i Beth yi % ee is ais tues at ETeh Seine Cornell University Library Sthaca, New York BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND THE BEQUEST OF WILLARD FISKE LIBRARIAN OF THE UNIVERSITY 1868-1883 1905 DATE DUE . HAP ap ‘ALES {975 Hi AUG TU u* ac 2 8 OST RETURN TO : ALBERT R. MANN LIBRARY ITHACA, N. Y. Tica Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003031220 CATALOGUE OF THE MAMMALS OF WESTERN EUROPE (EUROPE EXCLUSIVE OF RUSSIA) IN THE COLLECTION OF THE BRITISH MUSHUM BY GERRIT 8. MILLER LONDON PRINTED BY ORDER OF THE TRUSTEES OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM SOLD BY Lonemans, GREEN & Co., 39, Paternoster Row, E.C. B. QuaritcH, 11, Grarron Srreet, New Bonp Street, W. Dourav & Co., Lrp., 87, SoHo Square, W. AND AT THE British Museum (Narurau History), CromweLn Roan, S.W. 1912 All pights Reversed A375 4 LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED, DUKE STREET, STAMFORD STREET, S.E., AND GREAT WINDMILL STREET, W. DP PREFACE ALTHOUGH the idea of a publication on the Mammals of Europe was suggested many years ago by the late Lord Lilford, who kindly contributed an annual sum towards the collecting necessary for its realization, the possibility of issuing the present Catalogue has mainly grown up from the work which its author, Mr. Gerrit S. Miller, of the United States National Museum at Washington, has for some years been doing independently on the subject. It is true that European Mammals had not been neglected here, and that the collection had begun to grow, both by the help of the Lilford Fund and by the efforts of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, who published many papers on the subject, and of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, F.R.S., who devoted a number of his vacations to collecting in various parts of the Continent. There was, however, no prospect of being in a position to prepare a Catalogue until about 1905, when Mr. Miller arranged to devote his entire time for a considerable period to the study of European Mammals. The opportunity was taken of having the results of this work published here instead of in America, by inducing him to write a British Museum Catalogue; thus utilizing his knowledge, and com- bining for the purposes of his studies the material of both the American and the British National Museums. Collections were then made in various selected areas, partly by Mr. Miller himself and partly by trained collectors, such as Messrs. A. Robert, C. Mottaz, Rev. 8. Gonzalez and N. Gonzalez, the cost of whose services were contributed by friends of the Museum, notably Mr. Oldfield Thomas, the Hon. N. C. Rothschild and Mr. J. I. 8. Whitaker. The Catalogue could hardly have been contemplated if it had not been for Mr. Thomas’ unremitting efforts in developing iv PREFACE the collection. He has not merely regarded these efforts as an official duty, but he has in addition been a generous donor who has frequently supplied funds for the purpose of obtaining specimens. Mr. Miller has thus had at his disposal a collection fairly representative of all parts of Western Europe, and immensely superior to anything that had been thought of before he began his work. Marine Mammals (Cetacea and Pinnipedia) are not included in the present Catalogue. For a definition of “Western Europe” reference must be made to page vii of the Author’s Introduction. As Mr. Miller is on the staff of the United States National Museum the special and cordial thanks of the Trustees of the British Museum are due to the authorities of the former Institution for the facilities granted to him for carrying through the preparation of the Catalogue, a work which involved a furlough of two years and a half from his usual duties at Washington. The thanks of the Trustees are also due to Mrs. Oldfield Thomas and to Mr. R. C. Wroughton for their kindness in undertaking the considerable labour of preparing and verifying the lists of the specimens in the Museum collection after Mr. Miller had made his scientific determinations. SIDNEY F. HARMER, Keeper of Zooiogy. British Museum (Naturat History), Lonpon, 8.W. October, 1912. INTRODUCTION Tut collection of European Land-mammals in the British Museum consists of about five thousand specimens. One hundred and twenty-four of these are types. It has for the most part been brought together during the past thirty years through the efforts of the late Lord Lilford, of Mr. Oldfield Thomas, and of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. The older material, though not extensive, includes much that is of historic interest, such as the numerous specimens received from the late Baron E. de Sélys-Longchamps, the types of various species described by Gray and Bonaparte, and Darwin’s Porto Santo rabbits which have been the subject of so much groundless speculation. It is, however, from the recently-obtained material that the collection derives its true value. These specimens are almost without exception carefully-prepared skins accompanied by skulls and measurements, together with full records of sex, date, and exact locality. The more important sources from which they were obtained are as follows: collections brought together by Professor W. Wolterstorff from central and eastern Germany, and presented by the late Lord Lilford ; collections made in Roumania by the late E. Dodson under the direction of Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton, and presented by the late Lord Lilford ; material from southern Spain presented by the late Lord Lilford ; extensive collections made in south-western France, in southern Italy and in Sicily by A. Robert and presented by Mr. Oldfield Thomas; collections from south- central France and the vicinity of Strassburg, Germany, made by C. Mottaz and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; small collections from Denmark, Holland, Pas-de-Calais, Brittany, Portugal, the Balearic Islands, Switzerland and northern Italy, made and presented by Mr. O. Thomas; collection’ from central and northern Spain made by N. Gonzalez and presented by Mr. O. Thomas ; a large collection from miscellaneous sources brought together and presented by Major G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton ; a collection from Greece made by C. Mottaz and presented by vi INTRODUCTION Mr. J. I. 8. Whitaker and the Hon. N. C. Rothschild; a collection from Spain and southern France made by G. S. Miller and purchased by the Museum; several collections from Transylvania made by C. G. Danford; collections from Hungary made and presented by the Hon. N. C. Rothschild and Mrs. Rothschild ; smaller collections and single specimens have been received from many other persons,* whose names will be found in the detailed lists of material in this Catalogue. Although unquestionably forming the largest of all collections of European mammals the material in the British Museum is not sufficient to be made the basis of a monographic study of the fauna, Free use has, therefore, been made, throughout the preparation of this Catalogue, of specimens in other collections. Chief among these are the United States National Museum in Washington and the private collection of Charles Mottaz in Geneva. The material at Washington, about 4000 specimens, is mostly from the following sources: (a) Sweden, Germany, Switzerland and Belgium, collected by J. Alden Loring; (6) Sicily, Italy and the region of Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, France, by Dane Coolidge; (c) south-western France, by Robert T. Young ; (d) north-eastern Germany, the Riesengebirge and Harz Mountains, by F. L. J. Boettcher. There are also miscellaneous smaller collections from Switzerland (G. 8. Miller, L. Stejneger, E, H. Zollikofer), Belgium (de Sélys-Longchamps), Holland (G. 8. Miller), Denmark (L. Stejneger), Norway (T. Stejneger) and Sweden (Sundevall, Tullberg, Linnberg). Finally, the Merriam collection, now the property of the U.S. National Museum but not yet catalogued, contains numerous European specimens, for the most part received from de Sélys-Longchamps. The Mottaz collection, about 3000 specimens, is especially rich in series of the smaller mammals of Switzerland and the adjoin- ing portions of France; it also contains useful material from Italy and western France (Charente). Other supplemental material to which I have been given free access, or which has been sent for examination in London or Washington, is contained in the museums of Madrid (types of Cabrera), Nimes (types of Crespon), Paris (types of Geoffroy and other historic speci- mens), Genoa (Italian Bats, Microtines and Ungulates), Turin (Italian mammals, especially Ungulates), Naples (type of Myotis oxygnathus Monticelli), Geneva (types of Fatio, authentic Swiss * This is particularly true of the many friends of the Museum who have aided in procuring the large series of British mammals. INTRODUCTION vii specimens of Lynx), Lausanne Agricultural School (skull of Ursus “formicarius” from the Alps), Munich (type of Spalax grecus Nehring), Berlin Agricultural High School (type of Arvicola ratticeps stimmingi Nehring), Breslau (skulls of foxes), Leiden (co-types of Arvicola arenarius de Sélys-Longchamps), Copenhagen (Mus feroensis and small carnivores), Christiania (Sorex, Evotomys, etc.), Stockholm (Swedish carnivores and rodents), Cambridge (Mustela erminea ricine, Lemmus lemmus “erassidens”) and Edinburgh (rodents from northern Scotland). Private collections which have been in the same generous manner placed at my disposal are those of Mr. Angel Cabrera, of Madrid (Spanish mammals, including several types), Dr. Enrico Festa, of Turin (Italian mammals), Mr. Angelo Ghidini, of Geneva (Swiss and north Italian mammals), and Dr. Fernand Lataste, of Cadillac-sur-Garonne, France (carnivores and micro- tines). The total number of specimens on which this work is based approximates 11,500. All those of which definite record has been made are enumerated in the paragraphs headed : Specimens examined.* Absence of a note to the contrary indicates that all the specimens from a given locality are in the British Museum. Discrepancies frequently occur between the number of ‘specimens examined ” and the number tabulated in the final paragraph as forming part of the Museum collection. These result from the fact that under “specimens examined” are included duplicates as well as registered specimens, while only the latter appear in the final lists.t For the purposes of this Catalogue, “Western Europe” is regarded as including the continent of Europe outside the frontiers of Russia; also the immediately adjavent islands, and Spitzbergen, Iceland, and the Azores. The members of the living mammal fauna of this region, exclusive of the cetaceans, pinnipeds, and species such as Bubalus bubalis in Italy and Simia sylvanus t on the Rock of Gibraltar, which certainly owe * In these lists 11,372 specimens are recorded. They are distributed as follows: Insectivora, 1,777; Chiroptera, 2,210; Carnivora, 877; Rodentia Duplicidentata, 379, Rodentia Simplicidentata, 5,854; Ungulata, 284. t+ Certain duplicates have been transferred to the United States National Museum since the lists of “‘specimens examined” were prepared. No attempt has been made to alter the records in the lists on this account ; but the U.S.N.M. numbers of such specimens are frequently to be found in the Tables of cranial measurements. (All numbers above 10,000 indicate specimens in Washington.) t For use of this name in place of “ Macacus inuus,” see Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1911, pp. 125-126, March, 1911. vill INTRODUCTION their presence to artificial introduction, are treated mono- graphically on the basis of the material already enumerated. This material has been found sufficient, in most of the groups, to give what appears to be a fairly satisfactory idea of the essential features of the fauna, In the ungulates and the larger car- nivores, however, it is so totally inadequate that no attempt could be made to revise the genera by which they are repre- sented. This is especially to be regretted on account of the fact that some of these larger mammals are nearly extinct, while others are being modified by the introduction of foreign stock to replenish exhausted game preserves. Immediate action is necessary if the final opportunity to gain a clear understanding of this part of the European fauna is not to be lost. The literature of European mammals is so voluminous, particularly as regards local lists and special notes on distri- bution, and it is for the most part based on conceptions of species and local races so different from those underlying the present work, that an amount of labour incommensurate with the importance of the results would be required to prepare extended bibliographical Tables for each form recognized. The citations are, therefore, restricted to those which seem of impor- tance in giving a clear idea of the systematic history of each animal; that is, to the specific and sub-specific names under which it may have been described, to the first use of the actual binomial or trinomial here adopted, to the names used in the monographic works of Blasius, 1857, and Trouessart, 1910, and to any other publication which might seem pertinent to a particular case. In deciding questions of nomenclature, an attempt has been made to apply the International Code and the rulings of the Commission strictly and consistently, even’ to the reluctant acceptance of the terms applied to genera by authors who followed a system different from that now in use. With the exception of figure 121, lent by the Smithsonian Institution, all the illustrations are original. The drawings of teeth were made in London by Mr. A. J. Engel Terzi; part of those of the skulls were made by Mr. Terzi; the rest were done in Washington by Mr. H. B. Bradford. A few words in conclusion regarding the actual making of the manuscript. I prepared all the descriptions, synonymies, lists of specimens examined, and Tables of cranial measurements. The external measurements, which are not to be regarded as INTRODUCTION ix more than approximately accurate, are mostly given as recorded on the labels, though much verification and correction for ears and hind feet has been done from the dried specimens. In order to economize time, the records of registered material were made directly from the specimens which I had identified. Mrs. Oldfield Thomas and Mr. R. C. Wroughton carried out this portion of the work. G. S. M. WASHINGTON, July 1, 1912. Number of | Number of forms not_| recognized represented | forms not in B.M. seen. Number of | Number of ORDER. genera forms recognized. | recognized. INSECTIVORA . : : 7 45 5 0 CHIROPTERA : : | 10 33 ) 0 CaRNIVORA ‘ : F 15 | 47 i, 0 \ Ropgentia DUPLICIDENTATA 2 19 , 1 0) * SIMPLICIDENTATA 26 139 6 2 UNGULATA ‘ . ‘ 9 31 9 4 Toran ‘ 69 314 22 6 SYSTEMATIC INDEX ORDER INSECTIVORA. Famity TALPIDA Sup-Famity 1. TALPIN” . 1. TalpaLinneus . .. . 1, europea Linneus . 2. ceca Savi 8. occidentalis Cabrera 4. romana Thomas Sus-Famity 2. DrsManiIna . 1. Galemys Kaup . . 1. pyrenaicus Geoffroy a. pyrenaicus Geoffroy b. rufulus Graells . Famity SORICIDA 1. Sorex Linnzus 1. araneus Linnzus . araneus Linnzeus . castaneus Jenyns . santonus Mottaz . euronotus Miller . bergensis Miller . . tetragonurus Hermann. . pyrenaicus Miller . fretalis Miller granarius Miller . 2, minutus Linneus . a. minutus Linneus b. lucanius Miller 3. alpinus Schinz . a. alpinus Schinz b. hereynicus Miller 2. Neomys Kaup. . 1, fodiens Schreber a. fodiens Schreber. b. bicolor Shaw. 2. milleri Mottaz . 3. anomalus Cabrera... 3. Pachyura de as Long- champs 1. etrusca Savi. . 4. Crocidura Wagler. 1. leucodon Hermann 2. mimula Miller . a. mimula Miller b. iculisma Mottaz . c. cantabra Cabrera eee Ae oe PAGR 3. russula Hermann . a. russula Hermann b. pulchra Cabrera . c. cintre Miller. . sicula Miller . canes Miller . . caudata Miller . . eyrnensis Miller . balearica Miller Famity ERINACHIDZA . 1. Erinaceus Linneus . 1. europeus Linneus. a. europeus Linneus. . b. hispanicus Barrett- Hamilton . c. italicus Barrett- ‘Hamil- ton . d. consolei Barrett- ‘Hamil- ton . 2. roumanicus Hamilton . 3. nesiotes Bate 4. algirus Duvernoy Lereboullet ; a. algirus Duvernoy and Lereboullet ae b. vagans Thomas . OID OUOE Barrett- and ORDER CHIROPTERA. PAGE 99 101 103 108 108 109 110 111 112 114 114 115 120 122 123 126 127 129 130 131 133 SuB-ORDER MICROCHIROPTERA. Famity RHINOLOPHIDA . 1. Rhinolophus Lacépéde . 1. ferrum-equinum Schreber a. ferrum-equinum Schre- Der vee ee bd. insulanus Hamilton. . 2. hipposideros Bechstein a. hipposideros Bechstein . db. minimus Heuglin c. minutus Montagu 3. euryale Blasius . 4. mehelyi Matschie . 5. blasii Peters. Barrett- 136 187 189 142 147 147 149 151 154 155 159 162 xii Order CurroprEra — Sub - Order MicrocHIROPTERA—conid, Famity VESPERTILIONID . Sus-FamiLty VESPERTILIONINA . 1. Myotis Kaup . . . mystacinus Kuhl . nattereri Kuhl . emarginatus Geoffroy . . bechsteinii Kuhl daubentonii Kuhl . . capaccinii Bonaparte . . dasycneme Boie . myotis Borkhausen oxygnathus Monticelli 2. Pipistrellus Kaup 1. pipistrellus Schreber . 2. nathusii cet and Blasius. . 3. kuhlii Kuhl . 4. savii Bonaparte. 3. Eptesicus Rafinesque 1. serotinus Schreber 2. sodalis Barrett-Hamilton. 3. nilssonii aes and Blasius. : 4, Vespertilio Linneus . 1. murinus Linneus . 5. Nyctalus Bowdich 1. maximus Fatio. 2. noctula Schreber 3. leisleri Kuhl 4, azoreum Thomas 6. Plecotus Geoffroy. 1. auritus Linnzeus 7. Barbastella Gray . 1. barbastellus Schreber Sus-Famity MINIOPTERINAZ 1. Miniopterus Bonaparte 1. schreibersii Kuhl Famity MOLOSSID Ai 1. Nyctinomus Geoffroy 1. teniotis Rafinesque JODO OTH gto py ORDER CARNIVORA. Famity URSIDA . 1. Ursus Linneus 1, arctos Linneus. 2. Thalarctos Gray . 1. maritimus Phipps . Famity CANIDZ . 1. Canis Linnzus 3% 1. lupus Linneus. . . a. lupus Linnzeus bd, signatus Cabrera c. deitanus Cabrera 2. aureus Linneeus PAGK 165 165 166 169 174 177 179 184 187 189 192 199 202 204 213 215 219 224 226 231 234 238 238 242, 244 245 252 254 256 256 263 263 268 268 269 276 276 277 284 285 285 297 298 303 304 305 313 314 815 315 SYSTEMATIC INDEX 2. Alopex Kaup 1. lagopus Linneus 2. spitzbergenensis Barrett- Hamilton and Bonhote . 3. Vulpes Oken . 1. vulpes Linnzus a. vulpes Linnzus . b. erucigera Bechstein. c. silacea Miller. 2. ichnuse Miller . Famity MUSTELIDAs Sus-Famity MEeLina 1. Meles Brisson. 1. meles Linneus. a. meles Linneeus . b. marianensis Graells. 2. arcalus Miller . Sus-Faminty Lurrinaz . 1. Lutra Brisson . 1. lutra Linneus Sup-Faminy MustELina . 1. Martes Pinel . 1. martes Linneus a. martes Linneus. b. latinorum Barrett-Ha- milton. . . 2. foina Erxleben . a. foina Erxleben . ‘ b. mediterranea Barrett- Hamilton . ce 8. bunites Bate 2. Mustela Linneus. . : Sub-genus Mustela Linneus . 1. erminea Linnzeus . ‘ a, ermainea Linneus .'\ . b. estiva Kerr . . c. stabilis Barrett- Hamil- ton . d. ricine Miller. 2. hibernica Thomas Barrett-Hamilton 8. nivalis Linneus a. nivalis Linneus. b. boccamela Bechstein c. iberica Barrett-Hamilton 4, africana Desmarest 5. galinthias Bate . . Sub-Genus Lutreola Wagner . 6. lutreola Linneus . Sub-Genus Putorius Cuvier 7. putorius Linneus . a. putorius Linneus 3 b. aureolus Barrett-Hamil- fon. « é 3. Vormela W. Blasius F 1. peregusna Gueldenstaedt . Sus-FaMiLy GULONINA” 1. Gulo Storr. 1. gulo Linneus me SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order CaRNIVORA—continued, Famity VIVERRIDA . 1. Mungos Geoffroy and Cuvier 1. widdringtonii Gray 2. Genetta Oken . F 1. genetta Linneus a. genetta Linneus b. balearica Thomas c. rhodanica Matschie . Famity FELIDA . 1. Felis Linnzus. 1, silvestris Schreber . a. silvestris Schreber b. grampia Miller c. tartessia Miller 2. sarda Lataste 3. agrius Bate . 2. Lynx Kerr. 3 1. lynx Linneus . 2, pardellus Miller ORDER RODENTIA. PAGE 440 »440 441 446 447 451 452 452 455 456 457 462 464 465 468 470 470 471 475 SuB-ORDER DUPLICIDENTATA. Famity LEPORIDZA. . 1. Oryctolagus Lilljeborg 1, cuniculus Linnzeus a. cuniculus Linneeus . b. huxleyi Haeckel . 2. Lepus Linneus 1, europeus Pallas . europeus Pallas. . . occidentalis de Winton. . pyrenaicus Hilzheimer . . meridiei Hilzheimer . corsicanus de Winton . hybridus Desmarest. . transsylvanicus Mat- schie . 2. creticus Barrett Hamilton 3. mediterraneus Wagner 4, granatensis Rosenhauer . a. granatensis Rosenhauer b. gallecius Miller . c. iturissius Miller . d, parnassius Miller 5. timidus Linneus a, timidus Linnzus b. varronis Miller . c. scoticus Hilzheimer. 6. hibernicus Bell. QmeAIes 484 484 485 490 491 495 498 502 504 506 506 507 508 509 512 513 515 516 517 518 519 522 526 528 529 531 Sus-OrpER SIMPLICIDENTATA. Famity ZAPODIDZ . Sus-Famity SIcistinz 1. Sicista Gray : 1. loriger Nathusius . 2. trizona Petényi. 535 . 586 536 537 539 Famity HYSTRICIDA 1. Hystrix Linneus . 1, cristata Linneus Famity MUSCARDINIDA . 1. Eliomys Wagner . 1. quercinus Linnus 2. gymnesicus Thomas . . 3. pallidus Barrett-Hamilton 4, sardus Barrett-Hamilton . 5. lusitanicus Reuvens 2, Dyromys Thomas. 1. nitedula Pallas . a. nitedula Pallas . b. intermedius Nehring c. wingei Nehring . 2, robustus Miller. 3. Glis Brisson 1. glis Linneus a. glis Linneus. . b. italicus Barrett-Hamil- ton . ‘ c. melonii Thomas . d. pyrenaicus Cabrera . 4, Muscardinus Kaup 1. avellanarius Linneus. . 2. pulcher Barrett-Hamilton Famity MURIDA Sus-FamMILy ORICETINE . . . 1. Cricetulus Milne-Edwards . 1. atticus Nehring 2. Cricetus Leske ; 1. cricetus Linneus . a, cricetus Linneus b. canescens Nehring . c. nehringi Matschie 3. Mesocricetus Nehring 1. newtoni Nehring Sus-Famity Microrina 1. Myopus Miller. 1. schisticolor Lilljeborg. 9. Lemmus Link. . 1. lemmus Linneus . 8. Evotomys Coues . 1. glareolus Schreber . . glareolus Schreber . britannicus Miller . suecicus Miller . istericus Miller . . norvegicus Miller . vasconie Miller . . helveticus Miller . nageri Schinz . hallucalis Thomas 2. skomerensis Barrett -Ha- moilton . ‘ 3. cesarius Miller . 4, rutilus Pallas 5. rufocanus Sundevall 2 YQ MH QAorRn xiii PAGE 542 542 © 543 549 550 551 558 559 560 560 566 567 568 569 570 572 572 573 577 578 579 582 583 583 590 591 592 593 593 596 597 602 603 605 605 606 610 611 611 614 615 623 626 632 634 636 637 638 639 640 641 643 644 645 646 648 xiv Order RopEnti1a — Sub- Order SIMPLICIDENTaTA — Family Murip# — Sub-Family M1- CROTIN AS —continwed. 4. Microtus Schrank Sub-Genus Microtus Schrank 1. agrestis Linneus a. agrestis Linneeus b. exsul Miller . c. levernedii Crespon d. bailloni de Sélys-Long- champs 2 e. hirtus Bellamy f. neglectus Jenyns. g. rozianus Bocage . 2. arvalis Pallas a. arvalis Pallas b. meridianus Pallas c. duplicatus ne and Borner d. levis Miller . . 3. incertus de Sélys- Long: champs. ‘i 4, asturianus Miller és 5. orcadensis Millais . 6. sandayensis Millais a. sandayensis Millais . b. westre Miller 7. sarnius Miller , 8. cabreree Thomas 9, dentatus Miller. . 10. hartingi Barrett- Hamilton 11. angularis Miller . 12. ratticeps Keyserling and Blasius. . Sub-Genus Chionomys “Miller 18. nivalis Martins a. nivalis Martins . b. aquitanius Miller 14, lebrunii Crespon . a. lebrunii Crespon. b. leucurus Gerbe 15. ulpius Miller . . Arvicola Lacépéde 1. amphibius Linneus a. amphibius Linneus b. reta Miller 2. sapidus Miller . a. sapidus Miller b. tenebricus Miller . terrestris Linneus. . italicus Savi. . illyricus Barrett- Hamilton . musignani de pelyesbongs champs : . scherman Shaw a. scherman Shaw . b. exitus Miller . c. monticola de Longchamps . on 1 OD Or co ” Sélys- PAGE 658 659 662 668 669 671 672 673 675 680 681 683 686 686 687 690 693 694 696 697 698 700 701 703 704 706 708 712 713 716 717 718 719 722 723 723 725 730 732 732 733 735 738 740 741 744 744 745 746 749 SYSTEMATIC INDEX 6. Pitymys McMurtrie . 1. subterraneus de Sélys- Longchamps . . a. subterraneus de Sélys- Longehamps . b. capucinus Miller . . dacius Miller . druentius Miller . fatioi Motiaz . multiplex Fatio . . . Savii de Sélys-Longchamps . nebrodensis Mina-Palumbo . pyrenaicus de Sélys-Long- champs . . a. pyrenaicus de Longchamps . b. brunneus Miller . 9. planiceps Miller . gerbii Gerbe . lusitanicus Gerbe. . marie Major . . pelandonius Miller . depressus Miller . ibericus Gerbe a. ibericus Gerbe b. centralis Miller c. pascuus Miller d. regulus Miller 16. duodecimcostatus de Sélys-Longchamps provincialis Miller. thomasi Barrett-Hamil- ton. . atticus Miller . DARA wrD : Sélys- 17. 18. 19. Sus-Faminy Murinz . 1. Apodemus Kaup . 1. epimelas Nehring . 2. sylvaticus Linnzus a. sylvaticus Linneus . b. callipides Cabrera c. dichrurus Rafinesque d. creticus Miller 8. hebridensis de Winton 4, hirtensis Barrett-Hamil- ton . 5. fridariensis Kinnear a8 6. flavicollis Melchior a. flavicollis Melchior . b. wintoni Barrett-Hamil- ton . 7. agrarius Pallas . 2. Micromys Dehne . 1. minutus Pallas . a. soricinus Hermann . b. pratensis Ockskay . Epimys Trouessart 1. rattus Linnzus . a. rattus Linneus . b. alexandrinus Geoffroy . 2. norvegicus Erxleben oo PAGE 752 755 758 760 760 762 763 764 768 770 770 771 772 772 773 776 TTT 778 779 780 782 782 783 784 784 785 786 787 791 791 794 797 803 809 810 813 824 825 825 828 829 831 836 840 841 844 846 848 849 853 854 858 SYSTEMATIC INDEX Order Roprntra — Sub- Order SIMPLICIDENTaTA — Family Muripa—Sub-Family Mv- RINzE—continued. 4. Mus Linneus . 1. musculus Linnaeus. a. musculus Linneus . b. azoricus Schinz . 2. muralis Barrett- Hamilton 3. feeroensis Clarke F 4. spicilegus Petényi . a. spicilegus Petényi b. hispanicus Miller c. lusitanicus Miller 5. Acomys Geoffroy . 1. minous Bate Famity SPALACIDA . 1. Spalax Gueldenstaedt 1. dolbrogez Miller 2. hungaricus Nehring 3. greecus Nehring Famity SCIURIDA . 1. Sciurus Linnzus . 1. vulgaris Linneus . vulgaris Linnzeus . varius Gmelin . leucourus Kerr . russus Miller. . fuscoater Altum . . italicus Bonaparte . lileus Miller . r . alpinus Desmarest . . numantius Miller . infuscatus Cabrera . segure Miller beeticus Cabrera . 2. Citellus Oken . 1. citellus Linneus ‘ 9. suslica Gueldenstaedt . 8. Marmota Blumenbach 1. marmota Linneus . 2. bobak Miller Po RSS SOS BOOS Famity PETAURISTIDA . 1. Sciuropterus F. Cuvier 1. russicus Tiedemann Famity CASTORID Ai 1. Castor Linneus 1. fiber Linneeus PAGE 863 865 869 871 874 875 877 878 879 882 883 883 887 887 889 894 895 897 898 898 905 906 907 909 910 912 913 914 914 916 917 923 924 924 929 931 932 937 940 941 941 947 947 947 xv ORDER UNGULATA PAGE Famity SUID 956 1, Sus Linneus . 956 1. scrofa Linneus. 957 {attila Thomas]. 960 2. meridionalis Major 960 Famity CERVIDAG 962 1. Cervus Linneus . 963 1. elaphus Linneus 964 a. germanicus Desmarest. 965 b. elaphus Linnzus 967 c. atlanticus Lénnberg 967 d. scoticus Lénnberg . 968 e. hispanicus Hilzheimer . 969 f. corsicanus Erxleben. 969 2. Dama Hamilton Smith 970 1. dama Linnzus . 970 3. Capreolus Gray 972 1. capreolus Linneus. 973 a. capreolus Linnezus . 974 b. transsylvanicus Matschie 975 c. canus Miller . 975 d. thotti Lénnberg. 975 4, Alces Gray . 976 1. alees Linneus . . . 978 5. Rangifer Hamilton Smith | 979 1. tarandus Linneus . 980 2. fennicus Lénnberg. . 981 8. platyrhynchus Vrolik . 985 Famity BOVIDA. 986 1, Ovis Linneus 986 1. musimon Pallas 987 2. Capra Linnzus 988 1. ibex Linnzus 989 2. pyrenaica Schinz 989 a. pyrenaica Schinz 990 b. lusitanica Franca 991 c. victoriz Cabrera. 991 d. hispanica Schimper. 991 3. egagrus Erxleben 992 3. Page aie nea Blainville 992 1. rupicapra Linneus 993 2. ornata Neumann . . 994 3. pyrenaica Bonaparte . 995 4, parva Cabrera 995 APPENDIX. Crocidura ichnuse Festa . 998 Evotomys glareolus norvegicus— cranial measurements . . 999 Spalax — Forms pi by Méhely. . . 1000 CATALOGUE OF THE LAND-MAMMALS OF WESTERN EUROPE. Orper INSECTIVORA. 1827. Insectivora Gray, Griffith's Cuvier, Anim. Kingd., v, p. 100. Geographical distribution—Africa (including Madagascar), 4 Europe, Asia (including the Malay Archipelago), North America, Greater Antilles, and extreme north-western portion of South America. Characters.—Terrestrial, non volant, placental mammals with low development of brain, the cerebral hemispheres without convolutions ; teeth of a primitive or modified tuberculo-sectorial type, the posterior upper premolar and anterior lower molar never specially modified as carnassials. Remarks.—The mammals of this order present such diversity of form and structure that it is difficult to frame any definition by which all members of the group may be invariably recognized by skeletal or external characters. Ten families of Insectivora are currently recognized, three of them occurring in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FAMILIES OF INSECTIVORA. Dentition of a semi-crushing type: first and second upper molars with four subequal cusps, their styles and commissures rudimentary; sutures in skull persistent; a large external pterygoid plate; zygo- matic arch complete, heavy. (In Kuropean species back covered with spines.) (Hedgehogs)............ Erinaceide, p. 114. Dentition of a strictly sectorial type: first and second upper molars with three or four cusps strongly contrasted in size, their styles and commissures highly developed and forming an important func- tional part of tooth; sutures in skull mostly dis- appearing early in life; no external pterygoid plate; zygomatic arch slender or incomplete. (Back covered with soft, dense fur.) Anterior lower incisor greatly elongated in axis of jaw; mandibular articulation double; zygoma absent ; floor of brain-case with large lateral vacuities ; no auditory bulla; general form mouse-like, the neck evident; external ear present (Shrews)...... Soricidz, p. 28, B 2 INSECTIVORA Anterior lower incisor not elongated in axis of jaw; mandibular articulation single (normal); zygoma present ; floor of brain-case bony throughout ; a small auditory bulla; general form not mouse- like, the neck concealed between the greatly enlarged shoulders; no external ear (Moles and : Desmans) ......:.sscsescseseesoereceseensseenaeenes bee acta Talpide, p. 2. Teeth in front of molars sharply differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the upper incisors small, sub-equal; front feet highly modified for burrowing, the palms everted ; tail scarcely as long as head (Moles) Talpine, p. 2. Teeth in front of molars not differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the inner upper incisor greatly enlarged, vertical, trenchant; front feet not modified for burrow- ing (habits aquatic), the palms in normal position ; tail (in European members of the group) longer than head and body (Desmans) Desmanine, p. 20. Famity TALPIDA. 1825. Talpide Gray, Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, xxvi, p. 339. Geographical distribution North temperate portions of Old and New Worlds; in Europe south to the Mediterranean coast and west to England. Characters.—Skull long and narrow, strongly tapering an- teriorly, most of its sutures disappearing early in life ; zygomatic arch complete, slender ; floor of brain-case completely ossified ; tympanic bone attached to skull, forming a flattened bulla ; mandible with single articulation, the glenoid surface normal ; no external pterygoid plate ; crowns of upper molars low, much narrower internally than externally, the paracone and metacone near middle of crown, the commissures and styles well developed and forming with corresponding portions of lower teeth an effective cutting apparatus; body heavy, cylindrical, the short neck concealed between the greatly developed shoulders ; eye minute, often covered by the integument ; snout much elongated, terete or depressed ; no external ear. Remarks.—The members of the family Talpide are at once recognizable among European mammals by the great development of the shoulder girdle and apparent absence of neck, the auditory orifice seeming to lie at the shoulder. Though excessively modified in general form the Talpidz are much less specialized than the Soricidz in the more fundamental characters of skull and teeth. The family is divisible into several very distinct groups or sub- families, two of which are represented in Europe. In one of these the animals are specially adapted to subterranean habits ; in the other they are modified for aquatic life. Sus-Famity TALPINA. Geographical distribution—Temperate portions of Europe and Asia, from England to Japan; in Europe south to the Mediter- ranean coast. TALPA 3 Characters.—Teeth in front of molars sharply differentiated by form into incisors, canines, and premolars, the incisors, both above and below, small, sub-equal, chisel-shaped, the upper canine large, strongly trenchant ; external form highly modified for subterranean life, the greatly enlarged orbicular front feet with palms permanently turned outward, the hind feet much smaller, not peculiar in form ; tail short ; muzzle terete. Remarks.—This group, composed of the true moles of the Old World, and specially characterized by the relatively primi- tive condition of the anterior teeth, is represented by four or five genera, one of which occurs in Europe. Genus TALPA Linnezus. 1758. Talpa Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 52. Type species.—Talpa europea Linneus. Geographical distribution.—Europe and western and central Asia. Eastern limits of range not known. Characters.—Dental formula: i$, c}=t, pm =i, m3 = 44. Upper premolars small, distinctly spaced, showing no tendency to become imbricated. Lower canine slightly but evidently differentiated from incisors in size and form ; auditory bulla very slightly inflated, its outlines usually indistinct, the meatus small, sub-circular ; external form strictly talpine ; ear-conch absent ; eye minute, often covered by the skin. Remarks.—The genus Talpa contains half a dozen or more species. Four of these occur in Europe, one of them generally distributed, the three others confined to the Mediterranean region. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF TALPA. Greatest diameter of m! about 4 mm.; three lower molars together about 8 mm. (vicinity of ROME)! - seevsiesiarivascsusaneaarians seeecwerasvcdesineder esr T. romana, p. 18. Greatest diameter of m! about 3 mm.; three lower molars together about 7 mm. or less. Condylobasal length of skull 33 to 37 mm. (dis- tribution general) ..........cccceseeeeeseeeetenenecees T. curopexa, p. 3. Condylobasal length of skull 29 to 32 mm. ; (southern). Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over front of last molar (Italian)...........-.-.++ T. cxea, p. 15. Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over : : middle of second molar (Iberian) ............ T. occidentalis, p. 15, TALPA EUROPA Linneus. 1758. [Talpa] europea Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 52 (Sweden). 1766. Talpa frisius P. L. S. Miiller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.-Band, p. 36 (Ostfriesland). 1772. (Talpa] caudata Boddaert, Kortbegrip van het zamenstel der Natuur, 1, p. 50 (Renaming of europea). ' Ba 4 INSECTIVORA 1777. [Talpa europza] « albo-maculata Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., 1, p. 117 (Ostfriesland). 1785. [Talpa] vulgaris Boddaert, Elenchus Anim., 1, p. 126 (Europe). 1789. [Talpa ewropxa] B variegata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 13th ed., p. 110 (Sweden). 1789. [Talpa europea] y alba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 18th ed., p. 110 (Sweden). 1789. Talpa europea «cinerea Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 13th ed., p. 110 (Hifel, Germany). : 1792. Talpa europ[wa] nigra Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 200 (Renaming of europea). 1797. Talpa europea rufa Blorkhausejn, Der Zoologe (Compendiose Biblio- thek gemeinniitzigsten Kenntnisse fiir alle Stinde, pt. xx1), Heft v-vu, p. 13 (Southern France). 1836. Talpa europxa flavescens Reichenbach, Pracht.-gemeinn. der Sdugeth. des In- und Auslandes, fig. 473 (Saxony). 4852. Talpa europxza albida Reichenbach, Vollstindigste Naturgesch. des In- und Auslandes, Iv, p. 336 (Germany). 1852. Talpa ewropea lutea Reichenbach, Vollstindigste Naturgesch. des In- und Auslandes, Iv, p. 336 (Germany). 1857. Talpa ewropea Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 109. 1869. Talpa europea, flavescens Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, tix, pt. 1, p. 400. 1869. Talpa’ europea, maculata Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lix, pt. 1, p. 401 (Renaming of albo-maculata). 1869. Talpa ewropea 5 grisea Fitzinger, Sitzunsgber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, L1x, pt. 1, p. 403 (synonym of cinerea wrongly attributed to Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., 11, p. 390, 1780, where vernacular name only is used). 1897. [Talpa] scalops Schulze, Abh. u. Vortr. Gesammtb. Naturw. Iv, no. 10, p.19. (Substitute for ewropaa.) 1910. Talpa europea Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 61. Type locality.— Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution—Europe from Great Britain and the Channel Islands eastward, and from the Mediterranean coast to Scotland and central Sweden. Diagnosis._Size medium (hind foot about 18 mm., condylo- basal length of skull rarely less than 33 mm.) ; skull with orbit rather long, so that distance from posterior border of orbit to posterior border of anteorbitai foramen is about equal to that from latter point to front of first premolar or back of canine ; teeth of moderate size, the length of upper tooth-row (exclusive of incisors) less than 14 mm., the greatest diameter of m} about 3 mm.; mesostyle of m? and m entire or with apex slightly notched. External characters——General form highly modified for sub- terranean burrowing habits, the neck so short that the conical head with much produced snout appears to be joined directly, between the very large, everted front feet, to broad, powerful shoulders, behind which the unusually long, nearly cylindrical body tapers gradually to somewhat weak and narrow pelvic region. Fur dense and velvety, the hairs all of the same length, TALPA 5 about 12 mm. long throughout body, shorter on head. Muzzle pad well developed, slightly wider than high, its entire margin free, the upper edge folded back and with a deep narrow median emargination, the whole surface finely and evenly rugose. Behind pad the skin of the muzzle is naked and wrinkled along median line above, the exact size and form of the naked area varying in different individuals, but its length usually about 7 mm., its breadth anteriorly equal to greatest diameter of pad, that posteriorly somewhat less. Under side of upper lip with deep median groove extending forward to muzzle-pad. Eyes excessively minute, less than 1 mm. in diameter, in some individuals completely covered by the integument, in others with a pin-hole aperture.* No external ear, the meatus about 2°5 mm. in diameter. Legs so short that scarcely more than the feet project beyond general integument of body. This is particularly true of the front legs, which are entirely concealed to wrist. Front feet very large, the palms orbicular, permanently turned outward, their surface naked, finely and evenly tuberculo-reticu- late, without trace of pads. Toes, five, each armed with a long, slightly-curved nail broadly grooved along under surface, that of fifth digit not so large as the others. Third digit longest, second and fourth sub-equal and slightly shorter, first and fifth slightly shorter than second and fourth. Hind foot short, somewhat triangular in outline, broad through base of toes but narrowing rapidly toward heel, the five toes with well developed, curved, but not flattened claws, much less enlarged than those of front foot ; second, third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, fifth and first successively shorter, soles naked, reticulate, with five rudimentary tubercles at bases of digits, and a fifth near middle of inner margin, its anterior extremity projecting so as to suggest a supplemental (clawless) toe. Dorsum of pes thinly clothed, the hairs at its edge forming a slight fringe. Tail thickened and fleshy, about 14 times as long as hind foot, subterete but somewhat compressed, much constricted basally ; scales arranged in rather irregular rings, of which there are about twelve to the centimeter at middle; hairs of tail sparse, not concealing rings, sometimes forming a thin pencil. Mamme: p2—2; i2-2=B. Colour.—Fur everywhere dark slaty grey, sometimes almost blackish, at others more nearly a dark smoke-grey, the hairs everywhere with a noticeable metallic or purplish iridescence ; underparts sometimes a little less dark than back, and occa- sionally with a yellowish brown suffusion ; tail concolor with body. Skull—The skull is long and narrow, tapering gradually forward from middle of brain-case, the widest region, to just behind canines, the extreme tip of rostrum widening a little, the zygomatic arches not standing out beyond general contour. * Much confusion has been caused by the supposition that the presence or absence of this minute aperture is a specific or racial character. 6 INSECTIVORA Outline when viewed from the side long wedge-shaped, rounded off posteriorly. Surface of skull smooth, except for a slight sagittal crest, present in old individuals along course of parietal suture, and a crest-like elevation extending forward and outward from antero-external angle of interparietal along edge of slightly inflated mastoid region, and terminating anteriorly in a slightly pointed projection. Brain-case with posterior margin nearly semi- circular to projecting points already mentioned, then abruptly conical to back of interorbital region, its outline when viewed from behind fusiform, a little less than half as deep as wide; condyles slightly projecting, but not noticeably breaking general posterior outline. Interparietal large, strap-shaped, slightly convex in front, similarly concave behind, the lateral extremities squarely truncate, its antero-pos- terior diameter about one-third transverse diameter. Its anterior and lateral sutures remain visible, but the lambdoid suture is nearly obliterated early in life, though its position is usually marked by a slight ridge representing the lambdoid crest. Base of brain- case smooth, without conspicuous ridges, furrows or open spaces, the bones for the most part some- what inflated ; two ill-defined pits in surface of basioccipital in front of foramen magnum; a shallow, broadly triangular median furrow between the low, flattened bulle, the sub-circular, slightly triangu- lar outline of which is sometimes distinctly indicated, but more often very obscure; auditory meatus small, nearly circular. Inner pterygoid plate small but well developed, the hamulars short, turned slightly outward; mesopterygoid space much narrower posteriorly than anteriorly, its greatest breadth less than half length, its length much more than width of palate between posterior molars, its anterior border broadly rounded ; region outside pterygoid plate inflated and with low but distinct longitudinal ridge, convergent anteriorly with that forming edge of mesopterygoid space. Interorbital region sub-cylindrical, dis- tinctly expanded at middle. Rostrum narrower and somewhat abruptly lower than interorbital region, its narrowest point just behind canines; nares with evident posterior emargination. Anteorbital foramen moderately large, its posterior border over metastyle of m?, the plate forming outer wall of canal usually much narrower than foramen Lachrymal foramen above anteor- Talpa europea. Nat. size. TALPA 7 bital foramen and slightly in front of its middle; its orifice over metastyle of m'. Temporal fossa rather large, the distance from its posterior border to posterior border of anteorbital foramen equal to that from latter point to front of first premolar or back of canine. Palate moderately broad, without special peculiarities of form, terminating posteriorly, a little behind m°, in a slightly raised crescentic ridge ; a vacuity about as large as the minute incisive foramen on each side of palate opposite space between m! and m?. Mandible rather slender, the ramus curved downward near middle and upward posteriorly, the angular process nearly on level with alveolar line. Coronoid process large, its broadly rounded off extremity rising considerably above articular level, its height above alveolar line about equal to least breadth of posterior segment of mandible. Articular process slender, the single articular surface small, normal in position. Angular process slightly longer than articular process, and distinctly broader, forming an obliquely-set plate directed almost horizon- tally backward, the extremity slightly hooked upward. Teeth.—In proportion to the size of the skull the teeth are moderately large, their general aspect noticeably trenchant. Upper Pa incisors simple, chisel - shaped, iw perpendicular, forming a strongly convex row between canines, their height equal, but their breadth ( diminishing regularly from first to third ; crowns of first and second Q usually in contact, that of third Q separated by a slight space from if) second and from canine. Lower incisors projecting somewhat obliquely for- ward, essentially similar to the upper teeth in form, but smaller and narrower. Upper canine large, two- rooted,* the height of ‘the shaft greater than thatofany of the other teeth, and fully equal to anterior breadth of palate; shaft wider ante- riorly than posteriorly, with antero-internal longitudinal Fre. 2. groove, and highly deve- Talpa europea. Teeth X 5. loped, slightly concave pos- ; terior cutting edge. Lower canine very small, resembling a fourth incisor, but with shaft conical instead of chisel-shaped, TERZI~ * The roots of this tooth as well as those of the small premolars are distinctly visible in old individuals. 8 INSECTIVORA and set in the jaw at a slightly different angle posterior surface of shaft with well developed longitudinal ridge. First, second and third upper premolars two-rooted, small, their points on level with those of incisors and inner cusps of molars, their crowns separated from each other as well as from canine and large premolar by narrow equal spaces ; crowns rather higher than long, compressed, with slightly developed posterior cutting edge, narrowly triangular in outline when viewed from the side, the first more slender than the others, the second and third with slight though evident postero- external angle on cutting edge. Fourth premolar essentially like the other three in form, but much larger and three-rooted, the length of crown greater in proportion to height ; no secondary cusps. Lower premolars two-rooted, similar to the upper teeth in form, the second and third the same size as smaller upper premolars, the first nearly as large as pm*, but narrower, owing to absence of third root, the fourth intermediate. Upper molars with crowns much wider externally than internally, and completely divided into two unequal sections by a deep longitudinal groove passing between protocone and bases of paracone and metacone. Protocone large, its posterior com- missure extending in line parallel to sagittal plane, and ending abruptly at posterior edge of crown, near which it is slightly thickened, its anterior commissure similar though shorter, but usually showing some trace of thickening,* particularly in m?. Paracone and metacone sub-equal in m? and m°, the metacone the larger in the former, the paracone in the latter. In m! the metacone is about double the size of paracone, and is the largest and highest cusp of the upper molar series, its posterior cutting edge and long commissure functioning with similarly enlarged protoconid of m,. Styles and outer commissures well developed in m? and forming a distinct \W-pattern; mesostyle entire or with apex slightly notched. In m}! the parastyle is reduced to a minute though usually evident cusplet on the cingulum, and the mesostyle to a thickening or angle in commissure connecting the two main cusps; metastyle well developed.t In m* the parastyle, mesostyle and their commis- sures are well developed, metastyle and fourth commissure absent ; mesostyle with apex usually bifid. Middle lower molar largest, its protoconid the highest cusp in the series. First lower molar broader posteriorly than anteriorly, second and third slightly broader anteriorly than posteriorly, the two triangles essentially alike in form. Metaconid of m, low, scarcely more * The thickenings vary considerably in different individuals. Occasion- ally they are obsolete, but more frequently they are so well developed as to form an evident protoconule and metaconule, the latter always the larger of the two. t+ In this tooth there is no anterior \/, the outer surface of paracone essontially resembling that of pm* except for its smaller size. TALPA 9 than a slight thickening of the cingulum. In the other teeth it is a well developed cusp nearly equal to entoconid. In all three teeth the outer cusps are noticeably higher than those of the inner row. Measurements.— Average and extremes of five males from Borrohol, Sutherland, Scotland: head and body, 148'4 (145- 152) ; tail, 26°8 (26-28) ; hind foot, 18-8 (18-19). Average and extremes of four females from the same locality : head and body, 135 (133-138) ; tail, 25-3 (24-28) ; hind foot, 17°5 (17-18). Average and extremes of five males from Solférino, Landes, France : head and body, 138 (134-142) ; tail, 26-2 (25-28) ; hind foot, 17-8 (17-18). Five females from the same locality: head and body, 128-6 (126-133) ; tail, 27:4 (25-29) ; hind foot, 17-2 (17-18). Average and extremes of six males from Lucinges, Haute-Savoie, France: head and body, 136°6 (132-140) ; tail, 24°8 (23-26); hind foot, 18:1 (17-19). Average and extremes of three males from Turin, Italy: head and body, 138-3 (123- 147); tail, 31 (27-34) ; hind foot, 19-2 (18-20). Average and extremes of eight males from the Dehesa de Valencia, Spain : head and body, 144°3 (135-165) ; tail, 26-6 (26-28) ; hind foot, 18-1 (18-19). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 12. Specimens examined.—Three hundred and ninety, from the following localities :— Scornanp: Borrohol, Sutherland, 9 (Wilson); Black Isle, Cromarty, 3; Cromarty,1; Gordonstown, Elgin,1; Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, 13 (Wilson) ; Cortachy, Forfar, 1 (Wilson) ; Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire, 1. Eneianp: Bowdon, Cheshire, 1; Altrincham, Chester, Cheshire, 1; Parsop, Hereford, 1; Lavenham, Suffolk, 1 (Wilson); Barrow, Suffolk, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Arley, Staffordshire, 1 (Wilson); Rugby, Warwickshire, 2; Warwickshire, no exact locality, 2; Fulbourn, Cambridge, 1; Holloway, Somersetshire, 2; Somersetshire, no exact locality,1; Banstead, Surrey, 2; Coombe, Surrey, 1; Cobham, Surrey, 2; Egham, Surrey, 2; Knockholt, Kent, 2; Bromley, Kent, 2; Devonshire, no exact locality, 3. Denmark: No exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Brxcium: Waremme, Liége, 3 (U.S.N.M.). France: Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 1; Pont-de-Briques, Pas-de-Calais, 1; Trinity, Jersey, 2; St. Lawrence, Jersey, 1; Barbizon, Seine-et-Marne, 2; Melun, Seine-et-Marne, 1 (Mottaz); Ligniéres, Charente, 1 (Mottaz); Huelgoat, Brittany, 1; Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Féret de Bouconne, Gers, 13; Solférino, Landes, 10; Caterille, Haute- Garonne, 10; Legouvin, Haute-Garonne, 3; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 3; Baréges, Hautes-Pyrénées, 5; l’Hospitalet, Ariége, 1; Porté, Pyrénées- Orientales, 3; St. Gilles, Gard, 1; Valescure, Var, 1; Agay, Var, 1; Etupes, Doubs, 3 (Mottaz); Lucinges, Haute-Savoie, 9; Montauban, Haute-Savoie, 15; Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 12. Spain: Pajares, Leon, 2; Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos, 9; Castaiares, Burgos, 8; Lérida, 1; Barracas, Castellon, 24; Catarroja, Valencia, 4; Dehesa de Valencia, Valencia, 17. Germany : Konigsberg,4(U.S.N.M.) ; Moritzburg, Saxony, 8 (U.S.N.M); Ummerstadt, Thiiringen, 3; Brunswick, 15 (U.S.N.M.); Aachen, 9 (U.S.N.M.); Bremen, 1; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 4; Strass, near Burg- heim, Bavaria, 7; Niesky, Silesia, 1; Kalbe, Saale, 2; Magdeburg, Saxony, 1; Strassburg, 3. Ausrria-Huneary: Csall6kéz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 2; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 2. 10 INSECTIVORA Roumania: Bustenari, Prahova, 1; Comana, Vlasca, 1; Bucharest, 1 (Genoa). Bouxuearia: Sofia, 1 (Andersen). SwirzERLanpD: Geneva, 15 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Lausanne, Vaud, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Les Plans, Vaud, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Chesiéres, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz) ; Andermatt, Uri, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Mirren, 1; Thurgau, 1; Oberhasli Valley, 1; St. Gallen, 3; Rheinthal, St. Gallen, 2; Degersheim, St. Gallen, 3; Gossau, St. Gallen, 3; Untervatz. Grisons, 1; Breganzona, Ticino, 1; Cortivallo, Ticino, 6 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.) ; Comano, Ticino, 2 (U.S.N.M.) ; Lugano, Ticino, 4 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Muzzano, Ticino, 2 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Sorengo, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Cremignone, Ticino, 1. Irany: Turin, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Certosa di Pesio, Cuneo, 1 (Genoa) ; Parma, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Gozzano, Novara, 3 (Genoa); Frugarolo, Ales- sandria, 4 (Genoa) ; Vaccarezza, 1 (Genoa) ; Perti, Finalborgo, 10 (Genoa) ; Florence, 10 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.——With the possible exception of certain bats, the common mole shows less tendency to vary geographically than any other European mammal of equally wide range. 26. Black Isle, Cromarty, Scot- W. R. Ogilvie- 11.1. 3. 62-63. land. Grant (P). %. Gordonstown, Elgin. W. R. Ogilvie- 11.1. 3. 66. Grant (P). é. Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire. E. R. Alston (Pp). 79. 9. 25. 3. ?. Parsop, Herefordshire, Eng- E.A. Denny (Pp). 11.1. 3. 67. land. 264, Rugby, Warwickshire. E. E. Austen (p). 11.1. 3. 64-65. 2. Warwickshire. Tomes Collection. 7.1, 1. 17-18. g. Fulbourn, Cambridgeshire. 11. 1. 3. 71. 2al. Holloway, Somerset. H. King (P). 58. 4. 22, 1-2 2. Somerset. (Hiigel.) E.R. Alston (P). 79. 9. 25. 5-6. 2al. Cobham, Surrey. Dr. Leach (P). lal.1. Egham, Surrey. F. Heiss (p). 58. 1. 2, 1-2. ?. Knockholt, Kent. W. Blackwell (p). 11.1. 3. 61. 2é6.al. Bromley, Kent. H.E. Rawson (p). 81. 4. 2. 1-2. 3.6. Devonshire. Oxley Grabham 11.1. 3. 68-70. P). 26. Trinity, Jersey, Channel @ themwe (P). 8. 9, 2, 3-4. Islands. (R. H. Bunting.) . St. Lawrence, Jersey. Mrs. Power (P). 8,13. 17.1, é. Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 80 ft. O.Thomas(c&p). 94, 6. 6. 19. France. 3. Pont-de-Briques, Pas-de- O.Thomas(c&pP). 98.1.9. 3. Calais. é. Huelgoat, Brittany, 600 ft. O. Thomas (c&p). 92.9. 5.1. 26,2%. Forét de Bouconne, Gers, O. Thomas (Pp). 6. 4. 1. 28-31. 250m. (A. Robert.) 24, 22. ee Landes. (A. Ro- O. Thomas (r). 6, 4. 1. 32-35. ert. : 26,2%. Caterille, Haute - Garonne, O. Thomas (P). 6. 4. 1. 24-27, 900-1000 m. (A. Robert.) 24,%. Luchon, Haute-Garonne. O. Thomas (P.) 6. 4, 1, 21-23, (A. Robert.) 24,19, Baréges, Hautes-Pyrénées. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 129-132. 3. L’Hospitalet, Ariége. (Ad. O. Thomas (P). 8. 9. 1. 38. Robert.) g. Porté, Pyrénées-Orientales. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 133. 23 Porté, Pyrénées - Orientales, O. Thomas (P). 8. 9. 1. 86-37. 1600-1700 m. (A. Robert.) é. Valescure, Var. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 184. bo Dm PH sooo a +0 Agay, Var. TALPA Montauban, Haute - Savoie, 1000 m. Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 900 m. Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 909-1200 m. Robert.) Pajares, Leon, Gonzalez. France. (A. Spain. (N. Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos, Spain. Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos. Lérida, Spain. (N. Gonzalez.) Barracas, Castellon. (N.Gon- zalez.) Catarroja, Valencia. (N. Gon- zalez.) Dehesa de Valencia, Val- (N. Gonzalez.) Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Ger- encia. many. Ummerstadt, (Schuchardt.) Ummerstadt, (Schuchardt.) Thiiringen. Thiiringen. Strass, Burgheim, Bavaria. (Korbitz.) Strass, Burgheim, Bavaria. (Korbitz.) Niesky, Silesia. Kalbe, Saale. Kalbe, Saale. (W. Baer.) W. Bauer. W. Bauer. Magdeburg, Saxony. (Wolter- storff.) Strassburg, Alsace. az. Csall6k6z-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary. (C. Mot- Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transyl- vania, Hungary. Bustenari, Prahova, Rouma- nia. (W. Dodson.) Comana, Vlasca, Roumania. Miirren, Switzerland. Thurgau, 400 m. Switzerland. (EZ. H. Zollikofer.) Oberhasli Valley, Switzerland. (Koeserman.) St. Gallen, 650 land. (#. H. m. Switzer- Zollikofer). Breganzona, Ticino, Switzer- land. (£. H. Cortivallo, Zollikofer). Lugano, Ticino, Muzzano, Zollikofer). Cremignone, Ticino. Zollikofer). Ticino. Ticino. Zollikofer). (E. H. 300 m. (E. (E. H. G. 8. Miller (c). A. Robert (c & P). A. Robert (c & P). O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (P). G. 5. Miller (c). N. Gonzalez Ne O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (P). CG. Hilgert (c). Lord Lilford (P). Lord Lilford (P). Lord Lilford (r). Lord Lilford (P). Dr. EH, Hamilton we : Lord Lilford (e). Lord Lilford ie P Lord Lilford O. Thomas (P). Budapest Museum (2). CG. G. Danford (c). Lord Lilford (z). Lord Lilford (e). W. Girtner (P). O. Thomas (P). Tomes Collection. O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (c & P). O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (P). 11 8. 8. 4. 135. 97.1.9. 1. 5. 4. 4.1.5, 4, 9. 3-5, 5. 11. 18. 1-8. 8, 2. 9, 26-27. 8. 8. 4, 20-21. 8.7.7. de, 8. 2.9, 28. 8. 2. 9. 29-40. 8, 2. 9. 12-15. 8. 2. 9, 17-25. 8.11. 2. 11-14. 11.1.1.115-116. 11. 1.1. 137. 11.1.1. 1-4. 11.1.1.182-134. 97, 12. 4.18. 11.1.1. 5. 11, 1. 1. 136. 11.1.1. 135. 8. 8. 10. 10-11. 94. 3.1. 27-28. 3. 2. 2, 20-21, 4.4, 6. 13. 4. 4.6.14. 92. 10. 5. 3. 4. 4. 5. 26, 7.1. 1. 180. 4. 4. 5, 23-25. 2. 8. 4. 17. 2. 8. 4. 15. 2.7.1.1. 2. 8. 4. 16. 2. 8. 4, 20. CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF TALPA EUROPAIA. 12 INSECTIVORA . j i r < Bi g = ge q or, fos eS, p Oo. Os ed gid Fa of ne: g ee gheee ome fe Be ee g @ FORGE ‘oe oF ‘Oe 2 3 S hE be bh b> Bb. Sm . ab. oS & 262 oo el « RR OR Bo Se ee Pe SR Ea Fe > a qaeo oe aqae2 Ce) og Bn og Aodo dA md Oo io] ps] 3 gS Sw SB 9 op 3. 9. oo S| A @Gadda ao AG acd acd co! ~ oes * 288244 4 aoe %~_ eS ES SS oD a ~ a eh a | H Boe Qa. oda. af o's Oo) 3 aah Om 78 8S Sa aq $ 4 g go qo eo 8930S wo -.4 who . g 2 280 -< & O Be ates ato Bch ca on Bn RIS mi SZ :8e5*8s 8 agd es ral Fg A Ome Of BF SVR We. 38 3 ss = ee FQ ne o ao! rg = q q g 2 i os 5 3 2 ® @ 3 8 a Cy fal wD ca) Oo & i ig d Dees 2h FAB Fae ab g DPD mobhAROmRA Om 9 SSPSSSESSES F cB a@pakarhaek he thas ASHSQGESGEZ F edOsoDgde ode A Bomosowgs Po Haas GA aad a ” ” TALPA 13 g g ge £ FI fo} o . Oo , oO » fo} B Bd Bd Bd 2 Ps hod ho RO bm @ af Se oe = SE aaa ae 3 » a PX] Aas @ 96 SF eh... ...8 2888 3 E.G 0G08 “""*F**QGS EGE as! arg OO rg od Fo 9 6 Os om @ de 6 8 f#o as sasad aadada ” ’ ” AODONANHADODONHANAN I SY YY Gy Gc GY GY 6g HG cg cm oH co Ss Be Oe ee Oe OD OP OOASCDHATDOSSCOANAGCON GI GR GY GY a9 Cg 64 GY Ga CH Ga GH oO ch C9 C9 cD SHDDOADHAOWDOOADAH GY CY YG om 4 GY cg a OD oO a GH GD GD 5 Oe OO WOANDSDADAAATADODANASCH BAD A QA cao dao APDOADOOOMWMOAHANOHAA dod OOumMHdHm HAMMAN ANAANANAAANANANAANAA DOONDAASDHTAOAADONAS wi wi aaAndagqag dod aouaaa RANKNAANNNRANNAAANAAA DDDOODNDODAHONADOO SH SH SH SH cH HOLD cH cH HD SH 10 19.10 101 HDDS PDDDODAHODANDOOD SHH 948 ° wa i jBaE oe Hm ;E a STEdada = :- g ae g g 83 ¢g 3 SF agg og 3 | mB bon 2 seb 2B SB Ph se Bh 2s cB hE PBB 2 eee ee Cbs 4 BBs Cage CBSE Se a BS : Ea a Fog 34 al od aq SoS Fg 5 | Sse So 8S sm 8h BSSsSe Pish é aadad fa 8 8 ad Aad Hadada ddad po Sa 2S Sa Pas Be Sah ea ag, Re ge A eee ® BR “(qjosaye :earjUa) | ADANOHADDAD CO ANDODODODDONDOONHOWDOOHO MOI-Y}O0} on oD cD Ks nD MAMA M MA MaMa MHA adm Am cM oO IeNqipueye SABRE SSASSS Ss Sea ASS SS SS SaaS SsaAaASsa *(S108}OUT JO ADDODHNADOOO A DOCHAANGCHOOOWODASCAAHAO DAISN[OXO) ALO MAMMAMAAcGaG Ow Gy 6 da co 6 cm OD GY a9 GY Cy a GY Ca GR GY Gp GY aD co -qQ00} Areyrxem, | AAA AAA aad ee CORES TOS Le! SOS OMAN SONOS SS eT ODTeeo “oTqipue ye ADAN Ano co AAANMMMHANAHMHMMNATAHHMNMD ANANANNNAAIANANANANAANANANANATAA “SOUIUBDS IBAO wapeasg [eI}SOy SADVONSCDHODS 1D 1B 1g WA O16 HH He 5:0 | 23-0 DODDODONDDDNDNSDSESWMONSOS SH WH Hi 10 19 19 HH HH 10 19 19 1 HA HD “yypverq Teqqiosequr qsoqeorg HOWMODONOOMH DDDDEDDDEOD DOCHMANAGODODDNADHWHOONDOOANN DDDDDDAr-DDDNDDNDDDDDODD “eT Ysno.1y} ase -ureaq Jo ydoq ADODAWADSOOSD SSSSSSoagne daonnn HONSOSSPOAANOSOWHMWOAHA SSONSOHNASSOSSONSOROSS doannn esvo-OreIq JO YP pPRag WONONOOWNODSO Orouvworvovwvooro Sr Be Oe Oe ee ee 17°6 | 10°0 | 8-4 CHADONHADONDANANGDOANANOCON ODO ErErErMODOOOrFrrrovoorrE Se oe OO “YypBalq O1geulosAz ADAANG AAHS aAnaaga aaaa Se oe oe oe OCDDONODHOSODOAWHADHONA qaNAQqQagqunAdAaaadaqdaa ee Oe "Ysu9 TeseqorApuoy ONDONNODDOOSO OO OD HH O19 OD HH O10 OH) CD OD 6 6D GD CD CD CO CD CID 36°0 @ . ii AOHOODODONOCHHOONOOOKN mH OD SH O10 OD GD 6D CD oD CD OH DHOOM MADDY OD CD CD CD OD 6 OD OD OD CD a CD OD oD 8 s0 *0 0 60 60 $0 SO OF OF SO OF FO SO OF OF SO 40 $0 SO OF OF OF OF £0 £0 “0 40 OF OF Ot 40 f0 Ot EWdADORBOLDROMANAM a LOHAHDOMEAN GA ANVAAHDHANDHAHAAAANAAA a SEN RBRSSBGG MK KEK ddddadadddTccIdada 5 BS OQSSSSS aici HNP ai ci cl oi ai ol ai al ai ai ai ai al ai oi ol of a BH OD OOO SS HSHSOSHHHSHSH HHS aren 8 So Ft eB ee ee, eS oles Bok q nem a oN OR S x . . e ae . qd 3 2 4 s OSs Se S 23 2 cos woe (eae arg SS a3 es ee as ee ks 3 2s Oo "sd 0 a re q 4 > Ss 8 o 2 L058 wa > = rod Hos oO a = & 3S oO 5 _ 3 oO cS} al 3 o oy 3 uo} = H a Hem GREE PRR eRe ete ees * BE q Onna ae "PL by a5 bo ee Oe ee g g $ gS sa 3 Q aq an & i o o es ie Qa 4 fas a a n TALPA 15 TALPA CECA Savi. 1822. Talpa ceca Savi, Nuovo Giorn. de’ Letterati, Pisa, 1, p. 265. 1857. Talpa cxca Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 115. 1906. Talpa ceca Camerano, Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp. della R. niv. di Torino, xx1, No. 530, p. 1, June 22, 1906. | 1910, Talpa ceca Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 63. Type locality Mountains near Pisa, Italy. Geographical distribution—Mediterranean region, eastward into Asia Minor ; details of distribution not known. Diagnosis.—Smaller than Talpa europza (condylobasal length of skull, 29-32 mm. instead of 33-37 mm.) and skull with narrower rostrum and palate (breadth of rostrum over canines about 4 mm. instead of 4:6-5 mm.) ; temporal fossa shortened, the distance from its posterior margin to posterior margin of anteor- bital foramen about equal to distance from latter point to second premolar ; anteorbital foramen large, its posterior border over front of last molar, the plate forming outer wall of canal a slender, terete thread ; teeth small, the length of upper tooth-row (exclusive of incisors), 11-12 mm.; mesostyle of m? and m? with apex deeply notched (this character not visible in specimens with much worn teeth). Measurements.— Average and extremes of five specimens from Cortivallo, Ticino, Switzerland : head and body, 133-8 (125-142) ; tail, 25-2 (21-30) ; hind foot (dry), 15:6 (15-16). Average and extremes of three specimens from Reggello, Tuscany, Italy (in alcohol): tail, 23+6 (22-25) ; hind foot, 14:7 (14:4-15°5). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 17. Specimens examined.—T wenty-five, from the following localities :— SWwitzERLAND: Agmizzo, Ticino, 1; Bellinzona, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Breganzona, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Canabbio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Corti- vallo, Ticino, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Lonvico, Ticino, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Lugano, Ticino, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Muzzano, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Origlio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sorengo, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Stabio, Ticino, 1. Ivany: Regello, Tuscany, 4 (U.S.N.M.); N.S. della Vittoria, Ligurian Appenines, 1 (Genoa) ; no exact locality, 2. $, Agmizzo, Ticino, Switzerland. O. Thomas (P). 2. 8. 4, 18. (HE. H. Zollikofer.) é. Stabio, Ticino. (EH. H. Zol- O. Thomas (P). 2. 8. 4. 19. likofer.) 8,9 al. Italy. Dr. Riippell (c). 45. 7. 22. 32-33. TALPA OCCIDENTALIS Cabrera. 1907. Talpa ceca occidentalis Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XX, p. 212, September, 1907. Type in Cabrera collection. 1907. Talpa ceca occidentalis Cabrera, Bol, Real. Soc. Hspafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vir, p. 222, October, 1907. (For date see Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., 1, p. 189, February, 1908.) 1910. Talpa ceca occidentalis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 63. Type locality —La Granja, Province of Segovia, Spain. Geographical distribution—Iberian Peninsula. 16 INSECTIVORA Diagnosis.—Like Talpa ceca but skull rather robust, the breadth of rostrum over roots of canines usually more than 4 mm. ; anteorbital foramen contracted, its posterior border over mesostyle of m?, the plate forming outer wall of canal usually as wide as transverse diameter of foramen; crowns of molars appreciably enlarged (length of upper tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, frequently more than 13 mm.), but dentition otherwise as in Talpa ceca. Skull.—_The skull is somewhat larger and more robust than that of Talpa ceca, a character particularly noticeable in the greater width of rostrum and palate. In details of structure, however, it shows no striking peculiari- a, ties except in the form and position of “- the anteorbital foramen. This foramen SGT is noticeably smaller than in Talpa cca, and its posterior border lies over middle or front of second molar instead of over front cf third. The plate form- [A Sa ing outer wall of canal is wider and less co agin thread-like than in Talpa ceca. Zygoma about as long as in Talpa ceca, but Po ests: , owing to the different position of pos- ae? Seaeuale demein onc terior border of anteorbital foramen; the Nat. size. distance from this point to posterior edge of temporal fossa equals that from foramen to canine, or even in one exceptional instance, to outer incisor. Teeth_—The upper molars are distinctly larger than those of Talpa ceca, but otherwise the teeth show no peculiarities. Measurements——Type (from Cabrera): head and body, 102; tail, 24; hind foot, 15°5. Average and extremes of five specimens from La Granja, Segovia, Spain (in spirit, body contracted): head and body, 101°6 (98-107); tail, 25°6 (25-27) ; hind foot, 16-4 (16-17). Adult male from’ Galicia : head and body, 112; tail, 26; hind foot, 15:4. Two males from Cintra, Portugal: head and body, 118 and 120; tail, 26 and 26; hind foot, 16 and 17. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 17. Specimens examined.—Ten, from the following localities :— Spain: Galicia, 1; La Granja, Segovia, 5. PortuGaL: Cintra, 4. lal. Galicia, Spain. Prof.Seoane (c&p). 94.1. 1. 23. 26,29al. La Granja, Segovia, M.delaEscalera(c). 8. 7. 80. 19-22. Spain. Skull. La Granja, Segovia. M.delaEscalera(c), 6.11. 4. 2. 26,1al. Cintra, Portugal. O.Thomas(c&P). 98.2. 2.8 9,58, 1 skull. 59. CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF TALPA C4iCA AND T. OCCIDENTALIS. TALPA | 17 | d og g -o -2 ° ° re ‘i | slat ae a me g PA F ee. cm 8 ge eo. 9 ; g : d B@gGFogF S88 Fg B 4 3 q me Bp hb BS Fhe ba ti eer $ | i) ae OSB om te RE Bo ap =O. E | 2 .:.gSPESae aS SP BS ay ? » " “ee 2 oS 2 536 #2 Fs) 2 2 fo} ot O-mt Orn = O rt ° a a ‘dh#addad 8H Ga a | aq + DR seer Rese Ra SS Aa eR gen aan ener Tarn” ae 2 ae gen aon ener Tere” A ‘(Hloaaje : eaqqua) SCOHDDODMDODNADDDDNAOH COHONDOW © MOI-TT}O04 A4ddsddddaddandad NOANAAAH + re[nqipuen, AAA AAA AAA SSSSsgaun a Roca ae SDHC UDDDNDODMDONDNO DOANADOH O BATSA[OXE) MOT AWA daAdad a HOaAaadad «a -1Y}004 ATVT[IXCTT a asa sp na ck a Ae banfiac poi eos ans ae ADOADOODWOWDANOD ooootonad o “eTqIpuryy SRDORBOORSOROWRONRBOOH SAH OOoD a AAAARAFAAAFAAAAAAAAH ANNNAAAS 4 area SPHDDODDDONOADASDSOO WONODNDOM O AO LHTY - sor Jo WypEarE SH oD cD Hop co co HHH HH HH Hc HHH Ho oH isu ADOANOBANDOOYWSOOS AKOONSOOD ws 1 qr ‘ qsaqnorg ROPER ER ORERE RR EEERK BEER EEEO © aioe DNODDOND DONODHONON ADOWANHON oH yasnosy asvo em ee a ee, le anyexd rormsdag AADAAG DIHRHABAG PIQRAAAD w -osto-urea ODONHS SABOSADOH = wPoSwoaooyw a jo (peg 1919.19 HID | 19.18 HN 1910 HD H 19 601091910 Hid H HH renee mans a nnn Ann n nnn “yapeerq ANADODOOONO OONDHO oyootoo fo) OIBUIOSAZ, HoSognoonS SCHOoe HAHA TA =) : BRAS Aen And AAA sadadad o “W8ueT COPDADDHAONANHODA SCOHOANNAS © 4Heenoscegousnonsdos ONnAHOHS wD Teseqolpuoy ASSALSRSASALASSS AMAA A om * . ¥ yoo. 8 +O *0 OF OF 80 0 0 60 £0 40 OF f0 tO to to orto oF O40 BE = oe, Aco B [colony oo aAaeCdADDS g THREE SAeSeseaaS 8 agcodceda E 3 VHRR RRNGARADANAS Re eer AGS 8 HMMA ADAH NN Sas ees LAA A 5 BONAHANAAAHAARED aeere.. zy 2 SAA de : ae on an ti SCHDDDAAMD et oe is & $408 we Na A a Bs S @q aa) at ° q n Se Cae Boks 5. g:08 & 4 # yi -Nugs °° qa aa 9 8 d OSS ase 2 oo g ea -3 aoe > RGHGSE ge Shes eo gz e 2 8B wons fe) Roc -~ Bog 5 ‘a 3 2SAAO HH s0Oav ¢ 3 8 faa Sa Ge os a “a ee oe 5 oo y& Se 5 as 0.8 eS a a as og 7 a g ‘s eg 2 cad 3 ‘3 e E s Ss S mn ra n Ay * Permanent dentition not fully in place, 18 INSECTIVORA TALPA ROMANA Thomas. 1902. Talpa romana Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., x, p. 517, December, 1902. Type in British Museum. 1904. Talpa romana Camerano, Mem. Reale Accad. Sci. di Torino, 2nd ser., LIV, p. 81. 1910. Talpa romana Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, p. 64. Type locality—Ostia, Rome, Italy. Geographical distribution.— Vicinity of Rome, Italy. - Diagnosis.—Externally similar to Talpa europea but a trifle larger; skull and dentition more robust than in the related animal (greatest diameter of m! about 4 mm. ; length of upper tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, 14 to 15 mm.) ; mesostyle of all three upper molars bifid at tip. Skull and teeth—Except that it is rather more robust the skull does not differ appreciably from that of Talpa europea, though posterior base of zygoma appears to be usually situated somewhat further back. Teeth as in Talpa europea, but larger throughout, a difference particularly noticeable in the first upper molar and in the large lower cheek-teeth (the combined length of e FIG, 4, @ | Crown of molars in Valpa europea (a), and T. romana (b). x 5. these four teeth about 10 mm. instead of about 8 mm.). In form the teeth are similar to those of the related animal, but the mesostyle of m! is relatively as well as actually larger, and its tip is distinctly bifid, though not so deeply as in the succeeding teeth. Cingulum between outer bases of main cusps of lower molars better developed than in T. ewropxa, its edge frequently forming an evident cusp, especially in mz. Measurements. — External measurements of type (from Thomas): head and body, 126; tail, 29; hind foot, 19 (all measurements from skin). Four males from the vicinity of Rome (in alcohol): head and body, 138°3 (130-145) ; tail, 28°6 (27-30) ; hind foot, 19:6 (19-20). Three females from the same 19 TALPA s se 9-FT | B-FL | GGG | GG | S-L oa — |9-8T | 8-96] & | TSTSST - om &-CL | 9-FL | 0-93 | FS | FL | F-OT | 9-LT | B-FT | O-LE | P | OGTSST ‘aom Ayysys 0-sct | 0ST] 3-43} 3-S | 0-8 | F-0T| — | 0-FT | G-98 | & | 6FTBST ‘urom ATeyerepou =“ 8-FL | 8-FT | 3-93] F-G | 0-8 | O-TT | Q-AT | 8-€T | #9] P | SPTZET ‘uIOM Jonm =“ GPL | SPL | 9-76 | BG | 8-4 | O-OT] BAT | 9-EL) FE) & | LPTSST ey * G-ST | 8-FT | 8-66 | FG | B-8 | O-TT | GST | 9-FT | BLE} 2 | OPTZST : oy GST | 0-GI | 3-93 | F-G | O-8 | F-OL| F-8T |] B-FT 9-48) 2 | SPTZGT ‘arom Ayoyerepom Q-F1 | B-PL | FF | O-G | O-B8 | O-OL | O-LT | —— | ¥-GE |) 2 | QLEBST a He FFT | 9-FT 0-76 | 0-9 | 9-4 FFF-OT FP-LT | 9-81 | 0-98 | 9 | SLEZGT ‘aIoM you =“ F-FT | O-FT | 0-06 | B-G | O-b = — |0-FT | GFE] 2 | BB TIT ‘uioM gonur =‘ 8-FT | SFL | O-FS6 | B-E | 0-8 8-OT | 9-LT | O-FT | -GE | 9 | T'S°T'IL we “ 8-FT | O-FT | 9-63 | G-G | B-L | FOL] O-AT | B-8T] 0-78] & | S'TE'T’S e - F-FL | F-PT | 0-96 | &-G | 8-L | 8-OT | F-LT | -FT | 0-96 | & | GOTT ‘ai0m AQSIS TICOL, | 8-FL | S-FT | 0-93 | B-G | 0-8 | 8-OT | 9-AT | 8-FL | 9-G8] E92 | 48'S TT = 25 ° ae a Q “sUOT]BAIASYO & 8. Ba a 8 ge 5 g & Be 2| 22 25 & S| -xeg} -sequay seelges) F [ze /FES| 25) Be | FE | PE g 5 wae eds He cacy a g ? eum0Yy “ TyBoseL emoy ‘etysQ : 4TeIT “AqITROOT ‘VNVWO"U Fd TPL JO SINGNHYOSVAM TVINVYO | Cc 20 INSECTIVORA locality: head and body, 127-5 (125-130) ; tail, 29-5 (29-30) ; hind foot, 18-4 (18-18-6). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 19. Specimens examined.—Fourteen, from the vicinity of Rome (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); also about fifty from the same region in Turin Museum. Remarks.—Talpa romana is a well characterized species, readily distinguished from other European moles by its unusually large teeth. 1. Ostia, Rome. Dr. L. Sambon (c & P). 1.1. 2. 8. ; (Type of species.) 1. Frascati, Rome. Dr. L. Sambon (c & P). 1.1.2.9. 6, 2al. Rome. Genoa Museum (£). 8.1. 81. 1-2. 26. Rome. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton (Pp). 11. 1. 2. 1-2. Sus-Famity DESMANINA. Geographical distribution. South-western France and northern half of Iberian Peninsula ; eastern Russia and western Siberia. Characters.—Teeth in front of molars not differentiated by form into incisors, canines, and premolars; anterior upper incisor greatly enlarged, canine-like, directed downward, its outer edge highly trenchant, the two anterior lower incisors slightly elongated, projecting obliquely forward ; external form less evidently mole-like than in the Talpine, modified for aquatic life, the much enlarged hind feet with completely webbed toes, the front feet smaller, not peculiar in form; tail long ; muzzle depressed. Remarks.—-The sub-family Desmaninze contains the genera Desmana of Russia and Siberia, and Galemys of the Iberian Peninsula and south-western France, strictly aquatic animals not distantly related to the American moles. The anterior teeth present a much higher degree of specialization than that met with in the Talpine. Genus GALEMYS Kaup. 1829. Galemys Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 118 (Mygale pyrenaica Geofiroy). 1846. Galomys Agassiz, Nom. Zool., Index Univ., p. 149 (Emendation of Galemys). 1849. Mygalina I. Geoffroy, D’Orbigny’s Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat., 1v, p. 709 (Mygale pyrenaica Geoffroy). Type species.—Mygale pyrenaica Geoffroy. Geographical distribution.—Northern half of Iberian Peninsula, and Pyrenean region of south-western France. Characters.—Tail flattened laterally at distal extremity, else- where terete ; unicuspid teeth slender, their width conspicuously less than height of crown ; main cusp of large premolar trenchant anteriorly ; brain-case without unusual ridges. GALEMYS 21 Remarks.—The genus Galemys is readily distinguishable from the Russian and Siberian Desmana,* in which the tail is flattened laterally throughout, the unicuspid teeth are low and thick, their width about equal to height of crown, the main cusp of large premolar is rounded anteriorly, and the ridges on brain-case are unusually developed. It contains a single species, peculiar to south-western Europe. GALEMYS PYRENAICUS Geoffroy. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—South-western France (Pyrenees and their immediate neighbourhood) and northern half of Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis—General characters as in the genus; head and body, 110 to 135; tail,.130 to 155; hind foot, 32-5 to 38; condylobasal length of skull, 33 to 35:5; mandible, 22 to 24. External characters—Form somewhat intermediate between that of a mole and rat, the body less elongated than in Talpa, but the neck almost equally short (so that auditory oritice appears to be at shoulder) and the muzzle similarly produced ; legs less shortened than in the moles and front feet not specially enlarged ; tail rat-like, longer than head and _ body. Fur less dense and velvety than in the moles, and of the peculiar quality characteristic of aquatic mammals, the hairs of two kinds, the longer, coarser ones about 12 mm. in length, those of shorter under fur about half as long. Head conical, as in the moles, but the much elongated snout (length about 20 mm. from incisors) greatly flattened instead of terete, its breadth at middle about 7 mm., depth in same region 2 mm. At tip the muzzle broadens rather abruptly to about 10 mm., the broadened portion divided by shallow notch at middle of anterior border into two slightly indicated lobes; at middle of each lobe and about 1 mm. back from anterior edge is situated one of the rather large, transversely elongated nostrils.| The median * The synonymy of this genus is as follows :— 1777. Desmana Gueldenstaedt, ‘ Beschaft. Berliner Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, 111, p. 108.”" (Castor moschatus Linneus.) 1799. Desman Lacépéde, Tabl. Mamm., p.7. Same type. 1800. Mygale Cuvier, Lec. d’Anat.Comp.,1,Tabl.1. Sametype. (Described in Tabl. Klém. d’Hist. Nat. des Anim., p. 109.) 1815. Desmanus Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 59 (Emendation of Desman). 1829. Myogalea Fischer, Synops. Mamm., p. 250 (Substitute for Mygale). 1830. Caprios Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amphibien, p. 14 (Substitute for Mygale). 1836. Myogale Brandt, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1834, 1, p. 176. + The actual narial opening is situated at extreme inner portion of nostril, and is capable of complete closure by the combined action of antero-internal border of nostril, a narrow semilunar membrane at upper edge of inner narial aperture, and a large wart-like thickening of upper border of nostril. 22 INSECTIVORA notch is continued backward on upper surface as a narrow groove still further dividing the two lobes; on under side it is continuous with a similar though much longer groove extending to middle of upper lip. Each lobe is further marked by a narrow groove extending backward and slightly inward from near outer edge of nostril. Surface of lobes very finely rugose and pitted, that of rest of muzzle coarsely rugose and without pits. Behind lobes the muzzle is naked along median region, thinly haired at sides and beneath. Eye minute, essentially as in Talpa, though probably never covered by the integument. No external ear, the meatus about 4 mm. in diameter. Front feet rather large and broad, readily ‘ turned outward but not perma- nently in this position, the five short fingers joined by a narrow web, and armed with strong, slightly curved claws 4 to 5 mm. in length; fourth digit longest, fifth and third sub-equal and slightly shorter, second and first still shorter. Palms naked, their surface finely tuberculo - rugose, without trace of larger tubercles, though the surface is marked by three deep wrinkles; balls of digits projecting conspicuously beneath bases of claws. Dorsal surface of front foot covered with minute hairs, these lengthen- ing along edges to form distinct fringes. Hind foot much larger than front foot, the toes webbed to base of claws, the claws Fic. 5. similar to those on front foot Galemys pyrenaicus. Nat. size. but larger; fourth digit longest, third, fifth, second and first suc- cessively shorter, the first extending nearly to end of first phalanx of second; surface of sole like that of palm, the three longitudinal wrinkles at bases of digits well developed, the large inner tubercle present in the moles very slightly developed, its extremity not projecting like a supplemental digit. Upper surface of hind foot naked, somewhat more coarsely tuberculate than sole. A fringe of stiffened hairs along outer edge of outer toe and continuing along foot nearly to heel. Tail longer than head and body, terete except at tip, where it is flattened laterally. Scales arranged in some- what irregular rings, of which there are about nine to the centimeter at middle of tail. Hairs of tail short, not conceal- ing scales except on flattened terminal portion, where they form GALEMYS 23 a rudimentary dorsal and ventral keel. Mamme: pl1—1,a1—1, 12-2 = 8, Colour.—Back and sides dark brown varying somewhat in exact shade, but never a distinct slaty as in Talpa, the longer hairs lighter than the under fur and sometimes producing a slight effect of coarse “lining,” particularly on posterior third of back and along sides. Under parts buffy in rather strong contrast with back, but without true line of demarcation. Hairs of tail and feet buffy. Claws whitish. Skull—tIn general the skull resembles that of Talpa europea, but the brain-case is shorter and squarely truncate posteriorly, the interorbital region is shorter and narrowed instead of widened at middle, and the rostrum is longer. Surface of skull smooth except for the same ridges as in Talpa, those at sides of brain-case not unusually developed. Brain-case decidedly more than half as deep as wide, its outline when viewed from behind vaguely pentagonal, its posterior margin nearly straight, though with slight median swelling ; condyles not projecting posteriorly, completely hidden when viewed from above. Interparietal projecting further forward than in Talpa, its antero-posterior diameter nearly equal to its width. Base of brain-case with deep but broad median furrow, the surface of the bones more angular and less inflated than in Talpa; no pits in basioccipital in front of foramen magnum. Bulle low and flattened, less perfectly formed than in Talpa, the tympanic bone annular and retaining its distinctness, though joined with surrounding parts ; meatus large, occupying about one-half surface of bulla. Mesopterygoid space short, its length scarcely equal to width of palate between posterior molars, its width about one-third length, its anterior border double rounded, encroached on by slight median spine. Outer pterygoid plate reduced to a small but evident ridge. Interorbital region hour-glass shaped, widening more rapidly posteriorly than anteriorly, its narrowest region slightly behind middle. Zygoma straight, flattened posteriorly, compressed anteriorly, its length (measured from posterior border of orbit to posterior border of anteorbital foramen) equal to distance from posterior border of anteorbital foramen to front of canine. Rostrum about as wide as in Talpa, but relatively longer, the distance from posterior border of anteorbital foramen to gnathion about equal to greatest breadth of brain-case instead of much less, its dorsal surface on level with that of interorbital region, its outer margins nearly parallel to the squarely truncate auterior extremity. Nares scarcely emarginate posteriorly. Anterior portion of border of alveolus of large incisor distinctly thickened, the thickened region terminating laterally in a small but evident wart-like nodule. Lachrymal foramen over middle of anteorbital foramen and middle of m!. Posterior border of anteorbital foramen over parastyle of m?. Palate essentially as in Talpa, but vacuities smaller and incisive foramina large, their 24 INSECTIVORA longitudinal diameter about equal to width of palate in same region. Posterior palatal ridge much as in Talpa, but the extremities produced as distinct backward-curved processes. Mandible rather robust, the ramus nearly straight, the angular process much below alveolar line Coronoid process high and narrow, slightly recurved at tip, its height above alveolar line considerably greater than least breadth of posterior segment of mandible. Articular process short and robust, the single articular surface rather large, normal in position. Angular process longer than articular process, its form essentially as in Talpa. Teeth._—Dentition relatively heavier than in Talpa europea, the teeth, with exception of anterior upper incisors, less trenchant in general aspect. An- terior upper incisor much the largest of all the teeth, the two together closing entire front of palate; shaft triangular in cross section, and all three faces sub-triangular in outline, the posterior and antero-external faces widest, theformer slightly concave, the latter slightly convex, the two forming a perpendicular external cutting edge about 4 mm. in length along their line of con- tact ; a much shorter but well developed cutting edge along line of contact of posterior and antero- internal faces, extending from acutely triangular- pointed apex of tooth to point of contact with tooth of opposite side, a distance of about 0:6 mm. ; line of contact between antero-external and antero-internal faces marked by a slight though evident ridge; height of shaft about equal to width of palate ; first and second lower incisors small, chisel-shaped, strongly imbricated, the second about twice as large as first, their shafts directed forward in line with upper portion of symphysis menti, the tips of the four teeth together forming a straight transverse cutting edge which Fie. 6. Galemys pyrenaicus. Teeth x 5. GALEMYS 25 acts in opposition to combined posterior surface of large upper incisors. Upper unicuspids forming an unbroken row continuous posteriorly with series of cheek teeth, but separated anteriorly from large incisor by distinct space into which the apex of second lower incisor fits when jaws are closed. Two anterior unicuspids (i? and 7°) minute, terete, single-rooted, their axes directed backward and falling in same line with those of two anterior lower unicuspids when jaws are closed. Third unicuspid (canine) two-rooted, its crown perpendicular, compressed, larger than those of first and second combined, and distinctly greater in height. Fourth unicuspid (pm) single-rooted, subterete, scarcely larger than second. Fifth and sixth unicuspids (pm? and pm’) essentially like canine, their crowns distinctly higher than wide, compressed obliquely to the tooth-row, with slightly developed anterior and posterior cutting edge. Height of third and fifth sub-equal, greater than in the others, their tips about on level with main cusps of molars; sixth lower than fifth but with crown longer and posterior ridge better developed. Lower unicuspids not unlike pm? and pm? but with crowns lower and longer, slanting a little forward, each with a faintly developed antero-internal lobule. These teeth are slightly imbricated and their form approximates that of the unicuspids of the Soricidze. First and second (i; and ,) higher than third, their form suggest- ing that of anterior lower incisor, all three single-rooted. Fourth larger than any of the first three, obscurely two-rooted ; fifth slightly smaller, single-rooted ; sixth (pm,) largest of the series, distinctly two-rooted, its cusp nearly on level with main cusps of molars, its anteroexternal lobule (rudiment of parastyle) more evident than in the others. Large upper pre- molar three-rooted, its crown area about equal to that of third molar, its main cusp with well developed anterior and posterior cutting edges, its antero-internal cusp small but evident, its postero-internal cusp about equal to protocone of m’. Upper molars with crowns wider and less oblique than in Talpa europea, and main cusps not so high. Transverse groove between bases of main cusps converted into a median pit by better development of commissures of protocone and larger size of protoconule and metaconule. Paracone and metacone about equal in height, the latter slightly the more robust. Styles well developed, except the reduced parastyle of m}, the mesostyle in each tooth completely divided into two cusps, the W-pattern thus changed into two V-shaped figures. Third upper molar with crown area about two-thirds that of second, its metastyle and fourth commissure absent. Lower molars essentially as in Talpa europea, but contrast in height of outer and inner cusps very slight. 26 INSECTIVORA GALEMYS PYRENAICUS PYRENAICUS Geoffroy. 1811. Mygale pyrenaica Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. @’Hist. Nat., Paris, XVII, p. 193. 1910. Myogale pyrenaica Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 60. Type locality—Near Tarbes, Hautes-Pyrénées, France. Geographical distribution.—Pyrenees and adjacent portion of southern France; probably also north-eastern Spain to the Ebro ; Asturias ? Diagnosis —Hind foot, 32:4 to 34°6 mm.; condylobasal length of skull about 33 to 34 mm. Colour.—Back and sides intermediate between prouts-brown and seal-brown, the longer hairs not so dark as under fur and with a conspicuous lustre ; a small ill-defined buffy area around eye. Underparts varying from ochraceous-buff to a dull light cream-buff, clouded by slaty under colour. Front feet dull ochraceous-buff tinged with dark brown. Hairs of tail and fringe on hind foot light buffy. Measuremenis.—Two males from Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, France: head and body, 115 and 130; tail, 134 and 137 ; hind foot, 34°6 and 34. Average of three females from the same locality : head and body, 117 (110-133) ; tail, 131+6 (126-137) ; hind foot, 32°9 (32°4-34). For cranial measurements see Table, pe 27 Specimens examined.—Fifteen, from the following localities :— France: Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, 5; Pyrenees, no exact locality, 8 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Spain: Pajares, Leon, 2. 2al, Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, Toulouse Museum 1. 7. 27. 1-2. 720m. France. (PB). 6, ?. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége. V. Builles (P). 8. 3. 27. 4-5. 2. Pyrenees. (Verreawa.) Tomes Collection. 7.1. 1. 15-16. 1. Unknown. F. Maxwell Lyte(p). 62. 1. 18. 2. lal. Pyrenees. (No history.) 1. Pyrenees. Purchased (Parzu- 41. 918. daki). 1. Pyrenees. . Dr. J. E. Gray (p). 43. 10. 14. 1. 6,%. Pajares, Leon, Spain. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 47-48. (N. Gonzalez.) GALEMYS PYRENAICUS RUFULUS Graells. 1897. Myogalea rufula Graells, Mem. Real. Acad. Sci., Madrid, xvur, p. 460. 1910. Myogale pyrenaica rufula Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 61. Tyle locality.—Rio Balsain, above the Venta de los Mosquitos, Sierra de Guadarrama, Segovia, Spain. Geographical distribution Central Spain, south of the Ebro Valley. Diagnosis—Hind foot, 36 to 38 mm. ; condylobasal length CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF GALEMYS PYRENAICUS. GALEMYS di d | Ww =I uy ic) iS) o. _& E . Bd d fe. & 8 2 ee 8 98h B:259 fe aBPoak 3 Buk @ eb Bh 3S uw u a a s SOF 20 oie oO 3 332 i 3 S 3m 3 & S of oo 2 Aka 4A ad avd a Be ee at eee ta aes ae ear eS a8 2 RS eS e282 &B *(en1que) SDHONDDOD © OO AAHOM MOTTO) HARMHHADHHARD oo HHH renqiparyc Seeded A aoa *(errjUe) SDADDHOOSD © O onone AMOJ-4004 SS a eS : LODoOOorRnKE OF Ororr AIB[UXC YA, aoaddadnn ao aoa 4 WNDOOHSOO OO COOWHO OTqIpURyL ANHAANAN AA moo HID ANKCANANAAA AG AAA "OUTUBRO J2A0 CODMHNDUD ON COOH YIpvaiq [B1ys0w LD HH Ht HH tH H Hd 1d Ht oH “TApBeIq ORS SH SH ONO Oi OVS GN [e7q1o10zUT CHWOHDDODHDHOHO © ! OOOO “(uerpaw) ooMuNMo 2onoco esvo-Uread, Pl l]aaaa4q | | mada jo yydoq dod Added 1 ‘asvo-UTedq |S [ee edeee N | ott 2S Jo uaprare 3 SS8888 4 Soe f DONHTH O HODDN ae nHOBA; el eevee ee ca 4 69 op oo OIPBULOAT, rw manda ett et et et ‘ OtODO 0 DOHKDO raat ll lamann a | Hg H+ Teseqorsépuo9 6d od od oD oD 0 OO OD I Bot oF 0 oF 0 oO +0 40 40 OF OF 3 : toa dao t op iB Moo ee as HOO ey OAEREEEND SS. AR 2 SATAAAAGS ES wwe 3 Sod rdd BS Goi ba REE a BA GHoS AS 6 og 0 8 Rey Soke oe@ ont a> Sep ate SY) : 2 n "a 3 7) cae “sae a gp Be ah apres BOs ay wn = Bae. Ag & 9 8 3 2q q a a a . q : > Oo oO 9 5° > oS ® ww & = ES $Hs8 x 3 es) Boerne 8 eos S 2 ao a2 38 A} 2H FFe o o = a oO mt Hu wo rs) § 2 a ae & OQ. « me RP i oo BN AS Ge mer ies 7 8 ee O8 3 ‘a my Qy i=") & wm mM 27 28 INSECTIVORA of skull about 34'5 to 35°5 mm. ; colour apparently not so dark as in the Pyrenean race. Colowr.—U pper parts essentially as in G. pyrenaicus pyrenaicus, but slightly less dark, the general hue somewhat leaden. Longer hairs on rump distinctly buffy. Pale area around eye larger and more noticeable than in the Pyrenean form. Measurements.—Three males from Silos, Burgos, Spain: head and body, 123, 131 and 134; tail, 135, 145 and 156 ; hind foot, 36, 38 and 38. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 27. Specimens examined.—Six, five from Silos, province of Burgos, Spain, and one from Buitrago, province of Madrid (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—The central Spanish form of Galemys appears to be well differentiated from true pyrenaicus by its greater size, a character which is particularly noticeable in the larger, more massive skull. Two specimens from the Asturias (Nos. 8. 2.9. 47-48, Pajares, Leon, N. Gonzalez, collector) are apparently identical with the Pyrenean animal. When in the water this animal shows much less agility than the water-rat and water-shrew, probably because, though in appearance the most perfectly adapted of the three to aquatic life, it retains too much of its Talpine inheritance of shortness of limb and heaviness of general form to be an active swimmer. Its defective vision, inherited from the same source, would also tend to a like result. 2¢@sks. Silos, Burgos; Spain. Rev. S. Gonzalez (c). 8. 6,2sks. Silos. G. §. Miller (c). 8. 7. 7. 8-9. 8.4.4 Famity SORICIDA. 1821. Soricide Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 300, April 1, 1821. Geographical distribution.—Throughout tropical and temperate Africa, Europe, Asia (including the Malay Archipelago), North America, and the extreme northern portion of South America. Characters.—Skull long and narrow, strongly tapering an- teriorly, most of the sutures disappearing early in life ; zygomatic arch incomplete, represented by a slight though usually evident rudiment of the zygomatic process of maxillary ; floor of brain- case with median longitudinal bridge of bone and wide lateral fenestrate area on each side, in which auditory parts are sus- pended ; tympanic bone annular, not attached to skull; basi- sphenoid without auditory process ; no external pterygoid plate ; mandible with complete double articulation ; anterior teeth not differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars, the tirst upper incisor very large, strongly projecting forward, its tip hooked downward, its base with a secondary lobe, the anterior lower incisor nearly straight, much produced in axis of mandible, the other anterior teeth forming a series of small “ unicuspids,” differing from each other chiefly in size; crowns of upper molars SOREX 29 low, sub-quadrate in outline (except the much reduced third), the paracone aud metacone near middle of crown, the styles and commissures well developed and forming an important functional part of the cutting apparatus ; form mouse-like, but snout always pointed and much produced beyond incisors, eyes small, and ears often partly or entirely hidden in the fur. Remarks,—The members of the family Soricide are at once recognizable among European Insectivora by their mouse-like form, small eyes, and sharply pointed muzzle. They are all of small size, the largest (Neomys fodiens) not so large as a house- mouse, while the smallest (Pachyura etrusca) is one of the least of known mammals. Notwithstanding their manifestly primitive general structure, the Soricide present a very high degree of specialization in the form of the anterior teeth, the absence of the zygoma, and the remarkable double articulation of the jaw. About fifteen genera are known. Four of these are represented in Europe. , KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF SORICIDZA. Posterior lower molar with five cusps; teeth pigmented at tips; tail without sprinkling of elongated hairs. Upper unicuspid teeth 5-5; cutting edge of anterior lower incisor with more than one lobe; feet not LINGO” sssoeerparer snssauesaureneesecetsiuneuncoereecsierie Sorex, p. 29. Upper unicuspid teeth 4-4; cutting edge of anterior lower incisor with oue lobe ; feet fringed. (Water SHOWS) ss sccrcssisinsarsseorsesrernsercesscesseinconssensven NCOMYSy Di 65. Posterior lower molar with four cusps; teeth white throughout; tail with noticeable sprinkling of elongated hairs. Upper unicuspid teeth 4-4... Pachyura, p. 81. Upper unicuspid teeth 3-3... Crocidura, p. 86. Genus SOREX Linnzus. 1758. Sorex Linnzeus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 53. 1829. Oxyrhin Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 119 (Included the undeterminable Sorex constrictus Hermann and S. tetragonurus Hermann; the latter may be chosen as type). 1835. Amphisorec Duvernoy, Mém. Soc. du Mus. @’Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, II, p. 23 (hermanni = Neomys fodiens skull + Sorex araneus tetragonurus animal) Part. 1838. Corsira Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1837, p. 123. June 14, 1837 (vulgaris = araneus). 1842. Otisorex De Kay, Zool. of New York, 1, Mamm., p. 22 (platyrhinus = personatus). 1857. Sorex Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 124. 1890. Homalurus Schulze, Schriften Naturwiss. Vereins Harzes in Werni- gerode, v, p. 28 (alpinus). Type species.—Sorex araneus Linnzus. Geographical distribution—Northern portion of both hemi- spheres ; in Europe west to Ireland and south to central Spain and southern Italy. 30 INSECTIVORA Characters——Upper unicuspid teeth 5-5 (dental formula: a =o cpm af m= = 32); posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor fully half as high as main cusp; anterior lower incisor with three well developed lobes on cutting edge; third lower molar with hypoconid and entoconid small but distinct, so that the form of the tooth differs from that of first and second molars in the reduced size of the second triangle only, its crown, like the others, 5-cusped; second lower unicuspid with rudimentary second cusp and commissure ; points of all the teeth pigmented (the coloured portion wearing away in extreme old age) ; skull lightly built, with slender weak rostrum and abruptly wider brain-case ; rudimentary zygomatic process of maxillary evident ; no special modifications in external form ; tail covered with hairs of uniform length (except that those of pencil are elon- gated) ; ear nearly concealed by the fur, the meatus closed by a large valvular outgrowth from, the antitragus supplemented by a fold on inner surface of conch ; habits terrestrial. Remarks—This is the most widely distributed genus of Insectivora. It contains about sixty described forms, fourteen of which occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF SOREX. Anterior mandibular incisor with low, sometimes ill- defined lobes on cutting edge; first lower uni- cuspid two-pointed; lachrymal foramen over point of contact between m! and m?; tail about as long as head and body; colour uniform dark slaty grey. (Alpine Shrews)..........ccceeeeeeeeeeee S. alpinus, p. 60. Condylobasal length of skull 19-4 to 20°6 mm.; upper tooth-row 8°6 to 9:0 mm. (Alps; east- ward to Transylvania) .............cc:eeeeeeeeee eee eeee S. a, alpinus, p. 62. Condylobasal length of skull 19 to 19°6 mm. ; upper tooth-row 8°2 to 8-6 mm. (Harz Mountains and Riesengebirge)............cscsscseeeeceeeesceeeeees S. a. hereynicus, p. 68. Anterior mandibular incisor with high, distinct lobes on cutting edge; first lower unicuspid single- pointed; lachrymal foramen in front of point of contact between m) and m?; tail shorter than head and body; colour never uniform dark slaty grey, the under parts usually much lighter than back. First, second and third upper unicuspids sub-equal ; condylobasal length of skull 14°8 to 16-6 mm.; head and body usually about 50 to 60 mm. (Pigmy: Shrews) desnisssiiswdjecmssacgareantiznovessucseis S. minutus, p. 53. Molars and anterior upper incisor normal (Dis- tribution general) ........ cee eeeeesteeeerees Sim. minutus, p. 55, Molars and anterior upper incisor enlarged (Southern Ttaly)...ccsscessncsecsesesnereszanesaencas S. m. lucanius, p. 60. First and second upper unicuspid much larger than third; condylobasal length of skull 17-4 to 20 mm.; head and body usually about 65 to 80 mm. (Common Shrews) .........cceeeeeeee S. araneus, p. 31. SOREX 31 Palate broad anteriorly, its width at level of first unicuspid nearly equal to that of tooth. Condylobasal length of skull 18-4 to 19°2 mm.; anterior teeth enlarged (Island of Jersey)... S. a. fretalis, p. 45. Condylobasal length of skull about 17°5 mm. ; anterior teeth not enlarged (Mountains of Contral Spain) i ceiccrieraeweswsnwaveccinselademenes 8. a. granarius, p. 52. Palate narrow anteriorly, its width at level of first unicuspid barely more than half that of tooth. Condylobasal length of skull usually 19 to 20 mm.; hind foot usually 13 to 14°4 mm. (mountain and northern forms). Hind foot 18:6 to 14:4 mm.; colour in summer pelage very dark, the tricolor pattern usually conspicuous (South- western Norway) .....cscseceeeceneeesennetees S. a, bergensis, p. 41. Hind foot 13‘0to14mm.; colour in summer pelage frequently light and brownish. Back frequently blackish in summer pelage (Alps and neighbouring regions)........ S. a, tetragonurus, p. 42. Back rarely if ever blackish in summer pelage (Pyrenees).........s:cccceseeeseeeeees S. a. pyrenaicus, p. 44. Condylobasal length of skull usually 17-4 to 19 mm.; hind foot usually 11 to 13 mm. (lowland forms). Underparts blackish, mot contrasted with back (Charente, France)...............0+. Sa, santonus, p. 40. Underparts greyish or brownish, contrasted with back except when latter is also brown. Colour of sides not distinctly contrasted with that of back; belly heavily ‘ washed with wood-brown (Plains of south-western F'rance)...........eesceee S. a. euronotus, p. 41, Colour of sides usually forming distinct contrast with that of back; belly lightly washed with wood-brown. Average colour darker, the back ranging from bister to a deep blackish brown (Central Europe and Scan- dinavia, except south - western INGE WAY) soitisease_ anh isa. eae syidetptamalec dion S. a. araneus, p. 85. Average colour less dark, the back ranging from hair-brown tinged with bister to seal-brown (Great BEGBID)! cinciisisinicsisies sineitsuin ed sinomiteldngiiest S. a. castaneus, p. 37. SOREX ARANEUS Linnzeus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—Northern portions of Europe and Asia from England and Scotland eastward ; exact limits of range unknown ; in western Europe south to central Spain, and central Italy, north to northern Scandinavia. Diagnosis.—-Size medium, head and body usually about 65-80 mm, the tail 20-35 mm. shorter, condylobasal length of skull, 17°8-20 mm.; posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor 32 INSECTIVORA compressed laterally, the length of its base equal to that of base of anterior cusp; colour brown or blackish, the underparts never as dark as back (usually much lighter), and the sides often contrasted with both. External characters.—Fur moderately dense, its depth at middle of back about 4 mm. in summer, 8 mm. in winter, its texture not specially modified ; no elongated hairs on flanks and across rump. Eyes small and inconspicuous; ears nearly concealed in the fur. Feet not peculiar in form, thinly clothed with very fine hairs on dorsal surface ; fore foot with third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, fifth extending just beyond base of fourth, first barely reaching base of second, the claws small but well developed ; palm so conspicuously rugose reticulate that tubercles are not very distinct ; tubercles 6, sub-equal, the three at bases of main digits well-defined, that at base of thumb sometimes confluent with that at inner side of wrist (so that the number is apparently reduced to 5), the two wrist-pads separated from each other in median line by a noticeable space ; extreme posterior edge of palm covered with ordinary integument. Hind foot with third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, second slightly shorter, fifth reaching base of fourth, and first extending to base of fifth ; surface of sole as in palm, but tubercles better defined, four at bases of digits and two situated more posteriorly, all six about equal in size; sole finely haired from hinder tubercles to heel, the middle of which is bare; claws like those of fore-foot. Tail terete or somewhat 4-sided, rather more than half as long as head and body, its hairs minute, rather closely appressed, and nearly concealing the annulation ; pencil usually. well developed, 4-6 mm. in length, but occasionally in aged individuals much reduced or absent, together with the rest of the hairy covering of the tail. Caudal annulations rather indistinct, about 24 to the centimeter at middle.) Mammez: 13-3=6. Colour.—Dorsal area, extending from base of tail to crown cheeks and muzzle, brown, the exact shade varying much both seasonally, racially and individually, but the normal extremes falling between hair-brown or light bister and a very dark, blackish seal-brown. Sides wood-brown, usually forming an evident contrast with dorsal area, though this contrast is occasionally inconspicuous in dull light specimens in summer coat, or wholly obliterated in the general darkening of entire animal in S. araneus santonus. Underparts smoky grey washed with wood-brown, or occasionally suffused with slaty (particularly in the dark S. a. santonus). Between colour of back and _ sides there is usually an evident line of demarcation ; between sides and belly the contrast is less marked and the transition less abrupt. Feet a dull indefinite light brown, often with a faint dark shade along outer edge. Tail dark brown above and at tip, light brown below, especially near base, sometimes bicolor throughout. SOREX 33 While there is no invariable rule, the colour in winter is usually darker than in summer, and the tricolor pattern of dark back, yellowish brown sides and greyish belly is more pronounced. A trace of this pattern is often the most convenient character by which to recognize shrunken ill-prepared specimens, which might otherwise be mistaken for Sorex minutus. Skull.—The skull is slender and lightly built, with no special peculiarities of form as compared with that of other shrews. Brain-case well marked off from interorbital region, its surface smooth except in extreme old age, its main sutures remaining open until late in life. It is sub-circular in general outline when viewed from above, but with antero-external portion of border noticeably flattened, so that at point of greatest breadth there is usually an evident angle ; condyles scarcely visible, causing no break in posterior outline. Depth of brain- case at middle slightly more than half greatest width; no sagittal crest except in extreme old age; lambdoid crest at first contined to lateral portions of occiput, rarely extending to median line. Dorsal profile usually with evident concavity in inter- Se garner orbital region (more marked than in Sorex Nat. size. minutus and S. alpinus). Nares broadly rounded posteriorly, the lateral margin obtusely angled near middle. Anteorbital foramen moderately large, not very con- spicuous when skull is viewed from in front. Lachrymal foramen over middle of m!. Mesopterygoid space nearly parallel- sided, less than half as wide as long. Teeth— Anterior upper incisor with basal lobe relatively larger than in any other European shrew, the length of its base nearly equal to diameter of anterior lobe at level of angle between the two cusps. When tooth is viewed from below the posterior lobe appears nearly as large as anterior cusp; in lateral view it approximates the size and form of first and second unicuspid, and in height falls a little short of anterior cusp. The two teeth come in contact anteriorly slightly below tips, which do not diverge conspicuously. Anterior lower incisor robust, its shaft very slightly tapering, its cutting edge with three well-developed lobes, the lengths of bases of which diminish regularly from first to third, the first lobe more distinctly separated from succeeding lobe than from anterior point of tooth. Upper unicuspids robust, their crowns squarish in outline when viewed from below, bluntly triangular when viewed from the side; height about equal to length ; anterior and posterior borders straight or faintly concave, upper border convex, more strongly posteriorly than anteriorly. The highest point of cusp lies slightly in front of middle of crown. Upper .D Fic. 7. 34 INSECTIVORA and posterior borders sub-equal, slightly longer than anterior border. Cusp rounded on antero-external face, squarely truncate postero-internally along line connecting antero-internal and postero-external corners of crown. The region behind this line is occupied by a flattened or somewhat concave, nearly ‘ horizontal crushing surface opposed during mastication to second and third lobes of lower incisor (lst and 2nd upper unicuspids) and to points of the two o lower unicuspids (3rd and 4th upper Fie & unicuspids). In size the first and second Sorex araneus. Anterior Unicuspids are sub-equal and decidedly teeth in profile. x 5. larger than third, which in turn some- what exceeds fourth. Fifth still smaller than fourth and closely crowded between it and antero-external cusp of large premolar, its cusp relatively lower than in the other teeth of the series. First lower unicuspid essentially similar to first and second upper, but crown longer than broad and without distinct crushing surface. Second larger than first, not conspicuously different from it in general form when viewed from the side, but cutting edge much longer and better developed, distinctly angled behind middle, the angle clearly representing a rudimentary second cusp, and transverse portion behind it a second commis- sure, the tooth thus contain- ing the modified elements of one of the triangles of a molar. Large upper pre- molar with protocone smaller than in the first and second molars, though well developed and of essentially the same form ; paracone smaller than pro- tocone, therefore much smaller than in first and ‘ Tenzin second molars; hypocone small but well developed ; posterior margin of crown FIG. 9. more deeply emarginate Sorex araneus. Teeth x 10. than that of molars. Crowns of first and second molars squarish in outline, though somewhat wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Outer re-entrant angles deeper in second than in first. Protocone long and rather SOREX 35 low. Hypocone small but well developed. Third upper molar with about half the crown area of second, all the elements of the tooth present except hypocone. First and second lower molars alike in size and form, the posterior triangle slightly larger than anterior. Third molar smaller than the others, the relative size of the triangles reversed, but elements of tooth all present. Measurements.—While there is some variation in size among the different races the head and body in full-grown individuals is seldom if ever less than 65 or more than 80 mm. The tail falls short of head and body by from 20 to 35 mm., being thus relatively shorter than in either of the other European species. The hind foot ranges from 11 to about 14°5 mm, and the condylobasal length of skull from 17:8 to 20 mm. Detailed measurements are given under each of the subspecies. Remarks.—Sorea araneus, the most widely distributed and best known of the European shrews, is so easily recognized that it needs no special comparison with the other species. Specimens of the dark race from Charente, France, have a superficial likeness to Sorex alpinus, but are at once distinguishable externally by their blackish instead of slaty coloration and relatively short tail. Immature, dull coloured individuals of the other races may occasionally be confused with S. minutus. The same is true of shrunken, badly prepared skins. But some trace of the tricolor pattern can almost invariably be found in a common shrew no matter what its condition, while a glance at the size of the teeth and form and proportions of the unicuspids will always serve to determine the identity of any specimen in hand. SoREX ARANEUS ARANEUS Linnzeus. 1758. [Sorex] araneus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 53 (Sweden). 1828. Sorex coronatus Millet, Faune de Maine-et-Loire, 1, p. 18 (Blou, Maine-et-Loire, France). 1828. Sorex personatus Millet, Faune de Maine-et-Loire, 1, p, 18, foot- note (Rejected MS. name for coronatus). Not Sorex personatus I. Geoffroy, 1827. 1832. Sorex concinnus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1832. Sorex rhinolophus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1832. Sorex melanodon Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1838. Sorex vulgaris Nathusius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch. Iv, 1, p. 45. 1839. S[orex] macrotrichus de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 20. (Specimen of S. araneus briefly described as agreeing with the S. macrotrichus Mehlis MSS. No locality given.) 1839. S{orex] labiosus Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., 11, p. 326, January, 1839. (Frankfurt a/M., Germany.) 1857. Sorex vulgaris Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 129 (part). 1895. Sorex araneus Thomas, The Zoologist, 8rd ser., x1x, p. 63, February, 1895. 1910. Sorex araneus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 51 (part). Type locality — Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution—Western Continental Europe, D 2 36 INSECTIVORA except Atlantic watershed of south-western Norway, from Finland to central France, central Germany, and northern Hun- gary. Exact southern and eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Size small (condylobasal length of skull usually 17°8 to 19 mm., hind foot usually 11 to 13 mm.) ; colour rather dark, the back ranging from bister to a deep blackish brown ; sides distinctly lighter than back except in specimens representing the pallid extreme of colouration ; teeth moderately pigmented, the hypocone of m1 and m? usually white to tip. Teeth.—The teeth show no special peculiarities of form. In pigmentation they represent the extreme of restriction of the dark areas. While the area of pigmentation on all of the cusps is less extensive than in the Alpine and Pyrenean races, the ditferences are best seen in the hypocones of the three large upper cheek teeth and protocone of m*, as these small cusps, unlike the larger ones, may be completely without brown colour. A comparison of seventy-five topotypes of Sorex araneus with eighty Swiss specimens of S. araneus tetragonurus gives the following results :— araneus. tetragonurus. Large premolar with pigment on hypocone . ‘0% ... 38°7% First molar with pigment on hypocone. 2 B26 % sex OBOE Second molar with pigment on hypocone . 21'2% ... 88°'7% Third molar with pigment on protocone . 45°3% ... 100°0 % None of the small cusps pigmented » 546% a. 0% All of the small cusps pigmented . : 4 40% x» B8F27 Measurements.— Average and extremes of twenty specimens from the type locality : head and body, 77-5 (72-85) ; tail, 40°1 (38-43) ; hind foot, 12-6 (12-13). Average and extremes of nine specimens from Lillehammer, central Gudbrandsdal, Norway (dry): hind foot, 12°3 (12°2-12°6). Average and extremes of four specimens from Holaaker, upper Gudbrandsdal, Norway : head and body, 70°2 (69-71); tail, 36°5 (34-39); hind foot, 12:2 (12-13). Average and extremes of twenty specimens from Brunswick, Germany: head and body, 78°9 (68-85) ; tail, 39-7 (36-45) ; hind foot, 12:7 (12°2-13°0). Average and extremes of ten specimens from Waremme, Liége, Belgium: head and body, 68:9 (66-72); tail, 42:3 (38-47); hind foot (dry), 12:2 (11:8-12°8). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 46. Specimens examined.—T wo hundred and ninety-eight, from the following localities :— Norway: Mélmen, Upper Gudbrandsdal, 2; Holaaker, Upper Gud- brandsdal, 4; Lesjevark, Middle Gudbrandsdal, 1; Lillehammer, Middle Gudbrandsdal, 9 (U.S.N.M.); Eggedal, Buskerud, 8 (U.S.N.M.); Spjosod, Telemarken, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Asker, near Christiania, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Holme, Mandal, 7. SwEDEN: Upland, 1; Upsala, 97 (U.S.N.M.); Skaane, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Drnmarx: Hillerod, Zealand, 6; Nystad, Lolland, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Skansen, Lolland, 1:(U.S.N.M.). Hoxxtanp: Oosterbeek, Guelderland, 6; Leiden, 4 (U.S.N.M.). Bute1um: Hastiére, Namur, 1; Waremme, Liége, 10 (U.S.N.M.). France: Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 4; Manonville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 2; Barbizon, Seine-et-Marne, 3, 37 Germany: Brunswick, 35 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Bodethal, Harz Mts., 15 (U.S.N.M.); Mauseklippe, Harz Mts., 2 (U.S.N.M.); Bahrenberg, Harz Mts., 9 (U.S.N.M.); Tharand, Saxony, 1; Magdeburg, Saxony, 5; Moritz- burg, Saxony, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 3; Nuremberg, Bavaria, 10 (U.S.N.M.); Marxheim, near Monheim, Bavaria, 15; Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 1; Hulengrund, Riesengebirge, Silesia, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Wolfshau, near Sneekoppe, Riesengebirge, Silesia, 8 (U.S.N.M.); SOREX Niesky, Silesia, 5; near Kénigsberg, 6 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 1. Austria-Huncary: Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 9. 3,2. Mélmen,Gudbrandsdal. R. J. Cuninghame 98. 5. 2. 1-2, Norway. (pe). 246,29? Holaaker, Gudbrands- R. J. Cuninghame 98, 2. 28. 1-4, dal, 1900 ft. (p). é. ae Gudbrands- Miller Collection. 7.7. 7. 4452, dal. 3,5. Holme, Mandal, 200 ft. R. J. Cuninghame 8. 8. 9. 1-6. gal. Norway. (Pp). 8. 8. 9. 40. 2. Upland, Sweden. Lord Lilford (r). 8. 9. 8. 19. (G. Kolthoff.) 44,29, Hilleréd, Zealand,10m. O. Thomas (c&P). 98.6. 7. 2-7. Denmark. 44,29. Oosterbeek,Guelderland, O. Thomas (c&P). 98. 2. 1. 6-8. 10-15 m. Holland. g, Hastiére, Namur, Bel- G. A. Boulenger 94.7. 9.1. gium. (c & P). 346,19. Guines, Pas-de-Calais, O.Thomas(c&p). 94.6.6. 4-7. 10m. France. 24,29. Barbizon, Seine-et- G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 155-158. Marne. 6,39, 2. Auerum Forest, Bruns- G. Barrett-Hamil- 11. 1. 2. 75-80. wick, Germany. ton (c & P). g. Tharandt, Saxony. Lord Lilford (pr). 99.1.9. 14. 5 al, Magdeburg, Saxony. Dr. W. Wolterstorff 92, 12. 1. 3-7. P). é,29%. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen. 0. Hitgert (c). 8. 11. 2. 6-8. 34,42. Marxheim, Bavaria. Lord Lilford (e). 8. 9. 8. 7-13. 26. Bayreuth, Bavaria. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 2868- 2869. 3. Strass, Burgheim, Ba- Lord Lilford (P). 8. 9. 8. 20. varia. 34,29. Niesky, Silesia, 200 m. Lord Lilford (p). 99. 1. 9. 9-13. (W. Baer.) 2 al. No exact locality. Zool. Soc. Collec- 55. 12. 26. 300- tion. 301. A Germany. Stockholm Museum 46. 6. 2. 36. 8). 34,49. Haida, Bohemia. Lord Lilford (P). 8. 9. 8. 14-18. 2. Haida, Bohemia. Lord Lilford (P). 8. 9. 8. 21-22. SoREX ARANEUS CASTANEUS Jenyns. 1838. Sorex] tetragonurus var. B Sforex] castaneus Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 424, August, 1838 (Burwell Fen, Cambridgeshire, England). 1857. Sorex vulgaris Blasius, Siugethiere- Deutschlands, p. 129 (part) 1910. Sorex araneus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 51 (part). Type locality. Burwel] Fen, Cambridgeshire, England. Geographical distribution—Great Britain. Usually confined 38 INSECTIVORA to the mainland, though occurring on Bardsey Island, Carnar- vonshire. Diagqnosis.—Similar to Sorex araneus araneus, but colour in series of skins averaging less dark, that of dorsal area ranging from hair-brown slightly tinged with bister to seal-brown, and seldom if ever attaining the deep blackish brown frequently seen in the typical race. Skull and teeth —The skull and teeth resemble those of true Sorex araneus. Measurements.—Average and extremes of ten specimens from Cromarty, Scotland: head and body, 70:6 (62-78) ; tail, 39°8 (38-43) ; hind foot, 12°9 (12°5-13). Average and extremes of eight specimens from Aberia, Merioneth: head and body, 67°5 (58-73); tail, 38-7 (36-41); hind foot, 12 (11-13). Average and extremes of eight specimens from Grimsby, Lincoln- shire: head and body, 65°2 (58-72); tail, 42 (38-44) ; hind foot, 12'5 (12-13). Average and extremes of six specimens from Northlew, Devonshire : head and body, 66°6 (65-70) ; tail, 36°8 (35-39) ; hind foot, 13 (13). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 48. Specimens eramined.—Two hundred and fifty-two, from the following localities :— : ScottanD: Black Isle, Cromarty, 16; South Sutor, Cromarty, 5; Nairn, Morayshire, 4; Dunphail, Elgin, 2; Gordonstown, Elgin, 3; Lhan- bride, Elgin, 1; Lossiemouth, Elgin, 3; Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, 26 ee Kennordy, 1 (Wilson); Cortachy, Forfar, 6 (Wilson); Cromlix, tirling, 10; Islay, 3; Dunkeld, Perthshire, 2; Loch Earn Head, Perth- shire, 1; Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire, 2; Kirtle Bridge, Dumfriesshire, 4 ; Wyseby, Dumfriesshire, 3. Wates: Aberia, Merionethshire, 8; near Bridgend, Glamorganshire, 6 Bardsey Island, Carnarvonshire, 1. . Enaianp: Berwick-on-Tweed, Northumberland, 2; Riding Mill-on- Tyne, Northumberland, 3; Newby Bridge, Lake Windermere, Cumber- land, 1; Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 17; Whituash, Warwickshire, 1; Rugby, Warwickshire, 2; Filey, Yorkshire, 3; Wellersey Hill, Broadway, Wor- cestershire, .1; West Cheshire, 1; Shropshire, 1; Staffordshire, 1; Swith- land, Leicestershire, 10; Bishopstoke, Herefordshire, 1; Leominster, Here- fordshire, 1;. Graftonbury, Herefordshire, 19; Lilford, Northamptonshire, 2; Drinkstone Park, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, 2; Lowestoft, Suffolk, 6; Wormsley, Oxfordshire, 1; Stokenchurch, Oxfordshire, 4; Cambridge- shire, 1; Kensington Gardens, London, 1; Hillingdon, Middlesex, 3; Bletchingley, Surrey, 4; Godalming, Surrey, 2; Merstham, Surrey, 1; Richmond Park, Surrey, 1; Crowborough, Sussex, 8; St. Leonard’s, Sussex, 1; Tunbridge Wells, Sussex, 1; Eastwell, Kent, 3; Lyndhurst Road, Hampshire, 2; New Forest, Hampshire, 17; Basingstoke, Hamp- shire, 1; Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 3; Clifton Bridge, Gloucestershire, 2; Leigh Woods, Clifton, Gloucestershire, 3; Blandford, Dorsetshire, 1; Combmartin, Devonshire, 4; Chagford, Devonshire, 5; Northlew, Devon- shire, 6; no exact locality, 3. Remarks—While the British common shrew is an incom- pletely differentiated form, the average characters of the large series of specimens examined seem important enough to warrant the use of Jenyn’s name. As compared with the Continental SOREX 39 race the dark extreme is less dark and less frequent, while the light extreme is more light and more frequent. small size of this animal as compared with the large Continental races (bergensis, tetragonurus and pyrenaicus), is shown by the fact that among 102 British specimens measured by many different collectors the hind foot exceeds 13-2 mm. in only six instances, 2 9 6. 26. Black Isle, Cromarty, Scotland. Black Isle, Cromarty. South Sutor, Cromarty. Nairn, Morayshire. Morayshire. Dunphail, Elginshire. Lhanbride, Elginshire. Gordonstown, Klgin- shire. Gordonstown, Elgin- shire. Cromlix, Stirlingshire. Islay. Stockbriggs, shire. Kirtle Bridge, Dumfries- shire. Wyseby, Dumfriesshire. Aberia, Merionethshire, Wales. Bridgend, Glamorgan- shire. Ber wick-on- Tweed, Northumberland, ' England. Newby Bridge, Cumber- land. Grimsby, Lincolnshire. Lanark- Swithland, Leicester- shire. Shropshire. Bishopstoke, Hereford- shire. Graftonbury, Hereford- shire. Graftonbury, Hereford- shire. Edmunds, Suffolk. Lowestoft, Suffolk. Stokenchurch, Oxford- shire. Hillingdon, Middlesex. (O. Thomas.) W.R. Ogilvie-Grant (c & P). W.R. Ogilvie-Grant c& Pp). W.R. Ogilvie-Grant (c & P). W.R. Ogilvie-Grant (c & P). Bi. R. Alston (c & P). W.R. Ogilvie-Grant (c & P). Miller Collection. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant (c & P). W. R. Ogilvie-Grant (c & P). W. R. Ogilvie-Grant (c & p). H. Russell (c & P). E. R. Alston (c & P). Miss D. Bate (c & P). Miss D. Bate (c & P). G. H. Caton Haigh (c & P). R. I. Pocock (c & P). J. H. Fryer (c & p). J. Paul (c & P). G. H. Caton Haigh (c & Pe). F. A. Butler (c & P). T. C. Eyton (c & p). 8. 0. Ridley (c & P). W. de Winton (c & P). de Winton (c & P). J. H. Powell (c & P). O. Thomas (c & P). W.R. Ogilvie-Grant c& p). Miller Collection. The constantly 94. 10. 6. 1. 11. 1. 3, 103- 107. 109-112. 11. 1. 3. 108, 113. 11. 1. 3. 99-102. 79. 9, 25. 79. 11. 1. 3. 97. 7. 7. 7. 8598. 11. 1. 3. 95-96. 11. 1. 3. 98. 11.1.3.114-123. 9. 9. 11, 1-3. 79. 9, 25, 11-12. 11. 1. 8. 88. 11. 1. 3. 92-94, 11. 1. 8. 89-91. 11. 1. 3. 156- 163. 11. 1. 38. 164- 169. 47. 11, 11. 6-7. 94, 9. 3. 2-3, 11. 1. 3. 124- 131. 11, 1. 8. 132- 138. 63. 10. 12. 4. 84, 10. 6. 1. 11. 1. 3. 72-87. 96. 4, 28. 17-19. 80, 5, 22, 1-2. 11. 1. 3. 139- 144, 11. 1. 38. 145- 148. 7. 7. 7. 3595- 3597. 40 INSECTIVORA ds Kensington Gardens, N. Churton (c &P). 161. a. London. 42, Bletchingley, Surrey. W.R. Ogilvie-Grant a 1. 3. 149- P). 52. a Crowborough, Sussex. Pie Collection. 7.7. 7. 8593. : (W. BR. Ogilvie-Grant.) Pal. Richmond Park,Surrey. Prof. Owen (P). 75. 9.17.1. 7 6,10. NewForest,Hampshire. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 2851- 2867. 3023. Bh Basingstoke, Hamp- Miller Collection. 7.7. 7. 3611. shire. (W.P. Stark.) 3,29. Alum Bay,Isleof Wight. O. Thomas (c&p). 11. 1.8.153-155. ? (albino) Winscombe, Somerset. F.A. Knight (c.&Pp). 4.8.9.1. 6,49. Northlew, Devonshire. R. CO. Wroughton 11. 1. 3. 170- (c & P). 174, 26,3. Chagford, Devonshire. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 3606- (W. P. Stark.) 3610. lal. England. Dr. J. E. Gray (p). 46. 5. 2.7 SorEX ARANEUS SANTONUS Mottaz. 1908. Sorex santonus Mottaz, Bull. Soc. Zool. de Genéve, 1, p. 118, April 30,1908. Type in Mottaz Collection. 1910. Sorex santonus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 54. Type locality.—Ligniéres-Sonneville, Charente, France. Geographical distribution—Known only from the vicinity of the type locality. Diagnosis.—Size as in Sorex araneus araneus and the other small races; colour throughout a nearly uniform dark sooty brown. Colour.—Upper parts dark sepia anteriorly, deepening to blackish posteriorly, the sides essentially similar to the back. Underparts a slaty drab washed with wood-brown and forming no evident contrast with sides and back, though a well-defined line of demarcation is present. Tail blackish throughout. Feet scantily clothed with inconspicuous brownish hairs. Skull and teeth The skull and teeth do not differ appreciably from those of the other small races. Measurements.—Type (female), from Mottaz: head and body, 75; tail, 42; hind foot, 13. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined.—Ten, all from the type locality (Mottaz). Remarks.—The Charente shrew is so different in aspect from the other European races of Sorex araneus that it needs no special comparison with any of them. Its peculiar colour is, however, almost exactly duplicated by that of a larger, longer- tailed form from Asia Minor. SOREX 41 SoREX ARANEUS EURONOTUS Miller. 1901. Sorex araneus euronotus Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, x1v, p. 44, April 25, 1901 (Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, France). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Sorex araneus ewronotus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 53. Type locality.—Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, France. Geographical distribution—Probably the plains between the Pyrenees and the Garonne. At present known from the type locality only. Diagnosis.—Similar to Sorex araneus araneus, but colour in summer (winter pelage not known) more dull, the sides scarcely if at all contrasted with the back, and underparts more heavily washed with wood-brown. Skull with slightly narrower less elevated brain-case, and teeth just perceptibly smaller than in true araneus. Measurements._-External measurements of type specimen: head and body, 78; tail, 44; hind foot (dry), 12:6. Average and extremes of nine specimens from the type locality : head and body, 71:4 (67-78) ; tail, 42 (37-44); hind foot (dry), 12°5 (12-2-13:0). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined.—Nine, all from the type locality (U.S.N.M.). SoREX ARANEUS BERGENSIS Miller. 1909. Sorex araneus bergensis Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., Ill, p. 416, May, 1909. Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Sorex araneus bergensis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 52. Type locality—Graven, Hardanger, Norway. Geographical distribution Western Norway, from region of Bergen, north at least into Nordland. Diagnosis.—Larger than Sorex araneus araneus (hind foot, 13°6 to 14°4 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 19 to 20 mm.), and colour in summer pelage darker, the dark brown or blackish dorsal area sharply defined from the yellowish brown of sides. Colour.—Dorsal area well defined, ranging from a blackish seal-brown to bister, usually darker on rump and lumbar region than on head, and almost invariably with sharp lateral line of demarcation. Sides yellowish isabella-colour. Underparts greyish, washed with light wood-brown. The contrast between colour of sides and underparts, though less marked than that between sides and back, is usually evident. Feet scantily clothed with inconspicuous isabella-coloured or dusky hairs. Tail obscurely bicolor, brownish above, dull yellowish below. Skull and teeth—The skull and teeth do not differ appreciably from those of Sorex araneus araneus, except in their larger size, as shown by the detailed measurements. The pigmentation of 42 INSECTIVORA the teeth is scarcely, if at all, more extensive than in the typical race. Measurements.—External measurements of type: head and body, 80°5; tail, 44:5; hind foot, 13-6. Average and extremes of eleven specimens from the Bergen district: head and body, 78-7 (76-83) ; tail, 49°3 (44-56) ; hind foot, 13°8 (13-6—-14°4). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined.—Twenty-seven, from the following localities :— Norway: Vefsen, Nordland, 1; Skjerdal, Nordfjord, 7; Opheim, Bergen, 4; Graven, Bergen, 8 (U.S.N.M.); near city of Bergen, 7 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—This large race of Sorex araneus, closely resembling the large Alpine and Pyrenean forms, but decidedly darker in colour, appears to be strictly confined to the Atlantic slope of western Norway. On the eastern watershed it is replaced by true araneus, even so far north and west as the upper portion of the Gudbrandsdal. JI have not seen specimens in full winter pelage, but an adult female taken at Graven on June 10, 1898 (No. 84,663, U.S.N.M.), is moulting, the winter fur remaining on posterior half of body. Others taken at the same place and about the same date have completed the change to the short, velvety summer coat. 1. Vefsen, Nordland, Nor- EH. G. B. Meade 5.7.1.2. way. Waldo (c & P). 6,4. Skjerdal, Nordfjord. C. H. Stephenson 8.1. 5, 1-5. (c & P). 24,2. Opheim, Bergen. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 44538- 4456. 6,29. Bergen. Miller Collection. 7.7. 7. 4457-9. ee Bergen, 2,700 ft. G. Barrett-Hamil- 8. 9. 21.1. ton (P). SoREX ARANEUS TETRAGONURUS Hermann. 1780. Sorex tetragonurus Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., 11, p. 383 (Strassburg, Germany). 1792. Sorex quadricaudatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 208 (Strassburg, Germany). (Based on Pennant’s account of S. tetragonurus Hermann.) 1835. Sorex fodiens Duvernoy, Mém. Soc. du Mus. d'Hist. Nat., Stras- bourg, 1, p.17. Part: skull, not animal. 1835. Sorex hermanni Duvernoy, Mém. Soc. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Stras- bourg, 11, p. 23 (Near Strassburg, Germany). Part: animal, not skull. 1857. Sorex vulgaris Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 129 (part). 1868. ? Sorex araneus, pallidus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wis- sensch., Wien, Math. Naturwiss. Classe, Lvi, pt. 1, p. 488 (Based on specimen from unknown locality, probably in Italy, figured by Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., fasc. xxrx, pl., fig. 5.) 1869. [Sorex vulgaris] var. nuda Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 127 (Bernese Oberland, Switzerland). SOREX 43 1869. [Sorex vulgaris] var. nigra Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 127 (Lucerne, Switzerland). 1900. Sorex] vulgaris var. vel subsp. mollis Fatio, Rev. Suisse de Zool., vill, p. 471 (Substitute for nigra). 1901. Sorex araneus alticola Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, xiv, p. 48, April 25, 1901 (Meiringen, Switzerland). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1905. Slorex] vulgaris crassicaudatus Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Genéve, 4th ser., x1x, p. 201, February 15, 1905 (Zermatt, Switzer- land), Cotypes in Geneva Museum. 1905. Crossopus ou Sorex ignotus Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Genéve, 4th ser., xIx, p. 202, February 15, 1905 (Switzerland). Part: mandible, not skull. Type in Geneva Museum. 1905. Sorex araneus carpathicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xv, p. 506, May, 1905 (Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary). Type in British Museum, 1910. Sorex araneus tetragonurus and S. araneus carpathicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Kurope, pp. 52, 54. Type locality Strassburg, Germany. Geographical distribution Alps and neighbouring portions of Germany, France and Italy; eastward through Tirol to the mountains of Transylvania. Diagnosis._Similar to Sorex araneus bergensis, but colour in summer pelage not so dark, the contrast between back and sides often not conspicuous, though back is frequently blackish ; pigmentation of teeth more extensive than in the northern races, the hypocone of m! and m? usually brown at tip (see tabular comparison with true araneus on p. 36). Measurements.—Average and extremes of eight specimens from the type locality : head and body, 75°8 (71-79) ; tail, 47-5 (45-50) ; hind foot, 13-5 (18-2-14-2). Average and extremes of twenty specimens from Andermatt, Uri, Switzerland : head and body, 73-1 (70-81); tail, 51:1 (50-55); hind foot, 13-3 (138-14). Measurements of an adult female from Zermatt, Valais, Switzerland (in alcohol): * head and body, 74:6; tail, 51; hind foot, 13:6. Average and extremes of three specimens from Vitznau, Switzerland: {+ head and body, 67°3 (62-72); tail, 46°3 (44-49); hind foot, 13:2 (12-8-13:6). Type of Sorex araneus alticola Miller (Meiringen, Switzerland, No. 85,930 U.S.N.M.): head and body, 76 ; tail, 55; hind foot, 14. Average and extremes of ten specimens from Meiringen, Switzerland : } head and body, 74:0 (70-77); tail, 52:5 (47-57) ; hind foot, 13:3 (13-14). Average and extremes of four specimens from Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland: head and body, 76°7 (76-82) ; tail, 48°5 (45-50) ; hind foot, 13-6 (13°4-13°8). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 49. * Cotype of Sorex vulgaris crassicaudatus Fatio. t Essentially topotypes of Sorex vulgaris nigra and mollis Fatio. t Topotypes of Sorex araneus alticola Miller and essentially topotypes of Sorex vulgaris nuda Fatio. 44 INSECTIVORA Specimens examined.—Two hundred and sixty-two, from the following localities :— France: Eiupes, Doubs, 10; Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, 3; Cha- monix, Haute-Savoie, 10 (U.S.N.M.). GERMANY: Strassburg, 8. SwitzERLAND: Geneva, 17 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); St. Cergues, Vaud, 19 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Chesiéres, Vaud, 13 (Mottaz); Bioux-Dessus, Vaud, 4 (Mottaz) ; Les Plans, Vaud, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Zermatt, Valais, 7 (B.M., U.S.N.M. and Geneva); Stalden, Valais, 2 (Geneva); Grindelwald, Bern, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Briinig, Bern, 9 (U.S.N.M.); Meiringen, Bern, 17 (U.S.N.M.) ; Vitznau, Lucerne, 6 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Géschenen, Uri, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Andermatt, Uri, 49 (U.S.N.M.); Hospenthal, Uri, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Ziirich,1; Murgsee region, St. Gallen, 16 (U.S.N.M.); Degersheim, St. Gallen, 8 (U.S.N.M.); Uzwil, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sitterwald, St. Gallen, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Wildkirchli, Appen- zell, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Albulapass, Grisons, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Untervatz, Grisons, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Grisons, no exact locality, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Faido, Ticino, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Lugano, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Gentilino, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Locarno, Ticino, 4; no exact locality, 1. Austria-Huncary: Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 10; Csall6kéz- Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 3; Schwaz, Tirol, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Ivaty: Near Turin, 4 (Turin); Unerzio, Cuneo, 1; Vallombrosa, near Florence, 2. 84,29? Etupes, Doubs, 350 m. O, Thomas (P). 8. 8. 10. 14-24. France. (C. Mottaz). 36. Barcelonnette, Basses- O. Thomas (pr). 8. 8. 10, 25-27. Alpes. (C. Mottaz.) 446,19. Strassburg, Alsace. O. Thomas (P). 8. 8. 10. 28-32. (C. Mottaz.) lal. Zermatt, Valais, Swit- Dr. J. Anderson 91.10. 15. 26. zerland, (c & P). 36, Vitznau, Lake Lucerne. O.Thomas(c & P). 5. 8, 2. 39-34. lal. Zurich. C. Mésch (P). 89. 11. 8.3 2 Faido, Ticino. O. Thomas (c & P). 5.8. 2.19. 24,2. Locarno, Ticino. O. Thomas (c & P). 5. 8. 2. 2-5, ce Switzerland. E. R. Alston (P). 79. 9. 25. 10. 84,1°%. Hatszeg, Hunyad,Tran- C.G. Danford (c). 3. 2. 2. 3-10. sylvania, 1500-2000 ft. 3.11. 8. 15. Hungary. 3. Csallékéz-Somorja, Budapest Museum 94. 3. 1. 22-25. Pressburg, 400 ft. (B). Hungary. 2 al. Vallombrosa, Florence, Dr. G, Cecconi 1. 8. 2. 2-3. Ttaly. (c & P). SoREX ARANEUS PYRENAICUS Miller. 1909. Sorex araneus pyrenaicus Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., 111, p. 416, May, 1909. Type in British Museum. 1910. Sorex araneus pyrenaicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 53. Type locality. — L’Hospitalet, Ariége, France. Altitude 4,700 feet. Geographical distribution.— Pyrenees. At present known from France only, though occurring on the south slope of the mountains in the Department of Pyrénées-Orientales. Diagnosis.—Very similar to Sorex araneus tetragonurus, but distinguishable by the duller, less evidently tricolored summer SOREX 45 pelage (winter coat not known), in which the back rarely if ever assumes the blackish-brown tints often seen in the Alpine form. Colour.—The colour scarcely needs detailed description. As compared with that of the other large races it is characterised by extreme dulness and lack of noticeable contrast between the dorsal area and sides. In none of the thirty-two skins examined is the back so dark as in the dark individuals frequently found in Switzerland in summer. Skull and teeth As in S. araneus tetragonurus. Measurements.—Eixternal measurements of type: head and body, 72; tail, 51; hind foot, 14. Average and extremes of six specimens from the type locality : head and body, 70-6 (69-72) ; tail, 47 (44°4-51); hind foot, 13:3 (13-14). Average and extremes of nine specimens from Baréges, Hautes-Pyrénées : head and body, 72°5 (69-75); tail, 45 (42-49); hind foot, 13:3 (13-14). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 50. Specimens examined.—Thirty-two, from the following localities in the French Pyrenees :— Porté, Pyrénées-Orientales (Spanish watershed), 9; 1’Hospitalet, Ariége, 12; Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, 2; Baréges, Hautes-Pyrénées, 9. Remarks.—In its dull colour the Pyrenean shrew differs from the other large members of the group in much the same way as the small Sorex araneus euronotus of the neighbouring lowlands differs from true araneus. It thus represents the opposite extreme from the dark Norwegian form. 6, 2. Porté, Pyrénées-Orien- G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4, 142-143. tales,1600m. France. 24,?. Porté, Pyrénées-Orien- O. Thomas (P). 8. 9. 1. 49-51, tales, 1600-1700 m. (A. Robert). 6,49. L'Hospitalet, Ariége, G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8.4. 151-154. 4700 ft. 301. (8. 8. 4. 301. Type of subspecies.) ?. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 141. 2600 ft. 6,69. Baréges, Hautes-Pyré- G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 144-150, nées, 1800-1500 m. SoREX ARANEUS FRETALIS Miller. 1909. Sorex araneus fretalis Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., 111, p. 416, May, 1909. Type in British Museum. 1910, Sorex araneus fretalis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 52. Type locality —Trinity, Jersey, Channel Islands. Geographical distribution—Known only from the island of Jersey. ; Diagnosis.—Like Sorex araneus araneus, but skull with rostral portion shortened, broadened and deepened, and anterior CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SOREX ARANEUS. 46 Observations. INSECTIVOKA g FI ae) F ; ° : ae g EB e d odpwd ° ° Lad B ogFEGs a Boge 3 EB SmPaB 8 Pr cS Baars ss8 rg * "ee sa "Ere res sg ae 3g 5 geses x ‘0 = 8D 3 g aas#dd 4 a ava q qd re OD A SS Baie Re TEE Pe bP ake ESS s D cal *(earyua) AMOI-4900 Ieqrpueyy WODDDODOODDNDSDONSSLPSEDOONSNO®MOY REE ORE EERE OOL DDD ODE DDDODEOLOEK ‘(a11}Ua) MOT -Y}00} Atel xe OE GY st GO Ht OGD SE EO) GEO) SE SHED SO Sh CO i I DDODDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDE “atqupuRNN HODSODOSSSHSSPH®AS®NDDOVSTBDAVSSOWDO &SOSCHOSSSHAGSOROSAAASSAOOOOAAS “CURIPaU) asvo -ureiq Jo Uydeq Hoo HANANAAOHWOODANANNHDHADS noo 16101 | 1619 191 1 19 1 1 1 11 11 tH HH HH Hipp *9sB0-ULEIq jo Yypeaig one WADADOSDANOWDDAGOANNS DOA HAAN Ga ARARARAABADAAAHASAHARAGHHS “YypBelq peurdryoe'T SCHDOAOMDOOODNODDODDOONDSDSODDONO H.0 69 a0 o0 cn cD co GO aD co cd é oe o 4 a 4 a & gq 2:8 :SxH BS &€ PH RX Rees Sf 8.3-8 3 s28 78 "Bo be fon Ee} ° nod a =) a o aa .. nO. ne 4 iad co g 8 g 3 = g au =| = 9 ® n a A d d 8 8 BE . B PP ISENG oie ee ®©-..9 qd v 6B WH @ Pa = a o d 6 20 g 9 Ls] 6 ££ § 98 q €@ a § el ~~ Of SSS Q ia) ADGOSDODOHWDO LO a slightly worn. ? ” much worn. ? slightly worn. ERE OOF EEE & SOREX 47 FI inl F Bd F F c.f 8 BS de 8 SiS F SF SB oF sPBF om eee re eB - Bs Em 2s apg “5 oe qe qe 99 aoa ord od B3s ib Sip sp gas a Aa Ana Aa ” ’ ? ? ‘) , ” ’ ” z) ? + 4 SPOSAAPSLOS®DNOSSOSANSSBDBADNSOD Or OEE OPE OR ERE OODOLOORE EE OL + CONHONOANAONAD HA + ONHOOHOANAHWANNOHHADODOOWOON a DDDDDDODODDED D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDELDDDDDDOO DOSCDDDDODODS GO CONGSCOHONODANODHOOHDNADOWOD POGHADAGSARS & SOSAGOHABHAGAGHARAGCADADAGS WHOWOMS |OCOOD FO MNDNADDOONSCOHOOONOMDONDOOONON 19 19.19.19 1191] 1919.1 HQ HEH DH 20.1909. 19 10 19 19 19 10 1819.19 H 1919 19 1919.10. 1091 ODDODOH HANON AADHOANOWHHOOATHHOOHOWTODH 2OORaaS lODaG PRRRBADBRARAARAROHGARAGAAGAD CHNODDHOWOOH D CDDDDDODDODNDONDNDNDONDDODOOH SH do co Hc co co ca cn co co aa cco cD co cn cd do co Co H a9 cd do GD cd GO cD CO SH CD GD HD SH HD APHOANAONHAAAD DO DCDAAANNDHANNOAANANHTHONAAAN 1910) 19 1919 18918 1919.19.19 11D 1918 19 10181891119 19 18 19. 18.18 1919. 18 1919 1911.1] 19 1) ODHODHD DOAOG HF DODAHOHOHAAATONANADDNOAOAOD DODOKEDDDDDDDDDDODLRDDDOD $0 £0 £0 OF £0 40 40 OF OF OF SO OF 60 OF OF £0 40 OF OF OF OF OF OF OF FO FO 40 OF OF YO FO OF OF OF OF OF FO OF a) © ae ‘ HORODALHOHRORUMDD He BSSHSeSrass B SASSSSSSSSSRRIEUSSESSSESS BOD DAONOOS DH HHADADAAAAAABADBARARARBAAAAA Son GGtHRESES F SARSESRE SS SAAAARA SAA Aaa Ss Sse oo Se eA Sc i Bc oe ee ee en eee) ror) oe = Eth sapchelies dacre.ceaha awe egue ns SOs hS ORES E eee eee ew ee B bi es oP. See get eS Hs q g = oh lke, anti a we BAe ee wt www S Berar as.. : 1 N aa 3 $ be nee at es Do RR RR a Pees. 8 ne ito ok, edad Se ea Sa Et Ps Ge C Rieeae oa =) aD g 5 o 4 B i OP a H Ad © Ss ° Q a | rg > @@..--g Se: ae bead 3 iD o GF 98 earl 5 & Wes Be & ee Se Se BS wie Bie EM o 8 4nd G@..d8 .SGAaasaarannsy wo RR RRR Som 3960 @ 208 288 dg Re) H — "s, Sem 2 ae q aQ 3 5 So . He ages “8 ge Be a Ps eZ ‘i 6H F & wh rtd ft oo Db BI 5 g 2 4& A q g a q nc ES q q a oa ay 3 a ® 3 3 § @ A q ea aay 1) * Distance between tips of rudimentary zygomatic processes. 48 INSECTIVORA CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SOREX ARANEUS—continued. d od Lond w < 6 ¢ eee BOS dg 4 3° b bb ic} ° oe 4 ee See ce. : . 8 a aq Sdsq Bae ¢ 3S Poon a um a HoH pip. 8 Pt eS a FR 4 ° Logo .. a Oo 2r9 5 3 BROROER 2.52 26 BY B 3 iste} » S 40S a> R04 oD » Pa = O° 26°28 -—t Oot ° va) = Lars] raonl 3 a a sada a Au A aay o. eer se a Tae 8 Bi Rah es ee Se a “(e113 08) a DOO0D00 SOMSDDSSSBDHANSNDOS semapoen oO ~-oODDDaO DOEDDDODEEKRL OR OOD -(ea1qQua) 0a © WOOO DO WUHWAATOWOANSOOOODO 1100} AIETPLXV TT DOD ODDDMDD DODDDDDDDDDDDDDDOD . So MO00ND0 WDADSOOBNOVSOONAS aatpaeAL Sa2SSaSd PHSSSSRARQASSSSSS *(ueIpou) asvo | HAAWOAM WADOAWOCOASCHTDHAOWOS -uyerq Jo yydeq 1D 19 19 19 1919 19 10.191 10 19 18 18 191819 H 1919 191091) ‘aseo-utesq HOO © OWOWHAHAATOCOMNODOWOHA Jo ypearg | aaaala PAARHBARABDADARGAGVSS “yypeeiq So OMDDOD DODODDODDNDHODSHNH TeutdryoeT HH OOM OH OD GD SH cd H cD 30 6d 20 oD cD co cD GD oD OD cD “ygpReIq Aonwawa APTOAAANAONANHTHODS oTyeUOasZ, 1D 2019.10 1919.19 19 00 1919 1019 191) 1919 1911] | ~yydu0t OD HOWNOO DHODADOBDOOOKLTSOOONS DAD ARRDDRDLADAG Teseqopépuog Saf ce on Garces QNDADAK BQQADKHARASS 8 Ot OF OF OF OF OF OF OF SOO OF OF OF OOO SOOH OF OH OF DAY QDOCOKr DAWN AWODON i On COAT NRTA AA ENANND Ee] addenda Paedt dtd enn AAA OHAAH Zz eo ASS et ie dndddtid dtd nd dd Odddddd sndinti nia ntti nies ni Aenea nie p ® at ‘ SB 2 ‘q S84 tal vet Ea ° a a a > Sf me & & #4] QO 2g ae a . ae a 3 . A & zoo dg-aanea S859 S ae ao 2 = 2 28 sg g SES SSeS oD ee Qe, ann a cis og 4 4 cae Se “i - = oo 08 aon 3 s oA i | es 3 8 5 Bog aa i 4 el o q pees re cone tae! 8 ro) Re 22S RH as se no Farrar Gg iS) S-a = oa cal 5 st B © oy = aa wn Pb ee ae. dF n'y ao] aa q q 3 . 7 p= & ne ° a0 oO ° qa wR ic SOREX 49 q ow i § < Ee z gs : FI . Bg Es F g ae Oo. Bs me es d B dog Bq og 8 HS Be ies RS eer a Te SSP RRR S Oh ee pH BAR SB 5 3 ° a or Oo paae) ° dig rh Be a iy BOE . GE SB wee ee) = oe "ap 2g 7" “opr 4 ma O& a ° = oss palate) ° Al a adgq ag 8a 4 : Qs SRR RRR RR RET ART SERRE RRARRE RRreeeenaers & a POSSSNOHASCANOWATHAA w WooouUIToDoONS Rec DDDDDODDODDODDODODDOOOO DonndnonoOrKoOdK oD oo POPMSSMSSSSSPSSSSOSSCSCONNSODOONHOONS om oO DODODARMAPDARBAAADAARHHOARHODRDOAARDODDOD a SRF SPONOHHAHANOSCONHANWHADODOOHDOOM = esese a egsssssses SSSSessesoesoooooosooaaanas st 00 REVO SCSNSSSSSOSOAAHMOHOWHOOWOWODONNSON HoH 1919191918 19.19.1.19.19.19 1918 1919.19.18. 19 1919 1 19 19 19 1919 19 1 1 1 wD tO SLOPOPFSLODDOONDDHOYDODDONONDODONONS Oa QLYSPRPQPRARSHRADHHARAAAARSSORREHOOS oo NOCSOSOMOBDSSSIOSODOOHOSOHDHOOSOOOOHHHH oof SH OSH SH SH SHH CD SH GD SH SH SH SH SH SH Go cto clo cn SH & & a 3 = Sf Re PRE See aay = . Ot g Evia! * s A ‘ 4S @- %s = 2a a a Sy 3 ws OD 2) S .Bg 8 e e % a Eaate} Nose aie F Gag sa eo og R B a z RB ROR ne Bid 3 8 . » > 3 3 o 79. 4S Bo lis a Manel can cae 2 a ¢ eum Be @ regres eI o 8 : # H 20 ‘S Ps 3 oo 8 weer aa ° ra eS se oO o RP a Gee eh. oa «71 t SN q 4 Do mR Rw 2h mn > oOo << ®D oO vo .. ise) a a wD 6S -=28 Pog q ® af =e ae 7) =) w D778 34 eo od Pa io o a ~o a Ps a a 3 WE 8 as. ch f = = 4 3 Rc 3 a a BO! se ca He ax eo 2-8 2 pe er 5 2 : on: S538 nn < qo Ay isa) SOREX d g | = = oa i « 2 6) ‘ iS) g » Fak : 2 d ha BF og g.sg> ¢ . gd ® 3 im d Oog7og ° d ° Bee Sea. de og Be 8 PQbPa :F § 8 a, zoe =F + = ai ge, cake - oO a oO aa mB rR seegkadg 3 Boxg rg aq 33 B® 2 Bewao aS fe) Aa 5° a A Haacdd a a #8 q a gq ia] ~ OD Res me Ee oR a Be Be a. ta SS Ron & a a Se a SS a i=) oCOoO0M SOSSHHDOSOH DON oO AHH nono ao DOO DODODODHSEDOK Ob eee oO Om DOO OMDDOOHO HOW HON a onan HH HO DODO WDODARDDDMDD fe ote ole) ODO DODD le ale oes) = once DOONDOHHAS ooo o 000m ono oo eo00 POSOSOSSCDSCSS ooo oS RO00a oa8 AD apie Roa | sae can aaa ee oe dae da nnd re -“ owoo AIWAOWW AS ano xH D0 0 AOD oo a at) uD 1 1D AD AD 2 19 1D WwW wd wud uw uw wa | 1 ud H HD DOWO WODOODOOOH HOO onan oon ao ADAH BAAGOAOOOS DADA oS aaa | DAR DH ore re oCoOoM DODSDODNDODOCOD ofo°0 Oo MOM woo oo Ht SSD SO SH OSH SH SH GD HH SH OD > 38 Prectlty Pah eek BO eo eee Aon As] BS . ua a as 4 a & @ 3 Ee} G2 & a a 8 2 ‘Eos a (> = a re q =, «9 ° as 9 Om RAR eee ee a Se IE RB oO bo & zs $2 6 8 3 2 = A uo BS ods a gs oo Baan oF a Ses § 5 bon Be oe at oh os =, oo o a a & neg Ay ns is Sy Sate a 2 3-2 3.5 a acd q qd © w os a) ms a Vv oad. 2 Bathe th 2p 3 4S Ge se G2 = ge- BRE : io ae Sow BR 4 a a ere ao & aoa us 58 pS) jas am rm ope eae) _— 3 Bx won wy, u.. wir 3 pb fr) oO oO on i) a qd Oo (3) 4 @ 25 2 B qa q a 3 a 8 a ET & Ea A a 1) Fy a n E to 10. tus Fat: pus igno' + Type of Crosso § Type. * Co-type of Sorex vulgaris crassicaudatus Fatio. + Type of Sorex araneus carpathicus Barrett-Hamilton. 52 INSECTIVORA teeth (incisors both above and below, and first and second upper unicuspids) enlarged. Colour.—Summer pelage about like that of S. araneus araneus, but upper parts perhaps not so dark. Sides apparently averaging lighter than in true araneus, and underparts in some specimens a very pale, almost whitish, buffy grey, decidedly lighter than in any skins of the other races yet examined. Skull.—In size and general form the skull does not differ appreciably from that of true Sorex araneus, but on comparison of specimens the rostral portion in front of large premolar is seen to be relatively shorter, broader and deeper. The greater breadth is especially noticeable from below, the space between the anterior unicuspids about equalling diameter of these teeth, while in all the other races (except S. a. granarius) it is evidently less. Teeth While in general the teeth resemble those of Sorex araneus araneus, the large incisors both above and below are appreciably more robust, and the first and second upper uni- cuspids are wider. The difference is particularly noticeable in the lower incisor, the shaft of which is thickened and the lobes on cutting edge distinctly enlarged. Measurements.— External measurements of type (adult female) : head and body, 63; tail, 48:2; hind foot, 13. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined.— Five, all from the island of Jersey. Remarks.—The Jersey shrew is easily distinguishable from the other races by its enlarged anterior teeth. It is probable that a sufficient series of skins will show that there is an average difference in colour as well. g, 6. Jersey, ChannelIslands. O. Thomas (P). 8. 9. 2. 1-2. (R. H. Bunting.) (8.9.2.1. Type of subspecies.) SOREX ARANEUS GRANARIUS Miller. 1910. Sorex araneus granarius Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., vi, p. 459, November, 1910. Type in British Museum. Type locality —La Granja, Segovia, Spain. Geographical distribution.—At present known from the type locality only, and probably confined to the mountains of central Spain. 3 Diagnosis.—Smallest known European race of Sorex araneus, the condylobasal length of skull only about 17°5 mm., upper tooth-row about 7°5 mm. ; palate wide anteriorly as in S. araneus fretalis, but anterior teeth not enlarged. External characters and colour.—Externally the animal shows no special peculiarities, though the ear and the plantar tubercles SOREX 53 seem to be relatively smaller than usual. Colour of specimens in alcohol apparently as in true araneus. Skull and teeth. Apart from its small size the skull does not differ noticeably from that of the other races, except in the relative shortness of the rostral portion and tooth-row as com- pared with the breadth of palate. Palatal breadth between anterior unicuspids as great in proportion to width of teeth as in S. araneus fretalis. Teeth small, normal in form, the pig- mentation apparently less extensive than usual. Measurements.—Type (adult male), and an older male, also from La Granja: head and body, 62 and 66; tail, 36 and 37 ; hind foot, 11°6 and 11:6; ear from meatus, 6°6 and 7. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 51. Specimens examined.—Two, both from the type locality. Remarks.—In its broad palate the Guadarrama shrew bears a remarkable likeness to the form inhabiting the island of Jersey. It is readily distinguishable from the Jersey animal by its small size, and by the absence of all tendency to enlarge- ment of the anterior teeth. 2 al. La Granja, Segovia, M.dela Escalera(c). 6.11. 4. 3-4. Spain. (6.11. 4.4. Type of subspecies.) SOREX MINUTUS Linnzus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution—Northern portion of Eurasia from Ireland eastward (exact eastern limits of range not known). In Europe south to the Pyrenees and southern Italy. Diagnosis—Size small, head and body usually about 50-60 mm., the tail 10-15 mm. shorter, condylobasal length of skull 14°8-16°6 mm.; posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor sub-terete, the length of its base about half that of anterior cusp; colour brown, the underparts always lighter than back, and sides never specially contrasted. External characters.—In general external characters Sorex minutus agrees with S. araneus, except for its smaller size and relatively longer tail. Colour.—The colour rather closely resembles that of Sorex araneus in dull summer pelage, except that the back usually has a peculiar greyish cast not easy to describe, but by which it is possible to recognise skins with much certainty. There is never any indication of a specially differentiated colour area along sides. Upper parts between sepia and wood-brown in summer, more nearly hair-brown in winter, the hairs slate-grey at base and with faint silvery sub-terminal annulations more visible in some lights than in others, and giving rise to the greyish effect already alluded to. Underparts smoke-grey of varying depth, some- 54 INSECTIVORA times almost whitish, the line of demarcation along sides usually evident though not very conspicuous. Feet pale wood-brown with a silvery gloss or suffused with drab, sometimes noticeably lighter than back. Tail concolor with back above, not so dark below. Skull_—Avart from its conspicuously smaller size (condylo- basal length, 14°8 to 16 mm. instead of 17°8 Saas to 20 mm.) the skull differs notably from that of Sorex araneus and 8. alpinus in the narrower, more elongate brain-case, the outline of which when viewed from above is distinctly oval instead of sub-circular. Antero-external portion of border flattened, though less notice- ably than in Sorex araneus. Owing to its different form the brain-case is less abruptly Fie. 10. marked off from interorbital region than in Sorex minutus, the other European species. Depth of brain-case Nat. size. usually less relatively to breadth than in S. araneus. Lachrymal foramen opening over posterior half of first molar. Teeth.—Aside from their very much smaller size (upper tooth-row 6 to 7 mm. instead of 8 to 9°6 mm.) the teeth of Sorex minutus differ in numerous details of form from those of S. araneus. Anterior upper incisor with basal lobe nearly as high as anterior cusp, so that the two points of the tooth are essentially in line with the tips of the first three unicuspids. When viewed from below the posterior lobe appears, however, distinctly smaller than anterior cusp, while from the side its outline is conspicuously higher and narrower than that of first unicuspid. Anterior lower incisor with first lobe on cutting edge as well defined BAR from anterior point of tooth as from second ay my lobe, and lengths of bases of all three lobes approximately equal. Upper unicuspids not essentially different in form from those of Sorex araneus, but crowns perceptibly longer “~~ than wide and less abruptly rounded off anteriorly, the resulting form less nearly 2 eet, an square. In lateral view the outline is quite ae as in the larger animal. The relative size of the unicuspids differs markedly from that in the larger animal. The first, second and third are sub-equal, with the second usually a trifle smaller than the third, and the first with distinctly the greatest crown area. Fourth slightly smaller than third, and fifth equally smaller than fourth*, between which and large premolar it is tightly crowded. First lower unicuspid differing from that of S. araneus in its greater length along cingulum and less height of cusp, its form when viewed from * Sometimes equal to fourth or slightly larger. SOREX 55 the side thus noticeably different from that of first upper unicuspid. Second unicuspid, together with other mandibular teeth, essentially as in S. araneus. Maxillary cheek-teeth as in S. araneus, except that hypocones are less developed, that on large premolar obsolete. Remarks.—Sorex minutus is at once distinguishable from S. araneus by its smaller size and relatively longer tail, as well as by the more technical characters of the skull and teeth. Immature individuals of araneus might sometimes be mistaken for minutus, but their larger feet will serve to indicate their identity ; while if the skull and teeth can be examined, a positive identification is easily obtained. SoREX MINUTUS MINUTUS Linneus. 1766. [Sorex] minutus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 12th ed., p. 73 (Siberia). 1769. ae oh ae Laxmann, Sibirische Briefe, p. 72 (Barnaul, Tomsk, iberia). 1789. [Sorex] exilis Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 13th ed., p. 115 (Yenesei River, Siberia). 1806. Sorex canaliculatus Ljungh, Kongl. Vetensk. Akad. Nya Handl., XXvVII, p. 263 (Lommaryd Vicarage, northern Vedbo district, Jérnképing, Sweden). 1811. Sorex pygmexus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., 1, p. 134 (Ob and Yenesei Rivers, Siberia). 1811. Sorex minimus Geofiroy, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, xvir, p. 186 (Accidental renaming of minutus). 1832. Sorex pumilio Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria). 1838. S[orex] rusticus Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 423, August, 1838 (England). 1838. Sorex] rusticus var. 8 S{orex] hibernicus Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 423, August, 1838 (Dublin, Ireland). 1844, Sorex pumilus Nilsson. Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetensk.-Akad. Forhandl., Stockholm, 1, p. 83, March 20, 1844 (North-eastern Skaane, Sweden). 1857. Sorex pygmxus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 133. 1895, Sorex minutus Thomas, The Zoologist, 3rd ser., XIX, p. 63, February, 1895. 1910. Sorex minutus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, p. 55. Type locality.— Vicinity of the Yenesei River, Siberia. Geographical distribution The entire European range of the species, except southern Italy. Diagnosis.—Teeth normal in size, the molars and anterior upper incisor not enlarged. Measurements.—Average and extremes of thirteen specimens from Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, Scotland: head and body, 52°3 (49-55); tail, 36 (32-5-39°5); hind foot, 10°4 (10-11). Average and extremes of eight specimens from the Isle of Man: head and body, 59-6 (52-64); tail, 40°2 (36-43); hind foot, 11-1 (10-12). Average and extremes of five specimens from Ariége, France: head and body, 55°8 (51-62); tail, 44°2 (42-46); hind foot, 11-4 (11-12). Average and extremes of 56 INSECTIVORA four specimens from the Harz Mountains, Germany: head and body, 57°3 (51-63) ; tail, 40°5 (39~42) ; hind foot, 11°5 (11-12). Average and extremes of four specimens from Stalden, Valais, Switzerland: head and body, 55:6 (50-61); tail, 42°6 (42-43) ; hind foot, 11:0 (10°8-11°2). Average and extremes of seven specimens from Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania: head and body, 51:3 (47-55): tail, 40°6 (32-46); hind foot, 11°2 (10-12). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 58. Specimens examined.—One hundred and twenty-five, from the following localities :— Scornanp: Lossiemouth, Elgin, 2; Gordonstown, Elgin,1; Lhanbryde, Elgin, 2; Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, 13; Cromlix, Dunblane, 1; Aber- deen, 1; Dunvegan, Skye, 1; Stornoway, Lewis, Hebrides, 1; Newton, North Uist, Hebrides, 1; Barra Island, Hebrides, 1; Stockbriggs, Lanark- shire, 1; Kirtle Bridge, Dumfriesshire, 1; Wyseby, Dumfriesshire, 2. Watss: Aberia, Merionethshire, 2; near Bridgend, Glamorganshire, 1; no exact locality, 1. Eneuanp: Spurn Head, Yorkshire, 1; Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 3; Waltham, Lincolnshire, 2; Thornhaugh, Northants, 2; Swithland, Leices- tershire, 1; Graftonbury, Herefordshire, 2; Crippetts, Glouvestershire, 3; Clifton, Gloucestershire, 1; Loughton, Essex, 2; Wilbraham, Cambridge- shire, 1; Dartford, Kent, 1; New Forest, Hampshire, 1; Alum Bay, Isle of Wight, 1; Chagford, Devonshire, 2; Combmartin, Devonshire, 1; South Molton, Devonshire, 1; Lundy Island, Devonshire, 1; Isle of Man, 8. IrELAND: Clonbroch, Co. Galway, 1; Caragh Lake, Co. Kerry, 1; Co. Longford, 1; Knock, Co. Down, 1; North Esk, Dunkettle, 2; Duncannon, 3; Kilkenny, 1; no exact locality, 2. Norway: Holaaker, upper Gudbrandsdal, 1; Graven, Hardanger, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Swepen: Upsala, 1 (U.S.N.M.); near Stockholm, 1; Svarta, Orebro, 1 (U.S.N.M.). France: Barbizon, Seine-et-Marne, 1; Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, 2; ]’Hospitalet, Ariége, 3; Porté, Pyrénées-Orientales, 1. Germany: Brunswick, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Bodethal, Harz Mts., 3 (U.S.N.M.); Mauseklippe, Bodethal, Harz Mts., 1 (U.S.N.M.); Frankfort- on-Main, Hessen-Nassau,1; Niesky, Silesia,1; Marxheim, near Mannheim, Bavaria, 2; near Kénigsberg, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Austria-Huneary: Csallékiiz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary,1; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 7. SwitzERLanD: St. Cergues, Vaud, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Stalden, Valais, 4 Ves Untervatz, Grisons, 5 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); St. Gothard, ri, 1. Iraty: Vallombrosa, near Florence, 1. 1. Lossiemouth, Moray- G. Denson (c & P). 8.9.17. 1 shire, Scotland. 9,1. Lhanbryde, Elgin, 200ft. W. Taylor (c & P). 8. 9. 3. 1-2. 2: Dunblane, Stirlingshire. W.R.Ogilvie-Grant 8.9.6.1. (c & P). i, Aberdeen. Dr. Macgillivray 52.7.10. 13. (c & P). 3 Dunvegan, Skye. J. 8. Elliott (c&p), 8.9.4.1. é Stornoway, Lewis. R. M. D. Hawker 8, 9. 18. 1. (c & P). lal. North Uist, Hebrides. J. A. Harvie Brown 79. 9.18. 1. c& Pp). 1. Barra Island, Hebrides. W. E. de Winton 8.9. 20.1. (c & P). SOREX Stockbriggs, Lanark- shire. Bridgend, Glamorgan- shire, Wales. Wales. Grimsby, Lincolnshire, England. Waltham, Lincolnshire. Graftonbury, Hereford- shire. Wilbraham, Cambridge- shire. (S. F. Harmer.) Clifton, Gloucestershire. (R. I. Pocock. Lundy Island, shire, Chagford, Devonshire, 856 ft. (W.P. Stark.) Ramsay, Isle of Man, evon- Sulby Glen, Isle of Man. Clonbroch, Galway, Ire- land. Longford. Knock, Down. Dunketitle, Cork. Duncannon, Wexford. (Rev. Dr. Martin.) Treland. Holaaker, Gudbrandsdal, 1900 ft. Norway. Barbizon, Seine-et- Marne, France. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége. l Hospitalet, Ariége, 4700 m. lV Hospitalet, Ariége, 1450 m. (A. Robert.) Porté, Pyrénées-Orien- tales, 1600 m. Querum Forest, Bruns- wick, Germany. Frankfort - on Main, Nassau. Niesky, Silesia, 181 m. (W. Baer.) Marxheim, Bavaria. Csall6kéz-Somorja, Press- burg, 400ft. Hungary. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- sylvania, 2000 — 5500 ft. Hatszeg, Transylvania, 2000-5500 ft. Hatszeg, Hunyad, 1500- ft. 2 E, R, Alston (c & P). R.I. Pocock (c & P). G. Stokes (c & P). G. H. Caton Haigh c & P). G. H. Caton Haigh (c & P). (c & Miller Collection. Miller Collection. N. H, Joy (c & P), Miller Collection. Cc. H. B. Grant F. Witherby (c & Pp). Dr. G. E. Dobson (c & P). Hon. N.-C. Roths- child (c & P). Miss O’Keefe(c&P). H. G. Ooo P). Zoological Society’s Collection. R. J. Cuninghame (c & P). G. S. Miller (c). V. Builles (c & Pp). G. §. Miller (c). O. Thomas (P). G. 8. Miller (c). G. Barrett-Hamilton tones Collection. Lord Lilford (P). Lord Lilford (P). Budapest Museum (2). C. G. Danford (c). C. G. Danford (c). C. G. 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GF | 9-ST ST'6 1°66] ° : "eIsoylg ‘Aysetny : AeUTIEy 4 - %-9 |0-L 10-8 |3-F| F-L/0-8) G-F| F-9T] 8 | G°LB'S'S os i ‘usom ATyqsys =“ 7-9 |0-L | 0-8 | 8-8} G-L16-8/3-F)9-9T| & | BLB'E'8 | * esa souUIOy,-sey-xXy ne “ 9-9 | 0-4 | 0-8 | %-F|} 0-8]0-€) GF] B-9T | & |I9T'F'8'S * SaleyuetIQ-sepuaIhg ‘910g ee ee 7-9 |0-L |} 0-8 |G-F| 9-4] 0-8) 5-6] F-9T | & |6ST'F'8'8) * ; = es ‘uIoM you 7-9 |O-L 10-8 | FF] 9-4] 8-31 3-F| F-9T | 2 9OTSLT + oBarry “gopeqidsoxy,] : cower ‘arom AT9Q8Ys qIo0T,/ 0-9 | %-9 | 8-L | 3-7] &L/| 0-8! 3-7] Foot] & | T'6L'6'8 | - : . * Yoorquoly : prepery 60 INSECTIVORA 1 St. Gothard, Uri, Swit- Purchased(Brandt), 46. 2. 13. 14. zerland. lal. Vallombrosa, Florence, Dr. G. Cecconi (P.) 1, 8. 2. 4. Italy. SorEx MINUTUS LUCANIUS Miller. 1909. Sorex minutus lucanius Miller, Anv. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., ui, p. 417, May, 1909. Type in British Museum. 1910. Sorex minutus lucanius Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 55. Type locality—Monte Sirino, Lagonegro, Italy. Geographical distribution At present known from the type locality only. Diagnosis.—Similar to Sorex minutus minutus, but with molars and anterior upper incisor noticeably enlarged Teeth.— As compared with specimens of Sorex minutus minutus from a wide range of European localities and also with specimens from Scalipa and Sumela, Asia Minor, the type of S. minutus lucanius is at once recognizable by its enlarged teeth The actual size is so small that it is impossible to express the differences by measurements, but to the eye the greater area of the molar crowns and the larger more projecting anterior upper incisor and more robust unicuspids and anterior lower incisor are at once apparent. Measurements.—Tail, 42; hind foot, 10:4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 59. Specimen examined.—The type. Is Monte Sirino, Lagonegro, O, Thomas (P). 8.9.1.5. 8. Italy. (A. Robert.) (Type of subspecies.) SOREX ALPINUS Schinz. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—Pyrenees, Alps, Harz Mountains, Riesengebirge and Carpathians. Diagnosis.—Size essentially as in Sorex araneus (head and body usually 65 to 70 mm.), but tail about equal to head and body ; colour uniform dark slaty grey, the underparts nearly as dark as back ; basal lobe of anterior upper incisor sub-terete, the length of its base about half that of anterior lobe. External characters —Except for the dark, slaty colour, and the much greater relative and actual length of the tail, Sorex alpinus does not differ markedly from Sorex araneus in general external characters. The fur of the back varies from 5 mm. to 8 mm. in depth according to season, and the tail may either be well covered with closely appressed hairs and provided with a pencil 4 to 5 mm. long, or practically naked at tip and very SOREX 61 scantily haired elsewhere, a variation not wholly dependent on season.* At middle of tail there are about 18 annulations to the centimeter. Feet relatively larger than in Sorex araneus, but not peculiar in form. Colour.—Kntire upper parts a deep slaty grey produced by the combination of blackish-slate under colour and short seal- brown tips, lightened to a varying degree by silvery sub-terminal annulations. Underparts slightly washed with sepia, but the difference in colour of the two surfaces not conspicuous, and sides entirely without line of demarcation. Feet scantily clothed with silvery hairs. Tail sharply bicolor, nearly black above and at tip, buffy whitish below, the light area always less extensive than the dark, and sometimes reduced on distal half of tail to a narrow median line. Skull.—The skull, though of the same general dimensions as that of Sorex araneus, is recognizable by its less elevated brain-case, the outline of which when viewed from above is more nearly circular, owing to the very slight flattening of antero-external portion of border. Inter- orbital region less tapering than in the related species, a character due to the slightly though appreciably greater lachrymal breadth. The diameter of the tympanic ring is usually though not constantly less than in Sorex araneus. Anteorbital foramen slightly larger than in S. araneus. Lachrymal fora- men opening over point of contact between Sona Hentai, first and second molars. Nat. size. Teeth.—Relatively to size of skull the teeth are noticeably smaller than in Sorex araneus ; this is particularly evident in the anterior upper incisor when viewed from the side, and the upper unicuspids when viewed from below. Anterior upper incisor with basal lobe even smaller than in S. minutus, its height slightly less than that of first unicuspid and much less than that of anterior lobe of incisor. Viewed from below it appears to oceupy decidedly less than half of tooth, while from side it appears scarcely half as large as first unicuspid, from which it further differs in its simple peg-like form. The two teeth come in contact at about the same level as in S. araneus, but their tips diverge more noticeably. Anterior lower incisor with shaft distinctly tapering, its cutting edge with three low, sometimes ill-defined lobes. Upper unicuspids less robust than in Sorex araneus, their crowns distinctly longer than broad. The cusp occupies more than half area of crown, at expense of crushing area, most of which, except in fifth unicuspid, lies obliquely instead of horizontally. Viewed from -the side the unicuspids Fie. 12. * A specimen in full winter coat, but with the tail bare at tip (B.M. 3.2.2.2), was taken at Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary, on December 12. 62 INSECTIVORA are all longer in proportion to their height than in Sorex araneus, and the posterior border is more concave. In size there is a gradual and regular diminution from first unicuspid to third ; fourth somewhat more abruptly smaller ;* fifth slightly smaller than fourth when viewed from the side, but with larger crown area due to the presence of a well developed postero-internal crushing surface. This tooth is rela- ae tively larger and more functional than ( in Sorex araneus, showing no tendency to become subordinate to paracone of large premolar. Lower uunicuspids narrower and more trenchant than in - Sorex araneus. Except for this general — tendency the second shows no special an ane ‘snterior ~—- PeCUliarities of form. The first, how- teeth. x 5. ever, is strikingly different from the corresponding tooth in S. araneus. Its general outline when viewed from side is irregularly elliptical, with longest axis parallel to that of mandible, the upper edge with two low, rounded cusps, the anterior of which is about as large as lobes on cutting edge of incisor, the posterior smaller. Upper cheek-teeth not essentially different from those of Sorex araneus, except that hypocones are less developed. Lower cheek-teeth as in the related species. Pigmentation of teeth slightly less extensive than usual in Sorex araneus. SoREX ALPINUS ALPINUS Schinz. 1837. Sorex alpinus Schinz, Neue Denkschr. Allgem. Schweiz. Gesellsch. Naturwiss., Neuchatel, 1, p. 13 (St. Gothard Pass, Switzerland). 1840. ? Sorex antinorii Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. 29 (No exact locality, and probably not a European species). 1857. Sorex alpinus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 126. 1870. ? Sorex intermedius Cornalia, Catal. Descrit. Mamm. Ital., p. 27 (Hills of Brianza, Como, Italy). Part: body; see Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxvui1, p. 364, 1899. 1899. ? Sorex alpinus var. longobarda Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxvi, p. 363 (MS. synonym of intermedius). 1910. Sorex alpinus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 50. Type locality —St. Gothard Pass, Uri, Switzerland. Geographical distribution.—From the Jura and Alps through Tirol to Transylvania ; Pyrenees.t * In an adult female from Briinig, Switzerland (No. 85830, U.S.N.M.), the third and fourth unicuspids on right side are fused into a single 2-cusped tooth, while those on left side are normal. + I have seen no Pyrenean specimens of Sorex alpinus. For record of its occurrence see Trutat, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat., Toulouse, x11, p. 100, 1878 (‘‘massif de la Maladetta”). The animal is probably less common in the Pyrenees than in the Alps, as I was unable to find it in several localities resembling those where it regularly occurs in Switzerland. SOREX 63 Diagnosis.—Skull and teeth of maximum size for the species (condylobasal length of skull, 19-4 to 20°6; upper tooth-row, 8°6 to 9:0; lower tooth-row, 8:0 to 8:4), Measurements.— A verage and extremes of five specimens from Briinig, Switzerland: head and body, 74°6 (72-77); tail, 73 (70-75) ; hind foot, 16. Average and extremes of three speci- mens from Vitznau, Switzerland: head and body, 72:3 (69-75) ; tail, 74:0 (72-75); hind foot, 15°5 (15-16). Adult male from Vitznau, Switzerland: head and body, 69; tail, 68; hind foot, 15°3. Adult female from Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, France : head and body, 73; tail, 74; hind foot, 15:4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 64. Specimens examined.—Thirty-one, from the following localities :— France: Chamonix, Haute-Savoie, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SwITZERLAND: St. Cergues, Vaud (Jura), 4 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz) ; Brinig, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Vitznau, 4 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Andermatt, 1 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gothard, Uri, 6(B.M, and U.S.N.M.); Untervatz, Grisons, 1(U.S.N.M.); Murgthal, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Santis, St. Gallen, 1 (Mottaz); no exact locality, 3. Austria-Huncary: Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 4. 3. Vitznau, 440 m. Swit- O.Thomas(c&p), 5.8,3.15. zerland, 1. St. Gothard, Uri. Baron E. de Sélys- 45. 7. 5. 1. Longchamps (Pr). 1,1al. St. Gothard, Uri. Purchased (Brandt), 46. 2. 13.13. 46, 2.13. 14. 1 St. Gothard, Uri. Purchased (Stock- 46. 6. 2. 32. holm Museum). 1 Switzerland. E. R. Alston (P). 79. 9. 25. 9. 1. Switzerland. aa (Ger- 76,9. 18. 13, rard). g. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- OC. G. Danford (c). 3. 2.2.2. sylvania, 2000 ft. Hungary. 6,29, Hatszeg,Hunyad,Tran- ©. G. Danford (c). 8, 11. 8. 12-14. sylvania, 1500-2000 ft. SorEX ALPINUS HERCYNICUS Miller. 1909. Sorex alpinus hercynicus Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., 11, p. 417, May, 1909. Type in U.S. Nationa] Museum. 1910. Sorex alpinus hercynicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 51. Type locality —Mauseklippe, Bode Valley, Harz Mountains, Germany. Geographical distribution. Harz Mountains and Riesen- gebirge. Diagnosis.—Skull and teeth not so large as in typical Sorex alpinus (condylobasal length of skull, 19 to 19°6 mm. ; upper tooth-row, 8-2 to 8:6 mm. ; lower tooth-row, 7'8 to 8:0 mm.). Measurements.—External measurements of type: head and body, 71, tail, 67 ; hind foot, 15°4. Average and extremes of six specimens from the Harz Mountains: head and body, 73:4 CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF SORHX ALPINUS. 64 Observations. INSECTIVORA I i FI $ 8 5 cae Bg Bg BH BH pH 2b owe ek peas & 4 aqPragk sragk e eS mS aac) aa aa aa | es OQ RAR a BPRS aS o A d ¢ 2 ° BoE a BE» “EE ha Ba DB Tap a aa *(earqu9) MOI-11}004 SDUWHAAAAAWADAS DODDDDDMODODHO enooeee2o DH DDDDHO seqrpueyy (eaxqua) Moz DOOMDDHDOOHODS MAW O WHS -1400} AIeTTIXeNL DaAaDDDARDODO aamndmadan HOOHDOWODHON onooo1S090 SQIPUeTL Snnddodoonsons Caedsgss Se BO Oe Oe ee eal nmnnnne *(avIpom) oseo AP HATO HH ATOM A HHANOONS -urerq Jo yydeq 1910 19) 19.19 19.19 1919. 1919.19) 19 19 10.19 1019.19 10 “gsvo-UIeq DOODWODSDOABDO HODDNDMOMOH Jo Wypeoig PAGOHOROOAGRS ARARARAG “yypRerq SACAANWAAAAS eeoooooo°o yearsiyoey HHH HH SH HH SS | “yypeerq WDOWOOODDOOOH ACANWAAA OlpeULOsAZ, Ud 19 19 1 19 19 18 1019 18 1018 1D 19 19 1 19 19 1 19 “yy SueT DHANONSHOOWOW AUS AIH OO IO reseqorépuog 2999009599545 ANNANNANARAY ARRARRRABAD Ann NAnnneT Sex. Ot Or OF OF O+ OF OF OF OF OF OF OF g 2 g g é 3 3 3 i x iT moa rd 3 SQSBSSSESVSSHS RRSSARAA HAH OOSRSRSDA QBRBBAGBAAG q ao tttstZSZ22SEB ANAANNAAA = ANANANBSBOOD adds q rnnnnd mAnnntninne # ce} ; 2 a eieRecars ou fF” AS bet a oy i@ -S as a °S . #. . . . "2 Ba . . o j a 6 spa vs we ES ir eo ep gd 8 a FS B5B Bo fF gds gs a Ho g228 ll. 18 SG mS wae. ° 2 ese i reg Cee ae eS wa sa oe end Ss &o+ Pr] ua qd oc "oO as age PF FR < 0 3 438 a =| baer ae A ae nog es ann ws 38 Z N a. g Se by I o kn S * Type. NEOMYS 65 (72-17); tail, 66°6 (65-68); hind foot, 15°1 (14°8-15-8). Average and extremes of five specimens from the Riesengebirge : head and body, 73-4 (72-77); tail, 65-4 (59-68); hind foot, 14:9 (14:8-15°0). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 64. Specimens examined.—Eleven (all in U.S.N.M.), from the following localities in Germany: Bahrenberg, Harz Mts., 2; Bodethal, Harz Mts., 1; Mauseklippe, Harz Mts.,3; Eulengrund, Riesengebirge, Silesia, 3 ; Wolfshau, Riesengebirge, Silesia, 2. Remarks.—In external measurements the Alpine shrew of the Harz Mountains and Riesengebirge agrees with the Swiss animal ; but the differences in length of skull and of tooth-rows seem enough to warrant the recognition of the two forms as distinct. Genus NEOMYS Kaup. 1829. Neomys Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 117 (Sorex daubentonit Erxleben). 1829, Leucorhynchus Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u.. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thier- welt, 1, p. 117 (Sorex lineatus Geoffroy and S. lewcodon Hermann ; the first chosen as type by Thomas, The Zoologist, 4th ser., 11, p. 102, March, 1898). 1829. Hydrogale Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 119 (Sorex remifer Geoffroy). 1832. Crossopus Wagler, Isis, p. 275 (Sorex fodiens Schreber). 1835. Hydrosorex Duvernoy, Mém., Soc. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, Il, p. 19 (Sorew fodiens Pallas, see p. 17). 1835. Amphisorex Duvernoy, Mém. Soc. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, Ii, p. 23 (hermanni = fodiens skull + Sorex araneus tetragonurus animal). Part. 1838. Pinalia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London (18837), p. 126, June 14, 1838 (MS. synonym of Crossopus). 1848. Galemys Pomel, Archiv Sci. Phys. et Nat., Genéve, Ix, p. 249, November, 1848 (part, included Brachysorex Duvernoy, Crossopus Wagler, and Pachyura de Sélys-Longchamps). 1854. Myosictis Pomel, Catal. Méth. Vert. Foss. Bassin de la Loire, p. 14 (based on a fossil not distinguished specifically from Neomys fodiens). 1857. Crossopus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 119. 1898. Neomys Thomas, Zoologist, 4th ser., 11, p. 100, March 15, 1898. Type species. Sorex daubentonti Erxleben = 8. fodiens Schreber. Geographical distribution Palearctic region north of the Mediterranean from Spain and England to the Caucasus and Asia Minor, north to northern Scandinavia. Characters.—Upper unicuspid teeth 4—4, their form more pre- hensory than in Sorea ; dental formula: ie, c=, pm ca m= = 30; posterior lobe of anterior upper incisor less than half as high as first ; anterior lower incisor with one ill-defined lobe on cutting edge near middle of tooth; third lower molar and second lower unicuspid as in Sorex; points of all the teeth pigmented ; fur unusually soft and dense, entirely concealing ears; feet with a noticeable fringe of elongated hairs at edges of soles and toes, F 66 INSECTIVORA the hind feet enlarged and turned somewhat outward ; in one species a longitudinal ridge of stiffened hairs along under surface of tail; ear small, completely hidden in the fur, the meatus closed by two valves, one of which lies on inner surface of antitragus, the other on inner surface of conch ; habits aquatic. Remarks.—In its external form, slight reduction in the number of teeth, and in the noticeably prehensory adaptation of the upper incisors and unicuspids, the members of the genus Neomys are distinctly more specialized than the species of Sorex. They retain, however, the primitive form of the third lower molar and lower premolar characteristic of Sorea, these teeth showing no tendency to the more highly modified structure found in Crocidura. The members of the genus Neomys are the only European shrews specially adapted to aquatic life. They are at once recognizable by their dense, velvety fur, and large, distinctly fringed hind feet. In the commonest and most widely distributed species the tail is provided with a keel of stiffened hairs, a character not found in any other European shrew. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF NEOMYS. Tail with median keel of stiffened hairs extending entire length of under surface...........cceceeeeeeeee NV. fodiens, p. 66. Underparts whitish or yellowish, occasionally brownish (Continental Europe except Iberian Peninsula) ... susaninghgigiapiaat Seed ideals odaipnenae signa ape OM lena Delos Underparts usuall JANA): seaaandncuwsinnanadncssuineutatapns dosaiesideegivet ied N. f. bicolor, p. 73. Tail without keel. Length of tail 47 to 53 mm.; hind foot 16 to 17 mm. (Alps and Pyrenees) .......-...::seeseeee N. milleri, p. 78. Length of tail 55 to 61 mm.; hind foot 16°8 to 18 mm. (Northern and central Spain) ........ N. anomalus, p. 81. NEOMYS FODIENS Schreber. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution —From Norway and England to the Pyrenees, northern Italy and western Siberia. Northern and eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Tail with keel always present; feet very con- spicuously fringed ; hind foot usually more than 17 mm. ; lachry- mal foramen opening over posterior half of m!; anterior upper incisor robust. External churacters.—Fur very dense, its depth at middle of back about 6 mm. in summer, 9 mm. in winter, its texture soft and velvety, this particularly noticeable on underparts ; a few longer hairs usually present on flanks and rump. Eyes small and inconspicuous; ears completely hidden by the fur. Muzzle less slender than in Sorea araneus, the median ridge on upper lip with distinct wart-like outgrowth which fits between points of upper incisors when mouth is closed. Feet larger than NEOMYS 67 in species of Sorex of approximately the same size, noticeably broadened ; digits proportioned as in Sorex araneus but gradua- tion less ; soles and palms completely bare, their surface strongly tuberculo-reticulate ; pads 6-6, much as in Sorex araneus but more widely spaced and better defined. At edge of soles and toes the hairs are elongated to form a dense, conspicuous fringe. Tail terete or slightly four-sided, its hairs minute, flattened, and closely appressed, nearly concealing the rather indistinct annula- tions, of which there are about 25 to the centimeter at middle ; pencil evident, usually about 3 to 5 mm. in length. Along median line of tail below, from extreme base to tip, the hairs are so crowded, elongated, and directed inward as to form a distinct, low keel, the presence of which is often made more evident by the nearly bare condition of the skin immediately at each side of it. Mamme: a 2-2, 7 2-2=8, Colour.—Entire underparts a dark slaty grey, more bluish in summer, more blackish in winter, the individual hairs blackish- slate with seal-brown tips and a sub-terminal lighter area of varying distinctness. Underparts usually whitish in strong contrast with back, the line of demarcation everywhere evident, and on head passing just below base of ear and extending along upper lip to nostril. The underparts, while never so dark as back, are often strongly suffused with buffy, smoky, or wood- brown, and occasionally tinged with salmon-colour. A small whitish tuft usually springs from inner surface of ear, and a minute speck of the same colour is generally present behind eye. Feet thinly sprinkled with silvery grey hairs. Tail a dark indefinite brown above, slightly less dark below, the keel usually a silver grey, sometimes standing out in strong contrast against the dark surrounding parts. Skull.—The skull differs from that of Sorex araneus in larger size, relatively larger, more inflated brain- case (depth decidedly more than half breadth), and lower, more flattened rostrum and interorbital region, The brain-case is sub- circular in outline, though distinctly flattened antero-externally and postero-externally ; in front it is marked off from interorbital region by a conspicuous, well defined angle. In lateral view the profile of brain-case is high and rounded posteriorly, low anteriorly where it passes by a distinct, often conspicu- ously abrupt curve into the nearly flat dorsal outline of interorbital region and rostrum. Anteorbital foramen relatively larger and more PORES ae widely open than in the European species of ONE ae Sore, Lachrymal foramen over posterior half of m!. Mesopterygoid space decidedly more than half as wide as long; hamular processes shorter than in Sorex araneus F 2 Fie. 14. 68 INSECTIVORA and more abruptly turned outward. Foramen ovale appearing rather conspicuously in region between hamular and postglenoid process. Rudimentary zygomatic process of maxillary well developed, essentially as in Sorex arancus. Teeth.—Though in general not strikingly different from those of Sorea araneus the teeth show a tendency towards greater elevation of the cusps as well as a more pronounced hooking forward of the anterior upper incisor, peculiarities which impart to the entire dentition, though particularly to the teeth lying in front of the large premolars, an unmistakably prehensive character. Anterior upper incisor with main hook more projecting than in Sorea araneus; posterior talon low though rather long, its outline when viewed from the side somewhat triangular, its height less than half that of main cusp and much less than that of first unicuspid. Lower incisor more slender than that of Sorea araneus, its cutting edge with only a single low, ill-defined lobe near middle. Upper unicuspids large and strong, their crowns when viewed from below decidedly longer than wide, truncate posteriorly, narrowed an- =~ teriorly and terminating in a slight though evident point. In lateral view the cusps appear to be more slender and set further forward than in Sorea araneus, and the posterior part of crown is more produced backward, the cingulum often rising to a distinct postero- internal angle or rudimentary cusp, ? : ; particularly in first tooth. Spaces - sa tele Maa gt teeth between tips of unicuspids greater than in the European species of Sorex. Each cusp is nearly terete, but with a small postero- internal concavity continuous with the concave crushing area which occupies postero-internal fourth of crown. The con cave area of cusp and crown is bounded externally by a low but distinct ridge extending to middle of posterior border of crown. First and second unicuspids sub-equal; third about half as large as first or second though quite similar to them in form; fourth not half as large as third, in tooth- row or crowded somewhat inward, always distinctly visible from outer side, in contact posteriorly with large premolar. Lower unicuspids relatively longer and lower than in Sorea araneus, their form when viewed from the side much as in Sorex alpinus, except that the tirst has a very rudimentary posterior cusp. First somewhat more than half as large as second, its general outline much the same as in corres- ponding upper teeth. Second essentially as in Sorex araneus. Larger cheek-teeth as in Sorew araneus, but main cusps higher and hypocones better developed. Pigmentation of teeth about Fia. 16. NEOMYS . 69 as in Sorex araneus araneus, the hypocones usually if not always white.* Measurements.—In external measurements this species is unusally variable, the head and body ranging from 72 to 96 mm., tail from 47 to 77 mm., and hind foot from 16 to 20 mm. These differences appear to be for the most part strictly individual. The skull is more constant: condylobasal length, 19-6 to 22:2 mm.; upper tooth-row, 9:6 to 11 mm. Here the variation is to a certain extent geographic, as the skull of the British race averages smaller than that of the Continental form. Remarks.—Neomys fodiens is the common and widely dis- tributed water-shrew of Europe. It may always be recognized by its large size, fringed feet and keeled tail. While the keel varies greatly in depth and distinctness, some trace of it is always present on basal half of tail, the region in which the median hairs are never modified in the round-tailed members of the genus. NEOMYS FODIENS FoDIENS Schreber. 1776. Sorex aquaticus P. L. S. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.-Band, p. 36 (France; based on Buffon, vu, pl. 11). Not Sorex aquaticus Linneeus, 1758. 1777. Sorex fodiens Schreber, Saugthiere, 111, p. 571 (Berlin, Germany). 1777. [Sorex] daubentonii Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., 1, p. 124 (Burgundy, France; based primarily on the Musaraigne d’eau of Daubenton, Hist. de ’Acad. Roy. des Sci., Paris, 1756, p. 42). 1780. Sorex carinatus Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., 11, p. 882 (Strassburg, Germany). 1792. Sorex liricaudatus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 208 (Strassburg, Germany ; based on Pennant’s account of Sorex carinatus Hermann). 1793. [Sorex] fluviatilis Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutschlands, 11, p. 746 (Suggested but not adopted as preferable to fodiens). 1793. Sorex eremita Meyer, Zool. Annalen, 1, p. 823 (Thiiringen, Germany), 1793. Sorex fluviatilis Meyer, Zool. Annalen, 1, p. 323 (Published as a synomym of Sorex eremita, perhaps from Bechstein MS.). 1800. Sorex] f[odiens] albus Bechstein, Thomas Pennant’s Allgem. Uebers. vierfiiss. Thiere, 11, p. 728. 1811. Sorex hydrophilus Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., p. 130 (Berlin, Germany). 1811. Sorex lineatus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, xvi1, p. 181 (Paris, France). Type in Paris Museum. 1811. Sorex remifer Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, xviz, p. 182 (Abbeville, Somme, France), Type in Paris Museum. 1818. Sorex collaris Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., xxi, p. 65 (Holland: islands at mouth of Escaut and Meuse). Described but not named by Geoffroy, Mém. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, 1, p. 809, 1815. * In an adult male from Geneva, Switzerland (No. 1046 Mottaz), the right upper incisor and first unicuspid and right lower incisor are white throughout. All other teeth normal. 70 1822. 1826. 1826. 1826. 1830. 1832. 1832. 1834. 1835. 1835. 1838. 1839. 1839. 1845. 1857. 1868. 1868. 1870. 1895. 1899. 1901. 1905. 1905. INSECTIVORA Sorex macrourus Lehmann, Observ. Zoologice in faunam Hamburg- ensem, 1, p.5(Sachsenwald, near Friedrichsruh, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany). Sorex amphibius Brehm, Ornis, 11, p. 44 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). Sorex natans Brehm, Ornis, 1, p. 44 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). Sorex stagnatilis Brehm, Ornis, 11, p. 47 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). Sorex rivalis Brehm, Isis, p.1128 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). Sorex musculus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria, Germany). Sorex psilurus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria, Germany). S[orex] nigripes Melchior, Den Danske Stats og Norges Pattedyr, p. 68 (Sielland, Denmark). Sorex fodiens Duvernoy, Mém. Soc. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Strasbourg, u, p.17. Part: animal, noé skull. Sorex hermanni Duvernoy, Mém. Soc. du Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Stras- bourg, 1, p. 23 (Strassburg, Germany). Part: skull, not animal. Amphisorex linneana Gray, Aun. Nat. Hist., m1, p. 287, December, 1838 (North Bothnia, Sweden). [Sorex fodiens] var. leucotis de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micro- mamm., p. 142 (described on p. 25) (St. Gervais, at foot of Mt. Blanc, Haute-Savoie, France). ? [Sorex fodiens] var. albiventris de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 142 (nomen nudum). ? [Sorea fodiens] var. nigricans Nilsson, Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani, Torino, 1844, p. 357 (Sweden). Nomen nudum. Crossopus fodiens Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 120 (part). Sorex fimbriatus and Crossopus fimbriatus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lvu1, pt. 1, p. 610 (Synonyms of ‘“ Crossopus daubentonit nigripes,” wrongly attributed to Giebel, Saiugethiere, p. 899). Not Sorex fimbriatus Wagler, 1832. Crossopus ciliatus, griseogularis Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, LviI, pt. 1, p. 623 (Chartres, Eure-et-Loire, France). Sorex intermedius Cornalia, Catal. Descrit. Mamm. Ital., p. 27 (Hills of Brianza, Como, Italy). Part: tail only (see Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxvi1r, p. 364, 1899). Neomys fodiens Thomas, The Zoologist, 4th ser., 11, p. 100, March, 1908. Sorex alpinus var. longobardus Sorde}li, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat. e del Mus. Civ. Stor. Nat., Milano, xxxvii1, p. 363 (MS. synonym of intermedius). Neomys fodiens minor Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, xiv, p. 45, April 25, 1901 (Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, France). Type in U.S. National Museum. Crossopus ou Sorex ignotus Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Geneve, 4th ser., XIx, p. 202, February 15, 1905 (Switzerland). Part: skull, not mandible. Type in Geneva Museum. Neomys fodiens naias Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xv, p. 507, May, 1905 (Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary). Type in British Museum. NEOMYS 71 1906. Neomys fodiens nanus Lydekker, Zoological Record, xx11 (1905), Mamm., p. 34, August, 1906 (Accidental renaming of naias). 1910. Neomys fodiens, N. fodiens naias and N. fodiens minor Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 56, 57. Type locality—Berlin, Germany. Geographical distribution.—Continental Europe from Norway to Italy and the Pyrenees. Diagnosis.—Underparts buffy whitish, occasionally tinged with a stronger shade of yellow or suffused with salmon-colour, and sometimes though rarely washed with wood-brown, especially on chest and along median line of belly. Condylobasal length of skull usually more than 21 mm. Measurements.—Average and extremes of ten specimens from Brunswick, Germany : head and body, 86:6 (83-92) ; tail, 65°5 (58-77) ; hind foot, 18:5 (17-19). Average of three specimens from Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, France: * head and body, 83 (82-85) ; tail, 52 (50-60) ; hind foot, 17-1 (16-18). Average and extremes of seven specimens from Luchon, Haute-Garonne, France: head and body, 75°7 (72-80) ; tail, 53-1 (47-58) ; hind foot, 16°4 (16-17). Average and extremes of five specimens from Porté, Pyrénées-Orientales, France: head and body, 93 (83-96) ; tail, 61 (57-65) ; hind foot, 18°2 (18-19). Average and extremes of nine specimens from Meiringen, Bern, Switzerland : head and body, 82:7 (80-86); tail, 66°2 (62-71); hind foot, 19:3 (18-20). Average and extremes of ten specimens from Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania: + head and body, 77°7 (72-82) ; tail, 60 (56-66) ; hind foot, 18°5 (18-19). For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 75. Specimens examined.—One hundred and thirty-four, from the following localities :— Norway: Vefsen, Nordland, 1; Kvikne, Hedemarken, 1; Brekke- bygden, Trondhjem, 1. SweDEN: Bothnia, 1; Upland, 1; Medstugan, Jemtland, 1; Upsala, 1 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 1. BrxiGcium: Waremme, Liége, 3 (U.S.N.M.). France: Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 2; Abbeville, Soume, 2(B.M. and Paris; the latter type of remifer Geoffroy); near Paris, 1 (Paris; type of lineatus Geoffroy); Dinan, Cétes-du-Nord, 1; Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Porté, Pyrénées- Orientales, 5; lHospitalet, Ariége, 2; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 7; Baréges, Hautes-Pyrénées, 3; Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, 1; Chamonix, Haute- Savoie, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 1; Scientrier, Haute- Savoie, 1 (Mottaz); Etupes, Doubs, 6 (Mottaz); no exact locality, 1. Germany: Brunswick, 10 (U.S.N.M.); Saxony, no exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Bahrenberg, Harz Mts., 1 (U.S.N.M.): Frankfort, Wies- baden, 1; Niesky, Silesia, 1; Strassburg, 1. AusTRIA-HuNGaRY: Haida, Arva, Bohemia,3; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 11. SwirzeRLanp: Geneva, 4 (Mottaz); Chesiéres, Vaud, 4 (Mottaz); Les Plans, Vaud, 8 (U.S.N.M.); Meiringen, Bern, 9 (U.S.N.M.); Grindelwald, * “ Neomys fodiens minor” Miller. + ‘*Neomys fodiens naias”” Barrett-Hamilton. 79 72 INSECTIVORA Bern, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Miirren, 2; Géschenen, Uri, 2 Cea St. Got- hard, Uri, 1(U.S.N.M.); Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 8 (B.M.and U.S.N.M.); St. Fiden, St. Gallen, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Murgsee region, St. Gallen, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Au, St. Gallen, 1(U.S.N.M.); Uzwil, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sitterwald, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Faido, Ticino, 1; Gordola, Locarno, Ticino, 3; Porlezza, Ticino, 1 (Mottaz); Muzzano, Ticino, 1 (Mottaz); no exact locality, 1. Iraty: Busalla, Liguria, 3; Vallombrosa, Florence, 1. Remarks.—There is much individual variation in colour as well as in external measurements and proportions,* though the size of the skull and teeth, as may be seen from the Tables, remains very constant. The degree of development of the fringes en feet and keel on tail is also variable, the depth of the keel in some individuals being about equal to diameter of tail, while in others it is too slight to be measured. This is partly, if not entirely, due to season, as the deepest keels are found in winter specimens. With regard to the variations in external measure- ments shown by the averages and extremes in a preceding paragraph, it is probable that they are much exaggerated by different methods in taking the measurements. This is well illustrated by the two series of Pyrenean specimens measured by A. Robert at an interval of six years. While much material has been examined it is not wholly satisfactory, con- sisting chietly of small lots taken by many different collectors. Eventually it may be necessary to recognize certain Continental forms such as minor, naias, and the Scandinavian linneana, as distinct from true fodiens; but for the present, in view of the uncertainties concerning external measurements and the striking similarity of skulls from the entire range of the animal, there seems to be no other alternative than to regard all the Con- tinental water-shrews with keeled tail as belonging to a single race. 1. Vefsen, Nordland, Nor- E. G. B. Meade 5.7.1.1. way. Waldo (c & P). é Kvikne, Hedemarken, G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 88. 2200 ft. (N. F. Tice- (P). hurst.) 2; Brekkebygden, Trond- G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 89. hjem (N. #. Ticehurst.) (pe). 1. Bothnia, Sweden. Purchased, (Wahl- 38. 9, 24, 14. berg.) ge. Medstugan, Jemtland, Lord Lilford (r). Lf, Led 147, 550m. (G. Kolthoff.) 2%. Guines, Pas-de-Calais, O. Thomas (c & P). 94. 6. 6, 1-2. France. 6,22. Porté, Pyrénées-Orien- 0. Thomas (e). 8. 9.1, 89-41. tales, 1600-1700 m. France. (A. Robert.) * This tendency to variation, coupled with the animal’s peculiarly attractive and interesting appearance, has led to the creation of the most formidable synonymy (33 distinct names) yet applied to a European mammal, poe ope 1791. 1805. 1887. 1840. 1857. 1905. 1910. NEOMYS L’Hospitalet, Aridége, 1450 m. (A. Robert.) L’Hospitalet, Ariége. . Luchon,Haute-Garonne, 600-900m. (A. Robert.) Baréges, Hautes-Pyré- nées, 1800-1500 m. Barcelonnette, Basses- Alpes. (C. Mottaz.) Cranves-Sales, Haute- Savoie. Abbeville, Somme. Frankfort, Wiesbaden, Germany. Niesky, Silesia, 181 m. (W. Baer.) Strassburg, Alsace. (C. Mottaz.) Haida, Bohemia, Austria. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- sylvania, 1500 ft. Hungary. Hatszeg, Transylvania, 1500-2000 ft. Mirren, Bern, Switzer- land. Ziiberwangen, St.Gallen. (E. Zollikofer.) Faido, Ticino. Locarno, Ticino. Switzerland. Busalla, Liguria, Italy. Vallombrosa, Florence. O, Thomas (P). G. 8. Miller (c). O. Thomas (P). G. 8. Miller (c). O. Thomas (P). A. Robert (P). V. Baillon (c). Dr. Dieffenbach (P). Lord Lilford (pr). O. Thomas (r). Lord Lilford (r). C. G. Danford (c). C. G. Danford (c). W. Gurtner (P). O. Thomas (P). O. Thomas (c & P). O. Thomas is & p). Purchased( O. Thomas (c & P). Dr. G. Cecconi (P). NEOMYS FODIENS BICOLOR Shaw. index (Oxford, England). England). text under C. fodiens. 7th ser., xv, p. 508, May, 1905. Type locality.—Oxford, England. Geographical distribution —Great Britain. Diagnosis.—Similar to Neomys fodiens fodiens, but underparts usually washed with wood-brown. usually less than 21 mm. Measurements.—External measurements of two adult females from Scotland (Grantown-on-Spey and Cortachy, Forfar): head arreys). 73 8.9.1. 42. 8. 8. 4. 139. 6. 4. 1. 12. 14- 187. 8. 8. 10. 13. 5. 4. 9. 2. 54. A. 47.1.8. 46. 99.1. 9. 8. 8. 8. 10, 12. 11. 1. 1. 148- 149, 3.2.2.1. 3.11. 8. 2-11. 92, 10. 5. 1-2. 4, 4. 5, 48-51. 5. 8. 2. 20. 5. 8. 2, 8-10. 46. 6. 15. 61. 5. 8. 3. 16-18. 1,8. 2.1. Sorex bicolor Shaw, Naturalists’ Miscellany, 1, pl. 55, named in Sorex ciliatus Sowerby, British Miscellany, xxix, p. 108 (Norfolk, Amphisorex pennanti Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p.125 (England). Crossopus sowerbyi ‘Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. 29, in Crossopus fodiens Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 120 (part). Neomys fodiens ciliatus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Neomys fodiens ciliatus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 56. Condylobasal length of skull 74 INSECTIVORA and body, 83 and 71; tail, 57-5 and 53-5; hind foot, 18 and 17. Adult male from Wellington, Somerset: head and body, 75; tail, 48 ; hind foot, 17. Adult male from Yalding, Kent: head and body, 82; tail, 52; hind foot, 17. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 77. Specimens examined.—Forty-six, from the following localities :— Scornanp: Gordonstown, Elgin, 1; Dunphail, Elgin, 1; Grantown-on- Spey, Elgin, 1 (Wilson); Cortachy, Elgin, 1 (Wilson); Cromlix, Stirling- shire, 1; Knibruck, Stirlingshire, 1; Aberdeen, 1; Penkill, Ayrshire, 1. Wates: Fishguard, Pembrokeshire, 1; no exact locality, 1. EneGLanp: Mill-on-Tyne, Northumberland, 1; Leeds, Yorkshire, 1; Wellington, Somerset, 1; Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 2; Shaftesbury, Dorset, 1; Halesworth, Suffolk, 1; Cambridgeshire, 2; Thornhaugh, Northampton, 1; Podington, Wellingborough, Northamptonshire, 1, Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 2; Drinkstone Park, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, 1; Woolpit, Bury St. Edmunds, Suffolk, 3; Halesworth, Suffolk, 1; Cambridgeshire, 2; Epping, Essex, 1; Banstead, Surrey, 3; Esher, Surrey, 1; Garratt Park Lake, Surrey, 1; Godalming, Surrey, 1; Tillingbourne Stream, Surrey,1; New Forest, Hampshire, 4; Basingstoke, Hampshire, 2; Hampshire, no exact locality, 2; Yalding, Kent, 1. é. Dunphail, Elgin. Miller Collection. 7.7. 7. 2848. lal.? Aberdeen, Scotland. Hon. N. C. Roths- 10.11. 28. 1. child (r). 1. Penkill, Ayrshire. E. R. Alston (P). 79. 9. 25. 8. 2 Fishguard, Pembroke- Y.H.Mills(c&p) 11.1. 3.376. shire, Wales. 1. Wales. 8. Stokes (c & P). 48. 9. 24. 4. e. Mill-on-Tyne, North- Rev. H. H. Slater 11.1. 3. 375, umberland, England. (c & P). lal. Wellingborough, North- R.R.Orlebar (c&p). 84.4, 21.1. amptonshire. 1. Halesworth, Suffolk. Rev. W. R. Tate 87.6.7.1. c& Pp). g. Cambridgeshire. J. Baker to & P). 39. 9. 29. 26. 1. Cambridgeshire. E. RB, Alston a 79. 9. 25. 7. (J. Baker.) 1. Epping, Essex. J. Baker (r). 40. 4.11. 9. 2al. Henley, Oxfordshire. W. Royal Dawson 11.1. 8. 377. c & P). lal. Bury St. Edmunds, 3.10 Powell (ca). 83. 8. 8. 1. Suffolk. . 3al. Bury St. Edmunds, Duncan Parker (rp). 84.5. 16. 1-3. Suffolk. gal. Esher, Surrey. E. Dalgleish (c&p). 11.1. 3.378. Gal. Godalming, Surrey. W. T. Blanford 94.8.5.2. c& p). 6,89. New Forest, Hampshire. miles Gellection, 7. 7. 7, 2845- 2849. 29. Basingstoke, Hampshire. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 4470- 4471. 2al. Hampshire. E, Bartlett (P). 74, 11. 24. 1-2. TOTTI Louw suapof shwuoaar yo oak, » -wrom sqoqeopour %-6 | F-OL| 8-1 |0-9| 0-11] 0-9] 0-4) 8-16] 2 , 66 'F'S {: —_ Sane : ‘ . : - . . -ONVET ‘so[@Q-SeATIRIO, 7 is 9-6 G-OL | O-BE | FS] O-1L | F-G| GL) F-16] 8 | LIL $9 i 2 - a i 3-6 0-OT | FIT | 3-G | 9-0T | O-G | O-4L | G-1G | & | OTT 9 : o ‘arom Aqqqars 8-6 | 9-0T | 0-30 | %-G | 8-01] 9-9] @-L|3-16| 5 | PL'TF'9 ° ° r m ¥-6 ¥-OL | 8-IT | #-G | 8-01 | 0-G | 0-4] 0-18] 2 | GIL “F'9 e “ : “usom Aqoyeropour 0-6 | 0-OT | O-IT | ¥-¢ | ¥-OT | 0-¢ | 9-9] 0-06] © | TL ‘T'F'9 | ouUOTeD-ognep ‘uoyon'T ss es 0-0T | 8-OT | 8-IT | 0-9 | 8-0T | 0-G | O-L | 9-18 | 2 | LET "P'S 8 ie a ms oy 8-6 | 9-0L | 0-3T | 0-9] 0O-IT | 0-G] 0-4] 8-13 | & €0L eS : ‘uJom you“ 0-0T | 8-OT | 0-41 | 0-9 | 8-01 | 0-4] 0-4] 9-13} 2 | 98T HS 'S) SopugIAZ-soyNe ‘sosereg “cc “ 4tOqQoy “ “ “e +6 | &-OT | 0-3t | 8-9] 0-TT | 0-G| 0-4] 8-18] 4 { Bz9% } ‘aiom yout “=| «+6 «| 0-0f | #1! 8-¢] 0-11 | 0-g | 3-2] 3-13 | S { py } sopeqUoLIQ-SogugIkg ‘910g ‘uo jou 0-01 | 8-OT | 0-2 | 8- | 9-OT | 0-G | 9-9 | F-16 | & | BET 'F'8'S esety ‘yotezidsoy,'T 2 si ns 6-6 | G-OL | 8-0T | 9-¢ | G-OT | 8-F | 8-9 | G-03 | 9 | «ITSTOT ; ; es si ‘ : ¥-6 | ¥-OT | 0-81 | 8-G | 3-OT | 8-6 | 3-4 | G-TS | 9 | OTSTOT : es e ‘arom ANqsys 9-6 | &-OL | %-1T | 9-$| 3-01 | 8-7 | 8-9} 9-06 | » | GOTOT | ° nealgzyuOpy z ‘uioM jou‘ 0-0T | 8-OT | 0-31 | 0-9 | 9-0T | 0-9] 6-4] 8-16} & | 6LE9B , | ° : : es ‘urom Ayoyeropotmr 8-6 9-01 | G-3E | 0-9 | 8-OT | 6-G | FL] 9-13] & | 8698 ; : i * oeT[Ipep i : 9-6 | &-OT | 9-IT | #9} 8-OT | 3-G | 0-4 | 0-12 6°9°9°6 | s es a 5-6 G-OL | O-BT | 0-9 | O-TL | F-G | G-L | F-1 T9976 ° —s STB[VO-ep-seg ‘soumy : eouvsy : ¥-6 | G-OL | GIL | 0-9 | 9-OT | B-¢ | 8-9 | -03 | $0098 * OBgrT] ‘oulULoIBAA : LENISTOg e “ 9-6 G-OT | B-IT | 0-9 | 9-0 | 0-G | 9-9} F-16| 6 |LFTT'TIT) * pueyuior ‘uvsngspeyy ‘aiom AUSTS WI99L, | F-6 | O-OT | G-TT | G-9 | B-OT | 0-G | F-9] 0-08] & 60678 : : i * epesd() : wepomg “SUSIPO} SUSIPO} *N & ed as a2 nS od hh N $ a2 | #2 | & |22| 22 | 72) ie | 22 *SMOT}VAIBSGO Pa = $3 2 ee o% |83/85 = | xeg “T9QUIN NT “AVITROV'T 262 | So Spee) BF Se | ee.) ee “2e | $8 S |BB) PR | k | Sl g a £& 8, I ‘SNAZIGOA SAHOYN AO SINANAUNSVAW TVINVYO CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF NEOMYS FODIENS—continued. 76 INSECTIVORA Eg Fd ‘ i) So. .¢ B . a Be. e os > £8 28 Z doe 3:6 # Eo 2 BE p srk. RRR RR TS E wt Sea Re S 6 aa a — He = 3 Bas 5 a 8 oS.a a ped mo rS) eh Sms 8 oa g gs sa 4 5 asa | sa Aad a ee) a ee Ps cS) ww Lal dq g aes 3 Pe) >o Sb p=) ot = 85 aq * Type of Crossopus ignotus Fatio. 78 INSECTIVORA NEOMYS MILLERI Mottaz. 1907. Neomys mulleri Mottaz, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France, xx, p. 22, September 20, 1907. : 1910. Neomys millert Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, p. 58. Type locality—Chesiéres, Alpes Vaudoises, Switzerland. Altitude, 1,230 m. Geographical distribution—Pyrenees and Alps; Hungary. Details of distribution not yet known. Diagnosis.—Slightly smaller than Neomys fodiens ; tail with keel absent, or represented by a slight iengthening of hairs on under side of terminal third only ; fringes on sides of feet not conspicuously developed ; hind foot usually less than 17 mm. ; tail usually less than 55 mm.; lachrymal foramen opening over point of contact between m and m?; anterior upper incisor slender. ‘ External characters.—Similar to Neomys fodiens, except that the feet are less fringed and the tail lacks the definite keel on under side. When unworn the hairs on ventral surface of tail are slightly longer than those on upper side, and on terminal third this elongation is occasionally sufficient to produce a rudimentary keel; but there is never any trace of a well- defined ridge extending to base of. tail. Caudal annulations slightly less distinct than in Neomys fodiens. Mamme: a 1-1, i4-4 = 10. Colour.—The colour is similar to that of typical specimens of Neomys fodiens fodiens. Among the skins examined none shows any noticeable wash of brown or suffusion of buff on underparts. Skull and Teeth.—The skull closely resembles that of Neomys fodiens, but may be distinguished by its smaller general size and relatively lower, more slender rostrum ; lachrymal foramen over point of contact of m’ and m®. Teeth smaller throughout, a difference especially noticeable in the anterior upper incisor. Upper unicuspids with crowns longer and narrower than in Neomys fodiens, the long posterior portion especially noticeable in lateral view by comparison with height of cusp; cingula not so well developed as in the related species, and seldom, if ever, forming a postero-external cusp. Measurements.—External measurements of type: head and body, 76; tail, 59; hind foot, 16; hind foot, including claws, 17. Average and extremes of ten specimens from ‘the type locality : head and body, 77°4 (71-87); tail, 53-7 (50-59) ; hind foot, 15°8 (15-16°2). Average and extremes of six specimens from Untervatz, Grisons, Switzerland : head and body, 79°3 (75-82); tail, 46°8 (45-51); hind foot, 14-16 (14-15-4), Two adult males from Locarno, Ticino, Switzerland: head and body, 86; tail, 50 and 53; hind foot, 16 and 17. Average and extremes of three adult females from Il Hospitalet, Ariége, NEOMYS 79 France: head and body, 78 (75-80); tail, 50°6 (47-53) ; hind foot, 15:7 (15:4-16). Adult male from Baréges, Hautes- Prrénées: head and body, 76; tail, 56; hind foot, 16°4. For cranical measurements see Table, p. 80. Specimens examined.—Thirty-three, from the following localities :— SwiTzZERLaAND: Near Geneva, 1; Lausanne, Vaud, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Chesiéres, Alpes Vaudoises, 10 (B.M. and Mottaz); Meiringen, Bern, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Untervatz, Grisons, 6 (U.S.N.M.); Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Sorengo, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Locarno, Ticino, 2. Iraty: Porlezza, Como, 1 (Motitaz). Avstrisa-Htneary: Zubere¢, Northern Hungary, 1. France: L'Hospitalet, Ariége, 3; Luchon, Haute-Garonne,1; Baréges, Hautes-Pyrénées, 1. Remarks.—Though superficially resembling Neomys fodiens the round-tailed water-shrew is easily recognizable by the complete absence of any true keel on the tail. The slight elongation of the hairs in median region which sometimes occurs on terminal third of tail never results in the formation of a definite keel similar to that of the related species; while no trace of such a structure is ever present on basal half of tail. The smaller hind foot is usually diagnostic, though in this character there is a slight overlapping between the two species. Though in all essential respects true water-shrews, the members of the round-tailed group (N. anomalus of Spain, N. milleri of the Pyrenees, Alps and northern Hungary, and N. teres of Asia Minor) are less highly specialized than Neomys fodiens. Their habits, however, appear to be essentially similar to those of the common species, as the two animals are found together in localities where their ranges coincide.* 29. L’Hospitalet, Ariége, G.S. Miller (c). 8.8.4. 138, 140. France. 2. Chesiéres, Alpes Vau- C. Mottaz (Pr). 6. 2. 6. 4. doises, 1200 m. Swit- zerland. 9. Ziiberwangen,St.Gallen, O. Thomas (P). 4, 4, 5. 52, Switzerland. (E. H. Zollikofer.) 24. Locarno, Ticino, Swit- O.Thomas(c&vr). 5.8. 2. 6-7. zerland. 1. Zubereé, Hungary. sore as Museum 94, 3.1. 26. E). * At two localities in the Pyrenees (l’Hospitalet, Ariége and Baréges, Hautes-Pyrénées), where I found the two animals occurring together, both were taken alternately in the same traps set at the edge of mountain streams. In the original description of the species, however, Mr. Mottaz observes (p. 23) that according to his observations the round-tailed animal is the more inclined to wander away from the immediate vicinity of water. The habits of N. anomalus in North Central Spain appear to be as strictly aquatic as those of N. fodiens. INSECTIVORA “Uo TonuT 0-6 | 8-6 | &-IT] 8-9 | 9-01 |0-¢]9-91 0-18 | ? 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Neomys anomalus Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 214, September 1, 1907. 1907. Neomys anomalus Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vit, p. 224. Published November, 1907. 1910. Neomys fodiens anomalus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Kurope, p. 57. Type locality—San Martin de la Vega, Madrid, Spain. Geographical distribution.—Northern and central Spain. Diagnosis.—Similar to Neomys milleri, but with longer tail (usually over 55 mm.), and larger hind foot (16°8 to 18 mm.). Mamme: a 1—1,14—4=10. Measurements.—Type specimen, male (from Cabrera): head and body, 73; tail, 60; hind foot, 17°5. Average and extremes of nine specimens from Silos, Burgos, Spain: head and body, 83°2 (76-88); tail, 60 (56-61); hind foot, 1774 (17-18). Adult male and adult female from Barracas, Castellon, Spain : head and body, 99 and 100; tail, 53 and 52; hind foot, 17 For cranial measurements see Table, p. 82. Specimens examined.—Twenty-two, from the following localities in Spain: Silos, Burgos, 9; La Granja, Segovia, 2; Barracas, Castellon, 2 ; Lérida, 9. Remarks.—The Spanish water-shrew is well differentiated from Neomys millert by its longer tail and larger hind foot. As yet no member of the keel-tailed group has been found in the Iberian Peninsula, though it is probable that N. fodiens occurs in the region yorth of the Ebro, and perhaps also in the Asturias. 24,7%. Silos, Burgos, Spain. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8, 4. 22-30. 2al. La Granja, Segovia. M. dela Escalera (c). 8. 7. 30. 6-7. g,% Barracas, Castellon. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 41-42. (N. Gonzalez.) Genus PACHYURA de Sélys-Longchamps. 1839. Pachyura de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 32 (Sorex etruscus Savi). Sub-genus of Crocidura. 1857. Pachyura Blasius, Séugethiere Deutschlands, p. 147 (Sub-genus of Crocidura). 1897. Plerodus Schulze, Mamm. Europ., in Helios, Abhandl. u. Vortriiga Gesammtb. Naturwiss., xIv, p. 90 (Crocidura suaveolens Blasius = Sorea etruscus Savi). Type species.—Sorex etruscus Savi. Geographical distribution—Africa and warmer portions of Asia ; in Europe confined to the Mediterranean region. Diagnosis.—Like Crocidura (p. 86), but with upper uni- cuspids 4-4, the dental formula: 2*%, c=, pm ee m =* = 30. Remarks.—Although perhaps not forming a natural group, the 30-toothed species of Crocidura may for convenience be G | i ‘arom Ayss “10-6 9-6 | O-IT | 9-G POT 0-91 #9 | 0:06 | & | L'08"L'8 eo a ‘mxoa Ajoyerepotr 6 = 9.8 F-6 | 8-01 — | — BG} #9) G-6T| 6 | 9°08'L'B | * BACKS ‘elmer eT arom AGES “0-6 | 0-0F O-1T 0-9; F-0r 0-9] F9, 5-05) 8] oBS| ‘miom Apoqesopomt “0.6 | 0-0, F-TT | 8-9 | F-0T | 0-8 [FEO 0-16) 2 | TR6 S'S | * * ToTeysBD ‘seowreg, ‘maoa STy8TS “| GG | O-OT | O-IT FG F-OT/0-G 9-9/ 0-06] | OF FBS) * ak: ‘uiom gout“ =| 9.8 | 9-6 | 3-IT| FG | F-0T 0-9! 8-9) %-03| 8 | 6B P'S'S] oC ese ‘arom AYSITS “| 0-6 | 8-6 | 9-01 | 9-4 | 0-0T 0-G) 9-9] 0-06] 6 | 83F'8'S | * : i. 7 ‘Tiom you “9-6 | OT | FIT | 9-8 | 9-06 | 0G) 8-9] 6-1] & | OF E'S | ” <= & ‘uso soyerepour “gg | 8-6 | 8-01 | 8-9] 8-01 8-%' — | 9-08] & | Go'F'8'8 | ° ~ “y g ‘mom yonmr ‘* | 0.6 | 8-6 F-IT| 9-9) 8-0f 0-8 9-9] 9-06) & | 76°F '8'S : : a i “ / 8-6 | 0-01 | ¥-1L) 9-¢ 0-IT 0-9 9:9 8.08} 9 | £6 °F '8'S . - 4 ur “10-6 | 0-01 | 0-TE|0-9/9-0T 0-G 9-9: 6-06] P | TOTHINGESA | * ie ‘arom ATYSTS YOST, | F-6 O-OT FIT | 8-9 | O-TT 0-9 9-9 | 0-T% 9 | wP'8's | * * sobing ‘sorts : uredg a | eee = . hes Sos es, ue eS ‘ “SUOTFBAIOSIO a2 | @& = Bo! SE | 28 88 | at |-vog] -zoqumy . “AVTROOT $g2| ee: & ify) BE SE) BE! Fg Se) @e: P cee lee Fe Fes es ee : | ‘SQTVMONY SAWOAN JO SINANGUNSVEN TIVINVYO a PACHYURA 83 treated as members of a distinct genus. The only European species is immediately recognizable by its excessively small size. PACHYURA ETRUSCA Savi. 1822, Sorex etruscus Savi, Nuovo Giorn. de’ Letterati, Pisa, 1, p. 60 (Pisa, Ttaly). 1835. [Sorex] pachywrus Kiister, Isis, p. 77 (Cagliari, Sardinia). 1841. Pachyura etrusca Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, Indice distrib. 1857. Crocidura suaveolens Blasius, Séugethiere Deutschland, p. 147. 1910. Pachyura etrusca Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 43. Type locality.—Pisa, Italy. Geographical distribution—Italy and adjoining portions of the Mediterranean region.* Limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Much smaller than Crocidwra russula (head and body, 35-40 mm. ; hind foot, 7°6-8 mm.), but with tail (25- 30 mm.) relatively longer, its ratio to head and body about 70; skull excessively small, its condylobasal length only about 12:8 mm., the dorsal profile nearly straight from front of nasal to back of parietals, usually a little concave in interorbital region, the brain-case narrow but even more flattened than in Crocidura leucodon and C. mimula; teeth not conspicuously different from those of the smaller European species of Crocidura, except for the presence of the fourth upper unicuspid, and their much smaller size (maxillary tooth-row about 6 mm.). + External characters—In general external form. Pachyura etrusca does not differ notably from Crocidura russula except in the relatively longer tail. The weight of a full grown individual is, however, probably not more than one-fourth or one-third that of an adult C. russuda, and the head and feet are equally small in proportion, a character by which Pachyura etrusca may be easily distinguished from young individuals of the larger animal. Mamme, i 3—3=6. Colour.—Upper parts a uniform slaty brown, perhaps best described as drab-grey washed with light bister, the individual hairs slate-grey at base. Underparts faintly contrasted, rather pale drab-grey with silvery reflections in certain lights. Feet dull light slaty grey not noticeably contrasted with back. Tail like back above, usually becoming somewhat darker toward tip, lighter and more like belly below, but with no evident contrast between the colours of the two surfaces. Skull.—_Apart from the small size the skull differs from that of its European allies in several important characters. Most noticeable among these is the extreme flatness of the dorsal profile, which is essentially straight from nares to occipital, usually a little concave in interorbital region, while in the European forms of Crocidura it is usually a little convex throughout, and never evidently concave in interorbital region. * Spain. See footnote, p. 86.—O. T. Ga 2 84 INSECTIVORA The brain-case is excessively flattened, relatively more so than in Crocidura mimula, so that there is less contrast between its depth and that of rostrum. This flattening is not accompanied by any increase in breadth of brain-case, the ratio of which to condylobasal length is about 46, slightly less than in Crocidura mimula. Ante- orbital foramen relatively large, its position normal. Lachrymal foramen over posterior half of m!. Palate relatively short and wide. Mesopterygoid space relatively longer than in the European forms of Crocidura, its anterior border on line with posterior edge of third Hee - molar instead of distinctly behind it, its lateral Padua esa. borders nearly parallel, though slightly con- verging posteriorly ; hamular excessively deli- cate, bowed outward and upward, its length relatively greater than in C. russula, and about equal to greatest breadth of fossa. Mandible not peculiar except for its small size (length about 7 mm, or less), and very delicate structure. Teeth_—While in general, and aside from the presence of the fourth unicuspid, the teeth do not differ materially from those of the smaller European Crocidure except in size, they show several peculiarities in form. The anterior upper incisor projects more strongly forward, and has the anterior cusp rather shorter than in the species of Crocidura, while the posterior cup is more distinctly separated from the cingulum, these two characters together imparting to the tooth a form somewhat suggesting that assumed in Sorex. First unicuspid relatively larger and higher than in Crocidura russula, its cingulum less curved, and its width distinctly exceeding that of palate instead of barely equalling it. Contrast in both height and crown area of first and second unicuspids greater than in C. russula, the area of second about one-third that of first instead of evidently more than one-third. Third unicuspid slightly larger than second. Fourth about half as large as third, crowded inward from the tooth-row, but visible from the outside through space separating third unicuspid from large premolar, the width of this space rather more than half diameter of crown of fourth unicuspid. Large premolar as in C. leucodon, except that cutting blade is shorter and even higher, and posterior border of crown is less concave. Upper molars with hypocones less distinct than in C. russula, but otherwise not showing any tangible peculiarities. Mandibular teeth essentially as in Crocidura russula and C. leu- codon, but posterior section of third molar even more reduced. Measurements.—Average and extremes of six specimens from Florence, Italy: head and body, 38:5 (36-42); tail, 27-1 (26-28) ; hind foot, 7°7 (7°6-7°8). Adult male and female from near Turin, Italy: head and body, 42 and 40; tail, 28 and 27 ; hind foot, 7-8 and 7:4. Adult male and female from near 85 PACHYURA “ oo |F-G |8-9 |8S |b-9 |0-€ 10-6 | 8-3t] 8 QLTSLT Tunssy : BfUIpreg : ‘ |0o-¢ |%-¢ | 8-9 18-6 |0-9 | 0-6 | 8-8 | 9-8E] 6 8G ‘93 °S “BS : s : < = 0-9 |%-G |3-9 18-3 |3-9 |0-€ |0-F | Fert] P BB 9G SG ‘GS ‘i * £pwrg “ oe %G 10-9 |O-L | 0:8 | 6-9 | F-8 |G-F | G-ET] 8 “SN]T BOTIAD *TToz10g a BG |9-¢ |9-9 |8-8 |3-9 |0-€ |&-F | BoE] 2 O8gg0T eome10L i “ 16 |8-¢ |9-9 | 8-36 |0-9 |0-€ | GF | 8-8T @8T ‘SL “ a “ o-¢ |9-¢ |8-9 |8-G'10-9 |B |&-F | O-ET] 2 “88 ‘8L ‘“ ‘agom AyqSys GG |8-G |9-9 |8-3 10-9 |0-€ |0-F | BET] 4 “IST ‘eb a ‘uromgou ‘§ | %.G |8-G | 9-9 | 8-3 10-9 |0-€ |0-F | 8-or] & | zeM0T 23 ‘BL ¢ es ‘azom AToxeJepour TooT, | G-G | 9-G | 9 | 8-3 | 0-9 10-6 | 0-F | Bet] & TFS 69 - stg : ATRIT “suoLBA08(10 Bre Be g Be é S Be A E | 63 | 7s -requiny, “AqITeOO'T ees 28 = EE 2 Be) = VOSNYLH VaNXAHOVd JO SINGHWHYOSVAN IVINVYO 86 INSECTIVORA Genoa, Italy : head and body, 41 and 42; tail, 26 and 28 ; hind foot, 7°6 and 8°0. Adult female from Sassari, Sardinia: head and body, 41; tail, 29; hind foot, 7°8. For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 85. Specimens examined.— Twenty-nine, from the following localities :-— Iraty: Near Turin, 2 (Genoa); Perti, Finalborgo, 2 (Genoa); near Genoa, 5 (U.S.N.M. and Genoa); Pisa, 5 (BM. and Mottaz); Florence, 6 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Tuscany,2; Rome, 1 (Genoa); no exact locality, 2. Srcity: No exact locality, 2. Sarpinta: Assuni, 1 (U.S.N.M.). No exact locality, 1 GREECE: Lamia, 1. lal. Pisa, Italy. Marquis G. Doria (rp). 69. 3. 4.1. 2al. Tuscany. (No history). lal. Italy. Zoological Society’s 55. 12. 26. 295. Collection. Skeleton. Italy. Purchased. 58. 10. 21. 13. g,?al. Sicily. Purchased (Parzu- 52. 2. 26. 22-23. daki). lal. Sardinia. Hon. N. C. Roths- 11. 10.1.1. child (P). lal.* Lamia, Greece. E. MacDonell (P). 8. 7. 22. 1. Genus CROCIDURA Wagler. 1832. Crocidura Wagler, Isis, p. 275 (Sorex leucodon Hermann). 1857. Crocidura Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 137. 1869. Leucodon Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 1382 (substitute for Crocidura). : 1897. Paurodus Schulze, Mamm. Europ., in Helios, Abhandl. u. Vortrage Gesammtb. Naturwiss., xiv, p. 90 (Sorex leucodon Hermann and S. araneus Schreber = S. russulus Hermann). Type species.—Sorea leucodon Hermann. Geographical distribution——Africa and warmer portions of Europe and Asia, including the Malay Archipelago; in Europe, north to northern Holland and central Germany, west to the Atlantic coast and the Channel Islands. Absent from Great Britain and Ireland. Characters. ay ee bee teeth 3-3 (dental formula : i=, elt, pm, m=E% = 28; posterior lobe of upper incisor noticeably less than ‘half as high as main cusp; anterior lower incisor without lobes on cutting edge ; third lower molar with hypo- conid and entoconid coalesced, so that form of tooth is strikingly different from that of other molars, its crown 4-cusped instead of 5-cusped ; second lower unicuspid without rudimentary second cusp and commissure ; teeth white throughout ; skull heavier and more robust than in Sorex and Neomys, with conspicuously deeper rostrum and less contrast between width of brain-case and that of anterior portion ; rudimentary zygomatic process of maxillary obsolete; external form rather heavy; ear rising noticeably * 6,29. Marismas, Lower Guadal- A.Chapman (c&p). 11.12.19.1-3. quivir, Spain. Received December, 1911.—O. T. CROCIDURA 87 above fur, the meatus closed by two valves as in Neomys; tail somewhat thickened, its surface covered with short hairs, among which are sprinkled numerous longer ones; habits terrestrial. Remarks.—Though not highly modified in external pecu- Harities the genus Crocidura is the least primitive group of shrews occurring in Europe. This is indicated by the reduced number of upper unicuspids, but is more clearly shown by the highly moditied form of the third lower molar and the completely unicuspid character of the lower premolar. Among the European members of the family Soricide the species of Crocidura may at once be recognized by their moderate size, entirely white teeth, large ears, and by the presence of long, loosely spreading hairs scattered over the surface of the tail. Badly prepared specimens, in which the true characters are obscured, may often be detected among skins of Sorea by the noticeable silvery reflections on hairs of back. Eight species are now known to occur in western Europe, while the number of forms thus far described from other portions of the range of the genus is not far from one hundred. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF CROCIDURA., Tail decidedly more than half as long as head and body, the ratio normally varying from 70 to 80. Hind foot about 14 mm. (Sicily)... eee eens C. caudata, p. 110. Hind foot 11 to 12°5 mm. Upper tooth-row about 8°6 mm. (Corsica) ........... C. cyrnensis, p. 111. Upper tooth-row about 8 mm. (Balearic Islands)... C. balearica, p. 112. Tail about half as long as head and body, the ratio normally varying from 40 to 60. Condylobasal length of skull 16 to 17°6 mm. Second upper unicuspid with crown area about equal to that of third (Crete).................. C. canex, p. 109. Second upper unicuspid with crown area distinctly less than that of third.............cccseeeeeeees Ce mimuila, p. 94. Colour tending to be pale and greyish (Basque Provinces, Spain) .asscsesresseancssvesesnessaeen C. m. cantabra, p. 99. Colour tending to be dark and brownish. Brain-case not decidedly flattened (Charente, EYanee) sa snivnetensaesaeaneanadsiacsencnaceedettes C. m. iculisma, p. 98. Brain-case decidedly flattened (entire range of species, western portion excepted)... C. m. mimula, p. 95. Condylobasal length of skull 17°6 to 20°4 mm. (usually more than 18 mm.). Brain-case about half as high as wide or less. Animal conspicuously bicolor; condylobasal length of skull usually more than 19 mm. (Central Europe, south into Italy)......... C. leucodon, p. 88, Animal obscurely bicolor; condylobasal length of skull usually 18 to 19 mm. (Sicily)...... C. sicula, p. 108. Brain-case more than halfas high as wide...........- C. russula, p. 99. Condylobasal length of skull usually 19 to 20-4 mm. (Central Europe, south into Ttaly)icccesuar snares cecgtonacatentanertawend mean’ C. x. russula, p. 101, Condylobasal length of skull usually 18 to19 mm. Colour a dark, coppery-brown (Portugal) ...... C. r. cintre, p. 108. Colour a pale drab-brown (Spain and south- Western France) ........sesesseseeeeeseeeeeees C. r. pulehra, p. 103, &8 INSECTIVORA CROCIDURA LEUCODON Hermann. 1780. Sorex lewcodon Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., , p. 382 (vicinity of Strassburg, Germany). 1781. Sorex lewcodon Hermann in Schreber, Saugthiere, pl. cLIx. 1782. Sor{ex] leucodon Hermann, Tabula Affinitatum Animalium, p. 79 (footnote). 1792. Sorex albipes Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 208 (based on Pennant’s account of S. lewcodon Hermann). 1832. Croc(idwra] leucodon Wagler, Isis, p. 275. 1857. Crocidura leucodon Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 140. 1869. Leucodon microurus Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 173 (Substitute for leucodon). 1897. [Crocidura] leucodus Schulze, Mammalia Europea, p. 18 (Substitute for lewcodon). 1910. Crocidura russula lewcodon Trouessart, Faune Mamm.d’ Europe, p. 44. Type locality.— Vicinity of Strassburg, Germany. Geographical distribution.—Central Europe, from Belgium to Hungary; south into Italy. Not known from the Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis.—Size large (among the European species); hind foot, 11 to 13mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 18-4 to 20 mm. ; upper tooth-row, 8°8 to 9:0 mm.; tail short, its actual length 28 to 38 mm., its ratio to head and body usually ranging from 38 to 43; skull with brain-case noticeably depressed, its height less than half its width; large upper premolar with antero- external cusp rather large, its height usually greater than that of first unicuspid; colour of underparts whitish, strongly con- trasted with rather’ slaty brown of back, the line of demarcation along sides well defined. External characters.—Fur shorter and more dense than in Sorex araneus, the length of hairs at middle of back about 3°5 mm. in summer, 5 mm. in winter, its texture not specially ‘ modified ; a few slightly elongated hairs (8 mm.) on flanks and across rump. Eyes small and inconspicuous; ears small but rising conspicuously above fur, the two well developed valves a conspicuous feature of the ear in freshly killed specimens. Feet not peculiar in form; less slender than in Sorex araneus, finely pubescent on dorsal surface and on lateral portions of posterior half of sole ; fingers proportioned as in 8. araneus, but graduation less, especially in hind foot; pads 6-6, those on palm distinct though somewhat crowded, the surface of palms and soles finely rugose between the pads. Tail less slender than in Sorex and Neomys, nearly terete or with under side somewhat flattened, its length equal to about half that of head and body, its hairs of two kinds: (a) finely appressed hairs less than 1 mm. in length, nearly concealing the annulations and forming a very slight pencil; and (b) loosely spreading hairs about 5 mm. long, rather thickly sprinkled among the others; annulation ill-defined, about 35 to the centimeter at middle. Mammez, i 3—3 = 6. CROCIDURA 89 Colour—Upper parts varying from a slaty drab to dull russet, the hairs with a slight metallic gloss and with silvery reflections, which in certain lights produce an evident effect of fine speckling. Underparts and inner surface of limbs buffy white, dulled to a varying degree by the slaty under colour, the chin and throat often suffused with cream-buff. Line of demarcation sharply defined, extending just below ear and eye and alongside of muzzle to middle of pad. The two extremes of colour probably represent ill-defined dichromatic phases. Most of the specimens examined are in some degree intermediate. Feet dull whitish, often irregularly clouded with drab. Tail sharply bicolor, whitish below, concolor with back above, the longer hairs silvery grey. Skull.—The skull is slightly larger than that of Sorex araneus and noticeably: more heavily built, particularly that portion lying in front of brain-case, all of which is both broadened and deepened, so that the general outline tapers less conspicuously from behind forward, whether skull is viewed from above or from the side. Brain-case less well marked off from interorbital region than in the European species of Sorex and Neomys, its main sutures closing early in life. Brain-case slightly longer than broad, its posterior out- : tine sanded but broken by mike slightly (Gee projecting points of the condyles, its antero- external border straight, sharply angled in front; sagittal crest low but evident in adult skulls, meeting the complete lambdoid crests posteriorly. Depth of brain-case at middle slightly but constantly less than half greatest breadth (see fig. 20, page 100). Dorsal profile with a slight concavity at front of brain-case and slight convexity over middle of rostrum. wade Nares squarely truncate posteriorly, the — gyooiaura leucodon. lateral wall abruptly angled near middle. Nat. size. Anteorbital foramen relatively smaller than in Sorex. araneus, and region between it and edge of alveolus dis- tinctly wider. Lachrymal foramen over metastyle of m'. Plate forming outer wall of anteorbital canal nearly three times as wide as lachrymal foramen. Angular shelf-like region over posterior molars broader and more prominent than in the European species of Sorex, but rudimentary zygomatic process of maxillary reduced to the merest trace. Mesopterygoid fossa as in Sorex araneus ; floor of brain-case between tympanic bones narrower and with distinct median ridge. Teeth—Dentition noticeably heavier than in the European species of Sorex and Neomys, the difference in general aspect heightened by the absence of brown colouring matter on points of cusps. Anterior upper incisor with main cusp long and slender, abruptly hooked downward; basal lobe low and 90 INSECTIVORA triangular, its height less than half that of main cusp and only a little more than half that of first unicuspid tooth. General form of first incisor not unlike that of Neomys fodiens, but with even more contrast between height of the two cusps. Anterior lower incisor simple, rather robust, the shaft slightly taper- ing, the point slightly bent upward, the cutting edge without lobes. Upper unicuspids robust, strongly contrasted z in size. First about double the height of second and third, the points of which eo are nearly in line with that of basal barrel fone, oo lobe of anterior incisor. Its crown is somewhat longer than broad, with main axis slightly oblique to that of tooth-row. In lateral view it is nearly triangular, with anterior border about half as long as upper and lower. Cutting edge essentially as in Neomys, but better developed and reaching posterior border of tooth somewhat outside of middle. Crushing surface well developed, occupying about one-third area of crown. Second and third unicus- pids approximately equal, in both height and crown area, to basal lobe of anterior incisor, their crowns distinctly narrower as well as much shorter than that of first unicuspid, their cutting ridge and crushing sur- face less well differen- tiated than in first. Second smaller than third, its crown about as broad as long. Third separated from large pre- molar by a slight space, its crown longer than broad, its cusp about equal in height to para- cone of large premolar. Lower unicuspids essen- tially alike in form, the ies second differing from that Crocidura lewcodon. Teeth x 10. of Sorex and Neomys in the complete absence of the rudimentary second cusp. First low, narrow and long; second high, its crown about as broad as long. Upper cheek-teeth with crowns narrower than in Sorex and TEAZIn CROCIDURA 91 Neomys, the emargination of posterior border deeper, particularly in pm‘, and hypocones more distinct. Large upper premolar with antero-external cusp (paracone) well developed, its height usually about equal to that of third unicuspid or somewhat more, the distance from its point to well-defined angle in cingulum over anterior root of tooth distinctly more than half length of anterior border of main cusp; posterior cutting blade high, the angle formed between its edge and the moderately projecting point of main cusp ill-defined and obtuse. Third upper molar actually as well as relatively smaller than in Sorex araneus, but containing the same elements. Lower cheek-teeth essentially as in Sorex araneus except for the peculiarities of m, characteristic of the genus. Measurements.—Average and extremes of nine specimens from Etupes, Doubs, France: head and body, 78:3 (70-87) ; tail, 35°3 (32-39); hind foot, 12:3 (12-13). Average and extremes of nine specimens from Untervatz, Grisons, Switzerland : head and body, 81 (77-85); tail, 31°6 (29-34); hind foot, 12-5 (11°8-13). Average and extremes of four specimens from Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland: head and body, 80 (77-81) ; tail, 32°2 (31-36) ; hind foot, 12-5 (11-8-13). Average and extremes of three specimens from Florence, Italy (in alcohol, bodies contracted): head and body, 63°3 (63-64) ; tail, 34°3 (32-36) ; hind foot, 12:3 (11°6-13). For crania] measurements see Table, p. 92. Specimens examined.—Sixty-six, from the following localities :— Brierum: Hsneux, Liége, 2; Waremme, Liége, 1 (U.S.N.M.). France: Dinan, Brittany, 1; Paris, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Manouville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 1; Etupes, Doubs, 14 (B.M. and Mottaz). Germany: Brunswick, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Nussberg, Brunswick, 1; Frank-: furt, Hessen-Nassau, 1; Taucha, Saxony, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Marxheim, Bavaria, 4; Ummerstadt, Thiiringen, 1; no exact locality, 1. Austria-Huneary: Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 1. SwitzERLAND: Geneva, 3 (Mottaz); Briinig, Bern, 1 (U.S N.M.); Mei- ringen, Bern, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Untervatz, Grisons, 15 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Grisons, no exact locality, 1; Lugano, Ticino, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Ziiber- wangen, St. Gallen, 1. Iraty: Porlezza, Como, 1 (Mottaz); Boccadassa, Genoa, 1 (Genoa); Pisa, 1 (Mottaz); Florence, 3 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Rome, 1. Remarks.—This species is recognizable among the European members of the genus by its sharply bicolor pattern of coloura- tion and by the low, flattened brain-case. From Crocidura russula, the only species with which it is likely to be confused, it is further distinguished by the peculiarities of the large upper premolar, a tooth whose higher cutting edge, better developed paracone and more prominent cingulum indicate a degree of efliciency superior to that of the corresponding tooth in the related animal. 8-P “cc “cc ‘uiom Ajoye1opour 0-8 |8-8 | 9-0f | 9-F | #6 O-L | 0-6T LOPEST - me sy 0-8 {8-8 | F-OL| FF 16-6 | F-b | F-9 | P-8T|] 2 | 8°8'°6'S * eeaeg ‘uleyxreyy : Aueutey S G8 | 0-6 | 9-01 |9-F | 8-6 | 8-F | 0-4 | ¥-6T ra) Ss: : i‘ “ )0-8 | 0-6 | 8-01] %-F |%-6 /9-F | %-9 | F-6T eopsgt f° “ ‘arom ABS “| Q-8 | 8-8 | 3-01] FF | F-6 |9-F 19-9 | O-6T] & percer fo” . a ‘com gou “ 10.8 | 8-8 | 0-01} FF | 3-6 19-6 |9-9 | 9-8T] & |aroTss|*° * “ 7 ‘arom Aqsqs “| 0-8 | 0-6 | OT] 9-F | F-6 | 8-F | O-L | 0-61] & j2eyg0ITIggg) °° i ‘aiom fjoyeropomr “| ge, | F-8 | S-0L| 9-F | F-6 | 8-F | 8-9 | 3-6L| 9 | Gopsgr f° * “ “ ‘arom jou: 610-8 | 8-8 | 0-01 |9-F | 9-6 | 9-F | 8-9 | 8-8] P | 980T'B'B)° - FY ‘arom Aqsys “| pg 10-6 | FOL] 8-F | 8-6 | 8-F | 0-4 | F-6T] P | eoT‘'s’8 * * : ne is ‘uiom qoumz “| g.b | F-8 | 6-01] 9-F | F-6 |9-F 19-9 |G-6T| 9 |FeOTS Ss) > * * . 2 M “| %-8 0-6 | F-0L]9-F | 4-6 |8-F !8-9 | 0-61] 9 | eeOT'B'8|° * sqnoq ‘sedngg :eoueng a “arom ATYSIS WOOT, | -8 | 0-6 | F-0L |] 9-F | 3-6 | 8-F | 8-9 | B-6T] P 1g098 * ogy] ‘ourutere MA %-8 | 0-6 | 8-01} 9-7 | 3-6 |8-% |8-9 | O-6T] & | STTS * °° zi %-8 | 0-6 | F-01 | 8-F | 8-6 | 0-G | G-L | 0-06 EEL s6: |” * eS9r] ‘xnousy : WINIsTeg = =] a “‘SUOIJBA IOS O gre 8 a & 2% & = E 4 Be 8 5 *xag “1aquInN\L “AqIROOT se| g8 | 2 Ea | a) Pe se lee | a “4 ‘NOGO0NAT VYNdINOUN JO SLNANAUNASVAW IVINVAO 93 ‘tom ATUSYS — £ ‘MIoM jou =“ ‘arom ATQWsys = “S ‘aIOM Youur =‘ « “ ‘ui0omM AjoyeIepour =f ‘arom Ayyqsys “* ‘aiom Syeyerepour =“ CROCIDURA ‘arom ATyqSTTs ‘uiom Ajeyerepour = “* ‘aIomM gou =“ ‘aIoM ATJTSITS 44°°, 0-6 9-8 0-6 6-6 8-8 8-8 8-8 8-8 0-6 8-8 0-6 8-8 8-8 8-8 0-6 8-8 8-8 8-8 06 6-6 7-6 ¥-6 6-6 0-6 9-7 G-P 8-7 0:G 9-7 ¥-% 9-7 9-F 9-7 8-7 8-7 9-7 9-F 9-% 8-h 9-% 9-7 9-F 0-G ¥-9 9-9 ¥-9 9-9 ¥-9 ¥-9 9 ¥-9 9-9 8-9 8-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 9-9 6-9 ¥-9 ¥-9 6-h *o % 0 % *% *% 40 8 40 FO OF OF OF TO OF t SOT “GTI €88S0T { ZEON } 98T “AL { 2eq,0 } T66 “BL S6TSTT OFSTIT GGGEsT T6TSTT 6SS86T 8SSECT LGGEST 9968 SS698 6968 TS6S8 SG8S8 9166'S 96FEST 6°86 '8 “ce R * emloy . (73 3 eouel0L St estg. : Apeqy “ ouroly, ‘ouvsnry SUOSTID ‘z4vAI04T..) “ce oe 6 WsesUlILO WW Sstunig : pueprezyIaMg pesuny ‘sezsqyeyy : Arvsunper “NL elated ‘ulleyxieyy : AweUriey * wesutI 4pBysTOULUT 94 INSECTIVORA 29,1. Hsneux, Liége, Belgium Lord Lilford (pr). 95.1, 1, 1-2. (H. Grinvold.) 3. Dinan, Brittany, France. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 158. (P). g. Manonville,Meurthe-et- Lord intord (Pp). 8. 9. 8. 1. , Moselle. 54,49. Etupes, Doubs, 350 m. 0. Thomas (p). 8. €. 10. 33-41. (C. Mottaz.) 2%. Marxheim, Bavaria, Lord Lilford (r). 8. 9. 8. 2-3. Germany. : L. Frankfort, Hessen- Dr. Dieffenbach (p). 47. 1. 8. 50. Nassau. é. Nussberg, Brunswick. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 90. P). lal. Germany. Tomes Collection. 7.1.1, 45. “ Hatszeg, Transylvania, C.G. Danford (c). 3. 2. 2. 16. 1500 ft. Hungary. 36,4?. Untervatz, Grisons, 0, Thomas (P). 4. 4, 5. 21-29. Switzerland. 10. 8. 16. 9-13. (EZ. H. Zollikofer.) 9 sk. Grisons, 550 m. O. Thomas (P). 4. 4. 5. 20. (E. H. Zollikofer.) 2. Lugano, Ticino. O. Thomas (P). 10. 8. 16. 15. (E. H. Zollikofer.) o Ziiberwangen,St.Gallen. O. Thomas (P). 10. 8. 16. 14. (E. H. Zollikofer.) é. Rome. (C. Coli.) G.Barrett-Hamilton 11.1 2. 103. (P). CROCIDURA MIMULA Miller. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution Central Europe from north- western Spain through France, Switzerland, central Germany and northern Hungary to Roumania and Bulgaria, south into Italy and Greece. Diagnosis.—Size less than in Crocidura russula and C. leucodon (hind foot, 10 to 12 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 16 to 17-6 mm.) ; skull and teeth resembling those of C. leucodon, the brain-case nearly as much depressed, its height seldom more than half width, the third unicuspid similarly low as compared with small anterior cusp of large premolar; colour not very different from that of C. aranea, the upper and lower surfaces of body not strongly contrasted, and no line of demarcation along sides. Colour.—Upper parts varying from a dull russet tinged with sepia to a dark hair-brown with a tinge of drab, the hairs with metallic gloss and silvery reflections ; underparts varying from dull ochraceous-buff to greyish cream-buff, never sharply defined from colour of back and sides. Feet buffy whitish, usually with some dark clouding. Tail greyish or brownish, very obscurely bicolor. Skull and teeth.—Except for their noticeably smaller size the skull and teeth closely resemble those of Crocidura leucodon, though the brain-case is less constantly flattened, sometimes assuming a form essentially like that in C. russula. Plate forming CROCIDURA 95 outer wall of anteorbital canal narrower than in C. leucodon, its width scarcely twice that of lachrymal foramen. Large upper premolar with high cutting blade and well developed paracone, the form and size of which relatively to main cusp and to third unicuspid are exactly as in C. leucodon. Measurements.—According to measurements made by various collectors, the head and body varies from 55 to 72 mm., tail from 28 to 40 mm., and hind foot from 10 to lz mm. The condylobasal length of skull ranges between 16-0 and 17:6 mm., and length of upper tooth-row between 7-2 and 8-0 mm. Remarks.—Crocidura mimula differs from the other continental European members of the genus, in its small size, a character in which it is approached by the small races of C. russulu, though not sufficiently to cause any confusion. In addition to the typical form two geographical races have been described, one from south-western France, the other from northern Spain, the status of neither of which is clearly understood. CROCIDURA MIMULA MIMULA Miller. 1839. ?? [Crocidura aranea] var. minor de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 35 (Silesia). 1901. Crocidura mimula Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, xiv, p. 95, June 27, 1901 (Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, Switzerland). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1901. Crocidura antipe Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 228, November, 1901 (Siulnita and Barza, Roumania). 1902. [Crocidura} minuta Lydekker, Zool. Record, xxxvrir (1901), Mamm., p. 27 (Accidental renaming of mimuia). 1910. Crocidura mimulaand C. antipai Trouessart, Faune Mamm.d’Europe, pp. 46, 48. Type locality.—Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, Switzerland. Geographical distributionRange of the species from the Rhone Valley eastward. Diagnosis.—Size maximum for the species ; skull with brain- case tending to be strictly of the flattened type ; colour usually dark. Measurements.—External measurements of type: head and body, 72; tail, 33; hind foot, 11. A male and female from Untervatz, Grisons, Switzerland: head and body, 71 and 65 ; tail, 35 and 35 ; hind foot, 10 and 11. A male and female from Marxheim, Bavaria: head and body, 71 and 58; tail, 36 and 30; hind foot, 10 and 10. Average and extremes of four specimens from Haida, Arva, Bohemia: head and body, 59°7 (55-65) ; tail, 30 (28-32) ; hind foot, 11°5 (11-12). A male from Gageni, Roumania, and female from Bustenari, Roumania: head and body, 64 and 66 ; tail, 31 and 34; hind foot, 11 and 11. Two adult males from Agay, Var, France : head and body, 64 and 66 ; tail, 35 and 34; hind foot, 11 and 11. Adult female from Viareggio, Italy : head and body, 70; tail, 38; hind foot, 11-6. 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P BOL ‘F'8 ‘8 qe, ‘keBy : cower “STNUNW B]NUITU “> g = o = yp of a *sUOI}VAIOSqO 46 gs B Be ra ge BS Qe xag ‘roquin yy “Aq uyeo0'T ee |foe} & lec} SF) S35] se] Ss S6)28)/ © | se | SQ) Pa|TE| a8 a Wiss a6 _ ® 7 ree ‘FPTANIN FYNdINOYD JO SENANAYOASVAN ITWINVaO S ‘adh, ‘geqqow Wog | 9-9/€-L]|8-8|3-F| 6-4) — |— | 0-9T| & “ ySTIT « “ “ ‘asom AWqSs ‘ | 9-9] BL] 8-8] 0-F] 0-8 | 0-F% | 0-G | 0-9T “ gos tp] “ tg « . “ “ . - . : * eqtter TIOM JOU 0-L| F-L|0-6| 0-6} 8-4] 8-8 | 0-G | B-9T Zeq,0T T6T “TD aie ‘oqraeumog-sorarafry | comer “BUISI[NST S[NUITU *s ‘aio ont “| OL | 8h | F-6 | F-F FSB | O-F!9-G | 9-LT] & 6LEZST ; : : : “ ‘arom Ayeyerepour “ GL! 8-L|8-6|9-F| 3-8) 8-F | 9-G]9-LT] 2 8‘T ‘OTS : : + ny10g : eseery 4 ‘arom Sqsys “| 0-L/8-4/3-6]— | — | 8%) 0-9) — |) P| ABST TE po tt emo Y Dp ‘uzom Ajoyeropou =“ GL} 0-8|9-6) FF] F-8] BF) 8-G]9-AT] & Le 'e-¢ : : ‘ . ‘ie 8 é “ |= |0-8]— |9-%] 88) — |— | PAT] 6 TS G8 'S "+ + OLB BereT~ & “ é “ 13.21 0-8| 3-6 | 0-F | 0-8! 0-4 | FS | O-AT grromhe- 9 8 « « i é “ | 0-L/9-L/0-6 | 8-€] 0-8 | 0-F | 8-G | 8-9T “ BIt OW! ° é er ite “ é : o-L|/8-L|%-6/ 0-6} 0-8] 0-F | 8-G | G-LT “TIT ‘opt | * : or Ae ee a é ‘ 0-2! 9-L10-6!0-% | &-8 | 0-F | 0-9 | O-LT Ze{VOT OTL ‘ON| * : * omlog ‘ezzopIog : ATeqT vuzom AWYSS “| O-L | 0-8] 0-6) 9-F] F-8)— | — | FAT] & T'S 8 '¢ ‘ “ ouaeoory ‘ugom yonur “ O-L/8-4)3-61F-> | 81 G-F | FG | OAT] S S6TSTT * oUurDLy, ‘ooseaecy ‘ 2 : . U9T : “ 19.9} 8418-8] 8-8] 0-8) 0-F| 8-9] 0-91) 8 | *1080T epee : ee ee 0-L/9-:L]3-6/0-%| 0:8] 0-% | 8-G| O-LT | & 86'S FF : « a ‘arom Ajeyeropout yee, | 0-4 | 9-L/0-6/0-F | 0-8 0-F | 8-G | 0-9T | IGS ‘FF + SUOSETy ‘2qBarIoqTQ : puvptezyimg 98 INSECTIVORA Adult male and female from Corfu, Greece: head and body, 74 and 75; tail, 44 and 44; hind foot, 11°8 and 11-4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 96. Specimens examined.—Thirty-seven, from the following localities :— France: Abbeville, Somme, 1; Agay, Var, 2. Germany: Marxheim, Bavaria, 2. Austria-Huneary: Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 4; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Transylvania, 1; Tatra Mts., Hungary, 1. Rovumania: Gageni, Prahova, 1; Bustenari, Prahova, 1. Buicarta: Sofia, 1 (Andersen); Varna, 1 (Andersen). SwitTzERLAND: Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 3 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Untervatz, Grisons, 2; Faido, Ticino, 1; Santa Margherita, Ticino, 3 (Mottaz); Davesco, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Lugano, Ticino, 2 (B.M. and Mottaz) ; Locarno, Ticino, 1. Iraty: Porlezza, Como, 4 (Mottaz); Viareggio, Lucca, 2; Rome, 1. GrReEEcE: Corfu, 2. ZL, Abbeville, Somme, Baillon Collection. 56. B. France. 26. Agay, Var. ' G. 8. Miller (c). é. Marxheim, Bavaria, Lord Lilford (e). Germany. (Wolter- storff.) é6,% Haida, Bohemia, Lord Lilford (P). 8. 9. 8. 5-6. Austria. 2. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- C.G.Danford(c&p). 3.2, 2.12. sylvania, Hungary. lal. Tatra Mountains. Dr. R. Collett (P). 91. 1. 21, 2. ce Gageni, Prahova, Rou- Lord Lilford (P). 4.4, 6. 11. mania. (W. Dodson.) é. Bustenari, Prahova, Lord Lilford (e). 4,4. 6. 12. 840m. (W. Dodson.) 2; Faido, Ticino, Switzer- O.Thomas(c&p). 5.8.2.18. land. 6 Locarno, Ticino. O. Thomas (c&p) 5.8.2.1. 3,?. Untervatz, Grisons. O. Thomas (P). 4, 4. 5, 21-22. (B. H. Zollikofer.) g. Lugano, Ticino. O. Thomas (P). 4. 4. 5. 57. (E. H. Zollikofer.) g. Viareggio, Lucca, 5 m. O. Thomas (c & P). 5. 8. 2. 21. Italy. 3. Rome. (Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 97. 3. (). Corfu, 50 m. Greece. J.1I.S.Whitaker(r). 8.10.1. 8. (C. Mottaz.) CROCIDURA MIMULA IcuLIsMA Mottaz. 1908. Crocidura mimula iculisma Mottaz, Bull. Soc. Zool. de Genéve, 1, p. 119, April 30, 1908. Type in Mottaz Collection. 1910. Crocidura mimula iculisma Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 47. Type locality. —-Ligniéres-Sonneville, Charente, France. Geographical distribution—Known from the type locality only. : Diagnosis.—Size as in C. mimula mimula or slightly smaller (hind foot, 10; condylobasal length of skull, 16); brain-case deep, nearly as in C. russula. CROCIDURA 99 Measurements.—Type (from Mottaz): head and body, 60°5 ; tail, 38°5; hind foot, 10:2. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 97. Specimens examined.—Three, all from the type locality (Mottaz). Remarks,— While this race appears to be distinct from true mimula, the material seen is insufficient to form the basis of any final opinion as to its status. CrocIDURA MIMULA CANTABRA Cabrera. 1908. Crocidura cantabra Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., vit, p. 239, May, 1908. Type in Madrid Museum. 1910. Crocidura cantabra Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’ Europe, p. 46. Type locality.—Basque Provinces, Spain, exact locality not known. Geographical distribution.—Basque Provinces, Spain. Diagnosis —Colour paler and more grey than in the other races ; size small. Measurements.—Type (from Cabrera): head and body, 55 ; tail, 24; hind foot, 10; ear, 6°5; upper tooth-row, 7:2. (Cranial dimensions not known.) Remarks.—I have not seen this animal, but from the original description, as well as from information received from Mr. Cabrera, it appears to be paler than the typical form, to which it bears much the same relation as C. russula pulchra to true russula. CROCIDURA RUSSULA Hermann. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Europe, from the Mediterranean coast to Holland and central Germany. Not found in the British Islands. Diagnosis—Size rather large (among the European forms) : hind foot, 11 to 14 mm.; condylobasal length of skull, 18 to 20°4 mm.; upper tooth-row, 8:2 to 9 mm.; tail rather short, its actual length 33 to 45 mm., its ratio to head and body varying from 45 to 55; skull with brain-case not noticeably depressed, its height always at least half greatest width and usually more ; large upper premolar with antero-external cusp small, its height usually less than that of third unicuspid ; colour of underparts not strongly contrasted with that of back, the line of demarcation along side vaguely defined. External characters —In external characters, aside from the relatively longer tail, Crocidura russula agrees with C. leucodon. Depth of fur at middle of back about 5 mm. in summer, 8 mm, in winter. H 2 100 INSECTIVORA Colour.—Upper parts varying from a dark hair-brown, tinged with bister to a light drab with or without a shade of wood-brown, the darker colour more frequent in winter pelage, the light apparently peculiar to summer. The pelage has the usual metallic gloss, and the individual hairs show strong silvery reflections in certain lights, particularly in the long full winter coat. Underparts usually a dull buffy grey or ecru-drab, but sometimes almost whitish, rarely tinged with a bright yellowish brown,* never strongly constrasted with back, the line of demarcation along sides always vague. Feet dull buffy grey or light drab. ‘ail obscurely bicolor, like back above, like belly below. Skull and teeth—The skull resembles that of Crocidura leucodon, except that the brain-case is noticeably less flattened, its depth at middle always exceeding one half greatest width, a character readily appreciable to the eye when skulls of the two animals are viewed from behind. Teeth essentially as in the related species, but large upper premolar with antero-external ® (aN | Fie. 20. Fig. 21. Posterior view of skull of Crocidura russula. Anterior Crocidura leucodon (upper teeth in profile. x 5. ae and C. russula (lower figure). x 11. cusp (paracone) low, its height often much less than that of third unicuspid, the distance from its point to ill-defined angle in cingulum over anterior root of tooth about half length of anterior border of main cusp; posterior cutting blade not so high as in Crocidura leucodon, the angle formed between its edge and conspicuously projecting point of main cusp well defined and less obtuse than in the related species. Measurements.—In the different races the head and body ranges from 64 to 95 mm., tail from 33 to 46 mm., hind foot from 10°8 to 14 mm., condylobasal length of skull from 18 to 20°4 mm. The unusual apparent variability in length of head and body is probably in great part due to differences in method of taking the measurement and to differences in the condition of the specimens measured. * Such specimens evidently formed the basis of Savi’s Sorex thoracicus and Dehne’s S. chrysothorax. CROCIDURA 101 CRocIDURA RUSSULA RUSSULA Hermann. 1777. Sorex araneus Schreber, Saugthiere, 111, p. 573 (not of Linneus, 1758). 1780. Sorex russulus Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., 11, p. 382 (vicinity of Strassburg, Germany). 1780. ?? Sorex constrictus Hermann in Zimmermann, Geogr. Gesch., II, p. 383 (vicinity of Strassburg,Germany). Based on young in nest. 1792. 2? Sorea unicolor Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 208 (Strassburg, Germany. Based on Pennant’s account of Sorex constrictus). 1798, Sorex musaraneus Cuvier, Tabl. Elém. de VHist. Nat. des Anim., p- 109 (France). 1800. ?? Sorex leucurus Shaw, Gen. Zool., 1, pt. 2, p. 538 (Strassburg, Germany. Based on Schreber, pl. cuixc, S. constrictus Hermann). 1801. S[orex] a[raneus] cinereus Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 867, misprinted 863 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. S[orex] a{raneus] candidus Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 867, misprinted 863 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1832. Sorex fimbriatus Wagler, Isis, p. 54 (Bavaria, Germany). 1832. Croc[idura] moschata Wagler, Isis, p. 275 (Substitute for Sorex Jimbriatus). 1832. C[rocidura] major Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (Bavaria, Germany). 1832. Crocidura rufa Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (banks of the Rhine, Germany). 1832, Crocidura poliogaster Wagler, Isis, p. 1218 (banks of the Rhine, Germany). 1832. Sorex thoracicus Savi, Nuovo Giorn. de’ Letterati, Pisa, xxiv, p. 52 (near Pisa, Italy). 1839, ? Sorex inodorus de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 34 (Savi cited as authority, but name apparently published here for the first time as synonym of aranea (= russula)). 1839. ? (Crociduwra aranea] var. minor de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 35 (Silesia). 1839. [Crocidura aranea] var. albiventris de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 36. (No locality given.) 1839, ? Crocidura hydruntina Costa, Fauna del Ragno di Napoli, Mamm., p. 6 (Otranto, Calabria, Italy). 1855. Sorex chrysothorax Dehne, Allg. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Neue Folge, 1, p. 241 (Wilsdurf, near Dresden, Germany). 1857. Crocidura araneus Blasius, Saugethiere, Deutschlands, p. 144. 1895. Crocidura russula Thomas, The Zoologist, 3rd ser., XIX, p. 63, February, 1895. 1910. Crocidura russula Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 43. Type locality.— Vicinity of Strassburg, Germany. Geographical distribution—Central Europe, from Holland and central Germany to the valley of the Garonne and the coast of south-eastern France (Var); Italy ; Sardinia?*; Guernsey and Alderney, Channel Islands. Diagnosis.—Size rather large (hind foot, 11:7 to 14, condy- lobasal length of skull, 19 to 20°4), and colour usually dark, seldom, if ever, becoming a light drab except in rather worn summer pelage. Measurements.—-Average and extremes of four specimens from Oosterbeek, Guelderland, Holland: head and body, 78 (76-81) ; tail, 41 (37-45); hind foot, 12°8 (12°2-13-9). Average and *I have seen five Sardinian specimens in the Genoa Museum resembling the typical form of Crocidura russula and differing widely from the Corsican C. cyrnensis (see pp. 111-112). 102 INSECTIVORA extremes of nine specimens from Esneux, Liége, Belgium: head and body, 77 (72-85); tail, 35-6 (33-38); hind foot, 12°4 (11:7-13). Average of ten specimens from Pas-de-Calais, France : head and body, 74°5 (71-80) ; tail, 40°9 (38-46) ; hind foot, 131 (12°5-13°5). Average and extremes of six specimens from St. Cergues, Vaud, Switzerland: head and body, 87 (83-95) ; tail, 38°] (35-41); hind foot, 12°8 (12°4-13°2). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 104. Specimens examined.—One hundred and two, from the following localities :— Hoxtxanp : Oosterbeek, Guelderland, 4. Beucium: Hsneux, Liége, 9; Waremme, Liége, 8 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 1. France: Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, 8; Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 2; Abbeville, Somme, 2 (B.M. and Mottaz); Guernsey, Channel Islands, 4; Alderney, Channel Islands, 1; St. Briac, Brittany, 1; Ligniéres, Charente, 1 (Mottaz); Nancy, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 1 (Merriam); Etupes, Doubs, 9 (Mottaz); Montauban, Haute-Savoie, 4; Valescure, Var, 2; Ax- les-Thermes, Ariége, 1; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 2. Germany: Ummerstadt, Thiiringen, 2; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 2; Strassburg, 1. SwiTzERLAND: Geneva, 10 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); St. Cergues, Vaud, 9 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Grosjean, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz); Chesiéres, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz); Lucerne, 1; Vitznau, Lake of Lucerne, 3; Thurgau, Roggwil, 1; St. Gallen, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Ziiberwangen, St. Gallen, 5 (B.M.and U.S.N.M.); Degersheim, St. Gallen, 5(B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Engelberg, Unterwalden, 1. Ivaty: Ceresole d’Alba, Turin, 2 (Turin). 34,19. Oosterbeek,Guelderland, O.Thomas(c&p). 98.2.1. 9-12. 50m. Holland. 3,%. Oosterbeek, Guelderland. Miller Collection. 7. 7. 7. 3851- (O. Thomas.) 3852. 44,491. Esneux, Liége, Belgium. Lord Lilford (pr). 95.1.1. 3-11 1. Belgium. (H. Grénvold.) Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 30. 26,%,1. Guernsey, Channel Is- 0. Thomas (pr). &. 9. 2, 18-21. lands. (A. H.Bunting.) e. Alderney. W. Eagle Clarke (rp). 9. 3. 28. 1. 546,39. Boulogne, Pas-de-Calais, O. Thomas (c & Pp). 98.1.9. 4-11. 10m, France. 26. Guines, Pas-de-Calais. O. Thomas (c& Pp), 94. 6. 6. 8-9. nie Abbeville, Somme. Baillon Collection. 56. A. 1. St. Briac, Brittany. W.M.Daly(c& ep). 94. 10.3.1 2. Montauban, Haute- A. Robert (c &P). 97. 1. 9, 2-3 Savoie. 26. Montauban, Haute- 0. Thomas (p). 6. 4. 2. 2-3, Savoie, 900 m. (A. Robert.) é,?. Valescure, Var. G.§S. Miller (c). 8.8. 4. 164-165. 2. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége. V. Builles (c & p). 8. 3. 27. 1. 29. Luchon,Haute-Garonne, O. Thomas (P). 6. 4, 1, 19-20. 600m. (A. Robert.) 2. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, C. Hilgert (c). 8.11, 2. 9-10. Germany. 5 Strassburg, Alsace. O. Thomas (P). 8. 8. 10. 43 (C. Mottaz.) 8°. Vitznau, Lake of O.Thomas(c&pr). 5.8.3. 9-11. Lucerne, 500 m. Switzerland. lal. Engelberg, 38300 ft. Dr. J. Anderson (p). 99. 7.17.1. Switzerland. CROCIDURA 103 CROCIDURA RUSSULA PULCHRA Cabrera. 1907. Crocidura russula pulchra Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., Xx, p. 213, September 1, 1907. Type in Cabrera col- lection. 1907. Crocidura russula pulchra Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espai. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vu, p. 223, October, 1907. (For date see Cabrera, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., 1, p. 189, February, 1908.) 1910. Crocidura russula pulchra Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 45. Type locality.—V alencia, Spain. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Spain ; low- lands of France south of the Gironde. Diagnosis.—Smaller than Crocidura russula russula (hind foot, 10°8 to 13, condylobasal length of skull, 18 to 19:4), and paler in colour, the back a light drab brown tinged with sepia or dull russet. Measurements—External measurements of type, male (from Cabrera): head and body, 71; tail, 41°5; hind foot, 12. Average and extremes of seven specimens from Silos, Burgos, Spain: head and body, 72-7 (67-78) ; tail, 36 (34-37); hind foot, 11:9 (10°8-12°4). Average and extremes of seven specimens from Granada, Spain: head and body, 69°6 (68-74) ; tail, 38°2 (36-40); hind foot, 12-2 (12-12°8). Average and extremes of ten specimens from Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, France: head and body, 75-2 (70-81) ; tail, 37 (33-40) ; hind foot, 11:6 (11-12). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 106. Specimens examined.—Sixty-five, from the following localities :— Francr: Cadillac-sur-Garonne, Gironde, 19 (U.S.N.M.); Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, 3 (U.S.N.M.); St. Genies, near Nimes, Gard, 2.* Spain: Silos, Burgos, 18; Dehesa de Valencia, Valencia, 1; Alcoy, Alicante, 8; Elche, Alicante, 2; Venta del Baul, Granada, 2; Granada, 8; Barracas, Castellon, 1. PortuGau: Sierra de Gerez, 1 (in alcohol; perhaps referable to cintre). fs St. Genies, Gard, 102m. 0. Thomas (P). 8. 8. 10. 42. France. (C. Mottaz.) 4¢6. Silos, Burgos, 980 m. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 38-41. Spain. g. Deltera de Valencia. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 46. (N. Gonzalez.) 26,19. Alcoy, Alicante. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 43-45. N. Gonzalez.) é,?. VentadelBaul,Granada. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 31-32. 44,19. Granada. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 33-37. dal. SierradeGerez,Portugal. a = Gadow 87.3. 28.1. c&P * Intermediate between pulchra and true russula. 104 CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF CROCIDURA RUSSULA. 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TLGEST tt : Ss ‘taom ATQyss WoaL | 3-8 | 0-6 | 0-1L |) 8-F 3-6] 9-7! 9-9! 9-6T] & OLGEST " Urteysieseq. ; : ; : 3 : : : ; * ere 8-L | 8-8] 0-IL |] 8-F | ¥-6 19-5 | 8-9 5-05 | & 2190] LTFT { ‘49 ‘meBuemteqnZ :paeplezyiag *(panurjzuoo) ejnssni e[nssnt *s | ee eae 4 eS | nek] os w ear |e ia ; ¢ age | S6| Ff | SB | Ee] gk | gs) of *sUOI}BAIOSGO 2.) ie 3 = Bo | Bay & EA Bg a “xog “roqluuN “AGLROOT eg2)se/ € | oo | BF | ge] FR | Be Bre) eee eh el gE © i — ‘panuyuor—y TOSSAY VUACIOOUN AO SLINUNAYASVAN IVINVUO CROCIDURA r | d d w ww tnd wm 3 O: » 3 s 9) id a Bd, Bog 8 > AS mod 4d > 5 b& iS re s0.k SFoge 3 2B 's Fs Bp nak s RRR SE DERE S brs 3 34 gag eg 3 oa a ce} 3p eMsgs 6 Mw 6 | aa addad Hoa 4 qd ~~ Ore A LRA < SSSR eRe S SR a8 oD A 8-0 jo) ooo00oom @ DODO Or- OE HOM SH PReLe @ SOOHHOAON CODDNO co co cD ic ole site ole o) iva) aAnnnnnnnn cc 0 cD HONHOCOAHA ao © TAADAHSO onoon S06950GS555 oo 20090505 ooono anne arAne od Se oe Aanndnn Pu ee sH HHH HH HH HoH an OADDWDDRDNOO DP AMRMDDMDAM DODAD AN stereos AANDADANOS Ata aH HH HH HoH XH XH HSH SH SH SH OH SH SH SH GH wH SH SH SH SH HOO HA HH OH VW APOANANDAS SDAAAA wmmonnmononwnwowo ow UDMDDMDDOOWDOOO OOOoHO 2 law laaae DD DDRDDDDDDAD DODD =| nner anne ann "0 $0 £0 *O OF *O OF OF OF *O *O SO SO SO OF OF OF OF OF "oO 0 *0 40 OF Hd Fo N HO a CO CD eo GD Cf CD Case Oo we eee wae n 8 Ec] my aS a 8 OR RR RS BOR O Bs. S@.n...8 iB oe > 2. oe es | RES at ie og S 2 IS q o Qo 0 oO 7, ids) re a0, | i Q £19) 4 FI 2 oa eH io) n & Au 107 * Type. 108 INSECTIVORA CROCIDURA RUSSULA CINTRE Miller. 1907. Crocidura russula cintre Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XX, p. 390, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Crocidura russula cintre Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 45. Type locality—Cintra, near Lisbon, Portugal. Geographical distribution—-At present known only from the type locality. Diagnosis—Size as in C. russula pulchra (hind foot, 11:4 to 12-7, condylobasal length of skull, 18 to 19-2), but colour fully as dark as in true russula, the back between the mars-brown and russet of Ridgway, the hairs with a peculiar, strong, coppery lustre rarely indicated in the typical race. Measurements.—External measurements of type: head and body, 64; tail, 33; hind foot, 11-4. Average and extremes of ten specimens from the type locality: head and body, 67°6 (64-72) ; tail, 37°7 (33-42) ; hind foot, 11°9 (11°4-12°7). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 107. Specimens examined.—Eleven, all from the type locality. Remarks.—In its small size the Cintra shrew agrees with the ° Spanish race, but the colour is conspicuously darker. Taken as a whole the series, in winter pelage, is about as dark as in French and Belgian russula ; but the noticeable coppery lustre is highly characteristic of the Portuguese form. 64,5? Cintra, Estremadura, O.Thomas(c& Pp). 98. 2. 2. 10-20. 300-350 m. Portugal. (Type of subspecies 98. 2. 2. 11.) CROCIDURA SICULA Miller. 1879. ? Crocidura sicula Giglioli, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1879, 1, p. 96. Nomen nudum: “ Crocidura sicula (Giglioli MSS. sp. nov. ?) Castelbuono, Sicilien.” 1901. Crocidura sicula Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, xiv, p. 41, April 25, 1901 (Palermo, Sicily). Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Crocidura sicula Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 47. Type locality.—Palermo, Sicily. Geographical distribution —Sicily. Diagnosis.—Size and colour essentially as in Crocidura russula pulchra (hind foot, 12 to 13 mm., condylobasal length of skull, 17-6 to 19 mm.); brain-case nearly as much flattened as in C. leucodon, its depth usually a little less than half greatest width ; crown area of molars slightly reduced. Colour.—Upper parts a light bluish drab tinged with sepia ; underparts faintly constrasted pale smoke-grey, with or without a buffy cast. Feet dull whitish grey. Tail obscurely bicolor, brownish above, whitish grey below. Skull and teeth—Except for its distinctly flattened brain-case CROCIDURA 109 the skull resembles that of the small races of Crocidura russula. Teeth as in C. russula, but upper molars with crown area somewhat reduced, a character readily appreciable on comparison, and large upper premolar with antero-external cusp slightly enlarged, its form and relative size approaching the conditions found in C. leucodon. Measurements.—External measurements of type (male) and a second specimen from the type locality: head and body, 68 and 75; tail, 32 and 35; hind foot, 12 and 12. Average and extremes of six specimens from San Giuglielmo, Castelbuono, Sicily: head and body, 76°3 (72-80) ; tail, 35°3 (32-41) ; hind foot, 12°8 (12-13). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens examined.—Fourteen, all from Sicily. Exact localities: Palermo, 5 (B.M. and. U.S.N.M.); Marsala, 2; San Giuglielmo, Castel- buono, 6; Ficuzza, 1. 29. Palermo, Sicily. J.1.8. Whitaker (Pp). 98. 10, 6. 2-2* 1. Marsala. (A. Robert.) QO. Thomas (P). 6. 8. 4, 26. 346,19. San Giuglielmo, Castei- O. Thomas (P). 8.9. 1. 6-9. buono. (A. Robert.) CROCIDURA CANE Miller. 1909. Crocidura caneex Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., 111, p. 418, May, 1909. Type in British Museum. 1910. Crocidura canex Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 48. Type locality.—Crete. Geographical distribution—Island of Crete. Diagnosis.—_Size and general appearance as in the smaller forms of Crocidura russula, and skull with similarly deep cranium ; but second upper premolar as large as third, and entire anterior portion of upper tooth-row unusually long relatively to cheek- teeth. Colour.—The colour does not differ appreciably from that of dark individuals of C. russula. Skull.—The skull is essentially similar to that of the smaller forms of Crocidura russula. Brain-case slightly more than half as high as wide. Anterior portion of palate between unicuspids and anterior incisors more nearly parallel-sided, and more elongate than in any of the related species. Teeth.—The teeth differ from those of all the other known European members of the genus in the approximately equal size of the two small upper unicuspids and in the longer, relatively narrower crown of the first unicuspid. In the related species the first unicuspid is so wide posteriorly that it makes an abrupt and noticeable break in the outline of outer side of tooth-row. In C. canezx this tooth, though larger than usual, is not sufficiently wide to project beyond the general line of the outer margins of the unicuspid teeth. Second unicuspid fully as large as third, which is of normal size. The unicuspid row is thus distinctly 110 INSECTIVORA increased in length, so that the distance from front of large premolar to front of incisor equals that from front of large premolar to mesostyle of second molar, while in the related species it equals that from front of large premolar to metastyle of first molar. Large premolars and molars, particularly those of mandible, more robust than usual though not peculiar in form. Measurements.—External measurements of type (male): head and body, 65; tail, 42; hind foot, 11°8. External measurements of adult male from Canea: head and body, 71; tail, 47; hind foot, 12°6; ear, 9°5. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens ecamined.—Two, both from Crete. gal. Crete. Purchased (Linnea, 84. 3. 14. 2. Frankfort). (Type of species.) é. Canea, Crete. A. Trevor Battye (Pp). 8. 10. 24. 1. (C. H. B. Grant.) CROCIDURA CAUDATA Miller. 1901. Crocidura caudata Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xrv, p. 42, April 25,1901. Type in U.S. National Museum. 1910. Crocidura caudata Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 49. Type locality. Palermo, Sicily. Geographical distribution.—Sicily. Diagnosis.—Size about as in large specimens of C. russula (hind foot, 14 mm.). Tail very long, its ratio to\head and body about 80, and so thickened that its diameter at middle is 3 mm. (in other European species the diameter of tail scarely if at all exceeds 2 mm.). External characters.—Except for the unusual length of the tail Crocidura caudata does not differ in external characters from C. russula. The tail is ‘so long that when laid forward over back it extends to between ears. It is distinctly 4-sided, broader below than above, its greatest diameter at middle 3 mm.* Colour.—After six months’ immersion in alcohol the colour of the type specimen was essentially as in Crocidura sicula. After eight years more in the same fluid the back appears to have assumed a somewhat more brownish cast. Skull and teeth.—The only known skull is so injured that the details of its form cannot be seen. The rostral portion does not differ appreciably from that of C. russula. Teeth essentially as in C. russula, but first upper unicuspid larger, third unicuspid more crowded against large premolar, and cutting edge of large premolar higher, its antero-external cusp, however, of the same form as in OC. russula. * In the type the tail is flattened laterally for about 13 mm. from tip, evidently as the result of an accident. CROCIDURA 111 Measurements.—External measurements of type: head and body, 63; tail, 52; hind foot, 14. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. . Specimen examined.—The type. Remarks.—The tail is actually as well as relatively longer in this species than in any other European member of the genus. CROCIDURA CYRNENSIS Miller. 1907. Crocidura cyrnensis Miller, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 8390, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Crocidura cyrnensis Trouessart, Faune Mamm, d’Europe, p. 49. Type locality.—Bastia, Corsica. Geographical distribution.—Corsica. Diagnosis.—Smaller than Crocidura caudata (hind foot, 12 to 12:4 mm.) but with tail relatively almost as long, its ratio to head and body about 70. External characters.—Similar to C. caudata except for the smaller size ; tail apparently less thickened than in the Sicilian animal, its diameter at middle only about 2 mm. Colour.—Back and sides drab washed with a brown inter- mediate between wood-brown and raw-umber, this especially noticeable on posterior half of back, but scarcely extending to sides, which are a nearly clear drab ; underparts a light buffy drab-grey, inconspicuously contrasted with sides ; tail dull dark drab, essentially unicolor ; feet (both fore and hind) like tail on outer half, rather sharply contrasted pale buffy grey on inner half. Skull and teeth.— While its general size and form are essentially as in Crocidura russula, the skull of the Corsican shrew is distinguishable by its broader, more deepened rostrum. In the type the mandible is peculiar in the unusual depth of ramus, though in a second specimen this character is less marked. Teeth essentially as in C. russula. Measurements.—External measurements of type (adult male) : head and body, 67; tail, 48; hind foot, 12-4. Very old female from the type locality: head and body, 62; tail, 46; hind foot, 12:4; ear, 8:2. External measurements of well made skin from La Foce de Vizzavona: head and body, 72; tail, 51; hind foot, 12. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens examined.—Three, all from Corsica. Remarks.—Crocidura cyrnensis is nearly related to C. caudata, though readily distinguishable by its smaller size and less thickened tail. So far as known it is the only shrew inhabiting Corsica. Whether an animal of this type occurs in Sardinia is a matter of doubt. Five Sardinian specimens (three from 112 INSECTIVORA Ovile Seardu and two from Zinnigas) in the Genoa museum appear to be strictly of the russula type, though without com- parison of the skulls it is impossible to say whether they are most nearly reldted to true russula or to sicula. Their average and extreme measurements (from spirit specimens) are as follows : head and body, 65:2 (60-69); tail, 36°8 (33°6-39); hind foot, 12 (11°8-12°2). 1 la Foce de Vizzavona, Col. J. W. Yerbury (c & P). 93. 9. 15. 3, Corsica. gal. Bastia, Corsica. Mrs. Southwell (c & P). 6. 8. 14. 1. (Type of species.) Pal. Bastia, Corsica, Mrs. Southwell (c & P). 9. 6, 14. 1. CROCIDURA BALEARICA Miller. 1901. Crocidura russula Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 39. 1907. Crocidwra balearica Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 891, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Crocidura balearica Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 49. Type locality —San Cristobal, Minorca, -Balearic Islands. Geographical distribution.—Balearic Islands, Spain. Diagnosis—In general similar to Crocidura cyrnensis, but tooth-row distinctly shorter than in the Corsican form. Colour.—The three skins are more noticeably brownish above than in the one skin of cyrnensis at present known, though the actual elements of the colour are the same. Feet with the same colour pattern. d Skull and teeth.—In cranial and dental characters the Balearic shrew agrees with Crocidura cyrnensis, except that the mandible is less robust (essentially as in the small races of C. russula) and the tooth-row is distinctly shorter. Brain-case somewhat more flattened than in the small races of C. russula. Measurements—External measurements of type (female): head and body, 62 ; tail, 45 ; hind foot, 12-5. External measure- ments of two other specimens from the type locality (male and female): head and body, 71 and 72; tail, — and 45; hind foot, 12:5 and 12. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 113. Specimens examined.—Three, all from the type locality. 6,29 San Cristobal, Minorca; O.Thomasand R.I. Pocock 0. 7. 1. 40-42. Balearic Islands. (c & P). (0. 7. 1. 42. Type of species.) ‘arom AQqstys ‘ P-L] 0-8] 0-01] — | 0-6 | BF | 0-9 | — | & | THT "LO a = ‘arom Ajoyeropour “|g. | G-8 | O-0T (FSF | 8-8 | 3-F | 3-9] FBT! P | OF'T'L'O lreage % : ‘TeqoyslIO UBG :SpUuBIs]T OIBETe = “eorreayeq “SD pene é neat +G-8]| 0-01} 9-F | 0-6} — | 6-9 /9-8T) & TPT'96 | ° : e _azom gontr i +F-h | +8) FOL] — | — | 8-F | 9 | — é | «al PTS '9 eryseg aiom ATqq SITs 0-8} 8-8 | 3-0T| — | 0-6 | 9-F | 0-9 | 8-8T | & | GST "6 "eG! * BUOAYZZTA Ip 900,q BT : BOTSIO_ ‘sIsuauiA2 “3 ‘ ; ‘yrant uiom jou “ | 9.4/ 8-8} 36-0L) — — | 6b | F-9 | FST f - } .coeeor : ; omzeyeq : ATIOTS "eyepnes “sd ; a 9-1} &8|B-0T} — | — | 0O-F | 0-9 | — | 2 | L'FBOT'S) * : : * wouep uioM S]9}e1pouL 9-4] &8; — | 9-F| 9-8 | BF | 0-9 | FBT] 2 |e PLE PS| * * AqTBOOT ORK ONT : OJIN z “eoued "7 I ; s 8-4! 0-8/9-6 | FF] 9-8 | O-F | 0-9 | DAT] 2 «TO8G0T ; a 3 trom Aqsys * 0-8) &-8|0-0T} FF] 8-8 | O-F | 0-9 | 0-8T|] & OOSE0T . Bo is 0-8 | *-8|F-OL! FF] 0-6 | BF | B-9 | F-8T] 2 | 96'F'8'9 | ° ourlreted tom AToqBI19pour ; 8h} %8 | B-0T | — — |3F | 99) — ? 8'T'6's | * : es _maom jou g-L| ¥8|/8-6 | — | — | 0-% | 0-9] — | 2 | LTO'S | * te ; TOM OUUL: 9-4! F-8| 0-01} 3-F] 0-6 | BF | G-9 | 9-8BT| P 9'T'6'8 : u0M ATo}'eIOpouL 7 G-8! 0-6| 8-01} 3-F| 0-6 | &-F | F-9 | 0-6T] & SLPGST i ef “arom ATYYSITS 0-8 8-8}8-0t} — | — | o-F | 9} — | 8 LLPSST | * “ es “MIOM ATO}eLOpOU YYooy, | 0-8] F-8| FOL} F-F |] 0-6 | BF | B-9 | F-8T 6'T'6'8 | ° + oumpersnrp ueg : ATIoIg "elnoIs "D ts ct 2 log ob a) ay ge eae (gee| 2 |228| 22 | g8 | ze | 22 “SUOIYBAIOSAO = ca E = oe e & BS = & = aa a 5 oy 3 “xag “Tequin NT “AP[BIOT Fag (rsd | & |SES| Be | FE PE | TE ‘VOIUVH IVA ‘0 INV ‘SISNHNYAO ‘OD ‘VLVGCOVO (0 ‘WANVO ‘0 ‘VTONOIS VYACIOOUD AO SLNAWAANSVAW TVINVAO 114 INSECTIVORA Famity ERINACEIDA. 1821. Erinaceide Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 300, April 1, 1821. Geographical distribution.—Tropical and temperate Africa, Europe and continental Asia ; in Europe west to Ireland, north to central Sweden and south-eastern Norway. Characters.—Skull deep and heavy, not specially tapering anteriorly, most of the sutures persistent ; zygomatic arch com- plete and heavy ; floor of brain-case completely ossified ; tympanic bone annular, not attached to skull; auditory process of basi- sphenoid large, sometimes forming an evident half-bulla ; glenoid surface directed downward (normal); a large external pterygoid plate ; teeth anterior to molars neither well differentiated by form into incisors, canines and premolars nor strictly ‘‘ unicuspid,” the anterior upper incisor higher than the others but not specially modified in form ; anterior lower incisor short, oblique; crowns of upper molars rather high, sub-quadrate in outline (except the reduced third), the cusps sub-equal, subterete, near margin of crown, the styles and commissures reduced or absent, never forming an important functional part of the tooth; form short and heavy ; eyes and ears well developed ; snout pointed, some- what produced ; back normally covered with short, stiff spines. Remarks.—At present this family is usually regarded as containing the single genus Hrinaceus. It is very probable, however, that several genera are represented among the members of the group. Genus ERINACEUS Linneus. 1758. Erinaceus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 52 (E. europexus). 1857. Erinaceus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 152. 1868, Herinaceus Mina-Palumbo, Ann. Agric. Sicil., 2nd ser., x11, p. 37. Type species. —Hrinaceus europeus Linnsus. Geographical distribution—Essentially coincident with that of the family. Characters.—Skull rather short and broad, the zygomatic breadth distinctly more than half greatest length ; posterior palatal region conspicuously fenestrate ; auditory process of basi- sphenoid well developed, concave, sometimes forming a half-bulla ; external pterygoid plate rather larger than internal pterygoid plate, formed about equally of ectopterygoid and a broad horizontal outgrowth from palatine; dental formula : 2 8:8, c Eb pm — m 373 = 36 ; canines not differentiated by form from the contiguous teeth ; third upper molar consisting of a large protocone and minute paracone, all trace of crushing surface absent; body short and heavy, the back covered with stiff, sharply pointed bristles of uniform length ; tail shorter than hind foot. ERINACEUS 115 Remarks.—About twenty-five species are currently referred to this genus, four of them occurring in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF ERINACEUS. Third upper incisor definitely 2-rooted; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar 2-cusped; a bare area among spines at middle of forehead (Spain, Balearic Islands and southern France)... E. algirus, p. 130. Underparts clouded with brown, at least in inter- ramial and intercrural regions (Spain and southern France)...cccescseetseeseeseee Et, algirus, p. 131. Underparts entirely whitish (Balearic Islands).... E. a. vagans, p. 133. Third upper incisor never definitely 2-rooted ; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar 3-cusped ; no bare area among spines at middle of forehead. Greatest upper length of maxillary greater than or at least equal to depth of rostrum at middle; anterior upper premolar sub-equal to canine, its posterior border with small though evident cusp (Eastern), Hind foot 40 to 43 mm.; condylobasal length of skull in adultmale about 58mm. (Eastern Germany through Bohemia and Roumania UONGLOSCE) session a ceninctth cateirtioee el esi cisa nee ties sega E. roumanicus, p. 127. Hind foot 35 to 38 mm.; condylobasal length of skull in adult male about 55 mm. (Crete) H. nesiotes, p. 129, Greatest upper length of maxillary less than depth of rostrum at middle; anterior upper premolar decidedly smaller than canine, its posterior border with cusp obsolete or absent (WestOEn): sscvsaviscdacascaavaveodeviesitenstaceasentveasoes E. europeus, p. 115. Size larger, the skull in old males exceeding 59 mm. in condylobasal length. Average colour darker, the face never clear, pale, buffy grey, but usually with notice- able blackish markings (Central-western TUUPOPO) sssihascssivisiye acl se setenc ateetencasitince E. ¢. europeus, p, 120. Average colour lighter, the face usually clear, pale, buffy grey without noticeable black- ish markings (Iberian Peninsula)........... E.¢. hispanicus, p. 122, Size smaller, the skull in old males not ex- ceeding 59 mm. in condylobasal length. Colour of head and shoulders lighter than that of contiguous spiny area (Italy)...... E. e. italieus, p. 123. Colour of head and shoulders darker than that of contiguous spiny area (Sicily)...... E. e. consolei, p. 126. ERINACEUS EUROPAUS Linnzeus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—EHurope from the Mediterranean coast to Scotland and southern Scandinavia ; west to Ireland ; eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Nize large (head and body about 225 to 275; hind foot 40 mm. or more; condylobasal length of skull more than - La 116 INSECTIVORA 55 mm.); spines coarse and heavy, extending in an unbroken line across forehead and decidedly overtopping ears ; skull with heavy, deep rostrum, the distance from posterior extremity of premaxillary to posterior extremity of maxillary less than rostral depth at middle ; auditory process of basisphenoid short, wide- funnel shaped, not forming a half-bulla ; third upper incisor with one root, this sometimes partly divided longitudinally ; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar with three cusps (fig. 25 a). External characters.—General form short, thick and clumsy, the legs short, the feet large, plantigrade. Legs, tail, underparts and head, except crown, clothed with coarse fur, the finer more woolly hairs of which are about 15 mm. long, the longer, straight hairs about 40 mm. in length. The rest of the body is covered by a densely-set mass of sharply pointed bristles about 25 mm. in length and 1 mm. in diameter.* The skin on which these bristles are set is loosely attached to body, and provided with a special system of muscles by which the edges of the spiny area can be drawn together ventrally over the animal’s retracted head and legs, forming a complete protection for the entire body. Feet robust with short digits and well developed claws, those on hind feet longest. Fore foot broad and rounded with very short, thick fingers, the third and fourth sub-equal and longest, second slightly shorter, fifth extending to base of fourth, first well developed but not reaching base of second ; balls of all five large and pad- like; palm entirely naked; three large, semi-confluent pads at bases of median digits, a small tubercle (about 2 mm. in diameter) at base of thumb, and two large pads at back of wrist, the outer the larger; skin between pads wrinkled; hind foot much like fore foot but longer ; second, third and fourth digits sub-equal and longest, but their claws noticeably graduated from second to fourth, fifth digit extending to base of fourth, first not reaching base of second; sole naked, the tubercles as on palm but more crowded, the two posterior sub-equal. Tail short and thick, its length much less than that of hind foot. Ear simple, rounded, shorter than bristles on crown, the meatus without valves. Muzzle moderately produced, somewhat pointed, the muzzle-pad well developed, naked, its surface marked with minute furrows, its lateral edgesfinely scalloped, its lower border continued asa pair of parallel ridges extending inward to palate. Eye well developed but rather small. Mamme: pl-l, a 2-2, 42-2 = 10, Colour.—Furred portions of body varying from dull brown to dirty whitish, the under fur usually a dusky hair-brown, the longer hairs lighter and more buffy. Belly often irregularly blotched and variegated with whitish and darker or lighter brown. Feet usually darker than sides. Cheeks and eye-ring often darker than rest of head. Spines buffy at base, then with * Rarely the bristles are replaced by coarse hair like that on under- parts. Seo Natural Science, x1u, p. 156, pl. 11, September, 1898. ERINACEUS 117 a slaty area of variable width, followed by a narrow but sharply defined buffy annulation and an obscurely darker tip. The general effect is a coarse grizzle, the exact tone of which varies considerably in the different geographical races as well as in individuals of the same race. Skull—General form of skull rather short, heavy and deep, the zygomatic breadth about # upper length, the brain-case not Fig. 22. Erinaceus europxus. Nat. size. conspicuously wider than interorbital region, the rostrum short and deep (distance from anteorbital foramen to front of pre- maxillary less than depth through anterior root of zygoma). Occiput and interorbital region marked by noticeable ridges. 118 INSECTIVORA Ventral profile straight, the dorsal profile essentially parallel to it from lambda nearly to front of interorbital region, then sloping forward at a slight angle (about 15°); occiput squarely or some- what obliquely truncate. General outline of occipital region as viewed from behind truncate-triangular, slightly more than half as high as wide, the base of the triangle formed by line joining tips of widely projecting mastoid processes, the apex by the narrowly rounded or bluntly pointed lambdal region. Paroccipital processes nearly as large as mastoid processes and resembling them in form, though more slender and directed more backward. Basisphenoid with deep median pit between bases of half-funnel formed auditory processes, the pit continuous anteriorly with mesopterygoid fossa. Tympanic ring open postero-externally, its greatest breadth (antero-internal) about 3mm. Inner and outer pterygoid plates broadly triangular, approximately alike in size and form, each containing more of the pterygoid than palatine element. Hamular short, strongly curved. Mesopterygoid space slightly longer than broad. Palate terminating posteriorly in a high transverse ridge and strongly projecting median spine, the ridge nearly straight, its median portion well developed. In front of ridge the palatine bones are conspicuously and irregularly fenestrate. Lambdoid crest high. Sagittal crest low but evident, extending forward to back of interorbital region. Here it divides into two low, diverging ridges which pass forward toward lachrymal region. In some specimens they can be traced as far as the high, well defined ridge which occupies edge of orbit for a distance of about 7 mm. above lachrymal foramen. Ante- orbital foramen small, separated from lachrymal foramen by a space much greater than its own diameter, its anterior border over anterior root of large premolar. Upper portion of maxillary rather short, its length behind posterior point of premaxillary less than depth of rostrum at middle. Posterior termination of premaxillary variable in form : nearly square, broadly or narrowly cuneate, rounded, or rounded with supplemental inner spicule. Mandible short and heavy, the greatest depth of ramus about one- third length of alveolar line. Coronoid process high, narrow, sharply hooked backward at tip. Angular process about as wide as coronoid process, but not so long, its apex slightly bent inward. Teeth.—General aspect of teeth as compared with that in other European members of the order, short, heavy and blunt, distinctly omnivorous rather than strictly insectivorous in type. Anterior upper incisor about twice as high as the succeeding small teeth, its shaft subterete, flattened posteriorly, directed slightly forward and inward, the teeth separated at base by space about equal to height of shaft, at tip by about half this distance. The four succeeding teeth (two incisors, canine and anterior premolar) are essentially alike in form, the crown slightly longer than wide, its height slightly greater than length, ERINACEUS 119 the blunt point of conical cusp somewhat in front of middle of crown. Of these four unicuspid teeth the first is smallest, the second and third sub-equal and larger, the fourth intermediate. On posterior side of crown of each unicuspid there is a faintly developed ridge extending to apex of cusp, this ridge tending to rise posteriorly, especially in fourth unicuspid, to form a very rudimentary secondary cusplet. First and second incisors invari- ably single-rooted. Third incisorsingle-rooted, but root occasionally showing trace of longitudinal furrow on outer side. Canine usually single-rooted, the root with or without longitudinal furrow ; but in a small series of specimens every stage may be observed from this condition to a completely two-rooted tooth, each root with a distinct alveolus. First premolar single-rooted, the root often showing traces of longitudinal division, and perhaps rarely double. Anterior lower incisor essen- tially like the corresponding upper tooth but not so high. Its shaft is directed obliquely forward in line with symphysis, the teeth of opposite sides parallel, separated throughout by a narrow space. Three succeeding teeth unicuspid, the crowns similar in outline to those of upper unicuspids, but an- terior cusps obsolete and posterior cusplets relatively better developed. Second upper premolar scarcely broader than the unicuspids, but three-rooted and with a distinct protocone, metacone and _postero- external commissure. Large upper premolar with well developed pro- tocone, hypocone, metacone and pos- tero-external commissure, the cusps much as in the molars except that FIG. 23. hypocone is relatively smaller and Erinaceus europeus. Teeth. metacone and its commissure larger and more trenchant. Large lower premolar with a high anterior three-cusped portion similar to first triangle of lower molars, except that the metaconid is reduced to a slight thickening at inner base of commissure of protoconid ; second triangle repre- sented by a mere narrow ledge or thickened cingulum. First upper molar sub-quadrate in outline, the crown slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Protocone with somewhat broader base than the other cusps and with low ill-defined anterior and posterior commissures. Paracone, metacone and hypocone sub-equal, the metacone slightly larger than the others. All three are subterete with faintly indicated commissures, that extending outward and backward from metacone to rudimen- tary metastyle the most distinct. Parastyle and mesostyle 120 INSECTIVORA absent.* A small but evident metaconule. Second molar like first but smaller, its crown area about equal to that of large premolar, its greatest diameter anterior instead of posterior. Cusps essentially as in first molar, except that paracone is larger than metacone and hypocone, and metaconule is barely indicated. Third molar reduced to a protocone nearly as large as in the other teeth, and a rudimentary paracone, the two connected by a cutting edge sloping obliquely outward, forward and upward. The tooth is single-rooted. Lower molars with the usual cusps and commissures, the cusps more terete and commissures less trenchant than in other European insectivores. Third molar consisting of the anterior triangle only, this somewhat smaller than in the other two teeth. ERINACEUS EUROPHUS EUROPEHUS Linnzus. 1758. [Erinaceus] europeus Linneus, Systema Nature, 1, 10th ed., p. 52 (Sweden). 1779. [Hystrix] erinaceus Blumenbach, Handbuch d. Naturgesch., p. 72 (Germany). 1803. Erinaceus suillus Geoffroy, Catal. Mammif. du Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Nat., p. 67 (France). 1803. Erinaceus caninus Geoffroy, Catal. Mammif. du Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Nat., p. 68 (France). 1857. Erinaceus europeus Blasius, Sdugethiere Deutschlands, p. 153 (part). 1858. E[rinaceus] caniceps Hamilton Smith, Jard. Nat. Libr., 2nd ed., xv (Mammalia I), p. 148 (near Brussels, Belgium). 1897. [EHrinaceus] echinus Schulze, Abh. u. Vortr. Gesammtb. Naturw. rv, No. 10, p. 19 (Substitute for ewropzus). 1900. Erinaceus europxus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 362, April, 1900. : 1900. Erinaceus europeus occidentalis Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 362, April, 1900 (Haddingtonshire, Scotland). Type in British Museum. 1910. Erinaceus europeus and E. europeus occidentalis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 38. Type locality.—U psala, Sweden. Geographical distribution.--Western central Europe from Scotland, southern Norway, and central Sweden to the Pyrenees and Alps ; west to Ireland ; eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Size largest of the European hedgehogs (condylo- basal length of fully adult skulls usually 61 to 63 mm., seldom less than 60 mm.) ; colour dark, the sides and underparts seldom if ever a light buffy grey; face with blackish area extending from eye to muzzle. Measurements.— Adult male and female from Upsala, Sweden : head and body, 265 and 263; tail, 34 and 37; hind foot, 44 and 43. Adult male from Innerwick, Haddingtonshire, Scotland : head and body, 218; tail, 17; hind foot, 42. Adult male and * The cingulum usually forms a small projection resembling a rudi- mentary parastyle. ERINACEUS 121 female from Oundle, Northampton, England: head and body, 249 and 257; tail, 24 and 31; hind foot, 40 and 40. Adult male and female from Maredsous, Namur, Belgium: head and body, 270 and 251; tail, 39 and 33; hind foot, 44 and 44. Adult male from Bouconne, Gers,. France : head and body, 220 ; tail, 20; hind foot, 41. Adult male and female from St. Gallen, Switzerland: head and body, 279 and 297 ; tail, 41 and 43 ; hind foot, 44 and 47. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 124. Specimens examined.—Seventy-three, from the following localities :— Scornanp: Dunphail, Elgin, 2; Gordonstown, Elgin, 2; Innerwick, Haddingtonshire, 1; Glendoc, Inverness, 1 (Wilson); Lanarkshire, 1. ENGLAND: Kelnsea, Spurn, Yorkshire, 1; Leeds, Yorkshire, 1(U. 8. N.M. } ; Somersetshire, 4; Shrewsbury, Shropshire, 3; Oundle, Northampton, 2 ; Graftonbury, Herefordshire, 1; Saffron Walden, Essex, 2; Banstead, Surrey, 1; Elstead, near Godalming, Surrey, 1: Ockley, Surrey, 1; Wandsworth Common, Surrey, 1; Hampshire, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Wates: Cardiff, 2. Inpranp: Castle Hamilton, 1; Nenagh, Tipperary, 2; Ennis, Co. Clare, 2; Glenmore, Co. Donegal, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Kilmanock, "Wexford, 2. Norway: Asker, near Christiania, 1. SWEDEN: Upsala, 5 (U.S.N.M.) ; Upland, 1. Denmark : Copenhagen, 5 (Andersen). Hoxianp: No exact locality, 1 Brexteium: Maredsous, Namur, 2. France: Forét de Bouconne, ‘Gers, 1; Cranves-Sales, Haute-Savoie, 1. Germany: Brunswick,1(U.S.N.M. }; Heidelberg, 1 i. S.N.M.); Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 3; Ingelheim, ’Rheinhessen, al SWITZERLAND : Geneva, Sie St. Gallen, 7 (B. M.and U. Uawil, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N Heresau, St. Galien, 1 (U.S.N.M. S.N.M.); ) halden, Appenzell, 1 oC S.N. Mt) ; Thurgau, 2. Wolt- Remarks.—The typical race of Erinaceus europeus is dis- tinguishable from the forms occurring in the Mediterranean region by its combination of large size with dark colour. It is more readily confused with the dark E. roumanicus, whose range adjoins it on the east, and from which it cannot be distinguished with certainty except by comparison of the skull and teeth. The cranial character supposed to distinguish British specimens from the Continental form appears to be too inconstant to warrant the recognition of an insular race.* g,%. Gordonstown, Elginshire, W. R. Ogilvie-Grant 11. 1. 3. 379- Scotland. (c & P). 380. 6. Innerwick, Haddington- W. Eagle Clarke (c & 0. 3.13.1. shire. P). ; (Type of EH. e. occidentalis B.-Ham.) 2 Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire. E.R. Alston (c & Pp). 79. 9. 25. 76. 6,?. Oundle, Northampton, Hon. N. C. Roths- 11. 1. 3. 381- England. child (c & P). 382. é Graftonbury, Hereford- W.E.de Winton (c 11. 1. 3. 383. shire, & P). * For discussion of this character see Lénnberg, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, pp. 542-544, June, 1900, and Barrett-Hamilton, l.c., pp. 245-246, August, 1900. The question cannot yet be regarded as decided, since no adequate series of skulls has yet been brought together. 122 INSECTIVORA 26. Saffron Walden, Essex. G.Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 91-92. (Wright.) (P). é. Banstead, Surrey. C.H.B.Grant(c&p). 11.1. 3. 386. é. Godalming, Surrey. W.T.Blanford(c&p). 11.1. 3. 384. é. Ockley, Surrey. Hon. Ella Scarlett 11.1. 3. 385. c& Pp). 3juv.al. Shrewsbury, Shropshire. ul T Fesrest (c&p). 0. 9. 23. 1-3. 3,¢%. Somerset. Dr. J. Anderson (Pp). 938. 7. 81. 1-2. 6,2 al. Somerset. Dr. J. Anderson (Pp). 98. 7. 31. 3-4. e. Cardiff, Glamorganshire, R. Drane (c & P). 11. 1. 3. 387. Wales. é. Nenagh, Tipperary, Ire- G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 95. land. (W. Smithwick.) (p). gal. g. Ennis, Clare. J. W. Scott (c & P). 93. 10. 30. 1-2. 26. Kilmanock, Wexford. G. a aoa 11. 1. 2. 93-94. c & P). 1, Asker, Christiania, Nor- cr Sstianin Museum 93. 3.1.7. way. (E). géjuv. Upland, Sweden. (G. Lord Lilford (2). 11.1.1. 151. Kolthoff.) lal. Holland. (Seba Coil.) Lidth de Jeude Coll. 67. 4. 12. 555. 26. Maredsous, Namur, Bel- Rev. G. Fournier (c 1. 6. 2. 1-2. gium. & P). g. Forét de Bouconne, Gers, O. Thomas (P). 6. 4. 1, 10. 250 m. France. (4. Robert.) 9s Cranves - Sales, Haute- O. Thomas (P). 6.4.2.1. Savoie. (A. Robert.) é,%. Burgheim, Bavaria, Ger- Lord Lilford (Pr). 11. 1.1. 92, 150. many. (Wolterstorff.) é. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen. C. Hilgert (c). 8.11. 2. 5. 26,?%juv. St. Gallen, 500 m. O. Thomas (P). 4. 4. 5, 27-29. Switzerland. (EH. H. Zollikofer.) é,% Thurgau, 400m. (#. H. O. Thomas (r). 4, 4, 5, 30-31. Zollikofer.) ERINACEUS EUROPHUS HISPANICUS Barrett-Hamilton. 1900. Erinaceus europeus hispanicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 363, April, 1900. Type in British Museum. 1910. Hrinaceus ewropeus hispanicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 39. Type locality.—Seville, Spain. Geographical distribution—Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis—Size large, essentially as in EH. europewus europeus (condylobasal length of skull in old individuals about 60 mm.) ; general colour paler than in the typical race, the fur often a uniform light buffy grey, seldom with any evident darker area between eye and muzzle. Colour—There is much variation in colour, some individuals essentially agreeing with the palest examples of true europeus. In its extreme phase, however, the colour is a whitish buff, decidedly paler than the cream-buff of Ridgway, the muzzle and region about eyes washed with ecru-drab ; feet tinged with drab ; spines the same whitish buff, about half of them with scarcely any ERINACEUS 123 dark shading, the rest with a drab sub-terminal band, the general effect of spiny area scarcely speckled, and nearly as pale as fur. In the type specimen the fur is a dull cream-buff, and the feet are washed with broccoli-brown ; spines drab brown with light tips, essentially as in true europeeus. Measurements Type : hind foot (dry), 40. Adult male and female from Burgos, Spain: head and body, 270 and 250; tail, 30 and 28 ; hind foot, 43 and 41. Adult male and female from Pajires, Leon: head and body, 252 and 249; tail, 22 and 21; hind foot, 44 and 42. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 125. Specimens examined.—Twenty, from the following localities in Spain: Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, 1; Pajéres, Leon, 7; Burgos, 5; Palacios de la Sierra, Burgos, 1; Bejar, Salamanca, 2; Seville, 4. Remarks.—The Spanish hedgehog is a moderately well differentiated form. Extreme specimens are easily distinguish- able from typical ewropzus ; but in general the difference between the two races must be regarded as an average one. é. Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 9. Spain. (N. Gonzalez.) 6,29,?juv. Pajares, Leon. (N. Gon- O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9, 2-6. zalez. 3, 2, 2 juv. eeaan G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 17-19. 26. Burgos. (N. Gonzalez.) O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 10-11. 2 $ juv. Bejar, Salamanca. (N. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 7-8. Gonzalez.) g,29,1. Seville. (Dr. A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (v). 95. 3. 3. 1-4. (Type of subspecies 95. 3. 3. 2.) ERINACEUS EUROPHUS ITALICUS Barrett-Hamilton. 1857. Erinaceus ewropeus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 153 (part). 1900. Erinaceus europeus italicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 364, April, 1900. Type in British Museum. 1910. ~~ europeus italicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 39. Type locality.—Siena, Italy. Geographical distribution.—Italian Switzerland, Italy and Sardinia ; Corsica ? Diagnosis—Colour as in E. europsus ewropzeus or slightly paler; size less than in the typical race, the largest skulls probably not exceeding 59 mm. Colour—The colour is about as in the paler individuals of typical ewropzeus, though the speckling of the spiny area seems in general to be finer, and the underparts usually lack all heavy dark clouding. Measurements.—Adult female from Curoggio, Ticino, Switzer- land: head and body, 250; tail, 29; hind foot, 41. 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OPLFS : + WOpTeqgIoM rs * G-FB | 8-66 | 8-FF | 9-8T | B-FT | S-FT | 8-66 | 8-48 | 0-09) P LOISTT | ° ; sae ‘aio ATOYBIOpoUT Yoo, | O-c3 | 9-1 | O-LF | O-6L | 8-ET | 9-FT | 8-08 | 0-88 | 9-39 & | 65'°S'F'F UOTTIVD IS : pUBprlezyIAg 126 INSECTIVORA males from Siena, Italy: head and body, 210 and 220 ;* tail, 30 and 28 ;* hind foot, 40 and 42.* Two adult females from the same locality: head and body, 200 and 208; tail, — and 32; hind foot, 43 and 38. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 125. Specimens examined.—Seventeen, from the following localities :— SwitzERLAND: Bigorio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Curoggio, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Gentilino, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Iraty: Empoli, Florence, 1; Siena, 4; Ostia, Rome, 1; Rome, 4. Sarpinta: Su Cramu,1; Bare, 1; Marusei, 1; Trecorgia, 1. Remarks.—Though not so pale as the Spanish race the Italian hedgehog seems worthy of recognition as a form distinct from true europeus. Its status is at present unsatisfactory, owing to the lack of sufficient material ; but specimens from south of the Alps seem never to attain the large size of Central European adults. The Sardinian specimens that I have seen are in general paler than those from the mainland ; but here again the material is insufficient. A hedgehog is known to occur in Corsica, but no specimens have yet: been compared with the Italian race. g. Empoli, Florence, Italy. A.H.Savage Landor 97. 3. 7.1. (c & P). 26,2. Siena. (S. Brogi.) Dr. E. Hamilton (Pp). 98. 10. 2. 5-8. (Type of subspecies 98. 10. 2. 5.) 1. Ostia, Rome. Dr.L. Sambon(c & p). 1.1. 2. 7. 34. Rome. (C. Coli.) fe eee 11.1. 2. 3-4, 96. P). 3. Su Cramu, Sardinia. (W. O. Thomas (P). 0, 12. 3. 5. Wolterstor ff.) . é. Bare. (W. Wolterstorf.) O. Thomas (P). 0. 12. 3. 3. %. Marusei. (W. Wolterstorff.) O. Thomas (P). 0. 12. 3. 6. %juv. Trecorgia. (W.Wolterstorff.) O. Thomas (P). 0. 12. 3. 4. ERINACEUS EUROPHUS CONSOLKI Barrett-Hamilton. 1900. Erinaceus ewropeus consolet Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 366, April, 1900. Type in British Museum. 1910. Erinaceus europwus consolet Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 40 Type locality Palermo, Sicily. Geographical distribution.—Sicily. Diagnosis.—Size apparently as in E. ewropzus italicus (only known specimen imperfect); colour differing from that of italicus in the uniform dusky brown head and shoulders ; quills unusually robust, their dark and light markings strikingly con- trasted. Colour.—Whole head and sides of neck and shoulders a uniform dark brown between hair-brown and sepia, sprinkled with buffy grey hairs. The dark brown continues back along * Type. ERINACEUS 127 edge of spiny area to tail, but throughout this region it is overlaid by the uniform light cream-buff of underparts. Spines very dark drab with light cream-buff tips, the light area shorter on spines of middle of back than on those of sides, thus producing a slight though evident darker median dorsal area. Feet so injured that colour cannot be determined. Skull and teeth—The imperfect skull shows no peculiarities. Teeth as in specimens from the mainland. Measurements.—Type (sex not known): head and body, 252 ; tail, 50; hind foot, 40. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 125. Specimen examined.—The type. Remarks.—I£ not an abnormal specimen of E. europzeus italicus the type of console represents a very distinct local race. 1. Palermo, Sicily. J. 1.8. Whitaker (P). 98. 10. 6. 1. (Type of subspecies.) ERINACEUS ROUMANICUS Barrett-Hamilton. 1900. Erinaceus europeus rowmanicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 365, April, 1900. (Gageni, Roumania.) Type in British Museum. 1901. Erinaceus danubicus Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 229, December, 1901. (Prundu, Roumania.) 1910, Hrinaceus europeus roumanicus and E. ewropeus danubicus Troues- sart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 40-41. Type locality. Gageni, Prahova, Roumania. Geographical distribution.—From eastern Germany (Kénigs- berg) and northern Bohemia south through Hungary, into Greece. Diagnosis.—In general like Erinaceus europzus, but colour of furred parts usually much darker, and chest often with a large, conspicuously contrasted whitish area ; skull with upper length of maxillary greater than depth of rostrum at middle; teeth essentially as in E. euwropzus, but first upper premolar with postero-basal cusp usually more distinct. Colour—Furred area dark hair-brown interspersed with buffy and whitish hairs, the former most numerous on sides, the latter forming a clear whitish pectoral area which sometimes spreads over entire underparts. Feet and tail sepia. Face usually with a seal-brown suffusion. Claws blackish horn-colour. Quills with colours usually less contrasted than in H. europzus, the general effect of the spiny area darker and less speckled. Skull and teeth—The skull differs from that of EH. europzus in the relatively longer, less deepened rostrum, a peculiarity which seems chiefly to involve the maxillary bone. Upper length of maxillary greater than depth of rostrum at middle. Posterior 128 INSECTIVORA transverse palatal ridge usually lower and less developed, particularly at middle, where there is often a slight angle. Ridge at margin of orbit in lachrymal region not so long as in Ei. europxus, and less distinctly marked off from general contour FI@. 24. Erinaceus roumanicus. Nat. size. of skull, its degree of development somewhat as in HE. algirus. Teeth not certainly distinguishable from those of Hrinaceus europeus, though anterior upper premolar is usually larger relatively to canine, and its posterior cusplet tends to be better developed. Measurements.—External measurements of adult male and female from vicinity of Kénigsberg, Germany: head and body, 285 and 280; tail, 21 and 22; hind foot, 42 and 41. Type (adult female): head and body, 206; tail, 24; hind foot, 40-6. Adult female from Corfu, Greece: head and body, 263 ; tail, 37; hind foot, 43; ear, 29. Adult male from Cephalonia, Greece: head and body, 260; tail, 35; hind foot, 42; ear, 31. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 132. Specimens ecamined.—Hleven, from the following localities :— Grrmany: Near Kénigsberg, 3 (U.S.N.M.). ERINACEUS 129 Ausrria-Huncary: Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 1; Vasodr, Eisenburg, Hungary, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Roumanta: Gageni, Prahova, 2. GREECE: Corfu, 2; Cephalonia, 1; Tatoi, near Athens, 1. Remarks.—-Though at first sight very similar to Hrinaceus europeeus, this species is easily recognizable by its cranial characters. In most specimens there is a strong contrast between the dark posterior portion of underparts and whitish chest, throat and shoulders, a pattern which appears to be rarely if ever well developed in the related species. °. Haida, Bohemia. Lord Lilford (P). 97. 8.14.1. 3, ?. Gageni, Prahova, Roumania. Lord Lilford (P). 4. 4. 6. 15-16. (1¥. Dodson.) (Type of species 4. 4. 6. 16.) é. Potamos, Corfu, Greece. J. 1.5. Whitaker (Pp). 8. 10.1.6. (C. Mottaz.) ?. Argostoli, Cephalonia. J.I.S. Whitaker (p), 8.10.1. 7. (C'. Mottaz.) é. Tatoi, Athens. C. Mottaz (c). 8. 11. 3. 8. ERINACEUS NESIOTES Bate. 1906. Erinaceus europeus nesiotes Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, 11, p. 316, April 5, 1906. Type in British Museum. 1910. Hrinaceus ewropxus nesiotes Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 40 Type locality.— Near Gonia, western Crete. Geographical distribution.— Island of Crete. Diagnosis.—Similar to Hrinacews roumanicus but smaller (hind foot, 35 to 38 ; condylobasal length of skull in adult male, about 55 mm.); spines not so coarse as in the related species ; first upper premolar distinctly larger than canine and of essentially the same height. Colour.—The colour is like that of FE. rowmanicus. Under- parts, sides and face dull whitish grey with faint dark clouding between eye and muzzle, and in one of the three skins with a dark wash on posterior half of underparts. Skull As in E. roumanicus, but not attaining as large size. Measurements.—Adult male* and female from the type locality : head and body, 208 and 204; tail, 29 and 19; hind foot, 40 and 38 (dry, 38 and 35). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 132. Specimens examined,—Three, all from Crete. Remarks.—The Cretan hedgehog is nearly related to Erinaceus roumanicus, though well differentiated by its smaller size and by the relatively large fourth unicuspid tooth. 3,2. Gonia, Crete. Miss D. Bate (c). 5. 12. 2, 11-12. (5. 12. 2.11 Type of species.) %. Mesoghia. Miss D. Bate (c). 5. 12. 2. 13. K 130 INSECTIVORA ERINACEUS ALGIRUS Duvernoy and Lereboullet. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution—Northern Africa ; also in southern Spain, southern France, and the Balearic Islands. Diagnosis —-Smaller than Erinaceus europeus (hind foot less than 40 mm.); spines not so coarse; middle of forehead with bare area among the spines ; skull with sagittal crest extending forward to middle of frontal ; a wide flattened area on each side of bony palate behind transverse ridge ; third upper incisor with two perfectly distinct roots ; elevated portion of posterior lower premolar with only two cusps (fig. 25 6). External characters.—Externally Erinaceus alyirus is dis- tinguishable from E. europzus by its smaller size, shorter, more slender and apparently more densely-set bristles, and by the bare area at middle of forehead. This bare area is about 7 mm. wide and extends back about 10 to 15 mm. from front line of spines. In dried skins it is sometimes partly hidden by shrinking. Fur more dense and less coarse than in the larger animal. Claws on front feet seldom attaining a length of 8 mm. Colour.—The colour resembles in general that of the paler races of EH. ewrog zeus. Skull.—The form of the skull is essentially as in E. curopzus except that rostrum is less elevated posteriorly, so that the dorsal profile tends to become slightly concave. Sagittal crest whe fully developed extending forward to middle of frontal, while in E. europeus it is usually confined to parietals, rarely encroaching on posterior edge of frontal. Ridge at margin of orbit very short, scarcely more than a process above lachrymal foramen. Bony palate extending behind transverse ridge as a well-defined flat area divided along median suture by a longitudinal ridge representing the median spine of EH. curopeeus. Basisphenoid pit narrower, relatively deeper, and with more overhanging edges than in E. europxus. Teeth.—_In general the teeth show no departure from those of E. europxus. The posterior lower pre- molar, however, lacks all trace of the meta- conid, so that the resemblance of the elevated portion of the tooth to the first triangle of am, and a, is completely destroyed. In the upper jaw the third incisor, canine, and “ b first premolar are two-rooted, apparently Vie. 25. without exception. Large lower premolar of Measurements—Head and body about Erinaceus europeus (a) and E. algirus (b). x3. 200 to 250 ; tail, 25 to 40; hind foot, 32) TO: 37 ; condylobasal length of skull, 54 to 59 mm. Remarks.—Thisspecies is readily distinguishablefrom Erinaceus europxus by the bare spot among spines of forehead, the perfectly two-cusped large lower premolar, and the two-rooted third upper ERINACEUS 132 incisor. Although occurring wild in southern Spain, on the Balearic Islands, and in south-eastern France, it seems not improbable that the animal owes its presence in Europe to the agency of man. ERINACEUS ALGIRUS ALGIRUS Duvernoy and Lereboullet. 1840. Erinaceus algirus Duvernoy and Lereboullet, Mém. Soc. Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Strasbourg, 111, fasc. 2, p. 4. 1898. Hrinaceus algirus de Winton, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1897, p. 955. Type locality—Oran, Algeria. Geographical distribution.—Northern Africa ; also in southern Spain and south-eastern France. Diagnosis.—Condylobasal length of skull in individuals with distinctly worn teeth 57 to 59 mm. ; underparts dusky through- out or with at least an evident dark wash in interramial and intercrural regions. Colour.—Furred area buffy white to base of hairs, except on muzzle, cheeks, interramial region, a narrow band along sides bordering quills and spreading posteriorly to cover tail, hind legs and intercrural region, all of which are a dark brown, very nearly the bister of Ridgway. Feet a lighter shade of the same brown. Occasionally the brown suffusion extends over most of ventral surface. Quills dull horn-colour, each with a whitish sub-terminal area about 7 mm. in length, the extreme tip usually dark. Throughout the spiny area the whitish strongly pre- dominates, especially when animal is viewed from in front. Claws light yellowish horn-colour. Measurements—Adult male from Schaf-el-Kab, Morocco (teeth much worn) : head and body, 206; tail, 26; hind foot, 32. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 132. Specimens examined.—Numerous specimens from Northern Africa; also. an adult from ‘“‘ Andalucia,” Spain; a young, less than half grown, from Elche, Alicante, Spain; and a still younger specimen from Lecques, Var, France. Remarks.—Owing to the unsatisfactory nature of the Spanish and French material the status of the Continental European hedgehogs of the Erinaceus algirus group is at present doubtful. Should they prove to be identical with the North African form it would seem probable that they have been introduced within historic times. The specimen from Elche, though undoubtedly a. wild-bred animal, is too young to be positively determined as to geographical race. The same is even more true of that from Var. The adult from “ Andalucia” lacks detailed history. Externally it resembles the African form as compared with E. algirus vagans, but the skull is small,* essentially as in the Balearic race. * Condylobasal length, 53°8; zygomatic breadth, 82°0; least inter- orbital breadth, 14:8; mandible, 41:2; upper tooth-row, 27:0; lower tooth- row, 22°0. 3 K 2 INSECTIVORA 132 ‘Od AL x ] | ‘ : Tep h ‘ “6 ‘uios SUBS “| BT’ -B-96 | 0-86 | 0-9T | O-IT , 8-8 | 0-93 , #08, ¥-87 | 4 | 68 T 40 spuvyey : ‘| 8-88 | B-L8 | TF | O-8T | 0-81 / OFT | 9-96 0-88 0-7 9 498 TL 0 foqwor ‘eorourpy tured ; i : ‘SUBSEA SUAS “7 ‘ i i L £ Be ‘< -$.8B | 8-83 | BSF | Z-ST | 0-31 | 8-FT | 0-85 3-9 | 0-89 96 FL 8 86, : " ‘tos, outa “S| 0-66 | H-8S | 9-ShF | O-LT | 8-1T | G-GT | P-L6 FFE) 9-49] 2 | OP 'L e {5 QBY-To-FeyIS + OVOLOJAT : d : : i i *snirgye snide * 10] hoe “A tiom Sjoyesopout “ * O.8S | 0-48 | B-OF | 9-GT | 8-TT | 9-FT 0-26 , 8-18 | 0-69 | 8 GIS ST ; ‘ He ‘+ 8-86 | G-L6 | O-TF | O-LT | O-8T | 9-81 | 0-86 | FFE , 0-G¢ 2 x«IT'B°GI'S) * ‘ 9}019 | | “SI}OISOL °F ‘utoa ATQYSIIS =‘ 9-66 | 8-66 | 9-GF | 9-81 | F-3T | 9-PT | 0-08 | B-GSE | F-69 |] 4 ST PES : mG ‘aoa ATeyBzepour =‘ 0-86 | 0-0€ | ¥-Eh | G-ST | O-ET | O-ST | F-63 | 0-98 | 8-8G¢ | | 9°T‘OT'S| ° n}A0/) ‘ai0omM youu = “* G-&G | 0-66 | O-GP | O-8T | 8-GL | 8-FT | F-63 | 0-98 | 8-8G & | L°T‘OT'8 * eruopeydep te i ¥-GS | 0-GE | G-8F | 9-8T | O-FLT | 9-ST | 9-BE | 8-8E | B-F9 2. 8G IT'S | saeqyy Tou ‘1oyey, : 9090I1) ‘uzom ATeyeropour =“ F-8 | F-63 | O-FF | G-LT | GL | O-9T | 0-02 | 0-98 | B-8G | 4 (x91 ‘O'R P| * tat « 0-86 | 8-L6 | 0-GF | O-LT | 9-GT | 8-ET | O-L6 | 9-3E 0-G¢G | 2 | GT OFF] * 7 pre) + BIUBUITLOY ; - _ ! . * siINnquosty arom ATyqSTs ‘ 8-86 | 6-08 | 8-FP | 8-LT GST | 0-66 | 6-98 | 6G ? : S8EésE { ‘7yOSt A : kueBoM-erysny ‘arom Ajeyerepou =“ 0-6 | 0-66 | 9-SP | -8T | 8-6T | O-ST | 9-86 | F-GE 9-6¢ P | S8E6IT | * ; “arom AUSS qI00I | G-€S | 9-65 | S-EF | G-8T | SBI 8-PL | 0-86 | 0-98 0-69 | & | QEEBTT | * Sxoqstrmoy : AaemeH ! ‘snotweumos ‘gy . wie ee ee eee ea 5 ” S 3 tas] $ = ngelede| & loge] cei 22 | 2 | of | 2 | See /525| 2 BS |,38| 2% & ! 3a | ve “SUOIJVAIASGQ 385 326 & gee ae 2 ze 2 B8 aS xag “AOU “SqtpRa0'T 83 es = rag ee | SE g re g Fl 7 ; | <8 i F | i i = ‘SQUIDTY “F INV ‘SHLOISAN “A ‘SQOINVMNOY SQHOVNIYA AO SLNANAYASVAN TVINVHO ERINACEUS 133 1. Andalucia, Spain. Lord Lilford (P). 94. 6. 11. 5. éjuv. Elche, Alicante. G.§. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 16. juv.al. Lecques, Var, France. Dr. P. Siepi (P). 98, 8, 25. 1. ERINACEUS ALGIRUS VAGANS Thomas. 1901. Krinaceus algirus vagans Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 38. Type in British Museum. 1910. EHrinaceus algirus vagans Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 39. Type locality.—San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands. Geographical distribution.—Balearic Islands. Diagnosis.—Condylobasal length of skull in individuals with worn teeth about 54 mm. ; furred area of body whitish through- out, with no evident dark wash on face, in interramial or intercrural regions, or on feet. Measurements.—Type (adult male): head and body, 250; tail, 40; hind foot, 37. Adult male from Inca, Majorca. head and body, 218; tail, 31; hind foot, 35. For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 132. Specimens examined.—One from Majorca and five from Minorca, Balearic Islands. Remarks.—The Balearic form of EHrinaceus algirus is dis- tinguishable from the African race by its paler colour and smaller size. Its relationship to the animal occurring on the mainland of southern Spain is not at present clear. é. Inca, Majorca; 300m. O. Thomas & R.I. Pocock 0. 7. 1. 6. Balearic Islands. (c & P). 46,9. San Cristobal, Minorca. O. Thomas & R.I. Pocock 0. 7. 1. 35-39. (c & P). (0. 7. 1. 36. Type of subspecies.) 134 CHIROPTERA Orper CHIROPTERA. 1779. Chiroptera Blumenbach, Handbuch der Naturgeschichte, p. 74. Geographical distribution.— Practically cosmopolitan ; only absent from the treeless arctic and antarctic regions, and from the most remote islands of the Pacific and South Atlantic oceans. Characters.—Terrestial placental mammals with the anterior limbs modified for true flight, the fingers greatly elongated (third usually at least as long as head and body) and joined together by a membrane which extends to sides of body and legs; shoulder girdle much more developed than pelvis, the sternum usually keeled ; knee directed backward. Remarks.—The order Chiroptera, containing the only living vertebrates, except birds, capable of true flight, is the most sharply circumscribed of the main groups of mammals. Not only are its living members invariably distinct from all other recent forms, but the fossils also are, so far as known, equally well differentiated. Therefore no intermediate stage has yet been found connecting the bats with any other order. That they are, however, not distantly related to the Insectivora, is shown by numerous peculiarities of structure, among others the relatively simple character of the brain. Two sub-orders are recognized among the recent members of the order, the Megachiroptera, not represented in Europe, with less highly modified skeleton of fore limb, and more modified teeth, and the Microchiroptera with more highly developed wing and in most instances more primitive teeth. Sus-Orper MICROCHIROPTERA. 1821. Insectivora Gray, London Medical Repository, xv, p. 299, April 1, 1872. Animalivora Gill, Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, p. 16, November, 1872. 1875. Microchiroptera Dobson, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4th ser., xv1, p. 346, November, 1872. 1878. Microchiroptera Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 2. 1907. MWicrochiroptera Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 78, June 29, 1907. Geographical distribution—The same as that of the order. In Europe north to the limits of tree growth, west to Ireland and the Azores. MICROCHIROPTERA 135 Characters.— Anterior limb very highly modified, the second finger scarcely if at all independent of third, its ungual phalanx never present, the humerus with trochiter and trochin large, the former usually articulating with scapula ; mandible with angular process well developed, long and narrow; teeth usually not modified for frugivorism (never in European species), the cheek- teeth of upper and lower jaws very different from each other (except when excessively reduced, as in the South American Desmodontidx) ; margin of ear not forming a ring ; tragus usually present. Mamme in all European genera, p 1-1 = 2. Remarks.—The sub-order Microchiroptera is essentially cos- mopolitan in distribution. Though more highly modified than the Megachiroptera in wing structure, the members of this group for the most part retain the primitive tuberculo-sectorial type of molar tooth, though certain South American frugivorous forms show the stages through which the Megachiropterine molars have probably passed. At present 17 families and nearly 150 genera are recognized ; the species are too imperfectly known to permit any approximate estimate. of their number. Three families and ten genera are found in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES OF MICROCHIROPTERA. Tragus absent; muzzle with leaf-like outgrowths ; premaxillaries represented by palatal branch only, not fused with surrounding parts (often lost in prepared specimens) .............cceeseeeeee Rhinolophidx, p. 136. Tragus present; muzzle without leaf-like out- growths; premaxillaries represented princi- pally (entirely in European genera) by nasal branch, very early and completely fused with surrounding parts. Fibula robust, its diameter about half that of tibia; tail projecting conspicuously beyond hinder edge of narrow interfemoral mem- DYLAN Gl pasieas ei stjesicinusigaranenstieignes ras davciu seas yaadies Molosside, p. 276. Fibula very slender, its diameter much less than half that of tibia; tail scarcely or not pro- jecting beyond hinder edge of broad inter- formoral AOI DEANE acicrsssanvanrascasvareveesenes Vespertilionidz, p. 165. Presternum with median lobe much smaller than body of bone; coracoid curved out- ward; second phalanx of third finger not specially elongated...... a sabe ddaeia as aalloeeeat Vespertitionine, p. 165. Presternum with median lobe larger than body of bone; coracoid straight, directed inward; second phalanx of third finger nearly three times as long as first ......... Miniopterine, p. 265. 136 CHIROPTERA KEY TO THE GENERA OF EUROPEAN BATS. (A wholly artificial key based primarily on external characters.) Muzzle with leaf-like outgrowths ............:ceeeeee sere Rhinolophus, p. 137. Muzzle without leaf-like outgrowths. Tail projecting conspicuously beyond membrane... Nyctinomus, p. 276. Tail not projecting conspicuously beyond membrane. Ears joined. Har longer than head ............:::.cscesseeeeeee eens Plecotus, p. 256. Ear shorter than head............0.::sceeeeeee Barbastella, p. 263. Ears separate. Second phalanx of third finger nearly three times as long as first .......... cee ceeeeeeeeee ee Miniopterus, p. 268. Second phalanx of third finger less than twice as long as first. Fifth finger about as long as metacarpal of fourth, or third) <2. si wcsswesjennine sedlee eatin Nyctalus, p. 242. Fifth finger much longer than metacarpal of fourth or third. Ear wider than high, its lower margin forming a small pocket near angle of MOUD ss siovsisirsssccisnadewssisrvemecenersaivess Vespertilio, p. 238. Ear higher than wide, its lower margin not forming pocket near angle of mouth. Upper cheek-teeth 6-6........0.ce eee Myotis, p. 166. Upper cheek-teeth less than 6-6. Upper cheek-teeth 5-5.........ceeeeee es Pipistrellus, p. 202. Upper cheek-teeth 4-4........ wee Eptesicus, p. 224, Famity RHINOLOPHIDA. 1827. Rhinolophina Lesson, Man. de Mammalogie, p. 81 (part). 1857. Phyllostomata Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 26. 1866. Rhinolophide Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 81 (part). 1878. Rhinolophide Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 100 (part). 1907. Hae toghines Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 106, June 29, 907. Geographical distribution.—Tropical and temperate portions of the Old World from Ireland east to the Philippine Islands, Solomon Islands and north-eastern Australia. In Europe north to northern England and the Baltic coast of Germany. Characters—Ear without tragus; muzzle with conspicuous leaf-like cutaneous outgrowths (fig. 26) consisting of a horizontal anterior horseshoe, a perpendicular median sella, and a posterior erect lancet; skull with premaxillaries represented by palatal branches only, the two bones partly cartilaginous and not fused with surrounding parts (often lost in prepared specimens) ; shoulder girdle highly abnormal, the seventh cervical and first dorsal vertebre, first and second ribs, and presternum fused into a continuous ring ; secondary articulation of humerus with scapula small but distinct ; fibula thread-like ; foot normal, the hallux with two phalanges, the other toes with three. Remarks.—The Rhinolophide are the most widely distributed RHINOLOPHUS 137 of the Old World leaf-nosed bats, and the only family known to occur in Europe. Notwithstanding its extensive distribution and its large number of species the group is represented by a single genus. Genus RHINOLOPHUS Lacépéde. 1799. Rhinolophus Lacépéde, Tabl. des div. sousdiv. ordres et genres des Mammiferes, p. 15 (ferrwm-equinwm). 1836. Rhinocrepis Gervais, Dict. Pittoresque d’Hist. Nat. 1v, pt. 2, p. 617 (attributed to Geoffroy and Cuvier, Mag. Encyclopédique, 1795, but the name does not occur in the paper alluded to). 1847. Agquias Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 15 (luctus and trifoliatus). 1857. Rhinolophus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 26. 1866. Phyllotis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 81 (philippensis) not Phyllotis Waterhouse, 1837. 1866. Celophylius Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 427 (ceelophyllus). 1878. Rhinolophus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 100. 1901. Huryalus Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 225 (mehelyt). 1904, Huryalus Matschie and Andersen, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 71 (ewryale group). 1907. Rhinolophus Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 108, June 29, 1907. Type species. — Vespertilio ferrum-equinum Schreber. Geographical distribution.—-Same as vhg of faraly (p. Leb). Characters.— Dental formula : i yc i= 1 pm = — $m ss = 32. Upper incisor very small, but usually well formed and with distinct rounded crown with slight cusp on inner side. Lower incisors trifid, the outer larger than inner, the four teeth forming a continuous row between canines. Upper canine heavy, but without secondary cusps or conspicuous cingulum, Lower canine rather weak. Anterior upper premolar (pm?) and middle lower premolar (pm,) small, functionless, usually crowded quite out of tooth-row. Other teeth showing no special peculiari- ties; m! and m” without hypocone, m? with five cusps and three commissures (in many species a rudimentary fourth com- missure), the crown area much more than half that of m? or m?, Skull with large brain-case and much shortened, globularly inflated rostrum, beyond which the maxillaries, bearing the large canines, conspicuously project; palate so deeply emarginated both anteriorly and posteriorly that its median length is less than least distance between tooth-rows. Tail well developed, extending to edge of wide interfemoral membrane. Calear slender. Ears large, separate, without tragus. Muzzle with conspicuous leaf-like cutaneous outgrowths, consisting of a hori- zontal anterior horseshoe, a perpendicular median sella and an erect posterior lancet (fig. 26). Remarks,—Among European bats the members of the genus Rhinolophus are at once recognizable by the presence of the nose- 138 CHIROPTERA leaf and absence of tragus. The skull differs from that of all other members of the fauna in the short, globularly inflated rostrum and long, projecting maxillaries, between which lie the Fig. 26. Noseleaf of Rhinolophis ferrum-equinum (a), R. hipposideros (b), R. euryale (c), and R. blasii(d). Nat. size. horizontal free premaxillaries (often lost in prepared specimens). About 100 forms have been described,* eight of which occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF RHINOLOPHUS. Noseleaf with connecting process broadly rounded above ; skull with nasal swellings long, rising gradually above line of fore- head. Forearm over 50 mm.; condylobasal length of skull over 20 mm.; sella pandurate ; large upper premolar in contact with canine (Greater Horseshoe) ............0+ R. ferrwm-equinum, p. 189. Wing relatively long; forearm 54~58 mm., longest finger 84 to 92 mm. (Southern and central Continental Europe)....... R. f. ferrum-equinwmn, p. 142. Wing relatively shorter; forearm 52 to 55 mm., longest finger 83 to 88 mm. (Hglangd)) csecesecncsacsinecassanneinersersnnes R. f. insulanus, p. 147. * See Andersen, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xvi, pp. 648-662. RHINOLOPHUS 13¢ Forearm under 43 mm.; condylobasal length of skull under 16 mm.; sella cuneate ; large upper premolar not in contact with canine (Lesser Horseshoe)............ R. hipposideros, p. 147. Greatest length of skull 14°5 to 15-5 mm. (Mediterranean region) ..............65 Roh. minimus, p. 151. Greatest length of skull more than 15°5 mm. Forearm 36°3 to 39 mm. (England and ° Theland): ‘vescgecwseuisuneecwevoncoreaeunes R. hk. minutus, p. 154. Forearm 39 to 41°7mm. (Central Europe) Rk. h. hipposideros, p. 149. Noseleaf with connecting process acutely pointed above; skull with nasal swellings short, rising abruptly above level of fore- head. First phalanx of fourth finger more than half as long as second; sella bluntly cuneate; no marked contrast between crown areas of anterior and posterior lower premolars (Hastern Mediterranean LORIN), ipa sisnvawiaiureraecsdsngeseavensvasieantes R. blast, p. 162. First phalanx of fourth finger less than half as long as second; sella parallel-sided, broadly rounded above ; a marked con- trast between crown areas of anterior and posterior lower premolars. Size smaller, forearm 44°6 to 49 mm., upper tooth-row 6°2 to 6°6 mm.; gradation between phalanges of fourth finger abrupt (ratio of first to second about 38); point of lancet gradually narrowed, never linear............:.600000 R. euryale, p. 155. Size larger, forearm 48-6 to 51:4, upper tooth-row about 7 mm.; gradation between phalanges of fourth finger less abrupt (ratio of first to second . about 44); point of lancet linear ...... R. mehelyi, p. 159. RHINOLOPHUS FERRUM-EQUINUM Schreber. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution —-From southern Japan and China, through the Himalayas, the Mediterranean sub-region (exclusive of Egypt), and central Europe to southern England (Andersen). Diagnosis.—Size largest of the European species (forearm more than 50 mm., condylobasal length of skull about 21 mm., mandible, 15 to 16 mm.); noseleaf with horseshoe less than 10 mm. wide, the sella pandurate, the connecting process low, abruptly rounded ; fourth finger with first phalanx considerably more than half as long as second ; large upper premolar broadly in contact with canine, the small premolar minute (sometimes -absent), completely external to tooth-row. External characters.—Size large and form rather heavy (among the European members of the genus). General outline of noseleaf a rather elongate ovate-pyriform, the width of horse- shoe slightly greater than distance from flat area at base of sella 140 CHIROPTERA to tip of lancet. Sella broadly rounded at tip, noticeably con- stricted somewhat above middle, the resulting outline pandurate. Connecting process rising slightly but evidently above level of sella, its upper border straight anteriorly, its tip rather abruptly rounded off. Ear large, extending when laid forward slightly beyond extremity of muzzle, abruptly narrowed to a rather acute recurved tip; antitragal lobe less than half as high as conch, its width about equal to its height, its upper border nearly horizontal. Wings broad, the membrane attached to ankle. First phalanx of fourth finger noticeably more than half as long as second. Foot slender, nearly half as long as tibia. Colowr.—General effect a light greyish or drabby brown produced by varying combinations of the pale ecru-drab under colour and the darker hair tips, the region between ears, across shoulders and at sides of lumbar region usually paler than back. The colour of the tips is usually either a clear, rather light sepia, or a buffy brown resembling the wood-brown of Ridgway. While intermediate shades occur the extremes are more often met with, evidently representing two dichromatic phases. Underparts usually rather lighter than back but never approaching whitish. Skull.—General outline of skull long and narrow, the breadth of brain-case much less than twice that across canines, and con- tained about 2! times in greatest length; zygomata projecting slightly beyond general outline ; interorbital region greatly con- stricted and conspicuously hour-glass shaped ; occipital portion of brain-case noticeably overhanging foramen magnum and marked off from main portion by a slight transverse depression corre- sponding to suture between parietals and unusually large interparietal; sagittal crest well developed, extending forward to narrowest portion of interorbital region : lambdoid crest low but evident ; auditory bull small, covering less than half surface of large cochlex, between which the floor of brain-case is reduced to a longitudinal bridge less than 1 mm. in diameter ; mesopterygoid fossa slightly wider anteriorly than posteriorly, about 13 times as long as wide, its rounded ees me anterior margin at level of postero- ie ‘internal angle of m?; palate with an evident emargination on each side ex- tending between m’ and mesopterygoid space; anterior palatal emargination extending back to line joining protocones of anterior molars; premaxillary ligulate, somewhat wider pos- teriorly than anteriorly, the inner border entire, the outer border with a deep almost circular emargination posteriorly, the two bones closely applied to each other along inner margin and to RHINOLOPHUS 141 bottom of palatal emargination posteriorly, but otherwise free; rostral inflation evident but low, its posterior border running gradually into that of interorbital region, its anterior margin over middle of anterior molar; maxillary triangular in outline when viewed from the side, the heavy canine projecting forward and downward from its anterior apex ; anteorbital foramen small, over middle of second molar and directly beneath minute lachrymal foramen, the plate forming outer wall of canal thread-like, occasionally absent. Teeth.—Except for the minute premolars and upper incisors the teeth are robust and heavy relatively to size of skull. Upper incisor minute, low, the crown subterete, wider than root, lower externally than internally, each tooth placed near middle of oblique anterior border of premaxillary, the space between the two nearly double diameter of crown. Lower incisors strongly imbricated, forming a short, very convex row between canines, their crowns longer than high, compressed (the outer tooth less than the inner), deeply and equally tritid. Upper canine very large, and noticeably the highest tooth in the maxillary series, the root oblique, the shaft abruptly bent downward at level of well developed cingulum, its length along cingulum about three- fourths height ; cross section of shaft triangular, the inner surface flattened, slightly concave near cingulum, the posterior edge trenchant, the anterior edge narrowly sub-trenchant, the outer surface with well developed median longitudinal ridge and noticeable posterior concavity. Lower canine not so large as upper, the flattened surface of its shaft directed posteriorly to oppose front of upper canine in mastication. Anterior upper premolar minute, resembling upper incisor in both size and form, entirely external to tooth-row, occasionally absent. Posterior upper premolar large, closely crowded against canine, its crown area about equal to that of second molar, without secondary cusps, its main cusp intermediate in height between canine and metacone of first molar ; posterior border of crown slightly but evidently emarginate. Anterior lower premolar less than half as high as posterior premolar and with barely half its crown area, the two teeth crowded closely together between canine and first molar ; shaft of anterior tooth with slightly developed concave area on inner side, that of posterior tooth with better defined posterior concavity, its inner side convex ; middle lower premolar resembling anterior upper premolar, its position equally external to tooth-row. Upper molar with large though not unusually high protocone, behind which in m! and m?* there is a low-lying heel (best developed in m!), but no indication of 'a true hypocone ; paracone and metacone well developed, the latter slightly the higher in m! and m?, this reversed in m°; styles and commis- sures in m1 and m? well developed, forming a normal W-pattern ; in m? the metastyle and fourth commissure are absent, and the third commissure is much reduced in length ; crown area of m?3 142 CHIROPTERA about two-thirds that of m?; lower molars with protoconid noticeably higher than the other cusps, the posterior triangle slightly the wider of the two in m, and m,, a little the narrower in m,; behind entoconid the cingulum forms a minute though evident accessory cusp. Remarks.—Among the leaf-nosed bats of Europe this species is easily recognizable by its large size taken in connection with the low, rounded upper margin of the connecting process of sella. In R. mehelyi, which approaches it in size, the connecting process is sharply pointed above. Two geographical races are known, one occupying the Continental range of the species, the other confined to Great Britain. RHINOLOPHUS FERRUM-EQUINUM FERRUM-EQUINUM Schreber. 1774. Vespertilio ferrwm-equinum Schreber, Saiugthiere, 1, pl. LX1I, upper figures ; description, 1, p. 174 under name: Die Hufeisennase (part). France; based primarily on Daubenton. 1776. Vespertilio equinus P. L. 8. Miiller. Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.- Band, p. 20 (part), France. 1779. [Vespertilio] perspicillatus Blamenbach, Handb. d. Naturgesch., p. 75 (part: included the leaf-nosed bats of Europe and South America). 1785. [Vespertilio] wngula Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium, 1, p. 71 (Burgundy). 1792. Vesp[ertilio] fer[raum)-equlinwmn| major Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 99 (not V. molossus major Kerr, l.c., p. 97), France. 1798. Vespertilio hippocrepis Schrank, Fauna Boica, 1, p. 64 (Renaming of ferrum-equinum Schreber).° 1803. Rhinolophus major Geoffroy, Catal. Mamm. Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 56 (Burgundy). 1818. Rhinolophus wnihastatus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, XX, p. 257 (France), 1829. ? Rhinolophus unifer Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 104 (nomen nudum). 1857. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, 1863. [Riinolophus ferrum-equinwm] a var. germanicus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvutr, p. 522 (Wiesbaden, Hessen-Nassau, Germany). : 1863. [Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum] B var. italicus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xviu, p. 528 (Italy). 1878. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 119 (part). 1885. Rhinolophus wnihastatus, var. homorodalmasiensis Daday, Orvos- Termeszettudominyi Krteseti, Kolozsvar, x, p. 274 (Homorod- Almas cave, Hungary). 1886. Rhinolophus unihastatus var. homorodalmasiensis Daday, Verhandl. u. Mittheilungen des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissensch. in Hermannstadt, xxxv1, p. 79. 1887. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinwm var. homorodensis Daday, Ertekezések a Természettudomanyok Kérébil, Budapest, xvi, pt. 7, p. 13 (Renaming of homorodalmasiensis). RHINOLOPHUS 143 1904. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum obscurus Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat. Madrid, 11, p. 257 (Valencia, Spain). 1905. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum typicus Andersen, Proc, Zool. Soc. London, 1905, 11, p. 113, October 17, 1905. 1905. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum obscurus Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, 11, p. 116, October 17, 1905. 1910. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, R. ferrum-equinum obscurus and R. ferrum-equinum homorodensis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 4-5. Type locality—Burgundy, France. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Continental Europe. Diagnosis.—Wing relatively long ; forearm, 54 to 58 mm. ; third finger, 84 to 92 mm. Measurements. Average and extremes of six males from Silos, Burgos, Spain: head and body, 62-1 (58-64:4); tail, 39°9 (37°6—-43) ; tibia, 23:2 (21°8-24); foot, 11-7 (11-13); forearm, 55:1 (54°8-55°4); third finger, 89°3 (88-92) ; fifth finger, 72°5 (72-73); ear from meatus, 24°9 (24-26). Average and extremes of five females from Silos, Burgos, Spain: head and body, 61°8 (60-66); tail, 38°8 (37-42); tibia, 23-1 (22° 6-24) ; foot, 11-7 (11-13) ; forearm, 56-2 (56-57) ; third finger, 89°6 (88-91); fifth finger, 73:4 (71-76); ear from meatus, 25°1 (24:8-26). Two males from Granada, Spain : forearm, 54 and 54. Two females from the same locality : forearm, 56 and 58. Two males from Elche, Alicante, Spain : forearm, 54 and 55. Average and extremes of six adults (3 males and 3 females) from St. Genies, Gard, France: tibia, 24°1 (23°4-24°6); foot, 12°] (11°8-12°8); forearm, 55:4 (54-65) ; third finger, 87°3 (84-91) ; fifth finger, 7i°5 (69-74). Female from Marseilles, France: forearm, 57. Male and female from near Genoa, Italy : forearm, 57 and 57. Two females from Rimini, Italy: forearm, 53 and 57. Female from Siena, Italy : forearm, 54. Male from Rome, Italy : forearm, 56. Male from the Parnassus region, Greece: forearm, 54. Adult female from Tubingen, Wirtemberg, Germany : head and body, 63; tail, 37 ; tibia, 24°4; foot, 11; forearm, 56°6; third finger, 88; fifth finger, 72; ear from meatus, 24; width of ear, 16. Adult female from Ofener Mts., Hungary: head and body, 61 ; tail, 40 ; tibia, 24; foot, 11°6; forearm, 56; third finger, 87; fifth finger, 73; ear from meatus, 23°4; width of ear, 16. Two males from Herkulesbad, Hungary : forearm, 56°6 and58. Four females from Herkulesbad, Hungary: forearm, 56, 56-4, 56°6 and 57:4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 144. Specimens examined.—One hundred and forty-one, from the following localities :— PorruGay: Cintra, 1. Spatn: Silos, Burgos, 22; Granada, 4; Elche, Alicante, 3; San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands, 4. ‘WHOA. ATO}BIOpoOUL ‘aIoM you =< 6 6 ‘uroM Yonu = “cc ‘ “utom you =“ ‘uaoa ATYSys * ‘UIOM jou =“ ‘uiom AYYSYs “ CHIROPTERA ‘mdioM you =“ ‘arom ATQqSIs < ‘utom sTayeiapout =“ “UIOM JOU Y4a0J, *SUOTJBALASYO 144 * MOI-4400} TeMqIpuURyT 3-8 | 3-ST 9:3: %-0r|0-1S B-8 | PGT 9-6|9-IL] 0-13) 8 P-8 | 9-91 9-31 0-81) 9-13] 8 8-8 | 0-9T | %.3| -ST] 8-13) 9 ' 3-8 | 9.9T FG | gt | Ow: 4} F-8 | BST | 9-3| 8-1 | 9-08) 9 9-8 | 8-ST- %-3/9-IT/0-13| 9 8-8 | ¥-ST $-B(O0-BE| 3-131 2 9-8 | B-ST 9-3|9-1t | 0-18! 9 9-8 | 9-ST %-B/ 0-80 | 9-16! 9 ¥-8 | G-ST ¥-3/8-IT| 0-13] 8 8 | FST $31 0-001 F.18) 8 F-8 B-ST 9-8 | 0-30 | 9-08 | 8 Z-8 | 0-91 9-6!9-11 | 9-08] 8 PS B-ST 8-6 | 8.1L | F-03 | 8 st z oh u| so N g g6| B jgey/ee|ge|e3| ge | sh eel 2 |BP2/ 52/82) 23 | 23 | 2 act = | BRP | ee) S28 \a5) Be | Be Se Soe a ea el T[Oz10g, BOUOL) PF oS10qTBUTT SPESE ' s GPESE : wouter) : ATBIT TSSGPT “Baalad) : pUvpIeZzyIMS 96G6ST ee GOSGST | ‘ aqeqnory, : a0ueI ‘wnumba -uns1aj uNuMba-unssay “yy 66 TIT " mn 86S6ST STEM + OT TL i GOT TL | is TOL ‘TL aatyszoszotuog ‘reppeq) ere = % ‘e “Tr TL ae T'€ ‘TCIT aalysyosiog : puvpsugg ‘snuelnsur wnumba-wmssay “yy “TIQUUN AT “APTROOT | | ‘WANINOTHANTIAA SQHAIOTONIAHY AO SINANAUASVAW TVINVYO 145 RHINOLOPHUS ‘ad AL, x mS 6-6 | ¥-8 | G-ST | 0-9 | 8-8] 0-919-6]9-IL | F16] 2 | 9 FBS | : , ‘arom YYSqs “ | 3-6 | 98-8 | 3-9t | ¥-9 | 0-6| 0-9) 8-3] 0-2t | F-18| 2 | o Fee's | * ‘ ss +f “| 0-6 | 8 | 3-9T | 0-9 | 8-8| 3-9 | 8-6] 0-1T | F-02]| & | LB8'8 | ° * equBoITy “eqOTG ‘ugom you “| 0.6 | 9-8 | BST | 3-9 | 8-8} 8-9] 8-3] 9-TT} 0-16] & | GOTBLT | * : @ oe ‘arom Aqsrs 6-6 | 8-8 FST] G9 | 0-6/3-9 |} 9-3] 8-IL] #13) & | 6'F'8'8 | * : : a 4 “10-6! 9-8 3ST | 6-9 |0-6|%-9|8-3/0-3L/} F-18| © | 8'F'8'8 | - - . epeuery in “| 0-6 | 3-8; FST | 0-9 | 0-6] 0-9| 8-3] 0-8E | 8-08] & | FF'8'8 | ° : me “ * 0-6! %-8)| F-ST | B-9 | B-6] F-9] 8-6] 0-82) 9-13] & | E'F'8's | ° : pe eS “ i “10-6 | 9-8! 0-ST | ¥-9 |0-616-9/ 8-6] 8-TL | 9-13] 8 | FBTOLT | * : He “ 3 " 3-6 | 9-81 F-sT| 3-9 | 0-6| 3-9] 9-3 | 9-11] 3-18] 9 | ores |- : ais : a 0-6 | G-8| G-ST | F-9 | 3-6) 0-9] 9-6] FIT) 9-06] 9 | T'¥'8'8 | ° ee ‘atom you =“ | 6 | 9-8 | BST | 9-9 | 0-6} 6-9] 0-€ | 8-1] ¥-18]| ? | SBTBAT : * soBing ‘sorig : uredg ei 0-6 | ¥-8 | 9-ST| 3-9 | 0-6] 0-9] F-3| G-BL| F-16| & | 8G STE | * . i ; ; a ‘arom ATyqays G-6| #8) FST | B-9 | 3-6) 0-9] 9-6] 0-01 | 0-12 | & | B'C'st'9! * ° ; ; as ‘Wom Gonu 6-6 | &-8| 8-St} 3-9 | 0-6] 0-9] 3-3! 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Sarpinia: Sassari, 1. Greece: Parnassus region, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Island of Syra, Cyclades, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Mt. Goria Monastery, Crete, 3. GERMANY: Tiibingen, Wiirtemberg, 1. SWITZERLAND: Geneva, 6 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Boudry, Neuchatel, 2 (Mottaz); Tremona, Ticino, 1; Mendrisio, Ticino, 2; Lugano, Ticino, 3. Acst?Ria-HunGary : Herkulesbad, Hungary, 6; Ofener Mts., Hungary, 1. Remarks.—Spanish specimens of Rhinolophus ferrum-equinwn have been regarded by both Cabrera and Andersen at represent- ing a peculiar race, R. f. obscurus, distinguished by small size. The material which I have examined, however, indicates that the Iberian animal cannot be treated as distinct. é. Cintra, 500 mm. Portugal. O.Thomas(c&p). 98. 2. 2, 1. 6al. Silos, Burgos, Spain. 7 S. Gonzalez 8. 7. 7. 38-43. Cc). 24,29. Silos, Burgos. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 1-4. 3,%. Granada, 2250 ft. G.S. Miller (c), 8. 8. 4. 8-9. 26,9. Elche, Alicante, 20 m. G. S. Miller ( 8. 8. 4. 5-7. 3,29. San Cristobal, Minorca, Ba- O. Thomas and 0. 7. 1. 24-26. learic Islands. R. I. Pocock (c& P). gal. San Cristobal, Minorca. O, Thomas and 0.7. 1. 68. R. I. Pocock (c & P). 646. ‘Troubate, Hautes-Pyrénées, O. Thomas (r). G. 4. 1. 1-6. France. (A. Robert.) lal. Meounes, Var. Dr. K. Jordan 8. 3.15.1 (c & P). Sal. Turin, Italy. Prof. Bonelli (vr). -——— Gal. Isoverde, Genoa. O.Thomas(c&p). 88. 12. 7.1. Skeleton. Italy. (Prince Bonaparte.) Tomes Collection. 7. 1.1. 727. 2éSal. Sicily. éal. Barbaggio, Corsica. Dr. C. I. Forsyth 6. 4.14.1 Major {c & p). dal. Sassari, Sardinia. Marquis G. Doria 6.12. 1.11. (P). 6,29. Mt. Goria Monastery, Crete. ue D. Bate (c). 5. 12. 2. 1-3. Gal. Tiibingen, Wiirtemberg, Ger- Dr. A. Giinther 66. 2.1.1. many. (Pp). 9. Tremona, Ticino, Switzerland. O. Thomas (P). 2.8.4.1, (E. H. Zollikofer.) 29%. Mendrisio, Ticino. (HH. H. O. Thomas (Pr). 2. 8. 4. 2-3. Zollikofer.) 3. Lugano, Ticino. (EZ. H. Zolli- O. Thomas (Pp). 4. 4. 5, 1-3. kofer. 26,4°%. aoe al Hungary. Hon. N.C. Roths- 7. 9. 16. 1-6. child (P). Pal. Ofener Mts., Budapest. Budapest Museum 94. 7. 18. 5. (#). RHINOLOPHUS 147 RHINOLOPHUS FERRUM-EQUINUM INSULANUS Barrett-Hamilton. 1910. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinwm insulanus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., v, p. 292, March, 1910. Type in British Museum. 1910. Rhinolophus ferrum-equinium insulanus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 273. Type locality.—Cheddar, Somersetshire, England. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern England. Diagnosis.—Wing relatively short ; forearm, 52 to 55; third finger, 83 to 88. }_ Measurements.—Type (adult male): head and body, 67 ; tail, 37 ; tibia, 23°4; foot, 11; forearm, 54; third finger, 86 ; fifth finger, 70; ear from meatus, 23°6. Average and extremes of seven males from the type locality: head and body, 65 (63-67) ; tail, 36°9 (35-40); tibia, 22°8 (22-24); foot, 11:2 (11-12): forearm, 53°5 (52-54) ; third finger, 85-5 (83-87) ; fifth finger, 69°9 (69-71) ; ear from meatus, 24°2 (23-25). Three females from the type locality : head and body, 64, 66 and 64; tail, 35, 34 and 36; tibia, 23°4, 23 and 23; foot, 10°6, 12 and 12: forearm, BB, 54°6 and 54; third finger, 87, 86 and 88 ; fifth finger, 72, 72 and 72; ear from meatus, 25, 24 and 24. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 144. Specimens examined.—Twenty-four, from the following localities in England :—Cheddar, Somersetshire, 10; Wells, Somersetshire, 10; Dorset- shire, 3; Bonchurch, Isle of Wight, 1. 6, 2s Cheddar, Somerset, J. A. Coward (c & P). 1. 10. 1-2. England. 6 al. Cheddar. J. A. Coward (c & Pp). 7. 1. 10. 3-10. g,29 al. Wells. Hon.N.C. Rothschild 5.1. 23, 1-3. (p). 36, é juv.,? st. Wells. Afon.N.C. Rothschild ds 9. 3. 1-4. (P). 2.9.6.1. by Ks Wells. Hon.N.C. Rothschild 11. 1. 3. 3-4. (P). 2.9% Dorset. W.M. Hardy (c & p). 11.1.3. 1-2. 1, Bonchurch, Isle of Rey.U.A.Bury(c& Pp). 11. 1. 3. 388. Wight. RHINOLOPHUS HIPPOSIDEROS Bechstein. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—From Gilgit through the Mediter- ranean sub-region and central Europe to Ireland ; north in continental Europe to the Baltic, and in Great Britain to about the southern border of Scotland. Diagnosis.—Size small, the forearm less than 43 mm, in length, condylobasal length of skull about 14 to 15 mm., mandible about -10 mm. ; noseleaf (fig. 26 b) with bluntly cuneate sella and low, broadly rounded connecting process ; fourth finger with L 2 148 CHIROPTERA first phalanx slightly more than half as long as second ; large upper premolar separated from canine by a noticeable space occupied by the well developed small premolar, which lies per- fectly in the tooth-row. External characters.—A. much smaller, more delicately formed animal than Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum. General outline of noseleaf narrower than in R. ferrum-equinum, the width of horse- shoe less than distance from flat area at base of sella to tip of lancet ; sella narrowly rounded at tip, the sides straight, slightly convergent above, the resulting outline bluntly cuneate ; connect- ing process essentially as in the larger species but relatively wider and lower, its upper extremity about on level with that of sella ; lancet slender, scarcely or not contracted at middle, the tip cuneate. Ear when laid forward extending about 5 mm. beyond extremity of muzzle, the narrow tip abruptly curved backward ; antitragal lobe more than half as high as conch, its width less than its height, iis upper margin noticeably oblique. Wings and feet essentially asin R. ferrum-equinam. Colour.—The colour does not differ appreciably from that of Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum. Skull.—The skull differs from that of Rhinolophus ferrum- equinum chiefly in its conspicuously smaller size (greatest length about 16 mm. instead of about 24 mm.). There are also some slight peculiarities in form, the principal of which is the greater contrast between width of brain-case and anterior maxillary region, the breadth of former being about twice that of latter. As the breadth of brain-case is contained distinctly less than 24 times in greatest length it is probable that the difference between the two animals is due rather to enlarged brain-case in the smaller than to widened palate in the larger. Sagittal crest slightly developed ; lambdoid crest obsolete. Nasal region relatively more inflated than in R. ferrum-equinum, particularly at side of nares, but dorsal outline not rising abruptly above level of interorbital region. Mesopterygoid fossa so conspicu- ously widened anteriorly that it occupies almost entire extent of palate between posterior molars, leaving no space for lateral palatal emarginations, a peculiarity by which the skull may be distinguished from that of all other European members of the genus. Teeth Though in genera] resembling those of Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum, apart from their much smaller size, the teeth of R. hipposideros show several notable peculiarities. Upper canine relatively small, its apex in line with large cusps of molars, and slightly below that of posterior premolar; lower canine corre- spondingly short; anterior upper premolar a well developed functional tooth lying perfectly in tooth-row, with crown area equal to nearly half that of canine, its shaft subterete though flattened posteriorly, and only a little less than half as high as main cusp of large premolar ; anterior and posterior lower pre- RHINOLOPHUS 149 molars less contrasted in size than in the larger animal, and separated from each other ,by a slight space in which lies the minute middle premolar, less crowded outward than in R. ferrum- v equinum. Large upper premolar and upper molars essentially as in R. ferrum-equinum except that in m® there is a distinct meta- style and fourth commissure, and area of tooth is nearly equal to that of m?. Lower molars as in Bhinolophus Ferrum-equinum, except that in m,, almost exactly resem- bles the other teeth, the second triangle having undergone practically no reduction. Measurements.—Head and body about 40 mm., tail about 30 mm., forearm, 34°5 to 41:7 mm.,condylobasal length of skull, 13:8 to 15 mm. Fic. 28. (greatest length 14-5 to16° 2). Rhinolophus hipposideros, Teeth x 10, Details under subspecies. Remarks.—Three imperfectly differentiated forms of Rhino- lophus hipposideros occur in Europe: a larger central race, a smaller Mediterranean race, and an intermediate form peculiar to Great Britain and Ireland. Without examination of much more complete material than that now available it is impossible to reach any wholly satisfactory conclusion as to the status and interrelationships of these forms. The characters here given are those published by Andersen in 1905.* RHINOLOPHUS HIPPOSIDEROS HIPPOSIDEROS Bechstein 1789. Vespertilio ferrwm-equinum B., Die kleine Hufeisennase, Bechstein. Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutschlands, 1, 1st ed., p. 186. 1792. Vesp[ertilio] fer[rum]-equ[inwm] minor Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 99 (not V. molossus minor Kerr, l.c., p. 97) (France). 1800. Vespertilio hipposideros Bechstein, Thomas Pennant’s Allgemeine UVebersicht der vierfiissigen Thiere, 11, p. 629. 1808. Rhinolophus minor Geoffroy, Catal. Mamm. Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 57 (Neighbourhood of Paris}. 1813. Rhinolophus bihastatus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, xx, p. 259 (Neighbourhood of Paris). 1816. ? Phyllorhina minuta Leach, Syst. Catal. Spec. Indig. Mamm. and Birds Brit. Mus., p. 5 (nomen nudum: ‘Small Leafnose”). * For further discussion of the subject see Mottaz, Mém. Soc. Zool. de France, Paris, xx, pp. 21-22, September, 1907; Andersen, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, pp. 384-389, November, 1907. 150 CHIROPTERA 1829. ? Rhinolophus bifer Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 104 (nomen nudum). 1857. ? Rhinolophus hipposideros Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 29. 1863. [Rhinolophus hipposideros) a var. typus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvitt, p. 530 (Wiesbaden). 1863. [Rhinolophus hipposideros] B var. alpinus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xv111, p. 530 (Alps). 1870. Rhinolophus eggenhiffner Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lx1, Abth. 1, p. 151 (MS. synonym of bihastatus). 1878. Rhinolophus hipposideros Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 117. 1885. Rhinolophus bihastatus var. kisnyiresiensis Daday, Orvos-Termész- ettudomanyi Ertesité, Kqlozsvar, x, p. 274 (Kis-Nyires, Szolnok- Dobaka, Hungary). : 1886. Rhinolophus bihastatus var. kisnyiresiensis Daday, Verhandl. u. Mittheilungen des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissensch. in Hermannstadt, Xxxv1, p. 80. 1887, Rhinolophus hipposideros var. troglophilus Daday, Ertekezések a Természettudomanyok Kérébél, Budapest, xv1, pt. 7, p. 8 (Re- naming of kisnytresiensis). 1904. Rhinolophus euryale helvetica Bretscher, Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforsch. Gesellsch. in Ziirich, x~1x, p. 256. See Mottaz, Bull. Soc. Zool., Genéve, 1., p. 172, 1908 (Baar, Zug, Switzerland). 1905. Rhinolophus hipposiderus typicus Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc, London, 1905, 11, p. 141, October 17, 1905. 1910. Rhinolophus hipposiderus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’EKurope, p. 9. Type locality.—France. Geographical distribution.— Central Europe, north of the Alps, east through Armenia and north-west Persia to the Himalayas. Diagnosis.—Forearm* usually 39 to 41:7 mm.; greatest length of skullf about 16 mm. Measurements—Two males from Strass near Burgheim, Bavaria, Germany: tibia, 17 and 18:4; foot, 7:8 and 7-4; forearm, 38:8 and 39°2; third finger, 61 and 60; fifth finger, 54 and 53. Female from the same locality: tibia, 17:4 ; foot, 7°4; forearm, 38°8; third finger, 60; fifth finger, 53. The six following extremes of forearms of European specimens are given by Andersen (i.c. p. 142): N. Bulgaria (1), 39 ; Roumania (13), 39 to 41-2; Transsylvania (2), 40 to 41; 8. Carpathians (1), 39°3; Schlangenbad, Nassau, Germany (2), 40 to 40-1; Strassburg, Germany (3), 39 to 40°1. Forty-nine males from the vicinity of Geneva, Switzerland (Mottaz collection),{ 37°3 to39. Thirty females from the same locality (Mottaz collection),t 38°5 to 40°6. Four males from the same locality (U.S.N.M.), 37 to 38:4 Six females from the same locality (U.S.N.M.), 37°4 to 40. Adult female from Dions, Gard, France (Mottaz collection), 40. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 152. * Bases of metacarpals included. + From back of occiput to front of canine. { Measured by Chas. Mottaz (base of metacarpals included) and verified by Gerrit S. Miller. RHINOLOPHUS 151 Specimens examined.—One hundred and seventeen, from the following localities :— France: Dions, Gard, 1 (Mottaz); St. Cergues, Haute-Savoie, 1. GERMANY: Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 3; Mainz, 1 (Strassburg) ; Bitsch, Alsace, 1 (Strassburg). Ausrria-Huneary: Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary, 1. SwitzERLaAND: Near Geneva, 94 (B.M., U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); St. Moritz, 1; Thayngen, Schaffhausen, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Roggwil, Thurgau, 7 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Canton Thurgau, 5 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). é. St. Cergues, Haute-Savoie, A.Robert(c&p). 5.4.9.1. France. 2%, Burgheim, Bavaria, 375 m. Lord Lilford (p), 11.1.1. 117- Germany. 118. 3. Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- C.G.Danford(c). 3.11. 8.1. sylvania. 36. Grand Pré, Geneva, Swit- C.Mottaz(c&v). 6. 2. 6. 1-3. zerland. 1, St. Moritz, Grisons. Leon O. Galliard 75. 9. 20. 3. c& p). 3 4,29,imm. Roggwil, Thurgau. (H. H. 0. Proms (pe). 2. 8. 4, 4-9. Zollikofer.) g al. Thurgau. (#. H. Zollikofer.) O. Thomas (P), 2. 8. 4. 55. RHINOLOPHUS HIPPOSIDEROS MINIMUS Heuglin. 1861. Rhinolophus minimus Heuglin, Nov. Act. Acad. Caes. Leop.-Carol., xxix, Abhandl. vu, p. 6 (articles separately paged) (Kérén, Abyssinia). 1863. [Rhinolophus hipposideros] y var. pallidus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvii1, p. 531 (Mediter- ranean region). 1904. Rhinolophus phasma Cabrera, Mém. Soc. Espa. Hist. Nat., Madrid, i, p. 252 (Madrid, Spain). 1904. Rh[inolophus] h[ipposiderus| minimus Andersen, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xiv, p. 456, December, 1904. 1905. Rhinolophus hipposiderus minimus Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, 11, p. 140, October 17, 1905. 1910. Rhinolophus hipposiderus minimus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’ Europe, p. 10. Type locality, —Kérén, Abyssinia. Geographical distribution.— Mediterranean region. Diagnosis.—Forearm usually 34°7 to 38 mm.; greatest length of skull, 14°5 to 15:5 mm. Measurements,—The following measurements of forearms are given by Andersen (J.c. p. 141): Kérén (type), 36°3 ; Cyprus (6), 34°7 to 37°7; Malta (8), 36 to 37; Ostia, Italy (2), 35°7 to 36°8; Corsica (1), 37:7; Balearic Islands (7), 36°2 to 37°6; Seville, Spain (1), 37:7; Cintra, Portugal (1), 36:2. Specimens in U.S, National Museum: Ficuzza, Sicily (9 ), 35:2; Rome(), 36°4; Siena (3 6), 36°8 to 38; Marseilles, France (?), 38; Dions, Gard, France ( g'), 34°8, (9), 36°6 Two females from Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, France, 36°6 and 38°4. Two males from Silos, Burgos, Spain, 36 and 37. Female from the same locality, 38. Five males from Ticino, Switzerland, 37°0 (36°2-38). Mottaz collection: St. Genies, Gard, France (15, CHIROPTERA CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF RHINOLOPHUS HIPPOSIDEROS. a S ro a i cmd 7 cmd a ie} ie} 3 2 g Bog Be = ak 3 Ena) Bs = Some + S ~~ e ie ? ze > q R Sq Fe sae na ans] 8 29 PS 3° os . : : . A Ss a A aa a at a 2 ROR Bay Te LE SS Pe eI e “soz-1}003 2 DHOHYOOHHSSS wHOOY S TelUCIPUB]T WD 1D 1919.19. 19.19.1191. 19.09.10 1D 19.19.1919 10 * MOI-1]}004 HoH HHH OT HO CT CTT Aawwo x AICTIXE TL 1D 119 19 19 19.19 1919 19 11 1919291029 19 AN COMSODOHDOWDOH SnnOD O OLUPURTN, 3 SOHOHROHOHRSOG SARA SO m baal bon! dearer ag oD ADDOSSONHDOSO DODOOO w jo ydoq + HH 191 HH DD Ht19 1891p oH "asvo-UTBIq D DOOHHWOMODONMOD ANWOD © JO YApPCaig © ODOOOHDHDODODSS WOUWDOO O “yypeRemq D DHDDHDMDONDDMHDH OwoDowD w yeurdypoey 6 co co co ca co en cd co cn cD cD coo HED co “"MOT4O]I98U09 D DDODODNDONDNDH WDOMDD © [eqyqs1o18yUy mB AANA AAA NndG Madd “Tgprerq ro) Res sears OHDOH © oryeurozAz, ~ CEE ERE EERE BEER & “Ygsue] SO ODODDNWHWHOCOHO ODONS SO [vseqopApuo,) LQ oH OSH SH SH HD SH 19 10 SHH SH H10 1010 19 Se ee dade 3 OF *0 40 $0 40 40 OF OF OF OF OF Or OF OF FOO 40 iva < Bx Dandtdn Cs & -OIrODHROnAH rae a By OD HDDDDRDABAD sider 8 = 1 . 6919 10 10 a9 OO oD oD OD ae ae EI A GAtaaawssiiu daddies s re} ANHHHANAAA zeta Bos Hats S F ee SS | ¢@ € s a O'S 8 A iS) ' 2 OO ww a Be} / gf 8 3 2 | ~@ "bo “23 oe we we @ . = woe we we a ee — 3 = o o | @ 3 rhs = Hy ira Om BAEs at 2 @ bos aS 8 SLSR ES aon. & i 8a at & eo RF 743 : > | fa OS Old a 2 fF wa s AH Wap | = 3 2 De BO SE ok oma a no» 8 (2 Geese rtt sete Beer Eos “ 9 £8385 5 @ 78a | an “wy BAN ae a2 ue a a 2 ba og Ba 48 ; 8 ; g oo N ~ Ss | = q+ oD a B=] | Mo 5'E a | 5 TA ica] 153 RHINOLOPHUS ‘UIOA\ JOH ‘ai0om ATIUSTS ‘aIOM You ae “w0M ATPQSITS tf “ "UTOAL YOU « ‘aoa ATPUSIS ‘WIOM Tonur ‘arom ATPYSITS ‘ “UIOM YOU “mao ATIYSIS “THIOM YOU 4499,T, “ a a lon) lon) 2 dq wD 19 19 wD wd uw 1d wd 1d ud AD UD UD 2 ADD wa wD uD 1) 1D Poe oe es) 11d uD AD UD 1 1 UD 1D wD laa HO HOO Ost OOH HO HOO HH mann SHH HD oH SHID 4 1 sH wD 19 1D 1D HAD sH 1 SH sH ANAT HAC j=) mr nooo ao tH MOD woo oon Pere FOr Fee om OD 6D oD oO oD of oD oD oD 60 6D oD CD oD CD on eeaee Ade aed nnn wooo OOo ooo wmwuowoonwo ee) Doon NeRiekee) OO 0 mmowmoonno sH woone DDO ooeg SCONgowo oO CNA AO H HH oH SH SH SH SH SH oH Ht wououwns momo fo oe oes) DOWONDSO TOO OOF =O OF OF TOO OF £0 SO OF 60 SO FO Sc} nooo Aon DAO aD HHoON Dow oOcosn OTH HH HA LGGEST GECSST 68998 PPESE LPE8E 9FE8E SPE8E S8TIGT P8TIGL €8TTOr 89PC0T FEL P'8'8 TGTGLT TL ‘P 8°85 GETGLT QLTGLT oe ao ‘ ezznoLq : A[OIg “e eumoyy eualg VZU0B 7 “ “ce wouter) : Ape ‘OUIBOOTT : PUB[IOZJIMG SOT[LOSIVBIL “cr OBUYy ‘SOUS -SeL-XY | eouelyT “ce * soding ‘sojig oe id oquvoITy ‘oyo[sp : uredy ‘snusrurm sosaprsoddry “ay 154 CHIROPTERA both sexes), 36°4 to 88-2); Sardinia (2 9), 37°4 to 37°8. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 153. Specimens examined.—Wighty-one, from the following localities :— Spain: Inca, Majorca, Balearic Islands, 1; San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands, 83; Elche, Alicante, 2; Silos, Burgos, 5; Seville, 1. PortuGaL: Cintra, 1. France: Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, 5; St. Genies, Gard, 17 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Marseilles, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SwirzERLaND: Locarno, Ticino, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Gordola, Ticino, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Minusio, Ticino, 6 (U.S.N.M.).. Irany: Liguria, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Siena, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Faenza, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Rome, 3; Ostia, Rome, 2; Ficuzza, Sicily, 6. Sarpinra: No exact locality, 2 (Mottaz); Zimmigas, Siliqua, 2. Corsica: Dintorni di Patrimonio, 3; no exact locality, 1. Matta: 7. e: Inca, Majorca, Balearic O. Thomas and R.J. 0.7.1. 1-2. Islands. Pocock (c & P). é,?. San Cristobal, Minorca. O. Thomas and R.I. 0. 7. 1. 27-28. Pocock (c & P). lal. San Cristobal, Minorca. O. Thomas and R.I. 0.7. 1. 69. Pocock (c & P). 8 Silos, Burgos, Spain. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8.4.11. 3. Elche, Alicante, Spain. G. 8. Miller (3 8. 8. 4. 12. gal. Cintra,500m. Portugal. O.Thomas(c&p). 98. 2. 2. 57. 6,?. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, G. 5. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4, 124— 2400 ft. France. 126. g. Rome, 37m. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 42. P). 2. Ostia, Rome. pe L.Sambon (c& p). 1.1. 2. 5-6. 6°. Fi - 7 6. 8. 4. 13-16. icuzza, Sicily. (A. Robert.) O. Thomas (P). \8 9. 1.1-2 é,? al. Zimmigas, Siliqua, Sardinia. Marquis G. Doria (Pp). 6.12.1. 20-21. (R. Meloni.) 346,22. Malta. (J. Micallef.) Lord Lilford (e). 11.1, 1. 119- 123, 2. Malta. Lord Lilford (P). 95. 8. 2. 1-2. RuINOLOPHUS HIPPOSIDEROS MINUTUS Montagu. 1808. Vespertilio minutus Montagu, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, 15, p. 163. 1905. Rhinolophus hipposiderus minutus Andersen, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, 1905, 11, p. 142, October 17, 1905. 1910. Rhinolophus hipposiderus minutus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 10. Type locality — Wiltshire, England. Geographical distribution—England and Ireland. Diagnosis—Forearm, 36°3 to 39 mm.; greatest length of skull about 16 mm. Measurements.-Forearm in 30 English and Irish specimens measured by Andersen (I.c. p. 142), 37°6 (36°3 to 39). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 152. Specimens examined.—Sixteen, from the following localities in England : —Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 1; Bowdon, Cheshire, 1; St. Asaph, Denbighshire, 3; Conway, Carnarvonshire, 1; Hope End, Herefordshire, 1; Wells, Somersetshire,1; Devizes, Wiltshire,1; Zeals, Wiltshire, 2; Devon- shire, 2; Ragley House, Warwickshire, 3. RHINOLOPHUS 155 34. St. Asaph, Denbighshire, Charles Oldham (c & p). 11.1. 3. 5-7. Wales. 1. Conway, Carnarvonshire. Sir W. Jardine (c&P). 60.9.17.1. ?. Great Grimsby, Lincoln- G. Barrett-Hamilton (p). 11. 1. 2. 98. shire, England. (Caton : Haigh.) 6. Bowdon, Cheshire. (7.4. G. Barrett-Hamilton (p). 11. 1. 2. 99. Coward. gal. Hope End, Herefordshire. N.C. Hewitt (c & P). dal. Wells, Somerset. S. Lewis (c & P). §. 1. 24. 1. 1. Devizes, Wiltshire. J. E. Harting (c & Pp). 87. 2, 21.1. 3,? al. Zeals, Wiltshire. F. Norgate (c & P). 4. 11. 6. 1-2. 22. Devonshire. Oxley Grabham (c & Pp). 11.1.3. 8-9. 3. Ragley House, Warwick- Tomes Collection. 7.1.1, 289- shire. 291. RHINOLOPHUS EURYALE Basius. 1853. Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1853, 1, p. 49 (Milan, Italy). 1857. Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, Sdugethiere Deutschlands, p. 35. 1878. Rhinolophus euryale Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 116. 1904, H[uryalus] toscanws Andersen and Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 77 (Caverna di Parignano, Mt. Pisani, Italy), 1904. E[uryalus] atlanticus Andersen and Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 77 (St. Paterne, Indre-et-Loire, France). 1904. H[uryalus] cabrere Andersen and Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch, Freunde, Berlin, p. 78 (Alcal4 de Henares, Madrid, Spain). 1910. Rhinolophus euryale, R. euryale atlanticus, R. euryale toscanus, R. euryale cabrerai Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, pp. 5-7. Type locality.—Milan, Italy. Geographical distribution.—Southern Europe from Portugal to: Greece, north to Hungary and central France. Diagnosis.—Size medium, forearm, 44°6 to 49, condylobasal length of skull, 16°4 to 18, mandible, 12 to 13, upper tooth-row 6°2 to 6°6; noseleaf with parallel-sided, bluntly rounded sella and high, sharply pointed connecting process, the lancet gradually narrowing to a bluntly cuneate tip; fourth finger with first phalanx slightly more than one-third as long as second (ratio about 38); large upper premolar separated from canine by a narrow space occupied by the much reduced small premolar. External characters.—Size intermediate between that of the Greater and Lesser Horseshoes. General outline of noseleaf (fig. 26 c) about as in Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum ; sella parallel sided, rounded off above, connecting process sharply linear- pointed, rising conspicuously above sella ; lancet with slight con- striction above middle, beyond which the tip narrows gradually to a bluntly cuneate point. Ear when laid forward extending about 5+ mm. beyond extremity of muzzle, its tip less attenuate and less noticeably curved backward than in Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum 156 CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF RHINOLOPHUS EURYALE. Observations. ” ’ ’ ” ” ” i ? ? , 4 , ” ” CHIROPTERA E Ro oR Ob of & 2 Bee 8 2. Boks BE Ee Ceee SE pene ono wrOoWonWon’o awOomo ve) a ee 2 SB « PS Baers: :HEEPRESE -GPae 3 “Bb43 “B43 “Boss “Sp1s “bh43 “Shas am] = a a — —_ at aad aagwanRBEaAG OA BUBAUA i .) @D a “(S10SIOUL JO AAISNOX9) AOI “47004 aeMNQIpueyt DSSPRBOOHODDOODNONDSOSODOSODD OLE OOSDHDOOOHOHDOOLKOLEOS *‘(q0s10 11 JO OATSNJOX9) MOT -Y900} ATRT[IXVTT CA HO OD HOTT CN CTH CT CI aH OH OH SH CT OODDOODODDHDODODDODHODODODOO “a[qIpURTL DOANADWDONODDOMDNONDNDODDOOCCOO ANNAN DHA AAA AAT ANNANANANAYH Sn ne OO ee OD “(aerpout) aseo -ureag Jo yydeq eeeeeo0 SBESPSPHASOANGOS j=) ODooOwW WOODODNODOODOOO Ne} “BYVUMIOBAT, 9AOGR O8Bd -UleIq JO YQpVIIg SPANOSDSDAPFAAAHANDOAAATAAA DODDDODDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD “YApeaq SAANSOASDSOSOOSSOSSSOSOSOSOSCSOS TewAryoe'y 19 1919.19.19 19 1918 1 19 1 1918. 19 1 1919 119.11 *“MOT}OLI9SU0 ANAWANOAAHHAAAHHOADHAAT [ep q1010z0T ANANANNANANAAAANAAAAA “TApBsIq DHADADDIHAAAHAAHOAHTOAA TH OyeULOSAZ, PAARDHARHAAAGAHACAAARHG wma, | 22 fRedersageconereds elie Ree eee ~ TeseqoyApuo) Vege on aie era gear) 8 OF SO OF OF OF OF OF $0 OF OF OF OF FO 80 FO TO TO OF OF - . N “ eee enoaoanns zm -Oo ies) Berne nes x co) ergen HADDAD... af SSS - SUIS BRSPRSR EWS E See [BSS SSS sss eur - ig GUT ORAS GSR Rees raat 9 O15 14 1815 1.18 a = . oo Nae eater xi eas a es 2 3 a) Doon 2 Sf BS - 2s ed od 3 Mm BODE, ig aeRO PROMO s w r ° & Bo 8 ae Ro I of .fo : - a mo -3 90 Er 3 fo) cape RD 3 Se ©G@erettrec loxe) SA Hos ee tee oe © Se eS aS oe s ge 8S a & ‘i rr a & & eo ee g ae ind $64 su 8 ae) AG 157 RHINOLOPHUS G 86 . . . “e B86 : * BAZUIQ : [VBN4I0g T ‘¥6 ; o8ny ‘eqrettA | i A : * plapeyy reo : uredg TGEgE _| ellor]-qo-orpuy ‘eu194v_q “49 . . ce ce ‘t0M ATA q SITS boooo “TAIOM JOT “ “ Ot *O OF OF OF “TIA, ATYYSITS “c ‘ ioe) ive) oO ODOM AO ie) <2) > @ Ne) ‘aloM you =f 9-9 ‘arom APU SITS ‘ “ "oO OF OF OF OF * prey ‘seUIIN 1v0u ce “cc N oS § $ 2 Se eee eee “TIOM JOT “ “c “c . - 66 6“ ‘tom ATGSIS « 3 “ava ‘ary needex : couvlg “TIOM 900 . . oe ‘arom ATYWSTS ‘a10om ATeyRIOPOU 499], His 6ESRE : ‘wouter : ATRqT *O 0 OF f0 0 OF OF SO 158 CHIROPTERA and R. hipposideros ; antitragal lobe about half as high as conch, its width about equal to its height. Wing peculiar in the shortening of the first phalanx of fourth finger to a little more than one-third that of second (average of 10 specimens from Gard, France : first phalanx, 6°6 mm.; second phalanx, 17°4 mm. ; ratio of first to second, 38+). Foot averaging slightly more than half as long as tibia. Colour.—While essentially as in Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum and R. hipposideros, the colour usually differs slightly in the more evident contrast of the light area between ears and the more drabby general effect of underparts. Median region below occasionally rather paler than usual, sometimes nearly as in R. mehelyi. Skull.—In both size (greatest length about 19 mm.) and form the skull is somewhat intermediate between that of Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum and R. hipposideros. It resembles or surpasses the latter in the breadth of brain-case relatively to narrow maxillary region, but more nearly agrees with the former in the nearly parallel-sided mesopterygoid space, the anterior border of which is separated from posterior molars by well defined palatal emarginations. The mesopterygoid space is, however, shorter in proportion to its width than in R. ferrum-equinum. Floor of brain-case between cochlew less narrowed than in the preceding species. Nasal region slightly less inflated than in R. hipposideros, and inflated area relatively shorter, its posterior border rising abruptly above interorbital level. Teeth.—In all respects the teeth closely resemble those of Rhinolophus ferrum-equinum (apart from their smaller size), except that the upper canine is relatively less robust, the anterior upper premolar is less reduced (its crown area about double that of upper incisor), and anterior lower premolar is less crowded between canine and posterior premolar. Measurements.—For cranial and external measurements see Tables, pp. 156 and 160. Specimens eramined.—About 130, from the following localities :— PortuGau: Cintra, 6. Spain: Villalba, Lugo, 1; Madrid, 2; Silos, Burgos, 1. France: St. Paterne, Indre-et-Loire, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); St. Genies, Gard, about 50 (Mottaz); Gapeau River, Var, 12. Iraty: Near Genoa, 33 (B.M., U.S.N.M., Genoa, and Mottaz); Monte Pisanino, 2; Siena, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Rome, 2; Velletri, Rome, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Nicotera, Calabria, 1; Marsala, Sicily, 2. Sarpin14: Meunt Gennargentu, 3 (U.S.N.M.). AustRiA-HunGaRy: Ofener Mountains, 2; Orsova, 1. Daumatia: Zara, 1. GREECE: Missolungi, Acarnania, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—Rhinolophus euryale is so readily distinguishable from all the other European members of the genus, except R. mehelyi, as to require no special comparisons. From R. mehely? it is most easily distinguished by the form of the lancet and RHINOLOPHUS 159 antitragus, together with its rather smaller size and usually darker colour. With the material at hand I am unable to recognize the local forms of this species described by Andersen and Matschie, as the alleged differences appear to be within the range of normal individual variation. 2:9. Cintra,500m. Portugal. O. Thomas (c & P). 98. 2. 2. 2-8. 246,22 al. Cintra, 500 m. O. Thomas (c & P). 98, 2. 2. 53-56 Gal. Villalba, Lugo, N.W. Dr. V. LL. Seoane (pr). 94.1.1. 1. Spain. $,%al. Madrid. A. Cabrera (P). 5. 2. 8. 1-2. lal. St. Paterne, Indre-et- Royal Army Medical 9.1. 4. 9. Loire, France. College (r). Pal. St. Paterne, Indre-et- G. E. Dobson (r). 80. 12. 14. 3. Loire. 9al. Gapeau River, Var. Dr. K. Jordan (c & Pp). 8. 3. 15, 2-10. 3846,?al. Finalborgo, Liguria, MarquisG. Doria (p). 6.12. 1. 14-17. Italy. (A. Gagero.) 2al. Monte Pisanino, Liguria. Lord Lilford (P). 73. 1. 8. 6. 26. Rome. (C. Coli.) ‘i oe 11. 1. 2, 40-41. P). gal. Nicotera, Calabria. Florence Museum (£). 85. 7. 6. 1. 26. Marsala, Sicily. (4. O. Thomas (P). 6. 8. 4. 10-11. Robert. é,?al. Ofener Mts., Budapest. Budapest Museum (x). 94. 7. 18. 2-3. 2. Orsova, Hungary. Hon. W. Rothschild 7. 9. 16. 7. P). vi Zara, Dalmatia, 50 m. reed Lilford (pr). 11. 1.1. 128. (Kolombatovic.) lal. 8S. Europe. Purchased (Parreys). 47. 5. 27. 44. RHINOLOPHUS MEHELYI Matschie. 1901. Rhinolophus mehelyit Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 225 (Bucharest, Roumania). 1904. Rhinolophus carpetanus Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., 11, p. 254 (Madrid, Spain). 1910. Rhinolophus euryale mehelyi and R. carpetanus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 7-8. Type locality. Bucharest, Roumania. Geographical distribution. — Roumania, southern France (Gard), Sardinia, central Spain. Details of distribution not known. Diagnosis.—Like Rhinolophus euryale but larger (forearm, 48:6 to 51:4; upper tooth-row about 7 mm.); noseleaf with lancet abruptly narrowed to a linear tip; ear with antitragal lobe relatively broad and low ; fourth finger with first phalanx decidedly more than one-third as long as second (ratio about 44) ; colour usually paler than in the related animal. ‘4 External characters.—Slightly larger and more robust than Bhinolophus euryale, a difference especially noticeable in freshly killed individuals. Noseleaf as in R. euryale, except that the lancet is very abruptly narrowed above middle to a distinctly linear tip. Ear as in R. ewryale but broader, the antitragal lobe CHIROPTERA 160 i i Hl oat, 9-9! o-ar|s-et|o-08| 19 es 0-8 | 0-86 8-6 |9-6r Ps 029) 9 evores | - 9-41 9-9! 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LL 9-b FLP|8-G | 0-06] 0-93 0-9%' & | LIL ‘SI '9 : ee / 24 0-6 ' 0-8F | 9-6 0-06 | 6-96 1 0-FF | P | OTT BI'9 : ee GL 9-8 0-8F|8-6 0-06] 0-76 0-9F P | GT'T'3t'9 | ° a i | 94 9b 0-8F | 0-0T F-02 | 0-95 0-9% | 2 | PET ‘OL'9 | * BEMary ‘o8zoqzeurg : Ape9T 162 CHIROPTERA scarcely half as high as conch, its width slightly greater than height. Wing differing from that of the related animal in the less degree of shortening of the first phalanx of fourth finger as compared with second (average of ten specimens from Gard, France, first phalanx, 8°1; second phalanx, 18-0; ratio of first to second, 44 +). Foot as in R. euryale. Colour.—Though not invariably distinguishable the colour is usually paler than that of Rhinolophus euryale, a difference especially noticeable in the region between ears, on sides of face and neck, on chin and throat, and along median portion of chest and belly, all of which are frequently a very pale almost whitish drab-grey.* Skull and teeth Except for its slightly greater average size (greatest length about 20 mm.) the skull agrees with that of Rhinolophus euryale. Teeth more robust than those of the related animal, but not peculiar in form. Measurements—For external and cranial measurements see Tables, pp. 161, 163. Specimens examined.—About fifty-five, from the following localities :— Spain: Near Madrid, 1 (paratype of carpetanus). France: Near St. Genies, Gard, about 50, skins and in flesh (Mottaz). Sarpinia: Sassari, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Rovumania: Bucharest, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Dobrudscha, 1 (Mottaz). Remarks.—At first sight this species appears very similar to Rhinolophus euryale, together with which it occurs; but its characters when once understood are readily appreciable. The ranges of the two animals will probably be found to be essentially coincident, though Rhinolophus mehelyi may prove to be more strictly confined to the Mediterranean region than the smaller form. %. Madrid. A. Cabrera (P.) 5. 2.3. 1. (Paratype of R. carpetanus Cabrera.) 2éal. Sassari, Sardinia. Marquis G. Doria(p). 6.12, 1. 18-19. RHINOLOPHUS BLASII Peters. 1857. Rhinolophus clivosus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 33. Not of Riippell, 1824 (Italy, Sicily, Istria and Dalmatia). 1866. Rhinolophus blasii Peters, Monatsber. k. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, p. 17 (Renaming of clivosws Blasius). 1878. Rhinolophus blasii Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 117. 1910. Rhinolophus blasiusi Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 9. Type locality.—South-eastern Europe. Geographical distribution.—Eastern portion of the Mediter- ranean region : Cyprus, Greece, Italy? Diagnosis.—Size essentially as in Rhinolophus euryale ; nose- * When seen by candle-light flying in caverns these bats are said to. appear entirely white. ORANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF RHINOLOPHUS MEHELYI AND R. BLASII. 163 * Topotype of carpetanus Carbrera. RHINOLOPHUS s a .o . F ae q q Sm 3 3 cl - — | . : 3 qd "2p *¢ d di 3 a Pa bo Ss Bas nee oad io) awa O« wo eo ° g Brstoez + ste = av Ez 5 sag @F 2 2q aa] oD » agp md aD » 2 6 9° =O = ° 5 qi ada a A wa =| trl SPrestee = HESS S na : 2 & £8 4 = 2 Ps 3 a “(si0s1out Jo oaIsnoxe) AOWAAAA AAC WoC Clo cy ooo MOI-Y}004 GPERRRAR RRR ER RREEERA [a ll renqrpuey¢ ea ol ee DWSOSODDOSDOHHOHO 2 2 -Yqo04 Are [Exeyy OOLEKEOOREOROOLON oR volvo) : SPODDODHOOGOADOODOH Doo OUI paely 3 YAY cg GY GY GY GY Gy Ga GH CH Gy Cy Gr Gy dan Adda ddd aad aes SoooOoNondoNNoowO 29 | jo wydeq WDOODOOOHHSOHOOOHSO Yeivo) sioge one ayata DOONSOGOODOHDOSOVS co4 JO WypRorg DNDAMRMRDDADDODDAADOA ole oes) “ygpeeiq AAAHHAAARAAAAIAIA A o°0°0 TeudryoeT 1018 19 1919 19 1918 1018 19.19.1891. 1.1 19 1010 “ao140].1}8u00 DODOODHODDODODDDOOO ong Te}1q.10.1040T ANANANNNAANAANIAAA Aan “qapeerq OHODCCOCDAWAWAAAIOH ee | QA onewoB Soe ee oe eooeecee “yy3uay CODODDAHODDOODO WO oF c-) eo (esoqolApuon ear or er na 3 | Or —*0 40 0 40 40 £0 OF OF +o OF O+ OF 1 N f 3 | Qo a Renae ad 7 oe ae 5 roa gy | BBAAge ¢ gas P ae wad oS] . FE } CR AASSISS SSIS ABA doe Ss Batt OS AAAs aa a ROIS 9G we, ts xs ote ea cal ao ! fo fal ay et ad : i ete ; wW ! 3 G6 *2SHRSS 8S da. é pu ier atten wae: es ‘3 Be I Eee » |Siy Z og os a 3 = = iB Soa tsA sae ecaccactt # 7, 8 / @ Anes my RT RR TR RRS | s 3 | —.. nN ry 3 : @ i 5 we ‘=| & « ma 8 ais a es @ as fo) .e m » Be ¢ g B83 3 5 a 3 Bro ' oS 8 H i) D> i eo Nn & mn Oo 8 M 2 164 CHIROPTERA leaf with cuneate sella and very high, sharply pointed connecting process ; fourth finger with first phalanx more than half as long as second ; no marked contrast between crown areas of anterior and posterior lower premolars, a character unique among the European members of the genus. Colour.—The only skin of this species which I have examined is in bad condition. It indicates that the colour is not essentially different from that of Rhinolophus euryale. Skull.In general the skull resembles that of Rhinolophus euryale, with which it agrees in size and in the form of the nasal swellings as well as in that of mesopterygoid fossa and posterior portion of palate. Constriction at front of interparietal more pronounced than in any of the other European species, noticeably marking off the occipital region from rest of brain-case. Teeth.—Incisors, canines and molars as in Rhinolophus euryale. Small upper premolar slightly less reduced, perfectly in the tooth-row, but showing no tendency to develop a cusp. Large upper premolar with anterior and posterior margins of crown essentially parallel, the posterior border nearly straight. Lower premolars differing from those of all the other European members of the genus in the approximately equal crown areas of the two larger teeth, the anterior subterete, the posterior with trapezi- form section ; shaft of posterior tooth with diameter in axis of tooth-row much less than transverse diameter, the cusp when viewed from the side appearing to rise from middle of crown with noticeable flat area before and behind it. Measurements.—Average and extremes of four females from Cyprus: head and body, 48:4 (44-51); tail, 24°7 (24-25) ; tibia, 19°3 (19-20) ; foot, 9:7 (9°4-10); forearm, 45-3 (44° 6- 47) ; thumb, 7°5 (7-8) ; third finger, 70°3 (69-72); fifth finger, 57-7 (56-60) ; ear from meatus, 19-7 (19-20); ear from crown, 15-5 (15-16°4); width of ear, 14:7 (14-15). Adult from Nauplia, Greece: tibia, 18°8 ; foot, 9-6 ; forearm, 44:6 ; thumb, 8; third finger, 69; fifth finger, 57. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 163. Specimens examined.—Five, from the following localities :— Cyprus: No exact locality, 4. GrRrEce: Nauplia, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—This species is so readily distinguished from the other European members of the genus by the peculiarities of its noseleaf and lower premolar as to require no special comparisons. Its range appears to be strictly confined to the eastern portion of the Mediterranean region, not extending west of Italy. VESPERTILIONINE 165 Fauity VESPERTILIONID A. 1821. oe ae Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 299, April 1, 1821 part). 1857. Vespertiliones Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 37. 1878. Vespertilionide Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 167 (except the genera Natalus and Thyroptera). 1907. Vespertitionide Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 195, June 29, Geographical distribution.—Eastern and western hemispheres to the limits of tree growth ; in the Atlantic to the Azores, and in the Pacific to the Galapagos and Hawaiian Islands from America, and to Australia, New Zealand and Samoa from Asia. Characters.—Ear with tragus; muzzle without distinct leaf- like outgrowths ; skull with premaxillaries represented by nasal branches only, the two bones very early fused with surrounding parts ; median length of palate greater than least distance between tooth-rows ; auditory bulla not emarginated on inner side; shoulder girdle normal, without fusion of its elements ; secondary articulation of humerus with scapula better developed than in the Rhinolophide ; fibula very slender, not adding appreciably to strength of leg ; foot normal, the toes slender ; tail not project- ing conspicuously beyond membrane. Remarks.—-This family is the most widely distributed group of bats as well as one of the richest in genera and species. Forty- one genera are at present known, eight of which occur in Europe.* Sus-Famity VESPERTILIONIN A. 1878. Vespertiliones Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 168 (except genera Kerivoula and Harpiocephalus). 1907. Vespertilionine Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 197, June 29, 1907. Geographical distribution—Same as that of the family Vespertilionide. Characters.—-Sternum slender, its entire length considerably more than twice greatest width of presternum ; median lobe very much smaller than body of presternum ; six ribs connected with sternum ; seventh cervical vertebra not fused with first * The American Nycteris cinerea has been recorded (under the name Vespertilio pruinosus) from South Ronaldshay, Orkney Islands, but the occurrence seems open to question (see Wolley, The Zoologist, vit, p. 2343, 1849; vill, pp. 2695-96, 2813-14, 1850; Barrett-Hamilton, Hist. Brit. Mamm., 1, pp. 222-224, March, 1911). A specimen of another North American member of this genus N. borealis), bearing the label: ‘‘ Villevéque (Maine & Loire), 8. 1. 89,” is gured by Trouessart in Bull, Soc. Zool. de France, xxx, p. 152, 1905. This is copied, with change of locality from Maryland to France, from a figure published in Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus., No. 39, pt. N, 1899 and 1901. Though intended merely as a guide in preparing specimens, Dr. Trouessart’s publication might be misinterpreted as a French record of the species. 166 CHIROPTERA dorsal ; scapula with coracoid curved outward ; nostrils simple ; lower incisors in all known genera, 3-3. Remarks.—The sub-family Vespertilioninz contains all but eight of the known genera of Vespertilionide, and all but one, Miniopterus, of the eight found in Europe. It is the central, least specialized portion of the family. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF VESPERTILIONIDZ. Cheek teeth S bh ceatdelapa scotia Guede natu aateeies werderinolconsamslame dolce Myotis, p. 166. Cheek teeth less than e Upper premolars 1-1. Rostrum noticeably concave on each side of middle line; nares extending about halfway to inter- orbital constriction; palatal emargination broader than eep.........cssseccnessecrersrsscesenees Vespertilio, p. 238. Rostrum evenly convex laterally; nares not ex- tending halfway to interorbital constriction ; palatal emargination deeper than broad........ Hptesicus, p. 224. Upper premolars 2-2. 1829, 1829. 1830. 1839. 1841 1841, 1842, Lower premolars 3-3. Auditory bulla large, its greatest diameter more than twice width of basioccipital ; ear much longer than head; second phalanx of third finger shorter than first Plecotus, p. 256. Auditory bulla small, its greatest diameter about equal to width of basioccipital; ear , Shorter than head; second phalanx of third finger nearly three times as long as IPS biscawaseaneancsteestes oer gesdecaieeyen scat aL sess Miniopterus, p. 268. Lower premolars 2-2. Fifth finger shortened, its length only a little more than that of metacarpal of fourth OF CHIL aswanvenycewseceaiasceesressgdanexateaeeeses Nyctalus, p. 242. Fifth finger normal, its length greater than that of metacarpal and first phalanx of fourth or third. Upper surface of rostrum convex; ears SOPALAUG 2 tivesusavemsnswacwebinnsis sidoaadaleielens Pipistrellus, p. 202. Upper surface of rostrum concave; ears POIMOG wisi ciariantionamessiesmanaisanerieg seeseeyitinnges Barbastella, p. 263. Genus MYOTIS Kaup. Myotis Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 106 (myotis). Nystactes Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Hurop. Thierwelt, 1, p- 108 (bechsteinii). Leuconoe Boie, Isis, p. 256 (daubentonii). Vespertilio Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur- gesch., 1839, 1, p. 306 (Not Vespertilio Linneus, 1758), Selysius Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital. 1., Introd. alla Classe Mamm., p. 3 (mystacinus). Capaccinius Bonaparte, Iconogr., Fauna Ital., 1, Indice Distrib., p. 1 (capaccinii). Trilatitus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., x, p. 258, December, 1842 (hasseltii, macellus = adversus and blepotis). MYOTIS 167 1849. Tralatitus Gervais, Dict. Univ. d’Hist. Nat., x11z, p. 213 (Modifica- tion of Trilatitus). 1856. Brachyotus Kolenati, Allgem. deutsch. Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neue Folge, 11, p. 131 (mystacinus, daubentonit, and dasycneme). Not Brachyotus Gould, 1837. 1856. Isotus Kolenati, Allgem. deutsch. Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neue Folge, 11, p. 131 (natterert and emarginatus). 1857. Vespertilio Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 78. Not Vespertilio Linneus, 1758. 1866. Tralatitius Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., xvur, p. 90, February 1866 (Modification of Trilatitus). 1867. Pternopterus Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, p. 706 (sub-genus of Vespertilio = Myotis, type lobipes = muricola). 1870. Exochurus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais, Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, ux, p. 75 (macrodactylus, horsfieldit = adversus and macrotarsus). 1870. Aeorestes Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lx11, p. 427 (villosissimus, albescens, and nigricans), 1870. Comastes Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.- Naturwiss. Classe, Lx11, p. 565 (capaccinii, megapodius, dasycneme, and limnophilus). 1878. Vespertilio Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 284. Not Vespertilio Linneus, 1758. 1897. Myotis Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 382, October, 1897. 1899. Huvespertilio Acloque, Faune de France, Mammiféres, p. 38 (emargin- atus, mystacinus, murinus = myotis, natterert, and bechsteinit). 1907. Myotis Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 201, June 29, 1907. Type species.—Vespertilio myotis Borkhausen. Geographical distribution.—Entire mainland of Eastern and Western hemispheres to limits of tree growth ; also the Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, Australia and Samoa, and in America the Lesser Antilles. Characters.—Dental formula: i 2, ¢}3, pm 3m 3 = 38. General form slender and delicate, even in such large species as A. myotis, the skull slender and lightly built ; muzzle narrow ; ear narrow and rather long, without special peculiarities of form, the tragus at least half as high as conch, straight or slightly curved, tapering gradually to a narrow or acute point. Remarks.—The genus Myotis is the most widely distributed of the genera of bats. It is also probably the richest in species, though these are at present so imperfectly known that no estimate of their number can be made. Nine occur in Europe. These present considerable differences in size, ranging from nearly the smallest to nearly the largest members of the group; they also differ considerably among themselves in certain details of structure, notably in the relative size of the hind foot ; but all are recognizable, apart from their dental formula, by a certain slenderness and delicacy of form, especially noticeable in the muzzle, ear, tragus and skull. 168 CHIROPTERA KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF MYOTIS. Size large (forearm 53 to 64 mm., condylobasal length of skull 18-6 to 23-6 mm., upper tooth- row 8:2 to 10°6 mm.); middle upper premolar normally crowded inward from axis of tooth- row; third lower molar with second triangle much smaller than first and noticeably different from it in form. Condylobasal length of skull 22 to 23°6 mm.; mandible 17°8 to 19 mm.; maxillary tooth- row 9°8 to 10°6 mm. (Central and southern WUFOPO) o.:dsat inca cshaanceaereyesaadedqnscemansguateias Condylobasal length of skull 18°6 to 21-4 mm.; mandible 15:°2t017'2mm.; maxillary tooth- row 8:2 to 9°4 mm. (Mediterranean region) Size small or medium (forearm 34 to 47 mm., condy- lobasal length of skull 12:4 to 16:8 mm., upper tooth-row 5 to 7mm.); middle upper premolar not crowded inward from axis of tooth-row; third lower molar with second triangle nearly as large as first and essentially like it in form. Foot relatively large, obviously more than half as long as tibia; calcar about twice as long as free border of interfemoral membrane; skull broad, the width of brain-case more than half greatest length; crown area of molars relatively small; upper molars with evident protoconule. Forearm about 47 mm.; condylobasal length of skull about 16 mm. (Central and Southern, Hurope)s cecsccsscrvesgsscovinennapoasi's Forearm less than 45 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull never more than 15 mm. Tibia and adjacent membrane densely furred; forearm about 42 mm.; condylobasal length of skull 14:0 to 14°8 mm. (Medi- terramean region)...........cc cee ceeese cere anes Tibia and adjacent membrane not furred; forearm about 35 mm.; condylobasal length of skull 13:2 to 13°8 mm. (Distribution general)..............cceeee Foot relatively small, about half as long as tibia ; calcar about as long as free border of inter- femoral membrane; skull narrow, the width of brain-case less than half greatest length ; crown area of molars relatively large; upper molars without protoconule. Ear not specially elongated, extending slightly beyond nostril when laid forward. Forearm about 40 mm.; condylobasal length of skull about 15 mm.; posterior border of ear conch with deep, almost angular emargination slightly above middle...... Forearm about 34 mm.; condylobasal length of skull 12°6 to 13:2 mm.; posterior border of ear conch with shallow, in- conspicuous emargination ................ Ear elongated, extending conspicuously beyond nostril when laid forward. M. myotis, p. 192. M. oxygnathus, p. 199. M. dasycneme, p. 189. A. capaccinii, p. 187. M. daubentonii, p. 184. M. emarginatus, p.177. M. mystacinus, p. 169. MYOTIS 169 Combined length of tibia and foot less than 25 mm.; condylobasal length of skull 14:0 to 14°6 mm.; ear narrow, its width about 10 mm.; tragus conspicuously more than half as high as conch... .. AL natterert, p. 174, Combined length of tibia and foot about 30 mm.; condylobasal length of skull 16 to 17 mm. ; ear broad, its width about 14 mm.; tragus scarcely half as high as sintinGinuse saan eb uise tte nomaaben eon eden A. bechsteinii, p. 179. MYOTIS MYSTACINUS Kuhl. 1819. Vespertilio mystacinus Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk., 1v (= Neue Ann., 1), pt. 2, p. 202. 1821. Vespertilio collaris Schinz, Das Thierreich von Cuvier, 1, p. 177 (Mt. Blanc, Haute-Savoie, France). : 1834. Vespertilio humeralis Baillon, Mém. Soc. Royale d’Emulation d’ Abbeville, 1833, p. 50 (Abbeville, Somme, France). 1837. Vespertilio schinzit Brehm, Ornis, Heft tr, p. 27 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). 1843. V[espertilio] schrankii Wagner, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1x, Bd. 11, p. 25 (Munich, Germany? See Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais, Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lxi1, pt. 1, p. 219, 1871). 1857. Vespertilio mystacinus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 96. 1863. [Brachyotus mystacinus] var. nigricans Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvii, p. 444 (Wiesbaden, Nassau, Germany). 1863. [Brachyotus mystacinus] var. rufofuscus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvitt, p. 444 (Wiesbaden, Nassau, Germany). 1863. [Brachyotus mystacinus] var. aureus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvi, p. 445 (Breisgau, Germany). 1869. [Vespertilio mystacinus] var. nigricans Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, I, p. 92 (Switzerland). Not of Koch, 1863. 1869. [Vespertilio] lugubris Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 93 (Altcrnative for nigricans Fatio). 1871. Vespertilio mystacinus, nigro-fuscus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, cx11, pt. 1, p. 217 (Renaming of V. schinzit Brehm), 1878. Vespertilio mystacinus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 314. 1900. Myotis mystacinus Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungariz, p. 200. 1910. Myotis mystacinus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 33. Geographical distribution Entire Continent of Europe north to about the limits of tree growth; west to Ireland ; east into Asia. Diagnosis.—Smallest species of European Myotis (forearm about 34 mm., longest finger about 60 mm., condylobasal length of skull 12°6 to 13°2 mm.) ; ear moderately long, extending 1 to 2 mm. beyond tip of muzzle when laid forward, its posterior border with shallow inconspicuous emargination ; foot about half as long as tibia; wing membrane extending to base of outer toe ; last caudal vertebra free. 170 CHIROPTERA External characters.—General form slender and delicate, the legs and tail rather long, the membranes thin and semi-trans- parent. Muzzle with rather noticeable glandular swellings. Ear extending slightly beyond nostril when laid forward, its general form rather slender, the tip narrowly rounded off, the posterior border with shallow inconspicuous concavity extending from just below tip to near middle of conch; inner surface of conch without well defined transverse striations. Antitragus small (length about 2 mm.) but well defined Tragus a little more than half as high as conch, its width slightly above level of anterior base contained about 24 times in length of anterior border, the anterior border straight, the posterior border convex below ; from widest region it narrows rather rapidly upward to a rather blunt point ; posterior basal lobe well defined. Wing rather narrow, with no special peculiarity of form, the third, fourth and fifth metacarpals sub-equal, their distal extremities falling short of elbow by about 3 mm.; membrane inserted at base of outer toe. Foot about half as long as tibia; calcar slender, with barely indicated rudiment of keel and terminal lobe, its length slightly greater than that of free border of interfemoral membrane. Tail about as long as head and body, and twice as long as tibia, its terminal vertebra free from membrane. Fur and colour.—The fur is soft and loose, the hairs on middle of back about 10 mm. in length, those of underparts a little more than half as long; it is closely confined to body, extending on wings to extreme base of membrane only, slightly farther below than above, and on interfemoral membrane over basal fifth or fourth of both surfaces ; free border of uropatagium not fringed. Colour of upper parts a clear light brown resembling the wood- brown of Ridgway, but usually more yellow and always with a distinct metallic gloss, the basal portion of the hairs blackish- slate, this colour sometimes appearing at the surface and producing a general darkening effect ; underparts paler and more buffy, usually not forming any decided contrast with back, but occasionally almost whitish, especially on chest ; muzzle and cheeks dusky ; ears and membrane blackish. Skull.—The skull is slender and lightly built, the breadth of brain-case conspicuously greater than that of rostrum and slightly but appreciably less than half greatest length. Dorsal profile rising abruptly above low ros- trum in interorbital region and forming a strong convexity over anterior portion of ‘Fre. 29. brain-case ; occipital region distinctly pro- Myotis mystacinus. — duced backward and rising slightly but evi- : dently above level of anterior portion of brain-case, from which it is marked off by a shallow but notice- able transverse constriction following anterior margin of inter- - MYOTIS 171 parietal. Ventral protile rising slightly but evidently in region of floor of brain-case. Greatest depth of brain-case about three- quarters mastoid width; sagittal and lambdoid crests slightly indicated in fully adult individuals. Interorbital region obscurely short hour-glass shaped. Anteorbital foramen small, its posterior border over posterior root of large premolar. Posterior palatal region rather narrow, its width immediately behind molars about equal to its greatest length, the median spine broad and short ; mesopterygoid fossa slightly wider than long, the hamulars turned inward. Auditory bulla moderate, its greatest diameter nearly equal to distance between inner margins of bulle. Teeth.—U pper incisors sub-equal, about half as high as canine, each pair in contact or nearly so at base but diverging at tips, the cingulum of inner tooth horizontal, that of outer tooth oblique ; crown of outer incisor squarish in cross section, that of inner somewhat elongated in axis of tooth-row ; near point of contact each shaft bears a secondary cusp, this usually though not always better developed in outer than in inner tooth ; distance between canine and outer incisor about equal to diameter of incisor, that between pairs a little more than twice as great. Lower incisors slightly but evidently imbricated, & forming a continuous, broadly V-shaped row between canines; crown of i, sub- terete, its area more than half that of canine and about equal to that of pm,, its blunt main cusp, the highest in the incisor series, situated at outer side, the three smaller cusps (third obsolete) on inner margin ; 7, and 7, sub-equal, slightly lower than i,, their crowns compressed, longer than high, trifid, that of second wider posteriorly than an- teriorly, and usually with Fie. 30. a minute postero-internal Myotis mystacinus. Teeth x 10. cusp. Upper canine rela- tively large, slightly higher than main cusp of large premolar, its shaft somewhat triangular in cross section, with broad postero-internal concavity and anterior and postero-external groove ; posterior cutting edge well developed ; cingulum com- plete but not forming evident secondary cusps. Lower canine lower and less acutely pointed than upper, its tip about on level with highest cusps of molars ; cingulum usually forming a slight secondary cusp anteriorly. First and second upper premolars TERZI WOW = 172 CHIROPTERA alike in form, crowded between canine and large premolar but perfectly in the tooth-row, the first about the same size as the upper incisors, the second with slightly more than half the height and crown area of first, both with fully developed cingulum and subterete, conical cusp. Large upper premolar with crown area only a little less than that of first molar, the main cusp large and with strongly trenchant posterior cutting edge, its height about equal to that of largest molar cusps ; anterior and posterior borders of crown slightly concave, inner border narrowly rounded, usually with a distinct though small cusp anteriorly, sometimes with another barely indicated pos- teriorly ; a slight though evident concave crushing surface between cingulum and inner base of main cusp. First and second lower premolars essentially similar to the corresponding upper teeth but slightly less reduced in size and with somewhat higher cusps; third lower premolar similar to first and second but with rectangular crown nearly twice as large as that of second tooth, and main cusp as high as protoconid of first molar; a small cingulum cusp usually present at antero-internal angle. Upper molars rather large relatively to size of skull, the crown area of second tooth slightly greater than that of first ; anterior and posterior borders slightly concave, inner border narrowly rounded, especially in m?, the antero-internal and postero-internal outlines often flattened or even a little concave ; protocone large, its base occupying entire inner border of tooth, its cusp a little in front of middle, its anterior commissure simple, extending uninterruptedly outward to parastyle, its posterior commissure terminating in a thickened rib-like rudiment of a hypocone, between the outer base of which and inner base of metacone lies a deep furrow ; metacone larger than paracone ; styles and outer commissures well developed ; third upper molar with crown area equal to about three-quarters that of m!, the protocone as in the other teeth but smaller, paracone larger than metacone, the first outer commissure longer than in m! and m?, the second and third about as in the other teeth but set at a different angle, the fourth, together with metastyle absent. First and second lower molars with second Y slightly larger than first in cross section, this condition reversed in m,; protoconid decidedly higher than hypoconid in all three teeth ; inner cusps of about equal height throughout (slightly more than half as high as protoconid) ; a distinct cingulum cusp behind entoconid. Measurements.—Adult female from Skane, Sweden: tibia, 15; foot,7°6; forearm, 32; thumb, 6:2; third finger, 49 ; fifth finger, 38; ear from meatus, 12; width of ear, 8. Adult male from Madrano, Tyrol: head and body, 38; tail, 38; tibia, 16 ; foot, 8; forearm, 35; thumb, 6-2; third finger, 56 ; fifth finger, 47 ; ear from meatus, 13; width of ear, 9. Adult female from the Carpathian Mountains: head and body, 44; tail, 40; tibia, 15-4; foot, 8; forearm, 34; thumb, 7 ; third finger, 54 ; fifth finger, MYOTIS 173 45 ; ear from meatus, 14:2; width ofear,9. Forearm, in other specimens : Waremme, Liége, Belgium, 33 and 33 ; Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 31-6; Dresden, 33:2; Grotte de Vallorbe, Switzerland, 33 and 34°4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 182. Specimens exramined.—Thirty-five, from the following localities :— Enauanp: Newby Bridge, Lake Windermere, Cumberland, 1; Aberia, Merionethshire, 2; Colwyn, Denbighshire, 1; Cheadle, Staffordshire, 1; Manchester, Lancashire, 1; Ragley House, 1; Welford, Herefordshire, % ; Macclesfield, Cheshire,1; Pewsey, Wiltshire, 1; Dover, Kent,2; Hastings, Sussex, 1; Bath, Somerset, 1. SwEpDEN: Skullno, 1; Skane, 1 (U.S.N.M.). BEetcium: Waremme, Liége, 2 (U.S.N.M.). GurManxy: Moritzburg, Saxony, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Dresden, 1; Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 1; Bavaria, no exact locality, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Ausrria-HunGaRy: Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 1; Carpathian Mts., 1 (U.S.N.M.); Csall6k6z-Somorja, Pressburg, 2; Tatra Mts., Hungary, 1. SWITZERLAND: Geneva, 1 (Mottaz); Grotte de Vallorbe, Vaud, 2 (Mottaz); Stein, Appenzell, 1 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 1 (Geneva: type of lugubris Fatio). Remarks.— Myotis mystacinus, the smallest European member of the genus, is recognizable by its small size and relatively short foot in combination with the insertion of wing membrane at base of outer toe. From the small species of Pipistrellus it is at once distinguished by the narrow muzzle and slender tragus. 22. Aberia, Merionethshire, G. H. Caton Haigh 11. 1. 3. 13-14. Wales. (co & P). @st. Colwyn, Denbighshire. Hon. N. C. Roths- 6.2.4.1. child (Pr). lal. Newby Bridge, Cumber- T. Paul (c & P). 94, 9. 3. 1. land, England. a. Cheadle, Staffordshire. E. Blagg (c & P). 11.1.3. 15. é. Manchester, Lancashire. C. Oldham (P). 11.1. 3. 10. é. Ragley House, Warwick- Tomes Collection. 7.1, 1. 498. shire. 29. Welford, Herefordshire. Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 496-497. é. Pewsey, Wiltshire. C. H. B. Grant (p). 11.1.3. 11. (P. S. Hembly.) g Dover, Kent. (B. Hesse.) C.H.B. Grant (p). 11.1.3. 12. 1. Hastings, Sussex. MissI.Roods(c&p). 49. 1. 16. 1. és Bath, Somerset. G. Dalgleish (c & P). 4. 10. 18. 3. 1. Skullno, Sweden. Stockholm Museum 46. 1. 2. 22. (E. 9 Haida, Bohemia. (TVol- Lead Litford (e). 11. 1.1.6. terstor ff.) 1, Csallékéz - Somorja, Budapest Museum 94. 3. 1, 20-21. Pressburg, Hungary. (z). lal. Tatra Mountains, Dr. R. Collett (Pr). 91.1. 21.1. Hungary. 174 CHIROPTERA MYOTIS NATTERERI Kuhl. 1818. Vespertilio nattererti Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk., Iv = Neue Ann., 1), pt. 1, p. 33. 1857. Vespertilio nattereri Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 88. 1863. [Isotus natterert] var. typus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Natur- kunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvii, p. 480 (Wiesbaden, Nassau, Germany). 1863. [Isotus nattereri] var. speleus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Natur- kunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvi, p. 480 (Erdbach, Nassau, Germany). 1878. Vespertilio natterert Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 88. 1900. Myotis nattereri Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungaria, p. 179. 1904. Myotis escalerai Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., 11, p. 279 (Bellver, Lérida, Spain). 1910. Myotis nattereri and M. escalerai Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 29-30. Type locality—Hanau, Hessen, Germany. Geographical distribution Central and southern Europe, west to Ireland, north to southern Sweden. Diagnosis.—Size medium among the European species (forearm about 38 mm., longest finger about 70 mm., condylobasal length of skull, 14:0 to 14°6 mm.); ear elongated, extending about 5 mm. beyond tip of muzzle when laid forward, the conch narrow (about 10 mm.), obscurely emarginate on upper half of posterior border, the tragus relatively longer than in any other European species, its height distinctly more than half that of conch ; foot about half as long as tibia ; wing membrane extending to base of outer toe ; edge of interfemoral membrane fringed. External characters.—General form essentially as in Myotis mystacinus, but differing in the following particulars: ear much longer and relatively narrower, extending conspicuously beyond nostril when laid forward, its extremity more broadly rounded off (owing to more uniform convexity of anterior border), and concavity on posterior border even less evident; antitragus about as large as in M. mystacinus but less well defined ; tragus relatively longer and more attenuate than in any other European bat, its height conspicuously more than half that of conch, its greatest width contained about 3} times in length of anterior border, its terminal third almost linear, sometimes faintly recurved, the basal lobe usually small and ill defined ; insertion of wing membrane as in M. mystacinus, but membrane at first very narrow, so that in some specimens, particularly those that have been hardened in strong alcohol, the point of insertion appears to be on side of metatarsus ;* tail rather shorter than head and body, only the cartilaginous extreme tip free ; calcar better defined than in M. mystacinus, about as long as the distinctly fringed free border of interfemoral membrane. * Such specimens seem to have formed the basis of the Myotis escalerai of Cabrera. MYOTIS 175 Fur and colour.—Quality and distribution of fur essentially as in M. mystacinus, but free border of interfemoral membrane distinctly though not very densely fringed with hairs about 1 mm. long. Colour of upper parts a lighter and less yellowish brown than in M. mystacinus, the exact shade intermediate between the wood-brown and broccoli-brown of Ridgway, the longer hairs with faintly darker tips visible in certain lights ; underparts rather sharply contrasted whitish buffy grey ; a well defined line of demarcation extending from shoulder to base of ear ; basal portion of hairs clove-brown ; muzzle and cheeks dusky, but not so dark as in M. mystacinus ; ears and membranes dark brown. Skull.—In all its dimensions the skull is appreciably larger than that of Myotis mystacinus. In general form it is slightly less slender. Forehead rising more abruptly but occipital region not higher than main portion of brain-case, so that dorsal profile shows a stronger concavity in interorbital region than that of M. mystacinus, while over greater extent of brain-case it is essentially flat, or slightly falling away posteriorly, instead of rising by two well defined curves to lambdal region. Posterior palatal region about as in M. mystacinus, except that mesopterygoid space extends further forward, and median spine is better developed. Auditory bulla relatively smaller than in M. mysta- cinus, its greatest diameter decidedly less than distance between bulle. Teeth.—In general the teeth resemble those of Myotis mystacinus apart from their greater size. They differ, however, in certain details of form: crown area of outer upper incisor appreciably greater than that of inner tooth ; angle at front of lower incisor row wider, though evident ; upper canine relatively weaker, its posterior cutting edge less developed, the cross section of its shaft half-terete owing to the obsolescence of postero- external and anterior longitudinal furrow ; lower canine with length of base much greater in proportion to height of shaft, and cingulum more oblique ; second upper premolar nearly equal to first in cross section ; crown area of large premolar not so great relatively to that of first molar, the cusps on inner border obsolete or absent; lower premolars with less slender crowns, the cingulum of the third forming a very low, sometimes obsolete antero-internal cusp; molars, especially m°, with narrower crowns. Measurements.—External measurements of adult male from Colpin, Brandenburg, Germany, and adult male from Magdeburg, Germany: head and body, 50, 44; tail, 41, 40; tibia, 17, 16; foot, 8°2,9°0; forearm, 39°2, 40°2; thumb, 7:0, 6°2; third finger, 71,71 ; fifth finger, 56, 56 ; ear from meatus, 18, 18 ; tragus, 11°0,11+2. Two adult females from Spain (No. 94. 1. 1. 8, Seville, and No. 8. 7.23. 4 from Bellver, Lérida, paratype of M. escalerai) : head and body, 46, 46; tail, 41,43; tibia, 15,17; foot, 7-6, 9-2; 176 CHIROPTERA forearm, 36:4, 40°6; thumb, 7:2, 8:4; third finger, 69, 72; fifth finger, 52, 56; ear from meatus, 16, 16°6; tragus, 10-2, 10+. For cranial measurements see Table, pp. 182-183. Specimens cxamined.—Sixty-seven, from the following localities :— ScoTtanD: Inverary, Argyllshire, 1. Enetanp: Harlech, Merionethshire, 3; Arrow Church, 6; Alcester, Warwickshire, 8; Lilford Hall, Northamptonshire, 5; Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Bradfield, Berkshire, 1; Queen Camel, Somersetshire, 1; Devonshire, 1; no exact locality, 3. IrELAND: Co. Longford, 1; Woodpark, Co. Galway, 1. Germany: Oberlausitz, Silesia, 1; Colpin, Brandenburg, 1; Magdeburg, Saxony, 2; Moritzburg, Saxony, 3 (U.S.N.M.). AusTRIA-HuNGARY: Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 1. SwiTzERLaND: Canton Thurgau, 3 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gallen, 9 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.,). IvaLty: Arezzo, 4 (B.M.and U.S.N.M.); Valesia, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Siena, 1 (Mottaz); no exact locality, 4 (U.S.N.M.). Spain: Bellver, Lérida, 2 (B.M. and Genoa; paratypes of escalerai Cabrera) ; Seville, 1. Remarks,—This species is easily recognized by its rather small size, large ear, and very long, attenuate tragus. The exact point of insertion of wing membrane on side of foot is probably in all specimens the base of outer toe, but owing to a peculiar narrow- ing of the membrane along edge of metatarsal, the point of insertion sometimes appears to be at middle of side of foot. This effect is often increased by the action of strong alcohol. g: Inverary, Argyllshire, Duke of Argyll (Pp). 58. 8. 16.1. Scotland. lal. Longford, Ireland. Dr. G. E. Dobson 76. 11. 3. 2. (c & P). @. Woodpark, Galway. R. F. Hibbert (pr). 11. 1. 3. 20. 2°, ? juv. Harlech, Merioneth- J. Backhouse (P). 11.1. 3. 16-18. shire, Wales. 6. Arrow Church, Warwick- Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 488-493. shire, England. Sal. Alcester, Warwickshire. Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 736-743. 5@al. Lilford Hall, Northamp- Lord Lilford (c & Pp). 72. 8. 21. 3-5. tonshire. 72. 11. 12. 13. g. Bradfield, Berkshire. N. H. Joy (c & P). 11.1. 3.19. 2st. Henley, Oxfordshire. J.G. Millais (c & Pp), 1.11.2. 1. ést. Henley, Oxfordshire. Heatley Noble(c&pP). 0. 3. 23. 1. gal. Queen Camel, Svmerset. R.H. Read (r). 11. 1, 3. 21. lal. England. Dr. J. E. Gray (P). 51. 1. 29, 12. g. Oberlausitgz, Silesia, Lord Lilford (P). 99. 1. 9. 6. 340 m. Germany. (W. Baer.) dal. Colpin, Brandenburg, Dr. H.Gadow (c&p). 82. 7. 31. 2. Prussia. gal. Magdeburg, Saxony. Dr. Wolterstorff 92.12.1.1. (P). 3, Magdeburg, Saxony. Lord Lilford (Pr). AI, 1:1, 18-9; (Wolterstc;-.) 8s Haida, Bohemia. (Wol- Lord Lilford (Pr). 11,1.1.7. terstorff. 346,?%. St.Gallen,600m. Swit- O. Thomas (P). 4. 4. 5, 4-8. zerland. (E. H. Zolli- kofer.) MYOTIS 177 2al. Arezzo, Italy. Florence Museum (£). 85. 7. 6, 4-5. Sal. Bellver, Lérida, Spain. A. Cabrera (r). 8. 7. 23, 4. (Paratype of M. escalerai, Cabr.) lal. Seville. Dr. V. L. Seoane 94.1. 1.8. (c & P). MYOTIS EMARGINATUS Geoffroy. 1806. Vesp[ertilio] emarginatus Geoffroy, Ann. Mus. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, viit, p. 198 (Charlemont, Givet, Ardennes, France). 1844. Vesp[ertilio] rufescens Crespon, Fatfne Méridionale, 1, p. 20 (near Nimes, Gard, France). Type in Nimes Museum. 1853. V[espertilio] ciliatus Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1853, 1, p. 287 (near Cologne, Germany). 1856. V{espertilio] schrankit Kolenati, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neue Folge, 1, p. 178. A nomen nudum (ex Koch and Giebel) cited as synonym of emarginatus. Not of Wagner, 1843. 1858. Vespertilio ciliatus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 91. 1878. Vespertilio emarginatus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 303. 1880. Myotis ciliata var. budapestiensis Margé, ‘‘ Magyar orv. és termés- zetvizsg. XX, nagygytil. munk, p. 255” (Budapest, Austria-Hungary), See Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungaria, p. 170. 1890. Vespertilio neglectus Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Genéve, 3rd ser., xxIv, p. 512, November 15, 1890 (Valavran, near Geneva, Swit- zerland). Type in Geneva Museum. 1900. Myotis emarginatus Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungaria, p. 170. 1910. Myotis emarginatus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 28. Type locality — Charlemont, Givet, Ardennes, France. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Continental Europe. Diagnosis.—Size essentially as in Myotis nattereri (forearm about 40 mm., condylobasal length of skull about 15 mm.) ; ear moderately long, extending 2 to 3 mm. beyond tip of muzzle when laid forward, its posterior border with a deep almost angular emargination slightly above middle ; foot about half as long as tibia ; wing membrane extending to base of outer toe ; free margin of interfemoral membrane sometimes fringed ; fur some- what woolly in texture, the hairs of back tricolored, drab at base, yellowish at middle and dark brown at extreme tip. External characters—Whole animal larger and more robust than Myotis mystacinus, though of essentially the same form and proportions. Ears and membranes relatively thick and leathery, not semi-transparent as in the related small species. Ear moderately long, extending about 2 mm. beyond nostril when laid forward, its size and general form much as in M. mystacinus except that emargination of posterior border is deep and conspicuous, in most specimens forming an evident angle below. Inner surface of conch marked by seven or eight short but well developed cross ridges. Antitragus small and ill-defined. Tragus slightly more than half as high as conch, its greatest width contained nearly three times in length of: anterior border, both its margins essentially straight from level of anterior base N 178 CHIROPTERA to rather acute tip. Wing as in the related species ; metacarpals falling short of elbow by about 3 mm.; membrane inserted at base of outer toe. Calcar slender, its termination usually marked by a distinct lobe, its length about equal to that of free border of interfemoral membrane. Tail relatively shorter than in M. mystacinus, extending to between ears when laid forward, only the minute cartilaginous tip free from membrane. Fur and colour—Fur shorter and more dense than in MM. mystacinus and M. nattereri, and of a slightly woolly texture unique among the European species, the hairs at middle of back about 8 mm. in length. Distribution of fur not peculiar; free border of uropatagium sometimes with evident fringe. General colour buff, light and clear on underparts, dulled and irregularly clouded by darker brownish hair tips throughout upper parts ; basal half of hairs drab; muzzle and cheeks dusky ; ears and membranes an indefinite rather light brown. Skull——In form the skull does not differ appreciably from that of M. nattereri, except that the rostral portion and palate are relatively more elongate and interorbital concavity is less strongly pronounced ; occipital region similarly low as compared with that of AW. mystacinus. Mandible slightly more robust than in M. natterert, but of similar form. Teeth.—The teeth are larger than those of Myotis mystacinus, in this respect agreeing with those of M. nattereri. Upper incisors higher and more slender than in the preceding species, their crowns sub-equal in cross section ; lower incisors very slightly imbricated, forming a broadly and evenly convex (U-shaped) row without anterior angle, the crowns of i, and 7, alike in furm and distinctly 4-cusped, that of 7, not thickened posteriorly and with no trace of postero-internal cusp. Canines about equal to those of M. nattereri in size, but shaft of upper tooth with evident postero-external longitudinal groove. First and second upper premolars even more strongly contrasted in size than those of M. mystacinus, the cusp of second only a little exceeding cingulum of first ; the two teeth less crowded between canine and large premolar than in M. mystacinus and M. nattereri ; lower premolars essentially as in M. natterer’, but less closely crowded, and second relatively larger. Upper molars as in M. nattereri, but crowns less narrowed ; arudimentary commissure extending outward from base of hypocone and another extending inward from base of paracone ; lower molars not peculiar. Measurements——Two adult females from Florence, Italy: head and body, 46°6 and 50; tail, 40 and 42; tibia, 19 and 19; foot, 8°4 and 8°6; forearm, 40 and 41; thumb, 8 and 7°8; third finger, 67 and 70 ; fifth finger, 56 and 57 ; ear from meatus, 16°6 and 17 ; width of ear, 11:4 and 12. For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 183. Specimens examined.—Six, from the following localities :— Hoiianxp: Maastricht, 1 (U.S.N.M.). MYOTIS 179 France: Near Nimes, Gard, 1 (Nimes: type of rufescens Crespon), AustRia-Hunaary: Herkulesbad, 2. ‘Micaaamaiae Valavran, near Geneva, 1 (Geneva: type of neglectus Fatio). Iraty: Florence, 2 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 1. Remarks.—The peculiar form of the ear, the short, somewhat woolly fur, and the yellowish colour are highly characteristic of this well-defined species. 22, Herkulesbad, Hungary. Hon. N. C. Roths- 7. 9. 16. 9-10. child (P). skeleton Italy. (Prince Bona- Tomes Collection. 7.1. 1. 733. without parte.) skull. MYOTIS BECHSTEINI. Kuhl. 1818. Vespertilio bechsteimii Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk., rv = Neue Ann., 1), pt. 1, p. 30 (Hanau, Hessen, Germany). 1857. Vespertilio bechsteinit Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 85. 1878. Vespertilio bechsteinit Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 308. 1900. Myotis bechsteinit Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungaria, p. 184. 1905. Vesp[ertilio] bechst[einii] ghidinii vel Vesp[ertilio] ghidinii Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Genéve, 4th ser., xix, p. 511, May 15, 1905 (Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland). Type in Geneva Museum. 1906. Myotis bechsteinit favonicus Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XVIII, p. 220, September, 1906 (La Granja, Segovia, Spain). Type in British Museum. 1910. Myotis bechsteini and M. bechsteini favonicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm., d'Europe, pp. 30-31. Type locality.—Hanau, Hessen-Nassau, Germany. Geographical distribution—Central and southern Europe, west to England, north to southern Sweden. Diagnosis.—Size slightly greater than that of M. nattereri (forearm about 40, condylobasal length of skull, 16 to 17); ear elongated, extending about 8 mm. beyond tip of muzzle when laid forward, the conch broad (about 15 mm.), its posterior margin obscurely emarginate above, the tragus scarcely half as high as conch; foot about half as long as tibia; wing membrane extending to base of outer toe. External characters.—In general like Myotis nattereri, but with broader ears and relatively as well as actually larger legs and feet (combined length of tibia and foot about 30 mm. instead of less than 25). Muzzle with moderately developed glandular swellings (these less evident than in M. mystacinus). Ear extend- ing considerably beyond nostril when laid forward, its length thus about as in M. nattereri, but its breadth so much greater (about 17 mm. instead of about 10 mm.) that the ear is relatively larger than in any other European bat except Plecotus auritus ; form of ear essentially as in M. mystacinus, the upper half of posterior border faintly concave ; inner surface of conch with about eight rather ill-detined transverse ridges near posterior border ; anti- tragus about 2:5 mm, in length along base, rather abruptly wn 2 180 CHIROPTERA rounded off above, its inner margin not continuous with posterior border of conch. Tragus about half as high as conch, its form essentially as in M. mystacinus though a little more slender (greatest width contained nearly three times in height of anterior border); basal lobe small but well developed. Wing essentially as in M. mystacinus ; third, fourth and fifth meta- carpals sub-equal, falling short of elbow by about 5 mm.; membrane inserted at base of outer toe. Calcar and free border of interfemoral membrane as in M. mystacinus. Tail shorter than head and body (laid forward it extends to middle of crown), the terminal vertebra free. Fur und colour.—Quality and distribution of fur as in Myotis uystacinus and M. nattereri. Upper parts uniform wood-brown with a slight tinge of umber, the exact shade almost impossible to describe exactly ; underparts a buffy grey in strong contrast, irregularly clouded by the slaty brown of underfur; ears and membranes an indefinite dark brown. Skull—tIn general aspect the skull resembles that of Myotis uyotis, due allowance being made for its much smaller size, since it is much more slender than in any of the other small species ; breadth of brain-case equal to about one-half distance from lambda to posterior border of narial emargination. Dorsal profile rising gradually above rostrum and forming a strong convexity over anterior portion of brain-case, behind which it is essentially flat to lambda; ventral profile nearly flat, slightly elevated posteriorly ; occipital region slightly projecting, just sufficiently to conceal condyles when viewed from above. Brain- case ovate, noticeably wider than rostrum ; sagittal crest low but evident ; lambdoid crest moderately developed at sides, obsolete at middle ; greatest depth of brain-case about two-thirds mastoid breadth ; floor of brain-case with obscurely defined lateral grooves. Interorbital region not evidently hour-glass shaped, owing to the slight widening at lachrymal level; anterior upper border of orbit slightly ridged. Rostrum slender, widening a little at anterior extremity, the dorsal surface smoothly rounded off at sides, though with indication of a slightly developed median groove ; narial emargination narrow but deep, extending back about half way to level of anterior rim of orbit; rostral depth at front of orbit about equal to distance from orbit to middle of canine ; palate long and narrow as compared with that of the other small species, both transverse and lateral concavities evident, especially just behind middle ; anterior emargination rather large, sub-circular in general outline, extending back about to level of space between canine and first premolar ; posterior extension of palate about as broad as long ; interpterygoid space wider than long, encroached on by blunt median palatal spine. Mandible essentially as in Myotis myotis, the coronoid process higher and with more oblique posterior border than in the other small species. Tceth.—The teeth are rather small relatively to size of skull. MYOTIS 181 Upper incisors essentially as in M. mystacinus but more slender. Lower incisors slightly imbricated, the row as a whole U-shaped or very broadly V-shaped, the form of the individual teeth not peculiar. Canines with no special peculiarities. Small upper premolars completely in tooth-row, not crowded, the crown area of first equal to about half that of canine, that of second to about two-thirds that of first, the height of first a little less than half that of canine, that of second about two-thirds that of first ; cingulum complete but not forming secondary cusps. Large upper premolar with crown area nearly three-quarters that of first molar, its antero-internal cusp well developed. Lower premolars essentially as in M. natterert. Upper molars with no special peculiarities except that m? is more reduced than in the other small species, its tranverse diameter through metacone noticeably less than half length of anterior border. Lower molars normal, but second triangle of m, a little more reduced than in the other small species, though much less so than in M. myotis and M. oxygnathus. Measurements.—Adult female from Sweden: head and body, 46; tail, 38; tibia, 19-6; foot,9°8; forearm, 42 ; thumb, 9°6 ; third finger, 67; fifth finger, 56; ear from meatus, 22; ear from crown, 19; width of ear, 13°6; tragus, 10. Two adults from the New Forest, Hampshire, England: tibia, 18°8 and 20 ; foot, 9°8 and 10°6 ; forearm, 39 and 42°4; thumb, 8-4 and 10; third finger, 64 and 68; fifth finger, 53 and 57. Adult male from Lugano, Switzerland (Geneva: type of ghidinii Fatio) : tibia, 19:4; foot, 10; forearm, 41:2; thumb, 10:4; third finger, 65; fifth finger, 53; ear from meatus, 214; ear from crown, 19; width of ear, 13; tragus, 11+. Adult female from Ste. Baume, Var, France: head and body, 53; tail, 37°4; tibia, 20; foot, 10-4; forearm, 42:6; thumb, 9; third finger, 70 ; fifth finger, 57; ear from meatus, 25°6; ear from crown, 24; width of ear, 16:2; tragus, 11°8. Adult male from Cadillac, Gironde, France: head and body, 45+; tail, 42; tibia, 20; foot, 9; forearm, 41; thumb, 8°8; third finger, 67; fifth finger, 56; ear from meatus, 26; width of ear, 15:6. Adult male from La Granja, Segovia, Spain (type of favonicus Thomas) : head and body, 48 ; tail, 38 ; tibia, 20; foot, 8:4; forearm, 40 ; thumb, 8:2; third finger, 66 ; fifth finger, 55 ; ear from meatus, 23; ear from crown, 19; width of ear, 14°6; tragus, 10-4. Adult female from Zay-Ugrécz, Hungary : head and body, 46°6 ; tail, 44; tibia, 22; foot, 9; forearm, 44; thumb, 9; third finger, 73; fifth finger, 59; ear from meatus, 25; ear from crown, 22:6; width of ear, 16; tragus, 11:8. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 183. Specimens examined.—Seventeen, from the following localities :— Eneuanp: Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1; New Forest, Hamp- shire, 6. SwEDEN: Skfne, 1 (U.S.N.M.). 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Baume, Var, 1 (Genoa); Cadillac, Gironde, 1 (Lataste). SwirzeRLanp: Lugano, Ticino, 1 (Geneva: type of ghidinii Fatio). Spain: La Granja, Segovia, 1 (type of favonicus Thomas). Austria-Hungary: Zay-Ugriécz, Trenesén, 4 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—-This animal is recognizable among European bats by its medium size and very large ears. On the basis of the material examined I am unable to distinguish a Spanish or western geographical race. é. Henley-on-Thames, Ox- J. G. Millais (pP). 6. 9. 14. 1. fordshire, England. als New Forest, Hampshire. Dr. W. HE. Leach (rp). 56. a. 2. New Forest, Hampshire. G.W.H.Blagg(c&p). 7. 7. 16. 1-2. gal. La Granja, Segovia, M.delaHscalera(c). 6.11. 4.1. Spain. (Type of M. favonicus Thos.) é,?al. Zay-Ugrécz, Trencsén, Budapest Museum 6. 6. 20. 1-2. Hungary. (B). i. Europe. Leyden Museum. 37. 4, 28. 23. MYOTIS DAUBENTONI. Kuhl. 1819. Vespertilio dawbentonit Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk., rv (= Neuve Ann., 1), pt. 2, p. 195 (Hanau, Hessen, Germany). 1839. Vespertilio edilis Jenyns, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 73, April, 1839 (Aukland St. Andrew, Durham, England). 1844. V[espertilio] lanatus Crespon, Faune Méridionale, 1, p. 15 (South of Nimes, Gard, France). Type in Nimes Museum. 1857. Vespertilio daubentonii Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 98. 1871. Vespertilio capucinellus *‘ Koch, Bayr. Fauna,” Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lx11, pt. 1, p. 206 (Bavaria ?). 1871. Vespertilio minutellus ‘‘ Koch, Bayr. Fauna,” Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lx11, pt. 1, p. 206 (Bavaria ?). 1871. Vespertilio daubentonii, albus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lx, pt. 1, p. 210 (Renaming of V. wdilis Jenyns). 1878. Vespertilio daubentonii Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 297. 1890. Vespertilio stauffert Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, v, 3"° suppl. aux Mamm., p. 6 (Lucerne, Switzerland). MS. synonym; repudiated. 1900. Zyotis dawbentonit Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungarie, p. 164. 1910. AWyotis daubentont Trouessart, Fanne Mamm. d’Europe, p. 27. Type locality —Hanau, Hessen-Nassau, Germany. Geographical distribution—Europe from the Mediterranean north to central Norway, west to Ireland, east into Asia. Inagnosis..—Size nearly as small as in Myotis mystacinus (forearm about 35 mm., longest finger about 60 mm., condylo- basal length of skull, 13°4 to 13°8); ear moderately long, extending about 2 mm. beyond tip of muzzle when laid forward, its posterior border with shallow inconspicuous emargination ; foot decidedly more than half as long as tibia; wing membrane extending to side of metatarsus ; last caudal vertebra free. MYOTIS 185 External characters.—Smallest of the large-footed European species. General form less slender and delicate than in M. mystacinus, the tail and legs relatively shorter. Ear rather short, extending, when laid forward, about to tip of muzzle; anterior border faintly and evenly convex from basal lobe to narrowly rounded-off tip ; posterior border with shallow though evident concavity above ; antitragus small and ill-defined ; tragus about half as high as conch, its greatest width contained three times in length of anterior border, the posterior border moderately and evenly convex, the anterior border ‘nearly straight, the tip rather blunt; posterior basal lobe relatively large and well defined. Wing slightly broader than in M. mysta- cinus, the three main metacarpals evidently graduated from third to fifth, the third very slightly shorter than forearm ; membrane inserted at middle of metatarsus. Foot large, appreciably more than half as long as tibia; calcar slender, very long, without keel on posterior border and with slight terminal lobe, its length fully double that of free border of interfemoral membrane. Tail about as long as body without head, the terminal vertebra free from membrane except for an exceedingly narrow strip extending outward along each side. Fur and colour—Fur slightly shorter and more dense than that of M. mystacinus, but with no peculiarities of distribution except that it tends to spread farther outward along dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane ; free border of uropatagium not fringed, but a slight fringe is usually present along basal half of calear. Colour above essentially as in M. nattereri, though usually inclining more definitely toward wood-brown ; underparts buffy grey usually less contrasted than in M. nattereri, though sometimes pale enough to produce a distinct line of demarcation along sides of neck. Muzzle and cheeks dusky. Membranes and ears an indefinite brown. Skull.—The skull of Myotis daubentonii is smaller than that of any other European species except M. mystacinus. From this it is immediately distinguishable by its noticeably greater breadth both of rostrum, palate and brain-case, by the relatively lower occipital region, and relatively deeper rostrum. Posterior exten- sion of palate short and broad, the width just behind molars greater than length to tip of hamular ; median projection angular, seldom forming a distinct spine. Greatest breadth of brain-case slightly though appreciably more than greatest length of skull. Mandible with coronoid process low, scarcely rising above level of condyle. Teeth.—Teeth relatively smaller than those of Myotis mysta- cinus, a difference particularly noticeable in the crown areas of the first and second upper molars. Upper incisors as in mystacinus, but with cingulum less developed. Lower incisors very slightly imbricated, the form of the row vacillating between U-shaped and broadly V-shaped, the cusps as in M. mystacinus but less 186 CHIROPTERA developed. Canines both above and below weaker and less trenchant than in M. mystacinus, their form essentially as in M. natterert. Premolars and lower molars not obviously different from those of M. mystacinus. Upper molars peculiar as compared with those of thesmall-footed European species in the presence of an evident protoconule on anterior commissure of protocone, the small cusp provided with a small but distinct secondary commissure extending to base of paracone ; m} and m? with a small commis- sure extending from base of hypocone to base of metacone and partly fill- ing depression lying be- Fie. 31. tween these cusps. Myotis daubentunti. Teeth x 10. Measurements. — Two adult males from Upsala, Sweden: head and body, 43 and 44; tail, 34 and 36; tibia, 17 and 17:4; foot, 11 and 11; forearm, 37 and 37; thumb, 8°4 and 8; third finger, 62 and 59; fifth finger, 49 and 49; ear from meatus, 13 and 13; width of ear, 10 and 9°6. Adult male and female from Lecco, Italy : head and body, 42 and 45; tail, 36. and 39; tibia, 16 and 17; foot, 10°6 and 11; forearm, 37 and 38; thumb, 8 and 8; third finger, 62 and 62 ; fifth finger, 51 and 51; ear from meatus, 13°6 and 13:6; width of ear, 9°6 and 9°4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 190. Specimens examined.—Seventy-three, from the following localities :— ScorLanD: No exact locality, 1. Enauanp: Bowdon, Cheshire, 1; Knutsford, Cheshire, 1; Stratford- on-Avon, Warwickshire, 2; Hillingdon, Middlesex 1,; Epping, Essex, 2; Northamptonshire, 1; Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 2 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Christchurch, Hampshire, 1; Devonshire, 1. SwEpEN: Upsala, 3(B.M.and U.S.N.M.); upland, 1; no exact locality, 2. SwitzERLAND: Geneva, 1 (Mottaz). FrancE: Near Nimes, Gard, 1 (Nimes: type of lanatus Crespon). Iraty: Lecco, Lombardy, 21 (U.S.N.M.); Pavia, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Florence, 30 (Mottaz). Remarks.—This species is immediately recognizable among the European members of the genus by its small size, large foot, and naked upper surface of legs. i, Scotland. Dr. J. Macgiilivray °. 6 Bowdon, Cheshire, Eng- TT, A. Coward (c&P). 11.1. 3. 60. land. Tenzr~ MYOTIS 187 9. Knutsford, Cheshire. T. A. Coward (c&p), 11.1. 3. 22. 2. Stratford-on-Avon, War- Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 486-487. wickshire. gal, Hillingdon, Middlesex. O. Thomas (c & P). 84. 1. 29. 1. 2al. Epping, Essex. H. Doubleday (c &p). 44. 10. 21. 1-2. al. Northampton. Mrs. Jenyns (P). @ st. Henley, Oxfordshire. J.G. Millais(c & p), 1.11.2, 2. lal. Christchurch, Hamp- Lord Lilford (5) 87.9. 1.1. shire, 6. Upland, Sweden. Lord Lilford (r). 11. 1. 1. 25. : (G. Kolthoff.) 2. Sweden. Stockholm Muscum 46. 6. 2. 15. (x). 48, 6. 28. 3. MYOTIS CAPACCINII Bonaparte. 1837. Vespertilio capaccinit Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. xx (Sicily). Type in British Museum. 1839. Vespertilio megapodius Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., 11, p. 189 (Sardinia). 1841. Vesp[ertilio] dasypus de Sélys-Longchamps, Atti della seconda Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani, Torino, 1840, p. 249 (Published as synonym of capaccinit). 1844. Vesp[ertilio] pellucens Crespon, Faune Méridionale, 1, p. 16 (Cave near Pont-du-Gard, Gard, France). 1857. Vespertilio capaccinit Blasius, Sdugethiere Deutschlands, p. 101. 1877. Vespertilio blasit Major, Atti Soc. Tose. Sci. Nat., Pisa, 111, p. 108 (New name for the capaccinii of Blasius should it prove to be different from that of Bonaparte). 1878. Vespertilio majort Ninni, Atti Reale Instit. Veneto, 5th ser., Iv, pt. 1, p. 721 (Substitute for blasit Major). 1878. Vespertilio capaccintt Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 293. 1901. Myotis capaccinit Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 37. 1910. Myotis (Leuconoé) capaccinii Trouessart, Faune Mamm.d’Europe, p. 26. Type locality —Sicily. Geographical distribution.—Mediterranean region, north to Italian Switzerland, east into Asia. Diagnosis.—Not so small as Myotis daubentonii (forearm about 42 mm., longest fingersabout 68 mm., condylobasal length of skull, 14°0 to 14°8 mm.), but similar in form and proportions ; wing membrane extending to ankle; last caudal vertebra free ; tibia and adjacent membrane densely furred. External characters.—In all essential features the external form is as in M. daubentonii. The foot, however, is relatively larger, and the wing membrane is inserted at the ankle. Fur and colour.—Fur rather dense and short, the hairs at middle of back about 6 mm. in length; distribution peculiar among the European members of the genus in its tendency to spread on membranes, forming a distinct patch on upper surface of wing at elbow and extending over entire uropatagium to level of feet, the furry covering of tibia and immediately adjacent membrane (both above and below) especially dense. Colour 188 CHIROPTERA above a light drab tinged with grey or with ecru-drab, the general effect paler and more greyish than in any of the other European species ; underparts pale buffy grey, rather strongly contrasted and with moderately well-defined line of demarcation along sides of neck. Underfur slaty black. Muzzle and cheeks faintly dusky. Ears and membranes an indefinite rather light brown. Skull.—In all respects the skull so closely resembles that of Myotis daubentonii that it is only distinguishable by its larger size. From the skulls of M. nattereri’ and M. emarginatus it differs in its greater breadth, a character perhaps most readily appreciable in the form of the post-palatal region. Teeth.—Except for their larger size the teeth resemble those of Myotis daubentonii. The crown area of upper molars is relatively less than in M. nattereri and M. emarginatus, though m' retains the broader outline characteristic of M. daubentonii and M. mystacinus. Upper molars with protoconule and its accessory small commissure, and m! and m? with commissure between hypocone and metacone as in .M. daubentonit. : Measurements..—Average and extremes of forearms in fou males and eight females from Lugano, Ticino, Switzerland : males, 39°9 (38:8-41) ; females, 39-4 (38°8-40°4). Sicily (type): tibia, 15-6; foot, 12; forearm, 39-2; thumb, 10; third finger, 56°2; fifth finger, 50. Adult male from Corleone, Sicily : head and body, 49 ; tail, 38 ; tibia, 16 ; foot, 10; forearm, 41 ; thumb, 8-2; third finger, 68 ; fifth finger, 55: ear from meatus, 15; width ofear, 10°4. Two adult males from Sassari, Sardinia : head and body, 50 and 51; tail, 37 and 37; tibia, 16°4 and 17; foot, 10°6 and 11; forearm, 39:4 and 41-6; thumb, 8-4 and 8-6; third finger, 66 and 69; fifth finger, 51 and 56 ; ear from meatus, -—— and 14°4; width of ear, 10 and 10. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 191. Specimens examined.—Seventy-two, from the following localities :— AustTria-Huneaary: Herkulesbad, 1. SwiITzZERLAND: Near Lugano, 49 (B.M., U.S.N.M., and Mottaz). Ivaty: Finalborgo, Liguria, 2 (Genoa); Pavia, 1 (U.S.M.M.); Ostia, Rome, 2; Marsala, Sicily, 1; Corleone, Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sicily, no exact locality, 1 (type). Sarpinsa: Cagliari, 4 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Sassari, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Grotte de Sardale, 2. France: Marseilles, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Spain: Inca, Majorca, Balearic Islands, 1; Elche, Alicante, 1. Remarks.—In general appearance this species resembles Myotis daubentonii ; but it is immediately recognizable by its even larger foot, and by the densely pubescent upper surface of leg, the latter character unique among European bats. 446,?. Near Lugano, Ticino, O. Thomas (Pp). 2. 8. 4. 10-14. Switzerland. (EZ. H. Zollikofer.) 2. Ostia, Rome. Dr. L. Sambon(c&p). 1.1. 2. 3-4. MYOTIS 189 skeleton Italy. (Prince Bona- Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 784. without parte.) (Type of species.) skull. e. Marsala, Sicily. OQ, Thomas (P). 6. 8. 4, 21, (A. Robert.) Qal. Cagliari, Sardinia. Florence Museum (£). 85. 7. 6. 6-7. 2 al. oe de Sardale, Sar- O. Thomas (pr). 0, 12. 3. 1-4. inia. é. Inca, Majorca, Balearic O. Thomas and R.I. 0.7.1.3. Islands. Pocock (c & P). 3. Elche, Alicante, Spain. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 13. MYOTIS DASYCNEME Boie. 1823. Vespertiho mystacinus Boie, Isis, p. 965. Not V. mystacinus Kuhl (Jutland, Denmark). 1825. Vespertilio dasycneme Boie, Isis, p. 1200 (Renaming of mystacinus Boie). 1839. Vespertilio limnophilus Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., u, p. 176 (Holland). 1857. Vespertilio dasycneme Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 103. 1878. Vespertilio dasycneme Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 295. 1904. Myotis dasycneme Trouessart, Catal. Mamm. Tam viv. quam foss., suppl., p. 88. 1910. Myotis dasycneme Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 27. Type locality.—Chalk quarries at Dagbierg, near Wiborg, Jutland, Denmark. Geographical distribution—Central and southern Europe, west to the Atlantic coast,* north to Sweden, east into Asia. Diagnosis—Form and proportions essentially as in Myotis daubentonit and M. capaccinii, but size much larger (forearm about 47 mm., longest finger about 75 mm., condylobasal length of skull about 16 mm.) ; tibia and adjacent membrane naked. External characters.—Form not essentially different trom the other European members of the large-footed group. Tragus relatively shorter than in any other European Myotis, its height distinctly less than half that of conch, its anterior border slightly concave, its posterior border slightly convex below, then more abruptly convex to bluntly rounded-off tip, the two margins essentially parallel through lower half. Free border of uro- patagium without fringe. Fur and colour.—Distribution of fur as in Myotis daubentonii ; quality not peculiar, the longest hairs on middle of back about 8 mm. in length. Colour of upper parts a light yellowish wood- brown ; underparts strongly contrasted greyish white with a tinge of buff, the line of demarcation along sides of neck well defined. Muzzle and cheeks scarcely contrasted dusky. Under- fur slaty black. Ears and membranes an indefinite dark brown. * The supposed British record is probably erroneous (see Barrett- Hamilton, Hist. Brit. Mamm., 1, pp. 157-158. December, 1910). 190 CHIROPTERA ral mw j 2 3 . d 8 aaa: o 3 3 in 3 fo) 2 Fo as dg Ba OE rt me me non Ea BrO8 6 es = Bg a= Eg Be R BE Fae z wm PO o042 00 g ort ag ° 4° = = a a q aa a S a od D: SRR mB ee SSS ea. ¢ S = 8 Do r= q ic) - 2 Oag = O22 Bis ee 3 abe 8 EI bad = BOLO rs ~ 938 9 g a 2c 2 Bet ra) A SE? wad ° 0 8 (\GHaE ome s : Eig APP gsraraergB a ae = i q H ey 3 i) oe a 3 2s a Bs ‘3 & mn a 191 “WOM Jou ‘utoa ATPPSIS “UIOM Jou e “Udon, ATITSITS ‘UAOM YOU UAOM {TOYRADPOTLL “UICAL JOU “uIOA, ATATSUS ‘UIOM JOU ‘utom AToyBIepout *udoa ATQTBIS ‘uiom £ToYBIEpOTT MYOTIS “HAO JOU ‘utom ATyqatys ae “ULOM JOU “ ‘uaom ATV SITs ‘“ ty “UIOM JOU T[]09], | 21D wu D> *O £0 OF OF Net oo0oD0 3 aD = ib nan @ oO wD 2 xno 2 mh oO MH. ooo £ oO Dbwmw Shoo Ho wm 201919 Or oO tO %O Inu Oot oot oO Wd D119 1 un an an at ADNDSD DON ODS Dowoob nwo MwpWH« LDDDDDDDDDO oe REarwowmovose 2 ArH HNADINAS TCH OOO LEODTCOAWHWOWOD H oO SanNcoTOsDOCoO emeorerrvouweroo “OD *O %O 40 “SO OF OF OF OF OF OF tea} ONNTAN eovrreo TIT TG 8868ST LEGEST. 98661 G86SET TOG ‘TTL IF '8'8 6'T'L'0 01940 AL OST “DIT OGERE GFE8E ST EYE 13 'b'8'9 eat LOGIGL 961161 COTIGT VOTIGT COTTGT ZGTTST —— ANUIUYT (VOT | UNL Ogy * QpOLTpser py uopsorp : pury[oyy ‘auaudAsep “JA equealpy ‘oyoppy + arudy * rosoluyy “BOUT ENPUU]ST OLIVOTRET ‘parry ‘SOlULN vou NOT[LONIUY | OOUDAGT WUIPSRQ s ULULpAVy, . * apusteyy t ATIOIG - owmogy “UrpRQ. : ApuqyT ous ce “cc OWL, (OULQIBIY UNG + paVpozqzI Mg ‘trusoeded "JA 192 CHIROPTERA Skull—The skull is large, slightly exceeding that of Myotis bechsteinii in length and noticeably surpassing it in breadth and robustness. Its general appearance is the least typically Myotis- like of any European member of the genus, a peculiarity heightened by the crowding of the small premolars and conse- quent shortening of anterior portion of tooth-row. Allowance being made for the great difference in size the skull is not very unlike that of Myotis danbentonii, but the rostrum is relatively shorter and the brain-case broader and more depressed. Sagittal crest barely indicated ; auditory bulle proportionately as in the smaller animal, less inflated than in M. bechsteinii ; lachrymal ridge well developed, its lower extremity separated from lachrymal foramen by an evident notch. Teeth_—In form the teeth resemble those of the small Myotis daubentonii ; molars decidedly more robust than those of M. bechsteinii, the width of the crown diminishing much less rapidly toward inner border ; small premolars much crowded, the second barely or not visible from outer side, the diameter of its crown, however, not much less than that of anterior tooth; upper molars as in M. daubentonii and M. capaccinit ; mandibular teeth with no special peculiarities, the premolars and outer cusps of molars more slender than in M. bechsteinii and M. daubentonii. Measurements.—Two adult males from Maastricht, Holland : head and body, 57 and 58; tail, 49 and 51; tibia, 19°8 and 20°2; foot, 11:8 and 12; forearm, 43°6 and 44; thumb, 9:6 and 9; third finger, 72 and 77; fifth finger, 57 and 62; ear from meatus, 17 and 17:2; width of ear, 10:6 and 11. Two adult females from the same locality : head and body, 60 and 61 ; tail, 47 and 46; tibia, 18 and 18; foot, 11:4 and 11; forearm, 44 and 44; thumb, 9 and 9; third finger, 76 and 75; fifth finger, 61 and 60; ear from meatus, 16°6 and 17 ; width of ear, ll and 11. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 191. Specimens examined.—Six, from the following localities :— Hoxtzanp: Leyden, 1; Maastricht, 4 (U.S.N.M.). Bextcium: Near Namur, 1. 1. Leyden, Holland. Tomes Collection. 7. 1. 1. 501. (A. Schlegel.) éal. Namur, Belgium. Rev. D. B. Lebbe 9.1. 11.1. (c & P). MYOTIS MYOTIS Borkhausen. 1775. ve murinus Schreber, Saugthiere, 1, p. 165 (Not of Linneus, 1758). 1797. Vespertilio myotis Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 80 (Germany). 1797. Vespertilio myosotis Bforkhause]n, Der Zoologe (Compendiose Bibliothek gemeinniitzigsten Kenntnisse fiir alle Stande, pt. xx1), Heft v-vitl, p. 46 (Germany). 1800. Vespertilio myosotis Bechstein, Pennant’s Allgemeine Uebersicht der Vierfiissigen Thiere, p. 632 (Germany). MYOTIS 193 1801. Vespertilio myotis Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutschl., 1, 2nd ed., p. 1154 (Described but not named in Ist ed., 1789, p. 164) Thiiringen, Germany. 1827. Vespertilio submurinus Brehm, Ornis, Heft 111, p. 24 (Renthendorf, Thiringen, Germany). 1844. V[espertilio] latipinnis Crespon, Faune Méridionale, 1, p. 17 (Near Nimes, Gard, France). 1857. Vespertilio murinus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 82 (Not of Linneus, 1758). 1863. [Myotus murinus] var. typus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Natur- kunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvii1, p. 415 (Wiesbaden, Nassau, Germany). 1863. [Myotus murinus] var. alpinus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Natur- kunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xviii, p. 415 (St. Gothard, Uri, Switzerland). 1878. Vespertilio murinus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 309 (Not of Linnzus, 1758). 1886. Myotis murima var. spelea Bielz, Verhandl. u. Mittheilungen des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissensch. in Hermannstadt, XXXVI, p. 83 (Homorod-Almas cave, Hungary). 1897. Myotis myotis Miller, Ann, and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 383, October, 1897. 1909. Myotis myosotis Miller, Ann. Mus. Zool. R. Univ. Napoli, N.S., 1, No. 3, p. 1, April 26, 1909. 1910. Myotis myotis and M. m. spelea Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 82. Type locality—Thiiringen, Germany. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Continental Europe, west to Portugal, north to southern Sweden, eastward into Asia. One record of its occurrence in England.* Diagnosis.—Largest species of European Myotis (forearm, 57 to 64 mm.; longest finger, 100 to 110 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 22 to 23-6 mm.); form heavy, membranes thick and leathery ; ear moderately long, extending about 5 mm. beyond tip of muzzle when laid forward, its posterior margin scarcely or not emarginate above middle ; foot slightly more than half as long as tibia; wing membrane extending to base of outer toe. External characters.—-Although one of the largest European bats Myotis myotis does not differ conspicuously in form from the small M. mystacinus, except that its tail and legs are relatively shorter. The general build is not remarkably heavy as compared with other European species of approximately the same size, but the ears and membranes are rather thick and leathery. Ear moderately long, extending about 5 mm. beyond nostril when laid forward ; anterior margin moderately convex from base nearly to rather narrowly rounded-off tip ; posterior border with shallow ill-defined concavity above ; antitragus low and long, marked off posteriorly by a well-defined notch and not continuous with posterior border of conch; tragus about half as high as ~ Bell, Hist. British Quadrupeds, p. 38, 1886: ‘‘But in England it... has hitherto only been taken in the gardens of the British Museum.” 0 194 CHIROPTERA conch, its greatest width (slightly above level of anterior base, contained about 24 times in length of anterior margin, the posterior border convex to just below rather bluntly rounded tip, the anterior margin straight, posterior basal lobe small but well developed ; inner surface of conch with seven or eight ill-defined transverse ridges near posterior border. Wing rather broad but with no special peculiarities of form; metacarpals somewhat elongated relatively to phalanges as compared with the smaller species, the third, fourth and fifth slightly but evidently graduated, the third scarcely shorter than forearm ; membrane inserted at side of metatarsus, but with a narrow strip extending to base of outer toe as in M. nattereri. Foot slightly more than half as long as tibia; calear heavy at base but tapering rapidly and terminating obscurely, its posterior border with slightly indicated keel, its length about equal to that of free border of interfemoral membrane. Tail about as long as body without head, only the extreme cartilaginous tip free from membrane. Fur and colowr.—Relatively to size of animal the fur is rather short (longest hairs of back about 10 mm.); in distribution it shows no peculiarities; free border of uropatagium without fringe. Colour an indefinite brown much like that of Myotis nattereri, the exact shade intermediate between the wood-brown and broccoli-brown of Ridgway, usually paler on head and neck than on back, and in immature individuals than in adults, the hairs slate-black through basal half, then light wood-brown followed by a darker though not strongly contrasted terminal area. Underparts strongly contrasted greyish white with a - slight buffy tinge ; a well-defined : line of demarcation along sides. of neck to ear, emphasized in region of shoulder by a slight, diffused blackening of edge of dark area. Muzzle and cheeks dusky. Ears and membranes an indefinite brown. Skull.—Though much larger than that of any of the other European species of Myotis, M. oxygnathus excepted, the skull of Myotis myotis is one of the most slender in general outline. The brain-case is longer proportion- ately to its breadth and is less contrasted with rostrum than in Fie. 32. the small members of the group ; Myotis myotis. Nat. size. greatest breadth of brain-case about one-half distance from lambda to posterior margin of nares. Rostrum relatively deep and interorbital concavity relatively shallow ; occipital region MYOTIS 195 about on level with main portion of brain-case, and very slightly overhanging foramen magnum ; ventral profile scarcely elevated posteriorly ; palate rather narrow (essentially as in M. mystacinus) ; width of posterior extension of palate less than its length, median spine short but well developed ; posterior border of anteorbital foramen over anterior root of first molar ; mandible with coronoid process relatively higher and narrower than in the small species, its posterior border much more oblique. Teeth. The dentition is of a less primitive type than in the small European species of Myotis. This is indicated by the general tendency to reduction shown especially in the lower incisors, the small premolars and the posterior lower molar. Upper incisors rather high and slender but not essentially different in form from those of M. mystacinus, the cingulum of inner tooth obsolete, that of outer slightly developed. Lower incisors very strongly im- bricated, the outline of the row [U-shaped or broadly V-shaped ; cutting edge of i, and i, trifid, but decidedly oblique owing to reduction in size of outer cusp; a minute cingulum cusp usu- ally present at extreme outer edge ; 1. with small postero- internal tubercle ; 7, sub- terete, 4-tuberculate, the me- dian outer tubercle largest. Canines relatively smaller than in M. mystacinus and with less developed posterior cutting edge, their form essentially as in M. nattereri and M. emarginatus. Small Fie. 33. upper premolars much Myotis myotis. Teeth x 10. crowded, the second usually forced inward from line of tooth-row, sometimes so much so that the first is practically in contact with large premolar. In form they show no special peculiarities ; shaft subterete ; cingulum well developed. Large upper premolar more reduced than in the small species, the inner margin of crown a mere cingulum at base of main cusp, and without trace of secondary cusps. Lower premolars not peculiar in form, but middle tooth usually more crowded between first and third than in the small members of the group. Molars showing no special peculiarities of form ; thickening that represents hypocone in m! and m? barely indicated ; m? more reduced than in the small species, its meta- cone scarcely more than a slight widening of terminal portion of third commissure. First and second lower molars essentially as B o 2 CHIROPTERA 196 « fort |o-or| est | #2! 8-6 | 3-809] oer] saa] 3 { Ber a - . «| g.or]d-or}o-er} 9-2 | 0-01} #-8| 0-9] 9-71] 9-00) 3 | HeN } ee ee “| g.or|o-or| #-st|9-4/9-6 | 3-8 | 3-9] 0-sT | 9-00] 4 fora |e . « lo.tr]o.or| ser] 7-2 | 0-0r]o-8/0¢|s-erfo-e| 6 { “HON |: + + esouep : puepronag i Ser) Gor Rett | a a ee a ore ee : a “ [| O-IL| ¥-OL] 8} — |] _— | — | ~ ] HST] — | 2 | BOF | | v ; “| 9-OL | 0-0T | 0-8T | 8-4 | F-OL | 9-4] B-G | B-ST)F-83| P 8 '9'F'F * Freneysng, : ermenmMoyy : “| 9-01 | 0-OL | 0-8T | 94] 8-6 | 8-4) 0-9] 0-9T} —~ | 6 | €T'F'CT'LE oe i : ee | 9-0T | 0-0F | O-8T | 3-2 | 8-6 | 9-4) 0-9] 0-GT} 9-66) 8 |ST'FCTL6| = ie : : B-IL | 9-0T | 0-6 | 9-4 | B-OT | B-8 | G-G | 9-ST | F-8 | S | OTP ST LE) > ~ o __ tao AGIs O-IT | 0-OT | 0-8T | 3-8 | 9-01 | 0-8 | BS) O-GT | 9-83] & | 6 "FBT “LE BISOTIS “AASOLNT uo Ajeyeropour =| OTE | G-OL | F-8T | F-4 | B-OT | 0-6 | B-G | O-GT | 0-85 | S | ST'T'T TT Se i : | | OTE | G-OT | B-8T | 9-2 | 0-0 | 0-6 | B-9) F-ST] FEB] S | FPSEET 2 __ arom Aqays “| O-TT | 0-01 | ¥-8T | FL | 0-0T | F-8 | GG} — | 0-86] § | OL'T TTT . uo Apoyerepour “| §.OT | 0-OT | 0-81 | 9-8 | F-OT | F-8 | F-G | O-GT | 8-08) 8 SPSCST . i: 8-0T | 0-0T | ¥-8T | 0-8 | 0-0L | %-8]3-G] — | 0-86] 8 | FETT TT) = i “| g.or|o-or | #-8t | 9-2 | 0-of | 3-8) 9] 0-91 | 8-00) & | SELL TT (eee aes, ‘arom AGS WAL | g-0T | G-OT | B-8T | 0-8 | F-OT | Z-8 9-9] 0-GT] 0-63, 2 | QBETOT | * * epUorTy ‘ouTTIpeD : eouwry sy oe Se se | ge) & | 25| 22 | z6/ 28 | s2 | 2: “suOreAIesqO SB | 5S 5 So | se | se|s2/ se | gS |. ‘ Kk i a Ee afi 2. 38 5m aa | &g oe QS XO TIQUINn NN ‘V1TB00T gz | 35 | = |eg| 8% | 58 /82| se | Fe se | #4 | © | 88) Sa |°R) BE) Se | eg gs . 4 ‘SILOAW STLOAW JO SLINENWEHYNSVEW TIVINVYO 197 MYOTIS ‘arom ATa}eIepour ae ‘aIoM qonur a ‘mom AT9}eIEpouL it3 ‘arom ATUSITS ‘TIOM TONUL ‘aioM AjTaye1epoul ‘TIOM JOU ‘TIOM TONUL ‘miom AjeyeIepouL « ‘ai0m ATVqSITS ‘aI0M jou ‘arom ATVq8ITS ‘trom Ajeyerepout ‘ai0om ATAU BTSs ‘m0 Ajoye19pout ‘arom ATVQSTS "TIOM YOU ‘arom ATAqSITS TIee7, OMDONODOSO © OMOHWoOoOcCOHWooowo AOnnnOn OC FWOCONn nN nANnHOONnHOO So ee ee | SO9AHSSOSaAD5SSO mo non anand Aono OShO5055 & SFADMONOSOO ANDMBDANCDODMDWOCOSOSO Sol 2 . 2° oar oo 9 Oo = Otr~MOoOor-nm oO DOLE DDODODROARK So ne oe Se ee re SCHAHDODADD O HODDANDODDOOMHD ook] ne 2 @ co Sn nmarane onl Se oe Oe } cal A CHAAHOOHO OO HHAAHANDHOOCONDN Freee eererero © Fe Oorree re oOo = fo) Lan! ~s a o i=} onl ve} i 6-0T %-L | G-OT A DDAHDOOD DO DONDODDOONANOAH DMrODDDOOMrO - -renDoOrorrroaorre HH ioe] 9-8 WD 01D 19091. 19.10.19 WDD A. 19.19 109.129. 19.19). 109.129.1209) 1.1 nN uw 0-g lo oe Ro) | eid a anor WOHOAONDON OC ONMWOOWOOOCOWOW ANMIANN DB AUANDANANDAMAMNMANADMAN SHHOSOSSMWO 110 19.19) 1) 109. 10. aD) HH So eo a wo an AW 10 19 19 19.1) SH LD mAnintnAndnined oO @ Yo Ss oe ine) ANNANAA A ANNANNAANANAANAN oO © ann aN 2 ise) a Or OF OF OF OF OF SO OF Or OF Or 0 ine) SO FO OF OF OF OF OF OF FO LTP 8 °9 TOSSOT 96 °G ‘TIT eouexy L¥998 67998 87998 T6TTSL GOB8ETT T98STT 6S8ETT 9S8eTT SS8eIT PSSsIt PEISPL S6TSFT { ZBq4OT LIGG ‘ ZBqGOTL €18 K ZeyOW ose See “ aan “ WeIpseQ : BIUIpIeg . “ * epesaey, : ATIOIS * 0UeIOL,A * eumoy BLNsTy ‘osroqreurg : Aye] “ce “ ourory, eyUOPL "IQ ‘yqeurepuy 6“ NesINY YL ‘WeTIMI0sey, (a . tTasney \-geyog ‘ue8udeqy, * BAOTIOX) : pUBLIOZIIMG 198 CHIROPTERA in the small species, except that cingulum does not form a postero- internal cusp behind entoconid ; m, with hypoconid and ento- conid more reduced than in the small species, the hypoconid displaced further inward, so that second triangle is barely half as large as first and conspicuously different from it in form. Measurements.— Average and extremes of four adult females from Tagerwilen, Thurgau, Switzerland: head and body, 75:7 (72-79) ; tail, 56°3 (54-60); tibia, 26-1 (25-4-26°6); foot, 14-7 (13-16); forearm, 63 (63); thumb, 13:1 (12:8-13°4) ; third finger, 107-7 (106-109) ; fifth finger, 85:2 (84-86); ear from meatus, 27°6 (27-28) ; width of ear, 18:1 (17:6-19). Two adult females from Mte. Generoso, Ticino, Switzerland: head and body, 72 and 76; tail, 50 and 51; tibia, 25 and 25°4 ; foot, 15 and 14:4; forearm, 62 and 63:6; thumb, 13 and 12; third finger, 104 and 107; tifth finger, 83 and 84; ear from meatus, 27 and 28; width of ear, 18 and 18°6. Adult male from Florence, Italy: head and body, 68; tail, 55: tibia, 25; foot, 13; forearm, 61 ; thumb, 12; third finger, 100 ; fifth finger, 78 ; ear from meatus, 27:6; width of ear, 17°6. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 196. Specimens ecamined.—Ninety-five, from the following localities :— France: Cadillac, Gironde, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Nimes, Gard, 2 (B.M. and Nimes; representing latipinnis Crespon, but not type). Germany: Hamburg, 1; Niesky, Silesia, 11; Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 8; Heidelberg, Baden, 1. Austria-Huncary: Herkulesbad, 1; Fiinfkirchen, 8.W. Hungary, 2. Rovumanta: Bustenari, 3; Sinaia, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SwirzERLanp: Geneva, 7 (Mottaz); Grotte de Vallorbe, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz); Boudry, Neuchatel, 2 (Mottaz); St. Moritz,1; Thayngen, Schaft- hausen, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Canton Thurgau, 5; Tagerwilen, Thurgau, 10 (U.S.N.M.); Andermatt, Uri, 1 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gothard, Uri, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Monte Generoso, Ticino, 4 (U.S.N.M.). Iraty: Domodossola, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Finalborgo, Liguria, 1 (Genoa) ; Florence, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Rome, 2; Ostia, Rome, 2; Marsala, Sicily, 6. Sarpinia: Oristano, Cagliari, 10. Spain: Seville, 2. PortuGaL: Cintra, 2. Remarks.—Myotis myotis differs strikingly from the other European members of the genus, M. oxygnathus excepted, in its much larger size. From the large Vespertilionide of other genera it is immediately recognizable by its long ears, extending notice- ably beyond nostril when laid forward, and by the greyish white colour of the underparts. In the Mediterranean region Myotis myotis is associated with M. oxygnathus ; but it is the only large species known to occur north of the Alps. lal. Nimes, Gard, France. G. E. Dobson (£). 80. 12. 14. 2. Hamburg, Germany. Dr. J.. HE. Gray (P). des 26,82, Niesky, Silesia. (Dr. Dr. E. Hamilton (Pp). 97.12. 4. 7-17. ? juv. W. Baer.) 6%. Strass, Burgheim, Ba- Lord Lilford (P). 11. 1. 1. 10-15. varia. (K6érbitz.) Be Strass, Burgheim, Ba- Lord Lilford (r). 11, 1. 1. 124. varia. (Kérbitz.) 111,415 181, MYOTIS 199 Pi Heidelberg, Baden. Hon. N. C. Roths- 10. 5. 29. 1. child (P). gjuv. Herkulesbad, Hungary. Hon. W. Rothschild 7. 9. 16. 8. (F. J. Coz.) Pp). Qal. Fiintkirchen. Budapest Museum (2). 94.7. 18. 11-12. 26,% Bustenari, Prahova, Lord Lilford (r). 4. 4, 6. 8-10. 840 m. Roumania. (W. Dodson.) 1. St. Moritz, Grisons, Swit- Leon O. Galliard (rp). 75. 9. 20. 4. zerland. 5? Thurgau. (H. H. Zolli- O. Thomas (P). 4, 4, 5. 9-18. kofer. 29%. Rome. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 26-27. (R). 2. Ostia, Rome. Dr. L. Sambon (c&pP). 1.1. 2. 1-2. 62%. Marsala, Sicily. (4d. O. Thomas (Pp). 6. 8, 4, 17-20 Robert.) 8. 9. 1. 3-4. 10al. Oristano, Cagliari, Sar- Hon. N. C. Roths- 7, 5. 24. 1-10 dinia. child (Pr). 2éal. Seville, Spain. (Dr. A. Lord Lilford (p). 73. 1. 8. 1-2. Ruiz. 26, Cintra, Portugal. O. Thomas (c & P). 98. 2. 2. 4-5. MYOTIS OXYGNATHUS Monticelli. 1885. Vespertilio oxygnathus Monticelli, Ann. Accad. O. Costa de Aspir. Nat., 1, p. 82. Type in Naples Museum. 1909. Myotis oxygnathus Miller, Ann. Mus. Zool. R. Univ. Napoli, N.S., iu, No. 3, p. 1, April 26, 1909. 1910. Myotis myotis orygnathus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d@’Hurope, p. 32. Type locality Matera, Basilicata, Italy. Geographical distribution Mediterranean region from Spain to Greece, north to Italian Switzerland; Sardinia; Malta; Tunis. Diagnosis.—Similar to Myotis myotis but smaller and with shorter, narrower ears ; condylobasal length of skull, 18°6 to 21°4 instead of 22 to23°6 mm. ; mandible, 15°2 to 17-2 instead of 17°8 to 19 mm. ; maxillary tooth-row, 8:2 to 9:4 instead of 9°8 to 10°6 mm. Measuremenis.—Type (adult male): head and body, 63 ; tail, 54; tibia, 24-4; foot, 13; forearm, 57; thumb, 11°4; third finger, 98; fifth finger, 76 ; ear from meatus, 23 ; width of ear, 13-6; tragus, 10°8. Two adult males from Velletri, Rome, Italy: head and body, 60 and 62; tail, 58 and 58; tibia, 23 and 24-6; foot, 12-8 and 13; forearm, 53:6 and 57; thumb, 12 and 11; third finger, 89 and 86; fifth finger, 73 and 76 ; ear from meatus, 23 and 24; width of ear, 14 and 15. Two adult females from the same locality: head and body, 62 and 66; tail, 58 and 57; tibia, 24 and 24°6; foot, 13 and 12; forearm, 56 and 58; thumb, 11 and 11-8; third finger, 93 and 97 ; fifth finger, 74 and 78; ear from meatus, 23 and 22; width of ear, 13°6 and 13:6. Adult male and female from Bozen, Tirol: head and body, 68 and 71; tail, 53 and 53; tibia, 25-4 and 24 ; foot, CHIROPTERA 200 ‘aio ATQysys ¥-6 | O-LT | G-L | 0-OT 0-FT ° GLLGOT : . ‘mi0m Ajeyerepou =“ 0-6 | 8-91 | 0-4 | 8-6 0-FT ° SLLGOT ; ; a ‘usom AYyss “« 8-8 | G-9T 0-1) 8-6 8-81 ° BLLGOT ; ay ‘atom you“ 9-8 | 3-91 | 8-91 9-6 9-8T ° TLLGOT “emLOY ‘192719 A ‘urom ATQqsiys “ 9-8 | 6-91} 0-4 | 9-6 8-&I & | SBS‘ IT ee ‘wom you“ 8-8 | 0-9T | 0-4 | 0-0T 8-1 9 | GTI | * : ; ty ‘uiom AToyeropour =“ 9-8 | 0-9T | 0-4 | 0-0T 0-FT 9 | 8S TIT} * ; : i ‘urom ATVYSITS ‘ 8-8 | B-9T | 0-4 | 8-6 0-41 9 | BC TIT) * ; * emloyy ‘wx0m AToyeIepout —« 0-6 | 39T | ¥-2| 9-6 9-81 & | OPEL Nowe “eeomqmontag ss : 7-8 | 0-9T | GL | 9-6 0-8T ? es ‘ ‘ a “WIOM JOT 0-8 | 0-9T | 0-4 | 8-6 0-8T ° ie : * o8s0qreut is ms 3-8 | 0-9T | 0-4] F-6 F&I 5 | BOUeD 69T | fdpaenoey ep ee : Apeqy ‘uiom Aqgqsys 9-8 |0-9T|0-L] 8-6 8-8T #S998 OULLL, ‘ouBsIN'T : puepIeZyiMg ‘uIoM you %-6 | O-LT | 3-8 | 0-0T 0-FT & | OL'%'8’8 : Ke ‘u1om AToyeIepour 4499], 6-6 | 9-9T | ¥-8 | 0-0T B-F1 ° LGTCLT soSing seeu : uredg so a gE} sel g |€3) gy] ck) 22] oe | <2 “SUOTIBAIOSGO ea as & ao BE | se | &¢ 2s Be “xa! “roqum. “f 1 Pe | FE) @ | 38] 22 /Be! 28] Be |] Ss s Taqumn SL {HBOOT o¢ $8 = ag | 8 | Sebi ee] Se | ry 2B | 24 | © |ER| 82 | Pe) oe) PS | 8 25 ave Fe ‘SOHLYNDAXO SILOAN JO SLINANBTYASVAN 'IVINVYO 201 ‘arom AToyeIepout ‘arom ATQYBIS “TLIO JOU “ ‘uiom ATyqsts is “ MYOTIS ‘uroa ATO] BIOpOUt ‘atom ATPISITS “ iis “U1OM TONUL ‘aoa, A144 8T]s | | i i | 0-0T 0-6 0-6 6-6 9-6 0-6 0-0T 8-6 0-01 F-01 9-6 8-6 8-6 0-0T 0-0T 8-6 8-6 0-0T ¥-O1 0-0T ¥-O1 “dIOM Jou qAeeq, | F-OT 6-6 9-8 0-8 9-8 9:8 6-8 0-6 0-6 6-6 6-6 0-6 0-6 8-8 6-6 0-6 0-6 8-8 6-6 $6 6-6 P-6 F-6 0-LT 9-ST 6-1 8-ST 6-91 9-ST 9-91 Q-LT 8-9T 6-LT G-9T 9-9T ¥-9T 0-LT 0-LT 0-LT 6-91 9-91 0-LT 9-9T 0-LT G-L1 8-6 9-6 Geb 0-8 9-L 0:8 0-4 G-b 0-4 8-L PL 8h Feb O-L GL O-L O-L O-L per | — — | 9.08 — | $18 — | ¥-03 9-FL , 0-16 B-PL | 3-18 SO Or. ‘OF (Oe SO) “SO. Ge “to “SO tO OF "oO SO %O SO SO Oo %O OF OF O9TGST TOGSPT OOGSFT 66TSPT 9GLSFT S6TSPT 8° GIG LG OLS 9° GTS GG BT'S € PF '8°G 6 78'S TP 8 °¢ 61 TT TT 6FGSST OSGEST ST TT IT TTS98 go¢98 Bgg98 ¥SS98 FTELE : * stung, ar : Ke 3 YJULIOD 1 e000I4) : 3 < ¥: + “ - i ; * e901 » “ * 01808] TOP ity - “ ‘ * BIB Heysep ae cc nquesieaueD as BIUIpIsg 202 CHIROPTERA 14 and 14; forearm, 59 and 60; thumb, 11:4 and 11-6; third finger, 97 and 98 ; fifth finger, 76 and 78; ear from meatus, 26 and 25; width of ear, 17 and 15. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 200. Specimens examined.—Seventy-four, from the following localities :— Spain: Near Burgos, 2. SwitzERLanp: Lugano, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.). AustRI4-HuneGary: Bozen, Tirol, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Inaty: Finalborgo, Liguria, 2 (Genoa); Isoverde, 1 (Genoa): Vallom- brosa, Florence, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Rome, 4; Velletri, Rome, 15 (U.S.N.M.); Matera, Basilicata, 1 (Naples, type). Sarpinia: Cagliari, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Monte Gennargentu, 3 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Matra: El Ghain, 5; Rubato, 3; no exact locality, 4. MonrreneGro: Beri, 4. GREECE: Patras, 2; Corinth, 7 (U.S.N.M.); Nauplia, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Lamia, Thessaly, 1 (U.S.N.M.) Crete: Labyrinth, 4. Tunis: No exact locality, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.-—In general appearance Myotis oxygnathus resembles M. myotis, though the colour perhaps averages somewhat darker. It is readily distinguishable, however, by its smaller skull (distinctly smaller head in spirit specimens), and shorter, narrower ears. In form the skull is like that of M. myotis; and the teeth are not peculiar except for their small size, a character readily appreciable on comparison of the canines or of the crown area of upper molars. The range of Myotis oxygnathus is, so far as known, strictly Mediterranean, probably coincident with that of M. capaccinitt and Pipistrellus kuhlii. North of the Alps M. myotis occurs alone. 2. Burgos, Spain. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 10. 44, Rome, Italy. (Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2, 22-25, P). 346,2?, El Ghain, Malta. Loe Lilford (P.) 11. 1. 1. 16-20. (Micallef) 3, %. Rubato, Malta. Lord Lilford (e). ll. 1. 1. 21-24, (Micallef.) 4, Malta. (Micallef.) Lord Lilford (p). 95. 3. 2. 3-6. 24,2? Beri,50m. Montenegro. O. Thomas (P). 5. 8.4, 1-4. (L. Fiihrer.) ees Patras, Greece. Hon. N. C. Roths- 8. 10. 2. 15-16. (C. Mottaz.) child (P). 34,%. Labyrinth, Crete. Miss D. Bate (c). 5. 12. 2. 5-8. Genus PIPISTRELLUS Kaup. 1829. Pipistrellus Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, I, p. 98 (pipistrellus). 1837. Pipistrellus Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fase. xx. 1838. Romicia Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot., mu, p. 495, February, 1838 (calcarata = kuhlit). 1839. Vesperugo Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur- gesch., 1839, 1, p. 312 (part). 1856. Hypsugo Kolenati, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neue Folge, 11, p. 131 (maurus and krascheninikowit). PIPISTRELLUS 203 1856. Nannugo Kolenati, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neue Folge, u, p. 181 (nathusu, pipistrellus, and kuhlit). 1857. Vesperugo Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 49 (part). 1878. Vesperugo Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 183 (part). 1897. Pipistrediws Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 384, October, 1897. 1899. Euvesperugo Acloque, Faune de France, Mammiféres, p. 35 (part, included noctula, leisleri, maurus, kuhlii, pipistrellus, and abramus). 1907. Pipistrellus Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 204, June 29, 1907. Type species.—Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber. Geographical distribution.—Entire mainland of Eastern Hemi- sphere to limits of tree growth, also Malay Archipelago, New Guinea, Solomon Islands, and northern Australia ; in America from northern United States (except in boreal zone) to southern Mexico. Characters.—Like LEptesicus (p. 224), but with 2—2 upper premolars ; dental formula: 7 =, ¢ Hi, pm 53, m #2 = 34. Remarks.—The genus Pipistrellus is widely distributed in the warmer portions of the Old World and of North America. About forty species are now known, four of which occur in Europe. Externally these may often be confused with the smaller Myotis, though they may usually be recognized by a certain heaviness of form, and more especially by the shorter ear and less slender tragus. Though often regarded as nearly related to Nyctalus, on account of the similarity of dental formula, this genus is much the more primitive of the two, its members showing no tendency to modify the ordinary vespertilionine wing structure. It is in reality not much more than a sub-genus of Eptesicus (see remarks under the latter), though for the sake of convenience the two groups are best treated as distinct. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF PIPISTRELLUS. Anterior upper premolar excessively minute, some- times hidden by the gum, its crown area much less than that of outer incisor; anterior lower premolar with crown area less than half that of posterior premolar; greatest width of tragus nearly equal to length of anterior border; hairs of back usually with noticeably contrasted light PPS: vapis adias vanes peat aveyee dou avaarensuaueetansiensn quads seis P, savit, p. 219. Anterior upper premolar not excessively minute, never hidden by the gum, its crown area about equal to that of outer incisor; anterior lower premolar with crown area more than half that of posterior premolar; greatest width of tragus much less than length of anterior border; hairs of back without noticeably contrasted light tips. Outer upper incisor less than half as high as inner; large upper premolar almost or quite in contact with canine, the small premolar forced inward from tooth-row and scarcely or 7 not visible from outer Sid@.........cseceeeee P. kuhlit, p. 215. e 204 CHIROPTERA Outer upper incisor more than half as high as 1774. 1776. 1825. 1834. 1839. 1839. 1840. 1840. 1840. 1840. 1845. 1845. 1845. 1857. 1862. 1863. inner; large upper premolar separated from canine by distinct space in which the small premolar is clearly visible from outer side. Lower canine robust, the length of base along cingulum about equal to length of anterior border of shaft; condylobasal length of skull 11 to 12 mm.; thumb short, its length about equal to width of wrist; fifth finger ebowt OMIM. wriniessewsineoascvesesansamiewacteee P. pipistreilus, p. 204. Lower canine slender, the length of base along cingulum slightly more than half length of anterior border of shaft; condylobasal length of skull 12:6 to 13°4 mm.; thumb long, its length much greater than width of wrist; fifth finger about 46 mm............. P. nathusii, p. 213. PIPISTRELLUS PIPISTRELLUS Schreber. Vespertilio pipistrellus Schreber, Saugthiere, 1, pl. t1v. Described, 1, p. 167, 1775, under name Die Zwergfledermaus. (France, based primarily on Daubenton.) Vespertilio pipistrelle P. L. S. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.- Band, p. 16 (France, based on Schreber). Vespertilio pygmeus Leach, Zool. Journ., 1, p. 560, January, 1825 (Dartmoor, Devonshire, Eng!and). Vespertilio brachyotos Baillon, Mém. Soc. Royale d’Emulation d’ Abbeville, 1833, p. 50 (Abbeville, Somme, France). ’ ? [Vespertilio pipistrellus] var. nigra de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 140 (nomen nudum). ? [Vespertilio pipistrellus] var. rufescens de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micromamm., p. 140 (nomen nudum). V(espertilio] pusillus Schinz, Europ. Fauna, 1, p. 9 (Synonym of prpistrellus ; Brehm cited as authority). V[espertilio] melanopterus Schinz, Europ. Fauna, 1, p. 9. Brehm cited as authority, but name apparently published here for first time (Rhentendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). V[espertilio] stenotus Schinz, Kurop. Fauna, i, p. 9. Brehm cited as authority, but name apparently published here for first time (Rhentendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). Vespertilio minutissimus Schinz, Europ. Fauna, 1, p. 9 (Ziirich, Switzerland). Plipistrellus] nigricans Bonaparte, Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani, Milano, 1844, p. 340. Described but not named in Atti della seconda Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani, Torino, 1840, p. 247, 1841. (Sardinia.) Pipistrellus genet Bonaparte, Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scien- ziati Italiani, Milano, 1844, p. 340 (Alternative name for nigricans). Plipistrellus] typws Bonaparte, Atti della sesta Riunione degli Scien- ziati Italiani, Milano, 1844, p. 340 (Substitute for pipistrellus Schreber). Vesperugo pipistrelius Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 61. Vesperugo pipistrellus var. macropterus Jeitteles, Verhandl. der k. k. Zool. Bot. Gesellsch., Wien, x11, p. 250 (Kaschau, Hungary). [Nannugo pipistrellus] var. typus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvii, p. 490. Not of Bonaparte, 1845 (Wiesbaden, Hessen-Nassau, Germany). PIPISTRELLUS 205 1863. [Nannugo pipistrellus] var. flavescens Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvi, p. 491 (Nassau, Germany). 1863. [Nannugo pipistrellus] var. nigricans Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvi, p. 491. Not of Bonaparte, 1845 (Nassau, Germany). 1863. [Nannugo pipistrellus] var. imbatus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvitt, p. 491 (Siegen, Nassau, Germany). 1878. Vesperugo pipistrellus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 223. 1897. Pipistrellus pipistrellus Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., XX, p. 884, October, 1897. 1904. Pipistrellus pipistrellus mediterraneus Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., 11, p. 273 (Valencia, Spain). 1910. Pipistrellus pipistrelius and P. pipistrellus mediterraneus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 14-15. Type locality —France. Geographical distribution—Europe from the Mediterranean north to Scotland and Scandinavia, west to Ireland and the Hebrides, east into Asia. Diagnosis.—Smallest European member of the genus (forearm, 27-6 to 32 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 11 to 12 mm.); outer upper incisor more than half as high as inner incisor ; large upper premolar separated from canine by a distinct space, the small tooth visible from outer side, its crown area about equal to that of outer incisor; anterior lower premolar with crown area equal to more than half that of succeeding tooth ; lower canine robust, the length of base along cingulum about equal to length of anterior border of shaft ; tragus with greatest width less than length of anterior border; thumb short, its length about equal to width of wrist; length of fifth finger about 40mm. ; posterior edge of wing membrane usually dark. External characters.—General form robust, the tail and legs rather short, the membranes relatively thick and opaque. Muzzle with very noticeable glandular swellings extending back to beneath eye. Ear extending about to nostril when laid forward, its general form rather short and broad, though with narrowly rounded tip; anterior border abruptly convex at base, then essentially straight almost to tip; posterior border faintly and irregularly concave above, evenly convex below, the antitragal lobe represented by a thickened ridge extending along margin of ear and turning abruptly inward without producing any notice- able break in outline of conch. Inner surface of conch slightly rugose, but without evident cross ridges. Tragus erect, scarcely half as high as conch, its tip broadly rounded, its greatest width (slightly above level of anterior base) about half length of anterior border ; except near tip, both borders are nearly straight or very slightly convex; posterior basal lobe small but well defined. Wing rather narrow, with no special peculiarities of form, the third, fourth and fifth metacarpals sub-equal (fifth slightly shorter than 206 CHIROPTERA the others) and extending nearly to point of elbow ; fifth finger extending beyond elbow to a distance equal to less than one- third length of forearm ; thumb short, its length about equal to width of wrist ; membrane inserted at base of outer toe. Foot about half as long as the short, robust tibia ; calcar considerably longer than free border of interfemoral membrane, robust at base, but tapering rapidly and terminating without lobe, its keel well developed, with evenly convex margin. Tail about as long as body without head and 24 times as long as tibia, the short terminal vertebra free from membrane. Fur and colour—The fur is closely confined to the body, showing no tendency to spread on membranes. On wing it extends, both above and below, to line joining knee and basal third of humerus; lower surface of interfemoral membrane essentially naked except at extreme base, upper surface furred nearly to middle. Colour of upper parts a uniform brown, in most specimens nearly intermediate between the wood-brown and cinnamon of Ridway but sometimes darker, with a strong tinge of prouts-brown or raw umber, this especially noticeable in immature specimens, though occasionally evident in adults ; under parts essentially like back though slightly less dark ; hairs everywhere slaty brown at base, those of upper parts with tips darker than sub-terminal band, but not enough so to produce a definitely tricolor effect. Ears and membranes blackish. Skull.—Notwithstanding its small size, less than that of any other European bat, the skull is robust and heavily built as compared with that of the small species of Myotis. Dorsal profile rising gradually from nares to lambda, with slight concavity in interorbital region and slight convexity over middle of brain-case ; occipital region scarcely produced backward except for a median swelling between foramen magnum and lambda, on each side of which a condyle is just visible iA when skull is viewed from above ; ventral profile TRessanty nearly flat except for a slight upward bend pos- teriorly. Brain-case ovate in general outline, 7 its region of greatest breadth distinctly behind middle, its surface smooth or with faintly indi- cated sagittal crest and lateral portion of lambdoid crest ; greatest breadth of brain-case ar. noticeably exceeding that of rostrum and slightly Pipistrellus pipis- though evidently more than half greatest length tretlus, Nat.size. of skull; floor of brain-case flat, without vacui- ties; a distinct groove between cochlea and median ‘portion of floor, this groove bounded antero-externally by a slight though usually evident longitudinal ridge ; auditory bullx moderately large, not peculiar in form ; interorbital region broadly hour-glass shaped, its least breadth about equal to breadth across roots of canines ; between constriction and ante- orbital foramen the orbital margin is slightly but evidently PIPISTRELLUS 207 inflated, the inflated region with a median angle suggesting a rudimentary postorbital process; rostrum short and broad, narrowing gradually in front, a slight concavity at each side bordering lachrymal inflation, and an evident median longi- tudinal groove, most noticeable posteriorly ; nasal emargina- tion slightly deeper than wide, extending less than half way to interorbital constriction ; anteorbital foramen small, over point of contact between large premolar and first molar; palate broad, distinctly concave both longitudinally and laterally ; anterior emargination small, wider than deep, its posterior border on line with posterior edge of canine; mesopterygoid fossa squarish, encroached on anteriorly by broadly triangular median palatal spine ; hamulars slightly turned inward. Mandible robust, the ramus much deeper at symphysis than behind tooth-row, the coronoid process so low that upper edge of posterior portion of mandible is squarely and horizontally truncate, parallel with alveolar line ; aneular process short but well developed, on level with alveolar line, its extremity slightly bent inward. Teeth.—Relatively to size of skull the teeth are rather large and robust, though inclined to be low, tendencies especially noticeable in the canines. Inner upper incisor robust, its shaft nearly half as high as that of canine, and directed strongly forward and slightly inward, its crown irregularly elliptical-oval in outline, with main axis nearly in line of tooth-row ; secondary cusp large and conspicuous, about half as high as main shaft, from the postero-external surface of which it projects ; cingulum well developed, often forming a minute postero-basal cusp. Outer upper incisor slightly but evidently smaller than inner, its shaft more than half as high as that of inner, to secondary cusp of which its extremity is closely approximated; crown outline essentially as in inner tooth but main axis lying at right angles to tooth-row ; posterior surface of shaft broadly concave ; inner margin with small though distinct secondary cusp; cingulum moderately well developed. The main cusps of the two teeth lie in line of general curve of anterior portion of tooth-row. Space between outer incisor and canine about equal to greatest diameter of incisor. Lower incisors forming a continuous, broadly U-shaped row between’ canines, their crowns very slightly imbricated ; crowns much longer than high, trifid, that of 7, narrowest, longest and lowest, that of 1, and i, widened posteriorly but without additional cusps or tubercles. Upper canine robust, the greatest diameter of its crown about three-quarters length of anterior border of shaft, the cross section of shaft broadly triangular with longest side formed by nearly flat postero-internal surface ; a sharply defined antero-exteral longitudinal groove, and less definite postero-external concavity ; anterior edge narrow but not strictly trenchant ; posterior edge trenchant, with well marked angle slightly below middle, this angle frequently becom- ing a distinct secondary cusp ; cingulum well developed but not 208 CHIROPTERA forming true basal cusps. Mandibular canine low and heavy, its apex scarcely rising above level of highest molar cusps, its greatest diameter measured along cingulum nearly or quite equal to length of anterior border of shaft ; cingulum well developed, forming a distinct antero-basal cusp, the apex of which rises to level of middle of posterior border of shaft. Anterior upper premolar with area of crown approximately equal to that of upper incisor and about one-fifth that of canine. It is somewhat crowded inward from tooth-row, though about half of its crown is visible from outer side in space between canine and large premolar ; main cusp short but well developed, lying somewhat in front of middle of crown, the general form of the tooth much like that of canine but proportionally lower. Large upper premolar with crown area about equal to that of canine or slightly greater, the inner portion narrow and flattened-concave, with evident elevated rim, the posterior border strongly concave, the anterior border usually convex ebobiy ceo but occasionally a little concave; height of main cusp slightly greater than that of highest Fe. 86. molar cusps and about equal to length of Pipistrelius pipistrelus. tooth along outer cingulum, posterior cutting edge well developed ; secondary cusp low but evident, rising from cingulum at antero-internal base of main cusp. Lower premolars with crown areas not conspicuously unequal, though that of second perceptibly greater than that of first ; outline of crown of each tooth rhombic, the outer border somewhat convex, the anterior border of second relatively shorter than that of first ; cingulum well developed, forming a slight antero-internal basal cusp ; main cusp triangular in outline when viewed from the side, that of second as high as molar cusps, that of first shorter, the antero-external surface of each tooth convex, the internal and posterior surfaces concave. First and second upper molars sub-equal, though transverse diameter is relatively greater in latter than in former ; inner border rather narrowly rounded, the region of greatest convexity a little in front of middle; anterior and posterior borders straight or slightly concave; protocone robust though rather low; hypocone small but well developed, though not completely distinct from posterior commissure of protocone ; metacone higher than paracone ; styles well developed ; \W-pattern normal; m? with crown area about two-thirds that of m1, the hypocone absent, the metacone smaller than paracone ; no trace of metastyle or fourth commissure. Lower molars with no special peculiarities ; protoconid higher than hypoconid in all three teeth ; hypoconid with greater basal area than protoconid in m, and m,, but with less in m,; cingulum well developed, forming a slight postero-internal cusp behind entoconid. Measurements.—Adult male from Henley-on-Thames, Oxford- ) PIPISTRELLUS 209 shire, England : head and body, 44 ; tail, 32; tibia, 10-4; foot, 6; forearm, 30-4; thumb, 4°4; third finger, 52; fifth finger, 38. Two adult males from Sorrento, Italy: head and body, 42 and 43; tail, 29 and 32; tibia, 10-8 and 10; foot, 5:8 and 6:2; forearm, 30°4 and 31; thumb, 4°8 and 4:2; third finger, 53 and 53; fifth finger, 39 and 38; ear from meatus, 11:4 and 11:4; width of ear, 8:2 and 8:2. Two adult females from the same locality: head and body, 39 and 40; tail 32 and 33; tibia, 10°8 and 10°6 ; foot, 6 and 6; forearm, 32 and 30-2; thumb, 5 and 4°4; third finger, 58 and 52; fifth finger, 41-6 and 40 ; ear from meatus, 12 and 11°2; width of ear, 8:4 and 8. Adult female from Burgos, Spain, and adult female from Ciudad Real, Spain: head and body, 49 and 39; tail, 31 and 30; tibia, 10°6 and 9°6; foot, 4:8 and 5°6; forearm, 32 and 28°8; thumb, 5 and 4°6; third finger, 57:6 and 51; fifth finger, 42 and 38; ear from meatus, 10:4 and 10°4. Extremes of twenty males from Florence, Italy : head and body, 33-38 ; tail, 26-31; tibia, 9: 2- 9°6; foot, 5°0-5°2; forearm, 27: 6-30; thumb, 5:0-5-0; third finger, 49-53 ; fifth finger, 34°6-40. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 210. Specimens examined.—Two hundred and seventy-nine, from the following localities :— Irnrtanp: Co. Longford, 1; Co. Antrim, 1. Eneuanp: Alnwick, Northumberland, 1; Bowdon, Cheshire, 1; Great Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 1; Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Tring, Hertfordshire, 4: Lilford, Northamptonshire, 2; Aberia, Morioneth- shire, 1; Chelmsford, Essex, 2; London, 1; Wimbledon, Surrey, 1; Twig- worth, Gloucestershire, 1; New Forest, Hampshire, 1; Netley, Hamp- shire, 1; Loddiswell, Devonshire, 1. SwEDEN: Upsala, 6. Denmarx: Hilleréd, Zealand, 1. France: Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas-de-Calais, 2; Etupes, Doubs, 1 (Mottaz); Nimes, Gard, 8 (Mottaz and Nimes, the last wrongly marked ‘ype of nigrams Crespon); St. Genies, Gard, 1 (Mottaz); Marseilles, 1 S.N.M. ( Gee Bonn, 4; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 1; Magdeburg, Saxony, 1; Berlin, 1; Rudolstadt, Bavaria, 3; Niesky, Silesia, 1. Austria-Hungary: Transylvania, 1; Zara, Dalmatia, 1. SwitzERLAND: Geneva, 15 (Mottaz); Buchillon, Vaud, 4 (Mottaz); Morat, Fribourg, 1 (Mottaz); Neuchatel, 1 (Mottaz); Cortivallo, Ticino, 1(U.8.N.M.); Mt. San Salvatore, Ticino, 13 (U.S.N.M.). Iraty: Campiglio, Tirol, 1; near Genoa, 10 (U.S.N.M. and Genoa) ; Isola Giglio, 2 (Genoa); Florence, 103 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); Rome, 2 U.S.N.M.); Sorrento, 21 (U.S.N.M.); Mondulo, Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.); eee Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sicily, no exact locality, 1; Ustica Island, 1 .8.N.M.). SARDINIA: Cagliari, 17 (B.M. and Genoa); no exact locality, 2. Grence: Athens, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Tatoi, near Athens, 11; Kephissia, near Athens, 4. Spain: Villalba, Lugo, 1; Burgos, 3; Silos, Burgos, 2; La Granja, Beep via, 4; Ciudad Real, Madrid, 2; Granada, 1; Seville, 1; Alcala, near eville, 1. ‘ Remarks.—Pipistrellus pipistrellus is the smallest as weil as one of the commonest and most generally distributed of European P CHIROPTERA “cc “ce ‘TI0M dyoyeropomr 8-5 BH) SS] BF F-9/8-F| 9-6) GL) 9-IT] & | $°8T'F'S6 ca - 9-7)0-7)3-8) 0-F |3-9/F-7] Fe] — | FIT] 9 | FST 'H'o6 | ToBuLINGL ‘ypeslopuy 7 ss e-P/0-F | 0-8] 3-F | 3-9| Fb] G-E] 3-L)0-1T] 2 | B'T'G'99| ° z : urreg : AuBurste ry womjon “9.9 o7 4-8] FF | 7-9 9-7) ¥-8] 8-4] 8-11] 8 | 56 TS | opie menmenieenty med Seon * $->/0-6|0-8| -F | F-9)9-F!)9-E|9-L) BIT] 9 | T°L'9°86 | ° puesez ‘porel[tH : yzvurueq a ‘ 7-P13-b 10-8] BF |} 3-9) 9D] FS) OL) FIT] & | 9'T TIT] * ‘ ‘ re Oe a ef 9-7/3) 3-8] bP | F-9 8-F| FE} — | IT = : : 5 oy o + F-P|GP|F-8) GF | S-9 9-F] BE] 8-4 9-1 Le-L'T ‘Tt | ° : ‘ mS 7 is GF | S-F | F-8) FF | S-9/9-F 13-8] 9L) GIT] & | STL TIT : : oe XC! es es FF | 3-b!| 3-8! 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Superficially it may be distinguished from the almost equally small Myotis mystacinus by its smaller ears and shorter legs ; but for positive discrimination from the members of the genus Pipistrellus recourse to the more technical characters of skull and teeth is necessary. On superficial examination it may usually be recognized among its congeners by its small size, and by the shortness of the fifth finger. 3al, Co. Longford, Ireland. Dr. G. E. Dobson (P). 76. 2.12.1. 2st. Co. Antrim. Hon. N. C. Rothschild (p). 1. 9. 3. 6. g. Alnwick, Northum- W.E.de Winton (P). 11. 1. 8. 390. berland, England. 26,29. Tring, Hertfordshire. Hon. N.C. Rothschild (p). 9. 2. 19. 1-4. g. Lilford, Northampton- Lord Lilford (r). 11. 1. 1. 125. shire. 2%. Chelmsford, Essex. M. Christy and BE. L. 11.1.8. 23-24, Thompson (P). ? juv. al. London. Dr. A. Giinther (P). 74. 7.6.1. é. Wimbledon, Surrey. C.H.B.Grant(c&p), 11.1.3. 27. juv. Mee Forest, Hamp- Col.J.W.Yerbury (c& Pp), 11.1. 3. 389. shire. ?al. Netley, Hampshire. Dr.G.E. Dobson (c & P). 76. 11.3.1. ge. Loddiswell, Devon- Col. J.W.Yerbury (c &P). 11.1. 3. 25. shire. 39. Upsala, Sweden. Lord Lilford (r). 11. 1. 1. 26-28. (Kolthoff.) 3 Hilleréd, Zealand, O. Thomas (c & P). 96. 6. 7. 1. Denmark. 6,%. Boulogne, Pas-de- O. Thomas (c & P). 98. 1. 9. 1-2. Calais, France. é,? al. Bonn, Rhineland, Dr. A. Giinther (P). ——= Germany. ce Ingelheim, Rhein- C. H. Hilgert (c). 8. 11. 2. 8-4. hessen. Gal. Magdeburg, Saxony. Dr. W. Wolterstorff (p). 92. 12.1. 2. gal. Berlin. Dr. A. Giinther (P). 66. 2. 1. 22. Gal. Transylvania, Hun- O©.G. Danford and J. A. 74.7. 4.6. gary. Brown (c & P). 3. Zara, Dalmatia. Lord Lilford (Pr). 11. 1. 1. 29. Qal. Ciudad Real, Spain. A. Cabrera (pr). 8. 7. 23. 2-8 2. Burgos, Prov. Burgos. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 14. g. Silos, Burgos. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 15. lal. Campiglio, Tirol, G.C.Champion(c&p). 96.8. 7.1. Italy. 8 juv. al. Sicily. 46. 6. 15. 6. 14al, Aristano, Cagliari, Hon.N.C. Rothschild (P). 7. 5. 24, 11-24. Sardinia. (C. Krausse.) 2 juv. al. Sardinia. (P. Bonomi.) E. N. Buxton (r). 95. 4. 16. 4-5. 82. Tatoi, Athens, Greece. Hon. N.C. Rothschild (rp). 8. 10. 2. 19-21. (C. Mottaz.) 3,39. Kephissia, Aihens. C. Mottaz (c). 8. 11. 3. 4-7. PIPISTRELLUS 213 PIPISTRELLUS NATHUSII Keyserling and Blasius. 18389. V[espertilio] nathusit Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1839, 1, p. 320 (Berlin, Germany). 1857. Vesperugo nathusii Blasius, Sdugethiere Deutschlands, p. 58. 1878. Vesperugo abramus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 226 (Part: not of Temminck). 1900. Pipistrellus nathusii Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungarie, p. 276. 1905. Vesp[erugo] nathusii var. unicolor Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat., Genéve, 4th ser., x1x, p. 510, May, 1905 (Geneva, Switzerland). Type in Geneva Museum. 1910. Pipistrellus abramus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 16. Type locality. Berlin, Germany. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Continental Europe ; exact limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Not so small as Pipistrellus pipistrellus (forearm, 32 to 35 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull, 12:6 to 13:4 mm.), which in general it resembles, but: small upper premolar better developed, the greatest diameter of its crown nearly half that of canine ; canines both ‘above and below much more slender, the length of base of lower tooth measured along cingulum slightly more than half length of anterior border ; tragus more slender, its greatest width much less than length of anterior border ; thumb long, its length much greater than width of wrist; length of fifth finger about 46 mm. ; posterior edge of wing membrane always pale, though never sharply defined white. External characters.—In general and apart from the animal’s less diminutive size, the external characters are essentially as in Pipistrellus pipistrellus. Ear larger and broader with more obtuse apex, more evidently concave posterior border, the inner surface of conch more rugose and with about four irregular cross striations behind tragus; antitragus small but well defined, projecting distinctly beyond border of conch ; tragus about as high as in P. pipistrellus and similarly blunt at tip, but with posterior border more evidently convex; posterior basal lobe small, usually less well defined than in P. pipistrellus. Wing larger and relatively broader than in P. pipistrellus, the meta- carpals as in the smaller animal, but fifth finger extending beyond elbow to a distance equal to decidedly more than one-third length of forearm ; thumb less shortened than in the other European members of the genus, its length noticeably greater than width of wrist ; membrane inserted at base of outer toe. Foot, calcar and tail as in P. pipistrellus. Fur and colowr.—Fur slightly more loose in texture than that of P. pipistrellus, the individual hairs somewhat longer, those at middle of back about 7 mm. in length. In distribution it shows no peculiarities, though it extends perhaps less widely on dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane. Colour essentially like that of Pipistrellus pipistrellus, though usually distinguishable by a 214 CHIROPTERA tendency away from the cinnamon and raw-umber tints toward a clearer brown more resembling Ridgway’s mars-brown. Mem- branes less blackish than in P. pipistrellus, the wing from foot nearly to fifth finger with a noticeable pale border about 1 mm. in width, similar to that present in P. kuhlii, but less sharply defined and less nearly white. Skull.—The skull is less diminutive than that of Pipistrellus pipistrellus, its general size about as Myotis mystacinus. General form Jess robust than in P. pipistrellus, the width of brain-case barely one-half greatest length, but more contrasted with that of rostrum. Dorsal profile as in the smaller species, but with more evident anterior concavity and posterior convexity, the anterior edge of interparietal indicated by a slight transverse constriction. Other details of form essentially as in P. pipistrellus. Teeth.—As compared with those of Pipistrellus pipistrellus the teeth throughout show a tendency toward slenderness and height. Tnner upper incisor noticeably more slender than that of P. pipistrellus, and with less well developed secondary cusp ; outer upper incisor distinctly larger than inner, its apex extending noticeably beyond secondary cusp of inner tooth, its general form essentially as in P. pipistrellus, but inner margin without evident secondary cusp. Lower incisors less crowded than in P. pipis- trellus, a slight space usually present in median line, another between i, and i,, and Q another between 7, and canine; outer edge of i, slightly overlapping 7,; in form the teeth are not peculiar. Upper canine like that of P. pipistrellus, except that the oon greatest diameter of its crown is only about half length of anterior border of shaft. Fic. 36. Mandibular canine high and slender, its apex Pipistrellus nathusii, Vising distinctly above that of highest molar Anterior teeth x 5. cusps, its greatest diameter measured along cingulum equal to a little more than half length of anterior border ; apex of anterior cingulum cusp not rising above level of basal third of posterior border. Upper premolars as in P. pipistrellus, except that the small tooth is relatively higher and more perfectly in the tooth-row, and the posterior border of its shaft usually shows some indication of an angular secondary cusp corresponding to that of canine. Lower premolars with crown area more nearly equal than in the smaller species, but without special peculiarities of form. Molars both above and below essentially similar to those of P. pipistrellus. Measurements Adult male from Berlin, Germany (topotype) : head and body, 45; tail, 35-4; tibia, 13; foot, 6°8; forearm, 33; thumb, 5:2; third finger, 65; fifth finger, 47; ear from meatus, 12; width of ear, 11. Average and extremes of six adults from Buchillon, Vaud, Switzerland : tibia, 12°9 (12:6-14) ; foot, 7°3 (6°8-7°6); forearm, 33 (32:4-34°6); thumb, 5°7 PIPISTRELLUS 215 (5+2-6) ; third finger, 61-3 (58-65) ; fifth finger, 44-6 (41-47). Adult male and female from Florence, Italy: head and body, 46 and 47; tail, 40 and 38; tibia, 12:8 and 12-6; foot, 6°8 and 7; forearm, 35 and 33; thumb, 6:2 and 6-6; third finger, 63 and 62; fifth finger, 47 and 46; ear from meatus, 12-6 and 12:6; width of ear, 11 and 11-4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 222. Specimens examined.—Thirty-three, from the following localities :— France: St. Gilles, Gard, 1. Germany: Berlin, 1; Bavaria, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Ingelheim, Rhein- hessen, 1. SWITZERLAND: Geneva, 6 (Mottaz and Geneva, including type of unicolor Patio); Montreux, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz); Buchillon, Vaud, 6 (Mottaz) ; Neuchatel, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Canton Uri, 1; St. Gothard, Uri, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Ausrria-Huneary: Palics, Bacser, southern Hungary, 2. Iraty: Siena, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Florence, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Rome, 5 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Borzoli, Liguria, 1; Catanzaro, Calabria, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—Though readily distinguishable from the other European members of the genus by its cranial and dental characters, Pipistrellus nathusii is superficially much like P. pipis- irellus. It is usually recognizable, however, by its slightly less diminutive size, more robust form, and by the constant presence of an ill-defined light (though never actually whitish) border to the wing.* As pointed out by Méhely in 1900 it has no very near relationship to the Oriental P. abramus. 6. 8t. Gilles, Gard, France. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4, 128. éal. Berlin, Germany. Dr. Giinther (c & P). 66. 2. 1. 22. ?. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen. C. Hilgert (c). 8. 11. 2. 3. 2al. Palics, Bacser, Hungary. Budapest Museum (B). 0. 4. 9. 1-2. é. Canton Uri, Switzerland. Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 398. g,?, Rome. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton (p). 11.1.2. 20-21 2. Borzoli, Liguria, Italy. Marquis G. Doria (c & P). 5. 12. 15. 7. PIPISTRELLUS KUHLII Kuhl. 1819. Vespertilio kuhlii Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk., rv (= Neue Ann., 1), pt. 2, p. 199 (Triest). 1835. Vesp[ertilio] albolimbatus Kiister, Isis, p. 75 (Cagliari, Sardinia). 1837. Vespertilio vispistrellus Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. xx (near Rome, Italy). Type in British Museum. 1837. Vespertilio alcythoe Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. XXI (Sicily.) Type in British Museum. 1838. Romicia calcarata Gray, Mag. Zool. and Bot., 1, p. 495 (locality unknown). 1841. Pipistrellus marginatus Bonaparte, Iconogr. Fauna. Ital., Indic. distrib., nomencl. mod. (Substitute for albolimbatus). 1844, Vespertilio marginatus Wagner, Schreber’s Saiugthiere, Suppl., 1, p. 508, pl. tv A. No description. Name occurs in synonymy of kuhlit with Michahelles as authority, and on plate. Apparently not previously published. * A light border sometimes occurs in P. pipistrellus, but is rare. That constantly present in P. kuhliit is more sharply defined and more truly whitish than in P. nathusii. 216 CHIROPTERA 1840. V[espertilio] wrsula Wagner, Schreber’s Saéugthiere, Suppl., 1, p. 505 (Morea, Greece). : 1857. Vesperugo kuhlit Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 63. 1878. Vesperugo kuhlit Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 230. 1886. [Vesperugo kuhlit] var. albicans Monticelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Milano, xxvu, p. 200, March, 1886 (Caivano, Naples, Italy). 1886. [Vesperugo kuhlit] var. pullatus Monticelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Milano, xxvil, p. 200, March, 1886 (Bella Vista, near Portici, Naples, Italy). 1900. Pipistrellus kuhlit Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungariz, p. 261. 1910. Pipistrellus kuhli Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 17. Type locality—Trieste, Austria-Hungary. Geographical distribution Mediterranean region and eastward into Asia. Diagnosis.—Size about as in Pipistrellus nathusti (forearm, 31 to 35 mm.; condylobasal length of skull, 12:0 to 13-2 mm.) ; outer upper incisor less than half as high as inner incisor ; large upper premolar almost or quite in contact with canine, the small premolar forced inward from tooth-row and scarcely or not visible from outer side, its greatest diameter about equal to that of outer incisor ; canines less robust than in P. pipistrellus, less slender than in P. nathusii ; ‘tragus with greatest width less than length of anterior border ; thumb short, its length about equal to width of wrist ; posterior edge of wing membrane with sharply defined whitish border. External characters.—General form very similar to that of Pipistrellus pipistrellus, the wing similarly narrow as compared with that of P. nathusit. Ear narrowly rounded at tip, the posterior border slightly concave ; antitragus slightly developed, producing an evident break in contour of conch; inner surface of conch somewhat rugose, without well defined transverse striations ; tragus essentially as in P. nathusii, the posterior border noticeably convex. Wing, foot, calcar and tail as in P. pipistrellus. Fur and colour.—Quality and distribution of fur essentially as in Pipistrellus pipistrellus, but dorsal surface of interfemoral membrane haired scarcely beyond basal third. Colour not very different from that of Pipistrellus pipistrellus, but somewhat lighter and more yellow, often approaching raw-siena. Mem- branes blackish, the wing between foot and fifth finger with a sharply defined very narrow (less than 1 mm.) nearly white border. Skull.—The skull resembles that of Pipistrellus nathusii in size, but its form is even more robust than that of P. pipistrellus. Dorsal profile with very slight interorbital concavity and barely perceptible convexity over middle of brain-case. Breadth of brain-case about half greatest length of skull. Dorsal surface of rostrum less rounded off at sides than in P. pipistrellus and P. nathusii, but not so much flattened as in P. savii. Narial emargination more abruptly narrowed posteriorly than in the PIPISTRELLUS 217 other European species. Mesopterygoid space slightly longer than wide. Mandible with coronoid process distinctly higher than articular process, so that upper edge of posterior portion is oblique and not parallel with alveolar line. Teeth.—Inner upper incisor essentially as in Pipistrellus pipistrellus except that secondary cusp is reduced to a minute, sometimes obsolete, projection from cingulum at posterior base of shaft ; outer incisor very small, less than half as high as inner, its apex about on level with highest point of cingulum of larger tooth, its crown area about two-thirds that of latter, its structure essentially as in P. pipistrellus, though with very small secondary cusp; small tooth situated directly exterior to large, so that a line perpendicular to main axis of skull would pass through middle of all four incisors; lower incisors essentially as *\ in P. pipistrellus, though relatively larger and more strongly imbricated. Canines both above and below intermediate in form between those of P. pipistrellus and P. nathusti. Anterior es upper premolar crowded inward from tooth- row and closely wedged between canine and aa ie large premolar which are nearly or quite in Pipiotreltus kushtis contact ; the small tooth is usually though not Anterior teeth x 6. always invisible from outer side, its cusp is very low, nearly terete, its crown area about equal to that of outer incisor ; large premolar with no special peculiarities. Lower premolars as in the related species, but disproportion in size more marked, the crown area of first a little more than half that of second. Molars both above and below essentially as in P. pipistrellus and P. nathusii, but somewhat more robust. Measurements—Two adult males from near Genoa, Italy : head and body, 43 and 46; tail, 37°4 and 38; tibia, 12-4 and 13 ; foot, 6 and 6; forearm, 33°6 and 34; thumb, 5 and 5:2; third finger, 60 and 60; fifth finger, 45 and 44; earfrom meatus, 12°6 and 13; width of ear, 10°4 and 10. Two adult females from the same locality : head and body, 44 and 47; tail, 39 and 40; tibia, 12 and 13; foot, 6°2 and 6°2; forearm, 33:4 and 35 ; thumb, 5:2 and 5°4; third finger, 60 and 63; fifth finger, 45 and 47; ear from meatus, 13 and 13; width of ear, 10 and 10. Adult male and female from Palermo, Sicily: head and body, 42 and 44; tail, 36 and 35:4; tibia, 12°4 and 12:4; foot, 5:6 and 5'4; forearm, 31 and 34; thumb, 5:4 and 5-2; third finger, 56 and 61; fifth finger, 41 and 43:6 ; ear from meatus, 12:4 and 13; width of ear, 10 and 10. Adult male and female from Cagliari, Sardinia: head and body, 44 and 45; tail, 35 and 37; tibia, 12°6 and 12°4; foot, 6:2 and 6°8; forearm, 33 and 33; thumb, 5 and 5; third finger, 58 and 62; fifth finger, 43 and 45 ; ear from meatus, 13 and 12; width of ear, 10 and 10. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 218. . CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF PIPISTRELLUS KUALII. 218 CHIROPTERA q Lad A 4 ri x . : x BE » 8g & & &§ g a . . . . * . a ge d gq Sage dé dF A Bg “ ww 3 B28 Bow -FSm sow som 28 Bs é BS "E -SES “AEBS ES “pS EF 5 z q te FP OQ Soha S| S| RR Tg Fy SER. o Po » or? w 5 Poo + a= a 3 o:n ° Oo: oun Oey Oo: ° wo 5 Au a Aad fad aa aa a aa aq ~» OAS SS Baa ee AR Ae RR Re Ra a el IR ee oO a *MO1-1[}00} AWAAHGCADCOCOOAANHWAONTAANOATAAOAATH TELNGIPURTL 1919 19 19 19 19 19119 18.10 19 1.19 18.109 18.18.18 19.18 1919 19.10.19. 19.19.1919 *MOI-1]}00} SOSOSSODBDDDDHDSODNDODDHHODSOOSONHMO Are | Xe 19 19 19 19 18 A HHH HSH HD SH Ha HH Had Had 19 191 HH HD DOGDOODDONDOWAADADONAGDOAANDONANGOH S1qpuRn ASHRHARHADAHHAABHHAGAHHSHAADHAAGQGS “oT pprur HHODODODOOODODOAHDONDODDDDDNDNODODOONODO bape lia SH SH SHS SH Sa HH HH *9880-UTeIq DODOOSOHHHOAHHOSOHHO HH OWHODAWODOOH JO UF pvoig OODOOHHOOOHSOHOHSHODSOSODOOSOHODHOHOO “ygpeerq ADODDHDDOOGONOGODDOCOOUNWONATOOOMDOODS TeurdryoeT HD HH HH HH HH HH at a SH HH HH td GHD HH “MOT4O1I4SU00 UN GY HD OT CO HGNC GTO UH TOT HOT HH GOT CU CT ON aH HOT OT CF [}1q101040T GD Gm Gm GO GD GD cD cD GD cd cd Ga cd cD GD co cD aD dd ED cD cd cD cD CO a GD GD GAD “yypeerq ODOA CHANCAANADONOAAAAOAN yorwod oryeul0sé! nnona DP DDDDDDDEDDDDDDDDDODDEDOD I Z & “yy 3u9] OADHOOOAAAHHHHADOWHHAATOCDONDODH eSBqo AGANDAANANNANNAANAAANAAAAANAAN TeEqOTAP TOD. | IS ANA A AAAS ANAS SAS ASS ASS Sasa 8 $O OF $0 *0 OF OF 40 OF OF OF OF FOTO OF OOOO «OF OO 80 80 80 OF 80 0 OF S Qi ao i ae 19 8 (oo) ASBSASOASSARHQSHOSRAVS GV iSSsB 3 1A B DORDEMWDDDHDAANQSHHAIAHHS FI AHS | SHHHDHDDAHBDHHHHGDHNDGHOOH . 96H ‘AA FTA AYANHAMHNHANDDMNMMAMMDAMNODOOONAN 5 eo TARA AH OOH HAH OO OR QOGOATMHH 4 aes BSAA AAA AAA acai! ° a OO ae a a a a oe a ° ix ° f=] gq rr . 8 oe . * # . oof . =i -_ Bog se eB ele Reel ae. Bs le/ Be ee ee ele ae = 8 as 3 FI a = a= iS} inl wH g | > REO Hele Avelk. cage este te oe 2 2 oO ¢@ pe @ RRR bo ro = adbuo co cl 5 Ey 3 a 3 338 8 i ae 12) 3 ag io) ig AS a ce de ee ae Hae aoa o [Uk ° 45 3 Oo AY ae s q - ar qd qd N ft B45 j=} Maen Bose 8 @ @ 2G Fh Fo FAR FTE 2g a5 g...9 .H *S8 = 3 5 = bo MOR RRO FRG =a = 38 a. io) 4 2 Au a aan © oe Re ag... ae Say Pm | 8 i) aa fs] re Oo aes ts) a o . HS ona 3 a AOR nm wn a) PIPISTRELLUS 219 Specimens examined.—One hundred and eight, from the following localities :— France: St. Gilles, Gard, 2; Nimes, Gard, 3 (Mottaz); St. Genies, Gard, 4 (Mottaz); Marseilles, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SWITZERLAND: Coremmo, Ticino, 1 (Mottaz); Lugano, Ticino, 1 (Mottaz). Ivaty: Near Genoa, 14 (U. S.N.M, and Genoa) ; Siena, 6 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Florence, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Rome, 6 (BM. and U.S.N.M. near Rome 1 (type of vispistrellus Bonaparte) ; Sorrento, 3 (U. Catanzaro, Calabria, 6 (U.S.N.M.); Palermo, Sicily, 23 Corleone, Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Ustica Island, Sicily, 4 Sicily, 1 (type of alcythoe Bonaparte). ‘ SARDINIA: is ae 4 (U.S.N.M.); Mt. Gennargentu, 7 ( no exact locality, 2 Grence: Corfu, 2; Cephalonia, 10; Patras, 3. Spain: San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands, 2 S.N.M. USM); U.S.N.M. U.S.N.M. )s Remarks.—Pipistrellus kuhlit is easily recognizable by the form and relative size of the upper incisors. Externally it may usually be known by the sharply defined whitish border to the wing membrane, though too much reliance should not be placed on this character alone. Many specimens from Sardinia are lighter in colour than those from the mainland. These represent the albolimbatus of Kiister. Normally coloured examples also occur ; and in the absence of adequate material it has seemed preferable for the time being not to attempt to define the insular form. é, St. Gilles, Gard, G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 127. France. é. Siena, Italy. Dr. E. Hamilton (P). 98. 10. 2. 2. S. Brogi.) ad, ¥. Rome. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 16-19. P). skeleton with- Sicily. (Prince Bona- ee Collection. 7. 1.1. 730. out skull. parte.) (Type of V. alcythoe Bonaparte.) skeleton with- Near Rome, Italy. Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 729. out skull. (Prince Bonaparte.) ry ‘ype of V. vispistellus Bonaparte, ) 6, %. Corfu, Greece. J. 1.8. Whitaker (p). 8. 10. 1. 4-5. (C. Mottaz.) 3. Argostoli, Cephalonia. J. I. S. Whitaker (pr). 8. 10. 1. 1-3 (C. Mottaz.) 3, 9. Patras. (C.Mottaz.) Hon.N.C. Rothschild 8. 10. 2. 17-18. P). 26, San Cristobal, eS rhae and R.I. 0. 7. 1. 29-30. Minorca, Balearic Pocock (c & P). Islands. PIPISTRELLUS SAVII Bonaparte. 1837. Vespertilio savii Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. xx (Pisa). Type in British Museum. 1837. ee ad aristippe Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. XXI icily). 1837. Vespertilio leucippe Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fase. xx1 (Sicily). Type in British Museum. 1838. Vespertilio bonapartii Savi, Nuovo Giorn. de’ Letterati, Pisa, XxxvII, p. 226 (Tuscany). 220 CHIROPTERA 1844. Vesp[ertilio] nigrans Crespon, Faune Méridionale, 1, p. 24 (Nimes, Gard, France). 1853. Vesperugo maurus Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1853, 1, p. 35 (Central chain of the Alps). 1857. Vesperugo maurus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 67. 1872. V[espertilio] agilis Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, Append. au vol. 1, p. iii (Alternative name for V. savit Bonaparte, ex Savi MS.). 1878. Vesperugo maurus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 218. 1904. Vespertilio ochromiaxtus Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espan. Hist. Nat., 1, p. 267 (Sierra de Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain). 1910. Pipistrellus savit and P. savit ochromiatus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 13-14. Type locality. Pisa, Italy. Geographical distribution—Southern Europe, west to the Iberian Peninsula, north to the Alps; also the Canary Islands, northern Africa and southern Asia. Limits of range very imperfectly known. Diagnosis.—Largest European member of the genus (condy- lobasal length of skull, 13 to 14 mm. ; forearm, 31 to 33 mm.) ; outer upper incisor more than half as high as inner; large premolar broadly in contact with canine, the small tooth very minute, crowded inward from axis of tooth-row, invisible from outer side and occasionally covered by the gum, its diameter much less than that of outer incisor; anterior lower premolar with crown area less than half that of succeeding tooth ; lower canine robust ; tragus with greatest width nearly equal to length of anterior border; thumb short; hairs of back usually with contrasting light brown tips. External characters.—Ear broad, its general form about as in Pipistrellus nathusii, the posterior border slightly but evidently concave above middle, the inner surface of conch noticeably rugose and with faint, irregular transverse ridges behind tragus ; antitragus small and ill-defined, but producing an evident break in outline of conch ; tragus less than half as high as conch, very wide (greatest width, at level of middle of anterior border, nearly equal to length of anterior border), the anterior border nearly straight, the posterior border strongly and evenly convex from tip to notch above small basal lobe. Wing, foot, calear and tail as in P. pipistrellus. Fur and colour.—The fur resembles that of Pipistrellus kuhlii in quality and distribution. Colour differing from that of the other European species in the evident contrast between light tips of hairs of back and darker ground tint. It is also the only species in which there is much individual variation in colour. Four specimens from the neighbourhood of Genoa are coloured as follows : male, not fully adult, uniform very dark vandyke-brown, the extreme tips of hairs of back faintly lighter, underparts a light brown faintly overlaid on blackish under colour ; adult male : light tips on back well developed, giving general colour to region, between raw-umber and clay-colour ; adult male: light tips very PIPISTRELLUS 221 conspicuous, a peculiar dull brownish ochraceous-buff; adult female: light tips as conspicuous as in last, dull brownish cream-buff. Skull.—tThe skull is slightly larger than that of Pipistrellus nathusti and P. kuhlzi, and is immediately distinguishable among the European species by the flatness of dorsal surface of rostrum, prominence of ridge along edge of orbit, and relatively smal] size of narial emargination, characters the first two of which suggest eS Verpertilio murinus. Dorsal profile of skull as in P. pipistrellus and P. kuhlii, but brain-case slightly more depressed. Breadth of brain-case about half greatest length of skull. Rostrum relatively broader than in the other European species, its dorsal surface more flattened and orbital ridges more prominent; narial emar- gination scarcely larger than in P. pipistrellus. icant Mesopterygoid space about as wide as long, its Pipistr noes general outline, aside from the notch caused Nat. size. by median spine of palate, broadly barrel shape, the hamulars distinctly turned inward. Mandible with coronoid process and upper border of posterior portion as in P. kuhlit, but with angular process less curved and relatively longer than in the other European species. Teeth—Incisors both above and below essentially as in Pipistrellus pipistrellus, except that inner upper tooth has the secondary cusp somewhat better developed. Canines with no special peculiarities, not cai) essentially different from those of P. pipi- strellus. Anterior upper premolar very minute, sometimes hidden in the gum or occasionally absent, its crown area never DDabs “© much more one-sixth that of outer incisor ; large premolar always strongly in contact eee with canine, its form peculiar in the absence pees ia or slight development of the antero-internal cusp. Lower premolars strongly contrasted in size, the crown area of first decidedly less than half that of second, its cusp relatively lower and less developed than ‘in any of the other European species. Molars both above and below with no special peculiarities. Measurements.—Two adult males from Palermo, Sicily: head and body, 43 and 47; tail, 34 and 35; tibia, 12°6 and 12:8; foot, 6°4 and 7; forearm, 31 and 32:6; thumb, 5 and 5-6; third finger, 54 and 56; fifth finger, 42 and 41 ; ear from meatus, 12'4 and 12:6; width of ear, 12 and 12. Two adult females from the same locality : head and body, 46 and 47; tail, 35 and 39 ; tibia, 13 and 13:4 ; foot, 6°6 and 7 ; forearm, 33 and 33; thumb, 5 and 5:4; third finger, 56 and 57 ; fifth finger, 42 and 43 ; ear from meatus, 12°4 and 13; width of ear, 12 and 11°6. 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For cranial measurements see Table, p. 223. Specimens examined.—Twenty-four, from the following localities :— SwItTZERLAND: St. Gothard, Uri, 1; no exact locality, 1. Iraty: Near Genoa, 10 (B.M. and Genoa); Florence, 3 (Mottaz); Sorrento, 1 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 1 (type); Palermo, Sicily, 8 (U.S.N.M.); Sicily, no exact locality, 1 (type of lewcippe Bonaparte); Ustica Island, Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.). France: Near Nimes, Gard, 2 (U.S.N.M. and Nimes; the latter agreeing with description of nigrans Crespon, though not marked type); St. Gilles, Gard, 1; no exact locality, 1. Spain: El Escorial, Madrid, 1 (paratype of ochromiaxtus Cabrera). Remarks.—This species is readily distinguishable among the European members of the genus Pipistrellus by the peculiar form of the tragus, apart from its very pronounced cranial and dental characters. Its colour gives it a superficial resemblance to Eptesicus nilssoni, a likeness that is so heightened by the exces- sively small size of the anterior upper premolar that the animal has been once and perhaps twice described as a member of the genus Eptesicus.* 1. St. Gothard, Uri, Swit- Tomes Collection. 7. 1.1. 397. zerland. Switzerland. Purchased (Brandt). 45. 11.1. 3. 4al. Genoa, Liguria, Italy. Genoa Museum (z). 86.11.3.14- 17. 3 Borzoli, Liguria. Marquis G. Doria 5. 12. 15. 6. c & P). skeleton with- Italy. (Prince Bona- Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 732. out skull. parte. (Type of species.) skeleton with- Italy. (Prince Bona- Tomes Collection. 7.1.1. 731. out skull. parte.) (Type of V. leucippe Bonaparte.) 2 al. France. Purchased (Lefebre). 46. 1. 2. 12. é. El Escorial, Madrid, A. Cabrera (P). 8. 7. 23. 1. Spain. (Paratype of V. ochromixtus Cabrera.) Genus EPTESICUS Rafinesque. 1820. EHptesicus Rafinesque, Annals of Nature, p. 2 (melanops = fuscus). 1829. Cnepheus Kaup, Enutw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl Syst. Europ., Thierwelt, 1, p. 103 (serotinus). 1839. Vesperugo Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur- gesch., 1839, 1, p. 312 (part). 1839. Vesperus Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur- gesch., 1839, 1, p. 313 (Sub-genus of Vesperugo, part). Not Vesperus Latreille, 1829. * This is certainly the case with the Vespertilio ochromixtus of Cabrera. In the paratype of this species (B.M. no. 8. 7. 23. 1), which I carefully examined before removal of the skull, in company with Mr. Knud Andersen, no trace of the small premolar could be found. When the skull was cleaned, however, the presence of the tooth in its normal position was revealed, thus showing the animal’s true identity. It. seems not improbable, so far as can be judged from the original description, that Satunin’s Vesperugo caucasicus (Zool. Anzeiger, XXIV, p. 462, August 5, 1901) was based on similar specimens. s EPTESICUS 295 1841. Noctula Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. xx1, in account of Vespertilio alcythoe (serotinus). 1856. Cateorus Kolenati, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neue Folge, 11, p. 131 (serotinus). 1856. Meteorus Kolenati, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neve Folge, 11, p. 131 (part). 1857. Vesperus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 51 (Sub-genus of Vesperugo), part. 1858. Amblyotus Kolenati, Sitzungsber.: kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwissensch. Classe, XxIx, p. 252 (atratus = nilssoni). 1863. Aristippe ‘‘ Kolenati, Beitriige zur Kenntniss der Phthiriomyiarien, Petersburg, 1863” (part, included both discolor = murinus and nilssoni). 1866. Pachyomus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., xvi1, p. 90, February, 1863 (pachyomus). 1870. Nyctiptenus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lxi1, p. 424 (smithit). 1878. Vesperus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 184 (Sub-genus of Vesperugo), part. 1892. Adelonycteris H. Allen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1891, p. 466, January 19, 1892 (part; substitute for Vesperus, pre- occupied). 1897. Vespertilio Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 384, October, 1897 (part). 1900. Eptesicus Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungarie, p. 219 (part). 1907. Eptesicus Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 207, June 29, 1907. Type species—Eptesicus melanops Rafinesque = Verpertilio fuscus Beauvois. Geographical distribution.— Europe, Asia (except Malay region), Australia, Africa, Madagascar ; America from southern Canada southward (except Lesser Antilles). Characters —Dental formula: 72%, ¢ 3, pm 3, mS = 32. Teeth strictly normal throughout, and showing no special pecu- liarities. Both upper incisors well developed, the inner larger than the outer and usually with distinct secondary cusp, the outer separated from canine by a space equal to its greatest diameter ; m® variable in form, usually with well developed metacone and three commissures in the smaller species, but with metacone and third commissure obsolete in larger forms. Skull without special peculiarities of form or structure, the rostrum flattish or more usually rounded off above, the nares and palatal emargination not specially enlarged, the latter at least as deep as wide. Ear of moderate size, not peculiar in form; wing broad (normal), ‘ Remarks.—Among European bats the members of the genus Eptesicus may be distinguished by their dental formula combined with a simple Pipistrellus-like ear and not specially modified skull. The group is nearly related to Pipistrellus through P. savii, in which the small premolar is occasionally absent and not infrequently so minute as to be concealed by the gum. About forty-five species are known, three of which occur in Europe. Q 226 CHIROPTERA KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF HEPTESICUS. Forearm less than 40 mm.; condylobasal length of skull less than 16 mm.; a distinct line of demar- cation between colours of upper and lower surfaces OL MOCK sriesis css vewes wr ahracniesie csaradaniewrviadels csetenisiaciocaianeia E. nilssonti, p. 234, Forearm more than 45 mm.; condylobasal length of skull more than 17 mm.; no line of demarcation between colours of upper and lower surfaces of neck. Condylobasal length of skull 19 to 21:6 mm........... E. serotinus, p. 226. Condylobasal length of skull about 18 mm............. E. sodalis, p. 231. EPTESICUS SEROTINUS Schreber. 1774. Vespertilio serotinus Schreber, Saugthiere, 1, pl. x11 (Description, 1, p. 167, 1775, under name: Die Blasse Fledermaus). France, based primarily on ‘La Sérotine”’ of Daubenton, Hist. Acad. Royale des Sci., 1759, p. 377. 1765. 1776. Vespertilio serotine P. L. 8S. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.- Band, p. 16 (Based on ‘die Blasse Fledermaus’’ of Schreber). 1827. Vespertilio wiedit Brehm, Ornis, Heft 11, p. 24 (Renthendorf, Thiringen, Germany). 1827. Vespertilio okentz Brehm, Ornis, Heft 11, p. 25 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). 1844. Vesp[ertilio] incisivus Crespon, Faune Méridionale, 1, p. 26 (Nimes, Gard, France). 1857. Vesperugo serotinus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 76. 1868. [Cateorus serotinus] var. typus Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Natur- kunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvui1, p. 466 (Wiesbaden, Nassau, Germany). . 1863. [Cateorus serotinus] var. rufescens Koch, Jahrb. des Vereins fiir Naturkaunde im Herzogthum Nassau, xvi, p. 466 (Freiburg, Breisgau, Germany). 1878. Vesperugo serotinus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 191. 1885. Vesperus serotinus var. transylvanus Daday, Orvos-Termeszettudo- mdanyi Ertesetd, Kolozsvar, x, p. 275 (Alsé-Szics, Szolnok-Doboka, Hungary). 1886. Vesperus serotinus var. transsylvuanus Daday, Verhandl. u. Mittheil- ungen des Siebenbiirgischen Vereins fiir Naturwissensch. in Hermannstadt, xxxvi, p. 81. 1900. Eptesicus serotinus Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungarie, p. 209. 1904. Vespertilio serotinus insularis Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., II, p. 263 (Minorca, Balearic Islands). 1904. Vespertilio isabellinus Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., 11, p. 264 (southern Spain). Not of Temminck. 1904. Vespertilio boscat Cabrera, Mem. Soc. Espaii. Hist. Nat., 11, p. 265 (Muchamiel, Alicante, Spain). 1910. Eptesicus serotinus, E. serotinus transsylvanus, and E. boscai Troues- sart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 20-22. Type locality.— France. Geographical distribution—Central and southern Europe from England and Denmark to the Mediterranean; eastward into Asia. Diagnosis.—Size rather large (forearm more than 45 mm., EPTESICUS 227 condylobasal length of skull more than 19 mm.) ; colour of upper parts a yellowish brown without noticeably contrasted light tips to the hairs ; under parts essentially similar, so that there is no line of demarcation along sides of neck. External characters.—General form robust, though less so than in Nyctalus, the tail and legs rather short, the membranes thick and opaque. Muzzle with moderately prominent glandular swellings, its greatest width across this region less than distance from nostril to ear ; nostrils projecting very slightly, the concavity between them not conspicuous, the orifice crescentic. Ear moderately long, extending slightly more than half way from eye to nostril when laid forward, its breadth when flattened about equal to height above crown ; anterior border of conch abruptly convex below, then nearly straight to narrowly rounded off tip ; posterior border straight or irregularly concave from just below tip to level of anterior base, then convex to abrupt angle under meatus marking posterior limit of small but well defined anti- tragus, the anterior border of which terminates obscurely about 3 mm. behind angle of mouth ; inner surface of conch obscurely papillose, the region behind tragus marked by about six faint cross ridges ; tragus short, its height less than half that of ear conch, its anterior border straight, its posterior border gently convex from narrowly rounded tip to upper edge of small but distinct basal lobe, its greatest width, at level of middle of anterior border, equal to slightly more than half length of anterior border. Wing broad, the fifth finger exceeding forearm by one-quarter to one-third length of forearm, the membrane leathery and opaque, though perhaps less so than in Nyctalus nociula, joining leg at base of outer toe; third and fourth metacarpals sub-equal, nearly as long as forearm, fifth about 2 mm. shorter. Leg rather slender, the foot less than half as long as tibia; calcar about four-fifths as long as tibia and slightly exceeding length of free border of uropatagium, its keel ill-defined, its terminal lobe well developed though small. Tail extending to between shoulders when laid forward, the last vertebra and distal third of penulti- mate vertebra free from membrane. Fur and colour.—Fur soft and dense, the longest hairs on back about 10 mm. in length, those of underparts shorter. It is strictly confined to body, only extending as a thin pubescence on extreme base of membranes and along a narrow line bordering under surface of forearm; free edge of uropatagium naked. Ground colour of upper parts ranging from prouts-brown to a light wood-brown, the basal portion of the hairs not essentially different, the tips of the hairs of back behind shoulders with inconspicuous lighter (buffy) tips; underparts slightly paler, sometimes approaching ochraceous-buff, but never sutliciently contrasted to produce a line of demarcation along sides of neck. Muzzle, cheeks, ears and membranes blackish. The variation in general colour appears to be strictly individual. Q 2 228 CHIROPTERA Skull—General aspect of skull robust and flattened, with widely spreading zygomata, but rather narrow brain-case and rostrum. Dorsal profile rising gradually from nares to over- hanging lambda, essentially straight throughout, though with slight concavity over lachrymal region. Ventral profile very slightly elevated posteriorly. Brain-case ovate in general outline, narrower than in Nyctalus noctula, the straight, well developed lambdoid crests which form its posterior border meeting in median line almost at right angles, depth at middle about half mastoid breadth ; sagittal crest low but evident, the region at each side of it not depressed ; floor of brain-case smooth, with no evident ridges or depressions, a very narrow slit between cochlea and basioccipital ; auditory bulle small, the transverse diameter con- siderably less than distance between bulle. Interorbital region moderately constricted, hour-glass shaped, the lachrymal region decidedly less wide than brain-case, with slight tubercular projection close to anterior rim of orbit; rostrum flattened, with shallow but evident lateral concavity on each side, dis- tinctly narrower anteriorly than pos- teriorly, the narrowly obovate narial emargination extending about half way back to level of lachrymal fora- men ; rostral depth at front of orbit less than distance from orbit to outer incisor ; anteorbital foramen less re- duced than in Nyctalus noctula, its posterior border over region of con- Fie. 40. tact between large premolar and first Eptesicus serotinus. Nat.size. molar, lachrymal foramen directly behind it, on inner side of orbital rim. Palate long and narrow, slightly concave both laterally and longitudinally, the anterior emargination small, squarish, extend- ing back to level of middle of canine. Posterior extension of palate nearly parallel sided, though narrowing a little posteriorly, its width at level of posterior molar considerably less than its length; hamulars slightly turned inward; median spine well developed. Mandible robust, but with lower border nearly parallel to alveolar line; posterior portion high in front, low behind, the height of coronoid process above level of alveolar line about equal to horizontal diameter, the upper border sloping abruptly from coronoid to articular process; angular process moderately long, about on level with alveolar line, its main axis directed gradually outward and downward, its distal extremity slightly expanded and hooked upward. Teeth.—Relatively to size of skull the teeth are large and robust, rather more so than in Nyctalus noctula. Inner upper incisor about half as high as canine, its crown area about one- EPTESICUS 229 quarter that of canine, the subterete shaft directed inward and slightly forward, its secondary cusp large and prominent, situated on outer side of shaft near tip; cingulum well developed, but without cusps. Outer upper incisor much shorter than inner and with about half its crown area, the apex of its shaft slightly exceeding level of cingulum of larger tooth; outer and posterior surfaces flattened or double-concave, the two concavities some- times separated by a low but evident ridge ; inner margin with a low secondary cusp on well developed cingulum. A line perpendicular to main axis of skull would pass through centre of shafts of all four incisors; the outer tooth is separated from canine by a space about equal to breadth of its own crown. Lower incisors large, much crowded, and very conspicuously imbricated, 7, and 7, overlapping more than half of front surface of the succeeding tooth, the general outline of the entire series V-shaped ; front surface of crowns about as high as wide, the edge obliquely trifid (occasionally a low, rudimentary fourth cusp at outer margin of 7,); cross section of crown somewhat triangular, the posterior angle occupied by a low tubercle in i, andi,. Upper canine large, its shaft decidedly the highest of the upper series, its cross section sub-triangular, the posterior cutting edge well developed, the anterior less trenchant than in Nyctalus noctula ; inner surface divided by a low ridge into two shallow con- cavities, the posterior of which is the larger ; antero-outer surface convex ; postero-outer surface with deep longitudinal groove ; cingulum narrow but complete, without cusps. Lower canine very robust, the diameter of crown noticeably greater than least distance between canines, the shaft decidedly higher than main cusps of molars, smoothly rounded in front, flattened-concave behind and on inner side, the cingulum narrow but complete except at point of contact with 7,, where it becomes abruptly obsolete, terminating in a slight tubercle corresponding to the cusp present in Nyctalus and Pipistrellus. Upper premolar with crown area about equal to that of canine and about two-thirds that of first molar, its main cusp robust, nearly as long as canine (measured along cingulum), sharply trenchant posteriorly, flat- tened-concave on inner side, a well developed external and antero- internal longitudinal groove ; crown with slight anterior and more marked posterior emargination, the inner side narrow, with slight concave crushing surface and well developed cingulum, which rises to a small cusp anteriorly. Lower premolars closely crowded, the crown area of first about half that of canine, that of second nearly four-fifths that of canine ; cusp of first a little more than half as high as second, which slightly exceeds main cusps of molars ; cingulum of each tooth well developed, tending to form a slight postero-internal tubercle. First and second upper molars sub-equal in crown area, the second wider but more constricted at middle ; protocone robust, not very high ; no true hypocone, but region which it would occupy indicated by slight 230 CHIROPTERA columnar thickening of posterior base of protocone ; paracone lower and smaller than metacone, the contrast unusually notice- able ; styles and commissures well developed, the W-pattern normal; m® with Grown area less than half that of m’, its longi- tudinal diameter through metacone much less than half transverse diameter, the mesostyle, metacone, and second and third com- missures greatly reduced, though not sufficiently to lose their identity. Lower molars with no special peculiarities ; angles in commissures between outer and inner cusps rather wide and shallow, especially that between protoconid and metaconid ; area of second VV in m, scarcely half that of first. Measurements.— Adult female from Herrnhut, Saxony: head and body, 62; tail, 54 (its free tip, 6°6) ; tibia, 20 ; foot, 10-4; forearm, 50°4; thumb, 9; third finger, 84: fifth finger, 63; ear from meatus, 18; width of ear, 15. Adult male from Barsac, Gironde, France : head and body, 69; tail, 54 (free tip, 7:6) ; tibia, 22 ; foot, 11°4; forearm, 51 ; thumb, 9; third finger, 91 ; fifth finger, 67 ; ear from meatus, 18°4; width of ear,16. Adult male and female from Seville, Spain : head and body, 67 and 64 ; tail, 46 and 51; tibia, 21-6 and 22:4 ; foot, 11 and 10°4 ; fore- arm, 49 and 50; thumb, 9-2 and 8-4; third finger, 89 and 90 ; fifth finger, 64 and 68 ; ear from meatus, 17°6 an 18. Adult male and female from Rome, Italy: head and body, 72 and 73 ; tail, 54 and 54; tibia, 21-4 and 21; foot, 11 and 11:4; fore- arm, 51°6 and 53 ; thumb, 9°6 and 9. “B45 third finger, 91 and 92; fifth finger, 66 and 67; ear from meatus, 19 and 19; width of ear, 15°6 and 15:4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 232. Specumens examined.—Seventy-eight, from the following localities :— Eneitanp: Kenley, Surrey,1; Hawkhurst, Kent,1; Whitstable, Kent, 2; Wingham, Dover, Kent, 1; Yalding, Kent, 5 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Isle of Wight, 5. FrancE: Barsac, Gironde, 1 (U.S.N.M.); near Nimes, Gard, 2 (Nimes; type of incisivus Crespon, and a specimen wrongly marked type of palusiris Crespon). GERMANY: Ingelheim, Se 2; Magdeburg, Saxony, 2 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Herrnhut, Saxony, 1 (U.S. ‘NM. ); Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 3; Bavaria, no exact locality, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Tiibingen, Silesia, 2. AvstRia-HunGary: Moravia, 1; Csall6kéz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hun- gary, 1; Budapest, Hungary, 2; Transylvania, 5; Zara, Dalmatia, 2. Rovumanta: Bustenari, Prahova, 3. GREECE: Patras, 14; near Athens, 1. IraLy: Siena, 3(B.M.and U.S.N.M.); Florence, 2(B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Vallombrosa, 1(U.S.N.M.); Volterra, 1(U.S.N.M.); Rome, 3; San Martino al Cimino, Rome, 1 (Genoa); Ustica Island, Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SARDINIA: Cagliari, 2 (Genoa). Spain: Pajares, Leon, 1; Reville, 3; Muchamiel, Alicante, 1 (Madrid ; type of boscai Cabrera). Remarks.— Among the bats of Europe this species is recogniz- able by its rather large size, noticeable free tip to the tail, moderately long, narrow ear, and straight, erect tragus. With the material now available for study it seems impossible to EPTESICUS 231 distinguish any local geographical forms. Specimens from Seville representing the ‘sabellinus of Cabrera I am unable to separate from true serotinus ; the type of boscai Cabrera is a young of the same animal ; insularis I have not seen, but there is nothing in the original description to indicate that it is distinct.* é. Kenley, Surrey, England. W. R. Ogilvie-Grant 11.1. 3. 45. ee P). 2%. Whitstable, Kent. C. H. B. Grant (c & Pp). 11.1.3, 46-47. Pal. Wingham, Kent. G. Donker (c & P). 90. 4. 17.1. 1st. Yalding, Kent. H. Reid (c & P). 97. 8. 27.1. 8°. Yalding, Kent. o “ arate ai 11.1.3. 42-44, c & Pp). Gal. Isle of Wight. Rev. C. Bury (c&P). 44. 6. 15. 7. 2, Freshwater, Isle of Wight. F. Bond (c & P). 61. 11. 5. 1-2. 1. Freshwater, Isle of Wight. Tomes Collection. 7.1.1, 352. (F. Bond.) 1. Bembridge, Isle of Wight. Tomes Collection. 7.1. 1. 853. é,%. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, GC. Hilgert (c). 8. 11. 2. 1-2. Germany. 1. Magdeburg, Saxony. Lord Lilford (e). 11. 1. 1. 38. (Wolterstorff.) 26,9. Strass, Burgheim, Bavaria. Lord Lilford (P). 11.1.1. 33-35. (Korbitz.) 2al. Tiibingen, Silesia. Dr. A. Giinther (Pp). 66. 2. 1. 7-8, lal. Moravia, Hungary. Purchased (Parreys). 46. 6, 15. 54. 2. Gealleeoe Bompr le. Press- Budapest Museum (k&). 94.3.1.12-13. urg. 2al. Budapest. Budapest Museum (). 94. 7. 18. 6-7. 5éal. Transylvania. C.G.Danford and J.A. 74. 7. 4, 1-5. Brown (c & P). 4,?%. Zara,Dalmatia. (K.Blos.) Lord Lilford (P). 11.1. 1. 36-37. é,?. Bustenari, Prahova, 840m. Lord Lilford (Pp). 4. 4. 6, 2-3. Roumania. (W. Dodson.) 19, Patras,Greece. (C. Mottaz.) Hon. N. C. Rothschild 8. 10. 2. 1-18, P). 15. 9. Patras. C. Mottaz (c). 8, 11. 3. 3. ?. Athens. (C. Mottaz.) Hon. N.C, Rothschild 8. 10, 2. 14. P). lal. Florence, Italy. ileus Museum (z). 85. 7. 6. 18. é. Rome. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton (p). 11. 1. 2. 28, 9. Pajares, Leon, Spain. O. Thomas (r). 8.2.9.1. (N. Gonzalez.) Gal. Seville. Dr. V. L. Seoane (p). 94.1.1. 6. lal. Seville. Seville Museum (8). 94. 5. 8.1. 1. Europe. Leyden Museum (£). 37. 4. 28. 58. EPTESICUS SODALIS Barrett-Hamilton. 1910. Vespertilio sodalis Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8th ser., v, p. 291, March, 1910. Type in British Museum. 1910. Eptesicus sodalis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 22. Type locality—Bustenari, Prahova, Roumania (in Carpa- thians, alt. 840 m.). Geographical distribution.— Known only from the type locality and St. Gothard, Switzerland. * Mr. Cabrera has come to the same conclusion (Bol. Real Soc. Espai. Hist. Nat., v1, p. 449, December, 1908). CHIROPTERA uf “ /0.6} 0-8] 9-8T/0-9|8-6 | 9-8] 9-6 | 3-FL | 3-06] & | FS OT'S zs “ |0-6] 3-8] 0-91) #9] 0-01} 8-8] 8-F | 8-FL] #03] & | G°OT'S | ° : : a ye ‘ |¢.8]0-8]8-8T)0-9]8-6 |P-8}3-F | FPL] F-06] 8 LLGZsT | * : : ts ‘arom ASS “ | 0.6! B-8 | 0-9T | 3-9] 0-01 | 8-8] 9-F | 8-FT] 9-06] 4 QLGBST f : ‘10M Yonut “ | 9.8 0-8 | 0-91} 0-9} 0-01 | F-8 | 9-F | O-GT | 9-08) & | B'S ‘OTS 3 #e ‘arom ATqq SITs 8-8} 8-4} 0-9T|3-9/8-6 | 8-8] 3b | 9-FT | F-08] 8 GLGSST | * ; ; te . “| 9.8} 0-8 | 8-9T|0-9/0-01 | #8] 3-% | 8-FT| 0-13] 8 | T'S 'OT'S * seIqe@q 1000015 ‘agom Jontmr “= 0.6 | 8-4 | 0-9T | 0-9 | 8-6 | 9-8] 9-F | 9-FT| 8-06] 8 | E'O'F'F | - * lavueysng : BlUvUINOYy : mys i « |o.6/0-8| eet] 0-9/ 7-6 | #8] #9 |o-pt]0-08| 9 leeTTITl\mg xeon ‘sung ‘atom Ayqsys F-8|9-L|8-ST|9-¢|8-6 | F-8/3-b | FT| FOL] 8 S8cesT | ° * Sinqepsey : Ameur1e4) ‘aiom Ajoyeiopomr “| -8 | 9-4 | BST 10-9] 8-6 | 3-8] F-F | 0-FT | 8-6T] P 96698 : OpuoIly ‘owsIeg : couRLT ‘arom AVGSS Woo], | F-8 | 8-4) F-ST|0-9]| 8-6 | 3-8|9-F | 9-FT] 8-6T] 4 O6SZST | ° “‘qooy ‘BUIppex : puspsug . SNUT}OIIS “a sy om Q nD ow ial fo} *SUOTJVAIOSO Pe re, a 52 Po a4 BS s 8 Re *xag *LaqwuUn yy “£AT[RIO'T : $2,938] © | Bo] BF 1S ef) ge | eS 2p /22/ © | ag) se) "B] SB] Ws 2 BB ro J 232 ‘SITVGOS ‘@ ANV SANILOWUES SNAOISALdIH 40 SINHA WEHYOSVAW TIVINVYO “BI9IQeD 20980q JO adAT, x 233 8 a + ‘azom spoyssopour “| B81 BL | HFT | — | 3-6 0-4] 0-% § 8-BT | FST GesLe | MOQ ‘preyy0H “4g : pueyrezqimg ‘UIOM JOU TOT, | 0.8 | B-L | G-FT| 3-9) F-6 9-9/9-F B-L}O-8ST] 2 | 419 FF] ° Weaeysng : eruvUMoy | *slyepos *q] -aedo erngns aepiseg | g-8 | G-L | 0-FT|9-G 13-6 | B-L| 9-F | 8-BT | 3-8T vant al{ ree + equBoITY ‘Terureronyy ‘arom gon “| gg | 0-8 | 8-SE | — | 0-01 | 9-8|9-F | FFT] FOG) 8 | OTLB) ~~ * eTTTAeg ‘uzom ATqq3T1s 8-8 | 0-8] 8-ST|0-9/%-6 | 9-8|/9-F | 9-FT]}0-08} & | T6°S'8 | * * aoary ‘sorgleg : uredg B “UIOM YONUL 0-6/ 3-8 | 0-91] 3-9/ 8-6 | 9-8] 3-F | F-GT|9-TS]| & | “WM BoMaD | ° : - P ‘azom jou «| 0-6 | G-8 | 9-ST | 0-9) 8-6 | 9-8 | F-F — |8-08]} 2 | ‘Zeouep |" * * TRIPseD : erUIpIeg & “om Kyuss “| 9.8 9-2] o-st| 8-9] 8-6 |0-8) 3-7 | o-rt|o-6r| e | eset |{), aqron en Oe He “ |9-8}8-2|-ST] — | — |8-L/3-% | — |8-6T] 9 enseIT | °° ft ‘uzom jou =“ =| #81 9-4] 0-ST | 0-9] 8-6 | 8-4] FF | -FT | -6L | P TASSTE | ° toto is fe 6-8 | 9-L| 8-FT | 0-9] 9-6 | 0-8) 3-F% | O-FT | G-6T] ? GLOVIT | * : VSOIQUAOT[S A “ “ | g-810-8 | 0-9T | F-9 | 0-01 | 9°8 | 9-F | FFT | F-08 S6ELE * eomeI0T,T ‘aso AYGSTS “ | %-9/F-L/0-G1]/39|8-6 | F-8] FF | FPL] O-EL] & 86998 : : nS ss “ | 9-6 | 0-8] 8-ST | 0-9] 0-01 | 8-8] 8- | ¥-ST] 9-08] 2 68SCST | ss emery : 4peqT ‘UIOM Gonur 8-8 | 8-4] FST] 0-9] 8-6 |9-8] FF | 9-FT} 0-06] & JOT ‘GOT 'S * . : - ‘arom Ayayeropour “| 0-6 | G-8 | 0-9T | 0-9 | 0-0T | 9-8] 8-F | 9-FT |] G-TB] 6 osssstT . ‘arom ATVARYs WICOL | 8-8 | 0-8 | 8-ST | G-9 | O-OT | 9-8) 9-F | 8-FT}] F-0B] 8 6LSGST - : SBIJEG 1000015) 934 CHIROPTERA Diagnosis.—Similar to Eptesicus serotinus but smaller, condylo- basal length of skull about 18 mm. instead of 19 to 21:6 mm. Measurements.—Type (young-adult male): head and body, 63; tail, 42; tibia, 18-6; foot, 9°8; forearm, 45:4; third finger, 79-0; fifth finger, 58:0; ear (fresh), 18. Adult from St. Gothard, Switzerland : tibia, 19; forearm, 48. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 233. Specimens examined.—Two, from the following localities :— SWITZERLAND: St. Gothard, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Rovumania: Bustenari, Prahova, 1 (type). Remarks.—The two specimens on which this species is based indicate the existence of an animal bearing much the same relationship to Eptesicus serotinus as Nyctalus noctula to N. maximus. é. Bustenari, Prahova, 840 m. Lord Lilford (e). 4.4.6.1. Roumania. (W. Dodson.) (Type of species.) EPTESICUS NILSSONII Keyserling and Blasius. 1836. Vespertilio kuhlit Nilsson, Tlum. Fig. Skand. Fauna, pt. 17, pl. 34 upper figure. Not of Kuhl, 1819. 1838. Vespert[ilio] borealis Nilsson, Illum. Fig. Skand. Fauna, pt. 19, pl. 34 (renumbered 36) upper figure. Not of P. L. 8. Miller, 1776 (Scandinavia). 1839. V[espertilio] nilssonit Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1839, p. 315 (Mountains of Scandinavia. Based on the V. kuhli of Nilsson, 1836). 1857. Vesperugo nilssonii Blasius, Siiugethiere Deutschlands, p. 70. 1858. Amblyotus atratus Kolenati, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwissensch. Classe, XXIX, p. 252 (Altvater, Austrian Silesia, alt. 2400-4600 ft.). 1878. Vesperugo borealis Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 203. 1894. Vesperugo nillsoni (sic) Rhoads, Reprint Ord’s N. Amer. Zoology, Append., p. 3. 1907. E[ptesicus] nilssoni Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 209, June 29, 1907. 1910. Eptesicus nilssoni Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 23. Type locality.— Sweden. Geographical distribution._-Continental Europe, from northern Norway to the Alps. Diagnosis.—Size medium (forearm less than 40 mm., condylo- basal length of skull less than 16 mm.) ; colour of upper parts a rich dark brown, the hairs of back with noticeably contrasted light tips; underparts light yellowish brown; a well defined line of demarcation along sides of neck. External form.—In general the external form agrees with that of Eptesicus serotinus, due allowance being made for the less robust stature of the smaller animal. Ear relatively longer, EPTESICUS 235 extending to nostril when laid forward, though of the same general form as in E. serotinus ; tip less narrowly rounded off, and flattened or concave portion of posterior border less con- spicuous ; tragus relatively shorter and wider, though not essentially different in form, its greatest width nearly equal to length of anterior border ; transverse striations on inner surface of conch obsolete. Wings and feet essentially as in HE. serotinus. Tail slightly longer than in the related animal, extending nearly to head when laid forward, its terminal vertebra free. Fur and colour.—In quality the fur resembles that of HE. serotinus except that it is softer and more silky in texture, the hairs fully as long as in the larger animal. In distribution it shows no special peculiarities; dorsal surface of uropatagium thinly furred to about middle instead of on extreme base only. Colour above a rich dark brown, ranging from burnt-umber nearly to seal-brown, the hairs everywhere with slightly darker, faintly slaty bases, those of median dorsal region from crown to base of tail tipped with light glossy ochraceous-buff in evident contrast with ground colour, the light tips most numerous behind shoulders, and forming a noticeable mantle over middle of back ; under- parts rather strongly contrasted light yellowish brown, between the wood-brown and ochraceous-buff of Ridgway, the basal portion of the hairs similar to ground colour of back, the yellowish brown area extending over sides of head and completely encircling base of ear, the line of demarcation between it and the dark brown of upper parts sharply defined along sides of neck. Muzzle, cheeks, ears and membranes blackish. SkullIn general the skull differs from that of Hptesicus serotinus, apart from its smaller size, in a general tendency to greater depth, less elongation, and smoother, more evenly rounded surfaces. Dorsal profile with evident convexity at middle. Lambda not overhanging ; low, ill-defined lambdoid crests curving slightly toward point of contact at middle, the rounded posterior outline of the occiput plainly visible behind them when skull is viewed from above ; sagittal crest essentially absent. Brain-case sub-spherical or broadly ovate in outline, its depth slightly more than half mastoid breadth ; floor of brain-case marked by a wide lateral groove between each cochlea and the median line; auditory bulle slightly larger than in HE. serotinus. Interorbital Fig. 41. region relatively less constricted than in — gyptesicus nilssonti. E. serotinus, but of essentially the same form ; Nat. size. lachrymal swelling present but less noticeable than in the larger animal. Rostrum rounded off at sides, with only the faintest trace of lateral concavities ; narial and palatal emarginations essentially as in EH. serotinus. Palate showing no 236 CHIROPTERA noteworthy peculiarities, its general outline less narrow than in the related species. Teeth.—Inner upper incisor asin Eptesicus serotinus, but more robust in proportion to its height ; outer incisor noticeably higher than in the related species, its apex reaching level of secondary cusp of larger tooth, its secondary cusp more prominent ; no marked contrast between crown areas of the two teeth; each pair in line of general curve of anterior portion of palate, instead of at right angles to main axis. Lower incisors less crowded than those of EH. serotinus, their imbrication distinct but not unusual, the general outline of the row broadly V-shaped ; in form the individual teeth show no special peculiarities ; i, without postero-internal tubercle. Canines and premolars with no special peculiarities. First and second upper molars essentially as in Eptesicus serotinus, but disproportion between paracone and metacone less evident ; m? with crown area about two-thirds that of m, its longitudinal diameter through metacone slightly more than half transverse diameter, the mesostyle and metacone well developed, the second and third commissures more than half as long as first ; lower molars like those of EH. serotinus in form, but angles in commissures between outer and inner cusps deeper ; area of second Y in m, nearly equal to that of first. Measurements.—Adult male from Grotte de Vallorbe, Vaud, Switzerland: head and body, 68:5; tail, 47; tibia, 17 ; foot, 10; forearm, 38:2; thumb, 9:8; third finger, 68; fifth finger, 49. Forearm in adult male from Upsala, Sweden, 38:4. Three females from the same locality: forearm, 39, 39, and 39-6; third finger in the four specimens from Upsala: 66, 68, 70 and 68. For cranial measurements see Table opposite. Specimens examined.—Fifteen, from the following localities :— Norway: No exact locality, 1. SwEpEN: Upsala, 8 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Upland, 2 (U.S.N.M.). GERMANY: Wernigerode, Saxony, 2. AustTRI4-HuncGary: Csallék6z-Somorja, Pressburg, 1. SWITZERLAND: Grotte de Vallorbe, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz). Remarks.—This species is readily distinguishable from Eptesicus serotinus by its smaller size and by the conspicuous pale tips to the hairs of back. From Vespertilio murinus, which resembles it in colour pattern, the narrow ear, more yellowish (less whitish) hair-tips on back, and slightly smaller size distinguish it super- ficially. Pipistrellus savii, which often has almost exactly similar coloration, is a much smaller animal (forearm, 31 to 33 instead of 38 to 40). 1. Norway. (Collett.) E. R. Alston (P.) 81. 6. 9. 2. 4%. Upsala,Sweden. (Kolthoff.) Lord Lilford (vr) 11.1.1.: 6, %. Wernigerode, Saxony, Ger- Dr. W. Wolterstorff 0. 2. 8. ae many. (c &P). 1. Csallékéz-Somorja, Press- Budapest Museum (z.) 94. 3. 1. ibe burg, Hungary. 237 EPTESICUS 4 0-9 | #-G| FIL] 8-F | 0-8 | 8-9 F-P. F-OL | F-ST a : z-9|8-¢/ 9-11] 0-¢ | 0-8| 8-9 0-8 | B-0T | 3ST se « 109.91 6-G|0-IT | 0-¢ | 3-8 | F-9 | G-F | F-OL | 8-FT ‘urom Ayss “| g.g¢ | 3-G | 8-OL |] 0-G | 0-8 | 6-9 | B-F | 0-01 | 0-FT ‘aomqou “ | g.¢]3-¢} 9-01 | 0-9 | 0-8 | 0-9 | 3-F | 0-0T | O-ST ‘arom Ayayerepour “| 0-9 | &-G] O-TT | 0- | 8-4] 8-9] 0-F | 8-6 | 9-FT « « 19.9] 6-¢] 3-TL | 8-F | 8-L| 0-9 | BF | O-OT | 8-FT ‘azom jou «6 | g.g | B-G | O-TT | 0-9 | 8-4) 0-9 | 3-F/ 9-6 | G-FT ‘arom Sqysis =“ 9-¢|%-¢| 8-01] 8-F | 0-8 | 3-9 | 0-F | 0-OL | 9-FT ‘uzom gow “| FG | O-G | 9-01} 9-F | 9-4) 8-9 0-F 0-6 | B-FT ue « | g.¢]g-¢]0-IT] 3-¢ | 0-8] 0-9 (0-7 | 0-0T | 8-FT ‘arom ApVqSYS YET, | 0-9 | F-G] 8-OL | BG | 8-4] 0-9 | G-F , O-OT | 8-FT et = 8 Q ge (85) F lety| 22) g2 | ge) se) 52 “suOTyeArTasO. oe FS a eee Pe Se Bd s ae g2|/S2| 2 |sso/ 85) 58) Fe) FE | Pg #2 | =< $ a Po j/k Bg a E | ? é io) Ot OF SO OF OF OF OF OF OF “xg Ze},OTN BLET | F860 *6'8°S'0 S6SEST | TTT | OF T‘TIT BESSST TPT LIL 68 ‘TT TT T6GSST 96866 S6E6S | “raquin r puea ‘QqOT[BA OP 04JOLL) : PULTIOZIMG “c “ ‘ + £moxeg ‘aporzosturam :Auewms9sy B ‘ : ‘ epesd . “ purtdy : uepaag “AYTLOOT ‘TINOSSTIN SQOISHLdTH JO SLINEWAYOSVANM TIVINVAD 238 CHIROPTERA Genus VESPERTILIO Linnzus. 1758. Vespertilio Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 31 (murinus by tautonymy). 1839. Vesperugo Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur- gesch., 1839, 1, p. 312 (part). 1839. Vesperus Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Naturgesch., 1839, 1, p. 313. Sub-genus of Vesperugo (part). 1856. Meteorus Kolenati, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neue Folge, 11, p. 131 (part). 1857. Vesperus, misprinted Vesperugo Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 69 (Sub-genus of Vesperugo). 1863. ‘‘ Aristippe Kolenati, Beitriage zur Kenntniss der Phthiriomyiarien, Petersburg, 1863” (part). 1872. Marsipolemus Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, p. 260 (Sub-genus of Vesperugo for albigularis = murinus). 1878. Vesperus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 183. Sub-genus of Vesperugo (part). 1897. Vespertilio Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 384, October, 1897 (part). 1900. Vespertilio Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungarie, p. 219 (part). 1907. Vespertilio Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 209, June 29, 1907. Type species.—Vespertilio murinus Linnzeus. Geographical distribution.—Forested northern portion of the Palearctic region from the Atlantic coast eastward through Continental Asia. Characters.—Like Eptesicus, but ear much shortened and broadened, rostrum flattened above, with deep concavity on each side between nares and lachrymal region ; nares very large, extending back nearly half way to interorbital constriction, and palatal emargination extended so far laterally that its width is distinctly greater than its depth. Remarks.—The genus Vespertilio as now restricted contains only two species, V. murinus Linneus, and V. superans Thomas, the former European, the latter Asiatic. The form of the skull suggests in certain respects that of Nyctalus, and in others the North American Lasionycteris. VESPERTILIO MURINUS Linnzeus. 1758. [Vespertilio] murinus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 32 (Sweden). 1819. Vespertilio discolor Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau. Gesellsch. Naturk., Iv (= Neue Ann., 1), pt. 2, p. 187 (Vienna, Austria). 1857. Vesperugo discolor Blasius, Sdugethiere Deutschlands, p. 73. 1872. Vesperus (Marsipolemus) albigularis Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, p. 260 (Type supposed to have been taken in Mexico; for its reference to this species see Méhely, Monogy. Chiropt. Hungarie, pp. 229, 341, 1900). 1878. Vesperugo discolor Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 204, 1885. Vesperus siculus Daday, Orvos-Termeszettudomanyi Erteseté, Kolozs- var, X, p. 275 (Homorod-Almas cave, Hungary). See Méhely, Monogr. Chiropt. Hungariz, pp. 229, 346, 1900. VESPERTILIO 239 1886. Vesperus siculus Daday, Verhandl. u. Mittheilungen des Siebenbiirg- ischen' Vereins fiir Naturwissensch. in Hermannstadt, xxxvI, p. 82. 1897. Vespertilio murinus Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 382, October, 1897. 1910. Eptesicus siculus and Vespertilio murinus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 23 and 25. Type locality. — Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution—Northern and central Europe, from southern Norway and central Sweden south to the Alps. One record of its occurrence in England.* Diagnosis.—General characters as in the genus; length of forearm about 43 to 45 mm. External characters.—General appearance much as in Eptesicus nilssonit but slightly larger and more robust. Ear extending nearly to nostril when laid forward, its width when flattened about 14 times height from crown; anterior basal lobe so much reduced as to suggest the keel of the Molossidz, the anterior border of conch nearly straight from forehead to broadly rounded tip ; posterior border shallowly sinuous-concave from just below tip nearly to level of meatus; here it turns forward almost at right angles and extends nearly to angle of mouth, where it terminates at a well developed wart, the terminal portion often forming a slight fold or pocket; antitragus low and keel-like, nearly 2 mm. from margin of conch; inner surface of conch slightly papillose, without evident cross ridges; tragus low, scarcely rising above level of outer angle of anterior lobe, its greatest width (slightly above middle) nearly equal to length of straight or slightly concave anterior border, its tip broadly rounded, the convexity continuous behind with that of upper portion of posterior border ; posterior basal lobe obsolete. Wing rather narrow, the fifth finger exceeding forearm by one-sixth to one-fifth length of forearm, the membranes thin, extending to base of outer toe; third and fourth metacarpals sub-equal, nearly 5 mm. shorter than forearm, fifth about 3 mm. shorter than third. Leg rather robust; foot about half as long as tibia ; calcar slightly longer than tibia and free border of uropatagium, its keel ill defined, its termination obscure. Tail extending to between shoulders when laid forward, the last vertebra free. Fur and colour.—The fur is rather short and dense, less silky than that of Eptesicus nilssonii, the hairs at middle of back about 7 mm. inlength. In distribution it shows no special peculiarities ; upper surface of interfemoral membrane furred on basal third. Colour above essentially as in Eptesicus nilssonii, but light tips to hairs very pale, almost whitish cream-buff, producing a decidedly “frosted” appearance ; underparts cream-buff, the dusky under colour showing through on chest and anterior portion of belly ; line of demarcation on sides of neck sharply defined ; muzzle and chin dusky ; ears and membranes blackish. * A single specimen, undoubtedly a straggler, taken at Plymouth. ‘ 240 CHIROPTERA Skull.The skull combines the short, smooth brain-case of Eptesicus nilssonit with the broad, flat rostrum of EH. serotinus, but differs conspicuously in aspect from both in the very deep, Nycialus-like narial and palatal emarginations. Dorsal profile essentially straight from nares to rounded, not overhanging lambda. Sagittal crest obsolete ; lambdoid crest low but evident. Depth of brain-case at middle decidedly more than half mastoid breadth ; floor with wide conspicuous slit between cochlea and basioccipital ; a flattened pit-like depression at front of each slit ; auditory bulla moderately large, their trans- verse diameter about equal to space between > them. Interorbital region broadly hour-glass ls SK] 5 shaped, flattened above ; edge of orbit from lachrymal region nearly to most constricted portion distinctly and irregularly swollen. Dorsal surface of rostrum flattened, with broad, shallow lateral depressions ; narial emargina- tion broadly triangular, its apex extending back to level of lachrymal region; rostral depth at front of orbit equal to distance from orbit Fenuevestsa muti: to front of inner incisor 3 anteorbital foramen Nat. size. moderately large, over point of contact between large premolar and first molar ; lachrymal fora- men directly behind it on inner rim of orbit. Palate broad and short, noticeably concave both laterally and longitudinally, the anterior emargination large, much wider than deep, but extend- ing hack to level of middle of premolar ; posterior extension of palate parallel sided, its length slightly greater than width behind molars; hamulars slightly bent inward; median spine well developed. Mandible robust, much deeper at symphysis than behind tooth-row, the coronoid process low (height less than least width of posterior section) with gradually sloping upper border; angular process rather slender, its extremity slightly curved inward. Teeth—While in general resembling those of the European species of Eptesicus, especially those of E. nilssonii, the teeth of Vespertilio murinus show certain notable peculiarities. Inner upper incisor similar to that of Eptesicus serotinus when viewed from in front, but with well developed postero-basal cusp which in some specimens rises nearly to half the height of main cusp, producing a distinctly trifid tooth ; outer incisor with crown area slightly less than that of inner, the cusp rising nearly to middle of shaft of inner tooth; secondary cusp slightly developed ; position of incisors relatively to tooth-row about as in E. nilssonii. Lower incisors as in E. nilssontt. Upper canine with transverse diameter slightly greater than longitudinal diameter, the reverse of the condition in the two species of Eptesicus ; lower canine with same peculiarity in outline of crown though to a less degree. Upper premolar with longitudinal diameter of crown relatively Fig. 42. 241 VESPERTILIO ] | | et $-G | G-G | O-TT | 0-¢ — |8-G | 0-F oo | PPL OLGLE 7 7 % nf | 9-9 8-9|-TT] 0-¢ | 8-4/8-9|0-5| — | 9-91 ossne * ; “eeaeg : Ausutiex “mom you“ | 9-¢ GG|8-OLT | 0-9 | 8-4! 9-G|b-F | 8-6 | GFL é 88969 mi - “ | ‘arom Ajoyzropout “| gg 1 gg | — | 0-G | 3-8] 8-9 | 3 | FOL! 3-ST | 9 ¢8969 : ° a | 8-¢ ; ao) = 0-G |8-L|0-9| ¥-% | 8-6 | 9-FT | 9 9Sé8E * AGITBoo] yowxe ou : yIVUITEC i} | ‘UIOM JOU WOOT, 9-¢ 8-G | 8-0 a= 0-8} 3-9! FF | B-6 8-PT 16°69 OF | ° AgITBooT yowxe ou :TOEpeaMg LZ Lee ot ca io” 8s ge 88 Se| & joey) EP | eb | Be) sf | vf “s¥0148A.19890 SalSe) £ |Ee8/ 58 /8F) 8s Ss Qe | -xeg | ‘soqumy “AqITBOOT (32/82 | 2 jes | 8/58) 28 | FR | Pe 25 a ® a (| *a1(° 2) Be Oe g | . i ‘SONTYOW OITILYAdTSHA AO SLINANHANSVEN TIVINVHD 242 CHIROPTERA less than in the European species of Eptesicus, and antero-internal basal cusp better developed ; lower premolars more crowded and compressed than in E. nilssonii, and crown area of first relatively smaller. Molars as in E. nilssonii except that columnar hypocone of m! and m? stands out more prominently from outline of protocone. Measurements.—Three adult males from Denmark: head and body, 62, 59 and 62; tail, 43, 40 and 44; tibia, 17-4, 16°8 and 16°8; foot, 9°6,9'2and 10; forearm, 43-4, 44 and 43 ; thumb, 7, 7-4 and 7:6; third finger, 73, 76 and 74; fifth finger, 52, 54 and 53; ear from meatus, 15, 15 and 15:6; width of ear, 16, 16 and 17. Adult female from the same locality: head and body, 63; tail, 41; tibia, 16:4; foot,9; forearm, 45; thumb, 8 ; third finger, 78; fifth finger, 54; ear from meatus, 16; width of ear, 17. Adult male from Morat, Fribourg, Switzerland : head and body, 56 ; tail, 42; tibia, 16 ; foot, 8:8; forearm, 45; thumb, 5:4; third finger, 76; fifth finger, 55; ear from meatus, 12; width of ear, 12°4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 241. Specimens examined.—Twelve, from the following localities :— Eneranp: Plymouth, 1. SwepeEn: No exact locality, 1. Denmark: No exact locality, 4 (U.S.N.M.). Germany: Gross Hennersdorf, Saxony, 1; Bavaria, 2 (U.S.N.M.). AvustRia-Huneary: Csallokéz-Somorja, Pressburg, 1. SwiTzERLAND: Morat, Fribourg, 1 (Mottaz). LocaLity unKNowN: One; type of albigularis Peters (Berlin). Remarks.—Superficially this bat somewhat resembles Eptesicus nilssoni. It is readily distinguishable, however, by its slightly larger size (forearm, 43 to 45 instead of 38 to 40), low, rounded ear, and by the whitish rather than yellowish wash on back. 1. Plymouth, Devonshire, Dr. Leach (P). 87. a. England. — Sweden. Stockholm Museum (kz). 46. 6. 2. 21. ®. Gross Hennersdorf, Lord Lilford (r). 99. 1. 9. 5. Saxony (W. Baer.) 1. Csallékéz-Somorja, Press- Budapest Museum (s). 94, 3. 1. 15. burg, Hungary. Genus NYCTALUS Bowdich. 1825. Nyctalus Bowdich, Excursions in Madeira and Porto Santo, p. 36 (verrucosus). 1829. et ie Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, I, p. 99. 1839. Vesperugo Keyserling and Blasius, Wiegmann’s Archiv fiir Natur- gesch., 1839, 1, p. 312 (part). 1842. Noctulinia Gray, Ann.and Mag. Nat. Hist., x, p. 258 (part; contained proterus = noctula and fuluus = Scotophilus kuhlii). 1856. Panugo Kolenati, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, Dresden, neve Folge, 1, p. 181 (noctula and leisleri). 1857. Vesperugo Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 49 (part). NYCTALUS 243 1878. Vesperugo Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 183 (part). 1898. Noctulinia H. Allen, Proc. U.S. National Museum, xvi, p. 30, June 13, 1893. 1897. Pterygistes Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 384, October, 1897. 1899. Hwvesperugo Acloque, Faune de France, Mammiféres, p. 32 (part, included noctula, leisleri, maurus, kuhlit, pipistrellus, and abramus). 1907. Pterygistes Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 207, June 27, 1907. 1908. Nyctalus Andersen, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 9th ser., 1, p. 434, May, 1908. Type species.—Nyctalus verrucosus Bowdich. Geographical distribution. Northern portion of Eastern Hemi- sphere from the Azores and Madeira to Japan. Characters.— Dental formula as in Pipistrellus; skull with nares extending unusually far back, half way to interorbital con- b Fie. 43. Nyetal: i (a), NV. tula (b), N. leistert (c), and N. azoreum (d). Nat. size. y striction, and with large anterior palatal emargination ; fifth finger much shortened, scarcely exceeding metacarpal of fourth or third. Remarks.—This genus is well differentiated from allied groups by the peculiar narrowing of the wing due to the shortness of the fifth finger. Three of the half dozen known species occur on the continent of Europe, while a fourth inhabits the Azores. The most obvious character by which the European forms are dis- tinguished is the size of the skull (see fig. 43). KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF NYCTALUS. Condylobasal length of skull more than 17 mm.; fore- arm more than 45 mm.; hairs of back without dark bases. Condylobasal length of skull 22 to 23 mm.; forearm 64 to 68 mm. (Southern Hurope)........ceeeeeeee N. maximus, p. 244. Condylobasal length of skull 17°4to 19°4:mm.; fore- arm 47 to 55 mm. (Distribution general) ......... N. noctula, p. 245. Condylobasal length of skull less than 17 mm.; fore- arm less than 45 mm.; hairs of back with notice- able dark bases. Condylobasal length of skull 15 to 16 mm.; forearm 39 to 43 mm. (Distribution general) ............... WM. letsleri, p. 252. Condylobasal length of skull 13 to 14-2 mm. » fore- arm 35 to 42 mM. (AZOLES) ..s.eseeeeeseeeeeeeeeenees N. azoreum, p. 254. R 2 244 CHIROPTERA NYCTALUS MAXIMUS Fatio. 1781. ? Vespertilio lasiopterus Schreber, Saiugethiere, pl. Lvit B. See Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., 8th ser., vi11, pp. 379-380, September, 1911. 1827. 2? Vespertilio ferrugineus Brehm, Ornis, Heft 111, p. 26 (Renthendorf, Thiiringen, Germany). 1869. [Vesperugo noctula] var. maxima Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 57. Co-type in Geneva Museum. 1900. Pterygistes maximus Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, x11, p. 156, June 18, 1900. 1910. Nyctalus maximus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 19. Type locality.—Amsteg, Uri, Switzerland. Geographical distribution—At present known from a few localities in Switzerland and Italy. Diagnosis.—Essentially similar to Nyctalus noctula but much larger ; condylobasal length of skull, 22 to 23 mm. ; forearm, 64. to 68 mm. External characters——Hxcept for the conspicuously greater size and consequent more robust form, there appears to be no tangible character by which the animal can be distinguished from N. noctula. Fur and colour.—tIn the few specimens examined the furred area on under surface of wing membrane behind forearm appears to be better defined thanin N. noctula. Colour as in the common species. Skull and teeth—The skull and teeth so closely resemble those of Nyctalus noctula that in general they differ in their greater size only. The posterior portion of occiput is, however, more elevated above base of cranium than in the smaller animal, so that lower edge of condyle is about on level with anteorbital foramen and alveolus of canine instead of distinctly below them. Correlated with this character is a more abrupt rising of lambdal region above level of anterior portion of brain-case, and a less nearly horizontal truncation of occipital region. Palate appar- ently more concave longitudinally than in any of the smaller European species. Measurements.—Adult male and female from Pisa, Italy: head and body, 78 and 87 ; tail, 59 and 66 ; tibia, 23-6 and 24; foot, 12 and 13; forearm, 65 and 68 ; thumb, 11] and 11; third finger, 119 and 123; fifth finger, 76 and 77; ear from meatus, 21 and 22; width of ear, 23 and 24. Adult male from Venice : * head and body, 92; tail, 65; tibia, 26; foot, 14; forearm, 67. Adult female from Amsteg, Uri, Switzerland: head and body, 90+ ; tibia, 21-6 ; foot, 13; forearm, 64; thumb, 9°4; third finger, 114; fifth finger, 72. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 250. Specimens examined.—Five, from the following localities :— SwirzERLanp: Amsteg, Uri, 1 (Geneva; co-type). Ivaty: Pisa, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Ravenna, 1. * Ninni, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci, Nat., Milano, xxv1, p. 109, 1883. NYCTALUS 245 Remarks.—Nyctalus maximus is readily distinguished among the bats of Europe by its large size. It is at present a rare and little known animal. Gal. Pisa, Italy. Dr. A. Senna (Ez). 94. 6. 3. 3. gal. Ravenna. Florence Museum (E). 85. 7. 6. 9. gal. Lidth de Jeude Coll. 67. 4. 12. 337 NYCTALUS NOCTULA Schreber. 1774. Vespertilio noctula Schreber, Siugthiere, 1, pl. x11; description, 1, p. 166, under name: Die Speckmaus (France; based primarily on “La Noctule” of Daubenton, Hist. Acad. Royale des Sci., Paris, 1759, p. 8376. 1765). 1776. Vespertilio lardarius P. L. 8. Miller, Natursyst. Suppl. u. Regist.- Band, p. 15 (France; based primarily on Schreber’s Speckmaus). 1789. [Vespertilio]) magnus Borkenhaut, Syn. Nat. Hist. Great Britain and Ireland, 1, p. 1 (Cambridge, England; based on Pennant, Brit. Zool., No. 38). 1789, Vespertilio altivolans White, Nat. Hist. and Antiquities of Selborne, p. 93 (Selborne, Hampshire, Engiand). 1816. ? Vespertilio major Leach, Syst. Catal. Spec. Indig. Mamm. and Birds Brit. Mus. Cet oeehr Society reprint, 1882), p. 5 Nomen nudum: ‘Great Bat.” 1818. Vespertilio proterus Kuhl, Ann. Wetterau, Gesellsch. Naturk, ty = Neue Ann., 1), pt. 1, p. 41 (Substitute for noctwla). 1829. Vespertilio rufescens Brehm, Isis, p. 643 (Jena, Thiiringen, Germany). 1841. Vespertilio noctula Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, Ind. Distrib. (sp. illustr.). 1841. Noctula serotina Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, Ind. Distrib. (nomencl. moderna). 1844. Vesp[ertilio] palustris Crespon, Faune Méridionale, 1, p. 22 (marshes near Nimes, Gard, France). 1857. Vesperugo noctula Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 53. 1869. [Vesperugo noctula] var. minima Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 58 (Geneva, Switzerland). 1878. Vesperugo noctula Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 212. 1897. Pterygistes noctula Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 6th ser., xx, p. 884, October, 1897. 1910. Nyctalus noctula Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 18. Type locality.—France. Geographical distribution—Europe from southern Norway and central Sweden to the Mediterranean, and from England eastward into Asia. Diagnosis.— Condylobasal length of skull, 17°4 to 19-4 mm. ; forearm, 47 to 55 mm. ; general colour dark yellowish brown, the hairs not darker at base. External characters.—General form robust and heavy. Muzzle broad, with conspicuous glandular swelling between eye and nostril, the greatest width across this region decidedly more than distance between nostril and ear ; nostrils projecting forward and outward with evident median concavity between them, the orifice crescentic. Ear short, extending when laid forward about half 246 CHIROPTERA way from eye to nostril, its breadth when flattened decidedly greater than height above crown; anterior border of conch abruptly convex below, then nearly straight to broadly rounded off extremity ; posterior border convex throughout, most strongly at middle ; antitragus long and low, well marked off posteriorly, its anterior border extending to just below angle of mouth ; inner surface of conch finely papillose, without evident cross ridges ; tragus very short, scarcely rising above level of anterior base of conch, much wider above than below, its greatest width about equal to height; anterior and posterior borders concave, the anterior more so than posterior, their length about equal to that of expanded upper portion, which is more abruptly rounded anteriorly than posteriorly. Wing long and slender, the fifth finger exceeding forearm by only 4 to 4 length of latter, the membrane leathery and opaque, joining leg at ankle ; third and fourth metacarpals sub-equal, the third slightly the longer and about equal to forearm, fifth abruptly shorter by slightly more than one-fifth forearm. Leg short and strong, the broad foot about one-half as long as tibia; calcar 14 to twice as long as tibia or as free border of interfemoral membrane, its distal termination obscure but basal portion strong, well defined and with keel about 2°5 mm. wide supported by a well defined thickening and terminating in an abrupt convexity on side nearest heel. Tail rather short, extending to between shoulders when laid forward, the tip of last vertebra (about 2 mm.) free. Fur and colour—Fur dense and velvety, the hairs at middle of back only about 5 mm. in length; on dorsal surface of wing it extends to line joining knee with middle of humerus, on ventral surface to line from elbow to knee; beyond this line it spreads thinly on under surface of antebrachial membrane and also ‘behind forearm and across bases of metacarpals along an area about 10 mm. wide. Interfemoral membrane furred both above and below at extreme base only. Colour of upper parts a rather dark yellowish brown, near the wood-brown and cinnamon of Ridgway, the hairs showing a faint clouding of prouts-brown in certain lights, their basal portion a light dull isabella-colour ; underparts scarcely different from back, though usually a little lighter and more dull; muzzle and cheeks dusky ; ears and membranes blackish. Skull—General aspect of skull broad and robust, rather high posteriorly, low anteriorly, with conspicuous narial emargination. Dorsal profile rising rather rapidly from incisors to lambda, with slight convexity over lachrymal region and a slighter though more abrupt concavity just in front of lambda. Ventral profile elevated posteriorly. Brain-case ovate, but with wide mastoid and paroccipital region and squarely truncate occiput which together produce a distinctly truncate-cuneate outline, slightly though evidently wider than long; depth at middle distinctly more than half mastoid breath ; sagittal crest low but evident, NYCTALUS 247 the region on each side of it flat or slightly depressed ; lambdoid crest high, curved abruptly forward at point of junction with sagittal crest ; floor of brain-case with small but evident lateral pits, well defined anteriorly but communicating posteriorly with vacuity between cochlea and basioccipital ; auditory bulle well developed but of moderate size, the transverse diameter about equal to distance between bulle. Interorbital region deeply constricted, short hour-glass shaped, the lachrymal region widen- ing abruptly to a breadth nearly equal to that of brain-case, and forming a slight though evident tuber- cular projection over anterior rim of orbit ; rostrum squarish, somewhat narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, the oval or ovate narial emargination extending back to level of lachrymal foramen ; rostral depth at front of orbit about equal to distance from orbit to front of inner incisor ; anteorbital foramen small, over space between large premolar and first molar, lachrymal foramen slightly above and behind it, on orbital rim. Palate rather short, owing to the large size of 7 the anterior emargination, the posterior ds eine edge of which is on level with middle of tO ae large premolar, rather evidently concave laterally, less so longitudinally. Posterior extension of palate nearly parallel sided, its width at level of posterior edge of third molar slightly less than length ; hamulars barely turned inward ; median spine large, acute. Mandible robust, noticeably deeper at symphysis than immediately behind tooth-row ; posterior portion rather low and long, the height of coronoid process above alveolus less than least length, the upper border sloping gradually from coronoid to articular process; angular process moderately long, about on level with alveolar line, its main axis directed rather abruptly outward, its distal extremity obliquely widened. Teeth.—Relatively to size of skull the teeth are large, though the cusps are rather low. Inner upper incisor slender, with slightly developed cingulum, its crown area barely one quarter that of canine, the nearly terete shaft directed obliquely inward, its apex extending slightly beyond level of cingulum of canine, its secondary cusp small but evident, situated on postero-external surface of shaft ; outer upper incisor with crown area distinctly greater than that of inner tooth, the shaft deeply concave, its concavity directed outward and backward, the main cusp lying close against secondary cusp of inner tooth, the well-defined se:ondary cusp relatively much larger than that of inner incisor, cingulum well developed, bearing a small but distinct antero-external cusp on opposite side of concavity from secondary cusp. The two a le 4 SN 248 CHIROPTERA incisors are closely crowded against each other ; outer tooth separated from canine by a very narrow space. Lower incisors rather strongly imbricated, forming a very broadly U-shaped row between canines, the crowns of 7, and 7, compressed, trifid, that of i, sub-terete, flattened anteriorly, with two low posterior tubercles in addition to the three cusps corresponding to those of other teeth. Upper canine robust, with well developed anterior and posterior cutting edge, the shaft triangular in cross-section ; cingulum well developed but without true secondary cusps. Lower canine with posterior surface of shaft strongly concave, the well developed cingulum forming a postero-internal basal cusp and a conspicuous secondary cusp near middle of antero- internal border of shaft ; diameter of crown distinctly less than distance between canines. Anterior upper premolar minute, closely wedged in space between canine and posterior premolar, its cross- section less than half that of incisors, its crown reniform in outline, its cusp low but distinct ; posterior upper premolar with crown area somewhat more than half that of first molar, the protocone well developed, nearly as high as in molars, the main cusp rather high but much shorter than canine (measured along cingulum), its two cutting edges well developed. Lower pre- molars closely crowded, their crowns about equal in cross-section and somewhat more than half that of canine, the shaft of first lower and more robust than that of second and about half as high as canine ; cingulum well developed, in each tooth forming a small but evident antero-internal and postero-internal cusp. First and second upper molars with crowns rather broad on inner side, the posterior emargination slight; protocone robust but low ; hypocone small but well developed and distinct from commissure of protocone ; outer cups without special peculiarities, the styles low but well developed, the W-pattern normal, m3 with crown area distinctly more than half that of m}, its longitudinal diameter through metacone about half transverse diameter, its three cusps, two styles and three commissures well developed, but proportion between paracone and metacone reversed as compared with other molars. Lower molars with unusually robust hypoconid and entoconid, producing a strong contrast in size between the anterior and posterior Y in m, and m, and approximate equality in m,; cingulum well developed but not forming basal cusp behind entoconid. Measurements.— Adult female from Kew Gardens, Surrey, England: head and body, 71; tail, 51; tibia, 18; foot, 10; ‘forearm, 52; thumb, 9; third finger, 94; fifth finger, 58; ear from meatus, 15; width of ear, 16. Adult female from Herrn- hut, Saxony, Germany : head and body, 79; tail, 53; tibia, 19 ; foot, 10°6; forearm, 53; thumb, 9°4; third finger, 97 ; fifth finger, 60 ; ear from meatus, 17 ; width of ear, 17. Two adult males from Pisa, Italy: head and budy, 70 and 71 ; tail, 49 and 52°6 ; tibia, 18 and 19; foot, 10 and 11; forearm, 51 and 53 ; NYCTALUS 249 thumb, 8 and 9; third finger, 92 and 97 ; fifth finger, 56 and 59; ear from meatus, 14°6 and 16 ; width of ear, 14 and 15:6. Two adult females from the same locality : head and body, 74 and 75 ; tail, 50 and 53; tibia, 18°6 and 18; foot, 10 and 11; forearm, 51°6 and 52; thumb, 9 and 10; third finger, 93 and 97; fifth finger, 57 and 58; ear from meatus, 16 and 16; width of ear, 16 and 16. Two adult females from Corinth, Greece: head and body, 69 and 76; tail, 51 and 54; tibia, 18 and 19; foot, 11 and 10 ; forearm, 52 and 54 ; thumb, 9:4 and 9:4; third finger, 96 and 102; fifth finger, 58 and 62; ear from meatus, 15:6 and 16; width of ear, 15 and 16. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 250. Specimens examined.—One hundred and fourteen, from the following localities :-— EnaLuanD: Bowdon, Cheshire, 1; Stoke, Staffordshire, 1; Oundle, Northamptonshire, 4; Bedfordshire, 1; Trumpington, Cambridgeshire, 1; Cambridgeshire, no exact locality, 1; Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, 1; Sandringham, Norfolk,1; Kingsbury, Middlesex, 1; Chelmsford, Essex, 1; Wellyn, Hertfordshire, 1; Tring, Hertfordshire, 3; Wandsworth Common, Surrey, 1; Shalford, Surrey, 2; Earlsfield, Surrey, 5; Kew Gardens, Surrey, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Fulham Park, London, 1; Hastwell, Kent, 2; St. Leonards, Sussex, 1; Farnborough, Hampshire, 1; Wareham, Dorset- shire, 1. Houyanp: Oosterbeek, Guelderland, 1. Germany: Moritzburg, Saxony, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Herrnhut, Saxony, 2 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Niesky, Silesia, 1; Schwarzburg, Thiiringen, 2; Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 3; Bavaria, no exact locality, 8 (U.S.N.M.) ; Stuttgart, 1. AustRia-Huneary: Csallékéz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 2. Roumania: Gageni, 1; Bustenari, 1; no exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SwITZERLAND: Geneva, 4 (Geneva and Mottaz); St. Margarethen, Appenzell, 8 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Spain: Seville, 4; no exact locality, 2. Iraty: Pisa, 18 (U.S.N.M.); Florence, 4 (Mottaz); Vallombrosa, near Florence, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Siena, 1; Rome, 2. GREECE: Corinth, 12 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—This is one of the most widely distributed and abundant of the larger European bats. From Eptesicus serotinus, the only species with which it is likely to be confused, it is easily distinguished by the narrow wing, short, recurved tragus, and low, rounded ear. 3 Aberia, Merionethshire, Col. Yerbury (c & P). 11. 1. 3. 26. Wales. 2. Bowdon, Cheshire, Eng- G. Barrett-Hamilton 11, 1. 2. 100. land. (2. A. Coward.) (P). 11. 1. 1. 126- 26,2%. Oundle, Northampton- Lord Lilford (P). 127. shire, 11.1.1. 129- : 180. ?. Bedfordshire. J. S. Elliot (c & P). 11. 1. 3. 391. 1. Trumpington, Cambridge- G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 101. shire, (P). al. Cambridgeshire. Rey. L. 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Molossi Peters, Monatsber. k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch., Berlin, p. 258. 1872. Molossidz Gill, Arrangement of the Families of Mammals, p. 17. 1878. Emballonuride (part; Molossine, part, Molossi) Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 402. 1907. Molosside Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 241, June 29, 1907. Geographical distribution.— Warmer parts of both hemispheres ; in the Old World north to the Mediterranean region and southern Asia. Characters,—Essentially like the Vespertilionide except that the secondary articulation of humerus with scapula is more perfectly developed and the fibula is robust, adding appreciably to strength of leg. Auditory bulla noticeably emarginate on inner side. Tail projecting very conspicuously beyond membrane, a character by which the only European member of the group may be immediately recognized. Remarks.—The family Molosside is widely distributed in the warmer parts of both hemispheres. Eleven genera are now known, one of which is represented in the Mediterranean region of Europe. Genus NYCTINOMUS Geoffroy. 1818. Nyctinomus Geoffroy, Descr. de l’Egypte, 11, p. 114 (egyptiacus). 1821. Nyctinoma Bowdich, Anal. Nat. Class. Mamm., p. 28 (Modification of Nyctinomus). 1821. Nyctinomes Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 299, April 1, 1821 (Modification of Nyctinomus). 1822. Nyctinomia Fleming, Philos. of Zool., 1, p. 178 (Modification of Nyctinomus). 1842. Mops Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Régne Anim., p. 18 (Mops indicus Lesson = Dysopes mops F. Cuvier). 1878. Nyctinomus Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 420 (part). 1902. Nyctinomops Miller, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadélphis, p. 393, September 12, 1902 (femorosaccus). 1907. Nyctinomus Miller, Families and Genera of Bats, p. 251, June 29, 1907. Type species.—Nyctinomus xgyptiacus Geoffroy. Geographical distribution—Warmer portions of both hemi- spheres, north to the southern United States and to the Mediter- ranean coast of Europe, east to the Philippines and Norfolk Island. Characters.— Dental formula: i or Ey 3, pm &, m2 = 30 or 32; brain-case not unusually flattened, its ‘depth at least half its width ; bony palate with a small median anterior emargination extending to behind level of roots of incisors. Remarks.—As thus defined the genus Nyctinomus contains ~ In the species occurring in Europe. NYCTINOMUS 277 about forty species, two-thirds of which are peculiar to the Old World, one of them occurring in the Mediterranean region of Europe. NYCTINOMUS TENIOTIS Rafinesque. 1814. Cephalotes teniotis Rafinesque, Préc.des Découv. Somiol., p. 12 (Sicily). 1825. Dinops cestoni Savi, N. Giorn. de’ Letterati, Pisa, x, p. 235 (Pisa, Italy). 1840. Dysopes savit Schinz, Europ. Fauna, i, p. 5 (Substitute for cestoni). 1871. [Dysopes cestonii] var. nigrogrisews Schneider, Neue Denkschr. Schweiz. Gesellsch. Naturwiss., xxiv, p. 5 (articles separately paged). Basel, Switzerland. 1877. Nyctinomus cestonit Dobson, Catal. Chiropt. Brit. Mus., p. 423. 1891. Nyctinomus taniotis Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 182. 1897. [Dysopes] midas Schulze, Abh. Ges. Nat. 1v, No. 10, p. 23 (Substitute for cestont). Not of Sundevall, 1842. 1910. Nyctinomus txniotis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 36. Type locality.—Sicily. : Geographical distribution.—Mediterranean region of Europe and northern Africa. Accidental? at Basel, Switzerland. Diagnosis.—Like the African Nyctinomus sxgyptiacus but larger, condylobasal length of skull about 23 mm. instead of about 20 mm. ; lower incisor 3-3 instead of 2-2; small upper premolar with crown area more than one-half instead of less than one-fifth that of upper incisor. Distinguishable among European bats by the generic characters ; forearm about 60 mm. External characters.—Form heavy and robust, the legs short, the feet large, the wings long and narrow, the membranes thick and leathery, the ears very large, sub-orbicular, joined at their anterior bases ; these characters in connection with the thick muscular tail, projecting by at least one-third of its length beyond interfemoral membrane, immediately distinguish the animal from all other European bats. Muzzle projecting rather noticeably beyond upper lip, obliquely truncate ; nostril pad well defined, wider than high, the sub-circular nostrils opening forward and slightly outward at its outer margin, its surface with very fine reticula- tions and a few coarse wrinkles, glabrous except below, where it is sprinkled with fine hairs, this hairy area continuous with the brush-like fringe of recurved blunt hairs along middle of upper lip; upper margin of pad broadly concave at middle, convex laterally over the nostrils, its edge thickly set with small, laterally compressed horny excrescences, about thirty-five in number, the outermost lying a little above level of middle of nostril; a row of about ten similar excrescences crosses middle of pad vertically. Upper lip very large and full, marked by many deep oblique wrinkles, its surface both above and below rather densely hairy. A small wart on chin just behind level of symphysis. Ear very large, sub-orbicular, the margin with no very decided irregularities, though the anterior border usually shows some slight flattening and the posterior border is faintly concave above 278 CHIROPTERA and near base; anterior basal margin of ear with a narrow outward-folded hem, the exposed side of which is densely pubescent except at extreme anterior margin, where it is glabrous and set with about six terete wart-like projections, widely and irregularly spaced ; posterior basal margin with a shorter, deeper, inwardly-folded lobe just above concavity limiting posterior base of antitragus; keel well developed, not thickened at edge, its height posteriorly equal to about one-third its length, the margin of keel hairy, the line thus begun curving upward and backward under upper margin of conch ; antitragus well defined, its height slightly greater than that of keel, its length about twice height, its anterior border with ridge-like continuation forward to corner of mouth; tragus squarish in outline, its posterior border longest and with distinct angle below middle, its anterior border shortest, its upper border almost horizontally truncate ; anterior and upper margin of tragus fringed with long loose hairs. Wings longer and narrower than in any other European bat, the membrane inserted on side of tibia just above ankle ; antebrachial membrane extending as a narrow fold along forearm to base of thumb; the fur of body extends on both surfaces of wing to line joining middle of humerus with knee, and on to extreme base of uropatagium ; otherwise the membranes are essentially naked except for some fine dense pubescence on upper side of propatagium. Thumb short and robust, with moderately developed pad at distal end of metacarpal. Foot broad and robust, more than half as long as tibia, the sole with a low and rounded but evident pad at middle, four small elongated pads in a row at bases of toes, and some smaller, less detinite callosities in space between this row and the large median pad. Outer and inner toe thickened, their outer surfaces densely covered with short stiffened hairs with recurved points ; sprinkled among these shorter hairs and also at the ends of the other toes are a few much longer bristles. Calcar about as long as tibia, its point ill-defined ; no indication of keel or of terminal lobe. Tail about half as long as head and body, robust and muscular, the terminal third or half projecting beyond membrane. Fur and colour—The fur is everywhere dense and velvety in texture, the hairs at middle of back about 7 mm. in length, those on throat longer and looser. Colour a uniform light drab, with faint darker shading in certain lights, the hairs pale ecru- drab at extreme base. Jars and membranes in dry specimens blackish. Fringes on feet and hairy lines on ears, drab like body. Shull, The skull is large, but rather slender, about equal to that of Myotis myotis in length. In general form it is distinguish- able among those of the bats of Europe by the depressed brain- case, the high, somewhat tubular rostro-interorbital portion, and the conspicuously emarginate inner side of auditory bulle. Dorsal profile essentially straight from nares to lambda, though with a NYCTINOMUS 279 slight convexity over anterior two-thirds of brain-case, and a more abrupt though not very conspicuous swelling posteriorly, the two convexities separated by a narrow concavity ; general direction of dorsal protile more nearly horizontal than in any other European bat, since the depth of occiput through condyles is scarcely greater than that of rostrum through anterior portion of first molar. Brain-case low and wide, its depth at middle about half mastoid breadth, its surface smooth and evenly rounded, with faintly indicated sagittal crest posteriorly and median groove between lateral swellings anteriorly ; lambdal crest evident though not high; outline of brain-case when viewed from above a somewhat triangular ovate owing to the rather squarely truncate posterior border and the strong contrast between the wide mastvid region and narrow interorbital con- striction; floor of brain-case with median ridge and lateral depressions posteriorly, the basisphenoid with two shallow but rather well-defined pits about as large as glenoid surface ; auditory bull rather large, deeply emar- ginate on inner side so that cochlea is conspicuously exposed, the region in front of middle of meatus reduced to a narrow ring barely more than one-third as wide as meatus, the extreme anterior border with a flange-like inward-curved projection. Interorbital region long, sub- cylindrical, a little wider at lachrymal level than posteriorly, but scarcely enough so to impart a distinctly hour-glass general form ; least interorbital breadth slightly greater than breadth of tubular narial Poe eee re region and slightly less than that across Na Be, roots of canines. Zygoma simple, not bent upward, its margin with a barely indicated expansion behind middle. Rostrum proper short and deep, not well differentiated from interorbital region, the distance from orbit to front of pre- maxillary about equal to depth at front of m!; lachrymal ridge short but well defined, the small, inconspicuous anteorbital fora- men and minute lachrymal foramen opening forward under its anterior edge, at level of middle of large premolar ; nares with distinctly tubular lateral margins separated from roots of canines by evident grooves, the dorsal emargination extending about half way to lachrymal level. Palate moderately wide, noticeably concave laterally, the anterior emargination small, about as deep as wide, its posterior border scarcely extending behind level of front of canine ; posterior border of palate double emargi- nate with well developed median projection, the emarginations extending forward to level of posterior margin of m*; mesop- terygoid space large, its width anteriorly equal to that of Fig. 48. 280 CHIROPTERA temporal fossa at same level, its length about twice width ; hamulars small and inconspicuous. Mandible long and straight, its axis scarcely bent upward posteriorly ; symphysis deep, scarcely or not subtended by a concavity in lower border of ramus ; posterior portion of mandible low, the depth through coronoid process barely equal to distance from front of coronoid to back of condyle ; angular process large, straight, directed backward, outward and downward. Teeth.—Relatively to size of skull the teeth are rather large, the lower molars in particular. The most obvious peculiarities of the dentition as compared with that of other European bats are the single, well developed incisor in each side of upper jaw, and the presence of a large hypocone, quite distinct from commissure of protocone, in m! and m?. Upper incisor simple, a little more than half as high as canine, the shaft set at an angle so that the points of the two teeth are much nearer together than their bases ; cingulum faintly indicated in front, better developed and forming an incipient cusp postero-externally ; posterior surface of shaft somewhat flattened ; space between incisor and canine about equal to greatest diameter of smaller tooth. Lower incisors three on each side, much imbricated and closely crowded in narrow space at front of canines, their cutting edge barely rising to level of canine cingulum. The inner and middle tooth sub-equal, HIG: 40. rather deeply bifid, the outer Nyctinomus teniotis. Teeth X 5. barely equal to outer lobe of the others, its apex faintly notched. Upper canine moderately large, its crown area somewhat more than double that of upper incisor, the general outline of its base an irregular triangle with its longest side directed inward, and with the postero-external side slightly concave ; cingulum narrow but well developed throughout, not tending to develop small cusps ; lower canine with no special peculiarities, its cingulum tending to form a slight anterior cusp. Small upper premolar in the tooth-row, usually in contact with canine and separated from large premolar by a narrow space, its crown area somewhat less than that of upper incisor, its cingulum and cusp well developed, the cusp about one-fourth as high as shaft of canine, triangular in outline when viewed from the outside, with well developed posterior cutting ridge; lower premolars similar in form but larger, their crown areas sub-equal, the shaft of the second higher than that of first and about equal to larger cusps 281 NYCTINOMUS i i ‘usom Aaqas “ ) 9-6 | 6-6] 3-2t | 6-9 | 9-10] 9-4] 9-6 | oat | ee 6 | owe |: | ‘aiom Ayjoyeropou = | 9-6 0-6 | 8-9T | 0-9 | GIT | 9-4] 8-F | 0-FT 0-8 | & 9°S'3'86 | * F waquig :Te8nq20g : “ 19-6 (0-6) 8-2T/ 3-9 |9-1T] 8-2] 0-¢] 0-71] 5-3! 9 | toeeor |) + + gpeay HOM Jom HCL | O-OT | G-6 | O-LT | 9 | ¥-1T | 0-8! 8-7] 0-71 | 8-20! & |ter-et-gop| > e000r5) t ia H Su fo} bea = E 2 E & 28 E & & Ea = g a EI Re “RSS “requ NY “AYTRIOT gz 24/ & (980) 8F | BB) 2S B8 | Ps i : I a $ 2” go gS ge & e | ‘SLLOINGL SQWONILOAN JO SLNEWAUOSVAN IVINVHO 282 CHIROPTERA of lower molars ; large upper premolar with crown area about two-thirds that of m', its antero-internal cusp high and distinct. First and second upper molars alike in structure, the first slightly larger than second, the cusps all well developed and distinct, showing no special peculiarities aside from the presence of a conspicuous terete hypocone nearly as large and distinct as antero- internal cusp of large premolar, and separated from commissure of protocone by a deep notch; third upper molar with crown area not much less than that of second, except for the absence of postero-internal heel and hypocone ; third commissure as long as in the other teeth, but metacone smaller than paracone. Lower molars with no special peculiarities, the cusps all well developed and distinct. Measurements.—Young adult male from Italy: head and body, 87; tail, 56; free portion of tail, 20; tibia, 19; foot, 10°4; forearm, 60°43 third finger, 115; fifth finger, 65; ear from meatus, 30°4; width of ear, 32. Young adult female from Greece: head and body, 84; tail, 57; free portion of tail, 27 ; tibia, 20; foot, 11:4; forearm, 61; third finger, 117; fifth finger, 61; ear from meatus, 31:4; width of ear, 31. Two adult females from Cintra, Portugal : forearm, 60 and 61 ; third finger, 110 and 115; fifth finger, 59 and 63. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 281. Specimens exanined.—Six, from the following localities :— PortuGaL: Cintra, 2. Ivaty: No exact locality (probably from Pisa), 2. (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.). GREECE: No exact locality, 1. 29. Cintra, Portugal. O. Thomas (c & p). 98. 2. 2. 6-7. g. Italy (probably Pisa). Zoological Society (P). 10. 5. 24.1. (Savi.) 9. Greece. Parreys. 46. 6.15, 121. CARNIVORA 283 Orpen CARNIVORA. 1827. Carnwora Gray, Griffith’s Cuvier. Anim. Kingd., v, p. 111. Geographical distribution.— Continents and larger islands of the entire world, Australia,* New Zealand, and the Antarctic region excepted. Characters.—Terrestrial (rarely aquatic or semi-aquatic), non- volant, placental mammals with rather high development of brain, the cerebral hemispheres with distinct convolutions ; feet unguiculate, never modified as fins or flippers; dentition of a modified tuberculo-sectorial type, the posterior upper premolar and anterior lower molar usually developed as special carnassial or flesh-cutting teeth. Remarks.—The mammals of this order present much diversity of form and structure, though less than in the case of the Insectivora. Most of the living members of the group are carnivorous in habits, and immediately recognizable among placental mammals by the presence of a specially modified flesh- tooth in each jaw. In certain groups, however, as in the Ursidz among the European representatives of the order, both habits and dentition are of a more generalized type. The order contains seven recent families, five of which occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FAMILIES AND SUB-FAMILIES OF CARNIVORA. Larger cheek-teeth with crowns of a crushing type, the cusps sub-equal, low, subterete, without noticeable cutting edges ; upper carnassial 2-rooted, in front of anteorbital foramen, its inner lobe posterior; size very large; form heavy; feet plantigrade (Bears)... Urside, p. 284. Larger cheek-teeth with crown at least partly trenchant, the outer cusps of one or more in each jaw narrow and with well developed cutting edge, the inner cusps reduced or absent; upper carnassial 3-rooted, behind anteorbital foramen, its inner lobe median or anterior. Cheek-teeth without crushing surfaces; upper molar scarcely larger than outer incisor; claws com- pletely retractile (Cats) ..........ccccsecsseeseeeeteeeeeeees Felidx, p. 455. Cheek-teeth, at least the hindermost, with evident crushing surface; upper molar (or first when more than one are present) much larger than outer incisor; claws partly or not retractile. Tooth-row relatively long (more than half condylo- basal length of skull); number of teeth in European members of family 42 (Dogs)............ Canidz, p. 303. * Represented in Australia by a species of Canis, probably introduced. 284 CARNIVORA Tooth-row relatively short (less than half condylo- basal length of skull); number of teeth in European members of family not more than 40. Auditory bulla divided into two chambers, the boundary between which is marked externally by an oblique constriction; upper molars usually (always in European genera) 2-2, the crown of the first wider externally than internally (Genets and Mongoose)..........:2666 Auditory bulla simple; upper molars 1-1, the crown wider internally than externally ...... Upper carnassial with evident crushing surface on inner side, the crown triangular or rhombic in outline; upper molar large, the length of its outer portion usually equal to or greater than that of carnassial. Skull normal, the rostrum longer than broad ; external form not modified for aquatic life, the toes long-clawed, not webbed, the tail not conspicuously muscular; fur loose and coarse (Badgers)..............s0ee008 Skull much flattened; rostrum broader than long; external form modified for aquatic life, the toes short-clawed, webbed, the tail conspicuously muscular; fur dense and fine (Otters).........scessceeeseseseseereeeee Upper carnassial without crushing surface on inner side other than a small concave area between small inner lobe and main cusp, the crown not triangular or rhombic in outline; upper molar much reduced, the length of its outer portion one-third to one-half that of carnassial. Dentition highly trenchant; small premolars not opposite, at least one pair capable of shearing action; upper carnassial with posterior cusp narrow and trenchant; auditory bulla longer than broad; form slender; feet digitigrade (Martens and NY GaiS CIS) bez sousase rsa: aGsitsaienian anise tuscantees Dontition not highly trenchant; small pre- molars opposite, not capable of shearing action, the points of all but pm and pm, widely separated when jaws are closed; upper carnassial with posterior cusp broad, almost flat-topped ; auditory bulla broader than long; external form heavy ; feet sub-plantigrade (Glutton)............... Famity URSIDZ. Viverride, p. 440. Mustelidz, p. 340. Melinz, p. 341. Lutrine, p. 354, Mustelinx, p. 364. Gulonine, p. 432. 1825. Urside Gray, Thomson’s Annals of Philosophy, xxvi, p. 339, November, 1825. Geographical distribution.—Northern hemisphere, south in the Old World to the Atlas Mountains and the Malay Archipelago, and in America to the Andes. Characters.—Larger cheek-teeth of a strictly crushing type, the crowns wide and flattened, with large terete cusps, the last uURSUS 285 upper premolar and first lower molar scarcely differentiated as carnassials, the former 2-rooted, its inner lobe at posterior border of crown, its position so far anterior to level of antvorbital foramen as not to be at point of greatest mechanical efficiency ; auditory bulla flattened, without septum; form heavy; size large ; feet strictly plantigrade ; digits, 5-5. Remarks.—The family Urside, containing the bears, is at present represented by five or six genera, though the fossil remains of others are known. The members of the group are so easily recognizable by the peculiarities of the cheek-teeth that they require no special comparisons with other carnivora. Two genera occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF URSIDZ. Cheek-teeth relatively large; incisors and canines not specially enlarged and prehensive (Ordinary Bears) Ursus, p. 285. Cheek-teeth relatively small; incisors and canines enlarged and unusually, prehensive in character (Polar Bears) ..ccc.cecrensisennannerisersvennsinaneen ena nseenevsns Thalaretos, p. 297. Genus URSUS Linneus. 1758. Ursus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 47 (arctos, by tautonymy). 1857. Ursus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 196. 1864. Euarctos Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 692 (americanus). 1864. Myrmarctos Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 694 (eversmanni = arctos). 1898. Ursarctos Heude, Mém. Hist. Nat. Emp. Chinois, Iv, pt. 1, p. 18 (yesoensis). Type species.— Ursus arctos Linneus. Geographical distribution.—Northern hemisphere from northern limits of the great continental areas south to the Atlas Moun- tains, the Himalayas and Mexico. Characters.—Dental formula: 733, ¢}3, pm ‘4, m2 = 42; inner upper incisor well developed, permanent ; first, second and third premolars in both jaws small, single-rooted, readily deciduous, especially pm”, pm, and pm, ; molars large and robust, the length of the two upper teeth together equal to width of palate. ; Remarks.—The genus Ursus as thus restricted is a very homogeneous group practically confined to the north temperate region. The species are at present so imperfectly known that no fair estimate can be made of their number. Recently about thirty forms have been recognized, only one of which is definitely known to occur in Europe. URSUS ARCTOS Linnzus. 1758. [Ursus] arctos Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 47 (Sweden). 1772. [Ursus] wrsus Boddaert, Kortbegrip van het zamenstel der Natuur, I, p. 46 (Renaming of arctos). 1788. [Ursus arctos] a niger Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 13th ed., p. 100 (Northern Europe). CARNIVORA . [Ursus arctos] 8 fuscus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 13th ed., p. 100 (Alps). . [Ursus arctos] y albus Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 13th ed., p. 100 (Unknown ; based on the ‘‘ ours blanc terrestre’’ of Buffon). . Ufrsus] arctos griseus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 184 (Germany; also in northern North America). . Ursus arctos rufus Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 46 (Swiss and Tirolean Alps). . Ursus badius Schrank, Fauna Boica, 1, p. 55 (Forests on the Bohemian boundary). . Ursus fuscus Tiedemann, Zoologie, 1, p. 374 (Substitute for arctos). . Ursus alpinus Fischer, Zoognosia, 111, p. 161 (Alps? Based on an individual seen alive in Paris). . Ursus arctos major Nilsson, Skand, Fauna, 1, p. 112 (Wooded portions of southern Scandinavia). . Ursus arctos minor Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, p. 123 (Northernmost Scandinavia). . [Ursus arctos] & brunneus Billberg, Synopsis Faunz Scandinavie, p. 15 (Northern Scandinavia). . [Ursus arctos] y annulatus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 15 (Northern Scandinavia). . [Ursus arctos] 8 argenteus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 15 (Northern Scandinavia). . [Ursus] myrmephagus Billberg, Synopsis Faunz Scandinavie, p. 16 (Northern Scandinavia). . [Ursus] formicarius Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, 2nd ed., p. 16 (Renaming of myrmephagus). . Ul[rsus] pyrenaicus Fischer, Synopsis Mamm., p. 142. Latinization of ‘‘Ours des Pyrenees” F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammif., v, fasc. 44, 1824 (Asturias, Spain). . U[rsus] norvegicus Fischer, Synopsis Mamm., p. 142. Latinization of ‘‘Ours de Norwége” F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mammif., 1, fasc. 7, 1819 (Norway). . ? Ursus falciger Reichenbach, Regn. Anim. Icon., 1, p. 32 (‘‘ Pyrenees”; afterwards supposed to be an individual of ‘‘ U. feroz.” See Natur- gesch. des In- und Auslands, Raubsiugeth., p. 299, 1852). . Ursus pyrenvxus F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mamm., Tubl. gen., p. 3 (Described in fasc. 44, 1824) (Asturias, Spain). . ? Ursus euryrhinus Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, 2nd ed., p. 212 (Sweden ? Type an individual raised in captivity). . Ursus arctos Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 196. . Ursus arctos aureus Fitzinger, Wissensch.-pop. Naturgesch. der Saugeth., 1, p. 372 (Norway). . [Ursus arctos] var. 1. normalis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 682 (Renaming of arctos). . [Ursus arctos] sub-var. a. scandinavicus Gray, Proc. Zool, Soc., London, p. 682 (Based on Nilsson, Illum. Fig. Skand. Fauna, pl. 23). . 2? [Ursus arctos] sub-var. c. rossicus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 682 (nomen nudum). . [Ursus arctos] sub-var. f. polonicus Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 682 (Poland; based on Cuvier, Oss. Fossiles, tv, p. 332, pl. xx, fig. 3). . [Ursus arctos] var. 2. grandis Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 684 (‘‘ North of Europe”; based on ‘‘a male purchased at Hull, living in the Zoological Gardens from 1852 to 1863’). URSUS 287 1864. [Ursus arctos] var. 4. stenorostris Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 685 (Poland ; based on Cuvier, Oss. Fossiles, 1v, p. 832, 2nd var., pl. xxu, fig. 4). 1864. Myrmarctos eversmanni Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 695 (Norway). 1910. Ursus arctos, U. arctos formicarius, U. arctos alpinus, and U. arctos pyrenaicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’EKurope, pp. 67-68. Type locality.—Sweden. Geographical distribution —Entire continent of Europe wher- ever sufficiently extensive forests remain ; east into Asia; west formerly to Great Britain, where it became extinct about the eleventh century ; not certainly known to have occurred in Treland. Diagnosis.—Size moderate, condylobasal length of skull ranging from about 260 to 350 mm. ; interorbital region notice- ably elevated, the frontal profile strongly convex ; mesopterygoid region not specially shortened and broadened, the width between pterygoids decidedly less than half distance from hamular to level of last molar ; colour brown or buffy, varying much in exact shade, the legs usually darker than body, and feet darker than legs. External characters—General form short and heavy, this made more apparent by the long rather loose fur. Head moderately pointed, rather broad posteriorly ; ear short, narrowly rounded off above, nearly concealed in the fur, its tip not extend- ing to eye when laid forward ; muzzle squarely truncate, its pad naked, the upper border somewhat projecting backward, its lower border separated from upper lip by a broad hairy area crossed at middle by a nearly bare perpendicular line. Fore foot with digits robust, inconspicuously graduated, the third and fourth sub-equal and longest, the fifth and second sub-equal and slightly shorter, the first with anterior edge of ball extending about to middle of that of second, this interval greater than in the case of the other digits ; claws strongly curved, blunt, without evident cutting edges, their length at least twice that of those on hind foot ; balls of digits large, pad-like, their surface, like that of pads, coarsely rugose ; main pad wider than long, covering more than half surface of palm, its outer border about twice as long as inner, its porterior border slightly concave, its inner portion, at base of thumb, marked off from rest of pad by a slight furrow ; region between main pad and balls of digits densely furred ; wrist pad about as large as ball of digits, near outer margin of palm, its long diameter transverse ; region between wrist-pad and main pad densely furred ; hairs along edge of palm standing out stiffly, especially on outer side. Hind foot longer than fore foot, the second and third digits sub-equal and longest, the first and fourth slightly shorter, the fifth with anterior edge of ball at middle of that of fourth ; pad like that of fore foot, but with a broad backward extension passing along inner side nearly or 288 CARNIVORA quite to heel; region between pad and balls of toes, and at outer side of backward extension densely furred ; fringe along edge of foot conspicuous. Tail very short, concealed in the fur. Colour.—The colour of body is usually a light brown or dull buff, the head not essentially different, but feet and outer surface of legs darker. Many individual differences in colour have been described, some of which are probably characteristic of geographical races. Skull—General form of skull rather robust, the rostrum TERZI. Fia. 50. Ursus aretos. X 4. moderately long (distance from orbit to front of premaxillary contained about 24 times in condylobasal length), the brain-case URSUS 289 deep (depth to level of under side of postglenoid process con- siderably more than distance from tip of postorbital process to middle of interparietal) but not unusually wide (mastoid breadth slightly exceeding depth to under side of postglenoid process). Dorsal profile usually with an evident concavity in interorbital region, but this character showing much variation ; highest: point at bregma or slightly further forward, the protile nearly straight and sloping away at an angle of about 20° behind this point to slightly overhanging lambdal region ; ventral profile faintly and Fig. 51. Ursus aretos. X 4. evenly concave throughout. Brain-case broadly ovate in outline, its greatest breadth about equal to distance from bregma to lambda,* its depth at middle, exclusive of sagittal crest, slightly less than greatest breadth ; lambdoid and sagittal crests well developed in adults, the lambda noticeably projecting so that occiptal condyles are scarcely visible when skull is viewed from above, and region between crest and foramen magnum is deeply concave ; sagittal crest dividing in region of bregma into two ridges, one of which * Except in very old individuals in which the lambda is greatly produced backward. u ‘ 290 CARNIVORA runs to extremity of each postorbital process, the hinder margin of which it forms ; occiput when viewed from behind moderately broad, the depth from lambda to lower lip of foramen magnum contained 12 to 1 times in mastoid breadth ; mastoid processes, paroccipital processes, and condyles extending to about the same Fie. 52, Ursus aretos. xX}. level. Floor of brain-case nearly flat, the basioccipital with raised edges applied to inner surface of bulle, and in some specimens marked by an evident concavity on each side of median line ; auditory bulla flat, not rising above edge of basioccipital, the greatest longitudinal diameter less than transverse diameter, the URSUS 291 meatus distinctly tubular, usually longer than wide; postglenoid process heavy, rising to level of hamulars. Interorbital region broad, the width across robust, triangular, postorbital processes about equal to that of brain-case, the region immediately between orbits always a little concave and sometimes conspicuously so, that at base of each postorbital process usually somewhat swollen. Zygomata moderately expanded, the greatest zygomatic breadth opposite anterior glenoid edge ; orbital process well developed. Rostrum equal to less than half condylobasal length of skull, the width across alveoli of canines equal to or less than depth at front of orbit, the depth at front of nasal equal to about half distance from orbit to front of premaxillary ; nares rather large, their lateral margins slightly everted ; nasal bones elongate wedge- shaped, squarely truncate anteriorly, their posterior extremity on level with or extending slightly behind nasal branch of maxillary ; anteorbital foramen over metacone of m or paracone of m?; palate narrow, its width between posterior molars contained about 34 times in median length ; extension behind molars nearly parallel-sided, its length equal to about three-quarters breadth ; mesopterygoid space 14 times to twice as long as wide, its anterior border squarish or rounded, its lateral borders nearly parallel ; hamulars small but distinct, slightly hooked outward. Man- dible robust, the depth of ramus behind large premolar con- tained about five times in length, the height of posterior portion (measured to level of lower border) a little less than half length ; coronoid process broad, its width at level of alveolus slightly greater than height, the anterior border at first straight then evenly convex to overhanging tip, the posterior border concave ; angular process short, extending slightly if at all behind level of articular process, its inner border nearly straight, its outer border convex. Teeth.—The teeth are moderately large relatively to size of skull. Upper incisors forming a continuous row, separated at each side from canine by a diastema about as wide as inner incisor ; ¢} and i? sub-equal, the former slightly the smaller, the anterior face smoothly rounded, a little more than half as wide as high, the posterior face abruptly concave, with shelf-like posterior extension, the cingulum slightly developed and forming a rudimentary nodule on inner and outer side of i? and on outer side of 7! near level of middle of anterior surface ; 3 with crown area nearly double that of i”, and height nearly half that of canine, its anterior surface smoothly rounded but with pronounced nodule on inner side, its posterior surface gradually concave and without shelf-like extension ; a thickened ridge along its inner border and a low but somewhat trenchant ridge slightly outside of middle. Lower incisors forming continuous row between canines, their crown area increasing regularly from first to third, their height approximately equal ; each has a high inner cusp and a low outer tubercle best developed in i, ; posterior border slightly u 3 CARNIVORA 292 ? N ic uy b Teeth nat. size. Ursus arctos. URSUS 293 concave, with inner, middle and outer ridges, the inner and middle low and confluent in 7,. Canines large and strong, oval or slightly ovate in cross section, the longest diameter at level of alveolus equal to or slightly greater than distance from alveolus to median line of palate ; lower canine shorter and a little more curved than upper; a slightly developed posterior and antero- internal longitudinal ridge, most evident in upper tooth; no cingulum. First and third upper premolars small, flat topped, with slightly indicated cusp and posterior and antero-internal ridge, the crown area slightly less than that of smallest incisor, the first close to canine, the third close to large premolar ; third near middle of space between first and second, much smaller than the others and frequently deciduous, its crown indefinitely rounded ; fourth upper premolar with crown area about half that of first molar, its general outline triangular with apex directed forward, the outer side longest, the posterior border shortest, the contrast between them sometimes noticeable, in other instances slight, the three cusps lying near respective angles, the anterior highest (reaching level of main cusps of molars) and most robust, the postero-internal and postero-external abruptly smaller, sub- equal, the inner usually lower than the outer ; a small accessory tubercle usually present at posterior base of postero-outer cusp ; cingulum obsolete but usually visible along inner base of anterior cusp and outer base of postero-external cusp; first and second lower premolars approximately like corresponding upper teeth in both size, form and position ; third very early deciduous, usually if not always absent in adult individuals ; fourth in contact with first molar and with from one-third to nearly one-half its crown area, the outline irregularly quadrilateral with well developed antero-external cusp nearly as high as main cusps of molars, a rudimentary antero-internal cingulum cusp, and a tuberculated ridge extending along outer side of crown from antero-external cusp to posterior border ; occasionally a similar ridge is present on inner side of crown, its anterior tubercle forming an evident cusp at inner posterior base of main cusp. First upper molar with crown much less than twice as long as broad, its outer side bi-convex, its inner side evenly rounded, its two outer cusps sub-equal in both height and diameter, the two inner cusps decidedly lower than outer, and less well defined, owing to the presence of a low, ridge-like tubercle between them ; both outer and inner cusps when unworn have distinct though low anterior and posterior trenchant ridge; space between outer and inner cusps occupied by a rather well defined longitudinal groove, the surface of which is marked by irregular low ridges and furrows ; cingulum obsolete, but indicated in the regions between the cusps ; second upper molar nearly twice as long as broad, the anterior two-thirds approximately like first molar, with the same four cusps and intermediate longitudinal groove, the main axis of which is, however, in axis of tooth-row instead of slightly CARNIVORA 294 I “posopo ernqus [esq |P.ZeT |O-LTT |€es| 94 {9-98 | 0-8L \0-6L [9-89 |O-6ET |F-L8T F-TES | & | °06'S 88 | ° : * £70481q ON - * es euUues: “pesopo SeIN|NS ITY (O-TST |F-GET | 89S] 88 |0-O9T | O-G9LF-OTT/O-GL |G-E8T |0-6FS 0-T6E | P | T'7'8 ‘06 onic os “SHUMTPIEW “TL : i 0-OIT |0-€6 |Sat| TR | 0-€9 | #-G9 0-TS | — (0-66 |0-S8T 0-086 euuesney | * SUOSTID : puBpIeZyIMAg | «STIBIMIO;,, “ 1) eee o-19t lo-get lore] to | 0-16 | 9-82 (0-12 )o-r2 (0-9et o-ter o-wes) {MNS Oy + sexs ‘uedo as 0-F2T |0-GOT |OTS| OF | 0-64 | F-F9 0-69 |0-T9 |O-L3T |O-S9T 0-893 | ? | SOT 'T’8L es a > 5 “ | nae {; peduny ‘8ezs}eH pesoyo 0-L31 |0-T1T |803] 69 | 0-08 | 0-OL |0-6L |-FTA |O-98T JO-L6T 0-963 | 8 | T’9T'T S84 |\iwon : AreSunq-erysny o 0-stt lo-got }est} 9¢ | 0-02 | 0-8¢ [0-19 lo-¢9 |o-FIT lo-SeT 0-G9s |és | Tea 'T'98 | eMIpesagy : puslrezqims ‘uedo i 0-08T |0-90T |68T| 8% | 0-94 | 0-G9 |0-F9 [0-89 JO-90T 0-LET 0-896 | 3 | BT'S '06 | * ysoofyoy ‘ “pesoyo . 0-FFL [0-201 |Sho| 39 | 0-76 | O-FL O-8L |O-TL |O-T9T |O-S1S 0-968 | P | L°66 ESO : : - a i 0-63T |O-OLL |G1G]} 8G | 0-G8 | 0-OL |9-EL [0-69 |0-O8T |O-ELT 0-860 | ? 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First lower molar about as long as second but noticeably narrower, its crown showing more traces of the primitive trituberculate form than any of the other teeth ; protoconid and hypoconid wide apart, separated by a deep groove, the protoconid the highest cusp in the tooth, and with evident antero-external commissure ; paraconid forming narrow anterior extremity of crown and provided with a distinct com- missure, similar to and joining that of protoconid ; metaconid subterete, without commissure, near to and slightly behind inner base of protoconid, a minute though evident accessory tubercle just in front of it ; entoconid like hypoconid, at extreme posterior edge of crown, the deep wide groove between it and metaconid with small accessory tubercle at its lowest point. Second lower molar about 14 times as long as wide, its outline an irregular parallelogram with rounded-off corners, the surface of the crown occupied principally by a flattened, irregularly sculptured crushing surface, the cusps near border; five cusps are usually well developed: a rather large antero-internal and antero-external opposite each other, and joined by a low transverse ridge; a small postero-external and two smaller postero-internal cusps ; a small but evident accessory tubercle at anterior base of large antero-internal cusp, this tubercle not infrequently dividing into two. Third lower molar varying from rounded-triangular to ovate in outline, its area about two-thirds that of m,, its surface entirely flat except for a slightly raised rim which forms a small antero-internal cusp. Mcasurements— Adult male from Sweden (mounted): head and body, 1900; tail, 80; hind foot, 195; ear, 90. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 294. Specimens examined.—Hight, from the following localities :— USNM). Kvickjock, Norbotten, 1; no exact locality, 3 (B.M. and SwitzERLAND: Engadine, 1. Austria-Hungary: Near Hatszeg, Hunyad, 3. Remarks.—As regards the existence of geographical races of the large European bear it is impossible to form any opinion on the basis of the few specimens seen. Ursus arctos is related to the grizzly bear of North America, U. horribilis and its local forms, but is readily distinguishable by the relatively greater height of the frontal region and the consequently more abrupt slope of posterior half of dorsal profile, a character suggesting THALARCTOS 297 Ursus richardsoni ; forehead in most specimens rising abruptly above level of rostrum so as to produce a noticeable concavity in dorsal profile, but this character subject to marked variations, the exact nature of which is not fully understood. The skulls of the two species are of approximately the same size, those of U. horribilis perhaps averaging somewhat the larger. The teeth of the two animals are also much alike. e. Kvickjock, Norbotten, Stockholm Museum 90. 8.1. 3. Sweden. (z). 26. Sweden. (Liloyd.) Purchased (Stevens). 62. 3. 29. 7-8. 2 st. Engadine, Switzerland. H. Justen (Pp). 86. 1. 23. 1. 3 skeletons. Hatszeg, Transylvania, C.G. Danford (c). 78. 1. 16, 1-3. Hungary. Nore on tHe Ursus rormicarivs or Bie.er. A peculiar small bear supposed to have been taken in the Canton of Grisons, Switzerland, has been described by Professor Bieler of the Lausanne Agricultural College as Ursus formicarins Eversmann.* Through the author’s kindness I have had the opportunity to examine this skull. It is that of a rather young individual, apparently a female, with basal suture open, but with teeth showing slight indications of wear. In size it is smaller than in a female of the same age or slightly younger from Sweden (see Table of cranial measurements, p. 294), the inter- orbital region is much depressed, so that the frontal profile is nearly flat, and the mesopterygoid fossa is unusually broad and short, the width between pterygoids equal to a little more than half distance from hamular to level of last molar. The teeth on the other hand are slightly larger than usual in females (see Table, p. 295) ; in form they show no special peculiarities. Small bears, presumably of this type, have been reported from Spain, northern Italy, Russia and Scandinavia, and have formed the basis of such names as Ursus formicarius, U. arctos aminor and Myrmarctos eversmanni. Until more is known of them, as well as of the normal variation in ordinacy Ursus arctos, their status must remain in doubt. Genus THALARCTOS Gray. 1825. Thalarctos Gray, Ann. of Philosophy, N.S., x, p. 62, July, 1825. 1825. Thalassarctos Gray, Ann. of Philosophy, N.S., x, p. 339, November, 1825. 1896. Thalassiarchus Kobelt, Bericht Senckenberg. naturforsch. Gesellsch. Frankfurt am Main, p. 93 (Substitute for Thalarctos). Type species.—Thalarctos polaris Gray = Ursus maritimus Phipps. ; * Compte-Rendu des Séances du Sixiéme Congrés Internationale de Zoologie, Berne, 1904, p. 248. 1905. 298 CARNIVORA Geographical distribution—North Polar region, south to northernmost continental coasts. Characters.—Similar to Ursus, but cheek-teeth much less robust, the combined length of the two upper molars not equal to width of palate, and canines and incisors enlarged and more prehensive in general form. Remarks.—The genus Thalarctos, though not very strongly differentiated from Ursus, is a well defined and perfectly natural group. THALARCTOS MARITIMUS Phipps. 1774. Ursus maritimus Phipps, Voyage toward North Pole, p. 185 (Spitz- bergen). 1776. Ursus marinus Pallas, Reise durch verschiedene Provinzen des russischen Reichs, 111, p. 691 (Arctic Ocean). 1792. Ursus polaris Shaw, Museum Leverianum, i, p. 7 (Renaming of marinus). 1862. Thalarctos maritimus Gray, Catal. Bones Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 105. 1908. ? LThalassarctos jenaensis Knottnerus-Meyer, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 184, July, 1908 (Jena Island, Spitzbergen). 1908. ? Thalassarctos spitzbergensis Knottnerus-Meyer, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 184, July, 1908 (Seven Island, Spitzbergen). 1910. Ursus (Thalassarctos) maritimus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 66. Type locality.—Spitzbergen. Geographical distribution Arctic Ocean, south on floating ice occasionally to the northern coast of Norway. Details of distribution unknown. Diagnosis.—General characters as in the genus; size very large ; colour uniform whitish or buffy. External characters—Form longer and less heavy than in Ursus arctos, the neck noticeably longer and head longer and more pointed ; ear actually as well as relatively shorter ; fore foot with palmar tubercles and balls of toes essentially as in U. arctos but smaller; pad on hind foot without backward continuation along inner portion of sole; claws much less elongated than in U. arctos, not strongly curved, but with acute points and well developed cutting edges. Fur very dense, its texture almost seal-like in the short summer coat. Colour—Entire animal a uniform whitish or buffy, the winter pelage tending to be a creamy-white, the summer coat yellowish buff. Skull.—The skull is considerably larger than that of Ursus arctos, with relatively longer brain-case, deeper, wider rostrum, and less elevated frontal region ; lambdal region less produced backward than in Ursus arctos, the condyles usually visible when skull is viewed from above. Base of brain-case essentially as in U. arctos, but portion at base of condyles more narrowed and ‘ THALARCTOS 299 elongate. Palate noticeably broader than in Ursus arctos, a character made more conspicuous by the relative weakness of the teeth. Mandible with no special peculiarities except that the Fig. 54, Thalaretos maritimus. xX }. lower margin is nearly straight throughout, the posterior concavity being very slightly indicated, and lower border of angular process only a little elevated above general outline. Teeth.—While the general character of the dentition differs 300 CARNIVORA notably from that of Ursus arctos in the reduction of the molars and increased size and prehensiveness of the canines and incisors, the details of the individual teeth present little that is specially Fic. 55. Thalarctos maritimus. x 4. noteworthy. General form of upper incisors as in Ursus arctos, but points of 7! and 7? narrower and more hooked backward ; 73 with cusp more slender and ridges nearly obsolete ; lower incisors THALARCTOS 301 with lobes more sharply defined. Canines both above and below essentially similar to those of Ursus arctos, except for their greater size. Owing to the greater width of palate the proportion of TERZI 4 Fia. 56. Thalarctos maritimus. X }. diameter of upper canine to palatal width is about as in the smaller-toothed animal. Small premolars showing no special peculiarities. Large upper premolar with relatively higher 302 CARNIVORA TERZIT Fic. 57. Thalaretos maritimus. Teeth nat. size. THALARCTOS 303 anterior cusp than in JU. arctos, its inner side more flattened, giving the tooth a more carnassial appearance ; postero-internal cusp relatively less developed. Large lower premolar essentially as in U. arctos but with somewhat more slender cusp. Molars differing from those of Ursus arctos in their smoother, less sculp- tured crushing surface, and slightly more trenchant cusps. Form of m! not peculiar, though outer cusps are higher and narrower and inner cusps relatively lower ; m? with inner cusps obsolete and heel relatively narrower and less developed. Anterior lower molar with metaconid and its accessory tubercle reduced to a low irregularly tuberculate ridge; commissure of protoconid and paraconid obsolete ; hypoconid and entoconid smaller and much nearer together than in Ursus arctos, though separated from anterior cusps by a normally wide interval, in which, however, there are no definitely formed accessory tubercles. Second lower molar with the same elements as in U. arctos except for the absence of all trace of an intermediary tubercle on inner side of crown. Third lower molar with crown nearly flat, its margin showing only the faintest trace of antero-internal and antero- external elevations. Measurements.—Adult male from Behring Strait (mounted) : head and body, 2670; tail, 90; hind foot, 370; ear, 80. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 294. Specimens examined.—Nine, from the following localities:—Spitzbergen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Griffin Bay, Wellington Channel, 1; Melville Island, 1; Arctic Ocean, 1; no history, 5. {The Museum specimens appear all to have come from the American side of the Atlantic. | Famity CANID Ai. 1821. Canide Gray, London Medical Repository, xv, p. 301, April 1, 1821. Geographical distribution.—Essentially cosmopolitan ; in Europe west to Ireland. Characters.---Larger cheek-teeth of a combined trenchant and crushing type, the last upper premolar and first lower molar strongly differentiated as carnassials, the former 3-rooted, its inner lobe in front of middle of crown, its position, somewhat posterior to level of anteorbital foramen, at point of greatest mechanical efficiency ; auditory bulla moderately or considerably inflated, without septum ; form rather light, the legs long ; size moderate ; feet digitigrade ; toes, 5-4 or 4—4. Remarks.—Notwithstanding its wide distribution the family Canide is not richin genera. About adozen are now recognized, three of which occur in Europe. 304 CARNIVORA KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF CANID.. Interorbital region distinctly elevated ; postorbital processes convex above; pupil of eye round...........eceeeaeece sere eee Canis, p. 304. Interorbital region not elevated; postorbital processes not convex above; pupil of eye elliptical. Postorbital processes flat or very slightly concave above; forehead rising abruptly above level of rostrum; ear POUNCE ce seanarinsdeisaieaneontrsaasvansaicensusnvunivesaviaseeiuniane Alopex, p.318. Postorbital processes distinctly concave above; forehead rising gradually above level of rostrum; ear pointed Vulpes, p. 325. Genus CANIS Linnzus. 1758. Canis Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 38 (type by tautonymy C. familiaris). 1816. Lupus Oken, Lenrb. d. Naturgesch., 1, pt. 2, p. 1039 (Canis lupus, by tautonymy). 1837. Vulpicanis Blainville, Ann. Sci. Nat., Paris, 2nd ser., Zool., v11t, p. 279, November, 1837 (Canis awreus Linnzeus). 1839. Lyciscus H. Smith, Jardine’s Naturalists’ Library, Mammals, 1x, p. 160 (Canis latrans Say). 1839. Thous H. Smith, Jardine’s Naturalists’ Library, Mammals, 1x, p. 193 (Canis anthus F. Cuvier). 1839. Sacalius H. Smith, Jardine’s Naturalists’ Library, Mammals, rx, p. 213 (Canis aureus Linneus). 1841. Oxygows Hodgson, Calcutta Journ. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 218 (Canis aureus Linneeus). 1857. Canis Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 177. 1868. Neocyon Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 506 (Canis latrans Say). 1869. Dieba Gray, Catal. Carn. Pachyd. and Edentate Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 180 (Canis anthus F. Cuvier). Type species.—Canis familiaris Linneeus. Geographical distribution—Nearly as in the family, but absent from the Malay Archipelago and South America; in Europe west within historic times to Great Britain, but now restricted to the continent. Characters.—Skull heavy and deep (depth of brain-case more than one-third condylobasal length) ; interorbital region thickened and elevated, the frontal sinuses rather large, the postorbital processes thick, convex above, their edges rounded off; dorsal protile of forehead rising rather abruptly and noticeably above level of rostrum ; dental formula: 7%, ¢ 4, pm SH, m2 = 42; teeth heavy and large, the length of carnassial and upper molars together contained about 24 times in palatal length; canines robust and not specially elongated, the point of upper tooth extending scarcely beyond middle of mandibular ramus when jaws are closed (fig. 65). Remarks.—Much uncertainty exists at present with regard to the limits of the genus Canis. As here defined the group includes the domestic dogs, the true wolves, the American prairie CANIS 305 wolves, and the Old World jackals. Two species are known to occur in Europe, one of which is represented by several geographical races. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF CANIS. Condylobasal length of skull less than 200 mm.; teeth not so large as in the largest domestic dogs (length of upper carnassial 17 to 18 mm.); cingulum on outer margin of m! broad and conspicuous (South- eastern Hurope; Jackal).........cccsecccsesseceesneeneenee C. aureus, p. 315. Condylobasal length of skull more than 200 mm.; teeth larger than in the largest domestic dogs (length of upper carnassial 25 to 27 mm.); cingu- lum on outer border of m! narrow, tending to be incomplete at middle (Distribution general; true WOLVES) siti ancsarcreeweseerssaienccess ustersiamncseanasseneny C. lupus, p. 305. Size rather small (exact dimensions unknown) (Southern Spain) s.ccccscuesecossveacdenesesetesnsrevenee C. 1. deitanus, p. 315. Size large. White of throat not extending uninterruptedly on to cheek (Central and northern Europe) ... C. J. lupus, p. 318. White of throat extending uninterruptedly on to cheek (Spain except extreme south)............... C. l. signatus, p. 314. CANIS LUPUS Linneus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—Originally throughout Europe from Ireland eastward and across Asia, now exterminated in the British Islands, Holland and Denmark. Diagnosis.—Condylobasal length of skull more than 200 mm. (220 to 255 mm.) ; cheek-teeth larger than in the largest races of domestic dogs, the upper carnassial 25 to 27 mm. in length, but structure not peculiar, the upper molars with narrow, incon- spicuous cingulum on outer side (fig. 61). External characters.—General form essentially as in domestic dogs of the “collie” type. Ear moderately long, erect, somewhat pointed, extending about to eye when laid forward. Muzzle pad completely bare. Fore foot with third and fourth digits sub- equal and longest, second and fifth shorter, the large pad-like balls fitting closely between those of third and fourth and the slightly trilobed, heart-shaped main pad, the combined area of balls of digits greater than that of pad; thumb much shorter than other digits, the nail smaller, but not peculiar in form, its extremity not reaching level of posterior border of main pad, its ball scarcely indicated, no pad at its base; wrist pad single, near outer side, its area somewhat more than half that of ball of toes. Hind foot essentially like fore foot, but hallux and posterior pad absent. Claws robust, slightly curved, sub-equal throughout. Pads and balls narrowly edged with short hair. Colour.—General colour of upper parts, tail, and outer surface of legs yellowish brown or buff, darker along median region of x 306 CARNIVORA back, on posterior portion of head and outer surface of ears, lighter and more inclined toward greyish at sides of shoulders and between ears and eyes ; longer hairs of back and sides black- tipped, producing an evident dark shading over middle of back, TERZIT FIG. 58. Camis lupus. xX 4. especially behind middle and at base of tail ; pencil narrowly clear black, rest of tail essentially like back. Underparts and inner surface of legs pale buff or buffy white, not strongly contrasted with sides, the chin and interramia usually grizzled, CANIS 307 frequently margined with blackish ; upper lip to muzzle pad and including lower half of cheek dull whitish, usually not very different from throat ; inner surface of ear light buff. Skull.—In general aspect the skull ditfers slightly if at all 2 t g FIG. 59. Canis lupus. X +. from that of some of the larger races of domestic dogs, though often attaining a greater size. The rostrum, however, appears to be relatively less robust than in dog skulls of approximately the same length. Dorsal profile rising gradually from nares to x 2 308 CARNIVORA just in front of orbit, then abruptly to a little in front of bregma, behind which it is nearly flat to strongly overhanging lambdal region. Depth of brain-case through auditory bulla about 24 Fic. 60. Canis lupus. X 4. times that of rostrum behind canine, and about equal to mastoid breadth. Brain-case rather elongate ovate in outline when viewed from above, its breadth above roots of zygomata about 14 times that of rostrum over canines and approximately equal CANIS 309 to distance from bregma to most posterior point of occiput. Posterior portion of occiput strongly concave when viewed from the side, the condyles nearly hidden beneath the projecting lambdal region. Floor of brain-case with no specially noteworthy features, the auditory bull sub-circular in outline, with short but evident meatal tube, their surface evenly inflated (more so than usual in domestic dogs) except for an evident flattening on antero- external aspect. Sagittal and lambdoid crests well developed, the former dividing just in front of bregma into two ridges curving outward to form posterior border of postorbital processes. Interorbital region moderately elevated, well defined, with distinct longitudinal concavity between raised and thickened postorbital processes. Zygomata widely spreading, the greatest zygomatic breadth (at level of anterior glenoid edge) a little more than half greatest length of skull; orbital process well developed, the orbit surrounded by bone through about four-fifths of its circumference. Rostral breadth at canine about equal to depth at front of carnassial; premaxillary extending posteriorly to about middle of nasal; maxillary extending back nearly to middle of orbit, slightly exceeded by nasal; anteorbital foramen about 9x 5 mm. in diameter, over posterior root of third premolar. Palate moderately wide, nearly flat, not extending posteriorly beyond level of last molar, terminating in an obscure median spine ; incisive foramina between canines, 11 to 17 mm. in length, their combined breadth usually a little less ; mesopterygoid fossa rather more than one-third as long as palate, considerably narrower posteriorly than anteriorly. Mandible strong, but not remarkably robust, the depth at posterior edge of carnassial contained about six times in length; symphysis rather long ; coronoid process high, the depth of mandible through its middle noticeably greater than distance from last molar to back of condyle ; angular process heavy, nearly horizontal, distinctly raised above level of under margin of ramus. Teeth—The teeth are relatively larger than in any of the races of domestic dogs, though in form they show no tangible features by which they may be distinguished. Upper incisors form- ing a continuous, slightly convex row, the outer tooth separated from canine by a distinct space ; size, when viewed from in front, increasing regularly from first to third, but third abruptly much larger than the others in cross-section and nearly half the size of canine ; anterior surface of 7! and 7? slightly more than half as wide as high, smoothly rounded off, the cutting edge narrow but not acute ; a small but distinct secondary lobe at each side of front aspect, that of inner side a little below middle, that of outer side about equally above ; posterior surface of crown con- cave longitudinally though without backward-projecting basal shelf ; a well developed median longitudinal rib, and a low but noticeable cingulum, the latter terminating abruptly and forming the lobes seen in front view ; outer incisor with no secondary 310 CARNIVORA lobes, its general form intermediate between that of canine and of inner incisors. Lower incisors forming continuous row between canines, the three teeth essentially alike in form, but increasing Fie. 61, Canis lupus. Teeth nat. size. regularly in size from first to third though less conspicuously than in the case of the upper incisors ; crowns (viewed from in front) about twice as high as wide, distinctly bilobed, the outer CANIS 311 lobe scarcely half as wide as inner ; on inner tooth the outer lobe is nearly level with cutting edge, on second it lies slightly above middle of crown, and on third slightly below middle of crown ; posterior surface oblique, slightly concave, with noticeable longi- tudinal furrow extending back from notch between lobes. Canines large, usually 15 mm. or more in diameter at alveolus and about twice as long, a size rarely if ever attained in domestic dogs, their surface smooth except for a low antero-internal and posterior-median logitudinal ridge, the upper teeth slightly longer and less recurved than the lower. Premolars moderately spaced except that pm? is nearly or quite in contact with the carnassial ; first, second and third teeth essentially alike in the two jaws, those of the mandible, however, slightly the less robust ; first premolar both above and below single-rooted, the crown simple, that of pm, subterete, that of pm nearly twice as long as broad, the height in both slightly less than length, the crown area approximately the same as that of corresponding inner incisor, the small cusp a little in front of middle and with slightly developed anterior and posterior ridge. Second and third premolars two- rooted, the crown about twice as long as wide, sub-elliptical in outline, the inner margin sometimes (especially in pm, and pm”) slightly concave, the long axis nearly parallel with sagittal plane except in ym*, which is obliquely set; main cusp a little in front of middle of crown, its height distinctly more than half length of crown, its anterior and posterior cutting ridge well developed, the posterior bearing a distinct secondary cusp situated over middle of posterior root and relatively larger in lower than in upper teeth ; a slight shelf-like projection behind secondary cusp ; pm, similar to pm, but considerably larger, its secondary cusp better developed and succeeded by a small but evident postero- basal cusp springing from the posterior edge of crown; cingulum of all the smaller premolars complete though low and incon- spicuous. Upper carnassial large and robust, the length of crown along middle slightly more than twice greatest breadth exclusive of antero-internal lobe, the main axis of the tooth extending evidently through middle of crown, so that the small, cuspless inner lobe stands as an offset, slightly breaking the symmetry of the outline; main cusp slightly behind middle of crown, its height more than half length of tooth, its axis slanting distinctly backward, its anterior and outer surfaces evenly convex except for the rudimentary longitudinal ridge on basal two-thirds of front, its inner surface, together with that of posterior cusp, flattened ; posterior cusp low and robust, obscured by its very high nearly horizontal commissure which meets the somewhat shorter but equally trenchant commissure of main cusp at an angle of about 75°; cingulum complete, though low and incon- spicuous. Lower carnassial narrower than upper but with equally high crown, the most elevated portion in front of middle instead of behind it ; protoconid large and robust, resembling main cusp 312 CARNIVORA of upper carnassial, but with well developed cutting edge both in front and behind ; paraconid near middle of anterior portion of crown ; its general form like posterior cusp of upper carnassial, its commissure bearing essentially the same relation to that of protoconid as in the case of the two cusps of the upper tooth, except that the relative lengths of the cutting edges is reversed ; metaconid small but evident, at postero-internal base of proto- conid ; hypoconid and entoconid low, occupying the posterior edge of a well developed though relatively small heel (area of heel scarcely more than one-third that of anterior portion of tooth) separated from the cusps of the main triangle by a wide transverse groove; crown area of entoconid equal to about half that of hypoconid, its cusp approximately the same size as that of meta- conid. Second lower molar essentially like heel of carnassial but larger, its two anterior cusps corresponding in size and form with hypoconid and entoconid of the large tooth, the posterior edge of its crown with a small outer cusp resembling the antero- inner, and sometimes with a slightly developed inner ridge or rudimentary fourth cusp. Third lower molar single-rooted, the crown subterete, about as large as that of first premolar, with low central cusp and rudimentary longitudinal ridge. First upper molar large, with high outer two-cusped sectorial portion and low inner crushing portion, the two areas sharply differentiated, the antero-posterior diameter of the outer decidedly greater than that of inner; paracone and metacone conical, terete, with slightly developed anterior and posterior cutting ridges, the area and height of metacone about two-thirds those of paracone, the width of base of which is at least equal to width of inner portion of tooth ; protocone very low, with low but distinct anterior and posterior commissures, each of which joins cingulum at base of corresponding large outer cusps, and each of which bears an intermediate cusp soon disappearing with wear, the posterior intermediate cusp larger and more definite in form than anterior cusp; hypocone ridge-like, at postero-inner border of crown, separated from protocone and its posterior commissure by a deep groove. Second upper molar with about half the crown area of first, its elements essentially the same, though so reduced that the paracone is scarcely larger than protocone of large tooth, intermediate cusps on commissures of protocone are barely indicated, and hypocone is not distinguishable as a cusp distinct from the cingulum. In both molars the cingulum on outer border is narrow and inconspicuous relatively to the broad cusps ; in region between paracone and metacone of m! it is usually obsolete (compare figs. 61 and 62). Remarks.—The material available for study has been so poor that I have found it impossible to come to any conclusion with regard to the existence of local forms of the European Wolf. The following races have been distinguished by Mr. Cabrera. There seems to be no good reason to doubt their validity. CANIS 313 The only known characters by which the skull of Canis lupus can be distinguished from that of the larger domestic dogs is the greater average general size and the relatively larger teeth. In a dog’s skull with condylobasal length of 230 mm. the length of upper and lower carnassials is respectively 21°6 and 25:0 mm. In ten skulls with condylobasal length of more than 200 mm. the average and extremes for these teeth are: upper, 20°5 (19-22) ; lower, 24°0 (22:8-26°0).* In all the dog skulls which I have examined, representing such different breeds as the pug, fox-terrier, bloodhdund, mastiff, ancient Egyptian, ancient Peruvian, Eskimo (Greenland and Alaska) and American Indian, the teeth are strictly of the wolf type, never showing any approach to that of the jackal (fig. 62). Canis Lupus Lupus Linnzus, 1758. [Canis] lupus Linnaeus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 39 (Sweden). 1792. Clanis] lupus flavus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 187 (France and Germany). 1804. Canis lupus niger Hermann, Observ. Zool., p. 82. Not of Kerr, 1792 (Forest of Hagenau, Alsace, Germany). 1839. ? [Canis lupus] var. canus de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micro- mamm., p. 144 (nomen nudum). 1839. ? [Canis lwpus] var. fuluus de Sélys-Longchamps, Etudes de Micro- mamm., p. 144 (nomen nudum). 1841. Lupus orientalis Wagner, Schreber’s Siiugthiere, Suppl., 11, p. 367 (Europe). 1857. Canis lupus Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 180. 1863. [Canis lupus] var. major Ogérien, Hist. Nat. du Jura, 11, p. 59 (Lower slopes of the Jura). 1863. [Canis lupus] var. minor Ogérien, Hist. Nat. du Jura, 11, p. 69 (Higher portions of the Jura). 1897. Canis lupus minor Mojsisovics von Mojsvar, Thierleben der osterr.- hung. Tiefebenen, p. 241 (Southern Hungary). Based on the “Rohrwolf,” an animal supposed to be smaller and greyer than true lupus. ; 1910. Canis lupus and C. lupus lycaont Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 90. Type locality — Sweden. Geographical distribution—-Northern and central Europe, exact limits of range unknown ; formerly west to Ireland. Characters.—Size maximum for the species; general colour * Winge (Danmarks Fauna, Pattedyr, p. 123, 1908) states that in the skull of a dog from a prehistoric grave (Iron Age) in Denmark, the length is 209, and that of the two carnassials 20 and 22°5 respectively, while in a rather large modern ‘great Dane” the corresponding measurements are 255, 22 and 28. This author (p. 124) regards the domestic dogs as derived from Canis aureus. ; + Applied to the wolf of the Pyrenees; but Schreber’s plate LXxXxIx, the basis of the name, is a copy of Buffon’s plate xii, representing an animal brought alive to Paris from Canada. 314 CARNIVORA not markedly tawny ; white of throat not extending to cheeks. The few skulls examined agree with Asiatic specimens in having the outer cusps of m! moderately large, the paracone with trans- verse diameter of base about equal to width of large flattened portion of crown. Measurements.—For cranial measurements see Table, p. 316. Specimens examined.—Four skulls, from the following localities :— SwrEDEN: No exact locality, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Russia: No exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Ivaty: Near Sassello, Liguria, 1 (Genoa). CANIS LUPUS sIGNaTUS Cabrera. 1907. Canis lupus signatus Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espaiit. Hist. Nat., Madrid, vir, p. 195. 1910. Canis lupus signatus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 91. Type locality.—Escorial, Madrid, Spain. Geographical distribution.—Central Spain. Characters.—8ize and general appearance as in Canis lupus lupus ; colour a more tawny brown than in the northern animal, particularly on muzzle ; white of throat extending uninterruptedly to cheeks.* Measurements.—Type (adult male), from Cabrera: head and body, 1230; tail, 400; hind foot, 265; ear, 125. Young adult male and female from Province of Burgos, Spain: head and body, 1130 and 1180; tail, 350 and 380; hind foot, 225 and 220; ear 120 and 115. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 316. Specimens examined.—One from Seville, Spain, and two from Province of Burgos, Spain. Remarks.—In dentition the Seville specimen differs from all the other Old World wolves with which I have compared it in the unusual development of the outer cusps of the upper molars. The transverse diameter of paracone in m! conspicuously exceeds width of the small inner portion of tooth. Mr. Cabrera informs me that the type shows much the same peculiarities. This character is also present, though less pronounced, in the two skulls from Burgos, which further differ from northern specimens in the smaller size and more globular form of the auditory bulle. 6. Seville, Spain. (4. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (Pr). 95. 3. 3. 6. 3,?. Riocabado, Burgos. Hon. N. C. Roths- 11. 10. 5, 1-2. (Rev. S. Gonzalez.) child (P). * In the Burgos specimens the colour is not unusually tawny: back and sides a coarse mixture of black, whitish, ochraceous-buff, and drab grey (underfur), the black and whitish most conspicuous along back, the ochraceous-buff on legs and feet (clear and unmixed on latter); ear ochraceous-rufous on outer side (darker and duller at tip), pallid ochraceous-buff on inner surface; throat and lower half of cheeks the same pallid ochraceous-buff; chin and interramia blackish. CANIS 315 Canis LUPUS DEITANUS Cabrera. 1907. Canis lupus deitanus Cabrera, Bol. Real Soc. Espafi. Hist. Nat., Madrid, viz, p. 197. 1910. Canis lupus deitanus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 91. Type locality—Moratalla, Murcia, Spain. Geographical distribution—Now known from the type locality only. Diagnosis.—Smaller than Canis lupus Iwpus and brighter in colour, the general appearance much as in C. aureus. Measurements.—Unknown. Specimens ecamined.—I have seen the two living examples in Madrid on which the form was based.’ Remarks.—In general appearance the two Moratalla wolves are strikingly different from Canis lupus. Unfortunately their true characters are not yet known. CANIS AUREUS Linnzeus. 1758. [Canis] aureus Linneeus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 40. 1835. Canis aureus var. moreotica I. Geoffroy, Expéd. Sci. de Morée. Zool., pl. r (Morea, Greece). 1841. C[anis] dalmatinus Wagner, Schreber’s Siugthiere, Suppl., 11, p. 383 (Dalmatia). 1841. C[anis] grecus Wagner, Schreber’s Siugthiere, Suppl., 1, p. 383 (Peloponesus). 1892. Canis aureus balcanicus Brusina, Glasnik Hrvatskoga Naravoslovnoga Drustva, Zagreb, vit, p. 317 (Drava River, Croatia). = Type locality.—Province of Lar, Persia. Geographical distribution.—India and westward through Asia Minor to the Balkan Peninsula, north to Heves Comitat, Hungary. : Diagnosis.—Smaller than Canis lupus (condylobasal length of skull less than 200 mm.) ; teeth not equal to those of the larger domestic dogs in size, the upper molars with wide, conspicuous cingulum on outer side (tig. 62). Colour.—Upper parts buffy cinnamon, clouded by black hair tips along dorsal region, nearly clear on sides, and becoming clear bright cinnamon on outer surface of legs and ear and on area around and behind base of ear; muzzle more heavily washed with black ; from middle of back to base of tail the cinnamon is replaced by whitish, causing a rather noticeable contrast between this region and the surrounding parts when fur is disarranged ; tail essentially like back, the basal half above greyish, the terminal half and underside buffy much overlaid with black ; pencil blackish ; underparts and inner side of legs dull buffy grey ; chin blackish ; feet dull buffy. 316 CARNIVORA rd cs! P o . oO q : a *s & @o 27 a 3 S & co} 3 5 £ 2 Bee 3 ® Bi. ae ° 3S wn a —Q “MOI-11900} = 2 = 2 SWS u t a en IpUeyy a aoa 4 & 4 wm *MOI-1[9004 = 2 ee: Sao dod = ALeTTIXe O50 5 S35 Ey |= ae eesti et et a Sooo HSS *oTqIpuryy ON H eee = ga 2% S38 3S omyaed Polat Soy 2 2eo° yydap [er4so ono a a A ct om cdcd oD Bao *AOI-11}00} = 4 purryary ee es ooo < uadep Teyered en 8 $B 8 rd n “(papnyoxa =) 48019) osvo ie 2 aie & [eae nea 8 388 Q “9UTUeO TAAO OOS ono YApwerq [wayso NAOH 0 D106 ra if peadq [ery a S45 3 29a 2 “UOTqoTI4SU09 to: 2 oon = 'BYLq10.10 9 oo x a Te}4, yay oo x Ayn fy “UOTJOIIysu09 fst | a OON 84110480, ada 5 [o) TeqIq10}80g yg g aos B |. -uypresq ae OO 10988 aol oo Z| wm | gale aae = “Wsprerq SoH rs SoS f OIPeULOBAZ Sao oO Ses jaa] dani do A oo. oO é P Yqsuey Bas o':2'2 gi Teseqorepuog aa | 2 dee ica] AA x] ANN = ¥ De Oe Oe a a sooro+r +o 0 OF 8-1 X 9-66 F-1G X 9-GT FFL X 0-96 2 ‘eouer elinSrry ‘oyjesseg avou : Lpeyy O-IL X P-L 0-61 X 0-9T O-IT X 8-46 68 rn O16 : : : ‘ BIssnyy GIT X 0-86 9-16 X 8-ST 0-8T X 8-93 63 ‘< LE0T . i TOPIMY U19T 410 NT G-GL X F-06 0-86 X 0-8T G-8T X 0-18 é? ‘W'N'S'0 S80T ° ? ‘ Tepeag ‘sndnt sndny ‘5 “[BISSEUIVO I3MOT “aejom aaddn 4sa1g “jeisseureo reddy "xag “Tequin *SYITBOOT; ‘SOGadaV *O UNV SNAdAT SINVO JO SLNANWAYNASVAN IVINAd 318 CARNIVORA Skull.—The skull is much smaller than that of Canis lupus. In form it differs slightly in the less elevated frontal region and somewhat more inflated auditory bulle. Teeth.— While agreeing with those of Canis lupus in general form and in the position of the cusps, the teeth are on the whole more trenchant in character, as shown by the general tendency toward narrowness of crown and prominence of ridges. This is particularly noticeable in the upper molars, in which the large cusps are relatively higher, more slender, and less terete than in Canis lupus, their cutting ridges much more developed ; transverse diameter of metacone in m! noticeably less than width of inner portion of crown; cingulum on outer border of both upper molars wide and conspicuous in contrast with narrow cusps, Fia. 62. showing no tendency to become obsolete in Canis aureus. region between paracone and metacone. Lower Larger maxil@ty carnassial with metaconid actually as well as Nat. size. relatively larger than in Canis lupus, and posterior heel with area equal to nearly half that of anterior portion of tooth, its cusps strongly developed. Measurements.—For cranial measurements see Table, p. 316. Specimens examined.—One from Greece (Pireus); numerous others from Asia Minor and India. Remarks.—The single specimen from Greece agrees sufficiently with a series of five from Khotz, near Trebizond, Asia Minor, to make it appear unwise, in the absence of more satisfactory material, to use one of the Balkan names. 1. Pirsus, Greece. (C. Mottaz.) Hon. N.C. Roths- 8. 10. 2. 49-50. child (r). Genus ALOPEX Kaup. 1829. Alopex Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. und Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierw., 1, p. 83 1857. Lewcocyon Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 512. Type species.— Canis lagopus Linneus. Geographical distribution.—Arctic region of both Old and New Worlds ; in Europe south to southern Norway and Sweden. Characters.—Skull intermediate in general form between that of Canis and Vulpes ; occipital depth about one-third condylo- basal length ; interorbital region more elevated than in Vulpes owing to greater inflation of the frontal sinuses ; postorbital processes thin, flat or slightly concave above, with bead-like, overhanging edges; dorsal profile of forehead rising abruptly ALOPEX 319 above rostrum as in Canis ; teeth moderately heavy and large, the length of carnassial and upper molars together contained about 2? times in palatal length ; canines and incisors inter- mediate between those of Canis and Vulpes (see fig. 65) ; external form fox-like, but ear short and rounded, not conspicuously overtopping the surrounding fur. Remarks.— Although in most respects intermediate between Canis and Vulpes the Arctic foxes form such a natural and circumscribed group that it seems desirable to set them apart as a distinct genus.* Half a dozen species have been described, two of which come within the scope of the present work. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF ALOPEX. Condylobasal length of skull about 130 in males, 124 in females (Scandinavia and Finland)... A. lagopus, p. 319. Condylobasal length of skull about 120 in males, 114 in females (Spitzbergen)..............ceseeee A. spitzbergenensis, p. 824. ALOPEX LAGOPUS Linneus. 1758. [Canis] lagopus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 40 (Lapland). 1816. V[wlpes] arctica Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturgesch., 111, pt. 2, p. 1033 (Renaming of Canis lagopus), 1820. Clanis] vulpes cerulea Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, p. 88 (Lapland). 1827. [Canis lagopus] 8 argenteus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 14 (Lapland). 1910. Valpes lagopus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 96. Type locality —Lapland. Geographical distribution.—Arctic portions of the mainland of Europe and Asia; in Europe south along the mountains of Scandinavia to south-western Norway, and as an occasional visitant as far as southern Sweden. Diagnosis—General characters as in the genus ; condylobasal length of skull about 130 mm. in males, about 124 mm. in females. External characters.—In general external characters Alopex lagopus resembles Vulpes vulpes, though the muzzle is less elongated, and the low, rounded ears (not extending to eye when laid forward) impart a somewhat un-fox-like appearance to the head. Fur very dense, the underfur in summer about 12 mm. deep on back, nearly twice as deep and somewhat looser in texture on sides (in winter longer throughout) ; longer hairs rather sparse, not concealing underfur. Tail bushy, with abundant underfur. Feet as in Canis, but claws longer and more slender, and entire palm and sole covered with a dense: woolly growth of hair, 15-17 mm. deep in winter, shorter in * See Collett, Norges Pattedyr, p. 275, 1911, for account of apparently complete sterility of Arctic fox male with Red fox female, a fact which indicates a fundamental physiological difference between the two animals. 320 CARNIVORA summer when it sometimes wears away sufficiently to expose balls of toes, and parts of pads. Colour.—Summer pelage: ground colour of back, shoulders, and outer side of legs drab, darkening to about prout-brown or Tei Tia. 63. Alopex lagopus. X +4. dark bister on feet, head, chin, interramial region and outer surface of ears, the face thickly sprinkled with whitish hairs, especially, on cheeks and between eyes, the interramial region tinged with slaty grey ; each of the longer hairs of back with ALOPEX 321 one cream-buff sub-terminal annulation, producing a noticeably speckled appearance throughout dark area; flanks with a few long, entirely buff hairs ; sides of body and of neck light cream- buff tinged with clay-colour, in striking contrast with dark areas, the buff lateral area divided at shoulder by band about 60 mm. wide where drab of back crosses to leg; anteriorly the buff lateral area extends to about level of ears where it abruptly gives place to dark brown of head ; inner surface of ear light buffy grey ; underparts and inner surface of legs buffy greyish, slightly contrasted with sides ; under surface of tail like sides of body, upper surface essentially like back at base (where line of demarcation is well defined), but becoming tinged with buff toward tip. Winter pelage: entirely white, tinged with yellowish on throat, neck and face; underfur and posterior surface of ear light drabby grey. In the “‘ blue” phase the entire animal is at all seasons a bluish drab, usually washed with sepia on head and feet, and sprinkled with pure white hairs on face, chin and throat. Skull.—The skull is shorter and narrower than that of Vulpes vulpes, but of nearly equal depth, a difference in form due in part to the greater elevation of the interorbital region and in part to the relatively greater depth of brain-case (depth equal to one- third condylobasal length instead of noticeably less as in V. vulpes) ; muzzle less produced than in the common fox and rela- tively wider proximally ; zygomata less abruptly spreading anteriorly, so that the region of greatest zygomatic breadth is noticeably at glenoid level. In other respects there is essential agreement with the skull of V. vulpes. Anteorbital foramen over space between pm? and pm‘; auditory bulla relatively as large as in the larger animal ; depth of brain-case through bulla equal to greatest breadth above roots of zygomata ; postorbital pro- cesses slightly less concave on underside and somewhat more flattened above; mandible with ramus relatively a little deeper and more compressed than in the common fox. Teeth—In general the teeth closely resemble those of Vulpes 2 . Fia. 64. vulpes except for their slightly topes iagopus. Teeth. Nat. size. smaller size. Incisors both above and below with relatively wider crowns than in the common fox, the cingulum of 7! and 7? much more developed and forming a Y CARNIVORA ‘ “ec “ ‘ ‘arom Ayqsis “ “ “ ‘aiom Ajeyelopou =“ ‘aro ATFTSTTS ‘UIOM Jou YAOI, “SUOTYVALOSC|O 0-98 0-0F |g-e9 ¥-98 ¥-1P (0-99 age 0-e% |7F99 _ G-PP |8-69 0-88 8-2F |9-69 0-49 0-7F |9-0L 0-99 0-7F |8-0L 6-69 9.87 [8-49 0-69 P-TP (6-OL 9-89 9-2P |P-69 ¥-09 P-TP |P-99 8-69 0-1 13-99 ae] oy 9 a ° se) se| § | 22 | 22] 3/82) 2) ce) P| of S2/82 | & | as |SBE|/85|)/o2/ $8 1 8e) 8s) Be ve | ZS, & lee leh") e221 85/8S |} eas) BB] aS 32 oa s Bo ofa! Pl) Ba |e] #2 / xe oo ze /2¢) & |28|] 98| FIRS | PS) PRI PE) oe © es | FS = ee rR 8, so fO SO OF OF *xog P86 6 “96 x8 "66 °6 ‘96 G "86 6 “96 & ‘86 "6 ‘96 6 ‘T *8 ‘06 “W'N'S' OFOT F889 € “8° ‘79 ‘W'N'S'1) 680T GT ‘€ ‘9 “TT 6 ‘PT TIT “G6 T ‘PT ‘TT “96 sxactwn St : * wesseqzyidg ‘sIsuauadiaqzyids “y “ce a“ . puvpdery Nees yowxe oU : Wepeamg *punsi0say ‘ elaog sorgy : AVMION ‘sndose ‘y “AQBOOT ‘SISNINEDYLAZLIGS ‘yY GNV SNdODPT XadO0TY JO SLNHNAYOSVAN IVINVYO 323 ALOPEX “ad AT, x oP X 8-61 9-8 X9-L 9-¢ X 8-81 & P&S 6 “96 7 i 9-% X 9-81 8-8 XG-L ¥-9XG-OL 6 «8 “83 "6 ‘96 : . 9-% X 6-81 %-6 XG-8 ¥-9 X G-ET 2 G “&S “6 “96 . i = %-6 X0-8 6-9 X 9-8T be] & “6 "6°96 . . ui 0-G X 8-GT G6 X 9b 9-9 X 0-€T ? 31 '8 06 ; 3 ; uess9qz41dg ‘ssuauesioqzjyids “Ww 8-F X G-FL 0-01 X &-8 6-9 X O-FT ‘WN’S'’0 OFOT a 0-G X 8-8T 9-6 X0-8 GLX GPL ° F 8S ‘F9 ‘: 0-G X 8-7T 8-6 X 0-6 O-L X G-FT é € "86 ‘49 be : puvdery 9-F X P-FT 0-0T X 6-8 7-9 X 8-&T “WN'S'0O 680T * APTLBooT Jowxe ou : MEpeMg G-G X F-GT GOL X F-8 G-L X GST GL‘ ‘9 ‘IT * punsissqy = F-6 X 9-8 6-9 X GST & G ‘PT IT “S6 * oIA0C, G-G X 8-81 ¥-6 X0-8 8-9 X 8-8T 6 T ‘PT “TT “G6 : 7 * orgy : ABMION ‘sndosr ‘y ~qersseciseo IOMOT -repow aaddn 4siLg “peisseureo todd yQ “xog *19q un NT “AQITBVOO'T ‘SISNHUNTDATAZLIdS “V INV SAdOOV'T Xq@dOTV AO SINHANAYASVAN IVINGT Y 324 CARNIVORA noticeable inner and outer secondary cusp (the former soon wearing away in 7') much as in Canis; along posterior border of crown the cingulum shows a strong tendency to develop irregular tubercles, a condition not observed in Vulpes vulpes. Canines and premolars with no special peculiarities, the form of the upper carnassial quite as in V. vulpes. Lower carnassial with posterior heel narrower than main portion of tooth but not otherwise peculiar. First upper molar with metaconule relatively less developed than in Vulpes vulpes. Measurements.—For cranial measurements see Table, p. 322. Specimens examined.—Ten, from the following localities :— Norway: Réros, Trondhjem, 1; Tolgen, Hedemarken, 2; Dovre, 2; Egersund, Stavanger, 1. SweEvDEN: No exact locality, 1 skull (U.S.N.M.). Lapianp: No exact locality, 3 skulls (B.M. and U.S.N.M,). ?. Réros, Trondhjem, Nor- Christiania Museum 95. 11. 14.1. way. E). skull, Egersund, Stavanger. K.H.Schaanning(c). 11. 6. 3. 12. 2%. Dovre. ac” a Museum 95, 11. 14, 2-3. (E). 2imm. Tolgen, Hedemarken. Christiania Museum 92. 3.1. 1. (z). 0. 5. 2.1. 2skulls. Lapland. Wheelwright (c). 64. 3. 8. 3-4. ALOPEX SPITZBERGENENSIS Barrett-Hamilton and Bonhote. 1799. ? Canis fuliginosus Bechstein, Thomas Pennant’s allgem. Uebersicht d. vierfiiss. Thiere, 1, p. 270 (Iceland). 1799. ? Canis groenlandicus Bechstein, Thomas Pennant’s allgem. Ueber- sicht d. vierfiiss. Thiere, 1, p. 270 (Greenland). 1898. Canis lagopus spitzbergenensis Barrett-Hamilton and Bonhote, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., 1, p. 287, April, 1898 (Spitzbergen). Type in British Museum. 1910. Vulpes lagopus spitzbergensis and ? V. lagopus fuliginosus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 97. Type locality.—Spitzbergen. Geographical distribution—Spitzbergen ; also Iceland and Greenland ? Diagnosis.—Like Alopex lagopus but smaller, condylobasal length of skull about 120 in males, about 114 in females. Colour.—Type (summer pelage): colour pattern well defined and exactly as in A. lagopus, but dark areas wood-brown against which the cream-buff annulations of longer hairs make no marked contrast. Another skin, also in summer pelage, is a uniform dark slaty drab throughout, the hind feet darker and more brown; sides and underparts with a few long white hairs (50 mm.) ; lips with slight grizzling due to presence of short white hairs. Measurements.—For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 322, 323. VULPES 325 Specimens examined.—Six, all from Spitzbergen (B.M.and U.S.N.M.):— $skull. Spitzbergen. Stockholm Museum (z). 90. 8. 1. 2. 6, %. Spitzbergen. Dr. J. W. Gregory (c & P). 96. 9. 23, 2-3. (96. 9. 23.3. Type of species.) 6,? skulls. Spitzbergen. Dr, J. W. Gregory (c & P). 96. 9. 23. 4-5. Genus VULPES Oken. 1816. V{wlpes] Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturgesch., 111, pt. 2, p. 1033, in full on p. 1034 and in index, p. 1268 (Vulpes communis Oken = Canis vulpes Linneus). 1821. Vulpes Bowdich, Anal. Nat. Classif. Mamm., p. 40 (Canis vulpes). 1857. Vulpes oor Sdugethiere Deutechlands, p. 178 (Sub-genus of ‘anis). Type species.—Canis vulpes Linneeus. Geographical distribution.—Northern portion of the northern hemisphere from about the limit of tree growth south to Morocco, India and Mexico; in Europe west to Ireland. Characters,—Skull slender and low (depth of brain-case less than one-third condylobasal length) ; interorbital region nearly flat, the frontal sinuses scarcely inflated, the postorbital processes thin, slightly concave above, their edges overhanging and bead- like ; dorsal profile of forehead rising very slightly and gradually above level of rostrum; dental formula as in Canis; teeth relatively light and small, the length of upper carnassial and molars together contained about 22 to 3 times in palatal length, the general character of cheek-teeth somewhat more trenchant than in Canis, the canines slender and elongated, the point of upper tooth extending to about level of lower margin of mandi- bular ramus when jaws are closed (fig. 65). Remarks.—As thus restricted the genus Vulpes contains about thirty-five forms, all peculiar to the northern hemisphere. Five of these occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF VULPES. Size small, hind foot in adult male about 125 mm., condylobasal length of skull in both sexes less than 130 mm. (Sardinia and Corsica)... . V. ichnuse, p. 336. Size large, hind foot in adult male 135 to 165 x mm., condylobasal length of skull in adult male 135 to 165 mm., in adult female 127 to 155 mm............. V. vulpes, p. 326. Teeth larger and more robust, the premolars tend- ing to be slightly spaced or in contact, their secondary cusps well developed (Scandinavia)... V. v. vulpes, p. 330. Teeth smaller and less robust, the premolars tend- ing to be widely spaced, their secondary cusps usually obsolete or absent. Yellowish and reddish tints bright; posterior half of back seldom much frosted with whitish; tail never clear grey (Central Europe).......... V. v. erucigera, p. 331. Yellowish and reddish tints pale and dull; pos- terior half of back usually much frosted with whitish ; tail often clear grey (Iberian Penin- BULB) iss sovceecnatrvercenmaunae/ehannabssiarssidalesanien ects aine V. v. silacea, p. 333. 326 CARNIVORA uf \ vy f TERZIL Fia. 65. Incisors and canines from front, of Canis (a), Alopex (b), and Vulpes (c). VULPES VULPES Linnzus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Type locality— Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution—Europe from the Arctic coast to the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastward into Asia. Diagnosis—Size large: hind foot, in adult male 135 to 165 mm.; condylobasal length of skull in adult male 135 to 165 mm., in adult female 127 to 155 mm. External characters ——Form more slender and legs relatively shorter than in Canis; muzzle long and pointed; ear high, pointed, rising conspicuously above surrounding fur ; tail long, VULPES 327 thick and bushy, with abundant underfur; longer hairs of back normally concealing the underfur ; feet as in Canis, but with the soles hairy between the pads, the pads themselves sometimes furred. Colour.—General colour-a yellowish brown brighter and more inclined toward reddish along median dorsal region and on face, duller and more yellowish or greyish on sides of body to shoulder and on sides of neck to base of ear, the flanks and usually the sides sprinkled with white hairs which may produce a decided effect of frosting; underparts very variable, ranging from whitish to slaty black, rarely almost concolor with sides; feet dusky or blackish ; ear tawny or buff at base and on inner surface, the terminal half of outer side black or very dark brown in strong contrast with surrounding parts ; upper lip dull white. Blackish and greyish variations not uncommon, especially at the north. i Skull.—General form of skull slender and somewhat flattened, with widely spreading, nearly parallel zygomata. Dorsal profile almost flat from nares to slightly beyond middle of nasal bones, then rising at a slight angle (10° or less) to or a little beyond bregma, behind which it slopes away by an evenly convex curve (distorted in old individuals by the development of the sagittal crest) to lambda, which lies a little above level of middle of orbit ; ventral profile essentially straight. Brain-case distinctly broader than high, its outline ovate when viewed from above, the lambdoid and sagittal crests well developed, the latter extending forward about to bregma, where it divides, sending a branch to form posterior border of each postorbital process. Occiput obliquely truncate, so that condyles are not visible from above, but region between lambda and foramen magnum slightly if at all concave. Floor of brain-case with no special peculiarities ; auditory bulle moderately and evenly inflated, slightly flattened antero-externally, meatal tube short but distinctly indicated, especially its hinder wall. Interorbital region flattened, with median longitudinal groove, the postorbital processes prominent, flattened, triangular, much shorter along posterior edge than along antero-external edge, the margin slightly raised so that the upper surface is somewhat concave, the under surface so abruptly concave that the process is much less thick than in Alopex and Canis. Rostrum moderately long (the distance from orbit to gnathion about equal to that from postorbital process to lambda), rather abruptly narrowed proximally, so that the sides are nearly parallel through a noticeable portion of their extent (occasionally the sides diverge from region of greatest narrowing to bases of canines) ; nasal slender, narrowing gradually back- ward and extending nearly to level of middle of orbit ; nasal branch of premaxillary extending to about middle of nasal and usually not in contact with frontal; posterior extremity of maxillary extending slightly behind that of nasal ; anteorbital 328 CARNIVORA foramen over posterior root of pm? or over space between pm? and pm‘. Palate relatively narrower than in the European Fia. 66. Vulpes vulpes. X 4. species of Alopex and Canis, its median posterior termination about at level of middle of last molar; mesopterygoid fossa VULPES 329 about twice as long as wide, the sides gradually converging posteriorly ; hamulars slender, straight ; incisive foramina about four times as long as wide, the median septum usually wider than the foramen, the posterior margin a little in front of posterior margin of alveolus of canine. Mandible slender, but with no special peculiarities of form. Teeth.—In general form and structure the teeth do not differ very widely from those of Canis lupus. The canines are, however, relatively much longer and more slender (fig. 65), the incisors are weaker and narrower, and the premolars show a more decided tendency to develop secondary cusps. Upper incisors slender, not closely crowded, their crowns relatively narrower than in either Canis lupus or Alopex lagopus, the secondary cusps obsolete, early disappearing with wear, the cingulum barely indicated ; lower incisors with crowns less simplified than in the upper teeth, the usual lon- gitudinal groove present on posterior surface, and i, with well developed outer basal lobe. Upper canine slender, its dia- meter at alveolus about 7 mm., its height when unworn usually about three times as great; lower canine with diameter contained about 24 times in height. Premolars with no special peculiarities, their crowns relatively narrower than in Canis lupus, and secondary cusps tending to be more developed, the latter character varying in different geographical forms. Fria. 67. Upper carnassial with inner Vulpes vulpes. Teeth. Nat. size. lobe better developed than in Canis, and bearing a distinct terete cusp, its position a little more forward and outward than in the dogs, so that it appears to lie in or nearly in the main axis of the tooth. Lower carnassial with posterior heel essentially as broad as main portion of tooth, the cusps essentially as in Canis, but general aspect of tooth more trenchant. Upper molars differing from those of Canis in the relatively smaller size of paracone and metacone, these cusps appearing to stand in from border of crown, leaving a noticeable cingulum beyond them ; paraconule obsolete. Second and third lower molars with no marked peculiarities. 330 CARNIVORA Remarks.—With the material at hand it has been impossible to reach wholly satisfactory conclusions with regard to the number of local forms represented by the common foxes of various parts of Europe. The existence of three such races, one in the Scandinavian Peninsula, a second in Central Europe, and a third in the Iberian Peninsula, seems well established ; but the status of the forms inhabiting Italy and Greece is still in doubt. ‘VULPES VULPES VULPES Linnzeus. 1758. [Canis] vulpes Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 40 (Sweden). 1758. [Canis] alopex Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 40 (Sweden). 1798. C[anis] vulpus Thunberg, Beskrifning p& Svenske Djur, Mamm., p. 7 (Variant of vulpes). 1816. V[ulpes] vulgaris Oken, Lehrb. d. Naturgesch., 111, pt. 2, p. 1034 (Renaming of vulpes). 1820. Canis nigro-argenteus Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, p. 91 (Lofoten Islands, Norway). 1827. [Canis vulpus] y nigrocaudatus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandi- navie, p. 12 (Uppland, Sweden). 1827. [Canis vulpus] ¢ variegatus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 13 (Uppland, Sweden). 1827. [Canis vulpus] n lineatus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 13 (Skane, Sweden). 1830. ? [Vulpes] communis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Art, xxvimr, 1829, p. 349 (Substitute for vulpes). Nomen nudum. 1898. Vulpes vulpes Thomas, The Zoologist, 4th ser., m1, p. 100, March, 1898 (part). 1910. Vulpes vulpes Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 93 (part). Type locality. Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution.—Scandinavian Peninsula. Diagnosis.—Teeth larger and more robust than in the central and southern races, the premolars tending to be slightly spaced or in contact ; skull attaining maximum size for European foxes. . Measurements.—For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 334, 335. Specimens examined.—Seven skulls from Sweden (for exact localities see Table of cranial measurements), and eleven from Egersund, Stavanger, Norway. Remarks.—While I have seen no skins of this fox, the distinctness of the race from those occurring in central and southern Europe seems well established by the characters of the teeth. skull. Sweden. Wheelwright (c). 64. 3. 8. 2. 11 skulls. Egersund, Stavanger, K. H. Schaanning (c). 11. 6. 8. 1-11. Norway. VULPES 331 VULPES VULPES CRUCIGERA Bechstein. 1789. [Canis] crucigera Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutschlands, I, p. 250 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1792. C[anis] Vulpes alopex europaeus Kerr, Anim. Kingd., p. 142 (Bur- gundy, France). 1797. Canis vulpes alba Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 33 (Vogelsberg, near Rudigshain, Hessen, Germany). 1797. Canis vulpes nigra Borkhausen, Deutsche Fauna, 1, p. 33 (Hessen and Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. Clanis] v[ulpes] lutea Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 628 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. Canis] v[ulpes] cinerea Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 628 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1832. Canis melanogaster Bonaparte, Iconogr. Fauna Ital., 1, fasc. 1 (Neighbourhood of Rome, Italy). 1841. Vulpes hypomelas Wagner, Schreber’s Saéugthiere, Suppl., 11, p. 405 (Oberbayern, Germany), 1857. Canis vulpes Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 191. 1861. ? V[ulpes] vulgaris meridionalis Fitzinger, Wissensch.-pop. Natur- gesch, der Sdugeth., 1, p. 194 (Dalmatia). 1910. Vulpes vulpes (part) and V. vulpes melanogaster Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, pp. 93-94. Type locality.—Thiiringen, Germany. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Europe from Ireland eastward and from the coast of the Baltic to the Pyrenees, Italy and Greece. Diagnosis.—Maximum size rather less than in V. ». vulpes, and teeth distinctly smaller, the premolars rather widely spaced and seldom if ever in contact; general colour a bright yellowish or reddish brown, the posterior half of back not conspicuously frosted with whitish, and tail never clear greyish. Colour.—In seventeen skins the general colour ranges from nearly cinnamon-rufous to a light ochraceous-rufous, the sides of neck and region immediately behind shoulder lighter than median dorsal area (in extreme instances clear buff with a decided rufous tinge); posterior half of back with evident white frosting in some specimens, scarcely any in others, but this character never so pronounced as in average Spanish skins ; underparts dull slaty overlaid with white, the slaty nearly always predominating, except on throat, and not infrequently giving the effect of an almost blackish tinge throughout, this apparently not in the least dependent on regional or local climatic con- ditions. In a flat skin from Cephalonia, Greece, the characteristic slaty and white is confined to the throat and chin, all the rest of the ventral region being a dull tawny-ochraceous like sides. Two specimens from Tatoi, near Athens, taken in July, have shed all the longer hairs of the back, leaving only the velvety underfur. This is of the usual colour, a dull umber brown, in one specimen with a slaty cast. Skull and teeth.—The skull and teeth do not attain so great 332 CARNIVORA size as in true Vulpes vulpes, and the small premolars are seldom in contact, the spaces between them usually conspicuous. Measurements.— Adult female from Cappagh House, Water- ford, Ireland: head and body, 613; tail, 340; hind foot, 146 ; ear from meatus, 90. Adult male and female from Tunbridge Wells, Sussex, England: head and body, 690 and 630; tail, 343 and 370; hind foot, 160 and 141; ear from meatus, 95 and 82. Adult male from Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Germany: head and body, 578 ; tail, 440 ; hind foot, 160; ear from meatus, 98. Adult male and female from Haute-Garonne, France: head and body, 610 and 610; tail, 370 and 350; hind foot, 150 and 135; ear from meatus, 94 and 89. Two adult males from Porlezza, Como, Italy (Ghidini) : hind foot, 150 and 148-6. Adult male from Borghetto 8. Spirito, Italy : head and body, 745 ; tail, 380 ; hind foot, 157. Adult male from Zinnigas, Siliqua, Sardinia (measured from mounted specimen, Genoa): head and body, 700 ; tail, 300 ; hind foot, 144+ ; ear from meatus, 83. Specimens examined.—Fifty, from the following localities :— IrELAND: Kilmanock, Wexford, 2; Cappagh House, Waterford, 1. Scortanp: Ben Nie, Sutherland, 1; Inversanda, Ardgour, 1. EneGianp: Northumberland, 1; Thame, Oxford, 2; Hassocks, Sussex, 1; yee tee Wells, Sussex, 3; Ditchling, Sussex, 1; Mayfield, Sussex, 1 (Grant). France: Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, 3; Caterille, Haute-Garonne, 1; Pic Sessire, Haute-Garonne, 1; St. Aventin, Haute-Garonne, 1. Germany: Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 1; Nuremberg, Bavaria, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Grossgraben, Silesia, 1 (Breslau); Riesengiberge, Silesia, 1 (Breslau) ; southern Germany, 3. Austria-Huneary: Trentino, 1 (Genoa); Gazza, Trentino, 1 (Genoa) ; Vigolo Vattaro, Trentino, 1 (Genoa). SWITZERLAND: Geneva, 1 (Ghidini); Valais, 1 (Ghidini). Iraty: Porlezza, Como, 4 (Ghidini); Garbagna, Piedmont, 1 (Genoa) ; Borghetto S. Spirito, 1 (Genoa); Vargo, Liguria, 1 (Genoa); Torriglia, Liguria, 1 (Genoa); Cornigliano, Liguria, 2 (Genoa); near Genoa, 1; Molasana, 1 (Genoa); Tuscany, 1; Pisa, 1. SaRpinia: Zinnigas, Siliqua, 1 (Genoa). GrEEcE: Cephalonia, 1; Tatoi, near Athens, 2. Remarks.—The fox of Italy appears to be the same as that of Central Europe, though further material from the southern portion of the peninsula may show that it should be distinguished. The three specimens from Greece are in such unsatisfactory condition of pelage that their status cannot be determined with any degree of certainty. If they represent a peculiar local race this should probably take the name meridionalis Fitzinger. re Ben Nie, Sutherlandshire, E. R. Alston (Pp). 79. 9, 25. 80. Scotland. (H. Brown.) 3. Inversanda, Ardgour. H. Leigh (c & P). 1.16. 12. 1. 2. Kilmanock, Wexford, G. Barrett-Hamilton 6. 5. 20.1. Treland., (c & p). 9. 12. 15. 4. z. Cappagh House, Waterford. R.J.Ussher(c &p). 96. 12. 28. 1. 1. Northumberland, England. Rev. H. H. Slater 0. 2. 24. 5. (c & P). VULPES 333 26, Thame, Oxfordshire, Hon. N. C. Roths- 0. 10, 81. 1-2. child (P). 26. Ditchling, Sussex. Guy ollman (9, 11. 3.1. (c & P), (fo. 9. 13.1. 3. Tunbridge Wells, Sussex. C.H.B,Grant(c). 1.2. 15. 1-3. 26,%. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, V.Builles(o&pP). 8.3. 27. 6-7. France. 8. 3. 27. 14. “ Caterille, Haute-Garonne, 0. Thomas (e). 8. 7. 15. 2. 900m. (A. Robert.) g. PicSessire, Haute-Garonne. O. Thomas (P). 8. 7. 15. 3. (A. Robert.) 6. St. Aventin, Haute-Ga- 0. Thomas (P). 8. 7. 15. 4. ronne, 900 m. (A. Robert.) é. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, CC. Hilgert (c). 8. 11. 2, 15. Germany. 3 skulls. South Germany. Dr. A. Giinther (c). 59.9. 6. 83, 88. 175. k. é. Genoa, Liguria, Italy. Marquis G. Doria (Pp). 88, 12. 1. 3. skull. Pisa. Zool. Soc. Mus. 58. 5. 4. 126. lyg. S.Italy. (Prof. Savi.) Zool. Soc. Mus. 55, 12, 24. 240. ?. Tuscany. Purchased (Dr. 45.7. 22. 15, Riippell). é6,?. Tatoi, Athens, Greece. Hon. N. C. Roths- 8.10.2. 22-23, (C. Motiaz.) child (P). VULPES VULPES SILACEA Miller. 1907. Vulpes vulpes silaceus Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XxX, p. 393, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Vulpes vulpes silaceus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, p. 45. Type locality—Near Silos, Province of Burgos, Spain. Geographical distribution —Iberian Peninsula. Characters.—Size about equal to that of V. v. vulpes, but teeth noticeably less enlarged, the wider spacing of the premolars especially evident; general colour a dull buff without bright yellowish or reddish tints, the posterior half of back conspicuously frosted with whitish (except in abraded pelage) the tail often a clear greyish. Measurements.—Type (adult male): head and body, 750; tail, 370; hind foot, 150. Adult female from near the type locality : head and body, 670; tail, 330; hind foot, 125. Old male from Elche, Alicante: head and body, 770; tail, 480; hind foot, 160; ear from meatus, 113. Specimens -examined.—Highteen, from the following localities in Spain: Olot, Gerona, 1 (probably not typical) ; vicinity of Silos, Burgos, 5; near Burgos, 1; Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, 1; Torres del Allo, Corufia, 1: Madrid, 1; near Seville, 3; Coto Dofiana, Huelva, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Elche, Alicante, 1; Barracas, Castellon, 1. Remarks.—The Spanish fox is well characterized by its light colour, large size and rather small, widely-spaced premolars as compared with those of the Scandinavian form. 2. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 46-47. (8. 8. 4. 46. Type of subspecies.) Rev. Saturio Gon- 8.7. 7. 12-15, zalez (C). Silos, Burgos, Spain. 6,2°9,1. 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FT %-68T G-S8T 9-L8T 0- PFT 0-FT 9-PPT 0-98T 0-FET PSST 9-68T 0-98T 9-8&T 0-3FT %-OFT 0-881 0-96T 9-TST oO +o *O OF *0 0 £0 *0 OF £0 £0 f0 io *O OF OF £0 *0 £0 £0 SO OF Oe Or OF tO %O*%O *O eo) xt ro) oa) 68 of Baa rw & BS PAST NOS ww Ia QN Tore OFT Bomex) €'T OL ‘88 GT BG 'L SF Ne[se1g. {weea) 698 GIS IT'S 88 9 6 6S €8 96 6S AGLT e°ST LS GST *L'S 7 7 oFUROTTY “OtOTSL . LB ce * eapeny ‘eusuog 0409 . . oe “ . . . “6 iad 7 + oTtaeg ‘piper ‘ cr . . “ek iz3 . ‘sosing ‘soyIg 1e08u : *eunIo0g “BU0IBD “JOT : uredg ‘eQ0eTIS sadina "/~ . ce “ce ‘ SUEyYY Ivou ‘104By, : e000T4) : eNbIIg ‘sesIUUIZ : BIUIpPIeg "oad *g o9geqsr10g . . “ce ‘ + goulex) 1e0T ° ‘ . suvosny, : Te] ‘¢ esiiqoesuesery “BISO[IG ‘meqeisssory wlivAeg ‘S1equIeInyy { : 3 * wessoy, L-aeqy = ‘Utyeqyosuy ee oe ce oc + uvuriey usleyog : AuvuIey oe “ee ” euuol ae -omnBH «= ‘eTI109%"O : couvAT 336 CARNIVORA g Arrechavaleta, Vitoria. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 49. (N. Gonzalez.) 3. Torres del Allo, Corufia. Dr. V. L. Seoane 94. 5. 29.1. c & P). 6. Madrid. ut de la a (c). 8.9. 24. 7. 3,% Seville. (A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (r). 95. 9. 4. 7-8. 26. Coto Dofiana, Huelva. A. Chapman (c & Pp). 8, 8. 8. 4-5. é. Elche, Alicante. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 48 gjuv. Barracas, Castellon. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 50 (N. Gonzalez.) VULPES ICHNUSE Miller. 1907. Vulpes ichnuse Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 391, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Vulpes vulpes ichnuse Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 94. Type locality.—Sarrabus, Sardinia. Geographical distribution.—Sardinia and Corsica. Diagnosis.— Smaller than any of the races of Vulpes vulpes ; both hind foot and condylobasal length of skull in adult male less than 130 mm., ear from crown 60 to 70 mm. Colour.—Face and head dark rufous becoming lighter and more dull on base of ears and on neck, and fading to ochraceous- rufous on shoulders and back; sides of neck, outer surface of upper arm and region just behind axilla still lighter, a tawny buff, hairs of underfur on back drab grey at base, tawny clay colour at tip; longer hairs of head, sides, and back (behind shoulders) much speckled by buffy white subterminal areas about 5 mm. in length, the extreme tips reddish; feet and legs ochraceous-rufous, slightly clouded with blackish and a little speckled with buffy white; tail like back above, the tawny gradually fading out through a buffy grey to the whitish buff tip, the longer hairs except in pencil black tipped (30-40 mm.) ; underparts to front legs buffy whitish tinged with hair-brown, this nearly clear on middle of throat; rest of underparts a mixture of hair-brown and dull tawny, the latter predominating along sides. Measurements.—Type (adult male): hind foot, 123 ; ear from meatus, 70. Adult male and female from the type locality : head and body, 640 and 590; tail, 280 and 290; hind foot, 127 and 125; ear from meatus, 74 and 71. Adult female from Siliqua: head and body, 600; tail, 350; hind foot, 127 ; ear, 74. Adult from near St. Florent, Corsica ; hind foot, 123 ; ear from meatus, 73. Specimens examined.—Hight, from the following localities :— Corsica: Grotto Campu Consule, near St. Florent, N.W. Corsica, 1 (Major). Sarpinia: No exact locality, 1 (Turin); Lanusei, 1; Sarrabus, 3 (B.M. and Genoa); Zinnigas Siliqua, 2. 337 VULPES "ad AL «x ‘uiom Ayysys “ (0-99 G-GOT9-LT |F-GE 'G-LE |G-EG '9-GS |S-Sh 8-GL 9-TET roles JUOIOTZ “VO IVE : BOISIOH ‘arom Yonur 0-89 O-L6 |8-9T IF-€E |0-8E (0-TS | — |0-FP |6-69 0-EBT! 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A ad oO on Ss oe Q pss ‘dq 8 | > 8 EI 3 aT i Oo 3S % a oO 8 a fo¥) 3 9 10) a ro) mn O zZ2 339 * Type. 340 CARNIVORA Remarks.—This small, short-eared fox is probably a native on the two islands where it occurs. The presence of the larger animal, similar to that of Italy, on Sardinia may be due to recent introduction. The Corsican specimen, though a mummy and without fur, appears to be a typical example of Vulpes ichnusex. é. Sarrabus, Sardinia. Marquis G. Doria (p). 88. 12. 1. 2. (Type of species.) é. Lanusei, Sardinia. O, Thomas (P). 0. 2. 21. 1. (W. Woltersiorff.) Famity MUSTELIDA. 835. Mustelide Swainson, Nat. Hist. and Classif. of Quadrupeds, p. v11, 361. Geographical distribution.—Essentially cosmopolitan ; absent from Madagascar and Australia ; in Europe west to Ireland. Characters.—Larger cheek-teeth of a combined trenchant and crushing type, the last upper premolar and first lower molar strongly differentiated as carnassials, the former 3-rooted, its inner lobe in front of middle of crown ; upper molars, 1-1 ; upper carnassial with not more than two outer cusps ; auditory bulla flat or moderately inflated, without septum ; form usually slender, the legs always short; size moderate or small (ineluding the smallest known carnivores) ; feet digitigrade or sub-plantigrade ; toes, 5-5. Remarks.—The family Mustelide is, next to the Canide, the most generally distributed group of carnivores. It is divisible into four sub-families, all of which occur in Europe, where they are represented by six of the two dozen or more known genera. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF MUSTELIDZ. Crown of upper carnassial triangular or rhombic in cutline, its length and width sub-equal; lower car- nassial with anterior triangle distinct, the meta- conid nearly as large as the outer cusps. Upper molar much larger than carnassial; skull narrow and high (normal), the rostrum much longer than broad; tail short, bushy, not mus- cular; habits fossorial (Badgers, sub-family MCN) wirwanudisiesiniadesneiven eviatileunienriccae ventuiendaiouanwetainne Meles, p. 341. Upper molar about equal to carnassial; skull broad and flat, the rostrum broader than long; tail long, densely furred, very muscular; habits aquatic (Otters, sub-family Lwutrimax) .....:cccceceeeesneeseeeee Lutra, p. 354. Crown of upper carnassial not triangular or rhombic in outline, its length much greater than its width; lower carnassial with anterior triangle obsolete or absent (represented by the two outer cusps only), the metaconid when present much smaller than the other cusps. MELES 341 Premolars +. Lower carnassial without metaconid; skull robust (in Huropean species considerably more than 100 mm. in condylobasal length) ; form robust; tail short (Wolverenes, sub-family Gulonine)... Glo, p. 433. Lower carnassial with evident though small meta- conid; skull slender (in European species con- siderably less than 100 mm. in condylobasal length); form slender ; tail long (Martens, sub- family Masteliniv) .......ccccsccccceneseeeneseeeenaeeene Martes, p. 365. Premolars - Lower carnassial with evident though small meta- conid ; hamular in contact with bulla; back and sides spotted and striped (Tiger Polecats, sub- family Mustelind) .....cccsccseesccsestssceesnsceceee sees Vormela, p. 428. Lower carnassial without metaconid ; tip of hamu- lar widely separated from bulla; back and sides never spotted, rarely (in certain Asiatic species) with median dorsal stripe (Weasels, Polecats, &e., sub-family Musteline) ...0....cceseeeeeeeee eee Mustela, p. 381. Sus-Famity MELINA. 1857. Melinz Baird, Mamm. North Amer., p. 148. Geographical distribution.—Temperate and tropical portions of both hemispheres; in Europe west to Ireland and north to central Scandinavia. Characters.— Upper carnassial with evident crushing surface, its crown triangular or rhombic in outline ; upper molar large, the length of its outer portion usually equal to or greater than that of carnassial; skull rather high and long, the rostrum longer than broad ; external form short and heavy, the fur long and loose; toes not webbed, the claws large, fossorial ; tail variable in length (short in European members of the group), never unusually muscular. Remarks.— About a dozen genera, or nearly one-half of the family, are now placed in the sub-family Meline. Only one occurs in Europe. Genus MELES Brisson. 1762. Meles Brisson, Regn. Anim. in Classis rx, distrib., 2nd ed., p. 18 (Meles Brisson = Ursus meles Linneus). 1780. Meles Storr, Prodr. Meth. Mamm., p. 34. First use of name by an author following the Linnean system (Ursus meles). 1795. Taxus Geoffroy and Cuvier, Magasin Encyclopédique, m, p. 184 (Ursus meles Linneus). 1815. er Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 59 (Modification of eles). 1857. Meles Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 202. Type species.—Meles * Brisson = Ursus meles Linneus. * Not ‘‘ Meles meles,” the form in which this and other Brissonian monomial specific names are often cited, apparently with the intention of palliating the absurdity of recognising in nomenclature the terms applied to genera by an author who did not follow the Linnean system. 342 CARNIVORA Geographical distribution.—Northern temperate portions of Old World; in Europe from central Scandinavia to the Mediterranean, and from Ireland eastward. Characters—Skull narrow and high (depth of brain-case much more than half mastoid breadth), the zygomatic arches not widely expanded, and postorbital region not specially narrowed (distance from point of greatest narrowing to zygoma less than breadth of postorbital constriction); rostrum elongate, the distance from orbit to gnathion about three-fourths length of brain-case ; auditory bulla elevated along inner margin, but else- where somewhat flattened, the meatal tube distinct ; paroccipital process robust, standing out conspicuously behind bulla; dental formula: 7%, ct, pm $,* m 13 = 38; teeth not specially enlarged as compared with width of rostrum and palate (greatest trans- verse diameter of upper carnassial equal to a little more than one-third distance between carnassials) ; three small premolars (one upper and two lower) capable of trenchant action ; upper carnassial with crown triangular in outline, the cutting portion consisting of a single large anterior cusp with its slightly developed anterior commissure and more distinct posterior commissure, the crushing portion represented by the obliquely sloping inner base of this cusp and ridge ; upper molar rhombic in outline, its crown area about three times that of carnassial, its greatest diameter in axis of tooth-row, the four primitive cusps present; lower carnassial with the three anterior cusps well developed, sub-equal, the posterior heel decidedly larger than anterior triangle ; external form heavy, the head pointed, the ears short but plainly visible, the body thick, the tail short, not muscular ; feet sub- plantigrade, the toes with long fossorial claws and without webs ; fur coarse and loose. Remarks.—The genus Meles contains about half a dozen named forms, the status of several of which is at present not clearly understood. Two species occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF MELES. Maxillary tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, about 85 mm.; auditory bulle rather strongly in- flated, the inner border not ridge-like (Crete) M. arcalus, p. 352. Maxillary tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, about 40 mm.; auditory bulle slightly inflated, the inner border ridge-like (distribution general) M. meles, p. 343. General colour moderately pale ; teeth averaging smaller, less frequently attaining maximum size (Central and southern Europe) ......... M. m. meles, p. 348. General colour slightly paler; teeth averaging larger, and more frequently attaining maxi- mum size (Iberian Peninsula)...............4+ M. m. marianensis, p. 352. * In adults usually ae owing to the early disappearance of the small pn, MELES 343 MELES MELES Linneus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Type locality Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution.—Europe, west to Ireland, south to the Mediterranean and north to central Scandinavia. Eastern limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Size large (upper length of skull in adult more than 120 mm.; maxillary tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, about 40 mm. or more ; hind foot about 90 to 110 mm.) ; auditory bulla moderately inflated, the highest region close to inner margin and forming an evident longitudinal ridge, the region between ridge and meatus noticeably concave ; teeth large, the two lower molars together 22 mm. or more in length ; postero-external border of upper molar usually convex, though occasionally straight or slightly concave. External characters.—Pelage coarse and loose, practically without underfur, the hairs at middle of back about 60 mm. in length, those on sides longer ; underparts scantily haired, the skin usually visible; palm bare, usually with a slight bristly pubescence at middle in area between tubercles; a large tubercular mass at base of digits, convex in front, concave behind, wider on outer border than on inner border, showing no tendency to trilobation ; a roundish tubercle about half as large at postero- external border of palm, separated from anterior mass by a wide space ; a small, ill-defined pad at base of thumb ; sole densely haired from heel to a little beyond middle, then completely naked ; plantar tubercles essentially like those on palm except that small pad at base of hallux is absent, and the two large masses tend to coalesce, owing to absence of the wide intervening space ; surface of pads on both palms and sole finely rugose, this especially noticeable in dried specimens; muzzle pad entirely naked, but separated from upper lip by a narrow hairy band. Mamme: a 2-2, 71-1 = 6. Colour.—Back and sides a coarse grizzle of black and buffy white, the black usually predominating on back, the lighter colour on sides. Throat, median ventral area and all four legs and feet black or blackish; face, chin and entire neck (except underside) clear whitish except for a broad dark brown or black band beginning on each side about 15 mm. behind nostril pad and extending back, including eye and ear, to middle of neck, where it fades insensibly into colour of back; width of white median area on face usually greater than that of the dark lateral stripe, and about equal to that of the light area between lateral stripe and dark ventral area; ear black, its anterior border white in strong contrast ; eye usually a little below middle of dark band ; tail like back at base, soon fading to soiled white. Skull.Except for the greatly developed sagittal crest, the 344 CARNIVORA height of which in old individuals is equal to nearly half inter- orbital breadth, the skull of Meles meles is rather smooth and without marked angularity. Depth of brain-case (without crest) and depth through posterior portion of orbit nearly equal, and about two-thirds mastoid breadth ; depth at front of nasal about two-thirds that at orbit. Dorsal profile (without crest) nearly flat from middle of brain-case to interorbital region, convex over posterior half of brain-case ; rostrum sloping downward at angle of about 30° with surface of brain-case. When crest is fully Fig. 68, Meles meles. x 4. developed it reduces this angle to 20° or less. It is slightly convex anteriorly, rather abruptly convex posteriorly, the hinder- most portion slightly overhanging. Postorbital processes short but well developed, sharply outlining the small orbit (greatest diameter of orbit slightly less than half that of interorbital region) which, though widely open posteriorly, is more than half encircled with bone. Rostrum moderately long, the distance from gnathion to front of zygoma about equal to width of palate including molars, and continued about 34 times in condylobasal length of skull. Zygomata widely spreading posteriorly, narrow MELES 345 anteriorly, the widest portion opposite front of glenoid fossa, the arch very slightly bowed upward. Anteorbital foramina rather large, sub-circular in outline, their greatest diameter about half that of orbit. Ventral profile of skull slightly concave through- out. Palate moderately wide, the distance between molars contained about 24 times in distance from gnathion to level of posterior edge of molar. Incisive foramina small, at level of space between canine and 7°, elongate pyriform in outline, the minute median foramen a little behind middle. Posterior exten- sion of palate about equal to distance between molars, and slightly more than half that from molar to hamular. Mesopterygoid Fie. 69. Meles meles. xX 4. space short and wide, its length only a little more than distance between tips of hamulars. Auditory bulle slightly inflated, irregularly triangular in outline, the meatus lying in angle formed by the large, forward-projecting mastoid process. The surface is irregular, with evident ridge near inner margin along crest of most highly inflated region, this ridge often terminating anteriorly in a bluntly pointed projection. Length of flattened portion extending inward from meatus about equal to transverse diameter of inflated portion of bulla, but the two regions not sharply defined ; least distance between bulle about 1} times diameter of inflated portion ; paroccipital process short, triangular (not ridge- like), its extreme base applied to posterior border of bulla. 346 CARNIVORA Mandible heavily built, the ramus nearly straight, the lower border with the usual upward curve posteriorly, its depth at middle about one-third that through coronoid process ; angular Fi@. 70. Meles meles. X 4. process short, thick, and ill-defined, lying close to base of articular process ; coronoid process squarely truncate above, its height above articular process about equal to width at articular level. Teeth.—The teeth are moderately large relatively to size of skull, the incisors and canines rather short, the crown area of the upper molar fully double that of any of the other maxillary teeth, this last peculiarity unique among the European Mustelide. Upper incisors robust, the crewns somewhat higher than wide when viewed from in front, the teeth closely crowded in a slightly convex row, the longitudinal diameter of crown a little greater than transverse diameter ; i+ and 2? sub-equal, the latter slightly the larger, their anterior surface convex with two faint longi- tudinal grooves soon disappearing with wear, the cutting edge entire, the posterior surface concave with narrow but distinct heel ; 7? with crown area about double that of 7? and nearly half MELES 347 that of canine, its crown higher than in the other incisors, owing to lower insertion of root, but extremity of cutting edge not extending beyond level of smaller teeth ; laterally the cutting edge is continued down outer-posterior margin of shaft where it functions against lower canine. Lower incisors not so large as upper, forming a continuous, nearly straight row between canines, the shafts straight, sloping obliquely forward, the root of i, implanted behind the others; cutting edge irregularly 2-lobed, that of 7, longer than the others. Canines rather short and weak, the shaft simple, that of upper tooth nearly straight, that of lower tooth strongly curved backward, the enamel surface of both essentially smooth, though that of lower canine shows indications of a rudimentary cingulum in front. Anterior premolar both above and below a minute or spicular tooth closely crowded between canine and second premolar, pm! early deciduous, pm, usually more persistent. Second premolars similar to each other, the crown area about equal to that of 7, the outline irregularly oval when viewed from above, the cusp about as high as long, its apex slightly in front of middle of crown ; root of each tooth single, that of pm, showing a tendency to become divided longitudi- nally. Other small premolars (pm, pm, and pm,)alike in form, the crowns laterally compressed, triangular when viewed from the side, with apex slightly in Fie. 71. front of middle, pm? and pm, Meles meles. Teeth. Nat. size. nearly alike in size, pm, some- what longer; cingulum very slightly developed, not forming secondary cusps. Upper carnassial triangular in outline, the postero-internal border longest ; outer, trenchant portion of teeth consisting of a main anterior cusp resembling pm, in size and form, joined by a nearly horizontal commissure to a moderately high posterior cusp; cingulum low but bearing three distinct secondary cusps, one at anterior base of main cusp, one (sometimes obsolete) near middle of antero-internal border, and the third and largest at; middle of postero-internal border. Lower carnassial with anterior triangle well developed, the three cusps sub-equal in height, the metaconid subterete, the protoconid more compressed than paraconid, its commissure slightly longer than that of the anterior cusp; crushing portion of crown longer and wider than anterior triangle, its inner portion occupied by a large basin-like concavity, its border with two large cusps on outer edge (of 348 CARNIVORA which the anterior is the larger), a large cusp similar to postero- external cusp at middle of inner margin; posterior margin occupied by three or four minute cusps soon disappearing with wear, and a similar minute cusp sometimes in angle behind protoconid and metaconid. Second lower molar flat, terete, its area about half that of crushing portion of carnassial ; middle of crown with basin-like concavity; margin with small but evident antero-external and postero-external cusps, and a smaller elevation at middle of inner edge. Upper molar rhomboidal in outline, the inner and outer margins parallel, the former nearly 14 times as long as latter ; outer border occupied by two rather large, subterete, conical cusps, the anterior (paracone) slightly larger than posterior (metacone), so that greatest trans- verse diameter of crown is slightly behind anterior border ; remainder of crown a shallow basin-like concavity with rugose surface and raised, irregularly nodulate margin, the middle of concavity crossed by a ridge, convex internally, extending from anterior base of paracone to posterior base of metacone and bearing from three to five small cusps soon obscured by wear, the three anterior separated from two posterior by a deep angle ; the anterior group probably representing the protocone, the posterior group the hypocone. Remarks.—Two moderately well differentiated local races are represented by the material that I have examined, one confined to the Iberian Peninsula, the other general in distribution. British specimens do not differ appreciably from Swedish examples of the typical form. MELES MELES MELES Linnezus. 1758. [Ursus] meles Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 48 (Sweden). 1785. [Meles] tazus Boddaert, Elenchus Animalium, 1, p. 80 (Europe). 1789. [Ursus meles] 8 alba Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 18th ed., p. 102. 1789. [Ursus meles] y maculata Gmelin, Syst. Nat., 1, 18th ed., p. 102. 1808. Taxus vulgaris Tiedemann, Zoologie, 1, p. 376 (Renaming of Ursus meles). 1816. Meles ewropeus Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., 111, p. 465 (Renaming of Ursus meles). 1822. Taxus meles F. Cuvier, Hist. Nat. des Mamm., 111, fase. 36, January, 1827. [Meles] communis Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 16 (Renaming of Ursus meles). ; 1827. [Meles communis] 8 caninus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 17 (Scandinavia). 1857. Meles tarus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 204. 1894. Meles meles Dahl, Die Heimat, rv, p. 125, June, 1894. 1899. Mf{eles] m[eles] typicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag, Nat. Hist., 7th ser., Iv, p. 3884, November, 1899. MELES 349 1906. Meles meles britannicus Satunin, Mitteilungen des Kaukasischen Museums, 11, p. 115 (Based on the cranial measurements of English specimens recorded by Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., 1v, p. 384). Co-types in British Museum. 1910. Meles meles and M. meles britannicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, p. 69. Type locality.— Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution.—Central and southern Europe from southern Sweden to the Pyrenees and Italy, and from Ireland eastward ; eastern limit of range not known. Characters.—Skull and teeth moderately large, the teeth rarely attaining maximum size for the species ; colour moderately light, the sides not often conspicuously whitish. © Measurements—Adult male and female from Woodpark, Galway, Ireland: head and body, 686 and 618; tail, 153 and 150; hind foot, 108 and 102; ear from meatus, 48 and 45. Adult female from Bouconne, Gers, France: head and body, 670 ; tail, 170; hind foot, 100; ear from meatus, 45. Adult female from Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Germany : head and body, 672 ; tail, 180; hind foot, 104; ear from meatus, 50. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 350. Specimens examined.—Thirty-five, from the following localities :— IrnzLanp: Woodpark, Galway, 2. Eneuanp: Burnley, Lancashire, 1; Ross, Hereford, 1; Kentchurch, Herefordshire, 4; Tetworth, Oxfordshire, 1; Ibstone, Buckinghamshire, 1; Horsham, Sussex, 1; Bicton, Devonshire,1; Cornwall,1; no exact locality, 4. Norway: Holme, Mandal, 7; Egersund, Stavanger, 2. SwEpEN: Middle Sweden, no exact locality, 1 (Stockholm); Taékern, Ostergétland, 1 (Stockholm); Smaland, 1 (Stockholm); Skane, 2 (Stock- holm); no exact locality, 1. France: Forét de Bouconne, Gers, 1. Germany: Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 1; Bavaria, 1. Iraty: Liguria, 1 (Genoa). Strass, near Burgheim, 6,?. Woodpark, Galway, Ire- R. F. Hibbert (Pp). 95. 6. 2. 1. land. 95. 12, 3.1. (Co-types of M. m. britannicus, Satunin.) 9. Burnley, Lancashire, Hon. N. C. Roths- 0. 10. 31. 4. England. child (P). é. Ross, Herefordshire. Hon. N. C. Roths- 0. 10. 31. 3. child (P). 8, 8juv.st. Kentchurch, Hereford- W. E. de Winton shire. (c & P). é. Tetworth, Oxfordshire. Hon. +H. Parker (c & P). J. Ibstone, Buckingham- A. H. Cocks (c&p). 4. 1. 25. 1. shire. é. Horsham, Sussex. H.C. Hawes (c&p). 7. 4.18. 1. g, Bicton, Devonshire. J.C.Stagdon(c&p). 97. 2. 23. 1. 1 (albino) Cornwall. Lord Lilford (p). 89. 10. 28. 1. skull. Sweden. Purchased (Wheel- 64. 3. 8. 1. wright). 46,29. Holme, Mandal, Norway. R. J. Cuninghame 8. 8. 9. 7-12. c & P). 2 skulls. Hgersund, Stavanger. x! H. Panta fll. 6. 3. 18. (c). 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Forét de Bouconne, Gers, O. Thomas (P). 8. 7. 15. 5. 250 m. France, (A. Robert.) 2. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, C. Hilgert (c). 8. 11. 2. 16. Germany. MELES MELES MARIANENSIS Graells. 1897. [Meles taxus] var. marianensis Graells, Mem. Real Acad. Cien., Madrid, xviz, p. 170 (Central Spain). 1899. Meles meles mediterraneus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., 1v, p. 384, November, 1899 (Seville, Spain). Type in British Museum. 1910. Meles meles mediterraneus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 70. Type locality —Central Spain. Geographical distribution.—Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis.—Skull and teeth large, the teeth frequently attain- ing maximum size for species; colour light, the sides often conspicuously whitish, especially in region bordering dark ventral area. Measurements.--For cranial and dental measurements see Table, p. 351. Specimens examined.—Seven, from the following localities in Spain: Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, 1; Quintanar de la Sierra, Burgos, 2; near Seville, 2; Coto Dofana, Huelva, 2. Remarks.—Although not very strikingly differentiated, the large-toothed, pallid, Iberian badger seems worthy of recognition as a geographical race. g, Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, N. Gonzalez (c). 8. 7. 7. 18. Spain. é,%. Quintanar, Burgos. Rev. Saturio Gon- 8. 7. 7. 19-20. zalez (c). 6, %. Seville. (A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (P). 95. 3. 3. 7-8.. (95. 3.3.7. Type of mediterraneus Barrett-Hamilton.) é, %. Coto Dofiana, Huelva. A. Chapman (P). 8. 3. 8. 6-7. MELES ARCALUS Miller. 1899. Meles meles mediterraneus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., 1v, p. 131, November, 1899 (part). 1906. Meles meles mediterraneus Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1905, 11, p. 318, April 5, 1906. 1907. Meles arcalus Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 394, November, 1907. Type in British Museum. 1910. Meles arcalus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 70. Type locality.—Lassethe Plain, Crete. Geographical distribution.—Island of Crete. Characters.—Size small (upper length of skull in adult less than 110 mm. ; maxillary tooth-row, exclusive of incisors, about 35 wm. ; DENTAL MEASUREMENTS MELES 353 OF MELES MELES AND M. ARCALUS. 1 Locatity. Number. Sex. Upper molar. saa foe oe om 2 Reiss M. meles meles. ' Sweden: no exact locality 64.3. 8.1 2 13°0x 11:4 | 15-4 x 7-0 Wegelin Stockholm | 6? 15°0 x 18:0 | 16°2 x 7°8 Skane i d? 15°2 x 13-0 | 18°0 x 8-2 Ulriksdal . - éjuv. 138-4 x 11-6 ; 15°8 x 7°8 Smaland . ' 35 2? 14:2 11°8 | 16-2 x 7-4 Orebro ei 3 gjuv. 14°2 x 11°8 | 15-8 x 7-0 Takern ‘l 2 6? 13°6x11°2|15°6x 7:2 Norway : Holme, Mandal ‘ 152622 é 11°6x 10'4 | 14-0 x 6°4 ” a9 . 8.8.9.9 6 12°8 x 11°8 | 14°6 x 7°0 53 is . | 88.9.10 | 6 | 12-6 x 11-2 | 146 x 7-0 ” , i 8.8.9. 11 g 112 x 10°8 | 14:0 x 6°8 ” 3 8. 8. 9. 12 g 12°2 x 10°4 | 14:0 x 7:0 Egersund, Stavanger 11. 6. 3. 13 15-0 x 11°4 | 14:8 x 7:0 England: Ross, Hereford 0. 10. 81. 3 é | 18°2 x 11°74 | 16°0 x 8:0 Cornwall 98. 10. 28.1 | 2? | 14°0 x 12:0 | 16°6 x 7°8 no exact locality 211b 6? | 13-4 x 12-0 | 16-4 x 8:0 45 vs 211¢ 9? | 14:0 x 12°74 | 16°2 x 8-2 ” ” aid 14°2 x 12°2 — a i — 13°6 x 11°8 — Burnley, Lancashire 0. 10. 31. 4 @ | 14:4 x 122 | 16:2 x 82 Cornwall : _ 15:0 x 12:2 | 18-0 x 8-2 Treland: Woodpark, Co. Galway . | 95.12.3.1 15°6 x 12°8 | 17-0 x 7°8 ” 95. 6.2.1 14°8 x 12°2 | 16:0 x 7°8 Denmark: Zealand. Andersen é | 14°0x 13:2 | 17:0x 7°8 5 Copenhagen* | 3 | 15:0 x 12°6 | 18:5 x 8-2 a ¥ é | 15:0 x 13°7 | 18°3 x 8:3 “ ' é | 15°5 x 13°6 | 18:0 x 9°0 - 4 14°6 x 12:5 | 17°5 x 7-7 various localities, ta } 2 16°3 x 13°6 nese 13 specimens: \mum be . oe \ i 13°0 x 12-0 ts mum various localities, Seed e _ 18°7 x 85 17 specimens: (mum ee {mom \ i = 15-0 x 7-0 mum France: Bouconne, Gers. 8.7. 15.5 9 | 14:0 x 12°0 | 16:2 x 7°2 Germany: Ingelheim, Rheinhessen. | 8. 11. 2. 16 @ | 14:8 x 12°8 | 18-2 x 7°8 Italy: Borghetto S. Spirito, Liguria 33 Genoa @ | 18-6 x 11:0 | 15°6 x 7:2 t M. meles marianensis. F Spain: Quintanar, Burgos 8.7.7.19 | 8 | 15:2x 19-6 | 17-4 x 86 Seville ‘ . P 95.3.3.7¢ | $ | 15°0x 12 0 | 16-6 x 7°8 » : , ‘ ‘ 95. 3. 3.8 g 14°6 x 12°6 | 16°8 x 8°2 Coto Dofiana, Huelva . «| 8.3.8.6 é | 16:4 x 18:2 | 17°78 x 8-0 ” ” ‘i | 8.3.8.7 g 14-8 x 12°0 | 17°6 x 82 M. arcalus. | Crete . | 5.19.9.17t 'Pjuv.| 13-6 x 11-2 | 15-4 x 7-2 ” i | 5.12.92.38 ad. | 13°8 x 11°6 — * Measured by H. Winge. + Type of mediterraneus Barrett-Hamilton. t Type. 2: A 354 CARNIVORA hind foot about 25 mm.); auditory bulla strongly inflated, the highest region near middle of bulla proper (exclusive of meatal tube) and so broadly rounded as not to form a longitudinal ridge, the region between highest portion and meatus not notice- ably concave ; teeth smaller than in Meles meles (lower molars together about 20 mm. in length), with smaller cusps tending to be more strongly developed; metacone of m! relatively larger than M. meles, so that breadth of crown through this cusp is as great as or greater than that through paracone ; colour as in Meles meles marianensis or slightly paler. Measurements.—For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 351, 353. Specimens excamined.—Four, all from Crete. ; 3, %. Lassethe, 2,820 ft. Crete. Miss D. Bate (c). 5,12. 2.16-17. (5. 12. 2.17. Type of species.) skull, Katharo, Crete. Miss D. Bate (c). 5. 12. 2. 38. e. Crete. H. O. Jones, R.N.(c). 99. 6. 18. 1. Sus-Famity LUTRINA. 1857. Lutrine Baird, Mamm. North Amer., p. 148. Geographical distribution —Nearly cosmopolitan ; absent only in the Antarctic and high Arctic regions, Madagascar, Australia and the Pacific Islands. Characters.—Teeth of the same general type as in the Melinz ; skull much flattened, and rostrum so shortened that its length is less than its width; external form long and slender, the fur very dense, the legs unusually short; toes webbed, the claws short or absent ; tail long and highly muscular. Remarks.—The family Lutrinz, the members of which appear to be essentially badgers modified for semi-aquatic life, contains four genera, one of which occurs throughout Europe from Ireland eastward. Genus LUTRA Brisson. 1762. Lutra Brisson, Regnum Animale in Classis 1x distrib., 2nd ed., p. 13 (Lutra Brisson = Mustela lutra Linneus). 1780. Lutra Briinnich, Zoologiae Fundamenta, p. 34. First use of name by an author following the Linnean system (Mustela lutra). 1806. Lutris Duméril, Zoologie Analytique, p. 12 (Modification of Lutra). 1817. Lutria Rafinesque, Analyse de la Nature, p. 59 (Substitute for Lutra). 1843. Lontra Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., x1, p. 118, February, 1843 (Lutra canadensis Schreber). 1843. Lataz Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., x1, p. 119, February, 1843 (Lutra lataxina F. Cuvier). Not Latax Glager, 1827. 1843. Latazina Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 70 (L. mollis Gray = Lutra lataxina F. Cuvier). 1857. Lutra Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 236. 1865. Barangia Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 123 (B. sumatrana Gray = Lutra barang F. Cuvier). LUTRA 355 1865. Lutrogale Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 127 (Lutra monticola Hodgson). 1865. Nutria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 128 (Lutra felina Molina). 1867. Lutronectes Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 180 (L. whiteleys Gray = L. lutra Linneus ?). Type species.—Lutra * Brisson = Mustela lutra Linneus. Geographical distribution.—Same as that of the sub-family. Characters.—Skull broad and low (depth of brain-case only about half mastoid breadth), the entire dorsal profile nearly straight, the zygomatic arches so widely expunded and post- orbital region so much narrowed that distance from point of greatest narrowing to zygoma is greater than postorbital con- striction ; rostrum so shortened that posterior border of narial opening approaches level of anterior zygomatic root, and distance from orbit to gnathion is much less than half length of brain- case; anditory bulla flattened, with conspicuous meatal tube ; paroccipital process low and ridge-like but distinct from bulla ; dental formula : 1, cl, pm am a = 36; teeth large as com- pared with width of rostrum and palate (greatest transverse diameter of upper carnassial equal to half distance between carnassials) ; all of the small premolars opposed and capable of trenchant action with those of opposite jaw ; upper carnassial with crown triangular in outline, the outer side occupied by a moderately high cutting edge formed by two cusps and a con- necting ridge, the inner side (about half the total crown area) by a flat crushing surface; upper molar rhombic in outline, its crown area about equal to that of carnassial (usually somewhat smaller), its greatest diameter transverse to axis of tooth-row, the four primitive cusps present; lower carnassial with three anterior cusps well developed, sub-equal, the posterior heel slightly larger than anterior triangle; external form highly modified for aquatic life, the body long and of approximately the same width as neck and head, the tail long, very muscular, broad at base, tapering distally, the legs short, feet broad, toes webbed, short-clawed, the fur soft, dense and impervious to water. Remarks.—Although more widely distributed than any other living genus of land mammals, Epétesicus and Myotis perhaps excepted, Lutra is not rich in species. A dozen or fifteen forms are currently recognized, only one of which occurs in Europe. LUTRA LUTRA Linneus. 1758. [Mustela] lutra Linneus, Syst. Nat.,1, 10th ed., p. 45 (Sweden). 1777. [Lutra] vulgaris Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim.,1, p. 448 (Renaming of lutra). 1792. M[ustela] Lutra piscatoria Kerr, Anim, Kingd., p. 172 (Renaming of lutra). v * Not ‘“‘ Lutra lutra” (see footnote under Meles, p. 341). 2a 2 356 CARNIVORA 1816. ? Lutra fluviatilis Leach, Syst. Catal. Spec. Indig. Mamm. and Birds Brit. Mus., p. 6 (nomen nudum: “ River Otter’’). 1827. [Lutra vulgaris] B marinus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 28 (Coasts of Scandinavia). 1830. ?(Lutra] fluviatilis Burnett, Quart. Journ. Sci. Lit. Art. xxvu1, 1829, p. 349 (Substitute for lutva), nomen nudum. 1834. [Lwtra] nudipes Melchior, Den Danske Stats og Norges Pattedyr, p. 50 (Coast of northern Norway). 1834, Lutra roensis Ogilby, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 111 (Roe Mills, near Newton Lemavaddy, Londonderry, Ireland). Type in British Museum. 1857. Lutra vulgaris Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 237. 1884, [Lutra] lutra Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, xxxvitt, p. 34. 1885. [Lutra] angustifrons Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn. de Bordeaux, xxx1x, p. 168, August, 1885 (Béne, Algeria). Perhaps in part only: specimen from Liguria, Italy, referred to this form on p. 239, September, 1885. Type in Lataste collection. 1910. Lutra lutra Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 86. Type locality.—Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution.—Europe and northern Africa, east- ward into Asia ; limits of range not known. In Europe west to Treland and north to the Arctic coast. Diagnosis.—Size medium (head and body in adult male about 700 mm., condylobasal length of skull, 105 to 123); tail about three-quarters as long as head and body ; naked muzzle pad with upper border strongly convex at middle; skull much flattened, the depth of brain-case not conspicuously more than half mastoid breadth; interorbital region narrow, its least width less than distance from front of zygoma to anterior extremity of pre- maxillary ; teeth not specially enlarged, the greatest diameter of upper carnassial not greater than width of palate between carnassials, External characters.—General form long and slender, the limbs very short, the feet broad, with conspicuously webbed toes, the head short flat and ill-defined from neck, the ears incon- spicuous, the tail long, broad at base, tapering toward tip, covered with the same short waterproof fur as body. Head rounded and flattened, not well defined externally from the muscular neck ; ear rounded, densely haired on both surfaces, scarcely rising above level of fur, the antitragal lobe valve-like ; a second and third valve-like lobe above and behind meatus ; muzzle short and wide, the nostril pad entirely naked, its surface reticulate, its upper margin strongly convex at middle, the lower slightly so, its lower border separated from mouth by the densely haired upper lip, the width of which at middle is about equal to height of pad; whiskers stiff and bristly, the longest extending about to ear when laid back. Legs short, feet broad and rounded, with short toes joined by a naked membrane extending to base of terminal phalanges ; claws short but strong, non-retractile, those on fore-feet best developed (about 8 mm. in LUTRA 357 length); palm bare, a large, heart-shaped, obscurely trilobed tubercular mass behind base of digits, and a round posterior tubercle separated from the larger pad by a deep groove; sole with a bare area and heart-shaped pad essentially as on palm, but with posterior tubercle represented by an ill-defined prolonga- tion of the main pad ; posterior portion of sole densely furred. Fur very dense and waterproof, alike in texture throughout the body and tail, the hairs of underfur 10 to 15 mm. in length, the longer overlying hairs, which almost completely conceal the underfur, about 25 mm.inlength. Mamme: 6* (probably 7 3-3). Colour.—Winter pelage : upper parts, legs, feet and tail a rich dark brown (about the prout-brown of Ridgway or some- TERZI~ Fie. 72. Lutra lutra. Nat. size. what darker), with a drabby cast more evident in some lights than in others, the hairs with a conspicuous metallic gloss ; underfur light grey, the extreme tips of its hairs changing abruptly to prout-brown ; on underparts the drab becomes more conspicuous as well as paler, usually assuming a tinge of cream- buff, the throat: and cheeks fading to buffy white ; interramial region and upper lip with irregular white mottlings, the hairs of which are white to base ; whiskers and claws light horn-colour. The exact colour is subject to considerable variation, but the material examined is not sufficient to show whether such differences as occur are correlated with locality or season. * Southwell, Field, c11, p. 1043, December 19, 1903. 358 CARNIVORA Sometimes the brown is darker and richer than usual, or the drab may be especially pronounced. Occasionally the long hairs of the back are a light dull buff, imparting to the animal a peculiar faded appearance. Skull.—General form of skull broad and flattened, more so than in any other European carnivore, the depth of brain-case at middle scarcely more than half mastoid width; the brain-case exces- sively narrowed anteriorly, broad posteriorly and with greatly TERZIv Fig. 73. Lutra lutra. Nat. size. developed lambdoid crest, but low though evident sagittal crest ; widely spreading zygomata forming a marked contrast with narrow postorbital region ; rostrum short, deep and robust. Dorsal profile nearly flat throughout, though region in front of middle of post- orbital constriction slopes gradually downward. Owing to depth of rostrum and shallowness of brain-case the dorsal and ventral profiles are approximately parallel. Postorbital processes short but evident, though not forming any considerable portion of border of rather large, somewhat upturned orbit, the greatest diameter LUTRA 359 of which nearly equals width of flattened interorbital region. Rostrum short, broad and deep, the distance from front of zygoma to gnathion barely equal to greatest breadth across canines, about equal to depth at front of orbit, and contained about 44 times in condylobasal length of skull. Zygoma widely spreading throughout, the arch heavy, not much bowed upward, the anterior root conspicuously perforated by the large anteorbital foramen the upper margin with low but evident Fia. 74. Lutra lutva. Nat. size. angular projection marking posterior border of orbit. Palate rather narrow, the distance between molars contained about three times in that from gnathion to level of posterior border of molar : incisive foramina moderate, about half as wide as long, lying entirely between canines ; posterior extension of palate about equal to distance between molars and about one-third that from molar to hamular ; mesopterygoid space narrow anteriorly, wider posteriorly, its length about double the width between hamulars. Auditory bulla small, flattened, though a little ' 360 CARNIVORA inflated along inner margin ; outline triangular-flask shaped, the tubular portion of meatus not well defined from rest of bulla ; least distance between bulle about equal to greatest diameter of bulla including meatus. Paroccipital process low and ridge- like, widely removed from inflated portion of bulla. Mandible very robust, the ramus slightly bowed outward posteriorly, its lower margin essentially straight except for a slight upward curve behind level of tooth-row, the depth of ramus at middle about one-third that through coronoid process; angular process very short ; coronoid process narrowly rounded off above, its height above articular process about equal to width at articular level. Teeth.—The teeth are large and strong, with well developed cusps and commissures and relatively small crushing areas, the small premolars of upper and lower mandible fitting closely between each other when jaws are shut; crown area of upper molar about equal to that of car- nassial, sometimes less. Upper incisors forming a nearly straight transverse row, the anterior faces of the smaller teeth exactly in line, those of the two larger teeth slightly more posterior; 71 and 7? small, sub-equal, the shafts compressed, the cutting edges rounded, simple ; 73 higher than the others, somewhat resembling the lower canine in form, its apex curved outward and back- ward beyond level of smaller teeth, its postero-external surface with two concavities separated by a trenchant Fig. 76. ridge ; lower incisors subterete, the Lutra lutra, Teeth. Nat. size. crown of i, obscurely and unsym- metrically bilobed, that of the others simple ; cross section of 7, abouteone-third that of 7, Canines robust though not greatly elongated; shaft simple, without evident cingulum, that of upper tooth slightly curved backward, that of lower tooth abruptly recurved, its axis set obliquely outward. Anterior premolar both above and below well developed and functional, the point of the upper tooth lying internal to that of lower when jaws are closed ; pm} small, single rooted, its crown area about equal to that 7?, its form essentially like that of succeeding tooth, though with cusp relatively less developed ; pm? and pm° successively larger, two-rooted, the crown area of pm? fully three-fourths that of canine, each tooth with a well-developed cusp lying in front of middle of crown, and a distinct anterior and posterior cutting ridge; cingulum moderately developed ; outline of crown of pm? elliptical, that of pm> with inner margin bulging inward behind middle, though without developing a definite inner lobe ; pm, and pm, much like LUTRA 361 pm? in both size and form, the three teeth cutting against each other when jaws are closed; pm, larger than the other small premolars, its cusp less anterior in position, its crown decidedly in wider posteriorly than anteriorly. Upper carnassial triangular general outline, though this is somewhat obscured by the broadly rounded inner portion and the somewhat projecting postero- external lobe ; outer and posterior borders sub-equal and longest ; trenchant portion of tooth with high anterior cusp connected with well developed posterior cusp by a high, abruptly angled commissure ; crushing portion nearly as wide as long, its area about as great as that of trenchant portion, its inner border noticeably raised at middle though without secondary cusps; cingulum moderately developed along outer border of crown, and forming a distinct though small antero-basal cusp. Lower carnassial with anterior triangle well developed, the protoconid and paraconid sub-equal, the metaconid somewhat smaller ; crushing portion of crown wider than anterior triangle though not so Jong, the areas of the two portions of the tooth approximately equal; hypoconid evident though not high, the outer surface of its base in line with that of protoconid, the inner surface continuous with the concave though scarcely basin-shaped main portion of crushing area; cingulum narrow but evident throughout, not specially developed in region bordering outer base of hypoconid. Second lower molar flat, subterete, slightly wider than long, the inner and outer margins each with a small cusp somewhat behind middle, the cusps joined by a low transverse ridge. Upper molar about equal to carnassial in crown area, but length of its outer border decidedly less than that of preceding tooth ; crown slightly constricted near middle, the outer portion bilobed, the anterior lobe bearing a low paracone and a broad outer projection representing the parastyle, the posterior lobe bearing a low but robust metacone ; inner portion of crown with a large protocone and low hypocone, the former sending forward a conspicuous commissure to base of paracone, the latter connected with cingulum that extends around base of protocone. Measurements.—Adult male from Warwickshire, England : head and body, 712; tail, 495; hind foot, 134; ear, 28. Adult female from Cséhtelek, Hungary : head and body, 640 ; tail, 380 ; hind foot, 115; ear, 22. For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 362, 363. Specimens examined.—Thirty-three, from the following localities :— Inrianp: Londonderry, 1 (type of roensis); Ahascragh, Co. Galway, 1. Encuanp: Pembrokeshire, 1; River Stour, Dorsetshire, 1; Rugby, Warwickshire, 1; Norfolk, 1; no exact locality, 1. Norway: Egersund, Stavanger, 5. Swepren: Jockmock, Lappmark, 1 (Stockholm); Gnesta, Séderman- land, 1 (Stockholm); Skane, 1 (Stockholm); no exact locality, 2. France: St. Gilles, Gard, 1 (Lataste); Etupes, Doubs, 1 (Mottaz). Germany: Southern Germany, 2. 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Lower carnassial. Upper molar. LUTRA ADOAAKHAAINSDONOOANDASONONOS DOOOODOOODODOOOLOOHOOSODOO XXKXXKKXKKXKXKKXKKKKXKKKKXX KX DHOADONHAOODDODDNADHWNOWN HAARDAMHANMDANHTHOMANHOAAAN AC bs ee re OO ee Oe iat CA ie aC es door edad ONddddddaAaoN AHORA S ASA nAAAASssSS XKXKXXXXXXXKXKXKKKXKXKKKKXKKXXKXX DO WDODDOHDODONDANDOWOON Derr ODDROE-E-DOOrErDOrEDDO Sex. Upper carnassial. DADAOMDODHOODDDOONWHWOON AOE DDORDDL DDDDKEDODDKDDOD xXXXXKXXKXKXKXKKXXXKXKXKXKXXKXKXXX VODOOCOOODAAAAADOOOWWODOS HOOdnHaAnHoOonHoOnsNNNHoOHHOY SSS Ae oe aoe aaa Che Gee mee Che Ge Che he Ce Oe Oe eee Oe ee esis 40 0 OF OF OF SO SOMO MOO O40 tO OF Number. 64. 3. 8.5 Stockholm 6.3 6. 3 6.3 6.3 . 6. 38. 57, 12. 14, 4* 9. 12. 16.1 59. 9. 6. 62 2809 Latastet 57. 2.14.1 10. 9.14.1 2930 Lataste 8.7. 7.16 10 3 2.11.16.1 Locality. | ire . ia Karlsbad, Bohem: Cséhtelek J ockmock Gnesta Skane ? * os iguria Southern Germany Castrillo, Burgos ” near Rugby, Warwicksh: near Seville no exact locality . : Stavanger 4 Londonderry Béne : St. Gilles, Gard Italy Spain Algeria Austria-Hungary Li Sweden Norway Treland England Germany France 363 t Type of angustifrons Lataste. + L. angustifrons, according to Lataste. Ogilby. ensis * Type of ro 364 CARNIVORA Austria-Hungary: Karlsbad, Bohemia, 1; Cséhtelek, Bihar, Hun- gary, 1. Iraty: Torriglia, Liguria, 1 (Lataste). Spain: Castrillo dela Reina, Burgos, 3(B.M.and U.S,N.M.); Galicia, 1; Seville, 5. Remarks.—Although the specimens show some rather note- worthy variations in colour, and in cranial and dental measure- ments, the material examined is not sufficient to indicate the existence of geographical races in Europe; while the north African animal to which the name augustifrons has been applied appears to be not separable from true lutra. I. Newton Lemavady, Zoological Society’s 57.12. 14. 4. Londonderry, Ireland. Museum. (Type of L. roensis (Miss A. Moody.) Ogilby). é st. Ahascragh, Galway. Purchased (Row- 5. 7. 10.1. land Ward). ?, 3 juv. st. Pembrokeshire, Wales. Purchased (Row- 5. 5. 21. 1-4. land Ward). é. Rugby, Warwickshire, Dr.T.S.Townsend 9. 12. 16. 1. England. (c & P). 2 st. R. Stour, Dorset. J.C. Mansel Pley- 98. 5. 13.1. dell (c & P). 1. England. — 99. A. 446,19, Egersund, Stavanger, K.H. Schaanning 11.6.3.14-18. skulls. Norway. (c). ad.,juv. South Germany. Dr. A. Giinther (c). 59.9.6. 62-63. é. Cséhtelek, Bihar, Hun- Hon. Mrs. N. C. 10. 9.14.1. gary. Rothschild (P). 1. Karlsbad, Bohemia. Lord O. Russell 57. 2.14.1. c& P). dG, % Castrillo de la Reina, ney, Saturio Gon- 8. 7. 7. 16-17. Burgos, Spain. zalez (C). 1 juv. Galicia. Dr. V. L. Seoane 94. 6. 18. 1. (c & P). skull. Seville. Lord Lilford (p). 74. 10. 7. 2. 76. 3.4.1. 2, juv. Seville. (Dr. A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (v). 95. 9.4. 10-11. skull. Seville. Col. L. H. Irby 2.11. 16.1. (c & P). Sus-Famiry MUSTELIN A. 1835. Mustelina Swainson, Nat. Hist. and Classif. Quadr., p. VII. Geographical distribution Northern hemisphere, south into northern Africa, the Malay Archipelago, and northern and western South America ; in Europe west to Ireland. Characters.—Dentition highly trenchant, upper carnassial without crushing surface other than a small concave area between inner Jobe and main cusp, the crown much longer than broad, not triangular or rhombic in outline, the posterior cusp compressed, trenchant, barely half as high as main cusp ; upper molar much reduced, the length of its outer portion one-third to one-half that of carnassial ; small premolars alternating when jaws are closed, at least one pair capable of shearing action; skull varying in MARTES 365 form but never greatly flattened and never very robust, the rostrum always at least as long as broad ; external form slender, the legs usually rather short; feet digitigrade; toes partly webbed ; tail varying in length, slender or bushy, never con- spicuously muscular. Remarks.—As here understood the sub-family Musteline contains the three genera, Martes, Mustela and Vormela, all of which oceur in Europe. Genus MARTES Pinel. 1792. Martes Pinel, Actes Soc. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, 1, p. 55 (MM. domestica Pinel = M. foina Erxleben). 1820. Martes Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, p. 38 (M. foina and M. sylvatica = martes). 1829. Zibellina Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierw., 1, p. 31 (M. zibellina). 1857. Mustela Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 211. 1911. Martes Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 139, March, 1911. Type species.— Mustela martes Linneus. Geographical distribution.—Northern hemisphere from the limits of tree growth south to the Mediterranean, the Malay Archipelago, and the central United States; in Europe west to Treland. Characters.—Skull narrow, moderately high (depth of brain- case much more than half mastoid breadth), the dorsal profile moderately curved, the zygomatic arches not specially wide- spreading, and postorbital region not unusually narrowed (distance between region of greatest narrowing and zygoma normally less than breadth of postorbital constriction) ; rostrum narrow and somewhat elongate, its width noticeably less than that of inter- orbital region, the distance from anterior rim of orbit to gnathion exceeding width of rostrum between anteorbital foramina ; auditory bulle moderately inflated, the meatal tube evident though short, the longitudinal diameter of bulla greatest ; paroccipital process small, slightly projecting, partly distinct from bulla; dental formula: 1=, cH, pmi, mE = 38; cutting edges of five small] premolars (2 upper and 3 lower) capable of trenchant action ; upper carnassial long and narrow, not triangular in outline and without crushing surface, the small inner lobe standing as an offset to antero-internal extremity of crown, the sectorial portion consisting of a high anterior and low posterior cusp with some- what concave connecting ridge; upper molar pyriform or pan- durate in outline, its long axis nearly perpendicular to that of tooth-row, its crown mainly flat, but with a small paracone, still smaller, sometimes obsolete metacone, and crescentic ridge-like protocone ; lower carnassial wider posteriorly than anteriorly, the anterior triangle much distorted, the metaconid reduced to 366 CARNIVORA a well defined postero-internal process on base of protoconid, the posterior crushing heel slightly more than half as large as trenchant portion of tooth; external form slender, somewhat cat-like or squirrel-like, the head moderately elongated, the muzzle pointed, the ears high and conspicuous, the tail long, bushy ; feet digitigrade, the moderately long claws partly retractile ; fur long, dense and soft. Remarks.—The genus Martes contains about ten species, some of which are represented by numerous geographical races. Three are known from western and southern Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF MARTES. Third .upper premolar with crown strongly convex on inner side, slightly concave on outer side; width of inner lobe of upper carnassial nearly equal to that of tren- chant portion of crown; greatest diameter of upper molar about equal to length of outer border of carnassial; fur usually finer and softer, and throat-patch more yellow (Pine Martens) ..............s:cseeeeeeeee M. martes, p. 366. Throat-patch cream-buff, general colour darker (Centraland northern Europe)... M. m. martes, p. 372. Throat-patch buff-yellow, general colour lighter (Mediterranean region) ............ M. m. latinorum, p, 373. Third upper premolar with crown evenly bicon- vex; Width of inner lobe of upper car- nassial barely half that of trenchant portion of crown; greatest diameter of upper molar noticeably less than length of outer border of carnassial; fur usually coarser and less soft, and throat-patch more whitish (Beech Martens). Condylobasal length of skull in adult male, 76 to 79 mm.; pale throat patch always much encroached on by brown of sur- rounding parts, occasionally obliterated (CEELES) cc sicicoicancsmnasindgincciesanenen sicanocinncinns M. bunites, p. 380. Condylobasal length of skull in adult male, 79 to 84 mm.; pale throat-patch seldom much encroached on by brown of sur- rounding parts and never obliterated (Central and southern Continental THUEO PE) shia sinctiaaian- crea sarestevtenulenanursleiaaan ses M. foina, p. 374. General hue of upper parts drab ........... M. f. foina, p. 375, General hue of upper parts wood-brown ., M. f. mediterranea, p. 380. MARTES MARTES Linneus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—Entire wooded region of Europe, from Ireland eastward into Asia, and from the Mediterranean coast and islands northward to the limits of tree growth. Diagnosis.—Third upper premolar with outline of crown MARTES 367 concave on outer side, irregularly convex on inner side, the region of greatest width behind middle; upper carnassial with inner projection robust, its diameter in line of tooth-row nearly or quite equal to greatest width of trenchant portion of tooth behind middle of crown ; upper molar large, its greatest diameter about equal to outer length of carnassial, the metacone more than half as large as paracone, the outer border of the crown usually notched; general colour yellowish brown, the throat patch Fie. 76. Martes martes. Nat. size. always distinctly tinged with yellow; underfur moderately long and dense. External characters—Form slender and graceful, suggesting that of both cat and squirrel ; legs moderately long ; tail about half head and body, densely furred and bushy, the hairs at tip about one-third as long as vertebre. Head pointed; eyes of medium size ; ear rising distinctly above fur, its height from crown about 25 mm., the outline rounded but forming a slightly indicated point above, the entire surface densely furred ; muzzle pad 368 CARNIVORA well defined, completely naked, communicating with upper lip by narrow inedian line. Feet densely furred throughout in winter, the pads bare in summer; palm with deeply divided, trilobed, heart-shaped tubercular mass at bases of median digits, a small round pad at base of thumb, and a larger round pad at outer posterior border near wrist; sole with similar trilobed mass, but elements more distinct, almost forming three tubercles ; small pad at base of hallux like that at base of thumb; no posterior pad. Fur very dense and soft, the hairs of underfur about 25 mm. long at middle of back in winter, shorter in summer, the longer hairs reaching about 40 mm. Mamme: 4. Colouwr—The colour varies considerably with season and climate, but is usually characterized by rich yellowish brown and blackish tints, the legs, tail-and underparts darker than the back, the head noticeably lighter than the body, the throat and fore part of chest yellowish, and interramia, chin and muzzle dusky. Claws light horn-colour. Skull.—As compared with that of the European species of Mustela the skull of Martes martes is characterized by a general Fie. 77. Martes martes. Nat. size. smoothness, lightness and lack of angularity. Dorsal profile strongly convex posteriorly, flattish behind orbits, the rostrum falling away at an angle of about 20°; a slight concavity usually present near middle of nasals. Brain-case elongate-ovate in outline when viewed from above, nearly as deep as wide, the MARTES 369 sagittal crest moderately developed in old individuals and slightly overhanging occiput. Floor of brain-case with no special features; a slightly developed median ridge. Auditory bulle moderately inflated, the surface smooth, the general outline broadly flask-shaped (longitudinal diameter greatest), the meatal tube well defined, rather wider than long; space between bulle about equal to diameter of bulla without tubular portion. Postorbital region rather abruptly constricted, much as in Mustela, its width about half that of brain-case. Interorbital Fic. 78, Martes martes. Nat. size. region wider than rostrum, the discrepancy in breadth greater than in Mustela erminea. Postorbital processes well developed though short. Rostrum relatively longer than in Mustela erminea or M. putorius, the distance from orbit to gnathion about equal to width between outer margins of anteorbital foramina, the width across canines much less than distance from foramen to gnathion. Orifice of anteorbital foramen over anterior root of carnassial, and under anterior border of rather large orbit. Zygamata rather widely but gradually spreading, strongly bowed 28 370 CARNIVORA upward behind middle. Palate rather narrow, its width between molars equal to about 14 times greatest diameter of roolar, incisive foramina small, ovate, slightly oblique, at level of front of canine, the minute median foramen slightly behind middle ; posterior extension of palate broader than long, reaching about half way from level of molar to hamular ; mesopterygoid space about a quarter longer than broad, the hamulars short, slightly everted. Teeth-—In proportion to size of skull the teeth are larger than in the members of the other genera of Musteline occurring in Europe ; transverse diameter of upper molar much more than half width of palate between molars. Upper incisors forming a straight row separated at each side from canine by a space about equal to transverse diameter of 7! and 7? together ; crowns strongly compressed, the antero-posterior diameter fully twice transverse diameter, the anterior face convex, the posterior concave with faintly indicated cingulum ; 7? slightly larger than 7, 73 abruptly much larger than the other two teeth together, its crown more than one-third as high as that of canine and with the posterior concavity extending to outer basal portion. Mandibular incisors smaller and lower than the upper teeth, their crowns projecting obliquely forward, the root of 7, implanted in jaw behind level of the other two; crowns ob- scurely bifid, the outer lobe smaller d than the inner; crown area of 2, ¥IG. 79. about one-third that of the com- Martes martes. ‘Yeeth. Nat. size, Pressed 7, or the subterete iy. Canines with no special peculiarities ; diameter of the upper tooth along alveolus equal to one-half width of palate between canines, that of lower somewhat more; shaft of upper tooth with posterior longitudinal ridge, and an antero- internal ridge which near base curves backward across inner side of shaft nearly to base of posterior ridge ; cingulum barely indicated ; shaft of lower canine directed a little forward at base, a little backward beyond middle, the anterior profile strongly convex, the posterior equally concave; surface of euamel, especially on basal half of tooth, much roughened by longitudinal wrinkles. Anterior premolar both above and below single-rooted, small (crown area about equal to that of 7! and 7? together), subterete, the height of the single ill-developed cusp scarcely equal to diameter of crown in pm, much less in pm. Other premolars, except upper carnassial, two-rooted, compressed, the outline of crown triangular when viewed from the side, with apex slightly in front of middle of tooth. Crown area of pm? about three times that of pm} ; outline of crown flattened-elliptical MARTES 371 or slightly concavo-convex, the concavity, when present, on outer side; cusp simple, its height a little less than length of crown along base, its posterior surface with slightly developed longi- tudinal ridge. Crown of pm? somewhat longer than that of pm?, but its area much greater owing to widening of strongly convex inner side; cusp essentially as in pm? though somewhat higher. Second lower premolar about equal in size to pm?, but axis of shaft more anterior in position; pm, essentially like pm,, but cusp with faintly indicated anterior longitudinal ridge, and posterior ridge with a slight nodule or rudimentary basal cusp (sometimes absent) ; pm, noticeably larger than pm, and with a well developed secondary cusp at middle of posterior border of main cusp. Upper carnassial ( pm*) long and narrow, the width of crown just behind internal lobe less than half length along outer border, the internal lobe robust, its diameter in line of tooth-row nearly or quite equal to width of trenchant portion of crown, its axis nearly perpendicular to main axis of tooth, its cusp well developed, about as high as that of pm, and separated from main cusp by deep concavity ; main cusp robust, its height contained about 13 times in length of crown, its axis slanting a little backward, its anterior border with well developed longitudinal ridge ; posterior cusp about half as high as main cusp, its outer surface sloping obliquely to well developed cingulum, the two cusps connected by a high, sharply trenchant and obtusely angled commissure. Lower carnassial with crown nearly 24 times as long as broad, the sectorial portion of the tooth consisting of a much distorted triangle, the paraconid forming anterior extremity of tooth, its anterior border nearly perpendicular, its posterior commissure meeting anterior commis- sure of the higher protoconid at an abrupt angle, the two together acting in opposition to the angled commissure of upper carnassial ; metaconid reduced to a subterete postero-internal process on base of protoconid, its area scarcely one-sixth that of larger cusp ; crushing portion of crown slightly broader than trenchant portion, its outline sub-circular with slightly raised edge, this edge forming a noticeable though low postero-external cusp separated from base of protoconid by a shallow but distinctly angled notch. Second lower molar about equal to heel of carnassial in size and essentially like it in form, the crown flat, with faintly indicated outer ridge and low postero-internal cusp. Upper molar large, its crown area at least equal to that of carnassial, its greatest diameter about equal to outer length of carnassial (see measurements, p. 378), the diameter of inner portion of crown usually much greater than that of outer portion, the median constriction well marked ; outer portion of crown with two small cusps, probably the paracone and metacone, the latter more than half as large as former, the outer margin of tooth often though not invariably notched between them ; inner portion of crown with a slightly curved, ridge-like antero- 2B 2 372 CARNIVORA external cusp (usually notched or partly divided into two), the surface elsewhere finely wrinkled ; in some specimens a minute tubercle, perhaps representing the hypocone, occurs near posterior border of crown in region of constriction between outer and inner portions; cingulum low but evident, especially around inner margin of crown. Remarks.—The well-known pine marten is so strongly characterized as to require no special comparisons with any other European species except Martes foina (see account of latter). Two geographical races are currently recognized, though their status is by no means clear. MARTES MARTES MARTES Linneus. 1758. [Mustela] martes Linnzus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 46 enue 1816. M[wstela] sylvestris Oken. Lebrb. d. Naturgesch., 111, pt. 2, p. 1029 (Renaming of martes). 1827. M[artes] vulgaris Griffith, Cuvier’s Anim. Kingd., v, p. 123 (Renaming of martes). 1847, Martes sylvatica Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, 2nd ed., p. 41 (Renaming of martes). 1857. Mustela martes Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 213. 1910. Mustela martes Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, p. 72. 1911. [Maries] martes Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 139, March, 1911. Type locality.— Vicinity of Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution —Europe north of the Mediterranean region, from Ireland eastward into Asia. Diagnosis.—Throat patch cream-buff or slightly more yellow. Colour.—Upper parts a rich dark brown, usually rather near the bister of Ridgway, the tips of the longer hairs blackish ; . underfur light grey, the tips of the hairs tinged with drab or with wood-brown ; face essentially like back or not so dark, the muzzle and chin usually not darker than forehead ; ear edged with buffy drab; tail very dark brown (nearly the seal-brown of Ridgway), its underfur raw-umber or somewhat darker ; feet and lower portion of legs blackish; throat-patch varying considerably, but as a rule rather pale, nearly cream-buff or slightly more yellow. Measurements.—For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 376, 378. Specimens exramined.—Twenty, from the following localities :— IrELAND: Kenmare, Kerry, 1; Co. Kerry, no exact locality, 1 ScotLanp: No exact locality, 1 Eneuanp: Keswick, Cumberland, 1; Cockermouth, Cumberland, 1; Pontrilas, Herefordshire, 1; Ludford Park, Herefordshire, 1; no exact locality, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.). Norway: Hgersund, Stavanger, 3. SweEpeNn: No exact locality, 3 (U.S.N.M.). Denmark: No exact locality, 1 oo .N.M). Germany: Southern Germany, 2. Austria-Hungary: Bohemia, 1. MARTES 373 g. Kenmare, Kerry, Ire- HE. Dodson (c). 94. 3. 27. 1. land. 1, Kerry. J. H. Gurney (P). 72, 1. 10. 1. 1. Scotland. (McLeay.) Hargitt Collection. 86.9.9. 1. st. Keswick, Cumberland, W. R. Wilson (c). 96. 11. 6.1. England. 3 Cockermouth, Cum- W.R. Wilson (c). 97. 1, 15. 1. befland. é Pontrilas, Hereford- Mrs. St. John A. 85.6. 10.1. shire, Matthews (P). é. Ludford Park, Here- H.J.Bailey(c&r). 0.2. 93.1. fordshire. 2. Wales (1828). Earl Cawdor (P). 61. c, D. 26,1, Egersund, Stavanger, K. H. Schaanning 11.6.3.19-21. skulls. Norway. (c). 2skulls. Southern Germany. Dr. A. Giinther (c). 188i, 1299f. é Bohemia. Lord O. Russell 50. 12. 23. 1. : (c & P). MArTESs MARTES LATINORUM Barrett-Hamilton. 1904. Mustela martes latinorum Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., x11, p. 389, May, 1904 (Nurri Mountains, Sardinia). 1910. Mustela martes latinorum Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 72 Type locality —Nurri Mountains, Sardinia. Geographical distribution.—Mediterranean region (Italy, Sar- dinia, Balearic Islands). Diagnosis.—Throat patch buff-yellow ; general colour lighter than in true martes. Colour.—Upper parts a rather light brown, the longer hairs between the raw-umber and mars-brown of Ridgway, the general effect darker in certain lights, especially on posterior half of body ; underfur a pale bluish grey, essentially as in true martes, the tips of the hairs ranging from pale wood-brown to clear buff; face isabella-colour streaked with whitish hairs, the muzzle and lips between mars-brown and prout-brown; ear edged with buffy drab; tail like back at base, darker at tip; feet and legs washed with dark brown; throat-patch varying considerably, but as a rule approaching buff-yellow. Measurements—Adult male from Porlezza, Como, Italy: head and body, 470; tail, 235; hind foot, 94:6; ear from meatus, 42. Adult female from San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands: head and body, 430; tail, 230; hind foot, 87; ear from meatus, 45. For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 376, 378. Specimens examined.—Nineteen, from the following localities :— Itaty: Porlezza, Como, 11 (Ghidini); near Rome, 4; Milan, 1. Sarpinta: Nurri Mountains, 1 (type). Spain: Mancor, Majorca, Balearic Islands, 1; San Cristobal, Minorca, 1. Remarks.—The status of this form is very unsatisfactory. So far as can be judged from the few specimens examined there is 374 CARNIVORA an average difference, however, between the Mediterranean animal and that occurring north of the Alps. Two of the specimens from Porlezza are darker than the others, in this respect agreeing with the northern animal. 1. Italy. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2. 29. (e). : Milan. E. Cavendish Taylor 5. 5. 6.8. 1 : (P). 1 Nurri Mountains, Sar- HE. N. Buxton (p). 95. 4. 16. 1. dinia. (Type of subspecies.) ve Mancor, Majorca, Bale- O. Thomas (P). 1. 3.6. 1. aric Islands. (Riwtort.) 9: San Cristobal, Minorca. O. Thomas & R. I. 0.7. 1. 43. Pocock (c & P). MARTES FOINA Erxleben. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution—Central and southern Continental Europe, from the Atlantic coast eastward, and from the Mediterranean to the Baltic. Diagnosis.—Third upper premolar with outline of crown nearly biconvex, the outer side occasionally D) flattened, the greatest transverse diameter (J at middle; upper carnassial with inner lobe slender, its diameter in line of tooth- |p [p row equal to only about half greatest fe) width of trenchant portion of tooth behind ON) : middle of crown ; upper molar not so large - b as in M. martes, its greatest diameter less Fra. 80. than outer length of carnassial, the meta- Larger cheek-teeth of Martes cone less than half as large as paracone ; ares AY SE A MONEE GD external form as in M. nea but fur of less fine quality ; colour usually more greyish or drab than in M. martes and seldom with the rich brown tints of the related species, the throat-patch never strongly tinged with yellow. Mamme: 4. Skull.—The skull resembles that of Martes martes, but may usually be distinguished by its greater breadth and less depth. Brain-case noticeably wider than high, the general outline when viewed from behind nearly as in Mustela erminea and distinctly less elevated than in Martes martes. Interorbital region and rostrum wider than in Martes martes, and concavity of dorsal profile in nasal region much more pronounced. Anteorbital foramen usually smaller than in the related species, though in the same position. In other respects the skulls of the two animals show no tangible differences. Teeth_—Except as already pointed out the teeth agree with those of Martes martes. MARTES 375 Remarks.—Though readily distinguishable from Martes martes by the character of the skull and teeth M. foina is sometimes difficult to recognize by external peculiarities alone. Usually the colour has a slaty or drab cast that is highly characteristic, and the quality of the fur is inferior to that of the pine marten ; but I have seen tanned skins of animals killed in winter which were impossible to identify with any degree of certainty. Two geographical races have been described. MarTEs FOINA FOINA Erxleben. 1777. [Mustela] foina Eirzleben, Syst. Regni Anim., 1, p. 458 (Germany). 1792. Martes domestica Pinel, Actes Soc. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, 1, p.55 (France). 1801. M{ustela] f[oina] alba Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 759 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1857. Mustela foina Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 217. 1869. Mustela martes var. fagorum Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 318 (Sweden): name wrongly attributed to Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 12th ed., p. 67. 1910. Mustela foina Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 72. Type locality — Germany. Geographical distribution—Range of the species except southern Spain. Diagnosis.—Longer hairs of back tipped with sepia, the general hue of upper parts drab. Colour —Underfur very light grey (about grey No. 10 of Ridgway) with an evident buffy cast on distal third of hairs ; long hairs ranging from wood-brown to mars-brown, becoming darker at tips. As the long hairs nowhere conceal the underfur the general effect is a light drab resulting from the blending of the two colours, very uniform throughout dorsal surface, though usually a little paler on neck and darker on posterior portion of back. Tail essentially like body, but darkening toward tip, the pencil often blackish. Legs and feet washed with dark brown. Ear buffy drab externally, creamy white along rim, the inner surface greyish white. Muzzle, lips and chin broceoli-brown. Throat-patch buffy white, darkening to cream-buff along outer edges. Measurements.— Adult male from near St. Gallen, Switzer- land: head and body, 453; tail, 260; hind foot, 85; ear from meatus, 34. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 377. Specimens examined.—Twenty-three, from the following localities :— France: Manonville, Meurthe-et-Moselle, 2. Germany: Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 2; Nuremberg, Bavaria, 1 (U.S.N.M.); southern Germany, 7 Leek SWITZERLAND: Geneva, 1 (Mottaz); Vallée-de-Joux, Vaud, 1 (Mottaz) ; Thayngen, Schaffhausen, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Aarburg, Aarau, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Oberrich, St. Gallen, 1. Svain: Silos, Burgos, 1; Dofiasantos, Burgos, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Irany: Near Rome, 1. “ ce « “ce ‘arom APYSIIS =“ ‘arom Ajoyerepour ‘arom Asis ‘TIOM Tonur 8“ ‘tom Ajeyerepour = “* ‘arom Apgqsis ‘UIOM yonut =“ “ ‘ ‘aiom ATGSTs ‘aiom Ajeyelepour =“ CARNIVORA ‘UIOM JOU T4997, DI OD A oa AAHON A OS ont DOO MO AA SOO OF OF OF *O OF (net | { WN'S at wouer) «TOT 9 ‘S6 Bomex rwrpryy T 86 “GT ‘0G PI6BT T66T L'¥6'6'9 query GT TST 'TL6 7 : 7 + erurpieg ourjuery, ‘elog Ip oTeA : Aresunqy-erysny . . 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Aqsny Y[OJION ‘weySutpurg : puepsaq : . “ sepiig 49 : y SOTBA TION : * -oreuueyy :SoTe AA 5 * —- @ITYSseTIAy { ung ‘aeqoejepoq efXQ ‘opepeuay OILYS-SSOUIOAUY ‘IIB 3 puvpyoog ‘SITIqe}S OUTTA “TAT CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF MUSTELA HRMINEA—continued. ge og ae .o. o aod AaB a Eo wu Ld HW ind im a 2 ae OPO ome. 2 a q BgGe .~.gP0F G 3 nF 7 = Rees sea oa et 3 bo Bb Bes mhS @ be rs os — mo ued ww Cr) F ofa Fagat*g & g .) eS BROS Oo CO & al dad aadaa 8 a SHMOSADOOSHSOANSG *MOI- 400} reluqypueyy 8909 Od KY ww HOH Se ee Oe Oe Oo *MOI-Y[}00} ATOTPLXRTL COODMANHTOHMOWODAHO AANTINDNANHAAHAANI THO SO De Oe Oe De Oe “o[qrpueyy MOCTDODMDOCOOANAWOMA OrFODOrwstodtdtHtHObD ANNANANNANNAAINANANA *goulueo pulyeq yydep jerysow 7°6 | 250) 12:2) 14-8) Teeth slightly worn. paste ape ei ta Pome moO “SMOI-1]9004 puryeq yydop eqe(eg ACOANHWOONOCONOD MHANMNNAMAATIAANMA Sn ee Oe Oe 44:4) 25-4 11-2 10°2 | 21:0) 11-2) 12°0 | 7-2 | 24-0) 11-4) 14-0 ‘yydep a) SPSPSSSHSSDANDS 6 cp cig op ca op m4 Gy GY 4 Ge Gy CY oO 18} 1999 = AAA Andean ene o NASGODSSOSOGCOON ON TA PYaad o MOdttHoOAMnAAaAAT | wH ployse lt a ANANANNAANN AN *sauluvo IaA0 Jo) ADAANAANDADOOOAAAA wn44sor : aqoadd oan jo YApPeolg = HAsdAgegeasaan agpearq a Se rT Wi eee Bag llilll lanes epyriaaiae a ADDONADAODODHODDH tH AMDAOH@MHWONMMOMOE o1yeVULosh7Z a RARASSBRASARRAART ssaHotr 6 a Seno rTooe says t EDHONMDAOAHHHBO reseqo{puog tH HOH HD SH SH SH HH HH HH e > 5 Or OF *0 40 40 *0 40 *O OF OF OF OF Bot *0 %0 Yon * o8 Dir os) 4H ag QDS e nd “md Bowe mat lg 5 : ee ee 2 3 6 03.8 med Bon Z 4 eau. rind ; 4 “HSSSSERsiad d - ANMAMANMAMKH = 1 oe ee SORE TP PLS Oa ee for) Sg S o » See yp swe eo a wes = td St as 2die 4 (2) “TR a= a: Ze Skee Fe Mew . wo 4 oT 3 mw Bed | a saa 3 g S205 § » } Qs 3 H n A Bi A ee, rn nnn nH in t= 8 Bog aR RR ARR RS 25 g Dn Wh cc) aS fg EG 2% 3 3 pc A : “ob 2 ag 3 ca) n * Type. MUSTELA 397 6,29. Graftonbury, Hereford- W.E.de Winton (r). 11.1.3.178-180. shire. 2¢. Tring, Hertfordshire. Hon. N. C. Roths- 11.1.3. 182-183. child (P). é. Felden, Hertfordshire. — 11. 1. 3. 184. 1. Nr. Hounslow, Middle- W. Phillips (Pp). 60. 1. 23. 2. sex. 9 Guildford, Surrey. G. Dalgleish (C&P). 4.4.3.1. ést. Horsham, Sussex. Sir E. G. Loder, 6.7. 14.1. Bart. (c & P). é,?. Mayfield, Sussex. C.H.B.Grant(c&p). 11.1.3, 186-187. 3. Selborne, Hampshire. Dr. R. Bowdler 2. 11. 29.1. Sharpe (c & Pp). g. Whitchurch, Hampshire. W. E. de Winton 11.1. 3. 185. c& P). é,¢%. Buckland, Somerset. R. Hooper (c & p). 11.1.3,190-191. g. Blandford, Dorset. J. C. Mansell Pley- 98. 5. 13. 2. dell (c & P). (Type of subspecies.) 29. Blandford, Dorset. Ww. ) Blanford 11.1.3. 188-189. (c & P). MUSTELA ERMINEA RICIN® Miller. 1904. Putorius erminea Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. Scottish Nat. Hist., v, p. 203, October, 1904. 1907. Putorius erminea ricine Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., Xx, p. 395, November, 1907. ‘ 1910. Putoriws ermineus ricine Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 80. Type locality—Islay House, Islay Island, Scotland. Geographical distribution—Islands of Islay and Jura, off coast of south-west Scotland. Characters.—Size a little less than in M. erminea stabilis and about equal to that of M. e. estiva: condylobasal length of skull in adult male, 47 to 50 mm.; mandible in adult male, 27 to 29 mm.; zygomatic arches unusually wide-spreading ; posterior extension of palate relatively wider than in any of the other known forms. Measurements External measurements of type (adult male) : head and body, 254; tail, 105; hind foot, 43; ear from meatus, 22. Two other males from the type locality: head and body, 270 and 270; tail, 111 and 114; hind foot, 47 and 46. Two adult females from the type locality: head and body, 231 and 234; tail, 95 and 105 ; hind foot, 38 and 39. Two adult males from Jura: head and body, 220 and 225; tail, 120 and 125; hind foot, 45 and 46°5. Specimens examined.—Thirteen, six from Jura and seven from Islay (B.M. and Cambridge). Remarks.—While readily distinguishable from the large true stabilis of England, the Islay and Jura stoat will probably prove to be more nearly related to the smaller form occurring on the 398 CARNIVORA mainland of Scotland, when the status of the Scotch animal is more clearly understood. 1. Islay, Scotland. H. Morrison (c & P). 7.10, 9. 1. (Type of subspecies.) 6,29. Islay, Scotland. H. Morrison (c & P). 11. 1. 3. 196-198. MUSTELA HIBERNICA Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton. 1895. Putorius hibernicus Thomas and Barrett-Hamilton, The Zoologist, 3rd ser., XIX, p. 125, April, 1895 (Ireland). 1895. Putorius hibenieus Picraas, The Zoologist, 3rd ser., XIx, p. 226, June, 1895 (Isle of Man). 1900. [Mustela] hibernica Schulze, Zeitschr. fiir Naturwissensch., Lxx111, ° 1910. Putorius (Ictis) hibernicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 80. Type locality—Enniskillen, Co. Fermanagh, Ireland. Geographical distribution.—Ireland and the Isle of Man. foot in adult male rarely attaining 50 mm.; condylobasal length of skull in adult male, 44 to 50 mm.) ; ear and upper lip without whitish edging ; brown of sides of body usually encroaching on yellowish or whitish of underparts, frequently so much so as to extend completely across throat and middle of belly, the line of demarcation, except in rare instances, very irregular. External characters—The general external characters, includ- ing the proportion of tail to head and body, and the long, full pencil, are as in Mustela erminea ; mamme usually more numerous: a 2—2, 4 3-3 or 4—4=10 or 12. Colour. Except i in the rare instances in which a partial or complete white coat is assumed in winter, the actual colour is very constant throughout the year, and such variation as there is appears to be due chiefly to the greater or less abundance of the long hairs on back. These hairs are a dark glossy brown very nearly the bistre of Ridgway. The hairs of the dense underfur are smoke-grey at base, changing to a yellowish broccoli- brown distally. From the varying combinations of these elements different shades of brown result which range from a yellowish bistre toward isabella-colour, the bistre usually more pure along median dorsal region and on head, the isabella-colour on sides, legs and tail. Upper lip and entire ear concolor with dark area. No dark spot behind angle of mouth. Feet usually dark but frequently varied with whitish, this colour appearing at tips of toes and spreading upwards. Tail without evident lighter area on under side. Underparts varying from a creamy white to a pale straw-yellow. The line of demarcation between the dark and light areas is very variable in both form and position. In the extreme development of the light area the line of demarca- tion extends along sides in the same position as in Mustela erminea, except that it passes somewhat further below ear and eye and ends at or just above angle of mouth. In the extreme 399 MUSTELA “ . | 9-86 & | T'08 "96 | * Sostey ‘uIOM jou v7 F-8G & | F00'S'T IT | ° ‘ ‘uiom youu“ ¥-91 7-63 9 | T'srg'T | + woqueg : wey Jo opsy e “0-91 9-16 & | BOSS ‘TIL | UMoysanyqyIy | ‘arom APqSS “ 0-FT 8-46 ? gpgsgt | * stituprvog a “ P-8I F -08 3} PPIGST. ; 4 “8-81 PTS é 6896ST r S ‘uiom jou =“ 0-ST 8-96 , EP9SST en | ‘arom Ajoyeropour “FT B-¥B 9 | sP9egT | * eqoorqeyop ‘arom ATIGSIS YI20T, 0-ST F-7G 8-1T 9-01 2 | «lS "FSG | * UoTTAStUUG : puerorT ip : a oh ° sei¢g S22) 32 Sal ol oe, Ss S222) 2 [Eg 328/82) 28 |222| 22 | Fe | ze “sUOTBAIOBqO FE; FE) & | ¢ 2 i ea 3° Ba ERe| ES A B | SS | x08 *z9quin “£Y[B00T ge g2| € [sg .°8s| S| FE | Seo] FE) Fe | Pe SE e4|F | eel ee) = sal" e | s 4 ‘VYOINUATIH VTALSAW JO SLNAWAUASVAN IVINVHO 400 CARNIVORA extension of the dark area the brown forms a band 20 mm. wide across throat just in front of fore legs, and spreads over whole median region of belly, so that the white is confined to three patches, one extending from chin to throat-band, another occupy- ing chest between front legs and spreading on inner side of forearm, and the third in region between hind legs and spreading on inner surface of thighs. Between these extremes every gradation may be found, including the most irregular arrange- ments of isolated dark spots in the regions where the dark cross bands occur. Skull and teeth.—Except for their slightly smaller size the skull and teeth are indistinguishable from those of Mustela , erminea. The difference is, however, particularly well marked as compared with the large British M. erminea stabilis, the nearest geographical ally. Measurements.—External measurements of type (adult male) : head and body, 228 ; tail, 88; hind foot, 42; ear from meatus, 21. Average and extremes of four males from Cappagh, Water- ford: head and body, 271 (256-283) ; tail, 111 (103-117) ; hind foot, 48°2 (46-51). Average and extremes of three females from Powerscourt, Co. Wicklow : head and body, 209 (205-221) ; tail, 78 (77-81) ; hind foot, 37°6 (36-40). For cranial measure- ments see Table, p. 399. Specimens examined.—Forty-four, from the following localities :— IRELAND: Carrick, Donegal, 1; Colebrooke, Fermanagh, 8; Enniskillen, Fermanagh, 2; Clandeboye, Down, 1; Glaslough, Monaghan, 1; Board- mills, Down, 2; Castle Hamilton, Cavan, 1; Mountainstown, Meath, 3; Clonbrock, Galway, 1; Woodfair, Galway, 1; Carna, Galway, 1; Temple- more, Tipperary, 1; Geashill, Kings, 1; Powerscourt, Wicklow, 4; Bagenalstown, Carlow, 1; New Ross, Wexford, 4; Arthurstown, Wex- ford, 2; Cappagh, Waterford, 4; Lismore, Waterford, 1. Iste or Man: Lewaig, Ramsey,1; Santon, 2; Tholt-y-Will, Snaefell, 1. Remarks.—The Irish stoat is strikingly distinct from the other European species of the sub-genus Mustela, though super- ficially resembling certain North American members of the group. It is at once recognizable by the combination of black- tipped, heavily pencilled tail with entirely dark ear and upper lip. It is also the only European stoat in which the line of demarcation on sides of body is irregular and in which the dark colour of sides tends to invade the light ventral area. In exceptional instances* the colour pattern of body is like that of Mustela erminea. While the colouring of the body and head suggests that of Mustela nivalis, the animal is evidently a true stoat, as shown by the heavily-pencilled, black-tipped tail and the form of the skull. ést. Carrick, Donegal, Ireland. Hon. N. GC. Roths- 0.5.17. 1. child (p). 36. Colebrooke, Fermanagh. Sir D. Brooke(c&p). 11. 1. 3. 199-201. * In four of the forty-one skins examined. MUSTELA 401 é. Enniskillen, Fermanagh. J. E. Harting (c&p). 95. 4. 5. 1. (Type of species.) ést. Clandeboye, Down. Hon. N. C. Roths- 0. 5. 17. 2. child (Pp). $8 Carna, Galway. Col. J. W. Yerbury 93.1.6. 1. (c & P). st. Templemore, Tipperary. EH. Lynan(c&p). 99.7. 3.1. 26. Arthurstown, Wexford. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 3. 202-203. (c & P). g. Ramsay, Isle of Man. P. M. C. Kermode 95. 5. 30. 1. (c & P). a. Snaefell, Isle of Man. P. M. C. Kermode 11. 1. 8. 204. (c & P). é,lal, Santon, Isle of Man. J.C. Bacon (c& Pp), 1.5 12. 1-2, MUSTELA NIVALIS Linneus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distributionEurope from the Arctic coast to the Mediterranean (including the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, and Malta) and from Great Britain eastward into Asia. Diagnosis.—Size usually less than in Mustela erminea and M. hibernica, and tail usually shorter in proportion to length of head and body, the pencil small, its longest hairs not half as long as vertebre ; skull like that of Mustela erminea, but with rostral breadth over canines relatively greater, frequently exceeding interorbital breadth, especially in the larger races in which the skull approaches that of M. erminea in size; colour much as in M. erminea, but brown of upper parts usually (except in Mediterranean races) encroaching on whitish of belly, the line of demarcation irregular ; tail with no black except occasionally a tuft in pencil; a white winter pelage in colder portions of range. External characters.—In general like Mustela erminea, but size usually less, and tail relatively shorter (scarcely more than one quarter head and body, except in the forms inhabiting the Mediterranean region), the pencil thin, tapering, never as wide as median portion of tail, its longest hairs only one-quarter to one-third as long as tail vertebre ; palms and soles hairy, the pads bare in summer in northern forms, always in southern forms; ear short but appearing distinctly above fur, its outline evenly rounded, both inner and outer surfaces densely clothed’ with short hairs; fur as in M. erminea. Mamme: i 4—4 = 6&. Colour.—Upper parts a yellowish brown similar to that of Mustela erminea, but seldom darkening along median dorsal region or on head, the brown usually extending to or covering dorsal surface of feet; underfur throughout the dark regions paler than distal portion of long hairs; underparts and inner surface of legs whitish or yellowish in strong contrast, but line demarcation low on sides of body and usually irregular, the 2D 402 CARNIVORA brown tending to encroach on white to such an extent as occasionally to pass completely across chest, and frequently to form spots and blotches in same region ; upper lip usually with some white ; a brown spot varying much in size, and sometimes joined with brown of cheek, usually present behind angle of mouth; ear brown like surrounding parts, the rim not whitened ; tail concolor with back, the pencil faintly darker or occasionally with black hairs, the median ventral region some- times faintly paler than rest of tail, but never with definite light stripe. In white winter pelage the entire animal is white or whitish, the tail sometimes with afew black hairs in pencil. The change does not take place regularly except in the colder portions of the animal’s range, as in the Alps and central and northern Scandinavia. Skull and teeth—The skull resembles that of Mustela erminea in all respects except that the interorbital region is often narrower than the rostrum, a character most pronounced in the larger races that approach M. erminea in size. Postorbital process frequently more promi- nent than in M. erminea, and zygoma often less evenly bowed upward, its upper border flattened or sometimes with a distinct median concavity and posterior widening as in M. putorius. Teeth not distinguishable from those of Mustela erminea except by their smaller size. Remarks.— Although the most variable of the European Mustelidz this.species is always Hiei as readily distinguishable externally from the Nat. size: ‘other members of the genus Mustela with which it is associated by the short thin pencil. The discrepancy in width between the rostrum and interorbital region, while generally characteristic of the species as compared with Mustela erminea, is not perfectly constant. It is invariably well marked, however, in adults of the larger southern animals. Three races are represented in Europe, a smaller northern and central form, and two larger subspecies in the Mediterranean region. Fig, 82. MUSTELA NIVALIS NIVALIS Linneus. 1766. [Mustela] nivalis Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 12th ed., p. 69. 1777. [Mustela] vulgaris Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., 1, p. 471 (Temperate Europe). 1811. Mustela gale Pallas, Zoogr. Rosso-Asiat., p. 94 (Renaming of vulgaris). 1820. Mustela minor Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, p. 35 (Renaming of nivalis). 1853. Plutorius] minutus Pomel, Catal. Méth. et Descr. Vert. Foss. Loire, p. 51 (Neighbourhood of Paris, France). MUSTELA 403 1857. Fetorius vulgaris Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 231. 1869. Fetorius pusillus Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 332 (Not of Audubon and Bachman; substitute for vulgaris). 1895. Putorius nivalis Thomas, The Zoologist, 3rd ser., x1x, p. 177, May, 1895. 1900. Putorius nivalis typicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 42, January, 1900. 1900. Putorius nivalis vulgaris Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 42, January, 1900. 1908. P[utorius] nivalis var. monticola Cavazza, Ricerche sui ‘‘ Putorius nivalis” e sui ‘‘Putorius ermineus” d'Italia, Bologna, p. 37 (High valleys of the Alps). 1910. Putorius (Ictis) nivalis, P. (I.) nivalis vulgaris and P. (I.) vulgaris minutus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Hurope, pp. 81-82, Type locality.—Province of Vesterbotten, Sweden. Geographical distribution.—Europe from the Arctic coast to the Alps and Pyrenees, and from Great Britain eastward. Characters.—Size small : hind foot of adult males 29 to 34 mm. ; condylobasal length of skull in adult males usually less than 41 mm. (36 to 42 mm.). Measurements.—Two adult males from Cromarty, Scotland : head and body, 211 and 215; tail, 65 and 59; hind foot, 34 and 34; ear from meatus, 16 and 15. Two adult females from the same region : head and body, 161 and 174; tail, 39 and 49; hind foot, 24 and 25; ear from meatus, 12 and 12. Two adult males from Guines, Pas-de-Calais, France: head and body, 209 and 212; tail, 60 and 58; hind foot, 31 and 30. Adult male and female from Porté, Pyrénées-Orientales, France: head and body, 213 and 187 ; tail, 60 and 54; hind foot, 33 and 26. Adult male and female from Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary : head and body, 196 and 150; tail, 70 and 41; hind foot, 31:4 and 21. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 408. Specimens exanined.—Ninety-nine, from the following localities :— Scortanp: Thurso, Caithness, 1; Cromarty, 2; South Sutor, Cro- marty, 1; Black Island, Cromarty, 1; Elgin, 1; Dava, Elgin, 1 (Wilson) ; Cortachy, Forfar, 1 (Wilson); Stockbriggs, Lanark, 3; Lamancha, Peebles, : isn Dumtries, 2, Wyseby, Dumfries,1; Jardine Hall, Dumfries, Eneuanp: Leeds, Yorkshire, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Grimsby, Lincolnshire, 1 ; Aberia, Merionethshire, 1; Pembrokeshire, 4; Methwold, Norfolk, 1; Sandringham, Norfolk, 4; Suffolk, 2 (skulls); Histon, Cambridgeshire, 2; Tring, Hertfordshire, 3; Soham Fen, Cambridgeshire, 1; Saffron Walden, Essex, 4; Southall, Middlesex, 1; Hashing, Surrey, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Cole- ford, Gloucestershire, 1; Froyle, Hampshire, 1; Blandford, Dorset, 1; Poughill, Shalton, Cornwall, 1; Stratton, Cornwall, 1. Norway: Asker, near Christiania, 1. Swepen: Stockholm, 1 (U.S.N.M.). " mana Helsingor, Zealand, 1 (Copenhagen); Amager, 1 (Copen- agen). Francs: Guines, Pas-de-Calais, 2; Leguevin, near Toulouse, Haute- Garonne, 1; Luchon, Haute-Garonne, 1; Porté, Pyrénés-Orientales, 4; Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, 1; Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, 1. Germany: Brunswick, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Kénigsberg, A a D 404 CARNIVORA Nuremberg, Bavaria, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Strass, near Burgheim, Bavaria, 1; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 3; South Germany, 4 (skulls). Austria-Hunaary: Haida, Arva, Bohemia, 1; Hainspach, Bohemia, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Csall6kéz-Somorja, Pressburg, Hungary, 3; Hatszeg, Hunyad, Hungary, 4. SWITZERLAND; Thayngen, Schaffhausen, 3 (U.S.N.M.); Andermatt, Uri, 1 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gallen, 1; Mels, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Watt- wil, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Weiern, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Ziiber- wangen, St. Gallen, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Oberengadin, 1; Untervatz, Grisons, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—The weasel of central and northern Europe never attains the large size often found in the Mediterranean races. The material at present available is not suflicient to show whether or not the northern animals are all referable to a single form. é. Thurso, Caithness, Scot- Mrs. J. Edis (r). 11. 1. 3. 300. land. 36. Cromarty. G. St. Quentin il. 1. 3. 205, (c & P). 207, 432. é. Lamancha, Peebles. J.L. Bonhote(c&p). 11. 1. 3. 433. 24,%. Stockbriggs, Lanark- H.R. Alston(c &P). 79. 9. 25, 23, shire. 85-86. é. Aberia, Merionethshire, G. H. Caton Haigh 11.1. 3. 443. Wales. (c & P). 44. Pembrokeshire. G.H. Mills(c&pP). 11. 1. 8. 444- 447. é Grimsby, Lincolnshire, G. H. Caton Haigh 11. 1. 3. 434, England. c& Pp). 6 Norfolk. Dr. C. Hose (c & Pp). 11. 1. 3. 208. 6, %. Sandringham, Norfolk. H.M. King Edward 96. 4. 13. 2. 3. VII. (e). 2st. Sandringham, Norfolk. H.M. King Edward 96.4. 28. 14-15. VII. (P). 2. Suffolk. Col. E. 5. Butler (P). 94. 1. 6. 6-7. é. Histon, Cambridgeshire. Dr. S. F. Harmer 11.1. 3. 206. c & P). ? (albino) Soham Fen, Cambridge- F. Bond (r). 90. 6, 21. 1. shire. 26,29, Saffron Walden, Essex. A. Wright (c & P). 11. 1. 3. 436- 439, é. Southall, Middlesex. R. C. Wroughton 11.1. 3. 440. c & p). 3 Froyle, Hampshire. W.R. Ogilvie-Grant 11.1.3. 441. c& Pp). g. Stratton, Cornwall. W.L.S. Loat(c&p). 11.1.3. 442. juv. Asker, Christiania, Nor- Christiania Museum 95. 5. 29.1. way. BE). a6 Guines, Pas-de-Calais, O.Thomas(c&p). 94.6.6. 10-11. France. é, Luchon, Haute- O. Thomas (P). 6. 4. 1. 36. Garonne. (A. Robert.) 3. Leguevin, Haute- O. Thomas (pr). 6, & 1, 37. Garonne. (A. Robert.) é. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, V. Builles (P). 8. 3. 27. 8. 26,19. Porté, Pyrénées-Orien- G. 8. Miller (c). 8.8. 4.166-168. tales. oF Barcelonnette, Basses- O. Thomas (P). 8. 8. 10, 44. Alpes. (C. Mottaz.) MUSTELA 405 éjuv. Strass, Burgheim, Ba- Lord Lilford (r). 11, 1.1, 96, varia. (Kérbitz.) 3. Ingelheim, Rheinhes- O. Hilgert (c). 8, 11, 2. 29-81, sen, Germany. 4, South Germany. Dr. A. Giinther (c). 59. 9. 6. 71-73, 122. 3. Csall6kéz-Somorja, Budapest Museum 94. 3.1. 2-4. Pressburg, 400 ft. (E). Hungary. 84,?. Hatszeg,Hunyad,Tran- C. G. Danford (c). 8. 2. 2. 17-19, sylvania. 3. 11. 8. 19. MUSTELA NIVALIS BOCCAMELA Bechstein. 1801. Mustela boccamela Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch, Deutschlands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 819 (Sardinia), 1869. Putorius vulgaris var. meridionalis Costa, Annuario del Mus. Zool. della R. Univ. di Napoli, 1865, p. 40 (Southern Italy). 1900. Putorius nivalis italicus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 45, January, 1900 (Grezzana, highlands of Verona, Italy). Type in British Museum. 1900. Putorius nivalis boccamela Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 46, January, 1900. 1900. Putorius nivalis siculus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 46, January, 1900 (Marsala, Sicily). Type in British Museum. 1901. Mustela (Ictis) dombrowskit Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Natur- forsch, Freunde, Berlin, p. 231 (Siulnita, Roumania). 1905. [Fetorius pusillus] major Fatio, Arch. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Genéve, 4th ser., xx, p. 512, May 15, 1905 (Poschiavo, Grisons, Switzer- land; see Mottaz, Bull. Soc. Zool., Genéve, 1, p. 169, November 15, 1908). Type in Mottaz collection. 1910, Putorius (Ictis) boccamela, P. (I.) nivalis meridionalis, P. (I.) nivalis dombrowskii, and P. (I.) nivalis siculus, Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 81, 83. Type locality.—Sardinia. Geographical distribution.—Italy and coast of France as far as the Department of Var ; islands of Sicily, Malta and Sardinia ; Corsica ? Diagnosis.—Similar to Mustela nivalis nivalis, but decidedly larger, and tail relatively longer ; hind foot of adult males 34, to 41 mm.; condylobasal length of skull in adult males usually more than 41 mm. (40 to 46-6 mm.). Measurements.— Two adult males from Valescure, Var, France : head and body, 252 and 250; tail, 88 and 80; hind foot, 37°6 and 38; ear from meatus, 21 and 19. Adult male from Agay, Var, France: head and body, 265; tail, 86 ; hind foot, 41 ; ear from meatus, 20. Adult male from vicinity of Genoa, Italy : head and body, 240; tail, 80; hind foot, 37°6. Young adult male from near Verona, Italy (type of italicus) : hind foot (dry), 32°4. Adult male from Marsala, Sicily: head and body, 250 ; tail, 90; hind foot, 39. A second male from the same locality (type of siculus): hind foot, 34:2, Adult male from Malta: 406 CARNIVORA head and body, 173; tail, 62; hind foot, 34. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 410. Specimens examined.—Forty-six, from the following localities :— FRancE.—Valescure, Var, 2; Agay, Var, 1. SwiItzERLAND: Somvico, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Bogno, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Buggiolo, Ticino, 1 (U.S.N.M.); San Lucio, Ticino, 1; Poschiavo, Grisons, 4 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz, including type of major). These Swiss specimens are intermediate between boccamela and nivalis, though nearer the former. Iraty: Padola, Cadore, 1 (Turin), not typical; Turin, 1; near Genoa,1; near Verona, 3; near Florence, 2 (U.S.B.M.); near Rome, 2. Stcrty: Balestrate, 2; Marsala, 3; Palermo, 5 (B. M. and U.S.N.M.). Sarpinia: No exact locality, 4; Cagliari, 3. Matta; No exact locality, 3; Ghallis, 4; Bingemma Fort, 1. Rovumanta ; Malcoci, Dobrudscha, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—Although showing a perplexing amount of indi- vidual variation* the weasel of the central Mediterranean region must be regarded as distinct from that of central and northern Europe. A small percentage of southern specimens cannot be identified with certainty; but typical fully adult males of boccamela are strikingly different from the animal occurring north of the Alps. 3 Valescure, Var, France. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4, 170. 3. Agay, Var. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 169. g. St. Lucio, Ticino, Switzer- O. Thomas (P). 2. 8. 4. 27. land. (£. H. Zollikofer.) 3 Turin, Italy. E. Cavendish 5.5.6.11. Taylor (P). é. Genoa, Liguria. Lord Lilford (P). 95. 11. 4. 1. 26,19. Verona (Conte degli Oddi). O. Thomas (P). 99. 11. 11. 1-3. (99.11.11.1. Type of ttalicus Barr.-Ham.) é Balestrate, Sicily. J.1.5. Whitaker (Pp). 95. 3. 4. 4. 446. Palermo. J.1.S. Whitaker (rp). 98. 10. 6. 3. 95. 3. 4. 1-3. 26,19. Marsala. J.I.8. Whitaker (p). 95. 3. 4. 5-7. (95. 3. 4. 5. Type of siculus B.-Ham.) é,2al. Cagliari, Sardinia. E.N. Buxton (Pp). 95. 4. 16. 1-3. 3al. Sardinia. Genoa Museum (Pr). 86. 11. 3. 1-3. Sardinia. Purchased (Linnea, 86. 7. 10. 2. Berlin). juv. Malta. C, A. Wright (P). 94. 11. 26. 1. 2. Malta. (Micallef.) C. A. Wright (P). 95. 1. 2. 1. 36,19. Ghallis. C. A. Wright (e). 7. 7. 6. 1-4. 2. Bingemma Fort. C. A. Wright (P). 7. 7. 6. 5. * Studied in much detail by Cavazza, Ricerche sui ‘‘ Putorius nivalis” e sui “ Putorius ermineus” d’ Italia (Bologna, Zanichelli), 1908, Studien iiber die in Italien vorkommenden Wieselarten der Untergattung Arctogale (Zool. Anzeiger xxxiv, pp. 582-603), 1909, Sulle Donnole e sull’ Ermellino in Italia (Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital. xviii), 1909, and Contributo alla conoscenza della vita e delle abitudini della Donnola, Putorius nivalis, Linn. (ibid. xix, pp. 65-82), 1910. MUSTELA 407 Mouste.a NIVALIS IBERICA Barrett-Hamilton. 1900. Putorius nivalis ibericus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 45, January, 1900. Type in British Museum. 1905. Putorius hibericus Seabra, Bol. da Direce. Gen. da Agricultura, Lisboa, vrir, no. 2, p. 69. 1910, Putorius nivalis iberica Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 838. Type locality.—Seville, Spain. Geographical distribution.—Iberian Peninsula and Balearic Tslands. Diagnosis —Intermediate in size between Mustela nivalis nivalis and M. n. boccamela, though nearer the former (hind foot in adult males, 30 to 35; condylobasal length of skull in adult male, 39 to 43 mm.) ; colour of upper parts a buffy clay-colour, not so dark as in the other races. Measurements.— Adult male and female from the neighbour- hood of Silos, Burgos, Spain: head and body, 225 and 184 ; tail, 59 and 53; bind foot, 27 and 21°8; ear from meatus, 15 and 13. Two adult males from Majorca, Balearic Islands: head and body, 191 and 250 ; tail, 79 and 90; hind foot, 32 and 35. Two adult males from Dehesa de Valencia, Spain: head and body, 264 and 278; tail, 62 and 62; hind foot, 32 and 34. Adult male from Seville, Spain (type): hind foot (dry), 31:4. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 411. Specimens examined.—Twenty-seven, from the following localities :— Spain: Pajdres, Leon, 1; Panticosa, Huesca, 1; Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, 2; near Burgos, 1; Silos, Burgos, 1; Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos, 2; La Granja, Segovia, 1; Villalba, Madrid, 2; Barracas, Castel- lon, 2; Dehesa de Valencia, 4; Seville, 3 (including type); Jerez, Cadiz, 1; Muro, Majorca, Balearic Islands, 1; Inca, Majorca, Balearic Islands, 2; Mahon, Minorca, Balearic Islands, 1. Porrouaaz: Alcochete, 1. Remarks—The Iberian weasel appears to be more nearly related to Mustela nivalis nivalis than to M. n. boccamela. It is distinguishable from both of these by its paler colour. g. Pajares, Leon, Spain. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2.9. 54. (N. Gonzalez.) 6. Panticosa, Huesca. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 58. (N. Gonzalez.) 2%. Arrechavaleta, Vitoria. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 59-60. . (N. Gonzalez.) 8, ?juv. Burgos. G. S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 50-51 lal. La Granja, Segovia. M. de la Escalera (c). 8. 7. 30. 8. 6, ?. Villalba, Madrid. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 56-57 (N. Gonzalez.) 3 Barracas, Castellon. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 55. (N. Gonzalez.) 346. Dehesa de Valencia. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 51-53. (N. Gonzalez.) 8% Bormujo, Seville. Lord Lilford (P). 95. 9. 4, 12-18. (Dr. A, Ruiz.) . 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G.0T |8-8 |o-LT 8-F | 9-8 0-6 0-91 | 0-4 18-2 F-8T |o-FE) 6 | ST BIseq e10psy ‘“elopeg ‘uiom you =‘ ¥-OL 10-6 |*-91 | 0-4 | 0-8 [6-8 (8-ST | 9-8 | 8-9 |F-LT 8-88 & |G ‘IL‘IL 66] * * euoreA : ATRaT ‘aiom Spqsys “ — io.et |-oT 0-4a | 8-¢ | 0-0T |3-0T -6T | 0-6 | 3-8 3-33 |3-Th| 2 | FITST orig lee apreriray é “* lo-+T lo-3t | — | 8-4 | O-TT 8-0T | — | 0-01 | 8-6 | = |= fe | eon 12 : x : ee ‘arom ATS 309 |0-FT |8-TT lO-93 | B-L | S-IT | — 0-86 | %-1T | 8-6 0-96 FOF | P | TOLL - : * BIBT 412 CARNIVORA 9. Seville. (Dr. A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (r). 95. 3. 3. 10. (Type of sub-species.) é. Jerez. A. Chapman (c&p). 9. 4. 24.1. 1. Alcochete, Portugal. Lisbon Museum (£). 3, 11. 13.1. é. Muro, Majorca, Balearic O. Thomas (P). 1. 6.1.5. Islands. (M. Riutort.) 2. Inca, Majorca. O. Thomasand R.I. 0, 7. 1. 7-8. Pocock (c & P). % Mahon, Minorca. O. Thomas (P). 0. 8. 18. 1. MUSTELA AFRICANA Desmarest. 1818. Mustela africana Desmarest, Nouv. Dict. d’Hist. Nat., x1x, p. 376 (« Africa ’’). 1895. Putorius africanus Thomas, Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 128 (Malta and Egypt). 1900. Putorius nivalis africanus Barrett-Hamilton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., v, p. 47, January, 1900. 1908. ? Plutorius] nivalis var. corsicanus Cavazza, Ricerche sui ‘“ Putorius nivalis’? e sui ‘‘Putorius ermineus” d’ Italia, Bologna, p. 37 (Corsica). 1910. Putorius (Ictis) nivalis subpalmatus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 85. Type locality—Said to be Africa (no exact locality stated), but more probably the Azores, as the type came to Paris through the museum of Lisbon, Portugal. Geographical distribution Egypt, Malta, San Thomé, Azores. Diagnosis.—-Like Mustela nivalis boccamela but larger (hind foot of male, 44 to 49 mm., condylobasal length of skull, 48 to 50 mm.), tail relatively longer (nearly half as long as head and body) and brown of sides usually spreading on underparts, the line of demarcation very irregular. Colour.—The colour does not differ noticeably from that of Mustela nivalis boccamela. Upper parts wood-brown, in some specimens clear and light, in others dark and strongly tinged with raw-umber, the head usually concolor with body but sometimes distinctly darker. Tail concolor with back above, not so dark below, the pencil usually darker than rest of tail and occasionally blackish. Underparts pale cream-buff or buffy white, the light area on chest and belly much encroached on by * brown of sides, which occasionally passes completely across, leaving only a few spots of white. Muzzle and upper lip entirely brown, or with a trace of white in front. Skull and teeth—The skull resembles that of Mustela nivalis boccamela so closely that I can detect no characters others than its larger size by which it can be distinguished. In size it fully equals ordinary skulls of M. erminea ; but the much broader rostrum as compared with interorbital region serves at once to distinguish it. The teeth show no tangible characters by which they may be differentiated from those of M.n. boccamela except that the carnassial is more robust and the small premolars in 413 | ; ‘uzomM Sjoyeropour =‘ ies lotr 9-86 | G-L | F-OT |P-TL |9-T% | 9-OT [3-6 Fee 0-eF | & | TOTS | * STOBMONT 9S - ss pat F-SE '8-96 | 0-8 | 9-TT | — | — | 0-&T |9-0T o-16 — | 9 |T'at'e'h | * o* tye a _ eat F-SL |9-L6 | 0-8 | S-IT O-ST (0-93 | O-GT |O-TT idee 0-sF | 2 |go°e'9'E | ° * BljeoIE], : Selozy el “ p.ct lp-et |0-L0 | 0-81 8-1L | — | — | G-8T |F-OL 0-23 [FSF] 2 | GTI? | ° : * guLOT,L, UBg ‘aiom ° * OTTtaeg ‘azo ww SS) oF] e ae Se} s | ze gs. 2% g2| 2 st | _§ Bin) Ivo ae ah § lnBg on ok ge ge ss $& “smO};BAIasqO TOMOT. “reddy eo si] & l2e2) 62/82) 88 | 82| 82 8s | es | ‘wequay “AqROOT [$2 SE) = |" S8| 22/83 | S| S268 | Fe pee Se | 2) Be ae | ee |e ee eee | ees ; ‘OTAYD OTAD AO SLNUNAYASVEAN TVINVAO 440 CARNIVORA Measurements.—Adult (summer pelage) from Sweden (from skin): head and body, 825; tail, 125 (pencil, 75); hind foot, 140+. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 439. Specimens examined.—Six, from the following localities :— Norway: Vaage, Gudbrandsdal, 1 (Genoa); Egersund, Stavanger, 1 skeleton and 1 skull. SwevpEn: Fristvik, 1; no exact locality, 1 skull (U.8S.N.M.). Lapuanp: No exact locality, 1 skull (U.S.N.M.). é skeleton, Egersund, Norway. K.H. Schaanning (c). et 11. 26. 1. ? skull. 10. 23. 1. Famity VIVERRIDA. 1821. Viverride Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 301, April 1, 1821. Geographical distribution.—W armer portions of the Old Werld (exclusive of Australia); north to the Iberian Peninsula and southern France. Characters.—Dentition essentially as in the Mustelide, but upper molars usually 2-2, and upper carnassial usually with three outer cusps; auditory bulla, when not rudimentary (1 African genus), inflated, thin-walled, divided by a distinct septum into two chambers ; form usually rather slender, the legs moderately short ; size moderate ; feet digitigrade. Remarks.—The family Viverride is a tropical Old World group, containing about 25 genera, the ranges of two of which extend into the Mediterranean region of Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF VIVERRIDZ. General form ferret-like ; ear broader than high; body and tail uniformly grizzled; bony palate extending behind molars in median line about half distance to hamulars; orbit nearly or quite enclosed by bone posteriorly (Mon- BOOSE ) sive ierasersiaias wea encimetarcamroee suelstcniasnevecaesens Faeldeeasersteiae Mungos, p. 440. General form cat-like; ear higher than wide; body spotted; tail ringed; bony palate extending behind molars in median line much less than half distance to hamulars ; orbit widely opening into temporal fossa (Genet)........ Genetta, p. 446. Genus MUNGOS Geoffroy and Cuvier. 1795. Mungos Geoffroy and Cuvier, Magasin Encyclopédique, 11, p. 187 (mungo, p. 184). 1811. Herpestes Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 135 (misspelt Herpertes in text, corrected in list of errata, p. 302) (ichnewmon). 1824. Mangusta Horsfield, Zool. Researches in Java (javanica). 1830. Maries Wagler, Nat. Syst. der Amphibien, p. 29 (Substitute for Herpestes Illiger, preoccupied in botany). Not of Pinel, 1792. 1842. Mungo Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. Régne Anim., Mamm., p. 63 (ichnewmon). 1907. Mungos Thomas, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., XIx, p. 119, ‘ January, 1907. Type species.— Viverra mungo Gmelin. Geographical distribution—Africa, southern Asia, and larger MUNGOS 441 Malayan Islands; in the Mediterranean region one species inhabits the Iberian Peninsula. Characters.—-ixternal form ferret-like; the ear low and wide; the tail broad and flattened at base, tapering con- spicuously through terminal half, the fur coarse, grizzled ; soles and palms naked; claws long, non-retractile; skull robust, deepened anteriorly ; orbit small, nearly or quite surrounded by bone; backward median extension of palate long ; auditory bulla complete, its two divisions conspicuously contrasted in size and form ; dental formula: #33, ¢\i, pm {4, m2? = 40; cheek-teeth trenchant. Remarks.—The widely dispersed genus Mungos, which is one of the most characteristic features of the carnivorous fauna of Africa and southern Asia, where about 60 forms have been dis- covered, is unknown in Europe outside of the Iberian Peninsula. MUNGOS WIDDRINGTONII Gray. 1842. Herpestes widdringtonit Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1st ser., 1x, p. 50, March, 1842. Type in British Museum. 1909. Herpestes ichnewmon var. ferruginca Seabra, Bull. Soc. Portugaise Sci. Nat., 11, p. 286, May, 1909 (Altemejo, Portugal). 1909. Herpestes ichneumon var. dorsalis Seabra, Bull. Soc. Portugaise Sci. Nat., 11, p. 286, May, 1909 (Ribatejo, Portugal). 1909. Herpestes ichneumon var. grisea Seabra, Bull. Soc. Portugaisc Sci. Nat., 11, p. 286, May, 1909 (Ribatejo, Portugal). 1910. Herpestes ichneumon widdringtoni Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’ Europe, p. 89. Type locality.— Sierra Morena, Spain. Geographical distribution.—Iberian Peninsula, principally in the south ; exact limits of range not known. Diagnosis.—Similar to the African Mungos ichneumon, but with larger carnassial teeth (greatest diameter of upper carnassial about 11-8 instead of 10°8 in males, 11°2 instead of 10°2 in females), and more inflated auditory bulle (lateral diameter of swollen portion about 12 mm. instead of 10 mm.). External characters.—General form slender and ferret-like, the conspicuously tapering tail about as long as body without head, the legs short, the head rather small and pointed, the ear low and rounded, the fur remarkably coarse and harsh. Ear scarcely rising above fur, its width decidedly greater than height from meatus, its outline evenly rounded. Rostrum slender, tapering, the nostril pad entirely naked, its surface nearly smooth, the bare area extending downward as a narrow line across middle of upper lip; region from muzzle to and imme- diately surrounding eye very scantily haired, in some specimens almost bare; upper eyelid with a fringe of erect black hairs about 5 mm. long; whiskers short and inconspicuous, scarcely extending beyond eye when laid backward. Feet rather large 442 CARNIVORA and elongate, with long, non-retractile claws, those on front feet longest ; hallux and pollex short but with well developed claw more than half as large as those on other digits ; sole and palm completely naked, the sole with a heart-shaped tubercular mass about 15 mm. wide occupying region immediately behind bases of digits, the palm with a similar mass at base of fingers, and an isolated roundish median posterior tubercle about 8 mm. in diameter. Fur with dense somewhat woolly under portion, the hairs of which are about 20 mm. long, and a very abundant growth of coarse almost bristly longer hairs (these essentially absent along entire median region of underparts), whose length is about 50 mm. at middle of back, increasing to 75 mm. on flanks, rump, and base of tail ; near middle of tail the length of the longer hairs decreases rather abruptly to about 50 mm., the hairs at the same time becoming somewhat appressed, thus giving the tail its characteristic tapering form ; pencil long and full. Mamme: a 2-2=4. Colour.—The colour does not differ appreciably from that of Moroccan and Egyptian specimens of Mungos ichneumon. Head, back, sides and tail (except the clear black tip) a coarse grizzle of blackish and pale buff, each hair on body and tail buff at base and with three buff annulations 3 to 5 mm. in length interposed between the blackish tip (5 mm.) and the three blackish intervening areas, the length of which varies from 6 to 10 mm. Underfur dull tawny, the hairs slaty at base, the tawny appearing everywhere irregularly at surface, though mostly overlaid by the annulated bristly hairs. On body and tail the black and buff are about equally noticeable, but on head the annulations become much finer and the dark colour predominates, often appearing as a clear blackish brown wash on face and muzzle. Ears a light indefinite grizzled brown, somewhat paler than the broccoli-brown of Ridgway. Underparts from chin to base of tail a dark brown slightly or not grizzled, the exact shade varying from a dark hair-brown to broccoli-brown. This extends down inner side of hind legs to feet, where it becomes nearly black, and involves entire fore leg except the uppermost outer portion. On fore feet and outer portion of leg below elbow it becomes blackish. Skull.—The skull is narrow and rather high, mastoid breadth less than occipital depth including bulle, with deep short rostrum (depth at front of orbit greater than distance from orbit to tip of premaxillary) and small orbit (vertical diameter less than depth of rostrum at canine) completely encircled by bone in the adult and with the circular form always clearly indicated by the long drooping postorbital process and the distinct orbital process of the zygoma rising to meet it. Anteorbital foraman small, higher than wide, over space between pm? and pm. Median back- ward prolongation of palate conspicuous, extending rather more than half way to hamulars, its posterior border squarely truncate MUNGOS 443 or irregularly angular-emarginate, never with median projection ; mesopterygoid space much less than twice as long as broad, parallel-sided ; hamulars robust, the thickened extremities bent TERZIW Fig. 92. Mungos widdringtonti. Reduced. 444 CARNIVORA abruptly upward. Auditory bulla with anterior annular portion small and flattened, the small meatus with short but evident tube marked off from ring by a constriction ; posterior inflated part of bulla large, higher than wide, extending noticeably below level of palate, and projecting laterally beyond mastoid level ; greatest transverse diameter of inflated portion about equal to least breadth of basioccipital. Paroccipital process long, narrow and scale-like, closely flattened against posterior surface of bulla, less than half of which it covers. Lambdoid and sagittal crests well developed, the latter extending across entire brain-case to postorbital region. Mandible robust, the lower border bent abruptly upward at level of m,; coronoid process short and broad, its width at level of condyle much greater than height above condyle. Teeth.—The teeth are robust and strong but not remarkably large. Incisors and canines with no special peculiarities, the cutting edge of upper incisors entire, that of lower incisors obscurely bi- lobed, the outer lobe largest. Ante- rior premolar both above and below simple, smaller than corresponding outer incisor. Second and _ third premolars triangular when viewed from side, the two upper teeth with- out true secondary cusps, but pm? sometimes with a slightly developed posterior hasal tubercle; inner me- dian projection well developed and bearing a small cusp in pm’, slightly indicated in pm? ; the two lower teeth et with longer base and less robust Mungos widdringtonii. ene es ee with slightly de- 9 gtonii. Teeth. Nat. size. veloped anterior basal cusp and a small but distinct median cusp on posterior cutting edge. Fourth lower premolar like second and third but larger, the crown wider behind and the cusp on. posterior cutting edge large and well developed. Upper carnassial with large antero-internal lobe somewhat exceeding posterior heel in area, its cusp robust; antero-external corner with large, occasionally almost cusp-like cingulum ; anterior border of tooth slightly concave. Lower carnassial with the three anterior cusps large, the outer exceeding the two inner, which are of approximately equal height, the posterior heel low, its area barely half that of anterior portion of tooth and about equal to that of second molar, its postero-external border elevated. and trenchant. First upper molar with crown nearly twice as wide as long, its anterior border convex, its outer and posterior borders concave; protocone large, occupying entire inner border of crown; paracone and metacone small, sub-equal, the latter 445 ‘od AT. x i } “ “c 0-88 9-¥€ 9-29 0-9T 0-83 0-38 F-8T|— | — 10-98 |F-09 [9-76] £98 | FOF 0-LE 0-99 0-81 8-63 ses 8-6f}— |— [0-98 F-€¢ 0-66 | © | “Ha s9e | teISaLy, ree + coor TY ‘“ouMaUYt “TAL ‘ ve er 2 SATO. ‘uzom Ayqsys “‘ 10-BF 8-98 B-89 F-LT G-FE | — |F-1G |S-TS |8-0B |6-68 G-LE 0-GO1T] P | TPL 'L “OT acs oe ‘azom Ayoyeropour “0. ZF 8-48 |F-04 0-61 0-Te j0-ee F-16|— |0-6r jo-oF | — lo-gol] 6 | 9: 6's6 | °° 2 ‘uom gou “ -|0.0F F-GE 8-F9 0-9T [0-83 0-8 8-8T 8-6T 8-06 |F-GE 0-FG 10-86 [Ant y| o'r “6 “96 * al[lAeg o & ‘arom “| — 19.98 | — [O-LT ] — | — [F-06 16-6T; — | — | —~ | — | & | 4896'S GF | BUSLOW BAITS = “UIOA JOU YIOOT, 10-18 |0-SE 0-89 8-FT |P-8B |9-TS |O-LT 0-91 9-8T j0-Fe [0-8h | — Janel Te “IL FE | BHNIOD ‘fortag : uredg ‘uo}Surpprs “AL eee eee | g|& g Fe | oy eof le 2 e ce Oe = =] ht ge (Se) & | EE/ EE) .¢/ 88/82) 22] ez| 28 | ok : S2/56) 2 |/88/sh/ 38) ss} 83) 28) 88183) ae]. . “4 SUOTYBALISGO To | BS = ecls8 So | 22,28) 32/68 | 23 | 85 xag Toquny {WITBIO'T Se oe 4 Es Sig Sa | Bw ae] f= <2 ge | oo ze 2g | © Ee | og g 82 S| se Pe) Pe a Pela” ei 1 e ‘NONQANHOI ‘It ANV IINOLDNIYGCIM SOONAM JO SINAWHUNSVEAN TVINVYO 446 CARNIVORA occupying postero-external corner of crown, the former exceeded by the large low parastyle, the basal area of which is nearly equal to that of protocone. Second upper molar with crown area only about one-third that of first, its antero-external extremity fitting into convexity behind metacone of m} ; in general structure it is like m! except that the projecting parastyle is absent and the paracone and metacone are less distinct. Second lower molar with crown slightly longer than wide, somewhat exceeding the heel of m, in height, its borders sometimes with four distinct cusps, the two on inner side largest, but more often with postero- external and postero-internal cusps partly confluent. Measurements.—Type (adult male): hind foot, 95; ear from meatus, 34°5. Immature male and adult female from Seville: head and body, 530 and 510; tail, 430 and 330; hind foot, 90 and 87. Adult male from Coto Dofiana, Huelva (from skin): head and body, 550; tail, 450; hind foot, 95:5. Immature male from Ferrol, Corufia ; hind foot, 86. Specimens examined.—Hight, from the following localities in Spain: Ferrol, Corujia, 1; Sierra Morena, 1 (type); Seville, 3; Coto Dojiana, Huelva, 1; Andalucia, no exact locality, 2. Remarks.—Among the smaller carnivores of Europe Mungos widdringtonii is recognizable by its conspicuously grizzled coloura- tion and long, coarsely-haired, tapering tail. It is nearly related to the African M. ichneuwmon, though sufficiently distinguished by its larger teeth. é. Ferrol, Corufia, Spain. Dr. V. L. Seoane 94,11. 3.1. (c & P). : 3 Sierra Morena. Capt. S. EH. Widdring- 42. 2. 26. 2. ton (P). (Type of species.) 6,9. Seville. (Dr. A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (e). 95. 9. 4. 5-6. skull. Seville. Col. Irby (c & P). 85. 9. 1.1. é. Coto Dofiana, Huelva. A. Chapman (c&p). 10.7. 14.1. ad & juv. Andalucia. Lord Lilford (P). 78. 7. 3. 2-3. Genus GENETTA Oken. 1816. Genetta Oken, Lehrb. der Naturgesch., 111, pt. 2, p. 1010 (genetta). 1841. Odmelurus Gloger, Gemeinn. Hand- u Hilfsbuch der Naturgesch., 1, p. 72 (genetta). Type species. —Viverra genetta Linneus. Geographical distribution.—Africa and Mediterranean region of Europe. Characters. —External form cat-like, the ear narrow and high, the tail subterete, not conspicuously tapering, ringed with dark and light bands, fur soft, spotted with black on a light ground ; soles and palms densely furred except on pads; claws short, retractile ; skull slender, not specially deepened ; orbit large, opening widely into temporal fossa ; backward median extension GENETTA 447 of palate short ; auditory bulla complete, its two divisions not strongly contrasted in size and form ; dental formula: i=, ¢\4, pm | FPL | 0-96 | 2 Te ‘9% oe : AreBun}y-elaysny ‘trom AqSTs ‘| — 0.08 | — |o-6t lo-¥e |o-9¢ 0-92 |9-6r |o-9¢ F-FF | 0-69 | 0-88 | ¢9 SRPTT a ‘ ‘ =, " £ [0-8 0-86 [0-80 [0-41 jF-T8 |o-98 |p-76 fo-8T jp-€8 Jo-aF | 0-29 } 0-98 | 2 | pert [ion saaniies cides “*(0-T8 |9-83 [9-99 [0-T Jo-g¢ |r-g¢ |-za |s-or |s-ee |o-0F | 9-69 | 0-18 |anlol t-et ns (evan “aise i “ —_ ant ee beas ae * eULIBIAL UIOM JOU 0-BE (0-63 |F-SG |0-9T 0-63 | — |0-8z |o-9T Jo-9¢ | — | 0-6¢ Ant?) 66 ‘11 'S6 |\-omepy ‘aoavyeg * eT[OsoTT “uroa ATPASHTS Y}OOL, |0-3E |-08 |0-99 |9-6T jo-e¢ | —- 3-es I-st lp-ze | — | 0-99 | — 2 | T 6 IT 'S6 \-3e0q3aneW ‘oyIAuouryy : couvag | 1 “SIIJSOATIS SII}SOATIS “Ly Sree, ame eb a) i] | ro e901 2 ss gS BS \ 23/85) Sy N $ “STOT}BAIOSqO. Ee a2 a ge Be a8 | Bs ee ee ae a8 a5 “xg *19qQuUIN NT “AqITCOO'T Pe fee ‘VaaVS ‘I ANV SIYLSHATIS SITHA AO SLNANWAUOSVAN IVINVUO 467 “adky, x ra) 60+9955/.0-L855] 2 %99SBY OTT ; * 4 fos] ‘ ‘ 18-88 0-TE 0-79 0-06 [0-88 |O-LE |0-G3 |S-6T 10-78 \o-TF | FTL | 0-68 | 9 | T'L'st ‘es | - * snqeizeg : vIuIpreg a ‘epres “J ‘u1om ATyqsys “* 10.88 [0-98 |F-FL |F-3S [0-96 | — |S-EE /9-B3 |8-1e | — | 9-64 | BE-OT T'8 "e's o et a ‘« F- FS |0-TE [0-69 |9-AT [0-08 (0-8 [0-43 |F-9T [5-1 |F-oP | 8-39 | FFB } $8 9° of ss ‘UI0M you“ — |F-€8 | — {6-06 |P-88 |0-LE |8-L6 |0-6T [0-63 |0-SF | F-TL | FEE 2 G6 '9'G Me , Pe — : ; : : hats : * -eajanyy S uo APY 81s ¥-GE l0-G@ [0-69 |F-00 0-8 0-66 |9-T6 |0-8 |G-L> | F-9L | FE6 P | «TF OL ey game 0900 * 9-PE |8-BE |9-G9 (0-06 |9-E6 | — |8-LB |9-6T JO-88 |FGF | F-3L = = ‘ —- BUALOY[ BITEIG : uTvdg . "BISSOPIE} SINSIATIS +47 ‘ulom you =‘ |F.63 19-43 [0-09 |F-9T [8-63 10-48 |8-Es |O-ST |9-F8 0-FF | F-E9 | B-BB & | S'Se't pe | * SSOUIOAUT 4 ‘“ 8-S& |F-O8 |F-B9 |8-8T 0-TE j0-98 |0-9z |0-6T |F-Ge 0O-€F | 0-29 | 0-06 | 69 | T8‘es'6'6L| ° puetreyng ss ‘““ |9-3E |0-08 /0-19 |3-8ST |9-1TE (0-98 |9-F% |F-8T 9-58 |F-oP 1 F-F9 | O-“8 | 2 | Fes'Te | - eS ‘uiom ATQqSTs ‘‘ |p.3E 19-63 [0-9 (0-91 |F-TE [0-48 (0-S% |9-8T |9-Fe |\8-EF | 0-99 | 0-28 2 | x8 SST ‘F by OS . ‘* 10-8 |F-08 0-09 |O-LT |F-TE 0-96 [0-94 |O-LT [0-48 [F-TF | O-T9 | 0-98 | 2 | sow te |: BH *‘UIOM JOU TIEIT, |9-EE G-OG |G-E9 |9-6T |9-TE |8-9E |0-9% [8-61 |9.ce |8-cF | 8-49 | 0-68 | 9 | ‘20g ‘Joos | ° “SSOTIOAUT : PUBTJOOg eiduresd siysaayis ‘7 468 CARNIVORA Remarks.—The Andalusian form of Felis silvestris is well characterized by its large teeth and rather dark colour. 1. Coto Dofiana, Huelva, A. Chapman (c & Pp). 7.6.4.1. Spain. (Type of subspecies.) 1. Coto Dofiana, Huelva. A. Chapman (P). 8. 3.8.1. 6, ?. Andalucia, (Chapman.) Dr. E. Hamilton (p). 2. 6. 3. 2-3. FELIS SARDA Lataste. 1885. [Felis ibyca] var. sarda Lataste, Actes Soc. Linn., Bordeaux, xxxIx, “p. 231 (p. 109 of reprint), September, 1885. Type in Lataste collection. 1896. Felis mediterranea Martorelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sci. Nat., Milano XXXV, p. 266, January, 1896 (Sardinia). 1910. Felis ocreata sarda Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 101. Type locality.—Sarrabus, Sardinia. Geographical distribution—Sardinia, and according to Mar- torelli portions of the mainland of western Italy. Diagnosis.—Differs from Felis silvestris and resembles the African F. ocreata in the shorter fur and more slender tail (average length of hairs at middle about 30 mm. instead of 40 mm.); hairs of median dorsal line slightly elongated and stiffened, forming a faint ridge or rudimentary mane; dark markings obsolete, the back and sides greyish or brownish, without definite stripes. Colour.—Underfur drab-grey through basal half, the terminal half of hairs ochraceous-buff. Pale annulations nearly white. The pale annulations and black tips form a clear grey grizzle in which the ochraceous-buff scarcely appears except when fur is disarranged. Pale annulations on elongated dorsal hairs dull buff, giving this region a brownish cast noticeably different from sides, but not producing any suggestion of the clearly defined stripe characteristic of the members of the silvestris group. No stripes on nape, shoulders or sides, but the position of the typical markings faintly indicated by shadings in the grizzle. Dark markings on legs as in the silvestris group. Back of ear yellowish clay-colour, the extreme tip black. Feet pale, dull buff above, black below. Inner surface of hind legs bright ochraceous-buff, fading toward buff on chest and anterior portion of belly. Dark mottling on chest moderately distinct. Tail with well defined black tip, but with other markings obscure, the general effect essentially like mid-dorsal area. Skull.—The skull closely resembles that of Felis silvestris, except that in the few specimens examined the auditory bull are higher and more inflated anteriorly, a difference which may prove to be purely individual. TeethThe teeth are larger than in true Felis silvestris, nearly equalling those of the Spanish form. Measurements.—Type (adult male), from skin: head and FELIS 469 DENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF FELIS SILVESTRIS AND F.. SARDA. Pm Three Locality. Number. | Sex. re apee Lower together. | teeth. F, silvestris silvestris. France: Manonville, Muerthe- sae | ge 1181 | eee fe | Salavon, Haute-Marne | 95.11.5.2| ¢ 18°2 | 21°2]| 8:8 Caterille, Haute -Ga- Mang } 8.7.15.1 | ¢ | 17-6 | 20°2| 8-0 Germany: southern Germany . 1148d | ¢ 166 | 18°8| 8-0 ” ” 1143f 67 17°2 as — Austria-Hungary: Baranza 8.7.7.10 | ¢ 18°8 | 21°8| 8-4 Bulgaria: Varna Andersen | ¢ 17°8 | 21:0 | 8:2 Greece: near Athens 47, 7.22.2| — 19°4 | 22°41] 8:8 % F. silvestris grampia. Scotland: no exact locality 5.10.12.1} — 17°6 | 20°8} 8:0 es 5 114d — | 18-0 | 20-4] 8:0 Sutherland 79.9.25.81| 36?} 18°4 | 21°6) 8:4 Fort William . 99.2.9.1 é 17-4 | 21:0; 8-0 Inverness-shire Zool. Soc. | ¢ 18'0 | 21:0] 8:2 i 4.1.95.2 | 3 | 18°6 | 21:2} 8-0 $3 4,1,25.3*| 6 16°8 | 21:0] 8:0 a 4,1.25.4 | 3 | 18:0 | 21-0} 8-0 - 98.12.26.1| ¢ | 17°6 | 21:0] 8-0 a 4.1.25.5 | 16°6 | 19-8] 7°8 53 6.12.18.1| ¢ 16°8 | 19:0] 7:8 F, silvestris tartessia. Spain: Sierra Morena -- _ 19°0 | 22:4! 9-2 Coto Dofiana, Huelva . | 7.6.4.1* é 19°8 | 23°6| 9-4 ®& 5 a 2.6.3.2 é 19°8 — — 55 34 2. 6. 3.3 g 19°8 | 28°4 }10°0 4 9 8.3.81 | — 2070 | 22°8 | 9-2 F, sarda. Sardinia: Sarrabus 88.12.1.1 | 6 19°4 | 22:2) 9°0 * Type. 470 CARNIVORA body, 600; tail, 300; hind foot, 124. For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 466 and 469. Specimens examined.—Sixteen, all from Sardinia (B.M., Turin, Genoa, and Lataste). g. Ogliastra, Sardinia, (Dr. O. Thomas (Pr). 0. 5. 24, 1. Wolterstor ff.) é. Sarrabus. Marquis G. Doria(p). 88.12. 1. 1. 1. Sardinia. Purchased (Linnza, 86. 7. 10. 1. Berlin.) FELIS AGRIUS Bate. 1906. Felis ocreata agrius Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1905, 11, p. 317, April 3, 1906. 1910. Felis ocreata agrius Trouessart, Faune Mamm., d’Europe, p. 102. Type locality.—Crete. Geographical distribution.—Crete. Diagnosis.—Similar to Felis sarda, but paler and more yellow in general colour, and dark markings of shoulders and back less obsolete. Colour—The elements of the colour are essentially as in Felis sarda, but the ochraceous-buff of underfur is not so dark, and the black tips and annulations of the longer hairs are not so extensive. As a result, the general colour is a yellowish grey, made up chiefly of a mixture of the ochraceous-buff and the whitish sub-terminal annulations, very slightly darkened by the black. While there are no black markings on body or legs, the longitudinal shoulder stripes and dorsal stripe, as well as the transverse lateral stripes, are clearly indicated, when fur is smooth, by brownish shades. Tail with black tip and two or three black sub-terminal rings. Outer surface of ear dull buffy clay-colour, becoming blackish at tip. Feet buffy above, darker and somewhat clouded with blackish below. Inner surface of hind legs and middle of chest light: ochraceous-buff; belly slightly darker than in Felis sarda, the mottling obsolete. Skull and teeth not known. Specimens examined.—Two skins, both from Crete. 2. Kanea, Crete. Miss D. Bate (c). 5. 12. 2. 14-15. (5. 12, 2.15. Type of species.) Genus LYNX Kerr. 1792. Lynx Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Systematic catalogue inserted between pages 32 and 33. (Type by tautonymy Lynx vulgaris Kerr = Felis lynx Linneus.) 1821. Lynceus Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 302, April 1, 1821 (Felis lyne Linneus). 1829. Pardina Kaup, Entw.-Gesch. u. Natiirl. Syst. Europ. Thierwelt, 1, p. 53 (Felts pardina Temminck = Lynx pardellus Miller). LYNX 471 1834. Lynchus Jardine, Naturalists’ Library, Mamun., 11, p. 274 (Felis lynx Linnzus). 1857. Lynx Blasius, Siiugethiere Deutschlands, p. 161 (Sub-genus of Felis). 1867. Cervaria Gray, Proc. Zool. -‘Soc., London, p. 276 (Lyncus pardinus = Lynx pardellus Miller; type fixed by Miller and Rehn, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xxx, p. 199, December 27,1901). Not of Walker, 1866. 1903. Hucervaria Palmer, Science, N.S., xvit, p. 873, May 29, 1903 (Substi- tute for Cervaria Gray). Type species.—Felis lynx Linnzeus. Geographical distribution.—Northern forested portions of both Old and New Worlds; in Europe south to the Mediterranean coast and west to the Atlantic (perhaps within historic times to Great Britain). Characters.—Similar to Felis but without small upper pre- molar, form heavier and less typically feline, ears tufted. Remarks.—As in the case of the genus Felis the limits of the genus Lynx are not clearly understood. As here restricted the group includes about a dozen named, but for the most part imperfectly known forms peculiar to the Northern Hemisphere. Two of them occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN SPECIES OF LYNX. Length of lower cheek-teeth together about 35 mm.; skull relatively long and low, the interorbital convexity moderate; back and sides never thicklye spotted, usually without dark markings; cheeks not conspicuously whiskered (Northern and cen- tral Europe) ......ccceceetcceesescessseateseeeersesseeseee Dy Lyne, p. 471. Length of lower cheek-teeth together about 30 mm. ; skull relatively short and deep, the interorbital convexity abrupt; back and sides thickly spotted (Iberian Peninsula) ..............:ceeee itccsteshgasealan asin L. pardellus, p. 475. LYNX LYNX Linneus. 1758. [Felis] lynx Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 43 (Sweden). 1792. Lyna vulgaris Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Systematic catalogue inserted between pp. 82 and 33; described, p. 157. 1792. Lynz vulgaris alba Kerr, Anim, Kingd., Systematic catalogue inserted between pp. 32 and 83; described, p. 157 (Forests of Sweden). 1792. ? Lyna vulgaris melina Kerr, Anim. Kingd., Systematic catalogue inserted between pp. 32 and 33; described, p. 157 (Banks of the Volga near Cazan, Russia). 1798. Flelis] borealis Thunberg, Beskrifning pi Svenske Djur, Mamm., p. 14 (Heavy forests of northern Sweden). 1798. Felis kattlo Schrank, Fauna Boica, 1, p. 52 (Bohemia). 1820. Felis lyncula Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, p. 14 (Wooded and moun- tainous regions of Scandinavia). 1825. Felis lupulinus Thunberg, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wissensch., Miinchen, Ix, p. 189 (Northern Scandinavia). 1825. Felis vulpinus Thunberg, Denkschr. k. Akad. Wissensch., Miinchen, 1x, p. 192 (Near Upsala, Sweden), 472 CARNIVORA 1829. Felis virgata Nilsson, Iilum. Fig. Skand. Fauna, pls. 3 and 4 (Wooded and mountainous portions of Sweden). 1857. Felis lynx Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 173. 1870. Lyna cervaria Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch., Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lx, Abth. 1, p. 208 (Not Felis cervaria Temminck, 1827). 1904. [Lyn] lyna Trouessart, Catal, Mamm., Suppl., p. 276. 1910. Lynx lynx Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 103. Type locality.— Near Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution.—W ooded portions of Europe from the extreme north to the Alps and Pyrenees, and from the Atlantic coast eastward. Now practically exterminated except in the wilder portions of the Scandinavian Peninsula. Diagnosis.—Length of lower cheek-teeth together about 35 mm. ; skull relatively long and low, the interorbital convexity moderate ; back and sides néver thickly spotted, usually without dark markings; cheeks not conspicuously whiskered ; underfur dense and woolly. External characters.—Form heavier and more dog-like than in Felis silvestris, the legs relatively longer and feet more robust, the tail decidedly less than half as long as head and body. Ear conspicuously tufted at tip, and hairs on side of head below ear and behind angle of jaw somewhat elongated. Digits and tubercles as in Felis silvestris, the claw on thumb especially well developed, the horny excrescence on palm near wrist wider at base ; hairy covering of both palm and sole woolly rather than velvety in texture. Tail shorter than hind foot. Underfur everywhere densely woolly. Colour.— Upper parts and sides varying from yellowish brown to brownish grey, the back usually frosted by white hair-tips except along median region, and sometimes rather thickly sprinkled, especially in immature individuals, with small black spots or short streaks tending to arrange themselves in about five longitudinal rows, but spotting never so conspicuous as in Lyna pardellus. Head like back, the face with a few indistinct longitudinal dark streaks ; a whitish eye ring about 5 mm. wide interrupted in front and behind ; median portion of upper eyelid black; a small black spot on side of head below ear; inner surface of ear whitish ; outer surface like crown on basal half, but posterior border and tip, including pencil, black, the inter- mediate region whitish; contrast of whitish area sometimes heightened by a dark shade along its lower border. Underparts ranging from whitish to pale bluff. Feet intermediate between back and belly ; front of forearm and of thigh usually with afew black or dark brown specks ; tail and posterior surface of thigh somewhat darker than upper parts, often with a slight rusty tinge, the tip of tail black. Underfur usually brownish or buffy to extreme base, but occasionally grey. Skull.—-The skull of Lyna: lynx differs in general aspect from LYNX : 473 that of Felis silvestris in much greater size and massiveness (condylobasal length of skull in adult males exceeding 140 mm.) Fie. 99. Lynx lynx. xX 3. and relatively wider interorbital region (interorbital breadth fully equal to diameter of orbit); the zygomata are, however, 474 CARNIVORA somewhat less abruptly spreading. Dorsal profile convex throughout, somewhat more so in front than behind, essentially as in Felis silvestris. Other general features so nearly as in the wild cat as to require no detailed description. A few details, however, are peculiar. Auditory bulle relatively smaller than in Felis silvestris, the space between them fully as wide as bulla, the surface less closely applied to mastoid and _ paroccipital processes. Postorbital process seldom, if ever, becoming ligulate, the apex remaining sharply pointed. Anteorbital foramen about as large as in Felis silvestris, therefore relatively smaller, its position slightly more posterior, over posterior root of pm? or space between roots of pm? and carnassial. Nasal branch of premaxillary very narrow, its width at front of nasal barely one-fifth that of nasal in same region. Incisive foramina opposite middle of canine, their anterior border not reaching level of space between canines and incisors. Lateral emargina- tion of posterior border of palate very slight, extending scarcely to level of front of molar. External pterygoid process reduced to a mere ridge. Mandible with coronoid process relatively shorter than in Felis silvestris, the distance from alveolus of molar to extremity of process about equal to that from back of molar to middle of canine; angular process rather noticeably bent inward. Teeth—In general structure, number and arrangement of cusps the teeth exactly resemble those of Felis silvestris, except that the posterior border of m, is distinctly oblique and armed with a minute though evident basal cusp slightly above the rudimentary cingulum. All the cheek-teeth are relatively longer, lower, wider, and less trenchant than in the wild cat, and the cingulum at posterior border of lower premolars is fre- quently less distinct, scarcely forming a cusp. Measurements.—Adult from Valais, Switzerland (skin) : head and body, 800+; tail, 1104; pencil, 30. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 478. Specimens examined.—Thirteen, from the following localities :— Norway: No exact locality, 3. SwepDEN: No exact locality, 2 (B.M. and U.S.N.M,). LapuanD: No exact locality, 1 (Genoa). SWITZERLAND: Near Geneva, 3 (Geneva); Alpes Vaudoises, 1 (Geneva) ; Valais, 1 (Geneva). A Iraty: Piedmont Alps, 2 (Genoa). Remarks.—The material seen is insufficient to form the basis of any discussion of the local races of the European Lynx. 1. Sweden. Purchased. (Brandt.) 51. 11. 8. 16. st. Norway. Zoological Society’s 55. 12. 24. 273. Museum. 1. Norway. Zoological Society’s 58. 5. 4. 63. Museum. 1. Norway. Zoological Society’s 69. 10. 19. 16. Menagerie. LYNX 475 LYNX PARDELLUS Miller. 1827. Felis pardina Temminck, Monogr. de Mamm., 1, p. 116 (Near Lisbon, Portugal). Not Lyna pardina Oken, 1816. 1907. Lynx pardella Miller, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., xx, p. 398, November, 1907 (Coto Dojiana, Huelva, Spain). Type in British Museum. 1910. Lynx (Eucervaria) pardella Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 105. Type locality—Coto Dofiana, Huelva, Spain. Geographical distribution.—Iberian Peninsula. Diagnosis.—Length of lower cheek-teeth together about 30 mm.; skull relatively short and deep, the interorbital convexity conspicuous and abrupt; back and sides always densely spotted ; cheeks noticeably whiskered. External characters—Form less robust than in Lynx lyna, but not differing in essential details. Underfur not densely woolly. Elongated hairs on sides of head below ears forming conspicuous pointed tufts 50 to 80 mm. in length, separated from each other along median line by a narrow area of ordinary fur. Colour.—Underfur pale buff at base, the hairs becoming pale, dull tawny on distal half. Longer hairs buffy at base, black at tip, each with a whitish sub-terminal annulation about 5 mm. long. Ground colour above a fine mixture of the whitish and dull tawny, very uniform throughout body, neck, outer surface of fore leg and entire hind leg. On face it becomes greyish, and on feet there is usually a wash of cream-buff. In the more usual type of coloration the entire back and sides are closely sprinkled with rounded black spots, mostly about 10 mm. or less in diameter, the spots tending to become confluent so as to suggest two longitudinal dorsal stripes, and also though less clearly several transverse stripes on sides and shoulders. Although it is impossible to count the spots along back, there are evidently more than twenty-five between base of tail and most distinctly indicated transverse stripe on shoulder. On legs the spots become slightly larger, and on neck smaller and less distinct. In a less usual colour phase the spots are much larger and less numerous, many of those on back 20 mm. in diameter, the number between tail and most distinct shoulder stripe only about a dozen. Under- parts creamy-white, heavily blotched with black on belly ; throat more buffy, its spots very small ; interramial space nearly white. A V-shaped black mark, open in front, extends from hinder portion of interramial space to ends of whiskers. Inner surface of fore legs like chest ; a heavy black band at elbow and a faint one at wrist and at middle of upper arm. Whiskers mixed black and white. Ear and its long pencil black, the conch buffy along the anterior rim and at base, the posterior rim greyish at base, then with a black line 5 mm. wide parallel to edge. A broad, sub-triangular grey area on back of ear. Inner surface clothed 476 CARNIVORA with long creamy-white hairs. Tail like back above, clear, light buffy below, the entire tip (about 40 mm.) black; a few lack spots on upper surface which tend to arrange themselves in three transverse bands. Fia. 100. Lynx pardellus. X% h. Skull.—The skull of Lynx pardellus differs conspicuously from that of L. lynx and Felis silvestris in the high, flattened inter- orbital region and anterior portion of brain-case, and abruptly 477 LYNX sloping rostrum, the two surfaces forming an evident angle in dorsal profile ranging from 40° to 50°. Aside from this very noticeable peculiarity in general form the skull agrees with that of L. lynaz in all of the special features in which the latter differs from that of the wild cat. The ridge representing the external pterygoid process appears to be somewhat better developed, however, than in L. lynx. Temporal ridges rarely if ever uniting to form a sagittal crest in front of region of interparietal. Teeth.—The teeth are intermediate in form between those of Lynx lynw and Felis silvestris. Cingulum at posterior border of lower premolars obsolete as in L. lyna, but posterior border of m, nearly as vertical as in Felis silvestris, and without secondary cusp or evident cingulum. Crowns relatively a little narrower and more trenchant than in Lynx lyna, but less so than in the wild cat, their length relatively as great as in the lynx. Measurements.—Two males from Coto Dofana, Huelva, Spain (skins): head and body, 880 and 930; tail, 125 and 130; hind foot, 170 and 180; ear from meatus, 73 and 80; pencil, 30 and 55. For cranial and dental measurements see Tables, pp. 478, 479. Specimens excamined.—Highteen, from the following localities in Spain : Old Castile, no exact locality, 1; Sierra Morena, Cordova, 3; near Seville, 3; Jerez de la Frontera, 1; Coto Dofiana, 8; Andalucia, no exact locality, 1; no exact locality, 1. : Remarks.—Specimens in the two colour phases differ so noticeably from each other as to suggest the existence of distinct forms; and as yet I have seen no skins which could not at once be referred to one or the other. The two occur together, how- ever, and there are no correlated peculiarities in the skulls and teeth. g: Old Castile, Spain. Lord Lilford (P). 94. 6.11.1. Ls Sierra Morena, Cordova. Capt.S.E.Widdring- 42. 2. 26. 1. ton (c & P). 26. Sierra Morena, Cordova. Lord Lilford (P). 89. 8. 27,1. 94. 6.11.1. 1 Seville. Lord Lilford (P). 74. 10. 7.1. 6. Seville. (Dr. A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (P). 95. 9. 4. 1. 1. Jerez de la Frontera, A. Williams (c & P). 7. 12.10, 1. 2. Coto Dojiana, Huelva. J. P. Gassiot (c & Pp). 72. 10, 26. 1-2 head, st. Coto Dofiana, Huelva. A. Williams (c& pr). 3.3. 16.1. 246,29. Coto Dofiana, Huelva. A, Chapman (c & P). . see a 1-2. . 8, 8, 2-3, (4.12. 12.2. Type of species.) 1. Coto Dofiana, Huelva. B.F. Buck (c&p). 7.6.4.2. st. Andalucia. B. F. Buck (c & P). 6. 9.16.1 1. Spain. Lord Lilford (P). 74.9.4.1 Note.—A lynx from Nuoro, Sardinia, has recently been described by Mola (Boll. Soc. Zool. Ital., Roma, 2d ser., 1x, p. 48, 1908) as Lyna sardiniz. The more important characters CARNIVORA 478 ‘arom ATYWSITS oe 6“ 6a “ce ““c 6c “cc ‘MIOM jou =< ‘atom ATQSTS — “ ‘UIOM JOU Y499J, 6 8-9F |0-TF |z-26 8-09 | — |9-6F | — j6-8¢ |6-ae |F-a> [0-26 &-PP |8-8¢ [0-98 |0-2¢ |F-98 jo-e% | — |0-9¢ |0-Te |a-€F jo-36 9-€F |0-68 [0-28 0-99 10-96 \0-9F |0-9F |9-ZE |F-L [0-68 [0-06 3-6F |G-ZF [6-26 0-29 @-L6 |8-8% | — [0-68 |F-08 |P-86 [8-66 9-9% |F-OF |0-16 (0-69 0-86 |9-CF [0-L% 0-98 |0-TE |F-TF [0-96 G-9F |S-68 [0-98 0-L¢ [0-16 |0-LF 0-6F [0-98 [8-62 |0-TF [0-26 B-€F |6-68 [0-68 G-L9 (0-93 |o-tF | — |g-e¢ [9-Te |8-aF [9-76 9-GF |0-0F [0-88 0-89 [0-90 |F-SF 0-LF 0-98 [2-TE |0-aF [0-26 oun [0-08 bee [— [= [= fe pa |p F-GP (0-88 |F-88 0-99 0-9 |F-BF [0-97 [0-48 [9-20 |9-TF [0-16 O-LP |0-TF [8-64 9-9¢ 0-26 |5-8F G-SF 'F-98 (0-96 [0-GF |F-¥8 — lo.c6|— 9.09 [0.22 [¢-¢ 0-26 0-08 |0-ze (0-0F |0-00T F-LG |0-6F |0-60T0-F9 (0-1 0-8F |0-SF G-TF |8-E |0-OF |8-OTT F-LP 0-GF |0-6L 0-99 |F-18 [0-68 (0-€F |F-8e |F-€s |0-0F F-38 8-89 |6-To /F-80T0-69 9-18 |8-8F |F-6F B-EF |0-98 [8-18 9-FOr 0-60T 0-66T 0-8FT 0-80T 8-8PT “SUOT}VAIESqO Sg an a oO 4 co Ont Q or ot bo} J n ° SF/5E/ 8 |ee/ ER) E fy | ae) 22] ef] 28 = S @& fel ‘s £8 2 | 8e@ | 4a] 6 pa | Sk 2 | 8a | es 2 By is -|8&s | #5] se ae}se| 2 B8i/ee|/e | g8)/8s 1/58) 63) Bs cof} o8 Ss Se | ES ® © =o ao) fe) $e 5 = ano =] a 5 =5 2a @ F mo uo Be p os ]/ os =A 4 : c i= aA g @a)}58/ 5&6 ° as | = welt F yysue[ yeseqo[Apuon On Oe OF $0 40 06 «5 70 10 OF OF £0 rant "xg i | { | i | *. aga HPO of O35 aaa Sea) oS Beato A a7 “SO Sorte Bide . dd ag Om les de naa Relies) Simon’ ao H ef * euegod 0409 - * gerep * 9][laeg avou BUdIO] VIIOIG *" @T14889 PIO : uredg ‘snyjapred xuA-7 } i ‘ a \ 2 . pUelIEeZJIMg We . a . “ FE0T } SS 2 aes : sxud] xuf-] “Aq ROOT “JOQUINN ‘SaTTaCY Yd “T UNV XNAT XNAT JO SLNAWAYOASVEAN IVINVUO LYNX 479 * DENTAL MEASUREMENTS OF LYNX LYNX AND L. PARDELLUS. | Upper ae Lower | Lower Locality. Number, Sex. | car- 4 |cheek-| car- nassial. touethen” teeth. | nassial. Lynx lynx. 1034 : : ; Sweden wf { vsxu} 6? | 18:6| 30:8 | 37-6/ 16-0 " $. oo. BM. |juv.| — | 99-0 | — | 15°6 ; 668. 32 : : é ; Switzerland { aoe } 6? | 19:4] 31:0 | 37-2) 15-0 228. 87 : : ‘i { pee } eg) dere | set | ae te 5 ¢ { a } juv.| 17°70) — — 14:0 Lynx pardellus, Spain: Old Castile . | 94.6.11.1/ @ | 14:4] 28:8 | 27:0] 12-4 Sierra Morena | 42.2.26.1 | juv.| 15°4 | 26°0 | 30°8| 13°6 4 5s 89.8.27.1/ & | 16:0] 26-2 | 80-8] 18-0 near Seville . | 95.9.4.1 3 14:8 | 25:0 | 3070} 12°8 Jerez . .| 7.12101] 6?) 14:0] 23-6 | 28:4) 12 a ise) Coto Dofiana . |72.10.26.1) 5? | 14°6| 24:4 | 29°6 ” ” > 7.6.4.2 3 14:4 | 24-0 | 28°8 be oH wo 8.3.8.2 é 16:0 | 27:0 | 32°6 ” ” . |4.12.12.2*| @ 15°0 | 25°0 ” ” .| 83.8.3 g 14:2 | 24:2 28:8 12° bo oO bo a bh to to » © FB DS © © © ” ” : 152618 6? | 14°6; 24:6 | 28°8° roe wo ” 152619 é 16:2] 26:4 | 30°8 * Type. 480 CARNIVORA mentioned are as follows: Length of head and body, 1000 mm. , tail, 330; height, about 350; cheeks distinctly whiskered, and ears tufted ; back reddish, the dorsal area almost forming a band (fascia) ; sides reddish grey ; head, neck, shoulder and fignks with reddish brown or greyish brown spots ; legs with transverse tawny (fulvo) stripes; tail with black tip and three black sub-terminal rings ; head with black stripe on each side beginning at mouth (fauci) and passing back through eye to side of neck ; ear tawny inside, reddish outside ; tending toward black below, the pencil (about 30 mm. long) reddish tending toward black ; underparts and inner surface of legs dirty white with a reddish tinge. RODENTIA 481 OrpER RODENTIA. 1758. Glires Linneus, Syst. Not. 1, 10th ed., p. 56 (part). 1827. Rodentia Griffith, Cuvier’s Animal Kingdom, Mamm., 111, p. 61. Geographical distribution—Continents and larger islands of the entire world, New Zealand and the Antarctic excepted.* Characters.—Terrestrial (occasionally semi-aquatic) placental mammals, incapable of true flight (4 parachute-like membrane present in certain groups) ; feet unguiculate ; dentition consisting of 1=1 functional scalpriform incisors (a second pair of minute, terete, non-trenchant incisors present in upper jaw in the Duplicidentata) growing from a persistent pulp, and a row of from two to six tuberculate or laminate cheek-teeth, the crowns of which show no distinct traces of tuberculo-sectorial structure ; canines absent; a wide diastema between incisors and cheek- teeth. Remarks.—The members of the order Rodentia are imme- diately recognizable by the peculiarities of their dentition, no near approach to which is found in any other group of living mammals. They are all relatively small animals, the largest member of the group, the South American Hydrocherus hydro- cheris, attaining a weight of only about 50 kg., while the largest European species, the beaver, is less than half this size. In structure they show variety exceeded by the Insectivora only, while in number of genera and species they far surpass all other groups of mammals. About thirty families are recognized among living rodents, eleven of these occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FAMILIES OF RODENTIA. Upper incisors 2-2, the enamel extending to pos- terior surface; incisive foramina very large, confluent; bony palate much shorter than mesopterygoid space; fibula articulating with caleaneum (Hares and Rabbits)............0+0 ... Leporide, p. 484. Upper incisors 1-1, the enamel confined to the front surface; incisive foramina moderate or small, distinct; bony palate longer than mesopterygoid space; fibula not articulating with calcaneum. * Members of the genera Mus and Oryctolagus are now artificially estab- lished on many of the remote islands from which the order was naturally absent. 21 482 RODENTIA Anterior portion of zygomatic arch formed chiefly by the jugal bone ; infraorbital foramen small. Skull without postorbital processes; molars rootless; tail broad and flat (Beavers) ....... Skull with postorbial processes; molars rooted ; tail terete. Fore and hind leg not joined by a fold of skin (Squirrels) .........cccsseceeseeeeeeseree ees Fore and hind leg joined by a fold of skin acting as a parachute (Flying Squirrels). Anterior portion of zygomatic arch not formed chiefly by the jugal bone; infraorbital fora- men large. Jugal bone not supported by long zygomatic process of maxillary: mandible with angular part arising from outer side of alveolus of incisor; tibia and fibula dis- tinct ; body covered with long quills (nasal and frontal regions of skull in European genus conspicuously inflated) (Potcupities), siicevsscsecsenncsrsanesievesgsatevares: Jugal bone supported by long zygomatic pro- cess of maxillary; mandible with angular part arising from under side of alveolus of incisor; tibia and fibula joined; body not covered with quills. Lachrymal and malar bones in contact; ante- orbital foramen much wider below than above, its inner border with conspicuous, nearly closed secondary canai............... Lachrymal and malar bones not in contact; anteorbital foramen not wider below than above, its inner border without secondary canal. External form excessively modified for underground life; skull wedge-shaped, the supraoccipital sloping forward to middle of brain-case, its area much greater than that of parietals (Mole- TALS) ....ccceeceeeres Neda ndieevacarcaaveausovswises External form not specially modified for underground life; skull not wedge- shaped, the supraoccipital vertical or nearly so, confined to back of brain-case, its area much less than that of parietals. Cheek-teeth (in European genera) 4; cecum absent (Dormice)................ Cheek-teeth (in European genera) 3; CHCUM PLOSeNb........cecevceccseeeveeveeees Molars prismatic, hypsodont, usually rootless, their crowns flat (Voles and Lemmings)..........ccesscseeeeeenes Molars tuberculate, brachyodont, rooted. Tubercles on crowns cf upper molars arranged in two longitudinal BETIOS, ,...sc0.eesesscessececnerscassenes Tubercles on crowns of upper molars arranged in three longitudinal BELIES .......0008 Go deeteatentntaatuss Castoridzx, p. 947. Sciuride, p. 897. Petauristidx, p. 940. Hystricide, p. 542. Zapodidex, p. 535. Spalacidex, p. 887. Muscardinidz, p. 549. Muridz, p. 591. Microtine, p. 610. Cricetine, p. 592. Murine, p. 791. DUPLICIDENTATA 483 ARTIFICIAL KEY TO EUROPEAN MEMBERS OF RODENT FAMILIES. (Based exclusively on the teeth.) Incisors 2; cheek-teeth 4 saneat Sa BMAD NUNS OEs e aside nanins Leporidz, p. 484. Incisors |; ; cheek-teeth not more than ©. Cheek-teeth = Crowns of mandibular cheek-teeth with con- spicuous median concavity ...........cccceceeee Sciuridx, p. 897. Crowns of mandibular cheek-teeth without conspicuous median concavity... ...........608 Petauristide, p. 940. Cheek-teeth less than — Cheek-teeth +4. Cheek-teeth brachyodont, rooted .............0006 Muscardinidx, p. 549. Cheek-teeth hypsodont, rootless. Enamel foldings transverse only............6.. Castoridx, p. 947. Enamel foldings transverse, oblique and longitudinal .............cccceseseesseseeesnenes Hystricidex, p. 542. Cheek-teeth less than = Cheek-teeth Oo... .scsessccssceessessssesseeesseess Zapodide, p. 535. Cheek-teeth ¥%. Enamel foldings sigmoid ..... ... .. Spalacidx, p. 887. Enamel foldings not sigmoid............ «.. Muride, p. 591. Cheek-teeth hypsodont, prismatic.......... Microtine, p. 610. Cheek-teeth brachyodont, tubercular. Tubercles of upper molars arranged in two Main LOWS .......eceeeeeeee eee Cricetine, p. 592. Tubereles of upper molars arranged in three main rows............ se perenss Murine, p. 791. Sus-Orper DUPLICIDENTATA. 1811. Duplicidentata Illiger, Prodr. Syst. Mamm. et Avium, p. 91 Geographical distribution.—Essentially that of the order Rodentia except that it does not include Madagascar or Australia. One genus now almost universally distributed in the warmer por- tions of both hemispheres as the result of artificial introduction. Characters—Upper incisors 2-2, their enamel covering extending to posterior surface, the second tooth minute, sub- terete, without cutting edge; distance between mandibular tooth-rows much less than that between maxillary tooth-rows, only one pair of rows capable of opposition at the same time, the motion of the jaws in mastication consequently lateral ; premolars #3; incisive foramina very large, confluent posteriorly; bony palate reduced to a narrow bridge lying mostly between the premolars ; facial portion of maxillary cribriform or incomplete ; fibula articulating with the calcaneum. Remarks.—The well defined sub-order* Duplicidentata contains * Not improbably an order distinct from the Rodentia, as there is reason to believe that the resemblances between the two groups are the result of convergence rather than of relationship. — 21 484 RODENTIA two families, the Leporide and Ochotonide. Only the former, including the hares and rabbits, is represented in Europe. Famity LEPORID A. 1821. Leporide Gray, London Med. Repos., xv, p. 304, April 1, 1821. 1857. Leporina Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 409. 1897. Lagide Schulze, Helios, xtv, p. 82. Geographical distribution.—As in the sub-order Duplicidentata. Characters.—Palatal bridge formed chiefly by the maxillary bone ; supraoccipital processes present; auditory bulle rather small, not inflated with spongy tissue; clavicle rudimentary ; hind legs elongated. Remarks.—The members of the family Leporide are now arranged in ten genera,* two of which occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN GENERA OF LEPORIDZ. Mesopterygoid region narrow, the width of space imme- diately behind palate much less than least longi- tudinal diameter of palate; postorbital processes (except in domestic races) slender, not distinctly triangular in outline (Rabbits)......0....cseseeceeneee Oryctolagus, p. 484. Mesopterygoid region broad, the width of space imme- diately behind palate greater than least longi- tudinal diameter of palate; postorbital processes robust, their outline distinctly triangular (Hares) Lepus, p. 495. Genus ORYCTOLAGUS Lilljeborg. 1758. Lepus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 57 (part). 1857. Lepus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 410 (part). 1867. Cuniculus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 8rd ser., xx, p. 225 (Not of Brisson, 1762, or Wagler, 1830). Sub-genus of Lepus. 1874. Oryctolagus Lilljeborg, Sveriges og Norges Ryggradsdjur, 1, p. 417 (Sub-genus of Lepus). 1899. Oryctolagus Major, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 2nd ser., Zool., vit, p. 514, November, 1899. Genus (part). 1904. Oryctolagus Lyon, Smithsonian Miscell. Coll., xzv, p. 402, June 15, 1904 (Genus). Type species.—Lepus cuniculus Linneeus. Geographical distribution—Northern Africa and southern and central Europe ; now artificially introduced and established : in many portions of the warmer region of both hemispheres. Characters.—Externally similar to Lepus, but young at birth, blind and essentially naked. Skull differing from that of Lepus in the slender, never distinctly triangular postorbital process, * For the most recent general work on the classification of the group see Lyon: Classification of the Hares and their allies. Smithsonian Miscell. Coll., xxiv, pp. 321-447, June 15, 1904. ORYCTOLAGUS 485 the posterior limb of which (except in certain domestic forms) is always free from cranium, persistence of sutures surrounding interparietal, and the strongly narrowed choanx, the width of which, immediately behind palate, is noticeably less than least length of palate. Teeth essentially as in Lepus, but incisors both above and below less deeply implanted, and course of root of upper tooth not visible on outer surface of premaxillary. Cheek-teeth consisting of enamel cylinders filled with cement and dentine. In m? the cylinder is simple, its cross-section elliptical. In the anterior upper premolar it is also simple, but the anterior border is indented by longitudinal grooves appearing as re-entrant angles on worn surface of crown. In all the other cheek-teeth the cylinder is divided into two seetions by a re-entrant fold arising from inner side of maxillary teeth and from outer side of mandibular teeth, in the former nearly crossing the crown, in the latter completely crossing it, though the two sections remain joined at their inner extremities except in m,, in which they are distinct throughout ;* anterior section of first lower premolar indented by longitudinal grooves on its anterior surface. Remarks.—The genus Oryctolagus contains the domestic rabbits and the wild rabbit of central and southern Europe. In addition to the more technical characters of the group its members are readily distinguishable from the other Leposide, with which they are naturally associated, by the blind, helpless condition of the young at birth. ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS Linnzus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—Northern Africa and southern and central Europe, the details of distribution considerably modified by human agency. Diagnosis.—Size smaller than in the European species of Lepus (the Sardinian Lepus mediterrancus excepted), the hind foot in dry specimens seldom exceeding 90 mm., the occipito- nasal length of skull in largest individuals seldom more than 80 mm., ear from crown (dry) usually 70 to 80 mm., tail, including pencil, about as long as hind foot, its under surface and edge white, its upper surface blackish, usually grizzled with light brown ; general colour above a grizzle of black and light brown ; a distinct, dull buffy nape patch ; ear essentially concolor with back though more finely grizzled, without distinct colour pattern, the outer surface narrowly edged with black at tip ; underparts * The structure of the teeth may be most clearly understood by examining the roots. + This character recurs in the American Sylvilagus and perhaps also in some of the less known genera. 486 RODENTIA and inner surface of legs whitish except for dark inguinal patches and collar. External characters.—The external form is typically leporine, the hind legs noticeably elongated, the ears long and the eyes large; soles of feet covered by a dense brush of somewhat elongated and stiffened hairs which nearly conceal the large, nearly straight claws ; digits, 5-4; front foot with third digit longest, fourth and second successively shorter but not con- spicuously so, fifth with tip of claw barely reaching base of claw of fourth, first much shorter than the others, only the claw projecting from integument of foot, its tip falling decidedly short of level of base of claw of fifth, Mamme: p 1-1, a2—-2=6. Colour.—-Upper parts a coarse grizzle of cream-buff and black, the cream-buff in excess on sides, the black usually in excess on back, especially across loins. On rump the ground colour becomes paler and on outer surface of legs slightly darker and with an evident tinge of clay-colour, though in neither region forming any decided contrast with surrounding parts. On parting the fur of the back it is seen to have five colour bands: (1) a broad grey (about Ridgway No. 6) basal area (13 mm.), the extreme base somewhat. paler ; (2) a brownish band (6 mm.) varying in exact colour between russet and light clay-colour and éccupying terminal portion of underfur ; (3) blackish (2 mm.), not sharply defined below ; (4) cream-buff (8-4 mm.) ; (5) black (2-4 mm.), the last three occupying terminal portion of longer hairs. In addition to the underfur and ordinary longer hairs there are others about 40 mm. in length entirely black on back (except for grey basal area), and black with a cream-buff sub-terminal ring on sides. These longest hairs are never conspicuously different from the general fur as they are in Lepus. Nape patch a clear brown intermediate between russet and clay-colour. Head essentially like back but more finely grizzled, the cheeks not evidently different from back, the pale eyering barely indicated. No light spot between eye and muzzle or betweeneye andear. Muzzle and region from which whiskers spring a clear dull buffy clay-colour, not strongly contrasted with rest of head. Ears not noticeably contrasted with head or back, their colour pattern nearly obsolete, though a faint trace of that so conspicuous in the hares is indicated by a slightly darker line along middle of posterior inner surface, and by a.slight greyish tinge on basal half of posterior outer surface. The black tip is reduced to a mere ill-detined rim, sometimes obsolete and never more than 5 mm. wide, strictly confined to posterior surface. Collar and inguinal patches con- color with sides, the inguinal patches sometimes nearly meeting in median line. Rest of underparts together with inner side of legs buffy white or pale cream-buff. On hind legs the whitish area extends over dorsum of foot to extreme tip of toes, though sometimes suffused with the buffy brown of sides of feet. On ORYCTOLAGUS 487 front legs it does not extend beyond wrist, the dorsal surface of which is occasionally marked with whitish or white. Skull.—General form of skull slender, typically leporine, the rostrum produced, the occipital region strongly bent downward. Dorsal profile essentially straight from tip of nasals to front of brain-case, then slightly convex and strongly deflected to posterior edge of occiput; ventral profile nearly parallel to dorsal profile, but downward curve beginning further forward, about at level of anterior extremity of postorbital process ; occiput flatly truncate at right angles with axis of brain-case, therefore obliquely to main axis of skull. Brain-case short-ovate in outline when viewed from above, its anterior extremity sharply defined by very deep postorbital constriction, its postero-lateral outline somewhat distorted by slightly projecting mastoid and auditory region. Interparietal rhomboidal or ligulate, its length usually about half width. No sagittal crest ; lambdoid crest represented by a low ridge which curves abruptly backward at level of outer extremities of interparietal to form the outline of a sharply detined, somewhat elevated, bony shield lying on dorsal surface of supraoccipital and extending backward to edge of abrupt trunca- tion ; the general outline of this shield is squarish, but the posterior border is occasionally concave and the lateral borders may be convex. Posterior aspect of brain-case a broadly rounded arch slightly wider than high, the conspicuous, elongated paroccipital processes descending below level of lip of large foramen magnum, and closely applied to posterior surface of auditory bulla. Floor of brain-case marked transversely by persistent suture between basioccipital and basisphenoid ; behind this suture the basioccipital widens slightly, then narrows abruptly at front of condyles, its median region with wide longitudinal groove; auditory bulla flask-shaped, moderately inflated, with well developed straight neck, the main axis of bulla nearly parallel with posterior surface of occiput, though directed slightly outward, the sub-circular meatus plainly visible when viewed from above; transverse diameter of bulla about equal to that of basioccipital at region of greatest width between bulle ; height including tube nearly twice transverse diameter, Interorbital region flat, somewhat depressed, its width about equal to that of rostrum a little in front of middle; postorbital process slender, crescentic, bent downward at each extremity, the posterior limb decidedly longer than anterior limb though rarely coming in contact with brain-case ; ; anterior limb occasionally fusing irregularly with frontal, zygoma rather slender, its upper edge narrow throughout and not flattened or everted along anterior half as is usually the case in the European species of Lepus. Rostrum slender, its depth to anterior rim of alveolus of first cheek-tooth noticeably less than distance from latter point to front of incisive foramen, nearly parallel-sided when viewed from the side, tapering slightly when viewed from above or RODENTIA 488 Fig. 101. Oryctolagus cuniculus. Nat. size. ORYCTOLAGUS 489 below ; nasals flattened posteriorly, convex laterally in front, their combined posterior margin deeply emarginate ; nasal branch of premaxillary extending nearly to posterior border of nasal. Outer margin of incisive foramen nearly straight, the outline of the two together narrowly cuneate, the greatest combined breadth about one-third length. Least longitudinal diameter of palate about two-thirds or three-quarters distance between alveoli of anterior premolars. External pterygoid plate well developed. Teeth.—First upper incisor with root extending somewhat more than half way from aveolus to suture between premaxillary and maxillary, its course not distinctly indicated on outer surface of bone; shaft of tooth about one-third greater in lateral diameter than in antero-posterior diameter, its section nearly a parallelogram in outline, though slightly wider internally than externally ; anterior face of tooth with deep, simple groove lying slightly nearer to internal than to external border ; posterior face with wide, shallow longitudinal concavity, the beveled edge abruptly angled near middle. Second incisor elliptical in cross section, flattened antero-posteriorly, the area of its shaft in cross section about one-sixth that of first tooth. Lower incisor with root.extending back nearly or quite to level of front of alveolus of anterior molar, its shaft essentially like that of first upper incisor except that anterior groove aud posterior concavity are absent and beveled edge is nearly flat Anterior upper premolar with crown narrowly elliptical in outline, the anterior border with three re-entrant angles, the second of which is deepest, usually extending to about middle of crown. Anterior lower premolar irregularly squarish in outline, narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, with two deep, rather wide grooves on outer side, a narrow reentrant angle at middle of anterior border and a slight projection at middle of inner border ;+anterior section of tooth decidedly larger than posterior section, its posterior enamel border forming a conspicuous, irregularly folded transverse ridge slightly behind middle of crown. Posterior upper molar essentially like second incisor. Posterior lower molar consisting of a larger elliptical, transversely flattened anterior section, and a smaller posterior subterete section, the enamel of each section forming a complete tube, the area of crown about one-third that of second molar. Second, third, fourth and fifth upper molariform teeth essentially alike, though slightly decreasing in size from before backward, the crown narrowly elliptical, the inner and outer margins notched or flattened (varying according to wear), the re-entrant enamel fold extending from inner border nearly across crown and dividing it into essentially equal halves, its anterior border crenulate. Second, third and fourth lower molariform teeth essentially alike in size and form, the crowns much longer than in the corresponding upper teeth, each con- sisting of two narrowly elliptical sections with very narrow, almost pointed extremities, the anterior section decidedly larger 490 RODENTIA than the posterior, the inner half of anterior border of smaller section broadly applied to middle of posterior border of larger section, the posterior enamel wall of anterior section forming a high, simple transverse ridge completely crossing crown. Remarks.—The well-known European rabbit needs no special comparisons with other members of the fauna. In different parts of its range it is represented by two local races. KEY TO THE SUBSPECIES OF ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS. Occipitonasal length of largest skulls, 78 to 82 mm.; hind foot, 83 to 93 mm. (Central Hurope)........... 0. ¢. ewniculus, p. 490. Occipitonasal length of largest skulls, 71 to 77 mm.; hind foot, 72 to 82 mm. (Mediterranean region, AZOVOSs KC.) s.cciasics steualavinnsalz sive ved dase seinriearorsmsexetnes 0. ¢. husleyi, p. 491. ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS CUNICULUS Linnzus. 1758. [Lepus] cuniculus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 58. 1837. ? Lepus vernicularis Thompson, The Atheneum, p. 468. Nomen nudum (Ireland). 1843. ? Lepus vermicula Gray, List Spec. Mamm. Brit. Mus., p. 128. Nomen nudum. 1857. Lepus cuniculus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 426. 1867. Cuniculus fodiens Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., xx, p. 225, September, 1847 (Substitute for cwniculus). Type in British Museum. 1904. Ofryctolagus] cuniculus Lyon, Smithsonian Miscell. Coll., xiv, p. 406, June 15, 1904. 1910. Oryctolagus cuniculus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 215. Type locality Germany.* Geographical distribution —Central Europe north of the Mediterranean region ; west to Ireland. Characters.—Size large (occipitonasal length of largest skulls, 78 to 82 mm. ; hihd foot, 83 to 93 mm.); black of upper parts usually producing an evident clouded effect. Measurements.—Adult male and female from Clandeboye, Belfast, Ireland: head and body, 420 and 408; tail, 47 and 63 ; hind foot, 87 and 85; ear, 68 and 65. Adult male and female from Tidmarsh, Berkshire, England: head and body, 408 and 392; tail, 63 and 64; hind foot, 92 and 86; ear, 70 and 70. Adult female from Lezayre, Isle of Man: head and body, 437 ; tail, 66; hind foot, 91; ear, 70. Two adult females from Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Germany : head and body, 407 and 418; tail, 68 and 62; hind foot, 90 and 87; ear, 70 and 73. For craneal measurements se2 Table, p. 492. Specimens examined.—Forty-six, from the following localities :— Inexanp: Belfast, 3; Clandeboye, Belfast, 1; Dumdrum, Tipperary, 1; Kilmanock, Waterford, 2; no exact locality, 1 (skull). * Based mainly on the domestic rabbit and on Gesner’s account of the rabbit (wild and tame) of Germany. That the wild rabbit of Germany was considered by Linnzeus as the typicai animal is indicated by his statement: “Habitat in Europa australi.” ORYCTOLAGUS 491 Scorianp.—Shetland Islands, 1 (skull). Eneianp: Craigmoor, Isle of Man,1; Lezayre, Isle of Man,1; Kilnsea, Yorkshire, 1; Leeds, Yorkshire, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sandringham, Norfolk, 2; Pangbourne, Berkshire, 2; Croydon, Surrey, 2; Orleston, Kent,1; Kent, 1 (skull); Ditchling, Sussex, 4; Seatown, near Bridport, Sussex, 3; Ditchling, Sussex, 4; Tidmarsh, Berkshire, 2; near London, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Orleston, Kent,1; Kent, no exact locality, 1 (skull); Barrow, Suffolk, 1 (U.S.N.M.); no exact locality, 1 (U.S.N.M.). (ek pi ai Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 2; Strassburg, 2; south Germany, 3 skulls). Remarks.—The wild rabbit of Ireland, England and central Europe appears to be very constant in size, allowance being made for individuals that show evidence of crossing with domestic stock. 3. Belfast, Down, Ireland. |W. Thompson (pr). 87. 7. 8. 25. g,%. Belfast, Down. Marquis of Dufferin 5. 2. 22. 1-2. and Ava, (P). 9g: Dumdrum, Tipperary. Major P. J. Waldron 5,1. 15. 1. c& Pp). é,%. Kilmanock, Waterford. G. Barrett-Hamilton 9. 12.15. 5. (P). 11. 1. 2. 109. skull. Ireland. C. Darwin (P). 68. 2. 19. 92. skull. ee Islands, Scot- C. Darwin (P). 68. 2. 19. 96. land. 25 Lezayre, Isle of Man. C.H.B.Grant(c&pP). 11.1.8. 448. é,?st. Sandringham, Norfolk, H.M. King Edward . 96. 5. 9. 1-2. England. VII. (e). skull. Cambridgeshire. J. Baker (Pp). 519. c. (Type of Cuniculus fodiens Gray.) é,%. Pangbourne, Berkshire. Sir J: co Clark, Bt. 97. 2.14. 1-2. c & P). g,%. Croydon, Surrey. C.H.B.Grant(c&P). 11.1.3.398-399, 3,39. Ditchling, Sussex. Guy Dollman (c&P), 8. 9. 25. 1-4. é. Orleston, Kent. F.N.Garrard (c&p). 90.1. 5.1. skull. Kent. C. Darwin (P). 68, 2. 19. 98. 2°. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, C. Hilgert (c). 8. 6. 15, 10-11. Germany. 3. 8. Germany. Dr. A. Giinther (c). 59. 9. 6. 44-46. ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS HUXLEYI Haeckel. 1874. Lepus huxleyi Haeckel, Hist. de la création des étres organisés d’aprés les lois naturelles, p. 130 (Porto Santo). 1906. Oryctolagus cuniculus cnossius Bate, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, 1905, u, p. 322, April 5, 1906 (Dhia, off Candia, Crete). Type in British Museum. 1916. Oryctolagus cuniculus cnossius Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 215. Type locality—Island of Porto Santo, Madeira. Geographical distribution Mediterranean region ; introduced on the Azores, Madeira, and Salvage Islands, and probably elsewhere. Characters.—Like Lepus cuniculus cuniculus but smaller (occipitonasal length of largest skulls, 71 to 77 mm. ; hind foot, 72 to 82 mm.) ; ear relatively longer (equal to that of the larger RODENTIA 492 8-PL | 9-FT 9-88 P81 9-0F | BFL | F-28 or6SP * £qITBooT yoOwKE om O-FT | ¥-8T 9-88 3-81 6-86 | 3-89 9-6L) & eseestT | * * Sangssexyg 8-FI | 0-FT 9-98 B-8T 3-0F | 9-0L , ¥-08 | 8 | 09°S°IT's “i ; " esse B-ST | 0-ST 8-98 9-8 0-68 | F-Th | 9-18) 4 | 69° ‘IES | mony eet Oe F-GT | O-ST 0-LE 8-61 8-8 | O-SL | 0-38 *P'9'6 6S | ° nis i BST | 9-FT F-Ge 0 &T 7-8¢ | 9-69| 0-84 | 9° | gF'9'6'6g Aueuisex ynog : Auvwzer 0-91 | 3-ST p.c¢ 8-€T PIP | BBL | 3-18 SF96F * AqqTBooy yowxe ou 8-ST | 8-FT 9-9 FOI 3-L¢ | 9-89) 0-81, & LEBEIT | * HOHNG ‘mosreg — | 0-aT PLE 0-TT 0 8¢| 8-34 | 3-18] 2 GLOgFT | * —* Bopuory avout 0-ST | 8-31 3-98 PIT 9-68 | ¥-ZL | 0-08 ah Se Fs * speory GGT | 9-FT 0-88 0-8T 0-68 | F-O4 | F-08 | x5 | GFT ‘SLE ze a PPT | FST 9-¢8 9-11 ¥-0F | Bb | 0-08 | a? | TPT'SL6 Howse — qarempry GFT | GPT 9.98 0-11 0:88 | 3-3L | F-T8 88EEST ; . 4 9-51 | 3-51 0-98 0-11 0-68 | ¥-04 | 9-62 IBEROE | aiaee aaa tragtonen B-9T | 9-ST 0-88 0-FT 0-68 | ¥-GL | 0-28 SPP S TIT | °° Wey Jo OST : puepsug BST | O-9T 0-LE 9-11 B-6E | O-GL | 0-68} 2 | T’eo'ee | * * UM ‘og : puvfery ‘snynotund snnoquns *G 2 28 oe fod Om Q f=) _ gf) se} s |e lest] 3. 02/22) 22) | el of SE | Se 2 a oe ® Fs BE | $8 | ge gg ge RE *xag ‘equuyy “£qTB00T g2/ 32 | & | & |feg| BB | ge | se | 82 | SE | BE | FE Ze | =< ° ° “28 S #2) g8 | So] 7S 2 4 i ‘SQ TNOINDD SAYFYTOLOAUO JO SUINANAUNSVAN IVINVUO 493 ORYCTOLAGUS *a4eq snissous yo edfy, + ‘PIO « O-FT | 9-3T | 9-G¢ | 0-06 | 9-8T | FTE | B-LB | SIT | FIT | 9-28] 0-99) P-L] « | PPTL ‘OF | ° : : : * stung, 8-FL | FET | O-PS | 0-06 | F-ET | 0-88 | O-L5 | B-OT | O-TL | F-98 | 0-99 | 0-FL | 8 | deg‘G'st'g | BIPUD Yo ‘puBIs] vING : 94015 9-1 | O-T | 9-79 | 9-08 | 8-BT | B-BE | O-LS | 8-1T | O-€T | 9-98 | 0-99 | B-SL e s ee “ 9-€T | 0-€L | — | 0-06 | 0-€T | FTE) 0-48 | 0-8E | 9-3E | — | 9-29 | 0-9L our) : * vdeo yo purysy : Apeqy 9-81 | FSI | 0-8G | 3-06 | O-€T | 9-SE | 0-63 | O-TT | 9-TT | 9-88 | 0-89 | 9-LL o¢ NH 3 tS - FFL | 8-ST | 0-9¢ | 9-08 | O-FT | 0-8 | 0-84 | 3-ET | O-3T | 0-88 | F-99 | 0-Gh ce \- a “ 0-#t | 9-8t | 0-29 | 9-12 | 0-eT | ¥-e8 | 0-82 | 9-0 | F-TT | 0-88 | 9-29 | 0-94 ee \\ + prep ‘souy avow : cower GL | 9ST | B-FG | 9-83 | 8-FT | 9-8 | B-63 | F-OT | 8-TE | 0-0F | 0-89 | 0-94 2? | QO'T*A‘O | ° : * BOIOUI}L O-FT | FST | 0-G9 | O-TS | O-ST | 0-BE | FL | SIT | 9-TT | O-LE | 9-99 | O-GL | 4d 9°9°S'T zs P-PL | P-ST | 0-SG | 0-06 | G-ST | F-1E | 0-63 | 9-1T | G-GT | O-LE | 9-79 | 9-34 | 2 79'S'T a . : : : ; : , : : ; : : : cane , : * spuvysy 8-ET | O-8T | 0-49 | F-08 | F-ET | 0-88 | 0-28 | F-IT | 8-IT | ¥-98 | 0-29 | 0-GL| sP | 8°9°E'T, oe ‘oxo ley 0-FL | O-ST | 3-99 | 8-03 | 8-GT | F-SE 0-8B | F-OT | 9-0T | 0-46 | 7-29] 9-24] & | EBT'F 8's | ° * soBing ‘soyIg 9-81 | 8-@T | 8-6G | F-6T | 8-3 | G-1TE . -L3 | O-TT | F-OT | F-9E | 8-29} O-TA |] 2d | ATG ‘e°S6 | * : ; “s 0-FT | 8-8T | FSG | 8-13 | O-FT | 8-FE | 0-83 | O-ET | 9-BE | 0-98 | 8-99 | 0-G2 9T'§'e"G6 | * : ; is FST | 8-BL | F-BS | O-6T | S-BT | 0-BE | B-9S | B-IT | O-1T | 9-78] 0-9] 0-TL | P | STe'E's6 | ° ; * — eT[tAeg FPL | 9-81 | G-99 | 9-16 9-ST | B-E G-LG | 8-01 | 8-01 | G-98| 9-99 FL] xP | BEES | ‘BATONE ‘ee o4op : uredg 0-T | O-ST | 0-79 | 0-08 | FST” 6-8 | 9-86 G-GL | F-ET | O-LE | ¥-39 | O-GL | « {TIT ‘6T'3‘89]| * : ; ee i BFL | F-ST | 8-79 | ¥-08 | FFT | 0-BE F-LG | 8-BT | 9-27 | O-LE | 8-69 0-84] » |LOT6T'°S'89] ° : ; od ee ee O-FT | 8-8T | 0-6 | 0-66 = = | 0-46 8-TT | 0-61 | O-LE | ¥-99 a + |POT‘6T‘S‘89)| ° : : * oyueg o,IOog ‘Aapxny snyjnomns °C 494 RODENTIA animal); colour more finely grizzled, the back showing less tendency to be distinctly clouded with black. Measurements Adult from Porto Santo: hind foot, 72. Two males from Terceira, Azores: hind foot, 73 and 76. Adult male from Seville, Spain: hind foot, 75; two females from the same locality: hind foot, 72 and 72. Adult male and female from Coto Donana, Huelva, Spain: hind foot, 73 and 80. Adult male and female from San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands : head and body, 356 and 340; tail, 40 and 45; hind foot, 82 and 80; ear from crown, 70 and 70. Average and extremes of five males from Poulx, Gard, France: head and body, 371 (347-397); tail, 55 (45-63) ; hind foot, 77:8 (76-80°2). Adult female from Island of Dhia, off Candia, Crete (type of cnossius): head and body, 341; tail 65; hind foot, 77°6; ear, 70. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 493. Specimens examined.—Seventy, from the following localities :— Porto Santo: Five. Azores: Terceira, 2; San Miguel, 4. Spain: Coto Dofiana, Huelva, 4; Seville, 4; Silos, Burgos, 3; Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos, 1; Selva, Majorca, Balearic Isiands, 1; Inca, Majorca, 2; Alcudia, Majorca, 1; San Cristobal, Minorca, 2. France: Poulx, Gard, 5; near Nimes, Gard, 14 (Mottaz); Digne, Basses-Alpes, 8 (Mottaz). Ivaty: Island of Capraja, Genoa, 5 (B.M. and Genoa); Palermo, Sicily, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Sarpinra: Assuni, 7 (U.S.N.M.). CretE: Dhia Island, off Candia, 1 (type of cnossius). Remarks.—In colour the Mediterranean rabbit nearly agrees with the central European form, but when series of skins are compared it is at once seen that the smaller animal is the more grey and finely grizzled of the two, its back seldom distinctly clouded with black, a condition that is usual in true cuniculus. The actual elements of the colour are essentially the same in the two, but in hualeyi the sub-terminal annulations of the longer hairs are slightly paler than in the central form. Except for the differences in size the skull and teeth agree with those of the larger animal. The failure to distinguish between this race and that of central Europe has been responsible for much speculation as to the probable origin within historic times of the small rabbits of Porto Santo, which happened to be compared by Darwin with British examples of true cuniculus. Some of Darwin’s specimens from this island are still in the British Museum. As might have been anticipated they prove to be exactly similar to the common Mediterranean form. 5. Porto Santo, Madeira ©. Darwin (P). 68, 2.19. 93, 104, Islands. 107, 111, 117. 1. San Miguel, Azores. F.du Cane Godman 73. 3. 21. 1. (c & P). é,?. San Miguel. Major F. A. Chaves 6. 3, 25. 1-2. (c & P). LEPUS 495 ?. San Miguel. Meioe F. A. Chaves 6, 8. 25. 3. c& p). Coto Dofiana, Huelva, J. poe (c& P). 72.10, 26. 3-4. Spain. 6,%. Coto Dojiana, Huelva, A. Chapman (c & P). 2. 3. 3.1. 26,29. Seville. (Dr. A. Ruiz.) Lord Lilford (pr). 95. 3. 3. 15-18. 1. Silos, Burgos, S.&N. Gonzalez (c). 8.7. 7. 26. ?. Silos, Burgos. G.S. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4. 123. %. Castrillo de la Reina, G.S. Miller is 8. 8. 4, 122. Burgos. g Selva, Majorca, Balearic O. Thomas (P). 1. 3. 6. 3, Islands. (M. Riutort.) 29. Inca, Majorca. O. Thomas (P). 1.3.6.5 6. (M. Riutort.) é. Alcudia, Majorca. O. Thomas (P). 1. 3.6. 4. (M. Riutort.) é,?. San Cristobal, Minorca. O.Thomasand R.I. 0. 7. 1. 66-67. Pocock (c & P). 34,19. Poulx, Gard, France. O. Thomas (P). 8. 8. 10. 135-138. (C. Mottaz.) 1. Capraja Island, Tuscany. Gehoa Museum (zr). 7. 2. 28. 4. g. Island of Dhia, Crete. Miss D. Bate (c). 5. 12. 2, 35, (Type of O. cnossius Bate.) Genus LEPUS Linnzus. 1758. Lepus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 57 (type by tautonymy, L. timidus Linneus). 1828. ? Lagos Brookes, Catal. Anat. and Zool. Mus. of Joshua Brookes, p. 54 (Nomen nudum). 1829. Chionobates Kaup, Entw.-Geseh. u. Natiirl. Syst. d. Europ. Thier- welt, 1, p. 170 (variabilis and borealis). 1857. Lepus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 410 (part). 1867. Hulagos Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3rd ser., Xx, p. 222, September, 1867 (mediterraneus and judxz). 1899. Lepus Major, Trans. Linn. Soc., London, 2nd ser., Zool., v1, p. 514, November, 1899. 1899. Hulepus Acloque, Faune de France, Mammiféres, p. 52 (ewropaus and variabilis). 1904. Lepus Lyon, Smithsonian Miscell. Coll., xuv, p. 889, June 15, 1904. Type species.—Lepus timidus Linneus. Geographical distribution.—Europe, Asia, North America and Africa. Characters.—Skull with bony palate short, its length at narrowest region never more than two and one-half times that of first upper molar; width of choane greater than least length of palate, and about four times that of first molar; sutures of interparietal obliterated in adult; postorbital processes broad and triangular, with distinct anterior and posterior limbs ; first upper premolar with deep median re-entrant angle, on each side of which is a smaller re-entrant angle of varying depth ; anterior portion of anterior lower premolar with a narrow re-entrant angle on its front face and a broad re-entrant angle on external aspect ; second to fifth upper cheek-teeth alike, the re-entrant 496 RODENTIA angle extending from inner face about three-quarters of distance across crown, the adjacent edges of the fold closely approximated and finely crenulate ; posterior section of second, third and fourth lower cheek-teeth about four-fifths as wide as anterior half; last upper molar a small elliptic cylinder; third lower molar with anterior segment elliptical in section, the posterior segment smaller and nearly terete, the enamel of the two cylinders normally separate throughout. Externally charac- terized by the soft pelage, well developed tail, and long feet heavily clothed with hair that nearly conceals the nails. Young at birth active, the eyes open, and the body completely furred. Remarks.—As now restricted the genus Lepus contains about eighty named species. Eight of these occur in Europe, most of them represented by several geographic forms, KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF LDEPUS. Tail, including pencil, much shorter than hind foot, its upper surface white or clouded with brown or grey, never with clear black median area; zygoma relatively deep anteriorly, the distance from anterior termination of groove on outer surface to front edge less than least depth; root of upper incisor extending to suture between premaxillary and maxillary ; pelage usually changing to white or whitish in winter (distribution northern and Alpine) Varying Hares. General colour of upper parts in summer dull russet (approaching the wood-brown and russet of Ridgway); winter pelage never entirely white (Ireland)...........c:.:esceeererees DL. hibernicus, p. 581. General colour of upper parts in summer greyish brown (approaching the broccoli-brown and hair-brown of Ridgway); winter pelage usually white or pale grey.....s.ceseesecseseee L, timidus, p. 522. Occipitonasal length of adult skulls ranging from 95 mm. to 103 mm. (Scandinavian Peninsula) ......:.cceececteeceesneceenneeeeneesees Occipitonasal length of adult skulls ranging from 85 to 93 mm. Ear from crown 80 to 90 mm. (Scotland) —_L. t. scoticus, p. 529. Ear from crown 90 to 100 mm. (Alps) ....... L. t. varronis, p, 528. Tail, including pencil, about as long as hind foot, its upper surface with conspicuous clear black median area; zygoma relatively shallow anteriorly, the distance from anterior ter- mination of groove on outer surface to front edge usually equal to or greater than least depth; root of upper incisor not extending to suture between premaxillary and maxillary; pelage never changing to white and rarely to grey in winter (distribution central and southern) Ordinary Hares. Hind foot less than 105 mm. ; legs without white markings, the inner surface scarcely lighter than outer (Sardinia)......sseeseseeeeee Le. mediterraneus, p. 513. L. t. timidus, p. 526. LEPUS Hind foot more than 110 mm. ; legs usually with white markings, the inner surface always noticeably lighter than outer. Outer side of thigh much brighter than back, its colour often nearly the cinnamon- rufous of Ridgway; dorsal surface of foot and wrist marked with pure white......... Ear from crown about 95 mm. (Basses- PYVENEER) sc c5 sscveacessevaeisvaigaas sagiveniineptcaee Ear from crown, 105 to 115 mm. Buffy tints pale, approaching the cream- buff of Ridgway (Central and south- ern Spain) .scie-ccariies sadness seceacquce Buffy tints rich, approaching the ochra- ceous-buff of Ridgway (North-western SPAIN) cs issn desuxeowenentantenene reenact Outer side of thigh not brighter than back, its colour ochraceous, buffy, or greyish; dorsal surface of foot and wrist without white markings. Predominating brownish tints; rump usually bluish grey in strong contrast with back. Rump scarcely greyer than back; black area on outer side of ear extending about 40 mm. below tip; skull with unusually slender rostrum (Parnassus LEGION, GLECCE).......sseessecceesnsceereetees Rump noticeably greyer than back ; black area on outer side of ear extending 20 to 30 mm. below tip; rostrum normal. Size small, hind foot 119 to 126, occipi- tonasal length of skull 90 to 96 (Crete and Cephalonia) ............ L. creticus, p. 512. Size medium or large. Rump very conspicuously grey; hind foot 135 to 155 mm.; occi- pitonasal length of skull 97 to 105 mm. (Roumania to the Pelo- PONESUS) osc se dgecsaevsinssineonaaonnes Rump less conspicuously grey; hind foot 125 to 140 mm.; occipito- nasal length ofskull 95 to 103 mm. (South-eastern France to Corfu) Predominating buffy tints; rump buff or buffy grey, scarcely or not contrasted with back. Cheeks conspicuously whitish; general colour of upper parts a light cream- buff; size very large, hind foot about 155 mm. (HKastern Germany and eastward) ......... Sse sista duicaursee aig danas Cheeks greyish or brownish; general colour never a light cream-buff ; size large or medium, hind foot 113 to 147 mm, 497 L. granatensis, p. 515. L. granatensis iturissius, p. 518. L. granatensis granatensis, p. 516. L. granatensis gallxcius, p. 517. LD. parnassius, p. 519. L. evropwus transsylvanicus, p. 509. L. «. meridiet, p. 506. L. e. hybridus, p. 508. to K 498 RODENTIA Hind foot 124 to 147 mm.; occipito- nasal length of skull 93 to 102 mm. (Central). Buffy tints rather pale, approaching the cream-buff of Ridgway (Ger- many, Denmark, France, except southern portion) ..........60..066 L. e. europseus, p. 502. Buffy tints rich, approaching the ochraceous-bufi of Ridgway (TEMBISHA) 55 c.ck saiterctinadaneeniient L. e. occidentalis, 504. Hind foot 118 to 125 mm.; occipito- nasal length of skull 89 to 94 mm. (Southern), Nape patch well differentiated ; base of ear conspicuously buffy be- hind; underfur not ania (Pyrenees)... L. «. pyrenaicus, 506. Nape patch scarcely indicated ; ‘base of ear not conspicuously buffy behind; underfur yellowish (Corsica, Sicily, southern Italy) L. e. corsicanus, p. 507. LEPUS EUROPEUS Pallas. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution. Central Europe from Great Britain to Russia and from the Baltic south to the Pyrenees, Italy and Greece. Diagnosis.—Tail moderately long, its length including terminal hairs about equal to that of hind foot, its upper surface never white or grizzled, always with conspicuous black median area ; ear long, extending decidedly beyond nostril when laid forward ; general colour of upper parts a coarsely grizzled buffy or ochra- ceous brown; outer side of thigh not contrasting in colour with back ; buffy and ochraceous tints occasionally replaced by pale smoke-grey in a rarely assumed, special winter pelage ; ear with conspicuous black terminal area on outer surface; size rather large, the hind foot usually more than 130 min., though less in some southern races; root of upper incisor short, not extending to suture between premaxillary and maxillary ; height of posterior upper premolar measured from crown to upper surface of root capsule usually less than alveolar length of tooth-row. External characters—-Except for the relatively longer Jimbs, ears and tail, the external form is essentially as in Oryctolagus. Digits similarly 5-4, their proportional lengths as in the smaller animal, but claws somewhat more flattened. Mamme: p 1—1, a2—-2=6. Colowr.—Upper parts buffy, nearly clear on sides, underlaid with blackish on back, the two colours forming a coarse mixture varying considerably according to condition of pelage, but buffy normally in excess. On sides “the black becomes less, disappear- ing entirely on legs, collar and along edge of white ventral area. Rump usually lighter than either back or sides, sometimes LEPUS 499 conspicuously grey. Sides with evident though not very notice- able sprinkling of hairs 60-70 mm. in length, the basal half dark, the terminal half whitish. ‘Tail white below and around entire edge,* the dorsal surface with a broad clear black median stripe. Nape clear buffy, with or without a greyish white suffusion. Head essentially like body but with the darker and lighter colours more finely blended. An evident (sometimes conspicuous) lighter area between eye and muzzle and another between eye and base of ear. A slightly defined grey eyering, below and behind which there is often a noticeable tawny area, An ochraceous or tawny spot at base of whiskers. Ear buffy (rather paler than buff of body) with the following colour-pattern : inner surface clear buffy sometimes tinged with grey, the buffy clearer and brighter just below terminal black rim, and much darker and somewhat grizzled over an area about 40 mm. long and 10 mmm. wide along median portion of outer edge (though not involving extreme rim, which is very pale buff or even whitish from base to black terminal portion), the grizzled region further emphasized by a small pallid area at its inner base; anterior outer surface a fine grizzle of the same elements as those of back, the edge conspicuously fringed with clear buffy except at black-rimmed tip ; posterior outer surface buffy at extreme base, grey or buffy grey at middle, and black at tip, the black area extending conspicuously below rim of ear and forming a definitely outlined patch 25-35 mm. long, and 10-15 mm. wide. Underparts, except collar, white, this colour extending to inner surface of legs, which, though occasionally much tinged with buffy, are always noticeably paler than outer surface (cf. L. mediterraneus). A clear buffy or ochraceous patch in inguinal region, the two patches sometimes meeting in median line. Feet buffy, darker on the toes, paler proximally, but never marked with pure white (cf. L. granatensis) ; soles an indefinite buffy grey. The grey winter coat, when it occurs, differs from the usual pelage merely in the substitution of a light drabby grey for all the buffy and ochraceous tints, the black remaining unchanged. The colour pattern is therefore in no way modified, though the general appearance of the animal is so altered as to have given rise to the belief that individuals in this pelage represented hybrids between Lepus ewropeus and some form of varying hare. SkullThe skull of Lepus europxeus resembles that of L. timidus more closely than would be anticipated from the con- spicuous external differences in the animals. Ordinarily they may be distinguished by size, as in L. eurepzus the occipitonasal length is usually more than 93 mm. (92 to 105 mm.), while in LL. timidus (except in the large L. t. timidus) it is seldom more * The absence of the white edging at tip of tail is nearly always an indication that the extremity has been broken off. t Such individuals may be distinguished from hybrids by the length and colour of the tail, and by their cranial characters. g . 4K 4 500 RODENTIA than 92 mm. (86 to 93 mm.). Brain-case relatively narrower and deeper than in Lepus timidus, and parietal region less flattened, the dorsal profile when viewed from behind arching abruptly and conspicuously above level of zygomatic roots. Anterior half of frontal nearly flat, the orbital rims rising slightly but abruptly above general level of interorbita] region. Posterior extremity of malar and relative length of suture between malar and zygomatic process of squamosal as in L. timidus. Anterior portion of zygoma usually though not always differing from that Fig. 1024. Lepus europseus. Nat. size. of L, timidus in the greater width and relatively less depth of the elevated region in front of lateral groove ; the least distance from groove to anterior edge of zygoma usually equal to or greater than depth at same region. Auditory bulla relatively a little larger than in Lepus timidus, its ventral profile a little less convex and anterior border less rounded off, a pecularity not easily described but which when once seen is readily appreciated. Teeth.—In general the teeth resemble those of Oryctolagus cuniculus, differing in a few slight details only. Upper incisor with groove on anterior face decidedly nearer internal border LEPUS 501 than external border ; posterior face with longitudinal concavity barely indicated; root as short as in Oryctolagus, but whole course of tooth noticeably indicated on outer surface of bone. Anterior upper premolar with lateral re-entrant angles on anterior margin variable in development, one or both occasionally obsolete. Other maxillary teeth as in Oryctolagus, but posterior border of re-entrant fold sometimes crenulate ; roots of maxillary FIG, 102B. Lepus europseus. Nat. size. teeth not extending so far into orbit as in Oryctolagus and in Lepus timidus, the distance from crown of third premolar to upper surface of its root capsule usually less than alveolar length of tooth-row. Anterior lobe of anterior lower premolar usually narrower than in Oryciolagus, but broader than in Lepus timidus ; posterior section of this tooth as well as that of the succeeding molariform teeth (including m,) relatively larger than in Oryctolagus. 502 RODENTIA Remarks.—Lepus europeus is readily distinguishable among the hares of continental Europe by its large size, long ear with distinct colour pattern on dorsal surface, absence of white markings on feet, and lack of noticeable contrast between colour of sides of body and outer surface of thigh. It is a plastic species, readily becoming differentiated into local races. Seven of these are now known to occur west of Russia.* Lepus EUROPHUS EUROP#US Pallas. 1777. [Lepus] timidus Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., 1, p. 325 (Not of Linneus, 1758). 1778. Lepus curopeus Pallas, Nov. Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 30 (Bur- gundy, France). 1783. Lepus timidus Schreber, Saugthiere, pls. coxxxma and ccxxxup (Germany). Not of Linnzus, 1758. 1789. Lepus europxus Schreber, Saugthiere, 1v, p. 865. 1801. L{epus'| t{imidus] albus Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, I, 2nd ed., p. 1096 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. Lfepus} tlimidus] flavus Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 1096 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. Llepus] t{imidus] niger Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2nd ed., p. 1097 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1820. Lepus medius Nilsson, Skand. Fauna, 1, p. 224 (Zealand, Denmark ; based on specimens in grey winter pelage). 1857. Lepus timidus, b. Mitteleuropaische Form, Blasius, Saugethiere Deutschlands, p. 417. 1859. ? Lepus campicola Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Francaises, 2nd ed., p. 47 (Nomen nudum based on the common hare of France). 1867. ? [Lepus timidus] coronatus, rufus, cinereus, nigricans, maculatus, albus and niger \Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lv1, p. 161 (Austria). Nomina nuda. 1875. [Lepus timidus] var. argenteogrisea Kénig-Warthausen, Verzeichniss der Wirbelthiere Oberschwabens, Siiugethivre, p. 85 (Ulm, Wiirtem- berg, Germany). Probably based on an individual in grey winter coat. 1910. Lepus europxus and L. medius Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 219 Type locality. Burgundy, France.+ Geographical distribution.—Central Europe from Germany to * The Lepus europxus carpathorum of Hilzheimer (Zool. Anzeiger, xxx, p. 512, August 14, 1906) from the Carpathians may represent an eighth race. The difficulty of clearly understanding the various local forms of European hares is greatly increased by the frequency with which the animals are transported from one region to another for the purpose of restocking exhausted hunting grounds. JL. e. transylvanicus has thus been taken to Denmark, and L. e. occidentalis to Switzerland. Other instances of the same kind will undoubtedly be found. + Pallas refers to Daubenton’s account of this animal for measurements Nov. Sp. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 2), and mentions no. definite locality. colonia and Pannonia are, he says (p. 5), inhabited by another form. Daubenton’s description (Buffon, Hist. Nat., v1, pp. 264-299) was based on Burgundian specimens. LEPUS 503 the Atlantic coast and from Denmark to central France. This is probably the form recently introduced in southern Sweden. Diagnosis.—Buffy tints pale, approaching the cream-buff of Ridgway ; rump usually not grey, always with evident darker area continuous with black tail-stripe. Colowr.—Underfur (20 mm.) silvery white at base (occasionally with a slight buffy tinge), becoming abruptly dark sepia slightly beyond middle of hairs and blackish at extreme tips; longer hairs (30 mm.) whitish at base, dark brown at level of dark portion of underfur, then with a cream-buff annulation 5-7 mm. long and a shorter blackish tip. Clear area along sides cream- buff, darkening to a light, yellowish ochraceous-buff in inguinal region and on outer side of fore leg. Collar light ochraceous- buff. Rump greyer than back, but usually so suffused with cream-buff as to form no marked contrast, its median area always slightly darker than lateral portions. Skull and teeth,—In the typical race the skull attains nearly the maximum size for the species, the occipitonasal length frequently exceeding 100 mm., but apart from this, neither skull nor teeth show any special features worthy of note. Measurements.—Two adult males and an adult female from Haslev, Zealand, Denmark : head and body, 660, 680 and 640 ; tail, 80, 82 and 74; hind foot, 136, 147 and 138; ear from crown (fresh) : 138, 131, and 125. Adult male from Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, Germany: head and body, 571; tail, 98; hind foot, 135; ear from crown (dry), 120. Two adult males from Rheinthal, St. Gallen, Switzerland: head and body, 570 and 570 ; tail, 100 and 85; hind foot, 136 and 137 ; ear from crown (dry), 117 and 115. Two adult females from Werdenberg, St Gallen, Switzerland: head and body, 600 and 605; tail, 90 and 95, hind foot, 145 and 144; ear from crown, 114 and 118 For cranial measurements see Table, p. 510. Specimens examined.—Twenty-seven, from the following localities :— Denmark: Haslev, Zealand, 5; Zealand (no exact locality), 1. Beteium: Slype, West Flanders, 1. France: Near Paris,'1; Ktupes, Doubs, 1 (Mottaz). Germany: Brunswick, 3; Ingelheim, Rheinhessen, 1; Burg, near Magdeburg, 1; south Germany, 6 (skulls). Austria-Huneary: Salzburg, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SwITzERLAND: Flawil, St. Gallen, 1(U.S.N.M.); Rheinthal, St. Gallen, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Werdenberg, St. Gallen, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Wittembach, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.), Remarks.—The typical form of Lepus europxus is characterized by large though not maximum size, and rather light, strongly yellowish colour. It is probably the most extensively distributed of the western European forms. The pale winter coat is occasionally assumed. 5. Haslev, Zealand, Den- 0. Helms (c). 8, 2.15, 1-5. mark. 1. Zealand. Stockholm Museum (x). 46. 6. 2. 71. 504 . RODENTIA 1. Slype, Flanders, Belgium. Andrew van Iseghem 2. 11, 3. 1. (c & P). g. Paris. A. Forsyth Major (p). 97. 2. 19. 1. 3. Brunswick, Germany. G. Barrett-Hamilton 8. 9. 29. 1-3. P). é. Ingelheim, Rheinhessen. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 2.110. (Hilgert.) (Pe). 6. 8S. Germany. Dr. A. Giinther (c). 59. 9. 6. 38-43. LEPUS EUROPHUS OCCIDENTALIS de Winton. 1898. Lepus europxus occidentalis de Winton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., 1, p. 152, February, 1898. Type in British Museum. 1906. L[epus] e[uropeus] occidentalis Hilzheimer, Zool. Anzeiger, xxx, p. 512, August 14, 1906. 1910. Lepus europeus occidentalis Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe p. 220. : Type locality.—Herefordshire, England. Geographical distribution.—England, the Isle of Man and the lower, more cultivated portions of Scotland, north to the Orkney and Shetland Islands, the northern limits of the range much extended artificially ; mtroduced in Ireland* and Switzerland. Diagnosis—Similar to Lepus europeus europeus, but buffy tints rich and dark, approaching the ochraceous-buff of Ridgway. Colour —Underfur as in L. europxus europeus, except that the dark portion is more nearly black. Longer hairs with the black tips better developed and the sub-terminal annulations a dark ochraceous-bluff, showing in certain lights a decided tinge of tawny. This tawny becomes clear and tinged with rufous along sides and on inguinal patches, though it is duller and with a decided clay-colour cast on collar. Rump as in L. europexus europeus. Grey winter pelage: all the buffy tints replaced by light grey, the exact shade of which is very uniform in the six specimens examined. It is somewhat paler than the smoke-grey of Ridgway and distinctly more blue, somewhat approaching the grey No. 7, though not so dark. A very slight cream-buff wash may be detected on cheeks, sides of neck and of shoulders, and on collar. Skull and teeth.—The skull averages slightly smaller than in L. ewropeus europeus, the occipitonasal length rarely attaining 100 mm. The teeth, however, are fully as large as in the continental animal. Measurements.—Two adults from the Isle of Man: head and body, 538 and 548; tail, 67 and 89; hind foot, 131 and 134; ear from crown, 105 and 110. Type (adult female): head and body, 570; tail, 86; hind foot, 135 ; ear from crown, 101. Two adult females from Merton Hall, Norfolk: head and body, 575 and 583; tail, 80 and 90; hind foot, 141 and 135; ear from crown, 120 and 98. Adult female (grey pelage) from Pangbourne, See Barrett-Hamilton, The Irish Naturalist, March, 1898, pp. 69-76. LEPUS 505 near Reading, Berkshire: tail, 75; hind foot, 135; ear from crown, 99. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 510. Specimens ecamined.—Thirty-six, from the following localities :— Scornanp: Tulloch, Inverness, 1 (grey pelage); Raith, Fifeshire, 1; near Kilwinning, Ayrshire, 1 (grey pelage). Encuanp: Isle of Man, 3; Bangor, Carnarvonshire, 2; Healey, North- umberland,1; Swithland Hall, Leicestershire, 1; Merton Hall, Norfolk, 3; Barrow, Suffolk, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Sandringham, Norfolkshire, 2; Moor- hampton, Hereford, 2; South Leigh, Oxfordshire, 1 (grey pelage); Hilling- don, Middlesex, 1; Pangbourne, near Reading, Berkshire, 1 (grey pelage) ; Marley Common, Haslemere, Surrey, 1; Weston Sands, Somerset, 2; Stokenham Kingsbridge, Devonshire, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Gasford Castle, Armagh, 2; south-east coast, Ireland, 1. IrnELAND: Gasford Castle, Armagh, 2; south-east coast, 1. SwiTzERLaND: Near St. Gallen, 4; Utzwil, St. Gallen, 1 (U.S.N.M.). Remarks.—Though closely related to Lepus europsus europus, this form is readily distinguishable by its darker, browner, general colour. The pale winter coat is rarely observed. 1 Dingwall, Inverness-shire, Sydney Dennis (c&pr). 3.11. 14.1. Scotland. 3 Raith, Fifeshire. W. BR. Ogilvie-Grant 98. 12. 23. 2. co& p). $ Kilwinning, Ayrshire. wf, G. Nioweeoione 92. 2.15. 1. o& p). 3g Isle of Man. p! M. is, Kermode 95. 1.19. 1. (c & P). 2. Bangor, Carnarvonshire, G. W. D. Assheton 97. 3. 8.1. Wales. Smith (p). 3.1. 28. 1. 1 Healey, Northumberland, Rev. H. H. Slater 0. 2. 24.1. England. (c & P). é Swithland, Leicestershire. Earl e Lanesborough 92, 1. 29. 1. c& p). 3,29. Thetford, Norfolkshire. ia Walsingham (Pp). 98. 2. 11. 1-3. 2st. Sandringham, Norfolk- H.M. King Edward 96. 5. 9. 3-4. shire. VII. (r). 2. Moorhampton, Hereford- W. E. de Winton 98, 2. 17.1. shire. (c & P). (Type of subspecies.) é. Moorhampton, Hereford- W. E. de Winton 3.1. 26.1. shire. (c & P). %. South Leigh, Oxfordshire. A.J. Butler (c& Pp). 93.9. 7.1. 8. Pangbourne, Berkshire. Capt. " be whbri - ge 0.11.16.1. c& p). é. Haslemere, Surrey. 8. J. Wigley (c&p). 6.9.18. 1. 2. Weston Sands, Somerset- Tomes Collection. 7.1,1.175-176. shire. 1. England. Purchased (Lead- 88. b. beater). 2. Gasford Castle, Armagh, Hon. L. Powys(c&p). 76.1. 25. 1-2. Treland. %. South-east coast, Ireland. Miss E, Hope. 6. 4.12.1. 6,29. St. Gallen, Switzerland. O. Thomas (P). 2. 8. 4, 53-54. 4. 4. 5. 46-47. (E. H. Zollikofer.) 506 RODENTIA LrEpus EUROPAUS PyRENAICUS Hilzheimer. 1906. L{epus] e[uropeus] pyrenaicus Hilzheimer, Zool. Anzeiger, Xxx, p. 512, August 14, 1906. 1910, Lepus europeus pyrenaicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 220. Type locality —Bagnéres [de Luchon 2], Pyrenees, France. Geographical distribution.—Pyrenean region, south-eastern France. Diagnosis.—Essentially like Lepus europeus europeus, but smaller (hind foot, 113 to 125). Specimens examined.—Five, from the Department of Ariége, France, and the neighbouring portion of Andorra. Remarks.—The five specimens, though imperfect, do not appear to be referable to any of the other forms of Lepus europeus. They agree sufficiently well with pyrenaicus as described by Hilzheimer. 29,1. Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, V. Builles(c& Pp). 10.9. 20. 1-3. France. LEPUS EUROPHUS MERIDIEI Hilzheimer. 1859. ? Lepus meridionalis Gervais, Zool. et Paléont. Francaises, 2nd ed., p. 47 (Nomen nudum, based on the hare of Languedoc and Provence). 1906. Llepus] e[uropxus] meridiet Hilzheimer, Zool. Anzeiger, xxx, p. 512, August 14, 1904 (Aveyron, France). 1910. Lepus ewropxus meridiei Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 220. Type locality. Department of Aveyron, France. Geographical distribution.—South-central and south-eastern France, northern Italy, Corfu. Diagnosis.—Size as in Lepus europeus europeus; colour browner and less buffy than in the typical form, and rump distinctly bluish grey, though less conspicuously contrasted with back than in the large L. e. transsylvanicus. Measurements.— Four males from the neighbourhood of Nimes, Gard, France, average and extremes: hind foot, 146°6 (140-152). Two males from Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, France: head and body, 528 and 540; tail, 112 and 95; hind foot, 138 and 140. Two males from Siena, Italy: head and body, 500 and 550; tail, 80 and 90; hind foot, 130 and 133; ear from crown, 116 and 118. Two females from the same locality: head and body, 550 and 558; tail, 88 and 92; hind foot, 1380 and 134; ear from crown, 119 and 123. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 511. Specimens examined.—Twenty, from the following localities :— Francn: Near Nimes, Gard, 7 (U.S.N.M. and Mottaz); near Digne, Basses-Alpes, 3 (Mottaz); St. Paul, near Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, 2. LEPUS 507 we te Ceresole d’Alba, Turin, 1 (Turin); Porlezza, Como, 1 (Ghidini) ; iena, 4. GreEcE: Corfu, 2. Remarks.—It is with some hesitation that I have referred the hares of northern Italy and of Corfu to this form. In the absence of more complete material it seems, however, the most satisfactory course to pursue. 26. Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, O. Thomas (P). 8.8. 10. 133-134. France. (C. Mottaz.) 26. Siena, Italy. (S. Brogi.) Dr. E. Hamilton. 98. 10. 2. 18-19. é. Corfu, Greece. (C. Mottaz.) J.I.S. Whitaker (p). 8.10. 1. 51. é. Corfu. C. Mottaz (c). 8. 11, 3. 23. Lrrus EUROPHUS cCoRSICANUS de Winton. 1898. Lepus corsicanus de Winton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., 1, p. 155, February, 1898. Type in British Museum. 1906. L[epus] m[editerraneus] corsicanus Hilzheimer, Zool. Anzeiger, xxx, p. 513, August 14, 1906. 1910. Lepus corsicanus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 224. Type locality.—Bastia, Corsica. Geographical distribution.—Corsica, Sicily and Italy (Rome). Diagnosis.—Size small, as in Lepus europaeus pyrenaicus (hind foot, 114 to 125 mm., occipitonasal length of skull about 90 to 94 mm.); general colour more yellow than in true europwus, the underfur conspicuously buff. Colowr.—The colour does not differ appreciably from that of Lepus europxus europeus, except that it is throughout somewhat brighter and more yellowish, and the colour pattern of the ear and the tawny markings below eye and at base of whiskers are better defined; nape patch scarcely indicated and without special colour. Underfur with three distinct colour bands ; the basal grey and terminal blackish as in DL. europeus, but with an intermediate band about 6 mm. in width of dull buff, thrown into strong contrast by the black. Inguinal patches light tawny. Rump dull ochraceous-buff, the bases of the hairs bluish grey (about grey No. 7 of Ridgway). Skull and teeth—Except for their reduced size the skull and teeth resemble those of Lepus europzus ewropzus. Measurements.—Type (adult male): hind foot, 119; ear from crown, 105. Two males from Marsala, Sicily: hind foot, 114 and 120; ear from crown, 103 and 110 mm. Adult male from Rome, Italy: hind foot, 125; ear from crown, 127. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 511. Specimens examined.—Four, from the following localities :— Corsica: Bastia, 1 (type). Sicity: Marsala, 2. Iraty: Rome, 1. 508 RODENTIA Remarks.—The conspicuously yellowish underfur of this hare is perhaps its most striking characteristic. With the material at hand I am unable to distinguish between the Corsican form and that of Sicily and Rome. 1. Bastia, Corsica. Lord Lilford (P). 78. 7. 3. 4. (Type of subspecies.) 26. Marsala, Sicily. J. 1.8. Whitaker (pr). 98. 2. 9, 1-2, 6. Rome, Italy. (C. Coli.) G. Barrett-Hamilton (rp). 8. 9. 30, 1. LEPUS EUROPHUS HYBRIDUS Desmarest. 1822. Tepus hybridus Desmarest, Mammalogie, p. 349 (Central Russia). 1842. Lepus aquilonius Blasius, Amtl. Bericht x1x Vers. Naturf. u. Aerzte, Braunschweig, p. 89 (Central Russia). 1850. Lepus medius Middendorff, Bull. de la Classe Phys.-Math. de 1’Acad. Imp. des Sci. Nat. de Saint-Pétersbourg, 1x, p. 218 (part). 1857. [Lepus timidus] c. Nordéstliche Form, Blasius, Saugethiere Deutsch- lands, p. 417 (part). 1898. Lepus ewropeus (typical) de Winton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser., 1, p. 150, February, 1898. 1906. L[epus] m[edius] aquilonius Hilzheimer, Zool. Anzeiger, xxx, p. 511, August 14, 1906. 1910. Lepus medius aquilonius Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 217. Type locality—Central Russia. Based on the Russak of Pallas (Noy. Sp. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 5). Geographical distribution—Central Russia, westward into eastern Germany.* Diagnosis.—Size greater than in Lepus europseus europeus (hind foot about 15 mm.); colour in summer pelage essentially as in the typical form but lighter, the cheeks strongly suffused with dull white, the rump buffy grey with slightly darker median area; grey winter pelage habitually assumed. Colour.—Though the actual elements of the colour of the body are essentially as in Lepus europeus europeus, the general effect is noticeably lighter, owing to the greater length of the sub- terminal cream-buff annulations. The rump is also more evidently grey in contrast with the back. White of interramial region spreading conspicuously so that cheeks are practically whitish throughout (except for a dull ochraceous-buff area under and behind eye and another at base of whiskers), in strong contrast with the grizzled buffy of crown, face and muzzle. Grey area on back of ear nearly white and forming a very conspicuous whitish rim to outer border. Inguinal patches clear, light ochraceous-buff. Collar somewhat duller and paler. Otherwise as in L. ewropxus europaeus. * While I have seen no German specimens of this hare there can be little doubt that it is the East Prussian animal referred to by Altum (Forstzoologie, 2nd ed., 1, p. 181) as being not infrequently greyish white in winter. The same author gives rather extended observations on the occurrence of the grey winter coat in the hares of other parts of Germany. LEPUS 509 Measurements.— Adult from Lithuania: hind foot, 155; ear from crown, 125. Specimens examined.—One, from Lithuania. Remarks.—This race appears to be well characterized by its large size, rather light colour of summer pelage, and the frequency with which the grey winter coat is assumed. 1, Lithuania. (7. Barey.) Branicki Museum (8). 94. 8. 7. 80. LEPUS EUROPEUS TRANSSYLVANICUS Matschie. 1901. Lepus transsylvanicus Matschie, Sitz.-Ber. Gesellsch. Naturforsch. Freunde, Berlin, p. 236 (Taslau, Roumania). 1906, Llepus] e[uropxus| transsylvaticus Hilzheimer, Zool. Anzeiger xxx, p. 512, August 14, 1906. 1910. Lepus ewropeus transsylvaticus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 221, Type locality —Taslau, Roumania. Geographical distribution —From Roumania southward through the Balkan Peninsula to the Peloponesus. Exact limits of range unknown. Diagnosis.—Size nearly as great as in Lepus europzus hybridus (hind foot about 150 mm., occipitonasal length of skull in largest individuals 105 mm.); general colour dark and brownish, much as in L. euwropeus meridiei, the rump bluish grey in strong contrast with back; black area on posterior surface of ear normal in extent. Measurements Adult male from Visoko, Bosnia, and from Herzegovina: hind foot, 150 and 148 mm. ; ear from crown, 120 and 121 mm. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 511. Specimens examined.—Hight, from the following localities :— Bosnia: Visoko, 1. Herzegovina: Mostar, 3; Dragajica, 1. ALBANIA: Coast opposite Corfu, 2. GREECE: Patras, 1. Remarks.—While I have not seen Roumanian specimens of this hare, the Balkan skins agree so essentially with the original description that there seems little doubt that they represent the same form. Though readily distinguishable from Lepus europeus europeus its resemblance to L. e. meridie?, particularly to north Italian skins of this form, is rather close. The Balkan- Roumanian animal appears, however, to be sufficiently dis- tinguished by its large size. g. Visoko, Bosnia. Dr. O. Reiser (c & P). = 7. 10. 15. 3. 6,%. Surmancipolje, Herze- Dr, O. Reiser ie & P). 7. 10. 15. 1-2. govina. 26, Opposite Corfu, Albania. J, I, S, Whitaker (P). 8. 10. 1. 49-50. (C. Mottaz.) 510 CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF LEPUS EUROPZUS. RODENTIA AKAOANHOHDODAAS Howe *MOd-11900} Pas ARHADDDROD AAwWD Aen pues, QARQARIAHLRHAS aan mod — SDHHHSCHASHADHAAG AAD *MOI-Y}00} ee SLE oor gornranra Omer Aare ixeyl road AONOWODSOOAAT HH Doon “aTqIpUeL HOMRAHD DOE HNO anon CRE REE EEERERE SEER dal TP DODD DOOOMHAOAN Ata “ULo4selC CAHOHDDDDDRODAROD Loon ADAAAANANRAANHDA aAaag “199504 DAAGADOODNODOAH AHO s[esea yj0q aie QOdHtHAANNUHOON aan {ypeerq 4saqVATN RARAARAANARRAA AANA = CAFAAANSHNOHAS DSooa “(eaoserp) 6g © OF © Hg ot oh 19 19 19 1] 440M [esen oH OSH OH OSH OSH HOH SH SH SH SH Ht HH HH HH -‘aseo-urerq azee | Saasanaas OOM aa9ee |lqwondandds aa Jo Wapwer oD OD OD | GD GD CD 60 OD OD OD OD DORD “aoryolyst09 HODDADOODYAAAH oOo 6319 HB OH Haw AH oo HH Teqq10ys0g mnintdt nia dna donde “uOMoLTst00 OOOO OF SOS eS DHRHHAHHONDHSS ouaag Teqqio19quy AAHAANANAAAARHARA AAA “Yypearq COOH ONO HO SUILD 0 SPS o 2 DOWHODRDOEE DOODLE Ho H oyyentosA7, GRAIG AS SS GSS SSS “y3uaT oS (eee res Doon 2O lOMDEOROEAaD At 2p Teseqo,spuon BBS | ZBRBRDBADOD DOOD 5 é (oa) HONDO a ee ele eee ees Se Teseuoqdjoog ASR SSRHROSSGSS ASA Se ae ee ee A Se er Ce ma Liwad Loni teen Z WOM AD *O OF OF io) 0) Rn AAwWoODHA BS toad 2 6HSSSSS SEBBBE ad 2 qsonnaaA CE ESQH pa EI a ae i en eer cE :a ow E Acidic Gad SPHAAss wii 5S HBHODHHHH BPR nee ~ 1D . . eS “aq . . . . 3 8 n — n aes " av & atk | uo . oe ~Q . “Oo oma ao} Z ae a3 ro Sh BS ses 3 oe ae sud 3 A oS. 2 "a goes = Pte ad 8 -— NSea 3 3 a og “4 H ‘adga od s ES N Ss £9 :859s 6 é P= o .. aor 3 a B 1c oar its: A n 3 7) 5 @ 2 24g ba 2 a Ria ral a A ow wy se or se a8 Ske Ss 3m BY q ssl ra qo o., a o 3 Hm Brg E84 =| . 4 i da o- ie 4 a8 ; 3 q s a8 Ha q Py Lvs! aq u a aD o Oo BE a A o ic] aA mn is oO its Q a a I > g, E 3 ~~ n Fa = 8 CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF APODEMUS SYLVATICUS—continued. ‘Observations. RODENTIA » vouch worn. ” moderately worn. much worn. moderately worn. ” moderately worn. ap moderately worn. ae moderately worn. much worn, ¥ ” slightly worn. much worn. much worn. ” ? ” ” ” ’ ’ ” ’ ” ” ” , ’ ’ Teeth much worn. *MOL-T[}00} repnqrpuey_ DOPDDOD NOSS9SSE99S9E9E2°E9P GO HSH GD DG GD SH SHH HHH HH HHH HH *MOI-Y}00} ALOL[IXBIL SPPSDODODPOASAAANAGDONSOANAH HHH co HOO HHH HHH HHH “O[QIPUBIT ODDNDODDOOHOHHOOOCOAWNONS SH SH SH OD 10 6D HD © 10 10 SH HD 10.10 SH HO HH 1D Se eB cr ee ee Oe “euloyselc. CDHOWODOANHOONDANODONSSOO RPOOOPOEEEREOORELOOREEER *[eseN DHOGPONDOANDDNDOANDDODOOO SHRRARSSSSSHR®ANSSARSGOSS Se oe oe ce “o[ppyar qe osv0-U181q Jo yydeq SPPSSADAGOOAAUIA SaNwDoO oo DODDDEDDDDDOMO oles ecole) laa *98B0-UTeIq JO YRpPVaIg DSDODDANAWASWOGWANDOO ao BAAnHAHAAAKaaAaaaadas lye Se Oe ee *moT}oTI4sU09 Teyqiorezuy ADDDSPAAHMOAUAWAAANDADAAA HHOHHHHHHHHHGHHHHH Sas “YypBaIq OLJVULOZAZ, DODDDDODBDAANDITOOWNOSD © oN “yy8u9] reseqolspuog DODDDDOAHDOADHWHOOCOAKDOWO NHAMHAHOOHHHO DOH HHO ANANANANNANANAANANAANAATAAAAN Sex. A OND oH MOR W RO 3 SSSSSSS Gea B SS BSS Fl cease eto ee 5 SAS SASS sage TOS OS SSS ie COO SS idG SS ss 5 [ keRe WEE BLE Fe we fo} a os Bene lS Sed 2 = i wt = 4 e 4s ey tt eo ae gt ae foe & Ss =) . Ci ee ee eee A a 2 g wa g Ba Ho so8 Sears Boe RRR RAE ay Bs ss a8 a 6 4 ic} QD = cm bn a & eS Z < Italy Sicil APODEMUS a3 3 : : a A gf 6¢ os, i) i ox © d e Bo JF. g Bq q BEES FRE 9 eke 3 ese sas & SF os Bee eB ER CE BE omc a BS ga 777 8 "Sg 08 gag "8B 2 9 Sogd ‘aga a sao 58 6p0% s65 2 omas | HAaad Aged & aaudd a ~~ ORS ASHE ROR RRR RH Ss NSS g Rees Ne Se a SOSMBDOOGSOHDHSOOHDHOHO mnmow SHH 6 cH 60 SH HD CDH ca dn do ca co co 69 9 cD cD OYAOONDOANSONHOVHHO Onno SH SH ES EbE bm BE bm 738 bs H — ou — — al 4 a s G) edo AHO ont oO +# a is] Dor odod god so a s 8 S'S sibs‘ Ss Sy 3 | aaa RGAaS Aaa a OG q ary a £ee cre eee See eee 2% D ial “MOI-1[}004 AwWMWAAND COND DOONAN OO Ternqrpue nw H HHH HHH Boaaaw aa *MOI-43004 OW DHOOOW HAON TAWOAA On ALELIXCTT Ho HHHHHH HHH Hoaqaaa aa O HHODAN DOON HOOAHA NSO “O1QIPUeTL Orr MDOWOO ONEO DOOMNOHOO 0H Oe ee Oe ee ee ee a ~emmesttd DOD AWWDOO ONAN OMNOHHDO WO me OO ERE PhoOr Okobeko ER CO HTHANDOH HANS AWWODS Ow “[eseN HHNCHOS COOHSO HOSCOHS OO eA AANA AeA ae “OTPpIU 4e OPDAHPOHO AHON DONOAN ON ose UTI DADDDDH DHDAHD DHDHDDOD HOH yo yydoq SDADSAAH HAWN DOSOADH OS -asBo-1BIq ° re SO ae cae reenter a HAAaaasy AAIAINA HANAHA AA JO YppBorg. a Aad AAs AAAs UOT]O1148109 O DONONGD ANON AONAGH ON [e}1Q1o.1e4uy Ho HHH HHH HHoaaaa ae aipeer SCO ODOH HD CDHH AANHOA DO ID MOM | HH HOt WH ac agewlodaz Hoan Sg SSS SSS AS ~yaduey A HOAGOHOSO SONS ADOHAG OF b 2BHOHOO OOrwo Lonnon OO Teseqo[Apuoyy AAANNAAN AANN ANCAANAN AN 8 0 *o tof OOOH TOO MONOD tO DD N ‘ 3 aN ag an coe e = tae or +e FF ae 38 eS 2SGGBH Has “NSS ° 5 BARBSIAADd “SO HYANAE Bee) g COPS OO CSdH .THHe Ba fis ANaAwmOOmH . ait HO 28am ond zy 5 Sears Ogi 4 Arts wo sl te ro Re) ae rons oO aed : doa Fl . . . . . . . . . . a “oO o§ = AS Bo = , aa ars Ot tte eee ae a Saag 7S 3 yg BRS 8 | 9 3a z OA BA... as Be 4 eo. RE gc, grea: St, B Oo FF H#8a5 oO : 3g N 9 83M 8 a & a > oH 62 chy RI ‘=| io} tas ‘sd 3 Quo 29 Do ‘Hs ~ ae g Sg ae a 3 o 8 2 ao 2 Oo 8 Ci) o 7-8 a 2a, g ga A Om sod rrr *h s Bohl Wy 3 OB 1.090 27 RR cous A B38 Bg ord iad Bo 8-5 4 I a F oo q w gaeagd os ae HA ‘s Saas 5 a 2 3 E 3 q 4 q o qd 3 u Ee 2 gs oO mn A co) oS omodo FORGE pe DE bp 3S a asada qi aod BBN ay sae dy Us 1K OS Be i= APODEMUS a Fa Fs 5 8 ° é MC! 9 -2 2 Peo ele ge dF GB ae. Pm oq OmASOhH OA om” S$ :F5 ESSED -BSS B'S 9 8 2. gee ete Ba sons = we) ae ~~ br} nA ROR 2 3 ag agdag H39 agg o BS won wo wos wo fq ad asdadd ddd add > ‘] ” ” ” ”? ” , a9 ” SPPANSSAANSSSSOSOOASCOHAAN HHHHHH HHH HHH APS HHANAAODHAAAA AA CTH HHO CTH A HHHHHHHHHHHHHH aaa SSOODDGOHHADANDOOCNOSO WOODS fos feck et pa pias a feat pac pS RS Bal a Bede er a al Se WOANDADDDADDDDDDODODDOS9D PRR ODOR ORE EE OORE ORE EOOD ADSDWDADOAAANDDODODOHONDS SSonsonoononnoogoooon | See oe OB ee Oe mAnnddnnen DOPANSDAASSSOYWADAAAHAAN a DODDDDDDDDDDDKDDDDDDO i ANDDADOASDADANSDSOPHWAGCSOS AHGHAAAA AA aaa aa aa aag a Be ee Se he oe AAA AA Sc HAO HINT SHO SH SH I oH HHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHassas Do ONw® ol lane dane N SPIN YOMSPOONSPANANS N HH SH S8 co ch ei Stee te aS at et Sl sH al Se eB oe Oe Oe ee oe nd 26:4) 14-6) 4-4 | 12°92) 8-2) 11°0) 7°8 | 16-2) 4-4 | 4:0 ABDDDNDODODOHOASDAHAD AHO HAO O19 12H MONOW DOODBoH oO» oo RARRARSRARARRRARRERARS $0 OF OF OF 100+ 40 40 40 OF 10 0+ 40 40 40 40 0+ 10 40 40 10 0+ OF OF OF OF 80 80 OF 4 aS PH wakRangonnnood Bor iia S QS GAA MB AAG ADH AGO nw ARS T TR 8 BRN SSS ese oR eas ada 10 6 Od solo OO vi vi vi oi i wi wi wig 19 19 18 doindgaan Aa Ate. -donn aored Big 6 68 oS og Hi i wi wi wi i wi wi 7 a ow 5 3 c ee ee ee g 8 103. Bei a | | oon : 3 Bp Seed She B a RE: OOS eh-Rér. @ip> BrP gonsTa Re? ohh, OD a8 . atop ese : 8 e = a : 9 ia = 5 poo N 28 5 A 8 > OD PI a. 9 é¢ £2 -R0 ee ee ee ee B 2 m4 os OER res an ne 3 a hi re SE ie PS. 8 se AS a a Seog =a g 3 an 8 a ad S 3 | ana -s .. Bee oh Lah cds re) Bm we > OeA RRS Sa as o ~aS4.aaB ial a O22 sh'ag g eS a a a=) SoZaNQ & 5 3 5 2:08 & a 2 fae) HAMM q = es * cs 2 - 3 @ Bo s q 3 q 7) n io) Gy 3 3 o =< -G §33 * Type of princeps Barrett-Hamilton. CRANIAL MEASUREMENTS OF APODEMUS FLAVICOLLIS—continued. RODENTIA dj =| a A A wu ma mu wu a ° .o ‘ oS 5° ~9 Bae A z 2 ae : .£ P 4 a fd bicm $8 ¢ » ge om 5 6 SSPS -sF § BS rsSBsFBrs 3 Pape es Dar eh Fe as ES gq "saeo 3 gS GS ¥O a eo gods dio 0g os As 2 B 95.%¢ 2 B 6 Bo Wo e qd ssaa a @8 i498 aa a Dy se gS - eae ee oe SS = D a “MO1-9 00! ADAAHONADOOOOONASCOH | AANA 19900} TeNqIpUBAL HHH HHH HO HHH HH *MOI-Y004 OHHHOAHOOAWANGOHOOWHOOS ATCIXCIN HHH SH HHH HH HH SOASAHOAAHAHHSODOA HON “O(QIpuB lL QOOHO HOB HHO HBV OBE Oro Se ce ee Oe ee OO -auuayseiq ADOAAHNADHADODOOODONHON i COFOER EEE EE DODODOFOREEE ADGOAASOHOADOODOCSGHWOWAOA “[BSUN SHOR OODOCOCOHOHOOONDOOSO Be oe Oe ee eB ee | su aeeo' the Pelee ee ee ae eee. las | UTR aye i -DDDDDE-DDDNDDMODDODH |ow yo irdoq ° -asvo-UrRiq ee eee Sad AAIANAHA alaang JO Y3peolg, oho Fs anh os A aA 5 *uOT4o1I48000 AHAHAAANHOHTOONOOAUM HHA Teq1q1010}UT SHH SHH HHH HHH HH SH HS SH SH HS rqapweid SOHASADA BOSCGVSHSOHA OAG HY 3H Hap HG al ao O1FBUTODAZ, 439 4 QW 438 ape “yysu0] DAAANANDDOADOODOAAHAAGA whoewww Ropre} Teseqorsépuog RESHARRSRALRSESAR LLL 4 i 3 *O *O 40 40 OF FO OF 4 OF FO OF OF OF £0 OF FO 0 40 OF 040 N a nono N a aAnarsaowo? S28 amano 3 SSOS9GnnF Oa A4SS66088 2 apHmD Geode sd SoU oSOHHS A ASSse sagas GaaaaaS g Faso AS & 2. (RP ona b ~ 19296 a Q a ia . . . . "q n * . . . 7 *, . . . vo s I ee Oh Seas ae 5 te) (Ome =) ee ae ah th a ra So ow dy oa Om a | eS na Q De n > n wa q pan} ees >, gas se om re aes 3 4 2S ogee Sie? aay i 28 g@&@.,28 gaia * Fs ge ° £ Bp SS sr QPseeg k a 2. q 3 & 3 ‘AS wag as 82 Ss 5 BS 8g SE5was So g3 222 z 2S a 2 Od Saad F om A =a ‘ (=) re) ‘> w = Switzerland ? 2 ? Teeth moderately worn. much worn. ? moderately worn. ” ge £ Oo. 3° Pd Pacem zo BE OS PESES aaace BpowMB Oo aaada APODEMUS g gq ¢ fe) 9 98 B § &£ ee eae ee O: =: Cow 2 2 RPS o G4 “O40 3 o ~~ OM ° =] on0 H dA das slightly worn. ” ” ACAN DO ANWADO SOOMDDD CO Oo HHH HH HaHa SHH OO HHH SH OH OAWOG A aAowaqn AWHAAAIA oa HHHH H Baaaay HAHAH Ww Soa 4 ANOHOW HOONGAD OA OOO 3 OI 1D1010 IWDIDO ONO O O ee a DOOD © WOOHOO OOODODO A O eee & FORREE eS Se oe OAHSO BW ACASWA DOSOANAHODM a Coon 0 Suooos ASSOSSS oO aeagd A AAAs a ASDoMoD A SO D9 HOWTAGAA © woaan wo oolnr|le wnnonna bo aAtnS SC GN OGD ASAASAS OH aanea a nvalaad qaaaaadg aa ann Al nro Sos Ba | mrnnninntns ot ONAH A AAHAAA AOWAW AH tO SHH SHH SHO SHH SH HHH HHH HH ASCon © DS HHS DOAN OD OA HHH oo cos | aoe oo HH |< a ee eae me val Ht dard 4 et SHDD HG OS WA SSOODAGA HA Sone © oe lonw WOOONOHOO 0 © AAAN A AN Aad AARAAAAA AA SO SO OF OF $9 *O O+ OF OF 0 OF SO 0 OF SO SO OF OF OF FO MHADODOA daa o~r BS H10 Hpr= © tel eve oom Bee cp CST a Sie9 SMoaa Bight ari af tet oS NR had no Me: ‘ socc6 PNAS See . s Seer © SoSaces AnAansassg aa AAA 8 CgaAadsnces o8S oO OO ae g 8 B=! 8 P| i . . . . . wa . . ee ae whe = .-d g . ee Srae 8 5 23 3 pi oe 7 7 g a B® S a Ge .'o & o a it) BO ' ° 2 Boxe B me Pp OA os a = iy “n 1.5 B 9 oe H | = ne Q Q ne CB ge ok an qd By = a aI - + 9 5 So 5a228 288 on, 5 g . 2 29 **8 “sg He se ¢ BE 3a = gsas a 9 8s Siero e HA o moO F qd o > Teseqopapuog Sega es noo hal we edd eS eet 8 TOTO TOO OHTO OOF «00H «0 80 80 0 OF OF a beep epee: Bt AD BOatHOD 3 BHBDGMN SQV AS GONMOEAN S Sd BS HHOOHHOS 5 aivinaitieicd BR BS WHHHKHH 5 ae BIG OD HODHDOODAD A of 6 O89 oD of * Oo) u 4 ite) i are Cmeriirs} se Dos as es Ger ants as ad 3 a 4 se o 2 > os Z 5 3 A 8 g i 2 ao q # 5 = ID 2 he Adee hoy q a aR eS ci @®wWaaraarg wn Or f= $ Bo ~~ @ n 5 S 2a Q an B a i Boo 8 ao % Q go Bg = & a ri : 3 3 §§ & 3 aS og 6B "a da & & q u oO o A Fy ~Q o 848 RODENTIA Genus EPIMYS Trouessart. 1857. Mus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 309 (part). 1867. Rattus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.- Naturwiss. Classe, LVI, p. 63 (not of Donovan, 1827). 1881. Epimys Trouessart, Bull. Soc. @Etudes Sci. d’Angers, x. p. 117 (sub-genus). Type by subsequent selection Mus rattus Linneus. 1910. Epimys Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxt11, p. 58, April 19, 1910. Type spectes—Mus rattus Linneus. Geographical distribution. Originally confined to the temperate and tropical portions of the Old World, but now essentially cosmopolitan through the artificial dispersal of two species. Characters.—External form, skull, and teeth with no special modifications; molars slightly graduated in size from first to third, the anterior tooth not tending to assume the main function of the tooth-row, the posterior tooth not tending to disappear ; enamel foldings of upper molars directly referable to a simple 9-cusped pattern and its reductions, the outer margin of m' and m? never with more than three cusps, the inner margin of the same teeth never with more than two cusps ; m! with five roots, its first lamina not distorted by the backward displacement of ¢1; upper incisor compressed, set at such an angle that its outer side is worn smoothly away by action of lower teeth. Remarks.—The genus Epimys is the most widely distributed and abundantly represented group in the sub-family Murine. As here defined it contains the great mass of the Asiatic, Malayan and African species, several hundred in number, to which the generic name Mus has during recent years gradually become restricted. Only two of these occur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF EPIMYS. Greatest breadth of brain-case across lateral ridges about equal to length of parietal measured along ridge; first lamina of m!and terminal heel of m? with no well developed outer tubercle; external form rather heavy; tail decidedly shorter than head and body (Nor- WAY, EIU) ron nies ct ated nhceaned onieemionin ad ducers deiatioeetermeidass E. norvegicus, p. 858. Greatest breadth of brain-case across lateral ridges decidedly more than length of parietal mea- sured along ridge; first lamina of m' with distinct outer tubercle usually almost as large as inner tubercle; terminal heel of m? with evident though incompletely separated outer tubercle; external form slender; tail about equal to head and body (usually a little longer) E. rattus, p. 849. General colour slaty black, the underparts dark slaty grey (Distribution general)................ EL. rattus, p. 853. General colour brown, the underparts buffy or greyish (Southern)..........c:sseeseetscceeeeenee eres E. r, alexandrinus, p. 854. EPIMYS 84y EPIMYS RATTUS Linneus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution.—Originally confined to the north temperate portions of the Old World; now essentially cosmo- politan through artificial dispersal. Diagnosis.—Skull with brain-case broad, its greatest breadth across lateral ridges decidedly more than length of parietal measured along ridge; anterior upper molar without trace of cingulum at anterior border of crown; first lamina of m! with distinct outer tubercle usually almost as large as inner tubercle ; terminal heel of «? with evident though incompletely separated outer tubercle; first and second lower molars usually with evident small supplemental tubercles at outer extremity of furrows ; form slender; tail about as long as head and body (usually somewhat longer); ear when laid forward extending about to middle of eye; hind foot of adults usually under 40 mm. in length ; condylobasal length of adult skulls usually 38 to 43 mm. External churacters.—-General form rather slender, the tail usually longer than head and body and never, unless injured, noticeably shorter. Head slender, tapering anteriorly, the ear rather large, extending about to middle of eye when laid forward, its substance thin and somewhat translucent, its general outline broadly oval, the basal portion of anterior border folded backward (inward); posterior border of meatus with barely indicated ridge ; surface of ear finely papillose and very inconspicuously pubescent. Muzzle pad small but well defined, with deep median groove continuous with cleft in upper lip; nostril crescentic, its inner and lower margins swollen, forming an ill-defined, wart-like excrescence below. Feet moderately large, with no special peculiarities of form. Front foot with inner digit reduced to a mere tubercle with rudimentary nail not extending to its edge; outer digit slightly shorter than second, the third and fourth sub-equal, slightly longer than second ; pads five, large, distinct, that at base of outer toe with slightly developed supplemental tubercle at outer base. Hind foot with inner digit extending to middle of first phalanx of second digit, outer digit somewhat longer, the second, third and fourth sub-equal and longest ; pads six, the postero-internal more than twice as long as broad, widest in front, narrowing posteriorly, the postero-external well developed, fully one-third as large as that at base of outer toe; pads at bases of inner and outer toes with rudimentary supplemental outer tubercles ; surface of sole naked, smooth except between pads, where it is noticeably wrinkled. Claws simple, curved, those on hind fect iargest. Tail slightly four-sided, uniformly and very thinly haired throughout, the tip with no distinct pencil; annulations well , BI 850 RODENTIA defined, regular, about nine to the centimeter at middle ; length of hairs equal to about one and one-half width of rings. Fur soft but interspersed with numerous coarse hairs which impart to it a somewhat harsh quality ; with a lens these coarse hairs are seen to be very slender bristles, distinctly grooved on the upper side. Mamme: p 2—2,73—-3=10. Colour.—The two main types of colour are (1) dark slaty, becoming almost blackish on back, and (2) light brown above, pale buff or light grey below. All possible intermediate stages exist connecting the two extremes. Shul.—tIn general features the skull shows no marked peculiarities. Dorsal profile faintly convex throughout, but Fig. 172. Epimys rattus, Nat. size. flattened over posterior half of nasals, between orbits and on posterior half of brain-case ; occiput squarely and almost perpen- dicularly truncate ; ventral profile nearly flat. Brain-case squarish in outline when viewed from above, but slightly longer than wide and somewhat narrowed posteriorly, the sides of its upper surface marked by conspicuous longitudinal ridges continuous with the overhanging interorbital beads. The greatest width of brain-case across these ridges is distinctly greater than length ct parietal measured along ridge. No trace of sagittal crest, but a low ridge-like lambdal crest present in old individuals and EPIMYS 851 a knife-like median occipital crest from interparietal to foramen magnum. Interparietal large, its anterior border nearly straight, though usually forming a median point, its posterior border strongly convex. Occiput rather broad and low when viewed from behind, but central portion of brain-case not rising con- spicuously above it; paroccipital processes slender and rather long, extending beyond level of lower lip of foramen. Floor of brain-case with no special features ; width of basioccipital along anterior border scarcely half median length; auditory bulla moderately large, evenly inflated, its greatest diameter about 8 mm., meatus with thickened edges but not tubular. Inter- orbital region contracted, its least breadth less than that of rostrum over roots of incisors, its margin overhanging and conspicuously beaded, the beads passing into lateral ridges of brain-case behind a slight though evident angle at suture between frontal and parietal. Zygoma rather slender, not expanded or noticeably flattened, strongly bent downward, its lowest point usually opposite m%; anteriorly the arches are not abruptly spreading, so that greatest zygomatic breadth is at glenoid level ; plate forming outer border of anteorbital foramen well developed, its anterior border vertical below, broadly rounded above. Rostrum much deeper than broad but without special peculiarities of form; nasals truncate or bluntly pointed posteriorly, extend- ing barely to lachryma] level, somewhat exceeded by nasal branches of premaxillaries. Incisive foramina parallel sided, rather short and wide, their posterior border extending to level of anterior root of m', their anterior extremity falling short of incisors by a distance equal to about one and one-half times the width of the two foramina together. Palate extending notice- ably behind level of m?. Mesopterygoid space slightly wider posteriorly than anteriorly, truncate or double rounded in front, the hamulars slightly turned outward, not in contact with bull ; ectopterygoid well developed, tilted noticeably upward from within outward (skull viewed from below). Mandible robust, with no special peculiarities ; coronoid process directed strongly backward, slightly curved, its extremity rising notice- ably above level of condyle. Teeth.—Teeth moderately large relatively tu size of skull ; upper molars with outer tubercles well developed, nearly as large as those on inner side, the crescents rather flat but evident and showing little tendency to distortion. Incisors strongly compressed, without special peculiarities, the cutting surface of upper tooth vertical, flat, its edges entire. First upper molar 5-rooted, the anterior root largest, strongly projecting forward beyond base of crown, the median inner and median outer roots smallest ; crown barely as long as that of m? and m* together, its area about equal to that of the succeeding teeth ; anterior border of crown smooth, with no trace of cingulum or minute supplemental cusps; first lamina moderately and gla crescentic, Lu 852 RODENTIA the outer tubercle nearly as large as ¢1, and only a little anterior to it in position, both small tubercles well defined from #2, the reentrant angles deep and without supplemental folds ; second lamina essentially like first, not connected with it by longitudinal ridges, #6 entire; third lamina completely distinct from second, ‘9 well developed, about as large as #3, t7 absent. Second upper molar with first lamina represented by large t1 ; second and third lamin essentially as in m!, the third with well developed ¢9 nearly as large as that of preceding tooth and marked off from ‘8 by a distinct reentrant angle. Third upper molar with large, ; distinct, terete #1, small t4 and #5, the latter joined by an obsolete 46 to outer extremity of 18, the only remnant of the third lamina; as the crown wears away the second and third lamine assume the form of a narrow loop, the two limbs of which are separated by a deep re-entrant angle. Anterior lower molar with crown scarcely as long as those of the two succeeding teeth, its area also less; first lamina narrower Fig. 173. than second, its posterior border nearly Epimys rattus. Cheek-teeth. straight, its anterior border with deep x5. 4 reentrant angle on outer side of middle ; second and third lamine essentially alike, more strongly curved posteriorly than anteriorly, the division into two tubercles ill defined; terminal heel small, compressed; a small terete tubercle usually present at outer edge of space between second and third lamin, and a similar though smaller tubercle occasionally present in that between first and second. Second lower molar essentially like first without anterior lamina, the outer border with small supplemental tubercle at anterior base of first lamina, and another usually less well developed in space between lamin. Third lower molar with two lamin, the anterior of which shows a faint indication of division into two tubercles, the posterior similar to the posterior heel of the other teeth but considerably larger. Remarks.—Though now so completely intermingled in many localities that exact determination of specimens is often im- possible, there seems no good reason to doubt that two geo- graphical races of Epimys ratius have established themselves in western Europe. True ratius, the blackish, slaty-bellied form, is a northern animal, normally occurring in a climate similar to that of central and northern Europe.. The buff-bellied form, Epimys rattus alewandrinus, is normally more southern in its range, finding its optimum conditions, so far as Europe is concerned, in the Mediterranean region.* Individuals of each ven * In the United States it appears never to become naturalized north of the limits of the Lower Austral life zone, while EZ. rattus is or has been locally common in the Transition and Canadian zones, EPIMYS 853 form have been artificially though unintentionally transplanted into the area of the other, and to this circumstance, rather than to individual variation or normal intergradation, should be attributed the intermediate specimens now so abundantly found. Epimys RATTUS RATTUS Linnceus. 1758. [Mus] rattus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 61 (Sweden). 1833. Mus tectorum var. fuliginosus Bonaparte, Iconogr. Faun. Ital., 1, fasc. 8, pl. 22, fig. 1, name on plate only (Italy, no exact locality). 1842. Mus subcewruleus Lesson, Nouv. Tabl. du Régne Anim., Mamm., p. 188 (Rochefort, Charente-Inférieure, France). 1857. Mus ratius Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 317. 1867. Rattus domesticus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lv1, pt. 1, p. 64 (Substitute for rattus). 1867. [Rattus domesticus] fuscus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lvi, pt. 1, p. 64 (Germany). 1867. [Rattus domesticus] varius Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais, Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, LVI, pt. I, p. 64 (Germany). 1867. [Rattus domesticus] fulvaster Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lvi, pt. 1, p. 64 (Austria and Germany). 1867. [Rattus domesticus] albus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, LVI, pt. 1, p. 65 (Austria, Hungary, Germany). 1867. [Rattus domesticus] ater Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, LvI, pt. 1, p. 65 (Germany). 1902. Mus alexandrino-rattus Fatio, Revue Suisse de Zoologie, x, p. 402, December 30, 1902 (Ticino, Switzerland). See Mottaz, Bull. Soc. Zool. de Genéve, 1, p. 163, November 15, 1908. 1905. Mus rattus ater Millais, Zoologist, 4th ser., 1x, p. 205, June, 1905 (London, England). Type in British Museum. 1908. Epimys rattus Satunin, Mitth. Kauk. Mus., Tiflis, rv, Lief. 1-2, p. 112. 1910. Mus (Epimys) rattus and M. (#.) rattus ater Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 143. Type locality —Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution—Europe north of the Mediterranean region; occurring in isolated colonies and everywhere being replaced by Epimys norvegicus. Diagnosis —General colour slaty, the back darker, frequently almost black. Measurements.—Adult male and female from South Ronald- shay, Orkney Islands: head and‘ body, 189 and 188; tail, 206 and 205; hind foot, 36-7 and 36; ear, 24°5 and 24. Adult male from Lundy Island, Devonshire: head and body, 209 ; tail, 233; hind foot, 40; ear, 25-5. Adult male from London, England (type of ater Millais) : head and body, 235 ;* tail, 235 ;* = From Millais. 854 RODENTIA hind foot, 36; ear, 25.* Adult female from Hatszeg, Hunyad, Austria-Hungary : head and body, 190; tail, 225; hind foot, 38. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 856. Specimens examined.—Twenty, from the following localities :— Scortanp: South Ronaldshay, Orkney Islands, 5 (Edinburgh). Eyauanp: Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, 1; Tring, Hertfordshire, 1; London, 6 (including type of ater Millais); Lundy Island, Devonshire, 2. Francr: Sark, Channel Islands, 1. SwitzERLAND: No exact locality, 1. AustriA-Huncary: Hatszeg, Hunyad, 2. PortuGaL: San Miguel, Azores, 1. ést. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk, W. R. Butterfield 4.1. 22. 1. England. (c & P). 9st. Tring, Hertfordshire. Hon. N. C. Roths- 1.5. 22. 8. child (c & P). 2st. London. A. Stedall (c & p). g,1al. London. C. J. Wilson (c & Pp). 86. 4. 5. 1-2. st. London. K. Bidwell (c& Pp), 2.4.4.1. é. London. J. G. Millais (P). 5. 7. 28. 1. (Type of ater Millais.) 24. LundyIsland, Devonshire. T.A.Coward (c & Pp). 7.12.19. 1-2. 5 Switzerland. (Nager.) E. R. Alston (p). 79. 9. 25. 40. é,?, Hatszeg, Hunyad, Tran- C. G. Danford (c). 3. 2. 2. 22-24, sylvania. 3. San Miguel, Azores. Hon. W. Rothschild 3. 6. 5. 15. (I. BR. O. Grant.) (P). EPimys RATTUS ALEXANDRINUS Geoffroy. 1803. Mus alexandrinus Geoffroy, Catal. Mammif. du Mus. Nat. d’Hist. Nat., Paris, p. 192 (Egypt). 1814. Musculus frugivorus Rafinesque, Précis des Découv. et Travaux Somiologiques, p. 13 (Sicily). 1825. a ie Savi, Nuovo Giorn, de’ Letterati, Pisa, x, p. 74 (Pisa, aly). 1827. AMyorus sicule Lesson, Man. de Mammalogie, p. 274 (Substitute for Musculus frugivorus Rafinesque). 1841. Mus sylvestris Pictet, Mém. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat., Genéve, 1x, p. 153 (Near Geneva, Switzerland). Alternative for lewcogaster. 1841. Mus leucogaster Pictet, Mém. Soc. Phys. et d’Hist. Nat., Genéve, rx, p. 154 (Near Geneva, Switzerland). 1841. [Mus] nemoralis de Sélys-Longchamps, Atti della seconda Riunione degli Scienziati Italiani, Torino, 1840, p. 247 (Near Geneva, Switzerland). Accidental substitute for sylvestris Pictet. 1845. Mus picietti Schinz, Synops. Mamm., 11, p. 142 (Substitute for lewco- gaster Pictet). 1857. Mus alexandrinus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 316. 1882. [Mus rattus] intermedius Ninni, Atti del reale Inst. Veneto, 5th ser., vil, p. 574 (Venice, Italy). 1910. Mus (Epimys) rattus intermedius and I. (E.) rattus alevandrinus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, pp. 1438, 144, Type locality Alexandria, Egypt. Geographical distribution.— Mediterranean region ; everywhere abundant and not tending to be replaced by Epimys norvegicus, * From Millais, EPIMYS 855 Diagnosis—Upper parts light brown; underparts strongly contrasted pale buff or light grey. Measurements—Two adult females from near Nimes, Gard, France: head and body, 180 and 199; tail, 222 and 250; hind foot, 86°5 and 38°5; ear, 24 and 27. Two females from Sorrento, Italy: head and body, 177 and 178; tail, 243 and 217; hind foot, 37 and 37. Average and extremes of ten adults from Sorrento, Italy: head and body, 190-7 (181-202); tail, 221 (203- 244) ; hind foot, 36 (35-37). Average and extremes of six adults from Palermo, Sicily: head and body, 202°5 (196- 216); tail, 234 (220-258); hind foot, 35-8 (34-38). Female from Silos, Burgos, Spain : head and body, 176; tail, 200; hind foot, 26; ear, 26. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 856. Specimens examined.—One hundred and twenty-three, from the follow- ing localities :—~ bi EnGuanp: Sunderland, Durham (on ship), 1; Lundy Island, Devon- shire, 6. Spain: Pajdres, Leon, 2; Arrechavaleta, Vitoria, 2; Béjar, Sala- manca, 2; Silos, Burgos, 4; Castrillo de la Reina, Burgos, 1; Jerez, 2; Venta “del Baul, Granada, 1; Alcoy, Alicante, 1; Barracas, Castellon, 1% Panticosa, Huesca, 1; San Gristobal, Minorea, Balearic Islands, 2. FRANCE: Biarritz, Basses- Pyrénées, 7; near Nimes, Gard, 17; Gin Var, 3; Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes, 1 (U. S.N, M.,). SWITZRRLAND: Lugano, Ticino, 1(U.S.N.M.); Agra, Ticino, 1(U.S.N.M.). Ivaty: Giamutri Island, Tuscany, 1; Florence, 9 (U.S.N. M.); Palermo, Sicily, 30 (B.M. and U.S.N. M. ); no exact locality, 1 Montrmnecro: No exact locality, 3 GreEcE: Corfu, 8; Argostoli, Cephalonia, 14; Kephissia, Athens, 4; Canea, Crete, 2. é. Sunderland, Durham (on W. B. Tegetmeier 89. 1. 28. 1. board ship), England. P). 34,29. Lundy Island, Devonshire. T.A.Coward(c & Pp), 7. 12.19. 3-6. é,%. Pajares, Leon, Spain. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 98-99. (N. Gonzalez.) é,?. Arrechavaleta, Vitoria. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 94-95. (N. Gonzalez.) 2?. Béjar, Salamanca. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 96-97. (N. Gonzalez.) 26. Silos, Burgos. N. & 8S. Gonzalez (c). 8. 7. 7. 22-23. 3. Castrillo, Burgos. N. & S. Gonzalez (c). 8. 7. 7. 24. 3,%. Jerez, Cadiz. A. Chapman (P). 8. 3. 26, 3-4. 2. Alcoy, Alicante. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 101. (N. Gonzalez.) é. Barracas, Castellon. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 102. (N. Gonzalez.) 2. Panticosa, Huesca. O. Thomas (P). 8.2 9. 100. (N. Gonzalez.) 6,% San Cristobal, Minorca, O. Thomas and R.I. 0. 7. 1. 50-51 Balearic Islands. Pocock (c & P). é,?. Biarritz, Basses-Pyrénées, J. F.Davison(c&p). 6.1, 21. 1-2. France. 6,29. Agay, Var. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8.4. 224-226, 2. Giamutri Island, Tuscany. Genoa Museum (£). 7. 2. 28. 3. 1. Italy (Savi). Crisp Collection. 84. 6. 3. 6. 3,3¢. Palermo, Sicily. J. I. S. 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Canea, Crete. A. Trevor Battye (pr). 8. 10. 24. 4-5. (C. A. B. Grant.) EPIMYS NORVEGICUS Erxleben. 1777. Mus norvegicus Erxleben, Syst. Regni Anim., 1, p. 381 (Norway). 1778. Mus decumanus Pallas, Nov. Spec. Quadr. Glir. Ord., p. 91 (Europe). 1779. M{us] surmolottus Severinus, Tentamen Zool. Hungarice, p. 73 (Central Europe). 1800. M[ws] d{ecumanus] hybridus Bechstein, Pennant’s Allgem. Ueber- sicht d. Vierfiiss. Thiere, 11, p. 713, described on p. 497. Walters- hausen, Germany (melanistic specimen). 1816. Mus caspius Oken, Lebrb. d. Naturgesch.,.111, pt. 1, p. 895. (Alternative for decumanits.) 1837. Mus hibernicus Thompson, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 52 (Rath- : friland, Co. Down, Ireland). 1857. Afus decumanus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 313. 1900. Mus norvegicus Rehn, Proc. Biol. Soc., Washington, x11, p. 167, October 31, 1900. 1908. Epimys norwegicus Satunin, Mitth. Kauk. Mus., Tiflis, rv, Lief. 1-2, p. Lid. 1910. Afus (Hpimys) norvegicus and IM. (H.) norvegicus hibernicus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d'Europe, p. 142, Type locality.— Norway. Geographical distribution.—Originally confined to the north temperate portions of the Old World; now essentially cosmo- politan through artificial dispersal. Diagnosis.—Skull with brain-case rather narrow, its greatest breadth across lateral ridges about equal to length of parietal measured along ridge; anterior upper molar with evident cingulum at anterior border of crown ; first lamina of am with- out distinct outer tubercle ; terminal heel of m? with no outer tubercle ; first and second lower molars usually without evident supplemental cusps at outer extremity of furrows ; form robust ; tail decidedly shorter than head and body ; ear when laid forward barely or not reaching eye; hind foot of adult usually over 40 mm. in length, condylobasal length of adult skulls usually 45 to 54 mm. External characters.—Size larger and form more robust than in E. rattus, the tail never as long as head and body. Ear short, extending barely or not to eye when laid forward, its substance thick and opaque, its surface densely covered with fine short hairs, its form not peculiar. Feet more robust than in FE. rattus, but proportions of toes and number and position of tubercles the same. In size the tubercles are, however, relatively smaller than EPIMYS 859 those of E. rattus, especially on the hind foot. Except for its greater diameter and relative shortness the tail is essentially like that of E. rattus, though the rings tend to be less well defined owing to the greater distinctness of the individual scales of which they are composed. Fur less harsh in quality than that of EH. rattus, owing to the less abundance of grooved bristles and the excessive slenderness of such of these hairs as occur. Mamme: p 2-2; al—1; i3-3=12. Colour—Upper parts a coarse, variable mixture of dull ochraceous-buff and slaty grey, the back darker than the sides and heavily ‘lined ” (though rarely clouded) with black. Occasionally there is a decided tinge of russet on posterior half of back. Underparts greyish white, usually with an inconspicuous wash of cream-buff. Ear dull hair-brown. Feet concolor with under- parts. Tail obscurely bicolor, the hairs blackish above, whitish below, the skin everywhere distinctly appearing at surface. Skull. Brain-case narrow ahd almost sub-cylindrical in aspect, the lateral ridges evident but not greatly developed ; width of Fia. 174. Epimys norvegicus. Nat. size. brain-case across ridges about equal to outer length of parietal ; interparietal with convexity of anterior and posterior borders sub-equal, seldom if ever showing the conspicuous contrast normally present in E. rattus; width of basioccipital along anterior border decidedly more than half median length. 860 RODENTIA Rostrum deepened anteriorly so that dorsal profile is nearly horizontal throughout. Upper border of plate forming outer wall of infraorbital foramen nearly horizontal and very abruptly rounded off anteriorly, the plate wider in proportion to its height than in Epimys rattus. In other respects the skull closely resembles that of E. rattus apart from its larger general size. The auditory bulle tend, however, to be less inflated and the incisive foramina to be slightly shorter and wider, their posterior border usually not extending quite to level of anterior molar root. Tecth.—Incisors as in EH. rattus. Molars with number of roots and general size and proportions of crowns as in E. rattus, but upper teeth showing a greater tendency toward reduction of the outer cusps. First upper molar with distinct cingulum- like ridge at anterior base of crown, this ridge in some specimens showing a tendency to develop one.or more minute tubercles ; first lamina notice- ably distorted by the nearly complete suppression of £3, which is so reduced as to be practically nothing more than an outward prolongation of the outer border of é2, usually without trace of antero-external re-entrant angle ; second and third lamine essentially as in Epimys rattus. Second upper molar like that of E. rattus except that t9 is greatly reduced in size and completely merged in outer base of 8, the third lamina thus forming a simple biconvex terminal heel. Third upper molar essentially as in Epimys rattus, ¢1 equally weli developed, but other elements of tooth less distinct. Lower molars differing from those of Epimys rattus in the less evident tendency to develop supplemental tubercles at outer extremities of spaces between the laminz, such rudiments of the small tubercles as may be present usually appearing as slight thickenings at outer extremities of the laminz. Measnrements.—Adult male from Cortachy, Forfar, Scotland : head and body, 226 ; tail, 179; hind foot, 415; ear, 20. Adult male from Cambridge, England: head and body, 242; tail, 185 ; hind foot, 42. Adult inale from Tiverton, Devonshire, England : head and body, 238; tail, 212; hind foot, 42; ear, 21. Adult male from Roydon, Norfolk, England: head and body, 250; tail, 218; hind foot, 45. Adult male from Hampton, near London, England : head and body, 255 ; tail, 187 ; hind foot, 41 ; ear, 20°5. Adult male from Kilmanock, Waterford, Ireland : head and body, 242; tail, 209 ; hind foot, 44; ear, 20. Adult male and female from Upsala, Sweden: head and body, 250 and 252 tail, 183 and 183; hind foot, 41 and 41. Adult male and Fia. 175. Epiutys norvegicus, Cheek-teeth. x5. EPIMYS 861 female from Palermy, Sicily: head and body, 242 and 222; tail, 200 and 186; hind foot, 45 and 43. For cranial measurements see Table, p. 862. Specimens examined.—One hundred and thirty-five, from the following localities :— Scornanp: Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire, 2; Cortachy, Forfar, 2 (Wilson). Enatanp: Doncaster, Yorkshire, 1; Hast Norfolk Marshes, 2; West Norfolk, 1; Roydon, Norfolk, 1; Lowestoft, Suffolk, 1; Barrow, Suffolk, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Swithland, Leicestershire, 1; Cambridge, 2; Epping Forest, lissex, 1; Hampton, Middlesex, 3; Tiverton, Devonshire, 1; Northlew, Devonshire, 1; Lundy Island, Devonshire, 2; Isle of Man, 1. Irretanp: Castle Hamilton, Cavan, 1; Ballaghmoon, 1; Kilmanock, Wexford, 8; Inch, Wexford,1; Stokestown, Wexford, 1; Clare Island, Mayo, 2; Inishmore, Arran Islands, 2; Co. Wicklow, 1; Castle Hamilton, 1. Norway: Holme, Mandal, 6. SwrprEn: Upsala 8 (U.S.N.M.); Stockholm, 1 (U.S.N.M.). France: Trinity, Jersey, 1; St. Martins, Guernsey, 1; Etupes, Doubs, 1; Barcelonnette, Basses-Alpes 1 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gilles, Gard, 2; Forest of Bouconne, Gers, 1; Montréjeau, Haute-Garonne, 2(U.S8.N.M.); Biarritz, Basses-Pyrénées, 4; Cadillac, Gironde, 2 (U.S.N.M.). Spain: Pajares, Leon, 3; Béjar, Salamanca, 6; Silla, Vallencia, 5; Alcoy, Alicante, 4; Elche, Alicante, 1. Germany: Brunswick, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Moritzburg, Saxony, (U.S.N.M.); Uebigau, Saxony, 2 (U.S.N.M.); Jena, Thiiringen, 2; Nuremberg, Bavaria, 1 (U.S.N.M.); near Kénigsberg, 2 (U.S.N.M.). SwitzerRLanp: Neuchatel, 1 (U.S.N.M.); Roggweil, Thurgau, 4; Bodensee, 1. Irany: Palermo, Sicily, 26 (U.S.N.M,). Grence: Corfu, 1; Argostoli, Cephalonia, 3. 24. Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire, HE. R. Alston (c & P). 79.9, 25. 37.87. Scotland. : 6, % ClareIsland, Mayo, Ireland. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11, 1. 2. 142- (BR. H. Bunting.) (Pp). 143. 3.9%. Inishmore, Aran Islands. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 144- (r). : 145, East Norfolk, England. Dr. HE. Hamilton (Pp). 96. 3, 28. 1-2. 29, (Dr. P. H. Emerson.) g. Roydon, Norfolk. ee C. Hose 93, 11. 28. 1. o& p). é. Swithland, Leicestershire. Hon. F. A. Butler 11.1.3. 416. (c & Pp). 9. Epping Forest, Essex. H. Doubleday (c&P). 46. 6. 15. 27. g. Tiverton, Devonshire. T. F. Tracey (c & p). 11.1.3. 417. $juv, %. Lundy Island, Devonshire. T.A.Coward (c & Pp). 7. 12.19. 7-8. é. Kilmanock, Wexford. W. Eagle Clarke (Pp). 91.9. 13.1. (G. Barrett-Hamilton.) 3g. Kilmanock, Wexford. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11.1. 3. 418. (Pe). 9. Inch, Wexford. G. Brooke (c «& Pr). 9.4.13. 1. é. Sulby Glen, Isle of Man. C.H.B.Grant(c&p). 11. 1. 3. 419. é. Holme, Mandal, 200 ft. R. J. Cuninghame 8.8.9. 13. Norway. (c & P). 9. ‘Trinity, Jersey, Channel O. Thomas (P). 8. 9. 2. 6. Islands. (R. H. Bunting.) é. St. Martins, Guernsey, O. Thomas (Pr). 8. 9. 2. 22, Channel Islands. ? (R. H. Bunting.) 9. Etupes, Doubs, France. O. Thomas (P). 8. 8. 10. 99. (C. Mottaz.) 862 Observations. RODENTIA y worn. rm. ” much worn. ” ” a ’ moderately worn. ” moderately worn. 5 , ? ” % moderatel. ” moderately worn. vouch worn. much wo moderately worn. much worn. much worn. moderately worn. much worn. moderately worn. ” much worn. > , ? ? 5: ? » ? ? Teeth moderately worn. *MOI-1[}009 TENG IpPUe AL COMAAHAAPTHOONAANHOONAHADOOAAANSDOOVNS PERK OOFE EERE EEE RR RR RE RR EEE EEE OL *MOI-1[}004 ALCT[IXV AL ADODDNODOHOMHAHANCOOHAGHHOOAAWO PERRO PRR ROR REE E RRO ROR SERRE EEE OD “alqupuryy i) 2 9 S ° S sw 2 [—) [—) 4 AD Oo ot —) ce) a a [—) i) i) a i) a A a © an @ ao & 46 ron ro ° roe) aw & (oa) oa) b a Lehane DOrO = } oo ‘< MOAADMONAANANAANNAAANAANAAAAATAAA A ICUS. ' ¢ % "BLUD]SBICL 4) @o oa x oO s © 2 st Do Ht s xD oO ) a) ao [—) © © © S sw 2 aa —) 2 @ 9 Ha 19 1 ~ ~ a on on oO 4 cn on oO a ca x a x & a a + & x a 2 Hoc Sn OO eB ee See on ot ce *yesuny = vd a a i=) 2 st c-) bo DAD A) Nw oH ie) S co) ec) st oO 2 > A o st a a i Qn an Qe © & © Gb hoe — oe) Ge ° ror co “yadap Teqd1999 H¢ Rs) [= Oo =) Pu) [= bons) ba st [=] Ao i) S @ © oo Ox S oO —) st Aw oO aad a &% 9 x 4 co) aod 4 |< a 4 S 5 aan ° a a a 9 S a i) 4 nnn ie odo oan TYUIPBIIC qeq1d1990 i) DO Pl i) S [—) i) ) S a i) a 2 = OOMDDNOOCHHAHADOOAN fone) a) 2 a4 ror) a ror) ro & oe) cs 2 -Or-DDr-RDDDOARDOMW AAANNNA AAA ne Se ks Be Boe BO ee “UOTPOLLSTOD [eqIqro.19quy ou 2 Bor a © st i) Host oO tt A a co) bs! S @ S aa © nN @ i cow 4 2° AAO Lo © b Gf bt © © fa) © Lo fe i © Roe © © © ODoOrKOo rte) “YApvaiq dIVVULOSAZ, [—) a i) © HH CO ce) a A i) a a ao bi o J Bi So DAN st S o J S a ) Do on real Gt roa) =D HAW HAH co a a a o S oH dk wo 2 ec) ANANANNANNANNANAANAA in} ANNAANAANANAAA EMENTS OF BPIMYS NOLVE y Uh are! RANIAL MI 7 C “Yyqysuey [eseqo[Apuog Number. @ El J 2 a i x Oo i) i) J @ c) x —) @ a —) © oO © 2 @ S oo oH COAWHD 4 } ba HAA © — GC & © 1 oo) a 1D 1D 1 On hoot a) CD SH LD 1D 1 SH SH OSH SH OSH SH OSH SH SH OSH SH SH SH SH SH oH x KOSH SH met ay g R a *O 60 60 0 *0 40 £0 60 40 40 60 40 FO FO OF OF OF 60 *O £0 “0 SO OF OF SO 0 OF 80 80 “0 OF . 79. 9, 25. 87 11.1.3. 416 | | | i | 93. 11, 28.1 11.1.3. 417 85079 85083 85085 85078 85081 85082 172149 4 86956 86957 86997 86996 Locality. tershire 1ces ’ Cadillac, Gironde St. Gilles, Gard ) Q »” d ” Biarritz, Basses-Pyrénées . Silla, Valencia ‘Montréjeau ? ) ? ? ” ‘Brunswick Jena Stockbriggs, Lanarkshire Sicily: Palermo Northlew, Devonshire Tiverton Lowestoft, Suffolk . Sweden: Upsala . Cambridge Roydon, Norfolk Hampton Castle Hamilton Swithland, Le Ireland: Co. Wicklow Scotland : England: France: ‘Spain: Alcoy, Alicante . Germany: - MUS : 865 é. St, Gilles, Gard. G. 8. Miller (c). 8. 8. 4, 223, ?. Bouconne, Gers. O. Thomas (v). 6. 4. 1. 39. 24,29. Biamits, BassesPystnses. J.F.Davi legit pares ay asses-Pyrénées, J. F'. Davison (c & P). 16.6.4, 1-3 é. Pajares, Leon, Spain. O. Thomas (r). 8. 2. 9. 86. (N. Gonzalez.) é,%. Béjar, Salamanca. O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 87-88. (N. Gonzalez.) 26,9. Silla, Valencia, O. Thomas (P). 8. 2. 9. 91-93 (N. Gonzalez.) g,?, Alcoy, Alicante. O. Thomas (er). 8. 2. 9. 89-90. (N. Gonzalez.) é,%. Jena, Thiiringen, Ger- Prof. K. von Barde- 94.4, 4. 1-2. many. leben (r). 26,29. Roggwil, Thurgau, Swit- O. ‘thomas (r). 2. 8. 4, 39-42 zerland. (H. H. Zollikofer.) é. Bodensee, Switzerland. oO. (E. H. Zollikofer.) ?, Corfu, Greece. (C. Mottaz.) J.I. 8, Whitaker (vp). 8. 10. 1. 30. 29. Argostoli, Cephalonia. J.1. 8. Whitaker (vp). 8. 10 (C. Mottaz.) Thomas (v.) 2. 8. 4. 38, Genus MUS Linneus. 1758. Mus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p.59 (musculus, by tautonymy). 1814. Musculus Rafinesque, Préces des Découv. et travaux Somiologiques, p. 13 (Substitute for Mus). 1837. Leggada Gray, Charlesworth’s Mag. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 586, November, 1837 (L. booduga Gray and Mus platythrix Bennett). 1844, Drymomys Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 178 (D. parvulus Tschudi = Mus musculus Linneus. See Palmer, Index Gen. Mamm., p. 246, 1904). 1857. Mus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 309 (part). 1876. Nannomys Peters, Monatsber, k. preuss. Akad. Wissensch. Berlin, p. 480, August, 1876 (NV. setwlosws Peters). 1881. Acromys Trouessart, Bull. Soc. d’Etudes Sci. d’Angers, x, p. 133 (Synonym of Drymomys wrongly attributed to Wagner. Sec Palmer, Index Gen. Mamm., p. 246). 1896. Psewdoconomys Rhoads, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, p. 531, December 8, 1896. Mus (Psewdoconomys) proconodon Rhoads. 1900. Dryomys Philippi, An. Mus. Nac. de Chile, xiv, p. 20 (modification of Drymomys Tschudi). 1910. Mus Miller, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, xxiu, p. 59, April 19, 1910. Type species—Mus musculus Linnseus (by tautonymy). Geographical distribution.—Originally confined to the tropical and temperate portions of the Old World; now essentially cosmopolitan through artificial dispersal of the type species. Characters.—In general like Epimys, but mechanical scheme of molars modified by the elongation of crown of anterior tooth until it forms the main portion of tooth-row ; m! with three roots, its crown decidedly: longer than those of two succeeding teeth combined, its first lamina much distorted by the displace- ment backward of ¢1 into line with ¢5 and t6; m* small and 864 RODENTIA tending to disappear, in some species without trace of first lamina ; upper incisor compressed, set at such an angle that a a b FIG. 176, Upper incisors of Kpanus (a) and Mares (b), Much enlarged. sul-apical notch is normally cut in its outer side by action of lower tooth, Remarks. —The genus Mus as now restricted contains the Mus aaseulus group and the Asiatic and African species usually referred to Leggada. Though the species differ considerably among themselves in details of structure the group is very homogeneous as regards the peculiar specialization of the mechanics of the molars and the distortion of the first lamina of wt. About twenty-five forms are now known, seven of which oceur in Europe. KEY TO THE EUROPEAN FORMS OF WUS. Hind foot broad and robust, its width at base of outer toes 4 to 5 mm. Condylobasal length of skull in adults 21°6 to 92-2 mm.; hind foot 17:4 to 18°8 mm. (St. Kilda Island, Scotland) ............cceeseeeee 2 MW, muralis, p 874. Condylobasal length of skull in adults 23 to 23°4 mm; hind foot 19 to 20 mm. (Faeroes)... IL fwroensis, p. 875. Hind foot narrow and slender, its width at base of outer toes about 3 mm. Tail about as long as head and body, often longer, rarely much shorter; colour of underparts usually greyish, rarely contrasted with that of sides; condylobasal length of skull fre- quently more than 21 mm.; hind foot usually 17 to 19 mm. (House mice) 00.0... eeeeeeecees M. musculus, p. 865. General colour dark and brownish, usually without evident yellowish tinge, the belly dusky greyish (central and northern HUPOpe):-csiteneaaeecenescmcgnonesiaiger aan Rateeucedeie ease AL im. musculus, p. 869. General colour light, usually with a decided yellowish tinge, the belly buffy greyish (Mediterranean region) .........ceeeeeceeeeeeees Mom, azovieus, p, 871. MUS 865 SWEdEU)) - vacisansieciecaiminensnaguanervindmevocainss M. »s. spicilegus, p. 878. General colour above not clear greyish brown unless very pale, the back usually with decided yellowish or russet tints. Colour of upper parts ranging from nearly clear buff to pale buffy grey (Spain) ...... M. 8. hispanicus, p. 879. Colour of upper parts brownish grey, usually with a decided russct tinge (Portugal) ... M. s. lusitanicus, p. 882, MUS MUSCULUS Linneus. (Synonymy under subspecies.) Geographical distribution At present almost cosmopolitan ; everywhere characteristically associated with human dwellings, though not infrequently found at a distance from houses. Diagnosis.—Size medium (head and body about 75 to 100 mm., hind foot, 17 to 19:4 mm., condylobasal length of skull, 19-8 to 22:4 mm.); tail about as long as head and body, often longer, rarely much shorter ; hind foot narrow and slender, its greatest width across base of toes about 3 to 3°5 mm. ; colour of under- parts usually greyish buff, rarely forming any decided contrast with the dusky brown or buffy brown of sides and back. External characters.—General form rather slender, with no special peculiarities. Ear moderately large, extending a little beyond eye when laid forward, its outline broadly oval; a well developed but low ridge on inner surface behind meatus ; entire surface of ear finely pubescent except internally toward base. Fore foet with thumb reduced to a small tubercle with very rudimentary appressed nail; fifth finger extending slightly beyond base of fourth ; second nearly equal to third and fourth which are sub-equal and longest; tubercles small, occupying distinctly less than half the surface of palm; the three anterior are nearly circular in outline and about as large as thumb, that lying at base of fifth finger with small but distinct supplemental outer tubercle, the two posterior are decidedly larger and some- what elongated ; surface of palm between tubercles irregularly tuberculo-reticulate ; scales on under surface of fingers tending to be divided at middle. Hind foot relatively shorter and more robust than in Apodemus sylvaticus, its greatest width at base of toes about 3 to 3-5 mm.; the three median toes sub-equal, the inner usually not so long as the others ; first digit extending about to base of second, fifth extending a little beyond base of fourth ; sole naked except at sides of heel, its surface smooth 3K 866 RODENTIA posteriorly, finely tuberculate anteriorly; plantar tubercles small, widely-spaced, without noticeable contrasts in size or form, the two anterior slightly the largest, the postero-external slightly the smallest, their outlines ovate or nearly circular ; a small but distinct supplemental tubercle at outer margin of tubercles lying at base of first and fifth toes. Claws simple, curved, those on hind feet slightly the larger. Tail about as long as head and body, sometimes a little longer, rarely much shorter unless injured, its diameter at base about 3 mm., its tip not so slender as in Apodemus sylvaticus ; annulations well defined but narrow, about twenty-two to the centimeter at middle, the boun- daries of the individual scales obscurely marked ; hairs rather numerous but not concealing annulations, and not forming pencil, their length equal to about width of two and a half rings. Fur soft throughout, the grooved hairs so slender as not to suggest bristles in texture. Mamme: p 3-3; 12—2=10. Colour.—Upper parts a light, dull wood-brown, irregularly darkened with slaty and blackish along back, faintly more buffy on sides, the general effect not far from the broccoli-brown of Ridgway, but usually with a peculiar dusky cast; underparts essentially like sides or a little more yellowish, the line of demar- cation absent or very obscure; bases of hairs everywhere slate- grey, this colour usually appearing at surface on chin and throat, where it produces a smoke-grey or drab-grey effect; ear dull brownish, the outer side of anterior border usually darker ; feet drab or dusky, not contrasting with back; tail dull brownish throughout, occasionally lighter below than above. Skull.—As compared with that of small European Muridz of other genera, Micromys excepted, the skull of Mus musculus is immediately recognizable by its small size. Its general form is characterized by a peculiar flatness not found in any of the others. Dorsal profile slightly convex throughout, the nasals sloping forward at an angle which causes an evident break in the general curve ; occiput low, somewhat obliquely truncate, so that the entire supraocci- pital between lambda and foramen magnum is visible when skull is viewed from above ; ventral profile faintly con- cave ; contrast between depth of brain- case and rostral depth noticeably less than in Apodemus sylvaticus. Brain-case Fie. 177. short-oval in outline when viewed from Mus musculus. Nat. size. above, with a slight though evident ten- dency toward squaring behind and in front. Interparietal rather large, its area nearly equal to that of one parietal, its general form ligulate, the anterior border pro- jecting forward at middle, the lateral extremities almost squarely MUS 867 truncate ; lambdoid suture passing along anterior border of inter- parietal so that the bone lies entirely within occipital ;* sides of brain-case abruptly rounded off or faintly angular, never beaded. Occiput broad and low when viewed from behind, but central portion of brain-case not rising conspicuously above it ; paroccipital process short and inconspicuous, barely extending to level of lower lip of foramen magnum. Floor of brain-case with no striking peculiarities; width of basioccipital along anterior border contained about 24 times in median length ; auditory bulla moderately large, less inflated than in Apodemus sylvaticus but occupying about the same area on base of skull, its beak rather short and broad, but evident, the meatus with anterior portion of upper border slightly projecting. Inter- orbital region distinctly wider than rostrum, slightly convex laterally, the margins falling away squarely but with no trace of bead. Zygoma relatively heavy, compressed throughout but not evidently expanded, moderately bent downward and moder- ately spreading anteriorly, so that greatest zygomatic breadth is usually just in front of glenoid level; plate forming outer wall of anteorbital foramen well developed, its anterior border vertical, abruptly rounded above; a short but very distinct peg-like process for muscle attachment at antero-inferior angle of plate, this process nearly as well developed in half-grown young as in adults. Rostrum slightly deeper than broad, with no special peculiarities of form; nasals truncate or bluntly pointed posteriorly, extending to or slightly beyond lachrymal level, and usually a little exceeded by nasal branches of premaxillaries. Incisive foramina very long (nearly equal to diastema), extending from about 1: mm. behind incisors to level of middle of crown of m!; their greatest width is at region of maxillo-premaxillary suture ; posteriorly they narrow to an almost acute termination, a peculiarity of form highly characteristic of this group as com- pared with other European Muride. Palate extending slightly behind level of m’, its length behind incisive foramina less than width including tooth-rows. Mesopterygoid space moderately long, wider posteriorly than anteriorly, squarely truncate in front, the pterygoids and hamulars straight, the latter barely in contact with bulle. Mandible rather short and deep as compared with that of Apodemus sylvaticus, the coronoid process well developed, strongly curved backward, its tip rising slightly above level of condyle. ‘ Teeth.—Upper incisors much compressed, the outer and inner borders nearly parallel through anterior half of their extent, the transverse diameter contained about 21 times in antero-posterior diameter. Enamel unusually thick, scarcely extending backward on inner side of tooth, but folding notice- * In Apodemus agrarius, which has a similarly ligulate interparietal, the suture passes along posterior border so that the small bone lies within the parietals (fig. 168, p. 837). 4 5 K 868 RODENTIA ably backward on outer side. Main axis of shafts diverging posteriorly, the angle at which they are set such that a con- spicuous sub-apical notch is formed on outer side of cutting edge of tooth immediately behind margin of enamel. First upper molar three-rooted, the anterior root largest, projecting conspicuously forward beyond base of crown, separated from more posterior roots by an appreciable space; crown decidedly longer than that of m? and m? together, its area nearly 14 times as great; anterior border of crown smooth or with a slight angle representing cingulum ; first lamina with crescentic form much distorted by the displacement backward of #1 to a position essentially in line with #5 and #6; #3 well developed, nearly equal to #4 or 16, but not so large as tl, its separation from #2 marked by an evident re-entrant extending almost to base of crown; tl separated from 42 by a broad, flattened or slightly concave area which imparts to the antero-internal border of the crown a characteristic obliquely-trun- cate appearance ; second lamina more regularly crescentic than first, but with evident traces of the same dis- tortion ; third lamina represented by well developed t8 and #9 essentially similar to 45 and 16, but with no trace of #7 unless a short enamel ridge connecting t4 and ¢8 be inter- preted as representing a trace of this tubercle. Second upper molar with first lamina represented by a well Fie. 178. developed, sub-terete #1 about as large Mies seeps cy eae om as the outer tubercles of m!; second Seca act lamina with 4 slightly larger than ‘6 and connected posteriorly with #8 as in the preceding tooth; third lamina about as in m!, but #9 reduced, decidedly smaller than 6, though marked off from #8 by an evident re-entrant angle. Third upper molar relatively smaller than in any of the other European Muridz, its area scarcely greater than that of terminal heel of m?. In form the crown is sub-circular with a small, often indistinct tubercular antero-internal supplement representing #1. Anterior lower molar with crown about as long as those of the two succeeding teeth together, -its area about equal to them ; first lamina reduced to a single large tubercle forming the entire anterior border of the tooth and situated slightly internal to the median line of the crown ; internally it is separated from second lamina by a deep re-entrant depression, but externally it is connected with outer tubercle of second lamina by a high, some- times distinctly tubercular ridge, which occasionally * forms a vans * As in specimen represented in fig. 178. MUS 869 true outer tubercle on first lamina ; second and third lamine and termina] heel normal and with no trace of supplemental tubercles on outer side of crown. Second lower molar essentially like second and third lamine of first, but with tubercles of posterior lamina distinctly smaller than those of anterior lamina, and terminal heel greatly reduced. Third lower molar with crown area equal to about one-third that of second, its anterior lamina with two tubercles smaller than those of posterior lamina of second tooth, its terminal heel relatively better developed than that of m?. Remarks,—Although occasionally straying to considerable distances from houses, Mus musculus is characteristically an urban species, and its spread from central Asia to Europe and thence throughout the world has been chiefly due to human agency. Two moderately well-marked local races occur on the continent of Europe, while two more strongly differentiated forms are confined respectively to St. Kilda Island and the Faeroes. Mus muscu.us muscuuus Linneus. 1758. [Mus] musculus Linneus, Syst. Nat., 1, 10th ed., p. 62 (Sweden). 1801. M{us] m[wsculus] albus Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2d ed., p. 955 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. M[us] m{usculus] flavus Bechstein, Gemeinn, Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2d ed., p. 955 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. M[us] m{usculus] maculatus Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutschlands, 1, 2d ed., p. 955 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1801. M[us] m{usculus] niger Bechstein, Gemeinn. Naturgesch. Deutsch- lands, 1, 2d ed., p. 955 (Thiiringen, Germany). 1827. [Mus musculus] 8 striatus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 6 (Skane, Sweden). 1827. [Mus musculus] y albicans Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 6 (Skane, Sweden). 1827. [Mus musculus] 8 niveus Billberg, Synopsis Faune Scandinavie, p. 6 (Molle, Norway). 1837. ? Mus brevirostris Waterhouse, Proc. Zool. Soc., London, p. 19 (Mal- donado, Uruguay). 1844. ?Drymomys parvulus Tschudi, Fauna Peruana, p. 178 (Central Peru). 1857. Mus musculus Blasius, Siugethiere Deutschlands, p. 320. 1867. [Mus musculus] helvolus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wis- sensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lv1, pt. I, p. 70 (Hungary). 1867. [Mus musculus] varius Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, v1, pt. 1, p. 70 (Europe). 1867. [Mus musculus] cinereo-maculatus Fitzinger, Sitzungsber. kais. Akad. Wissensch. Wien, Math.-Naturwiss. Classe, Lv1, pt. 1, p. 70 (Europe). 1869, Mus poschiavinus Fatio, Faune Vert. Suisse, 1, p. 207 (Poschiavo, Grisons, Switzerland). 870 RODENTIA 1872. Mus musculus var. flavescens Fischer, Zool. Garten, XIII, p. 223, July, 1872 (Berlin, Germany). 1910. Mus musculus and M. musculus poschiavinus Trouessart, Faune Mamm. d’Europe, p. 145. Type locality.—Upsala, Sweden. Geographical distribution.—Kurope north of the Mediterranean region. ‘ Diagnosis.—General colour dark and brownish, usually with- out evident yellowish tinge, the belly dusky greyish. Measurements.—Adult male and female from Iceland: head and body, 87 and 89; tail, 95 and 92; hind foot, 18-6 and 19; ear, 17 and 16. Average and extremes of seven adults from near London, England: head and body, 78-4 (75-84); tail, 78°6 (76-86); hind foot, 17°3 (16°6-18). Adult male and female from Richmond, Surrey: head and body, 81 and 80; tail, 89 and 77; hind foot, 16°6 and 17; ear, 14:4 and 14. Adult female from Holme, Mandal, Norway: head and body, 85; tail, 89; hind foot, 17°4; ear, 14. Average and extremes of eight adults from the Harz Mountains, Germany: head and body, 96 (87-103) ; tail, 90°2 (84-102); hind foot, 18-4 (17°6-19°4). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 872. Specimens examined.—One hundred and one, from the following localities :-— IcgLanp: Near Reykjavik, 7 (U.S.N.M.). Scorntanp: North Uist, Hebrides, 1 (Edinburgh); Dunvegan, Skye, 1; Grantown-on-Spey, Elgin, 2 (Wilson); Jardine Hall, Dumfriesshire, 4 (U.S.N.ML.). : Eneuann: Oundle, Northamptonshire, 3; Broxbourne, Hertfordshire, 1; Berkhamsted, Hertfordshire, 1; Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, 1 (Wilson) ; London, 3 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Richmond, Surrey, 5 (U.S.N.M.); Wands. worth Common, Surrey, 4; Martock, Somerset, 1; Newport, Isle of Wight, 1; Ramsay, Isle of Man, 2; Ballasalla, Isle of Man, 1; St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey, 3; Alderney, 1. IrELAND: Clare Island, Mayo, 3; Clifden, Galway, 2. Norway: Graven, Hardanger,1 (U.S.N.M.); Holme, Mandal, 6. Brexteium: Waremme, 2 (U.S.N.M.). GrRmany: Harz Mountains, 19 (U.S.N.M.); Dresden, 7 (U.S.N.4M.); Nuremberg, Bavaria, 1 (U.S.N.M.). SwitzERLanpD: Andermatt, Uri, 1 (U.S.N.M.); St. Gothard, Uri, 1 U.S.N.M.); Untervatz, St. Gallen, 1; St. Gallen, 4; Poschiavo, Grisons, 4 U.S.N.M. and Geneva); St. Cergues, Vaud, 1. 26,%. Clare Island, Mayo, Ire- G.Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 146-148. land. (R. H. Bunting.) (P). 6, %. Clifden, Galway. G. Barrett-Hamilton 11. 1. 2. 149-150. (R, H. Bunting.) (p). 26,%. Oundle, Northampton- Lord Lilford (P). 11. 1.1. 166-168. shire, England. é. Wandsworth, Surrey. J. Miller (c & p). 4, 2.12.1. 9. Martock, Somerset. C. B. Horsbrugh 11.1. 3. 420. (c & p). é. Newport, Isle of Wight. R. J. Cuninghame 11.1. 3. 421. c& Pp). 24,%. St. Ouen’s Bay, Jersey, O. Thomas (P). 8.9. 2. 7-9. Channel Islands. (R. H. Bunting.) MUS 871 lal. Alderney, Channel Is- W. Eagle Clarke (Pp). 98. 9. 29. 7. lands. 26,39. Holme, Mandal, Nor- R. J. Cuninghame 8. 8. 9. 14-18. way. (c & P). 3. Untervatz, Grisons, O, Thomas (P). 4.4. 5, 45, Switzerland. (E. H. Zollikofer.) 346,?% St. Gallen. O. Thomas (P). 4.4, 5, 41-44, (EZ. H. Zollikofer.) Mus muscutus azoricus Schinz. 1845. M(us} azoricus Schinz, Synops. Mamm., 11, p. 161 (Azores). 1855. Musculus mollissimus Dehne, Allgem. deutsche Naturhist. Zeitung, ine neue Folge, 1, p. 448. (Monte Pollino, Basilicata, taly). Type locality Azore Islands. Geographical distribution.—Mediterranean region ; Azores. Diagnosis.—General colour less dusky and more yellowish than in M. musculus musculus, the underparts buffy greyish. Measurements.— Adult male and female from Elche, Alicante, Spain: head and body, 84 and 84; tail, 92 and 86; hind foot, 18 and 18:4; ear, 14:8 and 14. Two adult females from near Nimes, Gard, France: head and body, 88 and 91; tail, 86 and 88; hind foot, i7°5 and 17°5; ear, 13°5 and 14-4. Average and extremes of ten adults from Sorrento, Italy : head and body, 85°5 (78-93) ; tail, 88:6 (82-94); hind foot, 17:7 (17-18-6). Average and extreme of ten adults from Palermo, Sicily : head and body, 85°7 (82-92); tail, 82:2 (78-85) ; hind foot, 17-4 (17-18°4). For cranial measurements see Table, p. 872. Specimens examined.—One hundred and ninety, from the following localities :— PorruGcaL: San Miguel, Azores, 6; Estoril, 1; Cintra, 2. Spain: Pajares, Leon, 2; Silos, Burgos, 2; Béjar, Salamanca, 3; Dehesa de Valencia, Valencia, 1; Elche, Alicante, 2; Venta del Baul, Granada, 5; San Cristobal, Minorca, Balearic Islands, 1. France: Biarritz, Basses-Pyrénées, 2; Ax-les-Thermes, Ariége, 1; VHospitalet, Ariége, 1; Porté, Pyrénées-Orientales, 1; near Nimes, Gard, 8; St. Gilles, Gard, 1; St. Paul, Basses-Alpes, 6; La Foce di Vizzavona, Corsica, 1. ; Traty: Acceglio, Cuneo, 1; Calappiano, Empoli, 3; Florence, 11 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Rome, 2; Sorrento, 24 (U.S.N.M.); Marsala, Sicily, 1; Palermo, Sicily, 59 (B.M. and U.S.N.M.); Taormina, Sicily, 10 (U.S.N.M.); Lanusei, Sardinia, 1 (U.S.N.M.). ; Grerce: Corfu, 22; Patras, 6; Athens, 4 (U.S.N.M.); Argostoli, Cephalonia, 1. 5 6,?. San Miguel, Azores. Hon. W. Rothschild 3. 6. 5. 17-22. (W. BR. Ogilviec-Grant.) (P). 3. Estoril, Portugal. ~ O. 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