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AT tala oe ‘fant See) ai Peeiteb Ra pelyrk ’ Weft vines 4 Bs) 0 ie RM Megs Fae. fi (ents Fe Spleeemepitan Asse FARA EW thet yy it Poe} pop ve jae eM vial eles by 4 Me wk ae iy rt) Wn 4 . Hn yy Set PSUR Rey 4 OYA i Pus HAAG tt a STAY arene ta PUREED ath y a aru reast ‘uel hy eb i artis trip bite Tt h argh mi} Shue ed heh sie NAN Seiesice SoS Seah E ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY NEw YorK STATE COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE AND HoME ECONOMICS AT CoRNELL UNIVERSITY Cornell University Libra Factors influencing the keeping quality Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002826356 MINOR THESIS FACTORS INFLUENCING THE KEEPINGQUAL# IVY OF FRUIT, BY . ‘2 : C. F. NIVEN, B, Agr. 1908, 9B 360 N13 ced gz PREFACE, Perhaps there is no subject that is of any more im= portance to the fruit growers than that pertaining to th the keeping qualities, It isa subject that is of in= terest more or less in all portions of the country. Use= ful experiments have been carried out along this line by experiment stations and private firms that have brought to light ways in which to prolong the marketing season and thus conducing to a better distribution of the pro~ duct, as well as by indicating some of the risks that ax are involved in the attempts to hold such products lon» ger than their physical characteristics will permit, : So in presenting this to the faculty as my minor thesis for a masters degree, I feel satisfied that it is a subject that cannot be studied any too much for there is much to be learned that will be new and valuable to us all, not only from the commercial standpoint but from the pleasure side as well, In my experiment with apples and pears that I have been carrying on this wine ter, a good many valuable points have been brought to : light that had never come under my personal observation pefore, Yet I regret very much to say that one-half of the experiment had to be entirely discarded in the ears ly winter on the account of the cold storage room not . being completed, So I had to depend entirely on the fruit in the cellar for the results obtained, However, I have reviewed the work of a good many experimenters : along this line in order to collect as much information as possible concerning the ef€8cts of cold storage on fruit, CHAPTER, I INTRODUCTION, Fruit culture has come to such a point in the United States that the harvesting, marketing and general dise position of the crop have become matters of national importance, A general failure of the crop of apples, let it be from the cultural or storage effects, results in serious disturbance of commercial conditions in many important agricultural regions and involves heavy losses to mercantile and transportation interests as well as to the growers and consumers, It inflicts a hardship upon the consumers by depriving them of the most useful fruit that is brought into the household, Next to crop failure and the control of injurious insects and diseases, the most important feature con= nected with fruit growing at this time is the preser- vation of the crop for sufficient time to allow its dise tribution to consumers in sound and marketable condi- _ taon, This feature has become very important since the growing of the fruit has developed on a large scale in the middle and southern states where the climatic cone ditions are not such at the time of harvesting as to ale low a very long living and commercial period for the fruit. Under the effects of the hot weather a large portion of the fruit is thrown upon the market in the early fall in the last stages of its life and this ree sults in a supply that is greater than the demand in the beginning of the season and very low prices, This would be followed later by a scarcity of fruit and abe normally high prices, The successful keeping of apples and pears on a large scale in refrigerated storage, which began about 1890, was hailed by the growers and dealers as a solu= tion to the problem and the practice of keeping the : fruit this way has since been carried on to a very great extent, Experience has demonstrated, however, that in many instances fruit stored in such houses in the fall has failed to come out in good condition in the late winter or spring, thereby resulting in a serious loss to the owner, Also it has been known for a long time that different lots of fruit in the same storage room behave differently. Some keeping in excellent condi- tion while others spoil, The storage of small fruits is a problem somewhat different from the storage of the large and more durable fruits, Winter apples and pears are usually too hard and immature when first harvested and stored for inme~ diate use, Cold storage insures good keeping of these for long periods until the proper flavor and quality has been brought out. The fruits ripen slowly in the lower temperature which is one of the secrets of long keeping and production of good quality, In the storage of small fruits the conditions and purposes are differ~ ent, The strawberry, for example, is usually in its prime when picked and then in its best condition for ta= ble use, The quality is not improved by further ripene ing and the quicker the fruit can be consumed the better All that can be hoped for in such a case is to hold, for a short while longer, the appearance and flavor of the fruit. In commercial practice, small fruits are sometimes stored for speculative purposes, The fruit is bought when the prices are low, kept in cold storage until the prices advance and then sold at a profit, But owing to the delicate and perishable nature of the fruit this practice must be carefully carried out or else the spec- ulator will lose in the deal, This system is now used for small fruits by many canning establishments for at the busy part of the season the fruit is often received faster than it can be cared for so it has to be put away in the cold storage room until it can be handled, So after investigating this subject it has been found that the cold storage system can be used with profit on any of the large fruit farms and certainly it could not be discarded in none of the large commercial establishments if the best results are to be obtained, CHAPTER} II. INFLUENCE OF COLD STORAGE ON THE FRUIT INDUSTRY, The application of cold temperatures to the preser- vations of fruitshas, without a doubt, influenced the development of fruit growing in America. When fruit had to be transported from the orchard to the market in come mon freight cars and boats without any artificial coole ing, and when it reached its destination it had to be stored in pits, cellars or rooms of very warm tempera= tures, it was necessary to dispose of the whole crop at once else it would go bad on the owners or commission merchants and all profits would be lost, Even in the pest of times the fruit could not be kept in good con= dition very long and to put it all on the market at once would run the prices low and at the same time it would all be used up at once leaving none for the winter and early spring... The development of the cold storage sys= tem has entirely changed this, Instead of shipping the fruit in ordinary freight cars it is carried in a spe- cial car provided for the purpose called the "Fruit ree frigerator car", Other improved methods have made fruit growing possible and profitable in remote parts of the country and made the distribution of the most perishable fruits possible, The growth of the cold storage ware= house is making the season of fresh fruits the year round, It is distributing them more un&formly through= out the season thereby causing a more steady market, , So instead of an incidental feature of the farm, the apple is now the princtpa™ crop in “a ~ge sections of the country and its production, handling and marketing of the crop are becoming highly specialized forms of agri- culture, In many of the large fruit growing sections the handling of the crop and the marketing of it are con- trolled by organizations or by fruit merchants, These organizations or merchants buy the fruit in the orchard and who, through the special development of fruit and market statistics, are better able to handle them than the grower, However, apple storage is not always prof- itable, It prevents the premature deterioration of the fruit, but when the picking season is unusually hot and there are delays in getting the fruit into storage, the losses are sometimes heavy. This may be caused by the fall being cool and large quantities of fruit can be kept in common storage, The markets are well supplied with this fruit and the cold storage fruit will have to be held over until in the spring and all be rushed on the market at once, in order to be ahead of the early southern fruits, But on the whole the development of the cold storage system is proving beneficial to the fruit industry and encouraging its development over large territories, EXTENT OF COLD STORAGE WARK HOUSING INDUSTRY, Perhaps there is no one thing that has had more ine fluence on the development of the fruit industry than that of the "Cold Storage Warehousing" and below I copy a paragraph from work done by the Department of Agri- culture showing the extent of the warehouse industry. Accuraté* statistics are difficult to obtain but in I90I it was estimated that the capacity of the cold storage houses, including meat, egg and butter storage was a I50,000,000 cubic feet of space, of which 50,000, 000 cubic feet distributed in six hundred warehouses, were devoted to fruit storage, Since I90I there has been a large increase in the number of fruit storage houses, especially in the apple growing districts, where many plants with a capacity of from five thousand to thirty thousand barrels have been erected in or near the orchards or the railroad stations, The cold storage business has developed most exten sively in large cities and in towns conveniently loca= ted for distributing the fruit later in the season to *G, H, Powell, bulletin, 48, domestic or foreign markets, In many cases these ware~ houses serve as a check to the general sale of fruit off the farms, In case the farmers storage house should not be large enough to hold his fruit, it can be trans~ ferred to the city warehouse and there stopped from go- ing on the general market, should the prices fail to be at a suitable figure to pay the farmer to sell, So below I give a table*showing a list of the cities and towns in which more than 75,000 barrels were stored about December the first I902 IN COLD STORAGE, PLACE, NUMBER OF BARRELS, CHICAS as cau nes vasedee eens eee se sol, 000 Now York Clty seveseceecsveoesecs 0200,000 Philadelphia and vicinity ...... 200,000 ROChEster cenccscccsessesesesece 150,000 St. Louis Mo, sesevcccccccsceesl20,000 Boston and vicinity .eccovscsecesesl02,000 Indianapolis, Ind. .seseceseese s+ 100,000 Leroy, Ne Ye cecccvevesceseccees100,000 Brighton, Ny Ye. secsecccceeseee 690,000 Lockport, Ne Ys. seccecsceeseeees90;000 Albion, No. Ye cocccccevccsveces 36,000 - * G, H Powell, bulletin 48, U. S. Dept, x Oe On page four I stated that successful keeping of ap= ples and pears began about the year 1890, So from the | table above we can see that there was a great increase in the cold storage system during this period of twelve years especially in the large cities, This is one great proof that there is more profit in keeping fruit in cold storage than in common storage houses, The extent of apple storage business in states in which more than 100,000 barrels were stored about De-~ cember the first I902 is shown below. IN COLD STORAGE, STATES, NUMBER OF BARRELS, New York ceccccccccccccccsecccee e961 ,000 Pil tned ay 2 sscneeuwseuscanseceving 924000 MISSOULFL cececcccccccsccceseceseedel 000 Pennsylvania secccccccscccecsesecr20,000 OHIG scvececs tenues seve cesses ese 155,000 MASSACHUSETTS cecscccecccccceeeeet18,000 Indiana CONS e OED ECE CONS COR Sees eae EO? OOO To compare the above table and to show the falling off of the common storage methods and the great increase in the development of the cold storage methods, below I give another table showing the different states that had IZ - most apples in common storage December the first 1902, APPLES IN COMMON STORAGE. STATES, NUMBER OF BARRELS, Now YOrk ceccccscvccccccvcsescecett%,000 MAING sencnscccccccesecesensceeee240,000 New Hampshire seccccsccsessccseseeled,000 Massachusetts esoccscccccccceseeel00,000 Vermont Meheula haste dtaiiawee oe 0C0 From the above tables we can see that the cold stor= age system had made great advancement over the common way of storage and this increase is steadily going én each year. I am sorry that I was unable to obtain later statistics to show the more recent development of the cold storage system, However we know that it is making a steady advancement each year, FUNCTIONS OF THE COLD STORAGE WAREHOUSE, Time and again the question has been asked in what way the cold storage method affected the fruit in order to keep it in good condition so long, There is a good deal of misunderstanding as to the function of the ware- house and the condition leads to frequent confusions be» IS tween the warehouseman and the fruit storer, Though they might be avoided and the conditions improved if there was a clearer definition on the influence of fruit preservation, of cultural methods, methods of handling and the methods of storing, The best definition that I have seen on the subject is one that is found in one of the reports of the U. S Dept.* and is as follows: "A fruit is a living organism in which the life pro» cesses go forward more slowly in low temperatures, but do n@t cease even in the lowest temperatures in which the fruit may be safely stored. When the fruit naturale ly reaches the end of its life, it dies from old age. | It may be killed prematurely by rots, usually caused by fungi which lodge on the fruit before it is packed or sometimes afterward, The cold storage house is designed to arrest the ripening processes in a temperature that will not injure the fruit in other respects and thereby to prolong ité@ life history. It is designed also to re= tard the development of the diseases with which the mt fruit is afflicted, but it cannot prevent the slow xxamk growth of some of them, It follows that the behavior of different apples or lots of apples in a storage room is largely dependent on their condition when they enter the room, If they are in a dissemilar condition of rie *S. H. Fulton I4 penness or have been grown or handled differently, or vary in other respects, these differences may be expect= ed to appear as the fruit ripens slowly in the low tem-= perature, If the fruit is already overripe, the low tem- perature cannot prevent its deterioration sooner than would be the case with apples of the same variety that were in a less mature condition, If the fruit has been bruised, or is covered with rot spores the low temper- ature may retard but cannot prevent its premature decays If there are inherent differences in the apples due to the character of the soil, the altitude and to inciden= tal features of orchard management, or variations due : to methods of picking, packing and shipping the low tem= perature must not be expected to obliterate them, but rather to retard while not preventing their normal de- velopment," In general it is the function of the cold storage house to furnish a uniform temperature of the desired de— gree of cold through its compartwtients during the stor= age season, The warehouses are expected to be managed in other respects so that the deterioration of the fruit or any other injury may not be reasonably attributed to a poorly constructed and installed plant, or to its neg- ligent or improper management, The warehouseman does not insure the fruit against natural deterioration, he “Lo holds it in storage as a trustee, and in thatn relation is bound to use only that degree of care and diligence in the management of the warehouse that a man of ordi- nary care and prudence would exercise under the circum» stances in protecting the goods if they were his private property. If the temperature of the storage room fluctuates unduly from the point to be maintained and causes the fruit to freeze to its injury, or to ripen with abnor- mal rapidity, or if the management of the rooms or the handling of the fruit in other respects can shown to have been faulty or negligent, the warehouse has failed to form its proper function, 6 CHAPTER, III INFLUENCING OF THINING, GATHERING AND KEEPING, Since the time that fruit will keep in cold storage depends largely on the conditions of it when put in the cold storage house, it might be well to devote this chap- ter to a few of the methods of handling and general care of the fruit, before it is carried from the farm to the warehouse, PF, A, Waugh* , in his writings on the sube ject, considers the proper handling of,the fruit on the farm and between the farm and the warehouse the one great secret in its keeping qualities afterward, THINNING. In order to get the best prices for our fruit, let it be apples, pears, peaches or any of them, there must pe excellent qualities, a good uniform size and hand- some appearance, Next to cultivation, nothing contrib= utes more to bring out these these qualities than thine ning the young fruit on the trees, If the fruit is crow ded on the tree it is small, of irregular shape and cole or and comparatively flavorless, Overbearing also ine jures the vitality of the fruit and tree, hurting the tree to such an extent that the life and profitableness amvinning, Gatheringand Marketing, oe will not last near so long, yet thinning is hardly ever practiced, Crowding is injurious in any crop, The far-= mer for instance, would consider it a farce to leave ten or fifteen stalks of cotten, corn or potatoes in one hill, Likewise, the gardner would not leave six or ten cabbage plants or cucumber plants in one hill for they have found out that less is produced by such a method and to thin out to one or two plants far better results are obtained, Yet the same farmer or gardner never xhin thinks to thin the twenty or more apples or peaches on asmall shoot, They: seem to desire the greater num- per of specimens and poor quality while the market de-= mands the opposite. Good quality and fewer specimens are the better, All successful fruit growers now expect to thin their fruit, especially their peaches, plums and dwarf pears, It may be accomplished either by picking or by pruning the trees for such a purpose, If the grower re= sorts to the pruning of his trees to thin his fruit buds and fruit spores are else he might loose too much of his fruit. GATHERING, Thomas,* says that mankind consists of two grand di-# visions the careless:-and the careful, Each individual e peeer eed PraLt CalLturiet. may be assigned to his place under these great heads by observing how he picks or gathers his fruit, The careless shake the crop down on the ground or, if pick= ed by the hand, throw the specimens in the basket, rath- er than carry and deposit them carefully, Such persons wonder why they have such poor luck in keeping fruit for it nearly all rots prematurely... One cannot be too careful in gathering his fruit if it is to be stored any len*th of time and even in case it is to be consumed inmediatel; the bruised places on the fruit renders it unattractive and will not bring the best prices, Our people have passed the methods of living that were practiced in remote periods and have now come to the point where, " if anything dosn't look well it dosn't taste well," and for this reason among many others they command attractive fruit and will not pay attractive prices for anything else, So after know= ing this it seems to me that everyone should be as care ful as possible and try to put the best before the con+ suming public, When gathering the frit, it is advisable to gather what can be reached from the ground first, The pickers should be provided with handled baskets well lined with some soft material for the purpose, Ladders should be I9 provided for reaching the fruit higher up in the tree and in this case hooked baskets can be used, suspending them in the tree, When the basket is full the man comes downand places them two or three at a time in two-bushel baskets or barrels just as the case may be, In case x 5 " 3 44 Leaves it 3 I4% " 3 132 Tissue plus 2 waxed i S Ie "1 3 2d The next table shows the 3d and 4th weighing, 5a and 4th weighing. WRAPPING DATE WEIGHT DATE WHIGHT 1bs.,02Z, 1bs.0Z. Waxed: paper 12/18/07 4 42 1/18/08 4 23 Tissue paper tt 3 Tet " 3 II: Check " 3 et " HF Wrapping paper " 3 I5s " 3 I4¢ Tissue plus waxed " 3.9 " 3 Double waxed " 3 I32 " a Ip Leaves 3 I22 " So it Tissue plus 2 waxed " o Lew " 2. 1 Sth and sixth weighing, WRAPPING DATE WEIGHT DATE WEIGHT LDS .0Z.~ 1bs,0Z. Waxed paper 2/18/o8 4 Is 3/18/o8 4 2 Tissue paper " % I0 " 3 94 Check . 3 64 ? 3 5¢ Wrapping paper " 3 I3¢ " 3 Ir2t Tissue plus waxed " oS 62 ° 5S ay Double waxed at 3 I2 t So Ity Leaves " 3 Loz " 3 IO% Tissue plus 2 waxed " 3 04% " 5 0 At this time the fruit was in perfect condition, There was hardly any change in appearance of it since it. was put in the cellar, 8I The following table shows the seventh weighing and the entire decrease in weight of the fruit, 7th wei-hing, decrease in weight. WRAPPING DATE WEIGHT DECREASE, Waxed paper 4/18/08 "Baek ve Tissue paper " 3 8 5s Check at 3 4} 4% Wrapping paper " 3 It 5 Tissue plus waxed " 3 54 4 Double waxed " 5 DoF 4 eaves " 3 94 5 Tissue plus 2 waxed " 3 9 3 The results show that the sample wrapped in waxed paper alone decreased more in weight than any of the other samples while the sample wrapped in tissue plus double waxed decreased less than any of the rest, The decrease in this averaged a little more than an ounce to the pound, The following table shows the per cent of good and bad fruit that was in this lot. On the whole this variety did not keep so well as some or perhaps all of the varieties that have been recorded so far, -_ 82 WRAPPING %G00D “BAD Waxed paper 90 IG Tissue paper 80 20 Check 70 50 Wrapping paper 90 nO) Tissue plus waxed mnele) ie) Double waxed 90 IO Leaves 85 I5 Tissue plus 2 waxed I00 0 By a glqnce at the two last tables it will be seen that the sample that was wrapped in tissue plus two waxed papers kept better than any of the other samples, This sample lost only 33 ounces which was less than any of the rest and at the end of the test there was I00 per cent of it good, The next best sample was the one wrapped in tissue plus waxed, VARIETY UNKNOWN, Thas was the poorest kceping variety that I had une der consideration, When the last examination was made most of the fruit was in poor comdition, The following table shows the first and second ~ weights of the fruit, Ist and 2nd weighing WRAPPING DATE. WEIGHT, DATE WHIGAL lbs,0Z. Lbs,.0Z, Waxed paper 10/20/o7 3 I0% Iz/18/o7 3. 10 Tissue plus waxed " 3 Tat 1 3 Ie Double waxed " 4 34 " 4 2% Tissue plus 2 waxed "* 4 4 " 4 34 Tissue u & IT " o ioe Wrapping e 3 74 " a 4 Check uf 3 8 " 5 Ve Leaves iv o IQ +4 5 8) od and 4th weighing, WRAPPING DATE, WEIGHT, DATEH WEIGHT Lbs,02, 1lbs.02. Waxed paper 12/18/07 3 9 1/18/08 3 8b Tissue plus waxed " o Iie i o a2 Double waxed " 4 2 " 4 I Tissue plus 2 waxed a 4 25 ut 4 2 Tissue " 3 OF " 3 84 Wrapping at 3 64 " 3 52 Check * 3 7 " 3 6¢ Teaves " a " 3 62 This fruit was good at this time, The next table shows the fifth and sixth weighing. 5th and 6th weighing, WRAPPING DATE. WEIGHT Waxed paper 2/18/08 3 aE Sissue plus waxed " 3 IOs Double waxed " 4 4 Tissue plus 2 waxed " 4 Ii Tissue se 3 8 Wrapping x 3.5 Check 3 54 Leaves " 3 6 ao wow & ww BP ?A 84 At this examination I found 20% of the sample that was wrapped in leaves worhtless, 7th weighing WRAPPIN DATE, WEIGHT, 1bS.036 Waxed paper 4/18/08 3 64 Tissue plus waxed " 3 9f Double waxed " 3 I5 Tissue plus 2 waxed " 4 Tissue " 3 6¢ Wrapping " 3 3} Check tt 3 3 Leaves, i 3 4 Decrease in weight DECREASE, OZ. 4 4} a With the exception of the sample that was wrapped _ 35 in leaves there was very little differenc2 in the amount of shrinkage from the different samples, The sample that was wrapped in leaves, however, decreased nearly two ounces to the pound, The following table shows the condition this fruit was in when examined the last fime, WRAPPING, %GOOD “BAD, Waxed paper 80 20 Tissue plus waxed 90 IO Double waxed 75 25 Tissue plus 2 waxed 90 TO tissue 50 50 Wrapping TOO 0 Check 30 70 Leaves 0 I00 This last variety seemed to be a poor keeper, In January the sample that was wrapped in leaves was begin- ning to show signs of decay, howevey none of it was en= tkrely decayed at that time, It will also be noticed that the sample that was wrapped in wrapping paper kept better than any of the rest while the sample that was wrwpped in leaves all rotted, CONCLUSIONS 28 we oe me oe ta ae 8 ok From results of these experiments the fédllowing conclusions may be drawn, I, To keep fruit in a first class condition for any length of time, it is entirely essential that it should be wrapped, The wrapper is beneficial in several ways, (I) The wrapper keeps the decaying spores from passing from one fruit to another, (2) Prevents severe wilting (3) Retains the color of the fruit. (4) Serves as a mechanical protection, 2. From my own obssrvation fruit wrapped in waxed paper will keep longer and in better condition than when wrapped in any other manner, 3, Leaves are inefficient for a fruit wrapper, 5.It is essentdal that fruit should be kept ina cool place after it is removed from the storage room, 6, Fruit should not be allowed to freeze, decays quicker, 87 7. Small packages are better than the barrel 8. Fruit should be stored as quick as possible after it is gathered, 88 BIBLIOGRAPHY. A et 08 ons Oe OnE OD Ga ee oe ed I, Agricultural Gazette, of New South Whales, Vol.I3, Gathering of Apples, 2eae— Marketing of apples, 3. Alto, R. Study of the ripening of apples, Proskauer abstbau, Ztg. July I90I 4, American Gardener, Storing apples for exposition, Vol. 2I (1900) page 490. 5, Beach, S.A. N. Y. apples in cold storage, 3, Y. Station Bul, #248. 6 Blair, J. C, The apple package, Trans, Ill, Hort. Soc. N. Ser.37 (1903) 7%, Beach, S. A. Thinning fruit. Eastern , Y. 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