DATE DUE MAY -|O cus New J State College oi At Gornell 3 Sthaca, 2 GAYLORD PRINTED IN U.S.A. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR ALBERT B. FALL, Secretary UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY GEORGE Otis SmiTH, Director Professional Paper 129—I THE FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS BY EDWARD WILBER BERRY , Published April 11, 1922 She er contributions to general geology, 1921 (Pages 199-225) WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1922 > © 4360+ CONTENTS. Page. Introduction.......-....-..2..20-22---- ne eee ee eee srateeie-e a iniey gecticrnataces 29D Historical summary .......-..-.- ssuikeinews Jewels pal eins enratcllagereeheiclnieers eta Aetrsae et i desavere mearsanceoeboectors 199 TOCAII tes sepcjacuicn sna as aaa aene aces ase uaneumsamiss wuss pelea settee ee euenauwininmaeceteauemitues: 202 Character of the flora. nieces cncscieeieti eee at seen eee eed lees ee re Baca ex Be Yalan 202 Age of the flora. ..-..- 2-22.02 .2 2. eee eee eee jisthansdnete Seduce se aurBeerersiiie deo uae eeetabened ne caak Goon eane 204 Systematic descriptions .....-.........-., Bae AER eta eam EAI Wak aac ens ieee ene 207 4 ILLUSTRATIONS. ; Page. Prate XLVI. Osage Rock, about 1 mile north of Belvidere, Kans. ......---------2---002eeee cece eee ee eee ees 202 Prates XLVII-LXI. Fossil plants from the Cheyenne sandstone... ..-.---. 22. e eee eee eee cence ence eeeees 225 NOTE.—The papers included in the annual volume ‘Shorter contributions to general geology” are issued separately, with the final pagination, as soon as they are ready. The last paper will include a volume title-page, table of contents, and index for the use of those who may wish to bind the separate parts. A small edition of the bound volume will also be issued, bnt copies can not be supplied to those who have received all the parts. Ir THE FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. ‘By Epwarp WiiBer Berry. INTRODUCTION. The present study is based on collections made by Hill in 1894, Ward and Vaughan in 1896, Ward, Gould, White, and Cain in 1897, and Lee in 1919. These collections were very extensive, but the bulk represented small fragments of the more abundant species, such as the Sequoia and Sapindopsis. The flora itself as at present known consists of a very small number of species. The Cheyenne sandstone comprises about 100 feet of gray to yellow friable quartz sand- stone with subordinate lenses of dark shale. The sandstone ranges from fine to coarse and contains a few layers of quartz and chert pebbles. It is in the main only slightly consolidated and is very friable and easily eroded. ‘The bedding is extremely irregular and discontinuous, and cross-bedding is obvious throughout and in places extremely pronounced. Logs of silicified wood and Cycadeoidea minuta from these beds were recorded by Cragin. The Cheyenne sandstone rests upon “Red Beds” of supposed Permian age and is over- lain by ‘the Kiowa shale—shallow-water and lagoon deposits of alternating layers of marl and bituminous clay shale, with a marine fauna that includes many species character-— istic of the Washita group of the Texas Cre- taceous. The invertebrates are said by Twenhofel to number about 50 species, of which the follow- ing are some of the commoner forms: Cardium kansasense Meek. Cyprimeria kiowana Cragin. Exogyra texana Roemer. Gryphaea corrugata Say. Gryphaea navia Hall. Ostrea quadriplicata Shumard. Pecten texanus Roemer. Protocardia texana Conrad. Schloenbachia belknapi (Marcou). Schloenbachia peruviana (Von Buch). Trigonia emoryi Conrad. 1 Cragin, F. W., Wasbburn Coll. Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 2, pp. 65-66, 1889. ” In some places the Tertiary overlies the Kiowa; elsewhere the following units in ascend- ing order have been recognized by Gould: Spring Creek clays, Greenleaf sandstone, Kirby clays, and Reeder sandstone. The names are those proposed by Gould and Cragin and have not been formally recognized by the United States Geological Survey. These units are’ chiefly local phases or lentils in the Kiowa, of little significance except as indicative of local and more or less contemporaneous variations in conditions of deposition, with perhaps a basal member of the Dakota sandstone repre- sented in the ‘‘ Reeder.” HISTORICAL SUMMARY. The term ‘Dakota group” was first used in. 1861 by Meek‘and Hayden? for the lower por- tion of their section of the Cretaceous of Ne- braska, corresponding to No. 1 of the classic Meek and Hayden Upper Missouri section.® This term or simply Dakota or Dakota sand- stone has subsequently been used in innumer- able references to local geologic sections throughout the West. The assumption that the Upper Cretaceous of that whole region contained two persistent sandstones—the Da- kota at its bottom and the Fox Hills near its top—and the fancied recognition of these sandstones over a wide area have caused much of the confusion and controversy that have arisen over the interpretation of the western Cretaceous. As ‘originally understood the term Dakota was applied to the pre-Benton Cretaceous, no Lower Cretaceous being then recognized in that region. Unquestionably the typical. Da- kota sandstone represents the littoral or mar- ginal deposits of the transgressing Benton sea, but that there are similar and somewhat earlier continental or marginal sandstones in 2Meek, F. B., and Hayden, F. V., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 13, p. 419, 1861. *Hall, James, and Meek, F. B., Am. Acad. Mem., vol: 5, p. 405, 1856. Meek, F. B., and Hayden, F. v. , Acad Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., vol. 8, p. 63, 1856. 199 200 Kansas, Colorado, the western Black Hills, and presumably elsewhere in this region has been pretty well known for a number of years. Their exact age has been a matter of consider- able differences of opinion. The history of paleobotanic discovery of the so-called Dakota flora has been given in Les- quereux’s three memoirs and need not be re- counted here except to point out that the col- lections, a study of which resulted in the identi- fication of over 400 species of plants, were made at different times and places by a number of different collectors, who, as in so much of the early exploratory work in the West, paid little attention to stratigraphic position or locality. -Any yellowish or reddish sandstone with im- pressions of dicotyledonous leaves was Dakota in age, and for a large number of species ‘‘ Da- kota group of Kansas,” or at most the county from which the specimens were collected, is all we know of the whereabouts of the outcrop. Apparently the first to notice marine fossils at the base of the red Cretaceous (Dakota) sandstones was Ie Conte.* Cragin, while at Washburn College, Topeka, Kans., did much work upon the Cretaceous and published many short paleontologic papers. In 1890 he de- scribed a cross-bedded sandstone (the Chey- enne sandstone) which underlay marine beds in southern Kansas and which he considered to be related to the Potomac, Tuscaloosa, Trin- ity, and “Atlantosaurus beds,” and the next year he published the statement that the Chey- enne sandstone was probably of the same age as the Trinity of Texas, the Potomac of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, and the Wealden or Purbeck of Europe. Invariably in his discus- sions he used the term Comanche as the inter- changeable equivalent of the European Neo- comian. The first definite announcement of the flora contained in the Cheyenne sandstone was made by Hill,> who recorded the following species from collections made by Hill, Gould, and Shattuck in 1894: Rhus uddeni Lesquereux. Sterculia snowii Lesquereux. Sassafras mudgii Lesquereux. 4 Le Conte, J. L., Notes on the geology of the survey for the extension of the Union Pacific Railway, Philadelphia, 1868. 5 Hill, R. T., Discovery ofa dicotyledonous flora in the Cheyenne sand- stone: Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 49, p. 473, 1895; On outlying areas of the Comancheseriesin Kansas, Oklahoma, and New Mexico: Idem, vol. 50, pp. 205-234, 1895. SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921, ! Sassafras cretaceum obtusum Lesquereux. Sassafras n. sp. Glyptostrobus gracillimus Lesquereux. Sequoia sp. (cones). Cragin’s conclusions were given in a paper published in 1895,° in which the section is given as follows: Kiowa shales. Champion shell bed. Si dkepanandeiunie: elk Oreck bedstranobier shale. Cheyenne sandstone Corral sandstone. From the “Elk Creek beds” he recorded Sterculia snowii, Sassafras mudget, Sassafras cretaceum, Sassafras sp., Rhus uddeni, Sequoia sp., and Glyptostrobus. gracillimus.? Only the first two of these are contained in the collections studied by me. Other contributors to ‘the subject prior to 1900 were Mudge, Prosser, Jones, Stanton, and Gould. Their results are not pertinent to my present purpose beyond the fact that they show conclusively the presence of a sandstone, the Cheyenne, containing the remains of a land flora in southern Kansas beneath a marine series, the Kiowa shale, carrying a fauna that is correlated with that of the Washita group at the top of the supposed Lower Cretaceous section of Texas as elaborated by Hill. During his residence in Kansas Twenhofel studied the Cretaceous of the central part of the State, and in a brief paper * published in 1917 he confirmed Cragin’s earlier results® that a situation identical with that of southern Kan- sas prevails in central Kansas. In a more recent article * he contends that the Dakota of Kansas and the Washita group of Texas are of the same age, and that both the Cheyenne- Kiowa-“ Medicine beds’’ sequence of southern Kansas and the Mentor-Dakota sequence of central Kansas should be referred to the Comanche series. The “ Dakota flora’’ of the Denver Basin has recently been revised by Knowlton. As a result of field work by Lee and Cannon during 1916 it has been shown ™ that the formation from which Lieut. Beckwith collected the “Dakota” plants from Morrison, Colo., that 6 Cragin, F. W., A study of the Belvidere beds: Am. Geologist, vol. 16, pp. 357-385, 1895. 7 Idem, p. 367, quoted from Hill. : 8 Twenhofel, W. H., Kansas Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 28, pp. 213-223, 1917. 9 Cragin, F. W., Am. Geologist, vol. 16, pp. 162-165, 1895. 10 Twenhofel, Ww. H., Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., ¥ol. 49, pp. 281-297, 1920. 1 Lee, W. T., Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 49, pp. 183-188, 1920 FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. Lesquereux described is the same as that described by Richardson” in 1915 as the Purgatoire formation and referred to the top of the Lower Cretaceous. This formation has also frequently been called “Lower Dakota.”’ Below this, in the type section at Morrison and within the Morrison formation (“ Atlanto- saurus beds’’) as originally described, there is about 100 feet of friable sandstone and shale containing traces of a flora similar to that found in the overlying sandstone. This flora has been discussed by Knowlton," who quite rightly concludes that it is Upper Cretaceous. I am not concerned in this paper with the taxonomic proposals regarding what shall be the stratigraphic limits of the Dakota, but solely with the general relations and their bear- ing on the geologic history of the region and the boundary between Lower and Upper Cretaceous. It has been customary for geologists, par- ticularly those who had a leaning toward philosophy, to postulate a rhythm of positive and negative movements of the strand by which the boundaries of the different systems could readily be determined. There may be some physical basis for this conception, but it should be recalled that all series of changes can be considered rhythmic, with some elasticity in the application of criteria, and I am one of those reactionaries who believe that, however imperfect the scheme as devised for the region first and longest studied, namely, Europe, the classic names and approximate limits of the ‘systems should be adhered to; for, after all, the best classifications, whether of geologic time or of formations, igneous rocks, or organisms, are those which are most easily understood and used. Time is continuous, time boundaries are always subjective, and the time-honored terms Permian or Triassic or ‘‘ Lower Carbon- iferous” or Lower Cretaceous are to me as essential to clear thinking and the interchange of geologic ideas among nations as the minutes, hours, and days of the current time scheme, however illogical these may seem in sidereal astronomy. According to the customary American scheme the Lower Cretaceous should be con- 12 Richardson, G. B., U.S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Castle Rock folio (No. 198), 1915. 13 Knowlton, F. H., Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 49, pp. 189-194, 1920. 201 sidered to have ended with the withdrawal of the Lower Cretaceous sea and the Upper Cretaceous to have begun with the initial transgression of the Upper Cretaceous sea. Where the interval between these two events was ‘long, with continental deposition, much confusion and difference of interpretation re- sults. A classic instance of such differences is the controversy over the boundary between the Cretaceous and Tertiary in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain region of North | America, which the Tertiary sea was so incon- siderate as not to invade. If geology at its inception had concerned itself chiefly with continental deposits and land plants and ani- mals and had ignored marine formations and life the situation would be exactly reversed, and the marine sediments would probably be those in dispute. On none of the continents, so far as I can discover, did the sea complete a cycle of inva- sion and withdrawal of what might be called the first magnitude during the Lower Creta- ceous epoch. In the Atlantic Coastal Plain no marine Upper Cretaceous deposits. earlier than the European Turonian are known ex- cept in the Texas area, where marine forma- tions representing a part but not all of the Lower Cretaceous of -Europe advance halt- ingly from the south. The oldest of these formations is the Trinity, which in my judg- ment is nowhere as old as the Neocomian of Europe. This is followed by the Fredericks- burg group, which Hill called Neocomian but which contains a younger fauna. If one dis- regards Bése’s correlations of the Mexican Cretaceous on the ground that Mexico is too remote from the north Texas-Kansas area, Whitney’s studies of the fauna of the Buda limestone not only clearly show its Cenomanian age but also show that it is late Cenomanian. Similarly the fauna of the Georgetown lime- stone is Cenomanian. (Whitney has refrained thus far from making any intercontinental correlations.) It is a striking confirmation of this correlation that the Buda limestone near Austin and hence in the region of more continuous marine conditions than farther north should be immediately overlain by the Turonian Eagle Ford formation. The problem of working out the interfingering of forma- tions between north and central Texas is largely a problem of invertebrate paleontology 202 and would not be mentioned in the present connection if it were not for the necessity of showing that the correlation of the Texas Comanche series with the Lower Cretaceous of Europe is incorrect and can not hope to. be ultimately accepted, and because this problem is so intimately bound up with the age of the Cheyenne sandstone. If there is no marine Lower Cretaceous in Kansas, as I contend, our ideas of the sequence of events from late Lower Cretaceous time into the Upper Cretaceous require to be very greatly | modified. With regard to Twenhofel’s proposal to refer the Mentor and Dakota of central Kansas to the Comanche, all that I can say is that while he and before him Cragin and others have written about the Dakota flora, this term is altogether meaningless stratigraphically, ex- cept that it denotes in a most general way a change in facies between’ Lower and Upper Cretaceous floras. The flora of the Cheyenne sandstone, and I presume that in the Mentor formation as well, is no more like that of the Woodbine sand than the Woodbine flora is like that of the several formations of the Montana group, and the reference of the Dakota sand- stone—that is, the post-Mentor Dakota sand- stone ot central Kansas—to the Lower Cre- taceous if correct would of necessity carry with it the Bingen sand of Arkansas, the Tus- caloosa formation of Alabama, the Black Creek formation of the Carolinas, and the Magothy formation of New Jersey and Maryland, against whose correlation with the Senonian of Europe by paleozoologists I have been arguing for years, with not very great success. LOCALITIES. All the localities from which fossil plants were collected in the Cheyenne sandstone are in the immediate vicinity, of Belvidere, Kiowa County, Kans. (See Pl. XLVI.) I give be- low a transcription of the locality numbers, with the names of the collectors and dates, taken from the United States Geological Sur- vey’s records. There appears to be some con- fusion in the two collections numbered 2224, nor do I have locality numbers for the material collected by Ward and Vaughan in 1896. These defects in the record are immaterial, however, for there is no doubt that all the ma- terial studied came from the Cheyenne sand- SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. _stone in this immediate region. Many of the numbers are duplications of identical outcrops and are given only as a matter of record. 773. Black hills near Belvidere; collected by Hill, Gould, and Shattuck, 1894. 2217. Osage Rock at Belvidere, from Nos. 1 and 2 of Hill’s section; collected by O. L. Cain, 1897. 2218. One and one-half, miles northwest of Belvidere, from No. 3 of Hill’s section; collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2219. Same as 773. Stokes Hill, 100 yards south of the National Corral; collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2220. Stokes Hill, the most northeasterly of Hill’s locali- ties; collected by Gould, 1897. 2221. Thompson Creek near the flume, 2 miles north- west of Belvidere; collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2222. Champion (Wildcat) Draw, three-fourths mile south of Belvidere; collected by Ward, Gould, and White, 1897. 2223. Same locality and collectors as ‘2222, from the ‘‘Lanphier shales.’’ i 2224. Near Medicine Lodge River, 2 miles west of Bel- videre (original locality of Ward and Naughen in 1896); collected by Ward and Gould. 2224. Champion (Wildcat) Draw, right (east) branch, in “Lanphier shales,’’ half a mile south of Belvidere; col- lected by Ward and Gould, 1897. : 2225. One mile southwest of Belvidere, in a draw (‘‘ Lan- phier shales”); collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2226. About 24 miles due west of Belvidere (fern bed of 1896); collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2227. Hills between Spring Creek and Soldier, 4 miles northeast of Belvidere; collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2228. Champion (Wildcat) Draw, right (east) branch, ‘‘Lanphier shales,” half a mile south of Belvidere; col- lected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2229. Left bank of middle branch of Champion (Wild- cat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere; collected by Ward. and Gould, 1897. 2230. Draws north of Belvidere (“Lanphier shales”’); collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. : 2231. Right bank of middle branch of Champion (Wild- cat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere; collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. 2232. Osage Rock at Belvidere, ‘‘Stokes sandstone”’ below the so-called Champion shell bed; collected » Ward and Gould, 1897. ; 2233. First draw west of Champion (Wildcat): Die half a mile south of Belvidere; collected by Ward and Gould, 1897. ; 7405. Wildcat Draw, near Belvidere; collected by W. T. Lee, 1919. 7406. Osage Rock, near Belvidere; collected by W. T. Lee. 1919. CHARACTER OF THE FLORA. The flora of the Cheyenne sandstone as dis- closed in the present study numbers. but 23 species. It comprises four ferns representing the families Polypodiaceae and Gleicheniaceae, and all four are representatives of widely PLATE XLVI PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY U.S. ‘SNVX ‘AMAGIATAA JO HIMON SATIN T LAOGY “WOOU ADVSO Cornell University Bleria The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003002106 FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. ranging and more or less well known Creta- ceous types. The collections include a sup- posed cycadophyte seed, but this is of doubtful relationship. There is also a fragment of a trunk of the genus Cycadeoidea, which is of somewhat uncertain value, as its exact. strati- graphic position has been questioned. There aré four coniferophytes and eleven angio- sperms. One of these is a supposed monoco- tyledon, ten are dicotyledons, and there are two forms of uncertain botanic relationships. The dicotyledons represent the orders Sapin- dales, Malvales, Thymeleales, and Umbellales and are remarkable for the total absence of a large number of elements generally found in floras of this age. This absence can not be wholly explained by accidents of preservation and discovery and is due, I believe, to the pecu- liar ecologic grouping resulting from the en- vironment: The arenaceous portions of the Cheyenne sandstone are very conspicuously cross-bedded. The material is very friable, and the vegetable remains are embedded in all sorts of positions and curled as they are when covered in a dry condition by wind-blown sands. ll are coria- ceous forms, and the abundant Sequoia cones all have their scales shrunken and widely distended as in thoroughly desiccated modern cones. They appear to have blown about and collected in hollows along with the coriaceous leaves that are found in association with them. With a single exception the ferns are found in the clays and evidently were confined largely to stream banks. The variety of plants in such situations may have been larger than the discovered flora indicates, but it would seem as if in collections so extensive there should be some traces of the other plants preserved if they were growing near at hand. Although the flora is too small and too remote in time from existing floras to afford satisfac- tory ecologic data, it does furnish some sug- gestions. It seems to me to indicate a warm and more or less arid climate, with a sparse vegetation. I picture this vegetation as of meager variety and as having been confined largely to the region of watercourses between which were larger areas of sand-hill or beach- dune country over which the dried leaves and fruits were blown, collecting in the hollows and becoming covered by wind-blown sands. The 203 clay lenses—for example, Cragin’s ‘‘ Lanphier beds’’—are waterlaid and might represent seasonal rainfall and flood-plain or playa de- posits or normal stream sedimentation, and it is possible that some of the sands had a like origin. There is no evidence of aridity in any of the Cretaceous floras with which the Cheyenne sandstone flora may be compared, whether such comparisons are made with the Patapsco and Fuson floras, on the one hand, or the Woodbine, Dakota, and Tuscaloosa floras, on the other.’ I believe, therefore, that the Cheyenne flora does not represent. general conditions but is purely an expression of the local environment and perhaps represents a wide sandy coastal plain or fluctuating beaches backed by dunes, and that farther inland a more varied and nor- mal flora probably existed throughout the period when the shallow sea was migrating back and forth across southern Kansas. A sample of the Cheyenne sandstone was submitted to Mr. Marcus I. Goldman, who has kindly furnished the appended observations: Macroscopic ‘examination.—A solid but friable fine- grained sandstone of a pale lavender-brown color charac- teristic of moderately carbonaceous sandstones. No lamination. Contains curled and wrinkled leaf impres- sions suggestive of deposition in a dry condition, hence in wind-blown sand. Mechanical analysis.—The rock could be easily rubbed down into its constituent grains. Onsieving these divided as follows: Fine sand through 60 on 100 mesh, 12.9 per cent, 0.45-0.26 millimeter; very fine sand through 100 on 200 mesh, 82.2 per cent, 0.26-0.04 millimeter; extra fine sand through 200 mesh, 4.9 per cent, less than 0.04 millimeter. Microscopic examination showed that the two finer parts contained thoroughly disintegrated grains. The coarsest, however, consisted largely of compound grains which yielded slowly to disintegration, so the following rough figures may be taken: Fine sand, 5 per cent; very fine sand, 90 per cent; extra fine sand, 5 per cent. In either case the great predominance of the very fine sand is obvious. This predominance of a single size at once suggests wind action, but comparison with dune sands (cf. my paper on the Catahoula sandstone, where several analyses are assembled) shows that the maximum is in the size next finest to that which forms the maximum in typical dune material. I have looked up the large collection of analyses given by Udden™ and find that in this character the sample resembles the finer sand carried by the wind out of other deposits. Thus it corresponds with only two of his dune sands—No. 219, which is the finest material gathered at the crest of a dune, and No. 248, from a blown field. 144 Goldman, M. I., Petrographic evidence on the origin of the Catahoula: sandstone of Texas: Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 39, p. 269, 1915. 15 Udden, J. A., Mechanical composition of clastic sediments: Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 25, pp. 655-744, 1915. ‘ 204 On the other hand, the majority of samples of what he calls incipient wind-blown sand, which is sand blown out of other deposits, have this composition, as do also his lee sands, which are the finer material blown beyond the body of a dune. Microscopic examination.—(1) Thin section: Three char- acters are conspicuous in the thin section of the original rock, namely, (a) its porosity, whichis evidently primary— that is, not produced by grinding the thin section—and is a character of wind-deposited material; !* (b) the angu- larity of most of the grains; (c) the absence of a recogniz- able deposit of secondary quartz on the outside of the grains. In many cases it can be definitely proved, by the presence of inclusions throughout the grain, that there is no outer coat of secondary quartz, and the rough angularity of the grains does not suggest secondary growth, which tends to restore crystal form, but, if anything, rather solution. (II) Disintegrated sand: The disintegrated material can be studied to greater advantage because it can be immersed in liquids of different indices of refrac- tion. Thus by immersing in a liquid of index about 1.55 the inner structure of the quartz grains and any possible boundary between nucleus and secondary quartz can be more readily recognized. Immersing in a liquid of index about 1.65, on the other hand, brings out brilliantly the surface form and texture. Much more could be observed, especially in the latter liquid, than the time at my disposal permitted, but I can make the following generalizations: (a) None of the portions, not even the coarsest, reveal any unusual abundance of rounded grains; rather the opposite. (6) The surface of grains is not frosted, as is characteristic of wind-blown sand, nor pitted, as if subjected to much solution, but rather rough and chipped-looking, as might be the result of mechanical wear. (c) Under the favorable conditions afforded by immersion in a liquid of index about 1.55, no secondary silicification could be detected. (d) In the finest size a few very small well-rounded grains were found, the smallest having a diameter of about 0.025 millimeter and being exceptionally perfectly rounded. Such a grain could probably be produced only by pro- longed wind action."” The main problem of fact, in spite of these obsetvations, still concerns the cause of the present form of the grains. Secondary silicification is often very veiled, and in the absence of comparative studies I am not prepared to commit myself as to the possibility of solution having acted on the grains. These two factors affect not only the form but also the size of the grains. However, the coherence of the observations made favors the belief in their correctness. They lead to the following conclusion: The portion of the Cheyenne sandstone represented by this sample is nothing like an eolian deposit in an arid region, nor even a part of a permanent dune area in a humid climate, but merely an accumulation of material blown by the wind out of a deposit of some other origin. Only an extensive field study could disclose the main accumulation from which this is separated and other possible associated facies and lead to a complete and satisfactory interpretation. From the roughness of the sand grains I would be inclined to assume rather a delta than a beach deposit as the dominant type. 16 Goldman, M. I., op. cit., pp. 280-281. 17 Idem, pp. 271-272. The very | SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. small, perfectly rounded grain noted appears entirely out of place as the product of the conditions under which the sandstone seems likely to have been formed and must therefore be assumed to be the product of an earlier cycle in the history of the grain, unless it is assumed that in a deposition of secondary silica the larger grains have been favored so that only the smallest grains retain their original form; but this seems to me incompatible with the uniform size of the larger grains. As brought out in the paper on the Catahoula sandstone there are many more factors that might have been con- sidered, but being limited in time and having no assistance for such work I have selected the few that seemed most rapidly determinable and most important. A single sample whose position in the local section is unknown can be conclusive only for that one sample. The foreset bedding of which I have seen pictures suggests delta deposition, but no one has made field studies of the Cheyenne sandstone with the object of determining the origin of the sediments or the .. method of sedimentation, and Mr. Goldman’s report is therefore chiefly significant in indi- cating what definite results might be obtained in this region of an oscillating Cretaceous strand by a careful study of the problem. The plants and their method of occurrence conclusively indicate a sparse vegetation, at least seasonal dryness, and accumulation by the wind. This I am sure was a local condi- tion, as previously stated. Whether these facts do or do not indicate beaches, interstream sand hills, or delta deposits can be determined only by future studies. AGE OF THE FLORA. -Ignoring for the present the general rela- tions and the implications resulting from the age of the overlying Kiowa shale or the sup- posed equivalent beds in Texas, as discussed in the preceding section, and considering only the evidence of the fossil plants, I may note that ten of the 23 species are positively iden- tified as ‘‘Dakota’’ forms and two additional species are tentatively so identified. Four others are peculiar to the Cheyenne sandstone. The type localities of the remaining seven species were the Cenomanian of Bohemia (one species), the Atane beds of Greenland (two species), and the Patapsco formation of Mary- land (four species). Of the so-called Dakota forms in the Chey- enne flora the following species were previously known from only the ‘‘ Dakota”: Cladophlebis dakotensis (Lesquereux), Cycadeospermum line- FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS, atum Lesquereux, Sequoia condita Lesquereux, Abietites ernestinae Lesquereux, Sterculia mu- cronata Lesquereux, and Sassafras mudgii Lesquereux. Of these the first two were found near Delphos, Kans.; Sequoia condita, one of the most abundant forms in the Cheyenne sandstone, was known simply from ‘‘ Kansas’”’ and might really have come originally from the Cheyenne sandstone; Abietites ernestinae was from Decatur, Nebr.; Sterculia mucronata was from Ellsworth County, Kans.; and Sassafras mudgit was recorded from Salina River, Kans., and Evans quarry, S. Dak. According to Stanton the outcrops of the Dakota sandstone at Delphos, in Ellsworth County, and along Salina River, in Kansas, and at Decatur, Nebr., are in the upper part of the Dakota, the beds at Decatur being within 300 feet of the top. Hence the species common to these localities tend to emphasize the transitional: character of the Cheyenne flora. . Five of the remaining six species common to the Dakota are of still more value in that they have all been recorded from other regions where the age is less a matter of doubt. , The sixth, Asplenium dicksonianum Heer, is of slight value in this connection, as it is probably. It has been recorded | a composite species. from both older and younger formations, namely, Tuscaloosa, Raritan, Patapsco, La- kota, Kome, Atane, Kootenai, and the Upper Cretaceous of Sakhalin Island. Gilleichenia nor- denskioldi was described originally from mate- rial collected in the Kome beds of Greenland and identified by Lesquereux in specimens from the Dakota at Fort Harker, Kans. I have identified the Cheyenne sandstone speci- mens as this species because they are identical with those described under that name by Les- quereux, but neither these nor Lesquereux’s specimens can be distinguished from another of Heer’s nominal species of Gleichenia, namely, Gleichenia zippei, which has been recorded all over the Northern Hemisphere at horizons ranging from Lower Cretaceous to Senonian and has been found in the Atlantic Coastal Plain in the Raritan and Magothy formations. Abietites longifolius ranges through the Poto- mac group of Maryland and Virginia and is found in the Raritan formation in New Jersey and in the Fuson formation of the Black Hills. “Sapindopsis magnifolia is a Patapsco species, Sterculia towneri (Lesquereux) is found in the | Cretaceous. 205 Magothy formation, and Araliopsoides ‘cretacea (N ewberry) is found in the Raritan and Mag- othy formations of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. A prominent element in the Cheyenne sandstone flora consists of the three nominally distinct species of Sapindopsis, which are equally prominent in the Patapsco formation of Maryland and Virginia. One of these is also probably present in the true (later) Dakota flora, and another has been recorded from the Fuson formation of the Black Hills, although the latter is not entirely characteristic. This considerable Patapsco element in the Cheyenne flora is of considerable interest, for it includes, in addition to the abundant remains of these three species of Sapindopsis, a characteristic Abietites (A. longifolius). . These three forms of, Sapindopsis are distinguished chiefly by the size of their leaflets and probably in both floras represent slight variants of a single botanic | Species. The Patapsco flora has been rather definitely correlated with the Albian stage of Europe.” I do not regard the community of Sapindopsis and Abietites in the Cheyenne and Patapsco as indicating synchroneity, for the following reasons. The Patapsco flora contains 41 species that persist into it from the older Lower Only one of these, the Abietites, occurs in the Cheyenne, and it is also present in the Atane beds of Greenland and the Raritan formation of New Jersey. The Patapsco flora numbers 83 species, and of this large number only two have been found in the immediately overlying Raritan formation. Neither of these occurs in the Cheyenne. The Cheyenne entirely lacks the older elements that serve to distinguish the Patapsco from the Raritarf and stamp its age as Albian. For example, the following fern genera of the Patapsco are not found in the Cheyenne: Ruffordia, Acrostichopteris, Knowltonella, Olado- phlebis, Dryopteris, Onychiopsis, Sagenopteris, Tempskya, Scleropteris, and Thinnfeldia; the following cycadophyte genera of the Patapsco are not found in the Cheyenne: Ctenopteris, Zamipsis, Nilsonia, Zamites, Dichotozamites, and Podozamites; and the following conifero- phyte genera of the Patapsco are not found in the Cheyenne: Nageiopsis, Brachyphyllum, Araucarites, Pinus, Frenelopsis, Sphenolepis, 18 Berry, E. W., Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 172, 1911, i 206 and Widdringtonites. The vast majority of these are old genera which became extinct before the dawn of the Upper Cretaceous and which give the Albian facies to the Patapsco. Even as regards the angiosperm element of the Patapsco, which might be expected to show more similarities to only slightly younger formations, the following genera of the Pa- tapsco are not represented in the Cheyenne: Cyperacites, Plantaginopsis, Alesinaphyllum, Populus, Populophyllum, Nelumbites, Meni- spermites, Celastrophyllum, Cissites, Araliae- phyllum, Hederaephyllum, and xxxX! x! Carpolithus belviderensis Berry.......-..:|---.|2-.-[-0-eferee|-2eefeeee[oee-[eeee|oee-[oceclecechce decd cecloe loo Feistmantelia oblonga Ward 10 Berry, E. W., The flora of the Woodbine sand at Arthurs Bluff, Tex.: U. 8. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 129, pp. 153-181, 1922. # SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS. Phylum PTERIDOPHYTA. Class LEPTOSPORANGIATAE. Order POLYPODIALES. Family POLYPODIACEAE. Genus CLADOPHLEBIS Brongniart. Cladophlebis dakotensis (Lesquereux) Berry. Pteris dakotensis Lesquereux, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 17 (Flora of the Dakota group), p. 24, pl. 1, figs. 2, 3, 1892. This species, the type material of which was collected 10 miles northeast of Delphos, Kans., was described as follows by Lesquereux: Ultimate pinnae linear-lanceolate, pinnately deeply cut into oblique equal subopposite lanceolate blunt- pointed and subfalcate pinnules, connate above the base, entire, close but disconnected above; median vein thin, distinct; secondaries opposite, 6~7 pairs, simple, curving upward in passing to the borders. This form is obviously to be referred to the genus Cladophlebis, which was so abundant during the Mesozoic era. It was referred to Pteris by Lesquereux; as was the habit among earlier paleobotanists. The material which Lesquereux had and that from the Cheyenne ‘sandstone are both ‘too meager for critical comparisons with other described species of Cladophlebis. The two specimens from: the Cheyenne sandstone came from Thompson Creek near the Flume, 2 miles northwest of Belvidere (2221). Genus ASPLENIUM Linné. Asplenium dicksonianum Heer. Asplenium dicksonianum Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 8, Abt. 2, p. 31, pl. 1, figs. 1-5, 1874; vol. 6, Abt. 2, pp. 3, 33, pl. 2, fig. 2; pl. 32, figs. 1-8, 1882. Dawson, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., vol. 1, sec. 4, p. 11, 1883 ; vol. 3, sec. 4, p. 5, pl. 3, fig. 1, 1885; Canada Geol. Survey Ann. Rept., new ser., vol. 1, p. 76, 1886; Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., vol. 10, ,sec. 4, p. 91, 1892. Lesquereux, The flora of the Daikota group, p. 24, pl. 1, fig. 1, 1892. Newbery, The flora of the Amboy clays, p. 39, pl. 1, figs. 6, 7; pl. 2, figs. 1-8; pl. 3, fig. 3, 1896. Sa U.S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 704, pl. 170, fig. 1, 1899; Jour. Geology, vol. 2, pp. 259, 261, 1894. Fontaine, in Ward, U. 8. Geol. Survey Nineteenth - Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 664, pl. 162, figs. 6-8, 1899 (not Fontaine, 1888). Kurtz,. Contribuciones 4 la palaeophytologia argen- tina, III: Mus. La Plata Rev., vol. 10, p. 49, 1899 [1902]. FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. 207 'Berzy, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 38, p. 409, 1911; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 8, p. 68, pl. 5, figs. 8, 4, 1911; Maryland Geol. Survey, Upper Creta- ceous, p. 767, 1916; U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 112, p. 53, 1919. ; This species was described by Heer in 1874 from material found in the Kome beds (Lower Cretaceous) of Greenland. It was subse- quently identified by Heer in material from the much later Atane beds (Upper Cretaceous) of Greenland; Dawson reported lit from a number of localities in the Kootenai formation (Lower Cretaceous) of British Columbia, although these records are questionable; and Fontaine and Ward described it from specimens obtained in the Lower Cretaceous of the Black Hills. It is also reported by both Lesquereux and Ward from the Dakota sandstone, and by Kurtz from “Argentina. It seems very doubtful if these specimens can all be the same plant, and the geologic range alone suggests that the ear- lier and the later forms may be distinct. The Lower Cretaceous forms certainly suggest a relationship with those widespread types of sterile fronds variously identified as Thyrsop- teris or Onychiopsis, and they may be com- pared with Onychiopsis goeppertt (Schenk) Berry. The Upper Cretaceous forms suggest Anemia rather. than Aspleniwm and are much like the widespread Eocene species Anemia haydenit (Lesquereux) Cockerell and Anemia subcretacea (Saporta) Gardner and’ Ettings- -|hausen. However, in the absence of repre- sentative material from the different horizons, it seems unwise to attempt any segregation at the present time, and the synonymy is cited in full for the use of some future student who may have access to enough material to enable him to make an accurate revision and segregation of this so-called species. Attention should also be called to its resemblance to the form occur- ring in the Upper Cretaceous of Greenland, the Raritan formation of New Jersey, and the Tus- caloosa formation of Alabama which goes by the name Dicksonia groenlandica Heer, al- though the ground for considering it a Dick- sonia is entirely inconclusive. Besides occurring at the localities named above the present species is abundant in the Raritan formation of New Jersey and Mary- land, and material that is absolutely identical with the New Jersey Raritan material which I have seen and with that from the Dakota sand- stone is present in the Tuscaloosa formation of 208 Alabama and the Cheyenne sandstone of south- ern Kansas. I have recently received a fine specimen from northeastern New Mexico from a sandstone that appears to represent the Pur- gatoire formation. The specimens from the Cheyenne sandstone, all of which are fragmentary, were found in brown clay in a draw on Medicine Lodge Creek, 3 miles. above Belvidere (collected by Ward and Vaughan, 1896, no number); 14 miles north- west of Belvidere (2218); near Medicine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224, same locality as that first cited); and 24 miles due west of Belvidere (2226). Order GLEICHENIALES. Family GLEICHENIACEAE. Genus GLEICHENIA Smith. Gleichenia nordenskiéldi Heer.” Plate XLVII, figure 1. Gleichenia nordenskiéldi Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 50, pl. 9, figs. 6-12, 1874; vol. 6, Abt. 2, p- 8, pl. 1, figs. 1, la, 1882. Lesquereux, U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. Ann. Rept. for 1874, p. 334, pl. 2, fig. 5, 1876; Cretaceous and Tertiary ‘floras, p. 26, pl. 1, figs. 1, la, 1883; U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 17, p. 25, 1892. This species was -described originally by Heer from material collected in the Kome beds of western Greenland. Species of Gleichenia ‘are very abundant throughout the Cretaceous section of that region, and Heer founded very many species on this material, more than seem warranted. The stratigraphic boundary be- tween the Kome and Atane beds has been shown by subsequent workers to be very indefinite, and the Atane beds are present at the Kome locality, a fact which may account | for the range accredited to a large number of the species. ; Lesquereux subsequently identified Glei- chenia nordenskidldi from the Dakota sand- stone at Fort Harker, Kans. His material was not very convincing and perhaps should not have received a specific name. Material 2 The following do not belong to this species: Gleichenia nordenskidldi Fontaine, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 119, pl. 21, fig. 11, 1890. Gleichenia nordenskiéldi Fontaine, in Ward,U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 48, p. 231, pl. 65, figs. 24-29, 1906. ; z Pezopterts strictinervis Fontaine. Fontaine, in Diller and Stanton, Geol. Soc. America Bull., vol. 5, p. 450, 1895; in Stanton, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 133, 1895, p. 15, [1896]. Aspidium heterophyllum Fontaine. Fontaine, in Diller and Stanton, op. cit., p. 450; in Stanton, op. cit., p. 15. OQsmunda dicksonioides Fontaine. Fontaine, in Diller and Stanton, op. cit., p. 450; in Stanton, op. cit., p. 15. SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. identical with that of Lesquereux is not un- common in the Cheyenne sandstone, and I have used the same name for it, although it should be borne in mind that neither Les- quereux’s material nor mine is‘ distinct from what has commonly been called Gleichenia zip- pet Heer,?* which has been identified, often wrongly, I believe, at-a large number of localities and horizons. The unwarranted determination of uniden- tifiable scraps by Ward and especially by Fontaine has almost completely obscured the stratigraphic value of any material that they. described. The specimen from Dutch Gap, Va., which Fontaine referred to this species not only differs from the type material but might readily represent the terminal portion of half a dozen different Patuxent species of ferns. Similarly the specimens from the Knox- ville formation which Fontaine referred to Gleichenia nordenskidldi are not only not that species but they are not even all the same thing, and the fact that these identical fragments were also referred by Fontaine to Pecopteris, Aspidium, and Osmunda, as well as to Gleiche- nia, is a fitting commentary on both the char- , ‘acter of the material and the critical value of Fontaine’s results. What I have called Gleichenia nordenskisldi is found in the Cheyenne sandstone in clay 2} miles due west of Belvidere (2226), also de- scribed as a draw on Medicine Lodge Creek, 3 miles above Belvidere (fern bed, no number), collected. by Ward and Vaughan in 1896. Gleichenia? bohemica (Corda) Berry. Plate XLVII, figure 2. Pecopteris bohemica Corda, in Reuss, Versteinerungen der. béhmischen Kreideformation, p. 95, pl. 49, fig. 1, 1846. _ Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 96, pl. 26, fig. 17a, 1874; vol. 7, p. 6, pl. 58, fig. 4, 1883. Engelhardt, Naturf. Gesell. Isis in Dresden Abh., 1891, No. 7, p. 86. Kryshtofovich, Coll. Sci. Imp. Univ. Tokyo Jour., vol. 40, art. 8, p. 31, fig. 2, 1918. This species was described by Corda in 1846 from material obtained in the Cenomanian of Bohemia. It was subsequently recorded from the same horizon in Saxony. Heer referred a number of Greenland specimens to it, and lately Kryshtofovich has recorded it from the Upper Cretaceous of Sakhalin Island. If these 4 Heer, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 1, p. 79, pl. 43, fig. 4, 1868. FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. records all represent the same species, it was evidently a wide-ranging type in the earliest stage of the Upper Cretaceous, which spread from the Arctic region southward into North America, Europe, and Asia. There are five specimens in the Cheyenne sandstone that appear to be identical with Heer’s Greenland forms, but as they are preserved in a coarse sandstone their detailed characteristics are obliterated. The pinnules are coriaceous, long, and narrow and somewhat resemble what Heer ” called Gleichenia rigida. Although details of frond habit and fructifi- cation are lacking I have ventured to transfer this form from Pecopteris to Gleichenia, as it. appears to be congeneric with the numerous Cretaceous forms of that genus. It was found in the Cheyenne sandstone on the left bank of the middle branch of Cham- | pion (Wildcat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere (2229). Phylum CYCADOPHYTA. Order CYCADEOIDALES. Genus CYCADEOIDEA Buckland. Cycadeoidea munita Cragin. Cycadeoidea munita Cragin, Washburn College Lab. Nat. Hist. Bull., vol. 2, p. 65, 1889. Ward, U. 8S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 541, 1899. Hill ? states that there is some doubt as to the occurrence of this specimen at this horizon. Lester F. Ward, who subsequently visited the locality, states that he was satisfied that, it could not have come from the Cheyenne sand- stone but may have weathered out from the overlying ‘‘Reeder sandstone.”” The material, which is only a fragment, has never been studied by a competent person, although Ward states that it is surely a fragment of a cycad trunk. Whatever its true horizon it is of interest as one of the latest authentic occurrences of this type of plant. ’ Genus CYCADEOSPERMUM Saporta. Cycadeospermum lineatum Lesquereux. Cycadeopsermum lineatum Lesquereux, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 17, p. 30, pl. 1, fig. 14, 1891 [1892]. This seed, which was found 10 miles north- east of Delphos, Kans., was described by Lesquereux as follows: 2 Heer, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 1, p. 80, pl. 44, fig. 1, 1868. 2 Hill, R. T., Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 50, p. 212, 1895. 209 Seed oblong-ovate, slightly falcate, rounded at the lower end, short acuminate at the other; testa smooth, transversely lineate, the lines distant, parallel; carena clearly marked longitudinally on both sides, the inner concave, the outer rounded. “Length 1 to 1.5 centimeters; width about 6 millimeters, somewhat compressed. Testa thick, shining, and ligneous. Cycadophyte seeds are not so inequilateral, and the present form is probably angiosperm- ous. This genus was proposed for Jurassic forms, of which many have been described. A few have been described from both Lower and Upper Cretaceous material. The Cheyenne form is certainly identical with Lesquereux’s type. Whether or not it is congeneric with the other species referred to Cycadeospermum, or whether indeed it represents the seed of a cycadophyte and not an angiosperm, can not be determined. My impression is that it belongs to the latter rather than the former. Material identical with Lesquereux’s type is. found in the Cheyenne sandstone 14 miles northwest of Belvidere (2218) and near Medi- cine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224). Phylum CONIFEROPHYTA. Order CONIFERALES. Family CUPRESSINACEAE. Genus SEQUOIA Endlicher. Sequoia condita Lesquereux. Plate XLVIII, figures 1-11. Sequoia condita Lesquereux, U.S. Geol. and Geol. Survey Terr. Bull., vol. 1, p. 391, 1875 [1876]; Ann. Rept. for 1874, p. ” 355, pl. 4, figs. 5-7, [1876]; U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 8 (Cretaceous and Tertiary floras), p. 32, pl. 1, figs. 5-7, 1883; in Cook and Smock, Report on lag deposits in New Jersey, p. 29, 1878. The inextricable confusion that results from the identification of detached fragments of conif- erous foliage when they can not be checked by fruits or in some other way is well illustrated by the forms that are variously referred to Glyptostrobus gracillimus Lesquereux, Sequoia gracillima Newberry, Widdringtonites reichii Heer, etc. In volume 6 of the final reports of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories Lesquereux gave figures of a plant which he had named some years earlier Glypto- strobus gracillimus and which he compared with Frenelites reichia of Ettingshausen. When 210 Newberry described the flora of the “Amboy clays” (Raritan formation) he renamed Les- quereux’s species Sequoia gracillima because he found associated with similar foliar remains in New Jersey elongate cones with scales resem- bling those of a Sequoia. He commented on the resemblance of these cones. to Geinitzia, but the matter rested: here until I compared speci- mens of the so-called Sequoia gracillima cones with those of the European Geinitzia formosa Heer and found the two to be identical. In the European Upper Cretaceous these cones were found attached’ to foliage of a very differ- ent type from Glyptostrobus gracilimus or Sequoia gracillima, although in America the cones were always detached. Foliage like that of Geinitzia formosa was found, however, asso- ciated with them. It seemed obvious that the cones referred to Sequoia gracillima were those of Geimitzia formosa, and accordingly I so assigned them. ‘I had collected hundreds of these cones and had abundant comparative material. When I revised the Raritan flora: I had much larger collections than those of Newberry, and I found that the foliage which he had called Sequoia gracillima was identical with what he ‘had identified as Widdringtonites reichir (Et- tingshausen) Heer. These remains are abundant in the Atlantic Coastal Plain as far south as Alabama and have never been found with ovulate cones, although the staminate cones are not uncom- mon. Thus the slender conifer in the East is Widdringtonites. Whether Lesquereux’s Glyp- tostrobus gracillimus also represents this genus or not I do not know. I suspect that in spite of minor and not very obvious differences Glyptostrobus gracillimus is none other than Sequoia. condita, which Lesquereux described in Hayden’s report for 1874 from very incom- plete material collected at Fort Harker and Clay Center, Kans. The most abundant plants in the Cheyenne sandstone are graceful, delicate coniferous branches bearing numerous distinctive cones identical with the one referred to Sequoia condita by Lesquereux, as is the foliage, which has been recorded in the literature of the Cheyenne sandstone as Glyptostrobus gracilli- mus (Ward) and Sequoia gracillima (Knowl- ton). The collections naturally contain many specimens of detached cones and many speci- mens of foliage lacking cones, but the evidence SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. is as strong as it can possibly be that when cones and foliage are found in union in a dozen specimens those that are found separated in the same bed are none other. I have specimens of cones from six localities and of the-foliage from thirteen localities around Belvidere. Moreover, the foliage shows considerable variation in the extent to which the leaves are pointed or obtuse, appressed or spreading, de- pending not only on a natural amount of variation but also on whether it represents shoots of the year or older twigs, and further- more the appearance differs greatly with the nature of the matrix, the extent to which iron’ salts have been deposited along . the channels formed by the twigs, and other con- ditions. The specimens found in the. sand- stones appear different from those found in the clays, and some specimens in the clays which were much incrusted suggested at first sight the genus Brachyphyllum. Before describing the species as. fully as the large collection studied permits, I would like to point out that Sequoia condita is not related to Widdringtonites, Suniperus, Glyptostrobus, or Sphenolepis—genera in which the foliage is comparable—and it is perfectly distinct from Sequoia fastigiata. It is known only from the Cheyenne sandstone and from the true Dakota of Kansas, In the absence of attached cones the foliage might be referred to any one of several genera, or its variants might be re- ferred to several different species in as many genera. Taken together, they demonstrate that it is a Sequoia, and I do not feel the slight- est doubt but that all the material from the Cheyenne sandstone represents a single botanic species. It may be described as follows: Twigs rather rigid, pinnately branched, slender elongate; covered with small, decurrent, crowded leaves varying from appressed to spreading falcate, thick and coriaceous, acute or obtusely pointed, slightly keeled but with- out vein. The leaves are arranged in a spiral phyllotaxy which becomes higher with the elongation of the twigs. In old twigs 2 to 3 millimeters in diameter they are scattered, spreading, and falcate. Their blunt tip is more apparent than real and is due to their usual or partial preservation in the form of casts. The variations in appearance are well shown in the accompanying figures. The cones vary from prolate to nearly spherical in FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS, form and consist of about 22 .scales spirally arranged, as compared with about 30 in the cones of the modern redwood. The axis is stout and fusiform. The scales have a thin rounded peduncle. expanding distad into a rhomboidal peltate tip only slightly wider than high, with a wrinkled marginal face surround- ing a central laterally elongated umbilicus. Length of cone (maximum), 2.4 centimeters; diameter (maximum), 1.8 centimeters. Aver- age size somewhat smaller. Length of scale (maximum), 8 millimeters; width, 6.5 milli- meters; height, 4.5 millimeters. These cones are remarkably like those of the existing red- wood (Sequoia sempervirens) in every respect— size of axis, shape of scales, etc.—except that the scales are less numerous in the fossils and the maximum size of the scales is about six- sevenths that of the average redwood scale. The average size of the fossil cones is from two-thirds to five-sevenths that of the modern cones. . The condition of preservation of these cones is a strong argument in favor of the eolian character of the sandstone. All have the scales somewhat shriveled and widely separ- ated and are exactly comparable to thoroughly dried redwood cones. They are exceedingly abundant in the sandy phases of the Cheyenne sandstone, as if they had been blown about by winds and accumulated in hollows. I have not encountered them in the clays, although the clays contain specimens of the foliage. Whether or not Sequoia condita occurs at any other horizons or localities is problematic and can be determined only by the best of evidence, for, as I have alréady stated, the foliage is duplicated more or less closely by a variety of unrelated conifers. In particular the Upper Cretaceous conifer. known as Widdringtonites subtilis, a form that I have not mentioned above, has foliage very like the more slender twigs of Sequoia condita, and in the absence of cones I doubt if the two could be distinguished. However, a single specimen of. Widdringtonttes subtilis found in the Tuscaloosa formation of Alabama had small four-valved cones entirely unlike those of Sequoia condita. The Cheyenne sandstone localities are as| ter follows: Cones and foliage, black hills near Belvidere (773); 14 miles northwest of Belvi- dere (2218); Champion (Wildcat) Draw, three- fourths mile south of Belvidere (2222); near 211 Medicine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvi- dere (2224); left bank of middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere — (2224); right bank of same draw (2281) ; Osage Rock, near Belvidere (7406). Foliage only, Stokes Hill, 100 yards south of National Corral (2219); “Lanphier shales” in Champion (Wildcat) Draw, three-fourths mile south of Belvidere (2223); “Lanphier | shales” in a draw 1 mile southwest of Belvidere (2225) ; hills between Spring Creek and Soldier, 4 miles northeast of Belvidere (2227) ; Champion (Wild- cat) Draw, right (east) branch, half a mile south of Belvidere, in “Lanphier shales” (2228) ; first draw west of Champion (Wildcat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere (2233). Family ABIETINEACEAE. Genus ABIETITES Hisinger. Abietites longifolius (Fontaine) Berry. Plate XLVII, figure 3. Abietites longifolius (Fontaine) Berry, U. 8. Nat. Mus. * Proc., vol. 40, p. 315, 1911; Maryland Geol. Sur- vey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 407, pl. 67, fig. 7, 1911. Leptosirobus longifolius' Fontaine, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 228, pl. 101, fig. 2; pl. 102, figs. 1-4; pl. 103, figs. 6-12; pl. 104, fig. 6, 1890; in Ward, U. 8. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 671, pl. 163, fig. 15; pl. 165, fig. 3, 1899; U. Ss. Geol. Survey Mon. 48, pp. 281, 481, 482, 491, 506, 528, 557, pl. 110, fig. 11, pl. 116, fig, 1, 1906. Leaves narrow, needlelike, 10 to 15 centime- ters in length, aggregated in bundles. Bundles apparently borne on short shoots, with many leaves in each bundle. No satisfactory vena- tion can be made out. Fontaine described a number of veins in these forms, but as nearly as can be determined these are simply folds due to compression or the angles of the leaf. This species has a considerable geologic as well as geographic range, having been recorded from the Kootenai formation of British Co- lumbia, the Fuson formation of the Black Hills, and the Potomac group in Maryland and Virginia. In the Potomac group it is of fre- quent occurrence and individually abundant, being found in the oldest as well as the young- est beds, but much more commonly in the lat- er. The remains are always poorly preserved and were evidently much macerated before fossilization. Théy are closely comparable with Pinites solmsi Seward, of the Wealden, and with Pinus peterseni Heer, from the Kome 212 beds of Greenland. They appear to be iden- tical with specimens from the Atane beds of Greenland which Heer* described as Pinus vaginalis. I have not, however, included the latter in the foregoing synonymy, as it is an earlier name and would involve changing the well-known and highly characteristic name longifolius. , These remains are very common in the Cheyenne sandstone. Similar forms under different specific names are common and wide- ranging at Lower and Upper Cretaceous hori- zons in North America, Europe, and Asia. The Cheyenne sandstone localities are black hills near Belvidere (773); 14 miles northwest of Belvidere (2218); Thompson Creek near the flume, 2 miles northwest of Belvidere (2221); Champion (Wildcat) Draw, three-fourths mile south of Belvidere (2222); 1 mile southwest of Belvidere (2225); left bank of middle branch of Champion Draw, half a mile south of Belvi- dere (2229); and right bank of same branch (2231). : Abietites ernestinae Lesquereux. Abietites ernestinae Lesquereux, U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 6, p. 49, pl. 1, fig. 7, 1874. Pterophyllum haydenii Lesquereux (pari), Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 46, p. 91, 1868. Lesquereux characterized this species as follows: . Cone oblong, abruptly narrowed to a short pedicel, scales broad, truncate, appressed, and imbricated in spiral. This diagnosis obviously has nothing that would serve to set it apart from what might be written of dozens of fossil cone fragments of diverse relationships. The species was de- scribed from fragments collected near Decatur, Nebr., and similar cone fragments are present in the Cheyenne sandstone. They are not to be distinguished from other so-called species which I have referred to the genus Abietites of Hisinger.”* This genus is a convenient and useful reposi- tory for fossils, both strobilar or foliar, whose real or fancied affinities are with the modern Abietinaceae. These range in age from the Keuper to the Pliocene, though the bulk came from the Cretaceous, and they comprise obscure impressions of foliage and cones, none of which have any real biologic value’ or present any 24 Heer, Oswald, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 3, Abt. 2, p. 103, pl. 27, fig. 15b, 1874. % Hisinger, W., Lethaea suecica, p. 110, 1837. , SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921, definite clue to their true relationship. Fon- taine has included in this genus fossils from the Triassic of North Carolina and various indefi- nite remains from the Trinity group of Texas, the Shasta series of California, the Lakota sandstone of the Black Hills, and the Potomac group of Maryland and Virginia. The Potomac fossils he segregated into four species, all of which were based on obscure cone impressions and none of which possess much specific value. When it is remembered what diverse appear- ances may be assumed by a single species of cone, irrespective of individual variation, as a result of different stages of maceration before preservation, of differences in the matrix, and of differences in the direction and force of com- pression, it seems very probable that such forms can never be discussed satisfactorily. Similar forms from the English Wealden and later Cretaceous are described by Carru- thers, Gardner, Seward, and others and referred to the comprehensive genus Pinites of Endlicher (1847). “They are in all probability con- generic if not specifically identical with Ameri- can forms referred to Abietites, and that name is preferable, as Pinites Endlicher is antedated by Pinites Witham, which was proposed for very different objects. Abietites cones are also common in the French and Belgian Cretaceous and have usually been referred to the genus Pinus, although there is slight warrant for such a procedure. Abietites cones are rare in the Cheyenne sand- stone, being known only from Osage Rock, at Belvidere, in the “Stokes sandstone” below the so-called Champion shell bed at the base of the Kiowa shale (2232). Genus CUPRESSINOXYLON Goeppert. Cupressinoxylon cheyennense Penhallow. Cupressinoxylon cheyennense Penhallow, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., 2d ser., vol. 6, sec. 4, p. 76, 1900 [1901]; Manual of North American gymnosperms, p. 238, 1907. This species was described as coming from the Cheyenne sandstone east of Stokes Hill, on the Kiowa-Baker County line, and was col- lected by Prosser. There is nothing to be added to the original description of this species, which was unil- lustrated. Nor is it worth while to quote that description, for it is very doubtful if the form could be recognized again, even by the author, FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. short. of comparison with the type sections. There is some doubt as to whether it came from the Cheyenne sandstone. I include it merely for the sake of completeness. In the case of Araucariozylon prosseri, which Pen- hallow ** recorded from this region, the data are so entirely uncertain that I omit any | further reference to it. Cupressinozylon cheyennense is of some inter- est, as Penhallow definitely remarks upon the presence of growth. rings, which is thus in accord with my supposition that the region had an arid climate and seasonal rainfall. Phylum ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA. Class MONOCOTYLEDONAE. Order POALES. Genus ARUNDO Linné. Arundo groenlandica Heer? Arundo groenlandica Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 38, Abt. 2, p. 104, pl. 28, figs. 8-11, 1874; vol. 6, Abt. 2, p. 57, pl. 17, fig. 10, 1882; vol. 7, p. 18, pl. 54, figs. 1-3, 1883. Brozzi, Soc. ital. sci. nat. Atti, vol. 31, p. 403, pl. 6, fig. 5, 1888; Soc. geol. ital. Boll., vol. 10, p. 376, pl. 16, fig. 3, 1891. Berry, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 84, p. 28, pl. 4, fig. 7, 1914. Striated culms and fragments of long, linear |. pointed leaves, 2 to 3 centimeters in width. Veins numerdus, fine, and parallel. This identification is queried because of the general lack of individuality in remains of this sort. They include the specimens from Belvi- dere that Ward referred to as bamboo-like stemd in his discussion of Feistmantelia. The species was described by Heer from material found in both the Atane and Patoot beds of western Greenland. It was subse- -quently recorded by me from the Middendorf arkose member of the Black Creek formation in South Carolina and by Bozzi from the Emscherian of Italy. Little reliance can be placed upon records of remains, of this sort, however, which also resemble in a general way the somewhat earlier forms referred by Schenk and others to Eolirion. The Cheyenne sandstone localities are Cham- pion (Wildcat) Draw, shales three-quarters of a mile south of Belvidere (222); hills between Spring Creek and Soldier, 4 miles northeast of %6 Penhallow, D. P., Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., 2d ser., vol. 6, sec. 4, p- 77, 1901. 70351°—22——2 213 Belvidere (2227); and Champion (Wildcat) Draw, right (east) bank half a mile south of Belvidere (‘‘Lanphier shales,” 2228). Class DICOTYLEDONAE. Order SAPINDALES. Family SAPINDACEAE. Genus SAPINDOPSIS Fontaine. Sapindopsis variabilis Fontaine. Plate LV, figures 2-4. Sapindopsis variabilis Fontaine, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 298, pl. 151, fig. 1; pl. 152, figs. 1, 4; pl. 153, fig. 3; pl. 154, figs. 2-4; pl. 155, figs. 2-5, 1890; in Ward, U.S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 690, pl. 169, fig. 9, 1899; U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 48; pp. 481, 482, 489, 582, pl. 114, fig. 2, 1906. Berry, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 38, p. 641, 1910; Maryland Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 469, pls. 83, 84, 85, 1911. Sapindopsis parvifolia Fontaine, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 300, pl. 154, fig. 6, 1890. Eucalyptus rosilriana Ward, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon: 48, p. 530, pl. 113, figs. 9, 10, 1906. Ficus myricoides Ward, idem, p. 531, pl. 112, fig. 12, 1906. Rogersia angustifolia Fontaine, in Ward, idem, pp. 491, 510 (not p. 521), 1906. Leaves odd-pinnate, in some specimens even- pinnate, with three pairs of lateral leaflets, which may be opposite, although usually there is a tendency toward a subopposite arrange- ment, markedly so in several specimens. Leaflets normally lanceolate, individuals of the same leaf about of a size, usually markedly decurrent, but variable in this respect. The proximal leaflets are always less decurrent than the pair next above, and some even have short petioles. The upper leaflets are remarkably variable; some have an abnormal decurrent wing which j joins the inner lamina of the next lower pair of leaflets; in others the rachis entirely lacks a wing. The leaf may be termi- nated abruptly by a pair of leaflets variously coalesced, or the three apical leaflets may be variously united, their laminae may. be almost symmetrical or markedly inequilateral, their margins showing a tendency toward undula- tion, and rarely a leaflet is divided into a basal and an apical part by a sharp constriction on one side near the middle of the blade. The specimens range in size from the small forms upon which Fontaine founded his species. S. parvifolia and which are 1.6 centimeters long and 0.4 centimeter wide to forms which ap- proach S. magnifolia in size and are 10 centi- 214 meters long and 1.5 centimeters wide. The average dimensions of a large number of speci- mens, however, are 6 to’7 centimeters long by 1 to 1.3 centimeters wide. Leaves thick, with smooth surface. Rachis and midrib stout. Venation more prominent than in the other species but still very faint, with the exception of the secondaries, which though fine are more conspicuous than in the other species. Secondaries forming a wide angle with the midrib, nearly straight for two- thirds of the distance to the margin, where they bend sharply upward and join the secondary next above by a slightly curved arch. As the secondaries are numerous and almost uniformly spaced the venation resembles that of a Eucalyptus except that the marginal hem is much broader than in that genus. In fact some of the detached leaflets were determined by. Ward as forms of Eucalyptus, as also was some of the Virginia material of this species. This species is exceedingly abundant at many localities in the Patapsco formation in Maryland and Virginia and is by far the most characteristic species of that ‘formation, although it has not been detected at certain other undoubted Patapsco horizons. Not especially characteris- tic material is abundant along Oak Creek, Wyo., in beds that have been referred to the Fuson formation. This species was also sug- |. gested by Cockerell ” for some leaves from an unknown geologic horizon in southwestern Colorado. Ihave since examined this material, which is very inconclusive, in my opinion, Cockerell infers that Sapindopsis may be re- lated to Gnetum, but I cannot see any warrant for such a supposition. This species is an exceedingly variable form in‘all its details, and as during maceration the most variable apical portion is the last to be destroyed, this variability is emphasized in fragmentary material such as that usually found. When well preserved it furnishes most striking specimens, as may be seen from the specimens reproduced photographically in Plate LV (figs. 2-4).. In life its rigid pinnate leaves and strict appearance must have made it a very striking member of the Cheyenne flora. The Cheyenne sandstone occurrences of Sapindopsis variabilis are Osage Rock at: Bel- * Cockerell, T. D. A., Washington Acad. Sci. Jour., vol. 6, p. 110, 1916. | size but somewhat variable. SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. videre (2217, 2232) ; Stokes Hill (2220) ; Thomp- son Creek near the flume, 2 miles northwest of Belvidere (2221); Champion (Wildcat) Draw, three-fourths mile south of Belvidere (2222); Champion (Wildcat) Draw, right (east) branch, in “Lanphier shale,” half a mile south of Belvidere (2224, 2228, 2231); in shale in a draw 1 mile southwest of Belvidere (2225) ; left bank of middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw (2229); shales in draws north of Belvidere (2230); first draw west of Champion (iildeat) Draw. (2233). Sapindopsis magnifolia Fontaine. Plate LV, figure 5; Plate LVI, Plate LVII, figure 2; Plate LIX, figure 3. Sapindopsis magnifolia Fontaine, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 297, pl. 151, figs. 2, 3; pl. 152, figs. 2, 3; pl. 153, fig. 2; pl. 154, figs. 1, 5; pl. 155, fig. 6, 1890; in Ward, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 48, pp. 481, 482, 528, 1906. Berry, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 38, p. 642, 1910; Maryland Geol. Suryey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 471, pl. 86; pl..87, fig. 1; pl. 88, 1911. Araha dubia Fontaine, U. §. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 314, pl. 157, figs. 1, 7, 1890. Sapindopsis obtusidolia Fontaine, idem, p. 301, pl. 156, fig. 13; pl. 159, figs. 3-6. Ficophyllum eucalyptoides Fontaine, idem, p. 294, pl. 164, figs. 1, 2; in Ward, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 48, p. 489, 1906. Sapindopsis tenuinervis Fontaine, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 301, pl. 153, fig. 1, 1890; in Ward, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 48, pp. 489, 528, 1906. Rhus uddeni Lesquereux, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 17 (Flora of the Dakota group), p. 154, pl. 57, fig. 2, 1892. Knowlton, in Hill, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., p. 213, 1895, Leaves commonly odd-pinnate, although a few even-pinnate forms occur, of considerable Leaflets three pairs, comparatively large, lanceolate, tapering almost equally toward apex and base, the base inequilateral except in terminal leaflets, pointed, often lacking apical portions, length increasing proximad, averaging about 10 centimeters, longest seen 14 centimeters (estimated), short- est 5 centimeters, width varying from 1.1 to 3.2 centimeters, inequilateral, as the outer half of the lamina is broader than the inner half and is markedly decurrent. This feature is least em- phasized in the basal leaves, which may even have a considerable petiole, but becomes in- creasingly pronounced distad, the terminal leaflets often forming a bilobate or trilobate vol. 50,’ FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS, whole with the outer margins broadly decur- rent and joining the lamina of the leaflet next below at the point of junction of its inner margin with the rachis. Certain specimens show all the leaflets petiolate, a feature largely emphasized in a specimen from Stump Neck, Md., figured by me in 1911, showing three | terminal leaflets with petioles 3 to 4 centi- meters in length. The leaflets in this species are much more commonly petiolate and lacking in the winged rachis than those in S.:variabilis, in this par- ticular closely resembling the leaflets of the modern Matayba apetala, in which the rachial wings are vestigial. Leaf substance thick and leathery; epidermis firm and glossy. Leaflets commonly subopposite, often markedly so, forming an acute angle with the rachis. Mid- ribs stout and prominent below. Secondaries slender, seen only-on the under surface of the leaflets and even there made out with diffi- culty, eight to ten pairs, branching from the midrib at a rather wide angle, especially in the central part of the leaf; the angle is more acute basally, curving upward ultimately to jom a short branch of the secondary next above. ‘Tertiaries fine, forming lax subrhom- bic areolae where visible. . This species is very common at certain localities in the Patapsco formation of Mary- land and Virginia, although at other outcrops of this same formation it has not been detected. The grounds for the separation of this species from S. variabilis are slight, as both are variable and the larger forms of S. variabilis are quite as large as the smaller forms of 8. magnifolia. In _ the Patapsco formation the two species are found in association at all the localities where either. occurs, and the smaller species is usually the more common, as if the larger species represented its occa- sional more robust forms. On the other hand, 8. magnifolia has not been detected in the abundant remains referred to S. variabilis found at Oak Creek, Wyo., and there is com- monly considerable disparity in size between the two. There are certain other differences which appear to be constant. folia, with less numerous and somewhat more suspicion. These are the thicker, relatively longer leaflets of S. magni- |, * 215 ascending secondaries, which are not connected distad by relatively flat arches. The form recorded from the Cheyenne sand- stone as Rhus uddeni Lesquereux belongs to this species, and I am convinced that this is true of Lesquereux’s type material recorded from the Dakota sandstone and collected, according to J. A. Udden, “from the west slope of ‘the Smoky Hill Buttes near Salemburg post office, Saline County, Kans.’’ There are a number of other species described by Lesquereux in the “Flora of the Dakota, group” which, although I do not feel justified in transferring them to Sapindopsis, are open to more or less These are Aralia masoni Lesque- reux,”* collected 10 miles northeast of Delphos, Kans., which might represent the terminal part of a Sapindopsis leaf; Laurus angusta Heer,?° which is a fragment from Ellsworth County, Kans., that in both form and venation agrees with Sa vaneioper: Leguminosites hymeno- phyllus Lesquereux,®° which is somewhat less similar to the known species of Sapindopsis; Sapindus diversifolius Lesquereux,"* from Ells- worth County, Kans., which is ‘also less similar to the known species of Sapindopsis; and Rhus powelliana Lesquereux,” obtained near Fort Harker, Kans., which differs from Sapindopsis in the subordinate lobing and small leaflets developed at the base of the proximal lateral leaflets, in these features resembling Rhus, but which is sufficiently like Sapindopsis to be open to more or less suspicion. This species has been found in the Cheyenne sandstone at the black hills near Belvidere (773); Osage Rock, Belvidere (2217, 2232, 7406); Stokes Hill 100 yards south of National Corral (2219); Stokes Hill (2220); Thompson Creek near the flume, 2 miles northwest of Belvidere (2221); near Medicine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224); left bank of - middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere (2229); shale along right branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw (2228); and right bank of middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw (2231). 38 Lesquereux, Leo, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 17, p. 133, pl. 15, fig. 4, 1892. 2 Idem, p. 93, pl. 16, fig. 7. 30 Idem, p. isa, pl. 55, figs. 7-9. “ alIdem, p. 158, pl. 64, fig. 18. © 32. dem, p. 155, pl. 56, figs. 4, 5. 216 Sapindopsis brevifolia Fontaine. Plate LV, figure 1; Plate LIX, figure 1. Sapinddpsis brevifolia Fontaine, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 15, p. 300, pl. 153, fig. 4; pl. 155, figs. 1, 7; pl. 163, fig. 3, 1890; in Ward, U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 48, pp. 481, 482, 528, 1906. Berry, U. 8. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 38, p. 644; Mary- land Geol. Survey, Lower Cretaceous, p. 473, pl. 87, figs. 2-5, 1911. Leaves odd-pinnate, the terminal leaflet considerably larger than the lateral leaflets, of which but two pairs are known. These are opposite. Leaflets somewhat crowded so that their margins often overlap, with subacute tips, varying in length from 2 to 5 centimeters and in width from 0.8 to 1.6 centimeters, aver- aging about 3 centimeterslong by 1.3 centime- ters wide. Inequilateral toward the base and showing considerable variation in decurrence, even among the few.specimens known; in some the rachis is conspicuously winged; in others the leaflets are all petioled, the whole having the aspect of some member of the Leguminoseae. Midribs stout; secondaries as- cending, camptodrome, seen with difficulty, as the leaf texture is coriaceous. This is a poorly marked species of infre- quent occurrence at. the same localities where. the other species of this genus occur and may simply represent a variant of S..variabilis; in fact, there is no reason for considering it to represent a distinct botanic species, and the’ name is retained temporarily simply. as a geologic convenience, to be eventually dropped entirely. The Cheyenne sandstone localities are i miles northwest of Belvidere (2218), Thompson Creek near the flume, 2 miles northwest of Belvidere (2221); near Medicine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224) ; left bank of middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw -half a mile south of Belvidere (2229); Osage Rock, Belvidere (2232). Sapindopsis belviderensis Berry, n. sp. Plates XLIX-LIV. Leaves of variable size, pinnately compound, ranging in length (in the collected material) from 8 to 19 centimeters and in maximum width from 4.5 to 14 centimeters. These leaves are prevailingly odd-pinnate, but a few are even-pinnate. In addition to the odd terminal leaflet generally present there are invariably SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. three pairs of lateral leaflets, which are gener- ally opposite but sometimes subopposite. These usually decrease regularly i in size from the distal to the proximal pair. In some speci- mens the terminal leaflet is equilateral, but all the other leaflets are inequilateral, often markedly so. All except the terminal leaflet are invariably sessile, the latter being sepa- rated from the distal laterals in some of the larger leaves by a considerable interval of ra- chis. Generally, however, the terminal and upper laterals are confluent in the rachial re- gion to form what, if it were broken away from the balance of the leaf, would be considered to represent a palmately trilobate leaf such as is commonly referred to the genus Aralia. The sinuses may be rather broad, narrowly rounded, or pointed. The leaflets vary greatly in size, shape, and marginal characters but agree in being obtuse, generally abruptly and almost truncately mucronate pointed. The leaflets range in form from narrowly spatulate to broadly ovate or obovate. The margins are in- variably toothed, but there is great variation in the amount and degree to which the teeth are developed. Proximally the margins are entire for a greater or less distance. Above this en- tire portion the teeth, which are remote and rather evenly spaced, may be small. and ser- rate or very prominent and dentate. Were ‘not all sorts of gradations present one might well doubt that they pertained to the same plants. The accompanying illustrations show these variations much better than they can be described. - The lateral proximal margins of the terminal pair of leaflets, except in a single specimen, are decurrent on the rachis, extend- ing downward to the point of insertion of the next lower pair of leaflets and often contin- uous with the distal margins of these. This rachial wing may be broad and triangular, a form which, as the terminal leaflets are the largest, gives the leaf a curious unsymmetrical or artificial appearance. In other specimens the wings are narrow and become reduced to mere marginal hems. In the middle pair of lateral leaflets the proximal margins are only slightly if at all decurrent, and generally they are not decurrent. No decurrence has been observed in the lower lateral leaflets, but they as well as the middle pair have the proximal side of the. base fuller than the distal side, the former being generally rounded and the latter ~~ FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. incurved and sometimes disappearing some dis- tance above the point of insertion. To judge by the lack of petiolules and the generally com- plete character of the material it does not ap- pear that the leaflets were normally shed, and this is also indicated by the concrescence of the terminal leaflets.. The leaves are cori- aceous and appear to have been stiff and strict in habit. The rachis is stout and expanded prox- imad. The midribs are excessively stout and prominent on the lower surface. The seconda- ries are relatively thin, straight, and subpar- |’ allel. They vary from camptodrome to cras- pedodrome. leaf and sometimes in the apex they are camp- todrome. In many specimens one secondary runs to each marginal tooth, although in other specimens the camptodrome habit is retained and a short branch enters the marginal tooth. All these features are indicated in the accom- panying figures. The tertiary venation is usually obsolete, as the matrix is prevailingly coarse. Occasionally percurrent nervilles are seen. In specimens with broadly winged stripe the venation of the leaf is continued in these wings. This handsome species is represented by a large amount of material, which is fortunate, as it would be almost impossible to correlate fragmentary material. It is clearly -a, repre- sentative of the genus Sapindopsis and would well merit the specific name of variabilis had that not already been used for the type of the _ genus, which came from the Patapsco forma- tion of Maryland and Virginia. In the Patapsco formation the genus Sapin- dopsis may be totally absent from a locality or present in the greatest abundance, and this is equally true of the Cheyenne sandstone. of Kansas, indicating possibly a gregarious habit. Various species of existing Sapindaceae show similarities to the present species in form, venation, and variation. All the previously described species of Sapindopsis had entire margins,-and no trace of toothed margins has been found in the material from the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The existing genus Matayba Aublet, with which I originally compared Sapindopsis, has leaves with both entire and dentate margins, and the general features of Sapindopsis are shared by other tropical American genera of Sapindaceae. The genus Matayba comprises about two score existing In the entire basal part of the | 217 species and is closely related to Cupania, also exclusively American in the existing flora— in fact, all the genera of the tribe Cupanieae lomatorrhizae as segregated by Radlkofer are confined to the warmer regions of the Western Hemisphere. Occurrence: Localities 2221, 2224, 2229, 2230, 7406, Medicine Lodge Creek, in draw 3. miles above Belvidere (Cheyenne sandstone No. 8 of Hill); collected by Ward and Vaughan, October 18, 1896 (unnumbered). Order MALVALES. Family STERCULIACEAE.. Genus STERCULIA Linné. Sterculia towneri (Lesquereux) Berry. Plate LVII, figure 1; Plate LX; Plate LXTI, figure 1. Aralia towneri Lesquereux, U. 8. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. Bull., vol. 1, p. 394, 1875 [1876]; Ann. Rept. for 1874, p. 349, pl. 4, fig. 1, 1876; Cretaceous and Tertiary floras, p. 62, pl. 6, fig. 4, 1883; Flora of the ' Dakota group, p. 132, pl. 23, figs. 3, 4; pl. 31, fig. 1; 1892. Sterculia draket Cummings, Texas Geol. Survey Third Ann. Rept., p. 210, fig. 8, 1892. Knowlton, in Hill, Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 1, p. 213, 1895. Sterculia snowti- Lesquereux, Flora of the Dakota group, p. 183, pl. 30, fig. 5; pl. 31, figs. 2, 3; pl. 32, figs. 1-4, 1892. . Hollick, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 94, pl. 34, fig. 20, 1907. ne Aralia towneri Hollick, New York Agad. Sci. Trans., vol. 16, p. 132, pl. 14, figs. 11, 12, 1897. Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 92, 1903. I have long thought that the Aralia towneri and Sterculia snowit of Lesquereux represented a single species but have never had a chance to test this belief until I received the present collections from the Cheyenne sandstone, in which this is one of the most abundant forms. It shows considerable variation in size but obviously represents a single botanic species. Unfortunately the name towneri ante- dates snowti by some 15 years, so that the latter, which is much the better known of the two, becomes a synonym. ‘From the large amount of material now available the species may be described as follows: Leaves of variable and often very large size, palmately two: to seven lobed. The lobes are prevailingly conical and acuminate, occa- 218 sionally widening somewhat medianly and less acutely pointed, separated by generally open and rounded sinuses extending about halfway to the base. The angles that the lobes form with one another and the form of the sinuses vary with the number of lobes, as does also the character of the base, which ranges from trun- cate to decurrent. The median lobe is gen- erally slightly wider than the others but may . be smaller. The normal form is five lobed like the smaller of the two specimens from the Cheyenne sandstone here figured. The texture is so coriaceous that these leaves are well pre- served in the scarcely consolidated wind-blown sand of the Cheyenne. The margins are entire. Length from 8 to 20 centimeters; maximum width from 6 to 24 centimeters. Petiole stout, usually broken away, 12 centimeters long in a medium-sized leaf figured by Lesquereux. Midrib stout, channeled, prominent on the under side of the leaf. An equally stout lateral primary diverges from the midrib, usually at ‘its extreme base but occasionally slightly above. In the five-lobed forms this primary forks almost immediately into two subequal branches, which form the midveins of the respec- tive lobes. In specimens having more than five lobes the additional ones are subordinate to the basal laterals, their midveins diverge at an acute angle from the midveins of these laterals, and their separating sinuses are less deep. The secondaries are thin and immersed in the leaf substance and are largely obsolete in the Chey- enne sandstone specimens; they are numerous, regularly spaced, subparalleled, and campto- drome in the lobes and in curved anastomosing loops in the body of the lamina. This is an exceedingly well marked species and, like most Sterculias, both ancient and modern, shows the characteristic variability of the genus. material collected in the Dakota sandstone of Kansas and occurs in the Big Tucumcari Mountains of New Mexico in beds referred to the Dakota. It is recorded from the Magothy formation of Massachusetts and New Jersey. In the Cheyenne sandstone of Kansas it occurs at these localities: Black hills near Belvidere (773); Osage Rock, Belvidere (2217); Stokes It was described originally from. SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. Hill, 100 yards south of the National Corral (2219); Thompson Creek near the flume, 2 miles northwest of Belvidere (2221); near Medicine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvi- dere (2224); left bank of middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw, half-a mile south of Belvidere (2229); draws north of Belvidere, in “Lanphier shales’” (2230); Osage Rock, in “Stokes .sandstone”’ (2232); Wildcat Draw (7405). Sterculia mucronata Lesquereux. Sterculia mucronata Lesquereux, U. 8. Geol. Survey Mon. 17 (Flora of the Dakota group), -p. 182, pl. 30, figs. 14, 1892. Leaves coriaceous, ee small, pal- mately three tofivelobed. Lobesentire, conical, separated by open rounded sinuses extending a variable distance, sometimes over halfway to the cuneate or truncate base. Petiole long and stout. Primaries three from the top of the petiole, stout and prominent. In the five- lobed. forms subordinate branches from the lateral primaries furnish these with midveins. Secondaries thin, camptodrone: The tips of the lobes are prominently mucronate, and this feature, which suggested the specific name, is especially obvious:in the Cheyenne sandstone specimens, where the mucros are 2 millimeters long and perhaps merit the designation eaep ls date rather than mucronate. The fact that these leaves are prevailingly small suggests that they probably represent small leaves of the associated Sterculia towneri, with which they agree in their main features— the mucronate tips of S. mucronata being the principal differential characteristic. The leaves originally described were obtained from the Dakota of Ellsworth County, Kans., and the species is known only from that region and the Cheyenne sandstone of southern Kansas, al- though there is a similar but distinct species, Sterculia minima Berry,* in the Magothy formas. tion of New Jersey and Maryland. Two speci- mens were found in the Cheyenne sandstone near Medicine Lodge River, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224). 33 Berry, E. W., Maryland Geol. ce. Upper Cretaceous, p. 857, pl. 80, figs. 1-3, 1916. FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS, Order THYMELEALES. Family LAURACEAE. Genus SASSAFRAS Linné. Sassafras mudgii Lesquereux. Plate ‘LXI, figure 3. 7 Sassafras mudgti Lesquereux, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 46, p. 99, 1868; U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 6 (Cretaceous flora), p. 78, pl. 14, figs. 3, 4; pl. 30, fig. 7, 1874. Ward, U.S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 705, pl. 170, figs. 4, 5; pl. 171, fig. 1, 1899. Berry, Bot. Gaz., vol. 34, p. 437, 1902. ?Kurtz, Mus. La Plata Rev., vol. 10, p. 53, 1902. According to Newberry, this is merely a variety of his Sassafras cretaceum, but I fail to see any ground for this association except that it resembles somewhat the narrower-lobed leaves ascribed to that species. _ It is somewhat intermediate between these forms and the more typical Sassafras acutilobum but is much more like the modern leaf than either. quereux’s figures 3 and 4 of Plate XIV of the “Cretaceous flora’ I consider to represent typical forms of this species. In the lengthen- ing of the terminal lobe it approaches the modern Sassafras; and it shows no venation characters which are unlike the modern leaf, for although no marginal veins are discernible, they might have been present.in the specimen illustrated in Lesquereux’s figure 3, as they are in the identical form from the Cheyenne sand- stone figured on the accompanying plate, and both specimens approach Sassafras in the relations of their secondary. members in. this region. If it is certain that the fruit has been found in the same. strata, as Lesquereux “ asserts, it only serves to substantiate the impression otherwise obtained that they are true Sassafras leaves: ' both the base and the lobes are straighter and more ascending than in the existing Sassafras, and the margin shows a tendency to become wavy. Lesquereux’s other figured specimen referred to this species differs in the size and direction of the lateral lobes, in thé subbasal primaries, and in the acute tip; the venation. also is somewhat dissimilar, the ascending margins bulge outward, and the base is not -decurrent on the petiole, as it is most markedly in the specimens shown in his figures 3 and 4. It resembles somewhat the forms which New- %4 Lesquereux, Leo, Flora of the Dakota group, p. 230, 1891 [1892]. . Les-. The lateral margins of | 219 berry refers to Sassafras acutilobum. Ward’s | fragmentary leaves from the Black Hills are of doubtful identity. .The more perfect speci- men that he originally referred to Lindera . venusta Lesquereux, which it resembles in outline, is a smaller leaf than S..mudgii, with subbasal primaries, considerable breadth of blade, and reduced terminal lobe. _ Sassafras mudgit was based on material col- lected from the hills along Saline River in cen- tral Kansas. Up to the present time it has never been found elsewhere, except for the above-mentioned doubtful record by Ward _|from the supposed Dakota sandstone at Evans quarry, in South Dakota, and a still more doubtful South American record by Kurtz that may well.be entirely ignored.. It may be that the type was from the Mentor formation of central Kansas rather than from the true Dakota sandstone, as the species has never been found in collections from the Upper Cretaceous of the Atlantic Coastal Plain, but no outcrops of the Mentor formation are known as far north as Saline River. The Cheyenne sieasibas occurrences are Stokes Hill (2220) and near Medicine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224). Order UMBELLALES. Family ARALIACEAE. Genus ARALIA Linné. Aralia ravniana Heer. Plate LVIII; Plate LIX, figure 4. Aralia ravniana Heer, Flora fossilis arctica, vol. 6, Abt. 2, p. 84, pl. 38, figs. 1,2, 1882. Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 92, pl. 46, fig. 7; pl. 53, fig. 2; pl. 57, io: 1, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol, 31, p. 79, 1904; vol. 37, p. 27, 1910; Maryland Geok. Survey, ‘Wpper Cretaceous, p. 876, pl. 82, fig. 4; pl. 83, figs. 1-4, 1916. Aralia peenlienen Heer, idem: pl. 46, fig. 17. ?Sterculia snowii Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 11, p. 422, pl. 37, fig. 4, 1898. This species was described by Heer from material collected in the Greenland Upper Cretaceous (Atane beds) and has been found by me in the Magothy formation of both New Jersey and Maryland. The fragments from Marthas Vineyard, Mass.; and Tottenville, N. Y., identified as this species by Hollick,®. are not this species, in my judgment. There isa % Hollick, Arthur, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 99, a 37, figs. 1, 2, 1907. 220 great display of Aralia-like forms in the middle Cretaceous both of this country and of Europe, and these forms are especially abundant in the Dakota sandstone of the West. Compari- sons with existing plants are not so satisfactory, although many tropical Araliaceae show sug- gestive resemblance. The Moraceae in the genus Artocarpus and its allies also show many similar features. This most striking species of Aralia, because of its large size, has always been found in a fragmentary condition. Specimens showing all parts of the leaf have now been collected both from Maryland and from Kansas, and these conclusively confirm the restoration of this leaf made by me in 1903. They also confirm the supposition based on the venation of the New Jersey material, that instead of a broadly ovate median lobe, as Heer supposed, this middle lobe was sublobate by the greater or less de- velopment of a lateral lobe on each side, as shown in the accompanying illustrations. The’ species may be more fully defined in the light of all the material as follows: Leaves large, ranging from 16 to 21 centimeters in length and from 19 to 23 centimeters in maximum width, orbicular in general outline, deeply pinnate- lobate. Apex of the terminal and lateral lobes bluntly pointed. Base broadly cuneate. Mar- gins entire. Texture subcoriaceous. Lobes usually seven, separated by relatively narrow. ultimately. rounded sinuses, comprising an ovate medium terminal lobe and two main lateral lobes on each side, the lower pair being more or less divided. In the Maryland mate- rial the auxiliary lobe on the lower side of each main lateral lobe is feebly developed. In the Greenland material itis at least half as large as the main lobe, and the separating sinus extends halfway to the base. Petiole stout, its full length unknown. Midrib very stout and prom- inent, straight. Lateral primaries two on each side, stout and prominent, the lower pair sub- opposite and suprabasilar, the upper pair in some specimens subopposite, more commonly separated by a wide interval. The lower primary may fork a short distance above its base, as it does in the Greenland material at an interval of only about 1 centimeter, or this fork may. be at least 4 centimeters above the base, as in the Maryland material, the distance depending on the extent to which the auxiliary lobe is developed. The angle of divergence of SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921, the primaries from the midrib is about 40° but varies from specimen to specimen; the basal pair is in general somewhat more divergent than the upper pair. The secondary and tertiary venation is usually obsolete. Some specimens show a few thin remote secondaries diverging | from the primaries at angles of about 45° and sweeping upward in ascending camptodrome curves. The Cheyenne sandstone material’ is not abundant. It comes from the left bank of the middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere (2229) and the right bank of the same branch (2231). Aralia newberryi Berry. Aralia newberryi Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 34, p. 201, pl. 15, fig. 1, 1907; New Jersey Geol. Survey Bull. 3, p. 197, 1911. Aralia palmata Newberry, Flora of the Amboy clays, p. 117, pl. 39, figs. 6, 7; pl. 40, fig. 3, 1896 (not Lamarck). Berry, New York Bot. Garden Bull., vol. 3, p. 93, pl. 44, 1903; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 31, p. 79, pl. 4, fig. 12, 1904. Aralia rotundiloba Hollick, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 11, p. 421, pl. 38, fig. 2,.1898. Aralia polymorpha Newberry, Flora of the Amboy clays, p. 118, pl. 39, figs. 1-5, 1896. - Aralia sp. Hollick, New York State Mus. Ann. Rept., vol. , 55, p. 155, 1903. | Leaves very variable in size and outline, palmately three to five lobed. Lobes conical, obtusely rounded. Sinuses open, shallow, rounded. Margins entire, somewhat undulate basally. Petiolelong and stout. Midrib stout, more or less curved or flexuous. Primaries thrée to five, from the base, prominent, run- ning to the tips of the lobes. Secondaries very slender, camptodrome. The middle lobe is usually longest and broadest, and the basal lateral lobes may be reduced to subordinate and but slightly marked parts of the main lat- eral lobes. The relative development of the apical or basal lobes and the depth of the intervening sinuses greatly alter the appearance of these leaves. Some are symmetrical and others de- cidedly unsymmetrical; some are preeminently three lobed and sublobate and others are five lobed with additional incipient lobes. The variations are almost exactly comparable with the similar variations in the leaves of the mod- ern Sassafras, Sterculia, and Araliaceae. There seems to be no basis for maintaining the distinctions between the forms united in FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. the foregoing synonymy. The Cheyenne sand- ' stone material is more like the irregular A. polymorpha than the more symmetrical A. palmata of Newberry’s original material. The species is common in the Raritan forma- tion of New Jersey and survives in the over- lying Magothy formation. In the Cheyenne sandstone it is represented by three specimens obtained near Medicine Lodge Creek, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224). Genus ARALIOPSOIDES Berry. Araliopsoides cretacea (Newberry) Berry. Plate LXI, figure 2. Araliopsoides cretacea (Newberry) Berry, Maryland Geol. Survey, Upper Cretaceous, p. 879, pl..74, fig. 3; pl. 84, figs. 1, 2; pl. 85, figs. 1-5; pl. 88, figs. 1-3, 1916; Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 38, p. 413, 1911. Sassafras ( Araliopsis) cretaceum Newberry, New York Lyc, Nat. Hist. Annals, vol. 9, p. 14, 1868. [Lesquereux], U. 8S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., Illustrations of Cretaceous and Tertiary plants, pl. 6, figs. 14; U. 8. Geol. Survey Terr. Rept., vol. 6 (Cretaceous flora), p. 80, pl. 11, figs. 1, 2; pl. 12, fig. 2, 1874; U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 17, p. 102, 1892. Newberry, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 35, p. 98, pl. 6, figs. 1-4; pl. 7, figs. 1-3; pl. 8, figs. 1, 2, 1898. ?Hollick, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 50, p. 77, pl.‘30, fig. 10. 1906. Penhallow, Roy. Soc. Canada Trans., 3d ser., vol. 1, sec. 4, p. 310, 1907. Berry, Torrey Bot. Club Bull., vol. 37, p. 22, 1910. Leaves petiolate, decurrent at base, very smooth above, strongly nerved below, three lobed ;. lobes entire and acute. The nervation is all strongly defined; the central nerve straight or nearly so; the lateral primary nerve springing from it at an angle of 30°; secondary nerves regularly arched till they approach the margin of the lobes, when they are abruptly curved and run together. From these the tertiary nerves are given off at a right angle, and from these the quaternary nerves spring at a similar angle, together forming a network of which the areoles are sub- quadrate.—Newberry, 1868. Newberry includes under Sassafras cretaceum the various forms described by Lesquereux as 8. mudgii, 8. subintegrifolium, S. integrifolium, S. obtusum, S. cretaceum dentatum, S. cretaceum obtusum, S. acutilobum, Cissites harkianus, and C. salisburiaefolius. Although. this list shows the undoubted composite nature of 8. cretaceum, it also shows that the extremes of leaf form above mentioned are so closely connected with the more typical leaf by a series of interme- diate forms that the problem of where one species shall end and another begin is an ex- tremely difficult one to solve. 221 I consider the leaf figured by Newberry on Plate VI, figure 1, of “Later extinct floras” (Mon. 35) to be the typical form of this species, thus agreeing with Newberry’s original de- scription and with his later opinion expressed in 1898. This type bears considerable resem- blance. to some modern Sassafras leaves. A slight widening of the terminal lobe of some of ‘these in the basal region would give a leaf strikingly like Araliopsoides cretacea; or were the sinuses of the latter slightly deeper we would have the typical modern leaf. In its basal portion the leaf is like Sassafras, and the indications point to a similar venation in this region. The first pair of secondaries do not branch to form margins of the sinuses; the left one runs directly to the sinus, however, and may possibly have conformed to the margin and been effaced in the specimen; the right one is stronger and runs almost to the sinus, where it makes a sharp turn upward, continuing until it joins the next secondary. This feature is analogous to those in the modern leaf, which may indicate the mode of origin of this peculiar character. This leaf seems.to form a central figure from which a series of forms grade in several directions, culminating in quite dis- similar leaves. Lesquereux’s Sassafras creta- ceum is a more planatoid leaf, with more acute tips, a tendency to become dentate, and the primaries inserted ‘nearer the base. Closely allied to S. cretaceum is his Sassafras (Araliop- sis) mirabile, which serves as a connecting link with his Platanus recurvata. From the Sassa- fras cretaceum of Lesquereux it is but a step to such a leaf as the one shown on Plate VIII, fig- ure 2, of ‘Later extinct floras” and to the tri- lobed forms referred to Cissites harkerianus, j and these in turn grade into the more cissoid forms of this species, such as those shown on Plate II, figure 3, of Lesquereux’s “‘ Cretaceous flora.” The primaries are basal and of not much greater caliber than the regularly suc- ceeding straight secondaries. It is but a step from this leaf to Cissites heerii, on the one hand, with its palmately five-pointed blade, and to such forms as Cissites acuminatus (Pl. V, fig. 4, “‘Cretaceous and Tertiary floras’’), on the other; which in turn, by the elimination of the decreasing dentate points, gives us the leaf shown on Plate V, figure 3, ‘‘Cretaceous and Tertiary floras.” In the second series of f 222 leaves diverging from the typical Sassafras cre- taceum, the form shown in Plate VIII, figure 1, of “Later extinct floras” is removed a slight distance by the shortening of the blade, the thickening of the primaries and secondaries, and the shortening and rounding of the lobes (Sassa- fras obtusum) ; while a smaller leaf would be its logical descendant; and from theseleaves to those referred to the typical Cissites salisburiaefolius isbutastep. . Inthe third series of leaves diverg- ing from the. typical Sassafras cretaceum the leaf has its lobes much produced, narrow, and running to a sharp point, as in the beautiful leaf shown on Plate VII, figure 1, of “Later extinct floras,’ which, however, is still referred to Sassafras cretaceum. lLesquereux’s Sassa- Jras acutilobum does not differ greatly from the leaf just mentioned except in the direction of the lobes, which is a questionable specific char- acter. From this leaf it is no great jump to those trilobed forms which are referred to Ara- lia wellingtoniana, the chief difference being in, the margin. Thus we have an: interrelated series connecting those leaves which seem to show affinity to Sassafras with those which suggest Platanus, on one hand, and with others which suggest Cissites and Aralia, on the other. While it may be considered probable that biologically the forms mentioned in the forego- ing paragraphs, as well as others not cited, represent the variations of a single species of Upper Cretaceous tree or at least represent the leaves of closely affiliated species, it seems best with reference to systematic and especially stratigraphic paleobotany that most of the differentiations instituted by Lesquereux be perpetuated. Consequently the present series is limited to the typical material as defined and illustrated by the original describer. Falling within these limits are a number of occurrences in the true Dakota sandstone and the Raritan and Magothy formations of the Atlantic Coastal Plain. The Cheyenne sand- stone has furnished four specimens obtained near Medicine Lodge River, 2 miles west of Belvidere (2224), and one specimen from the left bank of the middle branch of Champion (Wildcat) Draw, half a mile south of Belvidere (2229). SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. POSITION UNCERTAIN. Genus FEISTMANTELIA Ward. Feistmantelia oblonga Ward. Plate XLVII, figures 4, 5. Feistmantelia oblonga Ward, U.S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 698, pl. 169, fig. 19, 1899. ' In not proposing a specific name for the form of this genus found in the Cheyenne sandstone I emphasize the fact that the term Feistmantelia denotes merely a form of preservation and that the objects to which it is applied lack either stratigraphic or botanic value. This genus and in fact the nominal species ‘ Feistmantelia oblonga were founded by Ward in 1899 for the reception of certain casts of obscure affinities, but evidently of a vegetable nature, from the Fuson formation of eastern Wyoming. No diagnosis was attempted, but an extended discussion was given of somewhat similar forms figured by previous authors from various geologic horizons. The American Cretaceous forms referred to this genus may be character- ized as showing. a rather close-set series of elliptical, fusiform, or cigar-shaped convex casts of concave cavities formed by the rhytidosis of various plant tissues. They vary consider- ably in size, from 0.6 to 2.5 centimeters in length by 0.35. to 1.0 centimeter in width, and are arranged in an irregular spiral, the irre- gularity being perhaps due to compression. They are thus overlapping or alternate in a horizontal direction and more or less linear in a vertical direction. Somewhat similar remains occur at widely separated geologic horizons, and comparable objects with the markings inclined to be rhomboidal in form are not rare in the New Jersey Triassic deposits, where they are, ac- cording to Newberry,* the decorticated trunks of some conifer, possibly Palissya. Similar remains are figured by Schauroth®’ as trunks of Voltzia coburgensis and by Blanckenhorn® as ‘trunks of Voltzia heterophylla. 36 Newberry, J. S., U.S. ‘Geol. Survey Mon. 14, p. 94, pl. 26, figs. 1,2, 1888. 3 Schauroth, Deutsch. geol, Gesell. Zeitschr., Band 4, p. 539, 1852. See Schenk, August, Palaeontographica, Band'11, p. 308, pl. 46, fig. 2, 1864, 3% Blanckenhorn, Max, Palaeontographica, Band 32, p. 135, pl. 22, figs. 18-20, 1886. : FLORA OF THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE OF KANSAS. Among the somewhat similar forms which Ward mentions are remains from Kukurbit, in Kach (Lias), described by Feistmantel® as ‘‘portions of a stem of a coniferous plant.’’ . Next in point of similarity are certain English and German Wealden remains regarded as parts of Clathraria anomala,® some of which are still referred by Seward“ to Bucklandia anomala, a later name for the same plant. The latter are undoubtedly medullary casts of cycadophyte trunks, a class of remains for which Saporta* proposed the name Cyca- deomyelon, describing one species from the infra-Lias of Hettange, near Metz (Moselle). Remotely similar remains from the Triassic of York County, Pa., are described by Fontaine * as Cycadeomyelon yorkense, and the forms described by Newberry® are referred to it, although Seward* had shown that remains from abroad identical with these are to be interpreted as medullary casts of Voltzia. Similar remains were more recently discussed by Wills,” who refigures one of the original specimens of Voltzia coburgensis.“ They are also practically identical in character, as Potonié” has shown, with casts of the medul- ‘lary cavities of certain existing Araucarias, notably Araucaria brasiliana. Other remains of this general sort, which, however, seem referable to the Cycadophyta, are Omphalomela scabra Germar,®° renamed by Schimper* Clath- raria? germari,and Cycadeoidea stillwelli Ward.” As Seward has pointed out, Williamson*® fig- ured very similar casts of the medullary cavity of Stigmaria, thus emphasizing the wide range in botanic affinity of objects of this kind. 39 Feistmantel Ottokar, Fossil flora of the Gondwana system, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 61, pl. 10, fig. 2, 1876. 40 Stokes and Webb, Geol. Soc. London Trans., 2d ser., vol. 1, pl. 46, fig. 8; pl. 47, figs. 4b, 4c, 1824. See Schenk’s figure of Clathraria lyelli Manitell, Palaeontographica, Band 19, p. 227, pl. 30, fig. 7, 1871. 4. Seward, A. C., Wealden flora, pt. 2, p. 123, 1895. #8 Saporta, Gaston de, Plantes jurassiques, tome 2, p. 331, 1875. 43 Idem, p. 333, atlas, pl. 49, fig. 5. 4 Fontaine, W. M., in Ward, L. F., U. S. Geol. Survey Twentieth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 248, pl. 30, 1900. 45 Newberry, J. S., op. cit. 48 Seward, A. C., Geol. Mag., dec. 3, vol. 7, pp. 218-220, fig. 1, 1890. 47 Wills, L. J., Geol, Assoc. Proc., vol. 21, pp. 292-294, 1910. #8 Idem, pl. 17, fig. 6. Potonié, H., K. preuss. geol. Landesanst. Jabrb., 1887, pp. 311-331, pls, 12-13a. ® Germar, E. F., Palaeontographica, Band 1, p. 3, 1846. 51 Schimper, W. P., Paléontologie végétale, tome 3, p. 554, 1874. 8 Ward, L.F., U. 8. Geol. Survey Twentieth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 636, pl. 149, 1900. 53 Williamson, W. C., A monograph on the morphology and histology of Stigmaria ficoides, pl. 13, figs, 64, 65, Palaeont. Soc., 1887. 223 Turning now,to the Cretaceous remains ‘to which the genus, if used at all, should be re- stricted (although Ward has the temerity to rename Feistmantel’s Indian Liassic fossil ’ Feistmantelia fusiformis), we may note that in addition to the type species from the Fuson formation, Fontaine * has described an addi- tional species from the Patuxent formation at Cockpit Point, Va., which is really indistin- guishable from the type species, and Ward * has mentioned the occurrence of similar objects from Kansas at a higher Cretaceous horizon. Still more recently Hollick and Jeffrey * have described comparable remains with structure preserved from the upper Raritan of Kreischer- ville, Staten Island, and have demonstrated their coniferous nature, naming their material Pinus sp.? Some of this material is said to have been found in organic connection with wood showing the characters of Pitorylon. It is not altogether clear that the Lower Creta- ceous species of Feistmantelia are of the same nature as that described by MHollick and Jeffrey, although these authors have furnished the presumption that they are all casts of the interstitial cavities of the periderm network of the bark, due to decay, in some conifer. That they should be referred to Pinus, even for indi- vidual specimens, seems unwise, and the genus Feistmantelia is here retained as a convenient form genus for remains of this sort, which may represent various modern coniferous genera. Indistinguishable remains occur in the Tus- caloosa formation of Alabama, although I did not consider them of sufficient importance. to include them in my paper on the Tuscaloosa flora.” They are also present at as recent a ‘horizon as the upper part of the Black Creek formation in North Carolina. These also I did not consider of sufficient interest to include in my account of that flora, but I am including here a figure of a North Carolina specimen for comparison with one from the Cheyenne sand- stone, to show that the latter is without strati- graphic value. 51 Fontaine W.M., in Ward, L. F., U.S. Geol. Survey Mon. 48, p. ‘484, pl. 107, fig. 3, 1906. 55 Ward, L. F., U.S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Rept., Pt. 2, p. 694, . 1899. 56 Hollick, Arthur, and Jeffrey, E. C., New York Bot. Garden Mem., vol. 3, p. 17, pl. 3, fig. 8; pl. 22, fig. 5, 1909. 51 Berry, E. W., U. 8. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 112, 1919, 224 The Cheyenne material contained in the present collection comes from Champion (Wild- cat) Draw, three-fourths mile south of Belvi- dere (2222), and hills between Spring Creek and Soldier,.4 miles northeast of Belvidere, where it is extremely abundant. Genus CARPOLITHUS of authors. Carpolithus belviderensis Berry, n. sp. ' Plate XLI, figure 4. This species is based on a single character- istic specimen, which is entirely distinct from anything previously described. It represents a large pyriform pedunculate pyxidium 1.8 centimeters in length and 13.5 millimeters in maximum diameter. The peduncle is curved SHORTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO GENERAL GEOLOGY, 1921. and stout, about 1 centimeter in length. The pyxidium is pointed proximad, widest and flatly rounded distad. The sides are distinctly fluted with twelve or thirteen rounded nodes separated by shallow rounded sinuses. The ribbing may .indicate parietal placenta or a loculicidal habit, although the latter alternative appears to be riegatived by the lid. It is possible that this conspicuous and char- acteristic fruit may not have been a true pyxidium and shed its seeds by loosening of the lid, as in Eucalyptus, but that it was a capsule like that of Papaver and the small parietal seeds were discharged through openings be- neath the so-called lid, which may represent a concrescent stigma. The specimen comes from Stokes Hill, northeast of Belvidere (2220). PLATES XLVII-LXI. 225 U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE XLVII FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE. 1, Gleichenia nordenskioldi Heer; 2, Gleichenia ()) bohemica (Corda) Berry; 3, Abietites longifolius (Fontaine) B 4 4,5, Feistmantelia oblonga Ward, Ail the specimens are from the Cheyenne sandstone near Belvidere, oe, eaceut that shown in figure 4, which is from the Black Creek formation of North Carolina. U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE XLVIIL CONES AND FOLIAGE OF SEQUOIA CONDITA LESQUEREUX. From Cheyenne sandstone at several localities near Belvidere, Kans. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE L RESTORATION OF SAPINDOPSIS BELVIDERENSIS BERRY U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LI < = RESTORATION OF SAPINDOPSIS BELVIDERENSIS BERRY. U.S, GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LIL eS i RESTORATION OF SAPINDOPSIS BELVIDERENSIS BERRY. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LIII SAPINDOPSIS BELVIDERENSIS BERRY. 1, Specimen obtained near Belvidere, Kans.; 2, restoration of specimen shown io figure 1. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LIV | SAPINDOPSIS BELVIDERENSIS BERRY. 1, Specimen obtained near Belvidere, Kans.; 2, restoration of specimen shown in figure 1. U. 3. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LV 4 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE. 1, Sapindopsis brevifolia Fontaine; 2-4, Sapindopsis variabilis Fontaine; 5, Sapindopsis magnifolia Fontaine. All collected near Belvidere, Kans, U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LVI SAPINDOPSIS MAGNIFOLIA FONTAINE. From Cheyenne sandstone near Belvidere, Kans. U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LVII 2 FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE. 1, Sterculia towneri (Lesquereux) Berry; 2, Sapindopsis magnifolia Fontaine. Collected near Belvidere, Kans. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LVIII ARALIA RAVNIANA HEER. From Cheyenne sandstone near Belvidere, Kans. About four-fifths natural size. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LIX FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE. 1. 2, Sapindopsis brevifclia Fontaine; 3, Sapindopsis magnifolia Fontaine; ‘, Araliaravniana Heer. All collected near Belvidere, Kans. ‘ezis [BINYLU SYIJJ-INoJ NoqY = "sUBy FPI9prajog seou ouoispuvs ouudk9yD Woy *"Auuad (XNTNaANOSA HH WANMOL VITNOYALS L = Y, XI ALVId 681 UAdVI TVNOISSTIOUL AGAUMNS 'IVOIDOTIONTS *S °1 PROFESSIONAL PAPER 129 PLATE LXI U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY FOSSIL PLANTS FROM THE CHEYENNE SANDSTONE. 1, Sterculia towneri (Lesquereux) Berry; 2, Araliopsoides cretacea (Newberry) Berry; 3, Sassafras mudgii Lesquereux; 4, Carpolithus belviderensis Berry. All collected near Belvidere, Kans. INDEX. A. Page. A bietites ernestinae Lesquereux, description of...........:-----+-- 212 longifolius (Fontaine) Berry, description of...............-- 211-212 Plate SHOWING «6. oie 5 c.caierceeciownnieetceovincmowiwcmeeooeet 225 Accuracy in computations, excessive................ee-eeeceeeees 41 AtGknowled pment for Aid oo. wine deweavunsawsa dee eseeawwex wee 22 Akinetic surface, propased use of term.......-.22....2ee eneueeciens Alinement charts, nature Of. .......-....0.--0esceesccevcencernees preparation and use of... .-.......22222.- 2-22 eeeee Allen, E. G., acknowledgment to................20025 wieeneaeurse Andromeda novaecaesareae Hollick, description of...........-+-+ novaecaesareae, plate showing. snowii Lesquereux, description of............-.- Dea Anomalina bilateralis Cushman, n. sp., description of ... bilateralis, Plate showing.........2....220.220005 woeisasetengety grosserugosa (Giimbel) H. B. Brady? var., description of...... 98 PIAtS SHOWING ooo oe oiane cee ereeae Sa sda ananassae detain ee mississippiensis Cushman, n.sp., descriptions of..... PIOSNOWINE oo sieiniurovamcsensscaensdoyeunewus: vicksburgensis Cushman, n. sp., description of................+ plate'showing secs ccwsscaeesecnreriseepenwacticeietle veers Antelope Hill, Ariz., sandstone composing... .... eee cjesaisisseeia 188 Antelope Wash, Ariz., section on............ 20... c cece cee ee eeeee 70 Aralia newberryi Berry, description of................--20.e0eee 220-221 ravniana Heer, description of.......... eaAeinssee’ acemae eeu 219-220 plate showing.........--..0.....02e2 cence cece cece neces * 225 saportana Lesquereux?, description of.......2..........020022 177 wellingtoniana Lesquereux, description of............-..... 176-177 |. SS SO RI iss ccc choc pe terl wis nrceciniainin aren accenennsebneiai nal at 181 Araliopsoides cretacea (Newberry) Berry, description Ossuscsizes 221-222 (retaced, plate SHOWING 0 conesscexawsncsecuseseeudeee ceeeaus (225 Arizona, northwestern. See Mohave County, Ariz. Arthurs Bluff, Tex., fossil plants collected at..................... 153 Articulina byramensis Cushman, n. sp., descriptions of.-........ 103, 143 byramensis, plate Showing.......0-.0--02---- eee eee eee n scenes 121 Arundo groenlandica Heer?, description of.............2..2220--66- 213 Asplenium dicksonianum Heer, description of..........--.-..++- 207-208 Asterigerina subacute Cushman, n. sp., description Of se soagceuahs 100 subacuta, plate showing....... is aduahesenmsacete Ediccereseurceee: 118 B. Barietett, Howland, C10 wcicscvxsconeccinnceaniviensuandeeu aa manncmmadis 185 Basalt resting on a conglomerate of basalt and other boulders near ‘ ‘Poquerville, Utah, plate showing..........-..-2---+- . 67 Bassler, Harvey, Reeside, John B., jr., and, Stratigraphic sections . in southwestern Utah and northwestern Arizona..... 53-77 Beaver Dam Mountains, Utah, section in................. Bedding planes, classification of, difficulties in . . “Bellerophon limestone,” fossils collected in.............--200+++ Bend series, correlation of well sections with subdivisions of . difference between shales in.......-2.2---.-+eeceeeee eee eeeees position of oil sands in “ Smithwick lime?’ in-well borings from. . summary and conclusions on........ time required for lithologic work on. . unit A of well borings from......... unit B of well borings from....... units C and C’ of well borings from. unit D of well borings from. units E, F, and G of well borings from............. units H and I of well borings from... .. unit J of well borings from.............----2- ses eeeeeeee sugee vas Page. Bend series, units K and L of well borings from................-- 18-15 volcanic origin of material from.......... 12 white shale in well borings from 12 Benzoin venustum (Lesquereux ) Knowlton, description of 171-172 venustum, plate showing ...-........-.02cceeseceeeeee 18 Berry, Edward Wilber, fossils determined by. . 153-154 The flora of the Cheyenne sandstone of Kansas....... ---- 199-225 The flora of the Woodbine sand at Arthurs Bluff, Tex ...... 153-181 Big Horn Mountains, Ariz., hills of chloritic schist at north end of, plate showing..........0....c0.0eceeeee eee e ee ee ees 184 Billoculina ornata D’ Orbigny, description of. 143 ornata, plate showing............... 150 sp.?, description of..... 105 sp.?, plate showing. we 122 Bingen sand, relation of flora of, to that of the Woodbine sand.. 156-157 Black Butte, Ariz., plate showing.............-.....-..-02- 185 Black Rock Canyon, Ariz., section in. - 70 Black Rock Spring, Ariz., section near.... - 7 Bloomington, Utah, sections on Virgin River near 75-76, 77 Bloomington dome, Utah, section at..-............. 74 Bolivina amygdalacformis H. B. Brady, description of.. . ol amygdalacformis, plate showing.............-...+ 109 cookei Cushman, u. sp., description of.. 126 PAO SHOWIN E sae prcekeun xen ne - 146 frondea Cushman n. sp., description of....... 126-127 Plate SHOWING .......- 0 00veeecnnersceeseanane 146 misstssippiensis Cushman n. sp., description of. . 92 PlateSWOWING oc esveesegevssnueveennenwrs 109 nitida H. B. Brady, description of......... 91 plate showing................- 109 -robusta H. B. Brady, description of.. 91-92 ' vicksburgensis Cushman, n. sp., description of.. - 126 plate showing.................0..02-0005 146 ef. B. punctate D’ Orbigny, description of. . 126 Brachyphyllum macrocarpum formosum Berry, description of... "160-161 macrocarpum formosum, plate showing ....... eaisincemisemccee tae 181 Bulimina ovata D’ Orbigny?, description of... . 92 ovata, plate showing...............2...--- 110 pupoides D’ Orbigny, description of.............-..---.. wee 4297 plate ShOwING woscewi. ceed esscmveu sions sheeeeeneeeeties sas 146 Buliminella contraria (Reuss) Cushman, description of............ 128 subteres H. B. Brady var. angusta Cushman, n. var., descrip- PION OL ie sisicie. ese ewissiciscr\i a eeicddinemecensimeaieniac cons 127-128 plate showing..... 146 Bullrush, Ariz., section near... 2 70 Byram, Miss., fossils found near. -. 83-85 Byram calcareous marl, deposition of.. 88 exposures of, at Byram, Miss. . 81 at Woodwards, Miss... 82 near Vicksburg, Miss... 80-81 on Leaf River, Miss... 7 82 fauna of, descriptions of...........-. -- 89-105 occurrence of...... 81, 82-85 relationships of.. . 87-88 features of......... Seco - 79-80 foraminifera found in, at the type station................... 124-125 Cc. Caliche, occurrence of, in the lower Gila region, Ariz.............. 190 Car polithus belviderensis Berry, a. sp., description of. . 224 belviderensis, plate showing. .-. 225 sp. 1, description of...... 179 sp.2, description of.. 180 plate showing... 181 sp. 3, description of.............2 2.2222 e cece cece eee eece ec eeeee 180 plate showing.............22222... ssn PN MN nua RO naetadcee tia 181 Cartesian coordinates, disadvantages of. . 41 Casey, T. L., cited ............0. 0c cece eee n ee 79 228 INDEX, Page. Page. Cassidulina crassa D’ Orbigny, description of.........-.------+-+++ 128 | Discorbis auracana (D’Orbigny) Cushman, description of. ......-- 135 Charts for stratigraphic computations, preparation and use of. 44- auracana, plate ShoWiNg..........-.+.ceee sneer eee e en eee eee 149 45, 45-46, 48, 49-50 bertheloti (D’Orbigny) Cushman, description of.......-..-.--- 135 Cheyenne sandstone of Kansas, flora of, age of..........--.----- 204-206 ” plate showing .....-.-.----0++.+seseeeee eee er ere ece errors 149 flora of, climate and conditions of growth and embedment.... 203 byramensis Cushman, n. sp., description of. -......---....++-- 96 descriptions of........2...22--2seceeeeceeeeeneeeeeeeees 207-224 plate showing......-.2.-+2---sesc-eseeeecee eee ee eeeecees 113 early Work ON .......2.02.00ecceeceecceeeeeceeeceeeeeeeees 200 | —_ orbicudaris (Terquem) Berthelin, description of..........-.-- 96 Tea GATES Of soy-persenecrsestercedeunan oanai ised eot Aenea 202-203 plate showing...........0--2+20+ene cece eee eee eee e ec eeee 113 stratigraphic distribution of...............----eee-eeee eee 206 | Distance to a stratum, method for computing: ain cinhiuietciararciat seine 46-48 fossil plants from, plates showing...........----.--+ erated 225 | Dome Rock Mountains, Ariz., plug of latite in, plate showing.... 185 ‘invertebratesiin we. cowie cceemed avin sweciccsinaeceionnemesseecinas 199 7 localities in, from which fossils were collected -.-.....-.------ 202 " mechanical analysis Of.........22.22-02-eeee ee ec ee ee erence 203-204 | Eagle Tail Mountains, coloration of rocks in........-..----------- 186 microscopic examination Of... ......-.00eeeeeeec cece ee eens 204 | Ehrenbergina glabrata Cushman, u. sp., description of.........-.-+ 93 DAT RIC UL. caniwndeennacesonsansaues Renal nh a eee aS 199 glabrata, plate showing. ........-.----+--eeecerenereeeeeeereee 111 Chinle formation in Utah, features Of.........-..0-+--2eee-eeeeeee 62-63 near Springfield, Utah, plate showing.......-....---2.2--++++ 62 F. Cinder cones north of St. George, Utah, plates showing.......---- 66 | Feistmantelia oblonga Ward, description of........-.----+++-+-+- 222-224 Cinnamomum membranaceum (Lesquereux) Hollick, description oblonga, plate showing........-.-.--0-+-2ceeeceeeceeeecececees 225 Of seisiciads 2a sees Seeweeenmeee are tes ceeaeeanes sees 174 | Ficus daphnogenoides (Heer) Berry, description of.............- 163-164 newberryi Berry, description of. 173-174 daphnogenoides, plate showing we 181 plate showing 181 glascoeana Lesquereux, description of.........----+++- Saaedisiys 164 Cissites formosus Heer, description of..........- 170-171 | Foraminifera. See Cushman, Joseph A. formosus, plate showing ..........-.---.e-e+0++ - 181 | Fossils, from well borings in the Bend series, Texas...........-.. 16 Cladophlebis dakotensis (Lesquereux ) Berry, description of. 207 occurrence of, in the lower Gila region...........---...-+- 2. 189-190 Clanton Hills, Ariz., limestone composing......... 188 . Clavulina byramensis Cushman, n. sp., description of 92 G. ' byramensis, plate showing 110 Coalpits Wash, near Grafton, Utah, panorama along east side of, -| Gabb, William M., cited.........+++-++----00crerrcecteteten tests 27,38 plate showing 59 Gaudryina triangularis Cushman, description of 127 Coconino sandstone in, Utah and Arizona, features of. 57-58 sp. ?, description of. . et south of Hurricane, Utah, plate showing. - . 58 Plate ShOWiNg.....---+2--+-200ee000007- _ Coluten primordialis Heer, description of....... _ 168 Gila, lower, region, Ariz., basal: complex of, age of. . Computations, graphic, facilities needed for . 39-40 ne oe classes of rocks in....... aphic, publications on............-- iio daamidlaiees sssts ee 380) SRE Are cr nee feet ae tea, disadvantages of........... ~ 4 Jeasiemetamipee need sediments i = Computer, trigonometric, advantages of - 650 metantorphoeed ie Gl srCeD TORE EB aie piety EEC! nee B mature and distribatian Of.«. ....u.causee mews eeeeeneses ee a | ee ee Coolie, ©. Wythe, atte... ne comacerer saree S| | ee Orthaulaz, a Tertiary guide fossil. .........-----42--+2---200++ 23-37 geologic map of... The Byram calcareous marl of Mississippi.......... --- 79-86 intrusive rocks in. .. i Cornophyllum vetustum Newberry, description of.......- - 7 mineral deposits i0...........0.-2-0-eeeeceeeceeeeceeecececeee Cornuspira involvens (Reuss ) Reuss, descriptions of...-.....-... 101, 140 Paleozoic and Mesozoic events in involvens, plate showing.......-..--+--+0-2e0eeee ee ece eee eees 119 pre-Cambrian events in........... Court House Rock, Ariz., description of. 187 Quaternary basalt in. ‘ Cragin, F. W., fossils determined by........---------+22+--e-+-0++ 155 Quaternary faults in. . 2.22.02. 2.00.00e0leeeeeceseeeeeeeeeee na Cretaceous (?) sandstone in Utah, features of.......-......-- renee 65 Quaternary history of Cretaceous time, sequence ofeventsin.............--......---- 201-202 Quaternary sediments in..........2 2.0.0. 2.2020e eee eeee eee Cretaceous (?) variegated shale in Utah, features of............... 64-65 rocks of, variety Of... .....2..0.20c20e0ceceeceecceceeceeeeeces Cristellaria convergens ? Bornemann, description of. .............- 130 situation and development of. Deh ek ee eay tee Oe res cultrata (Montfort ) Parker and Jones, description of. .-....... 130 Structure Of . 2... .ccccecccecteccccecececececucecceuccuccecs plate showing 148 Tertiary history Of. . 2.2... 20... 2c0cceeeec cee eceeeeceeeecees rotulata (Lamarck ) D’Orbigny, description of............-..- 130 Tertiary sedimentary formations in, features of... plate showing ........+--.--+-------ee ee eeeee ee eeataveceee 149 fossils in... 20.022 cece eee e cece eee e eens sce eee vicksburgensis Cushman, 0. Sp. description Ol icierccerteis eres, 130-131 nature and distribution of plate Showing -........02.0ee-2eeeeeeee eee ee nee e eens 148 Tertiary lavas in, nature and distribution of............... sp., description of 93 | Girty, G. H., cited.....- Boleedidig Cupressinorylon cheyennense Penhallow, description of......... 212-213 fossils deteimined DY.oeccetactsecactese ended Cushman, Joseph A., The foraminifera of the Mint Spring calcare- Glauconite, occurrente of, above stratigraphic breaks -. 3-4, 20-21 . ous marl member of the Marianna limestone....... 123-152 | Gleichenia? bohemica (Corda) Berry, description of. 208-209 The Byram calcareous marl of Mississippi and its Foramin- bohemica, plate showing................-- 225 UCP nc seaeen see Ss cneeee sess socessee ieee eeweecess 87-122 nordenskiéldi Heer, description of.. 208 Cycadeoidea munita Cragin, description of .......-... -. 209 plate showing 225 Cycadeospermum lineatum Lesquereux, description of........-.-- 209 | Globigerina bulloides D’Orbigny, descriptions “of. oe 95, 134 . bulloides, plate showing. -..........-.-.---- 113 : dutertrei D’ Orbigny, description of. . 134 Dakota sandstone, use ol Perit... cnc cee ewnsenmernnwomomms 199-200 triloba: Reuss, description Uf ois. scccncisccssiuvcsvesergncngeees 95 Dall, William H., cited ........-------0ee eee ee eee e eee eeeeee 23,27, 29-30 | Glyptostrobus gracillimus Lesquereux, erroneous identification of 209-210 fossils determined by Goldman, Marcus 1, Cited so0 cess wornseaw ees oueeweraneeedens 203-204 Denison, Tex., fossil plants collected at..........-....seeeeeeeeeee Lithologic subsurface correlation in the “ ‘Bend series” of Depth to astratum, graphic computation of...............-...+-+ north-central Texas.../..........+ Wea dae caweeraGneeee 1-28 Dewalquea insigniformis Berry, description of. Gonzales Wells, Ariz., plate showing. ......-......sesseeees jatnesiaiena 184 Diamond Valley, Utah, section on north side of..........-.- e Gypsina rubra (D’Orbigny) Heron-Allen and Earland, descrip- Diospyros primaeva Heer, description of.........-..-+-+-++2..++ HONS Of ssc cwaciseveiesdiestesmetesnesicnacsconesets 98, 138 primaeva, plate ShowWiNg..........-0-2-+-2eeeeeeeeee eee teeeee rubra, plate Showing. .........-.-22--2-220eeeeeee seen eeeee eee 116 INDEX. 229 H. Page, Page. Hacks Canyon, Ariz., section in ........ 0... 0022. eee ee eee e cece eee 69 | Mohave County, Ariz., fossils collected in...........-.-----.----+ 66-68 Harrisburg dome, Utah, section at..............2 0c. eee eee ene 73-74 general section in Harrisburg gypsiferous member of the Kaibab limestone, fossils local sections in collected from. c/s 2cerese cen saisven see seeenewumeioss 66 Stratigraphy Ole jo). cence a acissiendaecanesbcedeammmanseebes ons Hauerina fragilissima (H. G. Brady) Millett, description of....... 103 structure of Sragilissima, plate showing... ........2..2.--e eee e cence eee e nee .121 | Myrica emarginata Heer, description Of ciscodmanaetecioaswmonoensinece 161 SPF CBSCr PROM Ol ocay sav casein caper emer seni cgeyaceges sees 103 longa (Heer) Heer, description of..............-.-2--22500-5 161-162 Haynes Biull, Miss., fossils found tides .vcescen cews vere sen voces 83-85 plate showing _ 181 Heald, K. C., acknowledgment to.............200 2.2 eee eeeeeeeeee 22 | Myrtonium geinitzi (Heer) Berry, description of............-.-- 175-176 Heilprin, A., cited..-.........2.....-.- sutaehisaeeOtasseshomeccces 28-29 N 4 ; FE Ds IO iaicchioweiciawrena aan dau eanbuugesiidaica veewndacen : Hurricane, Utah, section south of..............20020.20ceeeeee ees Nodosaria communis D’Orbigny, description of...........-------- 129 7 communis plate showing......-.--.---+-++++ - 147 J. jiliformis D’Orbigny, description of...... - 129 A ‘ plate showing......-..-..-.2-.----2--0-- --. 147 Turassio sandstone, in Utab, features f vss... ee | — Uique CLinnaeus) H. B. Brady, description of - 129-180 . plate Show ng 2e.2.005 secs cesicc ccc eeatehaswcesaaxecmsciews 147 massive, near Springdale, Utah, plate showing. ............-- 62 sp., description Of. ........+cc.sssssereecccccseeeseeseeeeeeees 93 north of St. George, Utah, plate showing...........-.---- 62 plate showing......-.......-. SRA aie nieve 110 K. . sp.?, description of 93 plate showing..-........2.-..-e eee ee ee eee 110 Kaibab limestone, fossils collected from... ........-..2.--22000+5 66-67 sp.?, description of : 130 in Utah and Arizona, features Of. ..........-..02. cee eeeceeee 58-59 plate showing........ 2... 20c.cceecceeeceeceeeceeeceeeees »~ 7 south of Hurricane, Utah, plate showing. -. 58 | Nonionina advena Cushman, n. sp., description of west of Virgin City, Utah, plate showing .................... 58 advena, plate showing.......-..2.----+20--0+e-e00s Knowlton, F. H., fossils determined by ..........-...-.------++++ 153 scapha (Fichtel and Moll) Parker and Jones, description of . 100, 139 L Plate ShOwWing......-..-..00- eee eee e ence een een ene ceeenee 117 ‘ umbilicatula (Montagu) Parker, Jones, and H. B. Brady, Lagena heragona (Williamson) Siddall, description of............. 129 MOSCTiDI0N Of o. sewdgp sews cecvesarweccoarwndeccmees 100, 139 hexagona, plate ShOWiNg--.......0--.02ceeecew eee ccenceeeseenee 146 Plate showing.........2..2.-cce cee e een e ene ee aren eee e eee 117 laevigata (Reuss) Terrigi, description of.........-......---..-- ‘128 | Nummulites sp., description of...-......-.22-.202eee eee e eee e ee 100-101 orbignyana (Seguenza) H. B. Brady var. flintii, Cushman n. sp., plate ShOWing. ....-. 22-22-22 eee eee e eee e eee eee eee ee eeee 118 var., description of........2.0-. 2-2-2222 cece eee e renee 129 0 var. flintii, plate showing............22-22.---0seeeeeeeee 146 ; ; ae striata (D’ Orbigny) Reuss var. substriata Williamson, descrip- Oilsands, position of, in the “Bend series,”’ in north-central Texas. 18-20 Gon Ole cee Ota sor eee ee TESS ES 128 | Oreodaphne alabamensis, Berry description of...........-------- 172-173 var. substriata, plate showing ........200e.eeeeeeseeeeeeee 146 alabamensis, plate showing : Latite, plug of, in the Dome Rock Mountains, plate showing.... 185 | Orthaulaz, correlation table of... . . a abeninsbeaetiisinrisce sac ah eniens La Verkin, Utah, section near.............csceeeneecseeereceeees 72 criteria for discriminating species of....-.----.--------+-++++- 24 Laurophyllum minus Newberry, description of. . 175 description Of. .......---+-+++e+eee rece reer eee e eee e tenes 27-28 Laurus antecedens Lesquereux?, description of. . . ee. 175 genericfeatures of........- Weebaetiseeseese tveeececees reese 23-24 plutonia Heer, description of-...........22..20eseeee eee noes 174-175 occurrence and stratigraphic position of species of............ 24-26 PICO WE ccc ateine daconumnceobareedonmanencmnte eh 181 species of, plates showing p A cisirisisinia(s sini Hoitinin.agsangisirtisese deen Leaf River, Miss., exposure of Byram marl on. aguadillensis Maury, description of... . fossils found on occurrence and stratigraphic position of....-...-.--.-.... 25 Lepidocyclina supera (Conrad) H. Douvillé, description of........ 101 Plate Showing....-...---+-+-2-reeeeeeee eee e eet e eee e ences Lesquereux, Leo, cited.........00...20geeeeceeeeeceeees 177, 207, 209, 212 caepa Cooke, n, sp., description of... .. Lime, conditions affecting the deposition of...............22..++ 2 occurrence and stratigraphic position of......-....-..---- 25 Liriodendron quercifolium Newberry, description of.......-...---- 166 Plate Showing....--.+---+sseeecee ener enon secre e eee eens quercifolium, plate showing........--.-.20--0e+eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 181 gabbi, description of occurrence and stratigraphic position of. .....-.......-.-. 25 M. plates showing..........-- Sdanpeebeadees cise stedeveteteS 35,36 Magnolia lacocana Lesquereux, description Of. 22s eereeereeeeerees 165 inornatus, description of. seterees speciosa Heer, description of........ Wetec tas nest BS ehcaee 165 occurrence and stratigraphic position of-...........-.-.-- plate showing........-2-..202.-sceeceeeeceeeceeecpeeeeeees 181 Plate showing. ....-.....-++seeeee-eeee eee eee sees eee ee ee Malapoenna facilifolia (Lesquereux) Knowlton, description of.... 172 pugnaz, description of....-.... oetenenceceececscsec sere rene ee Massilina crusta Cushman, n. sp., description of.....-....-....-- 104 occurrence and stratigraphic position of. - crusta, plate showing.....2....20.-0.2-ceececeeececeeeeeeeeees 122 plates showing..... cect eee nets sete ee tees te eter erste cece 34,35 decorata Cushman, 0. sp., description of..... Be 143 | Osage’Rock, near Belvidere, Kans., plate showing.............-. 202 plate showing. ...2.<.0cceodovsastevesisceneceaceubereesetes 151 | Osborne Wash., Ariz., plate showing......-.--.--++2+---++-2ee0e- 188 occlusa Cushman, n. sp., description of..........-.--.-------+ 104 Pp. ee n. var., description Ohi dostcaie on Paleocassia laurinea Lesquereux, description of................ - 167-168 Matteson, W. G., Fo Fes Rea OTR RI ret PN Rieter tea nn Sone an laurinea, plate showing........- seneeee tepismineisieike stein sinaeee 181 Maury, Carlotta i, cited Palmer, H. S., method of, for making stratigraphic computations. 44 Mertie, J. B., jr., Graphic and mechanical computation of thick- Patellina advena Cushman, n. sp., description of.......--........- 135 ness of strata and distance to a stratum....-....-.--. 39-52 advena, plate showing.....---++--+++-- Wee 148 “Millsap division,” use of name.............-..++ Percentage log, description Of. ..-..-2+++2+++e+eeeeeeeeseetec seers 1-2. Minerals, marking of horizons by Phosphate rock, conditions affecting deposition of sisiaturaraataysioercvetarale 4 Mint Spring marl, features of..........2.2.--2022ecc0eeeeeeeeeeees Platanus latior (Lesquereux) Knowlton, description of......... 164-165. fossils found in . Piomimer, Fs By Ged ress ove rereemseonnmretnemns mene scenes 6, 15. foraminifera found in, at six stations...............2..02-.+ 124-125 | Podozamites lanceolatus (Lindley and Hutton) F. Braun, descrip- Moenkopi formation, features of, in Utah and Arizona..........-. 59-62 tion of....-... enereversees nate esesereereeeneesesees 159-160 fossils collected from. ...-...--.--22e+-eeeseeeeee --- 67-68 lanceolatus, plate showing. ..... Ssbiesiess seein sie sai icemein ae 18) north of Virgin City, Utah, plate showing. . 67 | Polymorphina advena Cushman, u. sp., description of..-.........- 132 west of Virgin City, Utah, plate showing. . . 58 advena, plate showing.....-..---2-++2+++012eeereeeeeeeeeeeees Mohave Caunty, Ariz., age of the formations in --+ 66-69 amygdaloides (Reuss) Reuss, description of. features of. Plate SaOwIe «cco cnuviendedweeeosmiend eeeeeeee eae 70351°—22——-3 230 INDEX. Page. Polymorphina byramensis Cushman, u.sp., description of........ 94, 131 PREC SOWIE oc cccienmrcaskavern cansgyeweus ui cuspidata H. B. Brady, description of 133 plate showing 147 var. costulata Cushman, u. var. - 133 Plate: Showing = 2 occ bia/