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On to the herpetology of ara

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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924002872822

A CONTRIBUTION

TO THE

HERPETOLOGY

ARABIA.

WITH A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE

REPTILES AND BATRACHIANS

OF

BRGY PT

BY

JOHN ANDERSON, M.D., LL.D., F.R.S.

LONDON:
R. H. PORTER, 7 PRINCES STREET, CAVENDISH SQUARE.
1896.

e

AS11183

ALERE Y FLAMMAM.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,

RED LION COURT, FLEET 8TREET.

CONTENTS.

Page
Panr JI. A Sketch of the Physical Features of the Coast
of South-Hast Arabia, and of the Country be-
tween Makallah and the Hadramut.......... 1
Part II. Reptilia and Batrachia collected on Mr. J. T.
Bent’s Expedition to the Hadramut 19
Parr IIT. Some Reptiles from other Parts of Arabia.
Reptiles from the Hejaz in the Cairo Muscum. 56
A Chameleon from Yemen inthe Cairo Museum 62
Reptiles from Aden collected by Captain C. G.
NURS: c sin hese ie ah BA ka ee a eee ed 63
A new Agamoid Lizard from Maskat in the
British Museum... .......-ccacercececeee 65
Part IV. Sketch of the Literature bearing on the Reptilian
and Batrachian Fauna of Arabia............ 68
Pant V. List of the Reptilia and Batrachia of Arabia,
VAG GO US9G owls de a eG ins dideasteih Se oS ig le acy 77
General Distribution of the Species .......... 84
An Analysis of their Distribution ............ 88
Literature bearing on the Herpetology of Arabia 92
Part VI. A Preliminary List of the Reptilia and Batrachia
of Egypt (from the Delta to Wadi Halfa) and
of the Suakin District ............ 000.000, 94
A PPOUGIR: sae G Bitch d aan peated ahd tats sie cd Woes hate 116

PART I.

A SKETCH OF THE PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE COAST
OF

SOUTH-EAST ARABIA

AND OF THE

COUNTRY BETWEEN MAKALLAH AND THE HADRAMUT,

Tue first part of a valuable memoir on the South-East Coast of
Arabia, from the entrance to the Red Sea eastwards to Misendt
in 50° 43’ 25" E. longitude and 15° 3’ N. latitude, by Captain
Stafford Bettesworth Haines, of the Indian Navy, was read before
the Royal Geographical Society on the 11th May, 18391. The
second part of the memoir did not appear until 18457. It-carries
the Survey as far east as Rds Jezirah, known as Cape Isolette,
but more properly Cape Island.

The Survey of this coast was completed by the Indian Navy
between 1844-46. It was under the direction of Captain
Saunders and Lieutenant Grieve, and was conducted from east
to west, beginning at Maskat. Only a short memoir of this
Survey was published by Commander Saunders*; but the late
Mr. H. J. Carter, F.R.S., the Surgeon of the surveying ship, the
‘ Palinurus,’ gave an account * of his own observations, in order
to complete the geographical description of the coast. Separate
contributions to our knowledge of some parts of the coast-line
were made by other officers of both surveys.

1 Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soe. vol. ix. 1839, pp. 125-156 and map.
2 Ibid. vol. xv. 1845, pp. 104-160 and map.
3 Thid. vol. xvi. 1846, pp. 169-186.
4 Journ. Bombay Branch Roy. As. Soc. iii, Part ii, 1851, pp. 224-317.
I am indebted to Mrs. Carter for the use of a reprint of this paper, illustrated
by Mr. Carter’s sketches of the country and its people.
b

2

As Captain Haines and Mr. Carter did not confine their
researches merely to the coast, but gave an insight into the
character of the country lying beyond it, I have thought the
subject of sufficient interest, in view of the zoological collections
made on Mr. Bent’s Expedition to the Hadramut being the first
that have been obtained from South-Eastern Arabia, to justify
my giving a brief summary of the leading features of the country
between Aden and Ras el Had, and a sketch of Wrede’s},
Hirsch’s ?, and Bent’s* impressions of the Hadramut itself.

Round the headland of Jebel Shamshan, on which Aden is
situated, lies the great bay of Ghubbet Seilén, from which a plain
extends into the interior. This plain was traversed by Captain
8. B. Miles and M. Munzinger in 1870*. They went to Bir Ali,
220 miles to the east of Aden, in a small sambuk, and thence
penetrated into the interior as far as Habban and across the
plain to Aden, through the country occupied by the Fudhli
tribe. The plain is about 200 square miles in extent, and is
watered by two rivers, the Hassin and Banna; and when
Captain Miles crossed the latter in the end of July, he says it
was 400° yards broad, and running over knee-deep. Along the
shore the plain was bordered by a thick forest of acacia, and
towards the hills broad fields of grass and corn stretched away
to the Yaffai valley °. The uncultivated parts were either sandy
patches, or were covered with brushwood and thick jungle.
The jowéri grew to a great height, considerably overtopping the

1“An Excursion in Hadramaut by Adolph, Baron Wrede,” Journ. Roy.
Geogr. Soc. xiv. 1844, pp. 107-112; ‘ Reise in Hadhramaut,’ edited by H. F.
von Maltzan, 1870.

2 Verh. Ges. fiir Erdk. Berlin, xxi. 1894, pp. 126-136 and map.

3 Geogr. Journ. iv, 1894, p. 815 and map.

4 Proc. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xv. 1871, pp. 319-328; Trans. Bombay Geogr.
Soc. xix. 1874, pp. 166-186. Accompanying this summary of the Narrative
issued by the Government of Bombay is a paper by M. Munzinger on the geo-
graphical features, geology, and hydrology of the triangle between Ain Jowari,
Habhan, and Haurd.

5 This is probably a misprint for 40 yards.

® T cannot refrain from calling attention here to a statement by J. P,
Malcolmson, in his account of Aden (Journ. Roy. As. Soc. viii. 1846,
pp. 279-292), that a few hyzenas of small size occur in the deep ravines inland
from Aden. When at Suakin I was told that a small hyena frequented the
plain near that town. It proved to be not a byzna, but Proteles cristatus,
Is Geoffr. Is it possible that the small hyana of the Aden ravines is the same
animal ?

3

head of a man on a camel. The hills are stated to abound
with myrrh trees.

About thirty miles inland rises the high mountain-range called
Jebel Yaffai, attaining to an elevation of over 6000 feet above
the sea. It has numerous fertile valleys that produce coffee,
dura, and other crops. Ras Seilén, the eastern extremity of the
bay, is a low sandy point on which a few date trees grow.
Ten miles to the east of this cape, and about two miles from the
coast, the country is well watered and cultivated; but beyond
the fact that partridges are found on it, nothing is known of
its fauna. At the village of Suzhr4 good water, bullocks, sheep,
poultry, onions, and pumpkins were easily procured. Sixteen
miles to the north-east of Sughré, Jebel Kharaz towers to a
height of 5400 feet above the sea, and has the W4di Bahrein
winding through it, abundantly supplied with streams flowing
into an extensive lake which gives its name to the valley. Then
follows a tract of low, barren, sandy coast, succeeded by a range
of limestone mountains, twenty miles in length, and within five
miles of the sea, with its summits broken up into peaks and bluf
points. Further on, a number of black hills and rocky points
occur at intervals, close to the sea, and then follows a long stretch
of low sandy coast with more rocky points until the town of
Howaiyeh is reached, five miles inland, and situated on a wide
plain, the inhabitants of which were chiefly employed in agri-
culture. Here the surveying-ship the ‘ Palinurus’ secured some
fine bullocks, good water, and excellent fish. Inland from Jebel
Makénati, four miles north-east of Haurd, is the entrance to
the Wadi Meifah, one of the great valleys of the coast, in a
prolongation of which lies the remarkable ruin, Nakab el
Hajar, visited by Lieut. Wellsted! and Mr. Cruttenden in
April 1835.

Landing from the ship, they crossed a belt of low barren sand-
hills and passed the two villages Ain Abt’ Ma’bad and Ain Jowéari.
Continuing their way across a waste of low sandy hillocks rising
in sharp ridges, followed by a sandy expanse covered with
stunted tamarisks which afforded a slight shade from the
scorching sun, they reached a tableland about 200 feet above the
surrounding plain, intersected by numerous ravines, the beds of

1 Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. vii. 1837, pp. 20-34; ‘Travels in Arabia,’ 1838 B
Haines, Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. ix. 1839, p. 143.

b2

4

former torrents. The surface of the flat-topped hills was strewn
with fragments of quartz and jasper. Leaving this barren
plateau, they met with stunted acacias which increased in number
as the travellers advanced; and then they came upon good water
surrounded by trees, among which were numerous tamarisks and
Cissus arborea, Forsk&l. The ground they next passed over
afforded ample evidence of its having been quite recently the
bed of a powerful stream. Numerous hamlets were seen among
extensive groves of date-palms and verdant fields of dara, and
there were many herds of sleek cattle. On this, the second
day of their journey, they travelled on till midnight, and, on the
following morning, were astonished to find themselves surrounded
by luxuriant fields of dara and tobacco, extending as far as the
eye could reach, mingled with the foliage of the acacia and the
stately date-palm. The creaking of numerous wheels for the
irrigation of the fields, several rude ploughs drawn by oxen,
the ruddy countenances and lively appearance of the peopie,
and the delightful refreshing coolness of the morning air, com-
bined to form a scene which, Wellsted says, could never have
been anticipated from the barren aspect of the coast where they
had landed.

It was at this part of the coast (Bir Ali!) that Captain Miles
and M. Munzinger entered the country in 1870. The town of
Habban which they visited lies a considerable distance inland,
situated in a gorge girt round, on every side, with high, almost
inaccessible cliffs. It presents a striking appearance, as the
houses are lofty, detached, castle-like structures. Around the
town, wheat, jowari, barley, and other crops are cultivated, and
four crops are raised annually, viz., one rain-crop, and three by
irrigation.

Near to Bir Ali is Hisn Ghorab, a dreary-looking, brown hill,
464 feet high, in the neighbourhood of which the first Himyaritic
inscription was found by Lieut. Wellsted and Dr. Hulten on
6th May, 1834. Close to this spot, a remarkable, flat-topped
sandstone bill, called Sha’rdn, rises from the plain to a height of
800 feet. Its summit is a crater-shaped cavity, 2500 yards in
diameter, filled with salt water, and presenting the remarkable
feature that the edge of the water is fringed by an overhanging

1 Anthracite coal exists at Bir Ali, and specimens used to be taken to Aden
as coal. Bitumen is found in abundance, and there are signs of copper.

5

bank of mangrove trees. This elevated crater-lake is called Kharif
Sha’rdn, and the view from it is described as both romantic and
beautiful. Below the spectator are the dark waters of the
crater with its fringe of trees, while, on one side, are rocky
heights frowning over fertile valleys, and, on the other, the blae
sea, with an island or two in the distance’. At the town of
Kharijéh, still further to the east, the country in places is again
fertile, abounding in grass and date-palms, with excellent pasture-
lands affording food to numerous herds of cattle; but, with the
exception of these occasional oases, the coast-line is essentially
barren.

Beyond Rds Rehma&t the land is bold, with a succession of
rocky points; but, a little to the east, the town of Al Ghaidhar
is embosomed in luxuriant groves of date-palms. Further on is
the headland of Ras Barim, with its valley of the same name,
with palm trees, whilst the inland valleys here produce large
quantities of dira. The mountains that define them rise to an
altitude varying from 5000 to 6000 feet; and their summits are
said to be occasionally covered with snow in the cold season.
Capt. Haines has stated, from personal observation, that heavy
and continuous rains fallin November and December, July and
August, and even in April and May; and he records that he has
seen rain for three consecutive days.

From Barim to Makallah, the coast is low, barren and sandy,
forming a slight bay with great mountains in the background,
chiefly composed of limestone, but with interbedded sandstones
and masses of granite and basalt.

At Ras Makallah the hills come down to the sea, and above
the town they rise to about 300 feet asa reddish cliff, while above
this towers the flat-topped summit of Jebel Gara. A few miles
further on is the village of Bu Heish, surrounded by date-trees,
in a well-watered valley about 14 mile from the shore. Another
fertile district lies around the town Suku-l-Basir (the Ghail ba
Wazir of Hirsch), a few miles north-west of Shehr on the coast.
Sixty years ago, Capt. Haines found at the latter place much
tobacco, plenty of vegetables, good dates, and pure water.
Although other small oases are present, the coast-line from
Makallah to the cliffs of Hami, thirteen miles beyond Shehr, is

1 T have consulted Capt. Haines’s original MS, preserved in the India Office.

It is illustrated by some sketches; and among them there is a pen-and-ink
drawing of this lake taken from the margin of the crater.

6

an almost unbroken line of low barren sand, but the village of
Hanmi itself is situated in a picturesque ravine, with a grove of
date-palms, and cultivated land near the beach. Capt. Haines
and Lieut. Wellsted were the first to describe the hot springs
in this part of the Arabian coast, to the presence of which the
oases are largely attributable, combined with the drainage from
the mountains that finds its way down the ravines on to the
Sahil, or maritime plain. Capt. Haines ascertained that some of
the springs had a temperature of 140° Fahr. Mr. Carter says
they occur in such profusion between Makallah and Sihut, at the
entrance of the Wadi Masilah, as to constitute one of the striking
features of this part of the coast-line. The same traveller was
also the first to call attention to another remarkable appearance
presented by this plain, namely, the presence of extensive out-
flows of basaltic rock, associated with volcanic cones rising to
about 100 feet above the level of the ground. The basalt, from
its blackness, is in strong contrast to the rest of the sandy Sahil,
as a whole; and is so unmistakably volcanic, that but for its
being unattended by any active signs of eruption, it might be
mistaken for a recent lava outflow. These two features of the
Makallah-Sihit Sahil could not fail to attract the attention of
every traveller. They have recently been redescribed by Mr. Bent
in his account of his visit to the Hadramut.

At Misenat, opposite to the opening of the Wadi Sheikhéwi,
the land is swampy and mangrove trees are numerous. The
officers of the ‘ Palinurus ’ found, a little to the east of this valley,
a number of Himyaritic characters in red paint, similar to those
discovered at Hisn Ghorab.

Immediately to the east of Sihtt is the great opening of the
Wadi Masilah, leading to the Hadramut, and the grandest of all
the valleys that run inland and seem to divide the mountains of
South Arabia into separate tracts. A few miles to the east of
this valley rises the remarkable headland of Ras Sharwén, capped
by two natural pillars seen at a distance of 60 or 70 miles; and
further on lies the village of Hishn!, described by Capt. Haines,
and recently by Mr. Bent. Fifty miles further to the east rises
the headland Ras Fartak, and, next to Ras Seger, the boldest cape
on this coast, and marking the boundary between the Mahrah and

1 Niebuhr (‘ Deser. de l’Arabie,’ 1774, p. 248, tab. xvii.) has given a plan of
this port which he received from an Englishman he met in Bombay,

7

Gara tribes, which were described by Carter about fifty years ago *.
This great promontory sweeps round to the east in one of the
grandest escarpments on the coast. It is six miles in length,
and, although quite perpendicular, is deeply worn into shelves
under the shelter of which the people live; and as night comes
on, the lights of these rock-dwellings are seen flickering on the
face of the precipice. Mr. Carter observed the people moving
about in the most perilous positions, and adds that in all
probability the great size of the cliff rendered it difficult to form
a just estimate of the width of the shelves; but the Mahrah
pilot of the ‘ Palinurus’ assured bim that it was no uncommon
occurrence for them to fall over and be drowned. This head-
land defines the western limit of the bay of El Kamar, inland
from which runs another great level expanse, wholly barren with
the exception of a few desert herbs. It is the beginning of
another enormous valley, along which trade is said to be carried
on with the Hadramut. The eastern side of the expanse termi-
nates at Ras Tharbat Ali, 200 feet high, the seaward end of the
Fattak ridge of mountains, immediately to the east of which lies
another valley with the village of Damkot at its entrance, on a
narrow sandy shore where a few miserable date-palms struggle
for existence. This village is closed in, except towards the sea,
by inaccessible mountains 3000 feet in height, perfectly barren,
save on their summits which are more or less covered with grass
and dotted over with small trees. The coast preserves this cha-
racter as far as Ras Seger, a distance of about forty miles; but
here and there a few narrow raviues lead down from the mountains.
Carter visited one of these gorges, and found its sides wooded
with acacias, balsams, and euphorbias.

Ras Seger is a gigantic headland, 3380 feet high, the sides of
which, where not perpendicular, are covered with trees, and the
plateau above with long grass, while numerous caves occur in
the precipices. Beyond this headland is Ray el Ahmar, or the
Red Cape, defining the western limit of the fertile maritime
plain of Dhofér which is shut in behind by lofty mountains. It
is the most favoured spot on the coast of South-East Arabia, and
is the land of the famous frankincense tree.

1 “Notes on the Mahrah tribe of Southern Arabia, with a vocabulary of
their Language, to which are appended additional observations on the Gara
tribe.” Journ. Bombay Branch Roy. As. Soc. ii. 1848, pp. 339-364. “Notes
on the Gara tribe,” id. op. cit. pp. 195-201, and plate.

8

This plain of Dhof4r was explored by Mr. C. J. Cruttenden
in 1834, It has been described by him}, also by Capt. Haines”,
and by Mr. Carter. Mr. Cruttenden travelled over it on foot ac-
companied by two men of the Gara tribe. He describes its rich
vegetation and that of the hills, and mentions the lime, tama-
rind, henna, nebbuck, tamarisk, dom (Zizyphus spina-christi), the
subhan or frankincense tree, the abundance of aloes, and the
figs and grapes of the higher region. The running streams, the
large sheets of water on the plain, the flocks of sheep and goats,
the ruins of El Balad, and the remarkable ravine of Darbat behind
Jakah, are all enumerated ; but unfortunately, like all the tra-
vellers that have followed him, he gives no information about the
wild animals of the country beyond stating that the only beast of
prey on the plain of Dhofar is the hyena, and that antelopes are
numerous, Haines describes the plain as covered with large
tracts of maize and millet, and the trees so abundant as to afford
ample shade from the scorching rays of the sun; the whole being
richly watered by streams from the mountains. The plain is
60 miles in length and 6 to 12 miles in breadth. The mountains
approach it in sudden descents ; and some of their ravines open
on to it in abrupt precipices over which streams fall into the
gorges below. One of the most striking of these ravines is that
of Darbat, described fully by Carter® many years ago. He
followed the Khor Reri, and, entering the bottom of that ravine,
found it suddenly closed by a precipice 250 feet in height, and,
sealing it, arrived at a grassy plateau shut in on every side by
the mountains, except towards the sea, where it terminated in the
precipice just mentioned. This sequestered hollow was occupied
by a small lake and stream, which were diverted for the irriga-
tion of crops of indigo, corn, and onions. The lake, on which
water-fowl floated, was fringed in many places with tall bul-
rushes and spreading trees; and among them and on the slopes
were pomegranate bushes and fig trees. The precipitous sur-

1 Proc. Bombay Geogr. Soc. 1837-38, pp. 70-74; Trans. Bombay Geogr.
Soc. i. 1844, pp. 184-188. ,

2 Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xv. 1845, pp. 116-122.

3 Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xvi. 1846, pp. 169-186; Journ. Bombay Branch
Roy. As. Soc. iii, 1849-51, pp. 252-264. For a geological account of Dhofér,
gee a memoir on the Geology of the South-Hast Coast of Arabia, Journ.
Bombay Branch Roy. As. Soc, iv. Jan. 1852, pp. 32-44.

9

Toundings of this plateau were here and there perforated by
deep caverns inhabited by Garas; and in one of them Carter
spent the greater part of a day with the Sheikh who lived in it.
Like those at Ras Fartak, these caverns were visible at night by
their lights, to those on board the ‘ Palinurus.’ Mr. Carter has
not only given a full description of the physical characters of the
plain and its mountains, but he has also described the inhabitants,
the frankincense tree, and the ruins of El Balad}.

The mountains lying bebind the plain of Dhofar were all desig-
nated by Capt. Haines as the Subhdn range, and in 1834 or 1835
Mr. J. Smith, purser of the ‘ Palinurus,’ traversed these mountains
in perfect safety, and, under the name of ‘Ahmed,’ became a great
favourite with the inhabitants. He was everywhere hospitably
received, and they would not allow him to drink water of the
clear mountain-streams that were meandering in every direction:
“No,” they said, “do not return, Ahmed, and say that we gave
you water, while our children drank nothing but milk.” Inevery
instance they gave him the warmest place by the fire, invariably
appointed some one to attend to his wants, and even extended
their hospitality so far as to offer him a wife and some sheep,
if he would only stay and reside among them. On Mr. Smith
expressing a wish to see some of the numerous wild animals,
the footprints of which were everywhere visible, on what he de-
scribes as the park-like mountains, they immediately despatched
a party, who returned with a splendid specimen of an ibex, a
ciyet cat, and a fine ounce*. Mr. Smith himself saw plenty
smaller game, such as antelopes, hares, foxes, guinea-fowl, and
partridges. The plants obtained in his wanderings were the
same, it is said, as those found on the more elevated parts
of Socotra. Dragon’s-blood, frankincense, and aloes were in
abundance.

Mr. Bent® has quite recently ascended the hills behind Dhofér,
at two places, accompanied by Mrs. Bent. He characterizes the
view from the summit of the range as very curious. On the

1 «The Ruins of El Balad,” Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xvi. 1846, pp. 187-199.

? Capt. Haines says the horns of the ibex had a curve of 3 ft.: a large head,
doubtless of the same species, Capra nubiana, F. Cuv., in my possession, killed in
the desert to the east of Heluan, near Oairo, measures 373 in. along the curve
anteriorly. By the ounce, probably a leopard was meant.

3 Geogr. Journ. vi. 1895, pp. 109-133.

10

side towards the sea the mountains are cut up by several deep
gorges full of vegetation, and all the hills around, up to their
summits, are covered with grass and clusters of trees, with here
and there isolated groups of fig trees, their thick foliage being
full of birds. He describes the aspect of the country in similar
terms to Mr. Smith, designating it park-like, and mentions the
presence of numerous herds of camels, goats, and oxen grazing
over its pasture. He found the Garas living in caves on the
hillsides. From the summit of the range, Mr. Bent saw the
mountains sloping down towards the north and gradually
becoming more and more arid until they merged in the yellow
desert, which stretched as far as the eye could see, ending in the
horizon in a straight blue line, as if it were a sea.

Ras Marbat, which forms the eastern limit of the plain of
Dhofar, has at its base a granite plain four miles square and
about 30 feet above the sea-level, with a group of low granite
hills immediately below the headland itself, which consists of
sandstone and limestone in the form of a precipitous tableland,
8400 ft. high, ascended by Carter, who has described its physical
characters and geology.

Between the headlands R4s Marbat and Ras Nus there is a
plain of dark igneous rock backed by an enormous cliff 3000 to
4000 ft. high, the seaward scarp of the tableland of the Subhdn
range of mountains. It descends in one step to the plain; but,
when the granite headland of Rds Nus, 1200 ft. high, is rounded,
the range is continued more or less to the north as a serrated
ridge of at least four great peaks known as the Jebel Habareed,
one of the most remarkable mountain-masses of this coast.
Beyond this, to the east, the land suddenly sinks from 4000 ft.
to 800 ft. in elevation, marking the termination, in this direction,
of the wooded mountains, and of the fertile and populous region
to the west, rich in flocks of goats, sheep, and camels, and in
frankincense trees.

Ras Shirbetdt, about 800 feet high, closes in the eastern side
of the Bay of Khurya Murya. Here the coast is extremely
desolate and almost devoid of vegetation, with the exception
of a few date-palms, and brushwood in the ravines and dry
watercourses giving cover to antelopes and hares. The largest
ravine in the tableland of this bay is known as Wadi Rekét.
It is also said to lead into the Hadramut, and, as far as it
was examined by the officers of the ‘ Palinurus,’ it appeared to be

11

thickly wooded and well watered. The huge masses of rock
in its dry watercourse fully attested to the strength of the
current precipitated down it after heavy rain. A spring and
a lake occur at its mouth, and on the latter widgeon aud other
wild ducks were shot by the officers of the Survey. The country
of Jezzar, 120 miles inland, was described by the Arabs as
abounding in the necessaries of life, and as yielding rich pasture
for their flocks.

There are a number of islands, in the Bay of Khurya
Murya, which were ceded to Great Britain by the Imaum of
Maskat. One of them, known as Jébeliyah, has been described
by Dr. Hulton‘ as perfectly barren, but the resort of sea-birds,
and particularly of a gannet which, when he and his companions
first landed, seemed inclined to dispute the ground with them.
Lieut. Whish *, writing about twenty years later, also calls the
bird a gannet and states that it was extremely numerous and
very noisy. It lays two eggs of a light blue tint upon the bare
ground, merely clearing away the larger stones and collecting
together a quantity of small gravel. The obstinacy with which
the gannets defended their nests made them an easy prey. In
consequence of their presence, the island was covered with large
deposits of guano, which were estimated, in 1858, at 200,000 tons’.
Wild cats were said to be seen sometimes on the rocks, and rats
existed in great hordes, supposed to have been introduced by the
wreck of some native vessel, as they were exactly like the
common rat. Harmless snakes, described as whip-snakes,
scorpions and centipeds were common’.

From Ras Therrar, in Khurya Murya Bay, to Ras Jezirah,
170 miles to the east, the land subsides from 800 to 480 ft.,
but retains, generally, the appearance of a tableland, broken up
however at Ras Shuamiyah by outbursts of igneous rocks. The
whole of this part of the coast-line, with the exception of the
sandy bay immediately to the west of Cape Jezirah, consists of
a light-brown, barren, arid cliff of limestone rock, without a tree
or even a mound to vary its outline; but, opposite to the small

1 Journ. Roy. Geogr. Soc. xi. 1841, pp. 156-164 and map.

2 Trans. Bombay Geogr. Soc. xv. 1860, pp. xxxvii to xl, with two plates.

3 Buist (G.), Proc. Roy. Geogr. Soc. iv. 1859-60, pp. 50-57. In 1858 this
island was leased by Government, for its guano, to a Liverpool firm of merchants,

4 Buist (G.), doc. cit.

12

island, Hammar el Nafur, the coast presents a range of small
dark peaks rising gradually from the beach, probably the tops
of low igneous rocks. This island, 320 ft. high, is covered by a
multitude of shags.

From Ras Jezirah to the Bay Ghobat Hashish, opposite the
western end of the island of Masira, a distance of about
100 miles, the land gradually sinks to the level of the sea.

From Ras Abu Ashrin to Ras el Had, the most eastern head-
land of Arabia, the land rises somewhat, but is seldom more
than 100 ft. above sea-level. Along this extensive tract, which
is known to the Arabs as El Baetan, all mountains to the
west are lost sight of, but, in places, it rises into rounded, white
sand-hills, 200 ft. in height, among which may be observed dark
isolated peaks of similar elevation, whilst, in other parts, it is
simply a plain covered with salt efflorescence. This low desolate
tract is the eastward prolongation of the great sand desert of
Central Arabia.

The low land between Ghobat Hashish and Ras Abu Ashrin
is destitute of vegetation beyond some scattered tamarisks,
salsola bushes, and a few tufts of grass, but is sufficiently green,
to the eye of an Arab, to entitle it to the name it bears.

As the island of Masira lying off this bay is the only locality
on the south-east coast of Arabia, besides Makallah, that has
appeared in zoological literature, a few facts connected with it
may be of interest. It is situated about 100 miles to the west
of Ras el Had, and is 884 miles in length and about 9 miles in
breadth, at its widest part. A range of mountains 600 ft. high
traverses it longitudinally and sends out spurs to the principal
capes, while shorter ridges branch out all over the island, more or
less rocky and irregularly pointed. With the exception of a few
dwarf babul and tamarisk trees, and matted grass in level places,
and a trace of small berbs in the mountains, it is essentially
barren ; but in the centre of the island there are a few date-palms,
as it is partially peopled. The miserable inhabitants own some
sheep aud goats, and the usual domestic animals, the dog and cat.
The only wild animals known to Carter were a gazelle, and a
rabbit, half the size of the wild rabbit of Europe. Reptiles also
were present, but only one species is known, namely, the little
rock-gecko described by Dr. J. BE. Gray as Spatalura carteri =
Pristurus cartert. Between the island and the mainland there
is a channe! about ten miles wide, very shallow, and with several

13

islets lying in it. On the banks, around one of these islets sur-
rounded with mangroves, myriads of wading birds such as
flamingoes, curlews, plovers, &c., congregate to feed at low
water. The island is strewn with the bones of turtle, as the
inhabitants largely use that animal as food.

Two remarkable mountains called Jebel Saffan lie within a
mile and a half of the shore at Rds el Had, with some hillocks
around them. They are the only mountains at the extreme
eastern point of Arabia, which is otherwise flat. There are two
khores leading into basins of considerable size, the southern and
eastern shores of the larger being low and swampy, and over-
grown with mangroves.

This completes a rapid sketch of the coast of Southern Arabia
from Aden to Ras el Had, but after the latter point is rounded
the following are the broad features of the coast-line northwards.
To the west a range of mountains rises from the plain in two
spurs, one 2700 ft. high and close to the coast, and the other the
Jebel Jallan, about 20 miles inland, and 3800 ft. in height. As
they run north they shortly unite and continue parallel to the
coast, with an elevation of about 4000 ft., and are precipitous
towards the sea, from which they are distant nearly eight miles.
About 70 miles north of this, the range is suddenly interrupted by
a narrow gorge known as the Devil’s Gap, which is the opening
of a great valley called Makallah Obar, that runs up to the moun-
tains of Oman. The range on the north of the gap rises suddenly
to 6228 feet above the sea, and trends to the north-west, with a
maritime plain between it and the shore; but within fourteen
miles of Maskat the shore-land becomes a confused mass of hillg
and ridges with escarped precipices. To the west of Maskat the
main range is 40 miles inland, and 6000 ft. high. Itis prolonged,
under the name of Jebel Akhdar, to Cape Massendam, at the
southern entrance to the Persian Gulf.

Maskat has become well known as a locality for reptiles,
through the energetic labours of Dr. Jayakar. It is rich in
reptilian life, but probably not more so than the area between
Makallah and the Hadramut.

The diversity of the physical characters of South-East Arabia,—
as seen in its generally barren maritime plain, varied occasion-
ally, however, by the presence of tamarisks, acacias, and palms ;
its cultivated and watered valleys running to the south from the
sterile mountain plateau, with nooks of sparse vegetation at

14

their heads; its deep and great cafions trending to the north,
covered here and there with groves of palms and zizyphus, and
richly cultivated fields ; its nearly sand-choked valleys from the
great desert; the fertile plain of Dhof4r with its streams and
lakes, its wooded uplands, and its grassy and park-like higher
slopes,—offers conditions favourable to reptilian life, of which we
now gain some insight, thanks to Mr. Bent’s Expedition into the
Hadramut.

Wellsted, who resided some weeks at Makallah, in 1834, says
that the term Hadramut is a corruption by Europeans of an
Arabic word meaning sudden death, and describes the region as
“an extensive valley about 60 miles in length running nearly
parallel to the coast.” Mr. Bent, the most recent traveller in
this part of Arabia, defines the Hadramut in almost similar
terms, saying it is‘‘a broad valley running for 100 miles or more
parallel to the coast,” and that “in the language of the Himyars
it meant the enclosure or valley of death.”

The Himyaritic inscriptions discovered by the officers of the
‘Palinurus’ at Hisn Ghoraband Nakab el Hajar drew the attention
of philologists to this part of Arabia, and led Baron Adolph
Wrede to make his eventful journey, of 1843, in search of further
material for the elucidation of the linguistic and historical
problems that had been raised by the decipherment of these
inscriptions. Similar reasons also induced Herr Leo Hirsch to
enter the Hadramut, in July 1893, and Mr. and Mrs. Bent, in
the latter part of the same year.

In the descriptions of the wanderings of Wrede and Hirsch
we look in vain for any information bearing on the fauna of the
region they visited, which is also unfortunately true of the
writings of the officers of the ‘ Palinurus’ with the exception of
the mention, at rare intervals, and in the most general terms, of
antelopes, hyznas, hares, cats, and rats, and, in equally vague
terms, of some birds.

Mr. and Mrs. Bent, however, started accompanied by a qualified
botanical collector, Mr. Lunt, from the Kew Gardens; and by
an Arab zoological collector provided by myself, and to whom I
had given full instructions regarding the importance of keeping
an accurate record of the locality in which each specimen was
collected ; but unfortunately he failed to attend to this, and I am
therefore not in a position, except in one or two cases, to say
more than that the specimens were collected between Makallah

15

and the Hadramut Valley, and between that and the coast as far
east as Shehr.

The accounts given by Wrede, Hirsch, and Mr. Bent of the
features of this portion of Arabia may be summarized in a few
words, after the general description I have given of the coast-
line derived from the labours of the Officers of the Indian Navy,
now, I am sorry to say, almost forgotten.

The maritime plain or Sahzl is narrow at Makallah, and the
mountains rise abruptly from it, traversed on their seaward
aspect by short and steep ravines and valleys.

Hirsch has given a graphic description of the route generally
followed by caravans passing from Makallah to the Hadramut,
and over which he travelled. Mr. Bent followed practically the
same route; and Wrede, in 1844, ascended from Makallah to the
plateau, by the same line of country, to reach Khoreba, on the
west side of the Wadi Doan, which he made his headquarters.

This route lies along the shore for a short distance and
crosses a depression into which the sea at times penetrates and
into which a number of small wdédis open. Further on, it passes
the village of Bagrin, situated on the borders of a fertile wddi,
the sides of which are clothed with an exuberant growth of plants,
richly watered by streams that trickle down the mountain-sides,
and are carefully diverted for irrigation purposes. The Wadi
Sidéd is afterwards followed, opening and contracting at places,
but hemmed in-on every side by high and dark mountains. A
number of villages are passed in this part of the route, and as
it progresses the road rises more and more, overtopped to the
left by mountains, but it afterwards lies between high parallel
ranges. Still further onwards the mountains of Ghail ba Wazir
are passed on the right, with great precipices and rocky abysses,
and, beyond this, the Wadi Howari is entered, a long valley
running up to the west and north. It is defined on the left by
a high range of mountains rising to 2000 feet above it, and in
places assuming the appearance of gigantic castles erected by
mau. Higher up, it becomes strewn with huge isolated masses
of rock fallen from the mountains overshadowing it, and as it
is further ascended the grandeur of the scene increases, the cliffs
on all sides rising perpendicularly and the mountains projecting
majestically. ‘This mountainous district is known as the Ghail
Halka, and on the right of the valley lies the village of that name,
surrounded by cultivation rising in terraces on the mountain-side

16

and watered by streams diverted into channels of irrigation. Still
ascending amidst these magnificent surroundings, the traveller
at last emerges on a vast plateau over 4000 feet high, great level
tracts of which are destitute of even a blade of grass and thickly
covered by small black stones, while throughout its extent it is
studded over, more or less, with low isolated hillocks, forming a
monotonous, dreary expanse, the horizon unbroken by a single
mountaiu-top. In traversing this plateau, it is found to be cut
into by numerous wddis running towards the north, and in their
beginnings mimosa, frankincense, and myrrh shrubs are found,
with other scanty vegetation, and in these localities an occasional
Bedouin woman may be met with tending her hardy but half-
starved flock of goats. Three days are spent crossing this
featureless, gloomy, untenanted desert towards the valley down
which the route lies to the Hadramut. This plateau is essentially
waterless, no stream or spring being present in any part of it,
but as occasional storms burst over it, tanks exist along the
route for the storage of the water; but, owing to the rapid
evaporation in this dry climate, these reservoirs are usually found
to be empty, except immediately after rain. When the traveller
reaches the margin of the plateau, where the route descends into
the Wadi Doan, an astonishing and unlooked-for scene opens out
before him, not distinctive of this valley alone, but common to
nearly all the many long valleys that pursue a northerly course
to the great Valley of the Hadramut, that is, to the WAdi Masilah.
Standing in such a spot, the plateau is found to dip down perpen-
dicularly for 1000 to 1500 feet into the valley below, and in some
parts the cliffs stand out like a succession of gigantic castles ;
but they generally terminate below in a slope of disintegration
on which the towns and villages are built, the bottom of the
valley being cultivated and covered with extensive groves of date-
palms. Wrede describes a flowing stream in that part of the
Wadi Dodn where he entered it, 20 feet broad, enclosed by high
walled embankments and winding through fields laid out in
terraces; and Hirsch, who descended into the valley at Sif, says
that the channel of the river, when viewed from above, stretched
like a white thread through the valley, and into it he saw flowing
the Al Aisar from the south; the soil carefully divided out and
cultivated, with plantations of palms, and Zizyphus spina-christi
every where.

17

Mr. Bent observes that “the first peep down from the edge of
the plateau into these very highly cultivated gullies is most re-
markable, quite like looking down into a new world after the
arid coast-line and barren plateau.” The water-courses in these
valleys are generally dry, and if running water occurs in the upper
parts of any of them it ultimately becomes lost in the sands, but
after heavy rain the water from the plateau is precipitated into
the valleys and over the cliffs defining them. Water is always
to be found on the level flats of these valleys; but Mr. Bent
states, that in the Valley of the Hadramut proper, into which
these valleys open, water for drinking purposes and for cultivation
is only to be obtained by sinking wells.

The great Valley of the Hadramut, in the neighbourhood of its
capital, Shibam, opens out into a wide plain, valleys entering it
from the west, north, and south, the main valley being continued
eastward to the sea where it opens at the town of Sihut,
doubtless receiving many tributary valleys in its course: its
seaward opening being one of the grandest on the coast. The
level portions of the northern valleys of the plateau, and of the
Wadi Mastlah itself, are more or less covered with sand, while
those running down from the great sand desert of the interior
are choked with it, and as they are traced to the north, Mr. Bent
says, the sand increases and becomes shifty and loose in places,
and the hills on either side diminish in height. Wrede has given
a description of a most remarkable accumulation of loose sand
on the margin of the desert near Sava. He reached it from
Khboréba by the Wadi Amd and the town of Haura at the upper
end of the Hadramut Valley, where he ascended the plateau for
the second time, and then descended upon Sava in the Wadi
Rakhiah. He says that the desert, a day’s journey from Sava,
“presents an astonishing sight, consisting as it does of an
immense sandy plain that gives it the appearance of a moving
sea. Nota trace of vegetation, be it ever so scanty, appears
to animate the vast expanse—not a single bird to interrupt
with its note the calm of death.” This portion of the margin
of the desert, according to Wrede, lies 1000 feet below the
plateau.

Hirsch, and Mr. Bent returned to the coast by the Wadi Adim,
which Mr. Bent says differs from all the other valleys of the
Hadramut, running into the plateau from the north, in that

c

18

it ascends the plateau gradually. It is watered by a mountain
stream, is very fertile and full of palm groves.

I take this opportunity to express my great indebtedness to
Mr. Bent for having permitted my collector to accompany him
on his Expedition.’

1 The following is a list of the published descriptions of the Invertebrates
collected on the Expedition :—

1. “On the Insects other than Coleoptera obtained by Dr. Anderson’s
Collector during Mr. T. Bent’s Expedition to the Hadramaut, South
Arabia.” By W. F. Kirby, F.L.S8., F.E.8.—Journ. Linn. Soc., Zool.
vol, xxv. 1895, pp. 279-285.

2. “On the Coleoptera obtained &c.” By C.J. Gahan, M.A.—Journ. Linn,
Soe., Zool, vol. xxv. 1895, pp. 285-291.

3. “On the Arachnida and Myriopeda obtained &c.; with a Supplement
upon the Scorpions obtained by Dr, Anderson in Egypt and the Eastern
Soudan.” By R. I. Pocock.—Journ. Linn, Soc., Zool. vol, xxv. 1895,
pp. 292-316, pl. ix.

PART II.

REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA

COLLECTED ON MR. J. T. BENT’S EXPEDITION

TO THE

HADRAMUT.

REPTILIA.

LACERTILIA,
GECKONID.

STENODACTYLUS (CERAMODACTYLUS) PULCHER, 0. sp.

1 specimen.

Body somewhat slender; head rather elongately oval; snout
pointed ; eye large; ear an oval slit, directed obliquely. Nostril
slightly tumid, formed by the rostral, first labial, and three nasals.
Eleven upper and ten lower labials; mental large, rounded
posteriorly, and projected backwards beyond the first lower
labials. Limbs moderately long and slender; fingers not long,
rather broad; toes moderately long, not narrow. The fore limb
when laid forwards reaches the snout, and, when stretched back-
wards, falls short of the groin; the hind limb reaches somewhat
beyond the axilla. Under surface of digits covered with very
miuute scales, feebly imbricate, and obscurely dentate anteriorly,
and arranged in oblique rows of 8 scales to a row; a few well-
defined transverse lamelle towards the tips of the digits, where
the scales are less numerous; upper surface of the digits covered
with seven rows of smooth, feebly imbricate scales, the outer row
modified on the fingers so as to form a feeble fringed edge, much
more marked on the toes, especially on their outsides. Tail
cylindrical, not thick, gradually tapered to a not very fine point,
shorter than the body and head. Body covered with minute,
rounded, slightly convex, juxtaposed scales, very obscurely
granular, larger on the sides than on the middle of the back,

e2

20

smallest on the occiput, the scales on the snout about the size
of those on the sides, or a little larger, and more markedly
granular than any of the other scales. Scales on the limbs
slightly larger than those on the body; scales on the tail arranged
in rings, larger than the body-scales, smooth, or minutely keeled;
scales on the under surface of the head minute, rounded granules ;
those on the under surface of the trunk about the size of the
dorsal scales, somewhat oval, juxtaposed, and more or less gra-
nular. No preanal pores in the females.

General colour pale fawn, rather reticulately spotted with dark
brown on the head, and with three interrupted, broken, narrow,
brown lines on the back, and a narrow, rather feeble pale brown
line from behind the eye along the sides ; the upper labials with
brown centres, and with the scales cn the snout minutely speckled
with brown ; afew dark spots on the thighs, and the upper surface
of the tail barred with the same dark colour, a round white
spot, as in Stenodactylus elegans, Fitz., alternating with the bars.
Under surface pure white.

Measurements.
Snout to vent .......... 80°5 millim.!
Waal. \ cup swede aticaieton ae 26 *
Length of head ........ 10 =
Width of head.......... 9

”

This species differs from 8S. (C.) dori@, Blanf.,, in its more
depressed body, more numerous scales on the under surface of
the digits, more tumid nostril, more elongate head, and more
pointed snout.

Although Ceramodactylus dorie, Blanford, has five rows of
small imbricate scales on the under surface of the third toe, these
scales as they approach the tip tend to arrange themselves, and
do arrange themselves, in the same way as in Stenodactylus
elegans, Fitzinger, that is to say, the gradual passage of the
central rows of scales into transverse lamelle is distinct and
present, so that the distal end of the digit of Ceramodactylus has
the structure distinctive of the entire digit of 8. elegans, Fitz.
In Ceramodactylus affinis, Murray, the scales ou the under surface
of the digits are not so well marked off, into central lamellzx and
lateral scales, as they are in S. elegans, but in this intermediate
character serve to connect C. dorie with the latter ; and as there

1 All measuroments throughout this paper are in millimétres.

21

are no other characters separating them generically, there does

not appear to be any reason why Ceramodactylus should retain
more than subgeneric rauk.

STENODACTYLUS (CERAMODACTYLUS) DoRTa#, Blanford.

Ceramodactylus dorig@, Blanford, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4 ser.)
xiii, 1874, p. 454; East. Persia, vol. ii. Zool. & Geol. (1876),
p- 358, pl. xxiii. fig. 2: Blyr. Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. i. 1885, p. 18,
pl. ii. fig. 4*,

Two specimens agreeing with the types.

Bunorvus BLANFORDII, Strauch.

Bunopus blanfordii, Strauch, Mém. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersb.
(vii. ser.) xxxv. no. 2, 1887, p. 61, pl. figs. 18 & 14.

8 gd and7 9.

This species hag hitherto been recorded only from Egypt. Two
specimens were obtained by Erber and described by Strauch, and
are preserved in the Museum at St. Petersburg. Iam indebted
to Prof. Pleske, through the kind assistance of Mr. Boulenger,
for the opportunity I have had of comparing one of the types
with these specimens from the Hadramut. There can be no
doubt regarding the specific identity of the African and South-
East Arabian specimens.

This gecko is of considerable interest, as it is the only species
that illustrates the passage of preanal into femoral pores. A
line of enlarged scales stretches across the preanal region ad is
prolonged on to the thighs, in the position occupied by the femoral
pores of other lizards. In the accompanying table, I have given
the total number of pores. In the cases of the low numbers, the
pores are essentially preanal, but, in those in which the numbers
are higher, the pores pass on to the thighs, and, in the very highest
numbers, may be seen in interrupted series extending nearly to
the knee. This interrupted character and their extension over
varying lengths of the thighs are of considerable interest.

Bunopus tuberculatus, Blanford, and B. blanfordii, Strauch,
have both six rows of scales round the middle of the third toe,
viz., five rows of scales all of which may be referred to the dorsal
series, although one is lateral in position, and a longitudinal
median row of lamelle on its under surface. In the former
species, the lamelle are somewhat swollen and tubercular, whereas,
in the latter, this character is but little marked, but the free

22

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borders of the plates project and show evidences, under a hand-
lens, of tridentation and swelling. The scales of the side of the
digit in no way differ from the other dorsal scales, and conse-
quently there is no true denticulation of the digits, but, of course,
when seen in profile, the lateral scales project the one over the
other. Bunopus has thus a simpler form of digit than S¢eno-
dactylus; and as other differences manifest themselves in the
form and scaly covering of the body, and in the shape of the tail,
in both of which respects it resembles Gymnodactylus rather than
Stenodactylus, it would seem to merit generic rank between these
two genera, as held by Blanford and supported by Strauch.

PristuRvs RUPESTRIS, Blanford.

Pristurus rupestris, Blanford, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. (4)
xiii. 1874, p. 454; Hast. Persia, vol. ii. Zool. & Gel. (1876),
p. 350, pl. xxiii. figs. 1, 1@; Proe. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881, p. 465:
Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind, 1884, p. 365, pl. fig. 1; Boulenger,
Cat. Liz. B. M. i. 1885, p. 53.

46,3 9, and 2 juv.

Head rather short and moderately high ; snout variable, more
pointed in some (Socotran examples) than in others (Maskat, and
Hadramut Expedition), exceeding the interval between the
posterior border of the eye and hinder margin of the ear-opening,
and equalling the posterior orbital interspace, or nearly so; fore-
head flat, not concave; eye moderately large; nostril defined by
the rostral and two or three nasals, the uppermost the largest ;
rostral large, cleft above, twice as broad as high; seven or eight
upper labials; mental large, triangular, and broader than the
rostral; five to six lower labials; no chin-shields, but a few
scattered enlarged granules behind the mental and labials; ear
situated below the level of the gape, small, oval in outline, and
placed obliquely. Limbs long; the fore limb reaches the end of
the snout, and, when laid backwards, touches the groin, or falls
short of it; the hind limb reaches the ear. Tail laterally com-
pressed, longer than the body and head, with a low dorsal crest
of flat spines not extending on to the back, the mesial line of the
under surface having no crest, but a line of enlarged projecting
scales. In the female, the dorsal crest is very rudimentary.
Body covered with minute granules, largest on the upper surface
of the snout, especially in Socotran specimens. Seules on the
sides of the tail larger than the body-granules, and arranged

24

more or less in verticils ; scales on the chin and throat minute,
as small as the body-granules ; those of the belly larger than the
body-granules, but smaller than the scales on the upper surface
of the snout.

Colour olive-grey; the back and sides with rufous spots,
forming interrupted longitudinal lines, those on the back larger
than those on the sides and with a white hinder margin®. A
pale or light reddish band down the centre of the back. Some-
times a dark band from the nostril to the eye, and prolonged
along the temporal region. The sides generally black-spotted,
and the throat more or less marked with transverse, somewhat
wavy, black and white bars.

This species is closely allied to P. flavipunctatus, Riippell, but
is distinguished from it by its generally longer hind limbs, and by
the large and polygonal convex scales covering the snout.

The lizards from Socotra which have been referred to this
species have a much more pointed and considerably longer snout
than the types, and from the pronounced character of this varia-
tion, they would seem to be entitled to rank as a subspecies.
The typical form of P. rupestris, Blanford, has hitherto been
recerded only from Kharij Island, in the Persian Gulf, near
Bushire, and from Maskat.

The larger g measures as follows :—

Snout to vent ..........6. 82 millim.
Vent to tip of tail ........ 53
Length of head ........., eee
Width of head............ 55 ,,
Length of hind limb ...... 21 gs

? PRistURUS COLLARIS, Steindachner.

Spatalura collaris, Steindachner, Novara, Rept. 1867, p. 20.

Pristurus collaris, Blgr. Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. i. 1885, p. 55.

39 specimens.

Head short and high; forehead flat, or convex antero-poste-
riorly ; snout short, but longer than the distance between the
eye and the ear, sharply pointed, beak-lke ; nostril perforated
in a single, prominent, rather swollen, crescentic shield, the
horns of the crescent either meeting behind the opening, or
separated by ove or moyehead-granules ; océasionally, the nostril

1 Blanford’s description of fresh specimens.

25

is defined by two nasals, an upper and a lower, separated from
each other posteriorly by head-granules ; ear-opening very small,
obscure, oblique in position, the lower border being anterior ;
rostral broad, pointed, convex from before backwards, in the form
of a beak, and with a well-defined groove in the mesial, dorsal
line of its proximal half. Generally 7 upper and 7 lower labials,
but there may be as many as 8, and as few as 6. Limbs mode-
rately long; the hind limb when laid forwards reaches to the
front border of the eye. Toes moderately long. The upper
surface covered with minute, slightly convex granules, somewhat
larger on the front of the head, but not markedly so, and smallest
on the nape of the neck. The granules on the front of the fore
limb and thigh are somewhat large and imbricate. The scales
on the under surface of the body are larger than those on the
back, and there are no erect spiny scales on the median line of
the belly. Tail laterally compressed, not tapering to a fine
point, but either truncated with a rounded end, or abruptly
pointed, and covered with subquadrangular, flattened scales,
larger than those of the body, and arranged, more or less, in
verticils, with a rather feeble, serrated ridge along the dorsal and
ventral lines.

General colour (in aleohol) pale greyish fawn, grey-brown, or
even grey. Six or more quadrangular, transverse, brownish
markings along the back from the nape to the sacral region,
sometimes with pale posterior margins, and occasionally divided
down the back by a pale mesial band. Externally to these dark
squares, there are from 6 to 7 parallel lines of red spots, either
rounded, or linear, the upper lines beginning behind the eye and
the lower ones in the axilla. The labials are generally more or
less blurred with blackish, this colour also invading the sides of
the head, with yellowish granules intermixed. A narrow, purplish-
black collar from side to side across the neck. Upper surfaces
of the limbs more or less barred with black. Middle of the
throat, chest, belly, and under surfaces of the limbs whitish.
The tail barred like the back.

Measurements of an adult.

Snout to vent ............ 52 millim.
Vent to tip of tail ........ 48,
Length of head .......... 15,

Length of hind limb ... .. 40 ,,

26

Dr. F. Werner, of Vienna, has been so good as to compare two
of the foregoing specimens with the types of Spatalura collaris,
Steindachner, preserved in the Vienna Museum, and with which,
he informs me, they are perfectly identical. The specimens I sent
to Dr. Werner had their tails entire and unrenewed, whereas the
only one of the four types examined by him that possessed a tail
had it reproduced. A rough sketch of this tail, with which I
have been favoured by Dr. Werner, represents a tail of the same
type as that of Spatalura, Gray. It is unquestionably a repro-
duced tail, crested above aud below. The tail, however, of this
species, when renewed for the second time, becomes nearly
cylindrical and the crests disappear.

The types of 8. collaris were described by Dr. Steindachner
as having a dorsal crest on the body, but Dr. Werner, having
informed me that my specimens, which have no trace of such a
crest, are perfectly identical with the foregoing types, are we
therefore to conclude that an error has creptinto the description
of the species ?

The only particulars in which P. carteri, Gray, differs from
P. collaris, Steindachner, are that it has a mesial, ventral patch
of spiny scales, and that no collar is present. Dr. Steindachner
did not know whence his specimens of P. collaris were obtained ;
whereas the types of P. carteri were from the Island of Masira.

HemipactTryvs turcicus, Linn.

Lacerta turcica, Linn. Syst. Nat. 12 ed., i. 1766, p. 3862.

23,49, and 8 juv.

These specimens are all very pale-coloured, with one exception
in which the dark brown markings of the body and the brown
bands on the tail are very pronounced. Doubtless, if the
physical appearances of the localities in which these specimens
were obtained had been recorded, the light-coloured individuals
would have been found either to have come from the pale sahil or
from the nearly white limestone cliffs, and the darker specimen
from dark-coloured rocks, as all geckoes are very adaptive in
their colouring.

HEMIDACTYLUS FLAVIVIRIDIS, Riippell*.

Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Riippell, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc.
1895, p. 642.

1 ¢,Shehr on the sandy maritime plain to the cast of Makallah.

1 Type examined.

27

This species, which was first described by Riippell from a
specimen obtained at Massowah, was shortly afterwards described
by Duméril and Bibron from Bengal as H.coctei. Klunzinger,
in 1878, again recorded it on the coast of the Red Sea at Koseir,
and since then it has been observed at Aden and at Maskat, and
has been found at Fao and Jask in Persia.

AGAMIDA.

Agama stnarra, Heyden.

Agama sinaita, Heyden, Riipp. Atlas N. Afr. 1827, p. 10,
pl. iii.; Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Génl. iv. 1837, p. 509; A.
Duméril, Cat. Rept. Mus. Paris, 1851, p. 103; Boettger,
Bericht. Senck. Nat. Ges. 1879-80, p. 195; Blgr. Cat. Liz.
Brit. Mus. i. 1885, p. 839; Boettger, Kat. Rept. Mus. Senck.
1893, p. 49.

Agama arenaria, Heyden, Riipp. Atlas N. Afr. 1827, p. 12.

Podorrhoa (Pseudotrapelus) sinaita, Fitz. Syst. Rept. 1848,
p. 81.

Trapelus sinaitus, Gray, Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1845, p. 259;
Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1864, p. 489; Tristram, West.
Palest. 1884, p. 154, pl. xvi. fig. 3.

Agama sinaitica, Riippell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 302;
Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Moscou, 1879, no. 3, p. 37.

Agama mutabilis, Blgr. (non Merrem), Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. 1.
1885, p. 888; Boettger (non Merrem), Kat. Rept. Mus. Senck.
1893, p. 48.

Agama sinaiticus, Hart, Fauna and Flora of Sinai &c.,
1891, p. 210.

2 6,89, and 1 juv.

Isidore Geoffroy St. Hilaire, at p. 128, and again at p. 136
of the ‘ Description de Egypte,’ refers to Merrem’s Tent. Syst.
Amph., and states that Merrem’s Agama mutabilis was founded
on the lizard represented in the former work on plate 5. figs. 8
and 4, and that the term used by Merrem was a translation into
Latin of the French name under which the lizard was figured.
Merrem’s work was published in 1820, so that plate 5 had
appeared before, and Isidore Geoffroy’s text after that year.
The plate had been issued before 1817, as Cuvier refers to it in
the first edition of the ‘Régne Animal.’

The two figures of Merrem’s A. mutabilis are characterized by

28

having the fourth digit of each foot longer than the third, so it
cannot possibly fall under that division of the genus with the
occipital not enlarged, in which the third digit is longer than the
fourth. On the other hand, the Agama sinaita, Heyden, has the
third digit on both fore and hind limbs longer than the fourth.

It seems probable that plate 5. figs. 8 and 4, viz. Merrem’s
A. mutabilis, way be the lizard described by Reuss, from Upper
Egypt, under the name of A. inermis, which, I believe, is the
species Mr. Blanford' had in view as the one to which he also
would restrict the use of Merrem’s name mutabilis.

I have examined the types of A. sinaita, Heyden, and A. are-
naria, Heyden, preserved in the Frankfort Museum. The type
of the former is a male with no gular pouch, and with six large
preanal pores, . e. with the same number as occurs in the spe-
cimens in the British Museum referred to A. arenaria. The
dorsal scales are small and imbricate, but feebly so, of very uni-
form size but very regularly decreasing in dimensiuns towards
the sides, where they are very small, yet still feebly imbricate.
They are quite smooth on the anterior part of the body, but the
scales on the limbs and sacral region appear to have been keeled,
but only feebly so. The featurcs of this individual are the small
size of the dorsal scales, the regularity of their arrangement, their
little imbrication, and their generally hexagonal] form. The
scales on the ventral surface are almost as large as the central
line of scales on the back, and are smooth, or feebly keeled, here
and there. The scales on the outsides of the limbs are con-
siderably larger than any of those on the body, are strongly
imbricate, and markedly keeled. The limbs are long and slender,
and the third digit of both limbs is the longest. The scales on
the top of the head are large, juxtaposed, and smooth, and there
is a spine at the posterior margin of the ear. The nostril is
placed slightly above the canthus rostralis, and looks upwards
and backwards. The naked ear is larger than the eye-opening.
The tail is laterally compressed, and the scales are strongly
keeled. The coloration is completely faded. Habitat: Arabia
Petrea.

A. arenaria, Heyden, is represented in the Frankfort Museum
by the two types from Upper Egypt presented by Riippell.
They do not appear to me to differ from A. sinaita, except in

1 Eastern Persia, ii. Zool. & Geol. 1876, p. 316.

29

having their dorsal scales a little more strongly keeled. In both
there are seven preanal pores.

The females from the Hadramut have distinct preanal pores,
and also those from Suez and Heluan (see Table).

The specimens of this species from Lower Egypt also illustrate
its variations. I have met with it on the plain of Suez and in the
desert (Wadi Hoaf) at Heluan. ‘The lizard from the former
locality has its dorsal scales practically smooth, whereas those
from the latter have distinctly keeled scales, The specimens
in the British Museum referred to A. arenaria, Heyden, and
also from Egypt, exactly resemble the lizard from the plain
of Suez, whereas two specimens in the British Museum from
Mount Sinai, and referred to A. sinaita, Heyden, correspond to
one of my Fleluan lizards, a young individual.

The adult female from Heluan (Wadi Hoaf) has the mesial
line of dorsal scales very slightly, if at all, enlarged, considering
the fact that in all specimens belonging to one or other of
these varieties the scales gradually diminish in size towards
the sides. In this specimen, however, the scales ure decidedly
imbricate and distinctly keeled. On the other hand, in the spe-
cimen from the plain of Suez the scales are only feebly imbricate,
and carination is all but completely lost. The mesial dorsal
scales hold almost the same proportions to the lateral scales as
in the Wadi Hoaf female. In both of these specimens, and in
the Hadramut examples as well, the ventrals do not vary in size ;
the slight ditference between them is confined to the varying
development of the dorsal scales. As a rule, the Hadramut
specimens have the mesial dorsal scales decidedly larger than the
ventrals, and all have distinctly keeled scales, but, among some
of them, the difference in size between dorsals, laterals, and
ventrals graduates in the same way as in the Wadi Hoaf female.

In view of these facts, and the exact similarity of these
lizards in the other details of their external structure, the dif-
ferences I have pointed out can only be regarded as illustrative
of variation, but they present no stability to entitle them to
varietal rank. It is only another example of the remarkable
modifications to which the scales of many species of the genus
Agama are subject, and which is perhaps most strongly pro-
nounced in that strangely variable form A. inermis, Reuss,
which in one of its phases could never be recognized under this
specific term.

30

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31

In the two males from the Hadramut, there are three bright
orauge or reddish-brown bands on the back—the first on the nape
of the neck, the second behind the shoulders, and the third on
the loins. These bands are interrupted on the mesial line, and
the first and last are narrow, but the second expands on the
sides. Rusty-coloured bars occur at intervals on the tail. The
heads are yellowish, and bluish.

From the list of Arabian reptiles appended to this paper, it
will be seen that the species occurs at Maskat, Aden, the Hejaz,
Akabah, and the Sinaitic Peninsula.

AGAMA FLAvIMacuLsta, Riippell.

Trapelus flavimaculatus, Riippell, Neue Wirbelth. 1835, Rept.
p- 12, pl. vi. fig. 1.

Agama agilis, Dum. & Bibr. in part, Erpét. Génl. t. iv. 1837,
p- 496.

Agama leucostigma, Blgr. (non Reuss), Cat. Lizards Brit.
Mus. i. 1885, p. 346; Boettger (part), kat. Rept. Sammlung
Mus. Senck. 1893, p. 49.

1g and1@Q.

AGAMA ADRAMITANA, 0. Sp.

8 ¢ and 2juv.

Mr. Blanford, a good many years ago, described an Agamoid
lizard from Abyssinia which he designated 4. annectens, as he held
that it served to connect Ayama and Stellio, its tail conforming
to that of the latter, whereas in other respects it agreed best
with the former. A lizard closely allied to it occurs in the
country between Makallah and the Hadramut Valley, but it
presents certain characters which at once enable it to be distin-
guished from the Abyssinian species.

Head triangular ; snout rather pointed. A prominent median
ridge on the snout before the eyes in the adult male, less de-
veloped in young specimens. Head-scales of moderate size, and
smooth. Nostril small, slightly below the canthus rostralis,
directed outwards and backwards. Ear twice as large as the eye-
opening. A prominent spiny eminence at the front border of
the ear, and a few spiny scales above it; a spiny eminence at
the lower border of the ear, and two at some distance behind its
posterior border. A spine on the hinder aspect of the angle of
the jaw, and a line of spiny scales alung its outer surface, con-

32

tinuous with the lower labials. A strong group of spines on the
post-temporal region. A short but strong, low, nuchal crest of
about six spines, and a rosette of spines a little way external
to its middle. Fifteen to seventeen upper and lower labials.
Scales of the body small, imbricate, keeled, with sharp but
short projecting points, the largest along the middle of the
back, arranged more or less in transverse series; 119 scales
encircling the middle of the body, and 58 rows occurring
between the origin of the limbs. The scales on the limbs very
much larger and more strongly imbricate and kecled than those
of the body ; the scales on the base of the tail nearly four times
as large as the largest body-scales. The scales on the sides of
the body are smaller than the ventrals, which generally have
small sharp points, and are either feebly keeled or smooth.
The scales on the tail are strongly keeled and terminate in
short sharp points. On the base of the tail the scales are
not arranged in segments, but, a short distance further back,
the tail becomes segmented, each division containing about four
annuli. The skin of the neck forms a loose longitudinal fold,
(there is no true gular pouch), and is traversed transversely by
a fold between the angles of the jaw, ending posteriorly in
the true gular transverse fold. The upper surface and the
sides of the neck are in loose folds. A fold arises from the
rosette of spines external to the middle of the nuchal crest,
and passes outwards and backwards a short way and terminates
in a prominent spiny eminence, from which a fold crosses
the upper surface of the neck to the corresponding eminence
on the opposite side: in its course across, there are three
rosettes—one external to the mesial line, another to its fellow
of the other side of the neck, and the third on the mesial line
immediately behind the nuchal crest. Another small fuld arises
at the prominent spiny eminence, and passes backwards to the
front of the prehumeral pit, and ends in a few small spines, at
which point it is joined by two small folds from the angle of
the jaw. From the point of union of these folds, another passes
upwards over the shoulder, along the side to near the sacral
region, and in its course it is more or less beset with small spiny
scales or rosettes. Immediately above the shoulder, a small
spiny fold crosses up to the side of the neck. From behind the
transverse nuchal fold, a series of small spines, set at intervals,
extend as far back as the shoulder. The limbs are well developed,

33

and the tibia is considerably longer than the skull. The wrist in
all reaches in advance of the snout; but the tip of the fourth toe,
in three, reaches the eye, whilst, in two, it is in advance of the eye.
The digits are rather long, and laterally compressed. The fourth
finger is only very slightly longer than the third, and the fourth
toe than the third. The tail is somewhat slightly compressed
beyond the base, but afterwards it is round and tapers to a fine
point; it is about twice as long as the distance between the
snout and the vent. Six to twelve preanal pores in the male,
with callose scales on the abdomen.

Olive, mottled with brownish ; blue about the eyes and along
the labial line; the throat more or less reticulated with bluish
lines. Underparts yellowish, but a few blue spots on the belly.
A young male is olive, but the body has brownish markings,
and bluish green on the head above, and bright blue below with
dark blue lines; belly greenish yellow, mottled with blue; tail
yellow at the base, olive distally, with about 18 brown bars.
Another male is entirely blue above and brilliant blue below, the
base of the tail yellow.

The rosette of spines on the post-temporal region, the short,
but well-defined nuchal crest, with a rosette of spines on either
side of it, near its middle, are all absent in A. annectens, Blanf.,
in which the lateral fold along the side over the shoulders is
also practically absent, but, if feebly present, it never presents
the small spinose rosettes that occur in the Arabian form. The
scales also of the body are smaller in the Abyssinian species, in
which there are 150 on the type around the middle of the body,
and only 119 in the Arabian species.

A. adramitana is distinguished from A. cyanogaster, Rippell,
and from A. nupta, De Fil., by its much smaller scales.

PHRYNOCEPHALUS ARABICUS, Anderson.

Phrynocephalus arabicus, Anderson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist.
ser. 6, vol. xiv. Nov. 1894, p. 377.

1 dandl1 @.

Uromastix (APOROSCELIS) BENTI, Anderson.

Aporoscelis benti, Anderson, Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. ser. 6,
vol. xiv. Nov. 1894, p. 376.

8 ¢ and 8 9, Bagrin, 3 miles from Makallah.

As the absence of femoral pores is the only feature wherein

Aporoscelis differs from Uromastix, there does not appear to be
d

34

any valid reason for its retention as a distinct genus. It may,
however, be used to indicate the subdivision of Uromastix in
which pores are absent, represented by the two species U. prin-
ceps, O’Sh., and U. benti, Anders. Uromastix batilliferus, Vaill.,
from its dentition and the form of its body, is unquestionably a
member of the genus Agama, but with the tail of an Uromastiz.

VARANIDE.
VARANUS GRISEUS, Daud.
1 Q.

LAcERTIDA.
ACANTHODACTYLUS BOSKIANUS, Daud.

16 $,20 9, and 3 juv.

The scales round the bodies of these specimens vary from 35
to 48. The latter number leads into the type of fine lepidosis so
characteristic of this species along the seaboard of Lower Egypt,
where the scales range from 46 to 57. The accompanying table
(pp. 85-37) contains the measurements of the largest specimens
of this species yet recorded. I have tabulated the measure-
ments of 199 specimens from a great number of widely separated
localities, but not one attains to the dimensions of the largest
Hadramut individual.

The coloration of some of them is somewhat different from
that found in other localities, as the upper surface of a few of the
adults is lineated with bluish-grey and reddish-fawn.

ACANTHODACTYLUS CANTORIS, Ginther.

Acanthodactylus cantoris, Giinther, Rept. Brit. Ind. 1864,
p- 73; Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 646.

53 and9 9.

Snout elongate and acutely pointed, more so in some than in
others. The frontonasals may form either a long or short
suture, depending on the degree of elongation of the snout which
also affects the length of the prefrontals; four supraorbitals, the
fourth generally consisting of one elongated piece with granules
in front of it, but occasionally quite entire ; temporals elongate,
and generally keeled; anterior border of the ear with an outer
row of enlarged scales, resembling truncated denticles, and an
inner row as well, but the latter is occasionally feebly defined.
The back, behind the shoulders, is covered with enlarged, imbricate,

35

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42

strongly keeled scales resembling those of A. boskianus, Daud.,
increasing in size to the root of the tail; generally 10 to 16 rows
of enlarged scales between the thighs ; 88 to 57 scales round the
body ; 12 to 14 ventral plates, broader than long, the higher
number being the most prevalent, but, as the ventrals pass very
gradually into the scales on the sides, it is sometimes difficult to
define the line of separation. An enlarged preanal surrounded by
large scales, but occasionally broken up. 17 to 24 femoral pores.
The fore limb is well developed, and reaches to the extremity of
the snout. The digits have an upper, an inferior and a lateral
plate to each of their sides; claws moderately long, compressed,
and sharply curved. The hind limb reaches to between the eye
and the ear, and even in advance of the eye, and its digits are long
and tapered, as in A. scutellatus, Aud.; the fringe is long as in
that species, and is longest on the outer edge of the digits; the
hind claws are long, tapered, and little curved.

The coloration is much the same as in A. boskianus, Daud.
The adult may be uniform olive, greyish, or even brownish, some-
times sparsely covered with smal black spots, tending to a
longitudinal arrangement in lines. The young is lineated with
eight black and seven white bands. The upper surfaces of the
limbs are generally covered with white spots on a dark ground,
and, in some semi-adults, there is a dark line along the back of
the thigh. Underparts white.

The typical form, from Sind and the Helmund, is considerably
larger than any of the specimens from South-Eastern Arabia.
A male from the former region measures 74 millim. from the
snout to the vent, whereas, from the latter locality, the largest
male is only 59 millim. Besides this difference in size, the typical
form has a somewhat longer, narrower, and more pointed head
and snout, but specimens are met with in which the head is not
so pointed, and in which the snout becomes obtusely rounded,
while in some examples from Sind the head is even still shorter,
but with a pointed snout. Specimens from Southern Persia
attain also to a greater size than those from Arabia, but fall
short of the dimensions of the Helmund lizards. The heads of
lizards of this species from Jask approach in their form more to
the Arabian than to the Sind specimens, the head being rather
short and broad, with a pointed snout, varying in the degree to
which the nasal portion is widened. There is also a marked
difference between the form of the head when the two extremes

43

are studied by themselves ; but when the series tabulated is con-
sidered in detail, the two are unmistakably linked together by
intermediate variations.

The lepidosis throughout the area of distribution, with the
exception of Baluchistan and South Persia, conforms generally
to that of the typical form, but in these two regions the scales
are somewhat smaller and consequently more numerous. In
Sind the variation is from 38 to 49; in the Helmund 45 to 48;
in Baluchistan and South Persia 50 to 57; in the Hadramut
42 to 47; and Aden 38 to 45. Were the specimens enumerated
in the accompanying table (pp. 88-41) arranged according to the
numerical sequence of their scales, they would form a practically
unbroken series from 38 to 57.

The structure of its digits and its acutely pointed snout enable
this species at once to be distinguished from A. boskianus, Daud.

Eremras Gurrunata, Licht.

Eremias guttulata, Blgr. Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. iii. 1887, p. 87;
Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 646.

1 Q.

In this species the interparietal is almost always in contact
with the occipital, but exceptions occur in which a well-developed
small plate is interposed between them. It is rare, however, as
I have only observed it in three cases, among 52 specimens from
Egypt proper (Nile Valley) and the district of Suakin. One
instance occurred at Luxor, and two at Durrur, north of Suakin.
In the former locality I also met with two specimens in which
two small scales existed side by side between the two shields in
question. This specimen from the Hadramut has aso a plate
interposed between them. In its low number of ventrals, viz.
eight, it resembles the variety described by Stoliczka as H. (Mesa-
lina) watsonana, which had also a small plate interposed between
the interparietal and occipital.

EREMIAS BREVIROSTEIS, Blanford.

Eremias watsonanus, Stoliczka, Proc. As. Soc. Beng. 1872,
p- 125 (nee ante, p. 86).

Mesalina brevirostris, Blanford, Eastern Persia, ii. Zool. & Geol.
1876, p. 379.

Eremias brevirostris, Blgr. Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. iii. 1887, p. 89.

14 $6 and4 9.

Head short, contracted before the eyes; snout short; nostrils

44

Eremias brevirostris, Blanford.

ee Sex. vo. Tail. rund Ventrals, "ames of ,
DO. .seerresvevees 3 41 99 35 10 382
VOM cc osseseciiess 3 41 82 35 10 81
DDBiece sees eagess 3 42 34 10 80
D4. eeseersenees 3 42 39 10 31
QDs stsiaetoeeases rs 4) 83 34 10 31
OTe cexevssveceee 3 39 73 30 10 31
OB is ccacinasveads é 36 73 31 10 31
bb rere é 34 65 31 10 31
L73B...seceeteerere rs 40 37 10 31
1 Qhiss satel ses eas 3 42 101 37 10 28
173 B viescceceees 3 34 70 37 10 82
TB. csceceseees fo 39 39 10 33
a9 eerste é 35 39 10 31
y (: ee 3 34 76 39 10 32
100.....eseceseees 2 39 70 31 10 32
160.....ceeeeeeeee 2 35 34 10 30
VT osscvcceccesves g 40 67 42 10 34
173. wiercseveeee 2 41 37 10 32
74, 11. 23, 82......... 3 36 51 43 12 30
80. 11. 10. 40......... fo 44 85 45 12 82

45

Eremias brevirostris, Blanford.

Infraoculars
between piety
labials. Ores:
45 a Hadramut.
13
56 B ”
12
56 = ”
56 4 5
‘ 14
45 qi 5
54 13
4:5 4 ”
a5 a »
45 As Hadramut. Occipital reduced to a granule
and not wedged in between the parietals.
45 s Hadramut,
45 z Hadramut. Small plate behind the interparietal
z but not in contact with it, and widely sepa-
45 a rated from the occipital.
{ 5-4 aa Hadramut.
x if Hadramut. A small plate behind the inter-
a¢ parietal in contact with it, but not reaching
the occipital, the latter wedged in between the
parietals.
56 u Hadramut.
45 13
56 14 ”
45 ¢ ”
45 z ‘ij No occipital.
45 a2
12 »
45 i F
4:5 z Tumb Island, Persian Gulf. Type of C. brevi-
: rostris.
ay i Kalabagh, Punjab. Type of Z. watsonanus, Stol.

46

swollen, formed by three nasals (an upper, lower, and poste-
rior), the latter small, and sometimes excluded from the nostril
by the apposition of the other two at their inner points. Fronto-
nasal grooved, considerably broader than long, shut off from the
rostral by the nasals; two prefrontals, grooved in the mesial
line ; frontal deeply grooved longitudinally, rather narrow, its
length equals the distance between its anterior border and the
free margin of the rostral; anterior supraocular broken up; the
second and third separated from the superciliaries by a line of
granules; the fourth supraocular small, or broken up into small
pieces with granules external to it; frontonasal pentagonal ;
interparietal quadrately oval, slightly smaller than a single fronto-
parietal; a small plate behind the interparietal, in contact with,
or not in contact with, the interparietal and occipital, but some-
times wholly absent; the occipital is occasionally absent; two
loreals, the first long and narrow; ocular disk more or less
broken up; temporals granular, minute, and smooth; a line of
elongated scales along the parietals. From 4 to 6 labials before
the interocular ; infraocular in the labial margin, but occasionally
excluded by portions separated off from itself. Har with an
enlarged curved scale at its upper border. Body-scales granular,
smooth, but more or less feebly keeled on the loins, as they
approach the caudal scales, or they may be smooth throughout.
30 to 45 scales round the middle of the body ; scales on the upper
surface of the tail strongly keeled, those of the under surface
smooth, or feebly, obtusely keeled ; small scales, and large plates
of the limbs, smooth. 10 or 12 rows of ventral plates, depending
on the degree of development of the two outer rows; 28 to 33
in a longitudinal line from the collar to the femoral pores; the
two median rows slightly broader than long. 11 to 15 femoral
pores; an enlarged preaval with a semicircle of enlarged scales.
Limbs and digits slender; the fore limb, when laid forwards,
reaches to between the eye and the nostril, and the hind limb
to between the shoulder and the ear. Tail variable, generally
more than twice as long as the body and head, but sometimes
shorter, tapered to a very fine point.

Fawn-coloured above, or pale yellowish, or greyish brown; a
broadish brown lateral band from behind the eye, more or less pale-
spotted, with indications of three longitudinal dorsal lines of
small quadrangular, sometimes rather obscure brown spots, with

47

intervening lines of smaller white spots, alongside of them; a
more or less interrupted, narrow, white line along the upper
margin of the dark lateral band, and a more or less orange
line below it; a dusky line from the nostril to the eye, with the
upper labials faintly speckled with brown ; upper surface of head
immaculate, or finely spotted with brown; the lateral brown
band is prolonged on to the sides of the base of the tail; upper
surface of limbs marbled with brown, with one or two whitish
spots on the hind limbs. Under surface pure white.

These specimens have been compared with the types of the
species, from which they differ in having the scales immediately
externalto the 10th row of ventrals partaking more of the character
of dorsal than of ventral scales. Some of these scales, rarely
however, assume the character of ventrals, so that eleven ventrals
are present in some, the odd number being due to the scale of the
opposite side not having taken on the full characters of a ventral.
These cases of asymmetry are not recorded in the accompanying
table, but their existence suggests that the difference between
the types and these Hadramut specimens, in the number of
their ventrals, will be bridged over when more materials from
additional localities are examined.

Scincrpz.

Manvla BREVICOLLIS, Wiegm.

Mabuia brevicollis, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 646.

23,3 9, and 1 juv.

The two males are distinguished by the presence of pure
white spots on the head and on the anterior part of the body,
while the females are not. One female is of considerable interest,
as the way in which the dark spots are arranged in obliquely
disposed lines across the body, and the presence on some of the
scales of a white central dart, recall the coloration of Chalcides
ocellatus, Forskal. This type of coloration is also occasionally
present in Humeces schneideri, Daud., of which Mr. Boulenger
has shown me some specimens, from Hoana, near Alexandretta,
with the characteristic markings of 0. (G.) ocellatus, Forsk&l, so
perfectly reproduced that the lizards might, at first sight, be
mistaken for it.

48

eo | @i | * * I a ee 7 | 6L 8 st || 9¢ [cane
6-83 1 * SRI SRG r #8 ase | 96 er | wt feet} ee fo d
oa a SPI ERG a re ese | 18 | w let] @ fs
Z-8S «| = * I e3G g ze w | ge git | oe |) Sor 2
1-98 ea ae oe I ERS va #8 er | 68 oc | 28 |oe| ost |
8-Le wo" SF Letcaer| See | oF ae ty | OF ze | se |tet] gar fv 2
68 og freqetast zes0] gprtsao | exe | a ae I¢ | 68 et | oe |) ger 7 8
‘elo “s[eIqey “sngoumny
3 : 04 ‘ “qui jo prey e z,
rie a ‘uI0I3 04] = "[Lysou oi nae gq | Tetor_ | *sernqoy Ee pur wor} a 4 4 Tey “queA zag
oy. | RY | NE somone | EG | | SIS gery cee 8 wapea | wane | © ene
TopInods WOlyeey qysuery

“UIBOLM ‘82710920049 wINQUAT

49

Scrycus conrrostais, Blanford.

Scincus conirostris, Blanford, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1881, p. 677,
fig. 1; Blgr. Cat. Liz. Brit. Mus. iii. (1887) p. 391.

3 specimens.

These fine specimens have been compared with the types, with
which they agree. The ear is covered with two large fringed
scales, but, at the same time, it is perfectly distinct. The supra-.
nasal suture is much broader in some than in others, but it always
effectually excludes the frontonasal from contact with the rostral.

Two specimens have 26, and the other 28 rows of scales round
the body.

CHALCIDEs (GoNGYLUS) OOELLATUS, Forsk§l.

17 specimens.

Some of these specimens have the pronounced coloration of
the Berbera lizards, while others, so far as their colour is con-
cerned, are in no way distinguishable from those from Egypt.
Only in five out of the seventeen are there 28 rows of scales round
the body, while twelve have 30, and one 32 rows of scales, thus
overlapping the lepidosis of var. ¢iligugu.

At Maskat, the character of the coloration is similar to that
just mentioned, but associated with it is a marked variation, in
the relative development of the black and white spots, like that
which occursat Aden. In this variation the entire upper surface
of the lizard is rich dark brown, and in place of the black
spets brown ones are substituted, the white darts being reduced
to fine points. The labials become nearly entirely brown, with
asinall white central spot. At Bushire, the typical form of colour
is still present, but in intensity it resembles that of the Berbera,
Aden, Hadramut, and Maskat lizards; but, as in the last, some
specimens show a distinct tendency to assume the brown garb.
At Jask, in Southern Persia, the South Arabian pronounced
coloration is preserved, but, strange to say, one specimen from
the same locality is pale greyish brown, while another is rich
brown. These specimens have 30 rows of scales. In tracing the
typical form to the east of Egypt, one is struck by its increase
in size over those found in the Nile Valley, and in this respect
the Arabian lizards also recall those found in Somaliland, but
they have never the thick heavy bodies of var. tiligugu.

In the accompanying Table (p. 50) it will be seen that the
variations that occur in the Hadramut lizards are very trifling as
a whole.

e

50

‘opts qJol OU} Wo Xie pUe 4YdLA oN} UO

STBIQeT TOMOT qysie pus ‘opts 139] Ot} UO xis pue qastt oy wo speiqey teddn eutny g “S[RIQZ] LOMOT XIS PUB xoddn 4ysiqg ,
“sTeiqey OU ya qovyaod Ul epIs Wqay r *[BIqul pug pus 48 qt youyaoo UY ; *[Biqey 4ysig pus [erysou JO eINnyNns IAQ _
os g 3 cviyD | 2 | | #95 9% 1 | GL ie QIT [777777 86F
og ie L: ae 2 |jror: goa § © | gee | 396 | s6r bes| |) 20 GIL [7777 L6r
08 g j on “ 96 | ¢ho | &6I 9 oll
08 g id rey ae 16 | SS | 98T | 49 LOT
83 g 3 ee « & 1) 903 | bee | Ger | 99 GOT
08 g id ae e 16 | &-46 03 L sol
og g j te KE 1 ple | BG 61 L 801
os jo: 9'e j ra an LUG ee | LAE | $9 es GOL
og g 3 as “© | ges | 98s | GAT | 80 ce 86
go |g": 9'H 3 ah rae go | Goo | GLI | 89 as +6
es 9 id re me 9 1% | Gé6l | +9 £6
8G g j ey ok. 9G 16 61 9 eae 68
of g 3 att Ferg L4G | 916 91 9 96 98
08 g j ae Py ¥G 06 91 | 8g ¥8 18
86 g é eae aa | Gé6L or | 4g ee BL
8% 9 3 aEsee 16 81 ST g Lb cL
0g g 3 “SRO | vs'o 81 cl | GIL | 8F 09 19
“Apoq | “WALO | rey ; . a | ‘ ‘ok . . . :
IQeT JomoT| “s[eseu [eseuyso' TIqysou JO) *Quaty eho 04 quar qnous 2 ques 0} | ‘ueuoeds
Lala aoe aoe Eddy -erdng | jo uorsog | uowog) pur | PIEXV 910, a 04 of] TL | ynoug jo on

‘TRYSs10,g ‘97017990 sap29.vYD

51

RHIPTOGLOSSA.
CHAMELEONTIDS.

CHAMELEON OaLcARirer, Peters.
Chameleon calcarifer, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 651.
42 and9 o.

OPHIDIA.

CoLUBRIDA.
ZAMENIS RHODORHACHIS, Jan.

2g and2 9.

These four specimens agree with those from Aden in the low
numbers of their ventrals as compared with Egyptian and Indian
examples of the species.

aie
2 is

4 B IPE fal.

Pa be a

a 4 é Upper 3 lassie =
= & |] |‘ abials. | 3 |83 2/8] & leg
ABAl/Al]Fe la l/O la | [o=| Alea lai
d../1010} ... | 226) 1/1] ... 119) R.9,0.10;)5&6] O.1 |2|24+3)2)1
o -../1167] 297 | 227) 1/1 | 129 |19, RK. 9,L.9 | 5&6} B.C.2| 2/243) 2) 1
Q...| 780} 215 | 228} 1/1 | 125 19/R.9,L.9 )5&6] BO. | 2/243) 2/1
@...} 561] 161 | 226 | 1/1 ee R.9,L.9 |}5&6] BC. | 2/243) 2/1

Like the Aden specimens, they also belong to the variety
ladacensis, with no vertebral stripe. They are greyish olive,
one uniformly so, while the others have the characteristic dark
cross-bands developed, chiefly anteriorly; and the angles of the
ventrals are dusky, with a minute black spot; a dusky spot
below the eye ; underparts white.

ZAMENIS DIADEMA, Schleg.

1S andl @.

They have both 25 rows of scales round the body, which is a
rare number, and the lowest that is found in this snake. I know
of only two other instances of its occurrence, viz., in a specimen

' C. Contact. * BC. Broadly in contact.
e2

52

which my collector obtained at Duirat, Tunisia, and another
in Mr. Blanford’s collection from Karman, §.E. Persia. As a
rule, the upper preocular is in contact with the frontal, but in
both of these specimens it is excluded, except on the right side in
the male. They have the usual markings.

TaRBOPHIS GUENTHERI, Anderson.

Tarbophis guentheri, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895, p. 656,
pl. xxxvi. fig. 3.

29.

The details of the external characters of these two specimens
are given in the paper quoted above.

The specimen on which Forsk&l founded Coluber dhara* had
a mutilated tail, with only 48 scutes; but the number of its
ventrals, 235, and the description as a whole, suggest the
possibility that Z. guentheri, Anders., may be the same species.
T think it, however, more probable that C. obfusus, Reuss, is
C. dhara, Forskil, as the specimen from near Medina, which is
not far off from Yemen, mentioned on p. 62 agrees with typical
C. obtusus, Reuss, from Egypt. Unfortunately in Forskal’s
account there is no mention of the condition of the anal, and
no information regarding the labials that entered the orbit.

Ca@LoPEtTis MoOILENSIS, Reuss.
Ceelopeltis moilensis, Reuss, Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895,

p. 656.
1g andl @.
=
:| 8 z
4 als |./e3 |g
wb , ec eee a ee
8 4 |} |=] 23 |s| $88 le] # :
<= a a Sila |e. |2 33 5 4's
sex| 2/3) 2 | 2 Ele ae |2) 284 3] # (BL
Se l/as/e) <4 jojalPlAa lala a) 8 la
g.../480| 130]170 | 1/1 |e3i17] 8} 4 & 5 |0/1B. Ex2|2 Pets 1]1
4 R. 242
Q...| 487 | 129 176 1/4 73|17/8] 4 & 5/0]1B.Ex.)2)y7°973|1/1

1 Descr, Animal. 1775, p. 14. ? Broadly excluded.

53

PsAMMOPHIS SCHOKARI, Forskal.

Coluber schokari, Forsk&l, Descr. Anim. 1775, p. 14.

Coluber lacrymans, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 139.

Psammophis punctatus, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Génl. vii. 1854,
p- 896, Atlas, pl. 77, fig. of skull.

Psammophis sibilans, var.?, Blyth, Journ. As. Soc. Beng. xxiv.
1855, p. 306.

Psammophis sibilans, var. hierosolimitana, Jan, Elenco, 1863,
p. 90; Icon. Génl., Livr. 34, Mars 1870, pl. iii. fig. 2.

Psammophis sibilans, var. punctata, Jan, Elenco, 1863, p. 90;
Boettger, Kobelt Reis. Alg. & Tun. 1885, p. 462.

Psammophis condanarus, var. sindanus, Stoliczka, Proc. As.
Soc. Beng. 1872, p. 83.

Psammophis leithii, Blanford, part., Eastern Persia, Zool. &
Geol. ii. 1876, p.421: part., Blgr. Trans. Linn. Soe. ser. 2, Zool.
v., 1889, p. 103; part., Fauna Brit. Ind., Rept. 1890, p. 365.

Psammophis moniliger, var. hierosolymitana, Boettger, Ber.
Senck. Nat. Ges. 1878-79, p. 65; id. loc. cit. 1879-80, p. 163.

Psammophis moniliger, var. punctata, Boettger, Ber. Senck.
Nat. Ges. 1879-80, p. 164.

Psammophis lacrymans, Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1895,
p. 538 ; Anderson, op. cit. p. 655.

1 6, half-grown.

This specimen belongs to the variety in which the colour is
uniform, there being no longitudinal brown bands. It is pale
greyish olive above, becoming still paler on the tail. The upper
and lower labials, the throat, and the free margins of the ventrals,
on the anterior fourth of the snake, are dotted with blackish.
This type of coloration is found at Aden, in the Sinaitic Penin-
sula, and at Maskat. It occurs throughout Egypt, from Cairo
to Khartum, and at Durrur on the coast of the Red Sea. It is
also found in Persia, and as far east as Sind. Although I have
never met with the striped form in Egypt proper (Nile Valley),
it occurs at Suakin, which is close to Durrur, also at Maskat, in
Persia (Jask), and in Afghanistan. A similar coloration is also
essentially characteristic of the species in the extreme western
limit of its distribution, on the margin of the desert (Sahara),
in Tunisia, and Algeria.

It is generally found on the confines of the stony desert, with
which its colour is in unison, but, at Suakin, where it is more or

54

less striped, it occurs on the sandy and stony plain which is
covered more or less with low thickets of bushes, and longish
grass. It is extremely rapid in its movements.

In this male there are 170 ventrals and 141 caudals. The
variation in the ventrals of this species may be as much as 32,
the lowest number being 164, and the highest 195. In seven
specimens from Arabia the variation is only 17; butif one of
those from Maskat is excluded, the variation is only 11, the lowest
number being 168 and the highest 179. This exceptional speci-
men has 185 ventrals, and in this high number it leads into the
representatives of the species found in Persia, Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, and Sind, which are almost invariably distinguished
by a high number of ventrals ranging from 182 to 194. Among
ten specimens from these countries, only one from Sind has its
ventrals falling as low as 177. On the other hand, 16 specimens
from Tokar, Suakin, and Durrur, have the veutrals varying from
163 to 174, but only in four does the number rise above 169,
while in seven it does not exceed 166. The species, therefore,
in the Suakin district, is characterized by a lower number of
ventrals than in any other locality.

In the lower part of the Valley of the Nile, the ventrals vary
from 168 to 177, but in Upper Egypt (Assuan) the number
rises to 195, while, in the extreme west of its distribution, the
high number 183 occurs at Biskra.

This species and Psammophis leithiz, Gthr., have sometimes
been mistaken the one for the other, and Taphrometopon lineo-
latum, Brandt, has occasionally not been distinguished from the
latter. Their features are expressed by the following numbers :—

i] ,¢
Sle BE] wp
3 PI fla EE a
3 . a a | #1329 362
s 3| 8 |8|)8/882]/2¢4
S lal & (eheige*aes
P. sibilans......... 158-198 | 1/1} 90-116 | 17] 8 C. 4&5
P. schokari ... .. 163-194 | 1/1 | 93-181 | 17] 9 B.C 5&6
Py leithti ......... 170-185 } 1 92-99 | 17 | 8 B.C. 4&5
T. lineolatum ...) 175-194 | 1/1] 72-90 | 17] 9 | BC. |4,5,&6

55

VIPERIDS.
Virera anretans, Merrem.
A young specimen measuring 210 millim. in length, of which

the tail constitutes 14 millim. It has 32 rows of scales round
the body, 186 ventrals, 1 anal, and 18 caudals.

This is the first record of the occurrence of this species in
Asia.

Ecuis caRtnatvs, Scho.

lg.
Ecuis cotoratvus, Gthr.
3 9.
BATRACHIA.
ECAUDATA.

Rana cyanoputycris, Schneider, Anders. Proce. Zool. Soe.
1895, p. 660, pl. xxxvii. fig. 2, tadpole.

A number of fine tadpoles.

56

PART IIL.

SOME REPTILES

FROM

OTHER PARTS OF ARABIA.

Reptiles from the Hejaz in the Cairo Museum.

Tue following Reptiles from the Hejaz were collected for the
Museum of the Medical School at Cairo, by one of its native
employés ; and Iam indebted to Dr. Keatinge and to Dr. Walter
Innes for having entrusted their identification to me.

PryoDACTYLUS HASSELQUISTII, Donndorf.

Le Gecko des Maisons, Cuv. Régn. Anim. ii. 1817, p. 49;
Audouin, Descr. de l’Egypte, Nat. Hist. i. (1827), p. 165, Suppl.
Rept. pl. i. figs. 2.1 to 2.6.

Lacerta gecko’, Hasselquist & Linn. Iter Pulest. 1757, p. 306:
Tinn. Mus. Lud. Ulr. Regine, 1764, p. 46; Syst. Nat. i. 1766
(part.), p. 865: Forskal, Descr. Anim. 1775, p. viii et p. 13.

Stellio gecko, Schneider (part.), Amph. Phys. ii. 1792, p. 12.

Lacerta hasselquistii, Donndorf, Zool. Beytr. iii. 1798, p. 183.

Gekko ascalabotes, Merrem (part.), Tent. Syst. Amph. 1820,
p- 40.

Gecko lobatus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Berl. Mus. 1823, p. 103 ;
Is. Geoffr. St. Hil. Deser. de Egypte, Nat. Hist. i. (1827),
p- 182, pl. v. fig. 5.

Ptyodactylus lobatus, Gray, Aun. Phil. (2) x. 1825, p. 498;
Fitz. Syst. Rept. 1848, p. 96; Boulenger, Cat. Liz. B. M. i.
1885, p. 110; Bvulenger, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 111,
pl. xiii. fig. 2 ; Boettger, Kat. Rept. Mus. Senck. 1893, p. 27.

Ptyodactylus guttatus, Heyden, Riippell’s Atlas N. Afr., Rept.
1827, p. 18, pl. iv. fig. 1.

Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét Génl. iii. 1836,
p. 378, pl. xxxiii. fig. 8; Riippell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 800;
Gasco, Viaggio in Egitto, (pt. ii.) 1876, p. 110; Tristram, West.
Palest., 1884, Rept. & Batr. p. 153; Hart, Fauna & Flora of Sinai,

1 This name was first applied by Linnzus (Mus. Adolph. Frid. 1754, p. 46)
to the Asiatic gecko, known as G, verticillatus, Laur,

57

1891, p.210; Beettger, Ber. Senck. Ges. 1879-80, p.194; Buutan,
Rev. Biol. du Nord de la France, v. 1893,p. 336, fig. 1.

Ptyodactylus oudrit, Lataste, Le Natural.1880, p. 299; Boutan,
Rev. Biol. Nord France, v. 1898, p. 343, fig. 2.

Ptyodactylus lacazii, Boutan, Arch. Zool. Expér. (2) x. 1892,
p. 17.

Ptyodactylus bischoffsheimi, Boutan, Rev. Biol. Nord France,
v. 1893, p. 340, pl. iii. fig. 1.

Ptyodactylus montmahoui, Boutan, 1. ¢. p. 369, pl. iii. fig. 2.

Ptyodactylus barroisi, Boutan, I. ¢. p. 875, pl. iii. fig. 8.

Ptyodactylus puiseuxi, Boutan, J. c. p. 879, pl. iii. fig. 4.

Ptyodactylus lobatus, subsp. syriacus, Peracca, Boll. Mus.
Torino, ix. 1894, no. 167, p. 1.

Ptyodactylus lobatus, var. oudrit, Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien, 1894, p.76; Boettger, Zool. Centralblatt. June 1894, p. 376.

2 3. Hadir el Kabir near Medina.

ljuv. Dar Fadda between Medina and El Wish.

These two males present some resemblances in their general
form to the individuals of this species fuund on the plains of Suez,
but differ from them in their much more pointed snouts, in the
presence of enlarged tubercles on the thighs and on the tibia,
and in their tails being distinctly depressed. Two types of
nostril are met with in this species in the Nile Valley—one in
which it is so much raised above the snout as to merit the term
tubular being applied to it, and another in which the scales
defining the opening are only distinctly swollen. In the former
type, the nostril is surrounded by the first labial and three nasals,
while, in the simply swollen kind, it is enclosed by the rostral,
first labial, and three nasals. The individuals from the Hejaz
have nostrils of the latter type, but not so swollen as to entitle
them to be called semitubular. In the geckoes of the Plain of
Suez (2 specimens only), the nostrils are semitubular, and are
formed by the first labial and three nasals. Individuals in the
Nile Valley proper, with the nasal formula, rostral, labial, and
three nasals, have more or less depressed tails like the Hejaz
geckoes, while those in the former region, with the formula
L.3N., have rounded tails. There is, however, another important
character distinguishing them, and it is this, that the granules
of the body are more or less carinate while those on the snout
are distinctly keeled.

58

There is another feature, best marked in the adult male from
Hadir el Kabir, less distinct in the other male, and absent in the
young specimen, that calls for remark, as it is very rarely present
in this species. It consists of the presence at the anterior
border of the ear-opening of numerous spiny scales. A specimen,
however, from the Mokattam hills, near Cairo, with the nasal
formula R.L.3N., shows slight indications of the existence of
similar scales, in the same position.

After a careful consideration pf over sixty specimens of the
geckoes of this genus from Palestine, the Dead Sea area, the
Sinaitic Peninsula, the Hejaz, Maskat, the region between Shoa
and Assab, the Nile Valley from Wadi Halfa to Suez, and from
Algeria, I have arrived at the conclusion that the various modifi-
cations met with over the region indicated can be regarded in
no other light than as illustrating the essentially polymorphic
character of this species first described by Hasselquist from
Lower Egypt.

AGAMA sinarva, Heyden.

1g. El Haggarieh between Medina and Mecca.

1. Near Medina.

The former has the following measurements :—Snout to vent
94; tail 172; length of head 24; width of head 22. Wrist in
advance of the snout. Fourth toe reaches to anterior angle of
eye. The scutes covering the bases of the claws, and the brown
spines, on the under surfaces of the digits, are very well defined.
Both have larger scales than specimens from the Nile Valley, and
in this respect they resemble those from the Hadramut.

AGAMA RUDERATA, Olivier.

4 $ from near Medina.

These specimens are undoubtedly referable to this species.
They have the characteristically enlarged scales on the body,
limbs, and base of the tail. One has the head-scales nearly
smooth, while, in the other, they are more or less convex. I have
examined one of Olivier’s specimens, from Arabia, preserved in
the Paris Museum ', with which these specimens practically agree,
but the spines over the ears are more numerous and better
developed than in Olivier’s specimen, and the few spiny scales on

1 It is preserved in the bottle numbered 2127, and the specimen itself bears
a label no. 2610.

59

the back of the head and on the sides of the neck are more
strongly marked; but it must be borne in mind that Olivier’s
lizard has not the freshness of these recently captured speci-
mens, which are in excellent preservation.
with this species in Lower Egypt.

I have never met

. | Sex.

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00
=

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advance of
snout.
Pr to ear. 83 19 |21 {21 #
100 Pa to ear. | 20 |18°6 |20°5 |20-2 |Dar om Sheikh Ahmed,
near Medina,
104 re before ear.| 21 |18°3 20 |20°4 ~

AGAMA FLAVIMacULATA, Riippell.

8d and2 9. Near Medina.

Body moderately elongate, not depressed ; head large, stoutly
and broadly cordate; canthus rostralis short, not defined,
anterior to the nasal shield, which is circular with the nostril
directed upwards and backwards and perforated in the hinder
part of the shield internal to or on the line of the canthus ros-
tralis; ear considerably smaller than the eye-opening, with a
fringe of pointed scales along its upper border; upper surface
of the head in adults covered with convex scales, especially large
along the mesial line; a number of large, more or less obtusely
keeled scales behind the eye, more or less continuous with those
on the upper part of the post-temporal region, on which there
are a few short, strongly keeled, non-mucronate spiny scales.
Body covered above with moderately sized, unequal, imbricate,
more or less subacuminate, but not mucronate, feebly keeled
scales, those on the sides about half the size of the dorsal scales,
and more or less obtusely keeled; 77 to 95 scales round the
middle of the body; ventral scales keeled or nearly smooth.
Limbs well developed, covered with regular keeled imbricate
The wrist reaches to the anterior border
of the eye or to the nostril, and the tip of the fourth toe extends

scales of moderate size.

to the ear or nearly so.

Tibia shorter than the skull] in the

60

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61

adult. Tail longer or as long as the body and head, rounded,
rather thick at the base especially in males, covered with regular,
rather feebly keeled scales. A large gular pouch in both sexes.
The usual gular and short prebumeral folds are present. Neither
preanal pores nor callose scales are developed.

General colour pale yellowish on the head, olive-brown or even
greyish brown on the body, generally many of the dorsal scales
being yellow, but this character is occasionally absent. In adult
males, the sides of the head, the gular pouch, the sides of the
neck and body, are deep dusky brownish with a purple tinge, or
rich bluish on the sides of the mouth, gular pouch, sides of neck
and shoulder, the tail being pale orange-yellow with occasionally
deep orange spots along its sides. In some of these males, the
general colour is pale olive-brown, the throat and chest being
suffused with bluish, and the tail pale yellow. The adult
breeding female is nearly olive, with many of the dorsal scales
nearly white, arranged on the sides and on the limbs more or
less in transverse series, especially on the limbs. The pouch is
dark chocolate-brown, and the under surface of the head is
marked with wavy lines of the same colour. Similar but more
feeble markings occur on the chest.

The points in which this species differs from A. jayakari,
Anders., are mentioned under the description of that species
(p- 67).

The type was from Jiddah, and is preserved in the Frankfort
Museum. I have examined it, and also the type of A. leuco-
stygma, Reuss, to which Mr. Boulenger refers 4. flavimaculata,
Riippell, as a synonym, a view which has also been adopted by
Prof. Boettger.

The type of A. flavimaculata, Riippell, is enumerated in
Riippell’s Catalogue * as II. F.F. 6 2-6, 1834. The larger of the
two specimens, a female, is the one figured by Rippell, and both
are stated in Prof. Buettger’s* Catalogue to have come from
Arabia, but Riippell in his description’ is more particular and
gives Jiddah as the locality. There can be no doubt whatever
regarding the identity of the Hejaz and Hadramut specimens
with the type of the species, but the same cannot be said for their
identity with A. leucostygma, Reuss. The types of the latter are
two in number, and are marked Cat. II. F.F. 5 £-1, Gesch. 1827,

1 Mus. Senck, iii. 1845, p. 302.

2 Kat. Rept. Mus. Senck. 1893, p. 49.
* Neue Wirbelth. 1835, p. 12, pl. 6. fig. 1.

62

Dr. Riippell, Ob. Agypt. I cannot distinguish between them
and the A. pallida, Reuss, the type of which I have also
examined.

AGAMA STELLIO, Hasselq. & Linn.
One specimen from Mount Arafat in the Hejaz.

TaRBoPHis DHARA, Forskél.

Coluber dhara, Forskal, Descr. Animal. 1775, p- 14.

Coluber obtusus, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 137.

One g. Girenah Sidi Hamza near Medina.

This specimen agrees in all its details with those from Egypt,
whence the species was described by Reuss. Forsk§l’s C. dhara
was from Yemen.

Total length 845 millim. Tail 123 millim. Ventrals 253.
Anal 1/1. Caudals60? Scales 23.

A Chameleon in the Cairo Museum.

I am indebted to Dr. Keatinge and to Dr. Walter Innes for
having permitted me to bring to London, from the Cairo Museum,
a very fine male specimen of a chameleon preserved in alcohol,
and obtained, some years ago, in the Province of Yemen. And
I have to record the obligation under which I lie to Professor
Vaillant, of the Natural History Museum, Paris, for having
fowarded to the British Museum one of the types of C. calyp-
tratus, A. Duméril, in order that I might compare it with this
male. The result of the comparison of the two has left no doubt
in my mind regarding their specific identity.

CHAMALEON caLyprRratus, A. Duméril.

Cat. Méthod. Rept. 1851, p. 81; Arch. Mus. vi. p. 259, pl. xxi.
fig. 1.

The types of this species are females, and they are said to
have been obtained in the Nile Valley; but in the Catalogue of
Reptiles in the Paris Museum, where the species was first indi-
cated, no locality is given. The information that they came
from the Nile Valley was supplied afterwards by A. Duméril.
The specimen in the Cairo Museum from Yemen is the only ex-
ample of the male in any Museum, so far as I am aware, and

63

like the same sex of C. calcarifer, and other allied species, it has
a tarsal spur.

There can be no doubt that this species is very closely allied
to C. calearifer, Peters, which is found at no great distance to the
south of Yemen, viz. in the neighbourhood of Aden. The leading
characters distinguishing the present species from C. calcarifer,
Peters, are the great vertical elevation of the crest posteriorly, the
little development of the occipital lobe, and the backward, but
little upward, prolongation on to the crest of the supraorbital
ridge. The crests and occipital lobes, however, of chameleons
vary considerably, and C. vulgaris, Daud., is a very good illus-
tration of this. In the other features the two are practically
the same. The occurrence, therefore, of two so closely related
forms in such near geographical relationship suggests the possi-
bility, in view of the variations just mentioned, that, as the areas
they inhabit are better explored, links connecting the one with
the other may ultimately be discovered, but until this has
happened the two must be kept distinct.

Reptiles from Aden collected by Captain C. G. Nurse.

Captain C. G. Nurse has lately presented four species of
Reptiles from Aden to the British Museum, and I am indebted to
Mr. Boulenger for permission to enumerate them here. They
are the following :—Hemidactylus yerburii, Anders.; Uromastix
(Aporoscelis) benti, Anders.; Chameleon calcarifer, Peters;
and Glauconia nursii, n. sp.

The Hemidactylus and Chameleon call for no remark.

LACERTILIA.

Urnomastrx (APOROSCELIS) BENTI, Anderson.

One ¢ and one juv.

These two lizards have a wonderful resemblance at first sight
to Uromastix ornatus, Heyden, but they are at once distin-
guished from it by the absence of preanal and femoral pores.
In those species which have these structures they are always
present even in very young individuals, but although in these
two specimens there are no traces of them, both have a line of
enlarged scales along the thighs in the position occupied by
these structures, and more or less callose, but structurally quite

64

distinct from the deep pit of a true femoral pore. In the typical
form of this species there is not the same clear definition of these
femoral scales as that present in the Aden specimens, but as the
latter also present other slight modifications in their lepidosis,
as compared with the types, the differences in question I ascribe
wholly to local variation. These Aden specimens have somewhat
smaller scales, which is shown by the number round the body
being as high as 209 in one and 190 in the other, whereas in the
typical form the variation is from 146 to 176.
They were obtained from the hills 50 miles from Aden.

dé. Juv.
Total length .......... 271 146
Dail sais edeevaneigers Bia ale Mente 124 65
Length of head ........ 27 16
Width of head ........ 27 16

OPHIDIA.

GLAUCONIA NURSII, 1. sp.

Two specimens.

Head rather broad ; neck distinctly narrower than the head;
snout rounded ; rostral broader than the nasal, prolonged back-
wards nearly on a level with the eyes ; nasal completely divided ;
nostril removed from the rostral; first labial very small, slightly
higher than broad, its upper and lower margins nearly parallel,
and its breadth slightly less than that of the lower part of the
nasal; ocular in the labial margin; supraocular and frontal
shields nearly equal. Diameter of the body about fifty times
in the total length; tail ten times in the length. Two hundred
and eighty-one scales from the labial margin to the vent, and
thirty-six on the tail; fourteen scales round the body. Pale
brownish above, nearly white below.

This species is most closely allied to G. blanfordii, Blgr., but
is at once distinguished from it by its much narrower rostral,
and by its shorter first labial which is as broad as high, and about
equal to the breadth of the lower portion of the nasal ; its body
also is somewhat stouter, and the head is broader and better
defined.

Milde) tv ciee ts Gruen we oxe wae 25 20
Diameter of body at middle .. 5 45

65

A new Agamoid Lizard from Maskat.

In going over the species of the genus Agama added to the
British Museum collection since the appearance of the first
volume of Mr. Boulenger’s ‘ Catalogue of Lizards,’ I found the
following species from Maskat to be one hitherto unrecognized,
and I have Mr. Boulenger’s permission to describe it.

AGAMA JAYAKARI, 0. sp.

Agama isolepis (not Boulenger), Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H.
(5) xx. 1887, p. 407 '.

Body elongate, not depressed; head large, more or less tri-
angularly cordate ; snout moderately pointed; canthus rostralis
sbort, not defined anterior to the nasal shield, which is circular
with the nostril directed upwards and backwards, and perforated
in the hinder part of the shield internal to or on the ecanthus
rostralis; ear considerably smaller than the eye-opening, with a
fringe of pointed scales along its upper border. Upper surface
of the head, in adults, with convex scales, especially large along
the. mesial line; scales on the temporal region large, generally
well keeled, but sometimes nearly smooth; scales above, below,
and behind the ear and on the occipital region with sharp,
prominent, mucronate points. Body covered above with large,
equal, strongly keeled, mucronate scales gradually diminishing in
size on the sides, where they are about half the size of the dorsal
scales and without keels, but furnished with sharp points;
about 90 scales around the middle of the body ; ventrals strongly
or moderately keeled. Limbs well-developed, covered with
regular, moderately large, strongly keeled, slightly mucronate
scales; the wrist generally reaches the nostril, but occasionally
to the snout, and the tip of the fourth toe extends to the ear, or
it may fall somewhat short of it. Tibia longer than the skull.
Tail considerably longer than the body and head, rounded, rather
thick at the base, especially in the males, and covered with
strongly keeled imbricate scales nearly as large as the dorsal
scales. A large gular pouch in both sexes, with the usual gular
and short prehumeral fuld. Neither preanal pores nor callose
scales are present.

General colour of the upper parts olive suffused with brownish,

* When Mr. Boulenger made this identification, he had only one specimen
before him, and that a female.
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67

or with bluish green, and more or less spotted with yellowish,
and the limbs and tail with brownish. The head generally bluish
green and yellow; on the back of the neck there are usually
indications of two short longitudinal brownish bands.

This species is closely allied to A. flavimaculata, Riippell, from
Jiddah, but is distinguished from it by its large, regular, strongly
keeled and mucronate scales, by its less cordate head, which is
shorter than the tibia, and by the more strongly keeled character
of its caudal scales. It also attains to a greater size, and the
scales on the back of the head are somewhat more spinose than
in A. flavimaculata, Rippell. The entire absence of preanal
pores and callose scales in these two species necessitates an
alteration in the hitherto accepted definition of the genus Agama.

A. isolepis, Blgr., which has preanal pores, is more allied to
A. agilis, Oliv., than to this species.

Judging from the number of specimens sent to the British
Museum by Dr. Jayakar, it would appear to be well represented
at Maskat. It attains to a greater size than A. sanguinolenta,
Pallas.

f2

68

PART IV.

SKETCH OF THE LITERATURE
BEARING ON THE

REPTILIAN AND BATRACHIAN FAUNA OF ARABIA,

As a supplement to these lists of Reptiles, I have now to add a
complete list of all the species of Reptilia and Batrachia known
to occur in Arabia, and as an introduction to it I give a short
sketch of the literature of the subject.

The Danish Expedition equipped by Frederick V. of Denmark
for the scientific exploration of Egypt, Arabia, and Syria, sailed
from Europe in January 1761. When it had accomplished its
work in Egypt, the members of the Expedition went to Suez, and
after Niebuhr had visited Mount Sinai they sailed on the 21st
July, 1762, for Jiddah, whence they proceeded overland to
Mocha. Here Van Haven, the philologist, died; and two
months afterwards Peter Forsk&l, the naturalist, succumbed to
the pligue, at Jerim, on the 11th July, 1763. Shortly after
this, Niebuhr left Arabia, but he did not return to Copenhagen
until November, 1767, when he at once began to prepare for
publication the results achieved by the Expedition, and to arrange,
for the same purpose, the materials that his friend Forskal had
brought together. This posthumous work of Forsk4l’s, entitled
‘Descriptiones Animalium, &c.,’ appeared in 1775. It is our
first introduction to the fauna of Arabia.

In it he mentions the occurrence in Loheia, north of Hodeida,
of a land-tortoise, Testudo terrestris, and the local name of which
is Buzi or Sukar. It is useless attempting to identify this
animal, but it may possibly be 7. lecthiz, Giinther, which is found
in the desert country between Ismailia and El Arisch ; while,
on the other hand, it may prove to be Testudo elegans, Schoepff,
which has been recorded from Muscat.

Four species of Lizards are described, viz. :—Lacerta nilotica,
Hasselquist & Linneus, = Varanus niloticus, Hasselq. & Linn. ;
Lacerta egyptia, Hasselquist & Linneus, = Uromastix egyptius,
H. & L.; Lacerta ocellata, Forskil, = Chalcides (Gongylus) ocel-
latus, Forsk.; and Lacerta gecko, H. & L., = Ptyodactylus hassel-

69

quistii, Donndorf. There is no explicit statement whence these
Species were obtained. The first-mentioned is certainly not found
in Arabia; while, on the other hand, all of them are present in
Egypt, and since Hasselquist’s day have been recorded from
Arabia with the exception of the Nile Monitor.

Forskal describes eight species of Suakes:—1. Coluber lebe-
tinus; 2. Coluber guttatus, Forskil; 3. Coluber haje, Forskal;
+. Coluber dhara, F orskal; 5. Coluber schohkari, Forskal; 6. Coluber
betan, Forskil; 7. Coluber holletk, Forskal; and 8. Coluber
, Arab. Hannasch asued, or black snake. The first was
received from Cyprus; the second is assigned to Cairo, and is
probably the species afterwards described by Is. Geoffroy
St. Hilaire as C. florulentus=Zamenis florulentus; the third is
Naia haje, but the place of its occurrence is not stated; the
fourth is evidently a member of the genus Zarbophis, and the
snake described as C. obtusus, Reuss, is, I believe, identical
with it, seeing that the Hejaz specimen in no way differs
from the Egyptian snake described by Reuss; the fifth is un-
questionably the Psammophis redescribed in after years under
a variety of names, e. g., P. lacrymans, Reuss, P. punctatus,
D. & B., and P. szbilans, var. hierosolimitana, Jan, &c. The
descriptions of the three remaining species are too vague to
enable them to be determined. Only two of the eight species,
viz. Larbophis dhara and Psammophis schokari, are ascribed to
Arabia, and to the Province Yemen.

Besides these reptiles, Forskil mentions a number of others,
under their native names, chiefly, from Syria, Egypt, and Arabia,
but it would be vain to attempt to identify them.

Olivier, in the beginning of the century, referred a lizard from
North Arabia to A. ruderata. This specimen is preserved in
the Paris Museum ‘.

Riippell, about the middie of the second decade of this century,
began his exploration of North-Eastern Africa, and in the course
of his travels visited Arabia Petreea, the Sinaitic Peninsula, and
the ports of Moilah and Jiddah. The results of his first journey
were made known by Dr. C. H. G. Heyden, in 1827. In this
work the following species of Reptiles and Batrachia are described
from Arabia, viz.:—Uromastix ornatus, Heyden; Agama sinaita,
Heyden ; Agama stellio, H. &L.; Ptyodactylus guttatus, Heyden,
=P. hasselquistii, Donndorf; Stenodactylus scaber, Heyden, =

1 Cat. Rept. Paris Mus., Duméril, 1851, p. 103.

70

Gymnodactylus scaber, Heyden ; Hemidactylus granosus, Heyden,
= Hemidactylus turcicus, Linn.; Bufo arabicus, Heyden,= Bufo
viridis, Laur.

Dr. A. Reuss, in 1834, characterized a number of reptiles from
Arabia collected by Riippell, principally on his second expedition.
Oue, however, was obtained on his first journey, and is stated to
have been found at Tor, Arabia Petrea, a locality I have not
been able to identify, unless it be Tor, on the sea-coast of the
‘Sinaitic Peninsula. This species, viz. Lacerta longicaudata=
Latastia longicaudata’, was afterwards found by Riippell in
Abyssinia, where it appears to be common, as it is likewise at
Suakin, in the neighbourhood of which I obtained many speci-
mens. Reuss also enumerates the following species as Arabian :—-
Agama loricata’=A. pallida, Reuss’; Coluber lacrymans=
Psammophis schokari, Forsk&l ; and Coluber moilensis= Colopeltis
moilensis, Reuss.

Riuppell himself, in 1835, described Trapelus flavimaculatus=
Agama flavimaculata, from Jiddah, to which locality Duméril
and Bibron erroneously ascribed Agama cyanvgaster, Rippell,
which was first discovered at Massowah.

In the fourth volume (1837) of Duméril and Bibron’s work,
Agama flavimaculata, Riippell®, is wrongly regarded as a
synonym of A. agilis, Olivier *, and consequently Jiddah is given
as a locality for the latter species.

In 1837, Wiegmann described Scineus meccensis from Mecca ;
and, in 1839, Dr. J. E. Gray referred a lizard collected by
Riippell in Arabia Petra to the genus Riopa, but now generally
recognized to be Ablepharus pannonicus, Fitz.

In Riippell’s Catalogue of the Reptiles in the Frankfort
Museum, a specimen of Stenodactylus guttatus, Cuv., =S. elegans,
Fitz., is mentioned from Arabia.

Duméril and Bibron, in their sixth volume (1844), record
Typhlops vermicularis, Merr., from the foot of Sinai, on the
strength of specimens from that locality in the Leyden Museum,
and also note the presence of Eryx jaculus, Hasselq. & Linn.,
in Arabia, but do not state the source of their information
regarding the latter.

1 Prof. O. Boettger (Kat. Rept. Frankfort Mus. 1893, p. 89) records this
species only from Arabia, but besides the type from Tor there are Riippell's
three Abyssinian specimens.

2 Type in the Frankfort Museum examined.

8 Type examined. § Types examined,

71

In A. Duméril’s Catalogue of the Reptiles in the Paris Museum
(1851), Agama eyanogaster, Riippell, Euprepes septemteniatus,
Reuss,=Mabuia septemteniata, Reuss, and Gongylus ocellatus,
Forsk§l, = Chaleides (Gongylus) ocellatus, Forskl, arerepresented
by Arabian specimens.

In the seventh volume of the ‘ Erpétologie Générale’ (1854),
Psammophis punctuiatus, D. & B.,isdescribed from Arabia, whence
it had been obtained by M. Arnaud, who travelled as a collector
for the Paris Museum.

In 18638, Dr. J. E. Gray described Spatalura cartert= Pris-
turus carteri, a rock-gecko found by Mr. H. J. Carter on the
island of Masira, and mentioned the existence at Makallah of
a Uromastia which he was unable to identify. In the following
year he described a chameleon from Arabia, O. auratus=C. vul-
garis, Daud.

Professor Peters, in the following year, recorded Chalcides
(Sphenops) sepoides, Aud., from Tor, Arabia, under the name of
Sphenops capistratus, Wagler.

Strauch, in his Monograph of the Viperids (1869), mentioned
that a specimen of Cerastes cornutus, H. & L., from Arabah, Arabia
Petrea, was preserved in the Munich Museum; and in the same
year Westphal-Castlenau gave Arabia as one of the localities in
which £. pardalis, D. & B.,= Eremias guttulata, Licht., was found.

In 1871, Peters described Pristurus longipes=Pristurus
erucifer, Val.,from Aden ; and in that year I characterized a skink,
Scincus mitranus, from Arabia, allied to S. officinalis, Schn.

In 1874, Mr. Blanford gave an account of a new gecko from
Maskat, Pristurus rupestris, and recorded Pristurus flavi-
punctatus, Riippell, from the same locality.

Captain, afterwards Sir Richard, Burton presented, in 1878, to
the British Museum a small collection of reptiles that he had
brought together in Midian. The species were described and
identified by Dr. Giinther, who recognized two as new to science,
viz. Zamenis elegantissimus and Echis coloratus!; while the fol-
lowing were new to the Arabian fauna:—Zamenis cliffordi=
Z. diadema, Schlegel; Zamenis ventrimaculatus=Z. rhodorhachis,
Jan; Hehis carinatus, Schu.; Ceramodactylus dorie, Blanford,
= Stenodactylus (C.) dorie, Blanf.; Uromastia spinipes, Merrem,=
U. egyptius, Hasselquist & Linn. ; Acanthodactylus boskianus,
Daud.; Acanthodactylus cantoris, Giinther,= A. boskianus, Daud. ;
and Bufo pantherinus, Boie,=B. regularis, Reuss,

! Recorded from the island of Socotra by Dr. Ginther, P. Z. 8. 1881, p. 463.

72

Dr. J. v. Bedriaga, in his Catalogue of Amphibia and Reptilia
of Western Asia (1879), stated that Zamenis karelinii, Brandt,
had been found at Cape Massendam, and mentioned the occur-
rence of Celopeltis lacertina=C. monspessulana, Hermann, in
Arabia; but the authorities on which these statements were
made are uot given !.

Prof. O. Boettger, in 1879-80, recorded Platydactylus mauri-
tanicus, Linn.,=Tarentola mauritanica, Linn., from Arabia on
the strength of a verbal communication from Dr. E. Buck.

In 1882, Professor Vaillant stated that the Paris Museum had
received a specimen of Uromastix princeps, O’Shaughn., from
Aden, but at the same time suggested that it had been taken
there accidentally. This is probable; and as it is a striking form,
owing to its short, broad, spiny tail, it may have been purchased
from some Somali or other native who had taken it from Berbera
to Aden, in the expectation of selling it. On the other hand, in
view of the number of species common to the two sides of the
Straits, it is just possible that this species may ultimately be
found in Arabia, but as its presence there is doubtful, I have
not included it tn the accompanying list.

Dr. Lortet, in his Catalogue of Syrian Reptiles (1883), men-
tioned the occurrence of a land-tortoise between Ismailia and
El Avisch under the name of Zestudo kleinmannt, Lortet,=
T. letthii, Gthr.

In 1885, Mr. Boulenger, in the first volume of his ‘ Catalogue
of Lizards,’ described a new gecko from the Sinaitic peninsula
as Hemidactylus sinaitus, and recorded Tarentola annularis, Is.
Geoffr., fromthe sameregion. He also identified the Uromastix
from Makallah, which Dr. Gray had been unable to name, as
U. hardwickii, Gray.

Mr. J. A. Murray, in the following year, made known a new
skink, S. muscatensis, from Maskat, allied to S. mitranus, Anders.

In 1887, Mr. Boulenger published a list of Reptilia and
Batrachia from Maskat, collected by Dr. A. S. G. Jayakar.
Tne following species were added to the fauna of Arabia :—Testudo
stellata, Schu.,= Z. elegans, Schoepft, possibly introduced; Also-
phylax tuberculatus, Blanf.,= Bunopus tuberculatus, Blanf.; Hemi-

1 It is just possible that Dr. Bedriaga may have had in view the snake men-
tioned by Riippell as a variety of C. monspessuwlana, Hermann, which appears
to be C. moilensis, Reuss. As far as I have been able to make out, C. mons-
pessulano, has only recently been recorded by Mr. Hart as inhabiting the
Arabian Province.

73

dactylus coctei, D. & B.,= H. flaviviridis, Riippell ; Agama isolepis,
Bler.,= A. jayakari, Anders. ; Varanus griseus, Daud. ; Lacerta
jayakari, Blgr.; Lytorhynchus diadema, D. & B.; Dipsas obtusa,
Reuss, = Tarbophis guentheri, Auders.; and Bufo andersont, Bier.

In the same year, Mr. Boulenger, in the third volume of his
‘ Catalogue of Lizards,’ mentioned the following species as repre-
sented in Arabia :—Acanthodactylus scutellatus, D. & B., Hremias
mucronata, Blanf., Eremias rubropunctata, Licht., Mabuia guin-
queteniata, Licht., and Chameleon calcarifer, Peters ; and, in 1888,
he described a new Eryx from Maskat, FE. jayakari.

Mr. H. C. Hart, in his ‘Fauna and Flora of Sinai, Petra, and
Wadi Arabah’ (1891), recorded Rhynchocalamus melanocephalus,
Gthr.,= Oligodon melanocephalus, Gthr., from Petra half-way
between Akabah and the Dead Sea, and Rana esculenta, Linn.,
from Ghér, at the southern extremity of the Dead Sea.

Prof. O. Boettger, in 1892, added Scincus hemprichii, Wiegm.,
to the Arabian fauna.

Tn the following year, Mr. P. Matschie described a new species
of Latastia as Philochortus neumanni=L. neumanni, from Aden,
and mentioned the presence in the same locality of Mabuia
pulchra, Matschie,= Mabuia brevicollis, Wiegm., Rana ehren-
bergi, Peters, = R. cyanophlyctis, Schn., and Bufo arabicus,
Matschie,=? Bufo pentoni, Anders.

In 1894,I described two new lizards from the district between:
Makallah and the Hadramut, viz. :—Uromastix (Aporoscelis)
benti and Phrynocephalus arabicus; and, in the following year,
added two new lizards from Aden, Hemidactylus yerburii and
Mabuia tessellata, and pointed out that the Muscat snake iden-
tified by Mr. Boulenger as Dipsas obtusa, Reuss, is a distiuct
species which I named Zarbophis guenthert. I also recorded the
presence of Acanthodactylus cantoris, Gthr., and Bufo pentoni,
Anders., at Aden.

In the foregoing list of Reptiles and Batrachia, collected on
Mr. Bent’s Expedition, the following are additions to the fauna
of Arabia, viz.:—Stenodactylus (C.) pulcher, u. sp., Bunopus
blanfordii, Strauch, Pristurus collaris, Steindachn., Agama adra-
mitana, 0. sp., Eremias brevirostris, Blantf., Scineus conirostris,
Blanf., and the puff-adder, Vipera arietans, Merrem.

To this list has to be added the new Agama from Maskat,
Agama jayakari, the chameleon from Yenien, C. calyptratus,
A. Duméril, and the Glauconia from Aden, G. nursti, Anders.

74

The foregoing species enumerated from Arabia number seventy-
nine in all, excluding the two species of Rana and the four
species of Bufo.

They represent one Chelonian genus, twenty Lacertilian genera,
and twelve genera of Ophidia.

The species are distributed thus :—Testudinidw, 2 species ;
Geckonide, 18 species; Agamidew, 13 species; Varanide, 1
species ; Lacertide, 10 species; Scincide, 12 species; Chameleon-
tide, 8 species ; Typhlopide, 1 species ; Glauconiide, 1 species ;
Boide, 2 species ; Colubride, 12 species; Viperide, 4 species.
Making in all 2 species of land-tortoises; 57 species of lizards ;
and 20 species of snakes.

The following are the genera and the number of species repre-
senting each genus :—

CHELONIA.
TEStUGO' sasseuedincineuawadsgadeecubiagesess 2 species.
SQUAMATA.
Lacerriuia.

GucKoniDa. Lacertip&.
Stenodactylus ........ccee0. BS species. | Lacerta ...ccceeccccreeseceee 1 species.
Bunopus vevececee 2 species. | Latastia .......cccccsee cree 2 species.
Gymnodactylus .. 1 species. | Acanthodactylus . 3 species.
PHisturus ..cseccsseceeeees we Hepecies. | Hremias ...cccseccccsesceeees 4 species.
Piyodactylus 1 species. 10
Hemidactylus va. 4 species, .
Tarentold vevciecsseccseevevees species. ‘Sordi ai,

18 Mabutavsnicesveriavescctsees: 4 species.
AGAMIDA, Ablepharus ...cereecereesaees 1 species.
AGQING .icceeseececanenerenenes 8 species. | Scincus ....... 5 species.
Phrynocephalus .. 1 species. | Chalcides ...... 2 species,
Ui LIBS weniceasuesnaavean 4 ies, me
romastix Aes 2
13
VARANIDEZ, CnHAMELEONTID.E.
VQPANUS vescecrsreeceesneeees 1 species. | Chameleon ........000646 ... 38 species,
OPHIDIA.
TyPHLoPIDa.
Ty phlops iccccessveceeneccees 1 species. CotuBripx.
ZAMENIS veseeccccveceaeeccnes 4 species.
: Guavcomtina, 1 ‘ Lytorhynchus ... vee L species.
G1aUCOMid visssceveacceeees species. Oligodom s.ssecsssesseesserens 1eppaies.
Bows 6
TP YS ss snannicdexeatcansengenads 2 species.

75
OPHIDIA (conz.).

CoLuBRID& (cont.) ... 6 VIPERIDE.
Tarbophiss sess; scssasaswaasinen Zspecies. | Vipera .rsssecccoossereeceeeeer 1 species.
Coclopeltis seececsseecerseeee 2 species. | Cerastes ...cccccseccssseceees 1 species.
Psammophisie.ccsiececereee 2 species. | Hehis .....cssesessssseseeeees 2 species.
12 4

From the succeeding Lists of Arabian Reptiles and the analyses
accompanying them, it will be seen that 21 species are found in
Arabia and nowhere else. Leaving these out of consideration,
and also Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Riippell, Zamenis diadema, Schl.,
and Echis carinatus, Schn., all of which have a wide distribution,
embracing the greater part of India and North Africa, 55 species
remain, and of these only 13 are not found in Africa; so that
the fauna hasa most marked African character. Of the remaining
42 species, 23 are found in the Nile Valley, viz.:—Testudo leithii,
Gthr., Stenodactylus elegans, Fitz., Bunopus blanfordii, Strauch,
Gymnodactylus scaber, Heyden, Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, Doun-
dorf, Tarentola annularis, Is. Geoffr., Agama sinaita, Heyden,
Agama pallida, Reuss, Uromastix egyptius, Hasselq. & Linn.,
Varanus griseus, Daud., Acanthodactylus boskianus, Daud.,
Acenthodactylus scutellatus, Aud., Eremias guttulata, Licht.,
Eremias rubropunctata, Licht., Mabuia quinqueteniata, Licht.,
Chaleides (S.) sepoides, Aud., Chameleon calyptratus, A. Dum.,
Zamenis rhodorhachis, Jan, Lytorhynchus diadema, D. & B.,
Tarbophis dhara, Forsk., Calopeltis moilensis, Reuss, Psammophis
schokari, Forsk., and Cerastes cornutus, Hasselq. & Linn. The
affinity, however, of the North-Western portion of the Arabian
fauna with that of Lower Egypt is further manifested by the
presence in it of the species which enter the Nile Valley from
the north, viz. :—Agama stellio, Hasselq. & Liun., Eryx jaculus,
Hasselq. & Linn., and Oligodon melanocephalus, Jan, and by the
occurrence of the Mediterranean species Hemidactylus turcicus,
Livn., Zarentola mauritanica, Linn., Chaleides (G.) ocellatus,
Forsk., Chameleon vulgaris, Daud., and Celopeltis monspessulana,
Hermann ; so that if these be added to the 23 already enumerated,
81 species, so far, are common to Egypt and Arabia. But the
affinity of the two faunas is still further emphasized by a consider-
ation of the species that are distributed between the Nile and the
Red Sea. The following species occur in the Southern end of
that area, viz.:—Pristurus flavipunctatus, Riippell, Pristurus
crucifer, Val., Hemidactylus sinaitus, Blgr., Mabuia brevicollis,

76

Wiegm., Mabuia septemteniata, Reuss, and Scincus hemprichii,
Wiegm.; and all of them are found on the eastern side of the
Straits of Bab el Mandeb. Agama cyanogaster, Riippell, is also
an Abyssinian and Somaliland lizard that occurs on the Arabian
coast, at Jiddah ; and to it have to be added two other Abyssinian
and Eastern Sudan species, viz., Latastia longicaudata, Reuss,
and Eremias mucronata, Blanf., which, strange to say, have not
hitherto been found in South Arabia, but only in the Sinaitic
Peninsula. Psammophis punctulatus, D. & B., another species
inhabiting Abyssinia, has also been recorded from Arabia, but
from what part has not been stated. Vipera arietans, Merr.,
has recently been received from Somaliland, and it is now for
the first time recorded from Asia. If to the foregoing 42 species,
Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Riippell, Zamenis diadema, Schlegel, and
Echis carinatus, Schn., be added, the list of 45 species occurring
on both sides of the Red Sea and of the Suez Canal is completed.

Ablepharus pannonicus, Fitz., Typhlops vermicularis, Merr., and
Agama ruderata, Olivier, found in the north-western extremity
of Arabia, do not enter Africa; whilst Echis coloratus, Gthr., is
found in Socotra and Palestine. Two species—Stenodactylus (C.)
doria, Blanf., and Seineus conirostris, Blanf.,—found in South
Persia, and not to the west of the Persian Gulf, occur also in
Eastern Arabia, along with Zamenis karelinii, Brandt, which
ranges southwards to Persia from Turkestan. In the same part
of Arabia Zestudo elegans, Schoepff, and Uromastix hardwickii,
Gray, both of which are essentially Indian forms, are likewise
present ; and associated with them are other four species, viz. :—
Bunopus tuberculatus, Blanf., Pristurus rupestris, Blanf., Acantho-
dactylus cantoris, Gthr., and Eremias brevirostris, Blanf., all
present in the north-western portion of Iudia. :

Two frogs and four toads have been observed in Arabia. Two
are European species, viz., Rana esculenta, Linn., and Bufo
viridis, Laur.; the former extends into North-Western, and the
latter into North Africa generally. Two of the toads, viz., Bufo
regularis, Reuss, aud Bufo pentoni, Anders., are closely allied, and
are confined to Africa and Arabia, the former being only found
in North-Western and the latter in Southern Arabia. The two
remaining species, Rana cyanophlyctis, Schn., and Bufo andersoni,
Blgr., are confined to Asia, the former having a very wide range
from Malaya to 8.E. Arabia, while the latter is a North-West.
Tndian species extending into S.E. Arabia.

77

PART V.

LIST OF THE

REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA OF ARABIA,
1775 to 1896.

REPTILIA.

CHELONIA.
Testudo elegans, Schoepff !, 1792-1801.
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1878.
Testudo leithii, Gthr.?, 1869.
Between Ismailia and El Arisch, Lortet, 18832.

SQUAMATA.
LACERTILIA.

Stenodactylus elegans, Fitz., 1826.
Arabia, Riippell, 1843-45 ; Sinai, Sinaitic Peninsula (Hart),
Boulenger, 1885 ; Mount Siuai, Hart, 1891.
Stenodactylus (Ceramodactylus) pulcher, Anders., 1896.
Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Stenodactylus (Ceramodactylus) dorie, Blanf., 1874.
Arabia (Sir R. Burton), Giinther, 1878 ; Sinaitic Peninsula
(Hart), Boulenger, 1885; Aden (Yerbury), Anderson,
1895 ; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Bunopus tuberculatus, Blanf., 1874.
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887.
Bunopus blanfordii, Strauch, 1887.
Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Gymnodactylus scaber, Heyden, 1827.
Stony plains, Tor, Arabia (Riippell), Heyden, 1827; Aden
(J. Schmidt), Boettger, 1892; Maskat (Bornmiiller),
Werner, 1894.
Pristurus flaripunctatus, Riippell, 1835.
Maskat, Blanford, 1874; Aden (Yerbury), Anderson, 1895.
1 Possibly imported.
? Described from a Sind specimen, probably imported.

78

Pristurus rupestris, Blanf., 1874.

Maskat, Blanford, 1874; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Pristurus crucifer, Valenciennes, 1861.

Kursi, near Aden (Marquis Doria), Peters, 1871.
Pristurus collaris, Steindachner, 1867.

Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Pristurus carteri, Gray, 1868.

Island of Masira (Carter), Gray, 1863.
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, Donndorf?}.

Tor, Arabia Petrea, Sinai (Rippell), Heyden, 1827; Si-
naitic Peninsula (Hart), Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1885;
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887; Sinai and Arabah,
Hart, 1891; Caverns of Hammam Far ‘un, 60 miles S.E.
of Suez, Boutan, 1892 ; Medina District, Hejaz, Anderson,
1896.

Hemidactylus sinaitus, Blgr., 1885.

Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1885; Aden (Yerbury), Anderson,

1895; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Hemidactylus turcicus, Linn., 1766.

Arabia (Riippell), Heyden, 1827; Arabia Petrea, Rippell,
1848-45 ; Sinai, Werner, 1893; Hadramut, Anderson,
1896; Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula, Anderson, 1896.

Hemidactylus yerburit, Anderson, 1895.
Aden (Yerbury) (Nurse), Anderson, 1896.
Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Rippell, 1835.

Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887; Aden (J. Schmidt),
Boettger, 1892; Aden, (Neumann) Matschie, 1893, (Yer-
bury) Anderson, 1895 ; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.

Tarentola annularis, Is. Geoffr., 1827.

Mount Sinai, Boulenger, 1885.

Tarentola mauritanica, Linn.?, 1766.
Arabia (Buck), Boettger, 1879-80.
Agama sinaita, Heyden, 1827.

Sinai (Rippell), Heyden, 1827; Maskat, A. Duméril, 1851;
Sinaitic Peninsula (Hart); Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1885 ;
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887; Sinai and Akabah,
Hart, 1891; Sinai, Werner, 1893; Aden (Yerbury),
Anderson, 1895; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896; Medina
District, Hejaz, Anderson, 1896.

1 Zool. Beitr. iii. 1798, p. 118.
° Prof. Boettger had not seen the specimen referred to this species, but

recorded it on the verbal authority of Dr. Buck.

79

Agama pallida, Reuss, 1834.

Arabia, Sinaitic Peninsula, Reuss, 1834; Sinaitic Peninsula
(Hart), Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1885; Sinai and Arabah,
Hart, 1891; Ain Musa and Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula,
Anderson, 1896.

Agama ruderata, Olivier.

N. Arabia, Olivier; near Medina, Anderson, 1896.
Agama jayakari, Anderson, 1896.

Maskat (Jayakar), Anderson, 1896.
Agama flavimaculata, Riippell, 1835.

Jiddah, Riippell, 1835 ; Arabia, Boulenger, 1885 ; Hadramut,
Anderson, 1896; Medina District, Hejaz, Anderson,
1896.

Agama cyanogaster, Riippell', 1835.

Arabia (Botta), A. Duméril, 1851.

Agama adramitana, Anderson, 1896.
Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Agama stellio, Hasselq. & Linn., 1757.

Arabia (Ritippell), Heyden, 1827; Mt. Sinai, Boulenger,
1885; Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula, Anderson, 1896; Medina
District, Hejaz, Anderson, 1896.

Phrynocephalus arabicus, Anderson, 1894,

Hadramut, Anderson, 1894,
Uromastix ornatus, Heyden, 1827.

Moilah (Riippell), Heyden, 1827; Mt. Sinai, Werner, 1893.
Uromastix egyptius, Hasselquist & Linn., 1757.

Midian (Sir R. Burton), Giinther, 1878 ; Maskat (Jayakar),

Boulenger, 1887.
Uromastix hardwickii, Gray, 1827.
Makallah, Carter, 1864; Boulenger, 1885.
Uromastix (Aporoscelis) benti, Anderson, 1894.

Hadramut, Anderson, 1894; 50 miles from Aden (Nurse),

Anderson, 1896.
Varanus griseus, Daudin, 1803.

Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887; Aden (¥% erbury),

Anderson, 1895; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Lacerta jayakari, Blgr., 1887.
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887.

1 Duméril and Bibron erroneously give Jiddah as the locality whence the
type of A. cyanogaster was obtained; and many authors have repeated their
statement. It came from Massowah.,

80

Latastia longicaudata, Reuss, 1834.
Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula (Riippell), Reuss, 1834.
Latastia neumanni, Matschie, 1893.
Aden, Matschie, 1893; Anderson, 1895.
Acanthodactylus boskianus, Daud., 1803.
Midian (Burton), Giinther, 1878 ; Sinaitic Peninsula (Hart),
Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1887 ; Mt. Sinai and Arabah, Hart,
1891; Aden, Matschie, 1893; Sinai, Werner, 1893, (Yer-
bury) Anderson, 1895; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Acanthodactylus scutellatus, Audouin, 1827.
Mount Sinai, Boulenger, 1887.
Acanthodactylus cantoris, Gthr., 1864.
Aden (Yerbury), Anderson, 1895; Hadramut, Anderson,
1896.
Eremias guttulata, Licht., 1823.
Arabia (Westphal-Castlenau), 1870; Sinaitie Peninsula
(Hart), Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1887; Arabia and Sinai,
Hart, 1891; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Eremias brevirostris, Blanf., 1876.
Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Eremias rubropunctata, Licht., 1823.
Sinaitic Peninsula (Hart); Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1887,
Hart, 1891.
Eremias mucronata, Blanf., 1870.
Mt. Sinai, Boulenger, 1887.
Mabuia brevicollis, Wiegm., 1837.
Aden (Neumann), Matschie, 1892, (Yerbury) Anderson,
1895; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Mabuia tessellata, Anderson, 1895.
Aden (Yerbury), Anderson, 1895.
Mabuia septemteniata, Reuss, 1834.
Arabia and Maskat (Arnaud), A. Duméril, 1851; Maskat
(Blanford), Boulenger, 1887 ; Maskat, Werner, 1894.
Mabuia quinqueteniata, Licht., 1823.
Mount Sinai, Boulenger, 1887.
Ablepharus ponnonicus, Fitz., 1829.
Arabia Petrea (Riippell), Gray, 1839; Riippell, 1845;
Boettger, 1893.
Scincus hemprichii, Wiegm., 1837.
Arabia, Boettger, 1892; Aden (Yerbury), Anderson,
1895.

81

Scincus conirostris, Blanf., 1881.

Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.

Scincus mitranus, Anderson, 1871.
Arabia, Anderson, 1871.

Scincus meccensis, Wiegm., 1837.
Arabia, Wiegmann, 1887.

Scincus muscatensis, Murray, 1886.

Maskat, Murray, 1886; Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887 ;
Island of Bahrein (Bornmiiller), Werner, 1894.

Chalcides (Gongylus) ocellatus *, Forskal, 1775.

Arabia (Arnaud), A. Duméril, 1851; Sinaitic Peninsula
(Hart), Boulenger, 1887 ; Maskat (Jayakar), 1887; Sinai
and Arabah, Hart, 1891; Aden, Boettger, 1892, Matschie,
1893 ; Maskat (Bornmiiller), Werner, 1894; Aden (Yer-
bury), Anderson, 1895 ; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.

Chalcides (Sphenops) sepoides, Audouin, 1827.

Tor, Sinaitic Peninsula, Peters, 1864; Maskat (Jayakar),
Boulenger, 1887; Sinaitic Peninsula (Hart), Boulenger,
1887 ; Wadi Ghurandel and Mt. Sinai, Hart, 1891.

RHIPTOGLOSSA.
Chameleon vulgaris, Daud., 1803.
Arabia (Christy), Gray, 1864; Sinai and Aim Musa, Hart,
1891; Ain Musa, Anderson, 1896.
Chameleon calcarifer, Peters, 1870.
Aden (Yerbury), Boulenger, 1887; (Neumann) Matschie,
1893 ; (Yerbury) Anderson, 1895; Hadramut, Anderson,
1896 ; (Nurse) Anderson, 1896.
Chameleon calyptratus, A. Duméril, 1851.
Yemen (Cairo Museum), Anderson, 1896.

OPHIDIA.
Typhlops vermicularis, Merrem, 1820.
Sinai, Duméril & Bibron, 1844.
Glauconia nursii, Anders., 1896.
Aden (Nurse), Anderson, 1896.
Eryx jaculus, Hasselq. & Linn., 1757.
Arabia, Duméril & Bibron, 1844.

1 Forsk&l gives Egypt as the habitat of the species and makes no mention
of Arabia, but some authors have quoted him as the authority of its occurrence
in Arabia.

g

82

Eryx jayakari, Bigr., 1888.
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1893.
Zamenis rhodorhachis, Jan, 1865.

Midian (Burton), Giinther, 1878; Maskat (Jayakar),
Boulenger, 1887+; Aden (Schmidt), Boettger, 1892’,
(Yerbury) Boulenger, 1893, (Yerbury) Anderson, 1895 ;
Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.

Zamenis karelinii, Brandt, 1838.

Ras Massendam at entrance to Persian Gulf, Bedriaga,
1879.

Zamenis elegantissimus, Giinther, 1878.

Mountain east of El Muwaylah, Midian (Burton), Giinther,
1878; Akabah, Hart, 1891.

Zamenis diadema, Schlegel, 1837.

Sandy Coast region of the Tehama, Midian (Burton), Giinther,
1878; Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887; Mount Hor,
Arabia Petrea, Hart, 1891 ; Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger,
1893; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.

Lytorhynchus diadema, Dum. & Bibr., 1854.

Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887; Aden (Neumann),
Matschie, 1893.

Oligodon melanocephalus, Jan, 1862.

Arabia Petrewa, Hart, 1891.

Tarbophis dhara, Forskal, 1775.

Yemen, Forskal, 1775; Medina District, Hejaz, Anderson
1896.

Tarbophis guentheri, Anderson, 1895.

Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887°; Aden (Yerbury),
Anderson; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.

Ocelopeltis monspessulana, Hermann, 1804.
Mount Sinai, Hart, 1891; Sinai, Werner, 1893.
Celopeltis moilensis, Reuss, 1834.

Moilah, Midian (Riippell), Reuss, 1834; Aden (Yerbury),

Anderson, 1895; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Psammophis schokari, Forskal, 1775.

Yemen, ‘‘frequens in sylvis montosis,’’ Forsk&l, 1775 ; Tor,

Sinaitic Peninsula (Riippell), Reuss, 18384; Maskat

1 Recorded as Z. ventrimaculatus, Gray.
2 Recorded by Prof. Boettger as Z. dadacensis, Anders.
2 Recorded as Dipsas obtusa, Reuss.

83

(Jayakar), Boulenger, 1878*; Aden (Yerbury), Anderson,
1895; Ain Musa, Suez, Anderson, 1896; Hadramut,
Anderson, 1896.
Psammophis punctulatus, Dum. & Bibr., 1854.
Arabia (Arnaud), Duméril & Bibron, 1854.
Vipera arietans, Merrem, 1820.
Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.
Cerastes cornutus, Hasselg. & Linn., 1757.

Arabah, Arabia Petrea, Strauch, 1862; Sinai, Werner,
1898.

Echis carinatus, Schn., 1801. :

Sandy coast of the Tehama, Midian (Burton), Giinther, 1878 ;
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887; Aden (Schmidt),
Boettger, 1892 ; Hadramut, Anderson, 1896.

Echis coloratus, Gthr., 1878.

Jebel Shaérr, 4500 ft., Midian (Burton), Ginther, 1878;
Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1887 ; Hadramut, Anderson,
1896.

BATRACHIA.

ECAUDATA.

Rana esculenta, Linn., 1766.
Ghor, South end of Dead Sea, Hart, 1891.
Rana eyanophlyctis, Schn., 1799.

Arabia, Peters, 1863, Boulenger, 1882; Aden (Neumann),
Matschie, 18938, (Yerbury) Anderson, 1895 ; Hadramut,
Anderson, 1896.

Bufo viridis, Laur., 1768.

Arabia Petreea (Ruppell), Heyden, 1827; Arabia (Burton),

Boulenger, 1880 & 1882.
Bufo andersont, Blgr., 1883.

Maskat (Jayakar), Boulenger, 1857, Werner, 1894; Aden

(Yerbury), Anderson, 1595.
Bufo pentoni, Anderson, 1893.

Aden (Neumann), Matschie, 1898; (Yerbury) Anderson,

1895.
Bufo regularis, Reuss, 1834.
Midian (Burton), Boulenger, 1882.

1 Recorded as P. leithdi, Gthr.
g2

84

GENERAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPEOIES.

AFRICA. ASIA, Europe.
Testudo elegans, Schoepff.] ——...ssssseeeeeeeees Ceylon, India, Sind,
E. Arabia.
Testudo leithli, Gthr. ...| Lower Egypt. Between Ismailia and
El Arisch; Lower
Syria.
Stenodactylus elegans,| Algerian Sahara to|N.W. Arabia, S. Syria, |? Island of Syra.
Fitz. Egypt, Nubia,South-| Western Bejudah
ern Abyssinia and| desert.
Eastern Sudan ;
Lake Rudolph.
Stenodactylus (C.) pul-}| eee 8.E. Arabla.

cher, Anders.
Stenodactylus (O.) doriz,
Blanf.

Buno pus tuberculatus,
Blanf.

Bunopus blanfordii,
Strauch.

Gymnodactylus scaber,
Heyden.

Pristurus flavipunctatus,
Riippelt.

Pristurus
Blanf.

Pristurus crucifer, Val. .

Pristurus collaris, Steind.

Pristurus carteri, Gray .

Ptyodactylus hasselquis-
tii, Donndorf.

rupestris,

Hemidactylus sinaitus,
Bigr.

Hemidactylus turcicus,
Linn.

Hemidactylus yerburil,
Anders.

Hemidactylus
dis, Riippell.

flaviviri-

Tarentola annularis, Js.
Geoffr.

Tarentola mauritanica,
Linn,

Agama sinaita, Heyden .

Agama pallida, Reuss ...
Agama ruderata, Olivier

Agama jayakari, Anders.

Egypt.
Egypt, Abyssinia.

Western Somaliland,
Abyssinia.

Algeria to Egypt, coast
of Red Sea, Shoa to
near Assab.

West Ooast of Red Sea.

Algeria to Egypt, East-
ern Sudan, Senaar,
coast of Red Sea,
Abyssinia.

Coast of Red Sea.

Egypt, Nubia, E. Su-
dan, 8. Abyssinia.

Algeria to Egypt.

Egypt, ? Sennaar.

Egypt.

Persia, Arabla.

Sind, Afghanistan,
Baluchistan, South-
Eastern Persia, H.
Arabia.

8. E. Arabia.

Arabia, 8S. Mesopota-
mia, Persia, Afghan-
istan, Sind.

8. Arabia.

Sind, S. Persia, S.E.
Arabia.

8. Arabia.

S.E. Arabia.

S.E. Arabia.

Syria, W., N., & E.
Arabia.

Arabia.

N. & §.E. Arabia,
Syria, Asia Minor,
Oyprus, Persia, Sind.

Arabia.

Arabia, Persia, Baluch-
istan, Afghanistan,
Indo-Malaya.

N.W. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia, Cyprus.
N., 8, & E. Arabia,

Syria.

N.W. Arabia.

N. & W. Arabia, Syria
to Sind.

E. Arabia.

Borders of Medi-
terranean. .

/

Borders on
terranean.

AFRICA ASIA. Evrors.
Agama flavimaculata,| —....... wiasenivatiss W. Arabia.
Riippell.
Agama cyanogaster, | Abyssinia, Somaliland. | W. Arabia.
Riippell.
Agama adramitana, An-| ..sessseseseeeeeee 8.E. Arabia.
ders.
Agama stellio, Hasse/g. §-| Egypt. S. Caucasus, Asia|S.E. Europe.
Linn. Minor, Cyprus,
Syria, N. & W. Ara-
ia.
Phrynocephalus arabi-] ...sseseeeeseeneee §.E. Arabia.
cus, Anders,
Uromastix ornatus, Hey-| ..sseeeeeseeeeeees W. Arabia,
den.
Uromastix — xgyptius,| Algerian Sahara, | W. & EH. Arabia.
Hasselq. § Linn. Egypt.
Uromastix hardwickii,| .......ceeee eee N.W. India, Baluchi-
Gray. stan, 8.E. Arabia.
Uromastix (A.) benti,) .ccsssesseeeeeeee S.E. & 8. Arabia.
Anders.
Varanus griseus, Daud. .| North Sahara, Algeria, |S., S.E., & E. Arabia,
to Hgypt, Eastern| 8. Syria, Persia,
= Sudan. Caspian Province,

Lacerta jayakari, Bigr. .

Latastia longicaudata.
Reuss.

Latastia neumanni,
Matschie.

Acanthodactylus boski-
anus, Daud.

Acanthodactylus scutel-
latus, Aud.

Acanthodactyluscantoris,
Gthr.

Eremias guttulata, Licht.

Eremias _ brevirostris,
Blanf.
Eremias rubropunctata,

Licht.

Eremias mucronata,
Blanf.

Mabuia brevicollis,
Wiegm.

Mabuia tessellata, Anders.
Mabuia septemtzniata,
Reuss.

E. Sudan, Abyssinia,
Somaliland, Taita.

Algeria to Egypt, Nile
Valley, Abyssinia,
Eastern Sudan.

Senegambia, Atlantic
(Cape Jubi) to Red
Sea, Nile Valley
(desert), Abyssinia,
Somaliland.

Mogador to Red Sea,
Nile Valley (desert) ;
Socotra.

Egypt.

Eastern Sudan, Abys-
sinia, Somaliland,
Berbera, Tana river.

Abyssinia.

Abyssinia.

Afghanistan, N.W.
India.

HB. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia.

8. Arabia.

Southern Syria, N.,8.,
& 8.H. Arabia,

Southern Syria, N.

Arabia.

8. & HE. Arabia, 8. Per-

sia, Baluchistan,
Afghanistan, Sind,
N.W. India.

8. Syria, N. Arabia,
Syria, Persia, Balu-
chistan, Sind.

Persia, Beka‘a (Ccele-
syria), 8.E. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia.

8. Arabia.

8. Arabia.
B. Arabia, Syria, Asia
Minor, Persia, Sind.

86

ApRIca, Asta. Evrorn.
Mabuia quinquetzniata,|Senegal, Benguela,|N.W. Arabia.
Licht, Mozambique,to Delta
of Nile, Abyssinia,
Eastern Sudan,
Ablepharus pannonicus,| —.....cseecceeeeeee N.W. Arabia, Syria,) Hungary, Rou-
Fitz. Asia Minor, Cyprus,| melia, Albania,
Island of Syra. Greece,
Scincus hemprichii, | Abyssinia. 8. Arabia.
Wiegm.
Scincus conirostris, Blanf. 8. Persia, S.E. Arabia.
Scincus mitranus, Anders. Arabia.
Scincus meccensis, Wiegm. W. Arabia.
Scincus muscatensis, E. Arabia.

Murray.

Chalcides (G.) ocellatus,

Forskél.

Chalcides (S.) sepoides,
Aud,

Chameleon vulgaris,
Daud.

Chamealeon calcarifer,
Peters.

Chameleon calyptratus,

A, Duméril,

Typhlops vermicularis,
Merr.

Glauconia nursil, Anders.
Eryx jaculus, Hasselg. g-

Linn.

Eryx jayakari, Blgr.
Zamenis
Jan.

Zamenis karelinii, Brandt.

Zamenis elegantissimus,

Gthr.

Zamenis diadema, Schileg.

rhodorhachis,

El Gada (Oape Jubi)
to Egypt, NileValley,
coast of Red Sea,
Abyssinia, Berbera,
Somaliland.

Senegambia, Hil Gada

Nile Valley to Wadi
Halfa, Somaliland.
Mogador to Egypt.

Egypt.

North Sahara, Algeria
to Egypt, Eastern
Sudan.

(Cape Jubi) to Egypt,

Sind, Persia, Arabia,
Syria, Chios, Rhodes,
Oyprus.

Syria, N.W. and £.
Arabia.

N.W. Arabia, Syria,
Cyprus, Asia Minor,
Chios.

8. and S.E. Arabia.

S.W. Arabia,

Caucasus, Turkestan,
Afghanistan, E. Per-
sia, Asia Minor,Syria,
Palestine, N.W. Ara-
bia.

S.E. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia, Syria,
Asia Minor, Persia,
Turkestan, Afghan-
istan.

E, Arabia.

Arabia, Syria, Persia,
Baluchistan, Punjab,
Western Himalayas.

Turkestan, Afghan-

_istan, Baluchistan,
Persia, H. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia.

Arabia, Syria, Asia
Minor, Persia, Balu-
chistan, Afghanistan,
Turkestan, Sind,
Western Himalayas,
Punjab, N.W. Pro-
vinces India and
Western Konkan
(Bombay).

Sardinia, Sicily,
Malta, Lampe-
dusa, Crete.

8. Spain.

Turkey, Greece,
Ionian Islands,
Rhodes, Oyprus.

Greece and its
islands, Corfu.

87

AFRICA,

ASIA.

Europe,

Lytorhynchus diadema,
Dum. & Bibr.

Oligodon melanocepha-
lus, Jan.

Tarbophis dhara, For-
skal.

Tarbophis — guentheri,
Anders,
Ccelopeltis monspes-

sulana, Hermann.

Celopeltis moilensis,
Reuss.

Psammophis _ schokari,
Forskal.

Psammophis punctula-

tus, Dum. & Bubr.
Vipera arietans, Merr....

Cerastes cornutus,
Hasselg. § Linn.

Echis carinatus, Schz....

Echis coloratus, Gthr. ...
Rana esculenta, Linn. ...

Rana
Schn.

oyanophlyctis,
Bufo viridis, Laur. ......

Bufo andersoni, Bigr. ...

Bufo pentoni, Anders. ..
Bufo regularis, Reuss. ...

Algerian Sahara to

Egypt, Senaar.
Lower Egypt (Cairo).
Nile Valley.

Marocco to Egypt.

Algerian Sahara to
Egypt, Nubia.

Marocco, Algerian
Sahara to Egypt,
Nile Valley to Khar-

toum, Eastern Su-
dan.

Somaliland, Mozam-
bique.

Oape of Good Hope
to Senegambia and
Maroceco, and to
Kordofan, Abyssinia.

Algerian Sahara to
const of Red Sea,
Nile Valley to
Nubia.

W. Africa, Northern
Sahara to coast of
Red Sea, Nile Valley
(desert), Eastern
Sudan, Abyssinia,
Somaliland.

Island of Socotra.

N. Africa,

Suakin.
N.E. Africa.

E. & 8. Arabia, Syria,
Persia.
N, Arabia, Syria.

W. Arabia.

) 8. & S.E. Arabia.

N.W.Arabia,Syria, Asia}
Minor,Cyprus, Lower
Caucasus, Persia.

W. &S. Arabia, West-
ern Persia.

Arabia, Syria, Persia,
Baluchistan, Afghan-
istan, Sind,

W. Arabia.

§.E. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia, 8S. Pales-
tine (desert).

Arabia, desert S. Pales-
tine, Persia, Baluch-

istan, Afghanistan,
Turkestan, Sind,
India.

W. Arabia, 8. end of
Dead Sea, Jericho.

Palearctic region,
N.W. Arabia.

Malay Peninsula to
Baluchistan; Ceylon;
8.E. Arabia.

CentralAsia and south-
wards to the Hima-
layas ; N.W. Arabia,

Agra District, Raj-
putana, Sind; S.E.
Arabia.

8. Arabia.

N.W. Arabia.

Southern Europe.

Palearctic region.

East of Rhine &
Rhone,

88

Aw ANALYSIS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE SPECIES.

Species essentially Arabian.

Stenodactylus (C.) pulcher, Anders.
Pristurus collaris, Steindachn.

5 carteri, Gray.
Hemidactylus yerburii, Anders.
Agama jayakari, Anders.

» flavimaculata, Riippell.

» adramitana, Anders.
Phrynocephalus arabicus, Anders.
Uromastix ornatus, Heyden.

‘s (Aporoscelis) benti, Anders.
Lacerta jayakari, Blgr.

Latastia neumanni, Matschie.
Mabuia tessellata, Anders.
Scincus mitranus, Anders.

» -meccensis, Wiegm.

»» muscatensis, Murray.
Chameleon calcarifer, Peters.
Glauconia nursii, Anders.

Eryx jayakari, Bigr.
Zamenis elegantissimus, Gthr.
Tarbophis guentheri, Anders.

Western Arabia, Palestine, Syria, and Socotra.
Echis coloratus, Gthr.

Species confined to Africa and Arabia.
Bunopus blanfordit, Strauch.
Pristurus flavipunctatus, Riippell.

79 crucifer, Val.
Hemidactylus sinattus, Blgr.
Tarentola annularis, Is. Geoftr.
Agama pallida, Reuss.

» eyanogaster, Riippell.
Uromastix egyptius, Hasselq. & Linn.
Latastia longicaudata, Reuss.
Eremias rubtropunctata, Licht.

&9

Eremias mucronata, Blanf.
Mabuia brevicollis, Wiegm.

» quinqueteniata, Licht.
Scincus hemprichii, Wiegm.
Chameleon calyptratus, A. Duméril.
Tarbophis dhara, Forskal.
Psammophis punctulatus, Dum. & Bibr.
Vipera arietans, Metr.

Species found in Africa and Arabia, but extending to the North,
or to the North-East beyond Arabia.

Testudo leithii, Gthr.
Stenodactylus elegans, Fitz.
Gymnodactylus scaber, Heyden.
Ptyodactylus hasselquistii, Donudorf.
Agama sinaita, Heyden.
Varanus griseus, Daud.
Acanthodactylus boskianus, Daud.

s scutellatus, Aud.
Eremias guttulata, Licht.
Mabuia septemteniata, Reuss.
Chalcides (S.) sepoides, Aud.
Zamenis rhodorachis, Jan.
Lytorhynchus diadema, Dum. & Bibr.
Ceelopeltis moilensis, Reuss.
Psammophis schokari, Forskal.
Cerastes cornutus, Hasselq. & Linn.

Asiatic species not extending to the West of the Persian Gulf
and not entering Africa.

Testudo elegans, Schoepff.
Bunopus tuberculatus, Blanf.
Pristurus rupestris, Blanf.
Uromastix hardwickii, Gray.
Acanthodactylus cantoris, Gthr.
Eremias brevirostris, Blanf.

Southern Asiatic to African Coast of Red Sea,
Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Riippell.

90

Turkestan and Persian species not extending to West of the
, Persian Gulf, and not entering Africa.
Stenodactylus (C.) doria, Blanf.
Scincus conirostris, Blanf.
Zamenis karelinii, Brandt.

Asiatico-African species.

Zamenis diadema, Schlegel.
LEchis carinatus, Schn.

South-Eastern European and South-Western Asiatic species
not entering Africa.

Ablepharus pannonicus, Fitz.
Typhlops vermicularis, Merr.

South-Western Asiatic species not entering Africa.
Agama ruderata, Olivier.

South-Eastern European and South-Western Asiatic species
entering Egypt.
Agama stellio, Hasselq. & Linn.

Central and South-Western Asiatic and South-Eastern
European species extending to North Africa.

Eryx jaculus, Hasselq. & Linn.

South-Western Asiatic species extending to Egypt.

Oligodon melanocephalus, Jan.

European side of Mediterranean, South-Western Asia
(Sind to Syria), and North-Eastern Africa.

Hemidactylus turcicus, Linn.

South-Western and Southern Europe and North Africa.
Tarentola mauritanica, Linn.
Sardinia, Sicily, Greece, Cyprus, South-Western Asia (Sind
to Syria), North and North-Eastern Africa.
Chalcides (G.) ocellatus, Forskal.

91
South-Western Europe (Spain) and North Africa.

Chameleon vulgaris, Daud.
South and South-Eastern Europe, South-Western Asia
(Persia to Syria), Cyprus, and North Africa.

Celopeltis monspessulana, Hermann.

Palearctic Region.

Rana esculenta, Linn.

Europe east of the Rhone and Rhine, North Africa, Central
Asia southwards to the Himalayas.

Bufo viridis, Laur.

African and Arabian species.
Bufo regularis, Reuss.
» penton, Anders.
Malayan Peninsula to Baluchistan, Ceylon.
Rana cyanophlyctis, Schn.

Agra District to Sind.
Bufo andersoni, Blgr.

92

LITERATURE.

1751. Hasselquist, Acta Soc. Reg. Se. Upsal.

1757. Hasselquist’s ‘Iter Palestinum’ was edited by Linneus,
who took the responsibility for the names of the species
enumerated.

1766. Linneus, Syst. Nat.i., xii. ed.

1768. Laurenti, Syn. Rept.

1775. Forsk&l, Descr. Anim. etc.

1792-98. Donndorf, Zool. Beytr.

1792-1801. Schoepff, Hist. Test.

1799-1801. Schneider, Hist. Amph.

1801-7. Olivier, Voy. Emp. Othoman.

1802. Daudin, Hist. Rept. iii.

1803. Daudin, Hist. Rept. iv. & v.

1820. Merrem, Syst. Amph.

1823. Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Mus. Beri.

1827. Geoffroy, Is., & Audouin, Descr. de l’Egypte, Reptiles’.

1829. Cuvier, Régne Anim.

1829. Fitzinger, Verh. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, i.

1834. Reuss, Mus. Senck. i.

1835. Riippell, N. Wirbelth. F. Abyss., Amphibien.

1837. Duméril & Bibron, Erpét. Génl. iv.

1837. Schlegel, Phys. Serp.

1837. Wiegmann, Arch. Naturg.

1839. Gray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. ii.

1843-45. Riippell, Mus. Senck. iii.

1844. Duméril & Bibron, Erpét. Génl. vi.

1851. Dumeéril, Cat. Méth. Rept.

1854. Duméril & Bibron, Erpét. Génl. vii.

1861. Valenciennes, Compte-Rend. liii.

1861-81. Jan, Icon. Gén.

1862. Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Phys. ii.

1862. Strauch, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (vii.) iv.

1863. Jan, Elenco Sist. Ofidi.

1 Ts. Geoffroy St. Hilaire, in his preface (p. 2) to the fifth volume of the
work entitled ‘ Voyage autour du Monde sur la Frégate La Venus,’ gives 1827
as the date of his sections of the above work. On the other hand, Duméril in
the third volume of the Erpét. Génl. p. 284, mentions 1828 as the date of its
publication.

93

1863-64. Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe.

1864. Carter, Proc. Zool. Soc.

1864. Gunther, Rept. Brit. Ind.

1864, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.

1867. Steindachner, Reise Freg. ‘ Novara,’ Rept.

1869. Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.

1869. Strauch, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (vil.) xiv. no. 6.

1870-71. Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac.

1874, Blanford, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (4) xii.

1877. Boettger, Zeitschr. ges. Naturw. Berl. (Giebel) (2) i.

1878. Giinther, Proc. Zool. Soc. Burton’s ‘Gold Mines of
Midian.’

1878-80. Boettger, Ber. Senck. Nat. Ges.

1879. Bedriaga, Bull. Soc. Nat. Moscou.

1880. Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soe.

1882. Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Sal. B. M.

1882. Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. B. M.

1882. Vaillant, Miss. Révoil, Rept. et Batr.

1883. Boulenger, Ann. Mag. N. H. (5) xii.

1883. Lortet, Arch. Mus. Lyon. iii.

1884. Murray, Vert. Zool. Sind.

1885. Boulenger, Cat. Liz. B. M. i.

1886. Murray, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xvii.

1887. Strauch, Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (vii.) xxxv. no. 2.

1887. Boulenger, Cat. Liz. B. M. iii.

1887. Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (5) xx.

1888. Boulenger, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) ii.

1889. Boulenger, Cat. Chelonians B. M.

1891. Boulenger, Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii.; Ann. Mus. Genova, (2)
XiL., xxxii.

1891. Hart, Fauna and Flora of Sinai, Petra, &c.

1892. Boettger, Ber. Offenb. Ver. Nat.

1893. Boulenger, Cat. Snakes B. M. i.

1893. Boettger, Kat. Rept. Samml. Mus. Senck.

1893. Matschie, Sitz. Ges. Naturf. Fr. Berl.

1893. Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.

1894. Paracca, Boll. Mus. Torino.

1894. Anderson, Ann. & Mag. N. H. (6) xiv.

1894. Boulenger, Cat. Snakes B. M. ii.

1894. Werner, Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien.

1895. Anderson, Proc. Zool. Soc.

94

PART VI.

A PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE

REPTILIA AND BATRACHIA OF EGYPT

(From THE Detta to WAvf Hara)

AND OF THE DISTRICT OF SUAKIN.

I avait myself of this opportunity to publish this simple Name-
list, as it may be useful for comparison with the Arabian List ;
and, moreover, it affords me the means of expressing my thanks
to all those who have been so good as to assist me in procuring
specimens for the furtherance of my work on these sections of
the Fauna of Egypt’.

A complete set of all the species represented in the Collection
will be presented to the British Museum, and another set, as
perfect as it may be possible to make it, will also be presented
to the Museum of the Medical School of Cairo. The remaining
duplicates will be placed at the disposal of the former Institution,
for exchange with other Museums.

I append to the List the names of certain species not repre-
sented in the Collection, but which have been recorded from
Egypt; so that it may be seen at a glance what is the present
state of our knowledge regarding these sections of the fauna in
the areas indicated, and what are the desiderata necessary to
make the Collection complete. The mention of these desiderata
may, I hope, possibly lead to their being procured by some
of those who have so kindly assisted me in the past.

The Collection comprises 982 specimens of Lizards, 233 of
Snakes, and 89 of Batrachia. To these have to be added 1
Crocodile (juv.), 3 land Tortoises, and 3 river Turtles.

1 T have included the Suez district to Ain Musa.

95

REPTILIA.
EMYDOSAURIA.

Crocopitus niLoticus, Daud.
ljuv. Wadi Halfa. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

CHELONIA.

TESTUDO LEITHII, Giinther.
1g and2 9. Neighbourhood of Alexandria.

Trionyx tTriune@urs, Forskal.

19. Nile at Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes.
ljuv. 9. Above First Cataract of Nile.
ljuv. 9. Wadi Halfa. Major Henry d’Alton Harkness.

SQUAMATA.

LACERTILIA.

STENODACTYLUS ELEGANS, Fitzinger.

Ascalabotes sthenodactylus, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Berl. Mus.
1823, p. 102.

Stenodactylus elegans, Fitz. N. Class. Rept. 1826, p. 47.

Agame ponetué, Is. Geoffr. Descr. de Egypte, Nat. Hist. i.
(1827) pp. 129-180, pl. v. fig. 2.

Stenodactylus guttatus, Cuv. Regn. An. nouv. ed. 2, ii, 1829,
p- 58; Dum. & Bibr. part ili. 1886, p. 484, sed non pl. 34, no. 2.

Trapelus savignyt, Aud. Descr. de PEgypte, Nat. Hist. i. 1827,
p. 167; Suppl. pl. i. figs. 38.1, 8.2, 8.3; Gasco, Viaggio in
Egitto, pt. ii. 1876, p. 115.

Tolarenta wilkinsonii, Gray, Zoo]. Mise. 1831, p. 58.

Stenodactylus mauritanicus, Guich. Explor. Algér., Zool. v.
1850, p. 5, pl. i. fig. 1.

13. Mandara, east of Alexandria. Dr. Walter Innes.

1 gand1 Q. Ramleh, east of Alexandria.

8 g¢ and 12 @. From around pyramids of Gizeh.

39. Tel el Amarna. Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie,
D.C.L., &e.

96

3 ¢ andl @. Luxor Desert.

1g. Wadi Halfa. Surgecn-Captain R. H. Penton.
1g and1 2. Suakin.

29. Durrur, about 60 miles N. of Suakin.

1 g. Ras Gharib, Gulf of Suez. Mr. James Robertson.

STENODACTYLUS PETRII, n. sp.

Trapelus savignyi, Aud. var. (non Dum. & Bibr.) op. edt.
p- 168; Suppl. Rept. pl. i. figs. 4.1, 4.2, and 4.3, sed non
Suppl. Rept. pl. i. figs. 3.1, 3. 2, and 3. 3.

Stenodactylus guttatus, Dum. & Bibr. part iii. (18386), p. 434,
pl. 34, no. 2.

1 gd and2 9. Tel el Amarna. Professor W. M. Flinders

Petrie, D.C.L.

Head large, very distinct from the neck; cheeks swollen;
snout short and moderately pointed; nostril swollen, defined by
the first labial and three nasals; 12 to 15 upper and 11 to 14
lower labials; mental large, as broad as the rostral and first
labial. Eye very large; ear small, slightly oval and vertical.
Body covered with small smooth, slightly convex scales, generally
longer than broad, polygonal and somewhat smaller on the middle
of the back than on the sides, where they are more rounded ;
they are largest on the snout, hexagonal, very slightly convex
and rugose; scales on the limbs as large as those on the sides,
tending to become imbricate and feebly keeled on the humeral
and femoral regions; scales on the under surface of the body
slightly imbricate, obscurely obtusely keeled. Under surface of
the digits with a longitudinal row of transverse tricarinate
lamella, more or less imbricate, with two rows of small, distinctly
pointed scales external to it; seven rows of scales on the upper
surface of the third toe, about its middle; the outer row of
dorsal scales of each digit forms a well-marked fringe most
strongly developed on the hind foot, each scale being antero-
posteriorly expanded at its base and curved distally into a sharp
point, the entire fringe being slightly downwardly curved. Scales
on the tail arranged in rings, largest on the upper surface, some-
what larger than the largest body-scales, longer than broad, and
more or less strongly keeled; those of the under surface much
smaller and rounded. Limbs long and slender; fore limb when
laid forwards reaches beyond the snout, and the hind limb in

97

advance of the shoulder. Digits moderately long and slender.
Tail contracted behind the basal swelling, rapidly tapered to a
fine point, shorter than the body and head. No preanal pores,
and no enlarged scales on the position occupied by these structures.

General colour of the upper parts pale but rich fawn, with
irregular dark brown markings, most pronounced on the head,
feeble on the upper surface of the trunk, and tending to
anastomose; the most pronounced head-marking occurs behind
the eye, and curving inwards tends to unite with its fellow of the
opposite side; an ill-defined pale brown band from the ear along
the side; tail banded to its tip with dark brown; chin to vent,
and sides of belly whitish; under surface of limbs and tail
yellowish.

g )
Snout to venti ............ 60 54
Tength of head............ 18 18
Width of head ............ 14 14
Vent to tip of tail ........ 53 51

This species is distinguished from S. elegans, Fitz., by its
longer and broader head, by an additional row of scales on each
side of the central divital lamelle, by its tapered and finely
pointed tail, and by its different coloration.

TROPIOCOLOTES TRIPOLITANUS, Peters.

Tropiocolotes tripolitanus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1880, p. 806,
pl. —. fig. 1; Blgr. Trans. Linn. Soc. xiii. 1891, p. 108.

Stenodactylus tripolitanus, Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. i. 1885,
p. 19.

6 specimens from around pyramids of Gizeh, under stones.

Heretofore, known only from Tripoli and Tunisia.

TROPIOCOLOTES STEUDNERI, Peters.

Gymnodactylus steudneri, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1869, p. 788 ;
Gasco, Viaggio in Egitto, pt. ii. 1876, p. 118; Blyr. Cat. Liz.
B. M. i. 1885, p. 34.

Stenodactylus petersii, Blgr. op. cit. i. p. 18, pl. iii. fig. 4.

Stenodactylus steudner?, Blgr. op. cit. ili. 1887, p. 480.

Troptocolotes steudneri, Blgr. Trans. Zool. Soc. xiii. 1891,
p- 108.

1. Neighbourhood of pyramids of Gizeh, under stones.

15. Margin of desert, Luxor; dug out of small holes.

1. Desert of Phila.

h

98

PryoDacTYLUS HASSELQUISTII, Donndorf.
1g and19. Plain of Suez. = P. guttatus, Heyden.

Var. siphonorhina.

1d. Abu Roash, near Gizeh. The late V. Ball, Esq., C.B.

1¢and19. Beni Hassan. M. W. Blackden, Esq.
Typical form.

12. Mokattam Hills, Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes.

1d andl ¢@. Luxor.

292. Inthe dark recesses of a chamber in the temple of

Medinet Habu.

1¢. Temple of Edfu.

2d and2 9. Houses, Assuan.

5 d and29. Temple of Philz.

19. Wadi Halfa.

8d and3 9. Wadi Halfa. O. Charlton, Esq.

PRISTURUS FLAVIPUNCTATUS, Riippell.
16. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.
8d and5 @. Durrur.

Hemipacryivus turcicos, Linn.

29. Maryut District, West of Alexandria.

29. Houses, Alexandria.

19. Mokattam Hills. Dr. Walter Innes.

19. Edfu, Upper Egypt.

2 dand3 9. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

1 ¢ and1@. Suakin.

29 and1 6. Island of Shadwan, Gulf of Suez. Mr. John
Strathearn.

89. Ras Gharib. Mr. James Robertson.

16. Shaluf, Suez.

HeEMIDACTYLUS sINaITUS, Bler.
1juv. Wadi Halfa. Major Henry d’Alton Harkness.

43,3 9, and 1ljuv. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H.
Penton.

5 d and49. Suakin.
46 and49@. Durrur.

HEMIDACTYLUS FLAVIVIRIDIS, Riippell.

1. Suez. Rev. Walter Statham.

1. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.
2. Suakin, British Officers’ Mess House.

99

TARENTOLA ANNULARIS, Is. Geoffr.
A house, Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes.
Pyramids of Gizeh.
Mariette Bey’s house, Sakhara.
Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E.
Tel el Amarna. Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L.
Luxor.
Colossi of Memnon, Thebes.
Rocks, banks of Nile, Assuan.
Rocks, banks, of Nile, above First Cataract.
Wadi Halfa. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.
Suakin. Colonel Sir Charles Holled Smith, C.B.,
K.C.M.G.
4. Houses, Suakin. Henry Barnham, Esq., H.B.M. Consul,
Suakin.
1. Rocks of Dehilba, Suakin plain.
8. Erkowit, near Suakin.
6. Houses, Suakin.
1. Durrur.

iS wie ire ee

TARENTOLA MAURITANICA Linn.

Cairo, houses. Dr. Walter Innes.

Abukir, on the walls of old windmills,

Mandara, east of Alexandria. Dr. Walter Innes.
Ramleh, east of Alexandria.

El Khreit, to the west of Lake Mareotis.

TARENTOLA EPHIPPIATA, O’Shaughnessy.
Tarentola ephippiata, O’Shaughn. Ann. Mag. N. H. (4) xvi.
1875, p. 264; Blgr. Ann. Mag. N. H. (6) xvi. 1895, p. 166.

1. Durrur.
Hitherto only recorded from West Africa and Somaliland.

poh eS ae

AcaMa sinatra, Heyden.
1¢. Plain of Suez.
16¢6,19,and1juv. Stony desert above Wadi Hoaf, Heluan.

AGAMA PALLIDA, Reuss.
Agama ruderata (non Oliv.), Aud. op. cit. p. 169, Suppl. Rept.
pl. i. fig. 6.
Agama pallida, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. 1884, p. 88, pl. iii.
fig. 3.
Agama loricata, Reuss, op. cit. p. 40.
h2.

100

Agama nigrofasciata, Reuss, op. cit. p. 42.

Agama leucostygma, Reuss, op. cit. p. 44.

5 d and3 92. Walls of houses, Suez.

3 ¢ and29. Between Ismailia and Suez.

2d and2 9. Beltim, between Rosetta and Damietta. Dr. J.
G. Rogers.

2d and2¢. Plain of Kafr Gamus, Matariyeh.

1d and1¢@. Abbasiyeh. Colonel H. M.L. Rundle, D.S.0.

2d and3 9. Suburbs of Cairo.

26 and1@. Suburbs of Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes.

192. Mokattam Hills. Dr. W. Innes.

1d and2¢@. Gizeh.

26. Kafr Amar.

13. Fayum.

2d¢and2 9. Telel Amarna. Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie.

26 and2 9. Tel el Amarna,

AGAMA MUTABILIS, Merrem.

LP’ Agame variable ou le Changeant, Is. Geoftr. op. cit. pp. 127-
129, pl. v. figs. 3 & 4.

Agama mutabilis, Merrem, Tent. Syst. Amph. 1820, p. 50.

Agama inermis, Reuss, Mus. Senckenb. i. 1834, p. 33.

Agama gularis, Reuss, op. cit. p. 36.

1 dand19Q. Desert at Gizeh. The late V. Ball, Esq., C.B.

4d and3 2. Desert at Gizeh.

ljuv. Desert at Gizeh. The late Miss R. M. Robertson.

19. Abukir.

1 ¢ and @ juv. Mandara.

4 ¢. Ramleh.

2d and19. Maryut District.

Aaama savienyi, Dum. & Bibr.

13 ¢ and 49. From between Suez and Ismailia. Middle-
mass Bey, Inspector-General Coast Guard, Egypt.

1¢. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.

1@. Kafr Amar, below Wasta, on Assiut Railway.

Agama sptnosa, Gray.

Agama spinosa, Gray, Syn. Rept., Griffith’s A. K. ix. (1831),
p- 57.

Agama colonorum, Riippell, Neue Wirbelth. 1835, p. 14, pl. iv.

10 6,8 2,and1juv. Foot of mountains behind Suakin.

101

AGAMA STELLIO, Hasselq. & Linn.
Lacerta stellio, Hasselq. & Linn. Iter Palest. 1757, p. 301.

23,22,and3juv. Gabari, Alexandria.
2juv. Ramleh.

Unromastix zeyprius, Hasselq. & Linn.

The Dhab or Dab, Shaw, Travels, Barbary & Levant, 1738,
p- 250.

The Dab, Bruce’s Travels to discover Sources of Nile, v. 1790,
p. 198.

Lacerta egyptia, Hasselg. & Liun. Iter Palest. 1757, p. 302;
Forskal, Descr. An. 1775, p. viii & p. 138; Donndorf, Zool.
Beytr. iii. 1798, p. 136.

Stellio spinipes, Daud. Rept. iv. (1803) p. 81; Is. Geoffr.
op. cit. p. 125, pl. il. fig. 2.

Uromastix spinipes, Merr. Tent. Syst. Amph. 1820, p. 56.

19. Between Suez and Ismailia.

1¢@. Plain of Kafr Gamus.

1¢. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.

12. Suburbs of Cairo.

UnoMAstix OcELLATUS, Licht.

Uromastia ocellatus, Lichtenstein, Verz. Doubl. Zool. Mus.
Berlin, 1823, p. 107; Boulenger, Cat. Liz. B. M. iii. 1887, Corri-
genda, p. 499.

Uromastia ornatus, Gray (not Heyden), Cat. Liz. B. M. 1845,
p- 261.

1¢. Neighbourhood of Suakin.

18 6,14 9, and1ljuv. Neighbourhood of Suakin.

19. Wadi Halfa. Major Henry d’Alton Harkness.

VaRanus GRisEus, Daud.

1¢. Suez.

1. Desert N.E. of Cairo.

12. Gizeh desert.

1@. Telel Amarna. Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L.
1 gd and1ljuv. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

2 gand2 9. Suakin.

ladol. 2. Tokar, about 50 miles S. of Suakin.

VaRanus NILOTICUS, Hasselg. & Linn.
26. Luxor.

102

LaTasTIa LONGICAUDATA, Reuss.

Lacerta longicaudata, Reuss, Mus. Senck. i. 1834, p. 29.

Lacerta samharica, Blanf. Zool. Abyss. 1870, p. 449, fig.

Lacerta sturti, Blanf. op. cit. p. 452, fig.

Eremias revoili, Vaill. Miss. Révoil aux Pays Comalis, Rept.
1882, p. 20, pl. iii. fig. 2.

Latastia doriai, Bedriaga, Ann. Mus. Genov. xx. 1884, p. 318.

Latastia samharica, Bedriaga, 1. c. p. 319.

Latastia longicaudata, Blgr. Cat. Liz. B. M. iii. 1887, p. 55.

4g and2Q9. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Peuton.

5 gd and2 92. Suakin.

1. Akik, about 80 miles S. of Suakin.

36,6 29,and2juv. Durrur. Colonel A. Hunter, D.S.O.

ACANLTHODACTYLUS BOSKIANUS, Daud.

8 6 and5 2. Banks of Freshwater Canal, Suez.

4 $6 and19. Abukir.

6 dg and5 9. Ramleh.

17 g and9 9. Alexandria (suburbs).

19. Maryut District.

3g and1@. Cairo suburbs. Dr. Walter Innes.

16. Plain of Kafr Gamus.

13 6,12 9, and 2juv. Margin of desert, Gizeh Pyramids.

9g and12 9. Plain of Tel el Amarna. Prof. W. Flinders
Petrie, D.C.L.

85,4 92,and1juv. Margin of desert, Luxor.

12. Oasis of Dakhel. Major H. 8. Lyons, R.E.

6 gd and3@. Assuan.

ljuv. 2. Suakin. Colonel Sir Charles Holled Smith, C.B.,
K.C.M.G.

8 3,1 Q,and1juv. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

11 g uand11 @. Plain of Suakin.

ljuv. Tokar.

ACANTHODACTYLUS PARDALIS, Licht.
16 g and 20 9. Maryut District.

ACANTHODACTYLUS SCUTELLATUS, Aud.
1¢@. Ain Musa, near Suez.

3. Suez district.

1. Matariyeh. Dr. Walter Innes.

22 and192. Margin of desert, Gizeh. The late V. Ball,
E-q., C.B.

103

23.42, and1juv. Margin of desert, Gizeh.

1g. Desert north of Birketel Kurun. Major R. H. Brown,
h.E.

1 gand1 9. Wadi Halfa. O. Charlton, Esq.

2d and3 9. Wadi Halfa. Surgeon-Captuin R. H. Penton.

Eremias mucronata, Blanf.

1. Piain of Suakin. Colonel Sir Charles Holled Smith,
C.B., K.C.M.G.

8 dand 4 Q. Plain of Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H.
Penton.

15 gS and16 @. Plain of Suakin.

12 5,6 Q,and2juv. Durrur.

Eremras Gurrunata, Licht.

Lacerta guttulata, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. 1823, p. 101.
Eremias guttulata, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Géu. v. 1889, p. 310.

1. Plain of Suez.

1d. Maryut district.

13. Plain of Kafr Gamus.

29. Wadi Hoaf, near Heluan.

1. Beni Hassan, W.M. Blackden, Esq.

4 $ and4 9. Margin of desert, Luxor.

8d and3 @. Ruins of Karnak.

2¢and3 @. Ruins of Medinet Habu.

29. Assuan. Major D. F. Lewis.

16d. Phile.

1d. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.
1¢@. Suakin.

4d and4 92. Durrur. Cvlonel A. Hunter, D.S.O.
1¢. Erkowit Mountains, west of Suakin.
1d. Akik.

EREMIAS RUBROPUNCTATA, Licht.
Lacerta rubropunctata, Licht. Verz. Doubl. Mus. Berl. 1828,

. 100.
Eremias rubropunctata, Dum. & Bibr. Erpét. Gén. v. 1839,

. 297.
3 ¢dand 39. Oasis of Khargeh. Professor Sickenberger,
Cairo.
1 dand2 9. Plain of Tel el Amarna.

104

19. Margin of desert at Gizeh. V. Ball, Esq.,C.B., F.R.S.

8 d and3 9. Margin of desert at Gizeh and Abu Roash.

2¢and1¢. Margin of desert at Kafr Gamus.

1d and3 9. Stony desert plain between Suez Canal and
Ain Musa. :

19. Ras Gharib. Mr. James Robertson.

Masvura QuinqueTentata, Licht.

2d and1Q. Gardens and roadside, Gabari, Alexandria.

1d and1 9. Abbasiyeh, near Cairo. Colonel H. -M. L.
Rundle, D.S.O.

13,692,and1juv. Alluvium, below Gizeh Pyramids.

19 and 3. The Fayum.

1dgand1l. The Fayum. Major R. H. Brown, R.E.

4 $aud19. Tel el Amarna.

5 d and3 @. Roadsides, Assiut.

49. Banks of Nile, Edfu.

2¢dand2¢9. Banks of Nile, Assuan.

2dand1Q9. Banks of Nile, Phile.

2d and192. Wadi Halfa. Major Henry d’ Alton Harkness.

3d and2 9. Wadi Halfa. O. Charlton, Esq.

23,22,and2juv. Wadi Halfa. Surgeon-Captain R. H.
Penton.

19. Suakin.

Masvra virtara, Olivier.

i do and 5. Gardens and roadside, Gabari, Alexandria.
Fields below Pyramids of Gizeh.

13,2 2, and 2 others. Fayum. Major R. H. Brown, R.E.

EUMECES SCHNEIDERI, Daud.

1¢@. Marsa Matru, about 150 miles to west of Alexandria.
2d and5 9. Maryut district.

Scrincortvs Fasciatvs, Peters.

Scincus officinalis, pars, Strauch, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb.
(vii.) iv. no. 7, 1862, p. 41.
Scincus (Seincopus) fasciatus, Peters, Mon. Berl. Ac. 1864,

p. 45.

Cyclodus brandtii, Strauch, Bull. Ac. St. Pétersb. 1866, p. 459.
Scincus fasciatus, Boulenger, Cat. Lizards Brit. Mus. iii. 1887,
p. 890; Trans. Zool, Soc, xiii. (1891), p. 137.

105

1¢@. Suakin. Colonel Sir Charles Holled Smith, C.B.,
K.C.M.G.

33,4 9,and1juv. Suakin, Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

26. Suakin.

Known hitherto only from Algeria, Tunisia, and Khartum.

Scrnevus orricrinatis, Laur.
16,5 9,and3juv. Desert near Gizeh Pyramids.
6. Desert in neighbourhood of Cairo.

Caatcrpgs (GoneYLus) ocELLATUS, Forskl.

Marsa Matru.

Maryut district.

Alexandria.

Ramleh.

Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.

Mahallet el Kebir, Delta. G. H. Kent, Eyq.
Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes.

Gizeh.

Fayum.

Luxor.

Oasis of Khargeh. Professor Ernest Sickenberger.
Berys, south of Oasis of Khargeh. Major H. G. Lyons, R.E.
Assuan.

Phila.

Wadi Halfa.

Durrur.

Tokar.

Caatcipes (SpHmNops) sEPoIDES, Aud.

NENWOP EEN ERN AR Y YP BNYD

6. Between Suez and Ismailia.

2. Abukir.
86. Pyramids of Gizeb.
1. Kafr Amar.

2. Tel el Amarna.

CranciDEs (SPHENOPS) DELISLIT, Lataste.
Allodactylus de Vislei, Lataste, Journ. Zool. v. 1876, p. 238,
pl. x.
3. Plain of Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.
7, Plain of Suakin.
8. Durrur. Colonel A. Hunter, D.S.O.
20. Durrur.

106

RHIPTOGLOSSA.
CHAMELEON vuLeaRts, Daud.
1 dand2 9. Ain Musa.
2juv. Egypt.
2Sand49. Marsa Matru.
CHAMELEON BasILiscus, Cope.
2,1 juv., and 1 juv. 9. Ramleh.
1Q. Tokar. Major H. W. Jackson.
13,38 9,and1juv. Suakin.
1 2 andl juv. Wadi Halta. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

OPHIDIA.

Guavconta catrt, Dum. & Bibr.

Island of Rhoda, Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes.
Luxor, in alluvium.

Garden of the Luxor Hotel, among moist grass.
Lower floor of a house, Cairo.

Durrur, north of Suakin.

at at ae a a

Eryx sacuuvs, Hasselg. & Linn.

1. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.

1 3. Mahallet el Kebir. George Kent, Esq.

19. Abbasiyeh. Colonel H. M. L. Rundle, D.S.O.
22. Abu Roash.

22. Gizeh.

1g. Heluan.

1. Neighbourhood of Cairo.

Eryx THEBAICUS, Reuss.

1g. Fayum. Major R. H. Brown, R.E.

12. TelelAmarna. Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L.
2¢6and2¢. Karnak.

386,38 2,and1juv. Suakin.

29. Tokar.

292. Durrur.

TROPIDONOTUS TESSELLATUS, Laur.
12. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.

ZAMENIS RHODORHACHIS, Jan.
1¢@. Beni Hassan.
1juv. Telel Amarna. Prof. W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L.

107

ZaMENIS KOGERSII, Anders.

lo. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.
1 2 and 1ljuv. Shaluf.

19. Marsa Matru.

1. The Desert, Heluan.

ZAMENIS FLORULENTUS, Is. Geoffr.
19. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.
1. Mandara.

2d and4 9. Abu Roash.

1g andljuv. Gizeh.

1. Fayum.

2 gS and2juv. Minia.

1@. Telel Amarna.

Ljuv. Assiut.

2 $ and 3 juv. Luxor.

ljuv. Karnak.

1. West bank of Nile, Luxor.
12 andl juv. Asgsuan.

1d and19. Wadi Halfa.
]juv. Tokar.

ZAMENIS NUMMIFER, Reuss.
16. Beltim.
2juv. Margin of desert, Heluan. Dr. Adalbert Fényes.

ZAMENIS DIADEMA, Schlegel.

ljuv. Hast side of Suez Canal, near Suez.

1. Fayid, west of Bitter Lakes.

1. Abu Roash.

33,1 9,and2juv. Pyramids of Gizeh.

1dgand1Q. Beni Hassan. M. W. Blackden, Esq.

1g and1@. Tel el Amarna. Professor W. M. Flinders

Petrie, D.C.L.
1g. Suakin.
1@. Durrur.

LyYToRHYNCHUS DIADEMA, Dum. & Bibr.

1g. West bank of Suez Canal, between Suez and Ismailia.

ljuv. Abu Roash.

1 $. Gizeh, margin of desert.

First record of its occurrence in Egypt. Present in the
Sennaar District.

108

TaRBoPHIS DHARA, Forsk&l.

19. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers. :
12. Mahallet el Kebir. George Kent, Esq.

4 adol. and juv. Margin of desert, Gizeh.

1 2 andl juv. Tel el Amarna. Professor Flinders Petrie,
D.C.l.

ljuv. Tel el Amarna.
1juv. Assuan. Major D. F. Lewis.

C@LOPELTIS MONSPESSULANA, Hermann.
23 and1 9. Maryut District.

1. Alexandria (suburbs).

1d. Mandara. Dr. Walter Innes.

C@LOPELTIS MOILENSIS, Reuss.

29. Lower Egypt (? suburbs of Cairo).
1g. Abu Roash.

292. Suakin.

1¢@. Durrur.

PsaMMoPuHis scHoKaRl, Forskil.

1¢. Ain Musa.

1¢. Between Suez and Ismailia.

1¢. Shaluf.

19. Abbasiyeh. Colonel H. M. L. Rundle, D.8.0

1g. Abu Roash.

8d. Gizeh. ©

1¢. Assuan. Major D. F. Lewis.

1d and1 9. Suakin Plain. Surgeon-Captain A. H. Penton.
8g and4 9. Suakin Plain.

1o. Tokar.

19. Durrur.

1@. Island of Shadwan. Mr. John Strathearn.

19. Ras Gharib. Mr. James Robertson.

16. Berys, 8. of oasis of Khargeh. Major H. G. Lyons, R.E.

PSAMMOPHIS SIBILANS, Linn.

1¢. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.

16. Northern part of Delta. J.B. Gibson, Esq.
1d and1¢@. Mahallet el Kebir. George Kent, Esq.
163. Abbasiyeh. Colonel H. M. L. Rundle, D.S.O.
3 ¢6 and1 @. Abu Roash,

2d and2 2. Gizeh.

109

2dand1Q. Fayum.
2d and19. Minia. Major R. H. Brown, R.E.

1d and19. Tel el Amarna. Professor W. M. Flinders
Petrie, D.C.1.
1¢. Luxor.

Macroproropon cucunyatts, Is. Geoffr.
1. Maryut District.

1. Ramleh, near Alexandria.

1@. Mandara. Dr. Walter Innes.
19. Abukir.

Naga Hase, Hasselq. & Linn.

19. Maryut district.

1. Beltim.

19. Abbasiyeh. Colonel H. M. L. Rundle, D.S.O.

29. Fields below pyramids of Gizeh, close to water.

1d and1@. Fayum. Major R. H. Brown, R.E.

2¢. Beni Hassan. M. W. Blackden, Esq.

1¢. TelelAmarna. Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L.

NaJAa NIGRICOLLIS, Reichardt.
19. Assuan.

First record of its occurrence in Egypt.

WALTERINNESIA HGYPTIA, Lataste.

1. Purchased in Cairo from a snake-charmer. Dr. Walter
Innes.

CERASTES VIPERA, Hasselq. & Linn.

5d and1@. Desert on east side of Suez Canal, between
Suez and Ismailia.

16. Desert on west side of Suez Canal, between Suez and
Ismailia.

4 6 and2 9. Desert around Cairo.

23. Desert, Abu Roash.

16. Desert, Gizeh. R. G. Gallop, Esq.

1o. Desert, Gizeh.

163. Desert, Beni Hassan. M. W. Blackden, Esq.

1. Ras Gharib. Mr. James Robertson.

CrrastTes connurvs, Hassely. & Linn.

Males with horns.
1d. Assiut.
26. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

110

Hornless males.
2o¢. Luxor.
1o. Wadi Halfa. Major Henry d’Alton Harkness.
13. Ras Gharib. Mr. James Robertson.

Females with horns.
19. Desert east of Suez Canal.
19. Desert at Gizeh Pyramids.
19. Desert, Luxor.
82. Plain of Suakin. Colonel Sir C. Holled Smith, C.B.,
K.C.M.G.

Hornless females.
5 @. Desert, Luxor.

Hornless, sex unknown.
1. Luxor.
1. Wadi Halfa. Major Henry d’Alton Harkness.
1. Ras Gharib. Mr. James. Robertson.

Ecuis carinatvus, Schneider.

1d and1 9. Mokattam Hills, Cairo. Dr. Walter Innes.

19. Assiut.

1d and1¢. Suakin. Colonel Sir Charles Holled Smith,
C.B., K.C.M.G.

19. Suakin. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

26,2 9,and 5juv. Suakin.

1d and1Q. Durrur.

BATRACHIA.
ECAUDATA.

Rana MASCARENIENSIS, Dum. & Bibr.

5 g and5 @. Fields below Gizeh Pyramids.

26 and] 9. Mahallet el Kebir. George Kent, Esq.
4 g andl @. Freshwater Canal, Suez.

Buro REGULARIS, Reuss.

2. Ramleh.

1. Beltim. Dr. J. G. Rogers.

3. Mahallet el Kebir. George Kent, Esq.
12. Freshwater Canal, Suez.

4. Canal below Mena.

8. The Fayum. Major R. H. Brown, R.E.

111

7. Amarna. Professor W. M. Flinders Petrie, D.C.L.
8. Assuan.

2. Wadi Halfa.

1. Wadt Halfa. Surgeon-Captain R. H. Penton.

‘Buro virip1s, Laur.
1. Ina water conduit, Ramleh.

Boro prntont, Anderson.

2g and1¢@. Shaata Gardens, outside Suakin. Surgeon-
Captain R. H. Penton. ,

17 9,1 ¢,and1ljuv. Wells in Gardens outside Suakin.

SprcieEs said to occur in Eaxrr, but not observed by me.

REPTILIA.

CHELONIA.

TESTUDO IBERA, Pallas.

Dr. Keatinge has been so good as to forward to me three
photographic views of a land tortoise, three living specimens of
which he had purchased for the Museum of the Cairo Medical
School.

The species proves to be Testudo ibera, Pallas, hitherto known
only from North-West Africa, Syria, Asia Minor, Transcaucasia,
and Persia. The native from whom they were bought informed
Dr. Keatinge that he had got them from the Sudan, and that
he had had them alive for more than fourteen years. There is no
evidence that this species occurs in Lower Egypt, but, like many
others, it may possibly range from Algeria and Tunisia to the
Sudan, and, in view of this, I have thought it is as well to record
these specimens. If this species is found in the Sudan, it is
likely to be distributed in the direction of Wadi Halfa, and
even to the plain of Suakin.

SQUAMATA.

LACERTILIA.

GECKONIDS.
BUNOPUS BLANFORDII, Strauch.
Mém. Ac. St. Pétersb. (vii. ser.) xxxv. No. 2, 1887, p. 62, figs.
13 & 14.

Egypt: J. Erber, 1870; 2 specimens. Strauch.

112

GYMNODACTYLUS scaBER, Heyden.
Peters, Mon. Ac. Berl. 1862, p. 271; Gasco, Viaggio in Egitto ',
(pt. ii.) 1876, p. 118.

Egypt: MM. Barnim and Hartmann. Peters.
Near Cairo: Gasco.
Egypt: J. Doubleday. Boulenger.

AGAMIDE.

UrnoMastix ACANTHINUEUS, Bell.

Nubia: Riippell, Mus. Senck. iii. 1845, p. 308.

Egypt: A. Duméril, Cat. Méth. Rept. 1851, p. 109.
Egypt: Boettger, Kat. Rept. Mus. Senck. 1893, p. 55.

There is no evidence that this species has ever been found in
Egypt. Riippell only gives Nubia as the locality whence his
specimens were obtained. One of them went to Paris, where the
locality appears as Egypt; while, on the other hand, the

1 T had long been in search of the late Professor Gasca’s work, cited above, as
I was aware that it contained u list of the Reptiles collected, on his journey
through Egypt, in company with the late Prof. P. Panceri. I had, however,
applied in vain to the booksellers for a copy; but on mentioning this to Count
Peracca, he very kindly presented me with one, which enables me to mention
some reptiles which Prof. Gasco collected in Egypt. I think it is evident,
however, that he had no great acquaintance with reptiles, as he refers two
snakes obtained by himself, near Alexandria, to the American genus Oxyrophus,
designating them 0. scolopar, Klein. As some of the species of that genus have
black heads, I am disposed to think that his two specimens were examples
of Macroprotodon cucullatus, Is. Geoffr., which occurs in the district of
Alexandria.

It is also stated by Professor Gasco that two examples of Lacerta ocellata,
Daud. were obtained in the same locality, and he referred them to a variety which
he called Jepida. It seems highly improbable, however, that this species should
occur in Egypt, and as Gasco did not distinguish between Eremias guttulata,
Licht., and E. rubropunctata, Licht., it is just possible that he may have
mistaken an ocellated specimen of the former for L. ocellata, Daud. Of course
this is only guess-work, but so unlikely is it that the last-mentioned species
should be found at Alexandria, that I feel compelled to suggest some expla-
nation of how the error may have arisen.

He also records Psammodromus algirus, Linn., and says “this species, which
abounds in Algeria and Spain, was collected by us only if the neighbourhocd
of Alexandria.” My impression is that in this case also we have an error of
identification, and that Gasco had probably before him some species of
Acanthodactylus.

113

four specimens remaining, in the Frankfort Museum, have also
been referred to Egypt, but why it has been substituted for
Nubia is not stated.

ScIncIDz.

Cuatcipes (Seprs) rrmpacrrzus, Laur.

Seps chalcides, Bonap.; Gasco, Viaggio in Egitto, pt. ii. 1876,
p. 109.

Neighbourhood of Alexandria: Prof. E.8.Gasco. 2 specimens.

This is the only record of the occurrence of this lizard in Egypt.
In going through some reptiles in the Cairo Museum I came
across one example of this species, but unfortunately there was
no information whence it was obtained. As it occurs in Tunisia,
it may possibly extend as far east ag AJexandria.

RHIPTOGLOSSA.
CHAMELEONTIDE.

CHAMELEON oaLyrrratus, A. Dum.

Cat. Méthod. Rept. 1851, p. 3L; Arch. Mus. vi. 1852, p. 259,
pl. xxi. fig. 1.

From the region of the Nile: M. Botta.

OPHIDIA.

CoLUBRID&.

ZAMENIS DAHL, Fitz.

Couleuvre, Descr.del’ Egypte, Suppl. Rept. pl. iv. figs. 4.1 to 4. 3.

Locality unknown. Beyond the fact that the foregoing figure
of the species occurs in the ‘ Description de Egypte,’ nothing
further is known regarding the occurrence of this snake in
Egypt. IRfitis present, it will probably be found in the Delia,
possibly in the Maryut district, or between the Suez Canal and
the Nile.

OLIGODON MELANOCEPHALUS, Jan.

F, Miller, Verh. nat. Ges. Basel, vii. 1885, p. 678.

The late F. von Miiller has recorded one specimen from Cairo.
This species is found in the Sinaitic Peninsula, so there is
nothing remarkable in its presence in Lower Egypt.

114

DasyYpPEttis scaBra, Linn.

Gasco, Viaggio in Hgitto, (pt. ii.) 1876, p. 119.

The late Prof. Gasco was the first to record the occurrence
of the Egg-eating Snake in Middle Egypt, where he obtained
8 specimens. Count Peracca has been so good as to ascertain
from Prof. Costa that two specimens brought back from Egypt
by Prof. P. Panceri, the companion of Gasco, one a skeleton and
the other in alcohol, are preserved in the Naples Museum.

TaRBoPHIs savianyt, Blgr.

Cat. Snakes B. M. iii. 1896, p. 48."

Couleuvre, Descr. de ’Egypte, Suppl. Rept. pl. iv. figs. 2.1 to
2. 8.

The remarks I have made regarding Z. dahliz, Fitz., apply
equally to this species.

VIPERIDE.

Viprna AMMoDYTEs, Linn.

Linn. Ameen. Acad. i. 1749, p. 606, tab. xvii. fig. 11.

Libya.

This species was recorded by Livneus from Libya, on the
authority of Jonston (Hist. Quadr. et Serp., Lib. ii. 1657, p. 11,
tab. i. fig. ammodites), who quoted Solinus as the source of his
information.

Virera LeBetina, Linn.

Strauch, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. (vii.) xiv. no. 6, 1869, p. 84.
Egypt. Berlin Museum.

BATRACHIA.
ECAUDATA.

HYLIDs.
Hyrta ansorga, Linn.
Hyla savignyi, Audouin, Descr. de l’Egypte, p. 183, Suppl.
Rept. pl. ii. figs. 13.1 & 13. 2.
I have made a most careful search for this species in Lower
Egypt, but have never succeded in finding it. It is an analogous
case to Z. dahlii and T. savignyi.

1 Iam enabled to make this identification as Mr. Boulenger has favoured
me with a sight of the proofs of the third volume of his ‘Catalogue of Snakes.’

115

CAUDATA.

Teron -—~?
Gervais, Ann. Sc. Nat. (2 sér.) vi. 1836, p. 312.
Oasis of Bahriyeh. A. Lefévre.

Gervais mentions that M. A. Lefévre brought a species of
Triton from the oasis of Bahriyeh.

SALAMANDRA ?
Boulenger, Cat. Batr. Grad. 1882, p. 106, footnote.

Near Alexandria. M. Letourneux.

Mr. Boulenger says :—“ M. F. Lataste received several larvae of
a Salamandroid collected near Alexandria by M. Letourneux.
It will probably turn out to be S. maculosa, which has recently
been discovered in Syria, and which accordingly will be Circum-
mediterranean.”

These are the only two references in zoological literature that
mention the presence in Egypt of this group of Batrachians.

I made a most careful search on two successive years for Sala-
mandroids in the neighbourhood of Ramleh, and on two or three
occasions I employed an intelligent Syrian, who used to collect
for M. Letourneux, to do the same, but neither I nor he ever
succeeded in finding any. I went provided with some British
newts in alcohol to show to the natives, in order to give them
some idea of the kind of animal of which I was in quest, but all
the agricultural labourers to whom I showed them declared that
they had never seen such animals, in the localities I had selected
as appearing to me to be the most likely spots in which to find
Salamandroids. I hope my experience, however, will not deter
others from continuing the search, in view of what has been put
on record by Gervais, and by Boulenger, on the authority of
Lataste. .

*

May 28, 1896.

APPENDIX.

—>——

I am indebted to Mr. Boulenger for having directed my attention
to an article! by Captain P. Pareutiand Proftssor Luigi Picaglia,
in which the following species are recorded from Arabia, viz. :—
Hemidactylus coctai, D. & B., = H. flaviviridis, Riippell; Psam-
mosaurus arenarius, Is. Geoffr., = Varanus griseus, Daud. ;
Gongylus ocellatus, Forsk8l; and Zamenis florulentus, Schlegel,
= Zamenis rhodorhachis, Jan.

The mention of these species necessitates the following additions
to the ‘List of the Reptiles and Batrachians of Arabia,’ in
Part V. :—

Page 78. Hemidactylus flaviviridis, Riippell.
Add :—Aden (Ragazzi), Parenti aud Picaglia, 1886.

Page 79. Varanus griseus, Daud.
Add :—Jiddah (Ragazzi), Parenti and Picaglia, 1886.

Page 81. Chaleides (Gongylus) ocellatus, Forskal.
Add :—Jiddah (Ragazzi), Parenti and Picaglia, 1886.

Page 82. Zamenis rhodorhachis, Jan.
Add :—Aden (Hagazzt), Parenti and Picaglia, 1886.

The same authors also record that Ragazzi obtained a living
Chameleon at Aden, in 1883. They do not give it any specific
name, but it was probably C. calcarifer, Peters.

1 “ Rettili ed Anfibi raccolti da P. Parenti nel viaggio di circumnavigazione
della r. corvetta ‘ Vettor Pisani,’ negli anni 1882-85, e da V. Ragazzi sulle coste
del mar rosso e dell’ America meridionale negli anni 1879-84.” Atti Soc. Mod.
Mem. (3) v. 1886, pp. 26-96.

INDEX.

Ablepharus, 74.

acanthinurus (Uromastix), 112.

Acanthodactylus, 74.

adramitana (Agama), 31, 73, 79,
85, 88,

weeyptia (Lacerta), 68, 101.

segyptia (Walterinnesia), 109.

segyptius (Uromastix), 68, 71, 75,
79, 85, 88, 101.

affinis (Ceramodactylus), 20.

Agama, 31, 74.

Agame ponctué, L’, 95,

Agame variable ou le Changeant,
L’, 100.

Agamide, 27, 74, 112.

agilis (Agama), 31, 67, 70.

algirus (Psammodromus), 112.

ammodytes (Vipera), 114.

andersoni (Bufo), 73, 76, 83, 87,
91.

annectans (Agama), 31.

annularis (Tarentola), 72, 75, 78,
84, 83, 99.

Aporoscelis, 33, 34.

arabicus (Bufo), 70, 73.

arabicus (Phrynocephalus), 33, 73,
79, 85, 88.

arborea (Hyla), 114.

arenaria (Agama), 27, 29.

arietans (Vipera), 55, 73, 76, 83,
87, 89.

ascalabotes (Gekko), 56.

auratus (Chameleon), 71.

beetan (Coluber), 69.

barroisi (Ptyodactylus), 57.

basiliscus (Chameleon), 106.

batillifera (Agama), 34,

batilliferus (Uromastix), 3+.

benti (Aporoscelis), 33.

benti (Uromastix (Aporoscelis)),
33, 63, 73, 79, 85, 88.

bischoffsheimi (Ptyodactylus),
57.

blanfordii (Bunopus), 21, 22, 73,
75, 84, 88, 111.

blanfordii (Glauconia), 64.

Boide, 74.

boskianus (Acanthodactylus), 34,
35-87, 71, 75, 80, 85, 89,
102.

brandtii (Cyclodus), 104.

brevicollis (Mabuia), 47, 73, 75,
80, 35, 89.

brevirostris (Eremias), 48, 73, 76,
80, 85, 89.

brevirostris (Mesalina), 43.

Bunopus, 23, 74.

cairi (Glauconia), 106.

calcarifer (Chameleon), 51, 68, 73,
81, 86, 88, 116.

calyptratus (Chameleon), 62, 73,
75, 81, 86, 89, 113.

cantoris (Acanthodactylus), 34,
38-41, 71, 76, 80, 85, 89.

capistratus (Sphenops), 71.

118

carinatus (Echis), 55, 71, 76, 83,
87, 90, 110.

carteri (Pristurus), 12, 26, 71, 78,
84, 88.

carteri (Spatalura), 12, 71.

Ceramodactylus, 20, 21.

Cerastes, 74.

Chalcides, 74.

Chameleon, 74.

Chameleontide, 51, 74, 113.

cliffordii (Zamenis), 71.

coctei (Hemidactylus), 27, 73, 11 *.

Coelopeltis, 74.

collaris (Pristurus), 24, 26, 73, 78,
84, 88.

collaris (Spatalura), 24.

colonorum (Agama), 100.

coloratus (Echis), 55, 71, 76, 83,
87, 88.

Colubride, 51, 74, 113.

condanarus, var. sindanus (Psam-
mophis), 53.

conirostris (Scincus), 49, 73, 76,
81, 86, 90.

cornutus (Cerastes), 71, 73, 75,
83, 87, 89, 109.

cristatus (Proteles), 2.

crucifer (Pristurus), 71, 75, 78,
84, 88.

cucullatus (Macroprotodon), 109,
112,

cyanogaster (Agama), 33, 70, 71,
76, 79, 85, 88.

cyanophlyctis (Rana), 55, 73, 76,
83, 87, 91.

Dab, The, 101.

dahlii (Zamenis), 1138.

de Vislei (Allodactylus), 105.

delislei (Chalcides (Sphzenops)),
105.

INDEX.

Dhab, The, 101.

dhara (Coluber), 52, 6Y.

dhara (Tarbophis), 62, 69, 75, 82,
87, 89, 108.

diadema (Lytorhynchus), 73, 75,
82, 87, 89, 107.

diadema (Zamenis), 51, 71, 76,
82, 86, 90, 107.

dori (Ceramodactylus), 20, 21,71.

dorie (Stenodactylus (C.)), 21, 71,
76, 77, 84, 90.

doriai (Latastia), 102.

Echis, 74.

ehrenberghi (Rana), 73.

elegans (Stenodactylus), 20, 70,
75, 77, 84, 89, 95.

elegans (Testudo), 68, 72, 76, 77,
84, 89.

elegantissimus (Zamenis), 71, 82,
86, 88.

ephippiata (Tarentola), 99.

Eremias, 74.

Eryx, 74.

esculenta (Rana), 73, 76,83, 87,91.

fasciatus (Scincopus), 104.

fasciatus (Scincus), 104.

fasciatus (Scincus (Scincopus)),
104.

flavimaculata (Agama), 31, 59, 67,
70, 79, 85, 88.

flavimaculatus (Trapelus), 70.

flavipunctatus (Pristurus), 24, 71,
75, 77, 84, 88, 98.

flaviviridis (Hemidactylus), 26,
78, 76, 78, 84, 89, 98, 116.

florulentus (Coluber), 69.

florulentus(Zamenis), 69, 107,116.

Gecko des Maisons, Le, 56.
gecko (Lacerta), 56, 68.

INDEX.

gecko (Stellio), 56.

Geckonidew, 20, 74, 111.

Glauconia, 74,

Glauconiide, 74.

granosus (Hemidactylus), 70.

griseus (Varanus), 34, 73, 75, 79,
85, 89, 101, 116.

guentheri (Tarbophis), 52, 73, 82,
87, 88.

gularis (Agama), 100.

guttatus (Coluber), 69.

guttatus (Ptyodactylus), 56, 69,
98.

guttatus (Stenodactylus), 70, 95,
96.

guttulata (Eremias), 48, 71, 75,
80, 85, 89, 103.

guttulata (Lacerta), 103.

Gymnodactylus, 23, 74.

haje (Coluber). 69.

haje (Naja), 69, 109.

hardwickii (Uromastix), 72, 76,
79, 85, 89.

hasselquistii (Lacerta), 56.

hasselquistii (Ptyodactylus), 56,
68, 69, 75, 78, 84, 89, 98.

hasselquistii, var, siphonorhina
(Ptyodactylus), 98.

Hemidactylus, 74.

hemprichii (Scincus), 73, 76, 80,
86, 89.

hierosolymitana (Psammophis),
moniliger, var., 53.

hélleik (Coluber), 69.

Hylide, 114.

ibera (Testudo), 111.
inermis (Agama), 28, 29, 100.
isolepis (Agama), 65, 67, 78.

119

jaculus (Eryx), 70, 75, 81, 86,
90, 106.

jayakari (Agama), 65, 73, 79, 84,
88.

jayakari (Eryx), 73, 82, 86, 88.

jayakari (Lacerta), 73, 79, 85, 88.

karelinii (Zamenis), 72, 76, 82,
86, 90.
kleinmanni (Testudo), 72.

lacazii (Ptyodactylus), 57.

Lacerta, 74.

Lacertidex, 34.

lacertina (Ceelopeltis), 72.

lacrymans (Coluber), 53, 70.

lacrymans (Psammophis), 53, 69.

ladacensis (Zamenis),rhodorhachis,
var., 82.

Latastia, 74.

lebetina (Vipera), 114.

lebetinus (Coluber), 69.

leithii (Psammophis), 53, 54,

leithii (Testudo), 68, 72, 75, 77,

84, 89, 95.
leucostygma (Agama), 31, 61, 100.
lineolatum (Taphrometopon), 54.
lobatus (Gecko), 56.
lobatus (Ptyodactylus), 56.
longicaudata (Lacerta), 70, 102.
longicaudata (Latastia), 70, 76,
80, 85, 88, 102.
longipes (Pristurus), 71.
loricata (Agama), 70, 99.
Lytorhynchus, 74,

Mabuia, 74.

maculosa (Salamandra), 115.

mascareniensis (Rana), 110.

mauritanica (Tarentola), 72, 75,
78, 84, 90, 99.

120

mauritanicus (Platydactylus), 72.

mauritanicus (Stenodacty lus), 95.

meccensis (Scincus), 70, 81, 86,88.

melanocephalus (Oligodon), 738,
75, 82, 87, 90, 118.

melanocephalus (Rhynchocala-
mus), 73.

mitranus (Scincus), 71, 72, 81,
86, 88.

moilensis (Ccelopeltis), 52, 70, 75,
82, 87, 89, 108.

moilensis (Coluber), 70.

moniliger, var. hierosolymitana
(Psammophis), 53.

moniliger, var. punctata (Psam-
mophis), 53.

monspessulana (Ccelopeltis), 72,
73, 75, 82, 87, 91, 108.

montmahoui (Ptyodactylus), 57.

mucronata (Eremias), 73, 76, 80,
85, 88, 103.

muscatensis (Scincus), 72, 81, 86,
88.

mutabilis (Agama), 27, 28, 100.

neumanni (Latastia), 73, 80, 85,
88.

neumanni (Philochortus), 73.

nigricollis (Naja), 109.

nigrofasciata (Agama), 100.

nilotica (Lacerta), 68.

niloticus (Crocodilus), 95.

niloticus (Varanus), 68, 101.

nubiana (Capra), 9.

numimifer (Zamenis), 107.

nupta (Agama), 33.

nursii (Glauconia), 63, 64, 73,
81, 86, 88.

obtusa (Dipsas), 73.
obtusus (Coluber), 52, 62, 69.

INDEX.

ocellata (Lacerta), 68, 112.

ocellatus (Chalcides (Gongylus)),
47, 49, 68, 71, 75, 81, 86,
90, 105, 116.

ocellatus (Gongylus), 71.

ocellatus (Uromastix), 101.

officinalis (Scincus), 71, 104, 105.

Oligodon, 74.

ornatus (Uromastix), 63, 69, 79,
85, 88, 101.

oudrii (Ptyodactylus), 57.

pallida (Agama), 62, 70, 75, 79,
84, 88, 99.

pannonicus (Ablepharus), 70, 76,
80, 86, 90.

pantherinus (Bufo), 71.

pardalis (Acanthodactylus), 102.

pardalis (Eremias), 71.

pentoni (Bufo), 73, 76, 83, 87, 91,
111.

petersii (Stenodactylus), 97.

petrii (Stenodactylus), 96.

Phrynocephalus, 74.

princeps (Uromastix), 72.

princeps(Uromastix(Aporoscelis)),
34.

Pristurus, 74.

Psammophis, 74.

Ptyodactylus, 74.

puiseuxi (Ptyodactylus), 57.

pulcher (Stenodactylus (Ceramo-
dactylus)), 19, 73, 77, 84, 88.

pulchra (Mabuia), 73.

punctata (Psammophis),moniliger,
var., 53.

punctata (Psammophis), sibilans,
var., 53.

punctatus (Psammophis), 53, 69.

punctulatus (Psammophis), 71, 76,
83, 87, 89, 104.

INDEX.

quinqueteniata (Mabuia), 73, 75,
80, 86, 89, 104.

regularis (Bufo), 71, 76, 83, 87,
91, 110.

revoili (Eremias), 192.

rhodorhachis (Zamenis), 51, 71,
75, 82, 86, 89, 106, 116.

rhodorhachis, var. ladacensis (Za-
menis), 51.

Riopa, 70.

rogersii (Zamenis), 107.

rubropunctata (Eremias), 73, 75,
80, 85, 88, 103, 112.

rubropunctata (Lacerta), 103.

ruderata (Agama), 58, 69, 76, 79,
84, 90, 99.

rupestris (Pristurus), 23, 24, 71,
76, 78, 84, 89.

Salamandra, 115.

samharica (Lacerta), 102.

samharica (Latastia), 102.

sanguinolenta (Agama), 67.

savignyi (Agama), 100.

savignyi (Hyla), 114.

savignyi (Tarbophis), 113.

savignyi (Trapelus), 95, 96, 114.

scaber (Gymnodactylus), 70, 75,
77, 84, 89, 112.

scaber (Stenodactylus), 69.

scabra (Dasypeltis), 114.

schneideri (Eumeces), 47, 104.

schokari (Coluber), 53, 69.

schokari (Psammophis), 53, 69,
70, 75, 82, 87, 89, 108.

Scincide, 47, 74, 113.

Scincus, 74.

scolopax (Oxyrophus), 112.

scutellatus (Acanthodactylus), 42,
73, 75, 80, 85, 89, 102.

121

sepoides (Chalcides (Sphaenops)),
71, 75, 81, 86, 89, 105.

seps (Chalcides), 113.

septemtniata (Mabuia), 71, 76,
80, 85, 89.

septemteniatus (Euprepes), 71.

sibilans (Psammophis), 108.

sibilans, var. (Psammophis), 53.

sibilans, var. hierosolimitana
(Psammophis), 53, 69.

sibilans, var. punctata (Psammo-
phis), 53.

sinaita (Agama), 27, 29, 30, 58,
69, 73, 75, 78, 84, 89, 99.

sinaita (Podorrhoa (Pseudotrape-
lus)), 27.

sinaitica (Agama), 27.

sinaitus (Hemidactylus), 72, 75,
78, 84, 88, 98.

sinaitus (Trapelus), 27.

sindanus (Psammophis) condana-
rus, var., 53.

siphonorhina (Ptyodactylus) has-
selquistil, var., 98.

Spatalura, 26.

spinipes (Stellio), 101.

spinipes (Uromastix), 71, 101.

spinosa (Agama), 100.

stellata (Testudo), 72.

stellio (Agama), 62, 69, 75, 79,
85, 90, 101.

stellio (Lacerta), 101.

Stenodactylus, 23, 47.

steudneri (Gymnodactylus), 97.

steudneri (Stenodactylus), 97.

steudneri (Tropiocolotes), 26.

sthenodactylus (Ascalabotes),
95.

sturti (Lacerta), 102.

syriacus (Ptyodactylus) lobatus,
subsp., 57.

k

122

Tarbophis, 74.

Tarentola, 74.

terrestris (Testudo), 68.

tessellata (Mabuia), 73, 80, 85,
88.

teasellatus (Tropidonotus), 106.

Testudinide, 74.

thebaicus (Eryx), 106.

tiligugu, Chalcides (G.) ocellatus,
var., 49.

tridactylus (Chalcides (Seps)), 113.

tripolitanus (Stenodactylus), 97.

tripolitanus (Tropiocol otes), 97.

Triton, 115.

triunguis (Trionyx), 95.

tuberculatus (Alsophylax), 72.

tuberculatus (Bunopus), 21, 72,
76, 77, 84, 89.

turcica (Lacerta), 26.

turcicus (Hemidactylus), 26, 70,
75, 78, 84, 90, 98.

Typhlopide, 74.

Typhlops, 74.

(
c\

INDEX.

Uromastix, 33, 34, 74.

Varanide, 34, 74.

Varanus, 74.

ventrimaculatus (Zamenis), 71.

vermicularis (Typhlops), 70, 76,
81, 86, 90.

Vipera, 74.

vipera (Cerastes), 109.

Viperide, 55, 74.

viridis (Bufo), 70, 76, 83, 87,
91, 111.

vittata (Mabuia), 104.

vulgaris (Chameleon), 63, 71, 75,
81, 86, 91, 106.

watsonanus (Eremias), 43.
wilkinsonii (Tolarenta), 95.

yerburii (Hemidactylus), 63, 73,
78, 84, 88.

Zamenis, 74.

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET, E.C.

ery awa et WON

REVIEW. Tee.

Phetocepy late