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New York
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At Cornell University
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Fur, Fraruer, & Fin Serizs
edited by
ALFRED E. T. WATSON

THe BABBIT.

FUR, FEATHER, AND FIN SERIES.
EDITED By A. E. T. WATSON.

%% The Volumes are also issued half-bound in leather, with gilt
top. The price can be had from all Booksellers.

THE PARTRIDGE. WATURAL A/ISTORY—By the
Rev. H. A. MacpHErson.——SHOOT/NG—By A. J. STUART-
WortLey.— COOKERY —By Grorce Saintssury. With
rz Illustrations and various Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 5s.

THE GROUSE. NATURAL HISTORY—By the Rev.
H. A. Macpuerson.-—SHOOTING --By A. J. Stuart-
WortLey.—COOKERY—By Georce SainTspury. With
13 Illustrations and various Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 5s.

THE PHEASANT. WATURAL HISTORY—By the
Rev. H. A. MacpHERson.—SHOO TI NG—By A. J. STUART-
WortLey.—COOKERY—By ALExaNDER INNES SHAND.
With 10 Illustrations and various Diagrams. Crown 8vo. 5s.

THE HARE. WATURAL HISTORY—By the Rev.
H,. A. MacrHerson. SHOOTING—By the Hon. GERALD
LascELLes. —COURSING—By CHARLES RICHARDSON. —
HUNTING—By J. S. Gispons and G. H. Loneman.

COOKER Y—By Col. Kenney HERBERT. With 9 IIlus-
trations. Crown Bvo. 55.

RED DEER. WATURAL HISTORY.—By the Rev.
H. A. MacpHerson.—DEER-STAL KI NG—By CAMERON
oF LocHiEL.—STAG-HUNTING—By Viscount Eprinc-
TON. COOKERY —By ALExanvDEerR Innes SHAND. With
1o Illustrations. Crown 8vo. ss.

THE SALMON. By the Hon. A. E. Garuorne-Harpy.
With Chapters on the LH/i OF SALMON-FISHING
by Craup DouGcias Pennant; and COOKER? by ALEx-
ANDER INNES SHAND. With 8 Illustrations. Crown 8vo. 5s.

THE TROUT. By the Marquess or Graney. With
Chapters on BREEDING by Col. F. H. Custance; and
COOKERY by ALEXANDER Innes SHanv. With r2 Illustra-
tions. Crown 8vo. 5s.

THE RABBIT. By James EpMuNpD HartTinc. With
a Chapter on COOKERY by ALEXANDER INNES SHAND.
With ro !lustrations. Crown 8vo. 5s.

WILDFOWL. By the Hon. Joun ScoTt-Monracu,
&c. With Illustrations. (ln preparation.

LONGMANS, GREEN & CO., 39 Paternoster Row, London
New York and Bombay.

HERE’S ONE SITTING’

THE RABBIT

BY
JAMES EDMUND HARTING
WITH A CHAPTER ON
COOKERY
BY ALEXANDER INNES SHAND

ILLUSTRATIONS BY ARCHIBALD THORBURN, G. E. LODGE
S. ALKEN AND CHARLES WHYMPER

LONGMANS, GREEN, AND CO.

39 PATERNOSTER ROW, LONDON
NEW YORK AND BOMBAY

1898

All rights reserved

PREFACE

THE design of the Fur, Feather, and Fin Series is
<tg present monographs, as complete as they can

possibly be made, on the various English birds,

beasts and fishes which are generally included
~under the head of Game.

Books on Natural History cover such a vast
number of subjects that their writers necessarily
find it impossible to deal with each in a really
comprehensive manner ; and it is not within
the scope of such works exhaustively to discuss
the animals described, in the light of objects of
sport. Books on sport, again, seldom treat at
length of the Natural History of the creatures
which are shot or otherwise taken ; and, so far
as the Editor is aware, in no book hitherto
published on Natural History or Sport has
information been given as to the best methods
of turning the contents of the bag to account.

a PREFACE

Each volume of the present Series will, there-
fore, be devoted to a bird, beast, or fish. Their
origin will be traced, their birth and breeding
described, every known method of circumventing
and killing them—not omitting the methods em-
ployed by the poacher—will be explained with
special regard to modern developments, and
they will only be left when on the table in
the most appetising forms which the delicate
science of cookery has discovered.

ALFRED E. T. WATSON.

CONTENTS

CHAPTLK

PAGE.

I. Narukant Hisroky ob THE RAbritr I
II. THe WARREN 5!
TT. F&rrerine S2
IV. SHOOTING . 95

V. TRAPPING, SNAKING, NETTING, AND BOLTING 126

VIL PoacHING . 150
VII. THe Grounp Game AcT 173
VIL RKasbrr-FAwKine WITH THE GOSHAWK 273

IX. Tur Cookery oF THE RABBIT 222

INDEX ‘ z ‘ - 249

ILLUSTRATIONS

BY

A. THoRBuRN, G. E. Lopce, S. ALKEN AND C. WHYMPER.

(Reproduced by the Swan Electric Engraving Company)

‘ Here’s ONE SITTING’ ‘ . Frontispiece
MATERNAL INSTINCT 4 ‘ To face p. 20
STOAT HUNTING Ragpir Fo 38
A WARRENER OF THE OLDEN TIME Ss 74
FERRETING . ” 94
RABBIT-SHOOTING IN THE OPEN ‘ i 100
RasBBit-SHOOTING IN COVERT “a 108
RABBIT-SHOOTING WITH A RIFLE ” 124
AN OLp Hanp ; F 5 156
Just MissEp Him 33 216

THE RABBIT

CHAPTER I

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT

As a ‘beast of warren’ the rabbit has been well
known in England for many centuries. Whether it
is indigenous to this country, or whether, like the
pheasant, the swan, and the fallow deer, it was intro-
duced by the Romans, as some have asserted, is a
question which, for want of direct evidence, will
perhaps never be satisfactorily settled. We have it
on the authority of the Yorkshire antiquary Whitaker
that we are indebted to Roman enterprise, not only
for the introduction of the rabbit, but also for the
ferret, which they employed to hunt it; and the Latin
names for these animals, cunéculus and furectus, both
of which are described by Pliny,! give some colour to

the assertion.
From what is stated by Greek and Latin authors,

) Hist. Nat. viii. 55.

2 THE RABBIT

it may be safely inferred that in early times the rabbit
was not indigenous either in Greece or Italy, nor was
it known eastward of these countries. The ancient
Jews were unacquainted with it, and there is no
mention of it in the Bible; for it is now generally
acknowledged that the Hebrew word sképhan, which,
in the Authorised Version, is rendered ‘coney of the
rock,’ is not our familiar rodent, but the Syrian Hyrax
(Hyrax syriacus). The ancient classic authors, then,
derived their knowledge of it through the early ex-
plorers of Western Europe. Strabo, writing about the
year 50 B.c., expressly mentions the rabbit as being
abundant in Spain. He writes: ‘Of destructive
animals there are scarcely any with the exception of
certain little hares which burrow in the ground (mAjv
Tov yewptywv aydéwv) and destroy both seeds and
plants by gnawing at the roots. They are met with
throughout almost the whole of Spain, extending to
Marseilles, and infesting the islands also. It is said
that formerly the inhabitants of the islands Majorca
and Minorca sent a deputation to the Romans soliciting
that a new land might be given them, as they were
quite driven out of their country by those animals,
being no longer able to stand against their vast multi-
tudes.’ Further on he observes that to check the
increase of these ‘little hares,’ many ways of hunting

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 3

have been devised, amongst others by wild weasels
from Africa trained for the purpose (Kat 8) yadas
dypias &s 7% AuBin héper tpépovow emirndes). Having
muzzled these, they turn them into the holes, where
they either drag out the animals they find there with
their claws, or compel them to fly to the surface,
where they are taken by people standing by for that
purpose.!

fElian, also, who lived in the third century of the
Christian era, particularly describes the rabbits of
Spain.? Pliny says: ‘There is also a species of hare in
Spain, which is called cvnéculus ; it is extremely prolific,
and produces famine in the Balearic islands, by destroy-
ing the harvests.’ Further on he adds: ‘It is a well-
known fact that the inhabitants of the Balearic islands
begged of the late Emperor Augustus the aid of a
number of soldiers to prevent the too rapid increase
of these animals. Ferrets (viverre) are much prized
on account of their hunting these animals; they are
put into the burrows, with their numerous outlets,
which the rabbits form, and from which circumstance
they derive their name ; and as the ferrets drive them
out, they are taken above.’* The Latin word cuniculus
denotes both a rabbit and an underground passage.
' Geograph. iii, 2, §6. 2 Hast. Nat. xiii. 15.

3 Hist. Nat. viii. 55.
B2

4 THE RABBIT

Varro! suggests that the rabbit derived its name from
the burrow it forms, and Martial avers that rabbits
first taught men to undermine enemies’ towns.”

Cognate with the Latin cumniculus we have the
Italian coniglio, Spanish conejo, Belgic onin, Danish
and Swedish aning, German kaninchen, Old French
connin, Welsh ceeningen, and Old English conyng and
coney, which, indeed, is our oldest name for the animal.
The word rabbit, anciently vadde/, was originally
applied only to the young animal. In the Promptortum
Parvulorum (1440) we find ‘Rabet, a yonge conye,’
apparently derived through a French source, as
indicated by the diminutive termination, e/fe. In
Russell’s ‘ Book of Nurture’ (1424) we find raddettes.
At the present day, as everyone knows, the name
rabbit is bestowed indifferently on young and old.

Another name for the animal, to be found in
ancient books on hunting, is 7Zo¢e, the use of which
may be here referred to incidentally as explaining the
meaning of the phrase ‘to run riot.’ In an old MS.
preserved in the Bodleian Library we may read the
following instructive directions to a huntsman :—

‘What rache (7.e. a hound hunting by scent) that
renneth to a conyng yn any tyme, hym aughte to be
ascryed (ze, assailed with a shout), saying to hym

' De Re Rustica, iii. 12, §6. 2 Epigr. xiii. 60.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 5

loude war ryote war / for noon other wylde beest yn
Ingelande is called xyore saf the conyng alonly.’

The structural differences between a rabbit and a
hare are chiefly apparent in the skull, and the relative
length of the ears and hind limbs, which are much
shorter in the rabbit than in the hare. In the latter
animal we note the greater complexity of the maxillo-
turbinal bones, and Professor Rolleston, commenting
upon this, observed, ‘It is obvious that the rabbit,
living usually in a subterranean atmosphere, is
advantaged by having that atmosphere warmed as
much as possible before entering the lungs.’

The dentition in both hare and rabbit is typical
of a rodent or gnawing animal. Four large incisors,
two in the upper and two in the lower jaw, are formed
of hard bone (dentine), the front surfaces being com-
posed of layers of very hard enamel. In the natural
condition these teeth are in opposition, and wear
each other away in the act of gnawing. The hard
enamel in the upper pair cuts away the softer dentine
in the lower, leaving the sharp front edge of enamel
standing up like the edge of a chisel, and the lower
perform the same duty for the upper. Thus four
sharp chisel-edged teeth are formed, which act most
efficiently in gnawing the hard food of the rodent,
such as bark or roots. If by any accident the lower

6 THE RABBIT

jaw of the animal is displaced, as occasionally happens
from the impact of a shot, the incisors in the fractured
jaw are distorted, and do not meet those above them,
and as they are not then worn away by use, they con-
tinue to grow, sometimes to an extraordinary length.
The manner in which animals thus deformed adapt
themselves to new conditions is marvellous. They
not only contrive to feed, but to live a long time after
the injury, as shown by the ossified condition of the
fracture when at length it comes to be examined.
The different mode in which hares and rabbits feed
is noteworthy. A Suffolk farmer, who is a good
sportsman as well as shrewd observer of facts con-
nected with natural history, asserts that you may
generally tell whether your turnips are nibbled by
hares or rabbits by the difference in the mode of
attacking the roots. A hare will bite off the peel and
leave it on the ground ; a rabbit will eat peel and all.
There is a marked difference also in the method
pursued by a rabbit and a rat when eating a turnip,
as observed by Mr. R. M. Barrington. If the turnip
is growing, and a portion of the bulb is still in the
ground, a rat generally eats all round it and leaves
the centre for the last ; whereas a rabbit begins at one
side and works right through to the other side. A
rat will bite off the rind, as a hare does, and will leave

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT vf

it in chips on the ground ; a rabbit, as just remarked,
will eat peel and all. Rats very often will leave a
turnip half eaten to go to another ; but if they mean
to consume the bulb, they invariably finish in the
middle. The top falls over at last with a truncated
portion of the bulb attacked.

In pointing out some of the most marked dif-
ferences which exist between a rabbit and a hare,
allusion has been made ¢uéer alia to that which exists
in the relative length of the limbs, and this is cor-
related with the different mode of retreat adopted by

«the two species. A rabbit seeks safety by conceal-
ment in a burrow; a hare seeks safety in flight.
Obviously the greater length of the hind legs in the
latter animal gives greater power and speed, and this
is especially noticeable when a hare is going uphill.
The shorter limbs of the rabbit are useful in other
ways, namely, for throwing out the soil behind it when
burrowing, and for giving the alarm to its companions
by thumping on the ground, and so attracting the
attention of those within hearing.

The advantage of having a white under-surface
to the tail is also apparent on reflection ; for when,
on the approach of an intruder while rabbits are
out feeding, those nearest to him begin to scuttle
away, the little white flag in motion at once attracts

8 THE RABBIT

the attention of others, and all speedily make for
their burrows.

One of the most important differences between
the rabbit and hare is the condition of the young
at birth. In the case of the former, the young are
born underground, and are blind at birth;! in the
case of the latter they are deposited in a ‘form’ on
the surface of the ground, and are born with the eyes
open. This difference is correlated, no doubt, with
the divergent habits of the two species ; for the very
young leverets are so soon able to move away from the
place of their birth that they do not stand in need of °
the same protection and concealment as the blind and
helpless young of the coney.

The wild rabbit will begin to breed at the age of
six months, and may have half a dozen litters in a
year. Early rabbits will breed the same year. The
period of gestation is twenty-eight days, and the
number of young in a litter is generally from five to
seven.

' In the case of a rabbit in captivity it was observed that
the doe went 29 days with young, which were not only born
blind but with their ears closed ; nor could they move them
until the tenth day. On the eleventh day they began to see ;
on the twelfth their ears were quite open, and on the thirteenth
day they could erect their ears. They shed their first coat
when about three months old.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 9

Instances in which rabbits have produced their
young aboveground, like hares, have been occasion-
ally reported, but cannot be regarded as common. A
good deal depends upon the nature of the soil in the
locality frequented by them. For example, on moors
where the soil is very wet, rabbits will sometimes
refrain from burrowing, and content themselves with
runs and galleries formed in the long matted heather
and herbage. In very stony ground, too, where
burrowing is more laborious, they will sometimes
merely scratch a slight hollow, and make a ‘form’
like a hare. In Zhe Field of December 2, 1876,
Mr. W. Southam, of Durrington, near Amesbury, re-
ported a typical case of a rabbit breeding above
ground. On November 27, a flat ‘form,’ like that of
a hare, was found in turnips, and contained four
newly born young. Unluckily the old doe was shot
as she left the ‘form’ before it was discovered.
Another observer, Mr. John Cordeaux, of Great
Cotes, Lincolnshire, found four young rabbits a few
days old ina bare fallow field in the Humber marshes.
They were nestling together in a slight hollow bedded
with down. There was no covert or shelter whatever
for them, the nest being as bare and exposed as that
of a lapwing. In some cases in which newly born

10 THE RABBIT

young have been found aboveground, it is quite
likely that they may have been temporarily removed
by the parent from some source of danger, as, for
example, the flooding of the burrow by heavy rain.
Under such circumstances these animals will quickly
remove their young, carrying them one at a time in
the mouth, as a cat does her kittens. One of the
oddest places in which to find young rabbits, that we
can call to mind, was the body of a ‘scarecrow.’ It
had lain in a field, near Oakham, since the previous
autumn, and consisted of an old bag stuffed with
straw. Inside this, the following spring, were found
five young rabbits.!

Although the regular breeding season with rabbits
is from February until September, does in young are
sometimes killed as late as November ? ; but this is
not a common occurrence, and is perhaps to be attri-
buted to the prevalence at the time of very mild and
open weather.

The practice of ferreting and shooting rabbits
after the close of the shooting season, say, after the

‘ Although many cases have been reported of hares going
to ground, generally when pursued and hard pressed, we are
not aware that any instance has been noted of a hare producing
young in a burrow. White hares constantly seek refuge in
rocks—that is, in holes under rocks and stones.

2 The Field, December 14, 1889.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 11

first of February, has always seemed to us a repre-
hensible one. As above stated, rabbits begin to
breed in February, and while there can be no satis-
faction in shooting does that are scarcely able to run,
a great deal of cruelty is thoughtlessly perpetrated by
killing rabbits whose young ones are consequently
left to die of starvation in the burrow. Keepers, by
way of excuse, will assert that they have not had time
to kill the rabbits by the end of the shooting season.
But this is nonsense. There is plenty of time if they
choose to do it, and without disturbing the coverts
too, for they can ferret and catch them in nets, a
proceeding which, if quietly and properly carried
out, will not unduly disturb the pheasants. In our
opinion, rabbits should not be maintained in such
numbers that they cannot be killed down, so far as
is necessary, between September 1 and February 1.
Humanitarians, no doubt, would advocate a close
time for rabbits in the spring; but, in view of the
extraordinary rate at which these animals increase,
and the adverse nature of existing legislation, as indi-
cated by the Ground Game Act of 1880, it is extremely
doubtful whether such a measure would be generally
acceptable.

One may tell an old rabbit from a young one
by feeling the joints of the forelegs. When the

12 THE RABBIT

extremities of the two bones which unite to form the
joint are so close together that no space can be felt
between them, the rabbit is an old one. On the
other hand, if there is a perceptible separation at the
joint the animal is a young one, and is more or less
so as the bones are more or less separated. Another
mode of distinguishing the two is by the claws, which
in an old rabbit are very long and rough, in a young
one short and smooth. The latter also has a softer
coat.

When fresh killed a rabbit will be stiff and the
flesh white and dry; when stale it will be limp, and
the flesh will have a bluish tinge.

When taken young and domesticated, wild rabbits
not only become soon accustomed to the altered con-
ditions of life, but will live for many years in captivity.
One, which was captured in Buckinghamshire when
about ten days old and brought to London, had
the run of the house and area, was tame, amusing,
and cleanly in its habits. It would follow the cook
about like a dog, and was a constant playmate in
the nursery. In these circumstances it lived for six
years. !

A wild rabbit, which had been captured in
February, 1873, when only a few weeks old, and was

1 The Field, July 16, 1892.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 13

brought up by hand, was reported to be alive and
well in its eleventh year,!

The average weight of a wild rabbit may be set
down at from 3 lb. to 3$1b., or about the same
weight as a good wild mallard, or a cock pheasant ;
but, as in the case of pheasants, much depends upon
the abundance or otherwise of food, and the differ-
ence in weight between rabbits on a light soil,
with nothing but innutritious grass to feed upon,
and those from highly cultivated farm-lands, growing
plenty of roots and clover, is very noticeable. In
The Field of December 3, 1892, it was noted that a
rabbit, shot in Lincolnshire, weighed 41b. ro oz., and
several have been recorded which weighed consider-
ably over 41b.?- An old buck, killed in the snow just
before Christmas, weighed 4 1b. 13 0z. before being
paunched, and this was in a district where no fresh
stock had been introduced to increase the size.
Under similar conditions, at Newport Pagnell, in
January, 1890, one which attracted attention from
its size was found to turn the scales at 4 lb. 14 oz.

Rabbits weighing 5 lb. and upwards, although of
course not common, have several times been reported.
One such, killed at Hambleton, South Buckingham-

1 The Zoologist, 1883, p. 173.

2 See The Field of September 30, 1893; October 17 and
November 21, 1896.

14 THE RABBIT

shire, weighed 5 Ib. 2 0z.; and another, caught by a
dog at East Molesey, just below Tagg’s Island, was
stated to have weighed 5 lb. 10 oz. when paunched.'
A correspondent at Lichfield wrote word, in February,
18go0, that he had obtained one which weighed 6 lb.
all but 2 oz., and was of opinion that it was a pure-
bred wild rabbit.

When so-called wild rabbits of such extraordinary
size are reported, there is naturally some reason to
suspect that they must be the result of a cross with
tame rabbits, that have been turned down, if not on
the same ground, at all events on adjoining land ;
and in some cases this has been proved to be so.
For example, in Zhe Field of February 14, 1891,
Mr. G. M. Chamberlain, of Stratton Strawless, near
Norwich, wrote to report that he had shot a rabbit in
one of the coverts there, which weighed no less than
64, lb. ; but the following week a former agent on
the estate announced that he well remembered several
half-bred animals being killed there in 1881, and that
on inquiry he had discovered that tame ones had
been turned down to increase the size, and that
some killed that ‘year were marked with white.

We regard it as a mistake to turn down tame
rabbits on a sporting estate, for although the result no

! The Field, January 7, 1888.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 15

doubt will be to increase the size of the progeny, that
is not what is wanted if they are to afford sport with
the gun, and tame rabbits will not burrow, but live on
the surface like hares. The desideratum is a strong
active rabbit with the highest possible turn of speed,
and not a clumsy animal that can hardly be made to
move. In a warren, of course, where rabbits are only
reared for market, and are always ferreted and netted,
or trapped, the case is different ; speed counts for
nothing, and the heavier the animal the better will be
the market price obtained.

Size may be increased by cutting if desired,!
although for sporting purposes, as above remarked,
no advantage will be gained therefrom.

It is remarkable that insular forms are always
much smaller than those on a mainland, and a
notable instance of this may be observed in the
rabbits on the island of Porto Santo, Madeira. This
feral breed, however, is known to have descended from
some which were turned down about the year 1418
by Gonzales Zarco. They are now much smaller
than their European relatives, being nearly one-third
less in weight; the upper parts are much redder
and the lower surface greyer, while the tail is reddish
brown above.

' Daniel, vol. i. p. 486.

16 THE RABBIT

Rabbits exist on the Saltee and Keragh Islands
off the coast of Wexford, and on the Island of
Inishtrahull, Co. Donegal; but evidence is wanting to
show whether they are smaller, lighter in weight, or
darker in colour. This might be ascertained, and it
would be interesting also to obtain statistics on these
points from some of the western isles of Scotland ; for
instance, from the Isle of Handa, Sutherlandshire,
where rabbits are very abundant.

Within certain limits, wild rabbits are subject to
some variation in colour, without any admixture from
tame stock. White, black, sandy, and silver-grey are
all well-known varieties, and although they cannot be
said to be common, several localities might be men-
tioned in which there is an unusual preponderance of
either white or black ones.! White ones may be
seen any day in Bosworth Park, Leicester, and on the
estate of Mr. Joseph Lescher, of Boyles Court, Essex ;
and black ones occur sporadically in Cheshire, notably
in the large warrens of Lyme Park, and not infre-
quently in the coverts of Mr. Assheton Smith, of
Vaynol, North Wales. Dr. Laver, in his recently
published work on the mammalian fauna of Essex,

1 See The Zoologist, 1866, p. 385; and Zhe Essex Naturalist,
vol. ii. p. 33, and vol. iii. p. 25.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 17

states that a silver-grey rabbit is generally black in its
first coat.

‘ Silver-greys’ can be readily reared in the open,
and there is no difficulty in keeping them apart from
the ordinary wild stock ; but they have nothing to
recommend them from the sportsman’s point of
view, and the value of their skins at the present day
is hardly sufficient to warrant any special outlay in
rearing them.

The question whether rabbits and hares ever
interbreed is one that is frequently asked, and appa-
rently many persons believe in its possibility. They
point to the so-called ‘Belgian Hare’ or ‘ Leporine,’
which they assert is a well-known hybrid between
these two species. That the animal is well known
there is no doubt; it appears at every rabbit and
poultry show of importance, and special prizes are
offered for the most typical specimens. Its appear-
ance, too, is that of a hybrid hare; but the resem-
blance is merely superficial. About forty years ago
a breed of rabbits originated in Belgium which some-
what distantly resembled the ordinary brown hare, and
some enterprising breeder pretended that he had suc-
ceeded in crossing the hare with a rabbit, and that
these were the produce. Since this introduction the
so-called ‘ Leporines’ have been bred repeatedly, with

c

18 THE RABBIT

a twofold object—to increase size, and ostensibly to
develop a rabbit of the form, colour, and fur of the
wild hare.

After what has been stated above as to the very
different condition of the rabbit and hare at birth—
the young of the former being naked and blind, while
those of the latter are clothed with fur and with their
eyes open—it needs not much reflection to conclude
that a cross between these two animals is a physio-
logical impossibility. No scientific investigator who
has taken due precautions has ever succeeded in
obtaining such a hybrid.

The so-called ‘Leporine’ is merely a large
domesticated variety of the common rabbit, resem-
bling a hare in form and colour. On examination it
will be found that its forelegs are not above half the
length of those of the common hare, and if the fur of
the back be turned up, it will be seen that the hair
next the skin is quite dark instead of light coloured.
The experiment of turning out ‘ Belgian Hares’ for
the purpose of increasing the size of the ordinary wild
rabbit has often been made, and with partial success ;
but as they are very tame and confiding, and never go
to ground (for tame rabbits never burrow), they easily
fall a prey to vermin and poachers. If it is desired to
increase the size of the rabbits on ground where they

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 19

are reared only for the market, and not for sporting
purposes, the best mode of procedure is to net a wild
buck rabbit and place it with a Belgian doe in a
partially darkened loose box in a stable otherwise un-
used. When they have been long enough together,
the buck should be restored to liberty, and the off-
spring, when weaned, turned into different burrows.
It will not answer so well to catch a wild doe and
place it with a Belgian buck, for the wild doe does not
breed so readily in captivity. The progeny in the
former case always resemble the wild rabbit more than
the so-called Belgian hare.

The rabbit is usually regarded as one of the
most timid of animals, seldom permitting a very near
approach (unless when in a ‘seat’ it believes itself to
be undiscovered) and usually taking to flight at the
least alarm. The case is different, however, when a
doe has young to look after. Her maternal courage
is then displayed in a way that is sometimes asto-
nishing.

One day in September 1890, while Mr. Randolph,
of Modbury, Wiltshire, was passing through a wood,
he observed a weasel hunting a young rabbit about
the size of a man’s fist. He stood still to watch the
result, The chase did not last long, for the young
rabbit soon gave up, and the weasel killed it. An old

c2

20 THE RABBIT

rabbit, presumably the parent, suddenly dashed out
upon the scene from a bank, and fairly ‘went for’
the weasel. The latter turned tail at once and aban-
doned his prey. But the old rabbit still continued
to follow him with the greatest fury till she had driven
him completely off the ground.

On another occasion, in October, 1891, a game-
keeper in the service of Mr. Deacon, of Southborough,
Tunbridge Wells, on going through a wood saw a
stoat which had caught a young rabbit, playing with
it as a cat does with a mouse, letting it go and then
catching it again. Before the keeper could interfere,
he saw a full-grown rabbit, probably the doe, rush
out of some underwood close by, knock over the
stoat, and carry off the young one in itsmouth. The
stoat, on recovering itself, followed through the under-
wood, but presently reappeared in retreat pursued by
a couple of rabbits.

A friend of the writer resident in North Wales
was once witness to a similar incident when the
aggressor was a crow. A young rabbit had strayed
a little too far from the mouth of the burrow, when a
carrion crow suddenly alighted close to it, and ina
series of hops gave chase, and was about to seize it.
Suddenly from the mouth of the burrow an old rabbit
came with a rush, and going full tilt at the crow,

LONILSNI TWNYSALVIN

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 21

knocked it over before it could get out of the way.
The discomfited bird, with a hoarse croak, scrambled
on to its feet and hastily took flight.

Nor are these exceptional cases. Similar instances
of the courageous behaviour of rabbits in defence of
their young have been from time to time recorded.!

In one of the instances above related it will be
observed that the parent rabbit, after driving away a
stoat, carried off her young one in her mouth. It is,
perhaps, not generally known that both hares and
rabbits transport their young in this way, just as cats
will carry their kittens, or dogs their puppies. Many
such instances have come under our notice, more
often in the case of hares, which convey their young
in this manner, when they have been discovered, to a
place of greater safety.

It is somewhat curious that, notwithstanding the
fierce way in which both rabbits and hares will defend
their young, they seldom attempt to bite anyone
when taken from a net, or on being picked up when
wounded by shot. The writer in twenty-five years’
experience, during which time he must have shot and
seen others shoot thousands of rabbits, has never

1 See Couch, Z/ustrations of Instinct, p. 231; The Essex
Naturalist, vol. ii. (1888), p. 71; The Field, September 8, 1888,
September 20, 1890, November 7, 1891, May 7, 1892, Octo-
ber 7, 1893, and August 14, 1897.

22 THE RABBIT

personally witnessed anything of the kind. Pre-
sumably, therefore, such instances are rare, although,
from time to time, a few have been recorded. The
head-keeper at Craigincat, Perthshire, reported, in
January, 1894, that, having shot at and wounded a
rabbit, he sent a spaniel to retrieve it, when to his
surprise he heard the dog howling. On running to
see what was the matter, he found that the rabbit had
caught hold of the dog by the lip, and the dog was
howling and swinging the rabbit round and round
trying to get rid of it. Eventually the rabbit let go,
and the dog retrieved it. A somewhat similar case
was reported by Mr. 5. E. Moony, of The Doon,
Athlone. His keeper was about to take a rabbit out
of a trap, and had seized it by the hind legs, when
the rabbit made a sudden snap at the man’s other
hand and fixed its teeth in his thumb sufficiently
deep to draw blood. Although this man had been
engaged in trapping rabbits for nearly thirty years,
he stated that he never before knew a rabbit to
retaliate.

In December, 1893, Mr. H. Selby, of Stoborough,
near Wareham, was severely bitten by a rabbit that
he was picking up after it had been shot through the
hind quarters. Its teeth met through the thickest
part of the flesh inside the third finger of the right

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 23

hand, and the wound, having begun to fester, had
to be poulticed. Mr. Eustace Banks, of the Rectory,
Corfe Castle, who reported the case in Zhe Field
of February 17, 1894, mentioned this as the only
instance of a wounded rabbit biting that had come
to his knowledge, and he considered it therefore
of very rare occurrence. On the other hand, Mr.
J. Simpson, ef Wortley, Yorkshire, whose excel-
lent book on the rabbit we shall have occasion to
quote later on, thus commented on the occurrence:
‘Until reading the notes which have appeared lately
in The Field, 1 was under the impression that it was
pretty well known that rabbits would bite when pro-
voked. I have been bitten a number of times by
both tame and wild rabbits—the latter in a tame state
—and on every occasion it happened when I had
incautiously put my hand near a nest of young. The
doe sprang with a bound at my hand and gave just
one severe grip. I got so well aware of this when
a boy, that I used always to collar the doe before
putting my hand on the nest.’

Here, it will be observed, the attack was made
in defence of the young, which is a different matter
from the case of a rabbit biting when wounded, an
event, as above stated, of fortunately rare occurrence.

As to the comparative speed of hares and rabbits

24 THE RABBIT

some difference of opinion prevails. On this point
we are disposed to agree with Mr. Allan Gordon
Cameron, of Ledaig, N.B., who, writing in Zhe Meld
of November 30, 1895, gives the following result of
his experience :—

‘ My brother and I used to course both hares and
rabbits on Costa Hill in Orkney, where the turf is
smooth and undulating, the grass, storm-swept with
Atlantic spray, remarkably sweet, and the hares and
rabbits constitutionally vigorous. .A little greyhound
bitch we had, who was wonderfully smart at getting
away, used to account for most of the rabbits lying
outside a radius of fifty yards, or thereabouts, from
the burrow ; but she could not have picked up a hare
in a similar distance ; and sometimes a strong hare
dipping over the cliff after a long run, would fairly
beat our four dogs—two of them powerful brutes, that
would stop a, deer single-handed. Our impression is
that a rabbit gets up its top speed at once, and has
no spurt at a pinch ; but a hare requires pressing, will
not get properly extended unless pressed, and answers
splendidly to every effort of the dogs that may be
almost touching her.’

A rabbit is said to run faster than a hare for
thirty-five yards ; and no one would think of com-
paring the two but for the few seconds that elapse

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 25

after arabbit is pushed from its ‘seat’—when it runs
its fastest—and after the hare is started, uncertain,
timidly cantering off, but occasionally racing away
at a speed which few four-footed creatures excel. The
rabbit, with its short legs, only half the length of a
hare’s, and its shorter body, twists and swerves aside
with a jerky motion, and really seems to be going at
a tremendous pace. The hare, with her long legs,
and the stride and grace of a racehorse, moves away
so evenly that most people do not realise her true
speed. No one who has shot at a hare can doubt
her superior pace.

Sportsmen who shoot much over marshes, and
districts where dykes and drains abound, must have
noticed that hares, and occasionally rabbits also, will
take to the water when hard pressed. Hares have a
great liking for sitting out upon the higher ground of
the saltings, and there, of course, when overtaken by
a spring-tide, they are sometimes forced to swim the
creeks in order to reach dry land. Rabbits probably
have less occasion for exercising their swimming
powers ; nevertheless they have been occasionally ob-
served toswim well. In October, 1897, Mr. H. Sharp,
author of an excellent book on ‘Wild Fowling,’ was
one of a party shooting hares on an Essex ‘salting.’
During the day much amusement was caused by the

26 THE RABBIT

boldness of a rabbit, which, on being disturbed from
a snug ‘seat’ in a tuft of grass, made straight for a
wide creek, and entering the water, struck out boldly
for the opposite side, carrying the head well elevated,

and progressing at a good pace.

Mr. G. H. Warrender, of Springfields, Wolver-
hampton, reported that one day in September, 1890,
he was walking along a canal side, when he saw a
young rabbit, apparently about a month old, on the
towing-path. He chased it a few yards, when he was
astonished to see it leap into the canal and swim
like a water-rat to the far side. This occurred in the
morning. He had occasion to pass the same spot
in the evening, when he saw something plunge into
the water on the towing-path side, which he thought
at first sight was a water-rat, but on closer observa-
tion, it proved to be a young rabbit—the same,
probably, which he had seen leap into the canal in
the morning. He pulled it out of the water and
put it on dry land, when it ran off into a small
covert, apparently little the worse for its aquatic
adventure.

The appearance presented by a rabbit when
swimming, as compared with a squirrel and stoat, is
well shown in a sketch by Mr. J. G. Millais, at page
44 of his work on ‘ British Deer’ (1897). For the

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 27

purpose of obtaining accurate pictures of the various
modes in which wild animals swim, he had live speci-
mens caught and placed in the water, and then rowed
alongside them for some distance, until he had made
correct outline sketches.

Although rabbits are strictly speaking terrestrial
rodents, they occasionally show a tendency to arboreal
habits. Strange as it may appear, they will ascend
the sloping trunks of trees, not only when pursued by
a dog and no burrow is near, but also from choice.
Naturally they climb best on a tree which has rough
bark or ivy on it, and which has been blown or is
leaning out of the perpendicular. Sometimes they
will occupy the hollow of a decayed tree, at other
times the crown of a pollard. Instances are on
record of rabbits being found in such situations, at
heights varying from seven to ten or twelve feet from
the ground.! Colonel Hawker, in his ‘Instructions to
Young Sportsmen’ (p. 256), mentions a case of a
rabbit being found sitting in a tree; and a friend of
the present writer claims to have accomplished the
unique feat of shooting ‘a rocketting rabbit,’ which,
on being dislodged from a tree, sprang into the air

1 See Zhe Field of December 20 and 27, 1879; Janu-
ary 10, 1880 ; July 7, 1888; March 14, 1896, and February 20
and 27, 1897.

28 THE RABBIT

and received a charge of No. 6 shot before it reached
the ground !

Rabbits are unquestionably the kind of stock to
make the finest turf ; they bite closer than any other
animal that grazes, and the best turf for gardens is that
taken from warrens, or from downs on which rabbits
abound. Sandy commons, covered with furze, are a
favourite resort of rabbits, and on such ground they
often increase rapidly in numbers. The soil being
light and friable is easily excavated, and the furze
affords, not only a secure retreat, but a never-failing
supply of food in the young tops of the plants, which
are sufficiently tender before the spines have become
matured.

In the choice of food rabbits do not appear to be
very particular. They will eat almost anything that
is green. Indeed, so destructive are they to most
plants and young growing trees, that it is a matter
of importance to game preservers, who want under-
wood in the coverts as shelter for pheasants, to
ascertain what shrubs are ‘rabbit proof? Common
rhododendron, though not absolutely ‘rabbit proof,’
is not so liable to be attacked as many other shrubs.
It will grow in shady places better than any other
evergreen, especially if the soil is sandy and moist.
But, although as a rule rabbits will not injure

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 29

rhododendrons when the latter are well established,
they will gnaw them when freshly planted, unless
protected, like Aucubas. It is said that they will not
touch Rhododendron ponticum, even if the plants are
small and the winter severe. Nor will they feed upon
Elder, which has the recommendation of growing well
under trees, and when pleached (or ‘ plashed,’ as it is
termed locally) rabbits will lie well under it. They
are not to be trusted near Hollies or young Osiers.
Indeed they seem to be rather partial to Hollies, and
in time of snow will attack even old trees. In hard
weather, too, both Laurels and Privet suffer from their
depredations. The larger kinds of Box, Snowberry
plant (Symphoricarpus), and Butcher’s Broom (Ruscus
aculeatus) are recommended where the soil is favour-
able to their growth, and, for wet places, Scarlet Dog-
wood (Cornus sanguinea). In moist woods, too, a
good thing to plant is Carex pendula, a common
sedge, which forms good evergreen ground covert,
and is very free. In like soil the Wood-rush, Briar,
and Wood-grass (A7va) may be recommended.

In the way of berried shrubs nothing is more
beautiful than a well-grown specimen of Cofoneaster
affints. Every year it is laden with bunches of glossy
red berries. It is well adapted for planting along the
edges of game coverts, as it affords plenty of food for

30 THE RABBIT

pheasants, which are very fond of the berries. Pro-
bably the more it is exposed to the influence of the
sun the more freely does it produce its beautiful
clusters of fruit.

Apropos of ornamental plants, we may usefully
give here, on the recommendation of Sir Herbert
Maxwell, the following list, which he tells us ! contains
well-nigh all the ornamental shrubs which may be
relied on to defy the attacks of rabbits ; although
there are others, such as the American Partridge berry
(Gaultheria), and several kinds of Barberry which, if
protected when first planted out, can take care of
themselves afterwards :—

Azalea, rhododendron, honeysuckle, fly honey-
suckle (Zonicera xylosteum), tree peony, lilac, syringa,
snowberry, hardy fuchsia, spurge laurel (Daphne
laureola and Daphne mezereum), St. John’s wort,
spindlewood (Euonymus europaeus), guelder-rose
(Piburnum Opulus), wayfaring-tree (Viburnum Lan-
tana), \aurustinus, cotoneaster, hawthorn, dogwood,
sea buckthorn (/iippophacé rhamnoides), spireea, deutzia,
and all kinds of Aedes and arbutus.

Before leaving the subject of shrubs suitable for
planting where rabbits and hares are numerous, it
may not be superfluous to notice some that will thrive

' Memories of the \onths, 1897, p. 92.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 31

under the drip of trees ; for this is a matter of some
importance in coverts composed of forest trees of
large growth with very little underwood. Here it is
not a question of food, but shelter, and nothing is
more annoying to shooters when walking through such
woods ‘in line’ than to see all the ground game going
forward, just out of shot, for the reason that there is
nothing to hide them. The owner of the covert
will perhaps say he can get nothing to grow under
the spread and drip of the trees. This need not
necessarily be so. Several shrubs might be named
which will thrive under such conditions; but the
planter would be well advised if, instead of scattering
the different kinds singly all over the ground at wide
distances apart, he were to plant them in clumps—
say, each plant three to four feet apart—and a mixture
of a few kinds in masses, taking care to keep the low-
growing and less straggling sorts next to the wood-
rides. Amongst those adapted to such treatment may be
mentioned : Common and Portugal laurels; Rhododen-
dron ponticum ; Azalea pontica ; Taxus baccata , Ruscus
aculeatus and R. hypoglossum ; Cotoneaster buxifolia,
C. microphylla and C. Hookerit ; Pernettya mucronata
(for peatsoils); PAiddyrea, of sorts ; Rhamnus alaternus ;
Broom ; Leycesteria formosa, Box, of sorts ; Juniperus
communis and J. Sabina, Potentilla fruticosa; Buddleta

32 THE RABBIT

globosa,; Viburnum Lantana and V. Opulus,; Gaultheria
Shallon ; Ribes, of sorts; Weigelia rosea; Euonymus
europaeus, Berberis Aquifolium, B. dulds, B,. Darwinit,
B.vulgaris,and 2. vulgaris purpurea; Hippophaé rham-
notdes, and Hl. angustifolia ; Arbutus Unedo, Garrya
elliptica ; Rosa rubiginosa ; Symphoria racemosa,

A writer inthe weekly journal [Voods and Forests

remarks : ‘It is difficult to get two people to agree as
to the trees with which rabbits and hares meddle.
Some experienced planters say that these animals cut
Pinus Laricio very much if planted small, but do not
touch Prxus austriaca. Now, as for the latter, I can
confidently assert that they cut it more than any other
of the pine tribe. With me they have attacked and
thoroughly destroyed fine plants of it four and five
feet high. A neighbour, who has planted Prvuzs
Laricio (I have none except guarded), says that it is
‘rabbit proof,’ and on his assertion I have now planted
some hundreds. The fact is, I believe, in a really
severe winter, rabbits will attack anything. In a deep
snow I have had yews eaten down, but in the gene-
rality of years certain things escape.’

Yews cannot be recommended for planting in
game coverts, for although the leaves may be eaten
with impunity by rabbits, as is the case with goats, it
is otherwise with pheasants, several instances having

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 33

been reported in which these birds have been picked
up dead, and found on examination to have their
crops filled, or partly filled, with yew leaves! Death
seems to have been due to the action of the poisonous
leaves producing inflammation of the digestive organs ;
but why well-fed pheasants should sometimes eat
yew leaves, and on other occasions pass them un-
touched, it is difficult to explain. Shirley mentions a
case in which deer were poisoned by eating yew at
Badminton in Gloucestershire.”

M. Barbier, of Orleans, writing in December, 1892,
recommended the Corsican pine as the only tree un-
touched by rabbits where planted with Pinus sylvestris
and black Austrian pine; but this only shows that
where several different kinds are growing together,
the Corsican pine may be the least appreciated. Ina
woody district in Sussex, where a field was planted with
this, it was found that nearly every plant was gnawed
and injured. Although the shoots are not always
eaten, they are often nibbled, and pieces taken off the
bark, so as to cause the resinous sap to run down.

The unsightly appearance and cost of smearing
make it of very little use. Extensive plantations are

‘ See The Field, November 25 and December 2, 1876; De-
cember 20, 1890 ; September 17, 1892, and November 11, 1893.
° English Deer Parks, p. 245.
D

34 THE RABBIT

often formed of small trees less than a foot high, and
even if there were both time and means to smear the
stems of every one of these little trees with one or
other of the compounds which some people recom-
mend, the rabbits would still take off the tops and
leave the smeared stumps. The idea is absurd, from
the standpoint of an extensive planter ; for 20,000
trees, of the size referred to, do not go far in planting
even a small field.

In young plantations where rabbits and hares
abound there is nothing so effectual as wire-netting
until the trees are strong enough and tall enough to
be out of the way of their attacks.

For permanent protection the best fence is an
iron-bar fence, wired with a one-inch mesh to the top,
or, say, to a height of 4 ft., with 6in. of wire under-
ground ; 3 ft. 6 in. might do as well, but generally it
will be found best to wire to the top of an ordinary
iron-bar fence, so that all danger from snow, leaves,
and stock getting through may be effectually avoided.
For larch plantations, and for temporary work, 3 ft.
6 in. wire may be used. As a rule, it is advisable to
use simple iron supports for the wiring of young
plantations, rather than stakes cut out of underwood
for supporting the netting, as these rot very soon.
Larch poles are an exception, however, and good

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT — 35

stakes of larch, well put in, will probably last as long
as the young wood needs protection.

Fences, designed to keep rabbits only out of young
plantations, may be made to cost considerably less
than one shilling per yard. A rabbit-warren fence
4ft. high, with flap-turned top and bottom, is made
of 14 in. wire netting, ‘strong,’ 36 in. wide for the top
of the fence, and 1} in. netting, 24 in. wide, for the
bottom, costing together about 4os. per 100 yards ;
stout oak stakes to match, one yard asunder, No. 4
galvanised wire rope for the top, double or single,
annealed wire to support the turned-in flap, staples
and labour, complete, all done by the piece, cost from
1s. to 1s. 3a. per yard run, and will resist cattle and
horses.

It is, perhaps, not generally known that, in addition
to old roots and hay, which make the best winter food,
rabbits are fond of acorns, and fatten well on them.
The oak, indeed, is an invaluable tree in game
coverts ; for not only rabbits, but pheasants, wood-
pigeons, and wild-ducks are all very partial to acorns,
and feed greedily on them. Mr. J. Simpson, of
Wortley, recommends them especially for feeding
rabbits in warrens. Writing in Zhe Meld of Decem-
ber 9, 1893, he says :—

‘For the last five years the rabbits in the warren

D2

36 THE RABBIT

here have considerably exceeded the average weight
of wild rabbits, although I believe, and am told by
visitors, that the number on the ground is altogether
unprecedented ; but this season (December, 1893)
they are larger and fatter than usual, which I attribute
to the unusually heavy crop of acorns shed by a
number of old oak trees growing here and there in
the warren. As soon as the acorns began to drop, the
rabbits attacked them, and now nothing but the husks
are left, scattered like chaff on the pasture, for the
rabbits eat the kernel only. I had the curiosity to
make a post-mortem examination of two killed pro-
miscuously for use, weighing together nearly 7 Ib.
after paunching, and was struck by the large amount
of fat in both, the kidneys being quite bedded in fat.
Rabbits, such as you buy, are usually almost destitute
of fat, and in our case, no doubt, it is due to the rich
nourishing acorn food, which contains an enormous
percentage of potash, lime, and phosphoric acid. The
rabbits have been remarkably lively also, and the fur
of those killed is fine and dense. As acorns, when
moderately plentiful, can be collected by children for
8d. or 1s. per bushel, it will be understood what an
excellent and cheap supply of food is often available
for rabbit warrens, where a bushel goes a long way.
Acorns are often collected in this way for deer in

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 37

hundreds of bushels. As there has been no mortality
among the rabbits worth mentioning, I conclude that
acorns may be supplied freely in large quantities.’

In addition to acorns, such pasture as they can
get for themselves may be supplemented by hay,
crushed oats, and wood-cuttings for the sake of the
bark. This of course applies rather to warrens and
to places where the food is restricted by reason of
enclosure with wire-netting.

Where rabbits are not restrained within certain
limits, but are able to get out and roam where they
list in quest of food, they can generally manage to get
a living without any such assistance as that above
indicated, even in districts which look most bare and
unproductive. It would not be supposed that there
is much nourishment to be derived from sand-grass,
for example; and yet, in the sand-hills by the sea
the rabbits are generally in very good condition. The
mention of sand-hills reminds us of a ‘dodge’ for
bolting a rabbit without the aid of a ferret when the
burrow happens to be within reach of the sea-shore,
and the footprints of the occupant show that he is
‘at home.’ Having obtained a lively specimen of a
shore crab, produce a piece of wax or composite
candle, about an'inch in length, and having stuck it
on the back of the crab with a few drops of melted

38 THE RABBIT

wax, light the wick, and start the bearer of it down
the burrow. The rabbit will probably come out in
such a hurry that the crab will be knocked over, and
the light will be put out, but that will be of little con-
sequence if the rabbit is also knocked over by a well-
directed charge of shot.

If it were not for the extraordinary fecundity of
the rabbit, the number of litters to which a doe will
give birth in a year, and the number of young pro-
duced in each litter, the species Lepus cuniculus, with
such a host of enemies, foremost of which is man, must
long ago have become extinct. As if it were not
enough to face the gun, and run the risk of capture
by ferret, gin, brass wire, or drop-down net, the
unfortunate ‘Bunter’ has a host of natural enemies
to contend with, both furred and feathered. Fore-
most amongst these, perhaps, because so pertinacious
a pursuer, hunting by scent, is the stoat (AZustela
erminea), who need never go without a dinner where
rabbits abound. He will not only enter a burrow like
a ferret and cause the inmates to bolt, but will pursue
a rabbit in the open like a foxhound, and sooner or
later overtake and kill him. The present writer has
on several occasions been an eye-witness of both
these manceuvres, and, standing motionless to watch
the performance, has been struck with the courage

STOAT HUNTING RABBIT

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 39

and pertinacity displayed by a stoat in attacking and
vanquishing an animal so very much larger and
heavier than itself. It has been already shown, how-
ever (p. 20), that in defence of her young a plucky
doe rabbit finds courage enough to attack a stoat,
and will even succeed in repulsing him altogether.

While the stoat will boldly hunt a rabbit wnder-
ground (an example which its smaller relative the
weasel essays to imitate, though, from its diminutive
size, it can take toll of comparatively small rabbits,
preferring mice and small birds), the fox will lie in
wait for rabbits of any size when adoveground, and
usually captures them by stealth or stratagem.

The badger will dig down upon the young at the
end of a burrow and scratch them out, as may be
seen by the marks of his claws in the soil, and bits of
fluff that lie scattered about near the scene of his
operations. There is, perhaps, no greater enemy to
young rabbits than the common brown rat, not only
on account of his ferocity, size, and weight, which
amounts sometimes to 2 1b. and upwards,! but also
because he comes not singly but in droves. During
the summer months rats quit the barns, stables,
out-houses and styes, where they have been hiding

' See Zhe Field of January 11 and 18, 1896; January 2
and 9, 1897.

40 THE RABBIT

throughout the winter, and pilfering in all directions,
and take to the woods and fields, just as Londoners quit
town for change of air when the fine weather sets in.
In the woods they take heavy toll of the pheasants’
food, eggs, and young pheasants, too, when they are
hatched, unless the gamekeeper looks sharp after
them and keeps down their number. In the fields
they take to the hedgerows, and especially frequent
such banks as have been already perforated by
rabbits. Here they have a fine time of it until the
ratcatcher comes along with his ferrets and ‘ varmint’
dogs, and does his best to clear them out.

In a dry summer we are accustomed to hear com-
plaints of a scarcity of rabbits, and the complainants
usually attribute it to the drought. Probably the dry
weather has nothing to do with it, and the true cause
should be looked for in one of two directions : either
the rats are out for their ‘autumn manceuvres,’ and
the country wants ferreting, or the rabbits have been
too long isolated, and fresh stock needs to be im-
ported. They inter-breed to such an extent that if
new blood be not introduced from time to time their
numbers will eventually decrease.

From the above remarks it will be gathered that
the stoat and the rat are rivals in the chase of the
wild rabbit; they are also deadly enemies. The

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 41

stoat, like a good sportsman who hunts his quarry by
scent, evidently looks upon the rat as a poacher, and
whenever he encounters him in his hunting forays
‘goes for him’ at once.

We have watched stoats hunting both rats and
rabbits, and were once witness to a most determined
fight, on a road which crosses a Sussex common,
between an average-sized stoat and an enormous rat,
which was certainly much heavier than its adversary.
This fight, which was a trial of ‘weight versus science,’
ended in favour of the stoat, which killed its adversary
and dragged it off the road into the furze on the
common,

We are not at all in favour of exterminating
stoats. Where rabbits are plentiful a few stoats will
not do them much harm, and, as above hinted, will
do good in keeping down the rats, and thus saving
the pheasants’ food and the pheasant chicks. Rats,
being so much more numerous than stoats, will do
much more mischief than the latter where game and
rabbits are concerned.

The list of natural enemies of the rabbit would not
be complete without mention of the cat, which, from
its stealthy actions and skill in stalking, proves itself
on occasions to be an expert rabbit-catcher. This is
especially the case with the cats of cottagers who live

42 THE RABBIT

in proximity to game coverts. These animals get into
the habit of leading a roving life, gradually become
confirmed poachers, and sooner or later fall victims
to a trap or a charge of shot. Occasionally a cat
will take up its abode temporarily in a rabbit burrow,
and many instances are on record of cats being
bolted by ferrets, to the astonishment of those who
were anxiously expecting the appearance of a rabbit.!

The following note from Mr. R. B. Lee is to the
point. He writes: ‘On two occasions, during a
period extending over about a dozen years, have I
been ferreting rabbits when a cat has bolted from the
hole. The first time I thought it a most unusual
occurrence ; the second time I was accompanied by a
gamekeeper and a clever rabbit-catcher, both of
whom had had previously a similar experience, and
said that a cat was more easily driven by a ferret than
any other animal. It is, however, but seldom a cat
lays up in a dona fide rabbit burrow. Some years
ago I shot over ground which included a large extent
of rock, in which there were crevices and long under-
ground passages—not rabbit burrows properly, but
still holding a great number of rabbits. These holes
were favourite retreats for the semi-wild cats with which
the place was infested ; and certainly our ferrets had

) See Zhe Field, February 14, 21, and 28, 1885.

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 43

often less difficulty in making them bolt than they
had the rabbits.’

It is, of course, well known that cats, when deprived
wholly or in part of their young, will suckle the young
of other animals, and they seem to take very kindly
to young rabbits. This usually happens when the
latter are purposely supplied to them ; but instances
are on record in which cats have been known to bring
home young rabbits on their own account, and nurse
them with care. Mr. H. D. Nadin, of Burton-on-
Trent, writing on May 17, 1890, says: ‘A cat kept
by the blacksmiths in their shop at a colliery in which
Iam interested, gave birth to three kittens a short
time ago. One of these died at once, and the mother
was much distressed by the loss. She accordingly
made a journey across some fields to a rabbit warren
distant about a hundred yards, whence she obtained
and carried back a young rabbit (about ten days old),
which she suckled along with the two remaining
kittens, treating it in every way as if it were her own
progeny. This she continued to do for four days, but
during that time she gradually became uneasy, as the
workmen persisted in coming to view the novel sight.
She then commenced to carry both the kittens and
rabbit about, and on the fifth day they were not
to be found. After a good search, however, the two

44 THE RABBIT

kittens were found alive under a heap of scrap iron,
but the rabbit was not found until some time later, in
a different part of the building ; but, when discovered,
was unfortunately dead. The men left the rabbit with
the cat, I suppose to convince her of its decease ;
but, sad to relate, on returning a short time later,
found she had made a meal of it. I regret the cat
had not been removed to a quiet spot ; but the fact
that she herself carried a former lot of kittens to the
place where these were born, led the men to suppose
she would rest quietly where she was.’

So much for the ‘furred enemies’ of rabbits.
Amongst their ‘feathered foes’ may be named the
golden and white-tailed eagles, both of which prey on
them habitually (as they do also upon hares), sweep-
ing round a hillside, and carrying them off unawares
before they can get to ground. Only last autumn a
friend of the writer witnessed the capture of a rabbit
by a golden eagle in Scotland, and as the great bird
sailed away with its booty, which was held by the head
in one foot, the body of the rabbit was seen swinging
like a pendulum, as long as its captor remained in
sight. The common buzzard, as well as the rough-
legged buzzard, are both partial to rabbits, but take
them in a different manner. They will sit on the
limb of a tree at the edge of a covert, and wait till the

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 45

rabbits come out to feed. As soon as one of them gets
far enough out from the fence, the buzzard will glide
noiselessly down and pounce upon his back in an
instant. Escape is then hopeless, for the powerful
talons grip him like a steel trap, and his fate is sealed.
The goshawk is so good a rabbit-catcher that its
skill in this respect is turned to excellent account by
falconers, who train this bird to do, for their amuse-
ment, what it habitually does for its own living. Of
this we shall have more to say later, when dealing
with this particular branch of sport in which the
rabbit is concerned. -

One more bird deserves a passing notice in this
connection. The brown owl, known also as the
tawny or wood owl, although preying usually on rats,
mice, field voles, and small birds, is by no means
averse to taking a young rabbit when it gets the
chance. But probably only the very small ones fall
victims in this way, for it has neither the strength nor
the weight sufficient to hold a heavy old buck or doe
in the frantic efforts which it would make to escape.

When dealing on a preceding page with the
subject of the maternal instinct which prompts an old
rabbit to attack an intruder in defence of its young
(p. 20), mention was incidentally made of the way in
which a carrion crow was driven away when on the

46 THE RABBIT

point of killing a tiny rabbit, which had incautiously
wandered too far from the parental burrow, and it
is probable that most of the crow family, and
particularly the carrion crow and the raven, are cun-
ning enough, now and then, to secure a young rabbit
for supper, in spite of the vigilance of its courageous
parent.

Rabbits, like other animals, have their ailments ;
and few people probably would suspect the variety
of diseases to which they are subject. Amongst the
chief causes of disease are over-stocking, breeding
in-and-in, and living and feeding on tainted and
unwholesome ground. To these causes may be attri-
buted enteric or typhoid fever and tuberculosis—
maladies which sometimes manifest themselves with
such virulence as to give rise to a general and alarm-
ing mortality.

Occasionally rabbits are found lying dead in all
directions. This may arise from ‘scouring ’ produced
by a flush of grass after a dry season, or (if fed) by
giving too much green food, or food that is too wet
with dew or rain upon it. But sometimes rabbits will
die when about half grown, which, on examination,
will be found to have been suffering from an enlarged
abdomen and tuberculous liver. It is a true saying
that prevention ts better than cure, and this especially

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 47

holds good in the present case, for cure is out of
the question ; the only rational treatment being the
extirpation and removal of the diseased animals, and
the introduction of fresh, healthy stock when the
ground, after a dressing of salt and lime, has recovered
its pristine freshness, and become wholesome.

Salt, though not a direct ‘plant food,’ has an
important indirect effect upon the potash, lime, and
magnesia in the soil, affecting their decomposition,
and rendering them in an available condition to be
taken up by the roots; in other words, salt acts as a
purveyor to the plants. Lime, on the other hand, is
a direct ‘plant food,’ and indirectly it acts in many
important ways, neutralising poisonous acids, and
causing the decomposition of organic matter. The
application of these manures, therefore, will be found
to increase the amount of herbage considerably. The
land should be first dressed with gas lime, say, three
tons to the acre, and subsequently with salt, say
2 cwt.

Quite distinct from tuberculous liver is the dis-
ease known as ‘pulmonary tuberculosis,’ caused by
the presence in the lungs of a parasitic worm, S¢ron-
gylus commutatus (Filaria pulmonalis of Frolich).
Hares as well as rabbits are attacked in this way,
but from the observations of M. Megnin it would

48 THE RABBIT

appear to be less known in England than on the Con-
tinent.

Rabbits are also liable to be affected with large
hydatids, or watery tumours, which usually appear on
the hind quarters. These indicate the early stage of
a tape-worm, which is matured in the intestinal canal
of the dog. Fortunately this does not affect the
human species, so that when gamekeepers puncture
such tumours, and send the rabbits to market, there
is no danger to be apprehended by the consumer.
Should, however, a rabbit thus affected be eaten, or
partly eaten, by a dog, the germ will develop into a
mature tape-worm, whose eggs, when perfect, are voided
by the dog, and swallowed on the herbage eaten by
rabbits. They then produce, not tape-worms, but the
original hydatid, which again gives rise to a repetition
of this series of changes.

The researches of the late Dr. Spencer Cobbold,
and other helminthologists, have demonstrated the
curious fact that tape-worms and other entozoa found
in the intestines of men and animals, pass the early
stages of their existence in a larval form in the flesh
of animals on which man feeds ; and, seeing how in-
strumental a dog may become in spreading disease of
this kind, it is obviously of importance to prevent use-

less curs from wandering about the fields and coverts,

NATURAL HISTORY OF THE RABBIT 49

lest, by feeding on infected rabbits, they finally infect
others in their turn. We may appropriately quote
here Dr. Cobbold’s salutary caution to owners of
sporting dogs. ‘Sportsmen,’ he says, ‘who care for
the welfare of their dogs should never allow them to
devour the entrails of hares captured in the field. In
the county of Norfolk I have myself witnessed this
piece of carelessness on the part of keepers, and have
ventured to remonstrate accordingly. Almost every
hare (and the same may be said/of full-grown rabbits)
harbours, within its abdominal cavity, a larval parasite
(Cenurus pistformis), which, when swallowed by the
dog, becomes transformed into a tape-worm (Zena
serrata) varying from two to three feet in length. In
harriers and greyhounds this serrated tape-worm is
very abundant, but in other dogs it is comparatively
rare.’ This significant fact should not be lost
sight of.

If we examine a rabbit thus affected we find the
hydatid or tumour, sometimes as big as a filbert, sur-
rounded by a couple of investing membranes, the
outer one belonging to the unfortunate host, the inner
one being part of the hydatid itself. On opening the
body cavity, it will be found to contain amongst the
viscera hundreds of the smaller pisiform species of
hydatid which, when eaten by dogs, becomes the

E

50 THE RABBIT

Tenia serrata. These hydatids, which, as above
stated, are produced from the minute eggs of the
tape-worm voided by the dog and swallowed with
herbage by the rabbit, cause the emaciation and
ultimately the death of the unfortunate animal they
infest.

Those who may desire to pursue this subject
further should consult a paper, by Dr. C. W. Stiles,
‘On the Tape-worms of Hares and Rabbits,’ printed
in the ‘Proceedings of the United States National
Museum’ (vol. xix. 1896, pp. 145-235), in which will
be found two plates illustrating tape-worms of the
rabbit. Dr. T.S. Palmer, ina Report on the Rabbits of
the United States, observes: ! ‘Many persons have a
prejudice against eating rabbits because at certain
seasons they are infested with parasites, or because the
flesh is supposed to be “strong.” This prejudice, how-
ever, is entirely unfounded. The parasites of the rabbit
are not injurious to man; furthermore, the ticks and
warbles occur at a season when the rabbit should not
be killed for game, while the tapeworm can only
develop in certain of the lower animals, as, for ex-

ample, in the dog.’

! U.S. Department of Agriculture, Bulletin No. 8 (1896).

SI

CHAPTER II

THE WARREN

IN its original sense the word ‘warren,’ old French
warenne and varenne, later garenne, medieval English
(e.g. in ‘Piers Plowman’) waveine, and Low Latin
warenna, signified a preserve in general, and came
subsequently to be restricted to an enclosure especi-
ally set apart for coneys and hares. ‘Coney-close ’
(‘ Paston Letters,’ iv. 426) had the same meaning, and
‘coney-garth’ (Palsgrave), ‘garth’ signifying in the
North of England, according to Ray, a small en-
closure adjoining a house. Halliwell, who also gives
this meaning,! adds that of a ‘warren.’ In almost
every county in England, as remarked by the editor
of the ‘Promptorium Parvulorum,’ near to ancient
dwelling-places the name ‘Coneygare,’ ‘ Conigree,’ or
‘Coneygarth’ occurs, and various conjectures have

1 Dict. Archaic and Prov. Words.

52 THE RABBIT

been made respecting its derivation, which, however,
is sufficiently obvious.!

From ‘warren’ we get ‘warrener,’ Latin wart-
narius (‘ Prompt. Parv.’) corrupted into the surname
Warner.

When considering the precise meaning of the
word ‘warren’ at the present day, we have to
distinguish between what is indicated by the legal
expression ‘free warren ’and what is popularly known
as awarren. The latter is merely an enclosed field,
or piece of down-land, in which coneys and hares are
reared. Any one may have such a place, and it would
be protected under the Larceny Act (24 & 25
Vict. c. 96, 8. 17); but its possession gives none of
the rights of ‘ free warren,’ which can only be derived
by a grant from the Crown—a privilege no longer
extended *—or by prescription or long use, which pre-
supposes or implies a grant.

The right of ‘free warren’ is a franchise in that
sense of the word which implies an exemption from
ordinary rule, and attached to its original creation
was the condition of keeping others off the land. It
confers upon the grantee the exclusive right to kill or

‘ See Hartshorne’s observations on names of places in
Salopia Antiqua, p. 258.
? Woolrych, Game Laws, p. 26.

THE WARREN 53

take ‘beasts and fowls of warren’ within certain
limits, and to prevent others from killing or taking
them, even on lands of which they are the free-
holders.

As to what species are, or were, included amongst
‘beasts and fowls of warren’ there is some little con-
flict of opinion. Manwood, in his ‘Treatise and
Discourse of the Lawes of the Forrest’ (the first
edition of which was printed in black letter in 1598),
asserts that this expression included the hare, the
coney, the pheasant and the partridge, ‘and none
other,’ justifying this definition from the ‘ Register of
Writs,’ and ‘Book of Entries, which show that in
every case in which an action was brought by any
grantee of free warren against a trespasser, the state-
ment of claim invariably ran ‘et lepores, cuniculos,
phasianos, et perdices cepit et asportavit.’ He was
quite clear, therefore, that the ‘ beasts and fowls of
warren’ were limited to these four species. In
Coke’s report of Sir Francis Barrington’s case (8 Rep.
138) the same definition is given ; but in his treatise
upon Littleton the Lord Chief Justice enlarges con-
siderably, as though a much longer list of species
was allowed in his day. He says: ‘There be both
beasts and fowls of the warren; beasts, as hares,

coneys and roes (called in records capreo/i) ; fowls of

54 THE RABBIT

two sorts, viz. derrestres and aguatiles ; terrestres of
two sorts, st/vestres and campestres ; campestres, as
partridge, rail, quail, &c. ; sé/vestres, as pheasant and
woodcock, &c.; aguatiles, as mallard, herne, &c.’
‘The validity of this definition was questioned in a
celebrated case, the ‘Duke of Devonshire v. Lodge’
(7 B. and C. 36), in which the defendant was charged
with shooting grouse on land over which the plaintiff
claimed the right of free warren. The shooting was
admitted, and the only question to be decided by the
Court was whether a grouse was a bird of warren.
Manwood being considered a higher authority on the
Forest Laws than Coke, it was held that a grouse is
not a bird of warren. Lord Tenterden’s judgment
in this case puts the matter very tersely and clearly.
He remarked, ‘ The franchise of free warren is of great
antiquity, and very singular in its nature. It gives a
property in wild animals (animals fere nature), and
that property may be claimed in the land of another,
to the exclusion of the owner of the land. Such a
right ought not to be extended by argument and
inference to any animal not clearly within it. :
Relying, therefore, upon Manwood’s doctrine, he
non-suited the plaintiff.

A right of free warren differs from the right of
forest, chase or park in that the latter implies the

THE WARREN 55

ownership of the soil; while the former is an incor-
poreal right, and does not necessarily imply any right
to the soil, the reason being that a franchise of warren
may be claimed by prescription, but land cannot, the
title by prescription being only applicable to incor-
poreal hereditaments.! The right of free warren has
usually been granted to the lord of a manor over the
demesne lands of the manor,? ze. such lands as are in
the lord’s own hands, though sometimes over Crown
lands when it is a warren in gross. As to the privi-
leges of an owner of a free warren, he may not only
prosecute a trespasser who is in pursuit of beasts and
fowls of warren, whether he be a stranger in the
locality, or a tenant of lands within the limits of the
free warren, but he may also kill any dogs found
hunting in his warren, whether they are doing damage
at the time or not. His rights, moreover, are ex-
pressly safeguarded by Section 8 of the principal
Game Act (1 & 2 Will. IV., cap. 32). Free warren is
not forfeited by non-user, and it is important to note
that an occupier of land within the limits of a free
warren is not entitled, under the Ground Game Act
of 1880, to kill rabbits on the land in his occupation,

1 Earl Beauchamp v. Winn, L.R. 6 H.L. 223.

2 The words of the ancient grant were, ‘quod ipse et
heredes sui habeant éeram warrenam in omnibus domdnicis
terris suis in A. in comitatu B.’—Manwood, fol. 23.

56 THE RABBIT

as he would otherwise be at liberty to do were no
such franchise claimed by the lord‘ of the manor.
This point was made clear by the case of ‘ Lord
Carnarvon v. Clarkson.’ The question arose under
Section 5 of the Ground Game Act, which provides
that ‘ Nothing in the Act shall affect any special right
of killing or taking ground game to which any per-
son other than the landlord, lessor, or occupier may
have become entitled before the passing of this Act
by wirtue of any franchise, charter, or Act of Parlia-
ment.’ Lord Carnarvon was lord of the manor of
Highclere, Hampshire, and at the same time a person
‘other than the landlord,’ and he claimed the fran-
chise of free warren over the land of which Mr.
Clarkson was the occupier. This deprived Mr.
Clarkson of the benefit of the Statute, and the opera-
tion of this saving clause (Sect. 5) is curious ; for it
enabled Lord Carnarvon to do as ‘lord of the manor’
what the Act expressly prevents him from doing as

?

‘owner ;’ in other words, the lord of the manor is
thus placed in a better position than the landlord.
A report of the case will be found in Zhe Field of
May 18, 1895. It did not come into court, but
was settled practically by the occupier admitting
himself to be mistaken in his interpretation of the

Statute.

THE WARREN 57

The lord of a manor with a grant of free warren
generally may place his coneys wherever he pleases,
either within the manor, or elsewhere, and not even
a commoner can interfere with him. Under the
altered conditions, however, which regulate sport, and
the requirements of agriculturists at the present day,
it is doubtful whether any one so circumstanced
would think of asserting his strict legal right to such
an extent as this. If he has a warren by prescription,
he may use his right according to the accustomed
privilege, but not further. If he has it by grant, he
may go to the extent of his grant, but not beyond ;
and in these cases, according to Serjeant Woolrych
(‘Game Laws,’ p. 31), it seems to be the same
whether there be or not any difference between
‘warren’ and ‘free warren,’ z.c. whether the limited
right should be termed ‘warren,’ and the more en-
larged franchise ‘free warren.’ On the other hand,
no action will lie against a lord of the manor for
keeping coneys on land over which he has a right of
warren.

Any owner of a warren, whether enclosed or not,
may prosecute a trespasser for killing rabbits or hares
there. The remedy is specially provided by Section
17 of the Larceny Act (24 & 25 Vict. c. 96), which
runs as follows :—‘ Whosoever shall unlawfully_and-

58 THE RABBIT

wilfully, between the expiration of the first hour after
sunset and the beginning of the last hour before sun-
rise, take or kill any hare or rabbit in any warren or
ground lawfully used for the breeding or keeping of
hares or rabbits,! whether the same be enclosed or
not, shall be guilty of a misdemeanour~: and whoso-
ever shall unlawfully and wilfully, between the begin-
ning of the last hour before sunrise and the expiration
of the first hour after sunset, take or kill any hare or
rabbit in any such warren or ground, or shall at any
time set or use therein any snare or engine for the
taking of hares or rabbits, shall, on conviction thereof
before a Justice of the Peace, forfeit and pay such
sum of money not exceeding five pounds as to the
Justice shall seem meet.’

We shall have occasion later on to refer to further
points of law when dealing with other portions of the
general subject.

Having now briefly glanced at the subject of

' The ground must be used maz7/y for that purpose, for if
only a few rabbits are kept, for example, in a rick-yard mainly
used for other purposes, this offence would not be ‘committed
(Regina v. Garratt, 6 C. & P. 369). In the case of Bevan v.
Hopkinson (34 L.T. 142), where B. was caught with rabbits at
night in a field forming part of a farm over which H. had the
right of shooting, the Justices found as a fact that this field was
not a warren within the meaning of this Act, and convicted B.
of night poaching, under 9 Geo. IV. c. 69, s. 1.

THE WARREN 59

warrens from the legal aspect, and having thus ob-
tained, as I trust, a clear conception of the meaning
of the term in its twofold signification, we may pro-
ceed to consider some of the more important details
connected with the formation and general manage-
ment of a warren.

It will be gathered from what has been already
stated, that a warren may be unenclosed, and of con-
siderable extent, as, for instance, when on sandhills
by the sea, or upon open down-land ; or it may be
of comparatively small size, say, forty or fifty acres,
and enclosed for greater protection. The larger the
feeding area, of course, the better, and the less need
is there for enclosure, unless cattle or sheep are
allowed to graze in the vicinity, since the rabbits have
less incentive for straying, and the very openness of
the ground gives greater security, for it makes it
more difficult for an enemy to approach unséen. It
is naturally otherwise when the warren is confined
to a comparatively small area, for to prevent them
from straying in search of ‘fresh woods and pastures
new,’ it becomes necessary to confine them within
stone walls or a rabbit-proof fence, which may serve
the double purpose of preventing the rabbits from
getting out, and other creatures from getting in.

The question of soil is of the first importance, for

60 THE RABBIT

upon the suitability or otherwise of the ground
selected the success of the undertaking will, in a
great measure, depend. A stiff clay soil, for example,
is very undesirable ; nor can rabbits burrow properly
where the ground is too rocky. What suits them
best is a light sandy soil, and peaty ground, as on
moorlands, will do well enough provided it does not
lie so low as to become flooded after heavy rain, in
which case, of course, the young rabbits would be
drowned, and the older ones driven out of house and
home. ‘Burrows in flat ground,’ says Mr. Simpson of
Wortley, ‘are the cause of serious loss, for during
heavy and sudden rains, the holes become reservoirs
into which the water quickly drains, and drowns the
young rabbits.’ In an old warren in his neighbourhood,
which is level—and where the rabbits are forced to
burrow on the flat surface—not a year passes without
serious loss from drowning. Two years in succession
it was reckoned that nearly the whole of the first
brood was lost. After a storm every burrow would
be full of water, and numbers of very young rabbits
might be seen lying dead, floated out at the mouths
of the holes.

Hilly, sloping, or undulating ground, with a light
soil, is what one would naturally select if available ;

failing this, heavy land may be treated in such a way

THE WARREN 61

as to counteract, ina great measure, its natural dis-
advantages. For example, on a clay soil, wherein
rabbits evince a disinclination to burrow, their com-
fort may be secured by artificially throwing up
mounds of earth on the surface, and sowing them
with grass seed. Mr. Simpson recommends that
such mounds should be thrown up in parallel lines,
about roo yards apart, They are easily made,
and will cost about 9d. per cubic yard to throw up.
They may be about four yards wide, and three feet
above the ground line at the apex. In making them,
the following directions should be given to the
labourers: ‘Set out a circular piece of ground, four
yards wide, and round that a ring a yard wide. Dig
the soil out of the outer ring, and throw it roughly
into the centre, gradually making a conical heap,
with holes here and there, formed by rearing up on
end two large sods, and placing them gable-wise.
Above this the earth should be piled loosely till the
desired height is attained.’

With this incentive to begin digging on their
own account, the rabbits will soon complete these
excavations, and form regular burrows. Mr. Simpson
notes the importance of having them so made at first,
that the rabbits can find shelter in them at once,
and when fresh stock is introduced into a warren, the

62 THE RABBIT

animals should always be put into the burrows on
arrival. Strange rabbits, he says, if put down in the
open, will wander round the outskirts at the fence,
and will lie and sulk for some time before they find
a burrow ; whereas when put into the burrows they
stick to them, and are sooner at home. When a
mound is finished, it should slope with a curve to the
bottom of the trench out of which the soil has been
dug, where it will be about five yards in diameter.
Should the soil or subsoil be of such a nature as to
cause the rain water and drainings from the heap to
stand in the trench, grips or drains should be made
to the nearest field drain or outlet to let the water off.
The object of having these mounds of moderate
size, and about 100 yards apart, is to ensure the
rabbits cropping the pasture regularly in every part,
from beginning to end of the season, and a greater
distance than roo yards apart is not desirable, as
experience will soon prove. Besides, rabbits breed
best in small colonies. If there be objections to the
mounds being so close, they may be put wider apart,
but they must be proportionately larger. Two men
will throw the heaps up in a very short time, and
should the ground come to be used for any other
purpose, they can be quickly levelled down again.!

' See some very practical remarks on ‘ Artificial Rabbit
Burrows’ in 7he Field of March 18, 1893.

THE WARREN 63

The success of a warren, however, depends on the
burrows being distributed regularly over the pasture.
If this be attended to the rabbits will eat all the
grass, and be proportionately prolific : otherwise loss
is certain.

It should be observed that this excellent advice of
Mr. Simpson is chiefly applicable to warrens in which
rabbits are bred for the market, and are taken by
means of ferrets and nets, or with a specially con-
structed ‘trap-fence.’ Where the warren is laid out
for the purpose of shooting, something more than
this is required. For example, it will be found a
good plan to throw down heaps of faggots, which
afford excellent temporary shelter from wind and
rain. Rabbits love to lie under them, snug and dry,
and previous to a day’s shooting the stacks may
easily be ferretted, and the rabbits, when driven out,
prevented from returning by surrounding the stacks
with wire-netting, which can be afterwards removed.

From what has been already stated, under the
heading of Disease (p. 46), it will be seen that it is
of great importance that the ground should not
become stale or tainted, if a healthy stock of rabbits
is to be maintained ; and to prevent this one can
hardly do better than follow the advice of Mr. Lloyd
Price, whose experience in such matters is well
known. Herecommends that portions of the ground

64 THE RABBIT

should be fenced with wire-netting, and crops of
clover, oats, or beans grown within the enclosure.
When these have been carried, or partly so, the wire-
netting may be removed, and the rabbits allowed
access to this reserved ground. By changing the
position of these plots the rabbits get access periodi-
cally to fresh untainted ground, and thrive ac-
cordingly.

Mr. Simpson doubts the probability of the land
becoming what has been termed ‘ rabbit-sick’ if it is
dressed—as he has practised annually—with a good
dressing of gas lime and salt. It may be imagined
that this offensive-smelling manure would be injurious
to the rabbits, and prevent their feeding on the
ground treated with it. This supposition, the author
maintains, is a fallacy, as, so far from the gas lime
being repulsive to rabbits, they will even make their
burrows in a heap of it.

He attributes the failure of many of the old
warrens to the fact that thousands of rabbits have
been removed from them year after year, and perhaps
forty to fifty thousand pounds weight of meat and
bones taken away annually, and nothing put back.
His estimate of the number of rabbits that can be
kept on an acre of grass, properly manured with gas

' As to this, see under heading ‘ Disease,’ p. 47.

THE WARREN 65

lime and salt, is from fifty to a hundred per year.
On the larger inclosed warren at Wortley Hall, which
is only partially stocked (77 acres of park land with
some covert adjoining), the average number of rabbits
taken up each year has been 3,000, which is about
forty rabbits per acre, and a good deal of grass is left
uneaten. It is not to be inferred from this, however,
that a warren half the size would produce the same
number of rabbits to the acre. No doubt half the
number of acres will suffice to feed 3,000, but they
require space as well as food or their domestic
arrangements will be sadly interfered with. Over-
crowding means interference with the does when
suckling, and there ought to be room enough to
obviate their being disturbed, as they would be if there
were too many occupants of one burrow. If a warren
is to pay for maintaining there is no need to waste
half the food it will produce. This implies a loss.
If there is to be a profit, the area and the feed upon
it should be no greater than is actually required to
support the stock. The question how many rabbits
should go to the acre can only be answered in general
terms, for it is obvious that an acre: in one county
may contain double the quantity of food found on
another where the soil and the nature of the vegeta-
tion may vary considerably.

66 THE RABBIT

It goes without saying that, where shooting is the
object in view, the more natural covert there is upon
a warren—in the shape of gorse, fern, heather, or
tussocks of grass—the better, not only for the rabbits,
but also for winged game, especially partridges and
woodcock. Natural shelter of this sort is always
attractive to the latter, and the enjoyment of a day’s
rabbit-shooting is always heightened by coming
suddenly upon a covey that lies well in such ground
or flushing (and, let us hope, bagging) an unexpected
woodcock.

The amount of fencing which may be required to
protect a warren adequately must depend wholly
upon circumstances. The ground may be so situated
as to be surrounded either wholly or in part by stone
walls, which only require to be topped with wire to
constitute an efficient rabbit-proof barrier. Where
this is the case a considerable saving of expense
may be effected ; for all that is needed, after stopping
holes and crannies, is to surmount the wall with wire-
netting, laid on sticks a yard long, in such a way as
to slope inwards, and so prevent the rabbits from
jumping out, the sticks being kept in their places
by heavy stones, and earth rammed into the inter-
stices.

Where no such boundary walls exist, one must

THE WARREN 67

have recourse to fencing, the cost of which, according
to Mr. Simpson, need not exceed one shilling per
yard. For this outlay one may construct a fence
which will keep in the rabbits, prevent their burrow-
ing under or leaping over, and strong enough to turn
cattle or ordinary trespassers. The fence is made
with two sizes of wire-netting ; that at the bottom
must be at least 18 in. wide, with 1} in. mesh, as a
larger mesh lets through the younger rabbits, which do
not return. The upper wirework is 2} ft. wide, with
a msin, mesh, This wirework is supported by oak
or larch posts, 54 ft. long, charred at the bottom.
The netting is placed inside the posts, which are driven
eighteen inches deep, a yard apart, so that they stand
four feet out of the ground. Each piece of netting is
folded so that part of it is horizontal ; six inches of the
lower netting lies flat on the ground—this, it is found,
prevents the rabbits burrowing under; and six inches of
the upper netting, also, is turned in horizontally, and
is supported by bolts and a wire, so as to prevent the
rabbits running up and leaping over. The tops of
the posts are secured by being connected with stout
wire, either plain or barbed, the latter making it cattle
proof. This wire is found to prevent the entrance
of foxes.

Where sheep or cattle are allowed to graze on the
F2

68 THE RABBIT

outside of a warren there is always a risk of their
breaking down the wire-netting by pressing against it
from the outside in their attempts to reach the herb-
age within, and some further precaution on this score
may be necessary. To obviate this danger Mr. Lloyd
Price recommends that short posts, standing a foot
above the surface of the ground, should be driven in
outside the warren fence, and about two feet away
from it, and that a barbed wire should be run along
the tops of them ; that is to say, at a height designed to
catch the knee of an animal proceeding to examine
the permanent fence with a view to offensive opera-
tions ; and when once any beast has had a taste of
its quality, the low, inoffensive-looking wire is always
avoided most carefully in future, thus saving the
regular fence from much ill-usage in the shape of
horning, rubbing, or other attacks. Of course, this
little extra precaution adds to the expense, but it is
an excellent safeguard.

If the warren is not intended to be shot over, but
is merely maintained for the purpose of breeding
rabbits for the market, they may be taken either by
ferreting and netting, or by means of an ingenious
contrivance designed by Mr. Simpson, and termed
by him a ‘ rabbit trap-fence.’ This is a long piece of
wirework, as long as the covert to be worked, say, 50

THE WARREN 69

or too yards. It is reared up and temporarily sup-
ported on its whole length with stakes, the bottom
just touching the ground. Parallel to it another
length of fencing is set up, the lower part of which
projects inwards, and is supported by a number of
pieces of loose stick, propping it up every twenty feet.
When the rabbits come out to feed they run under
the first netting, the lower part of which is open, but
cannot pass the second ; and a man who is concealed
at some distance pulls a galvanised wire, which upsets
the whole of the sticks holding up the flap of wire,
which consequently falls down, and as many as 500
rabbits have been caught at once between the two
fences.

As there are probably many landowners who would
prefer to lay out a warren on a less extensive plan
than that advocated by Mr. Simpson, it may be well
to quote here the experience of Mr. J. H. Leche on
a warren of forty acres only, as described by him in
The Field of February 24, 1894. He writes :—‘ The
total acreage is about forty acres, of which seventeen is
grass only, with no burrows on it; the remainder is
young covert, about twenty years old. Part of that
which is planted is sandy, and part clay subsoil; the
open part is, generally speaking, strong soil. It was in-
closed in April, 1893, and when we shot it, we killed

70 THE RABBIT

exactly 1,000 rabbits to six guns before luncheon.
Only seventy of these were killed in the open, and the
rest were killed crossing rides, in the part which is
wood. ‘The wood is divided down the centre bya
broad grass ride, and there are eight cross rides. In
August and September 250 live rabbits were turned
into the warren which had not been bred there.
About October 1 (or three weeks before we shot) I
found the rabbits were very thin, and between then
and the time we shot they consumed about fifteen
loads of swedes, two bags of Indian corn, and two
trusses of best hay. Inferior hay is of no use;
rabbits will not eat it, or, if they do, it does them
very little good. The hay was placed under sheets
of corrugated iron, supported by four ordinary stakes.
By this means it was kept dry—a most important
thing to see to, for unless kept dry rabbits will scarcely
look at it. The swedes were grown on a piece of
land inside one of the coverts, which was ploughed
for the purpose, and, having the old turf in it, the
land required no manure of any kind. Since we shot
I have had every rabbit I could get hold of destroyed,
and I re-stocked the warren about the last week in
January. Altogether about 1,100 rabbits were killed.

‘The open part of the warren is land worth, say,
12, per acre to farm, and I have limed all the rough-

THE WARREN 71

est part, applying about five tons to the acre, and
since then it has been moss harrowed. The part
which is eaten off bare will be dressed with a light
application of dissolved bones, also the main ride
down the centre of the wood.

‘You cannot have a large stock of rabbits, year
after year, on a small warren like this, without periodi-
cally doing something to help the land upon which
you keep them ; but, by clearing the ground for three
months every year, and occasionally liming, I believe it
to be quite possible ; and I see no reason why a rabbit
warren should not pay if you do not shoot the rabbits,
but watch the markets, and either trap or net them.’

Trapped or snared rabbits should realise, say,
2s. gd. a couple ; shot ones 25. 8d. acouple ; taking
out, of course, any badly shot, and sending only good
sound rabbits to market.

It is important to bear in mind the difference
between farming a warren for profit, and laying it out
for sporting purposes. In the former case you may
have four or five times as many rabbits to the acre as
can be maintained in the latter case. Mr. Simpson,
referring to the former, writes:—‘I know, and am
sure, that fifty rabbits can be produced to an acre
of fair pasture ; but I should expect a hundred.’!

1 The Field, March 14, 1896. This opinion is confirmed
by another writer in Zhe Field of November 9, 1889.

72 THE RABBIT

Another correspondent wrote :—‘ In a season like
the past summer, when grass was abundant, our ground
would have produced at least 150 rabbits to the acre.
As it is, fifty to the acre have not consumed one
quarter of the pasture. Large tracts of it are still
untouched. So rank was the herbage in August and
September that about thirty cattle had to be turned
in to help to eat it down.’

On the other hand, rabbit warrens which are used
for sporting purposes only, and are not shot until
November, will not bear ten rabbits to the acre
without serious damage. \Warrens which are farmed,
and snared or netted from the end of September
onward, are not so unremunerative ; but the gun should
be discarded until the very last.

As to the effect of rabbits on pasture, a practical
observer, after three years’ experience, has remarked
that ‘a rabbit puts nothing back into the ground,
though he extracts the utmost from it. He leaves
little manure on the grass, and his droppings have
little manurial value.’ This is not the case where
rabbits are farmed in hutches, and the hutches are
periodically shifted. Major Morant, in his ‘ Profitable
Rabbit Farming,’ writes:—‘It is generally believed
that the manure of rabbits injures the ground; but
this is a great mistake: it is as beneficial as that of

THE WARREN 73

sheep.’ The question is : Do rabbits in hutches which
are frequently moved, injure or benefit pasture? ‘The
answer to this is supplied by a writer in Zhe Field of
January 11, 1896, who remarks :—‘I have had 300
rabbits in hutches on a pasture in front of my house,
and the hutches were moved twice a week. The
effect on the pasture was simply marvellous—quite
equal to the effect of sheep. The manure from fixed
hutches was sold to farmers at seven shillings for a
small cartload, and the demand was far in excess of
the supply.’

As to the profit to be made out of rabbit-farm-
ing, that must depend upon various circumstances—
acreage, and proportionate cost of fencing, rent, and
keepers’ wages, cost of winter feeding (old hay,
swedes, Indian corn, &c.), cost of dressing with gas-
lime and salt where the impoverished herbage re-
quires it (see p. 47), and so forth,

The result obtained by Mr. Simpson, in Yorkshire,
seems to have been very different from that obtained
by Mr. Elwes, in Gloucestershire, where, if we are not
mistaken, the rabbit land is poor pasture on the
oolite limestone, and not worth more than‘5s. per acre,
pastured, moreover, with sheep to its fullest capacity.
Mr. Elwes is no believer in the profits supposed to
be made out of rabbit warrens, or in the possibility

74 THE RABBIT

of keeping fifty or even a hundred rabbits to the
acre for a series of years.' As Mr. Simpson, how-
ever, has demonstrated that it can be done, and
has answered Mr. Elwes’s objections,” it is evident
that no general rule can be laid down, and that
results must in every case depend upon the conditions
under which the warren is formed, and the nature of
the ground selected for the purpose.

Whether warrens deteriorate in their productive
qualities in course of time, or not, is a disputed
question, to which Mr. Lloyd Price, however, has
given a decided answer. He asserts that if properly
managed, a warren does of deteriorate, but continues
its production per acre without cessation, subject only
to the chance of very inclement and wet seasons.
After fifteen years’ experience, he found, in 1894, that
the same land which, under sheep, yielded 2s. 6a. per
acre, produced 18s. per acre when under rabbits.

All these subjects are discussed in his book
‘Rabbits for Profit, and Rabbits for Powder ;’ and are
dealt with also by Mr. Simpson and Major Morant in
their respective treatises above mentioned.

The limited space at disposal here precludes our
discussing them at greater length. To these sources
of information, therefore, we may refer the reader

' The Field, March 7, 1896. 2 Ibid. March 14, 1896.

A WARRENER OF THE OLDEN TIME

THE WARREN 75

who is desirous of going into greater detail than we
have been enabled to do in the foregoing pages.

The duties of a warrener at the present day are
somewhat different from what they used to be when
Sam Alken, that prince of sporting artists, portrayed
the good old-fashioned sort which we see depicted
on the opposite plate—a facsimile reproduction from
his drawing. On looking at it, one cannot but
admire the sturdy and weather-beaten form accus-
tomed to work single-handed in all weathers, and the
‘scratch pack’ by which he is accompanied, any
member of which is able to catch and hold the
heaviest buck rabbit, or tackle a stoat or polecat with
the slightest encouragement.

A century ago the wold warreners were wont to
catch their rabbits with ‘fold-nets,’ with ‘ spring nets,’
and with ‘tipes,’ or tip-traps. The ‘fold-nets’ were
set about midnight, between the burrows and the
feeding ground, the rabbits being driven in by dogs,
and kept enclosed in the fold until morning. The
warrener would drive towards the net with the wind
if possible ; a side wind would do, but nothing could
be done if the wind blew over the net towards the
outlying rabbits. This is also very noticeable when
catching hares with ‘hays,’ and arises from their very
keen sense of smell.

76 THE RABBIT

A rough-coated dog, called a lurcher, smaller and
shorter than a greyhound, but somewhat of the same
build, was often used to drive the rabbits towards the
nets, and with the warrener’s training was rendered
extremely useful, for he was taught to watch the
rabbits out at feed, when he would dart on them
without the least noise, and carry them one by one to
his master, who would wait in some convenient spot
to receive them.

The ‘spring net’ was generally laid round a hay-
stack or other object likely to attract rabbits in
numbers.

The ‘tipe,’ or tip-trap, was a kind of cistern, with
a lid nicely balanced on a pin through its centre,
over which the rabbits were led through a narrow
meuse. The lid was at first bolted so as not to tip
up, and the rabbits were allowed to go through the
meuse, and pass over it for some nights until they
got accustomed to the run. The bolt was then with-
drawn, and one after another they would be tipped
into the cistern, from which, in due time, they were
‘culled’ by the warrener, who killed the fat ones, and
turned the others out to improve. By this means, at
the end of the season, the bucks and does were sorted,
one of the former being considered sufficient for six
or seven of the latter, and the nearer they could be

THE WARREN 77.

brought to this proportion, the greater was the
produce of young expected. Great precaution was
needed in using these traps, for should too many
rabbits be admitted at once, or allowed to remain for
too many hours in the closed cistern, numbers would
die from heat and suffocation, and the carcasses would
be spoiled. The cisterns, therefore, had to be care-
fully watched, and when the required number was
caught the meuse was stopped, and the trap-door
fastened. In this way it was possible to take five or
six hundred rabbits in a single night.

The trap-fence adopted by Mr. Simpson, and
already described. (p. 68), is an improvement on this
method, and has much to recommend it; but the
majority of warreners at the present day are content
to get their rabbits by trapping, ferreting, netting, and
digging out. A rabbit thus caught always fetches a
better price at market than one which has been shot,
for the skin is then uninjured, and there are no ugly
wounds, nor extravasation of blood beneath the skin,
to spoil the appearance of the meat.

When treating of the natural enemies of the
rabbit (pp. 39-44) we took occasion to allude briefly
to the stoat, weasel, polecat, fox, badger, rat, and cat.
The warrener who knows his business will not tolerate
the presence of any of these on the warren if he can

78 THE RABBIT

help it. The three first-named are best caught in one
of two ways : either in an iron trap (or gin) over which
a bait is suspended, or in a box-trap. In the former
case the trap should be set close to the wall or fence
which surrounds the warren, and on the outside, not
only to avoid catching a rabbit, but because a stoat
or weasel, in an attempt to get in, will run a long
way on the outside of the fence and quite close to it,
The bait should be suspended at a little height above
the trap, so as to cause the animal to rear up in its
attempt to reach it, and, by overbalancing, to drop
on the plate of the trap and so get caught. The trap
in this case should always be set with the catch next
the wall, for, if placed the other way, the intended
victim might not be heavy enough to weigh down the
lever and so spring thetrap. The entrails of a rabbit
or fowl make as good a bait as can be used, the smell
being attractive for a long distance. If this cannot
be procured immediately it is wanted, and a bit of
butcher’s meat has to be substituted, it may be made
more enticing by scenting it with musk, or oil of
rhodium, or aniseed. This will be attractive also to
rats and cats ; but of them we shall have more to say
later. A trap should never be re-set in the same
place after a kill, and should be handled as little as
possible, and with gloves on, for these wild creatures

THE WARREN 79

are wonderfully quick in detecting the taint of the
human hand.

The second mode of catching stoats and weasels
is by means of a good-sized box-trap, not sémg/e, like a
mouse-trap, but dowb/e—that is, to open at both ends ;
and it may be either baited with a strong smelling
bait, or have an unbaited gin set in the middle of it.
A stoat or weasel is more likely to enter a box-trap if
he can see daylight through it than if it be closed at
one end like a mouse-trap. For this reason it will
often answer well to place a gin in a culvert or drain,
or set one (unbaited) at each end. A modification of
this plan is to set a few slates or tiles in a sloping
position, and in a row against the foot of a wall with
an unbaited gin behind them on the ground. We
have caught many a rat by this plan, and it is equally
efficacious for weasels. For our own part, however,
we would not ruthlessly trap and kill every weasel
and stoat on the warren. A few of these animals, if
left to their own devices, are useful in checking too
abundant an increase of rabbits, and, indirectly, im-
proving the stock by killing the weakly ones, which
are more easily captured.

The utility of the weasel, in checking the devasta-
tion of field mice, has never been more clearly
established than by the evidence which was tendered

80 THE RABBIT

to the Committee appointed by the Board of Agri-
culture to inquire into the plague of field voles in
Scotland, in 1892. Inthe Minutes of Evidence ap-
pended to the Report of this Committee, issued in
1893, will be found numerous statements, elicited by
cross-examination of the witnesses, which tend to
prove beyond doubt that the weasel is the natural
enemy of field mice, and that no greater mistake
could be made than to destroy the former where the
latter are numerous, or threatening to become so,
The field mice did incalculable mischief in Scotland
by eating up the grass on the sheep runs, thereby
causing the sheep to starve, and consequently to
depreciate in value, while the failure of lambs was so
serious as to cause heavy loss to the farmers. It is
easy to foresee what would be the effect in a rabbit
warren if it were to be similarly over-run by field
mice, and there were no weasels to keep them in
check.

From a huntsman’s point of view, of course, foxes
are best left alone—that is, if the warren is in a hunt-
ing country. They must eat to live, and being fond
of rabbits, they will take these where they can get
them easily, and pay the less attention to pheasants and
other game. Should the warren, however, happen to
be situated in sandhills near the sea, on unrideable

THE WARREN 81

moorland, in rocky ground, or in a country unvisited
by fox-hounds, the warrener probably will not be
much troubled with conscientious scruples in regard
to the destruction of foxes, when, if they should prove
to be too numerous, a poisoned bait, an iron trap, or
a well-timed shot, will put a stop to the too rapid
consumption of coneys.

Wandering cats, as every gamekeeper knows to
his cost, are an unmitigated nuisance, and when they
take to feeding on young rabbits, of which they are
very fond, the warrener will have to put a stop to such
proceedings as soon as possible. The quickest way
to get rid of them is to shoot them, although, by the
expenditure of a little more time and trouble, they
may be cleared off by poisoning, or trapping. In wet
weather cats will walk along the wall of a plantation,
when it will be found a good plan to hollow out a
coping stone and set a round trap in it.

Rats, also, have to be reckoned with, and in
warrens are best got rid of by ferreting ; but by digging
out and bolting them, a good many may be killed
with the aid of the ‘scratch pack’ above referred to.
The ferret, however, is so indissolubly associated with
the rabbit, and so important an ally of the warrener,
as to deserve special treatment in the next chapter.

82 THE .RABBIT

CHAPTER III

FERRETING

WHEN the Romans introduced the rabbit into Italy
they introduced the custom of hunting it with ferrets ;!
and when they carried the same animal into Britain
they imported the same custom with it. The great
reason for the Roman introduction of the former
animal into both was the pleasure which they took in
hunting it with the latter. The Britons adopted what
the Romans practised, and have transmitted to us,
their successors, the Roman-Spanish hunt, and the
Roman-Spanish name for the animal employed in it ;
denominating the latter Vzverra, in Welsh Guivaer,
and in Irish -izvead, or Ferret.

The early use of ferrets is made apparent from
several sources of information. They were employed
by Genghis Khan? in his imperial hunting circle at
Termed in 1221, and are mentioned by the Emperor

) Pliny, Hest, Mat. lib. x. cap. 21.
? Ranking, Hestorzcal Researches on the Sports of the Mon-
gols and Romans (1826), p. 33.

FERRETING 83

Frederick II. of Germany in 1245, amongst the
animals used for hunting.! .

So long ago as 1390 in Richard II.’s time a statute
was passed prohibiting anyone from keeping or using
greyhounds and /yre¢s who had not lands or tenements
of the annual value of 4os. Both the /ychew and the
fyret are mentioned in ‘Thystorye of Reynard the
Foxe,’ as printed by Caxton in 1481,? and in the ‘ Book
of St. Albans’ in 1486. In the ‘ Household Book
of Lord William Howard of Naworth,’ several entries
occur which clearly indicate the employment of ferrets
and nets for taking rabbits in Cumberland in 1621.3

Many writers have asserted that the ferret is a
native of Africa, but the statement lacks confirmation
from the fact that the animal has not been met with
in a wild state in any part of that continent, where,
however, other kinds of weasels exist. The better
opinion is that the ferret is merely a domesticated
variety of the polecat, with which it is frequently
crossed for the purpose of improving the breed.
There are positively no cranial, dental, or other struc-

1 De arte Venandi, ed. Schneider, 1788, tome i. p. 3.

2 Ed. Percy Society, p. 109.

3 This volume is of much interest not only to antiquaries but
also to sportsmen from the numerous allusions which it contains
to blackgame, roedeer, woodcock, wild-fowl, salmon, &c. It
was printed for the Surtees Society in 1878.

G2

84 THE RABBIT

tural characters by which they can be distinguished,
and the brown variety of the ferret is so like a
polecat that it might well be mistaken for one. The
appearance of a ferret is too well known to require
description. With most wild animals the result of
domestication is to increase their size and weight.
With the ferret it is otherwise. The average weight of
a male polecat is 23 lb., and of a female 13 Ib. ;
no such weights have ever been recorded for ferrets.
The reason for this is no doubt to be found in the
different conditions of existence to which the two
animals are subjected; confinement, want of fresh
air, insufficient exercise, and want of warm animal
food operate in the case of the ferret to produce an
undersized, weakly, and spiritless progeny.

There can be no doubt that the more the treat-
ment of ferrets approximates to the natural conditions
of life, the hardier and better they will be, and this is
the secret of success in their management. Instead of
keeping them in a shed or outhouse, in a small hutch
with a bedding of musty straw, saturated with wet
and dirt, so productive of ‘foot rot,’ ‘sweat,’ and
other diseases, with a small saucer of sour milk and
a piece of tainted meat on which to live or starve,
they should be kept, at all events for the greater part
of the year, as much as possible in the open air.

FERRETING 85

If there is sufficient ground at disposal, a good
method of keeping ferrets is to make an enclosure with
planks set edgewise one above another, and held in
proper position with stakes. The sides should be
high enough to keep the ferrets in, and low enough to
be stepped over when necessary for the purpose of
cleaning out the hutches. The latter should be off
the damp ground, and have small openings for the
animals to go in and out, so that they may be comfort-
able and warm at night. They are thus enabled
during the fine weather to gallop about the enclosure,
bask in the sun, and breathe pure air, the result being
that they remain lively and vigorous, and free from
disease.

The most suitable food is bread and milk, or
porridge (not too wet, and by no means allowed to
become sour), varied occasionally with fresh meat in
the shape of small birds, mice, young rats, or a piece
of freshly killed and warm rabbit. This should be
tied to a staple with a bit of string to prevent the
ferrets from dragging it into their sleeping place and
thus soiling the bedding. They should never be fed
in the morning of the day on which they are to be
used, but on being brought home should have a good
supper as soon as possible, and should then be allowed
to go to sleep.

86 THE RABBIT

On commencing to’ keep ferrets it is of course
important to get hold of healthy stock, and the inex-
perienced beginner who is no judge of points must
be guided by the advice of friends, or rely upon a
good breeder. The sexes are distinguished as ‘hob’
(or ‘dog ’) and ‘jill,’ and should be kept apart except
at pairing time, when they may run together fora day or
two. Ferrets will breed twice a year, but usually only
once, in summer. The period of gestation lasts six
weeks, and the young, usually six or seven in number,
are born blind, and do not open their eyes for a month.
Within a week of their being expected, the sleeping
compartment of the mother should be closed, after
making up a fresh bed, and not be reopened for the
next five or six weeks ; for if disturbed before then
the mother will probably destroy them.

When they first show themselves outside their
sleeping box and begin to feed with the ‘jill,’ they will
require careful attention and must be fed three or
four times a day. When about ten weeks old, if
looking strong and well, they may be put in another
hutch.

As above stated the ferret will breed readily with
the wild polecat, and there can be no doubt that a
cross with the latter improves the breed materially,
for the young are stronger in constitution, and work

FERRETING 87

quicker and longer than ordinary ferrets, which after
two years get slow and lazy. The half-bred progeny
while growing up require more handling and more
work than ordinary ferrets do, or they get shy of being
picked up. The second cross is perhaps the best for
general purposes, although the first cross produces
capital ratworkers round stacks where agility is indis-
pensable.

On the subject of muzzling and coping much
difference of opinion prevails. The writer favours
the view that a ferret should never be muzzled, and
it is doubtful whether coping ought not also to be
dispensed with, as it clearly should be when hunting
rats. A coped ferret cannot kill a rabbit, but will
scratch and worry it in the attempt to do so. A rabbit
will bolt much sooner from a ferret that is free. If
the ferret be worked on a line, care should be taken
that there are no roots of trees or rocks underground,
or the line will soon get fast, and occasion much
trouble.

It will not do to handle ferrets while they are quite
young, or the old one will very likely destroy them. It
will be time enough to handle them when half grown,
and it should then be done boldly without snatch-
ing the hand away, or it will provoke them to bite.

As to the mode of transport nothing can be more

88 THE RABBIT

objectionable than the time-honoured ‘bag’ which
most keepers and warreners use to save themselves
trouble. Carried in this, a ferret is never at rest,
and is so cramped and worried as to lose half its
energy for work. Should the bag get wet, as is often
the case, either from a downpour of rain or from
being laid down on wet grass, the ferret is made
thoroughly miserable, and will take an early oppor-
tunity of ‘laying up’ in the first comfortable burrow
it enters. The best way to carry ferrets about is in a
small wooden box with a rope handle. It should be
perfectly dry, and one half may be partitioned off, with
asmall hole for ingress and egress, and be littered
down with fine shavings of willow, or deal ; or, failing
either of these, straw. Carried about in a box like
this, they will get rest, and be much more lively when
wanted for use.

In ‘entering’ young ferrets it is a good plan to
let them run with the mother, who will soon initiate
them in working a rabbit burrow. If they are slow
to follow her down a hole, she can be used with a
line and pulled back from time to time to entice them
forward. It is as well to give a young ferret its first
chance in a burrow where it will be sure to find a
rabbit, as in a short sandy hole, and to reward it with
a kill. Nor should it be worked too long at first, but

FERRETING 89

be allowed an occasional rest. If a rabbit is bolted

and shot, it should be pegged down outside the hole,
so that the ferret on coming out may find it at once,
and be rewarded. Should a ferret ‘lay up’ or remain
a long time in a hole, another ferret on a line should
be run in, and the truant dug out; hence the desira-
bility of choosing an easy place to begin with when
entering young ferrets.

A rabbit will sometimes decline to bolt, and will
be killed in a burrow; the ferret will then have a
gorge and ‘lay up.’ In that case the plan is to leave
a- boy to watch the burrow, or to set a box-trap just
outside, and visit it next morning.

An old ferret that has been used constantly in
the same neighbourhood, will learn to find its way
home like a dog. Instances of this ‘homing instinct,’
as it has been termed, have been frequently com-
mented on, and reported. See Zhe Field, January 25,
and February 1 and 8, 1873; January 23 and 30,
1886 ; March 17, 1888.

The late Dr. G. J. Romanes, in his book on
‘ Animal Instinct,’! states that on one occasion while
ferreting rabbits he lost a ferret about a mile from
home, and that some days afterwards the animal
returned. He adds: ‘I once kept a ferret as a

1 Internat. Sci. Series, vol. xli. second edition, 1882.

90 THE RABBIT

domestic pet. He was a very large specimen, and
my sister taught him a number of tricks such as
begging for food, which he did quite as well and
patiently as any terrier, leaping over sticks, &c. He
became a very affectionate animal, delighting much in
being petted and following like a dog when taken out
for a walk. He would, however, only follow those
persons whom he well knew. That his memory was
exceedingly good was shown by the fact that after an
absence of many months during which he was never
required to beg, or to perform any of his tricks, he
went through all his paces perfectly the first time that
we again tried him.’

It is perhaps not generally known that other
animals of the weasel kind, besides the ferret, are
capable of being tamed, and make very pretty and
engaging pets.

Mademoiselle de Faister described her tame
weasel to Buffon as playing with her fingers like a
kitten, jumping on her head and neck, and if she
presented her hands at the distance of three feet, it
jumped into them without ever missing. It distin-
guished her voice amidst twenty people, and sprang
over everybody to get at her. She found it impossible
to open a drawer or a box, or even to look at a paper
without his examining it also. If she took up a paper

FERRETING 91

or book, and looked attentively at it, the weasel im-
mediately ran upon her hand, and surveyed with an
inquisitive air whatever she happened to hold.

But to return to the ferret. We have already
referred to the importance of preserving cleanliness
in the hutches if ferrets are to be kept in health.
The various diseases by which they may be attacked
result chiefly from inattention to this point. Dis-
temper or sweat, red mange or eczema, and foot-rot
generally arise from the animals being kept in a dirty
condition or in a damp situation.

Three or four times a year the hutches should be
washed out and disinfected with Condy’s fluid, and
then whitewashed inside. This is the best way to
keep them clean and sweet; at the same time, of
course, attention must be paid to the bedding, which
should never be allowed to remain wet or musty, nor
should the ferrets be allowed to carry their food into
their sleeping place, for any that is left there will soon
turn sour, and become injurious.

Ferrets do not require to be fed often; once in
twenty-four hours should suffice; for if given food
more frequently they are liable to get fat and lazy,
instead of being (as they should be) keen and active.

It is not easy to compress into a few pages all the
points upon which it might be desirable to touch in

92 THE RABBIT

connection with the management and working of
ferrets, but this perhaps is not altogether necessary,
for several books written by experts have been devoted
entirely to this subject. It will suffice to give a few
hints that will be found useful in practice.

When handling a ferret take it under the forelegs,
above the ribs, and if it struggles, let its forelegs go
through the fingers. Ferrets do not like to be held
below the ribs. Do not handle a ‘jill’ ferret about
to have a litter. The young ones should not be
allowed to run with the old male, or ‘hob,’ until they
can use their teeth.to defend themselves. By calling
them to their food at meal-times they soon learn to
obey a whistle like a dog, and give no trouble on being
picked up. Moreover they can then.be let out much
more frequently to run about, and with this indulgence
are less likely to contract foot-rot.

A ferret trained in this way will work a hedgerow
from end to end by himself, affording his owner shot
after shot if he stands well out in the open.

Bells are of no use. They only alarm the rabbits,
and are not heard in deep burrows.

Nothing makes a rabbit lie so close as the sound
of men tramping and talking, and terriers yapping
overhead ; a terrier used for ferreting should be mute.
Never talk loud, therefore, while ferreting, and xever

FERRETING 93

stand in front of a hole, but always away from it, or
the rabbit will not bolt. Where possible choose the
holes over which the wind is blowing towards you, for
a rabbit’s sense of smell and hearing is very acute.

When the ferret issues from a burrow do not be
in a hurry to pick it up, but let it get a few feet from
the hole, or. it may perhaps dodge back and refuse to
come out again. Should this happen the truant may
be enticed out by throwing down a dead rabbit at the
mouth of the burrow.

Everyone who has had experience of rabbit-shoot-
ing must have remarked a fact which indicates either
a want of intelligence in rabbits or an inability to
learn by experience. When alarmed they run for
their burrows, and when they reach them, instead of
entering, they very frequently squat down to watch
the enemy. Now, although they well know the
distance at which it is safe to allow a man to approach
with a gun, excess of curiosity, or a mistaken feeling
of security in being so near their homes, induces
the animals to allow him to approach within easy
shooting distance. Yet that in other respects rabbits
can learn by experience must be evident to all who
are accustomed to shoot with ferrets. From burrows
which have not been much ferreted, rabbits will bolt
soon after the ferret is put in; but this is not the case

904 THE RABBIT

where rabbits have had previous experience of the
association between ferrets and sportsmen. Rather
than bolt under such circumstances, and so face
the known danger of the waiting gun, rabbits will
often allow themselves to be torn with the ferret’s
claws and teeth. This is the case no matter how
silently operations may be conducted ; the mere fact
of a ferret entering their burrow seems to be enough
to assure the rabbits that sportsmen are waiting for

them outside.

95

CHAPTER IV

SHOOTING

Every lover of the gun will admit that he owes a debt
of gratitude to the ubiquitous rabbit, and its extinction,
which is not merely threatened by existing legislation,
but in some places has been actually accomplished,
will be a matter of regret for everyone but the agri-
culturist who possesses no sporting instincts. The
absence of a close time and the knowledge that rabbits
may be shot all the year round—though we have ven-
tured to protest against killing them after the expiration
of the shooting season when the does are suckling their
young (see pp. 10, 11)—afford many persons an excuse
for a day’s sport when game cannot be killed ; while
the fact that there are a great many shooters whose
means do not permit of their renting partridge-ground
or pheasant-coverts, justifies their regarding the rabbit
as especially created for their particular diversion.
Truly, a day’s covert-shooting without rabbits would

96 THE RABBIT

day with spaniels or terriers on a furze-clad common
under similar circumstances would be rendered prac-
tically abortive. The supply of ‘rabbit-pie’ would
be dependent upon the commonplace efforts of the
warrener, and half the charm of a day with the gun
in the open would be gone.

Who does not remember with feelings of pleasure
the day when, allowed for the first time to carry a gun
in company, his earliest efforts were directed towards
circumventing and slaying a ‘bunny’? He was sure
of a find, he could choose his distance, and pick his
shot. Not only was the target a sufficiently large
one, but, unlike the whirring partridge, it travelled at
a speed sufficiently moderate to give time to aim, and
with a little practice the young sportsman soon got
into the way of handling his gun properly, and
swinging it well forward with the happiest result.

The schoolboy home for the Christmas holidays
and taken out with a gun and ferret has good cause
to be grateful for the lessons taught him by the wily
rabbit, and if from inheritance, or choice, he possesses
the true sporting instinct, he will in after days look
with satisfaction upon his earliest efforts at rabbit-
shooting. Many will be the ‘ misses,’ perhaps, and
few the ‘hits,’ but there is sport even in missing, and

SHOOTING 97

the day at length will come when the nerves are
sufficiently steady and the aim sufficiently good to
justify his being one of a shooting party under the
guidance of an older hand.

Not until the autumn leaves have commenced to
fall, and briar and bramble have begun to look thin
in the coverts, can rabbit-shooting be prosecuted with
any advantage. The undergrowth is still too thick
for any game to move through it rapidly, and the
rabbits can only creep about, scarcely showing them-
selves, and affording but poor chances of a shot
across the rides. For as long as there is covert they
will stick to it, and until the underwood gets thinner,
they will double back and defy the most strenuous
efforts of beaters to get them out.

Nevertheless, long before the big woods can be
beaten, rabbits will afford some amusement in the
hedgerows amongst old pastures, if worked with one
or two good spaniels and a gun on either side to
shoot those that can be forced to bolt. Again, when
the corn is ripe, and the reaping machine is at work,
going round and round the field, laying swathe after
swathe, and gradually reducing the area of standing
grain, the rabbits instead of bolting will work towards
the centre, availing themselves to the last of the little
shelter that remains, until the men, at the bidding of

H

98 THE RABBIT

the sportsmen, stop the horses, and constituting
themselves beaters for the occasion, put out rabbit
after rabbit towards the expectant gunners. Thus
pressed they will make in fine style for the nearest
hedgerow until turned head over heels by a well-
directed charge of No. 6 shot. In this way a score
of rabbits may often be killed in half an hour
by a single gun, while if two guns are posted on
opposite sides, the fun will be all the merrier while
it lasts) The farmer will be well pleased, and the
harvesters too, if they receive, as they should do, a
rabbit or two apiece for their pains.

Pending the advent of covert-shooting, there are
few pleasanter ways of spending an afternoon than
by shooting rabbits on a furze-clad common, either
with dogs or beaters, or both. The surroundings are
particularly exhilarating. The weather is usually
splendid, everyone is in a good humour, the common
is all aglow with the golden furze on which here and
there the stonechat sits and clacks his disapproval
at the invasion of his haunts. The merry spaniels
cager to begin can scarce control their excitement,
and the mere sight of a rabbit elicits from them a
veritable yell of delight. With difficulty they are
restrained until the guns are properly posted, each
commanding a ride cut through the thick furze, with

SHOOTING 99

one behind the beaters to take toll of any rabbits that
may go back. The word is given to advance, and
the dogs at once dash in. It is marvellous how they
face the furze, and how untiringly they work through-
out a hot afternoon. The young shooter who leaves
the ride and essays to follow them in quest of an
open space in which he thinks to get plenty of
shooting, is soon taught to wonder what sort of skin
a dog possesses, when his own is lacerated at every
step, and his knees above the gaiters are turned to
pincushions. But the irritation of the moment is for-
gotten in the excitement of the sport. <A spaniel
gives tongue on his right, a sudden movement of
the furze is seen, a great brown hare slips out in
front of him and, cantering some way down the ride
to his left, disappears on the other side before he has
time to recover from his surprise. He has quite
forgotten to ask his host whether hares are to be shot
or not, so thinking it is perhaps rather too early in
the season, he has prudently refrained from firing,
and is pleased to be told later that he has done
right.

A shot from a neighbour’s gun followed by the
squeal of a rabbit tells him that the latter was very
nearly missed, but one of the spaniels has got hold of
it, and it is speedily put out of pain. Another shot,

H2

100 THE RABBIT

and another, serve to announce that the sport has
now fairly started. Rabbits are everywhere on the
move, working towards the rides down or across which
they scamper in their haste to avoid the dogs, yet
giving (if they only knew it) to the sportsmen a better
chance of killing them than if they had remained in
the furze. The dogs are in ecstasies of delight—the
place is full of rabbits, and their pursuers are per-
petually changing the quarry. But steadily the line is
advancing, and every rabbit must, if possible, go for-
ward, or break to the right or left across a ride in
which a gun is posted. A dozen yards from where
we stand, a little brown head peeps out, a large dark
eye regards us wistfully, the owner of which is
evidently speculating on his chance of crossing the
ride in safety ; his ears twitch nervously ; he ‘ bucks
up,’ and we instinctively grasp the gun-stock tighter in
the expectation of an immediate shot. But his dis-
cretion overcomes his valour ; we see the whisk of a
white tail, and in an instant he has turned back and
is lost to sight in the furze from which we fondly hoped
he was about to bolt. Whilst marking the spot and
wondering whether he will reappear (for a beater is
not far off), another little brown face peers out, this
time lower down the ride, and in an instant a brown
streak crossing within easy range offers so quick a

Nad0 SHL NI SNILOOHS-LIGSVY

SHOOTING TOI

chance, that we are scarcely surprised to see the turf
receive the bulk of the charge a few inches behind
the mark. So close a shave was it, however, that we
mechanically walk to the spot for the purpose of seeing
precisely how far we were out in our calculation, when,
much to our satisfaction, we find the rabbit lying stone
dead within a foot or two of the edge of the ride—a
few outside pellets have done their work, and the
career of that merry ‘bunter’ is ended. ‘Guns to
the right of us, guns to the left of us’ proclaim a con-
tinuation of the fray. A sudden yelp, another in a
higher key, and then a chorus of spaniels as the entire
pack sweep down a ride in full pursuit of a rabbit,
and so close behind it that shooting is out of the
question. A sudden wrench to the left, the leading
dog overshoots the mark, and the second dog with
the rabbit in his mouth falls headlong into the furze,
the others tumbling head over heels upon them, a
brown and white mass of struggling, writhing forms.
The rabbit is with difficulty taken from them, and
thrown down on the ride where a goodly row is
already laid out and marks the progress that has been
made. Inthe parallel ride a similar row is in evidence,
amongst them a black one, and also a nice young
leveret which someone has mistaken for a sandy
rabbit. We are now approaching the end of the first

102 THE RABBIT

strip of furze, and as the beaters close up and the
rabbits that have gone forward are getting towards
their last place of refuge, the guns are having a lively
time of it. ‘Rabbit on the right!’ shouts an excited
beater ; ‘Rabbit coming out to the left !’ yells another.
Shot after shot rings out, and many a grey form turns
a somersault on the green ride, followed instantly by
a spaniel, which after mouthing it for a few seconds,
and wagging his tail, turns into the furze again to
find another.

And here we may remark upon the advantage of
having one or two spaniels that can retrieve. It often
happens that a wounded rabbit crawls away into thick
furze, where without the aid of a dog it is difficult to
find. ‘The stuff is often so dense that it is impossible
to see the surface of the ground, and many a rabbit
hit hard, or, as sometimes happens, killed by the dogs,
is left behind for want of one that can bring it out.
On this account spaniels are preferable to terriers, and
being less excitable, they are not given to wander so
far from the guns. Their longer coats too serve them
in good stead in the sharp-pointed furze-brakes which
they are compelled to face.

As dogs and beaters draw nearer together, and the
excitement increases, great care has to be exercised by

the guns lest some unlucky spaniel, more impetuous

SHOOTING 103

than the rest, should receive a charge of shot not in-
tended for him. And here the schoolboy should be
told to take the cartridges from his gun, and watch
the cool procedure of the older hands. He should be
taught always to ‘ play for safety,’ and never to risk
a shot where there is the least danger of striking any-
thing but the object aimed at. It is so easy to kill a
rabbit and a dog with one shot, or miss a rabbit and
pepper a beater, that the wonder is it does not happen
oftener. The beaters themselves often get so excited
as to create an element of danger by the excitement
they cause in others, especially in young sportsmen,
who for want of experience have not yet acquired the
nerve and self-control so essential when rapid firing is
going on. The danger arising from this cause is even
greater in covert-shooting, owing to the fact that the
beaters work towards the guns, and are nearest to
them when the heaviest shooting takes place. It is
then that accidents are more likely to occur. In pure
thoughtlessness we have seen a young sportsman, aye,
and a middle-aged one too, who ought to have known
better, fire at a rabbit in covert when the advancing
line of beaters was within range of his gun. This is
bad enough when the object fired at is on the ground,
as in the case of a rabbit or hare, but it is ten times
worse when the shooter recklessly fires at a low-flying

104 THE RABBIT

pheasant before it has left the covert, and while at an
elevation calculated to drop the shot in the face of
some unfortunate beater. We have seen this happen
more than once, and have shudderingly awaited the
result, expecting instantly to hear a cry of pain from
some recipient of the dropping pellets, an anticipation
which we regret to state has been occasionally fulfilled.
Had the positions of guest and host been reversed we
should have had no hesitation in rating the delinquent
soundly in the hearing of the other guns, and warning
him that a repetition of his offence would mean dis-
qualification for the rest of the day, and the non-

receipt of any future invitation.

The responsibilities of a shooting host are greater
than many seem to consider. Not only is the life of
the game both furred and feathered in his hands, but
he is responsible to a great extent for the lives of the
beaters, who are placed in considerable peril when
called upon to advance towards reckless shooters, and
his first care should be to reduce the danger of the
situation to a minimum.

Let us quit the furze-clad common where we left
the shooting party with their spaniels at the end of
their first beat—for one beat is very much like another
—and take a glimpse at the very different scene which
presents itself when the leaves are falling in the big

SHOOTING 105

woods and pheasants claim more attention than the
rabbits, although the latter constitute very often an
important item in the day’s account.

The modus operand? is altogether different. It is
true that in the earlier part of the season, when the
underwood is still pretty thick, and patches of fern
and bramble afford strongholds for game that can
scarcely be invaded without the help of dogs, spaniels
are extremely useful, for they can creep through places
where a beater would be ‘hung up,’ and push forward
many a rabbit which would otherwise be certain to
“go back.’ In such covert, also, the wily woodcock
will often lie so close without rising as to allow a
beater to walk past him, while his scent will betray
him at once to the questing spaniel, who will very
soon have him on the wing. On this account a team
of close-hunting spaniels will be found invaluable early
in the season, especially if broken, as they should be,
to hunt always within range of the guns, and to drop
to hand when bidden.

Later on, when the woods get more open, and
the beaters can move more freely, the spaniels may
be dispensed with, and in their place two or three
steady retrievers may be employed, which should
never leave the heels of their employers until bidden
to ‘hie lost.’ They should then be allowed to work

106 THE RABBIT

entirely under the direction of their owners, and not
be confused by directions given by other people, who
are often too prone to tell a dog what to do instead
of leaving him alone to his own devices, which are
much more likely to lead him right if he is a good
bred one, and has been properly handled. Nor

should the impetuous young sportsman who sees his
winged pheasant or dead rabbit in the mouth of a
retriever be in a hurry to take it from him. The dog
should be allowed to carry it straight back to the
man who sent him, and whom he knows. Not only
is this much better for the dog, which is then not con-
fused, but it will prove a considerable saving of time
in the course of a day’s shooting, especially if the
object be a big bag and there be much ground to
get over.

It is not our intention to attempt here anything
like directions for covert-shooting, for not only would
this be superfluous in the eyes of readers who know
a great deal more about it than the writer, but it
would be out of place in a volume designed to treat
exclusively of the rabbit. Moreover, this part of the
subject will be found fully dealt with by masters of
the craft in the volumes which have already appeared
on the ‘ Pheasant’ and ‘ Hare.’

We may content ourselves with a few observations

SHOOTING 107

which have reference more especially to rabbit-shoot-
ing in covert, and are designed to give some insight
into that particular phase of sport. Such prelimin-
aries as the placing of ‘stops,’ and the pegging down
of low nets along the rides where the woods are of
considerable extent, and have to be beaten in sections,
may be taken for granted. It goes without saying
that inattention to such matters as these will have an
important bearing on the results of a day’s covert-
shooting.

Both hares and rabbits are possessed of a keen
sense of hearing, and no sooner do they hear the
‘tapping’ of the beaters, or the bark of a spaniel,
than they at once begin to move forward, and seldom
pause until they are beyond the reach of such disturb-
ing sounds. The forward guns then get plenty of
shooting, and the campaign is generally opened with
a good show of rabbits. The instinct of the pheasant
on the other hand induces him to crouch on hearing
a noise, and to seek safety, in the first instance at all
events, by trusting to the protective coloration of his
natural surroundings rather than to flight. As the
beaters come nearer, he will run forward a little way,
and crouch again, repeating this manceuvre as long
as it is feasible, until he is suddenly scared by the
appearance of a dog or beater, or until he has run up

108 THE RABBIT

to the edge of a ride in which one or more guns are
posted. Then it is time to take wing, and if the
nearest gun knows his business, the fate of that cock
pheasant is sealed.

It is otherwise with rabbits. They will cross a
ride at lightning speed as if aware that their lives
depend upon it; pausing only on the edge before
crossing, if they happen to come out unexpectedly
near to the gun. And, indeed, their safety often
depends upon their crossing as near the gun as
possible ; for no one with any regard to the condition
of game when picked up will care to risk blowing a
rabbit to pieces at such close quarters.

Where the stuff is very thick, rabbits will often
linger on the edge of a ride until the beaters are
almost upon them, and ‘the fun then becomes fast and
furious.’ Three or four rabbits may be seen crossing
at the same time, and it often happens that on a cry
of ‘ Rabbit for’ard!’ the shooter’s attention is directed
so closely to the ground in front of him, that he
misses a good chance at a cock pheasant which
skims noiselessly overhead while he is ‘ otherwise
engaged.’

The variety of shots afforded by rabbits in covert
is best known to those who have tried to hit them,
and many a keen shooter has discovered, by the

41Y3A09 NI ONILOCHS-LIGsyYy

SHOOTING 109

number of empty cartridge cases, how easy they are
to miss. The secret of success lies in holding well
forward, and swinging the gun ahead as the trigger is
pulled. This is especially the case when rabbits are
crossing a narrow ride, when it becomes necessary to
shoot not ‘where they are,’ but ‘ where they will be’
by the time the charge is delivered.

And here we may remark on the advantage of
light loads in a long day’s shooting. It is frequently
forgotten that the majority of shots in covert-shooting
are made at a distance under thirty yards, and a full
charge of three drachms of black powder, or the equiva-
lent in nitro-compounds, with 12 0z. or 1} oz. of shot,
is not only unnecessary but unadvisable. With 23
drachms and 1 oz. of shot the gunner will not only kill
his game well, but will do so with greater comfort to
himself ; for under these conditions there will be less
recoil, no sore shoulder, and no headache to complain
of at the end of the day, while the rabbits will not
present the unsightly appearance which they do when
‘plastered ’ at short ranges with a heavier charge.

In some of the more remote country districts
beagles are extensively used for rabbit-shooting, and
more especially is this the case in the southern
counties. Where rabbits are numerous, the coverts
small, or where hares are plentiful, beagles are not a

110 THE RABBIT

success ; but in the big straggling Sussex woodlands
that once formed part of extensive forests, the sport is
frequently indulged in. In these localities, after the
regular season is finished there are still a few rabbits
to be killed down, and an opportunity is afforded to
give the farmers and their friends a day’s rabbit-
shooting. The employment of an army of beaters to
drive the rabbits to the guns would be expensive, and
therefore beagles take the place of human beaters.
Many of the farmers keep a beagle or two, and
frequently a man may be the possessor of a good
hard-working dog, which secures his owner many an
invitation to a day’s rabbiting, As a general rule
the keeper is allowed lo invite the guns, and he, us a
matter of policy, asks first the tenants whose land
adjoins his coverts and then a few others to make up
the party, but invariably those farmers are first asked
who are likely to suffer most damage from the depreda-
tions of the rabbits.'

‘The owner of a couple of good beagles ts tolcrably
sure of some shooting during the season, and often

' For these remarks on rabbit-shooting with beagles we are
indebted to a writer in Zhe /7ehd, who is evidently well qualified
to deal with the subject, but who chooses to be anonymous. We
can say from expericnee in the county to which he refers, that

his description is quile accurate, and on that account we prefer
to quote his own words rather than paraphrase them,

SHOOTING Ilr

dogs are borrowed from non-shooting men, who get
a couple of rabbits as an acknowledgment for the use
of their beagles.

The dogs may be of all colours and sizes, but
they know their work, and are hardly likely to give
much trouble unless they hit the line of a fox, or
break away after a hare. In the latter case, however,
they generally bring her back, and can then be
stopped ; but once on the line of a fox they will at
times run for a couple of miles or so. The guns take
up their positions in the most likely places, generally
ona ‘ride’ where there is a clear view in front, or in
an open glade where they can see to shoot for some
distance in every direction. The beagles search cvery
clump of brambles, and push through the decaying
bracken and thick undergrowth, until at last we hear
a whimper from one hound as he puts out a rabbit,
followed by a burst of music as the others rush up on
hearing him give tongue. The guns are able to tell
in which direction the rabbit has gone as the cry of
hounds approaches or retreats. ‘Then comes a pause
as they overrun the line, a doubtful note succeeds,
which increases once more into a burst of melody as
they hit off the scent, and push the rabbit along at
top speed toward the guns. A flash of brown fur
across the ‘ride,’ and a snapshot as it disappears in the

112 THE RABBIT

brushwood is followed by silence as the beagles
come up and find their quarry dead.

Soon another rabbit is found, and once more the
wood re-echoes the cry of the hounds, broken by the
quick report as a shot rings out, which, however,
does not always mean the death of a rabbit. Some-
times the rabbit will come quietly dodging along
through the brushwood, affording an easy pot shot ;
but more frequently, especially when hard pressed,
he dashes along at lightning speed. Occasionally
hounds will succeed in killing a rabbit, or in driving

him to ground. As a general rule, the burrows are
ferreted a day or two before, and the holes cither
stopped up or ‘paraffined’ in order to make the
rabbits lie out and afford more sport. Old hands at
the sport can tell at once when the beagles get on
the line of a hare, and then out comes the pipe, the
gun is put down against a tree, and the shooter takes
things coolly, until warned by the approaching music
that the hare has circled round, and hounds are then
stopped and encouraged to pursue their more legiti-
mate sport. Needless to say, the beagles used for
rabbit-shooting must not be gun-shy. It is seldom that
they work long at a burrow when once a rabbit goes
to ground—and in this respect they are greatly to be
preferred to terriers, that will often half bury them-

SHOOTING 113

selves in their endeavour to scratch out a rabbit. It
is absolutely necessary for the guns to remain per-
fectly quiet and not move about, otherwise rabbits
will not approach.’

It has been already remarked how materially
rabbits help to fill the bag in a day’s covert-shooting,
and it may be added that they also go far to relieve
the monotony of continuously firing overhead shots
at pheasants. So well is their utility in this respect
recognised that, for some days before a big shoot, a
vast amount of trouble is taken to stop them out, and
insure their being tound when wanted. To do this
properly will give employment for several days to the
keeper and his men, and requires no little skill and
judgment. On this subject we shall have something to
say in the next chapter, where we propose to consider
the various methods of trapping, snaring, netting, and
stopping out which are usually adopted where rabbits
are numerous.

Mr. Lloyd Price has made us acquainted with all
that pertains to a sporting warren, and in his excellent
little book on ‘Rabbits for Profit and Rabbits for
Powder’ has shown what extraordinary bags may be
made of rabbits only, when the ground is laid out
especially for their preservation, and attention is paid
to the proper way of ‘showing them.’

114 THE RABBIT

He cites bags of 1,850, 2,500, and 1,650 rabbits
‘killed in one day, only beating half the ground,’ and
since the publication of his book these figures have
been considerably exceeded on his own ground at
Rhiwlas,'North Wales. For instance, a party of nine
guns shooting there in 1883 killed 3,684 rabbits in a
single day, and on another day, in 1885, as many as
5,086. Of this last number no fewer than 920 were
shot by Lord de Grey. The next best bag of rabbits
made by a single gun was that of the late Sir Victor
Brooke, who, shooting in his own park at Colebrook,
Co. Fermanagh, in 1885, killed 740 rabbits in a
day to his own gun. He fired exactly 1,000 cart-
ridges, and shot from his right shoulder for one half
of the day, and from his left the other half.

To show what may be done in this way upon a
comparatively small shooting, Zhe field of De-
cember 1, 1894, contained the announcement that on
the previous November 19, Mr. Charles Eley and a
friend, each shooting with two guns in a forty-acre
warren, on the East Bergholt Highlands Estate, killed
no fewer than goo rabbits, or twenty-three to the acre.
With a large party and on a much larger acreage, one
of the most celebrated days at rabbits was that which
happened at Bradgate Park, Leicestershire, the seat
of Lord Stamford, where on a certain day in December,

SHOOTING 115

1861, thirteen guns accounted for 3,333 rabbits besides
twenty-six head of other game. The way in which
the operations were carried out on this memorable
occasion has been described by the park-keeper, Mr.
J. B. Lucas, in the following terms:

‘ Being in the service of the late Earl of Stamford
as park-keeper at Dunham Massey, one of my duties
was to attend the large battues on his lordship’s other
estates. I kept account of the game killed, and
assisted the late Mr. Reeves in the management of the
beaters, &c., at Bradgate, from 1855 to 1865, which
included the season in which the celebrated “ threes ”
bag was made.

’¢ The principal home of the rabbits was an extent of
several hundred acres of hills and rocks, rough, poor
ground, covered with fern, rushes, and coarse grass.
A small herd of red deer existed in this part of the
park, which was surrounded bya stone wall, six or
seven feet high, built without mortar, in the manner
usual on Charnwood Forest. The deer park adjoined
it on one side. Three walls, which were built at right
angles to the main boundary wall, and ran out into the
deer park, formed two inclosures, one about thirty
acres, the other about forty acres. Holes were made,
and fitted with wooden doors, at intervals along the

main wall, so that the rabbits could be allowed to feed
12

116 THE RABBIT

in the deer park at pleasure. They were never allowed
to establish burrows in the two inclosures named, and
as there was plenty of fern and rough grass in them,
there was no lack of covert for shooting purposes.

‘A good many rabbits were bred in another part of
the deer park. To get at these, a portion of the best
feeding ground was kept free from burrows. The
same tactics were pursued inside the warren. Large
patches of ground alongside the wall were set apart,
the fern mown down at times to improve the grass,
and all holes dug out. The rabbits were not allowed
to feed on these patches and inclosures for a few days
before the day of shooting, and great was the anxiety
of all concerned when the night for the “ pitch ” arrived.
This was, of course, the night before the appointed
shooting day, and the bag depended on the wind and
weather being favourable. Everything was kept as
quiet as possible inside the park and warren, and as
soon as the proper moment had come, when the
rabbits were supposed to be well on the feed (this
varied with circumstances), the doors in the wall were
shut and locked, and long nets of the usual square-
meshed stop pattern were set between the burrows
and feeding patches. Sometimes the whole thing was
a failure. Thick fog or heavy rain will keep rabbits
at home effectually. When the ‘ pitch’ was successful

SHOOTING 117

the shooting was very pretty, and by no means easy.
The rough ground was always well covered with long
grass and fern, so that by the time the guns were
posted and at work the rabbits were seated all over
their allotted area.

‘In the first inclosure 808 rabbits were shot in
twenty-three minutes on the “threes” day. The year
previous, 2,103 were killed over the whole beat in one
day.’ !

Not unconnected with ‘ big bags’ is the subject of
‘odd shots,’ for it is only natural on occasions when
more than the ordinary amount of shooting takes place
that some of the shots should be unusual ones. Two
rabbits at a shot would not be a remarkable perform-
ance in a warren, or on ground where rabbits have
been previously stopped out ; but two rabbits with
each barrel, or four at a double shot, is a feat which
is hardly likely to be performed often. Yet such an
achievement is described in Zhe Field of July 14,
1894.

In October, 1888, a sportsman in the neighbour-
hood of Ripon, walking over a rough grass field, kicked
up and shot a rabbit at twenty-five yards distance.
To his surprise he found that he had killed a hare by
the same shot, her ‘form’ being directly in the line of

' The Field, April 19, 1884.

118 THE RABBIT

fire. Only a foot separated the two as they lay dead.
A similar thing happened at Beverley in September,
1890, except that the order was reversed. The shooter
fired at a hare and killed it, when immediately a rabbit
was seen to leap up a few yards further and tumble
over dead.

Two instances of an unseen rabbit being killed
when a grouse was shot at, occurred at Strathardle in
the autumn of 1890—one on August 20, when the
grouse was killed, and on being picked up a rabbit
was found kicking close by ; the other on Septem-
ber 22, when the grouse was missed and a rabbit
came rolling down the brae. In December, 1888, Mr.
Alfred Ware, while rabbit-shooting on his father’s
warren on Dartmoor, fired at a rabbit crossing a bog.
On going to pick it up, he found he had also killed a
jack-snipe. On examination the snipe was found to
be lying just where the bulk of the charge had struck
the ground. Probably other instances of the kind will
occur to our readers as having happened within their
own knowledge.

One of the most curious episodes in rabbit-shooting
which has fallen within the experience of the writer,
occurred some years ago in Sussex, during a day’s
rabbiting with beagles. We were shooting a ‘hanger’
under the hill, into which the beagles had driven a lot

SHOOTING 119

of outlying rabbits from under the juniper bushes on
the downs above. Andrare sport did they afford, for,
pressed by the dogs, they made straight down hill for
the covert immediately below them, into which they
fell rather than ran, unless stopped halfway by a
charge of shot which ended their career. This did
not always happen, for a downhill shot at right-angles
is one of the most difficult with a fast rabbit, since the
gun has not only to be swung a good way in front,
but also dipped, and one is very apt to shoot over the
mark. We had followed the survivors down, and
forming line at one end of the ‘hanger’ with a gun
above and below, and a third inside with the dogs,
we began slowly to advance. The writer was the
lowest gun on the left, in a rough field across which
innumerable ‘runs’ indicated the presence of lots of
rabbits in the covert. Presently the gun inside shouted,
‘Rabbit out on the left!’ and in an instant, sure enough,
a rabbit showed on the bank, paused for an instant,
jumped the ditch, and raced across the field within a
very few yards of the outside gun. So close was he,
in fact, that he was given a little ‘law,’ and when about
twenty-five yards off the gun covered him. Before
the trigger was touched, however, he suddenly turned
a somersault and fell dead, as much to the astonish-
ment of the writer as to that of the inside gun, who

120 THE RABBIT

had jumped on the ia to see the (endl of the shot.
He saw the gun go up, no smoke and no report, and
yet the rabbit went head over heels. Well might he
ask, ‘ What sort of gun do you call that?’ It was not
until the owner of the gun stepped forth to pick up the
rabbit that the mystery was solved. The rabbit on

leaving the covert had taken to a well-worn ‘run’ in
which not far out some poacher had set a brass wire.
Into this the rabbit had rushed full speed, and
broken its neck.

Another phase of rabbit-shooting remains to be
mentioned—-namely, rabbitiny on the sand-hills and in
the cliffs, the enjoyment of which depends rather on
the remoteness of the situation, the picturesqueness
of the surroundings, and the invigorating air which
blows in from the sea, than upon the amount of
shooting to be obtained. For it will often happen
that rabbits on the coast-line may be plentiful enough,
but from the nature of their haunts—which may be
exposed sand-hills with innumerable burrows, or
rugged cliffs full of holes and crannies—it is by no
means easy to get within shot of them. They will
often wait apparently with little or no concern until
you are very nearly, though not quite, within range,
and then, having admirably judged the distance at
which they feel safe, will scuttle off to their burrows

SHOOTING 121

out of harm’s way. Now and then, perhaps, you
come unexpectedly upon a coney which, trusting to
its protective coloration, has crouched amidst some
sand-grass in the hope of escaping detection, and
pays the usual penalty for his temerity ; or peeping
over a boulder cautiously, you spy a number out at
feed, some of which are within shot of your ambush,
and two of which you manage to secure. In another
instant the ground, erstwhile teeming with life, is
completely deserted; every rabbit has disappeared
beneath the surface, and the only living creatures to
be seen are a few wheatears which flit jerkily away,
or a solitary ringed-plover which, after piping for
some seconds on the ground, flies rapidly over the
sand-hills and is lost to sight.

In such situations as this, and indeed on exposed
ground of any extent, such as a warren, or open down-
land where rabbits are plentiful but covert scarce, the
weapon to use is not a 12-bore breechloader, but a
small-bore rifle. Not only will this be found most
effectual at rabbits beyond the ordinary range of a
shot-gun, but it makes so much less noise that rabbits
are not nearly so much scared by the report. The
comparative lightness of a small-bore single rifle,
and the rapidity with which it may be fired and
reloaded when fitted with a modern ejector, makes it

123 THE RABBIT

an extremely handy little weapon for the purpose in
view. Moreover it affords the shooter no end of amuse-
ment, and a greater test of skill than a shot-gun ; for
it is obviously more difficult to hit a rabbit with a small
bullet at sixty or seventy yards than it is to stretch him
out with an ounce of No. 6 shot at five-and-twenty.
As to the particular pattern to be recommended
much difference of opinion prevails. During the
months of May and June, 1895, a voluminous corre-
spondence on this subject took place in the columns
of Zhe Field, from which it appeared that hardly two
of the writers were agreed as to the requisites of a
perfect rook and rabbit mfie. If they approved a
particular bore, they differed as to whether the bullet
should be conical or spherical, and if the former,
whether it should be hollow-fronted or not. If they
agreed upon these points, they differed in the choice
of powder, or in the charge to be used. There
seemed, however, to be a consensus of opinion that
with a view to safety in an enclosed country the
smaller the bore the better consistent with efficacy at
fifty yards, and that other requisites are a flat tra-
jectory, powder that may be as nearly as possible
smokeless, noiseless, and non-fouling, and a bullet
that by expansion on striking will reduce to a mini-

mum the chance of a rabbit getting away.

SHOOTING 123

Shooting without a rest, a fairly steady shot with
an accurately sighted rifle should be able to put a bullet
in a 3-in. circle at 50 yards, while with a rest of any kind
a 2-in. circle at the same distance should be an easy
mark. It would be beyond the scope of the present
volume to enter upon a discussion of the comparative
merits of all the modern rabbit rifles that are now
upon the market, nor shall we attempt it. There are
several so good of their kind that it would be no
easy matter to choose between them.

So far as the writer’s personal experience extends,
he could not wish for a better weapon than Messrs.
Hollands’ 250 hammerless ejector with hollow-fronted
bullet for rabbits, and solid bullet for rooks. ‘Tried’
on the target by an expert, its accuracy was un-
doubted, while its killing power when subsequently
tested in a warren was all that could be desired.

As to powder for small-bore rifles, there is much
to be said in favour of ‘Amberite,’ the advantages of
which are absence of smoke, less noise (which enables
one to get more shooting at rabbits on a still evening)
and less fouling than with black powder.

The less frequently a rifle requires wiping out the
better, and for this purpose the best material is a bit
of old flannel, torn up into strips three or four inches
long, and either wound round the end of a brass

124 THE RABBIT

cleaning-rod, or tied to a piece of string and pulled
through after dropping the string down the barrel by
means of a small weight.

When shooting rabbits with a rifle, it is not a bad
plan to have a wattled hurdle put up here and there
in the warren or open ground where the rabbits lie
out, under cover of which they may be approached or
waited for within range. Their sense of smell and
hearing being very acute, they should always be
approached up wind. Another good plan is to sit up
in a tree, for by being above them they are less likely
to smell you. Success, of course, will in a great
measure depend on the skill of the shooter, coupled
perhaps with a certain amount of luck in getting shots
at short ranges. It is obvious that the most perfect
rabbit rifle in the world may become useless in the
hands of a man who tries to use it likea gun. An
experienced London gunmaker was of opinion that
30 per cent. of misses with a rabbit rifle might be
excused, but one who has made good trial of the -250
asserts that with hollow bullets and fairly good
shooting not more than 6 or 8 per cent. of rabbits hit
should escape. With solid bullets the percentage
would be greater. Much, of course, will depend on
the distance at which they are fired at. It is not
every bullet that proves fatal to a stricken coney. If

aslu VY HLIM ONILOOHS-Lidavdy

SHOOTING 125

hit too far back, they will often drag themselves away
towards a burrow and escape. For this reason we
would not fire at a rabbit beyond eighty yards ; for at
a greater distance than this a dog would not have
time to run up and secure it before it reached a hole.
Some experts advocate the retention of a ferret on a
line in case of need, so that should a wounded rabbit
go to ground, the ferret may be used to drag it out.
It is well to bear in mind when shooting rabbits in
this way, that the dead ones should be allowed to lie
where they fall until it is time to go home; for if you
leave your ambush periodically to pick them up the
chances of sport will be materially lessened.

As we have described some ‘ odd shots’ at rabbits
with a shot-gun, we may mention one with a rifle that
is worthy of record. It was reported in Zhe Field
of September 9, 1893. Mr. W. C. Pickering, of
Rhewl House, Mostyn, Flintshire, shooting with one
of the handy little rifles above referred to, fired at
three rabbits in line and killed them all; and, strange
to say, on a subsequent occasion, so he said, he re-

peated the performance.

126 THE RABBIT

CHAPTER V

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, AND BOLTING

By these terms are understood the various methods
or devices usually employed for killing or capturing
wild rabbits. It is, of course, true that other creatures
besides rabbits, to wit so-called ‘ vermin,’ may be
trapped, snared, or netted as occasion may require,
but this does not at present concern us.

The best known form of trap for taking rabbits or
vermin is the gin. This word, as now commonly
applied, is generally understood to mean an iron spring
trap, though it did not always bear that signification.
It is a very old word. The author of the treatise on
‘Fyshynge with an Angle,’ printed in the second
edition of the ‘ Book of St. Alban’s,’ 1496, alluding to
the avocation of the fowler, saith ‘many a gynne and
manya snare he makyth. Shakespeare has employed

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 124

the word as if synonymous with the snare or springe
with which woodcocks and snipe are taken.

Now is the woodcock near the gin.
Twelfth Night, Act ii. sc. 5.
and again :
So strives the woodcock with the gin.

Henry VT. part 3, Act i. se. 4.

Izaak Walton in the first chapter of his ‘Complete
Angler,’ 1653, alludes to ‘the pleasure it is sometimes
with gins to betray the very vermin of the earth.’ In
this particular sense of ‘trap’ or ‘snare,’ the word is
really Scandinavian, the Icelandic gévza meaning
to dupe or deceive. The Middle English ‘gin,’ as
remarked by Professor Skeat, was employed in a
wider sense than that now used, and was in many
cases certainly a contraction of the French engén (Lat.
ingenium), a contrivance or piece of ingenuity.

At the present day, as every reader knows, it is
commonly restricted to an iron trap having two rows
of teeth set in such a manner that the teeth are forced
together by a spring when the animal to be captured
treads upon a small iron plate which is concealed
by having some soil loosely sprinkled over it.!

! Of the cruelty inflicted by these traps we shall have some-

thing to say anon (p. 131). It would have been well indeed
had the Ground Game Act entirely prohibited the use of them.

128 THE RABBIT

There are various patterns of gins, some of which
are so clumsy and so badly constructed that they are
of very little use. Asan exception may be mentioned
Burgess’s Spring Trap, described and figured in Zhe
Field of March 26, 1887. One of the best we know
is made by F. Lane, of Plymouth, in which the parts
are so well fitted that with fair usage they will never
break or wear out. It is specially commended by
Mr. W. Carnegie, who, in his little book on ‘ Practical
Trapping,’ thus describes it :—

“Most gins are wholly made of iron, but this is
not so, for zinc and copper are introduced. The
spring, the most important part of the trap, is
thoroughly well tempered and strong, but nevertheless
easily pressed down when the trap is being set. The
flap and catch, and other important parts in which
most makers fail, are of copper, and do not wear
away like iron, nor do they rust, which would clog the
trap and prevent it acting. The plate is square with
the four corners taken off, and is of zinc, being so
fitted as to be level with the jaws when set. These
latter are thick and rounded, the teeth fitting one
into another, though not closely, a space of } in.
being left between. The teeth should on no account
be sharp or pointed, as their being so tends to
break the leg and cut the sinews, thus liberating the
rabbit ; nor should the teeth be continued round the

turn of the jaw. The superior finish and general
quality of these traps make them rather dearer than
the ordinary ones. They cost 1s. gd@. each, but a re-
duction is made if taken by the dozen.

‘Tn order to prevent the rabbit when caught draw-
ing the trap away, the back piece of the gin is
furnished with a hole at the end through which a
chain about a foot long is attached by means of
an § hook. This chain should have about eight
links with a swivel in the middle, and a ring of
ti in. diameter at the end. It is purchasable apart
from the trap, and should be well tested, as the
weakness will be found where least looked for, viz.
in the swivel, and this should always be examined.
The ring is for a stake which is driven into the ground
to hold the trap. The best wood for this is ash,
which should be cut in lengths of 18 in., and split,
then rounded off to the required size, fitted tightly to
the ring, driven on to within 1} in. from the top, and
be overlapped by this part, which ought to be left un-
rounded as far as the ring comes.’

The best way to set a gin is to cut out a piece of
the turf or soil, and place the trap so that the plate is
on a level with the surface of the ground, and then
sprinkle it over with loose soil. Unless this is done’
a rabbit will be certain to avoid it.

130 THE RABBI

The number of traps required will of course de-
pend upon the extent of ground and the abundance
or scarcity of coneys. Itis not advisable to put down
all the traps at once, but to begin with a few, and
keep on increasing the number each day until they
are all in use,

Since the Ground Game Act of 1880 came into
operation, it has become illegal for anyone except
an Owner in occupation of his own land to set gins
anywhere except within the mouth of a burrow, on
account of the risk if set aboveground of catching
pheasants or partridges, foxes or hounds. On this
account, therefore, the directions given in old books for
setting traps in hedge-banks, under walls or fences, or
in ‘runs’ across open fields, must now be disregarded.

In the words of the Act (43 & 44 Vict. cap. 47)
‘no person shall, for the purpose of killing ground
game, employ spring traps except in rabbits’ holes.’
It has been decided, however, by the Court of
Queen’s Bench (November 26, 1885), in the case of
Smith v. Hunt that this section does not apply to
owners occupying their own land.

The Act referred to is of such importance to
those who are interested in rabbits, whether as owners,
occupiers, or shooting tenants, that we propose in
another chapter! to give a brief exposition of its pro-

1 See Chapter VII.

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 131

visions, and deal with some of the vexed questions of
construction which have arisen in respect of it, and
have been authoritatively decided by courts of law.
We shall then have occasion to say something more
on the law relating to trapping.

Before dismissing the subject here, we would say
a word or two on the score of humanity, for we take it
that every reader who reflects at all on the matter must
admit that trapping as ordinarily practised by game-
keepers and professional rabbit-catchers has a detest-
able element of cruelty in it which cannot be gainsaid.
What greater barbarity, for example, can there be than
to allow a poor frightened rabbit (or any other
animal for that matter) to remain for hours in an iron
trap, struggling until exhausted, or possibly contriving
to get away with the loss of a limb? The modifica-
tions which have been suggested at various times
to lessen the injury done by a trap, by covering the
teeth with list or india-rubber, have not proved wholly
successful, for this plan has been found to lessen the
grip to such an extent as frequently to permit of the
animal escaping. Much more humane and quite as
efficacious as an instrument of death is the wire snare,
so well known to gamekeepers and to poachers.

If properly made of fine brass wire, and adroitly
set in a ‘run,’ it means speedy death to the first

K2

132 THE RABBIT

unfortunate rabbit that gets its head into it. Snares
give much less trouble than traps, and are more
easily carried about. Their construction, too, is very
simple. All that is required are a few pegs about a
foot long with a hammer to drive them in, and a few
yards of the fine wire used for picture-hanging. The
rest is merely manipulation. Picture wire is found to
answer the purpose best because it remains in the
position in which it is set without kinking. The peg
is sharpened at one end and has a hole bored through
the other. Through this hole the wire fifteen inches
long is passed and tied. With the other end a noose
is formed about three inches in diameter with a slip
knot which runs up the moment any pressure is made
on the noose. The peg is driven well down into the
ground, and the wire is set at the height of a hand’s
breadth above the surface. The thing is simplicity
itself, and the art consists in setting it where it is
most likely to catch something. How to discover
the most likely places can only be learnt by patient
observation of the rabbits’ haunts and habits. A
well-used ‘run’ should be selected in preference to
one that looks as if only just made, and the snare
should be set in or near the middle of it, and not at
either end, for a rabbit starts slowly, and not until he
has made up his mind to cross from one side of a

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &¢. 133

field to another will he put on pace enough to carry
him into the snare before he perceives it. It then
appears to him nothing more than a grass stalk lean-
ing across the run, and the mistake is discovered
when it is too late.

From a humanitarian point of view the wire snare
is open to the objection that its victims generally
undergo a slow process of strangulation in their
efforts to get free, but this is not invariably the case,
for the speed at which a rabbit goes headlong into
a snare will often dislocate the neck. A so-called
‘humane rabbit snare’ has been devised which will
hold a rabbit without strangling it. This con-
trivance, which will be found described and figured
in Zhe Field of December 19, 1891, is in fact a very
slight modification of the ordinary wire snare. It
merely requires a knot to be made in the wire in such
a position as to prevent its being drawn through the
loop beyond a certain point. In other words, the
noose when over the head slips up to a knot which
effectually prevents strangulation and yet holds the
rabbit firmly and securely. Consequently the animal
suffers no pain, and is simply tethered with the wire
round its neck until liberated. It may then be either
mercifully killed, or removed alive for liberation else-
where if desired. We understand that hundreds of

134 THE RABBIT

rabbits have been caught in this way on the property
of Mr. Lloyd Price at Rhiwlas, near Bala, and re-
moved without pain from fields and gardens, where
they were doing mischief, to the warren, where they
were liberated uninjured.

Another humane way of catching rabbits in warrens
by means of a pitfall has been already described (see
p. 76).

During the month of September, 1894, a corre-
spondence was carried on in Zhe Field for some
weeks on the subject of ‘Humane Rabbit-traps,’ and
a particular trap so-called was recommended by
Captain J. Dunbar Brander. Several correspondents,
however, who experimented with it expressed unfavour-
able opinions, and although regarded by some as
theoretically good, it was found by others to be practi-
cally useless. Writing on this subject in Zhe Field of
September 15, 1894, Lieut.-Col. Butler, of Brettenham
Park, Bildeston, Suffolk, remarked :

‘I strongly recommend those who have taken part
in the correspondence on this subject to try the
Brailsford trap, which catches all kinds of vermin alive
and uninjured, and is far more effective and durable
than any other trap I have yet seen. It consists of a
wire cage very strongly made, and open at both ends,
the doors being kept up by asimple method of setting.

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 135

There is a treadle inside, and as soon as that is touched
the doors close and the victim is imprisoned. I have
had many of these traps in use for some years, set in
runs and at drains about my garden, where they re-
main the whole year round, and I scarcely ever visit
them without finding something caught. For stoats,
weasels, hedgehogs, rats, squirrels, rabbits, and almost
every other kind of quadruped they are invaluable, and
one advantage they possess over other traps is that they
can be set all through the winter, as neither frost nor
snow affects them. In setting them in runs under
shelving banks or by the side of wire netting, I usually
make wings at each end of fir boughs, or something of
that kind, to guide the animal in, but when set at
drains or holes, it is only necessary to make a wing at
the end furthest from the hole, the trap at the other
end fitting close up to the entrance of the drain. Ifa
rabbit is found freshly killed by a stoat or weasel, it is
a good plan to place it inside the trap at one end, and
to set it with only one door open (the door, of course,
furthest from the rabbit), so that the stoat has to step
on the table to get to it. I find these traps most use-
ful also set in this way, ze. with only one door open,
for catching ferrets that have laid up. In fact, if set
at the main entrance of the earth the ferret is in, and
the rest of the holes stopped, it is certain to be found

136 THE RABBIT

caught in the morning, especially if a bait be used.
It is as easy to set them in the dark, if visited at night,
as by daylight ; and for all-round use they are, in my
opinion, by far the best traps yet invented. I may
add, in conclusion, that they are made in different
sizes, the smallest being for mice, and from that up-
wards to any size ordered ; but I have found the size
for cats and rabbits the best for general use.’ !

It is very important when setting snares for rabbits
to have one’s hands clean—that is to say, free from any
smell of powder, rabbits or dogs ; for, as already re-
marked, rabbits have a very keen sense of smell, and
will keep clear of any trap or snare that to their per-
ception is evidently tainted by human contact. Some
keepers when trapping will advocate the use of an old
pair of hedging gloves. A good plan, however, is first
of all to wash one’s hands well in soap and water, and
then to rub them with mould scraped up near the
place where the snare is to be set. When it is time
to put the wire into shape, and smooth out any bends
or kinks in it, this should be done, not with the bare
finger and thumb, but with a bit of wash-leather be-
tween them. It is easily carried in the waistcoat
pocket, and a snare rubbed down with this will be

' This trap may be obtained from Messrs. Artingstall & Co.,
manufacturers, Warrington, Lancashire.

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 137

found to run as smoothly as possible when touched
by a rabbit. Moreover, this intercepts any scent from
the bare hand,

Snares set in the morning, says an old keeper,
catch twice as many rabbits as those set in the evening
or afternoon, because the scent gets off and evaporates
during the day, whereas in the evening the dews fall
and preserve the scent freshly all night, thus warning
off the rabbits. The same thing applies to trapping
as well as snaring.

Taking rabbits in nets is a much more serious
business than either trapping or snaring, and is cer-
tainly more deserving of the name of ‘sport.’ It may
be considered under the following headings : (1) nett-
ing with the use of ferrets ; (2) with long-nets outside
coverts, when large numbers are wanted for the
market ; (3) gate-nets ; (4) purse-nets, and (5) drop-
down-nets for keeping rabbits out while at feed, when
a good show is wanted for the next day’s shooting.

With regard to nets for ferreting, we have already
indicated, in a previous chapter, the desirability of
having some good ferrets, and have given directions
for managing them and keeping them in good health.
A good terrier that will ‘ mark’ well at the entrance of
a burrow is equally desirable. He must have a good
nose that will enable him, on visiting one hole after

138 THE RABBIT

another, to tell at once whether there is a rabbit ‘at
home’ or not, and he must be absolutely mute. His
business is simply to aid the warrener by pointing, or
‘marking’ as it is termed, at the entrance of a burrow
which holds a rabbit, and thus to save a considerable
amount of time and trouble.

The net used for this purpose is about 3 feet by
2 feet, the narrower sides having brass rings fastened
to them, for pegging down, when necessary. It is
thrown over the hole when the dog has * marked,’ a
ferret is then introduced, and the rabbit is bolted into
the net. It is much better to have the net slack than
pegged down tight, as the rabbit is then more likely to
get rolled up in it, instead of going back, as it would
attempt to do, on feeling the net strained.

The performance may be varied by bolting the
rabbit with a fuse instead of a ferret, on which subject
we shall have more to say anon.

The ‘long-net’ is a useful thing in the hands of
rightful owners, but its utility, unfortunately, is well
known to poachers, who do not scruple to make good
use of it whenever they get a chance. The employ-
ment of the ‘long-net,’ in fact, is one of the most
troublesome forms of poaching with which game-
keepers have to contend. Its extreme lightness, when
made of silk, and the great lengths which may be

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 139

carried without inconvenience, enable it to be readily
transported from one part of the country to another,
and as easily concealed.

Should there be too many rabbits in a particular
covert, and comparatively few where wanted on a
remote part of the shooting, the capture of a sufficient
number may be easily effected with the ‘long-net.’ It
is usually made in lengths of from 50 to 100 yards or
more, and the width is generally about 5 feet, the
meshes, 2}in. square, being large enough to allow a
very small rabbit to get through. Long-nets are
usually set about two yards from the side of the covert.
If further away, the rabbits are more likely to see
persons moving near them than if closer to the covert.

In the second series of his ‘Letters to Young
Shooters’ (p. 419), Sir R. Payne-Gallwey writes :
‘When you use nets to catch rabbits, have them
made with their lower halves of light cord, and their
upper of dark (this does not add to the cost), the
lower and lighter half will then appear to a rabbit as
an opening under the darker part, and he will un-
hesitatingly run into it.” We are not told, however,
how long the light-coloured cord will remain so. Not
long probably ; for a few nights’ work over wet grass,
and a few tramplings under foot when setting or
picking up, will very soon cause the net to get dirty

140 THE RABBIT

and to look all of one colour. To work it effectively,
a tolerably dark night should be selected, with
the wind blowing from the covert. A number of
hazel pegs are prepared about two and a half feet
long, with a bit cut out of the top of each so as to
form a shoulder. One man carries the pegs, another
the net gathered up by coiling the top line, and
putting a little strap through to buckle the folds
together till wanted. The former begins by driving
in a peg, and then another and another at intervals
of ten paces apart; the latter follows, giving the top
string of the net one turn round the top of each peg
to hold it in position. This must be done as noise-
lessly as possible, and when all is in readiness, one of
the men, making a circuit to get round the rabbits
(which on a dry night will feed a long way out from
covert), gradually drives them in, while the other, with
one or more helpers as the length of net may require,
stays back to extricate them from the net, or to knock
them on the head with a stick as they try to force
their way through.

A dog that will hunt mute, and has a good turn
of speed, is invaluable for this kind of work, as he can
get so quickly and yet so quietly round the rabbits,
and work them in the required direction as a colley
works sheep. Sometimes a few hares get ‘run in,’

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 141

but as a rule they escape on account of their feeding
at a greater distance from covert, and, being very
cautious when alarmed, they break away right or left
instead of going forward, while rabbits will rush back
to the place they came from as fast as their legs can
carry them. Indeed, so prone are they to do this,
that it is not always necessary to get right round the
field before beginning to drive them, for they will
commence to run home if man or dog shows up on
either side of them, or even between them and the
net. To save time and to ensure pushing up any
rabbits that may be squatting, a long line, called by
poachers ‘a dead dog,’ is sometimes used and is trailed
across the field by a man at each end.

It may so happen that an owner of coverts may
not require to use ‘long-nets’ on his ground, having
no occasion to send any large number of rabbits away
at one time. Or he may prefer to shoot them, or
leave them to the tender mercies of the warrener and
his ferrets. In this case it will be well to see that
poachers are not allowed a chance to help themselves
in this way, and a keeper or watcher should go round
the coverts every night, or every other night, and run
the rabbits in, taking care to see by daylight that the
fields lying round it have been well ‘ bushed.’ After
being treated like this for a time, the rabbits will

142 THE RABBIT

learn to feed earlier in the evening, and will contrive
to get their supper before the time comes for running
them in. They will then be out again for breakfast at
daylight, when netting them would be impracticable.

A modified form of ‘long-net’ is the ‘gate-net’
(or ‘sheet-net’ as it is called in some parts of the
country) used for taking hares. This is about six
feet wide, and six or seven yards long. When sup-
ported on sticks it stands about a yard high, the
lower half being spread on the ground towards the
gateway in front of which it is hung.

A still smaller net, the ‘ purse-net,’ is used for
taking hares as they come through a meuse. It is
made something like a landing-net but longer, with a
running string through every mesh round the mouth
of it. This kind of net is inserted in a meuse through
which a hare is expected to pass, with the opening of
course facing the covert or ground about to be driven.
Two or three of the top meshes are forced into the
interstices of the wall to keep the net up, and are
held there with pieces of short stick, or it may be
with little lumps of stiff clay, if there happens to be
any at hand. The end of the running string is
fastened to a peg which is driven into the ground, and
all is then in readiness. The dog does the rest, and
the hare if anywhere within reach is very soon in the

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 143

net. This is truly a poacher’s contrivance, but has its
legitimate use when live hares are wanted to stock
ground at a distance.

The last net to be described is the ‘drop-down-
net.’ Everyone who owns game-coverts is familiar
with the fact that rabbits have a provoking habit of
feeding a little way outside their burrows, where at a
respectable distance they may be viewed perhaps in
hundreds; but the instant an attempt is made to
approach them within shooting distance, they bolt
back into covert and are safe. It must often have
struck others as it has the writer, that if a net could
be contrived, elevated, and fixed in such a way as to
drop behind the rabbits when they are fairly out, and so
cut off their retreat, a much better toll might be taken
of their number, and if it were thought desirable this
might be effected without any shooting, and in a way
which need not disturb the pheasants. A contrivance
of this kind has been patented by Mr. A. R. Warren, of
Warren’s Court, Lisarda, Co. Cork, and has been de-
scribed in Zhe Field of December 3, 1892, with
illustrations.

The net recommended is of 2-in. mesh, 3 ft.
deep, too yards long, made of the finest Irish flax,
with plaited running lines of the same, and may
be obtained of the patentee with the apparatus, if

144 THE RABBIT

desired.!. The bottom line of the net, or that which
rests on the ground, runs freely through the meshes,
and is not made taut at intervals like the top line.
One end of the bottom line is fastened to the net,
and has a ring on it to slip over a pole which is
driven into the ground and maintained at an angle of
70° by wire stays and pegs. The other end of the
bottom line is not fastened, and is three or four yards
longer than the net, so that it may be tightened or
slackened at will. The top line is set in the usual
way for long nets, and should be out of reach of a
rabbit when standing up. Intermediate poles are
then twisted into the top line so as to have it perfectly
taut from end to end.

Thus far in the mode of setting there is nothing
new ; the novelty consists in the lifting up and setting
the bottom line with triggers in such a way that upon
a pull of the trigger cord, each trigger releases the
short arm of a lever on which the bottom line rests,
and so drops it. The mode of setting is somewhat
as follows :—To the intermediate poles are attached
the ‘elevator’ by means of brass sockets. These
‘elevators’ have brass catches or holding pieces at
the back, into which one end of a bar or trigger is

' The London agents are Messrs. Hughes, Eli & Hughes,
76 Chancery Lane.

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &¢. 145

inserted and held, so that it may turn in a horizontal
plane from either side. Below the catch there is
pivoted a lever, with the long arm hanging down, the
short arm up. The bottom line of the net is now
hung upon the long arms throughout its length, the
short arms being hitched under the triggers. On a
pull of the trigger-cord at any reasonable distance,
the triggers release the short arms of the levers, and
the net drops, the rings on the end poles sliding
down to the bottom. There are one or two further
points, however, which may be noticed. ‘The ‘ eleva-
tors’ are to be fixed on the poles with the brass
catches at the backs thereof—that is, in the opposite
direction from that in which the rabbits are driven.
Then, at the bottom of each pole are what the in-
ventor terms ‘ guides.’ These are light slips of wood,
about six feet in length, which are run on to spindles
nearly flush with the ground. As the bottom line of
the net hangs on the long levers, each ‘ guide’ is passed
through the mesh next the line, spindle end first,
brought under the net and slipped on the spindle. In
this position the top end of each ‘guide’ should rest in
a slanting position against the bottom running line,
close to the end of the lever. Looking at it sideways
the net will be seen to hang between the ‘ guides’
and ‘elevators.’ The ‘guides’ serve to keep the

L

146 THE RABBIT

net in an outward direction when falling, and keep
the bottom line firmly to the ground at each pole.
The advantages claimed for this method of netting
are that it can be used by daylight; that before a
drive the rabbits are not disturbed by any noise
behind them ; and that, owing to the instantaneous fall
of the net, rabbits feeding even within a few feet of it
cannot get back to covert before the net stops them.

Messrs. Denman, of Overton, Hants, have de-
signed and patented a so-called drop-down fencing

intended to answer the same purpose, but it is more
expensive to erect, and, being made of wire instead of
string-netting, is more likely to injure game going
hard at it than is the case with the softer material.

We come now to a subject which may be appro-
priately dealt with in the present chapter, since it
affects the question ‘how to make rabbits lie out.’ It
will be admitted by most people who have tried it that
ferreting as a preliminary to a big shoot is slow work ;
it unnecessarily frightens the rabbits, and many get so
mutilated by the ferrets that they never come above-
ground again.

A good deal will depend upon the kind of ground
on which they are to be ‘stopped out.’ If there is no
covert, or very little, and that not of the right sort, all

one’s efforts to induce rabbits to lie out will bein vain.

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 147

Nor will it be of much avail if the grass is thick but
grazed over by cattle, or disturbed by dogs, for rabbits
will then get no rest, and will be very loth to stay
there. There is no covert so good as brambles, and
next to that long sedgy grass. If the ground is bare,
a good plan is to scatter small bunches of light thorns
about the fields in the spring. Through these the
grass will grow up, and while, by reason of the thorns,
it will escape the mouths of cattle, it will form snug
lying for rabbits.

To get the latter out into ground thus prepared,
or for that matter any other ground that has sufficient
covert to hold them, the easiest plan is to send some
men round with spades, and let them stop every hole
they can find. The second day they should take a
pail of paraffin! and some pegs, about 8 in. long,
with a slit in the top into which is inserted a piece of
folded paper. ‘These are dipped in the oil and stuck
in the ground immediately opposite the holes that
have been opened. On the third day all open holes
should be stopped again ; on the fourth, paraffin once
more ; on the fifth, stop all holes effectually ; and on
the sixth day, shoot. During this time the covert all
round should be left perfectly quiet and undisturbed,

‘ Some keepers mix two-thirds paraffin with one-third

animal oil.
L.2

148 THE RABBIT

and after the shoot all traces of paraffin should be
removed.

If paraffin is not to be obtained just when wanted,
spirits of tar will answer the purpose. One who has
tried it recommends the use of a rope’s end frayed
out, soaked in paraffin, and lighted at the windward
holes of the burrows.

The use of sulphur is not to be recommended, for
two reasons: if only a moderate dose be applied, it
will cause a rabbit not merely to bolt, but to desert
the hole for ever; while if the fumes are too strong,
the result will be suffocation on the spot.

Some keepers dispense with ‘stopping’ and con-
tent themselves with sticking the pegs in front of the
holes two clear nights before the coverts are shot.
Our late friend, Mr. T. J. Mann, of Hyde Hall, Saw-
bridgceworth, one of the most practical sportsmen that
ever lived, had another plan which he found to be very
effectual, and he thus described it for the benefit of
readers of The Field. ‘Two days before we shoot the
woods,’ he said, ‘the keepers take a lined ferret on the
back of which is smeared a strong solution of asafce-
tida. The ferret is then worked a short way into all
the holes which can be got at. The good sport subse-
quently obtained in the rough meadows round the
woods affords the best criterion as to the success

TRAPPING, SNARING, NETTING, &c. 149

of this plan’—and from personal experience we can
vouch for its efficacy. The only drawback is the time
it takes when a large number of burrows have to be
worked.

One other method of bolting rabbits remains to be
noticed, namely by means of a fuse. Several different
kinds have been advocated ; perhaps the most efficient,
judging by results, are those made by Messrs. Brunton
& Co., Cambrian Safety Fuse Works, Wrexham. It
is on record that in the park at Weald Hall, Brent-
wood, Essex, after the use of some of these fuses a
party of six guns shot 1,027 rabbits in one day,
and on the following day over the same beat 405
more.!

It is to be observed, however, that in the employ-
ment of fuses, success must in some measure depend
upon the nature of the ground ; for where the burrows
are large and rambling, it has been found by
experience that fuses are of little or no use.”

1 The Freld, November 12 and 26, 1892.
> Tbid. February 4 and 11, 1893.

150 THE RABBIT

CHAPTER VI

POACHING

In the last chapter we described the legitimate
employment of traps, snares, and nets for the pur-
pose of killing or taking rabbits. It is the illegitimate
use of these (¢/er aia) that constitutes poaching.

It was correctly observed by the late Richard
Jefferies that there are three kinds of poachers: the
local men; the raiders coming in gangs from a dis-
tance; and the ‘mouchers’—fellows who do not
make precisely a profession of it, but who occasionally
loiter along the roads and hedges, picking up what-
ever they can lay hands on. Of the three, perhaps,
the largest amount of business is done by the local
men, who are often sober and apparently industrious
individuals working during the day at some handi-
craft in the village. Their great object is to avoid
suspicion, knowing that success will be proportionate
to their skill in cloaking their operations; for in a
small community when a man is suspected, it is

POACHING 151

comparatively easy to watch him, and a poacher
knows that, if he is watched, he must sooner or later
be caught. Secrecy is not so very difficult ; for it is
only with certain classes that he need practise con-
cealment ; his own class will hold their peace.

Perhaps the most promising position for a man
who makes a science of it, says the observant writer
just quoted, is a village at the end of a range of
downs, generally fringed with large woods on the
lower slopes. He has then ground to work alternately,
according to the character of the weather and the
changes of the moon, If the weather be wet, windy,
or dark from the absence of the moon, then the wide
open hills are safe; while, on the other hand, the
woods are practically inaccessible, for a man must
have the eyes of a cat to see to do his work in the
impenetrable blackness of the plantations. So that
upon a bright night the judicious poacher prefers the
woods, because he can see his way, and avoids the
hills, because, having no fences to speak of, a watcher
may detect him a mile off.

Meadows with high banks and thick hedges may
be worked almost at any time, for one side of the
hedge is sure to cast a shadow, and instant cover is
afforded by the bushes and ditches. Such meadows
are the happy hunting-grounds of the local poacher

152 THE RABBIT

for that reason, especially if not far distant from
woods and consequently overrun with rabbits.

Rabbits are not easily dislodged in rain, for they
avoid getting wet as much as possible ; they bolt best
when it is dry and still. Nor will a poacher who
means ferreting choose a windy night (though it is
otherwise when he is after pheasants), for he has to
depend a great deal on his sense of hearing to know
when a rabbit is moving in the ‘bury,’ and where it
is likely to bolt, so as to lay hold of it the moment it
is in the net.

Poachers who use ferrets prefer white ones for
night work, as they are more easily seen, and are not
so likely to be picked up by a dog in mistake for a
rabbit, although poachers’ dogs as a rule are generally
too well trained to make such mistakes. Keepers
are only too glad to get hold of poachers’ ferrets when
they can, for they are almost certain to be good ones.

The favourite implement, however, with rabbit
poachers is, no doubt, the wire snare. This is
easily carried about in the pocket, to be set as occasion
or opportunity may arise, and is easily removed.!
It is otherwise with nets, which usually require the

‘ Several instances have been reported in which two rabbits
have been caught in one snare, either by the legs, or one by
the leg the other by the neck. See Zhe Field, April 2 and 7,
1892, and January 30, 1897.

POACHING 153

attention of more than one person, thus increasing the
chance of detection. The keeper, who in the course
of his rounds may happen to detect a number of
‘wires,’ has two courses open to him. He may either
pull up the pegs and take the snares bodily away
(unless, of course, they have been set by an ‘ occupier’
on land in his occupation, when the keeper has no
right to remove them !), or he may watch the place
to discover who comes to lookat them. In the latter
case he should give the culprit time, and if possible
catch him in the act of taking a rabbit out of a snare.
The plan of putting a dead rabbit in a wire and allowing
the poacher to find it is not to be recommended, for in
the event of a prosecution this would afford a loophole
for escape, since the keeper, if cross-examined for the
defence, would have to admit that he himself placed
the rabbit where it was found. It is much better to
allow the culprit to walk away with any rabbit he
may have seen him kill, and then to question him.

In the case of ‘long-netting’ it is better to counter-
act the setting by ‘bushing’ the field, or driving the
rabbits into cover at night (about ro P.M. and again
about 14.M.) with a good dog, than to take pro-
ceedings against the offenders after the rabbits have
been killed and removed.

' See Hobbs vw. Symons, 7he Field, March 31, 1888.

154 THE RABBIT

Some keepers advocate turning out a few white
rabbits, which are more readily seen at night than
the others, and by keeping a watch on them observe
whether they disappear. This will show whether there
is any poaching going on or not; though a wily
poacher who knows his business will, of course, take
care to let any white ones go that he may happen to
capture. The most effectual way, however, to prevent
‘long-netting’ is to bush the fields around the coverts,
not with fixed bushes or stakes, but with loose thorns,
or short pieces of bramble or furze strewn loosely about
in the field. These will be dragged by the net and
cause it to become so hampered and entangled as to
be useless. A gamekeeper, writing in Zhe Meld of
August 4, 1894, recommended the scattering of small
pieces of wire netting,’ but although this might defeat
the poachers, it would hardly suit farmers who have
sheep or other stock to turn on the land.

When coverts are surrounded by stone walls, it is
usual to leave openings called * meuses’ here and there
for the hares and rabbits to go in andout. A poacher
who intends to use a ‘purse-net’ will previously block
up all the ‘meuses’ except those in which he intends
to hang his nets, and, to enable him to distinguish at

‘ This was also recommended by another correspondent,
The Field, January 25, 1896.

POACHING 155

night those which are blocked from those which are
open, will place on the wall immediately above the
open ones a loose stone, a stick, or a piece of turf to
mark them. A keeper on going his rounds, therefore,
should be on the look out for such objects, and when
found should carefully shift them over the closed holes,
and so defeat the object in view. To counteract the
use of ‘ gate-nets,’ it is not a bad plan for a keeper
to use some himself for a few nights, and after catching
several hares liberate them immediately. This will
cause the hares to fight shy of gates, and quit the fields
in some other way. Another effective plan is to paint
the lower bars of the gates white, and the hares will
then avoid them.

The raiders who come in gangs armed with guns
and shoot the best coverts, generally selecting
pheasants at roost, are usually colliers, miners, or the
scum of manufacturing towns, led by some ruffian who
has a knowledge of the ground. These gangs display
no skill, but rely on their numbers, arms, and known
desperation of character to save them from arrest, as
unfortunately it very often does.

The ‘mouchers’ who sneak about the roads and
hedgerows with dogs on Sundays, and snap up a rabbit
or a hare, do not do so much damage except in the
neighbourhood of large towns, where they are more

156 THE RABBIT

numerous. Shepherds, too, sometimes require looking
after, for they often have dogs which, though supposed
to be used only for sheep, are extremely clever in
helping their owners to get: hold of a hare or rabbit.
Even a ploughman will leave his horses to set a wire
in a gateway or gap where he has noticed the track of
a hare ; but this is generally for his own eating, and is
not of much consequence in comparison with the work
of the real local professional. These regular hands
form a class, now more numerous than ever; for the
price obtainable for game from local dealers causes
many a man to turn poacher in a small way who
would otherwise lead a respectable and honest life.
Moreover, the spread of railways into the most out-
lying districts enables poachers, or their aiders and
abettors, to get hampers of game speedily out of reach
of the local policeman.

The people who require most looking after, how-
ever, are the small higglers, or ‘ general dealers’ as
they call themselves, who go round the countryside
with a cart, and, under pretence of selling fish, or
buying and selling poultry, are frequently in league
with poachers, especially during the egging season,
when they become possessed of large quantities of
pheasants’ and partridges’ eggs. As an instance of the
mischief which may be done by these gentry, it may

AN OLD HAND

POACHING 157

be noted that on May 26, 1898, one Charles Gooch,
a marine-store dealer, was prosecuted by the Field
Sports Protection Association, at the Saxmundham
Petty Sessions, where, being convicted of being in un-
lawful possession of 655 partridges’ eggs, he was fined
one shilling per egg, or 32/. 15s. and costs, or in default
two months’ imprisonment with hard labour. It would
be well if this example were followed more frequently
by justices at petty sessions in other parts of the
country, and much might be done to prevent poach-
ing if County Councillors and Boards of Guardians
would follow the lead of those at Wimborne who, on
July 30, 1898, refused to grant to a general dealer a
licence to deal in game.!

The power to grant such licences has been trans-
ferred from the Justices to the Guardians, and the
Act conferring such power (1 & 2 Will. IV. cap. 32)
expressly provides (Sect. 18) that ‘a licence to
deal in game cannot be granted to an innkeeper or
licensed victualler, or person licensed to sell beer by
retail, or to the owner, guard, or driver of any mail
coach or conveyance used for carrying the mails, or of
any stage coach, waggon, van, or other public convey-
ance, or to a carrier or higgler, or to a person in the
employment of any of the above.’

' For report of this case see The Field, August 6, 1898,
p. 267.

158 THE RABBIT

To judge by the local press reports of the poach-
ing cases which come before the magistrates at petty
sessions, it would seem that the majority of convictions
are for poaching rabbits, the proceedings being taken
under the principal Game Act, 1831 (1 & 2 Will. IV.
cap. 32), the Night Poachers’ Act, 1828 (9 Geo. IV.
cap. 69) modified by the Night Poaching Act, 1844
(7 & 8 Vict. cap. 29), the Larceny Act, 1861 (24
& 25 Vict. cap. 96), or the Poaching Prevention
Act, 1862 (25 & 26 Vict. cap. 114).

As a good deal of ignorance prevails on the subject
of the law relating to rabbits, not only amongst game-
keepers, who can hardly be supposed to know very
much about it, but also amongst their employers, who
might be expected to be better informed, it may not
be out of place in a volume pertaining exclusively to
‘The Rabbit’ to devote a few pages to the consideration
of cases which continually arise, and to the law which
governs them. A little plain law on the subject may
be acceptable both to masters and servants, and we
shall endeavour so to expound it as to free it as much
as possible from technicalities, confining attention
chiefly to the duties of gamekeepers (in respect of
rabbits) as regulated by Acts of Parliament.

Perhaps the simplest mode of dealing with the
subject will be to look into the provisions of the

POACHING 159

above-mentioned statutes, and see how they affect
the questions which are likely to arise where rabbits
are concerned.

With regard to trespass dy day in pursuit of game
or rabbits (coneys they are styled in the Statute) Sec-
tion 30 of the principal Game Act (1 & 2 Will. IV.
cap. 32) expressly states that if any person shall com-
mit a trespass by entering in the day-time! upon
any land in search or pursuit of game or coneys, he
shall be liable on conviction to a penalty not exceed-
ing 22. and costs, or, in default, to imprisonment with
hard labour for a term not exceeding two months.
And if the offence be committed by a party of five or
more persons, the penalty on conviction may be 54.
and costs, or, in default, imprisonment with hard
labour as before.

In such case anyone may lay an information, and
one justice may receive it. It need not be in writing,
though it usually is, and it need not be on oath,
unless a warrant for the apprehension of an offender
be applied for by the informant, and then the informa-
tion must be asworn one. It must be for one offence

1 Section 34 of this Act states that day-¢zme shall be
deemed to commence at the beginning of the last hour before
sunrise, and to conclude at the expiration of the first hour after

sunset. Night will therefore mean the remaining portion of the
twenty-four hours.

160 THE RABBIT

on one day only, but an information against several
persons for a joint offence will hold good. In any
case the prosecution must be originated within
three calendar months after the commission of the
offence.

If an offender, after being served with a summons,
does not appear, the keeper (or other informant) may
either apply for a warrant or proceed in his absence.

We need not here concern ourselves with the
defence likely to be set up by a rabbit poacher, for
that is a matter to be determined by the justices at the
hearing of the summons ; unless a dona-fide claim of
right is pleaded, in which case the magistrates’ jurisdic-
tion would be ousted, and the dispute would have to
be settled in a superior court. But cases may arise in
which, for want of proper instruction, a keeper may
be induced to let an offender escape. For example,
it is settled law that a right of common carries with it
no right to kill the ground game on a common which
belongs to the lord of the manor.! If, therefore, a
gamekeeper of the latter sees a person shooting
rabbits on a common, and on remonstrating with
him is informed that he is a commoner and merely
exercising his privilege, he should reply civilly that he

1 Watkins v. Major, 44 1..J. M.C. 164 and L.R. to C.P.
662.

POACHING 161

is mistaken ; that commoners have no right to kill
rabbits ; that he must desist ; and that if he continues
to shoot, he will be summoned. The owner of a
free warren, also, may prosecute tenants of land
within the limits of the free warren if they kill
rabbits, or give permission to others to do so; and
he should instruct his keeper to let it be known that
he claims the rabbits on the land of such persons
under a grant of free warren (see p. 55). It has been
decided also in several reported cases that a dog
found hunting rabbits in a warren may be killed by
the keeper or warrener ; and the owner of a franchise
of a park may kill a dog chasing game in the park."
In other cases, a keeper would do well to abstain
from shooting a trespassing dog, or he may find him-
self made liable in damages to the owner.? His
proper course is to give the owner of the dog notice
in writing to restrain him from trespassing, and to
intimate that, unless he does so, traps will be set.
Should any doubt arise in the mind of a game-
keeper as to the ownership of a hedge in which he

may find snares set for rabbits or hares, he may note

1 Vere v. Lord Cawdor, 11 East, 568; Protheroe v.
Matthews, 5 C. and P. 581.

2 See the report of a case at Cardiff in which a gamekeeper
was ordered to pay 12/ for shooting a dog while in pursuit of
a rabbit.— 7he Field, February 27, 1897.

M

162 THE RABBIT

that a hedge is always presumed to belong to the
person in whose field the ditch is zo¢; the reason
being that the person who makes a hedge bank
by cutting a ditch must throw up the soil on his own
land, and not on his neighbour’s; he thus becomes
the owner of the hedge. If there are two ditches,
one on each side of a hedge, the ownership of the
hedge will depend on the past exercise of rights over
it, or the liability to repair it.

It often happens that a poacher, with a view to
avoid a charge of trespass, confines his operations to
one side or the other of a high road, along which he
may pretend to be walking quietly if disturbed. It
is well to remember, therefore, that a highway (sub-
ject to the right of the public to use it for all usual
and lawful purposes) is deemed to be land in the
possession of adjoining owners and occupiers, and
therefore a poacher under such circumstances may be
treated as if he were a trespasser on the adjoining
land. Moreover, if he is using a gun for shooting
through the hedge, he may not only be prosecuted
for trespass in pursuit of game, but may be summoned
under Section 72 of the Highway Act (5 & 6 Will.
IV. cap. 50) for discharging a gun within fifty feet from
the centre of the highway. By shooting from a high
road a trespass is committed as if the shooter had

POACHING 163

entered the adjacent field. This was decided by the
Court of Queen’s Bench in the case of Regina z.
Pratt, 24 L. J. (N.S.) 113. If the facts warrant it,
he may also be prosecuted for shooting game without
a licence.

It is a question for the justices to determine
whether a defendant is ‘in pursuit of game’ or not.
In a case tried at Cheltenham in January, 1892, in
which two persons were summoned for trespass in
pursuit of game, it was contended on their behalf
that, although they had a dog and gun, there was no
evidence of their being ‘in pursuit of game.’ The
magistrates, however, considered that their intention
was sufficiently evident, and fined them ten shillings
each and costs.

If the owner of a hedge which he proposes to
ferret, steps over into his neighbour’s field for the
purpose of shooting any rabbits that may be put out
to him, he is clearly a trespasser, for it is only by
permission that a person can stand on his neighbour’s
land for the purpose of killing game started on his
own property.

Should it happen that a person convicted of
trespassing in pursuit of game, or rabbits, under
Section 30 of the Act 1 & 2 Will. IV. cap. 32, is the
holder of a gun or game licence, that licence will

M2

164 THE RABBIT

become forfeited, and if he intends to shoot again, he
will have to take out a fresh licence under penalties
prescribed in the Game Licence Act, 1860, and the
Gun Licence Act, 1870. A gamekeeper, therefore,
who has obtained a conviction will do well to bear
this fact in mind.

Disputes often arise as to who has or who has not
the right to kill rabbits, and as the law which formerly
held good has been materially altered by the Ground
Game Act, passed in 1880, the consideration of this
part of the subject may be reserved for another
chapter, in which we propose to deal exclusively with
the provisions of that particular statute. Since that
Act, however, does not affect the rights of owners
and occupiers under leases executed before the
passing of the Act, it may be well to note here that
rabbits do not come within the definition of ‘game’
laid down in the principal Game Act, and therefore,
where ‘game’ only is reserved to a landlord wider a
lease dated prior to 1880, the tenant may kill the rabbits
or authorise his servants to kill them for him,! but zo¢
strangers ; for the game being reserved, the permission
of the tenant is no defence to strangers prosecuted

1 Spicer v. Barnard, 28 L.J. M.C. 176; and Padwick v.
King, 29 L.J. M.C. 42. It is otherwise in the case of

tenancies created since the passing of the Ground Game Act, as
will be explained in the next chapter.

POACHING 165

by the landlord for trespassing in pursuit of it, or of
woodcocks, snipes, quails, landrails, or rabbits.!

Two very important points remain to be considered,
the right to arrest, and the right to search. As pro-
bably more mistakes are made by keepers in these
matters than in any others with which they have to
deal, it will be well to state clearly how the law
stands.

Any person may order an ordinary trespasser to
quit his land, and may remove him if he refuses to
do so, but he has no power at common law to sum-
marily arrest him. If, however, the offender be
trespassing in search of game, Section 31 of the
principal Game Act authorises any person having the
right of killing the game, or the occupier of the land,
or the gamekeeper or servant of either of them, to
arrest him under certain specified circumstances ;
namely, if he refuses to tell his real name or place of
abode, or gives a false name and address (to the
keeper’s knowledge), or wilfully continues on the land
or returns to it, he may be apprehended and taken
as soon as possible before a Justice of the Peace,?

1 Pryce v. Davies, 35 J.P. 374; and Morden wv. Porter,
29 L.J. M.C. 213.

? The section requires that he must not be detained more
than twelve hours, and if, for any sufficient reason, he cannot
be brought before « Justice of the Peace within that time, he

166 THE RABBIT

and on being convicted of any such offence, is lable
to a penalty not exceeding 52. and costs, or in default,
two months’ imprisonment with hard labour.

If any of the parties authorised as above can
see game in possession of the trespasser, they may de-
mand it, and if refused, may scize it, but they may
not search a person on suspicion, nor can they scize
his gun. The only person empowered to search is
a constable under circumstances mentioned in the
Poaching Prevention Act, 1862, to be presently
referred to.

Under the Night Poachers’ Act, 1828 (9 Geo. IV.
cap. 69) modified by the Night Poaching Act, 1844
(7 & 8 Vict. cap. 29) any one taking or killing
game or rabbits a¢ zigh/,! either on open or enclosed
land, or upon any highway or the sides thereof, or
entering such places for the purpose, is lable on
conviction to three months’ imprisonment with hard
labour for a first offence, six months’ for a second
offence, and a still longer term for any subsequent
offence. Such person also may be apprehended,

must be discharged, and proceeded against by summons or
warrant, as if no such apprehension had taken place.

) Night is deemed to commence at the expiration of the
first hour after sunset and to conclude at the beginning of the
last hour before sunrise. See p. 159, note.

? Tt is important to bear in mind that before he can be con-
victed he must have actually killed or taken a rabbit. It is

POACHING 167

and delivered over to a constable, to be brought
before two Justices of the Peace to be dealt with
as the Act provides. If such person offers violent
resistance, and assaults those authorised to apprehend
him, he is guilty of a misdemeanour, and is liable on
conviction to transportation for seven years, or to
imprisonment with hard labour for two years.

The Larceny Act, 1861 (Section 17) makes it an
offence to kill hares and rabbits a¢ night ‘in a warren’
(see p. 57), an extension, as it were, of the Night
Poaching Acts which relate to taking or killing game
or rabbits ‘in open or enclosed lands.’ Whether the
land in question is ‘a warren,’ or not, may be a
question for the determination of the justices.! If it
be quite certain that the offence was committed ‘in a
warren,’ the offender may be prosecuted under the
Larceny Act, otherwise under the Night Poaching
Acts. One must, of course, bear in mind the dis-
tinction between an ordinary warren and the right of
free warren, as explained in a former chapter (see p. 52).
not sufficient for him to be merely on the land in search of
rabbits. The keeper therefore, if he sees a trespasser at night
whom he has reason to suspect, should give him time before
making his appearance. The reason for this anomaly, which
arises on a question of construction of the Act, is fully explained
in an article on ‘Rabbit Poaching by Night,’ in 7he Field of

February 15, 1890.
1 Bevan v. Hopkinson, 34 L.T. 142. See p. 58, note.

168 THE RABBIT

Poachers will sometimes capture in ae night with
the long net more rabbits than they can carry away.
They will accordingly be compelled to hide them,
and remove them subsequently as best they may. If
they escape detection when capturing them, but: are
caught while removing them, the rabbits being then
dead, it becomes a question whether the offence is
one of larceny or not. The point was decided in the
case of Regina v. Lewis Townley, reported in Zhe
field of April 29, 1871. A poacher, who had assisted
in taking 126 rabbits which were concealed with 400
yards of netting, was subsequently caught removing
them, and was prosecuted and convicted of larceny
for stealing them. But on appeal, the Court for the
Consideration of Crown Cases Reserved quashed the
conviction on the ground that the act of killing and
removing was continuous, and that that which was
not larceny in its inception could not be so in its
natural fulfilment of the original intention.

On the other hand, if the offender had been charged
with poaching and convicted, the conviction would
probably have been affirmed. This is shown by the
case of Horn v. Raine.’ In this case, the poacher
Raine, standing in his own allotment, fired over the
wall at a grouse that was sitting on Lord Westbury’s

' Law Times, July 16, 1898.

POACHING 169

land adjoining, and killed it. He did not at once
seek to remove it, and Horn (Lord Westbury’s game-
keeper), who was attracted by the shot, found the dead
bird and removed it without being seen by Raine.
Some hours later Raine returned, and climbed over
the wall and began looking for the dead bird. He
was charged with trespassing on the land in pursuit of
game. The magistrates dismissed the charge on the
ground that the distance of time between the act of
killing and the act of taking prevented them from
treating the two as one continuous act. A Divisional
Court, however, on a case stated, remitted the case
to the magistrates with directions to convict on the
ground that on the facts stated the killing and taking
constituted one continuous act.

We come now to the Poaching Prevention Act,
1862 (25 & 26 Vict. cap. 114), the provisions of
which apply to rabbits as well as to game. It is an
extremely important Act, because it empowers police
constables in certain cases to search suspected persons
without a warrant, a proceeding which, as we have seen
(p. 165), is not in the power of any owner, occupier,
gamekeeper or other person acting under his or their
directions.

Section 2 of this Act enables a constable to search,
in any highway, street, or public place, any person

170 THE RABBIT

suspected of coming from land where he has been un-
lawfully in pursuit of game, and to take from him
any game, eggs of game, or rabdits that may be found
in his possession, or any gun, part of gun, or nets,
or engines used for killing or taking.game. It also
enables a constable to stop and search any cart, or
conveyance, in which he suspects any of these things
to be concealed, and, if found, to seize and detain
them. In sucha case, the constable must apply to
a magistrate for a summons citing the offender to
appear before two justices at petty sessions, if in
England or Ireland, or before a sheriff or any two
justices if in Scotland, to be dealt with as the Act
provides.

This statute, in the words of Mr. Justice Byles,!
‘not only creates a new criminal jurisdiction, but
changes the burden of proof in a criminal case, and
therefore we must give it a strict construction. Nowit
appears that there are four requisites: fs¢, that the
suspected person should be found on the highway, Kc. ;
secondly, that there should be good ground of suspicion
that he has come from land where he has been un-
lawfully pursuing game, and that he has in his pos-
session game unlawfully obtained, or certain other
specified articles ; ¢Aixdly, that he should have in his

' Clarke 7. Crowder and others, L.R. 4 C.P. 638.

POACHING 171

possession on the highway such game, &c. ; fourthly,
that game, &c. should there be found on him, ze. seen,
or heard, or felt on him, so as to constitute a finding
by the senses of a witness.’

As pointed out by Mr. Warry, one of the latest
writers on the game laws,! this is the only statute
which directly invokes the aid of the police for the
protection of game. A constable is authorised under
Sections 9, to of the Gun Licence Act, 1870, to
demand the production of gun licences, and may be
asked to assist keepers to effect an arrest under the
Game Act, 1831 (Section 31), or the Night Poaching
Act, 1828 (Section 2), but the public have generally
viewed with disfavour the employment of constables
to assist in the preservation of game. In consequence,
however, of frequent breaches of the peace and
murderous assaults arising from the necessity of
arresting poachers, this statute was passed to assist
keepers in this respect, that (whether from informa-
tion received from them or otherwise) a constable on
duty might be enabled to stop and search persons on
their return from what he might suspect to be a
poaching expedition, and if game was found on them,
to lay the same onus on such persons of accounting

1 The Game Laws of England, with an Appendix of the
Statutes relating to Game. London, Stevens & Sons, 1896.

172 THE RABBIT

for the possession of it, as the law lays upon the
possession of stolen property.

It is not to be expected, nor would it be possible
in the limited space here at disposal, that we should
enter into more minute details of the law concerning
rabbits, or consider its application in every case that
might be likely to arise. All that we have attempted
to do in these pages is to give a few broad outlines
for the guidance of those masters and servants who,
having rabbits to care for and protect from poachers,
may desire to know briefly what are their legal rights
and remedies.

It remains to consider the provisions of the
Ground Game Act, which is of such importance to
owners, occupiers, and shooting tenants as to require

separate treatment in another chapter.

173

CHAPTER VII

THE GROUND GAME ACT

Ir may be said without much fear of contradiction .
that no Act of Parliament in modern times has caused
more misunderstanding, ill-feeling and general dis-
satisfaction than the Ground Game Act of 1880. It
has pleased nobody, except perhaps the promoters of
it. Naturally it has not pleased the landlord, for,
regardless of the legal maxim cujus est solum ejus est
usgue ad celum, it has deprived him of the liberty of
contract, and the right of doing what he pleases with
his own. It has decreed that from the date of the
passing of the Act his interest in hares and rabbits
shall be shared with his tenants, who are to have as
much right to kill or take them as he has himself. If
he does not shoot, or preserve game for his friends to
shoot, this might not at first sight appear to be of
much consequence; but if he lets his shooting it
makes all the difference in the world—a difference,
that is to say, in the value of the shooting, or the

174 THE RABBIT

amount of rent which he is able to secure for it. For
no shooting tenant now-a-days will give as much rent
as he would be willing to pay if the landlord could
let him the exclusive right to kill hares and rabbits,
which under the new régime he is unable to do,
unless he happens to be an owner in occupation of
his own land.

Shooting tenants with some reason complain that
things are very much altered for the worse. They
find that the tenants, or ‘occupiers’ as they are
termed in the Act, under cover of exercising their
privileges and keeping down the ground game, are
perpetually disturbing the ground at all seasons of the
year. Whether the partridges or pheasants are sitting
or have led off their broods makes no difference to
them. They are trapping, wiring, or shooting all the
year round, and the evidence adduced on the hearing
of summonses for trespass in pursuit of game shows
only too plainly that they are not always careful to con-
fine their attention to fur, but kill winged game when
they think they can do so without risk of detection.
The result of this constant disturbance of the ground,
especially during the egging season, is only too
apparent when the first of September comes round.
The frequent ferreting of the hedgerows causes many
a partridge to desert the eggs, and those which contrive

THE GROUND GAME ACT 175

to hatch off often become so wild as to be almost

unapproachable. Hares there are none, or so few in

comparison to what there were, that the shooting
tenant is woefully disappointed. Nor can rabbits be
found in anything like their accustomed number.
On many farms, excepting those which adjoin large
coverts not included in the letting to the tenant
farmer, rabbits are almost cleared off; and every
shooting man knows how coneys tell up in the bag

at the end of a day’s shooting. It is not the loss of

their intrinsic value that is deplored, but the loss of
sport which is implied by their absence.

Nor are the tenant farmers much better pleased
than the landlords with the result of the new legislation,
although the Act was passed ostensibly in their in-
terest—‘ to protect their crops from injury and loss
by ground game.’ Formerly if a standing crop was
damaged by the depredations of hares and rabbits,
the farmer made a claim against the landlord, a
valuer was appointed to look into the matter, and an
amount of compensation was agreed upon which was
generally deducted from the rent. In some cases a
landlord who had paid, or allowed, compensation for
some years on this score would perhaps lose patience,
and in order to relieve himself for the future of this

annual claim, would consent to reduce the rent at

176 THE RABBIT

once by an agreed amount for the remainder of the
term, on condition that he should hear no more of
compensation for damage done by ground game.
This satisfied both parties. At all events the landlord
had the right to make his own terms in regard to the
letting of his own land (which under the Ground
Game Act he is now precluded from doing), and the
tenant had the satisfaction of knowing that he had
secured perhaps a substantial reduction of rent for
the remainder of his term. Now the tenant or
‘occupier’ has aconcurrent right to the ground game,
of which he cannot divest himself much as he might
like to sell the exclusive right of killing it ; for any
agreement in contravention of this is declared by the
third section of the Act, as will be seen later, to be
void. Still he is not happy, and notwithstanding that
when rabbits attack his crops he has the remedy in
his own hands and is at liberty to destroy them, he
still seeks to get compensation when he can from the
landlord, or from the tenant to whom his landlord
has let the shooting over his farm. From the reported
decisions in actions of this class, it would seem that,
wherever a tenant in the occupancy of a farm has a
right to kill rabbits, he has no claim for damage done
by them to his crops, provided they are bred or
burrow on his farm ; for if they are thus permitted to

THE GROUND GAME ACT 77

increase, the fault is his own. But, if his crops are
damaged by rabbits reared and allowed to increase in
plantations or coverts within and around the farm
and which are not in his occupation, he certainly has
aclaim of damages (for the loss sustained) against
his landlord. In the Scotch case of Inglis v. Moir’s
Tutors and Gunnis, where a tenant brought an action
against both landlord and shooting tenant for damage
done to crops by rabbits, it was held that the landlord
was liable, but not the shooting tenant, Lord Justice
Clerk in giving judgment said: ‘As regards the case
against the game tenant, if he did any personal act
to the injury of the agricultural tenant (such as tread-
ing down corn or breaking fences) he would be
responsible. But he is under no obligation to kill
rabbits for the benefit of the farmer. There is no
mutual obligation between them. Neither the
omission to kill rabbits, nor the destruction of
vermin, which are matters entirely within the power
of the game tenant to do or omit, can give the agri-
cultural tenant any just cause of action. His claim
lies against his landlord under the contract with him,
which is neither enlarged nor restricted by the rights
given to the tenant of the shooting.’ !

1 See reports of claims for damage done by rabbits, Cameron
v. Drummond, The Feld, February 4, 1888, and Smith z.
Brand, The Field, November 9, 1895.
N

178 THE RABBIT

Sometimes a shooting tenant is induced to consent
to a clause in the lease to indemnify his landlord against
claims by tenants for damage done by ground game—
a proviso which should be refused unless he is very
anxious to secure the shooting, and the landlord will not
let it otherwise, regarding such clause as tantamount
to a guarantee that the ground game will be well kept
down. This happened in the case of Rashleigh and
another v. Veale, which came before his Honour Judge
Grainger in the St. Austell County Court in January,
1895, the result being that the defendant (who was
the sporting tenant), as was to be expected, was held
liable on his covenant.

Another grievance on the part of an ‘ occupier’
who holds land over which someone else has a grant
of ‘free warren,’ is that he cannot kill any rabbits
at all, notwithstanding his supposed rights under the
Ground Game Act. Witness the case of Lord
Carnarvon v. Clarkson, to which allusion has been
already made.!

There is still another class of persons who profess
themselves aggrieved by the operation of the Ground
Game Act-—namely, the agricultural labourers. The

1 See pp. 55, 56, and a précis of the case in The Freld of
May 18, 1895, under the heading ‘ Occupiers who have no
Right to Ground Game.’

THE GROUND GAME ACT 179

nature of the grievance may be best exemplified by
relating a conversation which the writer had some
years ago with a south-country ‘beater’ well known
to him.

‘Well, John, how do you like the new Ground
Game Act?’

‘Not at all, sur; never get a robbut now, let be
howtle.’!

‘Oh! how’s that then ?’

‘Why, you see, sur, when Mister C. wur head-
keeper? if I’d a mind to a robbut of a Saturday for
my Sunday’s dinner, why, I used to go up to hisn # and
ask for un, aye, and get un too. Now if I goes up to
the noo keeper and asks, he ses, “ Let’s see,” he ses,
‘who do you work for?” and I ses Varmer Rye, I ses.
Well, he ses, “Then you’d better go andask he for un ;
for he have the right to kill un same as me.” So I
goes to Varmer Rye and asks he, and what d’ye
think he ses; why, he ses, “I aint got no robbuts for
no one ; I ca-a-nt get enough for mysel’.” So I comes
away wi/out un. That’s how it be, sur.’

‘Well, John, what do you do now, then?’

‘Do, sur? Why’ (scratching his head) ‘I’se forced
to help mysel’, I s’pose.’

1 A provincialism ; let it be how it will.’
2 Before the passing of the Act.

* Meaning ‘to his house.’
Ney

180 THE RABBIT

Which being interpreted means, that a good
honest labourer with a wife and family to support,
and with perhaps only eighteen shillings a week to
do it with, out of which four or five shillings a week
has to go for cottage rent, turns poacher, and sooner
or later is discovered by the keeper taking a rabbit
out of a wire, with the usual result. And so it is
that owners, occupiers, shooting tenants and agri-
cultural labourers, all have something to say against
the Act.!

It would not be possible within the limits of a
single chapter to examine critically all the points
which are suggested by a careful perusal of the Act,
nor is it to be expected that we should take cogni-
sance of the many legal technicalities which have
been argued in the numerous actions at law to which
this particular statute has given rise. All that we
can attempt to do here is to take a general view of
the object and provisions of the Ground Game Act,
and point out, as briefly as possible, some of the
more important legal decisions which now materially
affect its bearing. The importance of this at the
present time will be apparent to those who already
know how the construction of particular sections by

' See the numerous letters expressive of dissatisfaction for

reasons stated which appeared in 7he Fie/d during the months
of November and December 1889.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 181

magistrates at petty sessions has been overruled by
Courts of Appeal, while the utility of such a com-
mentary as we propose to offer will, it is hoped, be
acceptable to those readers who may perchance have
a copy of the Act at hand, but no notes of the im-
portant cases to which we shall refer.

The full title of this Statute is ‘An Act for the
better protection of Occupiers of Land against injury
to their Crops from Ground Game,’ and it received
the royal assent on September 7, 1880.

The object of the Act is not, as some persons
imagine, to transfer the right to kill hares and rabbits
from ‘owner’ to ‘occupier,’ but to protect the crops
from injury by ground game, and this object is
equally attained whether the animals are killed by
either party. It is also a mistake to suppose that
the Ground Game Act gives the landlord anything.
It gives him no privilege nor concurrent right. It gives
the tenant the concurrent right to hares and rabbits
where they are reserved. As at common law, in the
absence of any agreement between landlord and
tenant with regard to ground game, hares and rabbits
are the property of the tenant as occupier of the sotl, it
is necessary in making agreements with tenants, that
hares and rabbits should be mentioned and reserved,
otherwise the landlord will have no right to kill them.

182 THE RABBIT

The Act contains eleven sections.

The first section provides that :

* Every occupier of land shall have a right insepar-
able from his occupation to kill ground game thereon,
concurrently with any other person who may be entitled
to it, subject to the following limitations :

Subsection 1. The occupier shall kill and take
ground game only by himself or by persons duly
authorised by him zz writing :

(a) The occupier himself and one other person
authorised in writing by such occupier shall
be the only persons entitled under this Act to
kill ground game zh firearms ;

(6) No person shall be authorised by the occu-
pier to kill or take ground game, except
members of his household resident on the
land, persons in his ordinary service on such
land, and one other person und side employed
by him for reward in taking ground game.

(c) Every person so authorised by the occupier,
on demand by any person having a concurrent
right to the ground game (or any person
authorised by him in writing to make such
demand) shall produce his authority, and in
default shall be deemed to be not an authorised
person.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 183

The term ‘occupier’ is not defined by the Act,
but may be taken to mean the person for the time
being lawfully entitled to and exercising the exclusive
possession of land. Certain persons are expressly
declared xot to be occupiers (Sect. 1, subsect. 2) ; for
example, ‘a,person having merely a right of common,’
and ‘a person occupying land for grazing purposes for
a period not exceeding nine months.’ These excep-
tions will be considered further on.

A landlord in occupation of his own land has been
decided to be zof an occupier within the meaning of
the Act.! But an outgoing tenant who ‘holds over’
for the purpose of getting in his crops has been held
to bean occupier, so as to maintain or resist an action
for trespass.* So also persons permitted by the tenant
to use small pieces of ground for the purpose of growing
potatoes have been held to be ‘occupiers.’ ? When a
tenant sublets his land, he ceases to be an occupier
for the purposes of the Ground Game Act.

Whether the purchaser of a standing crop from an
outgoing tenant having a right to be on the land for

1 Smith v Hunt, 54 Law Times Reports, 422. This case
will be considered further on when we come to discuss the right
of an owner to set spring traps aboveground. See p. 203.

* Boraston v. Green, 16 East 71; and Griffiths v. Puleston,
13 M. & W. 358.

* Greenslade z. Tapscott, 3 L. J. Ex. 328.

184 THE RABBIT

the purpose of removing his crop is an ‘ occupier’
within the meaning of the Act, and entitled to kill
ground game on the land whereon the crop is stand-
ing, isa question which has not been decided. It
might well have been raised in the case of Lunt v. Hill,
in the Nantwich County Court in January, 1895, but
the only issue tried was whether an assault had been
committed by the defendant in attempting to take from
the plaintiff, the purchaser of the way-going crop, the
rabbits which he had shot without any authority in
writing from the tenant, and without a gun licence.!

The term ‘occupier’ will include joint tenants ;
their powers of appointment of persons to kill or take
ground game could only be jointly exercised ; but
whether (as is probably the case) each could exercise
the rights of an occupier in killing ground game by
himself is a point which, so far as we are aware, has
not been judicially determined.

Before proceeding to subsection 2 of the first sec-
tion, it may be well to emphasise the fact that the
authority given by an ‘occupier’ to kill rabbits must
be ¢2 writing. In a case decided at Carlisle in October,
1891 (Carter Wood v. Rule & Rule) a shooting tenant
summoned two game-dealers for unlawfully killing
rabbits at night. They pleaded authority. The occu-

' See a report of the case in Zhe /ve/d of January 26, 1895.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 185

pier, a farmer named Dunne, admitted authorising one
of them, but stated that he paid no wages or commis-
sion for the killing ; on the contrary, they paid him
something for the privilege, and they got the rabbits
for their own benefit. No authority 7 writing being
produced, the magistrates convicted.!_ The defendants,
thinking it important to obtain a legal decision whether
or not a game-dealer who pays a farmer for permission
to kill ground game and takes the game as his perqui-
site, is ‘a person doné@ fide employed for reward,’ asked
the magistrates to state a case for a superior court.
This they declined to do, their view being that no
question of law arose, but only an issue of fact, of
‘written authority’ or otherwise. Defendants then
moved for a rule for a mandamus requiring the magis-
trates to state a case, and the motion was argued before
the Divisional Court (Justices Hawkins and Wills) on
February 4, 1892. The Court held that the magis-
trates had decided the case upon an issue of fact, viz :
whether the ‘ occupier’ had statutably employed the
defendants, and that they had evidence before them
upon which they could arrive at a conclusion in the
matter. They accordingly refused the application and
thereby supported the conviction.?

' Reported in Zhe Field, November 4, 1891
’ The Field, February 13, 1892.

186 THE RABBIT

As to what constitutes a ‘resident on the land’
(sect. 1 b.) the word ‘reside’ has been held to mean
‘eat, drink, and sleep,’! and therefore, although a
person merely spending the day would xot be a resi-
dent, a guest for a few days presumably might be. In
the case of Stuart v. Murray, the Court of Justiciary
in Scotland decided that a person dond fide invited to
stay for a week was a member of the household resi-
dent on the land.”

The question what constitutes a ‘ professional
rabbit-killer’ is also one that often arises. Subsection
1 b. states that he must be ‘a person dona fide em-
ployed for reward,’ and only one such person can be
authorised at atime. This definition does not cover
the case of a friend coming for a day’s shooting, even
if he receive a nominal sum for his services or a
present of rabbits, although the fact of the shooter
being a friend of the occupier would not necessarily
invalidate the authority. Still, in the event of a
shooting tenant feeling himself aggrieved and taking
proceedings against such a person on the ground that
he was not ‘ dond fide employed for reward,’ the fact
of the latter being a friend of the occupier would not
unnaturally give rise to suspicion.

' Regina v. North Curry, 4 B. & C. 959.
' The Field, November 22, 1894.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 187

To take the case of a person who is not a friend
of the occupier, and is not a rabbit-killer by pro-
fession, but (as if he were) enters into an agreement
with the occupier to kill rabbits, ostensibly for reward
but in reality for his own recreation :

In January 1893 one Gibbs, a wholesale con-
fectioner at Oxford, was found by a keeper of the
Earl of Abingdon shooting rabbits at Cumnor, on
land in the occupation of one Townsend. He was
summoned for trespass in pursuit of game, and
pleaded that he had entered into an agreement with
Townsend to kill rabbits for him, and to be paid for
the work. Townsend confirmed this, and a written
authority was produced showing that he was to be
paid 4s. a dozen for all rabbits he killed up to
September 29, and after that date 2s. a dozen, the
rabbits being given to Townsend. The question
arose whether Gibbs, who had a large business of his
own in Oxford with several shops to look after, could
be regarded as a ‘professional rabbit-killer’ within
the meaning of the Act? The magistrates on the
evidence dismissed the case, reluctantly finding him
qualified! It is, of course, difficult to understand
a man in defendant’s position posing as a professional
rabbit-killer ; but it is a free country, and if a man of
means chooses to turn professional rabbit-killer there is

188 THE RABBIT

no law to prevent him. At the same time, cases of this
kind are open to grave suspicion, and slight evidence of
an intention to evade the Act and obtain a few days’
shooting on pretence of killing the rabbits for the
benefit of the tenant, might warrant a conviction for
trespass in pursuit of game. And this was the result
in a similar case tried in another county.

In January 1883 the magistrates at Otley, York-
shire, had a case before them, Taylor v. Bradley, in
which this question was raised. ‘The plaintiff, who
was the shooting tenant over lands in the occupation
of one Laycock, summoned the defendant (a nail
manufacturer employing about twenty hands) for
shooting rabbits on the said land. Defendant pro-
duced an authority in writing from the occupier
Laycock, and the latter stated in evidence that he
paid defendant five shillings for his services, and
presented him with a rabbit. The question raised
was whether Bradley was a person dond fide employed
for reward for the purpose of killing ground game.
The magistrates decided that he was not, and fined
him 20s. and costs.

As to the formal appointment of a professional
rabbit-killer, it may happen that a farmer is the
‘occupier’ of two or more farms belonging to one
owner, and may be in doubt whether he can appoint

THE GROUND GAME ACT 189

one professional rabbit-killer for each farm, or whether
his right is limited under the Act to the appointment
of only one such person. We are not aware that this
point has ever been decided in a court of law. It
would probably depend whether all the farms were
included in one lease and treated as one holding, or
let under different leases. In the latter case it would
probably be held that he may appoint as many
persons as there are farms in his occupation.

The ‘form’ of authority to be given in writing is
not provided by the Act. The following may be
suggested as sufficient for the purpose:

‘In pursuance of the provisions of the Ground
Game Act 1880, I, A.B. of (give address), hereby
authorise C. D. (‘a member of my household, in my
service,’ or ‘resident on the land in my occupation,’
as the case may be) to kill or take ground game for
me on any part of the land in my occupation in any
lawful manner,! except by shooting.

‘Dated this day of 1898.

(Signed) A. B.’

If the occupier intends to authorise shooting, the
form may be varied thus: ‘to kill or take ground
game by shooting, in the daytime only.’

1 Poison is declared to be unlawful by Section 6,

190 THE RABBIT

This authority when given must be produced by
the holder at any time when demanded by any person
authorised to require its production.

A commoner is not an ‘occupier’ within the
meaning of the Act; in other words, the right of
common does not give or include any right to kill or
take ground game.‘ Subsection 2 runs :

‘A person shall not be deemed to be an occupier
of land for the purposes of this Act by reason of his
having a right of common over such lands ; or by
reason of an occupation for the purpose of grazing
or pasturage of sheep, cattle, or horses for not more
than nine months.’

A commoner may maintain an action against the
lord of a manor for surcharging it with coneys, but
he has no right to kill them or to fill up the burrows.?

In view of the latter half of this subsection,
owner in occupation who wishes to keep the shooting
in his own hands, but is willing to let the grass lands
for grazing purposes, should take care to stipulate in
a written agreement that the letting is for a term not
exceeding nine months. Otherwise the grazier might
claim a concurrent right to the ground game as
an ‘occupier,’ and would be justified in so doing,

} See Watkin v. Major, L.R. 10 C.P. 662
? Cooper v. Marshall, 1 Burr, 259.

THE GROUND GAME ACT IgI

under the Act. So if an owner in occupation lets his
shooting to one person and the grazing to another, he
should observe the same precautions.

Subsection 3 relates to moorlands :

‘In the case of moorlands, and uninclosed lands
(not being arable lands), the occupier and the persons
authorised by him shall exercise the rights conferred
by this section only from the eleventh day of
December in one year until the thirty-first day of
March in the next year, both inclusive; but this
provision shall not apply to detached portions of
moorlands or uninclosed lands adjoining arable
lands, where such detached portions of moorlands
or uninclosed lands are less than twenty-five acres in
extent.’

This clause applies more especially to grouse
moors on which the occupier’s right to kill hares and
rabbits is limited to about four months in the year
(unless the occupier happens to be the owner in
possession), namely, from the last day of grouse
shooting until the beginning of the nesting season.
But on small outlying patches of moorland holding
rabbits which might do damage on adjoining arable
land, the ‘occupier’ is empowered to kill ground
game all the year round.

Whether a farmer who has the grazing of moorland

192 THE RABBIT

for a period of more than nine months, but has a right
to kill the ground game only from December 11
until March 31, can claim compensation for damage
done by rabbits during the remainder of the year, is
a question which, so far as we are aware, has not been
decided in a court of law, but we are inclined to think
that such a claim would be well founded.

A correspondent of Zhe Fie/d some time since put
the following case under this section :

‘How would large tracts of downland with much
gorse, in some instances more than 100 acres in extent,
be considered? Would they come under sect. 1, sub-
sect. 3 of the Ground Game Act, and be considered
for shooting purposes as ‘“ moorlands ” ?

‘They can scarcely be considered, “ uninclosed ”
here, for they are generally surrounded by fences. They
are essentially grazing lands, being fed by sheep, the
fences being required to keep them in. They are never
ploughed, and, in some instances, are of very large
extent.

‘It would seem to the ordinary mind that the farmer,
as “ occupier,” should not shoot such tracts of land, or
snare, trap, or in any way kill or take ground game
before December 11 on such downland. Here, how-
ever, the farmer invariably shoots the downland as early
as he pleases. Is this within his right ?’

THE GROUND GAME ACT 193

As this is a typical case we append the reply which
was given to the question :!

“From the wording of the third subsection of
Section 1 of the Act, which empowers an occupier, and
those authorised by him, to exercise the rights con-
ferred upon the moorlands and uninclosed lands
(not being arable land) only from the end of grouse
shooting (December 10) until the following March 31
—it seems clear that it is designed chiefly to prevent
the disturbance of grouse during the nesting season ;
and it is expressly stated that this provision is not to
apply to detached portions of moorlands, or uninclosed
lands adjoining arable lands, if they are less than 25
acres in extent. In the case stated by our correspon-
dent, the land in question is not moorland within the
meaning of the Act; consequently, there can be no
limitation of the time within which the ground game
may be killed by those entitled to it, and if it were
uninclosed, and less than 25 acres in extent, the occu-
pier might kill or take the ground game there through-
out the year. But it is said to be inclosed, and to be
considerably more than 25 acres in extent, and con-
sequently the case does not come within the third
subsection at all. It is rather to be governed by the
second subsection immediately preceding it, which

| The Field, November 3, 1894.

194 THE RABBIT

enacts that a person shall not be deemed an “ occupier ”
by reason of his having a right of common over such
lands; or by reason of an occupation for grazing pur-
poses for not more than nine months. Now, if the
land in question is downland, over which the farmer
has a “right of common,” and it is merely enclosed with
a wire fence, as many such lands are, to prevent the
sheep from straying, we should say that the farmer has
no right whatever to the ground game. On the other
hand, if he is an occupier for the purpose of grazing
sheep, he can only kill or take ground game if his
tenancy is for a longer period than nine months. In
this case it would follow that, if our correspondent
wishes to keep the rabbit shooting in his own hands,
he must take care to let the grazing for short periods
of not more than nine months.’

The second section of the Act provides that an
occupier, who is entitled to kill ground game on land
in his occupation, cannot divest himself wholly of such
right. If he holds under a lease dated prior to Sep-
tember, 1880, and the game has not been reserved to
the owner, he has an exclusive right to game both
furred and feathered, and can let that exclusive right
to anyone he pleases. But, if his tenancy has been
created since that date without any reservation of the

game, he cannot let such right in its entirety, but only

THE GROUND GAME ACT 195

a right to the feathered game with a partial right to the
ground game, for as ‘occupier’ he is bound (under
this section of the Act) not to divest himself wholly of
his right to kill the hares and rabbits, however willing
he may be to do so. All he can do is to refrain from
exercising this inalienable right.

The ¢#ird section of the Act accordingly provides
that any agreement in contravention of the occupier’s
right to kill ground game would be void ; that is to
say, that no such agreement could be enforced in a
court of law if either of the parties happened to change
his mind and refused to fulfil his contract. In the
case of Hicks v. Smith, tried in the Cheltenham County
Court in February, 1888, the defendant, an occupier of
land in Gloucestershire, let to the plaintiff as shooting
tenant an exclusive right to kill game and rabbits, and
afterwards proceeded to snare rabbits himself. The
plaintiff brought an action for breach of contract, and
the defendant pleaded that the agreement was void
under Section 3 of the Act. It was held that both
parties were i pari delicto, the plaintiff knowing from
the first that he was entering into an agreement that

-would be void under the Statute, and judgment ac-
cordingly was entered for the defendant.! A similar
view was taken by the judge of the County Court at

| The Field, February 25, 1888.

196 THE RABBIT

Monmouth, in deciding the converse case of Morgan
v. Jackson, where an occupier brought an action to
recover rent from a shooting tenant to whom he had
let his right to the ground game, and who pleaded in
defence that the contract was void under Section 3 of
the Act. On appeal, however, to the Divisional Court
of Queen’s Bench, it was held by Mr. Justice Day and
Mr. Justice Wright, that Section 3 was intended only
to prevent a tenant and landlord from combining to-
gether to defeat the Act. ‘There was nothing in that
section (they said) to prevent the tenant (who was en-
titled otherwise than in pursuance of the Act to kill
and take ground game) being just as free as he would
have been before the Act, and, in their opinion, Sec-
tion 3 did not apply, since it merely prevented a
tenant from surrendering his right to his landlord.!

It is curious that the limitation here given by the
judges—that Section 3 was only intended to prevent
collusion between landlord and tenant—was expressly
considered when the Bill was in Committee. Mr.
Chaplin moved to give the occupier of land of which
he was also the owner, power to sublet; but Sir
William Harcourt said he could not consent to allow
the right to kill ground game to be separable from the
occupation of the land. Mr. Chaplin afterwards moved

' Reported in Zhe Field, February 23, and May 4, 1895.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 197

to give the tenant power to sublet the ground game ;
but Sir William Harcourt maintained that this would
defeat the object of the Bill, by enabling the tenant
to let to the landlord. Another member then suggested
that the tenant should have the power to let to any
other person than the landlord, but Sir William Har-
court replied that he could not assent to so invidious
a distinction. Now, however, it has been held by a
Court of Appeal that there zs such an invidious limita-
tion (when the occupier is entitled to sporting rights
otherwise than in pursuance of the Act), although it is
not expressly mentioned in the Statute.

The position, therefore, seems to be that an
occupier of lands owning the exclusive right to the
ground game (as when a landlord in letting has not
reserved the game and rabbits) may let the sporting
rights and recover the rent, if his tenant is not his
landlord. If his shooting tenant were also his land-
lord, the Court might possibly hold the contract void,
and the rent irrecoverable—certainly a curious state
of things. But in either case the occupier who is
exclusive owner of sporting rights cannot divest him-
self of his concurrent right to kill the ground game,
and while nominally letting the exclusive right, he,
literally speaking, lets only the concurrent right, so
far as the ground game is concerned.

198 THE RABBIT

An application for leave to appeal (which had been
refused by the Divisional Court) was made in the
Court of Appeal before the Master of the Rolls, and
Lord Justices Kay and A. L. Smith (July 22, 1895),
and was again refused. Accordingly, the position of
the occupier as above explained remains unaltered.
In other words, as settled by the Divisional Court,
an occupier under the Ground Game Act, although
unable to divest himself of his right to kill ground
game in favour of his landlord, may do so for money
value, or rent, in favour of any other person, and an
agreement in writing to that effect would wut be void
under the third section of the Act.

The fourth section provides that a game licence is
not required for killing ground game under this Act,
but that, in pursuance of the Gun Licence Act, 1870,!
a ten-shilling ‘gun licence’ must be taken out by
every one who intends to kill ground game with fire-
arms—unless, of course, he is already provided with a
game licence.

Under this section a variety of points arise.
Assuming that it applies only to ‘owners’ and
‘occupiers —as is clear from the words ‘nothing in
this Act contained shall exempt any ferson from the
provisions of the Gun Licence Act, 1870 ’—what is

1 33 & 34 Vict. cap. 57.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 199

the position (as regards a licence) of a person who
is neither ‘owner’ nor ‘occupier,’ but who is, for
example, an invited guest of the owner, or of the
shooting tenant, or has permission to go over land by
himself for the purpose of shooting rabbits only? Is
he bound to take out a game licence (though not
intending to shoot feathered game, or hares), or will
a ten-shilling gun licence suffice? Before this point
can be determined it is necessary to look at the
provisions of no less than four statutes.!

The principal Game Act in defining ‘ game’ does
not include vaéddits, woodcock, snipe, quail, or land-
rail. Consequently it is not an offence under that
Act (Section 23) to kill rabbits without a licence.
But Section 4 of the Game Licences Act, 1860
(23 & 24 Vict. cap. go) runs thus :—

‘Every person before he shall take, kill, or
pursue . . . or use any dog, gun, net, or other engine
fur the purpose of taking, killing, or pursuing any
game, or any woodcock, snipe, quail, landrail, coney,
or deer, shall take out a proper licence to kill game
under this Act . . . or forfeit 204.

In other words, under the Game Licences Act,

1 The principal Game Act, 1 & 2 Will. IV. cap. 32; the

Game Licences Act, 1860; the Gun Licence Act, 1870; and
the Ground Game Act, 1880.

200 THE RABBIT

1860, a game licence is required to kill rabbits,
although they are not ‘game.’ But certain persons
are named to whom this does not apply, and rabbits
may be killed without a game licence ‘by the pro-
prietor of any warren, or enclosed ground, or by the
tenant of lands either by himself, or by his direction,
or permission.’

The Gun Licence Act, 1870, provides that every-
one ‘who shall use or carry a gun,’ no matter for
what purpose, shall take out a ten-shilling licence
under a penalty of ten pounds; while the Ground
Game Act, 1880, as we have seen, declares that a ten-
shilling licence is required for killing ground game.

The net result of these various enactments appears
to be that, while the holder of a game licence may
kill any kind of game, as well as rabbits, woodcock,
snipe, &c., a person who intends to confine his
attention to rabbits may shoot them if holding a ten-
shilling licence only.t. In connection with this subject
a curious point was recently raised, and only decided
after two appeals, @ propos of rabbits and the Gun
Licence Act, the principal provision of which has
been already stated. By the terms of this Act certain
persons are exempted from taking out a gun licence,

' Both owners and occupiers may kill hares without a
licence under the provisions of the Hares Act, 1848, and may
authorise others to do so for them.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 201

and amongst others ‘the occupier (or his nominee) of
any lands using or carrying a gun for the purpose of
scaring birds, or dling vermin. A Scottish farmer
who, from an agriculturist’s point of view, regarded
rabbits as vermin, resisted payment of the gun licence
on the ground that he came within this exemption.
He was summoned before the Sheriff at Cupar, who,
after hearing the case argued, decided that rabbits
were mof ‘vermin.’ From this decision the farmer
appealed, and in February, 1898, Lord Stormonth-
Darling, considering himself bound by precedent
(Gosling v. Brown, 1878, 5 R. 755), though against
his better judgment, reversed the Sheriff’s finding,
and decided that rabbits zeve vermin, and that the
farmer was accordingly exempt from taxation. This
verdict was once more challenged, and the full Court
of Appeal in Edinburgh, a month later, reversed Lord
Stormonth-Darling’s decision, and, supporting the
Sheriff's opinion, held that rabbits were zo¢ vermin.!
It is now therefore conclusively settled that rabbits
are not ‘vermin’ within the meaning of the Gun
Licence Act, 1870, and that a ten-shilling licence is
required for shooting them.

It may be here observed that the term ‘gun’
includes a firearm of any description, and an air-gun,

’ See The Field of March 5 and April 2, 1898.

202 THE RABBIT

or any other kind of gun from which any shot, bullet,
or other missile can be discharged. Even a toy
pistol has been held to be a gun.’ A catapult, of
course, is not ‘a firearm,’ and although it may ‘ dis-
charge a shot, bullet, or other missile,’ it can hardly
be called a ‘gun.’ If, instead of the words ‘or any
other kind of gun,’ the statute were to read ‘or any
other engine,’ a catapult would come within the
definition.

To return to the Ground Game Act:

The fifth section provides that an ‘ occupier ’ can-
not exercise his concurrent right to the ground game
if the right to kill or take it has been already vested
in some one else by lease dated prior to the passing
of this Act. An important decision upon this section
was given in the case of Allhusen v. Brooking by
Mr. Justice Chitty,? who held that it extended to an
agreement dated prior to the Act, whereby a lessor
agreed to grant a lease for a term to commence after
the passing of the Act, and the tenant was restrained
from killing ground game otherwise than as provided
by the terms of his agreement.

1 See Campbell v. Hadley, 40 J.P. 756; and for further
convictions for using a pistol without a licence, see The Field,
April 10 and 17, 1897, and June 18, 1898.

2 51 Law Times Reports, N.S. 57. See also Hassard v
Clark, 13 L. Rep. Irish Ch. Div., 391

THE GROUND GAME ACT 203

It is further enacted by this section that:

‘Nothing in this Act shall affect any special right
of killing or taking ground game to which any person
other than the landlord, lessor, or occupier may have
become entitled before the passing of this Act by
virtue of any franchise, charter, or Act of Parliament.’

This is a very important provision, since it defeats
the right of an ‘occupier’ to kill ground game if the
land in his occupation happens to be land over which
aright of free warren is claimed. We have already
alluded to this contingengy in the chapter on warrens,
where we have cited, by way of illustration (pp. 55,
56), the typical case of Lord Carnarvon v. Clarkson,
which see.

The szx¢A section of the Act prohibits the shooting
of ground game 4y night, setting spring traps any-
where except in rabbit holes, and employing poison.

The question has arisen whether this section—
particularly the prohibition as to spring traps—applies
to owners who are in occupation of their own land.
The point was raised and decided in the case of
Smith v. Hunt,! which came before the magistrates
at Worcester in 1885. It was contended on the part
of the prosecution that the Act applied to a// persons
having the right of killing ground game, including

' 54 Law Times Reports, p. 422.

204 THE RABBIT

owners occupying their own land, and on the part of
the defendant (an owner) it was urged that the Act
applied to occupiers only. The magistrates were
unable to agree as to the true construction of the
section, and decided to dismiss the summons, and
state a case for the opinion of a superior court.
Accordingly in the Queen’s Bench Division on
November 26, 1885, before Justices Mathew and
Smith, the case came on for argument, when the
appeal was dismissed with costs, the judges being of
opinion that Section 6 of the Act does zo¢ apply to
owners who occupy their own land.

It is a well-known principle in courts of justice that
the meaning of an Act of Parliament must be based
upon the wording of the Act, and not upon the sup-
posed ¢nertion of those who framed it. Nevertheless,
it 1s curious that judges so frequently refer to what they
consider the manifest intention of the Legislature, and
yet give a construction that is very different from what
was explained in Parliament.

So in the present case, Mr. Justice Mathew ob-
served: ‘I think it is clear from the wording of the Act
alone, that the Legislature had no intention of restrict-
ing the undoubted rights which landlords possessed
before the Act was passed to deal with their land and
kill the game thereon in any way they liked.’

THE GROUND GAME ACT 205

That this was not the intention of the Legislature
may be seen from the report of the debates during the
progress of the Bill through Committee. The clause
relating to spring traps originally stood thus: ‘ Neither
such occupier nor any person authorised by him shall
employ spring traps above ground for the purpose of
killing ground game.’ Had the Bill been passed in
that form the limitation in the use of spring traps
would, of course, not have applied to landlords ;
but Mr. Gregory moved an amendment altering the
clause to ‘no person having a right of killing ground
game under this Act or otherwise ;' on which the
Home Secretary, Sir William Harcourt, observed that,
‘Seeing that the amendment placed the landlord and
tenant on the same footing, he was willing to accept
it” It passed accordingly ; and what was afterwards
Sir William Harcourt’s view as to the meaning of the
law which he was so instrumental in getting passed, is
shown by what he stated in the House of Commons
in May, 1883, in reply to Sir A. Gordon, who inquired
whether Her Majesty’s Government would move
Parliament to restore in Scotland the liberty to use
spring traps in rabbit runs, of which they have been
deprived by the Ground Game Act. Sir William
Harcourt said, ‘It did not really take away from the
tenant farmers anything which as a right they enjoyed

206 THE RABBIT

(i.e. before the passing of the Act), because under the
terms of their leases they were prohibited from killing
game in any way whatever. But during the progress
of the Bill it was represented to him that other persons
were allowed to set spring traps, and in this way they
could kill a great many things besides rabbits. It
seemed to him that spring traps were cruel things, and
he intended to limit the use of spring traps not against
tenants only, but against everybody. Nobody was
allowed, whether proprietor or tenant, to set a spring
trap in the open, and for this reason, that it killed a
great many animals that it was not desired to kill.’

Thus it is clear that the construction placed upon
the sixth section of the Act by the Justices of Appeal
in Smith v. Hunt is not in accordance with the ex-
pressed intention of the Government as stated by Sir
William Harcourt.

Nevertheless their decision has been followed in
the case of McMahon v. Hannon, which came before
the Exchequer Division, Dublin, on May 15, 1888, by
way of appeal on a case stated by the Justices of the
Co. Clare, sitting at Dunass. ‘The Lord Chief Baron
and Mr. Justice Andrews were of opinion that the
sixth section of the Act did not apply to owners of

land in fee simple in possession, but only to occupiers

THE GROUND GAME ACT 207

not in fee simple. From this view Baron Dowse
dissented.!

The decision in these two cases, which had
reference to spring traps only, will of course apply
equally to the use of poison, and to shooting at night,
as all are included in the same section. It would
follow, also, that a sporting tenant who rents the
shooting from an owner in occupation, will, in regard
to Section 6 of the Act, be in the position of the owner.

Under Section 7, a person (e.g. an ordinary shoot-
ing tenant) who is not in occupation of the land, but
has the sole right of killing the game thereon—subject
tothe concurrent right of the ‘occupier’ to the ground
game—has as much authority to institute legal pro-
ceedings as if he were exclusive owner, without pre-
judice of course to the night of the occupier.

The eighth section of the Act defines the words
‘ground game’ to mean ‘ Hares and Rabbits.’

The zin¢h section provides that a person acting in
conformity with this statute shall not thereby be

1 Reported in The Field of May 26, 1888. See also the case
of Saunders wv. Pitfield, which came before the Divisional Court
by way of appeal from the magistrates at Bishop’s Lydeard,
Somerset.’ In this case the defendant claimed, as tenant from
year to year under an agreement, made prior to the Act, in which
there was no reservation of shooting rights to the lessor, and the
magistrates decided that the Act did not apply. The Court of
Appeal decided otherwise. See 7he Field, January 28, 1888.

208 THE RABBIT

subject to any proceedings or penalties in pursuance
of any other statute. For example, if under this Act
he were to take out a ten-shilling gun licence and
proceed to shoot rabbits, he could not be prosecuted
under the Game Licences Act 1860, for shooting
rabbits without a game licence.

The ¢enth section has reference to the killing of
ground game on days on which under other statutes
the killing of game is prohibited (as for example on a
Sunday or on Christmas Day, or at night), and is to
be read in harmony with such statutes.

Although rabbits may be killed all the year round,
there is no close time for hares except Sundays and
Christmas Day, when no dog, gun, net or other
engine may be used to take them (1 & 2 Will, IV.
cap. 32).

The Hares Preservation Act of 1892, however,
makes it illegal to se// or expose for sale any hare
or leveret during the months of March, April, May,
June or July, although this does not apply to foreign
hares which may have been imported. The marked
omission of the word ‘kill’ in a statute framed osten-
sibly for the purpose of Preserving hares, will pro-
bably strike most people as a reductio ad absurdum.
In Ireland, however, by 42 & 43 Vict, c. 23, no
one may kill or take a hare between April 20 and

THE GROUND GAME ACT 209

August 12, under a penalty of 2o0s.; and in many
counties this close time has since been varied by the
Lord Lieutenant on application of the Grand Juries,
so as to extend from April 1 to August r2.

If a snare be set on a Saturday and game be
caught on Sunday, itis deemed to be used on Sunday
within the meaning of the Act, and the person setting
it is liable to a penalty, though he may not have been
on the land on Sunday.!

The eleventh and last section gives the short title
of the Act and is as follows :—‘ This Act may be cited
for all purposes as the Ground Game Act 1880.’

Various points from time to time arise which,
although outside the direct wording of the Act, are
nevertheless more or less connected with points
expressly governed by it. For example, the question
sometimes arises whether an ‘owner’ has the right to
ferret rabbits on the land which he has let to the
‘occupier.’ The farmer will maintain that he has not,
and that he can only kill the ground game when out
shooting. But the farmer is wrong. An ‘ occupier ’
has no monopoly of any particular method of capture
conferred on him by the Ground Game Act. He has
merely a concurrent right to kill the hares and rabbits
on the land in his occupation, and the landlord

' Allen v Thompson, L.R. 5 Q.b. 336; 22 L.T. 472.
P

210 THE RABBIT

retains a similar right. Both may employ dogs,
ferrets, traps, nets, and snares ; in fact, whatever
method is legal to the one is legal to the other, unless
the Act states otherwise. The fact that no mention
of ‘ ferreting’ is made in the Act shows that the right
remains unaltered ; for if the landlord had been de-
prived of such right, the Act would have stated it in
express terms.

When an ‘owner’ has let his shooting for a term,
he must be careful not to let before the expiration of
that term any portion of the same land to an agricul-
tural tenant who might claim as ‘ occupier’ a right to
kill the ground game. This happened in the case of
Reade v. Whitmore where a shooting tenant under
these circumstances brought an action against the
owner for breach of implied covenant for quiet enjoy-
ment, and the Court decided in his favour.!

This shows the necessity, when letting shooting
rights, of having a clear understanding as to the
ground game ; and an owner who may contemplate
a subsequent letting of some or all of the land for
agricultural purposes should expressly stipulate with
the shooting tenant that such letting shall not be
deemed a breach of contract. The shooting tenant,
on the other hand, should ascertain whether the land

' The Field, April 25, 1891.

THE GROUND GAME ACT 211

is, or is not, in the owner’s occupation, and if it is,
should see that his agreement specifies the sum which
is to be allowed off the rent in the event of any
portion being subsequently let. Of course if the
tenant agrees to the landlord’s proviso, that any such
letting for agricultural purposes is not to be deemed a
breach of contract, no claim for reduction of rent can
arise.

When commenting on Section 7 of the Act
(p. 207) we referred to the power of a shooting tenant
to institute legal procaedings as if he were owner.
It is important to note that when a right of shooting
is let, the agreement between the parties should be
in writing under hand and seal. Amere letter, such as
would suffice in an ordinary case of bargain or sale,
will not answer the purpose ; for the right of sporting
is ‘an incorporeal hereditament,’ for the legal trans-
fer of which a formal deed is necessary, and without
this neither the lessor nor the lessee, in case of dispute,
would be able to enforce his right. It is true that a
simple permission in writing (for example by letter)
would be sufficient authority to the holder for merely '
shooting over the ground ; but it would not enable
him to prosecute trespassers in pursuit of game, nor
to do any other act which is exercisable only by an

owner. Half the disputes which arise over shooting
P2

212 THE RABBIT

agreements are generally due to a disregard of this
precaution.

The patient reader who has followed us thus far
will probably be of opinion that, although this lengthy
chapter may even now be not quite exhaustive of the
subject, for most practical purposes, perhaps, enough
has been written. We need only add that a copy of
‘The Ground Game Act’ costs but three-halfpence,
and may be obtained from the Queen’s Printers,
Messrs. Eyre & Spottiswoode, East Harding Street,
Fetter Lane, E.C.

CHAPTER VIII

RABBIT-HAWKING WITH THE GOSHAWK

In foregoing chapters some account has been given
of the various ways of taking rabbits by netting,
snaring, ferreting, and shooting, each of which will
commend itself differently to different readers accord-
ing to their respective tastes. There remains yet
another phase of sport to be described ; and although
in reality a very ancient one, it will probably appear
to most people both novel and attractive. We refer
to the art of taking rabbits with a trained goshawk.
We find both rabbit and goshawk (as well as ferret)
mentioned in the Book of St. Albans, 1486, and
learn from that very curious compilation the technical
terms which were expected to be known by ‘gentyl-
men and honeste persones in comunynge of theyr
hawkes,’ and other animals. For instance, when
referring to o/d rabbits it was customary to speak of a

214 THE RABBIT

‘bury of coneys,’ or if young, ‘a nest of rabbettes.’!
The sportsman found a coney ‘syttynge,’ and when
killed, it was not skinned but ‘unlacyd,’ while the
warrener’s useful four-footed allies were referred to as
a ‘besynesse of ferettes’—all very quaint, though the
sport itself was pretty much the same then as now.

Rabbit-hawking has much to recommend it. It
is not difficult to carry out in an enclosed country
where long-winged hawks cannot be flown; it is an
effective mode of keeping down the stock of rabbits
in places where they are apt to become too numerous ;
it may be practised at any season of the year, and, as
it may be pursued without any noise, it does not, like
shooting, disturb the winged game. As to the sport
which it affords to those who participate in it, experto
crede.

The first thing to be done, of course, is to procure
a goshawk, and for this one must send to France or
Germany. It is very many years since a goshawk’s
nest was found in Great Britain ; not since Colonel
Thornton, of Thornville Royal, Yorkshire, a keen
falconer and good all-round sportsman, discovered
one in the forest of Rothiemurcus and trained one of
the young birds. This was at the end of the last, or

' See our remarks on the original application of the word
rabbit, p. 4.

RABBIT-HAIWKING WITH THE GOSHAWK 215

beginning of the present century, since which time no
similar discovery has been recorded. The goshawks
trained and flown in England at the present day (and
we know of many) are procured from France or
Germany ; chiefly from France, where, thanks to the
good offices of some of the French falconers, they
are annually looked after, the nests protected, and the
young birds secured at the proper season. The price
varies with the age and condition of the bird. You
may get one through a German dealer for a couple
of pounds, but it will be a chance whether the flight
feathers will be unbroken, and perfect wings are a
Sine gui non in the case of a hawk that is to be
trained and flown. It is better to pay a little more,
as at the Jardin d’Acclimatation in Paris, and secure
a good one. Occasionally a goshawk is taken in a
bow-net by one of the Dutch hawk-catchers at
Valkenswaard in North Brabant, and is sent to Eng-
land with the falcons which are annually forwarded
in autumn to the members of the Old Hawking Club
and others ; but as a rule the birds captured there
are peregrines, for which at the present day there is
greater demand.

As to the mode of training, if the purchaser of a
goshawk has never handled a hawk before, and knows
nothing of the matter, he will do well to provide him-

216 THE RABBIT

self with some modern treatise on the subject (such
as ‘Hints on the Management of Hawks,’ published
at Zhe Field office), wherein he will learn the rudi-
ments of falconry, and find a special chapter on the
goshawk. If he wishes to find real enjoyment in the
sport, he must train the bird himself, and not depute
it to another. A hawk must learn to know her owner,
or she will not allow him to take her up when she has
killed her quarry. She must be fed by him; carried
by him on the glove as much as possible, bare-headed,
that 1s unhooded, to accustom her to the sight of
men and dogs, that she may put off all fear and
become as fond of him as a dog would be, knowing
his voice and obeying his call, or ‘lure.’

Supposing that the hawk has had put on the legs,
just above the feet, ‘jesses’ (or little leather straps)
by which she is held, to the ends of which are attached
the ‘swivel’ and ‘leash’ by means of which she is
tethered to the ‘perch’ or ‘block,’ the first step is to
get her to come off the perch on to the glove to be
fed; and this is accomplished by offering a little bit
of meat, or the leg of a fowl, or rabbit. When she
will step readily on to the fist, the leash being untied,
the distance should be increased from a foot to a
yard, and at length to several yards, until eventually

she will fly willingly across the room to her master.

JUST MISSED HIM

RABBIT-HAWKING WITH THE GOSHAWK 217

This lesson being repeated out of doors from a
field-gate, or the top of a stone wall, while for
safety a long line is attached to the swivel, she will in
a few days come readily when ‘called off” and the
line may then be discarded.

She may then be lured with a dead rabbit, or a
part of one, thrown down and drawn with a string
along the grass. After coming readily to this several
times, she is next to be ‘ entered’ to the live quarry.
For this purpose a young rabbit or two may be easily
procured by ferreting, and being placed under an
inverted flower-pot which can be pulled over from
a distance with a piece of string and a cross-stick
through the hole in the bottom, the hawk is slipped
at the right moment, and rarely fails to take the
rabbit at the first attempt. Another trial or two of
this kind, and she is ready to fly at a wild one. The
critical part of the training is now at hand, and great
care must be taken to avoid disappointing the hawk ;
that is to say, the rabbit should be well in the open,
and not within reach of a hedgerow or burrow into
which it may pop just as the hawk is about to seize
it. It must be remembered, says Capt. F. H. Salvin,
who has paid much attention to the goshawk, that
one great point in the successful training of all young
hawks is to avoid, as far as possible, disappointment

218 THE RABBIT

in their early attempts. This necessitates the sacrifice
of some few unfortunate birds or beasts, which have
no chance of escape given to them, but is in reality
little more than what other sports demand, such as
cub-hunting, and the numbers of young grouse or
other game annually sacrificed in the process of dog-
breaking before the commencement of the shooting
season. A small stock of rabbits, say four or five,
had better be caught for the purpose of ‘ entering.’
As soon as a goshawk will take these rabbits in a
‘creance’ (or long line) she may be considered ready
for the field. Encouraged by the success of these
first attempts, she will go on improving every day,
and the more she is carried and flown the better she
will become.

The worst fault which a goshawk possesses is that
of ‘taking stand,’ that is, perching on a tree in order
to command a good position when the game is put
up. Unless very keen, a hawk in this position will
refuse to come down to the ‘lure,’ and will obstinately
sit still, looking in all directions for the quarry. For
this reason it is a good plan to begin the training on
open ground destitute of trees.

Some persons are under the impression that flying
a trained hawk on a manor must tend to drive the

game away; but this is not the case. It has been

RABBIT-HAWKING WITH THE GOSHAWK 219

conclusively shown elsewhere ! that flying falcons at
grouse does not spoil the moor for shooting, and it is
the same with the goshawk when flown at rabbits.
All is done so quietly, that one may capture a dozen
rabbits in an afternoon without disturbing the game
half so much as if a dozen shots were fired. On this
question the following letter, received from one who
has tried it, is to the point: ‘ Having enjoyed four
seasons’ hawking with a well-known sportsman, who
has about 5,000 acres of shooting, I have heard it said
by many, and have noticed it myself, that we found
more game on ground where we had had three
seasons’ hawking, than on those portions of the farm
where we could not hawk. I hope the good old
sport will increase.’

To show what success may be attained even in the
first season with a young goshawk, we may refer to
the bag made by a falconer still living. In his first
season with a young female goshawk (better than a
male because larger and stronger) he took 322 rabbits,
3 hares, and 2 magpies, and the following season
280 rabbits, 2 leverets, 11 partridges, 4 magpies, and
2 squirrels.

A well-trained goshawk, belonging to Mr. John

1 Hints on the Management of Hawks, second edition, 1898,
pp. 89-92.

220 THE RABBIT

Riley, of Putley Court, Herefordshire, took 70 rabbits
in fifteen days, killing ro on her best day. This was
in her third season. In her first year she took rio
rabbits, 2 pheasants, 13 water-hens, and 1 rat; in her
second season 130 rabbits, 1 pheasant, 3 water-hens,
and 1 stoat. The same falconer trained a male gos-
hawk, which in his first season took 26 partridges,
to pheasants, 16 rabbits, 5 landrails, 12 water-hens,
and 1 stoat.

In The Field of May 2, 1896, Sir Henry Boynton,
of Burton Agnes, Hull, wrote as follows :

‘It may interest some of your readers, who are
lovers of falconry, to learn what I have done with a
nestling goshawk which I brought from Nordland,
Norway, in June, 1895. She killed her first wild rabbit
on September 17. Her two best days were as follows :
the best 24 rabbits out of 24 flights ; the next best day
20 rabbits out of 24 flights. The hawk had through-
out the season, on an average, a three-quarter crop a
day, and was consequently in the very highest condi-
tion, which rendered her able to undergo the hardest
work that a hawk is capable of enduring. She was
flown on seventy days, and the total bag for the season
was : rabbits 407, hare 1, rats 5, stoat 1, weasel 1, total
415 head; and every one of the quarry mentioned was
killed in fair flight, without being handled in any way.’

RABBIT-HUNTING WITH THE GOSHAWK 221

It is, of course, not to be supposed that the hawk
will kill every time she is flown. The rabbit may get
to ground, or into a hedgerow, before he is overtaken ;
and the owner, if he be wise, will not slip his hawk at
a rabbit which is too near one or the other of such re-
treats. There should be plenty of room, and the longer
the course the better for all concerned.

In the accompanying illustration it will be seen
that a rabbit on being put up has made straight for a
sandpit ; the hawk might have seized him on the very
edge of it, but just as she has clutched at him, he
has leapt boldly down the steep bank, and in another
second will be gone to ground ’—

‘“Whoo-oop !’

222 THE RABBIT

CHAPTER IX

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT

By ALEXANDER INNES SHAND

Tue rabbit is a most useful and respectable animal,
yet his merits have been unfairly ignored, simply’
because he is cheapand common. Almost unknown
to the menus of the modern aute cuisine, we suspect
that, as the conger eel often does duty for turtle, he
has figured anonymously in dishes of world-wide
reputation. To take a single example: we have good
reason to surmise that he often served for the founda-
tion of the famous potage @ la Bagration, the secret
of which was religiously kept by the defunct Fréres
Provencaux of the Palais Royal. That most seductive
of soups was supposed to be based upon sweetbreads
or chicken. A casual indiscretion leads us to believe
that the rabbit entered largely into its composition,
but the invaluable recipe is probably irrecoverable.
While the Provengal brothers flourished, and since
their demise, ‘ Bagration’ has been paraded in many
a bill of fare, but neither at the Old Philippe’s, nor

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 223

at the Café Anglais, nor at Bignon’s have we ever
recognised the genuine masterpiece.

The rabbit is cheap and common ; but he is grow-
ing in popularity, and is destined to cut a more
conspicuous figure in the future than in the past.
The old order is changing, and the subversive spirit
of democracy is invading the game market. Prices
are being levelled downwards ; the luxuries of the
last generation are losing in consideration, and what
used to be rarities have ceased to be rare. The
finest park-fed venison seldom appears now at private
tables, and such a thing as the exquisite saddle of
roedeer, the favourite Rehriicke of the Germans, is
nevertobeseen. As for the fore-quarters of the deer,
they are become a mere drug in the market. The
frugal housekeeper finds pheasants more economical
than fowls, when the big shoots of the autumn are
on ; and with the craze for deadly days, and the rivalry
in record bags, they are likely in the future to sell as
freely in the New Cut as in Bond Street. Moreover,
British prejudices are breaking down,. and year by
by year the trade is growing in game from America
and the Continent. It has been discovered that
prairie-hens, hazel-hens, and the Russian and Scan-
dinavian ptarmigan are very often excellent eating,
though speculating in them is always something of a

224 THE RABBIT

lottery. Every intelligent man knows that when he
buys a ‘ Norfolk hare,’ it has more probably been
imported from Central Germany, nor is it any the
worse for that. In short, each ‘piece’ of game
begins to be taken on its merits, and when the rabbit
has fair play with furred and feathered competitors,
we are assured he must come to the front with the
leaps and bounds which carry him out of the coverts
into the sprouting wheat.

What is certain is that we shall always have him,
not only in a sufficiency but in superabundance, and
out of sheer charity to the farmers we are bound
to consume him. Fortunately it is a case where
philanthropy should coincide with inclination. The
coop-bred pheasant is an artificial product, and might
disappear with a change in sporting fashions. Sir
William Harcourt has shown us that a caprice of the
Legislature may well nigh exterminate the aboriginal
hare. But we defy the most drastic Act of Parlia-
ment to set limits to the amazing fertility of the
rabbit. He is as industrious in multiplying himself as
the rat or the guinea-pig, and has resources in render-
ing himself a nuisance which challenge competition.
He swarms everywhere in sandy or light soil, and
even when he seeks his settlements in the stiffest
clay, he scoops out sanctuaries in labyrinths of

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 225

burrows. They tell us that he originally passed into
tawny Spain from more torrid Africa, though as to
whether he was introduced by the invading Arabs,
swam the Straits, or passed through the submarine
tunnel by which the monkeys came from Apes Hill to
the Rock of Gibraltar, the soundest historians are not
agreed. Be that as it may, it seems certain that
Spain is his European Stammdland, whence he has
spread over all southern countries to the shores of the
Afgean.

The Spaniards have always had him in high con-
sideration. He is engraved on their ancient coins and
medals, and we are told by Strabo that they used to con-
sign him by shiploads to the Roman markets. ‘Lord,
what a draught London has !’ exclaimed Scott in his
diary, when he saw a fleet of Thames smacks fishing
off Cape Wrath. But that was nothing to the draught
of Republican or Imperial Rome, when a Lucullus
or a Vitellius was ransacking the Roman world for
luxuries. As there were no refrigerating chambers
in those days, we can only suppose that live rabbits
were stowed away in hutches. Considering the
length and chances of the voyage, the freights could
not have been low, and the rabbits must have been
intended for the tables of the wealthy. And they must
have been consigned very much out of condition, as the

Q

220 THE RABBIT

natives dredged in the Colchester beds or the shell-fish
trapped off the Cornish tinneries. But in his native
Spain the rabbit is indeed a delicacy. Perhaps he
shows to the greater advantage by contrast; for the
beef is leather, and the mutton india-rubber. But the
rabbit fattens on the best grazing going, and the very
air he inhales is balm, among the wild thyme and
aromatic shrubs of the dehesas and depoblados. So
in a country where the game laws are laughed to
scorn, the muleteer or mounted wayfarer has always
the gun lying across the saddle bow, in readiness
for the snapshot. Then the rabbit is stuffed into the
mouth of the saddle bag, to be brought forth and
stewed down for the evening’s puchero. But though it
is an agreeable variety on the rare scraps of rusty bacon
or the garlic-scented sausages, the frugal Spaniard
never hesitates to make merchandise of his prize.
Many atime has the forlorn Englishman, riding far
away from the lean larders of the foxdas, and meditat-
ing ruefully on the doubtful chances of supper in
posada or venta, which only supplies shelter and fires,
had a pleasant awakening when he met some poaching
rascal with a rabbit ora brace of red-legged partridges
to sell. There was slight haggling over the blissful
bargain. And at nightfall, sitting over the smoulder-
ing charcoal fire, in the mixed group of muletcers

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 227

goatherds and mendicants, he could possess his scul
in patience and the savoury steam of the stew where
his rabbit was slowly simmering in the pipkin. The
pleasures of hope were tryingly prolonged, but there
was ample reward in the rich fruition. As we shall
remark, the rabbit is conspicuous in our literature by
its absence, but we have always marvelled that we
hear little or nothing of it either in ‘Don Quixote’ or
‘Gil Blas.’ We know that the Governor of Barataria
was a gourmand, and the worthy Squire of the Knight-
errant, with the scent of an old dog fox, was the very
prince of foragers. What gastronomist can fail to
sympathise with his raptures when he exultingly
marked the cowheels forhisown? It was like coming
on a water spring in the wastes of the Sahara. And
as it is inconceivable that he never picked up rabbits
en route, we can only suppose that Cervantes had a
prejudice on the subject. Possibly he was surfeited
with rabbits when chained to the galley oars in Bar-
bary ; but we confess that that theory is on the face
of it improbable.

Borrow, although a militant envoy of the Bible
Society, inured to hard fare and rough quarters, had
a strong dash of the gourmet in the natural man.
We always remember with pleasure the unfeigned
enjoyment of Lavengro over the round of beef at the

2

228 THE RABBIT

coaching house on the western road, when he rose like
a giant refreshed at the invitation of the superstitious
squire to walk away to a second dinner. Riding
through the robber-haunted country from Lisbon
to Madrid, he arrived at the heaven-forsaken hamlet
of Pegoens. Expecting little, he was agreeably sur-
prised in the miserable inn, which bore the ominous
sobriquet of ‘The Hostelry of Thieves.’ ‘We hada
rabbit fried, the gravy of which was delicious, and
afterwards a roasted one, which was brought up on
a dish entire: the hostess having first washed her
hands, proceeded to tear the animal to pieces, which
having accomplished, she poured over the fragments
a sweet sauce. I ate heartily of both dishes, particu-
larly of the last, owing perhaps to the novel and
curious manner in which it was served up.’ That
semi-barbarous landlady knew what she was about,
for the fault of roasted rabbit is the dryness. The
fatless flesh parches in the cooking like the plains of
La Mancha in the summer droughts. But Pegoens
is in the very heart of a desolate country, where the
rabbits, sheltering from the circling birds of prey,
revel near the mouths of their burrows in the fragrant
undergrowth which supplies them at once with food
and protection. Borrow in his character of the
Romany Rye must have been skilled in the dressing

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 229

of the rabbit. For Mr. Petulengro and his other
gypsy pals seldom take their strolls abroad without
snares in their pockets: and where they bivouac the
buries are laid under contribution. They have no
objection to the pheasant or the fowl, but the rabbit
in their mexus ranks rather above the hare, and, in
fact, comes only second to the hedgehog.

The rabbit followed the Saracen—or preceded
him—into Sicily and Southern Italy ; for we have
seen that he was imported as a foreign delicacy in
the time of the old Romans. We can sympathise
the more cordially with Borrow at Pegoens, that we
remember a famous stew unexpectedly served to us at
Calatafimi, when the Sicilian muleteer had gone on
an unsuccessful foray, and came back with nothing
but sausages and black bread. Fleas and mosquitos
were busy that night, but, thanks to that supper, after
the weary ride, sleep set them at defiance. We have
seldom seen the rabbit in Naples. He was a luxury
beyond the reach of the Lazzaroni, who live through
the summer chiefly on water-melons, and in winter
on the untempting circular fzzze, apparently less
nutritious than stale ship-biscuit. But he figures
ostentatiously in the Roman markets, which are even
more interesting to the naturalist and the student of
national tastes than to the gourmet. The descendants

230 THE RABBIT

of a noble race may have degenerated, but at least
they are superior to vulgar prejudices. They have
laid to heart one precept of their saintly patron, for
they call nothing that is edible common or unclean.
Go into the Piazza Navona, or any of the other
markets, of a morning, before the cooks have done
bargaining for the provision of the day, and you will
see as miscellaneous an assortment of viands as may
be met with anywhere. Rabbits and frogs, and not
unfrequently cats, rub shoulders with quails, beccaficos,
and ortolans. The famous Roman dinner at the
Minerva, and, still more, an improvised luncheon at
some osferia in the Campagna, used to be a triumph
of gastronomic license. The comparatively rare
porcupine took the fas; for the Romans are as
devoted to that highly flavoured dainty as the
Algerians and Kabyles; but the rabbits, spitted or
stewed, were always among the /ycces de résistance.

The motley morning spectacle in a Roman market
reminds us of a more esthetic group, elaborated by
Eugene Sue in the ‘ Gourmandise’ of his ‘ Sept Péchés
Capitaux.’ The Doctor Gasterini, in advocating the
vice he maintains to be a virtue, leads his guest
to the stall of his nephew, Léonard, the poacher.
Léonard, with the inspiration of the sylvan artist, has
arranged a game trophy ; the wild boar and the deer

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 231

are swinging from a tree trunk, and rabbits are
festooned around, with wild geese, pheasants and red
partridges. But the French, being a nation of cooks,
have set a due value on their rabbits, and not a few
of their novelists have delighted to do them honour.
\ solide lapin is a title of respect, bestowed by the
reckless criminal class on some truculent athlete.
Sue, in the ‘ Mystéres de Paris,’ makes the ‘Lapin
Blanc’ the resort of his outcasts and ruffians. The
outlawed poacher Béte-puante, in his ‘Enfant Trouvé,’
snares rabbits and tenches in the swamps where he
goes to earth with the foxes and badgers. George
Sand refers to the rabbit frequently in her romances
of the desolate Sologne. We are somewhat surprised
that Dumas makes no reference to him in ‘Le
Meneur de Loups,’ where he passes most sorts of
game under review. That explains itself, however ;
for, as ‘Thiébault hunted with a cortége of wolves, the
rabbits scuttled to their burrows when they heard the
pack giving tongue. Then there are the cockney or
realistic novelists of France who leave the field and
the forest for the city and the cooking range. The
gibelotte de lapin is a standard flat at all the dourgevis
restaurants of the banlieue and environs, from Boulogne
to Vincennes and Enghien to Fontainebleau. Seldom
is there a merry-making in Paul de Kock, Gaboriau,

232 THE RABBIT

or Zola, but the hungry holiday-makers are looking
out for the gide/otte. And there is the standard joke
that the cat often does duty for his confrérve, when the
absence of the head excites suspicion. Though that
is, of course, a calumny in most cases ; for cats are
less easily come by than coneys.

In Belgium a profitable business is done in
rabbit-breeding. Nothing except the rabbit of Spain
can be superior to the wild rabbit of the Ardennes ;
but the so-called Belgian hares which are reared in
hutches have lost much of the savage flavour. Great
pains is taken in rearing them; they are a large and
very prolific variety of what is virtually a rabbit. The
hutches have projecting roofs to throw off the rain
and are floored with wire gratings; the rabbits are
shifted twice or thrice a day; the young are soon
separated from the mother, and killed under three
months. Often as many as two hundred tons have been
imported from Ostend in the cold season. Never-
theless the meat is insipid and does not commend
itself to the connoisseur. With the perfection of
refrigerating chambers, the importation from Australia
and New Zealand has been increasing fast. ‘That is
so far satisfactory ; but the rabbit threatens to be a
curse to the distressed colonists. The enterprising

gentlemen who sent over here for a few couples have

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 233

pulled the string of an irrepressible douche bath.
In the bracing climate and sandy soil, the new
arrivals multiplied like fleas, and now they tell us that
the supperless tramp has only to sit down quietly by
the track-side for his supper to jump into his arms.
And as mutton in Australasia is still almost a drug,
the destructive rabbit is superfluous for home con-
sumption. In England he will always find a ready
market, though prices may fall with an excessive
supply. There was a time, in the period of the
carrier’s cart and the sailing smack, when Scotch
servants and retainers struck against the rabbits, as
they did against the monotony of salmon and sea-
trout. Nowadays, from the most northerly shootings,
regular consignments are despatched to Liverpool or
Hull, to be circulated through the mining districts
and the Midlands. The rabbit has become a favour-
ite food of the poorer classes, and all they have to
learn is more appetising variety in cookery.

It is suggestive that the rabbit is scarcely men-
tioned in the English novel ; except, indeed, in those
moral little tales where the virtuous peasant is first
seduced into evil courses by snaring a hare or netting
a rabbit for a sick wife, whence he passes on to the
pot-house and the prison, and possibly to the gallows,
after shooting a keeper. Scott, with his broad range

234 THE RABBIT

of the Buccleuch domains, made no account of such
small deer, and in the caldron which Meg Merrilies
cooked in the haunted Kaim of Derncleugh, there
were hares and moor game, and partridges, and every-
thing else but rabbits. Even Richard Jefferies, who
can wax eloquent over a leg of mutton and mealy
potatoes, and who must many a day have dincd off
rabbit on the Wiltshire Downs, ungratefully says not
a word of it in its gastronomical aspects. In fact,
the only allusion we can call to mind in the whole
range of English domestic fiction is when the osten-
tatious and parsimonious Jawlevford tells Mr. Sponge,
on his return from hunting too late for lunch, that he
had missed a most excellent rabbit pie.

But in the olden time, in the charters of free
warren granted by the Norman and Plantagenct
kings, and before the advent of the pheasant or the
preservation of the partridge, when rangers, fowlers,
and fishermen were always abroad questing in the
woodlands and on the meres, the rabbit received
special attention. Now a warren has come to mean
a space of ground entirely given up to him. Then he
was the smallest, but the most common, of the lesser
beasts of chase. The purveyors of the great barons,
who daily fed in their halls whole troops of hungry

retainers, found him extremely servicvable. More-

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 235

over, he was what the cooks of our middle classes
call a company dish. At the grand feast given at
the installation of the youngest brother of ‘the King-
maker’ as Archbishop of York, in 1467, 4,000 rabbits
appear in the bill of fare, taking immediate precedence
of as many heronshaws. Archer, in his ‘ Highways
of Letters,’ describing ordinary dinners in the time of
Chaucer, begins with a pottage, called ‘ buckernade,’
made of fowl or rabbit, cut up fine and stewed, as
was the fashion then, with a diabolical variety of
spices. The rabbit seems only to have lost caste
with the change of dynasty on the demise of Queen
Anne ; for the ‘rabbit tart’ was a standing dish on
the table of Her gouty Majesty, who was a noted
gourmande and a voracious eater. In ‘The Noble
Boke of Cookry for a Prynce’s Houseolde or any other
estately houseolde,’ which must have been written
about the time of the great Neville banquet, rabbits
are always set down in the services for the cooler
months. Curiously enough, they seem generally to
have been spitted—for, as we have said, a rabbit has
no fat, and roasting is the worst use he can be put to.
To make him tolerably succulent he must be elabo-
rately basted. And no such careful basting could be
practicable in the case of cooking four thousand

236 THE RABBIT

simultaneously. Here are some of those venerable
recipes which have historic rather than gastronomic

value.
“CONY ROST

‘A Conye tak and drawe him and parboile him
rost him and lard him then raise his leggs and hys
winges and sauce him with vinegar and powder of

guinger and serue it” Or

“RABETTES ROST

‘To rost rabettes tak and slay them draw them
and rost them and let their heddes be in first par-
boile them or ye rost them and serue thei.’

The sole alternative to the rough and ready ‘ rost ’
was the ‘cevy,’ more artistic and in every way pre-
ferable.

‘Smyt them in small pieces and sethe them in
good brothe put them to mynced onyons and grece
and drawe a liour of brown bred and blod and seison
it with venygar and cast in pouder and salt and
serve it.’

For as apple sauce has always gone with goose,
bread sauce with white-fleshed birds, sweet sauce or
wine sauce with venison, and barberry sauce with the

strong-flavoured Italian wild boar, so onions were from

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 237

reason than some of these other accompaniments.
For the flavour of a mild onion is the complement of
the modest god@/ of the rabbit, which it brings out by
some recondite chemical attraction. The discoverer
of the secret deserves well of posterity, though per-
haps we are indebted for the sympathetic combination
to stress of circumstances ; for when most vegetables
were scarce with us, onions were common. Here is a
good white onion sauce which, freely translated into
French, might be called @ /a Soudise.

Peel a dozen of onions and steep them in salt
and water to blanch them. Boil in plenty of water
and change it once at least ; chop them and pass them
through a sieve, stir them up with melted butter, or
roast the onions and pulp them.

For a brown onion sauce, more prononcé in
flavour. Slice large Spanish onions: brown them in
butter over a slow fire, add brown gravy, pepper and
salt, and butter rolled in brown flour. Skim and put
in a glass of port or Burgundy with half as much
ketchup ; or, according to Meg Dodds, whose hints
are always invaluable, add a dessert spoonful of
walnut pickle or eschalot vinegar with some essence
of lemon.

She has a recipe for mushroom sauce for rabbits.
‘Wash and pick a: large breakfast-cup full of small

238 THE RABBIT

button-mushrooms: take off the leathery skin and
stew them in veal gravy, with pepper, cayenne, mace,
nutmeg, salt, and a piece of butter rolled in flour or
arrowroot to thicken, as the abounding gravy of the
mushrooms makes this dish need a good deal of
thickening. Stew till tender, stirring them now and
then, and pour the sauce over the rabbits. Those
who like a high relish of mushroom may add a spoon-
ful of mushroom gravy, or the mushrooms may be
stewed in cream and seasoned and thickened as above.’

It is a good sauce, but, far from needing to
strengthen the mushroom flavour, in our opinion it
is essentially too strong. It somewhat oppresses the
sweet simplicity of the rabbit, whereas, though it
may seem paradoxical, currying appears to elicit it.
This recipe is more suitable ; for celery is the most
harmonious of all concomitants, though it does not
come, like the onion, with a counterblast to provoke
a piquancy :—

Wash, pare and slice the sticks of celery. Blanch
and boil and season with spices and pepper. Flavour
the sauce with an infusion of lemon, but be niggardly
with the condiments, which in excess must neutralise
the flavour of the celery, not to speak of outraging the
susceptibilities of the rabbit.

Allusion to onions and sauces has tempted us on

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 239

to the ex¢rées, but in the due order of things we must
turn back to the soups. For nothing does the rabbit
come in more usefully than for mulligatawny : when
that soup is most in request in cool weather, the
rabbit is in his best condition; there is as little
reason to be frugal with him as with the Ettrick
Shepherd’s hare soup, and his recipe, if we remem-
ber aright, was a half-dozen of hares to the tureen.

Break up sundry rabbits and boil in three quarts
of water with a quarter-ounce of black pepper. Be
sure to add a slice or two of bacon. Skim the stock
when it boils, and let it simmer for an hour anda
half before straining. Fry some of the choice morsels
of the rabbit with sliced onions in a stewpan; add
the strained stock, skim, and, when it has simmered
for three-quarters of an hour, throw in two dessert
spoonfuls of curry powder, the same quantity of
lightly browned flour, with salt and cayenne, and let it
simmer again till the meat is thoroughly tender. A
clove or two of garlic, shred and fried in butter,
with a dash of lemon to taste, are decided improve-
ments.

N.B. Half the secret and charm of good mulli-
gatawny is in the successful boiling of the rice, which
ought to fall light and white and dry, like snow-
flakes in frost or manna in the wilderness, The rice

240 THE RABBIT

after boiling should be drained and dried before the
fire in a sieve reversed.

As simple game soup, carve the rabbits carefully
and fry with bacon, onions, carrots, &c. Drain and
stew for an hour in beef stock, with celery and minced
parsley. Small pieces of the rabbits may be fried and
stewed in the broth.

As we have seen, there were no rabbits in Meg
Merrilies’ caldron, but her namesake, Meg Dodds,
gives a capital recipe for what she calls Poachers’
Soup, or Soupe 4 la Meg Merrilies, for which
rabbits may be used as well as anything else. Meg
‘does not say whether it was the dish invented by
M. Florence, chef to the Duke of Buccleuch, and
served at Bowhill in honour of the author of
‘Waverley.’

‘This savoury and highly relishing new stew soup
may be made of anything or everything known by the
name of game. Take from two to four pounds of the
trimmings or coarse parts of venison, shin of beef, or
shanks or lean scrag of good mutton, all fresh.
Break the bones and boil this with a couple of carrots
and turnips, four onions, a bunch of parsley and a
quarter-ounce of peppercorns. Strain this stock when
it has boiled for three hours. Cut down and skin a
blackcock, a pheasant, half a hare or a rabbit, &c.,

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 241

and season the pieces with mixed spices. These may
be floured and browned in the frying-pan, but as
this is a process dictated by the eye as much as the
palate, it is not necessary in this soup. Put the
game to the strained stock with a dozen of small
onions, a couple of heads of celery sliced, half a dozen
peeled potatoes, and, when it boils, a small white
cabbage quartered, black pepper, allspice and salt to
taste. Let the soup sinimer till the game is tender
but not overdone.’ The soup may be coloured and
flavoured with red wine and a couple of spoonfuis of
mushroom ketchup.

It is an admirable dish for the gypsies of Dern-
cleugh or the phenomenal gourmands of the MWoctes
Ambrosiane, but obviously far too solid for the
foundation of a refined banquet. So we suspect that
M. Florence’s rendering was a more sublimated ver-
sion of the original, although he catered for salmon-
fishers, shooters and coursers.

We have said that roasting is the worst use to
which you can put a rabbit, and we repeat it. But
if you will roast, see that the rabbit is well basted.
Skin and draw, leaving the ears ; dip them in boiling
water and scrape off the hairs ; pick out the eyes ;
cut off the feet ; wash in cold water and dry with a
cloth, and cut the sinews at the back of the hind

R

242 THE RABBIT

quarters and below the fore-legs. Prepare some
savoury stuffing and fill the inside ; then draw the
lugs under, set the head between the shoulders and
stick a skewer through them, passing through the
neck ; run another skewer through the fore-legs, to
be gathered up under the haunches; take string,
double it, place the middle in the breast, and carry
both ends over the skewer ; cross the string on both
sides, and fasten it. Spit and roast for an hour
before a brisk fire, constantly basting with fresh
dripping. Five minutes before serving dredge with
flour and baste with fresh butter. When the rabbit
has been richly browned, remove the string and
skewers, dish it, and serve with brown gravy.

For boiling, rabbits should be trussed neatly and
boiled slowly. It is far better to overdo than to
underdo, and they will take a full hour, unless very
young and tender. They will be none the worse for
an addition in the boiling of some suet and slices of
lemon. To fry them, they are first cut up and done
slowly in butter with sage and dried parsley. The
liver may be crushed in a parsley sauce, and the
parsley which the rabbit loved in life should be fried
and strewed around him when he is sent to table.
A variation is rabbit awa fines herbes.

‘Carve two plump young rabbits, and fry the

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 243

pieces in butter with grated bacon and a handful of
chopped mushrooms, parsley and eschalot, with salt
and pepper. Boil a teaspoonful of flour with a little
consummé, and pour into the stew-pan with the rabbits.
Stew siowly ; skin and strain the sauce and serve it
on the rabbits with lemon and cayenne.’ A faint
suspicion of garlic improves all these dishes. There
is no better way of disposing of rabbits than smother-
ing. ‘Truss and boil and smother in creamy onion
sauce. Mrs. Dodds tells us that in Scotland they
used to be smothered in an onion sauce made with
clear gravy instead of melted butter, and that, if
the dish looked less attractive, it was equally good.
Whether rabbits are boiled to be smothered or boiled
to be served au naturel, the essential is that the boil-
ing should be as slow as possible and finished leisurely
in front of the fire.

Rabbit curry is always capital, and, if economy is
to be considered, the fragments of former dishes may
be utilised. The great thing is to make sure of good
stock, and the cook’s skill is shown in suiting the
seasoning to the palates of those who are to partake.
Tastes vary ; but it is obvious enough that the
savour of the rabbit should not be swamped in too
fiery a dressing. The cut meat is fried in butter with
sliced Portugal onions over a quick fire. The artist

R2

244 THE RABBIT

must of course pay attention to the colouring, which
ought to be soft Vandyke brown or glowing amber.
When the colouring is achieved, add a pint of the stock,
let it simmer for a quarter of an hour, throw in the
curry powder with a spoonful of flour, and stir them
into the sauce. When the curry is ready add another
glass of cream, with a strong squeeze of thelemon. A
clove of mild garlic will not be out of place, and for
Indians who prefer a curry strongly spiced add a few
capsicums or a lively chili.

Mr. Jawleyford was not far wrong in his praise of
a good pie, but much of the excellence depends on a
judicious use of adjuncts. Mushrooms are almost
indispensable, and even the freshest truffles are not
wasted. Slices of egg are a decided improvement,
and some people advocate forcemeat balls, though
that is more open to question. At any rate, there
can be no doubt about eschalots, anchovies, or
Norwegian sprats. with butter or shred suet. But,
above all, the pie should be paved with slices of fat
bacon, and bacon should be interpolated through the
pieces of rabbit. Strain the gravy, which should be
boiled to a jelly. Crown with a rich puff-paste, and
bake the pie according to size. Patties follow pie in
natural sequence, and they make a convenient ev/rée
for the economical housekeeper. Mince the best

THE COOKERY OF THE RALBBIT 245

parts of cold rabbits with some fine-shred suet. Get
some good gravy, thicken with butter and flour, and
season to taste with the inevitable lemon juice. Add
a little claret or port—though the strictly economical
may dispense with that—and a dash of chili or
tarragon vinegar. Stewthe mince and fill the patties,
which had best be baked empty.

Boudins de Richelieu probably owe their name
to the voué lover of the Duchesse de Berri, one of
the volatile daughters of the Regent Orleans. Riche-
lieu was as great, though scarcely so scientific, a
gourmet as the Regent, who was as much at home in
his kitchens as in his chemical laboratory ; and the
lady, by the way, is said to have prided herself on
having devised the delicate filets de dapereau. The
boudins are made of a forcemeat of rabbit beaten up
with grated potatoes. Dressed onions or chopped
mushrooms must be mixed with the stuffing. The
forcemeat is rolled up in small sausages, then it is
boiled or baked and served with brown sauce. It is
the more probable that Richelieu invented these
boudins, that the dish survives in the French saute
cuisine, and is the only form of the rabbit in cookery
which Dubois condescends to notice in his portly
volume de luxe. Possibly Dubois may have descended
from the disreputable Abbé and Cardinal who was

246 THI RABBIT

the Regent’s dme damné. Dubois gives the recipe
with a purée of chestnuts, and prefaces it thus: ‘ This
is a forcemeat ex/rée, pleasant, good, and offering
great resources when the shooting season is over.
With care it can be rendered @stingué and elegant.

‘Forcemeat made of young rabbits must be pre-
pared in the same proportions as that of the pheasant ;
it must be worked for a few minutes with a spoon
and a little melted glaze introduced, with a few table-
spoonfuls of pickled tongue cut in the shape of very
small dice. It is divided in pieces of the size of an
egg, which are to fall on the floured table and be
rolled with the hand so as to give them an oval form
of the size of a cutlet’ N.B.—Mrs. Dodds gives the
counsel of perfection, that the évwdins should be
rolled with a knife.

‘These doudins are ranged in a saitotr, so as to
poach them in boiling, salted water ; as soon as they
are become firm, they are drained and trimmed in an
oval form and bread-crumbed. Some clarified butter
is warmed in a saztvir, the foudins ranged on its
surface and coloured on a sharp fire, turning them
at the same time. When fried to a nice colour, they
are drained and dished in a circular order round a
pyramid of chestnut jz7ée. A sauceboat of reduced

espagnole is served at the same time.’

THE COOKERY OF THE RABBIT 247

For cream of rabbit, the meat is pounded to a
pulp in a mortar, passed through a sieve, then worked
up with the yolks of several eggs, a gill of rich cream,
seasoned with pepper, salt and nutmeg. When the
blend is perfectly smooth, butter a mould, arrange
thin slices of truffles at the bottom ; then put in the
mixture, which should barely fill half the mould ; tie
paper on the top ; place the mould in boiling water
and steam it for anhour anda half. Serve with truffle
sauce, or, failing truffles, with tomatoes.

For Rabbit mould, make a case of paste in a
mould of flour and water ; line the mould with it, fill
up with dry flour and put it in the oven to brown ;
leave it in the shape till cold, then turn it out.
Remove the dry flour and egg the outside. Cut up
a young rabbit or two; stew in gravy with a little
onion and a few cloves till the gravy is thick ; when
ready heat the case in the oven ; turn the stew into
the shape, and dish on a napkin.

For Cutlets.—Cut out the fillets from the backs of
two rabbits ; cut each in halves and shape as cutlets,
season with salt and pepper. Stick a morsel of rib
into the end of each ; egg and bread-crumb them ;
fry them to a bright brown and serve with sauce to
taste. Slices of bacon or ham should be sandwiched
between the pieces of rabbit, and asparagus tops,

248 THE RALBIT

mushrooms, or other vegetables may be served in the
centre.

Mrs. Henry Reeve, in her judicious work on
Cookery, gives an American recipe for barbecuing :-—

‘Clean and wash the rabbit, which must be plump
and young, and having opened it all the way on the
under side, lay it flat, with a small plate to keep it
down in salted water for half an hour. Wipe dry and
broil whole, with the exception of the head, when
you have gashed across the backbone in eight or ten
places, that the heat may penetrate this, the thickest
part. The fire should be hot and clear, the rabbit
turned often. When browned and tender, lay upon
a very hot dish, pepper and salt and butter profusely,
turning the rabbit over and over to soak up the
melted butter. Cover, and set in the oven for five
minutes, and heat in a tin cup two tablespoonfuls of
vinegar seasoned with one of made mustard. Anoint
the hot rabbit weil with this, cover and send to table
garnished with crisp parsley.’

Finally, the head is not to be neglected. It
contains a variety of delicate picking, and gives light,
desultory occupation to a wayward appetite.

INDEX

ACCIDENTS, 103, 104
Acorns, good winter food, 35, 36 |
Acre, number of rabbits to the,
64, 65, 71, 72, 74

4Elian, on rabbits in Spain, 3
Age of wild rabbit, 12
Agreements when void,

195

in writing, 211

Agricultural labourers, 177~178
Ailments and diseases, 46
Alken, Sam, 75
Amberite, 123
Anne, Queen, and rabbit pie,

194~

235

Antiquity of rabbit in England, 1
Arboreal habits, 27
Ardennes, rabbits in the, 232
Arrest, right to, 165
Asafcetida, 148
Ascending trees, 27
Assault by poacher, 167
Assheton Smith, G. W., 16
Australia, rabbits in, 232
Austrian pine, 33
Authority in writing, 181, 183

35 form of, 189

53 production of, 189

BADGER, 39; 77

Badminton, Gloucestershire, 33

Bags, good shooting, 114-115
» good hawking, 220

|

Banks, Eustace, on rabbit biting,

23
Barbecued rabbit, 248
Barrington, R. M., on rabbit’s
mode of feeding, 6
Beagles for rabbiting, 109-113
Beasts and fowls of warren, 1,
53> 54
Belgian hare, or leporine, 17,
18, 19, 232
Belgium, rabbit breeding in, 232
Bells for ferrets, 93
Berri, Duchesse de, 245
Biting when wounded, 22, 23
Black wild rabbits, 16
Boiling rabbits, 242
Bolting rabbits, 89, 147-149, 152
s, in sandhills, 37
Borrow, on rabbits in Spain, 228
Bosworth Park, Leicester, 16
Boundary walls, 66
Boyle’s Court, Essex, 16
Boynton, Sir Henry,
hawking, 220
Bradgate Park, rabbit-shooting
in, 114
Brander, J. Dunbar, trap, 134
Breeding, 8, 10
3 aboveground, 9
55 in a scarecrow, 10
in-and-in, 46
Brooke, Sir Victor, rabbit- shoot-
ing, 114

rabbit

250

THE RABBIT

Bullets for rabbit rifle, 124
Burrows, artificial, 61
distribution
warren, 63
Bushing, 153-154
Butler, Lieut. -Col., trap, 134-135
Buzzards partial to rabbits, 44
Byles, Mr. Justice, on search
and seizure, 169

of, in

”

CARRYING young in mouth, 10,
20, 21

Cases cited
Allen 7. Thompson, 209
Allhusen v. Brooking, 202
Barrington’s case, 53
Beauchamp v. Winn, 55
Bevan v. Hopkinson, 58,

167

Boraston v7. Green, 183
Cameron v. Drummond,

177
Campbell v. Hadley, 202
Carnarvon w. Clarkson, 56,

178, 203
Carter Wood v. Rule, 184
Clarke v. Crowder, 170
Cooper v. Marshall, 190
Devonshire v. Lodge, 54
Gibbs’s case, 187
Gosling v. Brown, 201
Greenslade v. Tapscott, 183
Griffiths v. Puleston, 183
Ilassard 7, Clark, 202
Hicks @. Smith, 195
Hobbs wv. Symons, 153
Horn 7. Raine, 168
Inglis 7. Moir’s Tutors, 177
Lunt #. Hill, 184
McMahon v. Hannon, 206
Morden 7. Porter, 165
Morgan v. Jackson, 196
Padwick v7. King, 164
Protheroe v. Matthews, 161

i Pryce vw. Davies, 165
Rashleigh v. Veale, 178
| [teade 7. Whitmore, 210
Regina v. Garratt, 58
! Regina v. North Curry, 186
| Regina v. Pratt, 163
i Regina v. Townley, 168
Saunders v. Pitfield, 207
Smith 2. Brand, 177
| Smith 7 Hunt, 130, 183,
| 203, 206
i Spicer v, Barnard, 164
i Stuart 7. Murray, 186
! Taylor 7. Bradley, 188
: Vere v. Lord Cawdor, 161
Watkin vw, Major, 160, 190
Catapult, not a gun, 201
Cats poaching, 41, 42, 77, $1
», suckling young rabbits, 43
>> in burrows, 42
Celery with boiled rabbit, 238
Chamberlain, G. M., on weight
of wild rabbit, 14
Charges, light, for covert shoot-
ing, 109
Christmas Day, shooting illegal
on, 208
Claim of right, 160
Climbing trees, 27
Close-time for rabbits advocated,
10, II, 95
for hares in Ireland,
208
Canurus pistformts, 49
Coke on beasts and fowls of
warren, 53
Commoner not an occupier, 190
Common-rights, 160-161, 189
Compensation for damage hy
ground game, 176
Condition of young at birth, 8
| Coney, 4
» bi the rock, +
o rost, 236, 241

”

Coney-close, 51

Coney-garth, 51

Coneys, so styled in game laws,
159

Cookery of the rabbit, 222

Coping ferrets, 87

Cordeaux, John, on young above-
ground, 9

Corsican pine, 33

Couch’s ‘ Illustrations of In-
stinct,’ 21

Covert for warren, 66

Covert-shooting, 107—109

Crab dislodging rabbit, 37

Craigincat, Perthshire, 22

Crows and ravens, 45, 46

Curry of rabbit, 243

Cutlets of rabbit, 247

DamacE by ground game, 176
Day defined, 159
Defence of young, 20, 21, 23, 39
De Grey, Lord, rabbit shooting,
114
Demesne lands, 55
Dentition, 5
Detention in custody, 165
Deterioration of warrens, 74
Difference between rabbit and
hare, 5
Diseases of rabbits, 46, 63
Distemper in ferrets, 91
Dog chasing game, 161
>, hunting in warren, 161
5, liability for shooting, 161
»» Spreading disease, 48
Domesticated wild rabbits, 12
Downland, under Ground Game
Act, 192-193

EAGLES preying on rabbits, 44

Egg-stealing, 157

Eley, Charles, rabbit-shooting,
114

INDEX 251

Elwes, II. J., on warrens, 73
Enteric fever, 46

FaGGot-HeEaps for shelter, 63

Feathered foes, 44

Fecundity of wild rabbit, 8,
8

3
Feeding, mode of, 6

| Fencing, 34, 35, 66-68

Ferret, introduced by Romans,
1,3
» origin of name, 82;
management of, 84 ;
transport of, 7
weight, 84; breed-
ing of, 86 ; muzzling,
87; homing instinct,
89; feeding, 85, 91;
handling, 92; work-
ing, 92
Ferreting, 82-94
by owner and oc-
cupier, 209
as by poachers, 152
a5 hints on, 92, 93
Field mice, 79
Filaria pulmonalis, 47
Florence, chef to the Duke of
Buccleuch, 241
Fold-nets, 75
Food, choice of, 28
>» in winter, 35
Foot-rot in ferrets, 84, 92
Fox, 39, 67, 77, 80, 111
Franchises and Charters override
Ground Game Act, 202
Frederick II. of Germany em-
ploying ferrets in 1245, 83
Free-warren, right of, explained,
52—58, 161, 167
French novelists on the rabbit,
231
Fréres Provengaux, 222
Fuses for bolting rabbits, 149

”»

252

GAME-LAWS, 158-171
Game-licences Act, 1860, 199
Gas-lime, 47, 64, 73
Genghis Khan, employing fer-
rets in 1221, 82
Gestation, in rabbit, 8
in ferret, 8
Gin, origin of name, 127
>» Various patterns of, 128-129
», use of, controlled by statute,
130
Gonzales Zarco, the rabbits of, 15
Goshawk a good rabbit-catcher,

5
Ae trained to take rabbits,
213-221
le how caught, 215
“ how trained, 215-216
99 good bags, 219, 220
Grazing under Ground Game

Act, 190-191
>, outside warren, 67-68
Grey, Lord de, rabbit-shooting,
114
Ground game defined, 206
Ground Game Act, 172-209

ai its object ex-
plained, 181
os its sections
examined,

181-209

Gun, definition of, 201
Gun-Licence Act, 1870,
200-202

171,

Hanits of hares and rabbits, 7

= in covert, 107, 108
», of pheasants contrasted,
107

Handa, Isle of, rabbits on, 16

Ilarcourt, Sir W., views on
Ground Game Act, 195-196,
204-205

Hare and Rabbit compared, 5

THE RABBIT

' IIares Act, 1848, 207

|

», Preservation Act, 1892,
208
», close time for in Ireland,
208
,, killed by owners and oc-
cupiers without licence,
199
Hartshorn, Salopia antigua, 52
Hawker, Col., 27
Hawking rabbits with goshawk,
213-221
53 does not drivé away
game, 218
Hedgehog, trap for, 135
Hedges, ownership of, 161-162
5) crossing to ferret rab-

bits, 163
Higglers and general dealers,
156
», notable conviction of,
157

Ilighroad, shooting on, 162

Hits and misses, 109

‘Hob’ and ‘ jill,’ 92

Holding over by tenant, 182

Holland’s 250 rifle for rabbits,
123

Ifoming instinct in ferrets, 89

Howard, Lord W., ferreting in
Cumberland in 1621, 83

Humane traps, 131, 133, 134

Hutches for ferrets, 91

Hydatids, 48, 49

INFORMATION, laying an, 159
Inhumanity of traps, 131
Inishtrahull, rabbits on Isle of, 1
Interbreeding, 17
Introduction of
Romans, 1, 82
Ireland, close time for hares in,
208
Islands, rabbits on, 14, 15

rabbit by

INDEX 253

Je¥FERIES, Richard, on poach- | Martial, on rabbit-burrows, 4

ing, 150-151 3 234

Jesses, 216

«Jill? and ‘hob,’ 92

Joint tenants under Ground
Game Act, 183

LARCENY Act, 52, 57, 158, 167
Laver, H., on ‘silver-greys,’ 16
Leases prior to Ground Game
Act, 201
Leche, J. H., on small warrens,
69-71
Lee, R. B., on cats in burrows, 42
Legal proceedings, who may
institute, 207, 211
Leporine, or Belgian hare, 17,
18, 19
Lescher, Joseph, 16
Letting shooting, conditions to
be observed, 208-209
Licence to deal in game, 157
», toshoot rabbits, 197-199
>, When forfeited, 164
Limbs, relative length of, 7
Lime dressing, 47, 64
Litters, number of, in year, 8
Lloyd Price, J. R., on warrens,
63, 64, 68, 74,
113
on wire snare, 134
Lucas, ‘2 B., on rabbit-shooting
at Bradgate Park, 115
Lyme Park, Cheshire, 16

MapEIRA, rabbits of, 15

Maladies, 46

Malformed teeth, 6

Mange in ferrets, gI

Manwood, ‘Lawes ofthe Forest,’
53, 55

55 on beasts and fowls

of warren, 53

Market price of rabbits, 71

Maternal instinct, 20, 45

Maxwell, Sir H., on rabbit- -proof

shrubs, 30

Megnin, P., on parasitic worms,
48

Meuses, 154

| Mice, kept down by weasels, 79

Millais, J. G., on rabbit swim-
ming, 26

Misses and hits, 109

Moony, E. S., on rabbit biting, 22

Moorlands, under Ground Game
acl, 191-193

Morant, on_ profitable
farming, 72, 73, 74

Mortality, causes of, 46

Mouchers, 155

Mushroom sauce for rabbits,
237

rabbit

' Muzzling and coping ferrets, 87

Navin, II. D., on cat suckling
rabbits, 43
Naples, rabbits rare in, 229
Natural enemies, 38, 44, 77
Nets, 137-146
5, fold-nets, 75
»» with ferrets, 138
5, long-nets, 138-141,
168
>» gate-nets, 142, 155
», purse-nets, 142, 154
5, sheet-nets, 142
»» SpYing-nets, 76
», drop-down-nets, 143
», Warren’s patent, 143
Denman’s wire net, 146
Netting rides, 107
Neville, Archbishop of York, 235
New Zealand, rabbits in, 232
Night defined, 159, 166
5, poaching, 166-167, 170
© Norfolk hare,’ 224

153,

254

Oats, “crushed, as winter food
for rabbits, 37
“Occupiers’ under Ground
Game Act, 174-
175, 182, 193

ne of more than one
farm, 187

» letlingsporting rights,
196-197

Odd shots, 117

Old hay best winter food, 35

Old rabbits distinguished from
young, II, 12

Onions with rabbit, 237

Ostend rabbits, 232

Overstocking, 46, 65

Owls and young rabbits, 45

‘Owners’ under Ground Game
Act, 173, 183

Owners in occupation, 183, 202—
203, 207

PatmeER, Dr. T. S., on rabbits
of United States, 50

Paraffin, 147

Parasitic worms, 47

Paston Letters, 51

Pasture, effect of rabbits on, 72

Payne-Gallwey, Sir R., on
rabbit nets, 139

Pheasants versis fowls, 223

Pickering, W. C., three rabbits
with one bullet, 125

Pie, rabbit, 244

Pines attacked by rabbits, 32, 33

listol, licence required for, 201

Pitfalls, 76, 134

Pliny’s notice of rabbit, 1, 3

Poachers’ ferrets, 152

Poaching, 150-172

Poaching Prevention Act, 158,
169-171

Poison illegal, 188, 202

Polecat, 77, 83, 86

THE RABBIT

Potage, 222

Prices at market, 71, 77

Professional rabbit-killer, 185-
187

appointment of, 187

form of appoint-
ment, 188

pre duction of autho-
rity, 189

Profit and loss in a warren, 65,
71,73

”

”

”

| Promplorium parvulorum, 4, 51
; Pulmonary tuberculosis, 47

|
|

Purchaser of standing crop, not
an occupier, 183

QUESTIONS not judicially de-
termined, 184, 189, 192

RaBBiTs not vermin, 200

Rabette, original signification
of, 4

Rabettes, rost, 236

Rache, a hound hunting by
scent, 4

Rats, 39, 40, 77, 81, 135

Raven, attacking rabbit, 46

Reservation of game and rab-
bits, 164

Resident on land defined, 185

Responsibilities of a shooting-
host, 104

Retrievers, 105-106

Reynard the fox, 83

Richard II., legislation as to
ferrets, 83

Richelieu, boudins de, 245, 246

Rifles for rabbit-shooting, 121-
123

Right to kill rabbits, 164

Riley, John, rabbit hawking,
with goshawk, 220

Ringed plover, 121

Riote, meaning of the word, 4

INDEX

Rolleston on skulls of hare and
rabbit, 5

Roman markets, rabbits in, 225,
229-230

Roman-Spanish hunt, 82

Romanes, G. J., on animal in-
stinct, 89

Russell’s ‘ Book of Nurture,‘ 4

SALT and lime dressing, 47, 64,
73
Saltee and Keragh Islands,
rabbits on, 16
Schoolboys rabbitihg at Christ-
mas, 96
Scouring, 46
Search, right to, 165
Seizure of game, 166, 170
Selby, H., on rabbit biting, 22
Shepherds poaching, 156
Shirley’s Deer Parks, 33
Shooting, 95-125
» in covert, 95, 97
a on commons, 95, 98
Pe in hedgerows, 97
35 in standing corn, 97~98
sa with spaniels, 98, 102,

105

55 with beagles, 109-113
as on sand hills, 120

a in cliffs, 120

+9 with rifle, 121, 125
5 on highroad, 162
5 without licence, 163
5 ground game by night,
203
Shooting-tenants under Ground
Game Act, 173, 176
Shots, curious, 117-118, 125
», rabbit and hare, 118
», rabbit and grouse, 118
5, Yabbit and snipe, 118
Shrubs, destruction of, 28
», rabbit proof, 29, 30

255

Shrubs, to stand drip of trees,
31
Silver-greys, 17
Simpson J. (of Wortley) on
rabbit biting, 23

7 on acorns for winter
feeding, 35

+5 on rabbit trap-fence,
68, 77

#5 on warrens, 60, 65,
73

Size and weight, 13, 14, 15, 36
Smearing, 33, 34
Snares, 136-137, 152
>, set on Sunday, 209
Soil for warren, 60
Soup of rabbit, 239
», mulligatawny, 239
+» poacher’s, 240
Southam, W., on young above-
ground, 9
Spain, rabbits in, 225, 226
», cooking in, 228
Spaniels for rabbit-shooting, 105
Speed of rabbit and hare, com-
pared, 23, 24
Spencer Cobbold, T., on tape-
worms and entozoa, 48, 49
Spirits of tar, 148
Spring-nets, 75, 76
Spring-traps, 202 206
Stamford, Lord, rabbit shoot-
ing 114-115
Standing crop, purchaser of,
not an occupier, 183
Stiles, Dr. C. W., on tape-
worms in rabbits, 50
Stoat, 20, 38, 41, 77, 79
Stonechat, 98
Stopping out, 146-147
Stops, 107
Stormonth-Darling, Lord, deci-
sion vé vermin, 200
Strabo, on rabbit in Spain, 2

256

Strabo, on rabbit in Balearic |

Isles, 2
Strouglius commutatus, 47
Sub-letting by tenant, 182, 195-
196
Sulphur not recommended, 148
Summonses, 160
Sunday, shooting illegal
208
Sweat in ferrets, 84, 91
Swimming, 25-26

on,

TENL1 SERRATA, 49, 50
Tail, use of white, 7
Tainled ground, 46, 63, 64
Tape-worms, 48, 49, 50
Teeth, malformation of, 6
Tenterden, Lord, on free-warren,
54
Terriers, 102, 137
Tipes, or lip-traps, 75, 76
Transport of ferrets, 88
Trap for stoat, 78
Trap-fence, 68, 77
Trapping, 126-131
Trespass, by day, 159
re by night, 166
» in pursuit of game, 163
Tuberculosis, pulmonary, 46, 47
Tuberculous liver, 46
Tumours, 48, 49
Turning down tame rabbits, ob-
jection to, 14, 15
Typhoid fever, 46

VARIETIES, 16

Varro on the rabbit, 4
Vaynol, North Wales, 16
Vermin trapping, 79

THE RABBIT

Vermin, rabbits not, 200
Void agreements, 194-195
Voles killed by weasels, $0

WARREN, 51-81

5 free, 52

a formation of, 59

a soil for, 60

35 artifAcial burrows, 61
aa draining, 62

i fencing, 66
deterioration of, 74

Warrender, G. H., on rabbit

swimming, 26
Warrener, duties of a, 75
Warry, on the Game Laws, I71
Weasel, 3, 39, 77, 79

5 a tame one, 90

»» hunting rabbit, 19
Weight of wild rabbit, 13, 14,

6

3

»» of polecat and ferret, 84
Wheatear, 121
White wild rabbits, 16
Wild rabbits in captivity, 12
Winter feeding, 35
Wire fencing, 34, 35
Wiring, 131-133, 153
Woodcuttings for bark, 37
Woolrych, Game Laws, 52, 57
Worms, parasitic, 47
Wounded rabbit biting, 22

YEW, poisonous properties of, 32
»» not recommended for co-
vers, 32, 33
Young, condition of at birth, §
as distinguished from old,
II, 12

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