.

Var. compacta, Nevill, tom. cit.

“ Remarkable for its small aperture.” (.Veviil.)
Alt. 16°5, diam. 11°75 mm.
ab. Ceylon (H. Nevill).

100: Paludomus (Philopotamis) decussata (Reeve).

Palhudomus (Philopotamis) decussata (Reeve). P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 127 ;
H. & TC. L pl. 198. fig. 3.

Original description :—Testa acuminato-oblonga, tenuiuscula,
spira subacuta; anfractibus convexis, striis minutis longitudi-
nalibus et transversis undique subtilissime decussatis ; apertura
parviuscula ; virescenti olivacea, fasciis tribus rufo-nigricantibus
cingulata.

The dimensions given below are taken from the figure in the
‘ Conchologia Indica’ :—

Alt. 23°5, diam. 22 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Chiefly characterized by its finely decussated surface.

101. Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata (Lceve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata (Reeve), V.Z.8. 1852, p. 1265
H. & T., C. I. p. xvii.

Original description :—Testa oblonga, spira subelevata; an-
fractibus plano-convexis, undique costellato-striatis ; apertura

Fig. 4.—Paludomus (Philopotamis) trifasciata, Reeve.
(Specimen.) Nat. size.

parviuscula, intus vix callosa; olivacea, fasciis tribus nigricanti-
fuscis subirregulariter cingulata.

Alt. 21, diam. maj. 14 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 9°5 mm. (specimen).

Hab. Branch of the Ganges.

102. Paludomus (Philopotamis) bicincta (Leeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) bicincta (Reeve), P. %. 8. 1852, p. 129 5
I. & 7, C. 1. pl. 123, fig. 10.

Original description :—Testa globosa vel oblongo-globosa, longi;

PALUDOMUS. 55

tudinaliter subobscure sulcato-striata, spira brevi; anfractibus
convexis superne subdepressis, et minute spiraliter sulcatis,
olivaceo-fusca, nigricante obscure bifasciata ; apertura albida.

The dimensious according to the figure in the ‘ Conchologia
Indica,’ are as follows :—

Alt. 17°5, diam. 14 mm.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

“¢ Allied to P. decussata, but of more ucuminated growth.”

103. Paludomus (Philopotamis) rupeformis (Brot).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) rupeformis (Brot), Conch.-Cab. ii,
p. 80, 1880, pl. 5, tig. 10; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 298.

Original description :—Testa globoso-mucronata, solidula, corneo-
olivacea, nigro inquinata, unicolor. Spira subintegra, parvula,
breviter concavo-mucronata; anfr. 6 (integre ad 7) convexi,
sutura distincta divisi, levigati, lente crescentes; ultimus subito
inflatus, globosus, sublevigatus vel striis incrementi tenuibus vix
striatulus. Apertura ovata, superne acuminata, basi rotundata,
intus alba, vel pallide late bifasciata ; columella arcuata, crassi-
usecula. Operculum typicum.

Alt. 16, diam. 12 mm.

Aperture: alt. 10:5, dium. 6 mm.

Hab. Matale, Ceylon (Layard).

104. Paludomus (Philopotamis) regalis, Layard.

Paludomus (Philopotamis) regaiis, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 93 ;
H.& T., C. 1. pl. 121, fig. 10.

Original description :—Shell oblong ovate; axis 1 inch, diam.
9 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls rounded, depressed at
the upper part, spirally corded with close-set slight ridges, longi-
tudinally minutely striated, and crowned with a single row of
short, sharp, hollow, angular spines, closely set. Colour yellowish-
olive, painted with wavy, dark brown longitudinal lines. Aperture
pure white.

Operculum unknown, but most probably as in P. sulcata,

Hab. Stream in the Cnia Corle, Western Province, Ceylon.

105. Paludomus (Philopotamis) nigricans (/eeve).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) nigricans (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palud.
sp.6; H. & T., C. 1 pl. 124, fig. 1.

Original description :—Shell ovate, spire ratber prominent, ex-
serted ; whorls smooth, faintiy avgled towards the base; blackish,
interior bluish white.

Alt. 13°75, diam. 9°25 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).

Hab. Ceylon (in mountain streams at 6,000 feet elevation).

56 TIARIDE,

Var. subgranulosa, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 299; Brot,
Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, pl. 6, fig. 6 (as var. B).

No other description given than that implied by the name.
Hab, Ceylon (Blanford).

106. Paludomus (Philopotamis) erronea, Nevill.

Paludomus (Philopotamis) erronea, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 300 ;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 108, fig. 7 (as P. parva) [not of evar

Paludomus phasianinus, Layard, A. M. N, IL. 1855, p. 186 [not of
Reeve].

“The only ally, I know, of Paludomus erronea is P. nigricans
of which Mr. H. F. Blanford considers it a smooth variety ; the
above-quoted figure, however, shows the differences at a glance.”

Alt. 10°5, diam. 6°5 mm.

Hab, Hackgalle [Hakgalla], Ceylon (Layard); Ceylon (Blan-

ford).

107. Paludomus (Philopotamis) subdentata, Nevill.

Paludomus (Philopotamtis) subdentata, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2,
p. 300.

Original description :—Almost smooth, prettily longitudinally
striped, “flames” only slightly flexuous ; columella very broadly
excavated, alabaster white, subdentate at base; spire truncate,
two whorls only remaining, the last one convexly swollen ; flames
are discernible within the aperture.

Alt. 13°75, diam. 9°75 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (type) (H. Nevill).

108. Paludomus (Philopotamis) violacea (Layard).

Paludomus (Philopotamis) violacea (Layard), P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 92,
(as Tanalia); Brot, in Conch.-Cab. 1i, 1880, p. 15, pl. 5, figs. 3,
3a, 36.

Original description :—Shell globose ; axis 6 lines, diam. 5 lines.
Spire very short, slightly exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose,
spirally grooved with close-set, fine, minutely decussated striz (in
one variety the striw# become ridges). Coloura dark bluish-brown,
almost amounting to black, with darkish brown patches appearing
in some specimens. Aperture deep violet inside; columella
white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown.

Hab. A small mountain torrent in a dense forest between
Gillymalle and Pallabaddoola, towards Adam’s Peak, Ceylon.

PALUDOMUS, 57

Subgenus TANALIA.
Tanalia, Gray, P. Z. 8. 1847, p. 153; Layard, op. cit. 1854, p. 88.

Typ, Nerita aculeata, Chemnitz; Ceylon.

Range. Ceylon. :

Original description :—Animal fluviatile, delighting in the most
rapid mountain torrents. Operculum horny, subtriangularly
ovate ; apex lateral, lamellated ; nucleus lateral, dextral.

As in the subgenus Philopotamis, the present subgenus is also
based upon the structure of the operculum.

109. Paludomus (Tanalia) loricata (Zeeve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) loricata (Reeve), Con. Icon. iv, Palud. sp. 1.

Paludomus @rea, Reeve, P. Z. S. 1852, p. 128.

Tanalia loricata, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 91.

Paludomus layardi, Reeve, 1. ¢.

Paludomus undata, Reeve, Con. Icon. iv, Palud. sp. 2; H. & T., C.I.
pl. 121, tig. 3 as P. undata, fig. 5 as P. erea, fig. 6 as P. layardi.

Original description :—Shell obovate, spire scarcely exserted,
whorls slightly angularly depressed round the upper part, spirally
encircled with close-set squamate ridges; aperture large; very
black-brown, interior white, columella and edge of the lip purple-
brown.

Alt. 20:5, diam. 20°5 mm. (from original figure 1 @).

Alt. 32°25, diam. 34°5 mm. ( rs 3 1)..

Hab. In rapids flowing from Adam’s Peak, Ceylon (Gardner).

110. Paludomus (Tanalia) erinacea (Jtecve).
Paludomus (Tanalia) erinacea (Reeve), P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 128;

H. & T., C. L pl. 121, tig. 1; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 301
(as P. (Tanalia) aculeata vay. erinacea).

Original description:—Testa obovata, tenuiuscula, anfractibus
convexis, liris muricato-squamatis spiraliter cingulatis ; apertura
subampla ; atra, intus czrulescente, columella et aperture limbo
castaneo-nigris.

The following dimensions are taken from the figure in the
‘ Conchologia Indica.’

Alt. 21:5, diam. 21 mm.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

111. Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) nodulosa (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 125;
H. & T., C. L. pl. 126, figs. 8, 9; Nevill, Hand List, pt, 2,
p. 802 (as P. (Z.) aculeata var. nodulosa).

Original description :—Testa oblongo-ovata, lete olivacea, longi-
tudinaliter nigro fulgurata; spira exserta; antractus costis

58 TIARIDA,

tuberculosis spiraliter cingulati, sutura crenulata; apertura
subcircularis, nigra, intus albida, lineis nigris pellucentibus.

Alt. 27, diam. 21 mm.

Aperture: alt. 20, diam. 16°5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

112. Paludomus (Tanalia) reevei, Layard.

Paludomus (Tanalia) reevet, Layard, P. Z.8. 1884, p. 92; HW. & T.,
C. I. pl. 121, fig. 7, and pl. 124, fig. 5; Nevill, tom. cit. (as
P.(T.) nodulosa var. reevet).

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate ; axis 14 inch, diam.
Linch 2 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls rounded, spirally
corded with rather distant obtuse ridges, longitudinally striated
with well-marked close-set striw, the great characteristic mark of
the species. Aperture: outer lip edged with deep purple-brown,
columellar lip white. Colour a dark yellow-brown, thickly marked
with longitudinal, slanting, jet-brown wavy bands.

Hab. The Calloo Ganga, Ratnapoora [Kaluganga, Ratnapura],
Ceylon.

Subvar. minor, Vevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 302.

No description is given by Nevill, but presumably it is a small
form.
Hab. Ceylon (H. F. Blanford).

113. Paludomus (Tanalia) funiculata, feeve.

Paludomus (Tanalia) funiculata, Reeve, Conch. Ieon., Palud. sp. 13.

Tanalia funiculuta, Layard, P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 93 (amended des-
cription); H. & T., C. [. pl. 125, figs. 1-4; Nevill, tom. cit.
(as P. (7.) aculeata vay, funiculata).

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted, whorls
rather depressed round the upper part, spirally corded with rather
distant obtuse ridges ; jet-brown, interior whitish.

Alt. 25, diam. 22 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab. In a mountain stream at Ratnapoora, Ceylon.

“ Of a dark sombre colour, without any indication of pattern,
encircled throughout with rather distant ridges.”

114. Paludomus (Tanalia) picta, Reeve.

Paludomus (Tanalia) picta, Reeve, Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 10 ;
H.& T.,C.1. pl. 122, fig. 7; Nevill, tom. cit. p. 303 (as P. (7)
aculeata var. prcta).

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate, spire exserted, whorls
spirally obtusely striated: olive, painted longitudinally with
narrow undulated waved bands, interior white, margin of the
columella stained with brown.

PALUDOMUS. 59

Alt. 23:5, diam. 19°25 mm. (taken from pl. 2, fig. a in Con.
Icon.). :

Hab. Tn a mountain stream at Ratnapoora, Ceylon.

“The waved painting may be observed in aduit specimens on
the outside, when not visible in the interior.”

115. Paludomus (Tanalia) swainsoni (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) swainsont (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 125;
TL. & T., C. 1. pl. 124, fig. 6.

Original description :—Testa ovata, solida, olivacea, costis nigris
spiralibus ornata, obsolete spiraliter et longitudinaliter striata ;
spira exserta; anfractus convexi, ad suturam nigricantem
depressi; apertura ovata, albida, obsolete dentata, interdum
fusco- maculata.

Alt. 25, diam. 23 mm.

Aperture: alt. 21, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Allied to P. (2’.) picta, but differing in having black ribs.

116. Paludomus (Tanalia) distinguenda (Dohrn).

Paludonus (Tanalia) distinguenda (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 1
H. & T., C. 1. pl. 122, fig. 3; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p.
(as P. (T.) aculeata vay. distinguenda).

24s
303

Original description :—Testa ovata, olivacea, nitida, fasciis nigris
fulguratis longitudinaliter picta, spiraliter et longitudinaliter
striata ; spira exserta; apertura ovata, cerulescens ; peristomata
nigro, obsolete dentato; margine columellari planato, fasciis
nigris, pellucentibus.

Alt. 25, diam. 19 mm.

Aperture: alt. 18, diam. 12-5 mm.

Hab, Ceylon.

117. Paludomus (Tanalia) torrenticola, Dohrn.

Paludomus (Tunalia) torrenticola, Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 5386 ;
H.& T.,C. L pl. 124, fig. 9; Neviil, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303
(as P. (7.) aculeata var. torrenticola).

Original description :—Testa oblongo-ovata, nigricanti-olivacea,
obscure fulgurata et maculata, spiraliter confertim, longitudinaliter
rarius striata ; spira exserta; antractus convexi; sutura simplex ;
apertura ovalis, violacea, margine columellari albo.

Alt. 22, diam. 16 mm.

Aperture: alt. 16, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

60 TIARID.E.

118. Paludomus (Tanalia) neritoides ([ecve).

Paludomus (Tanalia) neritoides (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 3;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 122, fig. 8.

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate, spire a little exserted,
whorls rounded. obscurely obtusely ridged ; aperture rather large ;
olive, sharply waved in the young shell with brown, interior
white, columella and edge of the lip sometimes blotched here and
there with blackish brown.

Alt. 31:5, diam. 245 mm. (taken from pl. 1, fig. 36 in Con.
Icon.).

Hak In the bed of a river at Ambegamoa, Ceylon.

“This species has more the form of a Merita than any other,
and is distinguished in an early stage of growth by a brilliant
pattern of zigzag painting in the interior. The lip and columella
are sometimes white, sometimes blotched with blackish brown.”

Var. globosa, Brot, Conch.-Cab. ii, 1880, pl. 8, fig. 1; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 304.

A somewhat swollen form.
Hab. Ceylon (Vevill).

119. Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Ztceve).
Paludomus (Tanalia) dilatata (Reeve), P. Z. 8. 1852, p. 128; H. &
T., C. I. pl. 125, figs. 5,6; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 303 (as
P. (T.) neritoides vay. dilatata ?).

Original description :—Testa suboblongo-ovata, spira exsertius-
cula; anfractibus rodundatis, superne vix depressis, spiraliter
obscura superficialiter liratis; intense nigricanti-fusca, immacu-
lata; apertura oblonga, inferne dilatata, intus czerulescenti-alba,
bi- vel trifasciata, nigro-limbata.

The following dimensions are taken from fig. 5, pl. 125, in the
‘Conchologia Indica.’

Alt. 36°75, diam. 29 mm.

Hab. Mountain streams of Ceylon.

120, Paludomus (Tanalia) gardneri ( Reeve}.
Paludomus (Tanalia) gardnert (Reeve), Conch. Icon., Palud. sp. 9;
JI. & T., C.J. pl. 122, fig. 6; Nevill, tom. cit. (as P. (Z7.) neri-
toides var. yar dneri).

Original description :—-Shell orbicularly ovate, spire flatly
depressed, whorls regularly convex, very closely spirally ridged,
ridges rather thin, obtuse, alternately larger; aperture very large ;
jet-black, interior whitish, columella and margin of the aperture
stained with purple-black.

Alt. 35, diam. 34 mm. (taken from pl. 2, fig. 9 in Con. Icon.)

Hab. Ina stream at the foot of Adam’s Peak, Ceylon.

PALUDOMUS. 61

121. Paludomus (Tanalia) cumingiana (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) cumingiana (Dohrn), P. Z. S. 1857, p. 124;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 126, figs. 5, 6.

Original description :—Testa globosa, solida, olivaceo-fusca,
obsolete spiraliter sulcata; spira valde depressa, exserta; anfractus
ultimus ceteros superans, ad suturam in formam canalis impressus;
apertura magna, obliqua, flavescens, intus albida, lineis nigris
undatis longitudinaliter distincta.

Alt. 33, diam. 34 mm.

Aperture: alt. 30, diam. 24 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Allied to P. (7.) gardneri, Reeve, but distinguished by the
“ deep channei-like impression on the upper part of the whorl, and
in the large size of the mouth.”

122. Paludomus (Tanalia) thwaitesi (Layard).

Paludomus (Tunalia) thwaitesi (Layard), P. Z. 8. 1854, pp. 93-94
(as Philopotamis) ; H. & T., C.1. pl. 125, figs. &,9; Nevill, Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 304 (as P. (7.) neritotdes var. thwattes: ?).

Original description :—Shell oblong-ovate ; axis 13 lines, diam.
9 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls almost carinated round
the upper part, spirally corded with unequal sized, close, but
irregularly set ridges, granulated or minutely striated. Colour
yellowish olive, painted more or less with wavy, dark brown
longitudinal lines. Aperture pinkish white, occasionally having
the outer lip dotted with dark pink-brown marks.

Alt. 30°5, diam. 23°75 mm. (Conch. Ind. pl. 125, fig. 9).

Hab. Weyweldenia, Ceylon.

123. Paludomus (Tanalia) tennantii (Reeve).
Paludomus (Tanalia) tennantii (Reeve), Con. Icon., Palud. sp. 12];
H. & T., C. 1. pl. 122, tig. 5 (as P. tennentit) ; Nevill, tom. cit.
(as P. (T.) neritoides var. tennent).

Original description :—Shell obovate, rather thick, spire scarcely
exserted; whorls rounded, smooth, or very obscurely ridged ;
aperture rather largely effused ; olive, indistinctly longitudinally
waved, interior white, columella and edge of the aperture stained
with purple-brown.

Alt. 31, diam. 29 mm. (taken from pl. 3, fig. c, in Con. Icon.).

Hab. In a rocky stream flowing from Adam’s Peak, Ceylon.

““,... distinguished in early growth by an elaborate pattern of
waved painting, which is very conspicuous in the interior of the
shell. At a more advanced period, this striking display of pattern
is entirely obscured by a superincumbent deposit of colourless
matter.”

62 TIARIDE,

124. Paludomus (Tanalia) dromedarius (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) dromedarius (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 124;
H. & T., C. L pl. 122, fig. 9; Nevill, tom, cit. (as P. (7.) nert-
toides var. dromedarius).

Original description :—Testa oblongo-ovata, nigra, obsolete
spiraliter, longitudinaliter striata; anfractus convexi, ultimus
antice valde deflexus; apertura subcircularis, alba, obsolete
dentata, interdum flavocincta. Operculum subtriangulare, cor-
neum, nucleo laterali dextrorso.

Alt. 29, diam. 21 mm.

Aperture : alt. 20-5, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

125. Paludomus (Tanalia) solida (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) solida (Dohrn), P. Z. 8, 1857, p. 124; H. &
T., C. I. pl. 122, fig. 4.

Original description :—Testa ovato-oblonga, solidissima, flava,
brunneo-maculata; spira exserta; anfractus convexi, spiraliter
sulcati, sub lente longitudinaliter striati; suturaimpressa; apertura
crassa, alba, semicircularis. Operculum corneum, nigrescens,
concentrice striatum, nucleo sinistro.

Alt. 19, diam. 14°5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

126. Paludomus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) hanleyi (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 535; H. &
T., C. 1. pl. 125, fig. 10.

Original description :—Testa semiovalis, neriteeformis, solida,
olivacea unicolor vel saturatius longitudinaliter striata, decussata ;
spira exserta; anfractus convexi; apertura obliqua, ampla, labio
columellari magno, margine interno vix curvato, externo semi-
circulari ; alba vel flavescens. Operc. ?

Alt. 18, diam. 15 mm.

Aperture: alt. 15, diam. 13 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Var. major, ? Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 305.

A large form.
Alt. 23, diam. 20 mm.
Hab. Ceylon (H. Nevill).

127. Paludomus (Tanalia) skinneri (Dohrn).

Paludomus (Tanalia) skinnert (Dohyn}, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 124;
Hi. & T., C. I. pl. 121, fig. 4.

Original description :—Testa ovata, nigricanti-olivacea, confertim

PALUDOMUS. 63

costis squamatis spiraliter cingulata, supra medium obsolete
carinata ; apertura semicircularis, alba, intus cerulescens.

Alt. 35, diam. 32 mm.

Aperture: alt. 29, diam. 21 mm.

Hub. Ceylon.

128. Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard.

Paludomus (Tanalia) similis, Layard, P. Z.8. 1854, p.92; H.& T.,
C.I. pl. 122, fig. 1.

Original description :—Shell rather globose; axis 8 lines, diam.
6 lines. Spire short, exserted. Whorls rounded, ventricose,
spirally grooved with close-set, fine, minutely decussated striz.
Colour rich olive-yellow, profusely marked with longitudinal,
wavy, dark lines, interrupted by four or five fine transverse bands
of the same colour. Aperture: the dark markings of the shell
show through, and are dimmed by a bluish haze; columella lip
white, stained on the outside edge with dark brown, which runs
round the outer lip in a thin band.

Hab. A mountain torrent at Kandangamoa, near Ratnapoora,
Ceylon.

129. Paludomus (Tanalia) melanostoma, Hanley g- Theobald.

Paludomus (Tanalia) melanostoma, Hanley & Theobald, Con. Ind.
pl. 121, figs. 8, 9 (figs. only).

Shell oblong-ovate, solid, dark yellowish-brown, painted with
oblique, transverse, zigzag bands of black; remaining whorls 3,
rapidly increasing, the last large, sculptured with more or less
beaded, spiral lire ; suture impressed ; columella margin excavated,
white within, stained with brownish-black without, extending
upwards into a thickish, well-defined, parietal callus which has
the same colouring and reaches to the upper margin of the
labrum; labrum edged with a variegated band of brown and
yellowish white just within, acute; aperture ovate; interior of
shell white.

Alt. 25, diam. maj. 21:25, diam. min. 15-25 mm.

Aperture: alt. 20, diam. 11:25 mm,

Hab. Ceylon.

Type in British Museum.

Subgenus STOMATODON.
Stomatodon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, x, 1862, p. 414.
Typr, Paludomus stomatodon, Benson ; Travancore.

Range. Travancore.

For description see that of Puludomus (S.) stomatodon given
below.

64 TIARID.E.—LITTORNID&.

130. Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon, Benson.

Paludomus (Stomatodon) stomatodon, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3,
x, 1862, p. 414 (as ? Tanalia) ; WH. & T., C. 1. pl. 108, fig. 1.

Original description:—Testa ovato-globosa, solida, leviuscula
(juniorum polita), striis spiralibus obsoletis induta, olivaceo-
nigrescente ; spira brevi erosa, sutura impressa; anfractibus 3
superstitibus, superioribus convexiusculis, ultimo convexo;
apertura ovato-acuta, albida, intus demum angustiore, sinuata ;
peristomate integro, margine dextro basalique acuto, columellari
late calloso, infra latiore, subito intus truncato, dente prominente
crasso munito.

Alt. 14, diam. 12 mm.

Hub. Mountain streams near Cottyam, Travancore.

«©... There is some resemblance in this shell to Neritina, for
which genus a specimen might, on a cursory glance, be taken.
The upper part of the columellar callosity exhibits in some
specimens a blackish-brown tint, and a patch of the same colour
may occasionally be observed at the base, in the interior of the
aperture, the throat of which is tinged with violet and purple and
presents a minutely corrugate surface.”

Family LITTORNID.
Subfamily CREMNOCONCHIN A.

Shell ovate, depressedly turbinate, with large aperture.
Distribution. S, Asia.

Genus CREMNOCONCHUS.

Cremnobates, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863, p. 184.
Cremnoconchus, Blanford, A. M. N. H. ser. 4, ili, 1869, p. 343.

Typn, C. syhadrensis, Blanford ; Western India.

Range. W. India; Tonkin.

Original description :—Testa perforata, turbinato - globosa,
costulata. Apertura mediocris, subovata; peristomatis margine
dextro simplici, columellari vix calloso.

Operculum testaceum, subovatum, paucispirale ; nucleo sinistro :
margine membranaceo.

Animal (pulmoniferum ?) parvum ; tentaculis duobus brevibus
subulatis, oculos in lobis tumidis ad basin gerentibus preditum.

Pes brevis, rotundatus. Proboscis brevis.

CREMNOCONCHUS. 65

131. Cremnoconchus syhadensis (Blanford).

Cremnoconchus syhadensis (Blanford), A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xii, 1863,
p. 184 (as Cremmnobates), pl. 4, figs. 1-7; H. & T., 0.1. pl. 146,
fig. 6.

Original description:—Testa subobtecte perforata, globoso-
turbinata, costulis elevatis crenulatis cireumdata, inter costulis
liris minoribus spiralibus lineisque obliquis decussantibus incre-
menti ornata, periomphalo haud costulato concentrice decussato-
striato albida, ad apicem rubella, epidermide viridi-fusca induta ;
spira brevis, conoidea, sutura impressa, apice acuto, plerumque
erosulo; anfractibus 3, rapide accrescentibus, convexis, ultimo
rotundato, ‘circa perforationem angulato; apertura diagonalis,
ovata, lineis longitudinalibus fusco-purpureis prope suturam et
versus basin marginis dextri, spatio intervenieute, interne signata,
interdum omnino colorata; peristoma simplex, marginibus callo
junctis, dextro recto, basili expansulo, columellari reflexo, appresso
perforationem partim tegente. Operculum normale.

Alt. 7, diam. 7 mm.

Aperture: ali. 5, diam. 4 mm.

Hab. Western Ghats. On wet rocks (Blanford).

With regard to the animal the author doubts the existence of
gills and makes the following remarks: “.... the large vascular
sac at the back of the neck exactly resembles that in the opercu-
lated land-shells. ‘he mantle-margin is free, and the sexes
distinct. The lingual ribbon is very long; one from a large
specimen measured 4 inch (17 mill.); the teeth are 7-ranked, but
differ in form from those of Cyclostomaceous genera. The
amphibious habits of the animal, the short foot, and the olive-
green epidermis, so characteristic of fresh-water shells, induce ne
to place it in the vicinity of Lithoglyphus.”

132. Cremnoconchus conicus, Blanford.

Cremnoconchus conicus, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870,
p. 10, pl. 8, fizs.38,3a; H. & T.,C. I. pl. 146, figs. 8, 9, and
C. conicus var. tig. 10, fide Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xlix, pt. 2,
p. 221.

Original description :—Testa imperforata, ovato-conica, solida,
albida, fascia spirali castanea supra peripheriam interdum ornata,
epidermide olivacea, haud nitida, induta. Spira conica; apice
acuto, plerumque eroso; sutura profunda, — Anfr. 5 convexi
(primi szpissime carentes), ultimus ad peripheriain sub-angulatus,
subtus convexus, non descendens. Apertura obliqua, ovata,
postice subangulata, intus fulvescens vel alba, aliquando fascia
castanea intranti instracta; peristoma tenue rectum, marginibus
callo junctis, basali sub-effuso, columellari calloso. Opere. uor-
male, corneum, pauci-spirale, nucleo sub-basali, haud procul a
latere columellari sito.

F

66 LITTORNIDA.

Alt. 8, dian. 6 mm, A young specimen with
Aperture: alt. 4:5, diam. 3:5 oe perfect spire.

Alt. 9°5, diam. 7 mm. An old speeimen with eroded
Aperture: alt. 6, diam. 5 mm, \ spire.

Hab, Near Poonah.

Var. canaliculatus, Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870,
p- 11, pl. 3, fig. 4.

Original description :—Sutura canaliculata, anfractibus juxta
suturam acute carinatis.

Alt. 8, diam. 6°5 mm.

Hab, Torna.

133. Cremnoconchus carinatus (Layard).
Cremnoconchus carinatus (Layard), P. Z. 8. 1854, p. 94 (as
Aneulotus); Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. 2, 1870, p. 12,

pl. 3, fig, 5; op. cit. xlix, pt. 2, p. 221.

Original description :—Shell somewhat globose; axis 5 lines,
diam. 4 lines. Spire exserted, short. Whorls inflated, rather
square, sharply keeled round the inferior angle, minutely longi-
tudinally striated. Colour dull olive, marked faintly with two or
three broad bands of dark rufous-brown, which are very apparent
in the aperture ; columellar lip white, stained with a light dash of
the same rufous-brown on the exterior margin.

Wo dimensions being given the following is taken from
Blanford’s description (J. A. 8. B. xxxix, pt. 2, p. 12).

Alt. 7°5, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. Streams in the Mahableshwar Hills, Bombay Presidency.

Subgenus BITHINELLA.

Bithinella, Moquin-Tandon, 1851, J. de Conch. Paris, p. 239,
& Hist. Moll. Terr. Fluy. France, 1855, p. 516 (as Bythinella).

Typr, Bulimus viridis, Poiret; Europe.

Range. Europe; Asia; N. America.

Shell having the opercuium set far back in the interior ; it is
also subcorneous, spirally striate, with excentric nucleus.

134. Bithinella canningensis, Preston.

Bithinella canningensis, Preston, A. M,N. TH. ser. 7, xix, 1907,
p. 216 (fig. in text).

Original description :— Shell subperforate, pyramidal. dull
yellowish-brown horn-colour; remaining whorls 8, somewhat
convex ; sutures well impressed ; aperture oval; peristome
simple, continuous; opereulum horny, paucispiral,

Alt. 1°75, diam. naj. 1 mm.

Hab, Port Canning, Lower Bengal; in brackish pools.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta,

-

PALUDESTRINID. 67

Family PALUDESTRINID [=Jlydrobiide }.
Subfamily PALUDESTRININZE.

Shell small, corneous, fusiform, narrowly rimate or imperforate.
Distribution. World-wide.

Genus PALUDESTRINA.

Hydrobia, Hartmann, 1821, nec Leach in Coleoptera, 1817.
Paludestrina, d'Orbigny, Voy. Amér. Mérid., Moll. 1840, p. 381.

Tyrz, P. aubertana, d’Orb.; S. America.

Range. World-wide.

Animals having no eyes on the tentacles, these being placed
outwardly at their base; operculum horny, spiral, resembling
Littorina, An inhabitant of both fresh and brackish water.

Subgenus BELGRANDIA.

Belgrandia, Bourguignat, Cat. Moll. Ter. Fluv. Env. Paris, 1869,
p. 15.

Typsr, Bithinella gibba, Drapernaud; France.

Range. Europe; Asia.

Shell having one or two rounded swellings on the last whorl,
these, as the author explains at some length, being quite different
from those caused by rest periods.

135. Paludestrina (Belgrandia) miliacea, Nevill.
Paludestrina (Belgrandia) miliacea, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2,
p- 161; op. cit., 1, p. 158, pl. vil, fig. 7; Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 52 [as Hydrobia (Bythinella)}.

Original description :—Testa winuta, vix rimata, conico-
elongatula, solida, parum nitida, albido-viridula, levigata ; spira
paululum producta, apice minuto, acutiusculo; anfr. 5, con-
vexiusculi, ultimis duobus rapide accrescentibus, ultimo basi
subplanulato, ad aperturam gibbositate crassa circumscripto ;
apertura ovato-rotundata, intus incrassata, peristoma continuum,
valide incrassatum, margine externo arcuato, basi sinuato, mar-
gine columellari subangulatim contorto, subreflexo. Operculum
sat profunde immersum, tenue, pellucidum, vitreum.

Alt. about 2°75, diam. 1:75 mm.

Hab. Port Canning (Nevill, Mainwaring).

Type in Indian Museum, Caleutta.

Subvar. gibbosula.
Hab, Port Canning (Stoliezha).

68 PALUDESTRINIDA.

Subvar. subangulata.

Hab. Port Canning (Nevill); Chilka Lake (Blanford).

The above two subvarieties are given by Nevill in his ‘ Hand
List,’ p. 52, but without further descriptions than those implied
by the names themselves.

Var. miuor, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. 1880, pt. 2, p. 161.

Alt. 2, diam. 1-25 mm.
Hab. Port Canning.

Genus TRICULA.
Tricula, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist. 1848, p. 467.

Typz, 7. montana, Benson; India.

Range. India.

Original description:—Teste spira eclongatiuscula, apertura
obliqua, ovata, integra superne angulata; peristomate continuo,
subreflexo; anfractu ultimo subumbilicato.

Animal. Melanie simile, proboscide elongata, antice emar-
ginata, tentaculis filiformibus duobus oculos postice prope basin

gerentibus; pede mediocri ovato, antice subquadrato. Operculo
corneo subspirali.

136. Tricula montana, Benson.

Tricula montana, Benson, Calcutta Journ. Nat, Hist. 1843, p. 467 ;
A. M.N. H. 1862, pp. 415-416; H. & T., C. 1. pl. 155, fig. 1.

Original description :—Testa olivacea ovato-conica, anfractibus
sex rotundatis, suturis impressis, apertura intus albida, peri-
stomate nigrescenti; apice obtuso, plerumque decollato.

Alt. 3, diam. maj. 1°25 mm.

Hub, Bhintal.

Nevill (Hand List Moll. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, p. 62) cites a
presumably short variety under the name var. curta, but without
other description; it is from the Jhiri Valley, N. Cachar, at an
altitude of 3000 feet.

Genus AMNICOLA.
Amnicola, Gould & Haldeman, Rep. Inv., Mass., 1841, p. 228.

Typp, A. porata, Say ; Massachusetts.

Range. N. America; BE. & 8. Asia.

Original description :—Shell ovate-conic, thin; spire acute,
composed of a tew rounded whorls; aperture small, oblique,
rounded-ovate ; lips continuous, simple; operculum horny, spiral,
with a few volutious,

AMNICOLA. 69

Animali having an elongated foot, rounded posteriorly, with
each anterior angle produced laterally ; head half the breadth of
the foot, and protruding beyond it; tentacula short, filiform,
unequal, ?the eyes seated at the side of the external base;
oviparous. Inhabits fresh water.

137. Amnicola cincta, Gould.

Amnicola cincta, Gould, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. ii, p. 100;
Otia Conch. p. 199.

Original description:—Testa minuta, tenuis, ovato-oblongata,
impertorata, pallide cornea, decollata: anfr. (superstitibus) 3,
ventricosis, ultimo magno, subcarinato, lineis volventibus, et
interdum fascia fusca, cincto: apertura ovata, basi admodum
producta, labro simplici.

Alt. 2 mm.

Hab. Tenasserim, Burma.

Unfortunately no actual specimen has been accessible to the
author of the present work; hence the impossibility of illus-
trating this hitherto unfigured species.

138. Amnicola parvula (Hutton).

Amnicola parvula (Hutton), J. A. 8. B. xviii, pt. 2, p. 655
(as Paludina).

Bithinia globula, Lea, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1856, viii, p. 110,
& Journ. Acad, Philad., n.s., vii, p. 119, pl. 22, tig. 12 (= Obs.

Unio, xi probably); H. & T., C. I. pl. 151, figs. 8, 9.

Original description :—Animal dusky grey.

Shell conoid, of four whorls exclusive of apex; colour of
epidermis dull or dusky green; aperture ovate, rounded below,
angular above; oblique ; operculum horny ; subumbilicate, pillar
lip partially reflected; sutures deep; epidermis of the upper
whorls usually eroded; transversely striated by fine lines of
growth.

Alt. 45 mm.

Hab. A marshy patch of ground caused by a spring oozing from
the side of the Kojuck Pass, at Chummun.

Subfamily LITHOGLYPHIN &.

Animal with simple foot; radula with several basal denticu-
lations; penis simple or forked; operculum horny, spiral or
subspiral.

Distribution. 8.E. Europe; S.E. Asia; C. Africa; N., S. and C.
America; Melanesia.

70 PALUDESTRINIDA,

Genus LITHOGLYPHUS.
Lithoylyphus, Hartmann, Sturm’s Fauna, 1821, vi, Heft 5, p. 57.

Trypn, L. eburneus, Meg. v. Miihlfeld ; Europe.

Range. Europe ; India ; Tonkin.

Shell imperforate, globular with short spire, solid, suture
lightly impressed; aperture large, subovate or nearly circular ;
Jabrum simple; columellar margin callous; operculum horny,
paucispiral, with excentric nucleus.

139. Lithoglyphus martabanensis, 7/cobald.

Lithoglyphus martabanensis, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xxxix, 1870,
pt. 2, p. 402, pl. 18, fig. 9; H. & T., C. I. pl. 81, fig. 10.

Original description :—Testa globose conica, imperforata, solida,
virescente albida, translucente, fere levi, transversim exilissime
striata, spira parva, regulari, subobtusa; anfractibus 44, celeriter
crescentibus, ultimo 2 longitudinalis equante, apertura elliptica,
antice rotundata, postice angulata. Columella callosa, polita,
paulo dilatata, labro acuto leviter curvato, antice ad latus
subtruncato.

Alt. 4 mm. (fig. in Conch. Ind.).

Hab. Martaban.

Subfamily BITHYNIIN [Bithiniine emend.].

Animal with simple foot; radula with several basal denticu-
lations ; penis bifid; operculum calcareous, concentric.
Distribution. Europe; Asia.

Genus BITHYNIA.

Bithynia, Leach, in Abel’s “Narrative of Journey into Interior of
China,” 1818, p. 362.

Tye, Helix tentaculata, Linneus ; Europe.

Range. Europe; Asia.

Shell small, ovately fusiform with more or less convex whorls ;
aperture oval; labrum continuous ; operculum testaceous.

140. Bithynia tentaculata (Linneus).

Helix tentaculata, Linneeus, Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1758, p. 774.
Nerita jacuator, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2, 1774, p. 185.

Turbo nucleus, Da Costa, Brit. Conch, 1778, p. 91, pl. 5, fig. 12.
Bulimus tentaculatus, Poiret, Coq. de l’Aisne, 1801, p. 61.
Cyclostoma impurum, Draparnaud, Tab]. Moll. 180], p. 41.
Turbo janitor, Vallot, Exerc, d’Hist. Nat. 1801, p. 6.
Cyclostoma jaculator, Férussac, ss, M¢éth. Conch, 1807, p. 66.
Lymnea tentaculata, Vleming, din. Mneye. vii, 1814, p. 78.

BITIYNIA, 71

Paludina impura, Brard, Coq. Paris, 1815, p. 183, pl. 7, fig. 2.

Paludina jaculator, Studer, Kurz. Verz. 1820, p. 91.

Turbo tentaculatus, Sheppard, Trans. Linn. Soc. xiv, 1828, p. 152.

Bithynia jaculator, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid. iv, 1826, p. 100.

Paludina tentaculata, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 1828, p. 815.

Bithinia tentaculata, Gray, Turton Man. 1840, p. 98, pl. 10, fig. 120.

Bithinia (Liona) tentaculata, Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. ii, 1855,
fF. 528, pl. 89, figs, 23, v4.

Bythinia tentaculata, Reeve, Brit. L. & F. W. Moll. 1863, p. 189.

“Shell: conically ovate, with a minute nearly closed umbiliens,
fulvous green, subtransparent, apex rather sharp; whorls five,
smooth, convex, the last rather ventricose ; aperture somewhat
pyriformly ovate, lip dark-edged, scarcely reflected. Operculum
subtestaceous, striated concentrically around a central nucleus.”
(Reeve.)

Hab, Throughout Europe (in gentle streams and still waters).

Nevill gives the following variety without other description
than the dimensions :—

Var. kashmirensis.

Alt. 7, diam. 4°5 mm.
Hab. Kashmir (Stoliczka); Srinagar (Kashmir) (Theobald 2),

141. Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson).

Bithynia cerameopoma (Benson), Gleanings in Science, Calcutta,
ii, p. 125 (name for sp. in vol.i, p. 862) (as Puludina); J.A.8. B.
xxiv, 1855, p. 131.

Bithynia ceranospatana, Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zool.-bot. Wien,
1862, p. 1156; H. & T., C. 1. pl 88, figs. 1, 4.

Original description :—Small, ovate-oblong, whitish-yellow,
subhyaline, the lip at the base of the columella slightly produced;
operculum calcareous.

The above meagre description may be supplemented by the
following, based on a specimen in the British Museum :-—

Shell oblong-ovate, cinereous shading to yellowish white;
whorls 5, regularly and rather rapidly increasing, convex,
minutely and obsoletely sculptured with very fine, spiral strie
and marked with rather weak growth lines; suture well im-
pressed ; umbilicus moderately narrow, deep; labrum continuous,
slightly reflexed, bevelled within ; aperture a little oblique, ovate ;
operculum shelly, stightly concave, with subcentral nucleus,
having about seven couvolutions.

Alt. 10°75, diam. maj. 9, diam. min. 6 mm.

Aperture: alt. 6, diam. 4°25 mm.

Hub. Bengal.

There is in the British Museum a second set of this species,
presented by Captain T. Hutton and labelled “ Plains-—India.”
Yhe shells in this set are of rather smaller dimensions than those

72 PALUDESLRINIDE.

to which the specimen above described belongs, and are all of a
dark colour, varying from light chestnut to yellowish-brown.

Nevill, in his ‘Hand List of Mollusca in the Indian Museum,’
p. 34, quotes two subvarieties, as below :—

Var. carinulata.

Apparently a deformed specimen from Assam.

Var. gigantea.
No description, but presumably a large form from Calcutta.

142. Bithynia travancorica, Benson.

Bithynia travancorica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, vi, 1860,
p. 2659; H. & T., C. I. pl. 88, figs. 2, 3.

Original description :—Testa imperforata, conoideo-globosa, irre-
culariter striata, striis minutissimis spiralibus confertim decussata,
albida, vel corneo-flavescente, translucente ; spira dimidium teste
equante, apicem versus conoidea, vertice obtusiusculo hyalina,
sutura impressa ; anfractibus 43 convexis, ullimo globoso, antice
sensim descendente; apertura obliqua, ovata, margine sinistro
calioso, callo extus sulco marginato. Operculo normali, cras-
siusculo, extus nonnunquam tenuiter radiatim striato; nucleo
subcentrali.

Alt. 6, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. Ponds near Quilon.

143. Bithynia lutea, Gray.
Bithynia lutea, Gray, Ann, Phil. 1824, p. 277.
Bithynia goniostoma, Hutton MSS.

Paludinn pulchella, Kiister (not Benson), ed. Chemn. Paludina,
p. 89, pl. 6, fig. 19; H. & T., C. I. pl. 87, fig. 7.

Testa anguste perforata, globoso-ovata, sericina, tenera, sub-
pellucida, obsolete striata, subtilissime concentrice lineata, pallide
ferruginea; spira obtusa; anfractibus 5 convexis, ultimo basi
albo; apertura subovali, marginibus conjunctis, albo-callosis ;
peristomate reflexinsculo, basi angulato subauriculato. (Kiister.)

Alt. 7°25, diam. 5°5 mm.

Hab. Purneah (Conch. Ind.).

144. Bithynia moreletiana, Nevill.
Bithynia moreletiana, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 29;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pl. 6, fig. 14.
Original deseription:—In shape resembling B. lutea, Gray
(Conch. Ind. pl. 37, fig. 7); spire peculiarly short, apex very
vbtuse and flattened, always eroded, but not decollated ; whorls

BITHYNIA. 73

33, the last obliquely produced ; always imperforate, both in very
young and very old shells; margins of aperture entire, broadly
reflected, produced and angled at base, outer margin rounded ;
epidermis dark olive-green; under the Jens a minute spiral
sculpture can be detected. Young specimens invariably show
a sort of varix, formed probably at a period when their growth
is arrested by some cause, this varix becoming absorbed in adult
specimens.

Alt. 8°75, diam maj. 6; alt. anfract. ult. 7 mm.

Aperture: alt, 5:25, diam. 3 mm.

Hab. Yaylaymaw, ? Upper Burma.

“This species can easily be distinguished from the Indian
B. cerameopoma and B. lutea; it is imperforate, has fewer whorls,
a shorter and more obtuse spire, the columellar margin is less
acutely angled at base, the epidermis green instead of brown.”

The original dimensions given by Nevill are quoted below,
though some of them are not intelligible.

“Long. max. 83, min. 74, diam. max. 6, min. 72 mil., long.
anfract. ult. 7; long. apert. 51, diam. 3 mil.”

146. Bithynia pulchella (Benson).
Bithynia pulchella (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 746 (as
Paludina) ; H. & T., O. I. pl. 88, figs. 5, 6.
P = Valveta, no. 9, Hutton, J. A. 8. B. iii, p. 90.

Original description :—Testa ovato-conica leviter striata, epider-
mide olivacea, anfractibus rotundatis, suturis depressis. Apertura
peritremate nigrescente ; umbilico arco.

Alt. 7°25 mm.

Hab. Sylhet (Conch. Ind.).

Nevill designates two new varieties in his ‘Hand List of
Mollusca in the Indian Museum,’ p. 35, but without descriptions,
as folluws:—

Var. obtusa.
Hub. Port Canning (Stoliczka).

Var. pusilla.

Presumably a stunted form.
Alt. 6°5, diam. 4°5 mm.
Hab, Ferozpur (Temple).

146. Bithynia subpulchella, Nevill.
Bithynia subpulchella, Nevill, J. A.S, B. 1, pt. 2, p, 157, pl. 6,
fig. 12.

Original description :—[Shell] narrowly rimate, conically ventri-
cose, of rather thin substance, slightly transparent, without

Land
v4 PALU DESTRINID.E.

sculpture, almost white, with a very slight brownish tinge here
and there, suture very distinct, spire elongately drawn out, apex
rather obtuse; whorls 43, convexly ventricose, the last one
tumidly and globosely swollen, about the same size as the others
together, a distinct opaque varix on the left-hand side (away
from the aperture) on each side of the two last whorls ; aperture
nearly round, not oblique, with scarcely thickened, convex,
peristome, and columellar margin nearly straight, subangulate
at base.

Very variable in size. Type: Alt. 6, diam. 4 mm.

Hab. Kutch.

Type in Indian Museum, Caleutta.

A thinner form designated by Nevill, var. tenwior, also occurs
in the same locality.

147. Bithynia inconspicua, Dohrn.

Bithynia inconspicua, Dohrn, P. Z.8. 1857, p. 123; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 37, figs. 5, 6.

Original description :—Testa oblongo-conica, tenera, alba vel
fulva, pellucida; spira acuta; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, sub
lente leviter longitudinaliter striati; apertura oblonga. Operculum
testaceum, concentricum.

Alt. 5, diam. 3°5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 2°5, diam. 1°75 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

148, Bithynia orcula, Benson.

Bithynia oreula, Benson, MSS. in Frauenfeld, Verhandl. zvol.-bot.
Wien, 1862, p. 1154; H. &.'T., C. I. pl. 38, figs. 8, 9.

Shell very convex, globusely conic, scarcely perforate, milk-
white, smooth though little polished; whorls 4, slightly rounded
with the exception of the last which is considerably swollen ;
aperture large, roundly ovate; columellar margin somewhat
reflexed ; operculum weakly convolute, rather concave with
central nucleus.

Alt. 6-4, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. Purneah (Con. Icon.).

Nevill in his ‘ Hand List,’ pp. 36-37, cites several varieties
without other descriptions thau those contained in the names
themselves ; these are as below :—

Var. minor.
Hab, Orissa (Bull).

Var. producta.

Hab. Sambhar and Salt-Lakes (Stoliczha); Jamalpur (Stoliczha) ;
Ferozpur (Temple).

The dimensions of the latter ave :—Alt. 7, diam, 5:25 mm,

BITHYNIA,

or

=I

Var. parvula.
Hab. Moradabad ; Jaunpur.

Var. acuminata.
Hab. Andamans? (Roepstorf ).

149. Bithynia nassa, Theobald.

Bithynia nassa, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xxxiv, pt. 2, 1865, p. 275;

op. cit., xxxix, pt. 2, p. 404, pl. 18, fig. 8; H.& T., 0. I. pl. 37,
figs. 8, 9.

Original description :—Testa elongata, turbinata, polita, diaphana,
solidiuscula. Labio expansiusculo, plica callosa externa munita.
Anfractibus quingne.

Alt. 10°25, dian. 6-25 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

A supplementary and fuller description is given in the Journ.
Asiat. Soc. Bengal, vol. xxxix, as follows :—

Testa elongato turrita, polita, diaphana, solidiuscula, imper-
forata; anfractibus 6, lente convexis, sutura simplici junctis,
striis exilissimis incrementi tectis; ultimo basi convexiusculo ;
spira breviore ; apertura subovata, intus levi, supra (vel postice)
acute angulata, antice rotundata, sensim producia; labio et labro.
leviter curvatis, primo paulo incrassato, altero acuto, margine
tenui, extra prope marginem costa solidiuscula crassa instructo ;
operculo testaceo, ovato, concentrice striato, nucleo subceutrali.

_ Alt. 8:5, diam. maj. 6-25 mm.

Aperture: alt. 4°75, diam. 3-25 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

150. Bithynia levis, Morelet.

Bithynia levis, Morelet, Ser, Conch. iv, 1875, p. 318, pl. 18, fig. 2
(as Bithinia levis) ; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 38.

Original description :— Testa superficialiter arcuato-rimata,
conico-oblonga, corneo-rubella vel lutescens, lineolis spadiceis,
distantibus, longitudinaliter uotata, nitida, levis, apice trunca-
tula; anfr. 54 convexiuseuli, sutura simplici juncti, ultimus
ventriculosus, circa rimam compressus: apertura ovalis, basi
angulata, intus albido-cerulea, marginibus crassioribus, obtusius-
culis, fusco anguste limbatis, columellari strictim dilatato.
Operculum testaceum, pagina interna homogenea, alba, externa
concaviuscula, epidermide fulva, concentrice striata induta, nucleo
subcentrali.

Alt. 10, diam. 5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 4-5 mm.

Hub. Siam, Cochin China (Jorelet); Damotha, Moulmein
(Stoliczka § Richthofen).

76 PALUDESTRINIDA.

151. Bithynia goniomphalos (AMorelet).

DBithynia goniomphalos (Morelet), Rev. et Mag. Zool. 1866, p. 167
(as Paludina); Ser. Conch. iii, pl. 13, tig. 4.

Bithynia trawadica, Blanford, P. Z. 8. 1869, p. 446; H. & T., C. T.
pl. 87, fig. 10 (as Bythinta trawadica); Nevill, in J. Anderson's
Anat. & Zool, Researches during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878
[1879], p. 890.

Original description :—Testa rimato-perforata, oblongo-conoidea,
solidula, sub lente subtilissime decussata, parum nitens, viridi-
fusea; spira elougato-conica, apive truncata, anfr. superst. 43
conyexi, ultimus circa perforationem compresso-carinatus, spiram
non gquans; apertura ovalis, basi angulata, intus lilacina, mar-
ginibus fusco anguste limbatis. Operculum testaceum, extus
concentrice lamelloso-striatum, intus candidum.

Alt. 14, diam. 7 mm.

Hab. Cochin China (Morelet); marshes and rivers round
Mandalay (Blanford).

152. Bithynia evezardi, Blanford.

Dithynia evezardi, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 220; Nevill,
op. cit. 1, pt. 2, p. 157, pl. 6, fig. 18.

Original description :—Shell narrowly umbilicate, ovately conical,
solid surrounded by regular spiral impressed lines rather close
together, whitish horny, covered with an olive epidermis. Spire
conical, apex eroded, suture deeply impressed. Whorls re-
maining 3 (in a perfect shell about 4 to 5), rounded, the last
about half the whole length, moderately ventricose, angulately
compressed at the base around the umbilicus, which is conical
and smooth inside. Aperture nearly vertical, oval, subangulate
in front at the base and at the posterior extremity ; peristome
simple, straight, obtuse ; operculum normal.

Alt. 3°75, diam. maj. 3°25, diam. min. 2 mm.

Aperture: alt. 2, diam. 1-5 mm.

Hab. Lanowlee (Lanaoli), on the railway-line between Bombay
and Poona, a few miles east of Khandalla at the top of the
Bor-ghat.

153. Bithynia pygmea, Preston.

Bithynia pygmea, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, p. 45, fig.
in text. ;

Original description :—Shell ovately fusiform, dark olive-brown ;
whorls 34, convex, smooth; sutures well impressed; aperture
oval; peristome simple, continuous; umbilicus uarrow ; operculum
shelly, spiral with central nucleus.

Alt. 3°25, diam, maj. 2 min,

BITHYNIA. 17

Aperture: alt. 1°75, diam. 1 mm.
Hab. Myetmyo, Burma.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

154. Bithynia stenothyroides, Dohrn.

Bithynia stenothyroides, Dohrn, P. Z. 8. 1857, p. 123; H. & T.,
C.T. pl. 38, figs. 7, 10.

Original description :—Testa ovata, tenera, alba vel fulva,
pellucida, nitida; anfractus 4-5 convexiusculi, ultimus efflatus,
ventricosus, ad basin leviter carinatus, antice descendens; sutura
simplex; apertura oblongo-ovata, parum coarctata, ad basin acuta,
alba. Operculum oblongo-ovatum, testaceum, crassum, concentrice
striatum.

Alt. 5°5, diam. 4°75 mm.

Aperture: alt. 3, diam. 2 mm.

Hab. Ceylon; Nilgherries.

‘This species has some characters of Stenothyra. The last
whorl is unusually great, the mouth somewhat contracted, but
the general aspect is that of Bithynia.”

Nevill gives the following variety as new, but without other
description than the mere name (Hand List Moll. in Ind. Mus.,
Caleatta, pt. 2, p. 37) :—

Var. biangulata.
Hab. Madras.

155. Bithynia troscheli (Pacasch).

Bithynia troscheli (Paasch), Archiv fiir Naturg., Berlin, 1842,
p. 800, pl. 6, figs. a-D (as Paludina).

Paludina similis, Boll. Moll. Arch. Ver. Freunde Naturg., Mecklen-
burg, v, 1851, p. 102; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 40.

Shell small, ovately fusiform; whorls 4-5, convex; suture
rather deep ; labrum continuous ; aperture ovate.

Alt. 5:5, diam. 4°26 mm.

Hab. Europe ; Kashmir.

“All the Kashmir specimens are decollate; the whorls are
even more convexly rounded than usual.” (Nevill.)

Subgenus FOSSARULUS.

Fossarulus, Neumayr, Jahrb. Geol. Reichs. Anst., Wien, 1369,
p. 361.

Typn, F. stachei, Neumayr : Miocene of Dalinatia.
Range. India.

78 PALUDESTRINIDA,

Original description :—Testa parva, subglobosa, rimata, longi-
tudinaliter nodoso-costata; apertura late ovata, superne et ad
basin effusa: peristomate continuo, incrassato, duplicato.

156. Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costigera, Kiister.

Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costigera, Wiister, Conch.-Cab., Paludina,
p. 33, pl. 7, figs. 18, 19.

Valvata sulcata, Eyd. & Soul., Voy. ‘ Bonite,’ Zool. p. 517, pl. 31,
figs. 19-21; H. & T., C. I. pl. 141, fig. 10.

Original description :—Testa perforato-rimata, ovato-conica,
turrita, solidula, pallide flava; spira acuta; anfractibus 6 con-
vexis, subtiliter concentrice lineatis, longitudinaliter striatis,
superne planulatis ; superioribus lineis tribus, ultimo numerosis
lineis elevatis, transversis obsitis ; apertura subrotunda, peristo-
mate recto, margine angulato.

Alt. 7:5, diam. 5°5 mm.

Hab. Bengal.

Var. curta, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 42.

A short form, apparently constant, with the spire less produced
or exserted.

Alt. 6-5, diam. 5°5 mm.

Hab. Bangalore.

Subgenus HYDROBIOIDES.
Hydrobivides, Nevill, Hand List, 1884, pt. 2, p. 42.
Typry, Bithynia? turrita, Blanford ; Burma.

Range. India ; Burma.
Shell solid, turrite, rimate ; aperture ovate; the margins of the
peristome united by a parietal callus.

157. ? Bithynia (Hydrobioides) turrita (Blanford).

? Bithynia (Hydrobioides) turrita (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 446
(as Irairbankia (an Bithynia)).

Bithynia turrita, Nevill, in J. Anderson's Anat. & Zool. Researches
during Yunnan Exp., Calcutta, 1878 [1879], p. 890, pl. 80,
figs. 4, 4a.

Original desoription:—Testa subperforata, turrita, solidula,
fulva, glabra, nitidala. Spira elongato-conica, sutura impressa.
Anfr. 7, convexi, ultimus antice subascendens, subtus rotundatus.
Apertura ovata, postice vix angulata, varice externa mediocri
instructa; peristoma undique expansiusculum, marginibus callo
junctis, externo leviter arcuato, columellari oblique, antice ewn
basali subangulatim juncto, Opere.— ?

STENOTHYRA. v9

Alt. 6°25, diam. 3 mm.
Aperture: alt. 2°5, diam. 1:75 mm.
Hab. Kyoukpong, River Irawady.

Subfamily STENOTHYRIN &.

Foot simple; radula of Bithynia; operculum calcareous, spiral.
Distribution. 8. and E. Asia; N. Australia (Recent): Eocene
of Europe (Fossil).

Genus STENOTHYRA.

Stenothyra, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 496.
Nematura, Benson, J. A. 8. B. v, 1836, p. 781 (not of Fischer,
genus Orthopt., 1813).

Trex, S. delice, Benson ; Gangetic Delta.

Range. 8. & HE. Asia; N.E. Australia.

Original description.—Animal. Caput tentaculis duobus setaceis
oculis postice prope bases tentaculorum sessilibus; proboscide
elongata, cylindracea, extensili. Pes ovato-oblongus, medio ventri-
cosus, postice angustatus, acuminatus, processu brevi filiformi
subito desinens ; antice expansus, medio profunde emarginatus ;
ala utroque latere porrecta late angustata, acuminata.

Testa ovata, ventricosa, a latere compressa, ultimo anfractu
insuper aperturam angulato, deflexo. Apertura integra constricta,
orbiculari, supra vix angulata; peritremate acuto leviter intus
incrassato. Operculo tenui in spiram plenam convoluto.

158. Stenothyra deltz (Benson).

Stenothyra delte (Benson), J. A. 8. B. v, 1886, p. 781 (as
Nematura); A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 499; Sowerby,
Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charleswoxth’s series) i, 1837 (as Nematura) ;
HH. & T., C. I. pl. 87, fig. 2.

Original description :—Testa ovato-conica, a lateribus tumida,
lutescente, ultimo anfractu ventricoso, majori omnibus oblique
minute striatis; spira brevi, apice acuto; umbilico evanescente,

Alr. 6 min.

Hab. Ganges Delta.

Subvar. minor, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 43.
Alt. 4, diam. 2°5 mm.
Hab. Port Canning (Nevill, Wood-Mason).

Subvar. minima, Vevill, tom. cit.

Alt. 2°75, diam. 1°75 mm.
Hab. Port Canning (Nevill, Wood-Mason).

80 PALUDESTRINID#.

159. Stenothyra hungerfordiana, Nevill.

Stenothyra hunyerfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 159;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pl. 7, fig. 9.

Original description :—Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-elongata,
solidiuscula, viridnla, vix nitida (sub lente), lineis impressis ac
dense puncticulatis confertim cingulata; spira panlulum elongata,
ovato-convexa, apice obtuso, sutura profunda ac obsoleta mar-
ginata ; anfr. 4, convexi, ultimus compresse ovuliformis, antice
subapplanatus, valde descendens; apertura perpusilla, suboblique
rotundato-ovata, superne leviter angulata, sulvo profundiori ab
anfractu ventrali separata, peristomate obtuso.

Alt. 2°5, diam. 1-5 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands.

“This is one of the most distinct and interesting species of the
genus as yet discovered ; the few imperforate whorls, with markedly
obtuse apex; the distinct, though minute, close punctulation; the
unusually convex whorls, with the remarkable long, compressed,
slightly flattened, and egg-shaped last whorl are all good characters.
The suture is very distinct and, on the last whorl, distinctly
marginate below. The operculum is normal.”

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

160. Stenothyra monilifera, Benson.

Stenothyra monilifera, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856,
p. 497; Blanford, Cont. Ind. Mal. pt. 8, pl. 2, fie, 15; H. & T.,
C.I. pl. 37, fig. 4 (as Nematura in Index),

Original description.—Testa subperforato-rimata, oblongo-ovata,
compressiuscula, nitidiuscula, sulcis confertioribus, dense puncti-
culatis, spiralibus impressa, fusco-cornea, fascia pallida supra
mediam ornata, versus apicem obtusulum hyalinum rubente, spira
convexo-conica, sutura profunda, canaliculata; anfractibus 43 con-
vexis, ultimo subsoluto, # teste aquante, antice valde descendente,
subtus rotundato, periomphalo subcompresso; apertura obliqua
diagonali, rotundato-ovali, sules profundiori ab aufractu penultimo
divisa, peristomate obtusulo, callo parietali superne solum con-
spicuo. Opereulo corneo-pellucido, apice ad dextram spectante.

Alt. 4:5, diam, 3 mm.

Hab. Mergui; Pegu.

161. Stenothyra foveolata, Benson.
Stenothyra foveolata, Benson, A. M. N. H, ser. 2, xvii, 1856,

p. 497; IL & T., ©. I. pl. 87, fig. 3 (as Nematera in Index).
Original deseription.—Testa vix rimata, ovato-acuta, spiraliter
foveolato-striata, striis versus basin confertissimis, spira conica,
apice acuto, sutura mediocri; anfractibus 5 convexiusculis, ultimo
at ventrem planiusculo, 4 teste equante, antice descendente, basi

STENOTHYBA, 81

rotundato ; apertura obliqua. rotundato-ovata, peristomate obtuso,
margine parietali sulco mediocri ab anfractu ventrali separato.
Operculo —?

Alt. 5, diam. 3-25 mm.

Hab. Ganges, near Sikrigali, Bengal.

Nevill cites a var. minor (Hand List, p. 44) also from Sikrigali.

162. Stenothyra blanfordiana, Nevill.

Stenothyra blanfordiana, Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 160;
op. cit. 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pl. 7, tig. 10.

Original description:—Testa minima, euperficie rimata, sub-
ventricoso-ovata, vix solidiuscula, nitida, levis, pallide cornea,
subpellucida ; spira subacuta, apice winuto, subobtuso; anfr. 42,
couvexi, ultimus magnus, subsolutus, tumide-ventricosus, sub-
biangulatus, antice subapplanatus ; apertura subovalis, paululum
postice retrorsa, peristcmate continuo, superne angulato. Oper-
culum ovale, superne leviter acuminatum, vix cerassiusculum,
subtranslucidum, spirale, apice subcentrali, interne testaceo-
costatum.

Alt. 3:1, diam. 2-1 mm.

Hab. Lake Chilka (type); also Port Canning and Madras.

Of the operculum the author further states: ‘it is oval, semi-
transparent, spiral, of few whorls, with the apex also central, on
the inner side three ridges, one semicircular and two short ones
with a slight S-curvature, for the attachment of the animal.

“The species is somewhat variable, especially as regards size
and the greater or less distinctness of the angulation of the last
whorl. Specimens from Port Canning agree better with the above-
described typical form than do those from Madras.”

The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

163, Stenothyra minima (Sowerby).

Stenothyra minima (Sowerby), in Mag. Nat. Hist. (Charlesworth’s
series), i, 1837, p. 217, fig. 226 (as Nematura) ; Adams, P. Z.S.
1851, p. 225 (as Nematura); Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii,
1856, p. 501; H. & T., C. I. pl. 87, fig. 1.
Original description :—Testa parva, cornea, semipellucida, oyali,
spira subproducta; polita, fasciis rufis subobsoletis ornata; apertura
orbiculari, peritremate simplici.

Alt. 3 mm.
Hab. Western India ; Lake Chilka.

164, Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Wevill.

Stenothyra woodmasoniana, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlix, pt. 2, p. 159;
op. cit., 1, pt. 2, p. 156, pl. 7, fig. 8.
Criginal description :—Testa parva, imperforata, ovato-acuta,
G

82
= PALUDESTRINIDA.

solida, crassa, pallide viridula, polita, nitida (sub lente), obsolete
submalleata ; spira aculeiformis, subconcava, producta, apice per-
acutissimo ; anfr. 6, haud convexi, ultimus pertumidus, medio
subangulatus, basi applanatus, antice ad aperturam abrupte et
valide deflectus ; apertura percontracta, perfecte rotundata, mar-
ginibus continuis, valide incrassatis.

Alt. 3:5, diam. 2 mm.

Hab. Port Canning.

“This interesting form is easily recognized by the very acute
and concavely-excavated spire, the subangulate last whorl,
flattened round the umbilical region; it is not spirally pitted,
as in most species of the genus, but appears absolutely malleated
or indented under a powerful lens.”

The type is in the Indian Museum, Caleutta.

165. Stenothyra chilkaénsis, Preston.

Stenothyra chilkaénsis, Preston, Ree. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, x, 1914,
p. 300, fig. on p. 298.

Shell minutely rimate, ovate, yellowish brown; whorls 5, the
first very small, the second large in proportion, the last also
large, convex, without sculpture; suture well impressed ; perfora-
tion reduced to a very narrow chink; labram continuous ;
aperture oblique, ovate.

Alt. 2°75, diam. maj. 2 (nearly), diam. min. 1-5 mm.

Hab. Barkul, Lake Chilka, Orissa, among weeds at the edge of
the lake.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

166. Stenothyra orissaénsis, Preston.
Stenothyra orissaénsis, Preston, tom, cit.

Shell small, narrowly perforate, ovately turbinate, pale greenish
yellow ; whorls 5, regularly increasing, smooth, but for growth
markings, the last convex and rapidly descending in front;
labrum continuous, slightly erect; aperture strangulate, oblique,
oval.

Alt. 2-25, diam. maj., 1:5 mm.

Hab, Off Satpara, Lake Chilka, Orissa, at a depth of from 4 to
6 feet, close in shore (type); dead specimens were also taken at
Manikpatna at a depth of 4 feet.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

VIVIPARID.E. 83

Family VIVIPARID A.
Subfamily VIVIPARIN A.

Shell turbinate, subpertorate or imperforate; whorls more or
less convex ; operculum horny, concentric with excentric sublateral
nucleus placed neur the inner margin.

Distribution. Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and N. America,

Genus VIVIPARA.

Vivipara, de Montfort, Conch. Syst. ii, 1810, p. 247, as Viviparus,
emend. Dupuy, Hist. nat. des Moll.... qui vivent en France,
1851, p. 534.

Puludina, auct.

Tren, V. fluviorum, de Montf. (vivipara, Linn.); Europe.

Range. Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia; N. America.

Shell conoidal, rather thin, with obtuse apex ; whorls convex ;
labrum not sinuous; operculum horny with sublateral nucleus.

Animal having the foot moderately large; tentacles long ; right
cervical lobe very large and bent back to form a groove; teeth of
the radula finely crenellated on their reflexed margin.

167. Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck).

Vivipara bengalensis (Lamarck), Anim. s. Vert. (ed. Desh.), viii,
p. 513; Deles. Rec. Coq., Lam. pl. 31, fig. 2 (as Paludina) ;
Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 5; Kiister, ed. Chemn., Paludina,
tigs. 15, 16.

Paludina elongata, Swains. Zool. Ill, ser. 1, pl. 98, top.

Paludina lineata, Valenc. in Humb. & Bonpl. Voy., Zool. ii, p. 255 ;
H. & T, C. L pl. 76, figs. 8, 9, 10.

Original description :— Testa ventricosa, ovato-acuta, tenui,
virescente, transversim fusco-lineata ; striis exilissimis decussatis ;
spira conica; anfractibus septenis, convexis.

To supplement the above, Reeve’s description is given below.

Shell elevatedly conical, thin, greenish, shining lineated and
narrowly banded with dark-green ; whorls convex, smooth, very
minutely decussately striated.

Alt. 38, diam. 24 mm. (fig. 5 @ in Conch. Icon.).

Alt. 44, diam. 29°5 mm. (fig. 5 6 in Conch. Icon.).

Hab. North-West Provinces of Hindostan.

A shining pale-green shell, banded and lineated throughout
with dark green, sometimes turning to rusty-bruwn. The surface
is very minutely engraved with impressed spiral stric, decussatiug
slightly-raised longitudinal strie, which are strie of growth.

Var. balteata (Benson), J. A. 8S. B. 1836, pt. 2, p. 715; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21.
JTa). Silchar, ete.; Cachar.

S4 VIVIPARID.E.

Var. fasciis-elevatiusculis.
Hab. Sylhet (Benson) ; Silchar and Cachar ( Wood-Mason).

Var. phaeostoma (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21 (without
description).

Presumably a dark-lipped form.
Hab. Calcutta.

Var. gigantea (Reeve), van den Busch, MS., in Reeve, Con.
Icon. sp. 7 (as Paludina gigantea); Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 21.

Original description :—Shell elevately conical, rather ventricose,
pale green, mors or Jess obscurely banded and lineated with dark
green, whorls obtusely swollen round the upper part, then rounded,
decussately very minutely striated, longitudinal strix numerous,
close-set.

Alt. 54, diam. 37°5 mm. (fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab. Bengal (Leeve); Dindpur (Mainwaring).

168. Vivipara doliaris (Gould).

Vivipara doliaris (Gould), Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. i, p. 144 (as
Paludina) ; Otia Conch. p. 191; Reeve, Con. Ivon., Paludina,
sp-1; H. & T., C. I. pl. 77, tig. 6.

Original description :— Testa tenui conico - globosa, luteo-
viridesvente, arctissime umbilicata; anfract. 5 ventricosis, striis
minutissimis reticulatis, costulis numerosis inequalibus, purpureis,
cinctis ; apertura sub-circulari; columella reflexa, non appressa,
alba; labiis postice disjunctis.

Alt. 28, diam. 22°5 mm.

Hab. British Burma (Conch. Ind.),

169. Vivipara oxytropis (Benson).

Vivipara ovytropis (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1886, p. 745 (as
Paludina) ; Reeve, Con. Icon,, Paludina, sp. 9.

Paludina pyramidata, Philippi, Ab. N. Conch. i, Paludina, pl. 1,
figs. 38,4; Kuster, ed. Chemmn., Ialudina, pl. 6, figs.1,2; H. & T.,
C. I. pl. 76, fig. 6.

Original description :—Testa tenui ovato-coniva olivacea, decus-
satim striata; anfractibus superne carinis plurimis fuscis ornatis,
ultimi carina media saliente subacuta ; inferne fasciis quibusdam
elevatiusculis fuscis; suturis inconspicuis; apice acuta; canali
umbilicali excavato; apertura intus violacea, peristomate acuto,
nigro.

Alt. 12, diam. 32°56 mm.

flab. Bengal.

VIVEIPARA. 85

170. Vivipara naticoides (Z'eobald).

Vivipara naticoides (Theobald), J. A.S. B. xxxiv, 1865, pt. 2, p. 274,
pl.9, figs. 1, 2, 3 (as Paludina naticoides); H. & T., C. I. pl. 76,
4

figs. 1, 4.

Original description :—Testa turbinata, sub-polita, solida, pallide
flavescente cornea ad peripheriam carina munita; marginibus
callo junctis, callo columellari non raro valde incrassato,
umbilicum obtegente.

Alt. 33, diam. 22 mm. (taken from fig. 1 in Conch. Ind.).

Alt. 34:5, diam. 24 mm. (taken from fig. 4 in Conch. Ind.).

Hab. Shan States.

Var. concolor (Yevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 25.

Of a light, uniform, olive-green colour; whorls not so exserted
as usual, last one less swollen in proportion, more regularly and
globosely swollen, with a single, somewhat inconspicuous, raised
ridge at the periphery; aperture small, with the outer margin
regularly rounded.

Alt. 25-75, diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Upper Salween (type) (Lheobald).

Var. carinata (Theobald), tom. cit. p. 275.

Original description :—Vavr. carinata. Carinis quatuor fortissimis
supra munitur, et infra peripheriam gex vel quinque levioribus ;
colore albido ; epidermide flavescente, fasciis nonuullis castaneis
interdum ornata.

Alt. 35, diam. 25 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

““These two varieties pass into each other, but the peculiar
columellar callus is pretty constant in all specimens. But for
this character, some of the smooth variety might be referred to
P. bengalensis, which is an extremely variable species.

“The strongly corded var. is well marked, but I have preferred
taking the smooth shell as the type of the species, and have
regarded the keeled individuals as hypertrophied, placing the
greatest value, as a specific character, on the coiumellar callus,
occurring in both varieties.”

Var. fasciata (Theobald), tom. cit. & Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, p. 34.

Orginal description: —Varietas fasciata, fasciis duabus castaneis
ornatur, hae superperipheriali, illa juxta suturam posita. Anfractu
ultimo tertia notest a carima paulum remota. Callo flavescente,
ore interiori cerulescente. Anfractibus 63.

Alt. 36, diam. 27-5 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

86 VIVIPARIDE.

171. Vivipara theobaldi, Aolelt.

Fivipara theobaldi, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab.
1907, p. 15], pl. 80, figs. 10, 11.

Original description :—Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, tenuis,
haud nitens, unicolor fusco-olivacea vel subnigrans, subtiliter
striatula, plerumque limo ferrugineo adherente induta, apice
nigricante. Spira conica, apice acuto, sutura parum impressa.
Anfractus 7, superi convexi, inferi supra planati et angulati,
carinis spiralibus plus minusve distinctis 8 cincti, ultimus acute
carinatus, carina versus aperturam distinctiore et subtuberculata,
utrinque convexus, carinulis tribus superioribus, prima et secunda
magis approximatis, duabus inferis minoribus cinctus, antice
descendens, basi irregulariter costato-sulcatus, spirae altitudinem
superans. Apertura parum obliqua, basi recedens, ovata, supra
acutiuscula, faucibus ccerulescentibus, vix fasciatis; peristoma
callo angusta nigro-marginato continuum, margine exteruo vix
incrassato, extus ad carinam angulato, columellari calloso, distincte
duplici sed parum incrassato, albo, nigro-marginato.

Alt. 31°5, diam. 24 mm.

Aperture: alt. 17, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Burma (Joellendorff Coll.).

172. Vivipara crassa (Hutton).

Vivipara crassa (Hutton), MSS. in Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836,
p. 745 (as Paludina) ; Reeve, Con. Icon., Puludina, sp. 33.
LTaludina obtusa, Troschel, Wiexmann’s Arch. Nat. Hist. 1837,
. 173; Philippi, N. Conch. i, p. 116, pl. 1, fig. 14: Reeve, Con.
con., Paludina, fig. 83; I. & T., C. ia pl. 76, figs. 2, 3.

Original description :—Testa ovato-conoidea, ventricosa, solida,
pallide virente, obsolete fasciata, rugis exilissimis decussata ;
anfractibus tumidis, suturis excavatis; spira obtusa; umbilico
subcanaliculato ; apertura intus lactescente.

Alt. 25 mm.

Hab. Bengal.

“This species varies in configuration even in the same waters,
some specimens approaching to a subglobose form, while others
have a more lengthened conoid spire. It is very abundant in the
river Gumti at Jonpur, where it is paler, and has a more yellowish
tinge than the Nilhet variety, which, from having an eroded
summit, appears to have inhabited stagnant water. It has a
singular habit, for the genus, of burying itself in the mud or
sand in shallow water, often in large societies; other species
conceal themselves in the mud in the season of drought, but
P. crassa does so from choice, and is impelled by no such
necessity. The shell of the lately excluded young is so depressed
and globular, that it might be easily mistaken for a young
Ampullaria, The adult shell attains a degree of thickness
unusual in the genus.”

VIVIPARA. 87

Var. tezpurensis (Nevill), Cat. Moll., Fase. E, p. 38.

“A very interesting form, almost exactly intermediate between
P. crassa and P. siamensis. Spire much shorter than in typical
form, and only a little more produced than in the Siam species ;
whorls more globose; aperture less deflected, umbilicus less open,
sculpture more distinctly malleated..... i

Alt. 17-5, diam. 15°35 mm.

Aperture: alt. 9:5, diam. 11:5 mm.

Hab. Tezpur.

173. Vivipara siamensis (Mravenfeld).
Vivipara siamensis (Frauenfeld), Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, 1865,

p. 531, pl. 22; Nevill, J. A. S. B. xlvi, pt. 2, p. 32, & op. cit. 1,
p. 32.

Shell solid, acuminately conic, flattened below, widely per-
forate, somewhat polished, very pale olive-green, margins of the
upper whorls almost whitish, the third and fourth convolations
tinged with purplish-brown ; whorls 5, very convex, though
somewhat flattened in the sutural region, marked with faint
growth lines which show darkly here and there and sculptured
with weak, interrupted, spiral strie ; aperture large, broad ;
labrum thick, black; interior of shell white; operculum thin,
pale brownish, with very excentric nucleus.

Alt. 24, diam. 21 mm.

Aperture: alt. (including the labrum) 17-5, diam. 14:5 mm.

Hab. Siam.

Var. burmanica (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 26.

Original description:—A very small variety; spire short, apex
obtuse, with the whorls even less acute and exserted, the last one
larger in proportion and more globusely swollen, with the keel
round the umbilicus obsolete ; aperture more contracted, that is,
less dilately expanded; colouration of epidermis and the biack
peristome exactly similar.

Alt. 11, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Prome, on the Irawady (type) (Zheobald); Tenasserim

Province (Limborg); Yaylaymaw, Upper Burma (Anderson).

174. Vivipara dissimilis (Miller).
Vivipara dissimilis (Miller), Verm. pt. 2, p. 184 (as Nerite.);
Schroter, Einleit. Conch. ii, p. 253, pl. 4, fig. 10 (Nerita).
Helix dissimilis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 8647; Dillwyn, Desc, Cat.
p. 941 (Nerita).
Paludina remossit, Kiister (not Philippi), ed. Chemn., Paludina,
p. 26, pl. 5, figs. 17,18; H. & T., C. L. pl. 77, figs. 3, 4.

Original description :—Testa pellucida glabra fuscescente-alba ;
albido maxime in inferiore anfractus parte conspicitur, quasi

§8 VIVIPARIDA,

fascia lata alba cincta esset. Anfractus sex convexitate inler
viviparam et fusctatam media. Apertura distinguitur margine
minus acuto, nigro, nitido. Operculum pellucidum luteo-fuscum,
nitidum.
Alt. 28, diam. 20 mm. (from fig. 3, pl. 77 in Conch. Ind.).
Hab. Tanks, near Calcutta; Kondooruwave, ete. (Conch. Ind.).

Var. sindica (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 28.

“«)... not decollate, 6 whorls, almost colourless.”
Alt. 32, diam. 21:75 mm,
Hab. Sind; Kathiawar (Fedden),

Var, subumbilicata (Nevi/l), tom. cit.

Columella straighter than usual, only slightly edged with black ;
distinctly openly rimate, almost umbilicate ; slightly more convex
whorls, the last one almost perfectly rounded; belt at periphery
less distinct than in typical form, substance of shell a trifle
thicker and less brightly coloured.

Hab, Ferozpur (Temple).

Var. assamensis (Vevill), tom. cit.

Original description :—This is a well marked and characteristic
variety, easily distinguished from all the preceding forms by the
turreted and remarkably produced spire, the cylindrical instead of
convex whorls; the deep, uniform green colour, the Jast whorl
and aperture much smaller und more contracted in proportion,
the latter less everted; periphery subangulate, with the belt
obsolete ; scarcely rimate ; peristome black.

Alt. 22°75, diam. 16 mm.; slightly decollate.

Hab. Tezpore, ete., Assam (type) (Stoliczka, Oldham); Jamal-
pur? (Stoliczkw); Sileuri, Cachar ( Wood-Mason).

Var. bhamoensis (Nevill), tom. cit. p. 29.
** An interesting small form of the preceding, with shorter and

”

Alt. 17:25, diam. 13-75 mm.; slightly decollate.

Var. kutchensis (Nevi//), Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, p. 40 (sine nom.) ;
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30 (as Paludina); WKobelt, in Martini &
Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 1908, p. 287, pl. 58, figs. 1-4.

Original description :—A. very fine, interesting form, with
sculpture even more developed than in Madras specimens; no
trace of a white band; sharply angulate in young specimens,
becaming more or less obsolete in adult ones, no trace of bi-
angulation ; imperforate.

Alt. 28, diam. 22 mm.

Hab. Kach [Cutch] (Stoliezha),

VIVIPARA. 89

175. Vivipara variata (Irauenfeld).

Fivipara variata (Frauenfeld), Verbandl. zool.-bot., Ges. Wien,
1862, p. 1163 (as Paludina); H. & T., ©. I. pl. 115, tg. 8.

Shell somewhat conic, narrowly deeply umbilicate ; olive-green,
slightly polished ; whorls 5?, not very convex, the Jast descending
behind the aperture, marked with weak growth lines and sculp-
tured with regular, numerous, very fine, punctate, spiral strie ;
suture well impressed ; aperture pyriform ; interior’ of shell of a
dirty bluish colour; labrum polished, black.

Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.

Aperture: alt. 12, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Pondicherry.

Var. pseudohelicina, Kobe/t, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-
Cab. 19U8, p. 293, pl. 59, figs. 5-8.
Vivipara dissimalis subsp. heliciformis, Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 80
(nec Frauenfeld).

Original description :—Testa subobtecte rimata, ovata, solida,
subtiliter striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, olivaceo-viridis ; spira
erosa, sutura linearis. Antfractus, superst. 4-5 convexi, inferi
supra subangulati, ultimus ad peripheriam obsolete anguiatus,
basi convexus, antice haud descendens. Apertura vix obliqua,
sat anguste ovata, supra leviter acuminata, intus ceeruleo-albida,
late, nigro-limbata; margo columellaris leviter incrassatulus.

Alt. 20, diam. 17 mm.

Aperture: alt. 11, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Pegu.

Var. peguensis, Aobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab.
1909, p. 378, pl. 58, figs. 7, 8.

Original description :—Testa anguste et subobtecte umbilicata,
ovato-globosa, spira breviter conica, erosa, saturate viridescente-
fusca, hic illic anguste nigro strigata, anfractibus convexis, sutura
profunda discretis, ultimus magnus, obsoletissime angulatus, circa
umbilicum subcompressus; peristoma late nigrolinbatum. Oper-
culum crassiusculum, extus limbo incrassata, intus disco pedali
prominente munitum.

Alt. 21, diam. 17 mm.

Aperture: alt. 12, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Moulmein, Pegu.

176. Vivipara ceylonica (Dohri).

Vivipara ceylonica (Dohrn), P. Z, 8. 1857, p. 123 (as Paludina) ;
Reeve, Con. Icon., Paludina, sp. 32 (as P. ceylanica); H. & 1V.,
C. I. pl. 77, figs. 1, 2, P. ceylanica,

Original description: —Testa ovato-conica, perforata, solidiuscula,

90 VIVIPARIDE.

viridis, versus apicem fuscescens; spira magis minusve elevata,
exserta; anfractibus convexi, ad suturam et basin obsolete, medio
acute carinati; spiraliter et longiludinaliter striata; sutura
simplex, impressa; apertura ovata, intus alba, peristoma sub-
incrassatum, reflexiusculum, nigrum.

Alt. 21, diam. 16 mm.

Aperture: alt. 12°5, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Var. ecarinata (Hanley «: Theobald), Conch. Ind. pl. 115,
fig. 9.

The type of this variety is not available, and is probably lost ;
the figure depicts an ecarinate shell with rounded whorls and
painted with a narrow, brownish or blackish, subperipheral band
on the last whorl.

Alt. 21, diam. 16°5 mm.

Hab, Ceylon.

177. Vivipara lecythis (Benson).

Tivipara lecythis (Benson), J. A. 8. B. v, 1856, p. 745 (as Pule-
dina); HW. &i., C. 1. pl. 76, fiz. 6

Original description :—Testa tenui, globoso-conica ampullacea,
olivacea, glabra, rugis obsoletis decussata; spira obtusiuscula ;
anfractibus valde ventricosis, rotundatis; suturis excavatis ;
apertura intus violacea spiram longitudine superante; peri-
tremate nigro, subreflexo ; umbilico evanescente.

Alt. 50-5, diam. 42°25 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma (Conch. Ind.).

“.... It is a very thin shell in proportion to its volume.
The epidermis is greenish olive in young specimens, reddish
fuscous in the adult.”

Var. ampulliformis (Benson).

Paludina ampulliformis, Eylae & Souleyet, Voy. Bonite, Zool.
p. 549, pl. 31, figs. 25-27 > H.& T., C1. pl. 76, fig. 7.

Original description :—Testa globosa, conico-depressa, fuseo-
nigricante ; anfractibus senis, ventricosis ; superioribus erosius-
eulis; apertura ovato-acuta, obliqua, intus jusca; peristomate
continuo; umbilico angusto. Operculum corneum, ovatum, con-
centrice striatum.

Alt. 35, diam. 30 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma ; Cochin China.

“Only differs from the type by the absence of the infra-sutural
angle.” (Llauley § Theobald.)

VIVIPARA. 91

178. Vivipara remossei (Philippi).

Vivipara remossei (Philippi) (erroneously as of Benson), Abbild.
N, Conch, ii, Paludina, p. 184, pl. 2, fig. 3; I. & T., C.L. pl. 77,
figs. 8, 9.

Original description :—Testa anguste-perforata; ventricosa,
solida, levigata, corneo-virente ; spira exserta, acutiuscula; anfr.
senig parum convexis, superne haud angulatis, sutura parum
impressa divisis, ultimo subangulato; apertura ovato-orbiculari,
spiram non equante, nigrolimbata ; labio calloso.

Alt. 29-25, diam. 22 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13-25 mm.

fub. Jounpore, Soobathur, etc. (Conch. Ind.).

179. Vivipara digona (Blanford).

Vivipara digona (Blanford), P. Z. S. 1869, p. 445 (as Paludina) ;
H. & T., C. L. pl. 115, fig. 7.

Original description :—Testa P. bengalensi persimilis, sed de-
cussatim striatula, anfractibus superioribus juxta suturam angu-
latis; ultimo biangulato, et supra et infra peripheriam, angulis
singulis fasciis fuscis spiralibus congruentibus, zona tertia inter-
media, aliis basalibus, lineis angustioribus spiralibus interdum
interjectis.

Alt. 23°5-32, diam. 17-5-23 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13-17'5, diam. 105-145 mm.

Hab. The Irawady about Ava, Bhamo, ete.

Appears, according to its author, to be intermediate between
V. bengalensis (Lk.) and V. owytropis (Bens.).

180. Vivipara nagaénsis, Preston.

Vivipara nagaénsis, Preston, Proc. Malac. Soc. xi, p. 20, fig. in
text.

Original description :—Shell globosely turbinate, rimate, dark
olive; whorls 5, regularly increasing, convex, painted with
narrow, transverse stripes of reddish-brown, sculptured with
fine, spiral and wavy, transverse striz, suture well impressed ;
umbilicus reduced to a mere chink; labrum very slightly reflexed,
black, the margins joined by a light blackish callus; columella
descending in a slight curve ; interior of shell bluish; operculum
thin, laminiferous, with excentric, depressed nucleus.

Alt. 28, diam. maj. 22, min. 20 mm.

Aperture: alt. 15:5, diam. 11 mm.

Hab. Naga Hills.

181. Vivipara hilmendensis, Kodclt.

Vivipara hilmendensis, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-
Cab, 1908, p. 289, pl. 59, figs. 9-12.

Original description :—Testa obtecte umbilicata, ovato-conica
bf Hi, ;

92 VIVIPARID.-E,

vel ovato-turrita, solidula sed parum crassa, nitida, subtiliter
striatula, sculptura spirali inconspicua, albida, obsolete fusco
fasciata, fascia lata in anfractibus superis, duabus latis in ultimo.
Spira conica vel turrita, apice in speciminibus extantibus fracto,
in embryonalibus acutissimo; sutura distincta sed vix impressa.
Anfractus 7 (superstites plerumque 5) convexi vel subteretes,
mediani infra suturam plus minusve planati, ultimus tumidus,
rotundatus, vix descendens. Apertura ovato-rotundata, supra
vix acuminata, intus fuscescenti-albida; peristoma album, tenue,
acutum, marginibus callo tenui junctis, columellari leviter super
umbilicum dilatato. Opereulum intus disco pedali rugoso vix
prominente munitum.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 20 mm.

Aperture: alt 13, diam. 15°5 mm.

Alt. 27, diam. maj. 22°5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 12 mm.

Hab, Seistan.

182. Vivipara annandalei, Auhelt.

Tivipara annandalet, Kobelt, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab.
1908, p. 296, pl. 57, figs. 11, 12 (7. annendalet [sic}).

Original description :—Testa vix rimata, ovata, tenuis, subtiliter
striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, viridifusca, saturate fusco varie
fasciata. Spira late conieca, sat brevis, apice acutissimo ; sutura
linearis, impressa. Antractus 6 vix celeriter accrescentes, superi
convexiusculi, penultimus convexus, supra angulato-planatus,
bifasciatus ultimus tumidus inflatus, supra vix planatus, medio
obsolete angulatus, basi convexus, fasciis 4-6 linevlisque nonnullis
angustis ornatus, antice haud descendens. Apertura magna,
irregulariter ovata, supra angulata, faucibus livide ceerulescentibus
fasclis externis vix translucentibus; peristoma acutum, tenue,
marginibus vix callo tenuissimo junctis, externo supra producto,
basi cum columellari Jeviter dilatato et uimbilicum tere obtegente
angulum parum distinctum formante.

Alt. 26-6, diam. maj. 21 mm.

Aperture: alt. 16, diam. 11:5 mm.

Hab. South India?

Var. halophila, Kobelt, tom. cit. p. 297, pl. 59, figs. 17-20 (as
V. annendalei halophila [sic]).

Original description :—Testa rimato-perforata, ovato-globosa,
summo ommnino cariose-erosa, tenuis sed solidula, parum nitens,
striatula, sub vitro fortiore vix subtilissime spiraliter sculpta,
viridi-fusca, fasciis nigro-castaneis 4-5 cincta. Spira in speci-
minibus adultis erosa, in junioribus breviter conica apice acuto;
sutura linearis. Antractus 6 (persistentes 3-4), penultimus
angulato-tabulatus, ultimus inflatus, ad peripheriam obsolete
angulatus, fasciis tribus majoribus, 2-8 linearibus cinctus, antice

VIVIPARA. 93

haud descendens. Apertura magna, ovata, supra acuminata,
infra subeffusa, faucibus ccerulescentibus; peristoma tenue, acutum,
marginibus vix junctis, columellari vix dilatato. Operculum

magnum, tenue, corneum, extus concavum, disco pedali haud
rugoso.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 20 mm.
Aperture: alt. 13, diam. 11 mm.
Hab. Salt Range (N. India).

183. Vivipara shanensis, Theobald.

Vivipara shanensis, Theobald, Catalogue, 1876, p.17; Kobelt, in
Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. 1909, p. 411, pl. 77, figs. 4, 5.

Original description :—Testa exumbilicata, ovato-conica, solida,
crassa, oblique striata, in anfractibus inferis spiraliter et pecualiariter
costata, costis nodosis, nitida, virescenti-fusca, subunicolor vel sub-
nigro trifasciata. Spira elata, apice acuto, nigro; sutura distincta,
inter anfractus inferos subirregularis, impressa. Anfractus 7,
superi 3 lentissime accrescéntes, leves, conulum regularum form-
antes, superi subscalati, liris spiralibus rudibus tribus primum
levibus, dein tuberculatis, sculpti; ultimus postice fere 3 altitudinis
zquans, liris tuberculiferis vel seriebus tuberculorum obliquiis
4-5 majoribus nonnullisque minoribis cinctus, serie quarta peri-
pherica peculiariter squamosa, aperturam versus supra subdeclivis,
subangulatus, ad angulum productus, vix descendens. Apertura
irregulariter ovalis, supra acuminata, basi valde recedens, intus
concolor vel fasciata; peristoma callo anguste nigro-marginato
continuum, margine externo tenui, acuto, ad peripheriam sub-
angulato, margine columellari calloso; dilatato, fusco, nigro-
marginato, processum semilunarem, umbilicum omnino occludeatem
emittente.

Alt. 30, diam. maj. 24 mm.

Aperture: alt. 18, diam. 14-15 mm.

Hab. Shan States.

Section Ipiopoma.
Idiopoma, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, liii, 1901,
p. 189.
Tren, V. (L.) henzadensis, Pilsbry; Burma.

Range. C. Africa ; S.E. Asia.
This section is based upon the characters of the operculum as
given in the following description of V. (I.) henzadensis, Pilsbry.

184. Vivipara (Idiopoma) henzadensis, Pilsbiy.

Vivipara (Idiopoma) henzadensis, Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, liii, 1901, p. 188, pl. 5, fig. 1.

Original description :—Shell umbilicate, broadly ovate-conie ;

94 VIVIPARIDE.

olive-green with some narrow slightly darker streaks; surface
glossy and smooth, under a lens showing fine, delicate and spaced
spiral striae, which become crowded and somewhat granulose ou
the base. Spire short, obtuse, the earlier whorls eroded, the
eroded portion reddish, tipped with black. Sutures deeply im-
pressed, the whorls strongly swollen just below them ; last whorl
angular at the periphery in front, the angle disappearing on the
last half whorl, which is rounded; umbilicus narrow, excavated
behind the columellar lip, surrounded by an angle. Aperture
oblique, rounded-ovate, bluish white inside; peristome narrowly
expanded at the edge, blunt, black, with a blackish border inside
and out; continuous across the parietal margin. Operculum
chestuut-brown and slightly wrinkled outside, with a conspicuous
raised or reflexed cuticular border; inside with a conspicuously
raised and minutely roughened ovate area nearer the columellar
side, radiating striw ou the outside of this area, and a raised
border all around.

Alt. 23, diam. 16°5-17°5 mm.

Hab. Henzada, Burma ( Winkley). *

185. Vivipara (Idiopoma) heliciformis (Frauenfeld).
Tinipara (Idiopoma) helie’formis (Frauenfeld) (as Paludina),
Verhandl. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien, xv, 1865, p. 532, pl. 22; Zool.
Mise. pt. 5.

Paludina dissimilis, var. decussatulu or P. decussatula, Blanford,
P. ZS, 1869, p. 5; H. & T., C. 1 pl. 77, figs. 6, 10.

Shell acuminately conic, scarcely umbilicate, rather solid,
smooth, polished, pale olive-green with eight or nine more or less
conspicuous brownish bands which disappear entirely on the
upper whorls; whorls 6, regularly increasing, convex; suture
well impressed; aperture oval, somewhat angled above ; interior
of shel] bluish white ; peristome acute, erect, somewhat thickened
towards the columella.

Alt. 20°5, diam. 14°5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 10, diam. 8 mm.

Hab. Pondicherry ; Pegu (Stoliczka).

Var. viridis (Jteeve), Hanley MS., Reeve, Conch. Ieon. 1862,
sp. 20 (as Paludina viridis) ; Nevill, J..A.8. B. 1877, pt. 2, p. 31,
& Anderson’s Zool. Yunnan Exp. 1874, pl. 80, tie. 1; Nevill,
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 30.

Original description :—Shell clavately conical, dark green, whorls
rounded, smooth, rather constricted at the sutures, beneath the
lens minutely decussately striated throughout.

Alt. 39, diam. 25 mm. (fig. in Conch. Icon.).

flab, Kabyuet, Upper Burma (Anderson),

VALVATIDE, 95

Family VALVATID.
Subfamily VALVATINA.

Shell umbilicate turbinate or subdiscoidal depressed; labrum
continuous ; operculum multispiral.
Distribution. Europe, N. Asia, N. America.

Genus VALVATA.

Valvata, Miller, Verm, Hist. ii, 1774, p. 198; Zool. Dan, Prodr.
1776, p. 239.

Buccinum, dW Argenville.

Nerita, Geoffroy; Miller; Schroter; Ginelin; Alten.

Helix, Schroter ; Gmelin; Montagu; Alten.

Trochus, Schroter.

Cyclostomu, Drapernaud ; Voith ; Lesueur.

Turbo, Donovon; Poiret; Montagu; Turton olim.

Valvearius, Duméril.

Paludina, Menke olim ; Michaud; Deshayes.

Gyrorbis § Valvata, Fitzinger.

Volvata, Berge.

Tyrer, Valvata cristata, Mill.; Europe.

Jtange. Europe; N. Asia.
Shell umbilicate, turbinate or subdiscoidal, with little exserted

spire, whorls few, not numerous; aperture circular, oblique;
labrum coutinuous, thin; operculum multispiral.

186. Valvata piscinalis (JJiiller).

Nerita piscinalis § pusilla, Miiller, Verm. Hist. pt. 2 (1774),
pp. 171-172.

Trochus cristatus, Schroter, Gesch, Fluss-Conch. (1779), p. 280,
pl. 6, fig. 1].

Helix piscinalis §& fascicularis, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. (1788) pp. 3627,
3641.

Nerita obtusa, Studer, Coxe, Trav. in Switz. iii (1789) p. 436.

Turbo fontinalis, Pulteney, Cat. Shells Dorset. (1799), p. 45.

Turbo cristatus, Poiret, Coy. de l’Aisne (1801) p. 29 (not of Maton
& Rackett).

Cyclostoma obtusum, Draparnaud, Tab]. Moll, (1801) p. 39.

Valvata minuta, Dyaparnaud, Hist. Moll. (1805) p. 42, pl. 1,
tigs. 30-38.

Valvata piscinalis, Férussac, Ess. Syst. Conch. (1807) p. 75.

Lymnea fontinalis, Fleming, Edin. Encye. vii (1814) p. 78.

Vualvata obtusa, Brard, Coq. Paris (1814) p. 190, pl. 6, tig. 17.

Turbo thermatlis, Dillwyn, Desc. Cat. Shells (1817) p. 852.

Valvata depressa, C. Pfeiffer, Deuts. Moll. i (1821) p. 100, pl. 4,
fig. 33.

Valvata moquiniana, egniés, Dupuy, Hist. Moll. v (1851) p. 586,
pl. 28, fig. 15.

The following description of this species, which is widely spread

96 VALY ATID.E.—PILID.E.

throughout Europe, Siberia, and Asia Minor, is taken from Reeve’s
** Land and Freshwater Mollusks indigenous to...... the
British Isles ” :—

Shell: somewhat globosely heliciform, deeply narrowly um-
bilicated, pale straw-colour, semitransparent but solid; whorls
four and a half. to five, depressed at the apex, longitudinally
densely finely striated, spirally faintly ridged, ridges sometimes
obsolete ; aperture somewhat pyriformly rounded.

“ Valuata piscinalis is almost milk-white, showing its bright
blue-black eyes very conspicuously on the inner base of each
tentacle.”

It is recorded from Kashmir.

187. Valvata (?) microscopica, G. Nevill.

Valvata (?) mteroscopica, G. Nevill, Cat. Moll, Fase. E, 1877, &
Hand List, pt. 2, p. 17.

Original description :—Shell exceedingly minute, orbicular,
moderately thin, depressed, and discoidal ; whorls four, moderate,
convex, with distinct suture, the last whorl increasing rapidly ;
the shell, both above and below, rugosely and distinctly spirally
striated, deeply umbilicated, with rounded and proportionately
rather large aperture: the specimens were coated with some thick
black deposit; when cleaned the shell presents a brownish-red
appearance; the operculum examined under the microscope is
horny and circular, of comparatively rather thick substance ; it
appears to be multispiral, but we were not able to make ont the
structure quite satisfactorily.

Diam. 1°3 nm.

Hab. Port Canning, in brackish water.

Family PILID [= Ampullariide).

Subfamily PILINA.

Shell globose, large, holostome, with calcareous operculum.

Genus PILA.

Pila, Bolten, Mus. Bulten. 1798.
Ampullaria, Lamarck, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1799, p. 76,

Tye, eliv ampullacea, Linn. ; Malaysia.

Runge. 8.E. Asia; C. Africa.

Shell turbinate, globose, with little exserted spire; aperture
oblong, oval; labrum arched, simple, occasionally reflexed;
operculum calcareous.

PILA. 97

188. Pila globosa (Swainson),

Pila glubosa (Swainson), Zool. ust. ser. 1, ii, pl. 119; Philippi,
Monogr. Ampul. (Kiister’s ed. Chemn). p. 8, pl. 1, fiz. 3; Reeve,
Con. leon., Ampul. figs. 46, 47; H. & T., C. L. pl. 118, tig. 3.
Original description :—Shell globose, very smooth, olive; spire
depressed; margin of the aperture thick, fulvous, grooved ;
umbilicus small, contracted, placed near the base; operculum
shelly.
Alt. 55:5, diam. 56°5 mm. (measurements of Swainson’s figure).
Hab. Calcutta; Rohilkund; Orissa, ete. (Conch. Ind.).

Var. spherica (Hanley § Theobald), Conch. Ind. pl. 118, fig. 4.

Figured, but without description; the figure shows a much
larger shell than the typical form, it is of a greenish-olive tint and
painted with several narrow bands of a reddish hue, with an
obliquely-set aperture.

Alt. 64:5, diam. 65 mm,

Hab. Moradabad.

Var. fasciata (Hanley § Theobald), tom. cit. fig. 5.

Also figured, but without description ; the figure in this instance
shows a more numercusly banded form with a rather less oblique
aperture.

Alt. 63°5, diam. 62 mm. (measurements of fig. in Couch. Ind.).

Hab. Moradabad.

Nevill in his ‘Hand List’ quotes a number of varieties as
follows :—

Var. sinistrorsa (Wevill), Hand List, pt. 2, 1884, p. 2.
Hab. Caleutta.

Var. incrassatula (Nevill), Cat. Moll. Fase. H, 1877, p.4; Hand
List, pt. 2, p. 2.

A small variety ‘distinguished by its greater relative thickness,
by its (in living specimens) pure white peristome, slightly more
exserted spire, absence of coloured bands, and by the unusually
small umbilicus.”

Alt. 32, diam. 28°5 mm.

Hab, Caleutta (Nevill); Dum-Dum (Wilmer).

Var. minor (Nevill), Cat. Moll. Fasc. E, 1877, p.4; Hand List,
pt. 2, p. Z.

A small variety with spire and aperture at base more produced
than in the typical form; the columellar margin is widely ex
panded and stained of a rich dark chestnut-brown, the interior of
the aperture being similarly coloured; it is of a thinner and more
delicate texture than the var. ierassatula,

Alt. 36, diam. 30°5 mm.

Hab, Dum-Dun, near Calcutta (Wilmer) ; Siliguri (Mainwaring),

H

98 PILID.E,

189. Pila corrugata (Swainson).

Pila corrugata (Swainson), Zool. Tlust. ser. 1, iii, pl. 120 (badly
copied in Kister’s ed. Chemn., Ampul. pl. 1, fig. 10); H. & T.,
U. I. pl. 118, tig. 2.

Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. corrugata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. Moll.,
Base, IE, p. 2.

Original. description :—Shell globose, wrinkled, olive; spire
prominent, acute, the whorls ventricose ; margin of the aperture
thick, fulvous, grooved ; umbilicus small, linear, near the middle
of the inner lip; operculum shelly.

Alt. 63, diam. 54 mm. (measnrements of Swainson’s figure),

Hab. Bengal; Pondicherry (Conch. Ind.).

Var. longispira (Nevill), Hand List, pt. 2, p. 2.

Rugosely malleated, peristome of a pale yellow colour.
Alt. 68, diam. 63 mm.
Hab. Benares (dainwaring).

190. Pila carinata (Swainson).

Pila carinata (Swainson), Zool. Tl. ser. 2, Ampui. pl. 1, from which
Philip. Mon., Ampul. (in Kiister’s ed. Chemn.), pl. 1, fig. 2;
P Reeve, Con. Icon., Ampul. sp. 58; A. & T.,C.I. pl. 114, fig. 1,

Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. carinata, Sw., Nevill, Cat. Moll,
Fasc. I, p. 3.

Original description :—Shell olive, ventricose, without bands ;
whorls carinated near the suture.

The above description being so meagre, Philippi’s description in
Kuster’s edition of Martini Chemnitz is given below :—

Testa globosa, levissima, olivacea, fasciis destituta, anfractibus
prope suturam carinatis, supra planis; apertura ovato-oblonga,
mira medium latiore, fulvo limbata; labro subreflexo ; umbilico
mediocri ad dimidium labri sito.

Alt. 57, diam. 52°75 mm,

Hab. Ceylon.

191. Pila malabarica (Philippi).

Pila matlabarica (Philippi) (not Reeve), Mon. .Ampui. (Kuster's ed.
Chemn.) p. 29, pl. 7, ig. 8; H. & T., C. 1, pl. 114, fig. 2.

Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. malabarica, Phil. Nevill, Hand List,
pt. 2, p. 3.

Original description :—Testa ovata, anguste umbilicata, olivacea,
unicolore, levi; spira fere tertiam altitudinis partem wequante,
subcontabulata ; anfractibus ad suturam horizontalibus, ibique
radiatim subrugosis, ultito versus basin paullulum attenuato ;
apertura ovato-oblonga; peristomate intus incrassato.

Alt. 86°25, diam, 32 mm.

Hab, Mangalore.

PILA. 99

192. Pila layardi (Reeve).

Pila layardi (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. sp. 27; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 114, fig. 4.
Ampullaria globosa, Sw., var. layardi, Reeve, Nevill, Hand List,

pt. 2, p. 3.

Original description :—Shell rather compressly globose, whorls
narrowly flatly impressed round the upper part, then rounded,
smooth, shining; umbilicus small, contracted; aperture ovate ;
whitish, covered with an olive horny epidermis.

Alt. 48, diam. 44 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab, Colombo, Ceylon.

Var. virens, Lamarck, Hist. Anim. s. Vert. vi, 1822, p. 179,

Hab.?; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 3.
te carination at suture obsolete.”

Hab. Kollain (Beddome).

193, Pila nux (Reeve).
Pila nuv (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. sp. 132; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 115, fig. 1.

Original description :—Shell oblong-conoid, solid, scarcely um-
bilicated, spire obtusely exserted, whorls convex, slanting and
obsoletely plicately wrinkled at the suture; fulvous-chestnut ;
aperture ovate, rather small, columellar lip callously reflected.

Alt. 3, diam. 23 mm. (taken from fig. 1824, pl. xxviii, in
Conch. Icon.).

Hab. Bombay.
“ A solid fulvous-chestnut shell of an oblong-conoid form, with

the columellar lip rather unusually callously reflected.”

194. Pila maura (Reeve).
Pila maura (Reeve), Con. Icon., Amputl. sp. 57.

Original description :—Shell globose, narrowly umbilicated, spire
rather short, whorls a little flattened at the sutures, then rounded,
smooth; dark olive; aperture ovate, lip stained within with
purple-black.

Alt. 45, diam. 41 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.),

Hab. Assam (Conch. Ind.).
“Of a particularly globose form, the lip being characteristically

stained within with purple or chestnut-black.”

195. Pila theobaldi (Hunley).
Pila theobaldi (Hanley), H. & T., OC. I pl. 115, fig, 2 (as
Ampullaria).
Ampullaria maura, Reeve, var. theobaldi, Hanley, Nevill, Cat. Moll,
Fasc. H, p. 6.
Figured as above, but not described, and as no specimen is
H 2

100 PILID.E,

available to the author a few remarks only on the figure are
possible. The shell appears to be of large dimensions, globular in
form, of an olive-green tint ornamented with groups of narrow
spiral reddish bands, each group varying in haying from two to
four bands in number, the umbilicus would appear to be
moderately wide and the columella is diffused above into a well-
defined, purplish, parietal callus which joins the upper margin of
the labrum, the outer lip is rather irregularly streaked or biotched
with the same colour and the aperture is obliquely ovate.

Alt. 80, diam. 77°5 mm.

Hab. Burma? or Pegu? (Conch. Ind.); Bhamo (Nevill).

196. Pila saxea (Reeve).

Pila savea (Reeve), Con, Icon., Ampul. sp. 108; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 115, figs. 3, 4.

Oriyinal description :—Shell oblong-ovate, rather solid, with a
narrow covered umbilicus, spire rather obtuse, whoris a little
depressed round the upper part, obsoletely angled, then rounded ;
olive; aperture pyritormly oblong, columellar lip thinly reflected,

Alt. 29, diam. 25 mm. (taken from fig. 3 in Conch. Ind.).

Hab. Bassein, Pegu (Conch. Ind.).

“An oblong-ovate shell, of rather solid texture, characterised
by a faint. depression round the upper whorls, causivg a scarcely
perceptible angle.”

197. Pila conica (Gray).
(Ampullaria) conica (Gray), Wood's Index Test. Sup. p. 29, 1828,
& Lanley, Conch. Mise. pl. iii, fig. 13,
Ampullaria scutata, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849 (not of Phil.).
Ampuilaria javanicu, Reeve, var. 1856, fide Martens ; from Cam-
bodia side Morelet; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5.

“Shell conically oblong, scarcely umbilicated; spire exserted ;
whorls convex, rather narrow, smooth; dark olive; aperture
ovate, rather small; lip thin.” (Reeve.)

Alt. 40°75, diam. 30°5 min.

Hab, Sava (Reeve); Moulmein (Reehthafen, Stoiiezka) ; Akyab
(Stoliczh a),

Var. expansa, Nevill, Cat. Moll., Fasc. E, p. 9, 1877.

Ampullaria paludinoides, H. & T., C.L. pl. 114, fig. 5 [not of Philippi
or Crist. & Jan.]; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5,

Original description:—Testa subglobosa, umbilicato-perforata,
plerumque glauca, fusco-zonata ; epidermide olivacea ; spira conica,

tertiam altitudinis partem occupante; anfractibus ad suturam

PILA. 101

horizontalibus ; apertura oblongo-ovata; lubro intus incrassato,
obtuso.

Alt. 43, diam. 35 mm.

Hab. Mangalore ; Pegu (type of var.) (W. Theobald) ; Tenasserim
(Stoliczka) ; Mandalay (Stoliezka).

Var. orientalis (Philippe), Zeits. Malak. 1848, p. 192, *« China”?

Ampullaria scutata, Phil. Conch.-Cab. ii, pl. 1, figs. 4, 5 [not of
Mousson]; Nevill, Hand List, pt. 2, p. 5.

Original description :—Testa obovata, subimperforata, satis
tenui, obsolete fasciata, sepius unicolore; epidermide nitida,
olivacea; anfractibus convexis, superius subangulatis; spira
dimidiam aperturam fere equante, plerumque erosa; apertura
ovato-oblonga, semilunari ; operculo calcareo.

Alt. 39°5, diam. 36 mm.

Aperture: alt. 30 mm.

Hab. China; Bassein, Arakan (Blanford).

198. Pila dolioides (/2eeve).

Pila dolioides (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. 1856, sp. 75; Nevill,
Hand List, p. 7.

Original deseription:—Shell ovate, thin, ventricose, narrowly
uubilicated, spire short, sharp; whorls convex, shining, impressed
at the sutures, last whorl largely swollen and expanded; ash-olive,
obscurely red-banded, bands linear, irregular ; aperture very large,
open, columellar lip reflected.

Alt. 56, diam. 47 mm. (dimensions of fig. 75 @ in Conch. Icon.).

Hab. Bombay (Reeve); Ceylon (Nevill).

199. Pila mesta (feeve).

Pila mesta (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. p. 92; H. & T., C. 1
pl. 115, fig. 6.

Original description:—Shell ovately globose, narrowly umbili-
cated, spire rather exserted ; whorls slightly flattened at the upper
part, then rounded, smooth; dull olive, encircled with narrow
darker bands ; aperture ]unar-ovate, lip yellowish-white within.

Alt. 36, diam, 80°75 mm. (taken from fig. in Conch. Icon.).

Hab, Ceylon.

“A dull greenish-olive species, of globose form, narrowly
compressly umbilicated, encircled with numerous faint bands,
irregular in width, but mostly linear.”

200. Pila cinerea (Reeve).

Pila cinerea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. sp. 94; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 113, fig. 1.

Original description :—Shell globose, thin, rather inflated

102 PILID.E.

narrowly umbilicated, spire short, whorls rounded, smooth, the
last ascending in front; pale ash, encircled with three to four
linear reddish-brown bands; aperture pyriformly ovate, columellar
lip thinlv reflected

Alt. 39:5, diam. 35°25 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab. Ceylon.

“ A peculiarly rounded species, thin and somewhat inflated, of
a light ash-colour, encircled with faint bands, which, towards the
apex, are like red-brown lines, of which only the uppermost one
is visible.”

201. Pila olea (Reeve).
Pila olea (Reeve), Con. Icon., Ampul. sp. 102.

Original description:—Shell subglobose, scarcely umbilicated,
spire rather short, whorls rounded, longitudinally striated ; shining
olive, encircled with two distant narrow blackish-red bands;
aperture pyriformly ovate. .

Alt. 29, diam. 23°25 mm. (taken from fig. in Con. Icon.).

Hab. India?

“Of a peculiar compact subglobose form, with a shining olive
surface, encircled with two distant linear bands.”

202. Pila tischbeini (Dohrn).

Pila tischbeint (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 184; H. & T., C. I.
pl. 114, fig. 8 (as Ampullaria).

Original description :—Testa ovato-globosa, solida, peranguste
umbilicata, rude longitudinaliter, sub lente subtilissime spiraliter
striata, olivacea, fasciis saturatioribus cingulata; spira exserta;
an{r. 3-4 integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, ad suturam im-
pressam angulati; ultimus efflatus; apertura lunato-ovalis, intus
fusca, dense fasciata; peristomiim rectum, labro intus albido.

Alt. 33, diam. maj. 31, diam. min. 28 mm.

Aperture: alt. 25, diam. 17 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

203. Pila woodwardi (Dohrn).

Pila woodwardi (Dohrn), P. Z.8, 1858, p. 184; H. & T.,C. I.
pl. 115, fig. 5 (as Ampullaria).

Original description :—Testa subturbinata, solidiuscula, parum
nitida, longitudinaliter striata, late umbilicata, olivacea, fasciis
viridibus vel fuscis spiralibus ornata; spira exserta; anfractus
4-43 integri convexi, rapide accrescentes, supra medium angulati;
ultimus efflatus, antice descendens; apertura ovato-lunaris, alba,
fasciis intus pellucentibus ; peristomium simplex, rectum.

Alt. 29, diam. maj. 26, diam. min. 22 mm.

Aperture: alt. 19°5, diam, 11-5 mm.

/fab, Ceylon.

PILA, 103

204. Pila alucinans (Sowerby).

Pila alucinans (Sowerby), Proc. Malac. Soc. ix, p. 63 (fig. in text)
(as Ampullaria).

Original description :—Testa late turbinata, mediocriter umbili-
cata, fusco-olivacea, fasciis numerosis angustis nigro-fuscis ornata,
longitudinaliter irregulariter plicata et striata, striis transversis
subtilissimis decussata; spira brevis; anfractus convexi, supra
planulati; ultimus latiusculus, superne rotunde angulatus, supra
angulum leviter depressus, infra angulum rotunde convexus,
basim versus leviter contractus; apertura latiuscula, intus fasciata ;
peristoma tenue.

Alt. 23, diam. 23 mm.

Aperture: alt. 22, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

205. Pila winkleyi (Pilsbry).

Pila winkleyi (Pilsbry), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, liii,
1901, p. 189, pl. 5, figs. 2, 3 (as Ampullaria).

Original description :—Shell narrowly umbilicate, globose ;
yellowish-olive, uniform or with few or numerous dusky olive
spiral bands, the earlier whorls eroded, blackish or ruddy. Surface
smooth, somewhat shining, under a strong Jens seen to be very
densely, microscopically striated spirally, the strie minutely granu-
lose; spire low-conic; sutures impressed, the whorls flattened
below them, elsewhere symmetrically convex. Aperture vertical,
semi-rotund, narrower above, reddish-tawny and sometimes banded
within, becoming white near the lip; peristome a trifle expanded
below, white or dirty yellowish, the outer margin equably curved,
columella concave, blunt and more or less thickened but not
reflexed, parietal callus rather thin, white, thinner within. Oper-
culum thick and solid, concave externally, and partially covered
with a thin, yellowish-brown cuticle. Inside bluish, with a mica-
like gleam, the scar of attachment sunken, the columellar side
concentrically striate, the enclosed eminence narrow, curved and
smooth.

Alt. 58, diam. 50 mm.

Aperture: alt. maj. 43 mm.

Hab. Henzada, Burma ( Winkley).

Types in Coll. Acad. Nat. Sciences, Philadelphia.

104 LIMN EID.

Order PULMONATA.

Suborder HYGROPHILA.
Family LIMN EID.
Subfamily ANCYLINZE.

Shell patelliform, without spire.
Distribution. Temperate aud Tropical Regions of the World.

Genus ANCYLUS.

Ancylus, Geoffroy, Traité de Coq. de Paris, 1767; Clessin, Conch.-
Cab., 1882. p. 11, ete.

Tyra, A. fluviatilis, Linneus, from Europe generally, Algeria
and Madeira.

Range. Europe, Asia.

Shell small, patelliform, either dextral or sinistral, thin, conoidal ;
aperture either ovate or rounded ; peristome acute, simple.

Animal having the lateral teeth of the tongue narrow, sharp
pointed, and the cardinal [median] tcoth, small, rounded.

206. Ancylus baconi, Bourguignat.

Ancylus bacon’, Bourguienat, Cat. Ancvl. in Journ. de Conch, iv,
1853, p. 181; Bourg. Deser, Ancyl. Cuming in P. Z. 5. 1853,
p. 89, 7]. 25, fip-, 18-25; H. & A. Adams, Gen, Ree, Moll.
i, 1845, p. 266; Bourg. Spicil. Malac. 1862, p. 205; Clessin in
Conch.-Cab, Is8z, p. 61, pl. 7, fig. 7.

Original description :—Testa antice recta vel paululim convexa,
postice recta vel paululum concavas apiece postico, obrusissimo,
paululum dextrorsus dejecto ; depressione apica'i vix corspicua,
in extremitate vertiis sita, Testa parva, fragili, diaphana,
laevissima, vel concentrice striatula; epidermide albido-virescente ;
apertura ovata.

Alt. 1, diam, maj. 3, diam. min. 2 mm.

Hab. Bengal.

207. Ancylus ceylanicus, Benson.

Ancylus ceylanicus, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 3, xiii, 1864, p. 189 ;
H.& T., C. 1. pl. 81, figs, 2, 3.

Original description :—Testa suboblonge conoidea, antice con-
vexa, postice concava, extus tenuissime radiato-costulata, costis
subremotis elevatioribus munita, striis confertis concentricis de-
cussata, viridescenti-cornea, margine lato, lutescenti-cornea, apice

ANCYLUS. 105

submediano, subelongato, postice attenuato, acutiusculo, ad dex-
trum leviter verso; apertura subrotundato-ovata, intus albida
nitente.

Alt. 2°5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 4 mm.

Hab. Matelle (Matale) District, Ceylon.

Resembling in some respects the A. fluviatilis of Europe.

208. Ancylus tenuis, Bourguignat.

Ancylus tenuis, Bourguignat, Spicil. Malac., 1862, p. 208; Clessin,
in Conch.-Cab. 1882, p. 62.

Original description :—Testa pygmea, depresso-oblonga, fragili,
levi, cornea, vel luteolo-nigrescente; — antice siuistrorsusque
paululum convexa; postice dextrorsusque recta, vel paululum
concava ; — apice maximo, obtusissimo, paululum canaliculato,
postico, dextrorsus paululum dejecto; — depressione apicali
minima, rotundata, ad sinistram partem verticis sita; — apertura
oblonga.

Alt. 1:5, diam. maj. 2 mm.

Hab. Streams in the Nilgiri Hills.

209. Ancylus verruca, Benson.

Ancylus verruca, Benson, A. M. N. H. 1855, ser. 2, xv. p. 12;
H. & T., C. I. pl. 81, figs. 2, 3; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1882,
p. 62.

Original descr’ption. —Testa vix sinistrorsa, depressa, sub-
elongato-ovata, postize vix angustiori-levigata, pallide virente-
flavida vel cinerea, tenui, intus albida, submargaritacea, antice
superne convexiuscula, postice prope umbonem breviter declivi,
umboue vix elevato, compiessiusculo, submediano, ad spatium
2 to'e teste posita.

Alt. 1, diam. maj. 3°5, diam. min. scarcely 2 mm.

Hab. Bhimtal; Kemaon Lake; marshes near Moradabad ;
near Budaon Rohilla; Orissa; Ceylon, etc., always adhering to
the floating leaves of water plants.

From Benson’s notes, attached to his original description, it
would seem that the present species, though generally sluggish
in its habits, is able to swim shell downwards on the surtace of
the water.

Subfamily LIMN HINA.

Shell ovate or fusiform with exserted, or more or less contracted,
spire.
Distribution. World-wide.

106 LIM N.ELD.E.

Genus LIMNAA.

Limnea, Lamarck, 1799, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 75, as
Lymnea, emend. Rang, 1829, Man. de ’Hist. Nat., Moll. p. 176;
Sowerby in Reeve, Con. Icon. xviii, etc.

Helix, Linn., Gmelin, Burrow.

Bucinum, Muller.

Bulimus, Poiret, Bruguiére.

Limneus, Draparnaud, Born.

Limnea, Lamarck, Nilsson.

Stagnicola, Leach.

Limneus, auct. reliq.

Trex, L. stagnalis (Linneus); Europe generally.

Range. World-wide.

Shell dextrally spiral, horny-testaceous, ovate or pyramidal,
covered with a thin epidermis; spire acuminated, whorls generally
turreted, inner lip of the aperture narrowly spread on the body-
whorl, generally with a single plait. No operculum.

Animal rather long and twisted in a spiral coil ; head prominent ;
tentacles short, triangular and flattened; foot oblong, bilobed or
notched in front and obtusely rounded behind.

Section LIMNAGA (sensu stricto),

For characters, type and range, see above.
210. Limnea (Limneza) stagnalis (Linneus).
Limneus, Linn., 1758, Syst, Nat. 10th ed. p. 774, as Helix stagnalis
and fragilis.
Limnea (Limnea) stagnalis, Lamarck, 1801, as Lymnea stagnalis,
Syst. Anim. sans Vert. p. 91; Sowerby in Reeve’s Conch. Icon.
xviii, pl. 1,no.4; H. & T., C. 1. 1876, p. xvi.
Lymnea stagnalis, in Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles, p. 160.
“Shell: ovately turreted, compressly umbilicated, rather thin,
yellowish horny, spire produced and sharply acuminated ; whorls
five to six, slopingly convex round the upper part, then ventricose,
striated in the direction of the lines of growth, sometimes evanes-
cently obscurely irregularly ridged and malleated in the opposite
direction ; aperture moderate, somewhat squarely ovate, columella
callously twisted, lip broadly appressly dilated over the umbilicus.”
(Reeve.)
Alt. 47°5, diam. 22°56 min. (spec.).
Hab. Europe; Afghanistan; Kashmir.

211. Limnza (Limnza) acuminata, Lamarcl:.
Limnea (Limnea) acuminata, Lamarck, Anim, s. Vert. vi, pt. 2,

p- 160; Deles. Rec. Cog. Lam. pl. 80, fig.6; H. & T., C. I. pl. 69,
figs. 8,9; Sowerby, in Reeve’s Conch, Icon. xviii, pl. 10, no, 66,

Original description : — Testa ovato-ventricosa, - tenuissima,
hyalina, subalbida ; spira brevissima, apice acuminata,

Alt. 25 mim.

Hab. Bengal; 30 miles Si. of Hingula, ele.

LIMN EA. 107

Sowerby’s description in Reeve is as follows :—

“Shell oblong, ventricose, reddish purple, thin, semipellucid,
smooth, spire short, narrow, whorls attenuated ; last whorl
slightly angular above, inflated below the middle; aperture large,
rounded unteriorly, columellar lip tortuous.”

The species, as are most of the group, is exceedingly plastic,
and a number of varieties have been described by various authors
as follows :—

Var. patula, 7'roschel, in Wiegmann’s Archiv for 1837, iii, p. 167;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, pl. 69, figs. 2, 3.

Original description :—Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovato-
acuta, tenuissima, pellucidissima; spira mediocri, acuta; ultimo
unfractu ventricoso; 2 teste longo, margine exteriore patulo,
aufr. 5-6,

Alt. 44, breadth of the last whorl 24, height of the last whorl
138, height of the aperture 33 mm.

Hab. Ganges.

Var. suleatula, Troschel, von Martens, Conchologische Mittheil-
ungen, i, p. 75, pl. 14, fig. 6.

Limneus sulcatulus, Troschel in Wiegmann’s Arch. fiir Naturg, ili,
1837, p. 167.

Limneus striatus (Benson), Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini &
Chemnitz, Lim. p. 33, pl. 6, figs. 11, 12.

Limnea amygdala (non Troschel), H. & T., C. I. pl. 69, figs. 7, 10.

Original description :—Testa rimata, ovata, acuta, tenui, longi-
tudinaliter suleata; spira mediocri, acuta; ultimo anfractu 3
teste longo; apertura ovata, plica columellari profunda. Auntr.
5-6.

Alt. 33, breadth of last whorl 17-5, height of last. whorl 15-25,
alt. of aperture 21°75 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).

Var. amygdalum, Troschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i,
p. 76, pl. 14, figs. 7, 8.

Limnea amygdalus, Troschel, Wiegm. Archiv, iii, 1837, p. 168;
Kiister, ed. Martini & Chemn., Lim. p. 35, pl. 6, figs. 15, 16.

Original description :—Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, colore
stramineo vel cycaceo, nitida, ovata; spira mediocri, acuta ;
ultimo anfractu 2 teste longo, margine exteriore plus minus
adpresso. Anfr. 5, rarissime 6.

Alt. 28°75 breadth of last whorl 17:5, height of last whorl
13-25, alt. of aperture 20°75 mm.

Hab. India.

108 LIMN EIDE.

Var. prunum, Z'roschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 81,

pl. 15, tigs. 1, 2.

Limneus prunvm, Troschel in Wiegmann’s Archiv. fiir Naturg.
iii, 1837, p. 170.

Limneus sinyaporinus, Wiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini & Chemn.,
Lim. p. 35, pl. 6, fig. 17.

sy a Gray, Reeve in Conch. Icon. xviii, pl. 9, fig. 59
small).

aca luteola, Lk., Reeve, id. pl. 15, fig. 104; H & T, C.I.
pl. 70, fig. 6.

Original description :—Testa ovata, rimata, subglabra, subtiliter
striata; spira globosu-acuta, anfractibus convexis, suturis pro-
fundis; ultimo anfractu teste dimidium superante; apertura
ovato-acuta. <Anfr. 6,

Alt. 26°75, breadth of last whorl 15°25, height of last whorl
13:25, alt. of aperture 17-5 mm.

fab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).

Var. cerasum, Zroschel, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 81,

pl. 15, figs. 3, 4.

Limneus cerasum, Trosche] in Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturg.
ili, 1837, p. 170.

Limneus petinvides (Benson), Kiister, in Conch.-Cab., Martini &
Chemn., Lim. p. 84, fig. 6, fig, 14.

Limnea ovalis, Gray, Reeve in Conch. Icon. xviii, pl. 9, figs. 59, a, b.

Linnea luteola (Lam.), H. & T., C. I. pl. 70, fig. 5.

Original description:—Testa subglobosa, rimata; spira_pro-
minula, acuta; ultimo anfractu ventricoso ? teste longo ; apertura
ovato-acuta. Anfr. 6.

Alt. 21-75, breadth of last whorl 16°75, height of last whorl
13°25, alt. of aperture 17°56 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).

Var. strigata, Hanley § Theobald, Conch. Ind. pl. 70, fig. 4.

Said to have the aspect of var. cerasum, Troschel.
Hab. Jounpore.

Var. chlamys, Benson, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. 1, p. 76.

Limnea chlamys, Benson, Journ. Asiat. Soc. Bengal, 1836, v,
p- 744; H. & T., C. 1. pl. 69, figs, 5,6; Reeve, Conch. icon,
xviii, pl. 10, fig. 65.

Original description :—Testa translucente, cornea aut castanea,
elongato-ovata ; spira gracili, breviore, acuminata; anfractu
ultimo infra precipue ventricoso; suturis parce depressis ;
apertura infra patente, basi leviter evasa.

The dimensions of two specimens given by von Martens are as
below: —

Alt, 29, diam, maj. 10, diam. min. 13°55; apertura, alt. 22:5,
diam, 12 mm.

LIMN EA. 109

Alt. 31, diam. maj. 18, diam. min. 13; apertura, alt. 21-5,
diam. 12 mm.

Hub, Calcutta (Nevill), Benares and Moradabad (Benson &
Theobald),

Var. rufescens, Gray; von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 76,
pl. 14, fig. 3.

Limnea rufescens, Gray, in Sowerby’s Genera Shells, pt. vii,
Limn. fig. 2; Reeve, Conch. System. pl. 191, fig. 2; OH. & T.,
C. I. 1876, pl. 69, figs. 1, 4, and pl. 70, fig. 1.

Linnea chlumys, Benson, in part.

Shell oblong-lanceolate, thin, hyaline, purplish-red, whorls 4.
Spire very short, acute, sutures very oblique. Aperture lanceolate,
elliptical. Columella very oblique.

Diameter to the length as 6 to 13.

Hub. Ganges ete.

Var. sylhetica, Hanley 8 Theob., C. I. pl. 70, fig. 9.

According to the figure in the ‘ Conchologia Indica,’ a form with
short spire and rather inflated whorls.
Hab. Marshes in Sylhet.

Var. gracilior, von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 77.

Limnea rufescens (Gray), Reeve in Conch. Icon. xviii, pl. 3,
figs. lia, b; H. & T., C. I. pl. 70, tig. 1.

Original description :—Minor, pallide flavescens (vel rosea),
valde gracilis, antractu ultimo supra perangusto, margine aperture.
externo simplice, oblique paulum arcuato.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 10, diam. min. 7 mm.

Aperture: alt. 16, diam. 65 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Nevill).

212. Limnea (Limnea) ovalis, Gray.

Linmaa (Linnea) ovalis, Giay, in Sow. Gen. Shells, pt. vii, Zimn.
fig. 4; Reeve, Conch. Syst. pl. 191, fig. 4; H. & T., C. I. 1876,
pl. 70, figs. 2, 3.

Shell oval, pellucid, pale horn-colour : finely transversely striate,
whorls 5. Spire very short, acute, suture almost horizontal.
Aperture oval, elliptical.

Diameter to the length as 5 to 9.

Hab. Calcutta; Almorah, ete.

Var. nucleus, Z'roschel ; von Martens, Conch. Mittheil., i, p. 82,
pl. 15, figs. 8, 9.
Linmeus ovalis, Gray; Sow. Gen. Shells, pl. 43, fiz. 4; H. & T.,
C. I. pl. 70, figs. 2, 3.
Timneus nucleus, Troschel, Martens, Conch. Mittheil. p. 171;
Reeve, Conch. leon. pl. 10, fig. 67,

110 LIMNAEIDA,

Original description :—Testa ovata, vix rimata, cornea; anfractu
ultimo } teste longo, impresso; apertura ovata, margine exteriore
impresso subcordata; margine columellari reflexo. Anfr. 6.

Alt. 22, breadth of last whorl 15-75, height of last wborl 13,
alt. of aperture 15-75 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).

213. Limnewa (Limnea) tigrina, Dohrn.

Limnea (Limnea) tigrina, Dohrn, P. Z. S. 1858, p. 134;
von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 85, pl. 15, fig. 5.

Limnea pinguwis, var. strigata, Reeve, Conch. Icon. xviii, pl. 9,
fig. 185,

Original description :—Testa oblonga vel ovato-oblonga, imper-
forata vel vix rimata, tennis, pellucida, nitida, cornea, longi-
tudinaliter irregulariter albofasciata, subtilissime spiraliter et
longitudinaliter striata ; sutura simplex, plerumque brunnea ;
spira acuta, apice fuscescente; anfr. 4-5 vix convexi, ultimus
effatus, ?# longitudinis subequans; apertura ovato-oblonga vel
oblonga; peristomium simplex, rectum, margine columellari re-
flexo; marginibus callo albido, non nitido, junctis.

Alt. 25, diam. 13 mm.

Aperture: alt. 16, diam. 8 mm.

Hub, Ceylon.

Var. 3. Var. minor: cornea vel albida, interdum unicolor.

Alt. 19, diam. 10 mm.
Aperture: alt. 14, diam. 7 mm.
Hab. Ceylon.

Section GULNARIA.
Guinaria, Leach, Syn, Moll. Great Britain, 1852, p. 106.
Type, Limnea pereger, Draparnaud; Europe.
Range, World-wide.
Original description :—Testa spira brevissima, abrupte formata,
ad apicera acuminata. Umbilicus perforatus, apertus. ‘lentacula
latissima. Pallium non dilatatum.

214. Limnea (Gulnaria) pereger (Drap.).
Limnea (Gulnaria) pereger (Drap.), Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 48;
H.& T., C. I 1876 (as ZL. peregra, Linn.).
Lymnea limosa, Linn., Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles,
p. ol.

Shell: obliquely ovate, compressly minutely umbilicated, rather
thin, yellowish horny, spire short, acuminated; whorls four,
convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the lines of growth,
the last much the largest, ventricosely inflated; aperture ovate,
columella arcuately twisted, lip broadly appressed over the
umbilicus. (/teeve.)

Alt. 19, diam. 12 mm. (spee.).

Hab, Murope; Afghanistan; Kashmir,

LIMN-EA, 111

215. Limnewa (Gulnaria) auricularia (Drap.).

Limnea (Gulnaria) auricularia (Drap.), as Lymneus auricularius,
Tab]. Moll. 1801, p 48.

Limneus, Syst. Nat. 10th ed. 1758, p. 774, as Helix auricularia,
HH. & T., C. I. 1876, p. xvi.

Lymnea auricularia, in Reeve, L. & F. W. Moll. British Isles,

p. 159.

“Shell: somewhat squarely semiglobose, compressly umbili-
cated, rather thin, pallid horny, spire very small, sharp; whorls
three to four, convex, irregularly striated in the direction of the
lines of growth, sometimes evanescently obscurely irregularly
ridged and malleated in the opposite direction; extremely rapidly
enlarging, last whorl abruptly widely auricularly inflated ; aperture
very large, outer lip thinly expanded, columella callously twisted,
lip appressly dilated over the umbilicus.” (eeve.)

Alt. 30, diam. 23 mm. (spec.).

Hab, Europe; Afghanistan; Kashmir.

216. Limnea (Gulnaria) brevicauda (Sowerby).

Limnea (Gulnaria) brevicauda (Sowerby), Con. Icon., Limn.,
sp. 105; H. & T., C. I,, pl. 158, fig. 7.

Original description :—Shell obliquely tortuous, pale horn,
veutricose ; spire short, acuminated; whorls three, small; last
whor!] much inflated, rather short, excavated behind the columella,
aperture expanded, anteriorly subacuminated; columellar fold
prominent, spirally tortuous.

From the figure in the ‘ Conchologia Indica’ the dimensions
would seem to be about as follows :—Alt. 21, diam. maj. 17 mm.
It is probably a form of LZ. auricularia, Linn.

Hab, Kashmir (W. Blanford).

Sowerby’s specimen was said to be from Australia, but this was
undoubtedly an error.

217. Limnea (Gulnaria) hookeri (/eeve).
Limnea (Gulnaria) hookert (Reeve), P.Z. 8. 1850, p. 49; Gray, op.
cit. 1856, p. 186; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xviii, pl. 11,
sp. 74; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1486, p. 381, pl. 42, tig. 3;
Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ili, pt. 2, no. 3, p. 115.

Original description:—Testa ovata, tenuicula, conspicue um-
bilicata, anfr. 4-5, convexis, superne depresso-rotundatis, suturis
subimpressis, apertura orbiculari-ovata, marginibus lunina
latiuscula subverticali conjunctis ; sordide olivaceo-fusca.

Alt. 17, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Thibetian or North side of Sikkim Himalaya at 1800 feet
elevation (Hovker) ; Gyantze, 13,120 feet, Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet ;
Se-chen, 13,100 feet, Thibet (Stewart).

Reeve, in his paper describing the shell, seems to think that it
is closely related to ZL. pereger, the common European form, an

112 LIMN EIDE.

idea which is certainly borne out by its general aspect. When,
however, recently working out some material for the Indian
Museum, the author had occasion to send specimens of what, after
comparison with the type specimen in the British Museum, he
believed to be this species to the Rev. E. W. Bowell for dissection,
his report states “that the genitalia are very similar to those of
the common European torm Z. auricularia, Linn. The vas deferens
is, however, markedly shorter, and the radula is remarkable for
the length of the cusps and their subulate appearance, and also
for there being no great distinction in type between the laterals
and marginals.”

Reeve, in his description, gives no actual dimensions, but those
above given are taken from his smaller figure which is said to be
of natural size.

218. Limnewa (Gulnaria) auriformis (Clessin).

Limneus auriformis, Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 391, pl. 43,
fig. 11

Original description:—Testa auriformis, angustissime rimata,
solida, leviter striata, pallide cornea; spira minuta, acuta; anfr. 4,
valde convexi, sutura profunda separati, celerrime accrescentes ;
pentltimus et ultimus inflatus, ultimus # longitudinis equans ;
apertura ampla, auriformis; peristoma acutum; marginibus callo
columellari levi conjunctis; columella fere recta.

Alt. 12 3, diam. 10°5 mm.

Hab. India.

219. Limneza (Gulnaria) labiosa (Philippi).

Linmea (Guinaria) labiosa (Philippi), Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 397, pl. 16, figs. 3-4 (as L. labiosa).

Original description :—Testa ovata, tenuis, cornea ; spira brevis,
acuta; anfr. 5, convexi, celeriter accrescentes, sutura leviter
impressa separati; ultimus inflatus, # longitudinis equans ;
apertura ovata, superne acuminata, peristoma acutum, marginibus
callo columellari tenui latissimo conjunctis; columella valde
contorta.

Alt. 21, diam. 11-75 (fig. 3, pl. 16, in Conch.-Cab.).

Hab. India.

220. Limnea (Gulnaria) succinea (Deshayes).

Linnea (Gulnaria) succinea (Deshayes), Voy. dans V’Inde par
Bélanger, Zool. p. 418, pl. 2, fiys. 13, 14; Deshayes in Lamarck,
Anim, s, Vert. ed. 2, viii, p. 417, no. 15,

Linnaeus suceineus, Desh., Kuster, in Conch.-Cab., Martini & Chem-
nitz, Lim. p. 29, pl. 5, figs, 18, 19.

Original description :—Testa ovato-acuta, tenuissima, fragili,
succinea, leyigata; spira acuta; anfractibus conyexiusculi, ultimo

LIMN EA. 11S

maximo; apertura ovata-acuta, basi dilatata; marginibus integris,.
tenuissimis, acutis ; columella contortuplicata.

Alt. 22, diam. 12,

Hab. Malabar.

Var. impura (7'roschel), von Martens, Conch. Mittheil. i, p. 86,.-
pl. 15, figs. 6, 7.

Limneus impur ws, Troschel, in Wiegmann’s Archiy fiir Naturges-
chichte iii, 1837, p. 172.

Original description :—Testa ovato-oblonga, rimata, tenui sub-
tiliter striata, fusca, subolivacea; spira mediocri, acuta, suturis
satis excavatis; ultimo anfracti subventricoso, teste dimidium
superante, apertura ovata, plica columellari nullo vel exigua.
Anufr. 5

Alt. 15°5, breadth of last whorl 8-5, beight of last whorl 6-55.
alt. of aperture, 8°5 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Lamare-Picquot).

221. Limneza (Gulnaria) hians (Sowerby).

Limnea (Gulnaria) hians (Sowerby), in Reeve, Conch. Icon.
xvill, pl. 9, sp. 57 ; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 392, pl. 44,
fi. 9.

Original description :—Shell thin, semipellucid, polished, ovate-
oblong, subfusitorm, pale horny; spire acuminated, elevated
whorls three, narrow: last whorl ovate; aperture auriform,.
columelJar fold tortuous, outer lip more or less expanded.
(Sowerby.)

Hab. Malabav.

Closely related to, if not identical with ZL. succinea, Desh.

222. Limnea (Gulnaria) pinguis (Dohrn).

Limnea pinguis (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 184; H. & T., C. T-
pl. 70, gs. 7-10.

Original description :—Testa imperforata vel vix rimata, ovato--
oblonga, pellucida, tenuis, nitidissima, longitudinaliter levissime
striata, cornea vel albicans ; sutura simplex, albida ; spira elevata:
apice acuto, rubicundo; anfr. 4-42 convexiuseuli, ultimus:
% longitudinis subequans; apertura obliqua, ovato-oblonga ;
peristomium rectum, simplex, margine columellari reflexo ;,
marginibus callo tenui junctis.

Alt. 18, diam. 9°5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 11°75, diam. 5°5 mm.

Hab. Ceylon (Dohrn); Bombay (Peile); Madras (Dalgliesh).

223. Limnea (Gulnaria) siamensis (Sowerby).

Limnea (Gulnaria) siamensis (Sowerby), in Reeve, Conch. Icom
xviii, sp. 63; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 380, pl. 50, fig. 9

Original description :—Shell ovate, obese, smooth, finely red-
I

114 LIMN EID&.

lined ; spire rather short, conical, acuminated; whorls 3, small, a
little convex: aperture pyriform, rounded anteriorly, columellar
fold strong, raised to the middle, arched.

Alt. 24, diam. maj. 12°25 (flg. in Conch. Icon.}.

Hab, Siam.

Resembling Limnea pinguis, but marked with reddish lines.
(Sowerdy.)

224. Limnea (Gulnaria) simulans (Preston).
Limnea (Gulnaria) simulans (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta,
ii, pt. 1, 1908, p. 46, fig. 6 fas L. simulans).

Original deseription.:—Shell fusiform, brownish horn colour ;
whorls 5; sutures impressed ; umbilicus narrow. partly concealed
by the reflexed columella ; columella arched, thick, extending into
a callus which reaches the lip above; peristome simple; aperture
inversely auriforw.

Alt. 7°75, diam. maj. 4:25 mm.

Aperture: alt. +, diam. 2 mm.

Hab. Pharping, Nepal.

Section BULIMNEA.

Bulimnea, Haldeman, Mon. Freshwater Univ. Moll. U.S.A. 1842
(Limnea), p. 6.

Tyre, Limnea megasoma, Say ; N.W. Territory, U.S.A.; Ver-
mont, U.S.A.

Jtange. N. America; Europe; Asia.

Oviginal deseription:—Shell thick in texture, inflated, lip not
expanded.

225. Limnea (Bulimnea) truncatula (Jeffreys).
Limnea (Bul™anea) truncatula (Jeffreys,), Trans. Linn. Soc. xvi,
1830, ps 7 (as Limneus truncatulus); Miiller, Verm. Hist.
1774, pt. £, p. 180 (as Buceinum truncatulum); H. & T., C. I.
1876, p. 16.
Lymnea truncatula, in Reeve, L. & F.W. Moll. British Isles, p. 164.
Shell: acuminately ovate, distinctly umbilicated, rather solid,
yellowish horny, spire rather produced; whorls 5 to 6, convex,
truncate next the sutures, roughly and often densely striated in
the direction of the lines of growth; aperture rather small, ovate,
columella callous, but little twisted, lip elongately expandedly
reflected round the circumference of the umbilicus. (Jteeve.)
Alt. 13, diam. 7°75 mm. (spec.).
Hab, Kurope; Afghanistan ; Kashmir.

226, Limnea (Bulimnea) bowelli (Preston).

Limnea (Bulimnea) bowelli (Preston), Rec. Ind. Mus. iii, pt. 2,
no. 3, p. 115, figs. (as L, bowell),

Original: deseription:—Shell rimate, acuminately ovate, rather

PLANORBIS. 115

solid, polished, shining, pale yellowish horn colour; whorls 4,
shouldered above, marked with rather coarse lines of growth;
sutures deeply impressed; columella descending obliquely and
diffused above into a thick callus which joins the upper margin
of the peristome ; peristome simple; aperture ovately, inversely
auriform.

Alt. 8°5, diam. maj. 5°25,

Aperture: alt. 5, diam. 3°75 mm.

Hab. Te-ring Gompa, 14,000 feet; Mang-tsa, 14,500 feet ;
High Hill, Gompa, Gyantse Valley, 14,500 and Gyantse, 13,120
feet, in small streams.

‘Mr. Bowell informs me that the radula bears a strong re-
semblance to that of LZ. glabra, Miill., but has fewer laterals, the
general appearance being more suggestive of the radula of a
Planorbis than that of a Zimnea; the maxilla is also very
remarkable, with a large blunt beak arising from the centre of
the semicircular piece.”

Subfamily PLANORBIIN 2.

Shell sinistral, spire flattened or elevated.
Distribution. World-wide.

Genus PLANORBIS.

Planorbis, Geoffroy, Coq. de Paris, 1767, pp. 12, 81; Guettard,
1756 (pre-Linnean).

Coretus, Adamson, 1757.

Helix (pars), Linneus, 1758.

Angarius, Martens, 1773.

Orbis, Schréter, 1776.

Nautilus, Lightfoot, 1786.

Trex of genus, P. corneus, Linn.

Range. World-wide.
Shell spiral, sometimes sinistral, spire depressed, whorls 3 to 7;
aperture semilunar, or ovate or trigonal, margin generally thin.

227. Planorbis exustus, Desh,

Planorbis exustus, Desh., Bélang. Voy. Ind. Orient., Zool. 1884,
p- 417, pl. 1, figs. 11-15; ed. Lam. viii, p. 392; Miller, Synopsis
Test. p. 34.

Plunorbis indicus, Benson, J. A. 8. B. v, 1836, p. 743; Martens,
Mal. Blatt. xiv, p. 212; H.& T., C.L. pl. 39, tig. 10, & pl. 40,
fig. 10; Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 4, fig. 31;
Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1886, p. 43, pl. 6, figs. 20-22, & p. 116,
pl. 17, tigs. 1, 2.

Original description :—Testa orbiculata, utroque latere depressa,
sutus concaviuscula; anfractibus convexis, tenue © striatis
12

116 LIMN EIDE.

obliquatis ; apertura semi-lunari, obliqua, alba; colore externo
fuseo, subcorneo.

Shell greenish brown, finely ridged; spire rather flattened ;
whorls 3, last large; aperture angularly raised, then depressed,
sloped, expanded below, rather produced; lower disc broadly
concave.

Alt. 10:25, diam. maj. 20°5 mm. (fig. 10 in Conch Ind.).

Hab. India; Ceylon. (Generally diffused.)

The P. coromandelicus, Kuster, described and figured by Sowerby
in Reeyve’s ‘Conchologia Iconica,’ vol. xx, pl. 4, sp. 34, seems to
‘be a synonym.

Var. eburneus, Gray, Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 5,
sp. 38; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 226.

Shell high, tumid, undulating, smooth, white, banded with
chestnut in the middle of the whorls; apex small; whorls 3,
rather flattened above then sloped, inflated below; last large,
high, rapidly increased ; lower disc convex, apical whorl hidden ;
aperture large, flexuously depressed above, inflated below,
produced. (Sowerby in Reeve.)

Diam. maj. 17, diam. min. 13°5 mm. (fig. 38 6 in Conch. Icon.).

Hab, Ceylon.

Var. brunneus, Gray, Adams, (Genera, ii, 1858, p. 261; Sowerby,
in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 5, sp. 40; Clessin, in Conch.-
Cab, 1885, p. 226.

Shell subglobose, high, smooth, ferruginous, spire small; whorls
contracted above, raised, a little angular above the suture, then
rounded, inflated in the middle ; lower disc narrowly umbilicated ;
aperture semilunar, produced and expanded below. (Sowerby in
Meeve.)

Alt. 8°25, diam. maj. 12°5 mm. (lig. 406 in Conch. Icon.).

Tab. Bombay.

The following are the dimensions taken from Sowerby’s figures
in Reeve: alt. (excluding labrum) 6:5, diam. maj. 11:25, diam.
min. 9; aperture: alt. (including labrum) 8, diam. 6 mm.

There can be little doubt that it is a small variety of PZ. cvustus,

Var. zonatus, Dunker, in Conch,-Cab, 1884, p. 117, pl. 17,
fig. 1.

Alt. 64, diam. 16 mm.
Hab, Ceylon.
Appears to be irregularly transversely banded with purplish red.

228, Planorbis zebrinus, Vuni-er.

Planorbis zebrinus, Dunker, Conch.-Cab. 1850, p. 57, pl. 6,
figs. 11-18.

Original description: —PI. testa solida, stramines sirigisque rufis

PLANORBIS. 117

picta, nitida denseque striata, haud pellucida, supera facie
planiuscula, in medio profunde umbilicata, inferne concava ;
anfr. 33-4 tumidis, rotundatis infra prope suturam profundam
subangulatis ; apertura reniformi perparum obliqua ; labro tenui
fusco vel castaneo; lamella in pariete aperturali tenuissima.

Height 6:25, greatest diameter 16-25 mm.

Hah. Pondicherry and the Coast of Coromandel.

A very doubtful species.

229. Planorbis hindu, Clessin.
Planorbis hindu, Clessin, Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 224, pl. 33, fig. 9.

Original description :—Testa discoidea, depressa, leviter regulari-
terque striata, albidula, diaphana, nitida; supra infundibulitorme
concava, infra coneava; anfr. 4, modice celeriter accrescentes,
depresso-rotundati, utrinque sutura modice profunda separati,
inferne ad suturam vix obtuse angulati; ultimus amplus,
penultimo duplo latior; apertura perobliqua, late-lunata ;
peristoma acutum, marginibus callo tenui conjunctis; margine
superiore valde arcuate producto.

Alt. 4+, diam. 11 mm.

Hab. India.

230. Planorbis orientalis, Lamarck.

Planorbis orientalis, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. vi [2], p. 155;
Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 11, sp. 89; Clessin, in
Couch.-Cab. 1885, p. 227.

Original description :—P}. testa discoidea, utrinque plano-
depressa, subrugosa, fragili, cornea; ultimo anfractu subangulato.

Sheil thin, irregularly undulated, yellowish-white, sinistral :
spire narrow depressed ; whorls a little raised above the suture ;
last broad, sloped, expanded towards the aperture ; aperture com-
pressed above aud below, large, obliquely deflected; margin
sinuous ; lower disc concave.

Lamarck in his original, though scanty, description, gives the
diameter of the shell as 4 lines (= 9 mm.).

231. Planorbis modicus, Benson.

Planorbis modicus, Benson, Adams Genera, ii, 1858, p.261; Sowerby,
in Reeve, Conch. Icon, xx, pl. 9, sp. 76.

Shell horny, tumid, spire funnel-shaped; whorls 5, raised and
angular near the suture, last’ broad, sloped, concentrically finely
wrinkled; aperture subtrigonal, lower disc concave, whorls
rather flat.

Diam. maj. 19°75, diam. min. 16°25 min.

Hab, India.

118 LIMN EIDE.

232. Planorbis merguiensis, Philippi.

Planorbis merguiensis, Philippi ubi ?; TH. & T.,C. I. pl. 151, figs. 5, 6 ;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 11, sp. 85; Clessin, Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 140, pl. 12, figs. 26-28, & pl. 20, fig. 4.

Shell depressed, solid, striate, shining, pale horn-colour or
brown; deeply umbilicate, slightly concaye above; whorls 4,
rapidly and regularly increasing, rounded; suture above deep,
umbilical suture only lightly impressed; the last whorl twice as
broad as the penultimate; aperture broadly semilunate, oblique ;
labrum acute, thickened.

Alt. 6, diam, 12 mm.

Hab. Mergui (Coll. Dunker legit Phil.); Chybassa, Bengal
(var. major) (Coll. Dunker).

Section GYRAULUS.

Gyraulus, Agassiz, Nouv. Mém., Soc. Helv. i, 1837 (Hartmann, 1844).
Nautilina, Stein, Schnecken Berlin, 1850, p. 50.

Typn, Planorbis albus, Miller ; Europe.

Range. World-wide.
Shell small, compressed, paucispiral ; whorls rapidly increasing,
the last broadening towards the aperture ; aperture rather wide.

233. Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus (//ution).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) compressus (Hutton), J. A. 8. B. iii, p. 91
(no. 18), 98; Benson, J. A. 8. B. v, p. 7438; Martens, Mal.
Blatt. iv, p. 213; H. & T., C. 1. pl. 99, figs. 1, 4; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 14, fig. 118; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1886, p. 107, pl. 16, fig. 10.

Planorbis tondanensis, Mouss., Moll. Java, p. 44, pl. 5, fig. 4.

Shell compressed, rather broad, pale, smooth, dextral, narrowed
above, broad below, somewhat keeled, spire depressed ; aperture
obliquely pyramidal, angular above, lower margin produced.
(Sowerby in Reeve.)

Alt. 3°5, diam. maj. 11°5 mm. (fig. 118 @ in Conch. Icon.).

Hab. River Ganges, etc.

234, Planorbis (Gyraulus) convexiusculus (Hutton).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) conveatusculus (Hutton), J. A. 8. B. xviii,
pt. 2 (1849), p. 657; H. & T., C. I. pl. 99, figs. 8-10 ; Nowerby,
in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 11, sp. 93; Clessin, Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 127, pl. 17, fig. 9.

Original description :—Shell depressed, } of an inch in diameter ;
pale horn-colour ; polished ; closely and obliquely striate; whorls
4 or 5; rounded; suture well defined ; periphery subangular, but

PLANORBIS. 119

not influencing the aperture, which is ovato-lunate ; umbilicus
wide, discovering all the previous volutions ; the whorls rising
gradually and spirally from the horizontal, and rounded below.

Animal black or dusky.

Hab. Kandahar, plentiful in tanks; Quettah and the Nojuck
Pass, in marshes, and along the marshlands of the River Helmund
at Girishk (Hutton); Gangetic Provinces (Tope Chancey); Pinjore,
below Simia (J/utton).

It differs from Planorbis compressus in wanting the delicate
carina at the periphery and in having a lunate aperture without
the angle on the middle of the outer lip; in being more convex,
with rounder whorls; and in having its volutions wound round
on a more open and less horizontal twist.

235. Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus (Benson).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) labiatus (Benson), A. M.N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 350.

Original description :—Testa solidiuscula, plano-depressa, uitida,
albido-cornea, subdiaphana, oblique arcuato-striata, striis remotius-
culis spiralibus decussata; apice profunde concavo; sutura
profunda; anfr. 34, cito crescentibus, convexis, ultimo antice
majori, ab axe superiorum discedenti, rotundato, carina mediana
levissina submembranacea imstructo, infra valde convexo;
umbilico subaperto profundiori, margine interiori subangulato ;
apertura obliqua, cordiformi, intus albo-labiata ; margine superiori
arcuato, inferiori rotundato.

Alt. scarcely 2, diam, maj. 5, diam. min. 4 mm.

Fig. 5.— Planorbis (Gyraulus) laluiatus, Bens. (Lypes.)
1, spire; 2, base of shell. x 4.

Hab. Moradabad (found among specimens of Planorbis com-
pressus, Hutton).

“This little shell is remarkable for the departure of the last
whorl from the axis which governs the previous volutions. This
is especially apparent underneath, where the earlier whorls in the
umbilicus proceed regularly, the last whorl becoming suddenly
excentric. The whitish rib within the lip is also a marked
character, as well as the proportion of the axis to the diameter.”

120 LIMN EIDE,

236. Planorbis (Gyraulus) sivalensis (//utton).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) sivalensis (Hutton, MS.), Clessin, in Conch.-
Cab, 1884, p. 194, pl. 28, fig. 9.

Original description :—Testa minuta, compressa, solidula, pallide-
cornea, subtilissime striata, nitidula; supra centro immerso,
infra concava; anfr. 34-4, lente et regulariter accrescentes,
superne convexiusculi, sutura profunda separati, inferne sub-
planulata; ultimus infra obtuse angulatus, penultimo vix duplo
latior ; apertura ovata, perobliqua; peristoma acutum, marginibus,
callo tenuissimo conjunctis.

Alt. 1-2, diam. 4:5 mm.

Hab. N. India, Dehra Dun (Senson).

237. Planorbis (Gyraulus) hohenackevi (Clvssin).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) hohenackeri, Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 205, pl. 51, fig. 7.

Original description:—Testa solidula, diaphana, leviter et
regulariter costulata, fulvo-cornea, supra profundissime perforata,
infra param concava; anfr. 34 celerrime accrescentes, teretes,
utringue sutura profunda separati; ultimus 3} omnis diametri
superans, ad aperturam breve descendens; apertura lunata,
rectum; peristoma acutum, fusgo-labiatum; marginibus callo
tenui junctis.

Alt. 4:5, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Himalayas.

238, Planorbis (Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) huttoni (Benson, MS.), Clessin, in Conch.-
Cab, 1884, p. 139, pl. 18, fig. 4.

Original description :—Testa parvula, depressa, tenuis, trans-
verse striata, pallide-cornea, supra plana centro immerso, subtus
modice umbilicata; anfr. 34, celerrime accrescentes, ovato-
depressi, sutura profunda separati, ultimus valde dilatatus,
peuultimo triplo latior ; aperturam versus paululum descendens ;
apertura ampla, valde obliqua; peristoma acutum, margine
superiore producto.

Alt. 1, diam. 5-5 mm.

Hab, Caleutta; Benares.

239. Planorbis (Gyraulus) barrackporensis (Clvssii).
Planorbis (Gyranlus) barrackporensis, Clessin, Conch.-Cab, 1884,
p. 125, pl. 18, fig. 7.

Original — description:—Testa depressa, supra paulo con-
yexiuscula, centro immerso; infra umbilicata; subtiliter striatula,
diaphana, tenuis, paulo nitidula, pallide-cornea ; antr, 34, ovato-
rotundati, utrinque wqualiter convexiusculi, angulati; celerrime

PLANORBIS. 121

accrescentes ; ultimus penultimo fere tertio latior ; apertura valde
obliqua, ovata; peristoma acutum, margine superiore valde
producto, arcuato.

Alt. 1:2, diam. 4 mm.

Hab. Barrackpore.

240. Planorbis (Gyraulus) himalayanus (Hutton).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) himalayanus (Hutton, MS.), Clessin, Conch.-
Cab. 1884, p. 141, pl. 20, tig. 8.

Original description:—Testa depressa, solidula, nitidula,
pellucida, arcuate striata; supra planulata centro concavo ; subtus
paululum concava ; antr. 4, modice celeriter acerescentes, depresso-
ovati, sutura leviter immersa separati, in peripheriam fere
angulati, utrinque equaliter convexiusculi; ultimus penultimo
duplo latior; apertura perobliqua, ovata; peristoma acutum,
marginibus disjunctis, margine superiore arcuata producto,
inferiore fere recto.

Alt. 1:2, diam. 5-5 mm,

Hab, Tinjori Valley.

241. Planorbis (Gyraulus) liratus, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) liratus, Westerlund, in Vega ixped. Vetens-
kapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 206, pl. 4, fig. 18.

Original description:—Testa parva, plana, utrinque centro
subzequaliter impressa, lutescenti-cornea, supra et infra, ab apice
ad aperturam sub lente perdistincte spiraliter lineata, transversim
vix striatula; aufr. 4, convexi, regulariter accrescentes, ultimus
lente accrescevs, subcylindraceus, basi perobsolete angulatus, supra
paullo magis convexus ; apertura rotundata.

Alt. 1, diam. 2°5 mm.

Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

242. Planorbis (Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) demissus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped. Vetens-
kapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 204, pl. 4, fig. 16.

Original description:--Testa depressa, utrinque centro impressa
(supra magis), striatula, sculptura spirali nulla, angulo peripherico
distincto, juvenis cornea, nitidula, matura alba, opaca; anfr. 43,
celeriter sed sepius (presertim subtus) irregulariter accrescentes,
utrinque magis magisque centrum versus demissi, ultimus dilatatus,
medio angulatus, utrinque subsqualiter convexiusculus, antice
paullo descendens; sutura sat profunda; apertura perobliqua,
intus semper nitida, ovata, extus acutiuscula, marginibus callo
elato in pariete contiguis, interiore leviter curvato, exteriore forte
arcuato.

Alt. 1:5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.

Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

122 LIMN EIDE,

243. Planorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) associatus, Westerlund, in Vega Jixped.
Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 205, pl. 4, fig. 17,

Original description :—Testa depressa, supra plana, centro vix
impressula, subtus late convexiuscula (anfractus ultimus circum-
circa altior et spira sensim profundior), striatula, nitidula, cornea 5
anfr, 5, lente accrescentes, primi convexi, ceteri convexinsculi,
sutura sat profunda disjuncti, ultimus sensim latior, non dilatatus,
peripheria obsolete angulatus, utrinque subequaliter convexi-
usculus ; apertura obliqua, ovato, peristomate subincrassato.

Alt. 1:5, diam. 5°5-6°5 mm.

Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

Almost certainly a variety of P. (G.) demissus.

244, Planorbis (Gyraulus) elegantulus (Dohrn).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) elegantulus (Dohrn), P. Z. 5. 1858, p. 184;
H. & T., C. 1. pl. 151, figs. 1-3.

Original description :—Testa discoidea, albida sub lente tenuiter
striata, nitida, pellucida, supra convexiuscula, umbilicata, subtus
plana ; anfr. 4-5 lente accrescentes, ultimus infra medium obsolete
carinatus ; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris; peristomium rectum,
intus calloso-albo-labiatum.

Diam. maj. +:75, diam. min. 4 mm.

Aperture: alt. 1 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

245, Planorbis (Gyraulus) nanus (Sow.).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) nanus (Sow.), Sowerby, in Reeve, Conch. Icon,
xx, pl. 9, sp. 75; Benson, P. ZS. 1856, p. 186.

Shell pale fulvous, compressed, rather convex above, broadly
and deeply umbilicated below; spire narrow, flat; whorls 3,
obliquely striated, rapidly increased, Jast very broad ; aperture
depressed, very bread, outer lip obliquely produced above.
(Sowerby in Reeve.)

Diam. maj. 11, diam. min. 10 mm. (fig. 75a in Conch. Ieon.).

Hab. India; subfossil, Tsoral Lake, Tibet (Captain H. Strachey).

246. Planorbis (Gyraulus) rotula (Benson).

Planorbis (Gyraulus) rotula (Benson), A. M. N. II. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 351; H. & T., C. I. pl. 99, figs, 2, 3.

Original deseription:—Testa minuta, depresso-planata, aper-
tissime umbilicata, luteo-cornea, diaphana, impolita, spiraliter
obsolete striata; anfr. 34, cylindraceis, lente horizontaliter in-
crescentibus, supra et subtus sequaliter apparentibus; ultimo ad
peripherium rotundato, nullo modo angulato; sutura supra in-
fraque profunde impressa ; umbilico minime profundo ; apertura
vix obliqua, rotundato-lunata ; margine superiori areuato,

PLANORBIS. 123

Alt. 1, diam. maj. 2°66, diam. min. 2 (about) mm.

Hab. Moradabad.

The figures and description given by Sowerby in Reeve’s
‘Conchologia Iconica,’ vol. 20, and copied by Clessin in the
‘Conchylien-Cabinet,’ 1888, obviously can have nothing to do
with Benson’s species.

247. Planorbis (Gyraulus) stelzneri (Dohrn).
Planorbis (Gyraulus) stelznert (Dohrn), P. Z. 8. 1858, p. 134;
H.& T., C.J. pl. 91, figs. 4, 7; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 117, pl. 11, fig. 11.

Original description :—Testa discoidea, albido-cornea, tenuiter
longitudinaliter striata, nitida, pellucida, supra plana, subtus paullo
convexior, utrinque foveolata; anfr. 3-4 vix convexi, ultimus
acute carinatus; apertura perobliqua, sublunaris; peristomium
rectum, intus albolabiatum.

Diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 5-5 mm.

Aperture: alt. 1 mm.

Hab, Ceylon.

248. Planorbis (?Gyraulus) hyptiocyclos (Benson).
Planorbis (? Gyraulus) hyptiocyclos (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 3,
xi, 1868, p. 89, & Pfeiffer, Mon. Helic. v, p. 117 (as Helv’) ;
i. & T., C. IL. pl. 99; Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx,
pl. 14, fig. 120; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 228.

Original descreption:—Testa latissime umbilicata, orbiculato-
planata, planorbitormi, depressa, fragili, oblique striatula, trans-
lucente, polita, olivaceo-cornea ; spira concaviuscula, apice foveo-
lato, suturis profundis; anfr. 44, gradatim increscentibus,
utrinque convexis, ultimo convexiusculo, peripheria subcarinata ;
apertura valde obliqua, elliptico-lunata; peristomate tenui, acuto,
marginibus conniventibus, callo tenui junctis.

Alt. 1:5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.

Hab. Fort MacDonald, Ceylon (Province of Uva) (Ff. Layard).

Clessin (Nachr. Bl. Malak. Ges. xxxix, 1907, p. 7) reports
Pl. (Lropidiscus) marginatus, Drap. var. submarginatus, Jan, and
Pl. (£.) carinatus, Mull. from the Pamirs, together with the
following two species described by him at the same time,
without figures.

249. Planorbis (Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin.
Planorbis (Gyraulus) acutus, Clessin, Nachr. Bl. Malak. Ges.
xxxix, 1907, p. 7.

Shell flattened, whorls 4, very rapidly increasing, the last one-
third of the total diameter of the shell, whorls very compressed,
in section almost Jancet-shaped; sharply keeled, more convex
above the keel than below; suture slightly impressed; finely
sculptured ; umbilicus wide; aperture very oblique, compressedly
ovate.

Ait. 1:5, diam. 7 mm.

Hab. Pamirs, numerous but very local.

1?4t LIMN AIDE.

250. Planorbis (Gyraulus) issykulensis, Clessin.

Planorbis (Gyraulus) issykulensis, Clessin, Nachr. Bl. Malak. Ges.
xxxix, 1907, p. 7.

Shell small, slightly compressed, whorls 4, rapidly increasing
(the last scarcely one-third of the total diameter of the shell) ;
suture moderately deep; umbilicus rather wide; sculpture fine,
irregular ; aperture oblique, compressedly ovate.

Alt. 1:2, diam. 4:5 mim.

Hab. Pamirs, from only one locality, but very plentiful.

Section H/PPEUTES.
Hippeutes, Agassiz, Nouv. Mém. Soc. Ielv. i, 1887.

Typz, Planorbis fontanus, Lightfoot ; Europe.

Range. Europe; Asia.
Shell small, lenticular, much depressed, paucispiral ; whorls very
rapidly increasing, carinate; aperture obliquely heart-shaped.

251. Planorbis (Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Hippeutes) versicolor, Westerlund, in Vega Exped.
Vetenskapliga Jakttagelser, iv, p. 206, pl. 4, fig. 19.

Original description:—Testa Juvenis rufo-castanea, nitidissima,
adulta rufescenti-cornea, nitidula, subtilissime oblique striatula,
supra couvexa, centro sat profunde immersa, subtus planiuscula,
umbilicata (umbilico centro angustissimo, aperturam versus
dilatato) striatula; anfr. 4, primi angusti, spiram minimam for-
mantes, ultimus maximus, extus declivis, subtus convexiusculus,
peripheria acute angulatus; apert. perobliqua, cordiformis,
margine columellari subrecto, exteriore antrorsum valde convexo.

Alt. 1:5, diam. 5 mm.

Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

Subgenus SEGMENTINA.

Segmentina, Fleming, Hist. Brit. Anim. 1828, p. 279.
Trex, Planorbis nitidus, Miller; Europe.
Range. Europe; Asia; Africa; Australia.
Shell orbicular, depressed, furnished internally with transverse,
testaceous partitions or teeth; aperture transversely oval, or

circular.
Nee also description of Planorbis, p. 115.

PLANORBIS. 125

252. Planorbis (Segmentina) umbilicalis (Benson).
Planorbis (Segmentina) umbilicalis (Benson), J. A. 8. B. vy, 1836,
p. 741; A.M. N. H. ser. 2, v, 1853, p. 351; Martens, Mal.
Blatt. xiv, p. 216; H.& T., C. I. pl. 40, figs. 7-9; Sowerby
in Reeve, Conch, Icon. xx, pl. 10, fig. 77; Clessin, in Conch.-
Cab, 1884, p. 136, pl. 15, fig. 6.

Original description :—Testa quasi dextra luteo-cornea, polita,
leviter radiato-striata, infra excavato-depressa, anfractibus omnibus
versus umbilicum profundum spectantibus, ultimo interiores pene
tegente; supra convexa versus apicem planata, apice concavo,
omnibus anfractibus satis apparentibus; peripheria obtuse
angulata.

The dimensions as given by Clessin are as follow :—

Alt. 2, diam. 8°56 mm,

Hab. Sylhet,

253. Planorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson).
Planorbis (Segmentina) trochoideus (Benson), J. A. S. B. v, 1886,
p. 742 (Glean. Scien. Calcutta, i, pl. 8, fiz. 10); A. M.N. H.
ser. 2, vy, 1850, p. 352; H. & T., C. I. pl. 39, figs. 4-6;
Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 9, fig. 70; Clessin, in
Conch.-Cab. 1885, p. 225.

Original description :—Testa quasi dextra diaphana, subtro-
chiformi, supra glabra, rotundato-convexa, apice concavo-depresso
quasi umbilicali ; anfractibus omnibus parum apparentibus, sutura
excavata divisis ; infra radiatim striata, truncata, planata, umbilico
contracto. Anfractu ultimo majori reliquos amplectente, supra
pene, infra omnino obtegente ; peripheria acuta.

Alt. scarcely 2, diam. 3 nm.

Hab. Barrackpore.

254. Planorbis (Segmentina) gruneri (Clessin).

Planorbis (Segmentina) grunert (Clessin), in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 148, pl. 21, tig. 9

Original description :—Testa depressa, supra centro paululum
concavo, subtus subplanata, nitidula subtilissime irregulariter
striata, diaphava, cornea ; anfr. +3 lente et regulariter accrescentes,
depresso-ovati, utrinque convexiusculi ac sutura profunda separati;
ultimus penultimo vix duplo latior; apertura obliqua, ovata;
peristoma acutum, marginibus disjunctis ; margine superiore
paululum producto.

Alt. 8, diam. 5 mm.

Hab, India; Singapore.

126 LIMN IDA.

255. Planorbis (Segmentina) spirodelus, Westerlund.

Planorbis (Segmentina) spirodelus, Westerlund, in Vega Exped.
Vetenskapliva Jakttagelser, iv, p. 209, pl. 5, fig. 21.

Original description :—Testa flavescenti-cornea (anfr. prioribus
rafis), supra convexa, medio impressa, subtus plana, concavi-
uscula, latiuscule umbilicata ; afr. 5, primi lente, ultimi regulariter
accrescentes et diameter penultimi ad aperturam perfecte duplo
minor quam reliqua spira et spira tota magna, latitudine anfractum
ultimum ad aperturain multo superans ; aufr. ult. convexus, extus
lente descendens, basi sat acute angulatus, antice non dilatatus ;
apertura cdescendens, valde obliqua, forte lunata, obtuse cordata,
margine columellari subrecto, exteriore valde arcuatim producto ;
faux pluries lamellis 3 albis coarctata.

Alt. 1:25, diam. 4:5 mm.

Hab. Point de Galle, Ceylon.

256. Planorbis (Segmentina) sindicus (Benson).

Planorbis (Segmentinaj sindicus (Benson), A. M. N. EH. 1850
p. 350; H. & T., C. I. pl. 40, figs. 4-6.

Original description :—Testa minuta, perforata, sublenticulari,
albida, levi, subdiaphana, supra convexa; spira planulata, apice
depresso ; anfr. 23, ultimo inedio obtuse angulata, subtus convexo ;
apertura cordata, obliqua, margine superiori arcuato, prominente,
inferiori recedente.

Alt. 66, diam. 2°5 mm.

Hab. Upper Sind.

257. Planorbis (Segmentina) cantori (Benson).

Planorbis (Segmentina) cantori (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 349; H. & T.,C. 1. pl. 40, figs. 1-3 ; Sowerby, in Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 10, fig. 79; Clessin in Conch.-Cab. 1884,
p. 158, pl. 23, fig. 9.

Original description :-—Testa nitidula, cornea, subdiaphana,
radiato-striata, depressa, supra convexiuscula, spira planata, apice
concavo, sutura bene impressa; anfr. 54, convexiusculis, lente
erescentibus, ultimo antice majori, subtus convexo, peripheeria
subcarinata; umbilico aperto, profundiuseulo ; apertura obliqua
subcordiformi, margine supra valde arcuato, fuscato, infra leviter
rotundato.

Alt. 2, diam. maj. 7, diam. min. 6°25 mm.

Diam. spire 3°5; lat. anfract. ult., antice, 8 min.

Hab. Barrackpore.

PHYSIDE. 127

258. Planorbis (Segmentina) calathus (Benson).

Planorbis (Segmentina) calathus (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 848; IL. & T., C. IL. pl. 34, figs. 1-3; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Conch: Icon. xx, pl. 4, tig. 830; Clessin in Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 136, pl. 15, fie. 13.

Original description:—Testa nitidiuscula, albido-cornea, vel
lutescente cornea, subdiaphana, exiliter radiato-striata, supra con-
vexa, versus apicem planulata, apice concavo, sutura impressa ;
anfr. 4, ultimo extus depresso, inferne angulato, intus laminis
‘denticulisque radiatis frequentioribus munito, subtus subplanato,
versus umbilicum angustum, profundum excavato; apertura
obliqua, cordato sagittata intus remote labiata, margine superiori
arcuato, prominente, inferiori subrecto, recedente.

Alt. 2, diam. maj. 4°66, diam. min. 4 mm.

Hab. Bhimtal and Neini Tal, in the Kemaon Region of the
Himalayas ; Moradabad; Kattiawar; Ceylon; Kashmir, etc.

Apparently very local, but abundant where found.

259. Planorbis (Segmentina) cznosus (Benson).

Planorbis (Segmentina) cenosus (Benson), A. M. N. H. ser. 2, v,
1850, p. 349; H. & T., C. I. pl. 39, figs. 7, 8; Sowerby, in
Reeve, Conch. Icon. xx, pl. 10, fig. 78; Clessin, in Conch.-Cab.
1884, p. 165, pl. 24, fig. 4.

Original description :—-Testa nitida, luteo-cornea vel olivaceo-
cornea, oblique et rude (preecipue subtus) radiato-striata, sub-
‘diaphana, supra depresso-convexa ; spira parvula, apice excavato ;
sutura impressa; anfr. 34, ultimo majori, extus depressinsculo,
inferne carinato, subtus planato, versus umbilicum majorem
Jeviter excavato; apertura obliqua, sagittiformi, margine superiori
arcuato, prominente inferiori recedente, recto.

Alt. 1:5, diam. maj. 6, diam. min. 5 mm.

Hab, Moradabad ; Ceylon.

Differing from P. (S.) calathus in having no internal lamine and
in being more depressed and more angular at the keel ; moreover
the relative dimensions are not the same.

Family PHYSID.Y.
Subfamily PHYSINA.

Shell fusiform or ovately fusiform, sinistral, horny.
Distribution. World-wide.

Genus PHYSA.

Physa, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. France, 1801, p. 52, & Hist. Nat.
Moll. Terr. Fluy. France, p. 54.

128 ARCIDA.

Bulla, Linneus, ete.
Planorbis, Miller.
Turbo, Costa.
Bulimus, Bruguicre, Poiret.
Limnea, Sowerby.
Trpn, Physa fontinalis, Linn. ; Europe.
feange. Europe ; Asia; Africa; America.
Shell fluviatile, horny, thin, spiral, simstral, generally ovate
acuminated ; outer lip sharp, simple; inner lip expanded, con-
tinuous with the columella; columella tortuous, single-plaited.

260. Physa coromandelica, Dunker.
Physa coromandelica, Dunker, Malak. Blatt. 1862, p. 150.

Original description :—Testa subovata tenuis, fusco-cornea, sub-
diaphana, anfractibus quinis carinatis, per longitudinam striatis,
sutura distincta divisis instructa ; spira parum exserta, ob carinam
prominentem scalata; anfractus embryonalis vel apex obtusius-
culus ; apertura ovato-oblonga obliqua ; spira duplo major; labrum.
acutum in margine superiore angulatum.

Alt. 11, diam. 5°5 mm.

Hab. Coromandel.

Class PELECYPODA.

Order TETRABRANCHIA.
Suborder MYTILACEA.
Famiiy ARCID.

Subfamily ARCIN.E.

Shell either equivalve or inequivalve, oval, rounded or trape~
zoidal, covered with a periostracum ; ligament spreading over a
considerable external area, or confined to a small depression ;.
hinge multi-dentate, the teeth short or lamelliform; adductor
scars extended, subequal; pallial line simple; interior of shell
not nacreous.

Animal, with the exception of Scaphula, marine; foot large,
broad, bearing a byssiferous groove and frequently a byssus ; the
adductor muscles in both valves of about equal size; siphons
absent; gills oblique, either equal or unequal; palpes simple
without posterior appendages.

Distribution. Tropical and subtropical seas, and rivers. of
Eastern Judia and Burma far beyond the limits of tide.

SCAPHULA. 129

Genus SCAPHULA.

Scaphula, Benson, P. Z. S. 1834, p. 91; Zool. Journ. v, 1835,
p. 464; A. M.N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, p. 128.

Tyres, Scuphula celox, Benson; River Jumna, near Bundelkund.

Range. Rivers of India and Burma.

The original description of the genus is as follows :—

“The form of the shell, its lozenge-shaped ligamental scar, and
the position and order of its teeth shew its place to be among the
Arcacece ; while the oblique production of the teeth on the posterior
side down the inner surface of the cardinal lamina, the separation
of the teeth into two sets by the interposition of an edentate
portion of the cardinal lamina, and the freedom of the shell from
ribs, with the exception of the ridges which occur at the angle
of the shell, will suffice to distinguish our shell from the genus
Arca, which will still comprehend marine shells only.”

In 1856 in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History,’
p- 128, Benson gives an amended description of the above as
follows :—* Testa equivalvis, valde inzequilateralis, subtrapezi-
formis, carina valida ab umbonibus distantibus usque ad marginem
posteriorem et basalem extendente; cardo rectilinearis, medio
tenuis, ad extremitates sulcidentatas latior, dentibus anterioribus
4, crenulatis minutis obliquis posterioribus lamellatis, parallelibus,
intus oblique descendentibus, 4 ad 6, primo obliquis, demum
transversis, raro bifurcatis, munita; ligamentum exterius, rhom-
biforme, inter umbones situm; epidermis tenuis vel crasse
lamelloso-rugosa; musculi adductoris impressio antica unica,
posteriores dus subdistantes quorum inferior oblongo-quadrata ;
pallii impressio integra.”

“The genus is at once distinguished from its nearest allies,
Arca and Cucullea, by the hinge being linear and edentate in the
middle and for the greatest part of its length, and by the form
and position of the teeth at the extremities ; the laminar posterior
ones, which are sometimes ramose, running obsoletely and
obliquely into the interior of the shell. The two distinct ad-
ductor muscular impressions, and the squareness of the lower one
on the posterior side in both species, are peculiar features sup-
porting the claims of the type to generic distinction.”

The animal is unknown.

261. Scaphula celox, Benson.

Scaphula celox, Benson, J. A. 8. B. vy, 1836, p. 750 (as figured in
Glean. Science, Calcutta), i, pl. 7, figs. 2,3; A.M. N. H. xvii,
1856, p. 129; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pl. 14, figs. 14,
15; H. & T., C. L., 1876, p. 47, pl. 116, figs. 8, 9; Crosse &
P. Fischer, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xxiv, p. 389.

Arca scaphula, Benson, P. Fischer, Man. Conch., p. 976.

K

130 AROIDA.

Scaphula celox, Benson, Lamy, J. Conchyliol., Paris, 1907, lv,
pp. 109-111.

Original’ description:—Testa elongata, tumida, leviuscula
antice angulata, inter umbonem extremitatemque anticam subito
evasa ; carino umbonali compresso, costula obsoleta contigua.

As Benson gave no dimensions, the following are taken from
three specimens in the British Museum.

dy 2. 3
Long. ........ 3:5 3°25 4:5 mm
Late ecisicus 3 10-7 11:75 11:5 mn
Diam......... 6 6 775mm

Hab, River Cane, near Banda, Bundelkund.

262. Scaphula pinna, Benson.

Scaphula pinna, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 2, xvii, 1856, pp. 128-
129; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pl. 14, figs. 11-18;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pl. 116, figs. 5-6.

Original description :—Testa elongato-triangulari, subtrapezi-
formi, extus sub epidermide albida, intus cerulescente, antice
angusta, extremitate subacute angulata, arcuatim descendente
postice, subalata, expansa, extremitate superne arcuata, infra
rectangulari ; carina acuta, compressa ; pagina postica majori
subremote, antica confertim concentrice sulcata, utrinque radiatim
striatula ; epidermide fusco-nigra, crasse rugoso-lamellata, mar-
ginem nigrescentem excedente, musculi anterioris impressione
ovato-rotundata, posterioribus duabus, superiori subcardinali
elongata, angusta, inferiori elongato-quadrata.

Long. 5, lat. 11, diam. 6 mm.

Three specimens in the British Museum, received from the late
Dr. Blanford, are of the following dimensions.

1. 2. 3.
ION Bs: iss paeieees 35 3 2°25 mm.
Latins cgog con. . 95 8°25 65 mm.
Diam. .........- 4:25 4:25 3°25 mm.

Hab, Tenasserim River.

263. Scaphula deltw, Blanford.

Scaphula delte, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxvi, pt. 2, pp. 71-72,
1. 14, figs. 7-10; Cont. Ind. Mal. pt. 8, p. 21, pl. 3, figs. 7-10 ;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pl. 116, figs. 2 & 3.

Original description:—Testa tumida, perelongato-rhomboidea,
sub epidermide crassa, fusca, postice radiatim lirata albida, lineis
minutus elevatis confertissimis decussata, ante carinam costa

SCAPHULA, 131

unica lata, planulata, aliquando obsoleta, a natibus ad marginem
decurrente, munita, intus cerulescens, antice rotundata, postice
oblique truncata, margine ventrali antice convexa, postice vix
concaviuscula (teste junioris recta). Carina perelevata, acuta,
valvas in paginas duas dividens, antica tumida, postica concava.
Area nitida, sub lente striatula, ligamento rhombeo solum antice
induta. Dentes cardinales postici breves, obliqui, ab extremitate
remotiusculi.

1, 2.
Long. ase nese ares 3°5 3mm.
Thats: sec hehe anaes 10 8 mm.
Diath. 64s wed Mawes a 6°5 5 mm.

Hab. lrawady River at Pegu; found “under stones in creeks,
adhering by a byssus”; Mahanadi River, at a point five miles
above Sambalpur, Orissa (Chaudhuri).

The author appends the following notes to his description :—
“ Shell very tumid, elongately rhomboidal (the ventral and dorsal
margins being parallel as in S. celow), covered with a thick dark
epidermis, which is rather rough and radiately ribbed behind the
keel. Beneath the epidermis the shell is white, and decussately
very minutely sculptured, one flat broad rib, scarcely raised, and
occasionally obsolete in old specimens, passing from the umbones
to the margin just in front of the keel. This is scarcely dis-
tinguishable until the epidermis is removed. The valves are bluish
within, rounded in front, obliquely truncated at the posterior
margin; the ventral margin is convex anteriorly, subconcave
posteriorly, being straight for the greater part of its course in
young shells, but becoming slightly concave, at the spot where the
byssus passes out, in old specimens. The keel is very high and
sharp, separating the valves into two subdivisions, the anterior of
which is tumid, the posterior concave. The area is polished and
striated rather obliquely, the ligament diamond-shaped and
covering only the anterior portion, about 4 to 3 the length of the
area. The hinge teeth are oblique, but less so than in either
S. celow or S. pinna, and the posterior teeth are much farther from
the extremity of the shell than in either of those species.”

“The great distinction between this species and the other two
previously deseribed is in the far greater tumidity of the valves,
which are nearly twice as broad in their diameter trom side to side
(of the closed valves) as they are from the dorsal to the ventral
margin. The proportion of the two diameters in the present
species averages about 12:7. In S. celow it is 12:103 and in
8S. pinna 12: 94.”

132 UNIONIDE.

Suborder SUBMYTILACEA.
Family UNIONID.

Subfamily UNIONIN A.

Shell nacreous, covered with a more or less thickened perio-
stracumi; umbones generally corrugatedly sculptured; ligament
somewhat elongated, projecting; hinge teeth bearing, the teeth
usually strong, arranged as cardinals and laterals ; pallial line
generally simple. Animal with labial palpes somewhat drawn out,
projecting posteriorly ; embryos borne in the outer or in all four

ills.
: Distribution. Temperate and tropical regions of the world. A
single genus occurring in the Indian Region.

Genus SOLENATA.
Solenaia, Conrad, Am. Journ. Conch. iv, 1869, p. 249.

Typr, Mycetopus emarginatus, Lea, from Siam.

Range. South-Eastern Asia and China, one species only from
India.

Shell elongated, thin; gaping anteriorly ; hinge with a long,
acicular, lateral tooth in each valve, slightly developed.

The soft parts appear to be unknown, though Fischer notes in
his paper ‘Observations sur les genres Mycetopus et Solenaia’ *
that the animal retains an upright position in a hole which it
bores in the earth, which is often very hard, the manner of boring
being unknown. The siphons are placed above, the valves gaping
apart, the foot is turgescent having the anterior extremity much
swollen in the form of a bowl.

264. Solenaia soleniformis (Benson).

Solenaia soleniformis (Benson), Simpson, Syn. Naiades, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 656.

Anodonta soleniformis, Benson, J. A. S. B. v, 1836, p. 750.

Margaron (Unto) benson?, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 57.

Mycetopus bensonianus, Lea, H. & T., C. I. 1876, pl. 9, fig. 1;
Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 186. 4

Eee soleniformis, Fischer, J Donohylisls Paris, xxxviii, 1890,
p. 94.

Original description :—Testa elongatissima, postice angustata,
extremitate rotundata; antice latiore, sub-alata, extremitate

* J, Conchyliol., Paris, xxxviii, 1890, p, 11.

SOLENAIA. 133

oblique truncata: natibus complanatis, inconspicuis, senectate
obliteratis, decorticatis; epidermide junioris fulvida, preter
angulum umbonis viridi, sulcis illue vinis impressa, «wtate fusca.
Long. 150, lat. prope apicem 30, lat. prope alam 37°5 mm.
Benson adds the following note to his description :—
“This is a very interesting shell, being, in proportion to its
length, the most elongated of the genus. The pearl of the

Fig. 6.—Solenaia soleniformis (Benson) (specimen), nat. size,
showing pallial line and muscular scars,

interior is bluish with a salmon tinge in old specimens, which are
likewise much worn on the exterior surface, and have their
posterior muscular impression very deeply marked, and, as it were,
carious. The anterior muscular impression is considerably
elongated under the transverse direction.”

Hab. Assam.

There is a good series of this species in the Indian Museum
Collection, all from Cachar, of which the measurements of three
specimens are :—

1, 2, 3.
Long. ...... 55 4555 49-5 mm.

itis, <areese a 183 191 207 =mm.
Diam....... 29-75 25°75 27-75 mm.

134 UNIONIDA.

Subfamily HYRIN A.

Male and female shells alike, with beak sculpture radial or’
zigzag-radial ; marsupium occupying the inner gills only.

Distribution. Southern and Eastern Asia; Malay Arcbipelago ;
Solomon Islands; Australia; New Zealand ; Tasmania; South
America; and Alea, Several of the genera are found in the
Indian Region.

Genus UNIO.

Unio, Retzius, Diss. Hist. Test. Gen. 1788, p. 16; Bruguiére, Choix
de Mémoires, i, 1792, p. 106.

Limnea, Poli (pars), Test. utr. Sic. i, 1791, p. 31.

Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbuch, 1815, p. 237.

Elliptio, Rafinesque, J. de Phys. et Hist. Nat. 1819, p. 426.

Mysca, Turton, Conch. Ins. Brit. 1822, p. 243.

Canthyria, Swainson, Tr. on Mal. 1840, p. 278.

Uniomerus, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1853,
p. 268.

Typr, Unio tumidus, Retzius, from Northern and Central
Europe, Siberia.

Range. Europe, Siberia, Asia Minor, Assyria, N. Africa, and a
single species recorded from Kashmir.

Shell inequilateral, ovate or elongate, generally cuneate, ridged
with concentric growth-lines ; umbones moderately large, generally
corrugately sculptured ; hinge possessing one pseudocardinal and
one lateral tooth in the right valve and two pseudocardinals and
two laterals in the left valve; umbonal cavity shallow.

The following description of the animal is taken from Simpson’s
work on the Unionide.* “Animal having the inner branchie
free from the abdominal sac for from one-half to their entire
length; marsupium occupying the whole length of the outer
gills only, forming a thick, smooth pad when filled with young ;
gills united to the mantle behind to their extreme points, or very
nearly so; papilla on branchial and anal openings unbranched ;
superanal. opening always closed below.”

Section LYMNIUM.
Lymnium, Oken, Lehrbuch, 1815, p. 237.

Trpr, Unio pictorum, Retzius ; Europe.

Range. Europe; N. and C. Asia.

Oken’s description being totally inadequate, it has been ampli-
fied by Simpson as follows :—* Shell generally smooth; beak
sculpture broken, often somewhat corrugated or pustulous ;

* Washington, D.C., Smithsonian Inst. Nat. Mus, Proe., xxii, 1900, p. 680.

UNIO.—NODULARIA. 135

pseudocardinals compressed; beak cavities well excavated, not
compressed. Animal highly coloured, anal opening crenulate or
smooth.”

265. Unio mongolicus, Middendorff.

Unio mongolicus, Middendorff, Sib. Reise, ii, 1851, p. 277, pl. 27,
figs. 7, 8; Hessling, Perl. und Ihre Perlen, 1859, p. 203 ;
Schrenck, Reise und Forsch. im Amur- -Lande, ii, 1867, p . 699;
Westerlund, Kong. Svensk. Vet.-Ak. Handl. xiy, no. id 1876,
p.74; Peetel, "Conch. Sam, iii, 1890, p. 159 ; Westerlund, Faun. der
Pal, ii, pt. , 1890, p. 113.

Original description :—Testa transversim oblonga, subreniformi,
tumescente, fusca; latere postico anticum quater superante; mar-
gine ventrali nonnihil retuso; margine cardinali primo ventrali
paralleli et tum, inde a dimidio latitudinis, in rostrum asymmetri-
cum, inferum, descendente; umbonibus prominulis, erosis ; den-
tibus cardinalibus parvis, crassiusculis ; dentibus lateralibus
evolutis.

Long. 32, lat. 76, diam. 24 mm.

Hab. A mountain stream at Gorbitza in Daurien.

There is a single specimen in the National Collection which
is indistinguishable from that in the Indian Museum from the
Upper Indus.

Genus NODULARIA.

Nodularia, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, vi, 1853,
p. 268 ; ‘Simpson, Washington, DC., Smiths, Inst., Bie Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 806.

Typr, Unio douglasie, Gray ; China.

Range. China; Japan; Eastern Siberia; Indo-China; India ;
Borneo; Java; Sumatra; New Guinea; Africa.

Shell nodose ; cardinal teeth robust, single in the right valve;
in each valve the principal cardinal tooth is parallel with the
lateral teeth, or directed towards the posterior extremity of the
shell.

Section NODULARLIA (sensu stricto).

See above.

266. Nodularia (Nodularia) digitiformis (Sowerby).

Nodularia (Nodularia) digttiformis (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washing-
ton, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc., xxii, 1900, p. 809.

Unio digitiformis, Sowerby, Conch. Icvi. xvi, 1868, pl. 65,
fig. 333 ; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890. p. 150.

136 UNIONIDA.

Original description :—Shell narrow, elongated, very tumid, very
thick, covered with a black, smooth epidermis, white within,
anterior teeth large, jagged, posterior teeth laminar, elongated ;
posterior side oblique, angular, acuminated at the end of the
angle, ventral margin slightly swelled posteriorly, then contracted,
straight in the middle; anterior side very short, umbones large.

No dimensions are given with the description, but the following
are taken from Sowerby’s figure.

Long. 35°5, lat. 99 mm.

Hab. India.

267. Nodularia (Nodularia) ceruleus (Lea).

Nodularia (Nodularia) ceruleus (Lea); Simpson, Syn. Naiades,
Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900,
pp. 811, 812.

tn cerueus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv,
pe a pl.18, fig. 25; Obs. on Unionide, i, p. 105, pl. 13,

g. 25.

Margarita (Unio) ceruleus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20.

Margaron (Unio) ceruleus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 30; 1870, p. 47.

Unio gerbidoni, Eydoux, in Guer. Mag. de Zool. 1838, p. 9, pl. 118,
figs. 2, 2a,2b; H. & T.,C. I. 1876, p. 6, pl. 12, fig. 2.

Unio substriatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phisadelphia, viii,
1856, p. 93; Obs. on Unionide, vi, 1857, p. 20, pl. 26, fig. 14.

Margaron (Unio) substriatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.

Unio humilis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856,
p- 93; Obs. on Unionide, vi, 1857, p. 16, pl. 26, fig. 10.

Margaron (Unio) humilis, Lea, Syn. 1870. p. 32.

Unio corrianus, Wiister, Conch.-Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 229, pl. 67,
tig. 5.

Unio leioma, Benson, A. M.N. II. 1862, p. 192; H. & T., C. I.
1876, p. 6, pl. 12, fig. 6.

Unio pilatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866,
p. 183; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 181,
pl. 88, fig. 95.

Margaron (Unio) pilatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.

Unio evittatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat, Sci. Philadelphia, 1868,
p- 183; Lea, Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868,
p. 279, pl. 38, fig. 92.

Margaron (Unio) cristatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 47.

Unio trirostris, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, pl. 65, fig, 331.

Original description :—Testa angusto-elliptica, transversa, inzequi-
laterali, subcylindracea; valvulis tenuibus; natibus prominulis,
rotundatis; dentibus cardinalibus lamelliformibus, et in dextra
valvula sola duplicibus; lateralibus rectis margarita ceruleo-alba
et iridescente.

Hab. River Hooghly.

To the above locality may be added the following, from which
specimens are represented in the Indian Museum, Calcutta: Ram-
pur; Siliguri; Patna; Jamalpur, Phenchooganj, Central Sylhet;
Barrack River, Silchar; Darjiling; Kochk; Rajputana; Manb-
hoom; Rohri, Sukkur District, Sind; Saharumpur, United
Provinces; Lower Nerbudda; Sambalpur, Bengal; Bhagulpur ;
Rajmahal ; Umballa; Poonassa; Burwani; Bagh; Hazrapur.

NODULARIA, 137,

A very widely spread form, as will be seen from the list of
localities quoted above ; to a certain degree it varies considerably ;
always corrugatedly sculptured in the umbonal region, this
character may be either restricted to the extreme umbone, or
spread over the greater portion of the surface of the shell.

A number of so-called species have been constituted out of its
many varietal forms, of which, perhaps, that most often quoted is
U. leioma, Benson, but on examination of a large series there can
be no doubt that these must be relegated to synonymy. _

Below are given the measurements of four specimens in the
Indian Museum, No. 1 being from Calcutta, No. 2 from Bagh,
No. 3 from Umballa, and No. 4 from Poonassa.

1 2. 3. 4.
Long......... 20 17°25 25:25 30 mm.
Joab: ssa reas 39°75 30 49°5 56 mm.
Diameter .... 12 11 18°75 21 mm.

Var. gaudichaudi (Zydouw).

Unio gaudichaudi, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool. 1838, Cl. v, p. 10,
pl. 118, fig. 3.

Margaron (Unio) gaudichaudi, Lea, Syn. 1850, p. 32; 1870,
p. 50.

Nodularia gaudichaudt, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst.,
Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 812.

Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral; umbones not prominent,
slightly roughened, covered with a periostracum ; the anterior side
is short and rounded ; the posterior is broader and obscurely angled;
the whole shell slightly swollen; texture of shell thin, finely or
irregularly striate and covered with a dirty brown or yellowish
periostracum ; interior of shell nacreous, of a pinkish violet
shade ; hinge very narrow and nearly straight, a single, rough and
projecting cardinal tooth appearing on the right valve and two
oblique and unequal cardinal teeth in the left valve; lateral teeth
very thin, smooth, obliquely truncate at the posterior end, the
plates of the opposite valve, between which it fits, of nearly equal
size.

Long. 22:5, lat. 38:25 mm.

Hab, Rivers of Bengal.

Var. keraudreni (Hydoux).

Unio keraudreni, Eydoux, Mag. de Zool, 1838, Cl. v, p. 8, pl. 118,
fio. 1.

Maryaron (Unio) keraudrent, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 80; 1870, p. 46.
Shell oblong-ovate, somewhat depressed, very inequilateral,
smooth; anterior side obtuse, short; posterior side gently
attenuated with blunt extremity; umbones scarcely prominent,
much eroded; remainder of outer surface covered with a dark
brown periostracum ; interior of shell nacreous and tinged with

138 UNIONIDE.

yellowish white ; hinge narrow, rather sinuous in the median part ;
cardinal tooth lamelliform, carious somewhat oblique fitting into
the opposite valve between two small unequal teeth joined at
their base and denticulated above; posterior lateral tooth lamelli-
form, sharp, inserted in the opposite valve between two lamelle,
quite as narrow as that of the left valve; muscular scars sub-
circular, the anterior rather deep, the posterior very superficial.

Long. 22:5, lat. 40°5 mm.

Hab. Small streams and marshes of Bengal, it is found in great
profusion in the neighbourhood of Chandernagor.

268. Nodularia (Nodularia) shurtleffiana (Lea).

Nodularia (Nodularia) shurtleffiana (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, p. 818. :
Unio shurtleffianus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

viii, 1856, p. 94; Obs. on Genus Unio, vi, p. 22, pl. 27, fig. 17 ;
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, p. 302.
Margaron (Unio) shurtlefianus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.

Original description :—Testa minute plicata, elliptica, ineequi-
laterali, subcylindracea, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundata,
ad latus subplanulata ; valvulis suberassis ; natibus prominulis, ad
apices minute undulatis; epidermide virido-lutea ; dentibus car-
dinalibus sublongis, compressis geminisque; lateralibus longis
subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincta et viridescente.

Hab. Siria River, India (Major Le Conte); Ahmednugger
(Shurtleff).

There are also specimens in the Indian Museum which cannot
be separated from this species from Myadong and Shuaygoomyo,
Burma. It is of doubtful specific rank, unfortunately very few
specimens have been available for examination ; probably, could a
large series be brought together, it would prove to be but a variety
of NV. cerulea.

The dimensions of three specimens in the British Museum
which agree well with Lea’s original figure and description are :—

1. 2, 3.
LONG 3c sws we 24 22°5 20) mm.
Tiate owictn vin ace 44 44 35 mm.
Diam, ........ 14-25 15 12:75 mm.

269. Nodularia (Nodularia) occata (Lea).

Nodularia ata vecata (Lea); Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat., Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.

Unio occatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 307; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 398,
pl. 50, fig. 304; Obs. on Genus Unio, x, 1863, p. 34, pl. 50,
tig. 80-4.

NODULARIA. 139

Margaron (Unio) occatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31. :

Unio muacilentus, Benson, A.M.N.H. x, 1862, p. 187; H.& T.,
C.1. p. 5, pl. 10, fig. 2, & p. 62, pl. 154, fig. 5.

Unio rugosus, H. & T., C. I. p. 62, pl. 154, fig. 3.

Original description:—Testa plicata, elliptica, rugoso-occata,
compressa, valde inzequilaterali, postice biangulata, antice regu-
lariter rotundata; natibus prominulis, valde compressis, ad apices
plicis, pulchris divaricatis ; epidermide luteo-oliva et valde rugosa;
dentibus cardinalibus parvis, compressis, obliquis; lateralibus
sublongis subcurvisque ; margarita alba et valde iridescente.

Hab. Bengal (W. A. Haines).

The dimensions given below are those of a specimen in the.
British Museum with locality ‘‘ Bengal,” which, although some-
what larger than that figured by Lea, agrees well with his figure
and description.

Long. 22, lat. 42, diam. 15:25 mm.

Tt may here be noted that, upon examination, the specimen
now in the British Museum, figured by Hanley in the ‘ Concho-
logia Indica’, pl. 10, fig. 4, and which was most probably copied
by Sowerby in the ‘Conchologia Iconica’ on pl. 79, fig. 412,
proves to be a very immature example of a totally different
species.

270. Nodularia (Nodularia) pachysoma (Benson).
Nodularia (Nodularia) pachysoma (Benson); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 813.
Unio pachysoma, Benson, A.M.N.H. x, 1862, p. 186; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 6, pl. 12, fig. 1.
Margaron (Unio) pachysoma, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 68.
Unio pachystoma, Petel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162.

Original description :—Testa transverse ovato-elongata, inequi-
laterali, tenuiuscula, valde tumida, antice brevi rotundata, postice
breviter alata, demum modice acuminata, margine ventrali
subrecto, postice ascendente ; disco leviusculo, polito, transverse
striatulo, postice dense striato; epidermide viridi, fasciis nonnullis
luteis radiisque obscuris ornata, postice cerulescenti-viridi; um-
bonibus prominentibus versus apices contiguos minute radiato-
costatis, carina umbonali prominente obtusa, linea secunda
radiata interjacente ; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus, laminatis,
lateralibus modice elongatis, valve sinistre solum duplicibus :
margarita pallide purpurea, interdum salmonis colore tincta.

Long. 23, lat. 44, diam. 22 mm.

Hab. Brahmapootra River, Assam; also Sawaddy, Burma
(Indian Museum Coll.).

The anterior cicatrices are distinct, the posterior confluent, the
dorsal ones under the cardinal teeth. The inner lamina of the
latter in the left valve is sometimes obsolete.

It differs from U. ceruleus in being more inflated and devoid of
radiate corrugations on the slopes, the posterior side is excavated

140 UNIONID&.

and the colour of the interior of the shell also distinguishes it
from that species.

271. Nodularia (Nodularia) chaudhurii, Preston.

Nodularia (Nodularia) chaudhurit, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Cal-
cutta, vii, 1912, p. 290.

Original description :—Shell small, rather thin, elongately ovate,
pale olive, covered with a finely laminiferous periostracum ; both
valves concentrically striate, sculptured with irregular, minute,
nodulous, radiate ridges which appear posteriorly as regular corru-
gations ; umbones small, somewhat prominent; dorsal margin

3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

slightly arched ; ventral margin straight ; anterior side produced,
rounded: posterior side bluntly rostrate, abruptly sloping above
and below ; hinge teeth elongate, anteriorly projecting ; anterior
scars deep, roundly triangular ; posterior scars scarcely impressed ;
interior of shell iridescent, nacreous, posteriorly corrugate.

Long. 12:75, lat. 23 mm.

Hab. Upper Burma.

The type is in the Indian Museum.

272. Nodularia (Nodularia) bonneaudi (Zydouxr).

Nodularia (Nodularia) bonneaudi (Eydoux); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 818.

Unio bonneaudi, Eydoux, in Mag’. de Zool. 1838, Cl. v, pp. 10-11,
pl. 119, figs. 1, 1a; H. & T., C. 1. pl. 10, fig. 6.

Margaron (Unio) bonneaudi, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 82 ; 1870, p. 50.

Shell oval, transverse, swollen, inequilateral, of thin texture,
gently sinuous in the median region; the anterior side obtuse,
short ; posterior side obscurely angled ; umbones scarcely promi-
nent and not eroded; the outer surface irregularly furrowed by
multitudinous striz, covered with a thin yellowish green perio-
stracum ; interior of shell nacreous, white; hinge narrow, the
anterior margin of the right valve bearing two lamelliform teeth
of equal size, the left valve bearing a single rather large crest-like

NODULARIA, 141

tooth also on the margin, at the base of which appears a second
and much smaller tooth; posterior lateral gently curved, narrow,
sharp, falling between two equal sized lamelle in the left valve;
anterior muscular scar moderately to slightly deep, posterior
muscular scar superficial.

Long. 27, lat. 47°25 mm.

Hab, Rivers of India; Pegu (Ind. Mus. Coll.).

The species seems to vary greatly in shape and colour, some
specimens, in the long series of the Indian Museum Collection,
being posteriorly much more rostrate than others, while in some
the dorsal margin is angled posteriorly and produced anteriorly.
In colour the species seems to vary from pale yellowish green to
dark blackish brown, and thus two extremes might easily be
taken at first sight for different species: there does not seem,
however, to be any clear line of demarcation between the many
varieties, all of which merge into one another when a sufficiently
large series is examined.

273. Nodularia (Nodularia) pugio (Benson).

Nodularia (Nodularia) pugio (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc, xxii, 1900, p. 814.

Unio pugio, Benson, A. M.N. H. x, 1862, p. 193; Sowerby, Conch.
Icon. pl. 45, fig. 516; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pl. 10, fig. 7.

Original description:—Testa transverse elongato-triangulari,
lingueformi, valde inequilaterali, compressiuscula, crassa, antice
brevissima, subito descendente rotundata, postice sensim angus-
tiore, cuneiformi, demum acuminata, margine dorsali recta,
ventrali convexiusculo, postice ascendente; umbonibus late
plauatis, levibus, prominentibus, carina umbonali subito obtuse
angulata, area interjacente versus cardinem descendente ; disco
subplanulato, leviusculo, substriato; dente cardinali (valvie
dextre) brevi, crassa prominente, radiato-sulcata, laterali elongata,
subduplicata, intus crenulata: margarita albida, iridescente.

Long. 21, lat. 42, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Neighbourhood of Ava, Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.) ; also
recorded from the Barrack River, Silchar.

A curious species whose smooth surface and anteriorly swollen
and posteriorly cuneiform shape easily distinguish it from any
other Indian members of the family.

274, Nodularia (Nodularia) gratiosa (Philippi).

Nodularia (Nodularia) gratiosa (Philippi) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 815.

Unio gratiosus, Philippi, Conch. i, 1845, p. 20, pl. 1, fig. 5; Catlow
& Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 59; ? Kiister, Conch, Cab., Unio,
1861, p. 239, pl. 80, fig. 38.

Margaron (Unio) gratiosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.

142 UNIONIDE.

‘Original description:—Testa. minuta, transversim oblonga,
antice rotundata, postice latiore subrostrata, rugio radiantibus,
confértissimis sculpta, sordida lutescente et virescente; dente
eardinali, valve dextree compresso triangulari; valve sinistre
humili, sub vertice appendiculato; dentibus lateralibus yalve
sinistree geminis ; margarita ex luteo rubente.

Height 156-5, length 273-5, diam. 91 mm.

The species would seem to be very doubtfully Indian.

275. Nodularia (Nodularia) crispata (Gould).

Nodularia (Nodularia) crispata (Gould); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths, Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 815.
Unio crispata, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 1,1843,p. 141 ;

Otia Conch. 1862, p. 191.

Unio crispatus, Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 58; H. &
T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pl. 45, tig. 1.

Margaron (Unio) crispatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.

Unio scobinatus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii,
1856, p. 93; Obs. on Genus Unto, 1857, p. 19, pl. 26, tig. 13.

Margaron (Unio) scobinatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 32.

Unio mandarinus, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xii, 1863, p. 159.

Unio pellis-lacertt, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 22;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 86, fig. 457.

Unio venustus, Morelet, J. Conchyliol., Paris, xiv, 1866, p. 63.

Unio oblatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64.

Original description :—Testa ovali-elongata, inzequilaterali, antice
rotundata, postice subrostrata, costaque umbonali; umbonibus
parvis; colore virescente, fusco variegata; rugis angulatis
radiantibus undique crispata: intus livida; dentibus parvis
obtusis.

Long. 28, lat. 43, diam. 13 mm.

Hab. Tavoy; also Siam and Battambong, Cambodia (Indian
Museum Coll.).

A very beautiful species easily recognizable by its curious
sculpture, consisting of dark green, nodulous, waved ridges run-
ning anteriorly in a horizontal, and posteriorly in a longitudinal
direction upon a ground of bright brownish-yellow.

276. Nodularia (Nodularia) scobina (Hanley).
Nodularia (Nodularia) scobina (Hanley) ; Simpson, Washington
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 816,
Unio scobina, Hanley, Rec. Biy. Shells p. 382, pl. 28, fig. 40;
Hanley & Theobald, Cat. L. & F. W. Shells Brit. Ind. p. 49;
H. & T. C. I. pl. 46, fig. 2.

Original description :—[Shell]} oblong, inequilateral, moderately
thick, rather compressed, wit 4 dark green ray on the anterior
slope, densely covered with raised vorrngations, which, upon the
simple umbonal slope are disposed in somewhat transverse
divergent curved narrow folds, are angularly met beyond it by
similar raised wrinkles, are arranged upon the hinder extremity in

NODULARIA. 143

short subtransverse angularly flexuous lines, and elsewhere are
broken into short zigzags, or angular dots (like a worn out rasp) ;
dorsal and ventral edges subparallel, the latter straightish, a
little retuse ; anterior side bluntly biangulated ; umbones eroded,
not prominent; nacre bluish, iridescent in front; anterior
lateral tooth elongated, posterior lateral tooth very short, much
elevated..... The primary tooth, in the only valve known to me,
is a mere callus.

Long. 18, lat. 32 mm.

Hab, Assam; Seebsaugor (Indian Mus. Coll.).

The dimensions of two specimens in the Indian Museum are :

Tong. occas es 13 12:5 mm
Lat. 23 22 mm
Diam......... 6°75 7 mn

277. Nodularia (Nodularia) andersoniana (Nevill).

Unio andersonianus, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 40; Yunnan
Exp. pl. 80, fig. 9.

Original description : Shell allied to U. pachysoma, Bens., and
to some of the varieties of U. ceruleus, Lea. It is easily distin-
guished from JU. bonneaudi by its more irregular shape, thinner
texture, by the acute angulation, greater production posteriorly,
and by the more developed sculpture ; a constant character also is
the pink colour of the nacre, which in U. bonneaudi is bluish
white, this is equally distinct and characteristic in young as in old
specimens.

Long. 15:5, lat. 32, diam. 11°75 mm.

Hab. Myadong, Burma.

278. Nodularia (Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston.

Nodularia (Nodularia) theobaldi, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. Caleutta,
vii, 1912, p. 292.

Original description:—Shell ovately rectangular, very slightly
curved, gaping anteriorly, moderately solid, concentrically striate,
covered with a dark olivaceous periostracum ; umbones small,
not prominent; dorsal margin somewhat arched, ventral margin
slightly excavated in the median region, otherwise straight ;
anterior side slightly produced and somewhat sharply rounded ;
posterior side very obtusely rostrate, steeply sloping above, then
sharply rounded and again sloping inwards below ; cardinal teeth
in right valve roughly triangular, jagged, somewhat inwardly pro-
jecting, fitting between two teeth in the left valve, which are
roughened and of which the anterior is rather broad and massive ;
lateral teeth in both valves elongate and nearly straight; anterior

|

144 UNIONIDA,

scars somewhat deeply excavated, especially above; posterior scars
ovate, lightly impressed; interior of shell nacreous shading from

Fig. 8.--1 & 2. Nodularia (N.) theobaldi, Preston (type), nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

pale flesh-colour to bluish iridescent, especially towards the
posterior margins.

Long. 34, lat. 60, diam. 19 mm.

Hab. Manipur.

The type is in the Indian Museum,

279. Nodularia (Nodularia) olivaria (Lea).

Nodularia (Nodularia) olivaria (Lea) Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths, Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.

Unio olivarius, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. iv,
(n, s.) p. 108, pl. 16, fig. 88; Obs. Genus Unio, i, p. 118, pl. 16,
fig. 33; H. & 'f., C. Lp. 5, pl. 10, fig. 1.

Margarita (Unio) olivarius, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26; 1838, p. 20;
1852, p. 30; 1870, p. 47.

Unio pumilio, Kuster, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 268, pl. 90,
fio. 7.

Original description :—Testa ovata, transversa, inflata, pellucida ;
valvulis pertenuibus ; natibus prominulis; epidermide pertenui,
lave et olive colorem habente; dentibus cardinalibus magnis

NODULARIA. 145

laminatis erectisque, lateralibus laminatis brevibusque; margarita
pertenui albaque.

Long. 20, lat. 38, diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Burrill River (Dr. Burrough); specimens in British
Museum from Moradabad, Agra, and Rohilkund Streams (the last
figured in Conch. Icon. pl. x, fig. 1); in Indian Museum from
Assam and Saharanpur.

The above description is amplified by the following note :—

“Shell ovate, transverse, inequilateral, inflated, pellucid: sub-
stance of the shell very thin; beaks slightly elevated, rounded
and devoid of undulations: ligament very small: epidermis olive,
very thin and smooth: rays obscure: cardinal teeth large, erect,
and lameliiform; lateral teeth short and lamelliform: anterior
cicatrices slightly confluent: posterior cicatrices confluent: dorsal
cicatrices not perceptible: cavity of the beaks wide: nacre very
thin and bluish white.

* Remarks.—........ It is a perfectly distinct species, and
may easily be recognised by its form, its pellucidness and its
smooth olive-coloured epidermis. It somewhat resembles a young
Anodonta on the exterior, but the elevated lamelliform teeth
easily distinguish it from that genus. Its resemblance to a
Spanish olive is very striking.”

280. Nodularia (Nodularia) nuttalliana (Lec).

Nodularia (Nodularia) nuttalliana (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.

Unio nuttallianus, Lea, Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii,
1856, p. 103; Obs. Genus Unio, vi, 1857, p. 30, pl. 80, fig. 25;
Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1858,. p. 310, pl. 30,
fiz. 25; H. & T., C. I. p. 19, pl. 41, figs. 5, 6.

Margaron (Unio) nuttalhanus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74.

Original description :—Testa levi, elliptica, subinflata, inequi-
laterali; valvulis tennibus; natibus prominulis; epidermide
olivacea, eradiata, valde polita; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, rectis,
compressis crenulatisque ; lateralibus subcurtis, subrectis lamella-
tisque ; margarita salmonis colore tincto et iridescente.

Hab. India (Prof. Thomas Nuttall).

No dimensions are given with the above description ; there are,
however, several specimens of the species in the British and
Indian Museum Collections, of which the measurements of three
are as follows; No. 1 being in the British and Nos. 2 and 3 in the
Indian Museum.

1. 2. 3.
Long. ...... 2325 19 17-75 mm.
Toate asiaee 38 31°25 28°5 mm.
Diam....... 15 115 10° mm.

Allied to NW. oltvaria, but of a darker colour and more convex,
with more rounded ventral margin and generally ovate form.
L

146 UNIONIDE,

281. Nodularia (Nodularia) involuta (Benson).’

Nodularia (Nodularia) involuta (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 817.

Unio involutus (Benson), in Hanley, Rec. Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 385,
pl. 23, fig. 19; H. & T.,C. I. p. 19, pl. 41, fig. 2.

Original description:—Peaked ovate, not so very inequilateral,
compressed in front, swollen in the umbonal region, thin, polished,
rather pale green, very obscurely subradiated ventrally with ochre-
yellow, rather tinged with blue dorsally, marked with 2 or 3 dark
green lines on the anterior slope, partially marked with some
close and regular shallow groove-like posterior wrinkles, elsewhere
smooth ; ventral edge strongly arcuated and much rising behind,
less curved yet almost equally rising in front; anterior side
tapering to a blunt subcentral peak, no umbonai ridge; hinder
dorsal edge nearly straight, scarcely sloping; umbones swollen,
prominent, with a few longitudinal corrugations ; beaks incurved ;
nacre silvery ; umbonal cavity ample; lateral teeth large, laminar,
raised, the shorter one very elevated at its extremity.

“In the single specimen described from, there is no cardinal
tooth, but the hinge-plate is elevated beneath the umbones.”

Long. 34, lat. 48 nm.

Hab. Assam.

A curiously thin, smooth, boat-shaped form which is consider-
ably inflated, the diameter respectively of a right and left valve
in the British Musum Collection being 10°75 and 9°56 mm.

Section RADIATULA.

Radiatula, Simpson, Washington D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.

Typz, Unio crispisulcatus, Benson; Burma.

Range. Burma; Assam ; Cambodia.

Original description:—NShell rather solid, triangular oval, with
high beaks which are but little inflated, not very full at post base,
bluntly pointed behind, the beaks and entire surface covered with
radiating, occasionally slightly zigzag or divaricate ridges, which
are cut more or less into nodules or cancellations by concentric
suleations; the sculpture of the posterior slope stronger, and
curving upward ; pseudocardinals of the left valve 2 to 3, ragged,
the anterior larger, two in the right valve, with a parallel-sided
socket, the larger teeth compressed but rather solid.

282. Nodularia (Radiatula) crispisulcata (Benson).

Nodularia (Radiutula) crispisuleata (Benson); Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus, Proc, xxii, 1900, p. 820.

NODULARIA, 147

Unio crispisuleatus, Lea, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 193; Sowerby,
Conch. Icon. xvi, 1866, pl. 49, fig. 262.
Margaron ( Unio) crispisuleatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 149.

Original description :—Testa transverse subovata, subinequi-
laterali; antice rotundata, postice superne descendente, leviter
angulata, demum obtuse angulata, crassiuscula, compressiuscula ;
disco convexiusculo minutissime radiatim rugoso-costulato, costulis
nonnullis acute divaricatis, posterioribus latioribus; umbonibus
prominentibus, contiguis, apicibus acutiusculis ; epidermide luteo-
olivacea, postice fuscata, hic illic nonnunquam viridiscente ;
dentibus cardinalibus utriusque valve duplicibus, lamellatis, late-
ralibus obliquis, modice elongatis, valve sinistre duplicibus:
margarita ceruleo-albida iridescente.

Long. 28, lat. 45, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Bangong River near Thyet-Myo, Burma (W. Theobald) ;
Pegu (Indian Mus. Coll.).

To the above description is appended the following note :—

“The anterior cicatrices are distinct, the posterior confluent,
the apical ones above the moderate angular cavity, and running
under the cardinal tooth.

“The delicate sculpture over the whole disk of this shell is
peculiar. In form it does not approach any Gangetic type.”

A well-marked and apparently very constant form, the large
series of about twenty-three specimens in the Indian Museum
Collection, from the Irrawaddy near Thyetmio and Pegu, practi-
cally showing no variation whatever.

283. Nodularia (Radiatula) lima, Simpson.

Nodularia (Radiatula) lima, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 820.

Unio radula (Benson), Hanley, Rec. Biv. Sheils, Supp. 1856, p. 382,
pl. 23, tig. 41; H. & T.,C. I. p. 5, pl. 10, fig. 3.

Dysonomia radula, Rochebrune, Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris vi, 1882,
p. 42.

Original description :—Transversely oboval, inequilateral, not
very thick, rather compressed, olivaceous, sculptured as in U. sco-
bina, but rather more linearly and transversely ; ventral and front
dorsal edges convex and subparallel; hinder extremity rounded,
narrower: umbonal ridge inconspicuous, umbonal slope simple ;
neither the eroded umbones nor the ligament prominent; nacre
bluish ; umbonal cavity shallow; hinder tooth strong, complicated ;
front lateral tooth elongated, a little curved.

Long. 19, lat. 32 mm.

Hab. Assam ; Siliguri and Sikkim (Indian Mus. Coll.).

Extremely variable in sculpture and form; in some speci-
mens the corrugations extend over the whole surface of the shell,
while in others they are confined merely to the umbonal region ;

in general outline it varies from ovate to trapezoidal as the
L2

148 UNIONIDA.

following measurements of four specimens in the Indian Museum
show :—

1. 2. 3. 4,
Long. ...... 19 19 14 16:25 mm.
Lat. ...... 33°5 31:25 22°5 23 | mm.
Diam. ...... 12 11°25 8:75 9°25 mm.

Var. siliguriensis, Preston.

Unio siliguriensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, ii, p. 47 (fig.
in text); op. cit. vii, p. 293, as WV. (R.) lima, var. siliguriensis.

Original description :—Shell inequilateral, ovate oblong, reddish
brown, sculptured with concentric lines of growth and oblique
transverse wrinkles, these latter being especially marked poste-
riorly; anterior side rounded ; posterior side acuminately rounded;
dorsal margin arched; ventral margin very slightly contracted in
the middle; umbones much eroded; interior of shell iridescent,
pale bluish white.

Long. 21, lat. 37-75 mm.

Hab. Sihguri, N. Bengal.

Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Genus PHYSUNIO.

Physunio, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus,
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 880.

Typn, Unio gravidus, Lea, from Siam, Cambodia, and Cochin
China.

Range. Siam ; Cochin China; Cambodia ; Sumatra; Assam.

Original description :—Shell thin, irregularly obovate, narrowed
in front, decidedly produced at post base, pointed behind, and
posteriorly winged, with a moderate posterior ridge and often a
second or third faint ridge above it; beak sculpture zigzag radial,
somewhat disposed in two sets, the one down the posterior ridge
slightly nodulous ; posterior slope having irregular radial corru-
gations, the rest of the shell smooth ; epidermis often cloth-like,
with one or more green rays on the posterior slope; hinge-line
curved ; a single obliquely granularly striate pseudocardinal and
generally three laterals in the left valve, and two pseudocardinals
and two laterals in the right, all greatly compressed ; beak cavities
deep; muscle scars irregular ; nacre bright, bluish, and iridescent.

Animal unknown.

Section LENS.

Lens, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc.
xxii, 1900, p. 8381.

Typr, Unio eximius, Lea, from Siam and Cambodia.

PHYSUNIO.—PSEUDODON. 149

Range. Siam; Cambodia; Assam.
Shell sublenticular ; three laterals of left valve distinct; cavity
of the beaks compressed.

284, Physunio (Lens) velaris (Sowerby).

Physunio (Lens) velaris (Sowerby) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 831.

Unio velaris, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 72, fig. 368 ;
Peete], Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 171; Benson in Hanley, Rec.
Biv. Shells, p. 385, pl. 23, fig. 42.

Original description :—Shell small, thin, rather compressed, pale
green, neither radiated nor sculptured; anterior extremity very
narrow; posterior side winged, ventral margin arcuated, rising
abruptly anteriorwards, beaks very acute, prominent, lunule exca-
vated ; nacre white; cardinal teeth large, lamellar, approximate.

The following note is appended to Sowerby’s description :—

“The abrupt fall of the front dorsal margin in this symphonote
species give a seeming projection to the beaks. Both dorsal edges
are angulated above, and rounded off below; the hinder dorsal
edge is much elevated. The compression of the valves is espe-
cially conspicuous on the anterior portion of the shell.”

As the author gives no dimensions the following are taken from
the figure in the ‘Conch. Icon,’

Long. 55, lat. 59°5 mm.

Hab. Assam.

Genus PSEUDODON.
Pseudodon, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1844, p. 161.

Tye, Anodonta inoscularis, Gould, from the Salwen River,
Burma.

Range. Siam and Indo-China; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra ;
Borneo; Malacca; Nicobars; Japan.

Hinge margin with a tooth-like apophysis on each valve, the
surface of which is not fractured, but smoothly covered with
enamel, fitting into corresponding undulations in the opposite
valve, that on the right valve closing in front of that on the left.

Section ZRIGONODON.

Trigonodon, Conrad, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 18665,
p. 233.

Type, Monocondylea peguensis, Anthony, var. crebristriata,
Anthony; Pegu.

Range. Burma; Cambodia.

Oval, somewhat compressed, with a prominent triangular
cardinal tooth in each valve, with a deep pit behind it for the
reception of the tooth of the opposite valve.

150 UNIONIDS.

285. Pseudodon (Trigonodon) peguensis (Anthony).

Monocondylea peguensis, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch. i, 1865,
p. 205, pl. 17, fig. 2.

Margaron (Monocondylea) peguensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73.

Pseudodon crebristriatum var. peguensis, H. & 'f., C. 1. 1876, p. 5,
pl. 9, fig. 5.

Pseudodon (Trigonodon) crebristriatus var. peguensis, Simpson,
Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc, xxii, 1900,
p. 835.

Original description:—Shell smooth, rhombic-ovate, inequilateral,
somewhat inflated, sub-biangular behind; substance of the shell
thick; beaks rather prominent, eroded, but apparently not undu-
lated ; ligament short, thin; epidermis dark brown or nearly
black, smooth over the umbones and on the anterior portion of
the shell, but having the sub-truncate posterior portion nearly
covered with distinct corrugated folds, more prominent near the
hinge margin; cardinal teeth prominent, curved and_ slightly
bilobed, particularly in the right valve; anterior cicatrices con-
fluent; dorsal cicatrices deeply impressed, placed in a curved line
under the beaks; nacre light salmon-colour and very iridescent.

Long. 57, lat. 81, diam. 33 mm.

Hab. Pegu.

Var. crebristriatus (Anthony).

Monocondylea crebristriata, Anthony, Am. Journ. Conch. i, 1865,
p. 205, pl. 18, fig. 1.

Trigonodon crebristriata, Conrad, Am. Journ. Couch, i, 1865,
p. 233.

Univ crebristriatus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 95,
fig. 517.

Margaron (Monocondylea) erebristriata, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72.

Pseudodon crebristriatus, H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pl. 9, fig. 38.

Unio vondembuschi, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, pl. 95, fig. 518.

Pseudodon (Trigonodon) crebristriatus, Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 835.

Original description.—Shell rhombic, strongly striate, very
inequilateral, depressed, bi-angular behind; substance of the shell
rather thick; beaks not prominent, eroded, having no indication
of any undulations at the tip; epidermis light brown, with occa-
sionally broad green rays on the posterior slope; the umbones
and, indeed, ihe surface is covered with crowded, fine, crenulose
strie, which, on the posterior slope, are crossed at right angles
with prominent, regular folds; cardinal teeth prominent, erect,
bilobed in the left valve: anterior cicatrices deeply impressed,
distinct ; posterior cicatrices confluent and indistinct; dorsal
cicatrices small, but distinct, and placed at the base of the pro-
minent tooth in the left valve, while in the right valve they are

; PSEUDODON. 151

less distinct and placed a little more posteriorly; nacre light
salmon, iridescent.

Leng. 32, lat. 53, diam. 13 mm.

Hab. Pegu.

Comparing the present variety with what must be considered
the typical form of P. peguensis, the author makes the following
observations :—“ .... uniformly more depressed, lighter coloured ;
more regularly rhombic in form, and of less size; but the most

Fig. 9.—1 & 2. Pseudodon (T.) pequensis (Ant.) ver. curvata, Preston.
(Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

prominent difference consists in the beautiful crenulose strize of
the present species, which are densely crowded over the whole
surface of the shell, while Jf. [P.] pequenss is remarkably smooth
over all except the posterior slope, and there the rugose folds are
broader and less numerous than in M. [P.] crebristriata; the lines
of growth are also more numerous in M. [P.] peguensis, generally
about 8, while crebristriata has rarely more than 3.

152 UNIONIDE.

Var. curvata, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912,
p. 295.

Shell having the ventral margin more curved, and generally
less ovate in shape than in the typical form.
Hab, Pegu.

Type in the Indian Museum.

Section PSEUDODON.
Pseudodon, Gould, 1884.

For characters and type see description of genus above.
Range. Siam and Indo-China; Burma; China; Java; Sumatra;
Borneo; Malacca; Nicobar Islands.

286, Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould).

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) inoscularis (Gould) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 847.

Anodon inoscularis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1844,
p. 160; H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pl. 9, fig. 2.

Margaron (Monocondylea) inoscularis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 73.

Margaritana inoscularis, Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 178.

Original description :—Testa transverse oblonga, sub-ovata,
solida, subventricosa, picea: umbonibus parum elevatis; margiue
supra brevi, recto, ad angulum posticum rotundato, postice sub-
truncato; infra arcuata; utraque valva processu cardinali crassa,
dentiformi, instructa, uno ante altero aptante ; margarita albida ;
impressione musculari antico profundo.

Long. 44, lat. 76, diam. 28 mm.

Hab. Salwen River, Burma; Tenasserim (Indian Mus. Coll.).

287. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) salwenianus (Gould).

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) salwenianus (Gould) ; Conrad, Am. Journ,
Conch. i, 1865, p. 233,

Anodon salwenianus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1844,

. 160.

Shotonts salweniana, Gould, Otia Conch. 1862, p. 193.

Unio salwenianus, Sowerby, Conch, Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 94, fie. 513.

Margaron (Monocondylea) salweniana, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 72.

Pseudodon salwenianum, H. & T., C. I. p. 5, pl. 9, fig. 4.

Monocondylea salweniana, Petel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 174.

Original description :—Testa trapezoidea, compressa, subtenui,
retro dilatata, postice truncata, colore picea; supra costam um-
bonalem radiatim plicata: umbonibus parum elevatis; margine
superiori recta, compressa, ligamentum ovcultante, ante umbonibus
excavata; utraque valva processu dentiformi cardinali, uno ante
altero aptante, instructa; cavitate minime profunda; impres-
sionibus muscularibus miuime impressis ; margarita sub-livida.

PSEUDODON. 153

Long. 59, lat. 140, diam. 32 mm.
Hab. Salwen River, Burma; Tenasserim River (dnd. Mus.
Coll.).

288. Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicobaricus (JMérch).

Pseudodon (Pseudodon) nicobaricus (Morch) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 838.

Alasmodonta (subg. ?) nicobarica, O. Fabricius ; Mérch, J. Conchyliol.,
Paris, xx, 1872, p. 327.

Original description :—Testa irregulariter ovalis, convexiuscula ;
strie incrementi irregulares; dimidium teste marginem versus
olivaceum, fasciis obscurioribus, radiis numerosioribus, obsoletis,
obscure viridibus. Intus argentea, postice iridescens. Umbones
plani, erosi, antice siti; margo dorsalis parum arcuatus, (margo)
anticus rotundatus, angustior, (margo) ventralis antice et postice
sat arcuatus, medio leviter inflexus, (margo) post. angustus leviter
reflexus. Dentes cardinis fere omnino evanescentes, dens lat.
post. linearis obsoletissimus.

Anodonta zollingeri, Mousson (Java, p. 96, t. 18, fig. 1), affinis,
sed species Fabricii differt: margine ventrali arcuato, postice
subito ascendente, nec non margine dorsalis declivi, haud arcuato.

Hab. Nicobar Islands (O. Fabricius).

The species was described from a single specimen without figure
or dimensions being given, it does not seem to have come to light
again at any time.

Section BINEURUS.

Bineurus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 839.

Tyen, Monocondylea mouhoti, Lea, from Cambodia and Siam.

Range. Cambodia; Siam; Perak; Burma.

Original description :—Shell elongate rhomboid, thin, rounded in
front, widely and feebly biangulate behind, haviug two or more
raised radiating lines on the posterior slope, which is somewhat
obliquely wrinkled ; beaks low; surface finely, irregularly, con-
centrically grooved ; epidermis olive; teeth smooth, compressed ;
nacre bluish.

Animal unknown.

289. Pseudodon (Bineurus) ava (Z'heobald).
Pseudodon (Bineurus) ava (Theobald); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 839.
Monocondylea ava, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlii, 1878, pt. 2, p. 209,
pl. 17, fig. 15.

Original description :—Testa oblonga, solidiuscula, antice rotun-
data, postice curvatim truncata. Margine ventrali recto ; liga-
mentali convexo. Umbonibus decorticatis. Epidermide picea in
junioribus luteo-flavescente lineis tenuibus obscure radiatim

154 UNIONID A.

notata. Testa incrementi lineis concentrice rugata, postice plicis
paucis raro notata et valde evanescentibus. Dentibus minimis
ut in JZ. salweniana, Nacrea cerulescente, umbones versus
flavescente.

Long. 52, lat. 96, diam. 28 mm.

Hab. Near Mandalay.

Allied to P. salwenianus, but differing from that species in its
more elongate form and smoother surface; young specimens
occasionally show traces of sculpture on the posterior slope, but
this character disappears when adult.

Genus PARREYSIA.

Parreysia, Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1853,
p. 267; Simpson, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, xxii, 1900,
. €40.

Typr, Unio multidentatus, Philippi. Said to come from
Australia but probably an Indian shell.

Range. India; Burma; Indo-China; China.

Shell solid, inflated, oval to subrhomboid, with full, high, zigzag,
radially sculptured beaks, the sculpture often extending over the
disk ; epidermis smooth and bright, sometimes a little rayed, with
two irregular pseudocardinals in the left valve which are more or
less broken into ragged denticles or are strongly, vertically striate,
and two laterals, the lower the larger; right valve with one,
sometimes two pseudocardinals, the upper small, compressed, and
a few tubercles behind them, with two laterals, the upper the
larger; cavity of the beaks rather deep, not compressed ; dorsal
scars under the hinge, not visible; the two upper anterior muscle
scars very deep, confluent, the lower linear; nacre white to
salmon, iridescent behind.

Animal unknown.

Conrad’s name appears to be a nomen nudum and Simpson’s
description is therefore that given above.

Subgenus PARREYSIA (sensu stricto).
Parreysia, Conrad, 1853.

For type, range and characters see description of genus above.

290, Parreysia (Parreysia) corrugata (diiller).

Parreysia (Parreysia) corrugata (Miiller) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 841.

Mya corrugata, Miller, Verm. Terr. et Fluy. 1774, pt. 2, p. 214;
Besch. Ges. Berl. iv, 1779, p. 56, pl. 34, figs. 7, 8; Gmelin, Syst.
Nat. 15th ed. 1788, p. 2221; Schriter, Flussconch. 1779,
p- 181, pl. 9, fig. 3; Wood, Gen. Conch, i, 1815, p. 108, pl. 24,
figs. 1-3; Dillwyn, Cat. i, 1817, p. 52; Mawe, Linn. Conch.
1823, pl. 4, fig. 3; Wood, Ind, Test. 1825, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 8la;
1856, rev. ed. p. 16, pl. 2, fig. 31.

PARREYSIA. 155

Unio corrugata, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. vi, 1819, p.78; Deshayes,
Ene. Méth. ii, 1827, p. 584, pl. 248, fig. 8.

Unio (Potamida) corrugata, Swainson, Tr. on Mal. 1840, p. 268,
fig. 51; p. 281, fig. 57.

Unio corrugata, Retzius, Diss. Hist. Nat. 1778, p. 18; Spengler,
Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p.68; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842,
p. 197; Biv. Shells, 1843, p. 197; Catlow & Reeve, Conch.
Nom. 1845, p. 57; H. & A, Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1857,
pp. 493, 497; Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 289, pl. 97,
figs. 3,4; Blanford, J. A.S.B. xxxv, 1867, p. 186; Sowerby,
Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 71, fig. 360; H. & T., C. I. 1876,
p. 21, pl. 45, figs. 2-5; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 149.

Margarita (Unio) corrugatus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 29; 1838, p. 21.

Margaron (Unio) corrugatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 20; 1870, p. 80.

Mya spuria, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 18th ed. 1788, p. 3222; Wood,
aes Conch, i, 1815, p. 110; Lamarck, An. sans Vert. vi, 1819,
p. 80.

Mya gaditana, Schreiber’s Versuch. 1793.

Unio multidentatus, Philippi, Conch. iii, 1847, p. 46, pl. 8, fig. 4;
Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 136, pl. 36, fig. 5; Pretel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 160.

Mar garon (Unio) multidentatus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 60.

Unio fulmineus, Philippi, Conch, iii, 1847, p. 46, pl. 3, figs. 5, 6;
Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 286, pl. 96, figs. 2, 8; Peetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 158.

Unio lutens, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, viii, 1856,
p. 98; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iti, 1857, p. 291,
pl. 24, fig. 4; Obs. Genus Unio, vi, 1857, p. 11, pl. 24, fig. 4.

Margaron (Unio) lutens, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 46.

? Unio semirugatus, Chenu, Conch. iii, 1858, pl. 12, figs. 2, 2.

Unio merodabensis, Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 233, pl. 78,
fig. 4; Blanford, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 142; Patel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 159.

Unio wynegungaensis, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pl. 45, fig.6.

Unio tennenti, HL. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pl. 45, figs. 7 & 9; Patel,
Couch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169.

Unio phayresi, Theobald MSS.

Original description.—Testa viridescens, tenera, pellucida, ab
utraque cardinis parte et in natibus striis elevatis rugosis, figuraque
a precedente distincta. Valvule intus striis radiantibus, sub-
tilissimus notantur. Cetera uti in precedente. Epidermide
remota margaritacea evadit.

Hab, Rivers of Coromandel.

The species has a wide range and is represented in the Indian
Museum Collection by a long series of specimens, definite localities
for which are as follows:—Garchiroti Tabsil; River Dukkaree
near Umballa; Ceylon; Sewan, close to the Indus; Gudur,
Madras Presidency; Manbhoom; Patna; Berhampore; Murshi-
dabad District; Brahmapuri Tahsil; Bangalore; Phenchooganj,
Sylhet ; Singpal Garki, Nepal; Arrah, Assam.

As the original description is short and somewhat inadequate,
the following taken from the ‘Conchologia Iconica’ may be of
interest :—Testa parva, viridi, subventricosa, magis minusve ovali,
vix inequilaterali, levigata, paucis-autem linearibus obliquis nates

156 UNIONIDZE.

versus eminentes subradiata; margine dorsali vix declivi, antice
concavo; margine ventrali convexo; lunula distincta margarita
albida, dentibus cardinalibus validis, laciniatis, haud laminatis.

Shell small, green, subventricose (but varying in shape from
elliptic to rounded oval), scarcely inequilateral, smooth, except
near the prominent beaks, which are adorned with somewhat
radiating, oblique, linear ridges; dorsal edges not much sloping,
the front one concave; ventral margin convex; lunule well
marked, nacre nearly white, cardinal teeth strong, jagged, not
lamellar.

No dimensions being given in either of the above descriptions
the following are taken from three specimens in the Indian
Museum collection; No. 1 being a specimen from the River
Dukaree, and Nos. 2 & 3 from Ceylon :—

ip Qs 3.
Long. ...... 32: 24°5 20°75 mm.
Tats yb-wlerels tex 42°75 36 23°) mm.
Diam. ...... 19-25 17°5 14:25 mm.

Var. fragilis, H. § T., C. 1. p. 21, pl. 45, fig. 4.
Presumably a thin form.
Long. 29, lat. 41 mm.

Var. levirostris (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842.

Unio levirostris, Benson, A.M. N. TL. x, 1862, pp. 191--192;
Blanford, J. A. 5. B. Caleutta, xxxv, 1862, p. 144.

Unio corrugatus, var. levirostris, H. & 'T., OC. I. 1876, p. 21, pl. 44,
tigs. 5-6,

Original description :—Testa transverse oblonga, subovata, valde
inequilaterali, crassiuscula, medio subtumida, antice superne
breviter angulata, deinde rotundata, postice superne sensim
convexe descendente; demum rotundata, margine ventrali con-
vexiusculo; disco leviusculo, concentrice leviter striato; epi-
dermide olivaceo-viridi, fusco fasciata; wumbonibus convexis,
decorticatis, obsolete radiato-suleatis, apicibus prominentibus,
approximatis; lunula impressa, elliptica; ligamento elongato ;
dentibus cardinalibus brevibus, crassiusculis, eroso-sulcatis, later-
alibus subobliquis, elongatiusculis, rectis, utriusque valve duplic-
ibus; margarita colore salmonis vix tincta.

Long. 28, lat. 50, diam. 20 mm.

Hab, Streams and ponds near Chunir above Benares ; repre-
sented in the Indian Museum collection by localized specimens
from the Chittagong Hills, Sudiya and Arrah.

Benson’s description is supplemented by a short note from
which the following quotation is taken :—“ It has two indistinetly
raised dark rays on the posterior slope. The gradually compressed

PARREYSIA. 157

form of the hinder edge of the shell contrasts strongly with the
inflated form of the central portion. Anterior and posterior
cicatrices confluent, apical ones under the cardinal tooth.”

The variety sometimes attains a considerable size, a specimen
in the Indian Museum collection from the Chittagong Hills
having the following dimensions :—

Long. 43°25, lat. 70, diam. 27 mm.

Var. nagpoorensis (Lea); Simpson, Washington, DC., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842; H. & T., C. 1. p. 21,
pl. 45, fig. 3.

Unio nagpoorensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 331; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 270, pl. 45, fig. 150; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 88, pl. 45,
tig. 150; Blanford, J. A.S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143.

Margaron (Unio) nagpoorensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38.

Unio corrugatus, Mull., var. nagpoorensis, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21;
Petel, Conch. Sam. 1890, p. 149.

Original description :—Testa levi, subtriangulari, subinflata,
ineequilaterali, postice biangulata, antice rotunda; valvulis sub-
tenuibus, antice crassioribus; natibus prominentibus, epidermide
rafo-fusca, striata eradiata, dentibus cardinalibus parvis, com-
pressis, obliquis, crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateral-
ibus longis, lamellatis curvisque; margarita salmonis colore
paulisper tincta et iridescente.

Hab. Ambajari Tank, Nagpoor, Bengal (C. M. Wheatley).

Specimens in the Indian Museum Collection are localized as
follows:—Poona; Gudur; Madras Presidency (G. H. Tipper) ;
Godavery River.

The dimensions of an average specimen are: long. 30, lat. 46,
diam. 22°75 mm.

291. Parreysia (Parreysia) wynegungaénsis (Lea).
Parreysia (Parreysia) wynegungaénsis (Lea) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 842.
Unio wynegungaensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1859 (1860) p. 831; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, p. 89, pl. 45, fig. 151;
Blantord, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1866, p. 143; Sowerby, Conch.

Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 67, p. 339; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 172.

Margaron (Unio) wynegungaensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50,

Original description :—Testa levi, elliptica, inflata, maqui-
laterali, postice sub-biangulata, antice oblique rotundata ; valvulis
subcrassis, antice crassioribus ; natibus prominentibus, ad apices
valde divaricate undulatis ; epidermide luteo-oliva, micante, obso-
lete radiata; dentibus cardinalibus subcrassis, suberectis, valde
crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus sublongis,
crassis subrectisque ; margarita salmonis colore paulisper tincta et
iridescente.

158 UNIONID#.

Hab. Wynegunga River, 30 miles east of Nagpoor, in the
Deccan, Bengal (C. M. Wheatley).

The following localities are attached to specimens in the Indian
Museum Collection :—Damuda(W. 7. Blanford); Surat ; Sambal-
pur; Godavery River (W. 7. Blanford); Barod, about 130 miles
S.W. of Sepree.

The dimensions of three average specimens are as follows :—
No. 1 being those of the specimen figured by Hanley in the
‘Conchologia Indica,’ and now in the British Museum Collection.

abs 2: 3.
LONG eevee 29 33:25 36mm.
athe ies corey ence 42 51 55 mm.
Diam. ........ 17-25 19°5 21 mm.

292. Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens (Benson).

Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens (Benson); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 842-843.

? Mya spuria, Wood, Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pl. 2, fig. 35 a.

Onio favidens, Penson, A. M.N.F. x, 1862, p. 188; J.A.S. B. xxxv,
1867, p. 188; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pl. 11, fig. 1; Reeve,
Conch. Icon. xvi, 1865, pl. 26, fig. 131; Peetel, Conch. Sam. in,
1890, p. 152.

Margaron (Unio) favidens, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 38.

Unio flavidens, Patel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152.

Unio trirostris, Musgrave, Hanley, Phot. Conch. 1868, pl. 2, fig. 9;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pl. 11, fig. 6; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii,
1890, p. 170.

Unio tripartitus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vii,
1863, p. 190; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1866,
p. 57, pl. 19, fig. 55; Lea, Obs. Genus Unio, xi, 1867, p. 61,
pl. 19, fig. 55.

Margaron (Unio) tripartitus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 35.

Unio smaragdites, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; Blanford,
J.A.S.B. xxxv, 1866, p. 147; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pl. 10,
fig. 5; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.

Original description :—Testa transverse ovata, inzquilaterali,
crassa, subtumida, antice rotundata, postice subalata, declivi,
angulata, demum obtusa, margine ventrali convexiusculo; disco
inequaliter sulcato; epidermide olivaceo-fusca, versus marginem
ventralem luteo-olivacea, postice viridi parce fasciata ; umbonibus
tumidis, prominentibus, decorticatis, sulcis radiatis angulato-
flexuosis indutis; lunula impressa, elliptica, decorticata; liga-
mento elongato; carina umbonali leviuscula, linea unica vix
elevata notata; dentibus cardinalibus crassis, fortiter radiato-
rugosis, lateralibus obliquis, elongatiusculis, valve dextre duplic-
ibus, sinistre subtriplicibus; margarita pallide lutea iridescente.

Long. 45, lat. 66, diam. 30 mm.

Hab. Upper Ganges.

PARREYSIA. 159

The anterior and posterior cicatrices are distinct, the apical
ones disposed on the underside of the cardinal tooth.

Taken by the anthor of the species at Bhitoura, between Cawn-
pore and Allahabad and represented by specimens in the Indian
Museum Collection from the following localities :--Moradabad ;
River Indus; Barrack River; Silcher; Rajputana; Berhampur ;
Dacca; E. Cachar; Sylhet; Tezpore; Poona; Karnul, Madras ;
Calcutta (J. Wood-Mason); Arrah; Rajmahal; Hazrapur; Rani-
gunga ; Sunderbunds.

An enormously variable species, of which many varieties have
been described, several of these appear, however, to be somewhat
obscure; the original descriptions are nevertheless given below:—

Var. marcens (Benson), A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 188.
Unio marcens, H. & T., ©. I. 1876, p. 19, pl. 42, figs. 4-6.

Original description :—Banded with olive and green; nacre
salmon-coloured; beaks nearly smooth, eroded; sulci obsolete ;

lunule narrow.
Long. 44, lat. 66, diam. 27 mm.
Hab. Berhampooter River, Assam.

Var. trigona (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. densa, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 188

Original description:—Shell with a piceous epidermis, more
oblique ; beaks and nacre as in type; lunule broad. It shows an
inclination to verge towards U. triembolus.

Long. 44, lat. 67, diam. 27 mm.

Hab. Nujeebabad, in the North-west of Rohilkund.

Var. densa (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. densa, A.M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189,

Original description :—More solid and tumid [than the typical
form]; epidermis yellow-brown, eroded ; lunule as in type; shell
more oblique.

Long. 33, lat. 47, diam. 24 mm.

Hab. Ganges River, above Chunar, between Allahabad and

Benares.

Var. deltz (Benson).

Unio favidens, var. delta, A. M. N.H. x, 1862, p. 189; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 19, pl. 42, fig. 2.

Original description :—Epidermis olive-green and yellow, rayed ;
nacre salmon-coloured ; rugze on umbones very distinct, some also
on the upper part of the umbonal hinder slope; lunule somewhat
broader than in the type; cardinal teeth narrower.

Long. 34, lat. 47, diam. 24 mm.

160 UNIONIDZ.

Hab. River Jellinghy, Upper Gangetic Delta, Also recorded
in the Indian Museum Collection from Hazrapur and Calcutta.

Var. chrysis (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. chrysis, Benson, A. M.N.H. x, 1862, p. 189 ;
H, & ¥., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pl. 41, fig. 3.

Original description:—Longer and less broad in proportion ;
epidermis a beautiful green, banded more or less with yellow ;

Fig. 10.—Parreysia (P.) favidens (Bens.), var. chrysis (Bens.).
(Specimen.) Nat. size.

umbonal rugs very strong and extended; cardinal teeth mostly
narrower than in the type ; nacre salmon-tinted.

Long. 27, lat. 35, diam. 16 mm.

Hab, River Dojoraat Kareily Ghat, near Bareilly. A specimen
in the Indian Museum is labelled Patna.

Fig. 11.—Parreysia (P.) favidens (Bens.), var. viridula (Bens.).
(Specimen.) Nat, size.

Var. viridula (Benson).
Unio favidens, var. viridula, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 189.

Original description:—Form of type, but more compressed ;

PARREYSIA, 161

colour as in the last; cardinal teeth broad ; nacre bluish white ;
umbonal ruge as in var. chrysis.

Long. 27, lat. 40, diam. 17 mm.

Hab. Standing water, or “jheel,” between Hameerpore and
Someerpore, Bundelkhund.

Indian Museum specimens are from Damuda; Manbhoom ;
Gunduk, Ranigunga and Patna.

Var. assamensis (Vevill MS.), Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus. Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 299.

Shell more convex than the typical form, the dorsal margin
rather less posteriorly angled, the anterior side is more rounded

and the posterior slightly more nasute.
Hab. Dihong.

Fig. 12.—Parreysia (P.) favidens (Bens,), var. assamensis, Preston.
(Type.) Nat. size.
Specimens in the Indian Museum are also labelled as follows:—
Assam; Arrah; Sylhet.
Type in Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Fig. 13.—Parreysia (P.) favidens (Beus.), var. pinax (Bens.).
(Type.) Nat. size.
Var, pinax (Benson).
Unio pinav, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 192.
Unio favidens, var. pinav, H. & T., C. 1. p. 6, pl. 11, fig. 2.
Original description :—Testa transverse oblonga, suboblique
M

162 UNIONIDA.

ovata, valde inequilaterali, crassa, subinflata, antice rotundata,
postice superne sensim descendente, demum obtusa, margine
ventrali convexiusculo, postice vix emarginato ; disco leviusculo,
concentrice leviter striatulo, antice obsolete radiato-striato, versus
marginem ventralem et posteriorem plicato ; epidermide olivaceo-
fusca; umbonibus convexis, decorticatis, obsolete radiato-sulcatis,
apicibus prominentibus obtusis, remotiusculis ; lunula elongato-
elliptica ; ligamento brevi; dentibus cardinalibus crassioribus,
radiatim eroso-sulcatis; lateralibus obliquis, utriusque valve
duplicibus, subflexuosis ; margarita albida, iridescente.

Long. 30, lat. 48, diam. 21 mm.

Anterior cicatrices subconfluent, posterior entirely so, apical
ones under the cardinal tooth; cavity of the beaks very deep.

Hab. Gungun River, near Moradabad, Rohilkhund. Specimens
in the Indian Museum from Arrah.

A very distinct cuneiform variety.

Var. plagiosoma (Benson).

Unio plagiosoma, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 191.
oa Naa var. plagiosoma, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 6, pl. 11,
g. 3.

Original description :—Testa transverse trigono-ovata, inequi-
laterali, crassiuscula, tumidiuscula, antice rotundata, postice sub-
convexe declivi, demum obtusa, margine ventrali convexiusculo ;
disco obsolete plicato, epidermide luteo-olivacea vel olivaceo-fusca ;
umbonibus convexis, prominentibus, decorticatis, angulatim

Fig. 14.—Parreysia (P.) favidens (Bens.), var. plagiosoma (Bens.).
(Type.) Nat. size.

flexuoso-suleatis, apicibus prominentibus subremotis; ligamento
brevi; carina umbonali obtusa; Junula elliptica; dentibus cardi-
nalibus crassiusculis, radiatim eroso-sulcatis, lateralibus sub-
elevatis, modice elongatis, obliquis, valve sinistre duplicibus,
dextre simplicibus: margarita colore salmonis tincta.
Long. 26, lat. 39, diam. 18 mm.
» 22, , 82, , 15mm.
“The anterior cicatrices, as well as the posterior, are sub-
confluent, the apical ones situated on the underside of the
cardinal teeth. The nacre is very iridescent posteriorly. A dark

PARREYSIA. 163

raised line borders the inner side of the umbonal slope, which
exhibits a few rug at the upper part.”

Hab, Cane River, near Banda, Bundelkhund. Specimens in the
Indian Museum are labelled as follows :—Patna; Langlai; Alipur,
Calcutta (Dr. J. Anderson), Beerbhoom (J. Wood-Mason).

293. Parreysia (Parreysia) smaragdites (Benson).
Parreysia(Parreysia) smaragdites (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington
D.C., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 848.
Unio smaragdites, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; Blanford,
J. A.S, B. xxxv, 1866, p. 147; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 5, pl. 10,
fig. 5; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.

Original description :—Testa transverse ovato-rhomboidea, in-
zquilaterali, crassiuscula, tumida, antice rotundata, postice alata,
recta, tum valde declivi, demum subangulata, margine ventrali
convexo; disco levigato, polito, vix striatulo, sub epidermide
pulchre viridi tenuissima obscure radiata albo, margine lutescente ;
umbonibus prominentibus, apicibus approximatis, subdecorticatis,
margaritaceis, breviter et minute radiato-sulcatis; lunula angusta,
elongata, transverse rugata; ligamento subelongato; carina um-
bonali prominente obtusiuscula, areola versus apicem depressi-
uscula, viridi obscure radiata; dentibus cardinalibus duplicibus,
subangustis, rugosis, lateralibus curvatis elongatiusculis, valve
dextre simplicibus, sinistre duplicibus, nonnunquam subtri-
plicibus : margarita albida, nonnunquam luteo tincta.

Long. 31, lat. 42, diam. 20 mm.

The above description is amplified by the following note :—

“Remarkable for the smoothness of the beautiful green
epidermis, which is very thin, and, when rubbed off, exhibits a
plain white colour, not nacreous, underneath. The anterior
cicatrices are confluent, the posterior nearly distinct, the apical
ones situated under the cardinal teeth. Cavity of beaks very
deep; a few ruge cross the strie on the posterior slope. In
general characters it approaches most nearly to the Jellingyhy
variety (delte) of U.P. (P.)] favidens, which has a more tumid
ovate form, a regular, sulcate, olivaceous surface, longer and dis-
tinctly angulate-flexuous umbonal furrows, and a broad luuule.”

Hab. Berhampooter River, Assam (Col. Jenkins).

There is a fine series of this interesting form in the collection
of the Indian Museum bearing the Burmese localities, Bhamo and
Zayleyman (Dr. J. Anderson).

294, Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (Z/hecobald).

Parreysia (Parreysia) bhamoensis (Theobald) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 483.
Unio bhamoensis, Theobald, J. A. 8. B, xlii, 1874, pt. 2, p. 207,
pi. 17, fig. 1; ? Hanley & Theobald, Conch. Ind. 1876, p. 62,

pl. 155, tig. 2; Peetel, Conch. Sam, iii, 1890, p. 146.
M2

164 UNIONIDE.

Unio mandelayensis, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pl. 17,
fig. 2; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pl. 154, fig, 4; Peetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 158.

Original description :—Testa subtriangulato-ovata, postice acumi-
nata, margine ventrali modice rotundato, umbonibus tumidiusculis,
leevigatis, pustulis parvis aliquando armatis, decorticatis. Hpider-
mide tenuissima, levi, subpolita, lete viridi, in senioribus flaves-
cente. Testa concentrice subrugata, lineis paucis sive rugis
angustis ligamentum versus plus minusve subradiatim notata, et
antice rugis paucis perbrevibus leviter corrugata. Dentibus cardi-
nalibus lame!latis, et denticulatis, in valva dextra singulo, multi-
fisso, in sinistra gemino, posteriore triangulari et umbonem juxta
posito, anteriore lamelliformi, striato. Nacrea argentea et viri-
descente.

Long. 40, lat. 52, diam. 26 mm.

Hab. Near Bhamo; Pegu, Western Prome.

To Theobald’s description the following is appended :—

“A rare species in Western Prome where alone I have met
with it in Pegn, and remarkable for its smooth thin epidermis.
The posterior slope alone is conspicuously ornamented with
sculpture; but in my largest specimen from Bhamo and in some
others also, the peculiar sculpturivg of U. [P. (P.)] burmunus,
W. Blfd., is faintly but distinctly perceptible over part of the
valves towards the umbones especially.”

295, Parreysia (Parreysia) pernodulosa, Preston.

Parreysia (Parreysia) pernodulosa, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 800.

Original description :—Shell small, ovate, dark brown; both
valves sculptured anteriorly with coarse, corrugate ridges, which

Fig. 15.—1 & 2. Parreysia pernodulosa, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same,

become more nodulous and irregular in the median and posterior
regions; umbones rather large; dorsal margin rapidly sloping
anteriorly, slightly sloping posteriorly ; ventral margin somewhat

PARREYSIA. 165

rounded; anterior side rather contracted, sharply rounded;
posterior side broad, very gently rounded; cardinal teeth very
anteriorly situate, in right valve squarish, bearing two elongate
grooves, in left valve large, jagged, split into three portions, be-
tween each of which occur two deep notches, the middle portion,
or that between the two notches, being by far the smallest, at the
base of the anterior portion is situated a smaller, jagged tooth,
which is obliquely grooved in the centre; lateral teeth in both
valves posteriorly, elongately arched, grooved down the whole
length; anterior scars very deep; posterior scar elongate, but not
well marked ; interior of shell pale bluish, nacreous.

Long. 15:5, lat. 20°5 mm.

Hab. Zayleyman, Upper Burma (Dr. J. Anderson).

Type in the Indian Museum Collection.

296. Parreysia (Parreysia) feddeni (Theobald).
Parreysia (Parreysia) feddeni (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C.. Smiths Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 848.
Unio feddeni, Theobald, J. A. S. B. xlii, 1874, p. 208, pl. 17,

Original description: —“ Testa quadrato-ovali, concentrice sul-
cata, antice gibbose rotundata, postice dilatata, subtruncata ;
parum inequilaterali. Umbonibus decorticatis haud promi-
nentibus. Epidermide levi, subpolita, viridescenti-flava. Den-
tibus cardinalibus lamelliformibus, striatis ; in valva dextra singulo,
serrato, in sinistra geminis triangularibus, striatis et serratis.
Nacrea cerulescenti-albida.

Long. 29°5, lat. 40, diam. 19 mm.

Hab. Peemgunga, Central India (/. Fedden); there are speci-
mens also in the British Museum and in the Indian Museum
from the same locality, the latter collected by the late Dr. W. T.
Blanford.

297. Parreysia (Parreysia) daccaensis, Preston.

Parreysia (Parreysia) daccaensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 300.

Original description :—Shell differing from P. feddeni, Theobald,
in its larger size, more ponderous form and more elongately ovate
shape, it is much darker in colour, being of a dark blackish-brown
instead of the greenish-yellow shade of that species, the shell is
much more coarsely concentrically striate and is also considerably
malleated, while P. feddeni is almost smooth in texture; the
umbones in the present species are, though larger, far less
prominent, but the system of the hinge-teeth is the same.

Long. 47, lat. 76°5, diam. 29 mm.

Hab. Dacca.

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

166 UNIONID.E.

34
\
=
1

Fig. 16.—-1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) daceaensis, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

298. Pavreysia (Parreysia) tavoyensis (Gould),

Parreysia (Parreysia) tavoyensis (Gould); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 848.

Unio tavoyensis, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1848,
pp. 140-141; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 64;
Kiister, Conch.-Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 166, pl. 48, fig. 2; Gould,
Otia Conch. 1862, p. 190; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1864, pl. 18,
fig. 49; Blanford, J. A. 8. B, xxxv, 1866, p. 148; H. & T., C. 1.
sto Ds 62, pl. 154, fig. 6,7; Psetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 16

Margaron (Unio) tavoyensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 81.

Unio savoyensis, Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 166.

Unio parma, Benson; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 95,
fig. 514; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 61, pl. 154, fig, 1; Peetel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162,

Original description :—Testa rotundata, solida, sub-equilaterali,
fusca, postice dilatata, subangulata; umbonibus elevatis, una cum

PARRBEYSIA. 167

latere postico corrugatis; dentibus cardinalibus pyramidatis,
lateralibus flexuosis: impressionibus musculorum profundis ;
margarita albido-incarnata.

Long. 38, lat. 51, diam. 20 mm.

Hab. Tavoy ; also recorded in the Indian Museum from the
following Burmese localities: Pegu, Arakan, Tenasserim, and
Mandalay.

Var. triembolus (Bensoi).

Unio triembolus, Benson, J. A. S. B. xxxv, 1855, p. 44; id. A. M.
N. H. x, 1862, p. 190; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 48, pl. 107, fig. 2;
Petal, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 170.

Unio houngdaranicus, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat.
Genova, vil, 1889, p. 341.

Original description :—A thick shell with large teeth. A massive
species which inhabits the Nerbudda, and the shells of which are
found fossil associated with the bones of extinct mammalia in the
gravels of the river valley, may be a variety of this species
LP. tavoyensis].

The author writing in the ‘Annals & Magazine of Natural
History,’ in 1862, further describes his species.

Testa oblique rhomboidali, subtrigona, transversa, ineequilaterali,
crassa, antice brevi rotundata, postice subalata, descendente,
demum angulata, obtusa, margine ventrali convexo; disco trans-
verse plicato et striato, piceo-nigrescente ; umbone tumido, gibboso,
versus apices remotos obtusos decorticatos iridescentes radiato-
sulcato, carina umbonali obtusa; dentibus cardinalibus crassissimis,
corrugatis, lateralibus obliquis, valva dextrie duplicibus, sinistre
triplicibus ; margarita albida vel colore salmonis tincta.

The dimensions of three specimens given at the end of Benson’s
description are as follows :—

1. 23 oF
Lone cceaccawes 47 45 44 mm.
Thats, sexe ees 57 62 63 mm.
Diam........... 27 27 30 mm.

Hab. Ranigunga, near Moradabad. Specimens in the Indian
Museum are labelled Cachar; Barrack River, Silchar, and
Calcutta.

The author also mentions that he obtained the following
variations of this form :—

(1) Smaller, and more trigonal. River Goomty.

(2) Smaller, obliquely elongated. River Goomty.

(3) Green and olive in colour. River Dojora, near Bareilly.

(4) Gibbous. River Gungut, near Monghyr, in Bahar.

The following note is given with reference to the description of
the typical form:—‘The anterior and posterior cicatrices are
distinct, the latter particularly so; the apical cicatrices are in-
distinct on the inner side of the cardinal tooth; cavity of the

168 UNIONID.E.

beaks very deep and angular..... The green Dojora variety is
remarkable for the great development of the teeth. The lateral
ones are disposed to be treble in the right as well as in the left
valve; and several parallel plice intervene between them and
the exaggerated cardinal teeth in a perfect specimen with the
following dimensions: Long. 37, lat. 50, diam. 23 mm.”

299. Parreysia (Parreysia) vulcana (Hanley).
Parreysia (Parreysia) vuleana (Hanley); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.
Unio vuleanus, Wanley, P. Z. 8. 1875, Ms 606; H. & T., C.T. 1876,
p. 62, pl. 154, fig. 3; Peetel, Conch. Sam. ili, 1890, p. 172.

Original deseription:—Testa solida, inzquilateralis, subovata,
viridis, undique (nisi fortasse ad extremitatem anticaim) plicato-
rugosa; plicw (seu tubercula elongata confluentia) undatim angu-
lariter et oblique ordinate. Margo dorsalis posticus et margo
ventralis convexi, subparalleli. Costa umbonalis nulla; area
postica nequaquam coneava. Lunula lata, haud multum impressa.
Margarita alba, vix minime iridescens. Margo cardinalis latus ;
dentes cardinales solidi, lacerati ; in valvula sinistra dens lateralis
inter duos valvule dextre insertus.

Long. 25, lat. 38 mm.

Hab. Burma.

Described from an isolated specimen and appearing to somewhat
resemble P. tavoyensis (Gld.), in form.

To the description the following note is appended :—

“.,.. When held before a light the valves appear of a yellowish
green, richly embossed with zigzag ridges of a darker or bluer ver-
dure. The hinge is nearly the same as in U. [P. (P.)] favidens of
Benson, the central teeth being short and complicated.”

300. Parreysia (Parreysia) fez (Zapparone-Canefri).

Parreysia (Parreysia) fee (Tapparone-Canefri); Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.
Unio fee, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann, Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova,

xxvii, 1889, p. 340.

Original description.:—Testa solida, crassiuscula, subcordato-
ovata, inequilaterali, postice attenuata, margine yentrali sub-
arcuato postice sinuato, umbonibus tumidiusculis, decorticatis.
Valve rugis concentricis profundis 3-4-5 sepius exarate, epi-
dermide luteo olivacea, tenui, lwvi indute, umbonibus presertim
et latere postico in junioribus varie ex lete-viridi depictis et
fulgurato-corrugatis. Dentes cardinales crassi, subtrigoni, laciniati
et striati, dentibus in valva dextera unico, in sinistra duplici,
postico majori triangulari, antico-oblongo minori. Margarita lete
carnea.

Long. 42-43, lat. 55, diam. 25-29 mm.

Lab. Meetan, Houngdaran River (LZ. Fa).

PARREYSIA, 169

301. Parreysia (Purreysia) rajahensis (Lea).

Parreysia (Parreysia) rajahensis (Lea); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.

Unio rajahensis, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. ii,
1841, p. 30; Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. viii,
1842, p. 239, pl. 28, fig. 58; Obs. Genus Unio, iii, 1842, p. 77,
i 23, fio. 53; A. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1857, p. 495;
Shenu, Ll. Conch. 1858, pl. 26, figs. 3, 34,36; Peetel, Conch.
Sam. ili, 1890, p. 165.

Margaron (Unio) rajahensis, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 25; 1870, p. 38.

Unio indicus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1866, pl. 40, tig. 222 ;
H. & T,, C. L. 1876; p. 43, pl. 107, fig. 1.

Margaron (Unio) indicus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 31,

Original description :—Testa triangulari, inflata, inzequilaterali,
postice angulata; valvulis crassis; natibus valde prominentibus ;
epidermide tenebroso-fusca ; dentibus cardinalibus magnis: later-
alibus sublongis curvisque; margarita alba et valde iridescente.

Hab. The Rajah’s tanks, Calcutta (Dr. Jay). The species in the
Indian Museum is represented by specimens from Poona; Ner-
budda River (IV. Theodald § W. 7. Blanford); “From the
soil of the Ran Kach”; “From 130 miles 8.W. of Sepree”;
Sahibgunga.

Three specimens from the Nerbudda River yielded the following
dimensions :—

1. 2. 3.
Long. ...... 27°25 28 27 = mm.
Wath piene akin 31-75 35 31 mm.
Diam. ...... 16 19 16°25 mm.

302, Parreysia (Parreysia) rugosa (Gmelin).

Parreysia (Parreysia) rugosa (Gmelin) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 844.

Mya rugosa, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 13th ed. 1788, vi, p. 8222; Wood,
Gen. Conch. i, 1815, p. 109; Dillwyn, Cat. i, 1817, p. 53; Wood,
Ind. Test. 1825, p. 12, pl. 2. fig. 83a; rev. ed. 1856, p. 16, pl. 2,
tie. 33.

Unio rugosus, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1862, p. 290, pl. 97,
fio. 5; Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xxxv, 1867, p. 137; Petel, Conch.
Sam. iii, 1890, p. 166.

Original description :—Testa ovali rugosa, extrinsecus virescente,
intus margaritacea: cardinis dente primario crenulato, laterali
longitudinali, alterius duplicato.

Hab. Coromandel.

308. Parreysia (Parreysia) corbis (Hanley).
Parreysia (Parreysia) corbis (Hanley); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio corbis, Hanley, Biv. Shells, 1856, p. 386, pl. 23, fig. 43;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pl. 45, fig. 10.
Margaron (Unio) corbis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 50.

Original description :—Shell oval, inequilateral, rather thin,

170 UNIONID.E.

subventricose, concentrically zoned with bluish green and ochira-
ceous yellow, rather glossy, smooth, except at the umbones, which
are adorned with longitudinally divergent slender corrugations,
the hinder lines of which incline interiorwards, the front ones
posteriorwards ; a few similar wrinkles radiate subtransversely
thence to the dorsal end of the concave anterior slope; ventral
edge convex; front dorsal edge straightish, a little elevated ;
extremities rounded, the front rather broad; nacre silvery ;
umbonal cavity ample; teeth laminar, compressed.

Long. 19, lat. 26°5 mm.

Hab. Assam.

The species was originally described from a single valve: below
are given the dimensions of two specimens in the British and
Indian Museums collections respectively :—

1. Das
Long. ........ 16°75 19 mm.
Wate e ats bak a 255 30 mm.
Diam. ........ 13 14:75 mm.

The above two specimens are the only ones which the compiler
of the present volume has been able to examine; though agreeing
in the essential characters with the original description, there are
still considerable differences between them: the swaller, or British
Museum specimen, being far more obtuse posteriorly than that of
the Indian Museum, the dorsal margin of the former gradually
sloping upwards posteriorly to a rounded angle, while in the latter
this character is not nearly so accentuated.

304. Parreysia (Parreysia) burmanus (Blanford).

Parreysva (Parreysia) burmanus (Blanford); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio burmanus, Blantord, P. Z. 8. 1869, pp. 449-450.
' Unio birmanus, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pl. 42, fig. 1; Peetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 146.

Oriyinal deseviption:—Testa subovata, solida, subcompressa,
valde inzquilateralis, picea vel fusco-olivacea, concentrice plicato-
striata, disco medio et postico rugis obliquis irregulariter angulatis,
interdum granosis, hic illic presertim versus marginem ventralem
obsoletis corrugato ; umbonibus non prominentibus, subplanulatis,
angulatim corrugatis, haud procul ab extremitate anteriore positis;
lunella parva, concava; latere antico brevissimo subacuminato-
rotundato; area convexa; margine dorsali postice regulariter
convexo-curvato, terminaliter rotundato, ventrali convexo; den-
tibus cardinalibus crassis, radiatim corrugatis, in valva dextra binis,
anteriore minimo, in sinistra ternis vel subternis; Jateralibus
elongatis subcurvatis, in valva dextra subduplicibus, in sinistra
duplicibus ; margarita colore salmonis tincta. Testa junior

PARREYSIA. 171

rotundato-ovalis, omnino preter ad extremitatem anticam sub-
radiatim granoso-plicifera.

The dimensions of three specimens given at the foot of the
original description are as follows :—

1. 2. 3 (young shell).
Long. ...... iedete! Se | OD: 45 34 mm.
Od cen choose aaa aes 35 32 26°5 mm.
DIA. . Antes age pesweoia a 22 20 17) mn.
Length of ligament ...... 23 20°5 16 mm.

Hab. Irawady River at Bhamo.
The type is in the Indian Museum.

305. Parreysia (Parreysia) sikkimensis (Lea).

Parreysia (Parreysia) sikkimensis (Lea); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.

Unio sikkimensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 151; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1859,
p. 251, pl. 89, fig. 181; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 69, pl. 39,
fig. 181; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 76, fig. 400;
H. & T., C. L 1876, p. 6, pl. 11, fig. 4, and p. 44, pl. 107,
-figs. 6,7; Patel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 167.

Margaron (Unio) sikkimensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 64.

Original description :—Testa levi, obovata, inequilaterali, sub-
inflata, postice obtuse biangulata; valvulis crassiusculis ; natibus
prominulis ; epidermide luteo-fusca, eradiata ; dentibuscardinalibus
parvulis, brevibus crenulatis, in utroque valvulo duplicibus; later-
alibus brevibus subcurvisque ; margarita alba et iridescente.

Hab. Sikkim (H. Cuming & Prof. Hanley). Represented in the
Indian Museum by specimens from Sibsagar, Assam (S. #. Peal);
Siliguri; Namtsik; Dihang, and Cachar.

No dimensions being given with the original description, those
of three specimens in the Indian Museum are appended :—

1. 2. 3.
Long. ........ 28°5 28°25 195 mm.
Liat, cee es 38°5 37:25 27-25 mm.
Diam. ........ 20 19:25 12:25 mm.

The species though varying somewhat, usually in the posterior
region, is easily distinguishable from others of the group by its
considerable convexity in proportion to its size and by its short,
broad, and generally ovately rounded form.

306. Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis (Theobald).

Parreysia (Parreysia) gowhattensis (Theobald) ; Simpson, Wash-
ington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 845.
Unio gowhattensis, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlii, 1873, p. 208, pl. 17,

fig. 4; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 154.

Original description :—Testa quadrato-ovata, antice rotundata,

172 UNIONIDE,

postice declive truncata, margine ventrali recto. Umbonibus
decorticatis. Epidermide flavescente, postice viridescente. Testa
concentrice striata et rugis plurimis minutis valde approximantibus
angulariter seu fulgurate granuloso-crispata, postice tantum radi-
atim granuloso-crispata. Dentibus cardinalibus bifidis in utraque
valvo. Nacrea cverulescenti-albida, iridescente. In senioribus
granulationes valde inconspicue fiunt.

Long. 25°5, lat. 39, diam. 18 mm.

Hab. Near Gowhatti, Assam.

The sculpture of this species much resembles that of Nodularia
crispisulcata, Benson.

307. Parreysia (Parreysia) perconvexa, Preston.

Parreysia (Parreysia) perconvera, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 302.

Original description :—Shell ovate, slightly curved, very convex,
solid but much eroded, where intact covered by a dark blackish-

8
KOPN \
N “TAN
4)
: =

Fig. 17.—1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) perconvexa, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.

3. Hinge of same.

brown periostracum ; umbones moderately large; dorsal margin
sloping in an anterior direction ; ventral margin slightly curved

J

PARREYSIA. 173

posteriorly ; anterior side gently rounded ; posterior side slightly
and very bluntly produced, rounded; cardinal teeth very anteriorly
situate, with upper surface multi-ridged and supported in each
valve by an enormous column-like callous thickening of the shell;
lateral teeth coarse, rather short, curved ; anterior muscular scars
of great depth; posterior scars subcircular, well impressed ;
interior of shell very pale greenish white.

Long. 37, lat. 55, diam. 33 mm.

Hab. Nongyang Lake, south of Patkai.

The type is in the Indian Museum.

308. Parreysia (Parreysia) annandalei, Preston,

Parreysia (Parreysia) annandalei, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 302.

Original description :—Shell oval, convex, moderately solid,
coarsely coucentrically ribbed, covered with a thin, smooth,
brownish-olivaceous periostracum; umbones rather small, not

Fig. 18.—1 & 2. Parreysia (P.) annandalei, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.

prominent; dorsal margin arched; ventral margin considerably
rounded ; anterior side slightly produced and rather sharply
rounded : posterior side very bluntly subrostrate; cardinal teeth
two in each valve, somewhat anteriorly situate, rather coarse and
corrugated; lateral teeth strong, curved; anterior scars rather

174 UNIONID.E.

small, very deeply excavated; posterior scars also small, ovate,
deeply impressed ; interior of shell whitish iridescent.

Long. 29, lat. 41, diam. 20 mm.

Hab. Gowhatty.

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

309. Parreysia (Parreysia) dalliana, Frierson.

Parreysia (Parreysia) dalliana, Frierson, ‘ Nautilus,’ Boston Mass.
xxvi, p. 142; Haas, Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. pl. 32,
figs. 3, 4 (as Trapezoideus foliaceus).

Original description :—Shell small, rather thick, somewhat
ovate. ..... Rounded before, basal and dorsal lines nearly
straight, post basal point rounded. Epidermis olivaceous,
greenish in young shells, brownish in old specimens, and
frequently bleached. Beaks very small, pointed, low, and in-
curved, with fine zigzag radial sculpture, which extends a little
down the shell, and especially down the post slope; in dirty or
eroded specimens hardly to be noticed. The shell is a little
inflated, the post ridge rounded. Inside the nacre is soft cream
or white. The left valve has two cardinals, the anterior blade-
like, and the posterior much smaller and tubercular. The laterals
are double (or even inclined to be trifid); in the right valve the
cardinals are split or double, and the laterals single. The
anterior cicatrices are confluent, and also those of the posterior.

Long. 25, lat. 40 mm.

Hab. Burma.

“The shell is stouter, shorter, and more inflated than
T. foliaceus, and the posterior portion is not green.”

Genus LAMELLIDENS.

Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 854.

Typn, Unio marginalis, Lamarck, from India, Burma, and
Ceylon.

Range. India; Burma; Ceylon and China.

Original description :—Shell elongate, elliptical, pointed behind,
with a slight post-dorsal wing, a low, often biangulate posterior
ridge, and generally two sharp, radiating lire above it; beaks with
curved, radiating ridges which sometimes are slightly zigzag and
often become almost concentric, but which fade out as they approach
each other at the centre of the disc ; epidermis smooth, generally
shining, brownish, often with concentric bands of lighter colour,
rayless or nearly so; left valve with two compressed pseudo-
cardinals, the front one roughened, and two laterals; right valve

LAMELLIDENS. 175

with two parallel, lamellar pseudocardinals and one lateral ;
cavity of the beaks rather shallow; dorsal scars few, deep,
distinct, scattered; anterior scars separate; nacre bluish-white
to straw.

Animal unknown.

Subgenus LAMELLIDENS (sensu stricto).

Lamellidens, Simpson, Washington, D.C. Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 854.

Tree, Unio marginalis, Lamarck.

Range. India; Burma; Ceylon; China.
Shell dark-coloured ; teeth well developed.

310. Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck).

Lamellidens marginalis (Lamarck); Simpson, Washington, D.C.
Smiths, Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, pp. 854-855; Die
brette Mahler-Muschel aus Grénland, Schriter, Flussconch. 1779,
p. 181, pl. 9, fig. 1.

° Unio groenlandicus, Mirch, Am. J. Conch. iv, 1868, p. 38.

? Unio testudinarius, Spengler, Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 65 ;
Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 169.

? Unw truncatus, Spengler, Skriv. Selsk. Nat. iii, 1793, p. 65 ;
? Schroter, Arch. Zool. Zoot. ii, 2 Stiick, 1802, p. 107.

Unio marginalis, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. vi, 1819, p. 79; Deshayes,
Enc. Méth. ii, 1827, p. 151, pl. 247, fig. 1; Hanley, Test. Moll.
1842, p. 206; Hanley, Biv. Shells, 1843, p. 206, pl. 20, fig. 53 ;
Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p.61; H. & A. Addms,
Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1857, p. 491; Kuster, Conch. Cab., Unio,
1861, p. 239, pl. 80, fig. 4; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1867,
pl. 59, tig. 27; H. & T., C. L. 1876, p. 20, pl. 43, fis. 2; Peetel,
Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 158.

Margarita (Unio) marginals, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 387 ; 1838, p. 24.

Margaron (Unio) marginalis, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 88; 1838, p. 24.

Unio anodontina, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. vi, 1819, p. 80;
Deshayes, An. sans Vert. vi, 1835, p. 546; ii, 1839, p. 671.

Unio anodontinus, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1861, p. 240, pl. 80,
fig. 15; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 144.

Symphanota bilineata, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil.
Soc. iv, 1831, p. 98, pl. 11, fig. 19; Obs. Genus Unio, i, 1834,
p. 108, pl. 11, fig. 19.

Margarita (Unio) bilineatus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38; 1838, p. 25.

Unio bilineatus, Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207; Biv. Shells,
1843, p. oP 21, fig. 30; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom.
1845, p. 56; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1857, p. 491;
Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 71, fig. 365.

Margaron (Unio) bilineatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 38; 1870, p. 61.

? Unio evanescens, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 91, pl. 17, fig. 2.

Original description :—Testa ovato-oblonga, subrhombea, tenui,
intus cerulescente ; fasciis transversis marginalibus; dente cardi-
nali parvo compresso.

176 UNIONID.E,

The above description may be amplified by that given by
Sowerby in the ‘Conchologia Iconica’:—‘‘ Shell oblong-ovate,
thin, very smooth, somewhat inflated, covered with a blackish-
brown shining epidermis, pale iridescent-fawn within; posterior
side roundly angular, produced, dorsal margin straight, lateral
margin oblique, end subacuminated, ventral margin raised towards
the end, very slightly contracted in the middle; anterior side
short, narrow, dorsal margin slightly sloped, cuneate; umboes
smooth.”

The following dimensions are taken from three adult specimens
in the collection of the Indian Museum :—

1. 2: 3.
Long. ........ 51 50°5 52°5 mm.
Tate serena beseees 100°5 95°25 95 mm.
Diam. ........ 32 30 34+. mm.

The species is very widely distributed throughout India, Burma,
and Ceylon, and should Mousson’s Unio evanescens prove to be
really a synonym, then Java must also be added to the above.

Var. obesa (Hanley § Theobald); Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

Unio marginalis var. obesa, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pl. 48, fig. 3.
Unio corrianus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 77, fig. 401.

The variety is described as follows in the ‘ Conchologia Indica’ —
“A giant form, which does not exhibit the ochraceous band, and
is peculiarly swollen...... The upper anterior tooth is almost
linear; the lateral [teeth] are not bent at the extremity, and the
upper one in the left valve is scarcely developed.”

The following dimensions are those of three specimens in the
Indian Museum. Those of No. 1 are of a specimen from Silchar
and those of Nos. 2 and 3 of specimens from Tonghoo :—

1. By 3.
hone < 42000 ds ny 64 57°5 mm.
Tabi aiscceraty oe eo 118 125 109° mm.
Diam. ........ 48 44 43 mm.

This inflated variety was originally noticed from the Irrawaddy
River; there are, however, specimens in the collection of the
Indian Museum which undoubtedly belong to it from Chittagong,
Silchar and Toungoo, Burma.

Var. tricolor (Aiister}; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.
Univ tricolor, Kiister, Conch, Cab., Unio, 1856, p. 156, pl. 45,

fig. 1; Jickeli, aun. Moll, N.O.-Afy, 1874, p. 275; Pwtel, Conch.
Sami, iii, 1890, p. 170.

LAMELLIDENS 177

Unio marginalis var. tricolor, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pl. 42,
fig. 5.

Original description :—Testa valde inzquilatera, elliptica, tenera,
nitida, modice convexa, obsolete sulcata et subtilissime strigata,
olivaceo-fusca, parte inferiore flava; postice lete viridi-radiata ;
umbonibus depressis; area compressa; dentibus cardinalibus
compressis, dextro duplicato, lamellis tenuibus acutis; margarita
nitido-cerulescens, subtiliter radiata.

Long. 28°25, lat. 60°5, diam. 17-25 mm.

Kiister gives as the habitat of his species “* Aieypten im Nil,”
but this must be an error, as the shell he figures is obviously
a variety of the Indian Z. marginalis. It is represented in the
Indian Museum collection by specimens from the following
localities :—Shuaygoomyo, Burma and Manbhoom, Bengal.

Var. zonata (Deshayes).

Unio marginalis, Desh, Encycl. Méth., Vers. ii, p. 587.
Unio marginalis, Lk., vay. zonata, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pl. 44,
lig. 2. ;

Shell oval, transverse, inequilateral, thin, covered with a dark
brown periostracum interrupted towards the margins by trans-
verse zones of rather pale greenish-yellow ; anterior side rounded,
obtuse, rather narrower than the posterior side which terminates
in a somewhat prominent angle; the dorsal and posterior margins
compressed and slightly dilated in the form of a wing, separated
towards the umbones by a posterior angle continuing to the top,
interior of shell nacreous, rather deep and very bright yellow,
tinged with reddish and bluish shades towards the posterior side ;
hinge very narrow, gently arched, consisting, in the right valve,
of an oblong, crested, cardinal tooth roughened on the inner side,
crenellated at its free end and bearing on the outward side a small
decurrent swelling which limits the cavity into which the tooth
of the opposite valve is received ; left valve bearing two bluut
teeth, of which the posterior, which is the shorter, only commences
to rise at the extremity of the other; lateral posterior tooth
elongate, arched, narrow, sharp, rough and truncated at its
posterior end, fitting between two lamellz in the left valve which
‘are unequal both in length and height.

Long. 46, lat. 84 mm.

Hab. Bengal.

There are specimens which correspond to this description in the
Indian Museum collection from Rangoon, the measurements of
‘three of these being as below :—

Als 2. 3.
Long. ........ 39°5 41 36 mm.
Lat..... SEMAN 745 73 67 mn.
Dials 8 caccenes 23 19 23 mm.

178 UNIONIDZ.

Var. candaharica (Hanley § Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proce. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

Unio marginalis var. candaharica, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pl. 43,
fig. 4; Hutton, J. A. S. B. xviii, pt. 1, 1849 (1850), p. 660.

Original description:—Shell oval oblong, ventricose, tumid
not produced nor attenuated behind ; beaks flattened and denuded ;
upper edge rounded or falling; lower edge curved ; strongly
wrinkled transversely ; epidermis olive-brown, in young specimens
with broad yellowish margin.

The dimensions of three specimens mentioned by Hutton
are :—

1. 2. 3.
Longs. caw tes 41:25 41°25 44:25 mm.
Daath cece sees eaiss 75 73 78 mm.

and of two specimens, both from Candahar, in the Indian
Museum :—

1. 2.
Long. ......... , 3875 38°25 mm.
Latin. cagaareesaee 65-5 68-5 mm.
Din. sean eae 22°5 245 mm.

Hab, Candahar, in canals.

Hutton further states that it differs from typical U. marginalis,
JOR area es in the less produced and lengthened form pos-
teriorly, in the upper part of the anterior edge being straighter
and more elevated than in U. marginalis, and in the beaks being
less denuded and more wrinkled. In Unio marginalis of the
Gangetic Provinces the breadth appears to exceed the length
much more considerably than in the Candahar shells, measuring
in four specimens of each as follows :—

“ Indian [Gangetic Provinces] specimen,

ie 2. 3. 4

Long. ...-..-.. 30 41:25 = 35 338 mm.
Date cate cat 2 40 89 80 76-5 mm.
“ Afghan specimens,
: 2. 3. 4,
Dene: neeass 16 41-25 41-25 46 mm.
Wats. oie hee 7d ae 75 78 mm.

“The proportions thus appear to be reversed; the Indian
species showing a greater transverse breadth in proportion to its
length, the Afghan one showing a greater length in proportion to
its breadth. All my specimens of the Indian variety are produced
or elongated posteriorly, giving the shell a narrow wedge-shaped
appearance, whereas the Afghan one, being transversely shorter,
appears oyate-oblong.”

LAMELLIDENS. 179

Var. cylindrica (Hanley g Theobald); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.

Onio marginalis var, cylindrica, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pl. 44,

fig. 1

As hitherto the name has been a mere nomen nudum, and no
specimen actually corresponding to Hanley & Theobald’s figure
being available the following short description of the figure itself
may be given :—

Rather more rectangular than the typical form, dark olive-
green, concentrically banded, especially towards the ventral margin
and posterior side, with yellowish brown, and transversely rayed
from the umbonal region with dark olive-brown ; interior of shell
salmon-coloured.

Long. 44, lat. 10-2 mm.

Hab. —?

Var. hanleyi, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat.

Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 855.
is a yar. corriana, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 20, pl. 44,
g. 4,

Shell more or less indented in the middle, sometimes elongated
cylindrical, sometimes compressed and oval-oblong; cardinal
callosity (which is rarely absent) more or less developed ; anterior
or hinge teeth almost horizontal, outwardly curved, rather more
elongate, or if shorter, rather more prominently elevated.

Long. 42, lat. 89 mm. (fig. in Con. Ind.).

Hab. Calcutta, ete.

Subsp. thwaitesi (Zea).

Unio thwaitesi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 152; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860,
p. 246, pl. 37, fig. 125; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 64, pl. 37,
fir, 125; Reeve, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1865, pl. 23, fig. 105; H.&
T., C. L. 1876, p. 20, pl. 43, fig. 1; Petel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,

. 169.

Me guise (Unio) thwattesit, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 74.

Unio consobrinus, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 19, pl. 41, fig. 7.

Lamellidens thwaitesti (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Original description :—Testa levi, regulariter elliptica, sub-
inflata, ineequilaterali; valvulis crassiusculis; natibus prominulis ;
epidermide castanea, polita, transverse fasciata; dentibus cardi-
nalibus valde compressis, lamellatis, valde obliquis, in utroque
valvulo duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis curvisque ;
margarita salmonis colore tincta et iridescente.

Hab. Ceylon (Thwattes).
N2

180 UNIONID SE.

The following dimensions are taken from three specimens in
the Indian Museum :—

1. 2. 3.
Long. .... ... 445 35 34 mm.
Teati swectees 0a 3s 88 63 62 mm.
Diamy eases ok 28-25 20 20°25 mm.

Subsp. consobrina (Lea).
Unio consobrinus, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii,
1859, p. 331; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 272,
1. 45, fig. 152; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 90, pl. 45, fig, 152 ;
setel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 148.
Margaron (Unio) consobrinus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 46.
Unio corbeti, Deschamps, Bull. Soc. Zool. Fr. xvii, 1892, p. 68, fig.
in text.
Lamellidens consobrinus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Original description :—Testa levi, elliptica, subinflata, inequi-
laterali, postice obtuse angulata, antice rotundato; valvulis sub-
tenuibus, antice paulisper crassiusculis ; natibus prominulis ;
epidermide micante, tenebroso-fusca, eradiata; dentibus cardi-
nalibus parvis, crenulatis, compressis, obliquis in valvulam dextram
duplicibus ; lateralibus longis, lamellatis subcurvisque ; margarita
salmonis colore tincta et valde iridescente.

Hab. “China” (C. M. Wheatley).

The locality as given by Lea is probably a mistake; the variety
is widely distributed over India and Ceylon.

The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the
Indian Museum collection :——

1. 2. 3.
Longs 2c ce eas 43 48°5 47 mm.
Dabs sa cee nee 79 91. 83 mm.
Diam. ...... F 275 32 27 mm.

Subsp. lamellata (Zea).

Unio lamellatus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
vi, 1838, p. 19, pl. 6, fig. 16; Obs. Genus Unio, ii, 1838, p. 19,
pl. 6, fig. 16; Troschel, Arch. Natg. Berlin, v, pt. 2, 1839,
p. 234; Hanley, Test, Moll. 1842, p. 194; Biv. Shells, 1848,
p. 194, pl. 21, fig. 49; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845,
p: 60; H. & A. Adams. Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1857, p. 494; Chenu,
Il. Conch. 1858, pl. 22, figs. 3, 34,36; Sowerby, Conch. Icon.
xvi, 1866, pl. 52, fig. 272; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 21, pl. 44,
fig. 7; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 126.

Margarita (Unio) lamellatus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 26 ; 1838, p. 20.

Margeron (Unio) lamellatus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 29; 1870, p. 46.

Unio layardi, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iii, 1859,
p. 153; Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, iv, 1860, p. 243,
pl. 36, fig. 122 ; Obs. Genus Unio, vii, 1860, p. 61, pl. 36, fig, 122;

LAMELLIDENS. 181

Reeve, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1865, pl. 23, fig. 111; H. & T., C. 1.
1876, p. 19, pl. 41, fig. 1; Pastel, Conch. Sam. iii,1890, p. 157.
Margaron (Unio) layardti, Lea, 1870, p. 46.
Lamellidens lamellatus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Original description :—Shell subovate, transverse, somewhat
inflated, shining; valves very thin; beaks scarcely prominent,
undulated ; cardinal teeth long, thin and lamellar; lateral teeth
long, thin, and nearly straight ; nacre bluish.

Long. 38, lat. 64, diam. 25°5 mm.

Hab. Bengal (Captain Lang). This variety is represented by
specimens in the Indian Museum bearing the following localities :—
Mandalay, Pegu, Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson), also Calcutta and
Ceylon.

Var. sublamellata, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii, 1912,
p- 305.

Original description :—An elongate, somewhat rostrate form,
having the hinge-teeth rather less developed.

Hab. Burma (W. Theobald).

The type is in the Indian Museum.

Subsp. scutum (Sowerby).

Unio scutum, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 94, fig. 510;
H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22, pl. 46, fig. 1; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii,
1890, p. 167.

Lamellidens scutum (Sowerby), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description :—Shell thick, unequally subventricose,
somewhat indented in the middle, somewhat depressed in front,
very inequilateral, oblong, obliquely sub-biangular behind, of a
uniform pitch-colour, smoothish; ventral edge retuse, rising in
front; umbonal ridge elevated, the space behind it broad and
rather concave ; beaks but little projecting, uacre livid whitish ;
primary teeth slanting, lateral lamelle distant.

The dimensions of the specimen figured in the ‘Conch. Icon.’,
and now in the British Museum, are as follows :—

Long. 50, lat. 100, diam. 32°5 mm. ;
and those of a specimen in the Indian Museum collection :—

Long. 52°25, lat. 98, diam. 35°25 mm.

Hab, Tenasserim (original locality); there are also specimens
labelled ‘‘ Rangoon ” in the Indian Museum.

Var. humilior (von Martens), Arch. Naturg. Berlin, Ixv, pt. 1,
1899, pp. 45, 46, pl. 5, fig. 1.

Somewhat more depressed than the typical form, but agreeing

182 UNIONID.E.

Fig. J9.—1 & 2. Lamellidens (L.) marginatis, Lk. var. sublamellata, Preston.
(Lype.) Nat. size.
5, Hinge and wuscular scars of same.

LAMELLIDENS. 183

well in other respects; juvenile specimens are bright brownish-
green, older ones blackish; the following are the measurements
of a series at various stages of growth :—

LL 2 3&8 4 #5 6.
Via bias Steen etinee aaa yes 124 92 79 72 65 43mm.
Long. (from umbones) .. 49 40 36 32 28 19mm.
Long. (from posterior ex-
tremity of wing) .... 56 46 389 37 32 21mm.
Dae es ee kieg, aaah 26 25 26 20 17 11mm.

The wings average two-thirds of the length. The lower margin
in young specimens is fairly straight in the middle, in older ones
slightly curved inward. The edge running backwards from the
umbones, separating the posterior from the lateral surface, is
always distinct. The hinge-teeth are nodulated, but comparatively
small.

Hab. The Chindwin River, near Kalewa; alsoin the River Yu,
one of the tributaries of the former.

Young specimens of this variety, in outward form, greatly
resemble the U. marginalis var. anodontinus of the * Conch. Ind.’,
pl. 42, fig. 7.

Subsp. corrianus (Lec).

Unio corrianus, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. v,
ser. 2, 1834, p. 65, pl. 9, fig. 25; Obs. Genus Unio, i, 1884,
p. 177, pl. 9, fig. 25; Hanley, Test. Moll. 1842, p. 207; Biv.
Shells, 1848, p. 207, pl. xx, fig. 60; Catlow & Reeve, Conch.
Nom. 1845, p.57; H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. 11, 1857,
p. 491; Patel, Conch. Sam. 111, 1890, p. 149.

Margarita (Unio) corrianus, Lea, Syn. 1836, p. 38; 1838, p. 25.

Margaron (Unio) corrianus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 88; 1870, p. 61.

Lamellidens corrianus (Lea), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths,
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description :—Shell narrow-elliptical, very transverse,
very inequilateral, subangular behind; valves very thin; beaks
scarcely prominent ; cardinal teeth thin and bladed; -lateral teeth
long, thin and nearly straight ; nacre pearly white and iridescent.

Long. 25°5, lat. 53°5, diam. 13°5 mm.

Hab. Calcutta. The following localities refer to specimens
in the Indian Museum :—Seebsaugor (Peal); Pegu(W. 7. Blan-
ford); Balagunga, Central Sylhet; Madras; Berhampur, Mur-
shidabad District, Bengal (S. W. Kemp); Sambalpur; Zayleyman,
Upper Burma (Dr. J. Anderson).

Lea’s description is amplified by the following notes :—“* Shell
narrow elliptical, very transverse, very inequilateral, subangular
behind ; dorsal line nearly straight; substance of the shell very
thin; beaks very slightly elevated and minutely waved at the tip ;
ligament long and slender; epidermis smooth, dark brown; rays
none; cardinal teeth thin, bladed, single in the left valve and

184 UNIONID&.

double in the right; lateral teeth long, thin, bladed and nearly
straight ; anterior cicatrices distinct; posterior cicatrices confluent ;
dorsal cicatrices situated nearly in the centre of the cavity of the
beaks ; cavity of the beaks exceedingly shallow ; nacre pearly
white and iridescent...... It closely resembles the U. margi-
nalis of Lamarck, but differs from that species in being more
transverse, in the beaks being more retuse, in the dorsal line
being nearly straight, and in its not being possessed of a light
border along the margin, The cardinal teeth are remarkably thin,
and form nearly a line with the lateral teeth.”

Subsp. generosus (Gould).

Unio generosus, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. in, 1847,
p- 220; Otia Conch. 1862, p. 210; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 22,
pl. 46, fig. 4; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.

Margaron (Unio) generosus, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 29.

? Unio lamellatus, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 94, ig. 511.

Lamellidens generosus (Gould), Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description :—Testa magna, solida, transversa, oblongo-
ovata, inequilaterali, antice rotundata et angustata ; postice ob-
liquata, subrostrata, ad apicem truncata; margine ventrali arcuata,
dorsali recta, abscendente; umbonibus contiguis haud elevatis ;
valvis subtumidis radiatim substriatis, postice subcostatis, epider-
mide fuliginosa, disco nitido: dentibus remotis; cardinalibus
elongatis, obliquis, laminatis: margarita alba vel salmonacea
limbo iridescente.

Long. 64, lat. 95°5, diam. 38°25 mm.

Hab. Newville, Tavoy (J/rs. Vinton); specimens in the Indian
Museum are labelled respectively Myadong, Upper Burma
(Anderson), Mandalay (Annandale), and Bhamo (J. Coggin
Brown).

Subsp. jenkinsianus (Benson).

Tnio Ne ee Benson, A. M. N. II. x, 1862, p. 185; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 19, pl. 41, fig. 4; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 155.

Lamellidens jenkinstanus (Benson), Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Original description :—Testa transverse elongata, snbacuminato-
ovata, valde inzequilaterali, tumida, crassa, antice brevi rotundata,
postice elongata, minime alata, superne sensim descendente,
demum angusta, obtusa; margine basali antice convexiusculo,
postice subrecto ; ligamento brevi; disco valde tumido, transverse
plicato; epidermide picea, versus marginem ventralem olivacea ;
um bonibus leviter convexis, decorticatis, apicibus obtusis ; dentibus
arcuatim sitis, crassiusculis, erosis, cardinalibus elongatiusculis,

LAMELLIDENS. 185

valve sinistre subsimplicibus, dextre duplicibus laminatis, laterali-
bus remotis subelongatis, valve sinistre duplicibus, lamina interna
demum incrassata ; margarita violaceo-albida, iridescente.

Long. 52, lat. 94, diam. 38 mm.

Hab. Brahmapootra River, Assam. The following localities
are, among others, attached to specimens in the Indian Museum :—
Sylhet, Bhagalpur (Captain Sherwill).

Subsp. sawaddyensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii,
1912, p. 305.

Original description :—Shell much more ovate and convex than
the typical form, having the dorsal margin more arched and
posteriorly ascending, the ventral margin and anterior side more
rounded, and the posterior side produced and roundly rostrate.

Hab. Sawaddy River. Specimens in the Indian Museum are
labelled Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson); Shuaygoomyo, Upper Burma
(Dr. J. Anderson), and Mandalay (Dr. N. Annandale).

The type is in the Indian Museum.

311. Lamellidens pulcher (Zapparone-Canefri).

Lamellidens puicher (Tapparone-Canefri) ; Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Unio pulcher, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova,
vii, 1889, p. 350.

Original description :—Testa tenui, subcoinpressa, ineequilaterali,
transverse ovata, subquadrata, postice dilatata, sub-biangulata,
area, postica depressa, margine ventrali rectiusculo, umbonibus
haud eminentibus, rarius integris, sepius breviter decorticatis.
Superficies valvarum levis, nitida, rugis concentricis minutis,
subregularibus, sepe obsoletis exarata; pallide olivaceo-castanea,
radiis duobus inequalibus in area postica fuscis vel viridibus
picta. Dentes cardinales parvi, laminati, infero in valva dextera
crassiusculo, subtruncato, superne acuto. Margarita argentea,
superne Juteo-carnea vel luteola.

Long. 43, lat. 70, diam. 22 mm.

Hab. Meetan, River Houngdaran (LZ. Fea).

The author also describes two varieties of this species as
follows :—

Var. lamellatiformis.

Testa magis postice dilatata, inferne bisinuata.
Long. 48, lat. 76, diam. 21 mm.

Var. ponderosus.

Testa majore, crassiuscula, magis lata, subquadrato-oblonga,
superficies valvarum castanea vel castaneo-fusca.

Long. 48, lat. 84, diam. 28 mm.

Both the varieties are from the same locality as the type.

186 UNIONID A.

Big. 20.—1. Lamellidens (L.) marginalis (Lk,), var. saccaddyensis,
(Type specimen.) Naf. size.

2. Muscular scars and pallial impression of same.

LAMELLIDENS. 187

312. Lamellidens exanthematicus (Kiister).

Lamellidens exanthematicus (Kiister) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths, Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856.

Unio exanthematicus, Kiister, Conch. Cab., Unio, 1861,' p. 243,
pl. 81, fig. 2; Peetel, Conch, Sam. iii, 1890, p. 152.

Original description:—Testa transversa, subovata, convexa,
tenuis flava, fuscescenti-annulata, postice viridi-radiata, sub-
tiliter striata, subtilissime pustulata, pustulis numerosis, majoribus
mainoribusque mixtis; umbonibus prominulis; area subtrigona,
compressiuscula ; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, minus elevatis, in
valvula utraque duplicibus, lamellis longis, curvatiusculis ; mar-
garita carneo-alba et iridescente.

Long. 26, lat. 43, diam, 13°5 mm.

Hab. East Indies.

313. Lamellidens canefrianus, Simpson.

Lamellidens canefrianus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst.,
Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 857.

Unio protensus, Tapparone-Canefri, Ann. Mus. Civ. St. Nat. Genova,
vii, 1889, p. 349.

Original description :—Testa transverse oblonga, ineequilaterali,
postice subbiangulata, inter angulos truncata et in rostrum
abbreviatum attenuata, margine ventrali modice arcuato et ad
rostrum sinuato, umbonibus late decorticatis. Superfices val-
varum epidermide levi, intense fusca in adultis, viridi-olivacea
in junioribus induta, zona marginali pallidiore inferne ornata.
Dentes cardinales tenues, in valva dextera duo majusculi,
laciniato-striati, margine denticulati, in valva sinistra unicus,
tenuior, ultra medium subacutus. Margarita argentea, postice
vivide iridescens; superticies interna valvaram sepius plus
minusve margaritifera,

lk 2
LONG. eee 89 65 mm
EAB cos) d sees 66 44 34 mm
Diam. ........ 27 18 mm

flab. Prome, Lower Burma (ZL. Fea).

314. Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston.

Lamellidens narainporensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii
1912, pp. 805-306.

Original description :—Shell cuneate, moderately convex, pos-
teriorly rostrate, dark reddish-brown, covered towards the margins
with a finely laminiferous periostracum, marked with concentric
lines of growth, bearing two carinz on each valve running from
the umbones in a dorsally posterior direction; umbones small,
not prominent, somewhat coarsely corrugated; dorsal margin

188 UNIONIDE.

very gently arched; ventral margin scarcely rounded in the
anterior and median regions, slightly curved posteriorly ; anterior
side abruptly rounded; posterior side sloping above, then angled
and very abruptly descending; cardinal tooth in left valve
obtusely triangular, erect; absent in right valve; lateral teeth
anteriorly short, deeply grooved and projecting in right valve,
erect and jagged in the left, posteriorly moderately elongate and

Fig. 21.—1 & 2. Lamellidens (L.) narainporensis, Preston. (Lype.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge and muscular scars of same.

bifurcated in both valves; anterior scars rather circular, deep ;
posterior scars lightly impressed; interior of shell pale flesh-
colour, shading to iridescent bluish - white, very minutely
granulate.

Long. 35, lat. 84 mm.

Hab. Narainpore Bhil, Murshedabad District (Major OC. J.
Robertson-Milne, 1.M.8.).

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

LAMELLIDENS.

189

LP
G

Ch o®
A \ (ha Up o\

)\\\\

er

Sy

Z iui
iy Cet,

EZ.

Fig. 22.—1 & 2. Lame!bidens (L.) nongyangensis, Preston. (Lype.) Nat. size.

3. Hinge and muscular sears of same.

190 UNIONIDE,

315. Lamellidens nongyangensis, Preston.

Lamellidens nongyanensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, vii,
1912, p. 306.

Original description:—Shell very elongately ovate, inflated,
covered with a blackish-brown, finely laminiferous periostracum,
concentrically marked with rather coarse lines of growth ; dorsal
margin anteriorly somewhat straight, posteriorly arched above,
sloping and slightly excavated below; ventral margin scarcely
rounded; anterior side abruptly descending; posterior side
rostrate, obtusely rounded ; cardinal teeth very anteriorly situate,
triangular, erect ; lateral teeth elongate, also erect, terminating
posteriorly in an abrupt slope; anterior scars deeply marked,
posterior scars lightly impressed ; interior of shell flesh-coloured,
shading to bluish ; iridescent, minutely pitted and granulate.

Long. 45, lat. 94 mm.

Hab. Nongyang Lake, South of Patkai.

The type is in the Indian Museum.

316. Lamellidens phenchooganjensis, Preston.

Lamellidens phenchooganjensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta,
vii, 1912, p. 306.

Original description :—Shell very elongately ovate, posteriorly
obtusely rostrate, dark blackish-brown, sculptured with fine con-
centric strive, crossed, especially in the anterior median region, by
fine, slightly distant, transverse, radiate strie, thus presenting a
minutely wrinkled appearance ; umbones flattened, much eroded ;
dorsal margin anteriorly gently sloping, posteriorly more rapidly
sloping in a slight curve; ventral margin scarcely rounded ;
anterior side angled above, gently rounded below ; posterior side
produced, angularly rounded; hinge-teeth very elongate, some-
what fine; anterior scars ovate, moderately impressed ; posterior
scars roughly triangular, not well impressed; interior of shell
shading from pale brown to bluish, nacreous, marked, especially
towards the anterior ventral region, with very shallow radiate
furrows.

Long. 42, lat. 86 mm.

Hab. Phenchooganj, Central Sylhet.

The type specimen is in the Indian Museum.

317. Lamellidens mainwaringi (Nevill, MS.),’(Preston.)

Lamellidens mainwaring: (Nevill, MS.), Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus.
Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 306.

Original description :—Shell rather small, cuneate, covered with
a finely Jaminiferous periostracum; both valves marked with
rather fine, concentric, and finer transverse, radiate, scratch-like

LAMELLIDENS. 191

Fig. 23.—1 & 2. Lamellidens (L.) phenchooganjensis, Preston.
(Type.) Nat, size.

3. Hinge and muscular scars of same,

192 UNIONIDE.

strie; dorsal margin anteriorly gradually sloping, posteriorly
arched and more rapidly descending; ventral margin somewhat
straight ; anterior side rounded; posterior side angled above and
below, somewhat obliquely and obtusely rostrate; hinge teeth

Nn

Fig. 24.—1 & 2. Lamellidens (L,) mainwaringi, Preston. (Type.) Nat. size.
3. Hinge of same.

well developed, moderately short; anterior adductor scar deeply
impressed; posterior scar somewhat roughly triangular, well
impressed ; interior of shell bluish iridescent, rather granulate.

Long. 25°5, lat. 50 mm.

Hab. Siliguri; there are also specimens in the Indian Museum
from Namtsik, Dihong River.

Type in the Indian Museum.

A small, light, and thin form, which Simpson in his ‘Synopsis
of the Naiades’* refuses to recognise as a species, but regards as
L. consobrinus ; the author, however, having been able to examine
a large series from the collection of the Indian Museum, all the
specimens of which are very constant in their size, form, and
hinge, and other characters, considers it without doubt to be
worthy of specific rank.

The following dimensions are taken from specimens in the
Indian Museum Collection :—

1. 2 3.
Long. ........ 22°25 21 29°5) mm.
Lat. ....... 41°75 40°5 37) mm.
Diam. ...... 11°75 125 9-25 mm,

* Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 856
(footnote no. 3).

TRAPEZOIDEUS. 193

Genus TRAPEZOIDEUS.

Trapezoideus, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat.
Mus. Proe. xxii, p. 858.

Typz, Unio foliacea, Gould; Burma.

Range. Burma; Siam; Cambodia; Sumatra; Bundelkund.

Original description:—Shell trapezoid, much compressed, with
a low posterior ridge and but ,slightly raised though pointed
beaks, which seem to be sculptured with irregularly radial ridges
arranged in two imperfect chevron-shaped loops; surface con-
centrically sculptured, often having irregular radial ridges on the
posterior slope; epidermis yellowish-green or brownish, with two
or more green rays above the posterior ridge; teeth compressed ;
two pseudocardinals in the left valve, one under the beak, the
other in front, often not well separated, and two laterals; right
valve with two pseudocardinals and one lateral; pseudocardinals
all irregular, often pitted and peculiarly dentellate ; laterals
granular, showing traces of vertical striation; cavity of the beaks
rather deep, compressed; muscle scars shallow, anterior scars
separate; nacre soft, creamy, yellowish in the beak cavities.

Animal unknown.

318. Trapezoideus foliaceus (Gould).

Trapexoideus foliaceus (Gould); Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 858.

Unio foliacea, Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1848, p. 141;

Otia Conch. 1862, p. 191.

Unio foliaceus, Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 59;
H. & A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1857, p. 492; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 19, pl. 42, fig. 3; Anderson, Yunnan Exp. 1877,
p. 900, pl. 80, figs. 8-12 ; Patel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 153.

Margaron (Unio) foliaceus, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 89; 1870, p. 62.

Unio peyuensis, Anthony, Amer. Journ. Conch. i, 1865, p. 351,
pl. 25, fig. 2; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xvi, 1868, pl. 95, fig. 519 ;
Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890, p. 162.

Margaron (Unio) peguensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 51.

Original description :—Testa parva, compressa, fragili, fusco-
virescente, inequilaterali, transverse oblongo-ovata, postice sub-
angulata; umbonibus parvis, subtilissime corrugatis; dentibus
exilibus, rectis, ad marginem parallelis; margarita livida, irides-
cente.

Long. 22, lat. 41-5, diam. 12°75 mm.

Hab. Tavoy. Represented in the Indian Museum by speci-
mens from Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson), and Pegu (W. Y. Blanford).

Var. comptus (Deshayes & Jullien); Simpson, Washington,
D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.

Unio comptus, Deshayes & Jullien, Nouv. Arch. Mus. Paris, x,
1874, p. 126, pl. 6, figs. 3 & 4.
Co)

194 UNIONID&.

Unio fragilis, Nevill, J. A. 8. B. xlvi, 1877, p. 89; Anderson,
Yunnan Exp. 1877, p. 400, pl. 80, figs, 8-12.

Original description:—Testa oblonga, transversa, compressa,
tenui, fragili, ineequilaterali, luteo-rubiginosa, ad apicem decorti-
cata et striis granulosis divaricatis ornata; umbonibus mininis,
obtusis, vix proeminentibus; latere antico obtuso, paulo angus-
tiori; latere postico latiori, oblique truncato, striis numerosis,
subeequalibus, arcuatis, ab angulo postico nascentibus ornato ;
margine cardinali brevi, angusto, in valvula dextra dente cardinali
minimo, obliquo, simplici, vix proeminenti, dente laterali postico
elongato, angustissimo; in altera valvula dentibus cardinalibus
duobus, ineequalissimus, divaricatis, dente postico angusto pro-
funde et angustissime bifido.

Long. 18, lat. 32, diam, 10 mm.

Hab. Cambodia.

Var. zayleymanensis (Nevill, J/S.); Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus.,
Calcutta, vii, 1912, p. 307.

Original description:—Shell thinner and smaller than the typical
form, more produced anteriorly and much more obtuse posteriorly ;
the slight curve in the ventral margin is also absent.

Hab, Bhamo (Dr. J. Anderson); there are also specimens in the
Indian Museum from Zayleyman (Anderson) and Bhamo.

Type in the Indian Museum.

319. Trapezoideus misellus (J/orelet).

Trapezoideus misellus (Morelet) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths, Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.

Unio misellus, Morelet, Journ. de Conch., Paris, xiii, 1865, p. 21;
Ser. Conch. iv, 1875, p. 34], pl. 14, fig. 2; Peetel, Conch. Sam.
iii, 1890, p. 159.

Unio svamensis, Lea, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, x, 1866,
p. 188; Jown. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, vi, 1868, p. 279,
pl. 38, fig. 93; Obs. Genus Unio, xii, 1869, p. 39, pl. 388,
fig. 93.

Mi Sone (Unio) siamensis, Lea, Syn. 1870, p. 57.

Original description :— Testa transversa, depressa, inequi-
lateralis, tenuis, epidermide lamelloso-striata, luteo-virenti, pro-
gressu temporis fuscescente, vestita; margo anterior attenuatus,
posterior dilatatus, inferior medio sinuatus; umbones_ parvi,
depressi, acuti, plerumque decorticati; dens cardinalis lamelli-
formis, exilissimus, in adultis obsoletus ; lamella in utraque valva
parvule, simplices; testa interna inequaliter suleata vel malleata;
margarita plumbea, squalida, sub umbonibus late rubigineo tincta.

Long. 28, lat. 61, diam. 16 mm.

Hab. Siam. Represented in the Indian Museum by specimens
from Tenasserim, and the Irrawaddy River at Sagaing (J. Cogyin
Brown).

TRAPEZOIDEUS. 195

320. Trapezoideus exolescens (Gould).
Trapezoideus exolescens (Gould); Simpson, Washington, D.C.,
Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.
Unio exolescens, Gould, Proc. Boston, Soc. Nat. Hist. i, 1843,
p. 141; Catlow & Reeve, Conch. Nom. 1845, p. 59; H. &
A. Adams, Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1857, p. 493: H. & T., C. I.
Be p. 43, pl. 107, fig. 5; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
Heegiton (Unio) exolescens, Lea, Syn. 1852, p. 32; 1870, p. 51.
Original description:—Testa transverso-oblongata, inequilaterali,
subcompressa, fusco-virescente ; postice dilatata, sub-biangulata ;
umbonibus subelevatis; dentibus cardinalibus parvis, obliquis,
interdum exoletis; lateralibus remotis, rectis; margarita livida
vel ferruginea.
Long. 32, lat. 70, diam. 15 mm.
Hab. Tavoy ; also Bhamo (Indian Museum Collection).

321. Trapezoideus theca (Benson).

Trapezoideus theca (Benson) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 859.

Unio theca, Benson, A. M. N. H. x, 1862, p. 186; H. & T.,
C. I. 1876, p. 6, pl. 12, fig. 5; Peetel, Conch. Sam. iii, 1890,
p. 169.

Original description :—Testa transverse oblongo-ovata, valde
inequilaterali, tenui, compressa, antice et postice rotundata,
superne subtusque convexiuscula, margine ventrali medio recto:
disco subplanato, leviusculo, lineis transversalibus subrugosis
versus margines notato; epidermide pallide stramineo-lutea ;
umbonibus planatis, decorticatis, versus apices tenues prominulos,
concentrice sulcatis, postice lineis duabus radiantibus tenuibus
subelevatis munitis; ligamento longiore; dentibus cardinalibus
laminatis, tenuibus, brevibus, utriusque valve duplicibus, valve
dextre prope marginem anteriorem sitis, obliquis; sinistre lobo
subapicali transverso, anteriore obliquo, lateralibus elongatis, vix
curvatis, valve dextre simplicibus, sinistre duplicibus ; margarita
lutea, versus marginem ventralem albida.

Long. 20, lat. 40, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. River Cane, near Banda, Bundelkhund.

The above description is amplified by the following notes :—
“Interior of shell transversely subplicate; cavity of beaks
shallow. Anterior cicatrices separate, posterior confluent, apical
ones in the cavity of the beaks. Some slight ruge are visible on
the posterior slope at right angles to the striw of growth.

The shell is somewhat wider posteriorly than
anteriorly. The pale opaque straw-colour of the unpolished
epidermis is also a peculiar feature, not observable in any uther
Northern Indian species.

Satta the double umbonal line, apparent occasionally in adult

specimens of U, [(L.) Z.] marginalis, is conspicuous.”
02

196 UNIONIDA,

Genus ARCIDOPSIS.

Areidopsis, Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths. Inst., Nat. Mus.
Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 861.

Types, Unio footet, Theobald, from the Kistna River.

The genus is represented by a single species (A. footed
(Theobald)).

Oriyinal description :—Shell inequilateral, elongated, with dorsal
and ventral lines nearly straight ‘and parallel; anterior end
strongly and obliquely truncated from the beaks to the anterior
base, and ending in a rather sharp but rounded point below ;
posterior end obliquely truncated above, rounded below; posterior
ridge full, rounded ; the shell in front and below rather compressed ;
surface concentrically and radially ridged ; pseudocardinals strong,
two in the right valve, one in the left, and supported by a strong
cardinal rib; muscle scars well impressed ; pallial line distinct.

Animal unknown.

322. Arcidopsis footei (Theobald).

Arcidopsis footet (Theobald) ; Simpson, Washington, D.C., Smiths.
Inst., Nat. Mus. Proc. xxii, 1900, p. 861.

Unio footei, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, p. 187, pl. 14,
figs. 9, 9a.

Original description:—Testa elongata, rotundato-quadrata,
valde inequilaterali ab umbonibus angulata, et infra et antice
valde compressa, concentrice striata et postice radiatim striata.
Dentibus cardinalibus fortibus, in callo costiformi positis, in valva
dextra duobus alteraque singulis, subverticalibus. Cicatricibus
valde depressis. Pallii impressione valde conspicua.

Hab. Kistna River near the “ Gutparba falls ” (4. B. Foote).

To Theobald’s description is added the further note. ‘The
shell has its valves divided into two subequal areas by a strong
ridge running back and down from the beaks. The lower and
anterior portion is strongly compressed, simulating the appear- ~
ance of Arca subtorta, though there is no true “version” in the
valves. The strong cardinal rib which supports the cardinal teeth
is also a marked feature of this species, as well as its radiating
strie intersecting the concentric lines of growth. Unfortunately
the beaks are much decayed in my two specimens and _ their
sculpture wholly effaced.”

ETHERIID A. 197

Family ZTHERIIDS.
Subfamily ATHERIIN A.

Shell irregular, free or attached, covered with a periostracum,
interiorly nacreous or subnacreous; hinge edentulate; ligament
linnear, subinternal; sometimes with two adductor scars on the
valves, sometimes with only the posterior ; pallial line entire.

Animal fluviatile; mantle open; branchial orifice communi-
cating with the pedal orifice; anal orifice closed; fovt absent ;
palpes large, semi-ovate; gills unequal, folded, uniting behind
together with the visceral sac and the mantle.

Distribution. Tropical Africa; S. India; United States of
Colombia.

Genus MULLERIA.

Mullevia, Férussac, Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, 1824, i, part 2,
pp. 368-369 ; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xviii, 1872.

TypE, Mulleria lobata, Férussac, from the U.S. of Colombia.

Range. United States of Colombia and Southern India.

Translation of original description :—Shell attached, inequi-
valve, irregular (in form]; valves joined by an exterior ligament,
short, lateral, and by a sinuous hinge furnished with oblique
fossettes, in which are enclosed corresponding projections, both
being ornamented with a ligamental appendage.

323. Mulleria dalyi, Smith.

Mulleria_dalyi, Smith, Proc. Malac. Soc. iii, 1898, p. 14, figs, in
text; Woodward [Anatomy], tom. cit. p. 87, figs. in text.

Original description :—Testa irregulariter quadrata, sed postice
producta et rotundata, compressa, inequivalvis; valve mediocriter
crasse, intus margaritacee, iridescentes, olivaceo plus minus
maculate et ad marginem olivaceo-fusco limbate, extus sub perio-
straco subfibroso, nigro-fusco, fortiter concentrice striato, ex
laminis albis calcareis et aliis corneis fuscescentibus constite ;
valva adherens irregulariter planata, altera convexior, plus minus
erosa ; cicatrix musculi posterioris magna, elongata vel rotundata,
mediocriter profunda, concentrice et radiatim striata ; linea pallii
irregularis, punctata, ad marginem superiori fere attingens ; margo
dorsi rectus, ligamento valido per totam longitudinem instructus.

Long. 52, lat. 65, diam. 20 mm.

Hub, Kadur District, Mysore.

After comparing it with the 8. American species of the genus
the author makes the following remarks “...... the nacre
exhibits an iridescent mixture of white, bluish, greenish, olive and
pinkish tivts, whilst the margin is olive-brown. ‘he exterior,
also, is of a rich deep brown or blackish-brown.......

198 ATHERIID EB.

For the anatomy of this interesting species it may be well to
quote from the late Mr. Martin F. Woodward’s invaluable paper
on the subjeet :——

“The Mantle and Muscular System:—The mantle folds are
almost completely separated from one another, being united at
two points only, viz., at the posterior attachment of the gills,
thus separating an inhalent from an exhalent orifice, and dorsally
from the posterior end of the hinge-line for about one-quarter of
the distance between this point and the attachment of the gills.
The margins of the mantle below the attachment of the gills are
beset with small sensory papille for a space which occupies about
one-quarter of the extent of the mantle-margin from the attach-
ment of the gills to the anterior hinge-line. ....- . 2

“A small posterior pedal retractor is present in Afulleria, situ-
ated immediately above, or anterior to the posterior adductor, and
exhibiting the typical relations of that muscle to the organ of
Bojanus and to the nerve-cords.”

“The Mantle Cavity.—The branchial cavity is large and entirely
open below. The supra-branchial (anal) chamber opens poste-
ricrly by a wide slit; it consists of a large median chamber bebind
the posterior adductor muscle, where it receives the opening of
the anus. Under the adductor this chamber becomes divided into
three by the union of the primary branchial filaments with the
body-wall on either side.”

“Still further forward, the middle of these three chambers
becomes divided by the intervention of the visceral mass. In the
relationship of this cavity to the surrounding parts, Mulleria
resembles typical Eulamellibranchiata; there is, however, no
communication, other than through the gill-slits, between the
branchial and supra-branchial cavities, such as we meet with
in a form like Anodonta.”

“The external apertures of the organ of Bojanus, and of the
genital gland, open into the innermost subdivision of the supra-
branchial cavity.”

“ The Foot and Visceral Mass.—The muscular foot present in
most lamellibranchiata is entirely wanting in JJulleria, a condition
which is correlated with the fixed abode of life of this form. .

”

‘““'The visceral mass is small and slightly bilobed posteriorly ; it
exhibits a few superficial muscular fibres mainly connected with
the posterior pedal retractor.”

“The Labial Palps—Two pairs of very small leaf-shaped
labia] palps are present; they are equal in size, and exhibit
oblique ridges on the opposed surfaces. The inner pair unite
below the mouth to form the lower lip, while the outer pair,
which become slightly expanded anteriorly, unite above the
mouth.”

“The Respiratory and Circulatory Systems:—The gills of
Mulleria consist of two lamelle on either side of the body ; of
these the outer is slightly the smaller. Their relations to each

MULLERIA. 199

other, to the mantle and to the body-wall, are those of a typical
Eulamellibranch. The same is true of their more intimate
structure, for an examination of sections under the microscope
reveals the fact that the two halves of each gill lamella are
connected together by vascular interlamellar junctions, and that
the gill filaments themselves are further similarly united. In the
individual filaments we find a supporting tissue, and firmer sup-
porting rods are present. The whole structure recalls in its most
minute details that of the gills of Anodonta or Unio.”

“The heart consists of a muscular ventricle and two thin-ywalled
auricles, the former giving origin to an anterior and a posterior
aorta, the whole being enclosed in a fairly spacious pericardium.
A mass of brown tissue forms the side-walls of the pericardium
anteriorly ; this evidently represents Keber’s organ.”

“The most striking feature seen in connection with the heart
is the fact that the ventricle is not perforated by the rectum, but
is situated some little distance below the latter, being separated
from it by a portion of the genital gland. ‘he pericardium,
moreover, does not surround the rectum as in Anodonta, its roof
being formed by the thick mass of the genital gland, within which
the rectum lies embedded.” .........

“The Kidney or Organ of Bojanus—The kidney . is
essentially that of a tvpical Eulamellibranch, and closely resembles
that of Anodonta in every detail.”

“ The Genital Organs:—A large genital duct opens close to,
but perfectly independent of, the external opening of the kidney
in the super-branchial chamber. The genital gland is extensive ;
it surrounds the coils of the intestine, and even extends round the
rectum above the pericardium.”

“ The Alimentary Canal:—The mouth practically leads direct
into the stomach, an cesophagus, as such, not being present. The
digestive glands are situated below and at the sides of the stomach,
into which they open. There is nu crystalline style or ‘ fléche
tricuspid.” The intestine is fairly long, and bent on itself several
times; before leaving the visceral mass it enlarges abruptly ; this
point evidently represents the junction of the mid-gut with the
hind-gut. The latter passes dorsally and continues to enlarge,
becoming considerably dilated just in front of the heart ; from
this point it runs posteriorly, aud gradually diminishes in size,
finally opening into the super-branchial chamber above the adductor
muscle. The hind-gut is characterized by the possession of a
longitudinal infolding of its ventral wall, forming what is known
as a, typhlosole.”

“The Nervous System:—The only point of interest: connected
with the nerves is the presence of well-developed pedal ganglia ;
this, in face of the entire suppression of the foot, suggests tiat
the latter has only recently been aborted. The cerebro-pedal
commissures are, however, somewhat short. Owing to the great
transverse width of the mouth, the cerebral ganglia are widely
separated, aud their transverse connective is consequently long.”

200 GLAUCOMYID &.

Suborder CONCHACEA.

Family GLAUCOMYID.
Subfamily GLAUCOMYIN.

Shell transversely elongate, thin, covered with a periostracum ;
hinge bearing three cardinal teeth in each valve; lateral teeth
absent ; ligament external, elongated ; pallial line sinuous.

Animal inhabiting either fresh or brackish water; siphons very
long, united ; gills unequal, the external the smaller and appendi-
culate ; foot small.

Distribution, India; China; Malaysia.

Genus TANYSIPHON.
Tanysiphon, Benson, A. M. N, H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 408, pl. 12.
Typn, Zanysiphon rivalis, Benson, from Bengal.

Range. Gangetic Delta.

Original description :—- Testa subinzquivalvis, inzquilateralis,
transverse oblonga, umbonibus prominentibus obtusis, extremi-
tatibus (postica maxime) hiantibus, margine superiori subarcuato,
yentrali subrecto. Cicatrix siphonalis elongata ,*, longitudinis
testa invadens. Valve dextre dentes tres, 1 anterior angustus
prominens intrans, 2 laminares transversi, medianus prominens,
posterior major obtusus; valve sinistre dentes duo, anterior
bilobatus, posterior major. Ligamentum duplex, externum.
parvum ellipticum, vix convexiusculum, internum lineare toveam
posteriorem occupans, demum laminam cardinalem perpendi-
culariter truncans. Epidermis tenuis. Area interior teste nitida,
non margaritacea.

Some of the teeth are apt, in large specimens, to become
obsolete.

Benson makes the following remarks on the animal :—

“The siphons closely resemble those organs in JJya truncata,
Linn., Woodward, p. 317, fig. 220. Both are united in a finely
annulated compressed scabbard nearly equalling the length of the
shell. A raphe or seam appears along the inferior margin of the
seabbard. The free extremity is surrounded by tentacula, which
are distant, and of unequal length. The orifices of the siphons
are papillar ; that of the branchial siphon, the larger, is provided
with minute tentacula, but the orifice of the exhalant siphon is
naked. The small foot is hatchet-shaped, with the posterior
margin notched. Both the siphons and the foot are wholly
retractile, and highly sensitive. The foot is sometimes extended
and tongue-shaped, but generally of the outline represented.”

TANYSIPHON. 201

“The specimens received in spirits show that the mantle is
closed at the basal edge, presenting narrow openings at either
extremity for the passage of the siphonal sheath and foot. The
suture is nearly straight, scarcely undulate. The foot is thick
and cartilaginous, broad, and with a pit or depression at the
anterior end, and laterally hamate, or bent like the crook of a
walking-stick, the point being towards the hinge-side and the
hinder edge straight, not concave.”

324, Tanysiphon rivalis, Benson.

Tanysiphon rivalis, Benson, A. M.N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, p. 408,
1. 12 B, figs. 1-3; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 47, pl. 116,
gs. 1 & 4.

Original description :—Testa tenui, transverse oblonga, antice
breviori obtusa, postice longiori, angustiori, extus tenuiter striata
et irregulariter remote rugosa, epidermide pallide cornea; natibus
decorticatis latis prominentibus, umbonibus obtusis; valvis male
congruentibus, per spatium breve cardinale et ventrale solum
tactum exhibentibus ; humero umbonali antico breviter compressi-
usculo; area interiori cerulescenti-alba.

Long. 11, lat. 21, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. Streams in the neighbourhood of Calcutta.

Family CYRENIDA.
Subfamily CYRENIN.

Shell equivalve, closing tightly, with umbones often eroded,
covered with a periostracum, not pearly, trigonal or roundly
ovate ; hinge usually bearing two or three cardinal teeth and both
anterior and posterior laterals; ligament external, prominent ;
pallial line simple or sinuous.

Anima} fluviatile, lacustrine or estuarine; with anteriorly open
mantle; generally furnished with two siphons of variable size,
seldom a single (anal) one; foot large, without byssus in the adult
state ; palpes triangular; gills joined behind, unequal, the outer
the shorter.

Distribution. Asia; Africa; America; Australia.

Genus CYRENA.

Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v, 1818, p. 551.

Venus (pars), Chemnitz, Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 1782, p. 333,
pl. 32, fig. 336.

Cyclas (pars), Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth. 1792.

Cyanocyclas, Férussac, Dict. Sci. Nat. xii, 181%.

Polymesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. et Nat. vy, 1820,
p. 219.

202 CYRENIDE.

Muctra, Brongniart, Mém. Vincent, 1823, p. 81, pl. 5, fig. 8.

Gelonia, Gvay, Synop. Brit. Mus. 1844, p. 75.

Cyrena, Prime, Cat. Corbiculidee, 1869-70, p. 141; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 101.

Treg, Cyrena ceylonica (Chemnitz) ; Ceylon.

Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of Asia, Africa,
Oceania aud Australia.

Shell oval or subtrigonal, rather convex, solid, covered with a
periostracum generally of a brownish-green or yellow hue; each
valve bearing three somewhat divergent cardinal teeth ; the right
valve bearing four unequal short lateral teeth, of which the
anterior are more nearly situate to the cardinals than the posterior,
and the outer smaller than the inner; the left valve bearing but
two lateral teeth, one anteriorly and one posteriorly ; pallial line
generally entire.

Animal with very short siphons, large, compressed, trigonal foot,
gills of unequal size, and triangular labial palpes.

325. Cyrena ceylonica (Cheinitz).

Venus ceylonica, Chemn. in Martini & Chemnitz, vi, 1782, p. 333,
pl. 32, fig. 336.
Venus coarans, Gmelin, Syst. Nat. 1788, p. 3278, fig. 336.
Cyclas zeylanica, Lamarck, Ann, Mus. Hist. Nat. vii, 1806, p. 420.
Cyrena zeylanica, Lamarck, An. sans Vert. v, 1818, p. 554; Prime,
Cat. Corbiculidie, 1868, p. 6.
Cyrena ceylonicau, Lamarck, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1869-70, p. 143,
Gen. Cyrena, no. 12; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,
pp- 102-108, pl. 17, figs. 1 & 2, pl. 18, figs. 1 & 2.
Cyrena ceylanica, Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1878, pl. 19, sp. 11.
Shell large, solid, subtrigonal, subeompressed, high, subequi-
lateral, covered with a thin, yellowish epidermis, with fringed
striw: posterior side obtusely two-angled, rather concave in front
of the anterior angle; flattened, much sloped behind the posterior
angle ; anterior side rather short, lateru-dorsal flattened, sloped.
(Sowerby.)
Hab. Ceylon.
The dimensions here given are those of three specimens in the
British Museum Collection :—

JUGS. age ssa ope 62 ol +7) mm
Whales cease eo 65 50 48°5 mm
DM. yah 4 at 35°5 27°25 27 mm.

326. Cyrena impressa, Deshayes.

Cyrena impressa, Deshayes, P.Z.8. xxii, 1854, p. 18; Cat. Brit.
Mus. 1854, p. 249.

Original description :—Testa ovato-subcireulari, obscure sub-
quadrangulari, valde in:equilaterali, turgida, mediocriter crassa ;

203

204 CYRENIDE

epidermide viridi-glaucescente, transversim tenuissime laminata,
postice inferneque atro-virente, lamellis sepius crispis ; umbonibus
minimis, oblique antice curyatis, decorticatis, acutis, parum

Fig. 26.—Cyrena impressa, Desh.; hinge of. Nat. size.

prominentibus ; latere antico-declivi, rectilineo, inferne obtuso ;
margine superiore convexiusculo, postico latere subtruncato, sulco
impresso ab umbone descendente distincto ; lamina cardinali lata,
dentibus primariis tribus augustis, elongatis, prominentibus, apice
profunde fureatis, dente laterali antico conico, brevi, compresso,
postico longiore.

Long. 87, lat. 92, diam. 52mm.

Hab. Java (Jukes); Philippine Islands (Cuming); Australia ;
Ceylon (fide Brit. Mus.).

Type in the British Museum.

mm

CYRENA. 205

327. Cyrena sinuosa, Deshayes.

Cyrena zeylanica, Mousson, Moll. Java, 1849, p. 89, pl. 12.

Cyrena sinuosa, Desh., P. Z.S. xxii, 1854, p. 18; Cat. Brit. Mus.,
Conchif. 1854, p. 249; Prime, Cat. Corbiculide, 1863, p. 6,
1869-1870, p. 147, no. 70; Sowerby, Con. Icon. 1878, pl. 7,
sp. 26; P P Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,"pp. 228-229,
pl. 46, fig. 1

Original. description :—Testa ovato-rotundata, tumida, cordi-
formi, solida, valde inequilaterali, epidermide fusco-fuliginosa,
transversim tenue lamellosa vestita; latere antico brevi, rotundato,
postico subtruncato, latere supero-posticali suleo, profundo,
sinuoso, decurrente separato ; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus,
sepius erosis; ligamento angusto, partim infosso; valvis intus
albis; cardine crasso, utroque latere tridentato, dentibus obliquis,
mediano et postico valve dextre bifidis; dentibus lateralibus
brevibus, antico crasso, conico, apice acuto.

Hab. Java. Ceylon fide Sowerby.

Type in the British Museum.

The following dimensions are those of specimens in the
National Collection, nos. 1 and 2 being the type specimens from
Java and no. 3 a specimen labelled “ China.”

1 2, 3.
Longs, cesses. 68 63 73 mm.
Late aviedees 71 68 78 mm.
Diam. g5eee ew 43 38 42mm.

Clessin’s figure in the Conch. Cab. 1879, pl. 45, fig. 1 is
certainly not that of Deshayes’ species.

328. Cyrena bengalensis, Lamarck.

Cyrena bengalensis, Lamarck, Anim. sans Vert. v, 1818, p. 554;
Delessert, Recueil, 1841, pl. 7, figs. 6a-Gd; Prime, Cat. Corb.,
vi, 1865 ; 1869-70, p. 142, Gen. Cyrena, no. 5; Sowerby, Conch.
Icon. xx, 1878, pl. 7, sp. 23; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, pp. 107-108, pl. 13, figs. 1 & 2, pl. 17, tigs. 4 & 6.

Venus bengalensis, Lister, Hist. An. pl. 345, fig. 182.

Cyelas bengalensis, Férussac, Cat. 1837, p. 20.

Cyrena turgida, Lea, Philadelphia, Pa., Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc.
y, 1832, p. 109, pl. 18, fig. 51; Hanley, Descrip. Cat. 1844, p. 98,
pl. 14, fig. 50.

Shell solid, tumid, thick, subtrigonal, blackish-brown, roughly
striated; anterior side high, very short, sloped, full; posterior
side produced, dorsal margin with a long slope, truneated at the
end, very slightly excavated in front of the angle. (Sowerby.)

Hab. Bengal.

206 CYRENID A.

The following are the dimensions of three specimens in the
British Museum Collection :-—

1. 2 3.
Long. eis aes 47°25 42 41°25 mm.
Lia Gs hace ereeuees 52°5 48 43 mm.
Diam. ........ 31°75 26°5 28 mm.

329. Cyrena tennentii, Hanley.
Cyrena tennentii, Tlanley, P.Z.S. xxvi, 1858, p. 23; Prime, Cat,

Corbiculide, 1869-70, p. 148, no. 75; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, p. 240.

Original description :—Testa ovato-subtrigona, solida, ventricosa,
inzquilaterali, sublevigata, epidermide tenui impolita fusco-
lutescente vestita: umbonibus tumidis, decorticatis, valde promi-
nentibus, vix obliquis; latere antico anguste rotundato; latere
postico longiore subattenuato, ad extremitatem obtuse rotundato ;
margine ventrali arcuato; margine dorsali antice declivi, convexo,
postice subdeclivi, convexiusculo ; lunula nulla; superficie interna
albido-violascente ; dentibus lateralibus brevibus, validis, obtusis ;
antico approximato, postico remoto: sinu palliari brevissimo,
acutissimo.

Long. 27°75, lat. 38 mm.

Hab. Ariho River (flowing into the Gulf of Manaar), Ceylon.

In a note appended to the description the author states that
ere ae the hinge-margin is strong, and the cardinal teeth of
the right valve peculiarly large. The inner disk, beneath the
umbones, has a redder tint; there is neither a lunule, nor any
indication of an umbonal ridge.”

330. Cyrena proxima, Prime.

Cyrena proxima, Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1864,
pp. 85-86, fig. dd.

Original description :—Testa ovato-suborbiculari, subaqui-
laterali, subinflata; latere antico rotundato, postico subobtuso ;
pagina interna candidissima; cardine crasso, lato; dentibus cardi-
nalibus angustis, divergentibus, majoribus bifidis ; umbonibus
parvulis, integris, inclinatis, incurvis, approximatis ; striis
obsoletis ; epidermide viridi, nitente induta.

Long. 63, lat. 67, diam. 37 mm.

Hab, Siam; Sulinan Island, Mergui (fide Brit. Mus.).

The following note is appended to the description :—

“The shell is oval-suborbicular, nearly equilateral, and some-
what inflated. The anterior side is rounded, the posterior is
subobtuse. The beaks are small, they curve inwardly and are
approximate. ‘The valves are solid. ‘The interior is white. The
hinge is broad. The cardinal teeth are narrow and divergent,
the two principal ones are bifid. The anterior lateral tooth is

CYRENA.—BATISSA. 207

conical and the posterior are somewhat elongated and flattened.
The strie are more or less obsolete. The epidermis is light green
aud polished. The ligament is narrow, elongated; and not
prominent.”

The only specimens of this species which the author has been
able to see are those in the British Museum, two in number,
which, though they agree well with Prime’s description and figure,
are much smaller, having somewhat the appearance cf young
specimens; their measurements being as below :--

1, 2
Long: sew cees 43 46 mm.
aby Lene Pare ales ds AT-5 49 mm.
Diaitie. vesieqereses 24 24-5 mm.

331. Cyrena galathez (MJérch).
Cyrena (Corneocyclas) galathee (Reinhardt MS,), Morch, Cat.
Conch. Kierulf, 1850, p. 32, pl. 2.
Cyrena galathea, Prime, Cat. Corb., 1863, p. 6; 1869-70, p. 144,
no. 33,

Original description :--Testa cordato-trigona, inzquilatera,
turgida, concentrice striata, postice longiore, truncata, antice et
inferne angulata, umbonibus distantibus, prominentibus ad 4
anter. sitis ; lunula rhomboidali, medio carinata ; area lanceolata,
convexa, ligamento tumido duplo longiore. Dentibus lateralibus
interne fovea impressa; d. 1. posteriore vy. sin. triangulari
compresso; pone ligamentum sito; d. lunulari v. s. conico,
dentibus cardinalibus aproximato. Dentium cardinalium 2
anterioribus v. s. et 2 posterioribus v. d. bifidis, dente card.
posteriore v. s. lineari, v. d. obsoleto. Limbo augusto, nitido.
Impressione musculari semilunari, posteriore rhomboidali, duplo
majore. Colore albo, dentibus cardinalibus et fundo cavitatis
flavescentibus. Epidermide nigrescente, antice radiis obsoletis.

Long. 100, lat. 120, diam. 74mm.

Hab. Galatea River, Nicobar Islands.

Genus BATISSA.

Batissa, Gray, A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 38.

Cyprina, Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth. 1792.

Cyrena, Lamarck, Anim. s. Vert. v, 1818, p. 553,

Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pl. 2, fig. 18;
Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. 1854, p. 219; Prime, Cat. Corbiculide,
1869-70, p. 138; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch. Cab.
1879, p. 206.

Typu, Batissa tenebrosa, Hinds, from the Fiji Islands.

Range. Nicobar Islands; Malay Archipelago; N. Australia and
Tropical Islands of the Pacific.

208 CYRENIDA.

Shell roundedly ovate or subtrigonal, solid, thick, dorsal margin,
bearing on each valve three divergent cardinal teeth; lateral teeth
curved, elongated, striate, unequal, shorter in front than behind,
double on the right valve; ligament large, projecting, thick ;
pallial impression simple or subsinuous.

Animal having two short siphons, united at their base; mantle
lobes simple or fringed.

332. Batissa inflata, Prime.
Batissa inflata, Prime, P.Z.S. xxviii, 1860, p. 320; Cat. Corbi-
culide, 1869-70, p. 1389; Sowerby, Conch. Icon. xx, 1878,
pl. 4, sp. 10; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 218-
219;

Original description :—Testa magna, orbiculari, inequilaterali,
crassa, solida, obtusa, epidermide rugosa, fusco-nigrescente vestita ;
umbonibus productis, erosis obliquis ; valvis intus albis et violaceis ;
dentibus cardinalibus crassis, subsequalibus ; lateralibus angustis.

Long. 83, lat. 96, diam. 57 mm.

Hab. Nicobar Islands.

333. Batissa similis, Prime.
Batissa similis, Prime, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist., N.Y. vii, 1859,
p. 112; viii, 1866, p. 229, fig. 60; Cat. Corbiculide, 1863, p. 5;
1869-70, p. 140, no. 25; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,
p. 213, pl. 36, fig. 3.

Original description :—Testa ovato-orbiculari, oblique inaqui-
laterali, tumida, solida, depressa, intus superne alba, postice
inferneque violacea, epidermide nigra vestita, sulcis remotis,
umbonibus profunde erosis; dentibus cardinalibus tribus, sub-
eequalibus, caniculatis ; lateralibus elongatis, angustis, subequal-
ibus, serrulatis.

Long. 53, lat. 79, diam. 34°5 mm.

Hab. Nicobar Islands.

334, Batissa capillata, Preston.

Batissa capiliata, Preston, Rec. Ind, Mus., Caleutta, ii, 1908, p. 207,
pl. 16, fig. 39.

Original description:—Shell subtrigonal, inequilateral, thick,
rather inflated, covered with a dark, brownish-black periostracum
except in the umbonal region where erosion has taken place,
sculptured with coarse, irregular, concentric growth-lines which
are obliquely crossed posteriorly with coarse hair-like ridges ;
anterior side somewhat angularly rounded ; posterior side slightly
produced, obscurely angled ; ventral margin rounded ; ligament
large, prominent ; cardinal teeth broad and very coarse ; anterior
lateral teeth elongated, finely striate ; interior of shell purplish-
white, the purple staining deepening posteriorly.

Long. 74, lat. 72 mm.

Hab. Andaman Islands (Warneford).

VELORITA, 209

Genus VELORITA.

Velorita, Gray, 1834, in Griffith, Animal Kingdom, xii, 1834, pl. 31,
fig. 5 (misprinted Villorita) ; Synops. B. M. 1842, p. 75; P.Z.S. xii,
1847, p. 184; A. M.N.H. ser. 2, xi, 1853, p. 38.

Cyrena, Gray, Aun. Phil. n. ser. ix, 1825, p. 187.

Venus, Gray, in Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pl. 2, fig. 14.

Villorita, Dunker. 1846 (misprint); Cyrenodonte, Johannis, Mag.
Zool. 1836, pl. 70.

Velorita, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 240; Prime, Cat.
Corbiculide, 1869-70, p. 141; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 224,

Trpx, Velorita cyprinoides, Gray, from the Philippine Islands.

Range. S. India and the Philippines.

Shell triangularly cordiform, solid, with well marked lunule ;
umbones prominent; dorsal margin thick ; hinge bearing on each
valve three oblique cardinal teeth of which the anterior in the
right and the posterior in the left valve are obsolete ; lateral teeth
finely striate: the anterior short, strong, triangular, closely
situated to the cardinal teeth ; the posterior compressed, elongated,
diverging ; pallial line leaving a sinus scarcely noticeable at its
junction with the posterior adductor impression of the valves.
Animal unknown.

335. Velorita cyprinoides (Gray).

Cyrena cyprinoides, Gray, Ann. Phil. n. ser, ix, 1825, p. 136.

Venus cyprinoides, Gray, Wood, Index Test., Suppl. 1828, pl. 2,
fig. 14. :

Velorita cyprinoides, Gray in Griffifth, Animal Kingdom, xii, 18:4,
pl. 81, fig. 5; Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854, pp. 240-
241; Prime, Cat. Corbiculide, 1869-70, p. 141, no. 2; Clessin,
in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 224-295, pl. 42, figs. 3 & 4.

Original description:—Testa cordato-trigona, gibba, vlivacea,
concentrice sulcata; cardine incrassata, dentibus lateralibus
levibus, anteriori conico ceteris approximato.

Long 31-5, lat. 83:5 mm.

The habitat is undoubtedly Southern India, the original locality
“Japan” and later “? Philippines,” the latter quoted by Prime
in his ‘ Cat. Corbiculide,’ are certainly both erroneous.

The following dimensions are taken from authentic Malabar
Coast specimens in the British Museum :—

1. 2; 3.
Long. .....+- 41 31 29 mm.
Dials. 0.4 Gane eae 39 29 28°5 mm.
Dian. ........ 30 225 21 mm.

210 CYRENIDZ,

336. Velorita cochinensis (Hanley).
Cyrena cochinensis, Hanley, P. Z. 8. xxvi, 1858, p. 545. :
Cyrena cor biculitormis, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1860, p. 80; Cat. Corbiculide, 1863, p. 6.
Felorita cochinensis, Hanley, Ann. Lyc. ge Hist. N.Y. viii, 1866,
. 236, fig. 66; Prime, Cat. Corbiculidee, 1869-70, p. 141, no. 1;
lessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 225, pl. 36, figs. 5 & 6.

Original description:—Testa cordata, crassa, valde inzquilate
obliqua, ventricosa seu tumida, epidermide nitente, nigro-
fuscescente vestita, sulcis remotiusculis antice exarata, postice magis
minusve levigata; extremitate lateris antici perbrevis rotundata ;
lateris postici attenuati productique, in adultis obtusa, in Junioribus
rotundato-acuminata: margine ventrali arcuato antice valde,
postice parum acclivi: natibus obliquis, erosis, prominentibus :
lonula nulla, loco ejus autem sulcorum experte: area dorsali postica
lata, retusa: superficie interna alba, margine cardinali violaceo
sparso, concavitate nonnunquam rubescente, sinu palliari vix ullo:
dentibus primariis vix emarginatis; lateralibus haud manifeste
striatis, sub lente autem minutissime corrugato-granosis, antico
brevi et valde approximato, postico elongato et remotiore.

Long. 47, lat. 38 mm.

Hab. Cochin.

In a note following the original description, the author makes
the following remarks:—‘*.... The primary teeth are somewhat
peculiar, and have a tendency to shelve outwards; the hinder
aud central ones’ are not strictly bifid, but exhibit a kind of
shallow sublateral grooving; the front one in the right valve
is very short, and simply pyramidal. The beaks are probably
acute when young; the surfuce below the epidermis is reddish
purple.”

The following measurements are taken from three specimens
in the British Museum, labelled as coming from the Malabar
Coast :—

1. Ds 3.
Long. vsvescss 34 35 32 mm.
Latics seeeg ens 86°25 35°75 33 mm.
Digmisessiaoeccs 235 25°5 22 mm.

Genus CORBICULA.

Corbicula, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811, p. 56.

Tellina (pars), Miter, Verm. ii, 1774, p. 205,

Venus (pars), Chemnitz, in Martini & Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. vi,
1782, p. 820.

Cyclas (pars), Bruguiére, Eacyel. Méth, 1792.

Cyrena, Liimarck, Anim. sans Vert. v, 1818, p. 552.

Venulites, Schloth., Petref. 1820, p. 200.

Tyee, Corbicula fluminalis, Megerle.
Range. Tropical and subtropical regions of the world.

CORBICULA. 211

Shell subtrigonal or cordiform, subequilateral ; with umbones
prominent, concentrically grooved ; hinge bearing three divergent
cardinal teeth in each valve; lateral teeth elongated, compressed,
lamelliform, finely striate; right valve having two lateral teeth
both anteriorly and posteriorly, the left valve having but one on
each side; pallial line usually continuous.

Animal having the edge of the mantle ornamented with small
conical tentacles; siphons very short, closely situate; orifices
papillary ; foot tongue-shaped, rather large, laterally compressed ;
palpes triangular, large ; gills joined behind.

337. Corbicula fluminalis (Midler).

Tellina fruminalis, Mil. Verm. ii, p. 205.

Venus fluminalis, Chemn. in Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 319, pl. 80, fig. 820;
‘Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 8, fig. 118.

Tellina fluminalis, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 195, no. 20; Gmel.
S. N. p. 8242, no. 79.

Cyclas fluminalis, Blainv. D. 8. N. xii, p. 280.

Cyrena fuscata, var.?, Lamk, An. 8. Vert. v, p. 522, no. 4.

Corbicula fluminalis, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854,
pp. 222-293,

Original description :—Testa crassa, dura valde gibba, opaca,
antice versus cardinem latior, quam postice, extus viridis crebro
striatim imbricata; striae aperture parallele. Intus cyanea;
cardiuis dentes medii sex cum fossulis, tres nempe in quavis
valvula, utriusque ligamento proximus emarginatus est; laterales
utrinque elongati, sulcique excipientes, crenulati sunt.

Hab. India, ete.

The following dimensions are those of two specimens in the
British Museum :—

1. 2.
Loong. ........ 89°25 38 mm.
aberenniae geese 3 45 43°25 min.
Diam. ........ 26 23°5 mm.

Var. holstiana, Schlesch, Calcutta, Rec. Ind. Mus, ii, 1908,
p- 108.

Said to be more arched than the typical form.

Hub. Hoti-Mardan, near Peshawar.

338. Corbicula fuminea (J/iiller).

Lellina fluminea, Mill. Verm, ii. p. 206; Gmel. S. N. p. 3243,
no. 80.

Cyclas fluminea, Blainv. D. 8. N. xii, p. 280.

Venus fluminea, Chemn. in Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 320, pl. 30, figs. 822,
323, an eadem species? ; Schroter, Hinl. iii, p. 169, no. 13;
Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 8, fig. 114.

Tellina frwiatilis, Schroter, Flussconch. p. 193, pl. 4, figs. 2a & b.

PZ

212 OYRENIDA.

Cyrena fluminea, Lamk. An. s, Vert. v, p. 553, no. 5; Hanley,
Deser. Cat. p. 92; Philippi, Abbild. Conch. p. 2, no. 8, pl. I,
tig. 8, an eadem species? : Mousson, Moll. de Java, p. 87, no. 2,
pl. 15, fig. 3.

Original description:—Testa gibba, opaca, antice et postice
versus cardinem fere equalis, extus viridis, costis latis transversis
quasi circulis doliaribus cireumdata; intus albida semicirculo
nigro notata. Cardinis dentes et fossula, uti in precedente.

Hab. India, ete.

The dimensions given below are those of three specimens in the
British Museum :—

1. 2. 3.
LONG ine watts 35°25 37 32:5 mm.
Liaibeoc yaaa ees 42 41°25 37) mm.
Diam. ........ 23 29-25 23) mm.

339, Corbicula fluviatilis (filler).

Tellina fluviatilis, Miller, Verm. ii, 1774, p. 206.

Cyclas fluviatilis, Blainv. D. 8. N. xii, p. 280.

Venus fluviatilis, Chemnitz, Conch.-Cab. vi, p. 830, pl. 80, fig. 321 ;
Wood, Ind. Test. pl. 8, fig. 115.

Cyrena fuscata, Lamk. An. s. Vert. v, p. 552, no. 4, exclus. var.

Cyrena fluviatilis, Philippi, Abbild. act A 3, no. 5, pl. I, fig. 5.

Cyrena manilensis, Philippi, Zeitschr. fiir Malak. 1841, p. 163.

Corbicula fluviatilis, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. 1854,
p. 226; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Cordicula, no. 41,
p. 182; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 151-152,
pl. 27, figs. 3-6.

Original description:—Testa latior et tenuior proxime pre-
cedentibus, fusco-virens, in cardine antice et postice equalis
latitudinis, lineis elevatis cincta area interjecta angustior, quam in
T. [C.] fluminea, variolosa. Facies interna dentesque cardinis
uti in proxime precidentibus.

Hab. India, ete.

The dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum Collection
are :-—Long. 17, lat. 19°25, diam. 12°25 mm.

340. Corbicula parvula, Prime.

Corbicula parvula, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. 127; Cat. Corb, 1863, p. 4; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 76, fig. 25; Cat. Corb, 1869-70, no. 76,

Oriyinal description :—Testa ovato-transversa, depressiuscula,
tenui, equilaterali, extremitatibus rotundata ; umbonibus magnis,
tumidis, erosis ; sulcis irregularibus ; epidermide viridi flavescente,
irregulariter maculata vestita; intus pallide violacea; dentibus
primariis crassis, lateralibus zqualibus.

Long. 10, lat. 12, diam. 5 mm.

Hab, India.

CORBICUEBA. 213

341. Corbicula agrensis, Prime.

Corbicula agrensis, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. 128; Cat. Corb. 1863, p. 3; Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 75, fig. 24; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 175,
pl. 30, tig. 28.

Original description :-—Testa ovato - transversa, squilaterali,
levigata, depressiuscula, extremitatibus rotundata; epidermide
viridt-olivacea induta; sulcis regularibus, distantibus; intus
pallide violacea; umbonibus tumidis, erosis; cardine angusto,
dentibus cardinalibus crassis, lateralibus equalibus tenuiter
serrulatis.

Long. 8, lat. 8, diam. 5 mm.

Hub. Agra.

342. Corbicula subradiata, Prime.

Corbicula subradiata, Prime, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad. 1861,
p. 127; Cat. Corb. p. 4, 1863; Ann. Lyc. Nat, Hist. N.Y. viii,
1864, p. 75, tig. 28, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879,
p. 174, pl. 80, fig. 21.

Original description :——-Testa trigona, equilaterali, compressi-
uscula, antice paulo latiore et obtusiore, striis regularibus,
epidermide viridi, nitente induta; intus pallide violacea; um-
bonibus winimis, acutis antice obliquatis, violaceo-subradiatis
cardine angusto, dentibus primariis crassis.

Long. 12, lat. 14, diam 7 mm.

Hab. India.

343. Corbicula cashmirensis, Deshayes.

Corbicula cashmirensis, Deshayes, P. Z.S. xxii, 1854, p. 344;
Cat. Brit. Mus., Couchif. p. 224; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70,
Gen. Corbicula, no. 18; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 55, pl. 138,
figs. 2 & 3; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 166,
no. 57, pl. 29, tigs. 17 & 18.

Original description :--Testa ovato-transversa, subtrigona,
equilaterali, tumidula, transversim tenue et regulariter striata,
striis postice evanesventibus, epidermide nitida, atro-virescente,
in latere postico tenuissime striata vestita; umbonibus tumidis,
prominentibus, profunde erosis, violaceis; cardine angusto, in
valva dextra bidentato, in altera tridentato, valvule dextre dente
antico laterali adnato, dentibus primariis divergentibus, sim-
plicibus, lateralibus lougis, angustis, antico longiore, cardine
proximo ; valvis intus violaceis, impressione pallii margine valde
remota.

Hab. Cashmir; also recorded from Beluchistan, Avantipura,
ete.

Of the following dimensions (none having been given with the
description), Nos. 1, 2, & 3 are taken from the three specimens

214 CYRENID A.

which form the type series; the dimensions of No. 4 are those
of the specimen figured by Hanley and Theobald in the Conch.
Ind. All four are now in the British Museum.

1. 2: 3. 4,
Longs cess ssa: 32°25 30 33 25°75 mm.
Vabieves beet was 37 36 38°35 29° mm.
Diam. ........ 10-25 20°5 12 16) mm.

344, Corbicula trigona, Deshayes.

Corbicula trigona, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 344; Cat.
Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224; Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y.
viii, 1866, p. 221, fig. 53; Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula,
no. 102; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pl. 155, tig. 7; Clessin, iu
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 2038, no. 126.

Original description :--Testa trigona, sequilaterali, compressi-
uscula, antice paulo latiore et obtusiore, utroque Jatere sequaliter
declivi, transversim tenue et regulariter striata, epidermide viridi,
nitente induta, intus pallide violacea; umbonibus minimis,
brevibus acutis; lunula ovata, angulo obsoleto circumscripta,
pallida laevigata; cardine angusto, bidentato, altero tridentato ;
dentibus lateralibus equalibus, tenuissime striatis, antico leviter
arcuato.

Hab. Pondicherry.

The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in
the type series in the British Museum :—

1. 2. 3.
Long. ........ 11:25 10 10°75 mm.
Tatyccanceesion ans 12°75 11-75 12:25 mm.
Diam. ........ 7 #3 7 mm.

* Single valve.

345. Corbicula striatella, Deshayes.

Corbicula striatella, Deshayes, P. Z. 8. xxii, 1854, p. 844; Cat.
Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 224; Hanley, Photog. Conch. ; Prime,
Ann, Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. vili, 1864, p. 74, fig. 22; H. & T,
C. I. 1876, p. 55, pl. 188, figs, 7 & 10; Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, p. 167, no. 58, pl. 29, figs. 19 & 20, pl. 30,
fig. 20,

Corbicula violacea, Prime, op. cit. 1861, p. 28, teste Prime;
Proce. Acad, Nat, Sci. Philad. 1861, p. 128.

Original description :—Testa ovato-transyersa, depressiuscula,
subequilaterali, extremitatibus squaliter obtusa, transversim
regulariter lirata, liris ad latus posticum evanescentibus, epi-
dermide pallide virescente, nitida vestita, intus atro-violacea ;
uinbonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus, pallidiore biradiatis ;

CORBICULA. 21a

cardine angusto, tridentato, dentibus inequalibus, divaricatis,
postico longiore et angustiore, dentibus lateralibus elongatis,
angustis subequalibus, arcuatis, tenuissime striatis.

flab. Pondicherry ; also recorded from Scinde.

The dimensions of Nos. 1 and 2, as given below, are those of
the two type specimens; those of No. 8 refer to the largest
Scindian specimens, All are in the British Museum.

1. 2. 3.
Long. ..... .. 14:25 10 18°55 mm.
Tiats eine a a es 18 12:25 21) mm.
Diam. ....... 10 6°25 12°75 mm.

346. Corbicula huttoniana, Clessin.

Corbicula huttoniana, Clessin, Mal. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, pp. 77-78,
pl. 3, fig. 5.

Original description:—Testa mediocris, ovata, subsequilateralis,
solidula, modice inflata, nitidula, anguste regulariterque sulcata ;
epidermide flavescente vel fuscescente; antice vix acuminatim
rotundata; postice rotundata; umbonibus modice inflatis et
prominentibus; margine dorsali valde arcuato, marg. postico
et antico rotundata, marg. ventrali convexo; ligamentum curtum,
tenue ; lunula profunda, elongata; cardine modice angusta;
dentibus lateralibus zqualibus ; margarita violacea.

Long. 17, lat. 21, diam. 11 mm.

Hab. Ahimdabad.

347. Corbicula subnitens, Clessin.

Corbicula subnitens, Clessin, Mal, Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 77, pl. 3,
fig. 5.

Original description :—Testa parva, triangulata, tenuis, ventri-
cosa, subzequilateralis, paullulum nitidula, levissime irregulari-
terque striata, obscure olivaceo-viridescente; antice rotundata ;
postice acuminatim rotundata; umbonibus inflatis, prominentibus ;
margine dorsali arcuato; marg. postico et antico rotundato;
marg. ventrali convexo ; ligamentum curtum, leve ; lunula incon-
spicua; cardine angustissimo ; dentibus lateralibus subzequalibus ;
margarita violacea.

Long. 18, Jat. 13, diam. 12 min.

Hab. Ceylon?

348. Corbicula solida, Olessin.

Corbicula solida, Clessin, Mal. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, p. 76, pl. 3,
tig. 4.

Original description:—Testa parva, fere triangulata, sub-
equilateralis, solidissima, nitidula, epidermide olivaceo-flavescente,

216 CYRENIDE.

regulariter anguste sulcata; antice paullulum acuminata, postice
subtruncata; umbonibus inflatis, valde prominentibus, erosis ;
margine dorsali fere angulato, marg. antico rotundato, marg.
postico rotundato, marg. ventrali valde convexo; ligamentum
curtum, solidum, lunula triangulata ; cardine valde incrassato ;
dentibus cardinalibus crassis; dent. lateral. paullulum arcuatis,
subequalibus ; margarita suturate violacea.

Long. 12, lat. 11:5, diam. 10 mm.

Hab. Ceylon.

Type in the British Museum.

349. Corbicula nevilli, Clessin.

Cubiots nevilli, Clessin, Mal. Blatt. ix, n. f. 1887, pp. 70-71, pl. 2,
g.5.

Original description :—Testa parvula, modice solidula, ovato-
rotundata, nitidula, sulcis distantibus ornata, epidermide flaves-
cente ; antice vix subacuminata, rotundata; postice subtruncata,
umbonibus pauliulum elevatis, erosis; margine dorsali valde
arcuato, marg. antico rotundato, m. postice rotundato, m. inferioir
convexo; ligamentum crassium; lunula profunda; cardine in-
crassato ; dentibus cardinalibus tenuibus; dent. later. sub-
equalibus, subarcuatis ; margarita violacea, sub umbo. pallida.

Long. 12, lat. 14°5, diam. 9 mm.

Hab, Assam.

350. Corbicula occidens, Deshayes.

Corbicula occidens, Deshayes, Cat. Brit. Mus. Conchif. 1854, p. 228 ;
Prime, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii, 1866, p. 220, fig. 51;
H. & T., C. 1. p. 55, pl. 188, tigs. 8, 9.

Original description:— Testa ovato-transversa, equilaterali,
tumida, tenui, transversim regulariter lirato-sulcata ; epidermide
flavescente-viridi vestita, ad umbones atro-violascente vel breviter
albo radiata; umbonibus tumidis, brevibus, levigatis; lunnla
ovato-lanceolata, pallida, laevigata; valvis intus profunde fusco-
violascentibus; cardine angusto, ineequaliter tridentato ; dentibus
lateralibus brevibus angustis albis tenue striatis.

Hab. Sikkim ; Moradabad, Bengal.

The dimensions given below are taken from three specimens in
the British Museum :—

1. 2. 3.
LON Bis heres 13°25 11:25 12:25 mm.
Tats scacwaas 16 13°25 15 mn,
Diam......... 8 7 7-75 mm.

351. Corbicula iravadica, Blanford.

Corbicula iravadica, Blanford, J. A. 8. B. xlix, 1880, pp. 221-222 ;
IL & 'f, C. I, 1876, p. 62, pl. 115, fix, 8

”

, CORBICULA. 21%

Original description :— Testa fere exquilateralis, rhomboideo-
ovata, ventricosa, solidiuscula, concentrice striato atque costulis
subremotis, interdum plus minusve obsoletis, ornata, epidermide
olivacea induta, intus violacea: latere antice ante umbones
prominentes subhorizontali; tunc fere regulariter convexo, postico
declivi, oblique subtruncatulo, demum subangulato, margine
ventrali modice arcuato ; ligamento postice subito contracto.

Long. 9, lat. 10°5, diam. 7 mm.

The author also gives the dimensions of another specimen
as :—-

Long. 8°5, Jat. 11:5, diam. 7 mm.

Hub, Mandalay.

352. Corbicula regularis, Prime.

Corbicula regularis, Prime, P. Z. S. xxviii, 1860, pp. 321-322 ;
Cat. Corb. 1869-70, Gen. Corbicula, p. 186, no. 90; H. & T.,CO.1
1876, p. 55, pl. 138, tigs. 5, 6; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 202.

Original description :—Testa ovato-transversa, equilaterali, intus
violacea, epidermide viridi-flavescente ; umbonibus disparibus ;
dentibus cardinalibus tribus, inequalibus, lateralibus prelongis,
striatis.

Long. 17-75, lat. 22°75, diam. 11 mm.

Hab. Deccan; also recorded from Madras.

353. Corbicula bengalensis, Deshayes.

Corbicula bengalensis, Deshayes, P, Z. 8. 1854, p. 844; Cat. Brit.
Mus., Conchif. p. 224; Prime, Cat. Corb. 1864, p. 4; 1869-70,
Gen. Corbicula, p. 128, no. 10; Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1866, p. 200, fig. 52; H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 62, pl. 155, fig. 6
(Corbicula bengalica [sic], Deshayes); Clessin, in Martini &
Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 188-149, pl. 24, fig. 20.

Original description :—Testa ovato-subtrigona, depressiuscula,
tenui, subzequilaterali, obsolete transversim striata, striis, regu-
laribus, distantibus, epidermide flavescente, nitidissima, intus alba,
in medio macula rubescente notata; umbonibus miuvimis acutis ;
cardine angusto, tridentato, altero bidentato ; dentibus lateralibus
angustissimis, argute striatis.

Hab. Bengal; also recorded from the River Jumna.

The dimensions given below are taken trom the two specimens
forming the type series in the British Museum :—

1, 2,
ILODEs: - escias oss 8 8 mm
Late egetactetet a) 9°75 min
Diam. ........ 5 *2 nm

* Single valve.

218 CYRENIDZ.

354. Corbicula bensoni, Deshayes.

Corbicula benson?, Deshayes, P. Z. S. xxii, 1854, p. 345; Cat. Brit.
Mus., Vener. p. £24. :
Corbicula bensonii, Desh., Prime, Cat. Corb. 1869-70; Gen. Corbicula,

p. 128, no. 11.
Corbicula bensoni, H. & T., C. I. 1876, p. 55, pl. 138, figs. 1, 4;
Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 198, uo. 111.

Original description :—Testa ovato-transversa, subtrigona, equi-
laterali, levigata, nitida, depressiuscula, extremitatibus, obtusa,
utroque latere squaliter declivi, epidermide tenui, nitente, vires-
cente vel flavescente induta, aliquantisper lineis interruptis, fuscis
radiata, intus alba, vel pallide violascente ; cardine angusto, tri-
dentato, dentibus inzequalibus valde divaricatis, dentibus lateralibus
prelongis, angustissimis, tenuissime striato-crenatis, antico paullo
longiore.

Hab. Bengal ; also recorded from the River Jumna.

The dimensions given below are taken as follows :—No. 1 from
the single valve representing the type, and Nos. 2 and 3 from two
other specimens in the British Museum :—

ls 2. 3.
Long. need es vis) 7 7 mm.
Wats: saan spat 9°25 9°5 9-25 mm.
Diam. ...... #2 4:25 *2 mm.

* Single valves.

355. Corbicula consanguinea, Prime.
Corbicula consanguinea, Prime, Ann. Lye. Nat. Hist. N.Y. viii,
1867, p. 417; Cat. Corb. 1869-70, p. 129, no, 22; Clessin, in
Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 199.

Original description :—Testa ovato-transversa, compressiuscula,
squilaterali; epidermide viridescente, nitente vestita; regulariter
striata; umbonibus brevibus, atro-violascentibus ; valvis intus
violaceis; cardine lato. ,

Long. 14, lat. 16, diam. 9 mm.

Hab. India.

The type is inaccessible to the compiler of the present volume ;
the author, however, states that though closely allied to C. stria-
tella, Deshayes, the lateral teeth are stronger and much broader
in the present species.

356. Corbicula sylhetica, Preston.
Corbicula sythetica, Preston, Rec. Ind, Mus. Calcutta, ii, 1908,
pp. 47-48 (fig. in text).
Original description :— Shell nearly equilateral, tumid, sub-
trigonal, pale olive-green, sculptured with fine irregular concentric

CORBICULA,. 219

strie ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side somewhat angularly
rounded ; lateral margins sloped ; ventral margin rounded, slightly
contracted towards the posterior side ; umboes large; interior of
shell purplish-white. ,

Long. 10°5, lat. 12 mm.

Hab. Phenchooganj, Sylhet, Assam.

Type in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

Allied to C. travadica, Benson, but is more trigonal and more
swollen.

357. Corbicula quilonica, Benson.

Corbicula quilonica, Benson, A. M. N. H. ser. 8, vi, 1860, p. 260.

Corbicula quilunensis [sic] Benson; Prime, Ann. Lyc. Nat. Hist.
N.Y. vili, 1866, p. 224, fie. 56; Cat. Corbiculide, 1869-70,
p. 185, no. 87; Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 135,
pl. 24, fig. 10.

Original description :—Testa inequilaterali, trigono-rhomboidea,
gibba, tenui, concentrice subremote costata, costis postice evanes-
centibua, sulcis intermediis latioribus, sub lente decussatim striatis,
alvida vel lutea, radiis fuscis augustis ornata; umbonibus promi-
nentibus, apice fere eroso; latere antico breviore, valde arcuato,
angustiore, postico striato, latiore; superne et basin versus
uugulata; margine ventrali mediocriter arcuato; ligamento ob-
longo intra nates attenuato ; pagina interna valde concava, albida,
maculis radiisque purpureis ornata; dente mediana valve dextre
duplici, dentibus lateralibus brevibus serrulatis.

Long. 8, lat. 10, diam. 5-5 mm.

Hab, Near Quilon, in (probably brackish) ponds.

The author adds a note to his description from which the
following may be quoted :—‘“ The younger shells are more gibbous
towards the umbones in proportion to their length than the larger
specimens. A tawny-yellow epidermis covers the fresher speci-
mens. The rays are numerous, more or less broad, sometimes
appearing as mere lines of small spots, and occasionally spreading
so as to make the surface appear nearly black. ...... The
shortness of the lateral teeth, on the anterior side especially, is a
notable character, as well as the inequilateral form, which is
more conspicuous in the young than in the adult shell.”

358. Corbicula alberti, Preston, nom. nov.

Corbicula violacea, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 180-
181, p. 30, figs. 18, 19.

Shell small, almost equilateral, swollen, fairly thin, polished,
shining, strongly and distantly ribbed, covered with a dark olive-
brown periostracum ; anterior side scarcely attenuated, rounded ;
posterior side dilated, truncated; vertical transverse section
cordate; horizontal contour ovate; umbones broad, inflated,

220 CYRENID&.

prominent, eroded; anterior margin rounded, gradually passing
into the lower margin; ventral margia much arched ; posterior
margin curved, somewhat truncated ; ligament short, thin ;
ligamental sinus sHallow, slightly rounded ; escutcheon and lunule
absent ; interior of shell polished only at the margins ; nacre dark
violet; hinge margin narrow; lateral teeth long, the anterior
longer than the posterior, the inner almost uniting with the
outer, those portions bordering on the cardinal teeth somewhat
swollen, the swelling increasing very gradually ; muscle and
mantle scars shallow.

Long. 17, lat. 19, diam. 12 mm.

Hab. ? India.

Type in Sandberger Coll., Wurzburg.

The name “‘violacea” having been already used by Prime in
the genus, it becomes necessary to substitute another, hence that
now given to the present species.

359. Corbicula inflata, Clessin.

Corbicula inflata, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 179,
pl. 31, figs. 14, 15.

Shell of medium size, solid, much inflated, almost equilateral,
sculptured with polished, strong, somewhat distant, concentric
riblets, covered with a yellowisk-brown periostracum ; anterior
side short, scarcely attenuated ; posterior side broadly truncated ;
umbones broad, much inflated, very prominent, strongly recurved ;
vertical transverse section broadly cordate; horizontal contour
roundly ovate; anterior margin somewhat curved towards the
lower margin, sharply rounded, gradually passing into the strongly
arched lateral margin; posterior margin somewhat curved,
gradually passing into the lower margin ; escutcheon and lunule
scarcely noticeable; ligament short, very strong; ligamental
sinus shallow, angularly notched; interior of shell polished only
at the margins, nacre pale violet; hinge margin fairly strong ;
cardinal teeth solid, much elevated, furrowed above ; lateral teeth
very long, the anterior much longer than the posterior ; margin of
the hinge much dilated in the vicinity of the two cardinal teeth;
muscle-scars shallow.

Long. 32, lat. 36, diam. 24 mm.

Hab. India.

Type in Sandberger Coll., Wiirzburg.

360. Corbicula picta, Clessin.

Corbicula picta, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, p. 179, pl. 31,
figs. 12, 18.

Shell small, somewhat inequivalve, slightly inflated, moderately
solid, strongly concentrically ribbed, the ribs being rather closely-
set, slightly shining, covered with a dark-green periostracum and
ornamented with black, radiate bands running from the umboues

CORBICULA. 221

to the outer margins, the umbones themselves being of a reddish
colour ; anterivr side short, broadly rounded; posterior side
broad, somewhat truncate; vertical transverse section narrowly
cordate; horizontal contour almost cordate ; umbones large, fairly
prominent, much eroded; anterior margin somewhat curved,
rounded, gradually passing into the ventral margin; ventral
margin slightly arched; posterior margin strongly curved, sepa-
rated from the ventral margin by a distinctly marked, somewhat
rounded angle ; ligament short, somewhat thick ; ligamental sinus
very shallow, slightly notched, elongate; interior of shell dull,
except at the outer margin where it is polished, violet coloured ;
hinge margin rather narrow, bearing three cardinal teeth, the two
posterior comparatively strong, grooved above, the third or
anterior one very weak; lateral teeth long, somewhat curved ;
muscle scars very shallow; mantle scar distinct.

Long. 21, lat. 22, diam, 14 mm.

Hab, ? India.

Type in Sandberger Coll., Wiirzburg.

361. Corbicula indica, Clessin.

Corbicula indica, Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz, 1879, pp. 143-144,
pl. 25, figs, 21-23.

Shell of medium size, slightly inflated, solid, somewhat inequi-
lateral, with glossy, strongly ribbed surface, the ribs somewhat
close and acute, covered with an olive-green periostracum and
painted with dark spots ; growth strie not distinct ; anterior side
somewhat shortened and pointed, posterior side slightly elongated,
truncate; umbones large, scarcely prominent, very slightly re-
curved, eroded ; vertical longitudinal section broadly lanceolate ;
vertical transverse section very nurrow, cordate; horizontal contour
triangularly ovate ; anterior margin somewhat roundedly pointed ;
lower margin strongly curved ; posterior margin forming a some-
what broad and short beak considerably roundedly angled on both
sides; escutcheon and lunule scarcely visible; ligament short,
fairly strong and prominent; ligamental sinus short, shallow
triangular ; interior of shell dull, the outer margin only slightly
polished, tinged with violet, dorsal or hinge-margin white ;
cardinal teeth not divergent; lateral teeth very elongate and
finely ribbed, equally strong over their whole length, the anterior
much stronger than the posterior ; muscle and mantle scars both
shallow. |

Long. 28, lat. 28, diam. 15 mm.

Hab. ? India.

Type in Gruner Coll., No. 518.

362, Corbicula regia (Benson MS.), Clessin.

Corbicula regia (Benson MS8.), Clessin, in Martini & Chemnitz,
1879, p. 267, pl. 48, fig. 5.

Shell small, ovate, solid, much inflated, very inequilateral, with

2292 CYRENIDA.

strong fairly distant ribs, periostracum yellowish-brown ; anterior
side elongated, pointedly rounded, posterior side much shortened,
obtuse, umbones much inflated, prominent, generally eroded ;
upper margin curved, gradually passing into the side margins ;
anterior margin narrow, rounded, gradually passing into the much
arched and long ventral margin ; posterior margin slightly curved
and merging into the dorsal and ventral margins ; ligament short,
fairly strong and prominent; interior of shell dull, nacre white,
marked with fine narrow brown rays, of which three are equally
divided over the surface, running from the nmbones to the ventral
margin, while the remaiuing two run towards the hinge-margin,
terminating at the lower side of the latter; hinge-margin fairly
broad; cardinal teeth small, not grooved above; lateral teeth
elongated, depressed, the posterior being shorter.

Long. 9, lat. 10, diam. 8 mm.

Hab. ? India.

363. Corbicula netlingi, v. Martens.

Corbicula neetlingi, v. Martens, Arch. Natg. Berlin, lxv, 1899, p. 47,
pl. 4, figs. 7-9.

P Cyrena moussoniana (Deshayes), Sowerby in Reeve, Conch. Icon.
xx, 1878, pl. 17, fig. 97 (non mousson?, Desh., Cat. Brit. Mus.,
Conchif. 1854, p. 227).

Shell posteriorly elongated, in form somewhatresembling Venus
or Tapes; dorsal margin descending more obliquely anteriorly
than posteriorly ; anterior margin rounded; posterior margin
rounded above and below, vertically descending in the median
region; ventral margin moderately rounded; concentric ribs
strong, narrow, half the breadth of the spaces between, anteriorly
and posteriorly becoming gradually reduced to slight strie ;
hinge strong; lateral teeth long, the auterior one bent at the
anterior end, the posterior one fairly straight; interior of shell
bright violet.

Long. 22, lat. 29, diam. 14 mm.

Hab. Hpaung, N. Shan States (in a small pool).

The author mentions a small variety which is still more posteriorly
elongated and rounded (fig. 7 in the reference to the original
description quoted above).

Long. 16, lat. 22, diam. 11 mm.

Hab, Bakmio.

364. Corbicula arata (Sowerby).
Cyrena arata, Sowerby, Conch, Icon, xx, 1878, pl. 17, fig. 93.

Original description :—Testa ovata, tenuissima, rosacea, tumi-
dissima, liris magnis, distantibus ad latera suboblique terminantibus
rugata, epidermide aurantio-flayida induta; latere antico rotundo,

SPILERIUM. 223

valde inflato; latere postico magis producto, subattenuato, anguste
truncato.

Hab, Tenasserim.

The dimensions of a specimen in the British Museum are :—

Long. 14, lat. 17, diam. 11 mm.

A pale, uniform greenish-yellow shell ornamented with distant,
concentric riblets; somewhat elongately ovate and considerably
inflated, especially remarkable for its thin texture.

Subfamily SPHARIINA.

Shell small, ovate or trigonal, lateral and cardinal teeth more
or less developed, ligament external; pallial line entire.
Distribution. World-wide.

Genus SPHHRIUM.
Sphertum, Scopoli, 1777 ; Scopoli, Introduct. p. 397.
Chama, @Argenville, Hist. Nat. Lithol. Conchyl. no, 9, 1742,
pp- 368, 374, pl. 31.
Tellina, Linneeus ; Linn. Syst. Nat. 10th ed. i, 1758, p. 678.
Cardium, DaCosta, Brit. Conch. 1778, p. 178, pl. 18, tig. 2.
Cyclas, Bruguiére, Encycl. Méth. 1792, pl. 301.
Nuv, Humpbrey, Mus. Calonn. 1797, p. 59.
Musculium, Link, Coll. Univ. Bost., pt. 8, 1807, p. 151.
Cornea, Megerle, Mag. Gesell. Naturf. Berlin, v, 1811, p. 56.
Corneocyclas, Férussac, Dict. Sci. Nat. xii, 1818, p. 277.
Amesvda, Ratineeque, Ann. Gén. Sci. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 310.
Cycladites, Kriger, Gesch. Urwelt. ii, 1823, p. 469.
Pisidium, Verany, Descris. Genova, ti, 1846.

Trex, Spherium corneum, Linn. ; Europe.

Range. World-wide.

Shell thin, ovate, convex, subequilateral, covered with a fine
periostracum, smooth or concentrically striate; umbones lightly
anteriorly inclined ; anterior side rather shorter than the
posterior; margins of the valves simple; cardinal margins
thin; cardinal teeth small, that in the right valve often bifid,
fitting between two oblique teeth in the left; both anterior and
posterior lateral teeth compressed, divergent, somewhat pro-
jecting, lamelliform double in the right valve, single in the left ;
ligament external, weak, scarcely apparent ; pallial line entire.

Animal having the edge of the mantle smooth; foot tongue,
capable of considerable extension; siphons moderately long,
united at their base, separated at the end; the branchial siphon
somewhat the longer and broader; siphonal orifices simple ;
palpes triangular, lanceolate; gills unequal, the outer the shorter
and fringed.

224 CYRENIDA.

365. Spherium avanum, 7'heobald.

eR ens Theobald, J. A. S. B. 1873, xlii, pt. 2, p. 209,
pl. 47, Hg. 0.

Original description :—Testa quadrate rotunda, tumida, antice
rotundata, postice truncata, dilatata, equilaterali. Epidermide,
leviter et concentrice corrugata, postice Jevissime radiata. Um-
bonibus prominentibus, tumidis, osculantibus; colore pallide
stramineo, tribus fasciis purpureis umbonalibus radiatim picto.
Ligamento umbones versus inflato.

Long. 6°6, lat. 7°56, diam. 5°2 mm.

Hab. Near Ava.

366. Spherium indicum (Deshayes, MS.), A. Adams,

Spherium indicum (Desh. Ms.), A. Adams, P. Z. 8. xxii, 1854,
p. 342, & Cat. Brit. Mus., Conchif. p. 265.
Cyclas indica, Deshayes, H. & T., C. I. pp. 62-638, pl. 155, fig. 9.

Original description ;—Testa ovato-rhomboidea, tumidula, zqui-
laterali, tenui, pellucida, albo-grisea; latere antico late rotundato,
postico obtuse truncato; umbonibus tumidis, parum prominenti-
bus; cardine obsolete bidentato, dentibus lateralibus candidis,
antico majore, trigono, acuto, postico paulo breviore, valvis sub
lente tenuissime striatis.

No dimensions, habitat, or figure are given with the above
description, but the habitat attached to the types is ‘‘ Loodiana,
Punjab,” and that given in the Conch. Ind. “ Moradabad” ; the
following dimensions are taken from three specimens of the type
series in the British Museum :-—

1 2. 3
Long. ........ 5:25 5:5 4-75 mm
AG 2 ahs eee a 6°25 6°25 5 mm
Diam. ........ 3:5 375 275 mm

Genus PISIDIUM.

Pisidium, C. Pfeiffer, Naturgeschichte deutscher Land- und Siiss-
wasser-Mollusken, i, 1821, p. 123, pl. 1, fig. 19; ii, 1826, p. 33;
iii, 1828, p. 68.

Tellina, Muller, Verm. ii, 1774, p. 205.

Spherium, Scopoli, Introduct. 1777, p. 397.

Cardium, Poli, Test. Sicil. i, 1791, p. 65, pl. 16, Bg. 1.

Cyclas, Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll. 1801, p. 106.

Pera, Cordula, Leach, in litt. in Mus. Brit. 1818-20,

Phymesoda, Rafinesque, Ann. Gén, Sc. Phys. et Nat. v, 1820, p. 319.

Giaillileja, Costa, Corrisp. Zool. 1839.

Pisum, Gray (non Megerle), P. Z. 8. xv, 1847, p. 184.

Musculitum, Gray (non Link), 1851.

Pisum, Deshayes (non Megerle), Cat. Brit, Mus., Conchif. 1854.

Musculium, H. & A. Adams (non Link).

Pisum, TI. & A. Adams (non Megerle), Gen. Rec. Moll. ii, 1858.

PISIDIUM. 225

Typx, Pisidium annicum, Jenyns, from Hurope and Northern
Asia.

Range. World-wide.

Shell small, roundly ovate or obliquely wedge-shaped, inequi-
lateral ; anterior side longer than the posterior; umbones slightly
inflated behind; hinge bearing two cardinal teeth in each valve;
right valve bearing four laterals and the left valve two ; lateral
teeth strong; ligament situated on the smaller (posterior) side ;
pallial line entire.

Anima] having the mantle lobes smooth and open; furnished
with a single short (anal) siphon, with non-papillary orifice ;
branchial cavity indistinguishable from the pedal cleft; foot
large, tongue - shaped, capable of great extension; palpes.
triangular, elongated.

367. Pisidium clarkeanum, G. § H. Vevill.

Pisidium clarkeanum, G. & TW. Nevill, J. ALS. B. xl, 1871, p. 9
pl. 1, figs. 4, 4-4 d.

Original description :—Testa ventricosa, oblonga, valide ineequi-
lateralis, pallide fulva ; postice elongata ac rotundata, antice
rotundate truncata; umbonibus prominentibus ac tumidis ; super-
ficie concentrice confertim striata, striis tenuibus, regularibus.

Long. 4°5, lat. 5°5, diam. 8-5 mm.

Hab. Tanks, ete., close to the Damuda at Moisraka.

365. Pisidium hydaspicola, Theobald.
Pisidium hydaspicola, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlvii, 1878, p. 147.
Original description :—Testa sub-cordate ovali-tenui, exilissime
striata, antice rotundata, postice vix truucata.

Long. 3:4, lat. 4, diam. 2°5 mm.
Hab. Kashmir, near Shypion.

Fig. 27.—Pisidium hydaspicola, Theob. (Lype.) x4.

To the above scanty description is added the following note :—
“The nearest ally of this species is P. clarkeanum, Ney., but it
more rounded in front and hardly truncated behind.”

The type is in the British Museum.

Q

226 CYRENIDS.

369. Pisidium bombayanum, Zheobald.
Pisidium bombayanum, Theobald, J. A. S. B, xlv, 1876, p. 188.
Original description:—Testa subovali, tumida, tenui, inaqui-

laterali, postice rotundata, vix truncata; antice rotundata
elongata; exilissime et confertim concentrice striata; dente

Fig. 28.. 1&2. Pisidium bombayanum, Theob. (Lype.) x3
3. Hinge of the same. x3.

ecardinali minutissimo; dentibus lateralibus in valva dextra
geminis, in sinistra autem singulis.

Long. 3°70, lat. 4°30, diam. 2°70 mm.

Hab. Western Ghats (W. 7’. Blanford).

Type in the British Museum.

370. Pisidium atkinsonianum, Theobald.
Prisidium atkinsonianumn, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xlv, 1876, p. 189.

Oriyinal deseription :-—Testa subovali, vix tumida, inequilaterali,

Fig. 29, - Pisidium athinsonianum, Theob, (Type.) x4.

antice clongata, utrinque rotundata, tenui, pallide cornea, concen-
trice striatula; et lineis paucis (4-5) incrementi fortioribus
signata,

Long. 2°70, lat. 3°30, diam. 1°50 mm.

PISIDIUM. 227

Hab, Tonglu, Sikkim, at an altitude of 10,000 ft. (IV. S.
Atkinson).

The following note is appended to the description :—‘ Com-
pared with P. bombayanum this is a smaller, flatter and less
inequilateral shell... .”

Type in the British Museum.

371. Pisidium nevillianum, Theobald.
Pisidium nevillianum, Theobald, J. A. 8. B. xly, 1876, p. 188.

Oriyinal description :—Testa trigona, tumidiuscula, tenui,
inequilaterali, postice modice convexa, antice elongata, sub-
acuminata, exilissime concentrice striata; umbonibus levigatis.

Long. 3°50, lat. 3°60, diam. 2°20 mm,

Hab. Near Rurki.

Appears to be chiefly distinguishable from its allies by its
trigoual form.

372. Pisidium stewarti, Preston.

Pisidium stewarti, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Caleutta, iii, 1909,
p. 116 (fig. in text}.

Original desgription:—Shell sub-trigonal, rather inflated, pale
yellowish brown colour, marked with fine concentric lines 2
growth; umbones large ; anterior lateral teeth somewhat curved
with broad grooves between, posterior lateral teeth broad aud
somewhat projecting in right, strong and sharply curved in Jeft
valve.

Long. 2°25, lat. 3 mm.

Hab. High Hill, Gompa, Gyantse Valley, Tibet, in a small
stream, among moss and stones, 14,500 feet.

The type-specimen is in the Indian Museum, Caleutta.

Two specimens only were obtained by Capt. F. H. Stewart,
I.M.S.: its nearest ally would appear to be a fossil species from
the tertiary deposits of Belgium *, there being no known recent
form reseinbling it.

373. Pisidium zugmayeri, Weber.

Pisidium zuymayeri, Weber, Zool. Jahrb, Jena, xxix, 1910,
pp- 310-311.

Oviyinal description:—Testa flavescens, satis solida, ineequilatera,
orbiculato-ovalis, parte posteriore abbreviata, obtasa, ventriosula,
tenuissime striata, sulcis post intervalla interpositis, lineis incre-
menti signata ; umbones versus marginem posteriorem siti, rotun-
dati, prominuli; dentes cardinales valve sinistre bini, ante
umbones, superior (exterior) fere rectus, tenuis, media parte

* P. vincentianum, B. B. Woodward, Cat. Brit. Spee. Pisidivm in Coll,
Brit. Mus., 1918, pp. 127-128.
Q2

So

2s SOLENLD.E,

inferiorem (interiorem) tegens, inferior crassior, prope dentem
lateralem anticum, haud curvatus, altior exteriore; dextra
singuli; paulum curvati, parte sinistra ascendente tenues, parte
dextra descendente inecrassati; dentes laterales in valva sinistra
bini, erecti, antice triangulati; postice uncinati, valva dextra bini
postici et bini antici, bini exteriores (non semper exstantes)
minimi ; interiores longi, triangulati, antice crassiores.

Affinis Pis. scholtzii, Clessin*, differt forma dentium cardin.
valve sinistre, situ dentium cardinalium, minore profund.

Hab. Lake Walar, Kashmir.

The author appears to have only been able to see two perfect
specimens which were both very young, he therefore gives the
following measurements taken from a series of single valves :—

hs 2. 3. 4. d. 6.

Six Long... 3 3 A 27 96 —~ mm.
Richt Valves.) L8 -- 35 3 32 3 29 34mm.
ee Se | Mates 2 - - “LF | 20 am,
1. Dt 3.

aiiee Long... 27 3 24mm,
ae =, | Lat. 3. 31 28mm.
&s- | Diam... 1 11 #1 smn.

The proportion between length and breadth is therefore 1
to 2°8,

Family SOLENID.%.
Subfamily SOLENINA.

Shell equivalve, transversely elongate, more or less gaping at
each end, covered with a periostracum ; wmbones not prominent;
ligament external, on an elongate ridge; hinge very variable,
bearing from one to three cardmal teeth on each valve; lateral
teeth wanting; adductor scars in both valves distant; pallial
impression posteriorly more or less sinuous, pedal impressions
well marked beneath the umbones or near the dorsal margin ;
external surface of the shell presenting a well-defined cellular
structure, consisting of long prisms, very oblique in relation to
the surface and showing the presence of nuclei; internal surface
nearly homogeneous ; non-nacreous.

Animal, with the exception of Novaculina, marine or estuarine ;
siphons usually short, in part united or entirely separate ; foot
large, powerful, more or less cylindrical, elongated ; without any
trace of byssogenous organs ; palpes variable in size; gills straight,
unequal, lengthened and enclosed in the branchial siphon.

Distribution. World-wide.

* OD. scholtsti, Clessin= 2. obtusule.

NOVACULINA, 229

Genus NOVACULINA.
Vovaculina, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii, 1830, p. 63.

Tyrn, Vovaculina gangetica, Benson; Rivers Jumna, Gumti, and
Ganges.

Range. Ganges System; Andaman Islands.

Oriyinal description :—Shell subinequivalve, inequilateral, trans-
versely elongated; ligament external, communicating with the
interior of the shell by an oblique channel. Beaks prominent.
Hinge-line nearly straight. Two narrow entering teeth under
the beak in one valve, generally three in the other. Syphonal
sear very long. Extremities of the shell gaping. Epidermis easily
detached when dry, folding over the edges and extremities of
the shell, and connecting the hinge-margins. Interior glossy or
dull, never pearly.

Animal. Mantle with the basal-edges united, forming a tube
which encloses the animal, longitudinally constricted at the
suture. Foot proveeding from the anterior extremity, short,
thick, cylindrical, and very muscular; enlarged at the extremity
into a disk, with a convex surface, the plane of which is at right
angles with the axis of the foot and shell. Syphons separate, as
long as the shell, when fully extended; the anal one, or that
nearest the linge, half the thickness of the other; apertures
constricted, not ciliated.

374. Novaculina gangetica, Benson.

Novaculina gangetica, Benson, Glean. Science, Calcutta, ii (1830,
Feb.), p. 63 (as genus Novaculina); A. M. N. H. ser. 3, i,
1858, pl. 12 B, fig. 4; H. & T.; C. I. 1876, p. 47, pl. 116, fig. 7.

Vovaculina novaculina, Gray, A. M.N. H. xiv, 1854, p. 24.

Solecurtus novaculina, Reeve, Cou. Icon. 1874, pl. 7, figs. 8la& b.

Tagelus gangeticus, Clessin, in Conch. Cab. 1888, pp. 81-82, pl. 28,
tig. 6.

Original description :—Shell oblong, with truncated extremities,
white, slightly violaceous internally, epidermis olivaceous.

The above meagre description was supplemented later * by
Benson as follows :—‘ Epidermis easily detached when dry,
folding over the edges and extremities of the shell, and con-
necting the hinge-margins.”

No measurements being given by the author, the following are
taken from three authentic specimens in the British Museum :—

1. ea 3.
Long. ........ 9°25 8:75 7 mm.
Liateetac week wrigeee 325 20°5 19 mm.
Diane csi sree 6 6 5 mra

Hab, Rivers Jumua, Gumti, and Ganges.

* A. M.N. H. ser. 3, i, 1858, pp. 409-410.

230 SOLENIDE.

375. Novaculina andamanensis, Preston.

Novaculina andamanensis, Preston, Rec. Ind. Mus., Calcutta, il,
p. 209, pl. 16, fig. 40.

Oriyinal description :—Shell oblong, elongate, inequilateral, con-
stricted towards the middle, pure white, bearing traces of having
been covered with a yellowish-brown periostracum, concentrically
striate ; dorsal margin slightly sloped anteriorly ; ventral margin
excavated in the middle, anterior side rounded; posterior side
produced, somewhat angled below ; umboes small.

Long. 16°5, lat. 37°5 mm.

Aub, Andaman Islands.

The type is in the Indian Museum, Calcutta.

The specimens on which the above species was based were col-
lected in the Andamans by the late Rev. J. Warneford. It would
seem to be scarce as, though several collections of Andaman Island
material have since passed through the hands of the compiler of
the present volume, no further specimen has come to light.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

abbreviata (Paludomus), 52.

acanthica (‘Tiara (Plotia)), 36.

acicula (Buccinum), 9.

Acrostoma, 30.

aculeata (Nerita), 57.

acuminata (Bithynia orcula var.), 75.

acuminata (Limnaa (Linnea)), 106.

acuminata (Melania), 12.

acus (Melania), 12.

acus (Pirena), 9.

acuta (Melania), 11.

acuta (Paludomus), 52.

acutus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 123.

wrea (Paludomus), 57.

“Etheriide, 197.

_Etheriine, 197.

agrensis (Corbicula), 213.

alberti (Corbicula), 219.

albus (Planorbis), 118.

alucinans (Ampullaria), 103.

alucinans (Pila), 103.

amara (Melania), 10.

amara (Tiara cybele var.), 10.

amarula (Helix), 10.

Amesoda, 223.

Amnicola, 68,

amnicum (Pisidium), 225,

ampullacea (Helix), 96.

Ampullaria, 96.

Anmpullariide, 96.

ampulliformis (Paludina), 90.

ampulliformis (Vivipara lecythis
yar.), 90.

amygdala (Linnea), 107.

amygdalum (Limniea (Limnaa) acu-
minata var.), 107.

amygdalus (Lymnea), 107.

Ancylinx, 104.

Ancylus, 104.

andamanensis (Novaculina), 230.

andamanica (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli
yar.), 18.

andersoniana (Paludomus), 41.

andersoniana (Nodularia (Nodularia)),

andersonianus ( Unio), 143.

Angarius, 115.

annandalei (Paiudomus), 50.

annandalei (Parreysia (Pavreysia)),
173.

annandalei (Vivipara), 92.

annendalei (Vivipara), 92.

anodontina (Unio), V7.

anodontinus (Unio), 175.

appressa (Tiara (Striatella) nevill
var.), 19.

arata (Corbicula), 222.

arata (Cyrena), 222.

Arcidix, 128.

Arcidopsis, 196.

Arcine, 128.

aroensis (Melania), 11.

aspera (Helix), 35.

asperata (Melania), 21.

assamensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)
favidens var.), 161.

assawensis (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 51.

assamensis (Viv para dissimilis var.),

8

associatus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
122.

ater (Fannus), 9.

ater (Strumbus), 9.

atkinsonianum (Pisidiuin), 226.

atra (Melanopsis), 9.

atra (Nerita), 9.

atra (Pirena), 9.

atropurpureus (Strombus), 9.

auberiana (Paludestrina), 67.

auricularia (Helix), 111.

auricularia (Limnxa (Gulnaria)), 111.

auricularia (Lymnea), 111.

auricularius (Lymneus), 111.

auriformis (Limnxa (Gulnaria)), 112.

auriformis (Limneus), 112.

ava (Monocondylea), 153.

212

ava (Pseudodon (Bineurus), 155.
avanum (Spheerium), 224.

baceata ( Melunia), 26.
baceata (Liara (Melanoides)), 26.
baceifera (Melania variabilis var.),
»)
28.
baccifera (Tiara (Melanoides)), 28.
baccula (Paludomus), 53.
baconi (Ancylus), 104.
balteata (Melania), 2.
balteata (Vivipara bengalensis var.),

barrackporensis (Planorbis (Gyvau-
lus)), 120,

batana (‘Tiara (Tarebia)), 33.

Batissa, 207.

beddomeana (Tiara
gloriosa var.), 22.

Belgrandia, (7.

bengalensis (Corbicula), 217.

bengalensis (Cyclas), 205.

bengalensis (Cyrena), 200.

henyalensis (Paludina), $3.

bengalensis (Venus), 200.

bengalensis (Vivipara), 833.

benyalica (Corbicula), 217.

hensonianus (Mycctopus), 1B2.

bensoni (Corbicula), 218.

bensont (Margaron (Unio)), 182.

bhamoensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
163,

bhanornsis (Univ), 163.

bhamoensis ( Vivipara dissimilis var.),
se.

biangulata (Bithynia stenothyroides
var), 77.

bicineta (Paludomus (Philopotamis)),
eh

bilineata (Symphanota), U7.

bilincatus (Margarita (Unio)), 175.

bilineatus (Margaron (Unin)), UT.

dilineatus (Unio), 175.

Bineurus, 158.

birmanus (Gnio), 170.

Bithinella, 66,

Bithiniing, 7,

Bithynia, 70.

Bithyniini, 70.

dian furdiana (Hydrocena), 4.

blanfordiana (Hydrocena (Georissa)),
+.

blanfordiana (Paludomus), 45.

blanfordiana (Stenothyra), 81.

bombayanum (Pisidium), 226,

honucaudi (Margaron (Ciiv)), 140.

bonneaudi (Nodularia (Nodularia),
140.

bouneaudi (Unio), 140.

bowelli (Linnea), WA.

(Melanoides

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

bowelli (Limnma (Bulimnea)), 114.

brevicauda (Limnea (Gulnavia)), 111,

brevispira (Tiara (Plotia) acanthica
yar.), 37.

broti (Tiara (Tarebia)), 33.

brunneus (Planorbis exustus var.),
116,

Buceinum, 95, 106.

Bulimnea, 114.

Bulimus, 106, 128.

Bulla, 128.

burmaniea (Paludomus), 433.
burmanica (Vivipara siamensis var.),
7.

burmanus (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
Lib.

Lurnanus (Unio), V70.

Bythinella, 66.

ceenosus (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
127.

ceerulescens (Septaria), 7.

ceruleus (Margarita (Tnio)), 136.

ceruleus (Margaron ( Unio)), 186.

eeruleus (Nodularin (Nodularia)),
136.

ceruleus (Cniv), 136.

calathus (Planorbis
127,

canaliculata (‘Tiara (Striatella) nico-
barica var.), 19.

canaliculatus (Cremnoconechus
conicus yar.), 66.

candaharica (Univ marginalis var.),
178

caudaharica (Lamellidens margin-
alis var.), 178.

eanefrianus (Lamellicdens), 187.

canningensis (Bithinella), 66.

Canthyria, 134.

cantori (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
126.

capillata (Batissa), 208.

capillata (Neritina reticularis vav.), 5.

Cardium, 223, 224.

carinata (Aimpulluria glohosa vay.),
(

(Segimentina)),

carinata (Pila), 08.

carinata (Vivipara naticoides var.),
85.

carinatus (Anculotus), 6b.

carinatus (Cremnoconchus), 66.

earinwata (Bithynia ceramcopoma
var.), 72.

cashmirensis (Corbicula), 218.

Catillus, 6.

catiaroensis (Iydrocena), t.

celox (Seaphula), 129, 130.

cerameopoma (Bithynia), 71.

cerameopome (Paludina), i.

ALPHABELICAL INDEX.

ceranospatana (Bithynia), 71.

cerasum (Limngea (Limnea) acu-
ininata var.), 108.

cerasum (Limneus), 108.

ceylanica (Cyrena), 202.

ceylanica (Paludina), 84).

ceylanicus (Ancylus), 104.

ceylonensis ( Theodoxis), 5.

ceylonica (Cyrena), 202.

ceylonica (Paludina), 89.

eeylonica (Venus), 292.

ceylonica (Vivipara), 89.

Chama, 223,

charon (Tiara (Radina)), 14.

chaudhurii (Nodularia (No lularia)),
140.

cherraensis (Paludomus conica var.),
30.

chilinoides (Paludowius), +5.

chilkaénsis (Stenothyra), 82.

chittagongensis (Paludumus conica
var.), 40.

chlamys (Linnea), 108, 109.

chlanys (Limnaa (Limnea) acu-
minita var.), 108.

chocolatum (Melania), 33.

chrysis (Parreysia (Parreysia) favi-
dens var.), 160,

chrysis (Unio favidens var.), 160.

Cimber, (6.

cincta (Amnicola), 69.

cincta (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis
var.), 24.

cinerea (Pia), 101.

clarkeanum (Pisidium), 225.

clavata (Paludomus), 51.

celavus (‘Tiara (Radina)), 12.

couxans (Venus), 202.

cochinensis (Cyrena), 210.

cochinensis (Velorita), 210.

cochtidium (Melania), 13.

cochlidium (Tiara (Radina) clavus
var.), 13,

compacta (Paludomus (Philo-
potamis) sulcata var.), 54.

compacta (Tiara (Acrostoma) higeli
var.), ol,

compacta (Tiara
gloriosa var.), 22.

compressa (Septaria), 7.

compressus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
118.

conptus (Trapezoideus
var.), 193. °

comptus (Unio), 193.

Conchacea, 200.

concolor (Vivipara naticoides var.),
85,

confuse (Melania), 12.

confusa (‘Tiara (Radina) crenulata
yar.), 12.

(Melancides)

foliaceus

233

conica (Melania), 39.

conica (Paludomus), 389.

conica (Pila), 100.

conicus (Creninoconchus), 65.

conicus var. (Cremnoconchus), 65.

consanguinea (Corbicula), 218.

consobrina (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp.), 180.

consobrinus (Lametlidens), 180.

consobrinus (Margaron (Unio)), 180.

consobrinus ( Unio), 179, 180.

constricta (Paludomus), 41.

contracta (Paludomus (Philopotamis)
sulcata var.), 53.

convexiusculus (Planorbis (Gy rauliss)),
1

corbeti (Unio), 180.

Corbicula, 210.

corbiculiformis (Cyrena), 210.

corbis (Marguron ( Unio)), 169.

corbis (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 169.

corbis (Unio), 169.

Cordula, 224.

Coretus, 115.

Cornea, 223.

corneum (Sphrium), 225,

corneus (Planorbis), 115.

Coracocyclas, 223.

coromandelica (Physa), 128.

coromandelicus (Planorbis), 116.

coronata (Mclania), 44.

cerporosa (Melania), 15.

corriana (Unio marginalis var),

corrianus (Lanellidens), 188.

corrianus (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp.), 183.

corrianus (Margarita (Unio)), 183.

corrianus (Margaron ( Unio)), 183.

corrianus (Tnio), 136, 176, 183.

corrugata (Ainpullaria globosa var.),
98

corrugata (Mya), Lot.

corrugata (Varreysia (Parreysia)),
154.

corrugata (Pila), 98.

corrugata (Unio), 150.

corrugata (Unio (Potamida)), 139.

corrugatus (Margarita (Unio), 155.

corrugatus (Margaron (Unio)), 155.

costata (Melunia), 11.

costigera (Bithynia (? Fossarulus)),
78

crassa (Melania), 39.

crassa (Paludina), 8.

crassa (Vivipara), 86.

erebra (Melaniu), 20.

crebra (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.

crebristriata (Margaron (Monocon-
dylea)), 150.

crebristriatu (Monocondylea), 150.

234 ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

erebristriata (Monocondyla pegu-
ensis yar.), 149.

crebristriata (Trigonodon), 150.

crebristriatum var. pequensis (Pseu-
dodon), 150.

crebristriatus (Pseudodon), 150.

crcbristriatus (Pseudodon (Trigo-
nodon)), 150.

crebristriatus (Pseudodon (Trigo-
nodon) peguensis var.), 150.

erebristriatus (Unio), 150.

crebristriatus var. pequensis (Pseu-
dodon (Trigonodon)), 160.

Cremnobates, G4.

Cremnoconchine, 64.

Cremnoconclius, 64.

crenularis (Melina), 10,

crenulata (‘Tiara (Radina)), 11.

crispata (Nodularia (Noudularia)),
J42.

crispata (Unio), 142.

crispatus (Margaron (Univ)), 142.

crispatus (Unio), 142.

erispisuleata (Nodularia (Radia-
tula)), 146.

erispisulcatus (Margaron (Unio)),

crispisuleatus (Unio), 147.

cristata, (Valvata), 99.

cristatus (Margaron (Unio)), 136.
cristatus (Trochus), 95.

cristatus (Lurbo), 9.

cuningi (Pachychilus), 24).
cumingiana (Paludomus (Tanalia)),

curta (Bithynia (? Fossarulus) costi-
gera var.), 78.

curta (Tricula montana var.), 68.

éurvata (Pseudodon (‘lrigonodon)
peguensis var), 152.

Cyanocyclas, 201,

cyhele (Melania), 10.

cybele (Tiara), 10.

Cyeladites, 223.

Cyclas, 201, 207, 210, 225, 224.

Cyclostoma, 99.

cylindrica (Lamellidens marginalis
var.), 179.

cylindrica (Univ marginalis var.),
179.

Cyprina, 207.

cyprinoides (Cyrena), 209.

cyprinoides (Velorita), 200.

cyprinoides (Venus), 209,

Cyrena, 201, 202, 207, 209, 210.

Cyrenidee, 201.

Cyrenina, 201,

daceacnsis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
165.

dalliana (Perreysia (Parreysia}),
174.
dalyi (Mulleria), 197.
datura (Tiara (Plotia)), 36.
dealbatus (Sérombus), 9.
decussata (Paludomus
potamis)), 54.
decussatula (Paludina), 94.
decussatula (Paludina dissimilis var.),

(Philo-

aelte (Nematura), 79.

deli (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens
var.), 159.

deltw (Scaphula), 150.

delte: (Stenothyra), 79.

delle (Unio favidins var.), 140).

demissus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 121.

densa (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens
yar.), 159.

densa ( Unio favidens var.), 149.

depressa (Valeata), 5,

digitiformis (Nodularia (Nodularia)),

3

digitiformis (Unio), 135.

digona (Paludina), 91.

digona (Vivipara), 91.

dihirensis (Paludomus conica var.),

dilatata (Paludomus (‘analia)). 60.

dilatata (Paludomus (Tanalie) neri-
toides var. 7), 60.

dissimilis (Helix), 87.

dissimilis (Nevita), 87.

dissimilis (Vivipara), 87.

distinguenda (Paludomus (Tanalia)),
59.

distinguenda (Paludomus
aculeata var.}, 59,

doliaris (Puludina), 84.

doliaris (Vivipara), S4.

dolioides (Pila), 101.

douglasizs (Unio). 135.

dromedarius (Paludomus (‘Tanalia)),

2,

dromedarius (Paludomus (Tanalia)

neritvides var), 62.

(Tanulia)

eburneus (Lithoglyphus), 70.

eburneus (Planorbis exustus var.),
116.

ecarinata (Vivipara ceylonica var.),
90.

eleyaus (Melania), 35.

elegans (‘Tiara (Plotia) scabra var.),
36,

elegantulus (Planorbis (Gy raulus)),
122

Kiplin, 184.
dlistoia, 10.
elongata (Paludina), &3.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

emaciata (Tiara (Striatella) crebra
var.), 20.

emarginatus (Mycetopus), 332.

episcopalis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 25.

crinacea (Paludomus (Tinalia) acu-
leata vay.), 57.

erinacea (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 57.

ee (Paludomus (Philopotamis)),
56.

evanescens ( Unio), 175.

evezardi (Bithynia), 76.

evittatus (Unio}, 136.

exanthematicus (Lamellidens), 187.

exanthematicus ( Unio), 187.

eximia (Navicella), 7.

eximius (Unio), 148.

exolescens (Margaron (Unio)), 195.

exolescens (Trapezoideus), 195.

ewolescens (Unio), 195.

expansa (Pila conica var.), 100.

expatriata (Tiara (Radina), 14.

exustus (Planorbis), 115.

fasciata (Pila globosa var.), 97.

fasciata (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis
var.), 2+.

fasciata. (Vivipara naticoides var.),

fascicularis (Helix), 95.

fasciis-elevatiusculus (Vivipara ben-
galensis var.), 84.

Faunus, 8.

favidens (Margaron ( Univ)), 158.

favidens (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 158.

favidens (Unio), 158.

few (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 168.

tee ( Unio), 168.

feddeni (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 165.

Sfeddeni ( Unio), 165.

flammautata (Melania), 11.

flavida (Tiara (Tarebia) lineata var.),
35.

flavidens (Unio), 158.

Huminalis (Corbicula), 210, 211,

Numinalis (Cyclas), 211.

Huminalis (Tellina), 211.

fuminalis (Venus), 211.

fluminea (Corbicuia), 211.

Jluminea (Cyctas), 211.

fluminea (Cyrena), 212.

Auminea (Tellina), 211.

fluminea (Venus), 211.

Auviatile (Cerithium), 9.

fluviatilis (Ancylus), 104.

fluviatilis (Corbicula), 212.

Auviatilis (Cyclas), 212.

fluviatilis (Cyrena), 212.

fluviatilis (Helix), 47.

fluviatilis tanschauriensis (Helix), 47.

fluviatilis (Tellina), 211, 212.

235

fluviatilis (Venus), 212.

fluviorum (Vivipara), 83.

foliacea (Unio), 193.

Joliaceus (Margaron (Unio)), 193.

foliaceus (Trapezoideus), 174, 193.

foliaceus ( Unio), 193.

fontanus (Planorbis), 124.

Jfontinalis (Lymnea), 99.

fontinalis (Physa), 128.

fontinalis (Turbo), 95.

footei (Arcidopsis), 196.

footed (Unioy, 196.

Fossarulus, 77.

foveolata (Nematura), 80.

foveolata (Stenothyra), 80.

Sragilis (Helix), 106.

fragilis (Parreysia (Parreysia) corru-
gata var.), 156.

JSragilis (Unio), 194.

fraterna (dydrocena (Georissa)), +}.

Srustillum (Hydrocena), 4.

frustillum (Hydrocena), +.

frustillum (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 4

fulgurata (Paludomus), 46.

fuliginosa (.Neritina), 5.

fuliginosa (Theodoxis), 5.

fulmineus (Unio), 155.

funiculata (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 58.

Suniculata (Paludomus (Tanalis),
aculeata var.), 58.

funiculata (Tanalia), 58.

Fuscata (Cyrena), 211, 212,

Juscata (Helix), 13.

fuscata (Tiara (Radina)), 13.

fusiformis (Tiara (Melanoides) bac-
cata var.), 26.

fusiformis (Tiara (Striatella) nico-
barica var.), 19.

gaditana (Mya), 155,

galathea (Cyrena), 207.

galathez (Cyrena), 207.

galathee (Cyrena (Corncocyclas)),
207

Gallileja, 224.

gangetica (Novaculina), 229.

gangeticus ( Tagelus), 229,

gardneri (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 60.

gardneri (Paludomus (Tanalia) nert-
toides var.), 60.

Gastropoda, 1.

gaudichaudi (Margaron (Unio)), 137.

guudichaudi (Nodularia), 187.

gaudichaudi (Nodularia (Nodularia)
exruleus var.), 137.

gaudichaudi (Unio), 187.

gaudiosa (Melania), 12, 13.

Gelonia, 202.

generosus (Lamellidens), 184.

generosus (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp.), 184.

2336

generosus (Marguron (Unio)), 184.

generosus (Univ), 184.

Georissa, 1.

gerbidoni (Unio), 136.

gibba (Bithinella), 67.

gibbosula (Paludestrina (Belgrandia)
miliacea yar.), 67.

gigantea(Bithynia cerameopoma var.),
‘

gigantvs (Paludina), 84.

gigantea (‘Tiara (Striatella) nicobarica
var.), 19,

gigantea (Vivipara bengalensis var.),
8+

Glancomyide, 200.

Glaucomyine, 200.

globosa (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-
toides var.), 60.

globosa (Pila), 97.

globula (Bithinia), 69.

globulosa (Melania), 38.

globulosa (Paludomus), 38.

gloriosa (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21.

godwini (Melanvides), 29.

godwini (Tiara (Melanoides)), 29.

goniomphalos (Bithynia), 76.

goniomphulos (Paludina), 76.

goniostoma (Bithynia), 72.

gowhattensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),

1

gowhattensis (Unio), 174.

gracilior (Limnaa (Limnea) acuni-
nata var.), 109.

granifera (Melania), 33.

gratiosa (Nodularia (Nodularia), 141.

yratiosus (Margaron (Univ)), 141.

gratiosus (Unio), 141,

gravidus ‘ Unio). 148.

groenlandicus (Cnio), 17.

gruneri (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
125.

Gulnaria, 110.

Gyraulus, 118.

Gyrarhis, oO,

halophilla (Vivipara annandalei var.),
ae

hulophilla (Vivipara annendalei var.),
ee

hanleyi (Lamellidens marginalis var.),
17),

hanteyi (Melanoides), 29.

hanleyi (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 62.

lhastula (Melania), 10.

hastula (Tiara (Radina)), 11.

heliviformis (Paludina), 4.

heliciformis (Vinipara dissinilis sub-
sp.), 89. ;

helicifurmis (Vivipara (1diopoima)),
Ot.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

Helix, 95, 106, 115.
henzadensis (Vivipara (Idiopoma)),

herculea (Tiara (Melanoides)), 21.

hians (Limnxa (Gulnaria)), 118.

hilmendensis (Vivipara), 91.

himalayanus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
Fe 'L.

hindu (Planorbis), 117.

Hippeutes, 124.

hobenackeri (Planorbis ((tyraulus)),

holandri (Melania), 52.

holstiana (Corbicula fluminalis var.).

hookeri (Limnia (Gulnaria)), 111.

houngdaranicus (Unio), 167.

hiigeli (Melania), 30, 31.

hiigeli (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 31.

hiigeli var, (Mclania), 31.

humeralis (Neritina), 6.

humerosa (Tiara (Melanoides)). 22.

humilis (Margaron (Unio)), 136.

humilis (Unio), 136.

humilior (Lamellidens
subsp. scutuin var.), 181.

hungerfordiana (Stenothyra), 80.

hungerfordiana (Tiara (Pachychilus)),

marginalis

huttoni (Planorbis (Gyreulus)), 120.

huttoniana (Corbiculai, 215.

hydaspicola (Pisidium), 225,

Hydrobia, 67.

Hydrobiide, G7.

Flydrobioides, 78.

Hydrocena, 1.

Hydrocenidw, 1.

Hydrocenine, |.

Hygronoma, 10,

Hygrophila, 104.

hy ptiocyclos (Planorbis (? Gyraulus)),
123

Hyrinw, 154,

Idiopoma, 98.

ex (Hydrocena), 2.

illex (Hydrocena), 2

illex (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2.

imbricata (‘Liara (Melanoides) hume-
rosa var.), 23,

impressa (Oyrena), 202.

impura (Limnwa (Gulnaria) suecinea
yar.), 115.

impura (Puludina), 71.

impurun (Cyclostoma), 70,

impurus (Limneus), 118.

inconspicua (Bithynia), 74.

inerassatula (Vila globosa var.), 417.

indica (Corbicula), 221.

tndica (Cyclas), 224.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX. 237

indicum (Sphzerium), 224.

indicus (Margaron (Unio), 169.

indicus (Planorbis), 113.

indicus (Unio), 169.

inflata (Batissa), 208.

inflata (Corbicula), 220.

inflata (Paludomus), 49.

infracostata (Melania), 25.

inoscularis (Anodon), 152.

inoscularis (Anodonta), 149.

inoscularis (Margaritana), 152.

inoseularis (Margaron (Monocondy-
lea)), 152.

inoscularis (Pseudodon (Pseudodon)),
152.

involuta (Nodularia (Nodularia)),

involutus (Unio), 146.

iravadica (Corbicula), 216.

ivayadica (Tiara (Melanoides) baceata
yar.), 27.

irawadica (Bithynia), 76.

irawadica (Bythinia), 76.

issykulensis (Planorbis (Gyraulus)),
124.

jaculator (Bithynia), 71.

jaculator ( Cyclostoma), 70.

Jjaculator (Nerita), 70.

jaculator (Paludina), 71.

jaintiaca (Paludomus conica var.), 40.

janitor (Turbo), 70.

javanica (Ampullaria), 100.

Jenkinsianus (Lamellidens), 184.

jenkinsianus (Lamellidens marginalis
* subsp.), 184.

jenkinsianus (Unio), 184.

jugicostis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 28.

kadapaensis (Paludomus tanschau-
rica var.), 47.

kashmirensis (Bithynia tentaculata
var.), 71.

keraudreni (Margaron (Unio)), 137.

keraudreni (Nodularia (Nodularia)
ceeruleus var.), 137.

keraudreni (Unio), 137.

kopilensis (Paludomus conica var.),

0,
hutchensis (Paludlina), 88.
kutchensis (Vivipara dissimilis var.),
88.

labiatus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 119.

labiosa (Limnea), 112.

Jabiosa (Limnwa (Gulnaria)), 112.

labiosa (Paludomus), 43.

levirostris (Parreysia
corrugata var.), 156.

(Parreysia)

levirostris (Unio), 156.

levirostris (Unio corrugatus var.),
156.

levis (Bithinia), 75.

levis (Bithynia), 75.

levis (Paludomus), 45.

levis (Paludomus chilinoides var.), 45.

lamellatiformis (Lamellidens pulcher
var.), 185.

lainellatus (Lamellidens), 181.

Jameilata (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp.), 180.

lamellatus (Margarita (Unio)), 180,

lamellatus (Margaron ( Unio)), 180.

lamellatus (Unio), 180, 184.

Lamellidens, 174, 175.

lanceolata (‘Tiara (Melanoides) hume-
rosa var.), 25.

layardi (Ampullaria globosa vay.), 99.

layardi (Margaron ( Unio)), 181,

layardi (Melania), 16.

layardi (Paludomus), 57.

layardi (Pila), 99.

layardi (Tiara (Striatella) tubercu-
lata var.), 16.

layardi (Unio), 180.

lacythis (Paludinu), 90.

lacythis (Vivipara), 90.

leioma (Unio), 136.

Lens, 148.

lima (Nodularia (Radiatula)), 147.

limborgi (‘Liara (Pachychilus)), 29.

Limnea, 106, 134. ,

Limnzea (sensu stricto), 106.

Limneidea, 104.

Limneine, 105.

Limneus, 106.

Limnea, 114, 128.

limosa (Lymnea), 110,

lineata (Navicella), 7.

lineata (Paludina), 83.

lineata (‘Tiara (Tarebia)), 34.

lirata (Melania), 34.

liratula (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2.

liratus (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 121.

Lithoglyphinz, 69.

Lithoglyphus, 70.

Littorinida, 64.

livesayi (Navicella), &

livesayi (Septaria). 8.

lobata (Milleria), 197.

longispira (Pila corrugata var.), 98.

loricata (Paludomus (‘analia)), 57.

luricata (Tanalia), 57.

Jutea (Bithynia), 72.

luteola (Limnea), 108.

luteomarginata (Tiara
tuberculata var.), 17.

lutetianus (Theodoxis), 5.

lutens (Margaron (Unio)), 158.

dutens (Unio), 155,

(Striatella)

238 ALPHABELICAL INDEX,

lutosa (Paludomus), 51.
Lymucea, 106.
Lymninm, 134.

macilentus (Unio), 139.

Maetra, 202.

maculatus (Paludonus), 45.

maculatus (Rivudina), 45,

Mainwaringia, 37.

mainwaringi (Lamellidens), 190.

major (Paludomus (Tanalia) hauleyi,
yar.), 62.

malabarica (Ampullaria globosa var.),

malabarica (Paludomus tanschaurica
var), 47.

mulabarics (Pila), 98.

mandarinus (Unio), 142.

mandelayeusis (Unio), 164.

manilensis (Cyrena), 212.

marcens (Parreysia (Parreysia) lavi-
dens var.), 159.

marcens (Unio), 159,

marginalis (Lamellidens), 175.

marginalis (Margarita (Uuie)), 175.

marginalis (Marygaron (Unio), 175.

marginalis (Unio), 174, 175, 177.

artabanensis (Lithoglyphus), 70.

maura (Pila), 99.

maurus (Paludomus), 51.

megasoma (Linmiea), 114.

Melanamona, &,

Melanella, 3z.

Melania, 10.

Melaniide, 8.

Melanites 10.

Melanvides, 21.

melanostoma (Paludomus (Tanalia)),

menkeana (Melania), 20.

menkeana (Tiare (Melanoides)), 2.5.

meukiana (Melania), 25,

merguiensis (Planorbis), 118.

merudabensis (Unio), 15d.

microscopica (? Valvata), 96.

mierostomma (Paludomus rotunda
var.), 48,

microstomma = (‘Tiara (Melanoides)
menkeana var.) 26.

miliacea (Hydrobia (Bythinella)), 67.

miliacea (Paludestrina (Belgrandia)),

minima (Nematura), 81.

iinima (Stenothyra), 81.

minima (Stenothyra delta var.), 70.

minor (Bithynia orcula var.), 74.

minor (Limneea (Linnea) tigrii
var.), L1O.

minor (Paludestriua (Belgrandia)
niiliacea var), 68.

minor Paludomus (Philopotamis)
sulcata var.), 53.

minor (Paludomus regulata var.),
43,

minor (Paludomus (‘Tanalia) reevei
var.), 58.

minor (Pila globosa var.), 97.

ininor (Stenothyra deltw var.), 7%.

minuta (Valvata), 95.

misellus (Trapezoideus), 194.

misellus (Unio), 194.

mitra (Melania), 10.

modicus (Planorbis), 117.

meesta (Pila), 101.

mongolicus (Unio), 135.

monile (Paludomus), 48.

monilifera (Nematura), 80.

monilifera (Stenothyra), 80.

montana (Tricula), 68.

moqguiniane (Falvata), 09.

moreletiana (Bithynia), 72.

mouhoti (Monocondylea), 15.3.

moussont (Corbicula), 222.

moussoniana (Cyrena), 222.

Mulleria, 197.

multidentalus (Margaron (Unio)),
155.

maltidentatus (Unio), 154, 155.

multistriata (Tiara (Radina)), 15.

Musculium, 228, 224.

myadoungensis (Paludomus ander-
soniana var.), 42.

myadoungensis (‘Liara (Striatella)
tuberculata var.), 17.

Mysca, 134.

Mytilacea, 128.

nagaénsis (Vivipara), 91.

nagpoorensis (Margaron (Univ)), 157.

nagpoorensis (Parreysin (Parreysia)
corrugata var.), 197.

nagpoorensis (Unio), 157.

nagpoorensis (Univ corrugatus var.),
157.

nana (Paludomus andersoniana subsp.
peguensis var.), 42.

nana (Paludomus conica var.), 40.

nana (Tiara (Radina) zeleborii var.),

nanus (Planorbis (Gyraulus), 122.

narainporensis (Lamellidens), 187.

nassa (Bithynia’, 75.

nasuta (Paludomus), o2.

naticvides (Patudina), 8.

naticoides ( Vivipara), 85.

Neutilina, Ws.

Neutilas, Wd.

Navicella, (.

Namatura, 70,

Nerila, 99,

ALPHABETICAL TNDEX.

Neritidas, 5,

Neritina, 5.

Neritini, 5.

neritoides (Paludomus (‘Ianalia)), 60.

nevilli (Corbicula), 216.

nevilli (Tiara (Striatella)), 18.

nevillianum (Pisidium), 227.

atcobarica (Alasmodonta), 153.

nicobarica (‘Tiara (Striatella)), 19.

micobaricus (Pseudodon) —(Pseu-
dodon)), 153.

nigeloans (Paludomus(Philopotamis)),
55.

nitidus (Planorbis), 124.

Nodularia, 135.

Nodularia (sensu stricto), 135,

nodulosa (Paludomus (‘Tanalia)), 57.

nodwlosa (Paludomus (Tanalia)
aculeata var.), 57.

neetlingi (Corbicula), 222.

nongyangensis (Lamellidens), 190.

Novaculina, 229.

novaculina (Novaculina), 229.

novaculina (Solecurtus), 229.

nucleus (Limnexa (Limnea) ovalis
var.), 109.

nucleus (Limneus), 109.

nucleus (Turbo), 70.

nuttalliana (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
145.

nuttallianus (Margaron ( Unio)), 145.

nuttallianus (Unio), 145,

Nux, 225.

nux (Pila), 99.

obesa (Melunia), 45.

obesa (Paludomus), 45.

obesa ( Unio marginalis var.), 176.

obesus (Limellidens marginalis var.),
L76.

ohlatus (Unio), 142.

obtusa (Bithynia pulchella var.), 73.

obtusa (Nerita), 95.

obtusa (Neritina), 6.

obtusa (Paludina), 86.

obtusa (Theodoxis), 6.

obtusa (Vulvata), 99.

obtusum (Cyclostoma), 95.

occata (Nodularia (Nodularia), 138.

oceatus (Murgaron ( Unio)), 139,

occatus (Unio), 138.

occidens (Corbicula), 216.

olea (Pila), 102. z

olivaria (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 144.

olivarius (Margarita (Unio)), 144.

olivurius (Unio), 144.

Orbis, 115.

orcula (Bithynia), 74.

orientalis (Navicella), 7.

orientalis (Pila conica var.), LOL.

-orientalis (Planorbis), 117.

239

orissaénsis (Stenothyra), 82.

orissaénsis (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-
culata var.), 17.

ornata (Paludumus), 41.

oyvalis (Limneea) (Limniea)), 109,

ovalis (Limnea), 108.

ovatis (Limneus), 109.

oxytropis (Paludina), 84.

oxytropis (Vivipara), 84.

Pachychilus, 29.

pachysoma (Margaron (Unio), 1389.

pachysoma (Nodularia) Nodularia)),
139.

pachysoma ( Unio), 189.

pachystoma (Unio), 139.

pagodula (Io), 32.

pagoduia (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 32.

payodus (Pirena), 9.

Paludestrina, 67.

Paludestrinidie, 67.

Paludestrin, 87.

Paludina, 95.

paludinoides (Ampullaria), 100.

paludinoides (Paludowus), 40.

patludinoides (Paludomus conica vav.),

Paludomine, 38.
paludomoidea
waringia)), 37.
paludomoidea (‘iara (Mainwaringia)),
7

(Melanin (Main-

Paludomus, 38.

palustris (Paludomus), 47.

parma (Unio), 166.

Parreysia, 154.

Parreysia (sensu stricta), Li.

parvula (Amnicola), 69.

parvula (Bithynia orcula var.), 75.

parvula (Corbicula), 212.

parvula (Paludina), 69.

parous (Paludomus), 45.

patula (Limnwa (Limnea) acuminata
var.), 107.

pealiana (Paludomus conica var.), 40.

Pectinibranchiata, 8.

peguensis (Margaron (Monocondylea)),
150.

peguensis (Margaron (Unio)), 198.

peguensis (Melania), 22.

peguensis (Monocondylea), 149, 150.

peguensis (Paludomus andersoniana
subsp.), 42.

peguensis (Pseudodon crebristriatum
yar.), 150.

peguensis (Pseudodon (Trigonodon)),
150.

peguensis (Pseudodon (‘Trigonodon)
erebristriatus var.), 15U.

peguensis (Tiara (Melanoides)
gloriosa var.), 22.

peguensis (Vivipara variata var.), SU.

240

peguensis (Uni), 193.

Pelecypoda, 128.

pellis-laverti (Unio), 142.

Derd, B24,

pereonvexa (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
Ties

perdecollata (Faunus ater var.), 9.

perdecollata (Tiara (Racina) clavus
var.), 13.

pereger (Limneea), L10.

pereger (Linnea (Gulnaria)), 110.

peregra (Linnea), 110,

pergranosa (Tiara (‘arebia) lineata
Var). em

pernodulosa (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
164.

perotetiana (Neritina), 3.

perotetiana (Thecdoxis), 5,

perpinguis (Melania). 18.

perstriatula (Tiara (Striatella) nico-
barica var.), Lt.

petinoides (Linneus), 108.

petrosa (Paludina), 43.

petrosa (Paludomus), 48.

phaeostoma (Vivipara
var.), 84.

phasieninus (Paludomus), 45, 56,

phayresi (Univ), 15a.

Philopotamis, 53

phenchoogangensis
190.

bengalensis

(Lamellidens),

Phymesoda, 224.
Physa, 127.
Physide, 127.
Physine, 127.
Physunio, 148.
picta (Corbicula), 220.
picta (Melania), 11.
picta (Paludomus (‘Tanalia)), 58.
picta (Paludomus (Tanalia) aeuleata
yar), 48.
picta (Pirena), 9.
pictorum (Unio), 134.
Pila, 96.
pilatus (Margaron (Uiio), 186.
pilatus (Unio), 136.
Pilide, 96,
Pilinw, 96.
pinax (Parreysia (Parreysia) favidens
yar.), 161.
pinax (Unio facidens var.), 161.
pinax (Uiiv), 161.
pinguis (Limniwa (Gulnaria)), 113.
‘ pinna (Scapbula), 130.
Pirena,S.
pivenoidea (‘Tiara (Radina) clavus
var.), 13.
piscinalis (Helin), Wo,
poscinalis (Nevita), 99.
piscinalis (Valvata), 99.
Prsidium, 223, 224.
Pisnye, SO.

ALPHABETICAL

INDEX,

plagiosoma (Parreysia
favidens var.), 162.

plagiosoma (Unio), 162.

plagiosoma (Unio favidens var.), 162.

plana (‘Tiara (Radina) clavus var.),
13

(Parreysia)

Planorbiine, 115,

Planorbis, 115, 128.

plicata (Melania), 25.

Plotia, 35,

Polymesoda, 201.

ponderosus (Lamellidens
var.), 185.

pontificalis (Melania), 25.

pontificalis (‘Tiara (Melavioides) epis-
copalis var.), 25,

porata (Amnicola), 6s.

poreellana (Patella), 6.

premordica (Tiara (Acrostoma)), 31.

princeps (Faunopsis), 9.

princeps (Melanupsis), 9.

producta (Bithynia orcula var.), 74.

protensus (Cuio), 187.

proxima (Cyrena), 206.

prunum (Limnea (Limnwa) acumi-
nata var.), 108.

pruntan (Linuneus), 108.

Pseudodon, 149, 152.

pseudohelicina (Vivipara variata var.),

pulcher

pugio (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 141.

pugio (Unio), 141.

pulchella (Bithynia), 73.

pulchella (Paludina), 73.

pulcher (Lamellidens), 185,

puleher (Unio), 185.

Pulmonata, 104.

pumilio (Unio), 144.

pusilla (Bithynia pulchella var.), 73.

pusilla (Nerita), 95.

pygmeea (Bithynia), 76.

pyranidalis (Melania variabilis var.),
26.

pyramidalis (Tiara
baccata var.)). 26.

pyranidata (Paludina), 84.

pyramidata (Vivipara), 8+.

pyramis (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.

pyriformis (Paludomus), 31.

pysis (Hydrocena), 3.

pyxis (Hydrocena), 1, 3.

pyxis (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 8.

(Melanoides)

qguilonensis (Corbicula), 219.
quilonica (Corbicula), 219.

Radina, 10.

Radiatula, 146.

redula ¢ Dysononia), VAT.

radula (Univ), Vaz.

raufuhensis (Margaron (Unio), 169,

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

rajahensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
(

rajahensis (Unio), 169.

rawesiana (Hydrocena), 4.

rawesiana (Hydrocena), +.

rawesiana (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 4.

recta (Tiara (Melanoides) baccata
var.), 26.

reevet ( Melania (Melanoides)), 22.

reevei (Paludomus) (Tanalia), 58,

reevet (Paludomus (Tunalia) nodulosa
var.), 58.

regalis (Paludomus (Philopotamis)),
55.

regia (Corbicula), 221.

regularis (Corbicula), 217.

regulata (Paludomus), 42.

regulata var. (Paludomus), 42.

remossei (Vivipara), 91.

remossti (Paludina), 87, 91.

reticularis (Lheodoxis), 6.

reticulata (Neritina), 6.

reticulata (Paludomus), 44,

reticulata (Septaria), 7.

Rhipidoglossa, 1.

riquetti (Tiara (Melanella)), 32.

rivalis (Lanysiphon), ZOU, 201.

rivularis (Tiara (Striatella)), 20.

roepstorfiana (Tiara (Plotia) acan-
thica var.), 37. :

rotula (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 122,

rotunda (Paludomus), 48.

rudis (Melania), 34.

rudis (Puludomus), 39.

rudis (Tiara (‘Tarebia)), 34.

rufescens (Limnea), 109.

rufescens (Limnea (Limnea) acu-
winata. var.), 109.

rugosa (Mya), 169.

rugosa (Parreysia) (Parreysia)), 169.

rugosus (Unio), 139, 169.

rupaeformis (Paludomus (Philo-
potamis)), 59.

salweniana (Anodonta), 152.

salweniana (Margaron (Monocon-

dylea)), 152.
salweniana (Monocondylea). 152.
salwenianum (L’seudodon) 152.
salwenianus (Anodon), 152.
salwenianus (Pseudodon
don)), 152.
salwentanus (Unto), 162.
Sandalium, 6.
saritta (Cyclostoma), 2.
saritta (Hydrocena), 2.
saritta (Hydrocena (Georissa)), 2.
savoyensis (Unio), 166. :
sawaddyensis (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp.), 185.

(Pseudo-

241

saxea (Pila), 100.

scabra (Buccinum), 35.

scahra (Bulimus), 35.

seabra (Helix), 35.

scabia (Melaniua), 35.

scabra (Tiara (Plotia)), 35.

Scaphula, 129.

scaphadla (Arca), 129,

scobina (Nodularia (Nodularia)), 142.

scobina ( Unio}, 142.

scobinatus (Margaron ( Unio)), 142.

scohinatus (Unio), 142.

scutata (Ampullaria), 100, 101.

Scutibranchiata, 1.

scutum (Lamellidens), 181.

scutuin (Lamellidens
subsp.), 181.

scutum (Unio), 181.

Segmentina, 124.

semigranosa (Melania), 35.

semigranosa (Tiara (Tarebia) lineata .
var,), 35.

semilevigata (Tiara (Striatella) nevilli
var.), 19.

semirugatus (? Unio), 155,

Seplaria, 6,

shanensis (Vivipara), 93.

shurtleffiana (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
138.

shurtlefianus (Margaron (Unio)), 138.

shurllefianus (Unio}, 138.

siamensis (Linnea (Guinaria)), 113.

siamensis (Margaron (Unto)), i94.

siamensis (Unio)), 194.

siamensis (Vivipara), 87.

sibsaugorensis (Paludomus
var.), 40.

sikkimensis (Margaron (Unio)), 171.

sikkimensis (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
171.

sikkimensis (Unio), 171.

siliguriensis (Nodularia (Radiatula)
lima var.), 148.

siliguriensis (Unio), 148.

similis (Batissa), 208.

similis (Paludina), 77.

sinmlis (Paludomus (‘Lanalia)), 63.

simulans (Limnea), 114.

simulans (Limnzea (Gulnaria)), 114.

sindica (Vivipara dissimilis var.), 88.

sindicus (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
126.

singaporinus (Limneus), 108.

sinistrorsa (Pila globosa var.), 97.

sinuosa (Cyrena), 205.

siphonata (Melania), 31,

sivaiensis (Planorbis)
129.

skinneri (Paludomus) Tanalia)), 62.

smaragdites (Parreysia (Vacreysia)),
163.

marginalis

conica

(Gyraulus)),

R

242

smaragdites (Unio), 158, 163.

sobrius (Melania), 12.

sobrius (Tiara (Radina) clavus var.),
12.

Solenaia, 132.

Solenide, 228.

Solenine, 228.

solenifurmis (Anodonta), 132.

soleniformis (Solenain), 132.

soleniformis (Spatha). 132.

solida (Corbicula), 215,

solidu (Paludumus (Lanalia)), 62.

solidiuscula (Tiara (Melancides)
huwwerosa var.), 23.

soliduscula (Tiara (Radina) zeleborii
var.), 14.

sphierica (Paludomus), 39.

spheerica (Pila globosa var.), 97.

Spheeriina, 228.

Spherinm, 223, 224.

spinata (Melanoides), 27.

spinata (Tiara (Melanoides)). 27.

spinosa (Tiara (Melanoides) variabilis
var.), 23.

spinulosa (Melania), 25.

spiralis (Neritina), 6.

spiralis (Paludumus), 50.

spirodelus (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
126.

spuria (Mya), 155.

spuria (? Mya), 158.

squamata (Navicella), 8.

squamata (Septaria), 8.

stacbei (Fossarulus), 77.

stagnalis (Helix), 106.

stagnalis (Lymuea), 106.

stagnalis (Limnea (Limuzea)), 106,

Stagnicola, 106.

stelzneri (Planorbis (Gyraulus)), 123.

Stenothyra, 79.

Stenothyrina, 79.

Stenothyroides (Bithynia), 77.

stephanus (Melania), 44.

stephanus (Paludomus), 44.

stewarti (Pisidium) 227,

Stomatodon, 63.

stomatodon (Paludomus), 63.

stomatodun (? Tanalia), 64,

stomatodon (Paludowus
todon)), 64.

Striatella, 15.

striatella (Corbicula), 214.

striatula (Paludomus), 49.

striatus (Limneus), 107.

strigata (Limnea (Limnea) acum-
inata var.), 108.

strigata (limnea pinguis var.), 110.

subacutissima (Tiara (Radina) hastula
var.), 11.

subangulata (Paludestrina
grandia) miliacea yar.), 68.

(Stoma-

(Bel-

ALPHABETICAL INDEX,

suhasperata (Melanotdes), 28.

subcrebra (‘Tiara (Striatella) tuber-
culata var.), 16.

subcrenulata (Tiara (Radina) hastula

var.), 11.
subdentata (Paludomus (Philopo-
tamis)), 56.
subgranulusa (Paludomus — (Philo-

potamis) nigricans yar), 56.

sublevigata (Tiara (Melunoides)
baccilera var. ), 28.

sublevigata (‘liara (Striatella) nevilli
subvar.), 19,

sublamellata (Lamellidens marginalis
subsp. lamellatus var.), 181.

sublutosa (‘Tiara (Striatella)), 17.

Submytilacea, 132.

subnitens (Corbicula), 215.

subplicifera (Tiara (Striatella) tuber-
culata var.), 17.

subpulchella (Bithynia), 73.

subradiata (Corbicula), 213.

subscabra, (‘Tiara (Plotian) acanthiea
var.), 37.

subspinosa (Tiara (Melanoides) vari-
abilis var.), 24.

substriatus (Margaron ( Unio)), 186.

substriatus (Unio), 136.

subtuberculata (‘Tiara (Melanoides)
variabilis var.), 2+.

subumbilicata (Vivipara dissimilis
var.), 88.
subunifascialis (Tiara (Striatella)

rivularis var.), 20.

subvaricosa (Tiara (Melanoides) vari-
abilis var.), 24.

subviridis (Tiara (Tarebia) broti var.),

succinea (Limnea (Guinaria)), 112.

succineus (Limneéus), 1L2.

suleata (Paludomus), 53.

suleata (Paludomus (Philopolamis)),
53.

sulcata (Valvata), 78.

sulcatula (Linnea (Limneea) acumi-
nata var.), 107.

sulcatulus (Limneus), 107.

swainsoni (Paludomus (‘Lanalia)), 59,

syhadrensis (Cremnobates), 65.

syliadrensis (Cremnoconchus), 64, 65.

sylhetica (Corbicula), 218.

sylhetica (Limnwa (Limnea) acumi-
nata yar), 109.

Tenioglossa, 8,

Tanalia, 57.

Tanisiphon, 200.

tanjoriensis (Paludomus), 47.
tanschaurensis fluviatilis (Helix), 47.
tanschaurica (Paludomus), 47.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX.

Tarebia, 33.

tavoyensis (Margaron (Unio)y), 166.

sh as (Parreysia (Parreysia)),
66.

tavoyensis ( Unio), 166.

Tellina, 210, 223, 224.

tenebrosa (Batissa), 207.

tennantii (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 61.

tennenti (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-

toides var.), 61.

tennenti (Unio), 155.

tennentii (Cyrena). 206.

tennentit (Paludomus), 61.

tentaculata (Bithinia), 71.

tentaculata (Bithinia (Elona)), 71.

tentaculata (Bithynia), 70.

tentaculata (Bythinia), 71.

tentaculata (Helix), 70.

tentaculata (Lymnea), 70.

tentaculata (Paludina), 71.

tentaculatus (Bulimus), 70.

tentaculatus (Turbo), 71.

tenuior (Bithynia suhpulchella var.),
4

tenuis (Ancylus), 105.

terebra (Liara (Melanvides)), 27.

terebralis (Pirena), 9.

tessellata (Navicella), 7.

testudinarius (Unio), 175.

Tetrabrauchia, 128.

tezpurensis (Vivipara crassa var.), 87.

theca (Lrapezvideus), 195.

theea ( Unio), 195,

theobaldi (Ampullaria), 99.

theobaldi (Ampullaria maura vav.), 99.

theobaldi (Nodularia (Nodularia)),
143.

theobaldi (Pila), 99.

theobaldi (Vivipara), 86.

Theodoxis, 5.

thermatis (Turbo), 95.

thwaitesi (Laimellidens
suvsp ), 179.

thwaitest (Margaron (Unio)), 179.

thwaitesi (Paludomus (Tanalia)), 61.

thwaitesi (Paludomus (Tanalia) neri-
tides var.), 61.

thwaitesi (Philopotamis), 61.

thwaitest \ Unio), 179.

thwaitesti (Lamellidens), 179.

Tiara, 10.

Tiaride, 8.

Tiarine, 8.

tigrina (Limnea (Limnea)), 110,

tigrina (Melani), 16.

tigrina (Liara (Striatella) tuberculata
var.), 16.

tirouri (Melani), 12.

tirouri (Tiara (Radina)
var.), 12.

tischbeini (Ampullaria), 102.

marginalis

crenulata

243

tischbeini (Pila), 102.

tondanensis (Planorbis), 118.

torguata ( Melania), 27.

torquata (Melanordes), 27.

torrenticola (Paludomus (Tanalia)),

torrenticola (Paludomus (Tanalia)
aculeata var.), 59.

torulosus (Bulimus), 11.

touranensis (Melania), 22.

Trapezoideus, 193.

travancorica (Bithynia). 72.

travancorica (Paludemus), 49. :

tricolor (Lamellidens — marginalis
var.), 176.

tricolor (Unio), 176.

tricolor (Unio marginalis var.), 117.

Tricula, 68.

triembulus (Parreysia
tavoyensis var.), 167.

triembolus (Unio), 167.

trifasciatus (Paludomus
taniis)), 54.

trigona (Corbicula), 214.

trigona (Parreysia
favidens var.), 159.

Trigonodon, 149.

tripartitus (Margaron (Unio)), 158.

tripartitus (Unio), 148.

trirostris (Unio), 136, 158.

trochvideus (Planorbis (Segmentina)),

(Parreysia)
(Philopo-

(Parreysia)

Trochus, 95.

troscheli (Bithynia), 77.

troscheli (Paludina), 77.

truncatula (Lymnea), 114.

truncatula (Limneea (Bulimnea)), 114.

truncatulwm (Bucctnum), 114.

truncatulus (Limneus), 114.

truncatus (Unio), 175.

tuberculata {Melania), 15.

tuberculata (Nerita), 15.

tuberculata (‘Liara (Striatella)), 15.

tumidus (Unio), 134.

Turbo, 9d, 128.

turgida (Cyrena), 205,

turriculus (Tiara (Striatella)), 18.

turrita (Bithynia), 78.

turrita (? Bithynia (Hydrobivides)),
78

turrita (Fairbankia (an Bithynia)),
78.
Turritella, 10.

umbilicalis (Planorbis (Segmentina)),
125.

unduta (Paludomus), 57.

Unio, 134.

Uniomerus, 134.

Unionidae, 132.

244

Unioninx, 132.

Valvata, 95.

Valvatider, 95.

Valvatinw, 95.

Valvearius. 95.

variabilis (Tiara (Melanoides)), 23.

variata (Paludina), 89.

yariata (Vivipara), 89.

yelaris (Physunio (Lens)), 149.

velaris (Unio), 149.

Velorita, 209,

Tenutlites, 210.

Venus, 201, 207, 209, 210.

venustus (Unio), 142.

verruca (Aneylus), 105,

versicolor (Planurbis (Hippeutes)),
124.

Vibex, 33.

Villorita, 209.

violacea (Corbicula), 214, 219.

yiolacen (Paludomus) (Philopo-
tamis)), 46.

violucea (Tanatia), 56.

virens (Pila layardi var.), 99.

viridis (Bulimus), 66.

viridis (Paludina), 94.

viridis (Vivipara (Idiopoma) helici-
formis var.), 94.

viridula (Parreysia (Parreysia) favi-
dens yar.), 160.

viridula (Unio favidens var ), 160.

vittata (Melania variabilis var.), 28.

vittata (Tiara (Melanoides) baccitera
var.), 28.

ATL.PHABETICAL INDEX.

Vivipara, 83.

vivipara (Vivipara), 83.

Viviparide, 83.

Viviparine, $3.

Viviparus, 83.

Volvata, 9A.

vondembuschi (Uni), 150.

vulcana (Parreysia (Parreysia)), 168.
vuleanus (Unio), 168.

winkleyi (Ampullaria), 103.

winkleyi (Pila), 108.

woodmasoniana (Stenothyra), 81.

woodwardi (Ampullaria), 102.

woodwardi (Pila), 102.

wynegungaensis (Margaron (Unio)),
157.

wynegungaénsis (Parreysia (Par-
reysia) , 157.

wynegunyaensis (Unio), 155, 157.

zayleymanensis (Trapezoideus foli-
aceus var.), 194.

zebrinus (Planorhis), 116.

zeleborii (Tiara (Radina)), 13.

zelanica (Cyclas), 202.

zelanica (Cyrena), 202, 205.

ceylanica (Melania), 46.

zeylanica (Paludomus), 46.

zonata (Lamellidens mwarginalis var.),
1i7.

zonata (Tiara (Melanella)), 32.

zonata (Unio marginalis vay.) 177.

zonatus (Planorbis exustus var.), 116,

zugmayeri (Pisidium), 227.

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