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MONOGRAPH OF THE LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
OF THE BRITISH ISLES.
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ''HIS VOLUME.
Part 8 pp. 1—52, and plates 1—5, published November 7, 1902.
Part 9 pp. 53—104, and plates 6, 8, 9, 11, 12, published Sept. 1, 1903. Part 10 pp- 105—160, and plates 7, 13, 14, 16, 17, published June 6, 1904. Part 11 pp. 161—224, and plates 10, 19, 21, published May 26, 1905.
Part 12 pp. 225—280, and plates 15, 22, 23, 25, published June 15, 1906. Part 13 pp. 281—312, and pp. i—xx ; also Frontispiece, and plates 18, 24,
published February 16, 1907.
DIRECTIONS FOR PLACING 'THE PLATES.
Frontispiece to face Title.
Plate I. to face page 4. Plate XIV. to face page 130. Plate IL. to face page 12. ~ Plate XV to face page 142. Plate IIL. to face page 20. Plate XVI. to face page 150. Plate IV. to face pave 26. Plate XVII. to face page 160. Plate V. to face page 52. Plate XVIII. to face page 188. Plate VI. to face page 46. Plate XIX. to face page 192. Plate VIL. to face page 66. Plate XX. to face page 208. Plate VIII. to face page 70. Plate XXT. to face page 226. Plate IX. to face page 76. Plate XXII. to face page 238. Plate X. to face page 82. Plate XXII. to face page 280. Plate XI. to face page 88. Plate XXIV, to face page 252. Plate XII. to face page 102. Plate XXY. to face page 260. Plate XIII. to face page 120,
Yow 7 ) Z a
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MONOGRAPH
OF THE
LAND & FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
OF THE
BRITISH ISLES.
BY
JOHN W. TAYLOR,
MEMBRE HONORAIRE DE LA SOCIETE MALACOLOGIQUE DE FRANCE, EX-PRESIDENT OF THE CONCIIOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, LATE EDITOR OF THE ‘JOURNAL OF CONCHOLOGY”; ETC. ;
Ge
WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF W. DENISON ROEBUCK, F.L.S., THE LATE CHARLES ASHFORD, AND OTHER WELL-KNOWN CONCHOLOGISTS.
TESTACELLID 2. LIMACID-E. ARIONID_.
LEEDS : TAYLOR BROTHERS, PUBLISHERS.
1907. ew
W
PREFACE.
HE completion of the present volume, the first and only one ever published devoted exclusively to the Slugs of the British Isles, is a matter of considerable satisfaction, and I trust that the information presented here- with on their variation, habits, structure, geographical and geological distribution will aid in the advancement and further popularization of a study in which of late years so great an amount of interest has been displayed; and consequently it seems a fitting and appropriate occasion on which to include in the Introduction a brief review of the history and progress of Limacology in this country, detailing the rise of the present interest in the group, and the individuals and causes leading to this gratifying result.
The study of Limacology has, however, never been a general one, for although many of the species are undeniably of great beauty, with bright and vivid colouring, frequently variegated, or banded with darker mark- ings of pleasing arrangement, yet the handling of these otherwise beautiful animals, and the difficulty of their satisfactory preservation in collec- tions, have always been very serious drawbacks to the popularization of
their study.
aa PREFACE.
The mere bulk of the present volume is far from adequately represent- ing the amount of labour and anxiety which has been expended on its production, especially as, excepting some special artistic assistance from my daughter with certain of the more difficult coloured figures, I have had, as before, to depend solely on my own hand for the preparation of the text, and the index thereto, as well as for the one hundred and twenty nature coloured paintings illustrating the chief variations of the different species, in addition to which I have also prepared upwards of three hundred anatomical and other drawings from which the explanatory
figures in the text have been engraved.
Although six years have been occupied in the publication of the volume, this lengthy period has been very fully employed in securing and painting from life many of the illustrations, and in the appropriate arrangement and co-ordination of the mass of information accumulated during the
past quarter of a century.
Though it might appear almost invidious to allude to the help rendered by particular individuals, when so many have contributed by their observa- tions and aid to enhance the value and importance of the Monograph, yet I trust I may without injustice again recall with grateful acknowledgment the ever-willing and priceless help so unselfishly rendered me by my late dear friend Mr. Cuartes AsHrorp, of Christchurch, whose matchless anatomical skill and scientific acumen were so pre-eminent, while the accuracy and beauty of his preparations and sketches is evidenced by the anatomical diagrams in the present work, many of which are from his hand, and it is to me a matter of sincere regret that my valued friend did not live to see the results of his long and disinterested labours placed
permanently on record.
To Mr. W. Deytson Rorsuck, F.L.S., of Leeds, who initiated the modern study of slugs in the British Isles, I have also been placed under deep obligations for placing his extensive knowledge on the subject so freely at my disposal, as well as for his willing aid in any direction in which the work most severely pressed, and it is with gratitude I acknowledge his great and varied help.
Mr. R. Wetcu, M.R.LA., of Belfast, has also on very many occasions rendered me numerous special and valuable services, not only by furnish-
PREFACE. vil
ing many exquisite photographs of the characteristic habitats of various species, but by his active help in working out the molluscan fauna of
Treland, and interesting others in the same good work.
‘'o the many other helpers and good wishers who have so consistently assisted me at every opportunity, and whose help is in every case acknowledged in its appropriate place in the text, [ desire to express my sincere thanks and heartfelt appreciation of their kindness, and can only hope that the resultant volume now completed will to some degree
realize the hopes and expectations formed regarding it. JOHN W. 'TAYLOR.
Norta Grange, Horsrorra, Lreps, Dee. 31, 1900,
INTRODUCTION.
HE naked mollusks, familiarly termed “ slugs,’ judged by their general external aspect, are apparently a closely-related group of animals, but when their organization is closely studied, they are found to be not so nearly allied as they outwardly appear, as the tendency to nudity is one that has affected many diverse families, being a stage of evolution to which almost every group has furnished examples and to which many are undoubtedly tending.
Though it was considered convenient to devote a volume exclusively to the naked species, this was not merely because they could be—from one point of view—suitably placed together, as having arrived at a similar phase of the shell degeneration, many testaceous forms are probably now undergving, but partly because the phylogenetic relationship of some of the groups is still obscure, and we shall probably require to look for such progenitors, if they be not really extinct, in some of the less advanced regions of the globe.
PuHyLogENETicaLLy, Testacella and Daudebardia have probably been derived from an identical stock, but do not stand in linear sequence. The Daudebaurdie have retained their terrestrial habits, while Testacella has become more especially adapted to a subterranean existence, probably thereby entering upon a course of deterioration and degradation of type. Their remote testaceous progenitors have probably been long ago expelled from the European region, and must be sought for in the more distant and weaker regions of the earth.
The Testacelle are restricted to Western and Southern Europe and North- western Africa, being bounded towards the east by the range of the nearly- allied Daudebardie. The group originated in the European region, but some authors have erroneously surmised that the family was evolved within the weak but mysterious recesses of Central Asia, afterwards migrating therefrom by way of southern Europe to this country.
x INTRODUCTION.
The Glendine were formerly widely spread over the European region, and also lived in this country, and though still meagrely represented in Southern Burope, are now practically expelled to Central America and the West Indies, where the metropolis of the genus is now located, and where living species have been found scarcely distinguishable from the fossilized shells of our Oligocene strata.
It has been suggested that Limar and Miler have their immediate derivation from Ayalinia, but it is by no means certain that this is the case with J/éler, Prof. Babor remarking on their strong affinity with Helix. The more distant ancestors cannot be indicated with any approach to precision, but it is certain that they would possess a more substantial shell than the //iyelinia now possess. The trne Liiwecidwe retain the soft and supple body, and the degeneraie shell, though reduced to a flat and wmost un-nucleated calcareous plate buried beneath the mantle, is still present. The group is almost restricted to the Palearctic zune, the most advanced aud recently evolved species occupying a compact and compara- tively restricted area, while the more ancient and primitive species have achieved a wider dispersal, but have been more or less completely expelled from the most active evolutionary region, or compelled to resort to and become isolated in undesirable spots.
The Avionidie are believed to have descended from Endodontoid ancestors, a group which, though world-wide in distribution, has now withdrawn its headquarters or metropolis to the islands of the Pacific Ocean.
The typical genus v/vn is naturally restricted to the Palearctic region, extending from Portugal to Siberia. It displays the practical completion of the process of shell degeneration, and will in all probability be followed by a gradual calcification of the outer integument, as a dense deposition of Inne particles and spicula within its substance has been already initiated, wut in alrion ter has imparted a certain stiffness and rigidity to the body and to its movements; this being the first stage in the slow evolution of another complete shelly protection. That this, or a similar process, has probably occurred in the past, is demonstrated by the vestiges still present in certain species of mollusks of previously existent primary or primary and secondary shells or “Protoconchs,” which are the last remaining evi- dences of more perfect shells once possessed and successively lost, but which had undergone, untold ages ago, eycles of development and degenera- tion similar to that many shells ave undergoing at the present: day.
The genus Geomdticus is apparently now confined to Western Europe, aud to the south-west corner of Ireland, which is a last foothold for many plants and other forms of life on the verge of extinction in this country.
INTRODUCTION. Xi
This genus has been incorrectly assumed to have been evolved in Central Asia and to have migrated therefrom, reaching Ireland by way of the Mediterranean region ; while the ancient Arionid, described as Tetraspis by Dr. Hagenmiiller, is according to present knowledge, confined to the. grotto of Planina, in Carniola ; it presents the earlier stage in the slug evolution, before the mantle had finally closed and fused above the vestigial shell, as it still retains a ventral opening in the mantle, recalling the space left uncovered by the expanded mantle lobes in Amphipeplea glutinosa. Dr. Simroth, is, however, disposed to regard Tetraspis as founded upon abnormal Arion intermedius or young A. subfuscus ; but, even if this con- jecture be correct, the atavism is equally remarkable and instructive.
GEOGRAPHICAL DisrRrBuTION is closely interwoven with the problems of evolution, and when studied compels the acceptance of the existence of zoological regions, these being immense areas or districts more or less isolated from each other by natural obstacles to dispersal, and each possessing a fauna which to a great extent is peculiar to it; yet the forms of life they now harbour will inevitably, in process of time, be slowly and gradually changed to species of a higher type, drawn directly from a neighbouring more advanced area, but primarily emanating from the European region, where it is fairly well established as a general law that the more ancient the geological formation containing the fossil remains of any group of organisms, the further removed geographically is their present abode and in proportion as they are found in more and more recent deposits, the nearer to the European area are their living representatives to be found at the present day.
This is corroborated by Dr. Wallace and others who have affirmed that the Eocene period is represented faunally in the Africa of to-day, and the Miocene in that of Madagascar, while the faunal and floral features of New Zealand, Australia, and other distant southern countries represent the European at still earlier epochs.
Similarly the isolated districts now occupied by species of a more generalized type than those occupying the surrounding areas, must not be regarded as the cradle of those species, as some have so confidently declared, but must rather be regarded as a sanctuary to which the more generalized and consequently weaker forms have retreated to escape the severe competition of the improved stronger forms evolved from their descendants.
Nor is it more accurate to regard the present metropolis or head- quarters of a species or group as necessarily disclosing the theatre of its origin. If the species or genus be an ancient one, it is very improbable indeed that such is the case, and much more likely that it is merely one of
xii INTRODUCTION.
the stages of their retreat away from the evolutionary centre, in avoidance of the competition from the improved races that have succeeded them.
A study of the various groups attests the accuracy of this important generalization and law, and demonstrates that the distribution and dis- persal of animal life generally is not that illogical process, as some aver, in which the weak and strong forms of life equally multiply, increase in numbers and promiscuously invade each other's territories ; but, as it cannot be too strongly emphasized, the distribution over the globe of all life is based upon the domination, greater increase, and consequent spreading of the stronger and most recently evolved forms, and the enforced retirement before them of the weaker and less adaptable species, which in their turn press upon and successfully compete with the still more primitive species that preceded them.
This is abundantly manifest when the phenomena are impartially studied and it becomes clear that the representatives of weaker races are not advancing and never do permanently advance towards the European region, but in every case are retreating further and further from the original evolutionary region before the more powerful species originating there, and which as a consequence of their predominance and adaptability increase rapidly in numbers, and must therefore perforce extend their boundaries.
Still further confirmation is given by our experience of European species when transferred to a new country amidst a palpably weaker fauna or flora, as in New Zealand; under such circumstances the intruders prosper amazingly to the detriment and eventual extirpation of the indigenous species; whilst on the contrary any attempts to permanently naturalize the organisins of a weak country within the European region are foredoomed to failure.
The highest evolution is shown by the marvellous adaptability and pre- dominance of the European forms, and is internally evidenced by a greater concentration of the cesophageal ganglia within the cephalic region, while a potential ability to resist hard conditions may be conferred by the elaborate intestinal coiling, which gives a greater digestive and absorptive power, and therefore will enable the maximum nourishment to be derived from the most meagre amount of food.
This predominance of the Huropean forms of life is not confined to mollusks, as Prof. Alfred Newton, our most philosophical ornithologist, has averred that amongst the birds also, the weaker types have been very generally eliminated in the western palearctic region, and that all the species are of the most dominant character, with the greatest powers of dispersal, and these features are as strongly shown by the mammals and other groups.
INTRODUCTION. xiii
The restriction of the dispersal of dominant species in certain directions may be satisfactorily explained by the presence of physical obstacles or by the competition to which they become subjected from other species of like habit and of an almost equal development.
VARIATION, whether in form, colouring, or habits, tends to be protective, and leads to general adaptability or to special adaptation, the former tending to advancement, and the latter towards degeneration, and such being the biological expression of the changes of the environment, are always worthy of attentive study, and the neglect that is usually accorded to so-called casual variations is quite unmerited, as these, if not atavic, probably indicate the direction in which the variation of the particular species or group is tending, or the aberrant individuals may, owing to the less pronounced character of the surroundings, be the outliers of the district or region where the particular form is the prevalent one; the latter case is well seen in the var. «lboluteralis of Arion ater which, though occasionally found in other parts of this country in diminished brilliancy and beauty, is in certain portions of North Wales very dis- tinctive and quite the commonest form of the species. In like manner the var. maculata of Limax arborum is quite rare and sporadic in England, but in Ireland is much more plentiful, but the causes of these aberrations have not yet been discovered.
The change resultant from a different environment may be in the direction of warning colours or markings, as displayed by the vividly coloured forms of the var. rufa of Arion ater, which, by the deposition of the coloured excretory products within and upon the outer integument, have rendered themselves distasteful to former enemies, the vivid colour- ing acting as a warning indication of their probably nauseous character as food.
On moist ground and upon the cloudy and mist-enveloped hills and mountains, a darker pigmentation of the body usually takes place, assimi- lating the animals more closely to the dark, damp aspect of the stones and rocks among which they dwell. ‘This effect is shown especially and strik- ingly by Limaa arborum, and is also confirmed by Geomalacus maculosus and Arion ater var. aterrima, although the latter has also been reported as inhabiting low and swampy ground.
In Agriolimas agrestis a tendency is shown during the autumn months for the animals to approximate in colour to the dead and fallen leaves so universally prevalent at that season of the year, the body of the animal becoming flecked over with brown, or even changing to a general brownish tint.
xiv INTRODUCTION.
Lima tenellus by its yellow or pallid colouring, without noticeable lateral banding, assimilates very closely to the aspect of the fungi upon which it lives, and is not readily perceptible in such situations.
External or tegumentary variation is quickly responsive to the changes of environment, and the various colour mutations undergone in process of growth by various of the naked species are colourings which were not improbably beneficial and protective in former times, and it is very signifi- cant as tending to shed a light upon their true evolutionary centre that certain atavic varieties of many species characterized by the retention of juvenile colours or markings are more prevalent at the confines of their distribution than near the probable point of origin of the species.
Structural modification is a much slower and more deliberate process, and though undoubtedly proceeding everywhere, is much more rapidly accomplished in the European region, which is, and has been for ages past, the centre of the greatest evolutionary activity and the focus from which improved forms of life have emanated and spread over the whole surface of the globe, only interrupted by the rigours of the more extreme climatic changes to which the world has been from time to time exposed during the progress of geological time, or by the varying dispositions of land and water, which, however, would in many cases tend to accelerate and facilitate dispersal.
The History and progress of Limacology in these islands may be studied by enumerating in chronological sequence the species so far established as British, and it seems on the whole better, as a simple act of justice to the acumen and perspicuity of the original investigators, to base the account upon the order in which the various species were definitely introduced for the first time into the British fauna, rather than to give the honour to the modern limacologists, who afterwards con- firmed the truth of their predecessors’ discernment by the demonstration of structural and other differences.
‘The existence of certain species in this country was, however, in several instances foreshadowed by some of the older and more careful writers long before their instatement in our lists.
The history of Limacology in the British Isles may for the present pur- pose be resolved into a modern and an earlier period of activity, separable by a certain interval of neglect.
The earlier period of activity is identified with the great names of Lister, Alder, Gray, Johnston, and Clarke, although the slugs were not specialized, except by the last-named author, being merely studied in the course of the general investigation of our terrestrial mollusca.
INTRODUCTION, XV
The first author to describe British slugs was Dr. Martin Lister, one of the celebrated trio who founded the modern scientific study of natural history in England, and it is to this able investigatur that we owe— amongst numerous other things—the first faunal work on British mollusca and their earliest anatomical investigation.
In 1678 he published under the title of “Animalium Angliz Tres Tractatus . . . . Alter de Cochleis tum Terrestribus tum Fluviatilibus” an account of the British land and freshwater mollusca which from a scientific point of view will bear comparison with many works published even in modern times, and it is to the great glory of Lister that he paid careful attention to all aspects of his subject, studying it from every point of view. He was a capable anatomist, and published subsequent works dealing with the internal structure of our mollusks.
In this work of 1678 the first three slugs known as British : 1. Limax maximus, 2. Agriolimax agrestis. 3. Arion ater, were for the first time described and figured, although the existence of the first-named species was indicated twelve years before in Merret’s “ Pinax Rerum Naturalium Britannicarum.”
In 1681 Lister published a supplement to his work, of which supple- ment a second edition appeared in 1685, but in this only the red variety of the last-named species is brought forward.
The next addition to our list was also by Dr. Lister in 1685 and 1694, when, in his “Conchology” and “ Exercitationes Anatomic,” he figured and described the anatomy of our fourth species:
4. Limax flavus. The fact that the figure does not bear the letter A, by which Lister was in the habit of distinguishing the English species in his general works, may be safely disregarded.
The next faunal work in which the slugs were included was not pub- lished for nearly one hundred and fifty years after Lister’s, but in the meantime the effect of the Cuvierian impetus to the study of the natural sciences at the beginning of the nineteenth century was seen in the description as new or the introduction into our lists of four species.
In 1819 Férussac published his splendid work: Histoire Naturelle générale et particulitre des Mollusques Terrestres et Fluviatiles, in which he described and cited a British habitat for
5. Testacella maugei, our first recorded shell-slug.
xvi INTRODUCTION,
In the “Medical Repository” for 1821, Dr. J. E. Gray described a second species of (7 7on ag an inhabitant of this country : 6. Arion hortensis.
In 1823 Sowerby published his “ Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells,” in which he described a second species of Testacella » 7. Testacella scutulum.
This, however, after the issue of Turton’s Manual of 1831 was regarded as but a slight variety of 7. haliotidea, and consequently disappeared from our lists as a species.
In the same year, 1823, Férussac described from British examples the first of our two species of keeled slugs : 8. Milax sowerbii.
Meanwhile, various faunal works on mollusca had been ixsued by Da Costa, Donovan, Montagu, Maton and Rackett, and others, in which the slugs were not included, but in 1828 the Rev. John Fleming published his ‘ History of British Animals,” in which we find the first description as British of the third species of Testacella :
9. Testacella haliotidea.
In the same year, Dr. George Johnston, in a paper criticizing Fleming’s work, described a third species of Avion :
10. Arion circumscriptus.
This species, however, never afterwards appeared in our lists and manuals, other than as a synonym or variety of A. dortensis, or as the supposed young of .f. ater, even by Johnston himself, and was only finally re-estab- lished as of true specific rank fifty-eight years afterwards.
Turton’s Manual, published in 1831, was the first to bring all these species together in one work, except the Avions, which, having no distinct shell, found no definite place in a work devoted to testaceous mollusca.
In 1832 and 1833 Mr. John Denson published detailed and elaborate accounts of Milar sowerbii and Testacella scutulum in the “ Magazine of Natural History,” and in 1837 Mr. Thomas Nunneley published in the Leeds ‘Transactions a detailed account with figures of the anatomical structure of the first four British species, describing therein the intestinal appendix of Limar flavus, and his careful and accurate work, the first molluscan anatomy after Lister’s, foreshadowed the closer attention paid in late years to this branch of the subject.
In 1888 Dr. George Jobuston brought forward in his Berwickshire list another species : 11. Agriolimax levis,
INTRODUCTION. xvil
and in the same list includes “Arion subflavus” without description, in addition to Arion ater, thus ignoring not only Arion hortensis but his own Arion circumscriptus.
In 1840 Dr. Gray published his so-called new edition of ‘'urton’s Manual, in reality a new work, and in this he sank Arion circumscriptus and Testacella scutulum as being but slight varieties, and also excluded T. maugei as non-indigenous.
But in the same year, 1840, a new enthusiast and very capable investi- gator appeared, who may be regarded as our first British limacological specialist. The Rev. B. J. Clarke took up the detailed study of the Irish slugs, and in the “ Annals and Magazine of Natural History ” for 1840 and 1843 he established the existence of two new British species of which there had not previously been any indication in our literature :
12. Limax arborum.
13. Milax gagates. His papers also include indications of Arion subfuscus and Limaa cinereo- niger, as well as show that the author was aware of the presence in Ireland of Arion circumscriptus and Testacella maugei, although he did not venture to reinstate them as species.
In the same year, 1843, Limax arborum is first mentioned as Scottish in Macgillivray’s ‘History of the Molluscous Animals of Aberdeen, Kincardine, and Banff.”
In 1842 an important discovery was made by Mr. W. Andrews in the form of the remarkable new slug, which in 1848 Dr. G. J. Allman described with a full anatomical account as
14. Geomalacus maculosus.
In 1848 Mr. Joshua Alder’s “Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumber- land and Durham” was published in the ‘l'yneside Field Club ‘l'ransactions. It is a work of great importance to us, as in it were brought forward two species new to Britain :
15. Arion intermedius,
16. Limax tenellus, and there is also a distinct reference to the slug we now know as Avion subfuscus.
These additions mark the close of the earlier periods of the active scientific investigations of our British slugs, for although malacologists generally were by no means inactive, and numerous manuals were pub- lished including those of Brown in 1845, Leach in 1852, Forbes and Hanley in 1853, Gray’s Turton in 1857, Jeffreys in 1862 and 1869, Reeve in 1863,
Xvill INTRODUCTION.
and ‘Tate in 1866, no further additions were made to our slugs or any notable contribution to their study for a period of nearly thirty-five years.
‘he present or modern period of activity in the study of our slugs began in 1882, when Mr. W. Denison Roebuck took up the subject as a special line of research, and by the active co-operation of British concho- logists received many thousands of slugs from all parts of the British Isles for examination, forming an excellent groundwork for the true appreciation of their distribution, variation, and developmental history.
The late Mr. Charles Ashford, the most skilful molluscan anatomist that we have ever had in this country, soon became associated with Mr. Roebuck in the good work, and made hundreds of dissections of the various species and varieties, confirming the external specific characters of the various species by demonstrating the differences in their internal structure.
The impetus thus given to the study was the means of bringing other investigators into the field, and greatly popularizing the subject.
In Mr. Roebuck’s paper on the British slug list, published simultane- ously with the Conchological Society’s list of British land and freshwater mollusca, 1883, the specific status of
17. Limax cinereo-niger was affirmed, and the name added to the British list.
The close and systematic examination of the anatomical and morpho-
logical character of the Arions soon showed that another species of Arion: 1s. Arion subfuscus,
existed in this country, and although the first published notice of it as
British was by Herr D. F. Heynemann in 1885, yet the associated labours
of Mr. Ashford and Mr. Roebuck upon undoubted British specimens
independently established its claim to inclusion in the British list.
Continued investigation of the Arionidiw resulted in the identification in 1886 of Mabille’s Arion bourguignati, mainly by the aid of anatomical evidence. ‘I'he first mention of it as British was by Mr. John Emmet, writing on behalf of Mr. Roebuck in the ‘“ Naturalist” for June 1886, and later study disclosed that the supposed new discovery was but an authori- tative reinstatement of Dr. Jolinstows Arion circumscriptus.
Another resurrection made by Mr. George Roberts in 1887 and Dr. R. F. Scharff in 1890 was clei fatermedius. The real credit of the reinstate- ment, however, was due to Dr. Neharff, who showed from anatomical evidence that A. mrfmus existed with us, although in 1887 Mr. Roberts had given a clear description of its external morphology under the name of Arion flavus. Subseynent synonymic study demonstrated that these inunes referred to one aud the same species, for which wf. determedius was the original name.
INTRODUCTION. xix
In 1888 occurred the specific reinstatement of Testacella scutulum, chiefly by the aid of Mr. C. Ashford’s exquisite dissections. Strictly speaking, however, it would be more correct to speak of it as the definite installation of both forms—T7. haliotideu and 7. scutulum—as distinct species and members of our fauna.
With one notable exception, this closed the list of the definite replace- ments of valid species, although during the next few years various forms were from time to time described as new to this country or to science, which eventually proved to be pure synonyms or simple varieties of already-known species.
An excellent piece of work by Dr. Scharff was his superb Monograph, “The Slugs of Ireland,” which evinced sound work and careful investi- gation, while numerous papers aud books by Mr. W. E. Collinge, Mr. J. W. Williams, Mr. W. A. Gain, Mr. Lionel E. Adams, Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell, and others, testified to the keen interest aroused in the study by the stimulus first given in 1882.
The last important re-discovery—Limaw tenellus—was made in 1904, when the Rev. R. Godfrey, who had previously collected the species in Switzerland, sent numerous examples, collected in Rothiemurchus Forest, to Mr. Roebuck, who was at once able to verify the species as the long-lost Limaz tenellus, probably hitherto overlooked by the nature of its habitat, and it was a great satisfaction to be able once more to vindicate the sound scientific ability of its original finder, the late Mr. Joshua Alder.
In conclusion, though the probability of further discoveries of truly distinct species is not great, yet it is not impossible that closer research and careful anatomical investigation may ultimately reveal other forms as yet unsuspected or it may be confused with the more abundant and widely-distributed species.
EXPLANATION OF THE
TERMS, SIGNS, AND METHODS OF RECORD USED IN THE PRESENT WORK.
! The exclamation mark is used in accordance with an accepted custom, as a mark or token of verification, and indicates that the specimens from the locality or district mentioned have been seen and verified by the author.
Recorps in which a date is given immediately arrer the name of the locality signifies that the specimens were collected at that time.
RecorDs in which the date does Not PRECEDE but follows the name of the collector signifies only the date when the specimens were examined, and that no precise record has been kept of the date when the speci- mens were collected.
The names of authors when placed within parentheses and following the names of species implies that the generic name used is not the same as that used by the original describer; when the parentheses are not used the species retains its original allocation.
All Recorps and observations under each species are almost invariably used only in association with the particular name used by the author whose information is being made use of. This mode of treatment is desirable, as though giving all information in its appropriate position, it yet preserves the connection with the name to which it belongs, so that if the reference to the particular species be objected to, the information can be extracted, as it is not confused with other records.
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA
Or THE
BRITISH ISLES.
Puytum MOLLUSCA Cuvier.
(Malacozoa, Blainville; Palliata, Latreille ; Heterogangliata, Owen; Otocardes, Haeckel ; Saccata, Hyatt ; Tetraneura, Schimkewitsch).
The Mollusca (mollis, soft) are animals with soft and fleshy bodies, covered by ciliated epithelium, containing numerous interspersed cells which abun- dantly secrete the mucus which is so characteristic a feature of the group and gives the body its suppleness and viscosity.
They possess a cephalic region in which are located most of the organs of special sense, a pallial region which develops or secretes the shell, and a pedal or ventral region which constitutes the locomotory organ.
Internally they present distinct digestive, coelomic and circulatory cavi- ties and scattered nerve centres, and primitively were bilaterally symmetrical in their organization.
Crass GASTROPODA Cuvier.
(Paracephalophora, Blainville ; Cephalophora, Macalister ; Glossophora, pars, Lankester ; Cephala, Reeve ; Univalvia, Fischer).
The Gastropods (yaerjp, stomach; rod— foot) are the most typical of the molluscan phylum, possessing the distinctive characteristics of the group in the greatest degree and showing the least affinity to other phyla.
Their chief features are a ventral and sole-like reptatory foot; a distinct head ; a well-developed odontophore, armed with numerous transverse rows of recurved teeth; a hollow and more or less conical shell which may he spirally coiled and external, or reduced to the merest vestige and concealed within the tissues.
Sup-Ciass ANISOPLEURA Lankester.
(Gastropoda, Pelseneer ; Platycochlides, Ihering).
The Anisopleura (a, not ; icos, equal ; Actpd, sides) are characterized by the asymmetry of their organization, due to the torsion and semi-rotation the visceral sac has undergone, which has transferred the respiratory and excre- tory organs from their original posterior position to an anterior and lateral one, and also led to the diminution or even complete atrophy and loss of the primitively left auricle, the left kidney, and the left moiety of other of the paired organs of the body. :
OrnpeR EUTHYNEURA Lankester.
(Platymalakia, von Ihering ; Pulmonata, Fischer ; Moncecia, Troschel; Adelapneumona, Gray ; Pulmonifera Inoperculata, Woodward ; Inoperculata, Reeve ; Saccobranchia, Leach).
The Euthyneura (<dds, straight ; vetpov, a nerve or tendon) embrace those land, freshwater, and marine gastropods in which the twisting of the visceral nerve-ring, characterizing the Streptoneura, has become obliterated hy the partial detorsion the visceral sac has since undergone, and is also noticeable
25/5/02
2, GENUS TESTACELLA.
for the shortening of the connectives aud commissures and tendency of the ganglionic centres to concentrate around the pharynx, the ceesophagus passing between the cerebral and buceal ganglia, and the anterior aorta separating the pedal and visceral centres.
The Euthyneures are hermaphrodite and inoperculate pulmoniferous species, usually possessing a highly vascular, respiratory pallial chamber, without ctenidia, but exceptionally developing secondary branchie in a few genera that are reacquiring aqueous respiration.
Sus-Orper STYLOMAATOPHORA A. Schmidt. (Pulmonifera, Reeve ; Helicea, Von Martens ; Geophila, Binney).
The Stylommatophora (ortAos, a pillar ; oppate, eyes; épw, to bear), embrace those Euthyneures with distinct head and two pairs of hollow retractile tentacles, the posterior and longer pair are the ommatophores, and hear the eyes near their summit, where is also lovated the chief seat of the olfactory sense ; the smaller anterior pair are also olfactory, but more expecially tactile, in function. The otocysts' are imbedded upon the pedal ganglia and contain numerous otoconia ;* the nerve centres are closely ageregated and fused together in a nerve ring around the pharynx, and the sexual orifices are closely contiguous or united in a common passage at the side of the neck.
Famity TESTACELLID.-EF Gray. (Oleacinidaz, Binney ; Agnatha, Mirch ; Vermivora, Gray).
The Testacellida embrace the genera hytida, Paryphanta, Streptaxis, Daudehardia, Glundinu, and Testacella, with a few other exotic groups, all characterized by an enormous development of their radula, by the absence of the mandible, and by their predacious habits. Of these genera only Testacella inhabits this country, but that Glandine also formerly did so is undeniably established by its fossil remains in our tertiary strata,
GENUS TESTACELLA Cuvier. (Helicolimax pars, Fér, ; Testacellus, Faure-Biguet).
History.—7?stacvile (dim. of testy, a shell) was discovered at Dieppe by M. Dugné, and his careful and accurate observations on its habits and appear- auce, under the appellation of “ Limace & coquille,” were published in 1740 hy Reaumur,®? who, however, did not apply to it any distinctive scien- tific name. In 1800, Cuvier,! impressed by the peculiarities of the shell, eveated the genus 7vstecc/l« for its reception, and in 1804 described and figured the internal structure of the animal.
Generic Characters.—Exrernatty, the distinguishing features of Testacelle may be summarized as: Bopy limaciform, markedly attenuate anteriorly ; INTEGUMENT coriaceous, thickest in the rear; PERIPODIAL GROOVE? distinct; TENTACLES simple, without definite apical enlargement; EYES small and lack; tips tactile and very extensible ; LATERAL @RoovEs® distinct, diverging from the peripallial sinus and terminating near the base of the tentacles, giving off from cach side a number of supra- and sub-lateral, an- teriorly directed, shallow, branching grooves, whose intersections form the eraunnlation which is so manifest during contraction ; SOLE not tripartite as In Liner; MANTLE small, placed quite in the rear of the animal, and covered by a vestigial and somewhat auriform, paucispiral surety, from which the penostractin is usualy more or Joss abraded ; MUSCULAR SCAR crescentic Mm shapes RESPIRATORY and ANAL oRtFICHS beneath right posterior angle of shell. Sexual orifice beneath right ommatophore, i °
1 Monog, i., p. 237, f. 2 Monox. i, p. 239, ff. 3 Obseryv. de Physi n an , 2 3 i, p. 230, 1S er, vsique générale, pp. 1. 2. 4 Legons d'Anat. Comp. t. 1, 5e tabl. o Mono. Teg: pe 192) 6.377, 5G Monde: pe 208, f, 402.
GENUS TESTACELLA. 3
INTERNALLY, the most important peculiarity, as compared with the Limu- cid, is the location of the heart! near the posterior extremity of the body, accompanied by a corresponding change in the position of the pulmonary cavity and anal aperture, the kidney and the shell, which are usually in rela- tion with it. As in Limar, the heart is anterior to the kidney, but occupies its right anterior corner, and the auricle is larger than the ventricle, and directed obliquely back- wards, the ventricle in front, in consonance with the altered course of the aortic trunks.
The VISCERAL sac is almost completely un- twisted, resulting in the pulmonary plexus being moved to the rear of the obliquely-placed heart, Testucella being thus opisthopneumonic; KIDNEY Pico. neues
. 5 a erve ring oO ay without secondary ureter;? SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND — hatiotidea, Bristol, x 5, showing long and sinuous, lying free on upper surface of — 'esrngement of the ganglia. the foot and extending almost to the posterior extremity of the body.*
The Nervous System is chiefly centralized in a nerve ring, encircling the enormous lingual sheath, the closely contiguous CEREBRAL GANGLIA above it giving off long and thick connectives to the pedal and visceral ganglia which are fused together beneath ; the long cerebro-buccal connectives surround the esophagus, and the buceal ganglia are fused together or at least in con- tact, not separated by a longish commissure as is usual in the Limucide.
The otractory faculty is well developed and exhibited as a large ganglion with ra- mose terminations at the apex of each of the posterior tentacles or rhinophores.*
Simroth also affirms that he has detected a double
fringe of nerves of the same Fic. 2. Fic. 3.
. +thi 7 Fic. 2.—Rhinophore of 7. haliotidea (after Moquin-Tandon) sense within the pallial greatly enlarged, showing the ganglionic enlargement and the
chamber, a relic of the primi- ramose terminations of the olfactory nerve, ¢ eye with optic tive osphradium. The Bye Ss? cae 2 zi Fic. 3.—Pallial olfactory organ or osphradium of 7. mauge/ 18 small and black and the (after Simroth). 9.0. olfactory orifice 5 o.c. olfactory cavity ; vision feeble and myopic, the o.r. olfactory ridge ; 7.0. respiratory orifice ; 2c. lung chamber. optic nerve, which shows scarcely any dilatation, separating from the nerve of olfaction quite at the base of the tentacles.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL is simple, showing few flexures ; the MouTH very dilatable, its inner surface protected by a thick layer of chitin; the oDONTOPHORE large, beset with transverse, obliquely arcuate rows of slender, barbed and apically-pointed teeth, typical of Beloglossa ;’ @sorHagus short ; CROP volu- minous and muscular, functioning as the digestive sac, and held in position by a sheet of separate slender muscles, arising | Fic, 4.—Alimentary canal of 7. haviotidea
* from Horsham, x14, showing the simplicity from the sides of the body, but most of its course and an unusual development of conspicuous on the left side; the true the vestigial stomach.
STOMACH is reduced to a small receptacle at first bend of gut near the open- ing of the bile ducts; INTESTINAL TRACT short, with but two tracts or Dichodromous.®
1 Mono. 1., p. 293, f. 583. 2 Monog. i. p. 336, f. 626. 3 Monog. i, p- 314, f. 604. { Monow i, p’ 236, £448, 5 Monog. i., p. 267, £. 585. 6 Monog. i., p. 289, f. 368.
{ GENUS TESTACELLA.
The LINGuaL sieatin white and eristly, exhibiting externally alone its left upper surface a distinet longitudinal suture or seam on opposite sides of which, at the hinder end, the paired constituents of the retractors are affixed; the enormous development of the retractors is in strict correlation with the nature of their food, as to overcome the highly muscular and strugeling earthworms demands a pre- domimating antagonism: TENTACULAR RETRACTORS very long and quite imde- ae
5 5.— Hinder as of lingual she 4 pendent of the pharyngeal group, and — vauger, from Hayle, Cornwall, x 4, showing the
paire d insertions of the retractors.
of each other, with widely separated points of attachment to the integument, differing thus from the Limaces, and forming with 2trZon the group 'Trichorhiza.!
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are comparatively simple, varying somewhat not only in the relative proportions of their various parts, but also as in other groups increasing vastly in size at the approach of the breeding sea- son; the ovorestis simall, imbedded within the large digestive eland ; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT closely convoluted and ene the large and yellowish albumen eland about its middle : ovrpver with broad, ample folds, suggestive of large eges, partially doubled npon itself, owing to the high attachment of spermatheca ; PENIS SHEATH only moderately developed; no mincus glands; arriumM short and narrow; penis and vagina separated by the right tentacular retractor.
Reproduction and Development.—In mild weather, especially in spring and autumn, the pairing takes place, the tentacles bemg retracted diving the process, which occupies four or five hours. Five or six days afterwards, es or more eges are deposited within the underground galleries, sometimes a yard or more beneath the surface. ‘The eggs are oval and white, somewhat acuminate at the ends, and although enclosed by a hard, calcareous eee explode with a perceptible noise when removed from the ground and placed upon the hand or in a warm place, but, according to ‘ame-Bignet, they may be preserved if plunged at once into boiling water.
The eges hatch in from ten to thirty- ey e days, according to the species and the prevailing temperature, the young at once entering upon a preda- tory lite, devouring young e: arthworms and the minute white threadworms which live beneath dec aying vegetation ; they usually become adult in about eighteen months, and may attain five or six years of age.
Food and Habits.—hey are predacious and very voracious and not oly prey upon worms, a will also devour slugs, snails, centipedes, and even sinall ee ee et of their own kind, althoueh, according to Grassies, they will not eat dead animals, and even decline fresh worms which have heen chopped up to feed them, Bouillet, however, records that chopped worms are devoured by the Zestecella when laid as bait on the ground. he prey is seized by a rapid protrusion of the odont tophore, the worm be- coming Dnpaled upow the mattitude of barbed and aculeate teeth which dlivaricate ding protruston: the v rene is then retracted and the worm or other prey is gradually eneulphed in the maw of its enemy, but so slowly im some cases that one end of a worm im: vy have become digested within the stomach while the other end still alive projects from the mouth. When voreed with food the animal becomes lethareie and contracted, but if disturbed during a meal they will often diseoree the prey they may be consuming.
1] Mono. 1, p. 844, f 638,
Pam le
—T. haliotidea var. albina, in repose, Kingsbridge Devon. 2.—T. haliotidea, W. E. Baily. Oxford, E. B, Poulton
a A
a
| y
‘“ 4,
: 4-T.h.vay.trigona x 3, 7 3.—T, haltotidea x 3, Glasnevin Gardens, Horsham, J. Whitaker. Dublin, R. F. Scharff. 5.--T. h. var. major * 3, Cihiswien Horsham, J. Whitaker. S.C. Cockerell.
6.—T. scutulum x 3, |
7.—T. s. var. albina, in repose, 8.—Testacella scutulum, Hornsey, H. W. allis Kew. Cuerden Hall, Preston, W. H. Heathcote.
RR R20.
g.—T. maugel, Riccard’s Dow ae Bideford, C. R. C. Hibbert.
13.—7. mauget x 2,
Bristol, Miss FP. M. Hele.
o.—T. maugei var. griseo-rbescens, Corfe Castle, E.R. Bankes.
I4.—T. maugei x 2 Bristol, 11.—T. mauget var. aurea, Miss F. M. Hele. Cotham, Bristol, Miss F. M Hele.
15.—T. m.var.aperta 2. Asores,
12.—T. maugei var. viridans, 16.—7. m. var. griseo nigrescens, in repose, Waterford, 4. H. Salter. Pembroke, Mrs. Trayler. ‘ |
7. W. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds.
GENUS TESTACELLA. °
They are uwocturnal animals, usualy remaining beneath the surface of the soil during the day, preferring the rich, well-mmanured Jands in which their prey is plentiful, and in this country, according to Ma. E. J. Lowe, are found from sea level up to an altitude of 530 feet, aud although reaching a greater altitude in France, yet Fischer records that they do not attain an altitude of 3,250 feet in Auvergne. Although usually living only a few inches below the surface, they vary the depth in accordance with the mois- ture of the ground and the couseynent motions of the earthworms, but also come forth at uighttall when the earthworms also emerge from their bur- rows; the worm when seized by the Testecedia instantly retracts itself within its tunnel by the aid of its circlets of bristles, dragging with it the Testacclle, which attenuates itself sufticiently to allow this to be done.
The saturation of the ground due to the rains so prevalent in spring and late autuinn is very prejudicial to the Zestucelie, driving them from their subterranean retreats to the surface, where they seek to lide during the day beneath stones, rubbish, or in other places frequented by worns.
In cold and dry weather, and when preparing for hibernation, they retire deeply into the earth, contracting their bodies and enveloping their hinder extremity within the extended mantle, ensconcing themselves each within a small and firm earth-chamber, which is cemented together by their colour less and somewhat viscid mucus, and is smooth and glistening inside, but externally bears some resemblance to the cocoon of a “puss” moth.
Enemies.— According to the testimony of Mr. Miller and Miss Mar- shall, earthworms will destroy young Tvstece/l7, aud Mavs. Balloon informs me that a very small wireworm also preys upon them.
Geographical Distribution.—7vstucelly is entirely a western pale- arctic group, and the distribution of the constituent species is strikingly in hannony with the relative simplicity or complexity of the internal structure of the animal, the more primitive of the species being confined to the vicinity of the western seaboard, while the more ighly organized forms have a more eastern range. ‘I'he genus is replaced in eastern and south-eastern Europe and the western Asiatic region by Daidebardia, a group of preda- clous snails with close affinities to Testacella.
The so-called West Indian Testaceffe are more properly referred to Ou- onyx, a genus of Succineide, in which the shell has undergone a somewhat parallel course of degeneration.
Geological History.—Possil species of Testucelle have been recorded from various localities im the Middle and Upper Miocene, the Phocene, Pleistocene, and Holocene strata of coutinental Hurope.
Pic. &— 7. anges devouring a worn,
6 MONOGRAPHIE OF BRLTISIL LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA,
Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud.
Isol Testacella haliotidea Drap., Tabl. Moll, pp. 88, 9; Hist. Moll, ISO, p. 121, 122) pl os, MW 43-45, pl 9, Ml 12, 123 deflr., Brit. Coneh., 1862, qs Jakes, pl oe ie Ger Teens Brit. Moll, TS63. p. 805 Moquin- Tandon, Moll. France, 1855, p. 39, pl. , Ee ils
sos NONE Roissy. Bull) de Sonm., ve. pl. os JS. yp. 252
ists <= guile Olen, Lelivh. Nat. ML, pe 212; qil. 95 tS:
Iss dahie Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool Ait. Comp. Porino, pl 2, ih 4-6. SSS — bareinoncusis Poll. Boll. Zool, Anat. Comp, Aph lt. p. 4. ph 2, 13-16.
Is02 Testes haliotideus Faure-Bisuet, Bull. See. Phil., p. 98, pl. 5, f. 2 a+b. 0G Melin sublerraued Laton-du-Cujuki, Dese. Lot-ct-Garonne, p. 143.
HISTORY.— he JVostucella haliotidea (Maliotis, a eens of inarine shells, toe form) is recorded as having been first found by M. Dugué at Dieppe im 1740, It it did not receive a specific name until Draparnaud im lis‘ 'Pableaw” be- stowed upon it the name of Aaliotidea. In the British Isles it is recorded as first noticed in TsoL by Dr. Lukis i his garden in Guernsey.
T. hiliotidea is iW uany respects the mnoxt Iighly organized of the genus, aud ix probably the latest evolved species, this being also indicated by its more LPR Draparnaud eastern distribution and the tendency
towards a less advanced development of its peculiarities in the more remote localities.
Diagnosis.— xrerNauny, the characteristic features of 7. hal/otiden are the somewhat coutiguous but distinetly-separated origin of the lateral erooves at the peripallial furrow, and the whitish colour of the animal: the shell differs from that of wevged in being smaller, but wider in proportion andi the columella being very broad at the posterior end: from: seatadune it differs tits more convex and solid shell, and slightly couvex columella.
INTERNALLY, 1 is sharply separated frome both its allies by the develop- ment of a distinct epiphallus and Hagellum to the penis sheath.
Description.— ANIMAL capable of creat clongation, sometimes reaching to 120 mill, but clipsoidal or lenticular when contracted, the narrow cream-coloured FOOT: FRINGE forming a sharp but wavy submedian cdee ; (he Boby is usually of a greyish white or dull cream colour, but occasionally yellowish or brownish with a greenish tinge, sprinkled with pale brown specks ; MED-DORSAL LINES distinet and enelosing a Sommew hitt perceptible double row of elongate tubercles : LAPERAL GROOVES well- marked, about two mill apart at their origin at the peripallial furrow, the sub- stliary anteriorly directed suprachiberal farrows ramify and intersect dorsally with about nine Eoint aad shatlow loneitudinal grooves ; below the literal grooves, the stb-heteral furrows give rise to a more pronounced eranulition, Sote whitish, tinged with yellow, convex aud transversely farrowed when contracted. Mucus Clonr, with a Cinge of pale yellow after scalding.
SHELL converty anriform, thiek and solid, with a dull brown pertostracinim, which isusnadhy Colally abraded from: the more exposed parts; NUCLEUS inclined at about fsalees to the vertien! lines COLE MELE A white ane glossy. broad) posteriorly and slightly convex, recularly arched but nol continued to the antertor end of shell or distinetly trimente; OUTER LIP only slehthy shouldered. Leneth, S mill; breadth, od tl, 3 auld, 2a. ; :
TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA.
INTERNALLY, the REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are more complex than in the allied species, the PENIS-SHEATH being terminated distally by a cweal enlargement and an abrupt flexure, although Lacaze-Duthiers and others figure the male organs, of what they attirm to be this species, without these adjuncts ; beyond the penis is the EPIPHALLUS and a well developed and somewhat cla- vate FLAGELLUM, which Lacaze-Duthiers alfirms is evaginated during pairing ; and which is furnished with a slender lateral and a powerful distal retractor, the latter affixed at the caudal extremity of the body ; the VAGINA and ATRIUM are usually rather short; the large oval SPERMATHECA is attached to the oviduct near the base of the albumen gland, and has a short, thick and fusiform duct ; OVOTESTIS composed of small, loose, oblong follicles with a tortuous duct.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL has the simple doubly- flexed course characteristic of the genus Testacella. The G@SOPHAGUS is extremely short, the crop whitish, longitudinally and transversely wrinkled, and about 8 mill. long, beyond which the canal is constricted ; at the first bend of the gut, the vestigial SroMACH shows as a
Fic.
8. — Sexual Testacella haliotidea x 1h. (Horshany, Mr. LT. Whitaker). alb.g, albumen gland ; ef. epi- phallus; 72. flagellum ; of. ovo- testis; ov. oviduct; /.s. peuis sheath 5 77. retractor muscle ;
organs of
purplish enlargement, and receives the bile ducts from the ample light-brown liver; a short distance beyond the canal gradually narrows and runs backward as the rectum to the anus.
The RETRACTORS of the right and left tentacles are separate, quite independent of each other, and almost symmetrically fixed near their respective foot-margins.
sf. spermatheca; sf.d. sperm duct ; vd. vas deferens.
The LINGUAL SHEATH is very long, somewhat ee en compressed, tapering obliquely behind, and reaching eS
back nearly to the hinder extremity of the body, \Gaa
RETRACTORS consisting of three or four partially fused terminal muscles, secured to the skin of the
left side beneath the shell, and in addition ten to
fifteen pairs of oblique ribbon-like lateral muscles,
arising from the left side of the hinder half of the igs, Ov= Lineal sheath sok sheath, the most anterior being about six mill. long — Testacella haliotidea, Bristol, col- and attached to the skin on the left side of the mid- lected by Mr. J. W. Cundall, illus- dorsal line, while the shorter and more posteriorly- piotee ce ata ovthe placed muscles are fixed nearer and nearer to the sole, to which the last few muscle-bands are fixed, close by the straight terminal ones.
The LINGUAL TEETH are stout, arcuate, and distinctly barbed, with the convex apical surface furnished with a somewhat distinct cutting blade, the median
13 5 j Vic. 11.—Isolated teeth from
the fifth and thirteenth longitu- dinal rows of the radula of 7. haliotidea X 40.
Fic. 10.—Transverse row of teeth from the odontophore of Testacella haliotidea x 20, from Oxford, collected by Professor Poulton, photographed by Mr. T. W. Thornton. apophysis large and distinct, basal enlargement slight, and the transverse rows more acutely angulated! than in the allied species. According to Lacaze-Duthiers, the vestigial median teeth are discernible with a magnifying power of 200-300 diameters.
The dental formula? of an Oxford example is :
1S+0+0+0418 y 9K EET GE a ToT 38=136
ee é : j é : pahaeek 1 The figure of the dentition given in Woodward's Manual, p. 298, and copied therefrom as tha Testacella haliotidea by many authors, is not really that species, but should be assigned to 7. mauget.
2 Monog. i., p. 262.
5 TESTACELLA TALLOTIDEA,
Reproduction and Development. —The eges are few in number, about six niall by four mill, with opaque,
yellowish-white calcareous shells, they are ob- ‘ _” long-oval in shape, but, according to the Abbe eee | 13 . : {G. LZ. be) ae (i Dupuy, eventually becomime somewhat acuni- incin Sane cnee ed hin hate at the poles. immediately after deposition, x 1s m Stee : af pate mae i aural (after Dupuy). They are deposited deep in the earth galleries niga ac ere Pree arene AE
daving the spring qouths, and, according to deposition, falter Dupuy), Gassies, hatch in ten or twelve days, the young ROWE IEE chane SOG heing usually of a greyish colour dashed with greenish-yellow, and beeom- ing adult in the autumn.
Food and Habits.—7. suliotideu is markedly nocturnal im habit, emerging from the earth ou the approach of twihght, and seizing upow the worms as they extend themselves from their burrows ; they re-euter the earth at daybreak, or Iide beneath stones or other objects, their marked resemblance when contracted to a pebble assisting their concealment.
According to Gassies & Fischer, this species is less gregarious and more solitary in its habits than 7) aceage/, but is found most easily and frequently at daybreak in March and April, crawhng over the surface of the soil or luding beneath dead leaves or rubbish.
Geological History.— 7. halfotidea Nas not been found fossil in this country, but is found in the quaternary deposits at Villefrauche, depart- ment Aveyron, andin those of Toulouse, in the Haute Garonne ; it has also heen detected im the blue argilaceous marls uear Moutpelher, and in the sandy bed of the ancient lake of Sarlieve near Clermont, Pauy-de-Dome.
Variation.—(Cassies & [ischer discriminated tive varieties of this species, and MoquinTandon six others, but these cannot all be accepted, as these authors confused 7. scutudum aud other species with 7. haliotiden, regarding them as simple varicties only.
A var. algerica is cutmmerated by Grateloup in Dist. Geog. Limac., p. 16, from Canary Islands, and Oran and Bone in Algeria,
VARIATIONS IN FORM OF SHELL. Var. trigona G. & I., Monoe. Testacelle, 1856, p. 46, pl 2, f Ga. var. @latata Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, Mar, 31, 1S89.
SueLE thicker, right marein much dilated, the AvEX beine thus to the left.
Probably the 7. subfeiqgova Pollonera, from Turin, 7. brondedi Boure., from the banks of the Kdougeh, near Bone, Algeria, and 7. dryimonia Boure., from the Isle of Capri, should also be relegated to this interesting and well-marked variety.
7y a
Fic. W.--7. brondelé But., Wig. 15.05 2ee <2 (after Bourguignat), < 2 (after Bourgut British Isles— Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, 1895! R. Fy Seharil. France— Bordeaux (Gi. & Ey op. cil., p. 50). Italy —Villa Doyen, Cavoretto, near Torino (Polloners, op. cit. ). Cuba—Havana, doubtless introduced, Petit (i. & 1, op. elle, pe 0).
Var. elongata Ghode IE. Monoe. Tostacelle, 1S56, p. 49, ph 2,0 6m. SieLL lone, thin, and marrow,
wil Let, lic. 1.— 7. subérigona Poll, val). < 14 Gatter Potlonera).
France —Bordeaux, Comme et Jandouin (GQ. & EF, op. WiG. V7. Lestacedla hatio- ’ tidea Vv. clongata X 3 (after
cil, p. 50). Gassies & Mischer).
TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA. 9
Var. ovalis Moq.-l'and., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, pa = 7 p. 39, pl. 5, f. 19. NE te Sales SHELL sub-elliptical or oval. Hig. 18:—Testaceia jail <4 fe he 0 a=
A 2 ‘7 tidca Vv. ovalis (afte in-
France—(Moq.-Tand., op. cit., p. 39). ome ei Moquin
; VARIATION IN SIZE OF SHELL. Var. major G. & F., Monog. 'lestacelle, 1856, p. 50.
SHELL very large and thick; COLUMELLA wider, prominent and carinate. Lenet] Tid will. se7 wil | alle, 8 all, ' eae British Isles—Alman’s Nurseries, Horshain, Sussex, June 1886! J. Whitaker.
France—(G. & F., op. cit.).
; VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albina Mogq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 39.
ANIMAL whitish.
. Paash Isles—Garden, Torcross Hotel, Kingsbridee, Devon, June 10, 1886! W. E. aily.
France—Toulouse, Haute Garonne, Sarrat (G. & F., op. cit., p. 50); not rare at Puy-de-Déme, Auvergne (Bouillet, Moll. Auvergne, 1836, p. 19). Ganges, and St. Beauzille, Hérault (Dubrueil, Moll. Hérault, 1863). Bramepan, Basses Pyrénées, (Folin & Berillon, Faune 8.0. France, 1877). Perigord, Dordogne (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887).
Spain—Gibraltar, Dec. 1884! J. W. Horsley.
Var. flavescens Mogq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 39.
ANIMAL canary-yellow.
France—Toulouse, Hante Garonne. Partiot (Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 41). Ganges, and St. Beauzille, Hérault (Dubrueil. Moll. Hérault, 1863). Puy-de-Déme, Auvergne (Bouillet, Moll. Anvergne, 1836, p. 19). Les Moulineaux, in abandoned quarries ; gardens, Grand Montrouge, and Bourg-la-Reine ; environs of Orsay, St. Maur-les-Fosses, ete. (Pascal, Moll. Haute-Loire et Paris, 1873, p. 23).
Geographical Distribution.—This species is known to range over western and south-western Europe and North Africa, and also to extend into Germany, Switzerland, and Belgium, which 7. scutulum or T. maugei are not known to do; this peculiarity in its distribution probably indicates its later evolution, a circumstance apparently confirmed by its more advanced internal organization.
7. haliotidea is recorded from Western Germany, Belgium, Switzerland, France, Italy, Dalmatia and Adriatic States, Corsica, Spain, Portugal, Algeria, Madeiras, and Canaries, but the confusion that has always reigned in this genus makes many of the specific identifications of doubtful accuracy.
It has also been recorded from Nova Scotia and from Philadelphia, U.S. A., doubtless introduced.
The distribution in the British Isles is probably very complete over the southern and western districts of England, but the records are incomplete and many unreliable ; undoubted examples have, however, been found in various parts of England, the south of Scotland, the south and east of Ireland, and south of Wales.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—Guernsey, first noticed in 1801 (I?. C. Lukis, Loudon’s Mag., 1834, pp. 224-5, and figs.). Recorded as occurring abundantly in Guernsey and on Sark (Cooke & Gwatkin, ().J.C., iL, p. 331, 1878). PENINSULA.
Cornwall W.—Rare in gardens, Newlyn, Heanor, and Penzance (Marquand, Trans, Penzance N.H. Soe., 1884).
Devon S.—In garden of the garrison, Plymouth (Turton’s Manual, 1831, p. 29). Kingsbridge: in garden, Toreross Hotel ! also in gardens of Mr. J. Elliott ! and others, W. E. Baily, June 10, 1886. The Castle, Tiverton, Capt. L. Moore (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25).
10 THSTACELLA HALIOTIDEA.
Devon N.— Dr. Turton’s garden, Bideford (Turton’s Manual, 1831, p. 29). Gar- den, Manor House, Lynton (C.F. Hall, Field, Marel 7, 1885, p. 807). Hele Bay, Ifraecombe, March ISS6 (J. Ro B. Tomlin, J. of Coneh., v., p. 181, 1887).
Somerset S.——Ciardens, Taunton (Tate, Brit. Moll. 1S66, p. 86).
Somerset N.—Beckington, H. Franklin Parsons (Webb, Journ. of Mal., Dee. 1S07. p. 49).
Wilts. S.—Vrequent at Devizes, also Trowbridge (J. I. Vize, Wilts. Mag., ix., No: 275 ). 27S, 1SG6). CHANNEL,
Dorset — Mr. Thompson's orchard-house, Weymouth (J. ©. Mansel-Pleydell, Conch. of Dorset, p. TEL. 1885). Montevideo, Chickerell, N. Richardson (J.C, Man- sel-Pleydell, Moll Dorset, 1898, p. 2). Abundant in my garden at Stalbridge (H. J. Johnston Lavis, Se. Gros., S78, p. 209). The specimens recorded from Down House, Blandford, by J.C. Mansel-Pleydell, in Proce. Dorset Soc. for 1885, and elsewhere, are 7. manger Per,
Sussex W.—Plentiful in Alman’s Nursery. Horsham, May 1886 !'T. Whitaker. Carden, Ratham, near Chichester, Aug. 30, 1890! W. Jellery.
Sussex E.—Not rare in eardens at Lewes, July 26, 1883! T. 8. Hillman. Brighton, R. B. Sharpe! (British Musenm, [SS6). Garden, Park crescent, Brighton, S79 (Rh. M. Christy, Zool., Aug. 1880, p. 867). THAMES.
Kent E.—Maidstone: gardens, London road ; garden, adjoining St. Michael's Chureh : cemetery about one mile south-east of the town and near Tovil Station ! Hubert Elear, July 1S9..
ae Near x % ¢ 4 S la) Geographical Distribution = a al y of ta 0 Jf 7 ra
Testacella haliotidea Drap
Pre | Recorded Distribution SS Probable Range
Kent W.—Shoreham Vicearave, Sevenoaks, Ro Ashington Bullen (Webb, J. of Mal, §897, p. 25). Welsey Park, Beckenham, Mark Webster (Webb, J. of Mal, 1807, p. 49). Not rare in the earden of Holy ‘Prinity Viearage, Woolwich, Aug. Isso! J. W. Horsley. : :
Surrey—Asparavus beds, Nuttield Priory, J. Mollat: Surrey Tlouse. Leather: head, CLA, Brige; Sutton Common, Maxwell Ty Masters: 11, Ularrow road, East Dorking, CLS. Howell; and Kew Gardens (Webb, J. of Mal, Dee. 1897, p. 4). Wray Park, Reteate (GQ. 8. & EE. Saunders, 1861). oe ane idford Lodee, Widford, Eo Thummond (Webb, J. of Mal. July
97, p. 25).
TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA. ll
Essex N. —Ntisted, Basil F. May ; Colchester, W. Patterson (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25).
Herts. —Abundant in garden, Manor House, Hitchin, May 1890! F.W. Phillips.
Middlesex—Garden, Adelaide Road, Regent’s Park, Sept. 1867, J. E. Harting (W. Jeffery, 1888 !) Greenhouse in Williams and Son’s Nursery, Upper Holloway, Jan. 1897 !G. IX. Gude. Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, Chiswick, E. Miller (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, ). 49). Uxbridge, May 1891! C. H. Morris.
Berks. —Faringdou ! T. Rogers, 1885.
Oxon.—Garden, Wykeham House, Oxford, Feb. 1887 ! E. B. Poulton. Cabbaze field, near St. Clement’s Chureh, Oxford, 1887! S. Spencer Pearce. Garden on Head- ington Hill (8S. Spencer Pearce, Zool., Sep. 1883, p. 363). Blenheim Palace Gardens, frequent, Rk. Rogers (W. D. Crick, March 1885). Middleton Park, Bicester, T. ‘lrol- lope (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 49). ANGLIA.
Bedford—Abundant in the south of the county, F. W. Phillips, May 1890.
Suffolk E.—Gardens, Woolverstone Park, Sept. 1887! J. Sheppard. Woodbridge, S. Spencer Pearce, May 1886. Dallinghoo Rectory, R. Ashington Bullen (Webb, , Journ. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). Blaxhall, G. T. Rope! (Carleton Greene, Suffolk list, 1891).
Suffolk W.—Bury St. Edmund’s, Mr. Norgate (Carleton Greene, Suffolk list, 1891).
Norfolk E.—A}undant in Mackie’s Nursery Garden, Norwich ; garden, Ipswich road, Norwich (J. B. Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 49). Aylsham, near Norwich (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1894, p. 393). Yelverton, May 1891! S. S. Pearce.
Norfolk W.—Diddington Hall, Brandon, A. Tanner (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). SEVERN.
Gloucester W.—Garden, Carrville, Alexandra Park, Bristol, May 1888! J. W. Cundall. Kingsdown Parade, W. W. Stoddart ; Clifton Gardens, Miss Jones ; and at Hampton Park, rare (Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875, p. 280).
Monmouth—Plentiful at Mathem, near Chepstow, April 26, 1892! E. J. Lowe.
Hereford—Very rare, Burghill, T. A. Chapman (A. E. Boycott, Sci. Goss., April 1892, p. 78). (Giarden, Broomy Hill, Hereford (Boycott and Bowell, Woolhope Nat. Field Club, Oct. 1899, p. 24).
Worcester—Worcester, Oct. 30, 1888! 5. Smith Hastings ; Diglish House, Wor- cester, 8S. Taylor; also Elmfield, London road, Worcester, C. H. Webber; and Hagley Hall, Stourbridge, D. I. Dixon (W. M. Webb, Journ. of Mal, July 1897, Be 25).
: Stafford—T wo found by T. Kirkby, of Hanford, near Trentham, Oct. 1897! also found by Mr. Nicklin in his garden at Trentham, Sept. 1897 (J. R. B. Masetield, J. of Conch., Jan. 1898, p. 8).
Salop.—Hatton Grange, near Shifnal, and Lilleshall Abbey, near Newport, T. C. Eyton, 1862 (W. E. Beckwith). TRENT. Lincoln N.—Garden, Highfield, Gainsborough, Apl. 22, 1898! F. M. Burton.
Notts.—Carlton Hall, Carlton-on-Trent, Lonis Pope (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 49). Hightield House, Beeston (Dodd, Brit. Assoc. Handbk., 1893, p. 71). Introduced from Horsham, Sussex, into the gardens of Rainworth Lodge, Mansfield, in June 1886, by Mr. J. Whitaker. Welbeck Abbey, 1879, R. A. Rolfe (C. T. Mus- son, Midl. Nat., Feb. 1879). MERSEY.
Cheshire—Arley Hall, Northwich, J. V. Smith (W.M.Webb, Journ. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25).
aes S.—Clayton Hall, Accrington, J. Poulter (Webb, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p. 49). Near Crumpsall, 1862, T. Glover (Melvill, Handbook Brit. Assoc., Manchester, 1887, p. 84). Knowsley, near Liverpool (Collinge, J. of Mal., June 24. 1893, p. 148). AUMBER.
York S.E.—Swailes’ Nursery Garden, Beverley ! J. D. Butterell, 1883.
York S.W.—Sandbeck Park, Rotherham, G. Summers, and Wath-on-Deare, W. McKeigh Jones (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25). Orchard-house, Fernie-
hurst, Shipley, March 1892! E. Self. SOUTH WALES. Pembroke—Tenby, A. (+. Stubbs, Feb. 1896. SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Renfrew —Woodside (rardens, Paisley, Chas. Hogg, Oct. 1898. : Kirkcudbright —Common in Corberry Nurseries, Maxwelltown, April 1890! R.
Service. EAST HIGHLANDS. Stirling—Bientham Park, Stirling, D. Bruce (W. M. Webb, Journ. of Mal., July 1897, p. 25).
12 TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA.
IRELAND. LEINSTER. Dublin—Greenhouse, Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Dublin, W. F. Burbridge, 1895 (2. F. Scharff, Trish Nat., Mareh 1895, p. 80); Royal Botani¢ Gardens, Glas- nevin, Dublin, W. I’. Moore, 1895! (BR. FF. Scharit, Jan. 1902). MUNSTER Cork N.—Town gardens, Youghal, 1835, Miss Ball! (R. F. Scharff, 1888); garden, Bandon, G. J. Allman ; also at Vosterberg, Councillor Reeve’s residence, Cork, by D. Murray. the gardener, who had observed them for several years past (J. D. Humphreys. Cork Fauna, 1845, p. 2).
GERMANY.
Occurs on German territory, but only in the western region. Metz, Lothringen. larger than the examples from south-west France (Gassies & Fischer, 1856, p. 60). Formerly found in Mons. Simon’s garden, Plantivres, but not in recent years (Meyer, Nacht. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1876, p. 36). Castle Garden, Heidelberg, Baden (Daniel, Q)J.C., i, p. 113, 1876).
BELGIUM.
In gardens at Fonds-de-Leffe, near Dinant, M. Julien Deby (Colbeau, Ann. 8. Mal. Belg., 1865, p. 109).
FRANCE,
Ain—Rare, Sathonay, Rillieux, Miribel (Locard, Moll. de Ain, 1881, p. 15).
Allier—Rare by the Chateau of Montgarnand, near Moulins (Wattebled, J. de Conch., 1881, p. 327).
Calvados—-Caen, in many gardens, notably the Botanic Gardens ; Colleville-sur- Orne, E. Deslongchamps (A. de Hopital, Moll. Caen, 1859, p. 8).
Charente Inférieure—Rochelle, la Faille in 1754 (ér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94).
Deux Sévres—Niort by Guillemean in 1754 (Feér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94)
Dordogne-—(iass. & Fisch., 1856, Perigord (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887).
Drome— Environs of Crest, Faure-Biguet ; Montélimar, Loriol, ete (Drap., Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 152): Wood at St. Vincent-sur-Charpey, alt. 700 metres (G. Sayn, Cat. Moll. Dréme, L888, p. 130).
Finistére—Commoner than 7. muges in the botanical and other gardens, Brest; Moulin-Blane ; especially common in the cabbage-fiells near the guard-house of Fort Bouguen (Daniel, J. de Conch., 1883, p. 376). Common in gardens at Lander- nean (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860, p. 87). Roscoff (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887).
Gard—Nimes, Pont-St.-Esprit, Auzon, Servas (Clement, Moll. Gard, 1878)..
Garonne, Haute—St. Bertrand de Comminges, Toulouse (Boubee, t. Fagot, 1880), also at Cierp, near Chignac road, common in garden at Gand, near Cierp, M. Paren- teau (St. Simon, 1876).
Gers—Cominon in gardens and woods at Auch, Lectoure, Bives, Duran, Mon- tant, ete. (Dupuy, Moll. Gers, 1848, p. 10). Old Tower, Barbotan, rare (Dupuy, J. de Conch., 1877, p. 20).
Gironde—Botanical Gardens, Bordeaux, also at Ambares (Des Moulins, Moll. Gironde, 1827, p. 7).
Hérault— Montpellier (Draparnand, Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 152), Villeneuve, St. Martin-de-Londres, Beédarieux, ete. (Dubrueil, Moll. Healt, 1863, p. 4).
Isere—St. Fond, M. Fanjas (Drap., Hist. Moll, 1805, p. 152).
Jura—Old cemetery of Lons-le-Naunier (Ogerien, Hist. Nat. Jura, 1863, p. 506).
Landes—((rrateloup, Dist. Geog. Limac., 1855).
Loire, Haute—Very abundant (Pascal, Moll. Haute Loire, 18738, p. 28).
Loire Inférieure-—Croisic, M. de (Juerhoent, 1779 (Feér., Hist. Noll, 1819, p. 94). Common at Cléons and at Le Plessis, Frossay, also in gardens at Bois-Branlard, in Chantenay, at the Folies-Chaillon, and Toutes-Toies, all near Nantes (Cailliand, Cat. Moll. Loire-Infér., 1865, p. 206). Cultivated ground especially cabbage-gardens at Croisic, and at villaye of Batz (Bonrg., Mal. Bret., 1860, p. 28).
Lot—(Iérussac, t. Gassies & Fischer, 1856).
Lot et Garonne—(I¢russac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94).
Maine et Loire—Anvers, in Botanic Garden, at la Chaloutre, les Fourneanx, ete., Dampierre, Montrenil-Bellay, Saumur, Doué, Beanlien, ete. (Millet, Moll. Maine et Loire, 1854, p. 13).
Manche- -Sb. 1.6 (It. le Clere, Not. Mem. Doeum, Soe. Manche, xv., p. 145).
Morbihan--Commonin gardens at Roche- Bernard; Briel, near Muzillae ; Vannes, and in the Park, Roguedas (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860, p. 45).
Nord— Valenciennes (Baudon, J. de C., July 1884, p. 210).
Oise—Garden of Madame No, Beauvais, 1879 (Baudon, J. de C., July 1884).
Prats. IT.
Distribution of 7. haliotidea Drap.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES. SCOTLAND. Channel Isles SOUTH WALES ie g& W. LOWLANDS bE. HIGHLANDS reninsuva 41 Ghuuorgan 2 Dumtries 93 Aberdeen N, 1 Cornwall W, 42 Brecon be Kirkeudbright 94 Bautt 2 Cornwall 45 Radnor .* Wigtown 95 Kiygin
3 Devous, armiartheu a
yr
ce)
Basterness
W. HIGHLANDS 7 Westerness iS Main Argyle 9 Dumbarton 0 Clyde Ish
101 Cantire
Ebudes §. Shue
14 Lbudes N,
4 Devon N. mbroke 76 Renfrew 5 Somerset &, Jardigau :: 77 Lanark i) 6 Somerset N NORTH WALES: E. LOWLANDS = Yi CHANNEL 47 Montgomery les i) 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth q Selkirk 1 8 Wilts Ss. 49 Carnarvon . toxburgh 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh s Berwick 1 10 Isleof Wight 51 Flint By Haddington Jo 11 Haunts 3. bz Anglesey 83 Bdinburgh 12 Hants N. TRENT 84 Linlithgow 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln &. B. HIGHLANDS 14 Sussex E. 54 Lincoln N. #5 Fife & Kinross THAMES Leic. & uth, 46 Stirling Kent E Notts 87 PerthS.& Clkn 5 Kent W. 67 Derby ss Mid Perth Surrey MERSEY 89 Perth N.
Sea 90 Forfar 9. Kincardine 92 Aberdeen 8
LUMBER
SEVEKN 70 Cumberland Gloucester E. 71 Isle of Man Gloucester W, Monmouth Hereford Worcester Warwick Stafford Salop
By
EESESES
bo sé
Probable Range.
\\N Recorded Distribution.
ee Distribution verified by the Authors.
105 106 107 108 3 i lug Caithness
N. HIGHLANDS WV
NORTH ISLES 0 Hebrides
2 Shetlands
York "Re K York IRELAND. 3oS8.W. York ULSTEK LEINSTER ANGLIA Mid W. York . 9 113 Derry Louth 25 Suffolk’ BE. 65 N.W. York S$ 114 Antrim Meath dsutfolk W. 9. 115 Down led Dublin Norfolk E. 66 Durham 116 Armagh Kildare Nortolk W. 67 Northumb. 8. 117 Monaghan Wicklow 9 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland 118 Tyrone Wexford bedford LAKES 119 Donegal ivs Carlow Hunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 32 Northampton and L. Lancs. 121 Cayan BU
MUNSTER
141 Clare
Kerry
TESTACELLA HALIOTIDEA. 13
Pas-de-Calais—Boulogne (Bandon, J. de C., July, 1884). Puy-de-Déme—Conmon in Puy-de-Déme (Bouillet, Moll. Auvergne, 1836, p. 19). Pyrénées, Hautes—Dupuy (Gassies & Fischer, 1856).
Pyrénées, Basses—Gardens and along the ditches, Bilhéres, rare (Mermet, Hist. Moll. Pyr. Oce., 1843, p. 18). Bramepan (Folin & Beril., Mal. S. O. France, 1877). Bayonne (Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 1888, p. 2).
Pyrénées Orientales—Oleron, Massot (Gassies & Fischer, 1856, p. 50). Amelie- les-Bains, 1887, R. D. Darbishire! Banyuls (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887).
Rhéne—Lyon, M. Lyonnet (Férussac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94). In hilly regions, Mont d’Or, St. Syimphorien @’Ozon, Caratte, etc. (Locard, Mal. Lyonnaise, 1877, p. 6).
Saone et Loire—Not rare in spring and autumn in calcareous earth in the hilly districts (Grognot, Moll. Saéne et Loire, 1863, p. 9).
Seine—Jardins du Luxembourg and Val-du-Grace, Raymond (Gassies & Fischer, 1856). Jardin des Plantes (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Testacelle, 1887).
Seine Inférieure—First observed in France, at Dieppe, in 1740, by Dugué.
Tarn—Soréze, M. Duclos (Draparnand, Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 152).
Tarn et Garonne—(Fér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 94). Querey (Lacaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887).
Vendée—Environs of Fontenay (Letourneaux, 1869, p. 10). [le de Noirmoutier (Laeaze-Duthiers, Hist. Test., 1887).
Vienne—Common on chalky, arid, and stony soils at La Vergne, at the Grange- au-Rondeau, and in gardens at Poitiers (Mauduyt, Moll. Vienne, 1839, p. 25).
SWITZERLAND. Enumerated for Geneva (Jurine, Ess. Stat. Geneve, 1824).
CORSICA. Bastia, Blauner (Requien, Cat. Moll. Corse, 1848, p. 43).
ITALY.
Not rare in the ditches of Castle St. Angelo, Rome (Statuti, Bull. Soe. Mal., 1882, p. 15). Villa Doyen, Cavoretto near Torino, Piedmont (C. Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, March 3], 1899). Sorrento, Campania, McAndrew Collection, Cambridge (Brockton Tomlin, 1886).
AUSTRO-HUNGARY.
Istria, at Trieste (E.v. Martens, 1888). Goritz. at Gérz (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch.
Mal. Ges., June 1885, p. 254). Dalmatia, Schréckinger (Jeffr., Brit. Conch., 1869,
v., p. 156). SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain—Madrid (Graells, Moll. Espafia, 1846, p. 1). Asturias (Fischer, Manuel de Conch., 1883, i., p. 202). In Catalonia, at Barcelona (Bofill, Moll. Barcelona, 1879); Olot and Bosch de Tosca (Salvana, Moll. Catal., 1888); Gerona, (Chia, Moll. Gerona, 1886) ; and at Valvidrera (Fagot, Mal. Valvidrera, 1884). In Old Castile, at Sarria (Martorell y Pena, Col. Conch., 1888) ; and in Andalusia, at Gibraltar, Dee. 1884. J. W. Horsley !
Balearic Isles—Majorca, and in Minorca at Mahon, San Cristobal and Fer- rarias (Hidalgo, J. de Conch., 1878). Portugal—(Hidalgo, J. de Conch., 1877, p. 254). NORTH AFRICA. Algeria—Bougie (Webb & Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Canaries, 1834, p. 48). Philippe- ville and Bona, not common (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 49). ATLANTIC ISLES. Canary Isles—Gran Canaria (R. Boog Watson, J. de Conch., 1876, p. 221). Madeira—Gardens, Funchal, said to have now disappeared (R. Boog Watson,
: h., 1876, p. 221). pes onaee oe NEARCTIC REGION. Canada—One specimen in a greenhouse in Nova Scotia (Binney, 1878, p. 27).
United States—Lincoln Park, Philadelphia (F. C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1901, p- 59). Very plentiful, Roxborough, near Philadelphia (H. A. Pilsbry, May 1894),
1 MONOGRAPIE OF BRITISIE LAND AND FRESIPWATER MOLLUSCA,
Testacella scutulum G. }. Sowerby.
a } Testacella scutulum Sow., Gren. Shells, pl Loo. Hi 3-6. hisuleata Risso, Hist. Nat. Sen Merid., pl. Ay p. 58. — a Se Coa ee ND, Dist. Geow Limacieus, p. 15. cnglica Crit, Dist. Geoe. Lime. pe bo ‘und, N Moll. France, ii, p. 89; Jeffreys,
haliolidea var. se ae Moq.-'l Brit. Coneh., IS62, p. Fy ule ts. he WS == HOU mpl CAppit Pail 5105.
— fischeriana Boure., Rev. Tia Teh.
— prechiolli Boure., Rev. M: Zool, yp. 517.
— yestroi Issel, Aun. Mus. Civico, Genova, p. 277, 1 1-5, — omwilliausiand Nevill, Proc. Zool. ae p. 101, le 3st The SBS) Pestacellis scutatis Lesson, Rev. Zool, te. yp. 249.
ISTORY.— Jistaucella sentuliin (scutulion, a little shield) was first found ina garden in Kenmnineton road, Lambeth, Surrey, by Ma. G. Be Sowerby, who figured and described it in tis “Genera of Recent ancl Fossil Shells,” published In TS23.
The superticial resemblance of this species to haliotided, aid t he eon] rete Ignorance at t this period of its striking Aitveul peculiarities, soon led to Sowerby’s species, betmg universally regarded as only a sleht variety of Aa/iofided, mitil IS88, when
: ne (2 the pubheation of Mr Charles Ashford’s accurate | Clue. yh frre, [ daawings of its internal organization definitely es- i tablished its specific status.
In onv Enelish text-books, Zestecedla scatulinn ov Testacella haliotidea are Incliscriminately figured as representing the latter species. Dr. Gwyn Jeffreys, in dus * British Conchology,” though undoubtedly representing 7) haliotided wwe voloi, at £6, pl 5, yet figures albeit roughly the shell of 7” scutulin atl 7, al also in Aine Supplement to lis work.
Lovell Reeve, in dis “ British Land and Freshwater Mollusks,” eives as the eenerie figure on p. 27 a copy of Sowerby’s original figure of Testacelle scutition, Dut at p. 80, under 7. helfotided, figures an animal which ean- hot with propriety he referred to any of our British species of Testicella, althoueh the fleures of the shell are good representations of those of 7” seatulin,
Testecella scututim nay be veearded as linking together Testacedhe hatio- tidea and Testacella MYC, AUN, although curiously stnilar ta 7. fliotiden in some external ports, Has yet not so advanced in its internal structure, Which dn certain dnportant respects has more atlinity with that of 7. menge?> the south Curopean examples approxineute still more closely i showing fewer Lateral amuseles to the Hnewal sheath than are normally present iW British examples.
Diagnosis. 7istacr/la seutuliin may de veadily differentiated from its congeners when the animal is extended by the confluent onein of the lateral grooves, a taille in advance of, bat joimed with, the peripallial fur row > (he usually yellow colour of Che body, and the smatler shell, which is Hat oreven concave on the upper suriiee, with a broad, angularly concave, and almost traneate columella.
Fiternally, oh differs from headfofidea tn the absence of the lagellum to (he penis-sheath, and) from meenyed by the possession of mumerous lateral maseles fo the Tnedal sheath,
TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 15
Description.—ANIMAL tawny-yellow, more or less freely speckled with brown, especially on the back ; sol and FOOT-FRINGE orange-yellow, most vivid near the tail; LATERAL GROOVES distinct and originating in a common depression in advance of, but connected with, the peripallial furrow ; the mid-dorsal sculpture so distinct in 7. mauget is only very faintly indicated. When contracted it usually assumes a semi-globose form somewhat dissimilar to the lenticular shape of hadivtidea or the short, cylindrical aspect of mauget.
SHELL narrowly auriform, UPPER SIDE flat or even actually concave, LINES OF GROWTH comparatively fine, PERLOSTRACUM rusty-brown, and more persistent than in maugei or haliotidea, the colour showing internally through the thin outer margin of shell ; NUCLEUS nearly central, placed at an angle of 60 to 70 deg. to the vertical line of the shell ; COLUMELLA glossy-white, broad and angularly concave, terminat- ing abruptly at the anterior margin of the shell. Length, 7 mill.; the greatest width, about 4 mill., being about the middle of the shell; alt., 14 mill.
INTERNALLY, the ALIMENTARY SYSTEM displays a short GesoPHAGUS, which opens into a somewhat brownish crop, 12 or 14 mill. long, which shows longitudinal whitish stripes, due to longitudinal plaits within ; the paired white SALIVARY GLANDS are 5 or 6 mill. long, attached to its sides, and do not blend together ; the VESTIGIAL STOMACH is of a purplish colour, about 3 mill. in diam., and is placed at first bend of gut, just before receiving the stout and white bile ducts ; the Gur, which is very thick and firm, traverses the digestive gland, afterwards narrowing into a slender rectum, which opens as usual on the right side beneath the shell.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS simple; OVOTESTIS flesh-coloured with long acini and imbedded within digestive gland ; DUCT whitish, convoluted throughout, and entering the albumen gland about the middle, from whence to outlet it is fused to gland ; ALBUMEN GLAND large and broad, ochreous or reddish amber; OVISPERMATODUCT wide and compressed, the two channels well united ; OovipUCT in many broad, close-set plaits ; SPERM-DUCT broad throughout and of a buff colour; VAGINA very long, slender below, much dilated above and abruptly doubly- flexed ; SPERMATIIECA globular, —reddish- brown, with dull white mottlings when mature, closely attached to the middle of ovispermatoduct ; stem of spermatheca com- paratively short and bent, slender above and gradually enlarging to hase ; VAS DERERENS Fic, 21.—Sexual organs of 7. seutudum X 1h. long and simple, entering the penis sheath at (Chiswick, Mr. S. C. Cockerell), its apex close to the retractor ; PENIS SHEATH alb.g. albumen gland; of. ovotestis ; 07. long and opaque-white, narrow at base, but — oviduct; g.s. penis sheath; 7.1. retractor increasing in diameter as it passes upwards, Ds te spermatheca ; sf.d. sperm duct ; the upper half broad and rigidly doubly = 7 Yas Seterens: flexed ; RETRACTOR very long and ribbon-like. passing freely over the dorsal surface of visceral mass and affixed near shell at caudal end of body ; ATRIUM very short.
The RETRACTORS of the tentacles are shorter than those of 7. haliotidca or T. maugei, and more exactly symmetrically in their points of attachment to the integn- ment close to the junction of the sole ie with the sides of the body; they run jee : free, as usual, along each side of the B= lingual sheath, dividing into the usual
a two branches for upper and lower ten- eet ——— tacles before reaching brain ring ; the —=—=\ S
bands are ribbon-like and of nearly uniform width throughout, but spread- ing at the roots for firmer hold.
The LINGUAL SHEATH 1s enormous, Fic. 22.—Lingual sheath of 7. scutu/um x 13, forming a firm, tough, pearly body, Hornsey, collected by Mr. H. Wallis Kew, illustrat- anteriorly nearly cylindrical, but taper- ing the retractor muscles of the tentacles and
ing off behind’ into a very powerful lingual sheath. ; muscle, composed of two, three, or four partially independent muscles, as in 7. maugei, and having in addition its hinder half attached laterally to the skin of the left side by a series of five to ten pairs of conspicuous muscular bands running parallel to each other and fixed at independent points.
16 TESTACELLA SCUTULUM.
The LINGUAL ‘PEBTIL are very lone, comparatively slender, slightly curved, apex distinethy barbed or hamate, the median apoplysis markedly nearer the basal end, and the teeth apparently deficient of the entOing blade. present apon the convex side
CO BO FB) Coss — a Fr saat —— 4 Gees 13 —“t_ > | SSOP 4 5 Bu 3.— Transverse row of teeth from the odontophore of Pic, 2t.—Tsolated teeth from the Testacedla s June ~ 20, from Chiswick, colleeted hy Mir S.C. fifth and thirteenth longitudinal rows Cockerell; figured from a photograph. of the radula of 7. scudadame ~ 10.
of the teeth of daliotided at the apiealend. The angle formed by the convergence of the rows of teeth towards the centre of the radulads more vente than in 7. aierayes, Int less than in de/fofider, and the vestigial median row of teeth can occasionally he discerned.
The dental formmla of a Chiswiek specimen, collected by Mr. S.C. Cockerell. is He La es He x 46—=15604.
Reproduction and Development.—-The cretacecous eees of this species are deposited undereround, and ave not nminerons, they are distinetly oval in shape, about five mill long by three mill. broad, white or very pale pink when first deposited, soon, however, becoming of a brownish-white colonr, They have heen found in this country as early as February. Hatching takes place in from twenty to thirty-six days, the young attainime full erowth im about eehteen months.
.—Egg of 7. Lae they es & Fischer).
Gassies & [ischer describe the eve of 7) bisuleatias round and about the sive of No. 2 shot, but their fignre has a distinetly oval outline, similar to that of 7” seatudiin,
Habits.—(Cassies & Fischer remark, under the heading of 7. bisuleata, that this species is less in the habit of leaving its subterranean retreat than its congeners, and ascribe its less frequent capture to this cause. Mar Kew, however, remarks that he somewhat frequently sees 7) seuta/iim during the spring and atom inonths erawhne about in the early morning, or even at nid-day, at the foot of the low earden-walls a the north London suburbs. The slngeish movements and the usual tawny colour of the body tend to he protective upon stony soils and eravelled garden pathways.
Parasites and Enemies.— Ah. I. WW. Quilter was fortunate in detect- ine upow 7 seaftalim, from Belvoir, examples of a species of mite, which were evidently parasitie, and which he desembes as having a reund, harry aud shiny white body, with four pairs of five-jointed, hairy, ambulatory legs fomminated by small claws, mouth with cephalic appendages or chelicere.
Geological History.—- No re- Nit cord of ifs occurrence ta the fossil state ds known to ame, but [do net hesitate to telade with this specles the Zoo aredifamsiana Nevill, and the 7 aarieulata Gass. & Piseh. Vhe To oarditiamesiand is trou the
Wigs BRE
, ae
[olocene conelomerate of the caves Wien 26.— Vestacedla soidddan Nevill, Xd : mS (after Nevill).
al Mentone, near woree ol St. Louis. uk ibs ", Testacelér auriculata Gass. & Fisch.,
my the Alpes Maritimes, Che author 3h Giller Cassies & ischer),
differentiating th from 7. bésideata by tts almost vertically prominent central apex and iis reentar, close, ancddeep suleations. The 7) aarientata GQ& VP
TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 17
seems to be merely an abnormal specimen found fossil at Vendome in the department of Loir-et-Cher, described by its author as differing from all its congeners by its solid and flat auriculate shell and thickened margins.
Variation.—his species, which has been misunderstood almost from the time of its discovery, and whose specific characters are eveu yet not univers- ally appreciated, has in its various forms been described again and again as new by different authors, and although Gassies & Fischer and Moquin- Tandon expressly allude to 7. scuéulum, it is not at all clear that they had the true 7’. scutudwm before them.
In this country 7. scutulwm is moderately constant in the form of its shell and the colour of its body, but abroad this consistency of type is not so fully maintained, if the allocation, as suggested by Simroth, of cumpunyot and other forms to the scuwtwlum series be correct.
VARIATIONS IN FORM OF SHELL. Var. pecchiolii Bourg., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1861, p. 517.
ANIMAL yellowish, with a multitude of minute greyish dots on the back ; lateral furrows separate at their origin at the peri- pallial ¢roove. SHELL narrower and more elongate; COLUMELLA not trun- a J
cate and less arcuate; APEX rather pointed and more detached. Length, 6 mill. ; breadth, 35 mill.
Testacella peechiolii is the T. haliotidca of the older Italian
authors, and is essentially an Italian form ; most of the Italian Fic. 28. — Testa- records of T. haliotidea ave possibly more properly referred to this — “a Aecchiolit Bet. variety. x 38 (after Bourg.).
Italy—Fonnd in the garden of Signor Pecchioli, at Settignano, near Florence ; also at Pisa, Bologna, and Rome. It is met with in Venetia and Lombardy ; also on the slopes of Monte Cuccia, near Palermo, in Sicily, and the Isle of Ustica (Bourg., Gen. Test., 1862, p. 61). Apuan Alps, in Tuscany (Stefani, Boll. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1875).
Var. major G. & F., Monog. Testacelle, 1856, p. 46, pl. 2, f. Sp.
Testacella bisulcata var. major G. & F., op. cit.. p. 46. Testacella fischeriana Bourg., Rev. et Mag. Zool., Dec. 1861, pl. 13, ff. 5-7
ANIMAL larger and darker coloured than the typical form, with a sharply-defined yellow foot-fringe. ; :
SHELL larger and more oval, broadest at its posterior third, anterior end rounded; COLUMELLA more arcuate and scarcely truncate. Length, 6 mill. ; breadth, 4} mill.
Algeria—Environs of Philippeville and Constantine (Bourg., errr Mal. aieen, 1864, -p. 60). Not common on the glacis of the ee oe fortifications of Bab-Azoun and Bab-el-Oued (Lallemant, Ann. 8S. jajor_x 3, G. & F. Mal. Belg., 1868, p. 5). Environs of Alger (Lallemant, Moll. (after Gass, & Fisch.). Alger, 1881, p. 2).
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albina G. & F., Monog. Testacelle, 1856, p. 46.
Testacella bisuicata var. albina G. & F., op. cit., p. a0. . Testacella scutulum var. pallida Cockerell, Sci. Goss., 1885, p. 225. ANIMAL yellowish or whitish. Middlesex—Chiswick, 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Hampstead lane, Highgate ! Ferme Park road, and Weston Park, Hornsey ! H. Wallis Kew. Lancashire S.—Cuerden Hall, Preston, Jan. 1893! W. H. Heatlicote. York Mid W.—Dr. Eddison’s garden, Adel, Leeds, Noy. 1896! H. Crowther. Leicestershire—Belvoir Castle gardens. Jan. 1888! W. Ingram. Louth—Piperstown, near Drogheda, Feb. 1890 ! Miss Sidney Smith.
Algeria —Constantine (Gass. & Fisch., op. cit.).
\
Var. aurea Cockerell, Sc. Goss., 1885, p. 225. ANIMAL orange-coloured with brown mottlings ; FOOT-SOLE Inight orange.
Middlesex—Chiswick, 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Sussex W.—Horsham, 1902! R. D. Darbishire.
11/6,02 B
1s TESTACELLA SCUTULUM.
Geographical Distribution.—he European area of distribution of this species cannot be stated with accuracy owing to the very prevalent mis- conception of its characters. pe
Under Risso’s name of 7) bisudecta, this species has, oN however, been recorded as being very common through- . } out the south of France, and as inhabiting Italy, ie : Spain, and Algeria. Fic. 30.—Tvstacella bi-
Testucella pecchiolii, T. gestroi, T. fischeriuna, and ee Risso x 2 (after probably other south European forms are, if not abso- ~"P are lutely identical, closely allied and more primitive forms of our species, and may be regarded as varieties.
The British distribution of 7. scata/um is less restricted than that of the other species ; it has been found scattered over England, and its existence verified in Ireland and Scotland, but it would seem to be especially preva- lent in and characteristic of the Metropolitan district.
Geographical Distribution of
Testacella scutulum Sow.
WM Recorded Distribution
[<"] Probable Range.
g
0Q 4 7 j
Fic. 31.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—Market gardens, near St. Peter's Port, Guernsey ! and in the Seignenrie grounds, Sark, A. H. Cooke, Feb. 1888.
PENINSCLA,
Devon S.—Gardens, Plymouth (Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., 1888).
Devon N.—Gardens, Bideford (Alder, Mag. Zool. and Bot., 1838).
Somerset S.—The Zestacel/a from Taunton, figured and recorded as 7. seutil un (Nat., vii, p. 179) is 7. mangei (Norman, Moll. Somerset, 1860).
Somerset N.—Leivh Woods, rare, T. (:. Ponton, 1862 (Leipner’s Bristol st
CHANNEL.
Dorset—Chickerell, near Weymouth ! E. R. Sykes,1890.
Isle of Wight—Numerous in gardens, Newport (W. Jeflery, J. of Coneh., iii, p. B13, 1882).
Sussex W.—Nursery garden, Chichester, June 1889! W. Jellery. Introduced from Newport, L. of W., into garden at Ratha, near Chichester, about 1880 (W. Jetlery, J. of Conch., iii., p. 318, 1882), Horsham! R. D. Darbishire, 1902.
Sussex E.—Lewes, Dee. 1888S! J. TE. A. Jenner.
THAMES,
Kent W.—Mabledon, Tonbridge, Nov. 1887! A. TT. Cooke. Garden, Maidstone, H. Elgar, June, 1891.
Kent E.—Folkestone and near Faversham, |884! Miss E. 2B. Pairbrass,
TESTACELLA SCUTULUM. 19
Surrey—The original locality where this species was obtained by Mr. Sowerby is Kennington road, Lainbeth. The specimens in the British Museum, labelled ‘* 7’ haliotidea, Surrey,” and ‘1. haliotidea, Lambeth,” should be labelled ‘7. sewéudum.” Nutlield Priory, with 7. haliotidea, J. Moffat; also Crescent Wood House, Sydenham Hill, John Prince (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Park Hill Rise, Croydon, H. F. Parsons (Webh, op. cit., Dec. 1897, p. 49). Very common about 1860, in Ivery’s Nurseries, Dorking ! 1885, R. D. Darbishire. Kew Gardens, and garden at 66, Glon- cester road, Kew, April 1884! 2. A. Rolfe. Under beech leaves, Headley lane, near Boxhill, April 1886! 'T. D. A. Cockerell. Mitcham, Sept. 1884, Kenneth McKean.
Herts. —B. Pilfard’s garden, Hemel Hempstead, Feb. 1884! J. Hopkinson. Chase Side, Enfield, known for the past thirty years, F. Wright; abundant, Hemel Hemp- stead Nurseries, W. Foden (Webh, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26).
Middlesex— Middle Temple Gardens, first noted about 1846; the speciniens from this locality were the types of 7. medii-templi (T. Tapping, Zool., 1856, p. 5105). Upper Holloway : Giesbach road ! and garden of Upper Holloway Railway Station,
April 1888! H. Wallis Kew.
Highgate: Hampstead lane, Dec. 1888! Archway road! and Shepherd’s Hill road, H. Wallis Kew, Nov. 1901.
Hornsey : common, Ferme Park road, Oct. 25, 1901 ! Weston Park, Jan. 12, 1902 ! and Crouch End Hill, Hornsey ! H. Wallis Kew.
Stroud Green: Hanley road! and Stapleton Hall road, H. Wallis Kew, Nov. 1901. Winchmore Hill, 1884, L. FE. Adams.
Stoke Newington: occasionally in gardens (E. R. Allen, Field, 1885, p. 282).
Stamford Hill: first observed in 1829 (T. Blair, Loudon’s Mag., 1833).
Regent’s Park : plentiful in Royal Botanic (sardens (J. McIntosh, Nat., 1853).
St. John’s Wood: Circus road and Adelaide road (J. E. Harting’s Rambles, 1875).
Haverstock Hill: occasionally fonnd from 1861-1881 in a garden formed on the site of a nursery garden, W. C. Atkinson, 1885.
Hampstead and Hendon : in fields and gardens (J. McIntosh, Nat., 1853).
Finehley : path from East Finchley to Hampstead, H. Wallis Kew, Nov. 1901.
Whetstone: in C. F. Minov’s garden (T. D. A. Cockerell, Field, 1885, p. 607).
Turnham Green; formerly abundant at Burlington Cottage, S. 8. Pearce, 1885.
Isleworth : Worton Hall Gardens, not common, A. Pentney (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26).
Ghiawivic: Royal Horticultural Society’s Gardens, E. Miller (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 49); common in gardens, Woodstock road, 1885 ! T. D. A. Cockerell ; the specimens in the British Museum labelled“ 2. haliotiden, Chiswick,” are incorrectly named, and should be referred to the present species.
Ealing: garden at Castle Bar, A. Belt, 1888. pine
Hammersmith : Brook Green (Webb. J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26); plentiful in gar- dens (J. McIntosh, Nat., 1853); railway bank, Oct 1888 ! H. Wallis Kew.
West Kensington: in gardens (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). |
Kensington: not rare in forcing-houses and kitchen-gardens of Kensington Palace ; also at Notting Hill terrace (J. Denson, Loudon’s Magazine, 1833).
Essex S.—Vairly abundant in old garden, Wanstead (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Oct. 1890, p. 209). Buckhurst Hill, W. Cole (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26).
Oxon—Middleton Park, Bicester, T. Trollope (Webb, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 49).
ANGLIA,
Norfolk E.—Ipswich road, by Mackie’s Nursery Gardens, Norwich, J. Reeve, 1880! (Churchill Babington’s collection). Abundant at Foulsham, Oct. 1884! Rev. J. W. Horsley.
Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, Miss Peckover (Churchill Babington’s collection).
SEVERN. Gloucester W.—Gardens, Clifton, T. G. Ponton, 1862 (Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875, p. 281). pees Lincoln S.—High Park Gardens, Stamford, D. Metcalfe (Webb, J. of Mal., July
1897, p. 26). ; Leicester—Bean Manor Park, Loughborough, A. Hamshere (Webb, J. of Mal..
Dee. 1897, p. 49). Belvoir Castle Gardens, Jan. 1888! W. Ingram. Notts.—Welbeck Abbey, R. A. Rolfe! (C. T. Musson, 1884). Derby—Little Eaton, Nov. 1897! J. Hill. Bee
Cheshire—Fairly numerous, Hoole, Nov. 1883, J.T. Riches. Rare in Upton lanes, and in some grassy lanes near nursery gardens, Chester, 1886! G. W. Shrubsole. Mr. Broome’s Garden, Sale, Oct. 1890! T. Rogers. Dickson’s Nurseries, Newton, near Chester, on rockwork, T. Ruddy, March 1887.
Lancashire S.—Cardens, Cuerden Hall, Preston, Jan. 1893! W. H. Heathcote.
20 TESTACELLA SCUTULUM.
HUMBER.
York S.E.—Woodleiyh, Hessle, F. Mason (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26).
York N.E.--Abundant at Castle Howard, J. Riddell, and in Walshaw and Son’s Nurseries, Scarborough (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Tunnel in Beeforth’s Garden, Esplanade, Scarborough, Feb. 1899! J. E. Hargreaves.
York S.W.—Garden, Horbury, April 1891 ! W. Rushforth.
York Mid W..—Gledstone Hall, Sicipton, J. Jopkinson (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Dr. Eddison’s Garden, Adel, near Leeds, Nov. 1896! H. Crowther. Common after continned wet, Hyde Park road, Leeds, Nov. 1, 1900 ! Oliver Marsden. Garden, North lane, Headingley, Noy. 1886! E. R. Waite. Padman’s Nurseries, Bos- ton Spa, J. Emmet, July 1877. TYNE.
Durham—Bensham Hall, near Gateshead, Jan. 1884! R. Y. Green. Gateshead and Axwell Park, near Newcastle, R. Howse, Nov. 1884.
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Renfrew—Common, Rosebank Nurseries, Johnstone, Oct. 1898! 5S. M. Wellwood. Garden, Gartland place, near Paisley, April 1887 ; Kilnside Gardens, near Paisley, Feb. 1889 (J. M. B. Taylor, J. of Conch., 1889, vi., p. 115). EAST HIGHLANDS.
Stirling—Deach-house of R. Smith, Brenthem Park, June 1895! G. McDougall.
Fife and Kinross—St. Brycedale Nurseries, Kirkcaldy, Oct. 1884! where it has been known for the past forty years, W. D. Sang.
IRELAND. LEINSTER, Louth—Garden, Piperstown, near Drogheda, Feb. 26, 1890! Miss Sidney Smith. Dublin—Trinity College Botanic Gardens, March 1891, W. F. Burbridge ! (R. F. Scharff). W. F. de Vismes Kane's Garden, Kingston (Scharff, Irish Nat., July 1893). MUNSTER. Waterford—Waterford. Mr. Garnett, jr. (Scharff, Irish Nat., July 1892). Cork N.—Youghal, 1835, Warren Collection, Dublin Museum !
FRANCE.
Recorded as T. hisuleatu from Provence, Languedoe, and Gascony, and in the
Alpes Maritimes—In evardens, Grasse, and the hills about Nice (G. & F., op. cit.).
Finistére—With 7. haliotidca, Landernean and Brest (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860).
Loire, Haute— Hills of Chosson, plain of Rome (Pascal, 1873, p. 23).
Morbihan—Common in gardens and cultivated fields, deneciallv cabbage fields, about Vannes, Arradon, Auray, and upon the Ile d’ Arz (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860).
Seine—In disused quarries, Les Moulineaux ; gardens, Grande Montrouge and Bonrg-la-Reine ; environs of Orsay and St. Maur-les- losses, ete. (Pascal, 1873, p. 28).
Var—Not rare, Mouton (Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll., 1855, ii., p. 41).
Vendée—(Massot, Mon. Test., 1870, p. 156).
As Testacella scutulum it has been recorded from the departments of the
Creuze—De Cessac (G. & F., op. eit., p. 54).
Gironde—La Teich, lacture, Sallas, ete. (Gassies, Mal. Aquitaine, 1876).
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Trieste, as 7. haliotidea, Simroth, Nacktsch. Portug.-Azor., 1891. ITALY.
As 7. bisulcata it is recorded for Piedmont, the environs of Florence, Rome, Naples, ete. (Bourg., Rev. et Mag. Zool., Dee. 1881, p. 60). From Torrita, Masso di Sassorosso, and Bagni di Lucea in Tuscany (Stefani, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1875), and from Civitavecchia (Statuti, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1882, viii., p 15).
SPAIN.
Recorded as 7’ bisulcata from Valencia (Hidalgo, Hojas Mal., 1871, p. 27), and as
T. scutuhon from Granada, 1887! R. D. Darbishire (J. of Conch., 1888, v., p. 346). CORSICA. Ajaccio, as 7. seutulim (Scharff, Reise Corsica, 1894, p. 160).
SARDINIA. As 7. gestroi vecorded from S. Vito, where it was found by Dr. Gestro (Issel), and at Monte Santo di Panlo, near Cagliari ; Pareo di Laconi ; forest of Monte Cresia, and in the Valley of Tarquisara (Paulueci, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1882).
NORTH AFRICA.
Algeria—Greal. Kabylie, as 7. haliotidea (Kohelt, Zoogeogr., 1898). As 7. bisul- cata and T. fischeviana from environs of Alyer (Lallemant, Moll. Alger, 1881); and as 7. hisuleata from Tlemcen, near the Cascade of the Sefsef, Letourneux (Bourg., Alger, 1864, ii., p. 303), and Bona and Constantine (Bourg., Rev, et Mag. Zool., 1861).
Morocco—Cap Spartel, Grasset (Morelet, J. de Conch., 1880, p- 17).
Prats III.
Distribution of 7. scutulum Sow.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES. eC SCOTLAND. ” ° Chanuel Isles SOUTH WALES Z § W. LOWLANDS L. WIGHULANDS PENINSULA = 4 ( norgan a Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N, 1 Coruwall W. 4 “on Kirkcudbright 94 Bantt 2 Cornwall kK. 43 Radnor ) Wigtown 95 Elvin Bae 44 Carmirtheo 75 Ayy 96 Enstermess 4 45 Pembroke i 76 Renfrew W. HIGULANDS: 5 8. 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset N. NOKTH WALES LOWLANDS 98 Main CHANNEL 47 Montgomery ig 99 Dum: 7 Wits N 48 Merioneth loo Clyde s Wilts 5. dy Carmaryon Jol Cantire
9 Dorset 40 Denbigh 10 Isleor Wight 51 Flint 52 Anglesey
se Haddin 83 Edinbu
3 Lincoln s. B.WIGI Lincoln N
55 Leic. & Rutld
86 Stirling 3 Notts 47 Perths. 16 Kent W, 7 Derby kk Mid Pe
York
le IRELAND. York J S.W. York g ULSTER LEINSTER Mid Ws York ‘¢ 113 Derry Louth N.W. York 14 Antrim Meath VYNI 115 Down Dublin Durham 16 Armagh Kildare 28 Norfolk W 67 Northumb. 8. 117 Monaghan Wicklow 29 Cunbridge 68 Cheviotiund 118 ‘Tyrone Wextord 30 Bedford LAKES 119 Donegal Carlow 31 Lunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh Kilkenny 32 Northampton aud L. Lanes 1b Cavan (Queen's Co
SEVERN = 70 Cumberland loucester Li. 71 Isle of Man sloucester W 5 Monmouth
Probable Range. >
Recorded Distribution.
Pad Distribution verified by the Authors.
81 Berwick 102 Ehudes 8 vton 103 Whude rghi W0d Lhude
TRENT 84 Linhthgow
MERSEY : Perth N Cheshir' Oy Mortar % Lancashire 5. pS f CHL Lancashire Mid g2 Aberdeen S HUMBER :
LANDS 105 Ross W.
fed Kinross 106 Ross E.
107 Suthe & Clkn 108 Suthe th 109 Caithness:
H10 Hebrides line VIL Orkneys 112 Shetlands
King’s Co. Westmeath } Longford
Rascommoen “itrim
igo Mayo E. 3M
141 Clare 142 Limerick
terry
N. HIGHLANDS
mid EL md W.
NORTH ISLES
CONNAUGHT
MUNSTER
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 21
Testacella maugei Férussac. 1801 Testacella Aalioteides Lam., Sys. An. s. Ver., p. 96 (nomen nudum)
1805 — haliotidea pars, Drap., Hist. Nat. Moll. France, pl. 8, tf. 46-48.
1819 — maugei Feér., Hist. Moll., p. 94, pl. 8, {2 10-12 ; Reeve, Brit. Moll., 1863, p. 32 and ff. ; Adains, Coll. Manual, 1896, p. 41, pl. 2, f. 3.
1827 — asininwm de Serres, Ann. Se. Nat., p. 409.
1850 — lartetii Dupuy, J. de Conch., i., pp. 302-4, pl. 15, ff 2a—d.
1851 — bruntoniana de Serres, Mem. Terr. Transp., p. dl.
1855 — hatiotidea v. scutulum Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, pl. 5, ff. 20, 21.
1855 — burdigalensis, Gassies, Grateloup’s Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 15.
1855 = — oceuntea Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 15.
1855 — agquitanica Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens. p. 16.
1855 — browniana Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16.
1855 3 — occitanie Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16.
1855 — monspessulana Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16.
1855 — canariensis Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16.
1855 — alte-ripe Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limaciens, p. 16.
1855 — deshayesii Michaud, Desc. Coq. Foss., p. 3, pl. 2, ff. 10, 11.
1881 — nowdeti Bourg., Hist. Mal. Colline de Sansan, p. 15.
1819 Plectrophorus orbignyi Fér., t. Simroth, Nacktsclnecken Portug.-Azorischen, 1891, p. 404.
History.—Testacella muuget was discovered at ‘leneriffe in 1796 by M. Maugé, in whose honour it was named by Férussac, and according to Dr. Turton, was said to have been first found in England by Mrs. Smith, in her garden at Bristol ; in 1812 Mr. ‘I. Drummond detected it in Miller and Sweet’s (now Garaway’s), Durdham Down Nurseries at Clifton, Bristol, and sent specimens to Dr. Leach, which were forwarded to and figured by Férussac.
Although a very distinct species it is far from being accurately known, and from the earliest period has been and is still often confused with 7. halio- tidea by otherwise competent conchologists. M. Draparnaud figured un- doubted 7. maugei as the adult form of 7. haliotidew, while Moquin-Tandon also figures what is probably the present species as 7. hudiotidea v. scutulum.
Gassies and Fischer, the able monographers of the genus, in their great work, ‘ Monographie du genre 'l'estacelle” (pl. i., f. 14) illustrate the repro- ductive organs of 7. Aaliotidea, but erroneously ascribe them to the present species ; this unfortunate confusion was accepted and endorsed in some of their writings by the famous limacologists, Simroth and Pollonera, and to add to these regrettable mistakes, the brilliant French biologist, Prof. Lacaze- Duthiers, has in his otherwise masterly work, ‘‘ Histoire de la Testacelle,” perpetuated further misapprehension of the organization of this species, with which he was evidently unacquainted.
The organization of 7. maugeé is of a simpler and more primitive type than that of its congeners, and its more marked restriction to the confines of Western Europe confirms this species as being the most ancient form of our Testacella.
Diagnosis.—ExtTERNaLLy, 7. maugei is readily recognisable by its large, convex, and semi-cylindrical shell, and by the lateral grooves upon the body of the animal being so wide apart at their origin at the peripallial furrow.
INTERNALLY, the distinctive features are even more striking, the lingual sheath being quite deficient of lateral muscles and possessing only terminal retractors, while the right and left tentacular retractors are both affixed to the integument quite on the left side of the animal; the penis sheath differs from that of 7. scutudum in its strikingly clavate shape, and from 7°. halio- tidea in the absence of the flagellum which is so marked a feature in that species,
TESTACKLLA MAUGETL,
ti L
Description.— ANIMAL elongate, attennate anteriorly and very tumid towards the rear; GO-100 mill. in length when fully extended, but very short and eylindrical when contracted; GROUND-COLOUR greyish-white to black, but usually of an earthy- Inown, paler laterally and besprinkled with deep-brown specks, which are most plentiful on the back; the longitudinal dorsal furrows are well defined and enclose a double row of conspicnous tubercles 5 LATERAL FURROWS deeply incised and much wider apart at their origin at the peripallial furrow than in the allied species; MANTLE sparingly maculate, and sometimes partially enveloping the shell; soLE similarly but more brightly colored than the body, whitish, yellow, pink, or even Dlack, FOOT-FRINGE sometimes marked with perpendicular lineoles, as in arion ; SLIME, colorless and nol very tenacious.
SHELL subquadrately oblong, very convex, compressed or slightly sinuate at front margin, and about one-sixth of the tolal length of the animal when extended, whitish with a brown periostracum which becomes abraded from all the more exposed parts of the shell ; spree produced and terminal, consisting of about 14 whorls; LINES OF GROWTIL variable but often strony and irregular; APERTURE oblong, very large, outer margins slightly expanded, interior slightly nacreous; COLUMELLA narrow, convex, and regularly arched. Length, 15 mill; breadth, 7 mill. ; alt., 4 mill.
INTERNALLY, the REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM is simple in its organs and their arrangement, and characterized by a short PENIS-SHEATH, very narrow below, but abruptly swollen above. without a FLAGELLUM, but with a strong terminal RETRACTOR, which is attached dorsally to the outer integument towards the rear of the body ; the VAGINA is much shorter than in 7) see/e- Zum, and considerably less dilated above; OVOTESTIS greyish or yellowish-white, composed of loose oblong follicles imbedded within the digestive eland and dith- cult tu isolate ; IIERMAPHRODITE DUCT very tortuous and entering the albumen gland very high up; ALBU- MEN GLAND enormous, lingniform, of a yellowish or ochreous tint; OVIpUCT clear DInish-white, with broad apple folds: sPERM-DUCT opaque, bul! or eream- coloured; VAS DEFERENS stillly convoluted at its origin
from sperim-duct, and entering the penis-sheath at the Vic. #2, — Sexual organs of free end, close to the retractor muscle ; SPERMATHECA 7; Ma maugei X1
‘estace Z 4 globular or roundly-oval, clear grey, marked supertici- (Bristol, Mr. J.W. Cundall). ally with white vein-like markings, and imbedded in en ek ee the hase of the albumen gland, to which it has muscular sheath yy, retractor muscle + attachment; SPERMATHECA DUCT long, about three sf. spermatheca; sf. sperm times the diameter of vesicle, thickened at base and — duct; v0. vas deferens. longitudinally striped, the npper half adherent to ovidnet, the lower half sometimes attached to vagina by a stout muscle; ATRIUM short.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL with short G:soPHAGus, opening out imto a broadly oval or pyriform crop, which is whitish when empty, dnd has thick walls especially towards the pyloric end, with the whole surface corrugated with longitudinal and transverse wrinkles, and attached to left side of body by sv sheet of muscles ; the vestigial STOMACH, a small, white, rounded protuberance, is ab first bend of eut, at the point where the intestine enters the digestive gland and receives the thick white bile ducts; the DIGESTIVE GLAND is brownish bull, speckled or reticulated with while ; INTESTINE very stout in its early course,
The TENTACULAR RETRACTORS of 2. niengel ave especially remarkable for their curious asvnnmetry and inequality ; the left: retractor is allixed to the body-wall of the Jeft side, close to the marein of the foot-sole, while the noticeably longer right = ‘ tentacnlar muscle is abtached to the sole also —> quite to the left of the median line of the body. eS
The LINGUAL SHEATIL presents the same = S pearly-white glistening appearance which ee characterizes that of the preceding species, but Fic. 33.—Lingual sheath of 7estacedla itis comparatively smaller and its retractors — “enged, illustrating the retractor muscles of more simple, consisting of two to five pairs of — the tentacles and lingual sheath, partially independent and powerful terminal umscles, any one of which execeds in mass the cephalic retractor of Arion afer or Limae macinus, all with common point of fixation to the integuinent on the left side of the ody beneath the shell. The lateral nmscles so conspicuous in Z. haliotided and 2. seutulum are quite absent.
TESTACELLA MAUGEL. 23
The LINGUAL TEETH in this species are more closely arranged upon the radula, and the transverse rows of teeth much less acutely aueulated than in either 7.
VL 10 NN He Wy 4 ee \ hs pee & - Fic. 35.— Isolated teeth from the Fic. 34.—Transverse row of teeth from odontophore of 7. weangeé — fifth and tenth longitudinal rows of
x 20, from Bristol ; figured from a photo. by A. H. Cooke. the radula of 7. wanuged * 40. haliotidea ov T. scutulion,! the individual teeth are smaller, Jess distinetly barbed, the poaphysis near the middle of the tooth, and the minute vestigial central tooth distinctly perceptible in certain parts of the radula. ;
The dental for a of a Bristol specimen is 14+0+1 re se
The dental formula of a Bristol specimen is sas: aoe x 80 = 870
1
Reproduction and Development. — According to Cassies, it is the most prolific species of the genus, and in France may lay five times im one year, eight to fifteen large, some- what acuminate oval egys, about five mill. by four imill., eho Ree
é - 2 5 % 3. gO : which are enclosed im firm, white calcareous shells, vaugee% 1) (alter Gas- which gradually become yellowish. In this country Sesand Pschev: they have been observed to lay in May and Angust, the eges hatching in from twenty to thirty-five days, according to the weather.
Food and Habits.—7. muugei is not active, but more gregarious than either 7. haliotidea or 7. scutudum, and is also more insatiable and raven- ous, destroying its congeners in default of other food when confined with them. It usually lives from six to twelve inches beneath the surface, its retreat, according to Mh. Tomlin, being easily detected by the large, clean- cut hole it leaves, very different from that of a worm, aud usually beneath some sheltering plant.
In wet weather, when driven from their subterranean retreats, they lide beneath the foliage of garden pinks or other sheltering plants, often in a sort of open nest in the moist earth, to the aspect of which their usual colouring closely assimilates.
Geological History.—7vstucella iaugei has not been found fossilized in this country, but has been recorded trom the basin of the Rhone, and has been described under the names of 7. lurtetii Dupuy, 7. nouleti Bourg.,
rs gi B ‘ J \ A
Tic. 38.—7. larteti x 4 Bia. 39 —7. nowleté Dourg. x 2
iG. 387.—7. lartettd x 3 Fier Gaccies Se Fischer.
(after Gassies & Fischer): (after Dupuy). and 7’. aquitunica Grateloup, from a friable, argillaceous marl in the lull of Sansan, Gers, ascribed to Miocene age. ‘The 7. deshayesu Michaud and T. altw-ripw Grateloup, from the blue Pliocene marls of Haute-live in the Drome, are also considered practically identical with 7. maugee hy Gassies and Fischer, while 7. asininu de Serres, from the Middle Phocene freshwater deposits of Frontignan, near Cette, aud 7. bruntoniane de Serres, from the
1 This peculiari one establishes the incorrectness of the reference to 7. hadiotidea of the ee the teeth, given on p. of Woodward's Manual; it should be really ascribed to the present species, | te ‘ocken, who prepared the radula from which the engraving was made, correctly indicated the species under Lamarck’s name, 7. ha/iotosdes.
24 TESTACELLA MAUGEI.
whitish Middle Pliocene marls of Celleneuve, near Montpellier, may also be referred to the sume species.
According to M. Paul Fischer, all the tertiary 7rstecel/de belong to the mauge? eroup, ad in common with other mollusca now restricted to western regions had formerly a more extended eastern range.
Variation.— Although the anatomical details of British specimens show astructure in consistent agreement with the various figures I give, yet some authors show certain modifications in the shape of various organs which they athrm to exist in the speciuens examined by them.
EXTERNALLY, no differences in the shell of 7. mage? have been chronicled or named by authors, but I have established a var. aperte for the reception of the broad Azorean examples and reduced the Testucella asinine de Serres to the rank of a variety.
Wide variation has, however, been observed in the colour of the body. Gassies and Fischer discriminated six different forms, two of them—var. rasco-fulvescens, somewhat rare, and var. griseo-fulvescens—-without any figure or description, except such indication as their descriptive names imply.
In the present work eight varieties are accepted, and two, var. weree and var. uperta, are described for the first time.
Var. aperta Taylor. VARIATIONS IN FORM OF SHELL.
SHELL comparatively wider and Hatter or less convex than type; APERTURE conse- quently more open and ovate. Length, 14 mill. ; diam., Samill. ; alé., 3 mill.
Azores —Arthur Morelet (Lt. D. Darbishire, 1901 !)
Var. asinina de Serres, Ann. Sc. Nat., p. 409, 1827. Testacella asininum de Serres, Ann. Sci. Nat., 1827, p. 109. Testacella monspessulana Grat., Geog. Limac., p. 16, 1855. SHELL clongate and markedly narrower than type, more expecially anteriorly. Length, 13 mill. ; breadth, 5 mill. This variety has hitherto only been found in the fossil state, in the Middle Pliocene freshwater deposits at Frontig- nan near Cette, in the Hérault, but only imperfect specimens a re 3 i . Pic. 10. -— Vestacedla have as yet been discovered, and these cannot be entirely freed ayinina de Serres, x Th from the rock in which they are imbedded (Gass. & Fischer, (after Gassies & Fischer). Mon. Test., 1856, p. 42).
VARIATIONS LV COLOUR OF ANIMAL.
Var. albina Gassies & Fischer, Monog. Testacelle, 1856, pp. 38, 39.
Body and sole approaching old ivory in colour with a fawn-coloured dorsal band. According to Gassies and Fischer, this variety is characterized hy its voracity. France—(Cassies & Tischer, op. cit.).
Var. griseo-nigrescens Gassies & Fischer, Monog. Testacelle, 1856, p. 36. Body smoky-grey, sides whitish speckled with black, foot-fringe very pale yellow. This variety, which resembles Agriolinuee agrestis in its general facies and
colouring, is the conmmon form in the Gironde (Monog. Testacelle, 1856, p. 36). Pembrokeshire—Near Pembroke, June 1885! Mars. Trayler.
France—Common at Gradignan and Blanquefort in the Gironde (CGassies, 1876).
Var. viridans Gassies & Fischer, Monov. Testacelle, 1856, p. 38. Body greenish-brown, analogous to bronze, ventral dise very lively orange-red, According to Morelet, this is the ordinary Portuguese form, and would appear to constitute another age-link, joiuing South Ireland with the Iberian peninsula. Waterford—Nursery garden, Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Portugal—Conmnon from the parallel of Coimbra to the shores of Algarve (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 18).
Var. griseo-rubescens (iassies & Fischer, Monog. ‘Testacelle, 1856, p. 38. Body rufous, maculated with brown, sole-fringe orange-red, This is the form figured by Feérussac from Bristol specimens sent by Dr. Leach, Dorset—Rectory Gardens, Corfe Castle, Nov. 1885! Enstace Bankes. Gloucester W.-- Bristol, J. W. Cundall, Noy. 1883. France—(Gaasies & Hischer, op. cit.).
TESTACELLA MAUGEI.
Var. aurea ‘Taylor. Body and foot bright yellow, besprinkled with black dots, chiefly on back. Gloucester W.-—Gardens, Cothain near Bristol, 1883! Miss I’. M. Hele. Glamorgan—Cardilf, F. W. Wotton, Jan. 1889.
Var. nigra Collinge, Journ. of Conch., 1898, p. 95. Pembrokeshire—l'enby, 1892 (Mus. Zool. Cambridge University).
Geographical Distribution.—7\ muuyci is distinctly and pre-emin- ently a western and retreating species, now restricted to the western coast regions of Europe, Africa and adjacent islands of the Palearctic region, although it may still linger in a few isolated places comparatively remote from the geographical area chiefly occupied at the present day. It has been recorded from the British Isles, France, Spain, Portugal, Morocco, Azores, Canaries, and Madeira.
It has also been reported from greenhouses in Philadelphia, U.S.A., in the Nearctic region; as 7’. wurigaster from the Cape, in the Ethiopian region ; and as 7. vagans from Auckland, New Zealand, in the Australasian region.
In the British Isles it is also strictly south-western in its range, and has been recorded from various localities in the South and West of England, South Wales and the South of Ireland.
Geographical Distribution fad of :
Testacella maugei Fer.
el Recorded Distribution.
NS Probable Range. a - aS . , a, A, { ™ Pres
‘ = f “ 3
~ : SS,
@ Ne?
Fie. 41.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Bank at foot of garden wall, St. Saviowr’s road, St. Helier’s, Jersey, and in a garden about half-a-mile distant (Bull, Sci. Goss., July 1878, p. 161).
: PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Phillack rectory grounds, 1878 ! Miss Hockin. Common, Paul
Church Town, near Penzance, May 1886! W. E. Baily. Falmouth, Sept. 1887! J. H. James. Truro, Aug. 1888! J. H. James. Treherne Probus, near Truro, Capt. Pinwell (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). ;
Devon S.—Garden, Park street, Exeter (J. C. Bellamy, Nat. Hist. S. Devon, 1839, p. 246). Veitch’s Nursery, Exeter (E. Partitt, Nat., 1854, p. 150). Plymouth (Jeffr., Brit. Conch., 1862, i., p. 147).
26 TESTACELLA MAUGEI. Devon N.—Riceard’s Down, A\bbotsham, Bideford, Oct. 1896! C. lt. CL Hibbert. Somerset S.—Abundant, Sunnyside, Bridgewater, April 1890! 11. Corder. Fre-
quent in Taunton Nursery Gardens (J. McIntosh, Nat., 1853, p. 180),
Somerset N.—Bath. Brislingtou, and in Sir Ardhur Elton’s gardens at Clevedon, (Norman, Inland Moll. Somerset, U861, p. 139). In W.S. Clark’s garden, Street, and abundant at Grenton (Nat. Hist. Journ., 1878. p. 134). Garden, near .Axbridge, July 1884! Miss I. J. Taylor. Plentiful in garden of Long Ashton Vicarage, Noy, 1889! Mrs. Falloon. Castle Cary. April 1887! W. Macmillan,
Wilts S.—Fields near Devizes, Mr. Cunnington ‘Woodward's Manual, 1875, p. 298). Longleat Gardens. Warminster, J. Trollope (Webb, J. of Mal, Dee. 1807,
» £9). : CHANNEL. Dorset—Gardens, Down House, Blandford, J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, 1885! This specimen was recorded as 7. haliotided, in the Trans. Dorset Soc., for 1885, and elsewhere, by Mr. Mansel-Vleydell. Rectory Gardens, Corfe Castle, Nov. 1883! Eustace Bankes. Hants S.—Farcham, J. W. Cundall, 1885. Porchester. .\. G. Headley (Webb, J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26). Hants N.—<Andover, E. J. Lowe; Dee. 1887. THAMES, Surrey—Leatherhead, E. Step (Pannell, Journ. of Conch., 1902, p. 170). Middlesex—One xpecimen in the British Museum, labelled as found in ‘ Ken- sineton Gardens”! Several in Bean’s Collection, Scarborough Museum, labelled “T. haliotidea, near London” ! Berks.—Specimens in the collections of the late Thos. Rovers and J. Rk. Hardy, said to be from Faringdon ! Notts.—Erroneously recorded for Welbeck Abbey by C. T. Musson (Mid. Nat., 1878, p. 309). SEVERN,
Worcester—(:lenthorn and Boughton, near Woreester, G. Reeee, Nov. 1883. Redditch, G. 8. Tye, March 1886. © Nursery grounds, near Worcester, June 1897! (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 68).
Warwick—Gardens, Edgbaston near Birmingham, May 1897! (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dee. 1897, p. 48).
Gloucester W.—Tound in 1812 in Miller and Sweet's (now Garaway's) Nurseries at Clifton by Mr. Drummond, but the original site is now built over. Old Burial (around, Lewins Mead Chapel, Bristol, P. P. Carpenter (R. D. Darbishire, Nov. 1883!) Hampton Park, common, A. Leipner; and Kingsdown, W. W. Stoddart (Leipner, Proc. Bristol Nat. Hist. Soc., 1875, p. 281). Gardens, Redland (J. W. Cundall, J. of Conch., 1882, p. 265). Gardens, Cotham (Poulton and Ord, 1877). Hortield, Nov. 1883! Miss F. M. Hele. Stoke Gifford, Bristol, G. Summers (Webb. J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26).
Monmouth— Reported under the name of 7. haliotided as plentiful in Hangman’s Wood, the gardens, Shirenewton Hall! and near Chepstow, also in cottage gardens and fields at and about Shirenewton village, abundant at Hardwick, Itton Court, St. Pierre, The Wylands and Mathem, near Chepstow, also in gardens at Chepstow, Portskewett, and Newport (E. J. Lowe, Report Brit. Assoc., 1883).
VMERSEY.
Cheshire—Clibran’s Nursery Gardens, Bowdon, April 1897! (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1897, p. 43).
SOUTH IWALES.
Glamorgan—Dridgend, under leaves in a little wood, July 1885! C. CG. Barrett. Common in gardens, Crockherbtown, also in Lord Bute’s gardens in North road, and Lord Windsor’s at St. Fagin’s, all near Cardiff, F. W. Wotton, Jan. 1889. Windsor place, Cardiff, at bottom of carnation pots, A. Pike (Webb., J. of Mal., July 1897, p. 26. In the late Dr. Jellreys’ garden, Norton, near Swansea (Brit. Conch., i., p. 147, 1862).
Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Deer Park Villas. Tenby, ALG. Stubbs (Webb, J. of Mal, Dee. 1897). Numerous in garden, Saundersfoot road, Tenby, and in a garden, Penally (Stubbs, J. of Conch., 1900, p. 322).
TRELAND. LEINSTER.
Dublin—Common in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin (Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., Sept. 1847, p. 174).
MUNSTER.
Waterford — Nursery garden, Waterford, Sept. i831. 1L Salter. Cappagh, 1892, R. G. Ussher ! (R. 1. Sehartl).
Cork S,--CGarden, Bandon, Prof. G. J. Allman (Thompson, Ann, Nat. Hist., Sept. 1847, . 174).
Prats IV. Distribution of Yestacella mauge: Fer.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties
of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES.
SCOTLAND. Channel Isles SOUTH WALES 2 Ge W, LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS PENINSULA morgan 72 Dumfries 95 Aberdeen N. 1 Coruwall W. con C) 73 Kirkcudbright 2 Cornwall i. 45 Radnor 74 Wigtown % Devous, 44 Carmarthen 2 75 Ayr 4 Devon N. 45 Pembroke 76 Renfrew 5 Somerset S. 46 Cardigan
77 Lanark Somerset } NOKTIE WALES: B. LOWLANDS 7 Montgomery 78 Peebles : Merioneth § Wy Selkirk 9 Camaryon
8 9 Dorset i
e 80 Roxburgh Cantire Denbigh mn by \ad s1 Gerwick 2 Ebudes 3. ) Isleof Wight. Flint a5 0 se Haddington Whudes Mid 1 Hauts 8 Anglesey 3 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N.
TIENT Lincolu s. Lincoln N Leic. & Rutld.
2 Hants N. 3 Sussex W. 4 Sussex b THAMES
Linlithg N. HIGHLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. & Kinross 106 Ross Bh
86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 15 Keut bk. 56 Notts. 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 Sutherland W. 16 Kent W, Derby ss Mid Perth loo Caithness 7 MERSEY : so Perth N NORTH ISLES hire t 90 Portir 10 Hebride: ‘ eS, No. Ol Kincardine 111 Orkneys 60 Lincashire Mid pag gz Aberdeen 5. liz Shetlands HUMBER yo 3 c IRELAND. 5: ULSTER LEINSTEIL 64 9
“York 22 Louth NW. York ¢
2 Meath
26 Suffolk W. TYNE 15 Down Dublin
27 Norfolk KE. 66 Durham, 116 Armagh Kildare
28 Nortolk W. 67 Northumb. 8. 117 Monaghan Wicklow 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland 118 Tyrone Wexford 30 Bedford LAKES 119 Donega iW.
31 Hunts 69 Westmorland 120 Ferman 2o Kilkenny 32 Northampton and L, Lanes. 121 Cavan 130 Qu ’s Uo.
styens 70 Cumberland ir
33 Gloucester K. 7] Isle of Man Gloucester W. Monmouth Hereford ester
CONNAUGHT 34 Roscommon 5 Leitrim
Varwie 39 Stafford 40 salop 13s Mayo W 19 Galw 140 Galw
MUNSTER 141 Clare
147 Co’ M4 Kerry
@
Probable Range.
Recorded Distribution.
me Distribution verified by the Authors.
TESTACELLA MAUGEI. 27
FRANCE.
In several maritime departments bordering upon the Atlantic Ocean.
Charente-Inférieure—La Rochelle (G. & F., Mon. Test., 1856, p. 39).
Finistere —Common about Brest, also at Moulin Blane, commune of St. Mare (Daniel, J. de Conch., 1883, p. 376).
Gironde—Bordeaux, Gradignan and Blanquefort (G. & F., 1856, op. cit., p. 39).
Loire-Inférieure —Cleons, near Nantes (Cailliaud, Cat. Moll. Loire-Inf., 1865, p. 206).
Morbihan— Pare de Rogueédas, near Vannes (Bourg., Mal. Bret., 1860, p. 44).
Seine-Inférieure—Dieppe, Dugué (G. & F., 1856, op. eit., p. 39.)
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain—Asturias (P. Fischer, Man. de Conch.. 1883, p. 202). Algeciras in Anda- lusia, 1889, J. H. Ponsonby !
Portugal—Irom the parallel of Coimbra as far as the shores of the Alvarve (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 18). Lisbon, March 1852, R. MeAndrew. Algés, A. Nobre (Mal. Tage et Sado, 1886, p. 122). Oporto (Simroth, Nacktsech. Portue.- Azor., 1891, p. 210).
NORTH AFRICA.
Morocco —Aimong dead leaves in damp spot in garden and under similar condi- tions at foot of a wall ina deep ravine, Tangiers, J. H. Pousonhy ! These specimens were erroneously recorded as 7. bisuleata by Herr Hesse (Mal. Bliitt., 1885, p. 9).
ATLANTIC ISLES.
Azores—Cultivated grounds in S. Miguel, Sta. Maria and Fayal (Wollaston, Test. Atl, 1878, pp. 13, 14).
Canaries—Cultivated Jand in Teneriffe and Gran Canary. Rev. Dr. Watson also found it sub-fossilized at Tatira, Gran Canary (Wollaston, Test. Atl, 1878, . 311).
‘ Madeira—In cultivated erounds about Funchal; at the Val, at S. Goncalo, and Camara de Lobos; in Dr. Rendall’s garden at Val Quinta and near 8. Martinho (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1878, p. 73).
ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—Collected abundantly at Cape of Good Hope about 1357 by the late Mr. E. L. Layard! NEARCUTIC REGION. United States—Creenhouse at Lower Roxburgh, Philadelphia, Pa. (Robert Walton, Nantilus, 1891, p. 83). also in greenhouse in School Lane, Germantown, Philadelphia (M. Schick, Nautilus, April, 1895, p. 133).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New Zealand—VDrof. Hutton has described a Vestacel/a from vardens about Auckland. under the name of ragans, which Mr. Cheeseman, of the Auckland Museu, thinks may prove to be manget (C. T. Musson, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. Wales, 1890, p. 885).
Fic. 42.—The classical locality for Testacedla mauges, Durdham Down Nurseries, Clifton, as they appeared half-a-century ago.
28 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
Genus GLANDINA Seliuumnacher.
(Oleacina, Bolten ; Polyphemus, Montfort; Cochlicopa pars, Iérussac).
The genus Glandina (dim. of glaus, a gland) is a ea group of predacious snails of achatinoid origin rey ing chiefly upon the phytophag- ous species, but also devouring smaller individuals of their own lind Although their head-quarters are now in the West Indies and Central America, where living forms are found searcely separable from some of our Oligocene fossils, yet a single well-marked species, Glandina algira, still lingers in the Mediterranean region, the only surviving representative of the mmmerous European species whose remains are found in the Eocene and Miocene deposits of Continental Hurope and the Oligocene beds of our own country; although two of the British forms are possibly erroneously referred to the present genus, I have not had the opportunity to make a personal examination of the specimens.
EXTERNALLY, Glond/ne is characterized by an elongate, anteriorly attenu- ate body ; long oMMATOPHORES, with the EvES behind their deflected tips ; bulbous ANTERIOR TENTACLES; elongate and extensile LABIAL PALPS ; narrow foot. The SHELL is long and fusiform, of a lustrous white or horn colour: WHORLS six to eight; COLUMELLA twisted and basally truncate; APERTURE harrow, PERISTOME simple.
INTERNALLY, they are dlestitute of the MANDIBLE; the LINGUAL SHEATH 1s enormous, and the RADULA furnished with obliquely arcuate posteriorly con- verging rows of Acanthoglossate! teeth, with a slender unicuspid median row.
Glandina costellata (Sowerby).
1823 Bulimus costellatus Sow., Min. Conch., iv., p. $9 bis, pl. 336. 29 Linnea marina Sow., Min. Coneh., vi., p. 538, pl. 528, £1.
1852 Achat costellata I. Eh: Edwards, Mon. Eoe. Moll., p. 75, pl. 1891 Glandina costed/ata KR. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll. , pe
SHELL oval-oblong, with a somewhat acute apex ; WHORLS six, somewhat convex and
transversely ribbed, the ribs being rounded, ‘&\ irregular, rather oblique and thickened at the / an sutures, giving them a crenulate aspect ; a0 \
GROWTH LINES obscure. intersecting the obliquely longitudinal ribbing; APERTURE narrow and pyriform, leneth, 32 mill. Length of shell, 60 mill; diam., 22 mill. \ The existing species, G. dignaria Reeve, | from Mexico, and G. conspersa Pfr., from ] Guatemala, resemble this species soe losely | | that Starkie Gardner considers it dificult | / to avoid uniting them. |
f ENGLAND AND WALES. \ 7
Oligocene.”—This species is mostly found \ in the Bembridge limestone strata, but usu- “SS ally in the form of casts, the shell being rarely Fic. 43. Fic, 44 presery ed. Glandina costedlata (Sow.).
ISLE OF WIGHT. (After Edwards). Slightly reduced,
IeADON Sturks.—J. 8. Gardner, Geol. May., 1885, p. 247.
OSBORNE Serres. —C. Ashford, TSSs, .
BEMBRIDGE Sentes.—Ina pit on north of road, Shaleombe (J. Sow., Min. Coneh., 1823, p. 89 bis). Stone quarries, Binstead, near Ryde, Prof. Sedewiek, 1826 (Sow., Min. Conch. vi, p58, 1829). Sconce and Headon Hill (Edwards, le. p. 76). Bembridge, Hempstead, Whitectitl Bay, ete., C. Ashford, 1888. ; ;
1 Monog. i., p. 267, f.
2 Monog.i, p. 411.
GLANDINA CONVEXA. 29
HANTS. 3S; BEMBRIDGE SERLES.—Hordwell, with Myie, Psamimobie, and Corbulee (Gray's Turton, Brit. Shells, 1840, p. 43).
FRANCE, fay Paleotherium limestone, Department Aude (J. S. Gardner, aN Geol. Mag., 1885, p. 247). me N
Var. abbreviata Edwards, Mon. Koc. Moll., 1852, pl. 12, ff. i-k.
SHELL more ventricose than the typical form, with a shorter spire ; WHORLS five, more convex, the last whorl con- stituting almost the whole of the shell; APERTURE longer in proportion than that of the type, and exceeding the spire in length, owing probably to the shell not having attained maturity.
Leneth of shell, 40 mill. ; diam. 25 mill. nee ENGLAND AND WALES. corte ISLE OF WIGHT. Var. abbreviata Eds., c * oe é b 5 ‘ , . Sconce, Isle of Wight. Oligocene—Bembridge limestone series at Sconce! (R. B. (After Edwards). Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll., 1891, p. 276). Slightly reduced.
Glandina convexa (S. V. Wood).
1877 Bulimus convexus 8. V. Wood, Eoc. Moll., iv., p. 335, pl. 34, f. 6. 1891 Glandina convera KR. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll, p. 275.
SHELL elongate, turreted ; WIORLS six, convex; SUTURE impressed ; BASE con- vex ; COLUMELLA subreflexed ; UMBILICUS small; APERTURE pyriform, outer lip simple and acute.
Fic. 46. Fic. 47. Glandina convexa (S. V. Wood), Sconce, Isle of Wight ; photographed by Mr. J. G. Randall, slightly reduced.
G. convera varies considerably in size. Of the two specimens figured, the larger shell, indicated by the black spot on the body whorl (fig. 46) is the identical individual selected as type by Searles V. Wood for illustration in the Memoirs of the Pal:eontographical Society; its total height before loss of apex was probably 44 mill., as even now, after mutilation, it attains 40 mill.; its breadth is 21 mill. ‘he aperture is 20 mill. long and 10 mull. in diameter. The smaller specimen (fig. 47) is 36 mill) long, and 17 mill. broad ; its aperture 18 mill. long and 10 mill. wide.
ENGLAND AND WALES. ISLE OF WIGHT. Oligocene—Bembridge limestone at Sconce (S. V. Wood, Pal. Soe., iv., p. 33% 1877). Bembridge, Hempstead, Whitecliff Bay, ete., C. Ashford, 1888.
1 Geologists speak of Sconce as if it were a geographical place. Sconce is a common noun, meaning a fort (to ensconce was to retire into the sconce for defence), and was applied to the defences of Tudor and Stuart times, which were often distinguished hy the names of the erectors. This one is marked on some maps as Cary's Sconce (now demolished). The Bembridge limestone is exposed near its site, hence its
notoriety, C. Ashford in litt., 1890,
30 MONOGRAPIL OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESIWATER MOLLUSCA,.
Glandina brevis (Idwards ms.). 1891 Glandina brevis R. B. Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll., p. 275.
SHELL turbinate with an acute spire and rounded base ; WHORLS five and half to six, somewhat convex and transversely striate, the last whorl a little more than half the total length of the shell; OUTER LIP simple; SUTURE distinct ; APERTURE longitudinally pyriform, length, 20 mill. ; diam., 10 mill.
Leneth of shell, 35 mill. ; diam., 18 mill.
Fic. 48.—Glandina brevis (Edwards ms.), Sconce, Isle of Wight ; photographed by Mr. J. G. Randall. slightly reduced.
Mr. Starkie Gardner records that the National Collection comprises upwards of sixty specimens of this species, which strikingly illustrate the ereat variability in the relative proportions of whorls and aperture.
BRITISH ISLES. ISLE OF WIGHT. Oligocene—Bembrideve limestone, Seonee (RL Bo Newton, Syst. List Edwards’ Coll., 1891, p 275).
LITERATURE.
Bourenienat, J. R.—-Notice sur les espeees vivantes ef fossiles du genre Testa- cella.—Rev. et Mag. Zool., Dec. 1861.
Cockerell, T. D. A.—The Variation and Almormal Development of the Mollusca. —Neience Gossip, 1885, pp. 224—5.
Collinge, W. -The Morphology of the Generative System of the Genus Testa- eclla,—Amn. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 21—25, pl. 1, 1893.
Cuvier, G.—Mémoire sur la Testacelle.—Annales Mus. ddlist. Nat., 1804.
Edwards, F. E.—Monoeraph Eocene Mollnsea, 1852.
Gassies & Miseher—Monoeraphie du Genre ‘Testacelle—Actes Lin. See, Bordeaux, 1856.
Lacaze-Duthiers, H.—Histoire de la Testacelle—Arch. Zool. Exper., v., pp. 459— 596, pl. 29—40, 1887.
Massot, P. —Des Testacelles Mrancaises.—Annales de Malacologie. i, pp. 1445—157, and pl., ISTO.
Moquin-Pandon, A,—THist. Nat. Moll Franee, 1855.
Pollonera, C.—Di aleune Testacelle raceolte presso Torino.— Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, IS88.
Osserv. intorno aleune specie di Testacella.— Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 1889. Poulton, EK. B.—Note upon the Tavbits of Testacella.— Nature, Oct. 28, 1886. Simroth, TH. Die Nacktschnecken a. Portueiesisch-Azorischen Manna, 1S9l.
On some Testacellie, I. of Coneh., vol. vi, p. d28, Oct, TSO,
Taylor, J. W.—On the Specific Distinetness and Geoeraphical Distribution of T. seutitine.—J, of Conch., v., p. 887-347, 188s. Webb, W. M.—‘Phe British Species of ‘Pestacella.— J. of Mal. Dee. 1895, July S97, and Dee. 1897. On the Manner of Feeding in 7. sen/udum.— Zool, Aue. 1893, Wood, Searles V.—Moeene Mollusca. U877, :
MONOGRAPILT OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. mall
Famity LIMACID.E Gray.
The family Limacidw as here understood embraces the genera Limaa, Agriolinie and Amalia, in addition to other groups foreign to our shores, and although now restricted in extent is not even yet a thoroughly homogeneous family, but the parallel course of shell degeneration and the marked convergence of the external form of the constituent @enera renders their association convement, at least until their true genetic relationships have been elucidated.
The ereat advances made in late years in our knowledge of these neglected creatures is largely due to the brilliant researches of Dr. Sunroth, the eminent
— eee German limacologist, who has for years
A ZF. eee made the elucidation of this group an
: especial study.
Family Characteristics.— ExTernatLy, the features possessed in com- mon by the Limacidw are the elongate, subcylindrical Boy ; a more or less noticeable DORSAL KEEL, most pronounced at the candal end; an anterior mantle or SHIELD which covers the pulmonary chamber, the heart, the kid- ney, ete., with the RESPIRATORY APERTURE on the right side, behind the middle of the mantle margin ; SoLE longitudinally tripartite, mid-area loco- Inotory ; REPRODUCTORY ORIFICE belind the right ommatophore.
SHELL oblong or oval, white and slightly concave, with the nucleus at the posterior margin, but inclining towards the left side, from whence concentric lines of growth extend, which demonstrate that the external shell of which it is the vestige was spirally coiled; the Dendrolimaces of South Africa show more clearly the stages between the shelled and the naked species.
INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS sysTEM is chiefly ageregated around the pharynx'; an important cando-dorsal nerve arises from the pallio-abdominal commissure, extends along the length of the body, and is im intimate con- nection with the pharyngeal retractor ; MANDIBLE oxygnathous?; LINGUAL TEETH numerous, arranged in median, lateral and marginal series and quite typical of the group Dichoglossa*; pharyngeal and tentacular RETRACTORS combined posteriorly and forming a common stem affixed to the dorsal integument behind the lung, and constituting with the testaceous forms the group Monorhiza.*
The Limacidw is one of the groups which retain in adult life the primi- tive shell or protoconch? formed by the shell-gland of the embryo; and which also develop in the Gastrula® stage a well-marked candal vesicle, whose rhythmical contractions assist the circulation of the body fluids prior to the developing heart becoming functional.
The shell is the dapis limacum of the Romans, and enjoyed great re- nown amonest the various remedies,” bezoars, and amulets* which ancient peoples held in high esteem either as specifies for the cure of various ail- ments or as charms protecting the wearer against accidents or disease.
p. 215, f. 424 2 Mono. i., _f. ll. 3 Monog. i. p. 271, f. 543.
343. 1.637. 35 Monog.i., p. 32 Monog. i., p. 380,f.717. 7 Monog.i., p. 427, 8 Monog. 1., p. 433.
4 Monog, i., p.
32 GENUS LIMAX.
Food and Habits.—The habits of the Limacidw are very various, some being almost subterranean in their mode of life, but all are nocturnal or crepuscular, only leaving their lurking places at eve or during damp and showery weather.
A characteristic feature of the Limecidw is the plentiful secretion of mucus which may be utilized in the form of mucus filaments as a ready means of descent from elevated positions.’
Some of the species are eminently omnivorous, others are almost entirely restricted to fungi, while many will greedily devour such food when offered ; indeed, Simroth affirms their original food to be the Basidiomycetes, and the fungiferous stratum of moss in forests, heaths and mountains to be their original head-quarters. All, however, are more or less inclined to a flesh- diet, and on occasion may be not only carnivorous or cannibalistic, but even predatory.
Parasites and Enemies.—Many animals prey upon the Limacide, Hedgehogs, Frogs, and Toads being great enemies, and Ducks and Geese very partial to them, while the Thrushes, Blackbird, Chaffinch, Starling, Plovers, Curlew, Woodcock, Whinchat, Coot, Quail, Oyster-Catcher, Landrail, etc., are all recorded as slug devourers. Blindworms (stnguis fragilis) and some of the larger Staphylinide also prey upon them; the Wood Ant has been observed to attack and overcome even the larger species, and larvee of various dipterous flies are very destructive to them in the egg state.
Parasitic upon them are Jsospora vara, a Gregarine, also Davainew pro- glottina, which is parasitic in the domestic fowl, but passes one of its stages within the body of a Zimaxr; whilea Nematoid worm, «{ scar/oides limacis, is said to be found within the egg. PdAilodromus limacum,? an Acarid, almost universally parasitic upon the land gastropods, is often particularly plentiful upon the different species of Limacidw.
Geographical Distribution.—The L/mactdw are apparently of world- wide distribution, but it is probable that when their internal organization has been accurately ascertained, it will be found that the Limacidw of dis- tant regions are more primitive forms and not so closely related in structure to western palearctic species as their external aspect appears to indicate.
Grenus LIMAY Linneé.
History.—The term Limaa (Limar, a slug; according to Brumati, the equivalent Italian word Lumaca is derived from dimus, dirt, clay, or nud) was originated or instituted by Linnd to distinguish one of the five great groups into which he classified the Mollusca.
This broad application of the term has, however, from time to time been restricted until it is now used to more especially distinguish the species centreing around Limar maximus.
Generic Characters.—HExTERNALLY, the Limaces are distinguished by their more or less distinctly maculate or longitudinally fasciate Bopy ; thei thin inreGUMENT ; their long and slender TENTACLES markedly bulbous at the apex ; DORSAL FuRROWs distinctly marked, arising beneath the mantle and terminating at front of head, where they form the FAactaAL GRoovEs"; MANTLE or shield anterior, about: one-third of total length of body, concen- trically wrinkled, with « sub-posterior nucleus : Mucus clear or stained with red or yellow.
Suet elongate or ovoid in shape, white, shyhtly concave ; APEX posterior, inclined to left side, and shghtly attached to animal; lines of growth con- centric and occasionally well marked.
1 Monog. i., p. 316, 2) Monog.i., p. 122, f. 738, 3 Monog. i., p. 186, f. 360,
GENUS LIMAX. 33
INTERNALLY, Limav is especially characterized by the gut possessing five coils, in addition to the esophageal or stomach tract, an arrangement dis- tinguished by the term Pentadroma!; its first and second courses are held in posi- tion by the cephalic aorta, as is usual in gastropods, the third and fourth tracts _ being retained anteriorly by encircling the pharyngeal retractor, the whole gut displaying no indication of the spiral twisting to which in the past it has been undoubtedly subjected.
‘The RepropuctivE ORGANS are simple, with few accessory parts, and according to Babur undergo in most species a cycle of development, the animal being first unisexual, and only subsequently herma- phrodite, but may finally again become unisexual by the atrophy of the organs of the sex to which the animal originally belonged ; the PENIS SHEATH is somewhat long, and the PENIS and VAGINA are separated by the right tentacular re- ,,h'6.30-—Zimax flavus L.. as contracted
a scalding, laid open dorsally to show the tractor; SPERM DUCT a complete tube, arrangement of the internal organs, not incomplete as in Arion; circulatory — 2%, COP oF functional stomach 5 ov” oviduct system, according to Semper, shows a “ intestine; %. kidney} Z liver. ’ single oval blood sinus beneath; the supRA-PEDAL mucus gland is imbedded in the foot and extends the whole length of the body ; arrrum short.
The HEART and LUNG are constructed as in Heliw and MHyalinia; the
KIDNEY is a simple sac with laminate margins and furnished with a well- marked and distinct SECONDARY URETER.*
Geographical Distribution.—JZimazr is naturally a western pale- arctic group, and in its dispersal strikingly evidences the truth of our location of the most active evolutionary area in North Central Europe, for we find the most highly organized forms prevailing there, fringed around with allied but more simply organized and weaker species, whose progenitors have probably been expelled therefrom or otherwise have taken refuge in more or less undesirable localities, as with the primitive ZL. tenedlus, which though still found in North Central Europe, is now almost exclusively re- stricted to the limits of the pine forests.
The higher organization and greater adaptability of the dominant species of Limax is shown by their quickly becoming accustomed to new surround- ings when accidentally transported to other countries, and gradually extending their range to the detriment and dispossession of the weaker aboriginal species.
Geological History.—The genus Zima has been recorded as fossil from deposits as ancient as the Lower Miocene of Germany, and from other beds of more recent formation.
In the British Isles this genus has been recorded by Morris from the Mammalian Crag at Stutton; it has also been found in the Lower Pleistocene of East Anglia, in the Middle Oligocene uf the Hampshire Basin, and vari- ous other deposits.
1 Monog. i., p. 285, f. 569. 2 Monog. i., p. 336, f. 628. 25/8/02 €
St MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
Limax maximus Linné.
1G7S Linas cinereus, mavinus, striatus & maculatus Lister, Hist. Anim. Angl., p. 127, tit. and he: 15.
1737 Cochlea nuda domesticn Swanun., Bibl. Nat., i, ch. 18, p. 158, tab. 8, fh 7,8, 9.
W740 Linwee cellaria D’Argenville, Conch... p. 386, pl. 28, f. 31.
W756 Le Limace cendree, strive et tachée de now et de brun Guet., Mem. Ac. Se., p- 147.
1758 Limax maximus L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i, p. 652.
1774 — cimerens Miall., Verm. Hist., ii. p. 5, no. 202.
VS9 = fasciatus Razoumousky, Hist. Jorat. vol. i.. p. 267.
ISIN = autiqnuorun Fer., Hist. Moll., p. 68. pl 4. fh 1-8.
S870 = ecyrenwus Campanyo, Bull. Phil. Perpignan, iii., p. 88.
S870 — maculatus Nunneley. Trans. Phil. Soe. Leeds. i., p. £6, pl. 1, f. 2. S45 — sylraticus Morelet, Moll. Port., p. 83.
S15 Limecella parma Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 110, pl. 4, 1h 1, 2, 9, 10. = marina Jousserue, Bull. Soe. Zool. France, p. 97. IS6S Lulinuee mactnius Malm, Lim. Seand., pp. 54:57, pl 4, th 10-10.
ISTORY.—Limar marimus (maximus, eveat-
est) 1s, a8 its name implies, one of the largest species of the genus, and has been known in Zr this country for more than two centuries. Merret, in 1667, first enumerated it as one of our native species, and Taster, in 1678, figured and ably described it under a polynomial ap- pellation, the first part of which—Limur cinereus—has frequently been disassociated from the rest of the epithets and used as a binomial term.
Upon the erroneous assumption that. this
fi een Ee VO vere & species does not occur in Sweden, Dr. Wester-
luud concludes that Liner ednereo-niger is
the true Limar marinus of Linné, and on this ground he applies the term muverdmes to cinereo-niger, and uses the word c/nereus to designate the present species.
Diagnosis.—Externatiy, Liner nverimus may be distingnished from L. cinereo-niger by the body being typically pale and longitudinally zoned with black > the shield maculate or marbled by dark colouring ; the sole uuiformly pale; the keel confined to the caudal end of the body, and the rugosities small, fine, and quite closely set.
INTERNALLY, the shell is distinetly narrower and more elongate ; the penis sheath is distally swollen, very rigidly flexed, and its retractor said to have wv different point of fixation ; the lingual teeth differ from those of e/nereo- mager by their more aculeate character, and by their cutting-points more quickly alternating with those of the adjacent rows ; and the mandible is larger, stroneer, and distinetly rectangular in shape at the ends.
It is also more slngeish in habit, has not so wide a range in altitude or space, and is more closely associated with man and his habitations than the Closely-allied L. ednereo-niger, with which it has heen so often united.
Prom Liar marginatus, better known as Lo arborum, it is distinguished hy ats maneh longer and more slender tentacles, and by its spotted shield, that of merynatus being invariably longitudinally banded : while intern- ally itis sharply differentiated by the presence in marginatus of a short comeal Hfagellin to the penis-sheath and a ene appendage to the reetum.
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 35
Dr. Scharff has also indicated a ready method of discrimination to be by touching the front of the mantle, which the animal at once raises up and almost inverts. ‘This peculiar action does not occur with ZL. marginatus, in which the mantle is more intimately united with the body.
Description.—ANIMAL with a long and slender Bopy, tapering towards the tail, and varying in length from 100 to 150 mill., but occasionally reaching to even 200 mill. ; usually of a yellowish-grey or cinereous ground colour, variously banded or maculated with black, but sometimes unicolorous ; BODY rounded, but keeled towards the caudal end, with about forty-eight longitudinal rows of elongate, detached tubercles; NECK pale, with two conspicuous DORSAL FURROWS enclosing a single row of elongate tubercles aud terminating in front as the FACIAL GROOVES ; SOLE uniformly pale; FOOT-FRINGE pale with a row of minute submarginal blackish tubercles ; TENTACLES very lone and slender ; SHIELD oblong, about one-third the total length of the animal, rounded in front, angular behind, and forming an angle of about 80 deg. when in motion, usually of a similar tint to the body, but boldly marbled or maculate with black, somewhat concentrically and interruptedly ridged around a sub-posterior nucleus. Mucus colourless and iridescent, not very adhe- sive, and less plentiful than in L. flavus or L. marginatus.
SHELL placed beneath the hinder part of the shield and perceptible through the skin, oblong-oval, thin, of a whitish colour, slightly convex above, and correspondingly coneave beneath, with a membranous marvin; APEX or nucleus at the posterior margin but inclined towards the left side, and forming the apophysis by which the shell is Fic. 52 eae
ain s ¢ . 1G. 52.—Internal shell of organically attached to the animal. Length, 13 mill.; 9 pjnee garimus L. © 1h. breadth, 7 mill. Christchurch, Hants.
INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS SYSTEM is composed of the typical ganglia; the pedal yanvlia are placed beneath the radula sac and joined together by an anterior and a posterior commissure; the abdominal ganglion lies a little to the right of the median line; the visceral ganglia occupy the angle between the lingual sheath and the wsophagus, and the buecal ganglia are widely separated but joined together by a commissure nearly as thick as the ganglia themselves.
The OLFACTORY SENSE is chietly lodved in the tentacles, yet according to Simroth there are within the mantle chamber well-marked vestiges of the primitive smelling- organ or OSPHRADIUM in the form of a simple yellowish ridge furnished with a double fringe of nerves and placed to the left of the anal aperture.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are simple; the OVOTESTIS or hermaphrodite gland on left upper side of liver, is very large, narrowly linguiform, many lobed, with very small, rounded, darkly pigmented follicles; bucT long, slender, and straight above, thickened and sinuous below, usually white; ALBUMEN GLAND large lobed, of an amber colour and placed on right side along the crop; OVISPERMATODUCT long and com- paratively narrow, only slightly connected to- gether in the lower half and sometimes naturally disjunct, resembling Limaxe flavus in this re- spect; OVIDUCT portion puckered into short, rounded segments ; SPERM-DUCT thick, creaim- white, most conspicuous below; FREE-OVIDUCT short, the lower thickened part furnished intern- ally with annular glands ; SPERMATHECA club- shaped, blotched with opaque-white and amber, its crown fixed by muscular threads to ovisperma- toduct, its stem short, joining free oviduct at its very base; PENIS-SHEATH long, upper half opaque- white, thickened and rigidly convoluted, lower
Fic. 53.—Sexual organs of Limar
half narrow, semi-transparent white, tinged with siigncinitig Te. bluish or brownish near external orifice, and fur- (Beverley, Yorks., Mr. J. D. Butterell). nished with a crest interiorly, which is most pro- alb.g-albumen gland ; ov. oviduct ; of.
. . . ovotestis | f.s. penis sheath 5 7.2. retrac- nounced at the upper end, its retractor, which is ae ae es spermatheta's ata vas
the chief cause of the spiral twisting of the penis — deferens. when protruded, is a stout band arising from left side of root of columella retractor, and attached terminally to penis sheath ; VAS DEFERENS enters close to retractor,
36 LIMAX MAXIMUS.
The CEPHALIC. RETRACTOR! arises beneath the posterior extremity of the mantle, in one or more roots, which quickly unite into a broad pearly-white band, but about mid-way divides intoa pharyngeal and two tentacular branches, The PHARYNGEAL muscle passes through the netve-ring, and divides, to become fixed on each side of the pharynx. The TENTACULAR REPTRACTORS each give off a branch to the anterior tentacle of their respective sides, which send slips to the labial lohes. The broad coloured part of the muscular sheath of the ommatophore is clearly defined from the tentacle, and contains the ocular muscle and the convoluted optic nerve when the eye is retracted.
ALIMENTARY CANAL? with short ESOPHAGUS ; CROP long, darkish-brown, with longitudinal and transverse wrinkles, contracted before and enlarged at the first bend which represents the true stomach and receives the bile ducts; SALIVARY GLANDS whitish, large, compact and not deeply lobed ; the Gur has five courses or tracts in addition to the stomaeh tract, which is the longest, the first intestinal tract increases disproportionately in length with age, and thus becomes larger in compari- son with the succeeding coils which only grow in correspondence with other parts of the body, the third tract, instead of forming the reetum, as is usual in gastropods, turns around the cephalic retractor and runs back free over the surface of the vis- ceral mass, and then finally bends into the forward tract, constituting the rectum.
MANDIBLE or jaw horny-brown, about four mill. lroad and one mill. wide at its narrowest part,strongly arched anteriorly, with a strong, pointed, central beak or rostrum, which projects boldly beneath, ends listinetly rectangular with the corners rounded off, li ie seers ae ay jaw sl mm by a broad dark ne Fic. 54.—Mandible or jaw of Z. ine of bedding in upper jaw shown by abroad darker jg eines L, 8. brown line parallel with the upper margin. (Beverley, Mr. J. D. Butterell).
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is of an elongate oval shape, ten mill. long and about five mill. wide, beset with closely-set teeth, which decrease very slightly in size, and are arranged in transverse rows which gently enrve backwards as the margins are approached ; median row with hour-glass shaped base of attachment and a broad reflection bearing a strong central cup or mesocone,* side cusps sub-obsolete without perceptible cutting points ; lateral teeth with strong mesocone, the endocone+ show- Ing as an acutely prominent angle, but without cutting point; ectocone> obsolete ;
76 \\ 60 60 (? BB! 2g, 38 \ Ss eee) 3 7 is Co ? 13 ibe Shen oe ff
WA a p ié \ Fic. 55.—Representative teeth from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Liwaxv maximus L. x 120.
The animal collec hy Mr. C. Oldham, at Knutsford; the radula prepared by Mr. W. Moss, and photographed by Mr. T. W. Thornton.
I the lateral bicuspid) teeth gradually become more aculeate in character, and about the twentieth row the apices begin to alternate with those of the adjacent rows ; at the forty-cighth row they begin to bifureate, continuing thus to the margins. collected by Mr. C. Oldham, is
x 168 = 27,660.
The dental formula of a Knutsford specimen gd + U8 +20 ut 2 2.0 See Zz 1 E 3 5 1
Habits, etc.—'l'lis species is not gregarious, and frequents gardens, damp and shady hedgerows and woods, hiding during the day beneath stones, under fallen trees, or other obscure and damp places; it, however, exlubits a decided preference for the vicinity of human habitations, and readily takes up its abode in damp cellars or outbuildings.
In Ireland, this predilection for human dwellings is not exhibited, the species beim said hy Scharff to be restricted to woods and other similar places, andimay even be net with ahnost within high-water mark on the sea-shore.
The Homing faculty is strongly developed in this species, which, after its nocturnal runbles or foraging expeditions, usually returns to the particular
1 Monog. i, p. 4, 6.637. 2 Monog. i, p. 285,
3 Monog
BW. 8 Monog. i, p. 152. 1 Monog. i, p. 152. yp. 1a.
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 37
crevice or chink in which it has established itself; as shown by their slime- tracks, these’animals infthe course of their peregrinations often form a loop
ee OR ee
Fic. 56.—Mucus-track, twenty feet or more in length, of Limax maximus L., observed by Mr. L. E. Adams, upon the boundary wall of the Churchyard, Clifton, Derbyshire, July 8, 1898, illustrating the homing propensity.
or figure of 8, the return track crossing the outward one at some point, usually near to the chosen home.
‘The OLFACTORY sense is strongly developed in the Limaces, the keen per- ception of Limax marimus being established by the well-known experiment of Moquin-Tandon.’? Striking confirmation of this acuteness of their olfac- tory faculty is related by Mr. L. BE. Adams, who, about ten o'clock, one dark, windy, aud wet evening in August, 1897, at Clifton, Derbyshire, saw a Limar merimus crawling directly towards a plate upon the lawn, containing the remains of the dog’s dinner; when first observed the slug was about six
2Nno
157 Position OF Plate
direction
of wind,
Fic. 57.— Diagram of the route traversed hy Lima maximus L.. in following the changes of position of a plate of food, as observed by Mr. L. I. Adams, at Clifton, Derbyshire.
feet distant from the plate, but within thirty minutes had reached it ; the
plate was then moved to a second position, about six feet away, but i
another direction ; the slug almost immediately changed its course, and 1 Monog. i., p. 229.
te) LIMAX MAXIMUS.
again made straight towards the plate, on again nearing it the same Uae was repeated with the same result, the plate being tin: uly removed and placed ina fourth position, eight feet away, and diree tly to the leeward of the slug, yet ina little more than half-an-hour the slug had reached the. plate.
Food.—L. miarimus is very oumivorous, and though, according to Sim- roth, as a rule refusing plants containing chlorophyll, it has been observed by Mr. KE. J. Lowe to devour the young and tender folage of afdiantum, Petunias, Pansies, Chrysanthemums, Cucumbers, French Beans, Tobacco plants, Dahlias, and other garden plants; the leaves of the CauliHower when turning yellow are also sought after.
It also ereedily devours fungi, which, indeed, are said to form: its staple diet and to be preferred to other food. In Mi. Gain’s experiments! upon the food of British molusks, he offered this species 196 different plants, of which 157 were totally rejected, and only two—Boletus edulis and root of carrot— were eaten with avidity. It has also been observed by Dr. Scharff to devour Russula emetiou.
It evinces a great preference for kitchen refuse, aud shows especial par- tiality for custards, milk, bread, raw or cooked meats, and other articles of human food, and even makes its way into fruit rooms to feed upon the fruit stored there ; it also not uncommonly visits the “sugar” placed by the lepidopterist upon the trunks of trees to attract the might-tlying moths.
Reproduction and Development.—'The act of conjugation in Limar marinus is very remarkable,” though it 1s probable that analogous processes are indulged in by their close allies. The operation, though noticed to occur at various times during the day, usually takes place towards midnight.
, j \ / He es L { pon Me RTI? / a \ \ ae A = ( Ao] gy cc Ee Fic. 3s. Fic, 59. Fic. 60. Fic. 61. fr Af! ‘ Y ew \ ~_ 5 > ee s a . nee _ ae - Ney the Via. 62 Fic. 66 Serial changes of form undergone by the male organ of Lema mavinus L., prior to and during conjugation (after nature sketches by Ma. Lionel BH. Ade ints) Aspect of the penes immediately after protrusion from the body. Mig. 49.— Shows the ement of the < ance of the frill. Pic. 6O.—Frill partially unrolled. Bia 6h Frill completely expanded, to twisting g tecether: Pig. G2.—VPenes tightly coiled together, forming the whorled knot, ‘he Stiwebedlin® umbrella-form, Fic. 6L—Umbrella-form with horizontal margins reversed, —Umbrella-form with double margins.
The animals seeking a pair would seem to he cognisant of the presence of a. prospective partner even when a considerable distance away. as they make straightway towards each other; when the animals meet, they mutually caress with their tentacles, after the manner of ants, and forthwith begin to
1 J. of Conch., April 1891, pp. 319-361, 2 Monog. t., p. 878, f. 689.
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 39
crawl in a circular procession, their mantles flapping before and behind, continuing thus from half-an-hour to two hours-and-a-half or more, each with its mouth at the other’s tail, and eating the mucus from its partner’s body; the cirele becomes gradually more and more contracted and the animals more and more excited, until suddenly the slugs intertwine their bodies and launch themselves head downwards into space, but are restrained from falling by a strong mucus cable of a brownish colour, attached two tle caudal end of the body, which gradually lengthens until it is from fifteen to eighteen inches long, and is a continuation of the thick bed of slime exuded during the prolonged circular promenade.
Directly they are suspended, both slugs protrude the milk-white male organ, which, though cylindrical at first, quickly assumes a club-shape (fig. 58); a frilled edge (fig. 59) appears, and the unwinding is gradually and quickly completed (figs. 60, 61), the unrolled organs now intertwine closely round each other and form a whorled knot (fig. 62), and the two upper whorls spread out, in umbrella fashion, leaving the lower portion of the knot as before (fig. 63). The two upper whorls, however, sometimes do not overlap, but curve in different directions (fig. 64), and sometimes may be nearly horizontal but separate (fig. 65). ‘The slugs now hang motionless with flaccid and contracted tentacles, while the two upper outspread whorls of the knotted penes keep revolving one upon another, and in this extra- ordinary manner the liquid semen is transferred and the mutual act consummated. After a lapse of five to ten minutes the organs unwind, roll up, and are withdrawn into the body; while the slugs, which appear greatly exhausted, either drop to the ground or climb up the thread to the point of support, the thread itself sometimes being afterwards devoured.
Shortly after pairing a number of eggs are deposited at the roots of trees, plants, or grass, beneath stones, and in other moist and suitable situa- tions ; they are agglomerated together in heaps or clusters, or may furm a long chaplet, by being attached together at their poles by a viscous mucus. They are roundly oval, about five mill. by four mill., of a translucent amber colour, and of a jelly-like consistency and appearance, but gradually becom- ing duller and more opaque.
They hatch in about a month, the young being usually of a yellowish tint with four distinct lateral bands, which extend to the posterior third of the shield, and assume a horse-shoe shape, but during growth become broken up, especially upon the left side ; the ground colour also gradually changes in some districts, becoming of a wood-brown, often tinged with red, finally becoming duller and the bands more obscure; in other districts or under suitable conditions the immature colourings and decided banding of the young stage may be preserved to adult life.
Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to the enemies and parasites of the group previously enumerated, this species is infested by a Nematode (Leptoderu flexilis), which lives within the salivary glands. —
Another species, Leptodera angiostoma Schneider, is found in the rectum, and according to Creighton the larvee have been found imbedded in a dense: mass of glycogenous cells, surrounding the pedal artery.
Geological History.—Limuxr maximus has been reported by 'Tour- nouér as found fossilized in France in the Middle Pleistocene of La Celle, near Moret, Seine et Marne.
In England it has also been recorded from the Pleistocene deposits at Grays, in South Essex, and from those of the Ightham fissure in West Kent, by Mr. Abbott.
40) LIMAX MAXIMUS.
It has been noticed in a Holocene deposit at Reigate by the Rey. R. Ashington Bullen: ina hill-wash at St. Catherine’s Down, in the Isle of Wight, by Mr. 7.8. Bowerbank, in 1836: and also in a modern marine deposit, Pegwell Bay, in Bast Keut, by Mr. Alfred Bell.
Variation.—The variation of Linver nuerimus is i many respects analo- gous with the band variation of the pentatswuiate Helices, and shows similar traces of having passed throagh parallel stages of colouration ; the banding exlubiting many of the same peculiarities, and being capable of expression by a similar numerical formula.
In its highest development ZL. neerdmus may be considered as triple- tinted, its primitive or fundamental colouring being probably a somewhat uniform yellowish, greyish, or reddish tint, varying im hamnony with the environment and the temperature to which the animal has been subjected during its growth period. The seeond stage was probably the development of paired lateral bands overlying the lateral blood sinuses and presumed to derive their pigmentation from the action of the atmosphere upon the mass of blood beneath the skin: these bands, which are regarded by Simroth as an ancient badge of the Pulmonates, may, by concentration of pigment, form a hghter area on each side and thus lead to the establishment of darker zones, one on each side of the primitive one, thus constitut- ing the three typical longitudinal hands,which may be distinguished as the inner, main, and = outer bands, or formulated by the numerals Fic. 66.—Portion of body of Lia.
‘ ; cay es MALTS , to show band formula. 1, 2, 3, referring to their position im regard to the median dorsal line. The bands may at any stage become broken up into spots, or by diffusion more or less completely overspread and obscure the primitive ground colour; to be eventually overspread or embellished by the superposition of a tertiary stage of colouring, which, as before, first appears in a position coincident with that of the chief lateral blood sinuses.
Many varieties still retain the paler secondary banding upon which the darker tertiary markings are superposed, but by marginal concentration of pigment each tertiary band may become resolved into a slender double line or a double row of spots, which border each of the paler secondary bands, and give a similaraspect to that of the /Zedir hortensis figured in vol. 1, p. 99.
In this country the ground tint is usually some shade of ash-grey, but brighter shades are occasionally met with, which would seem to be atavistic, ora retention in mature life of immature colourings ; the line of variation is, however, chiefly in the intensity and character of the dark markings.
Its size has also been observed by Locard to vary according to the alti- tude of its abode, the animal being smaller in size when living in elevated localities. Dr. Bandon has remarked on the differences in size, and created avar. y/ganted for some unusually large specimens found at Mouy, in the department of the Oise. Similar examples have been found in this country, ove found by Mr. Quilter in Belvoir Castle gardens exceeding eight inches mm Jeneth.
The varieties of Limar marinus are grouped in three series + according to the ground colour of the body + the character of the dark markings ; and to accommodate examples in which these two factors exist together im unustally strikine combination.
It should not, however, be overlooked by the student that the following list by no means exhausts the variations that may be met with, as the various eromnd tints may be associated with any of the different markings and cou-
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 41
sequently give rise to an almost infinite number of sub-varieties, which will necessarily partake of or unite the characters of two or more of the more important varieties, and such varietal names as are applicable may be used in combination to indicate them. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR ; Var. concolor Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 82. a Limax unicolor var. concolor Pini, |.c.
Limax unicolor var. bivone Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 26. Limax maximus var. limbata Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, 1855,
ANIMAL almost uniformly ash-coloured ; foot-fringe, keel, and neck paler.
The brownish-chestnut coloured Lzmazx unicolor var. bivonee of Less. & Pollonera from Palermo in Sicily may he relegated to this form. The sub-variety limbata Moquin-Tandon is also this variety in which the foot-fringe is whiter than is usual. The var. cinerea of Moquin-Tandon does not belong to this species.
Cornwall W.—Phillack, near Hayle, Oct. 1884! Miss S. Hockin.
Hants S.—Christchurch, June 1884! C. Ashford.
Sussex W.—Worthing, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Kent W.—Chislehurst, Sept. 1884! ‘I. D. A. Cockerell.
Surrey—Charles Hill, Farnham, July 1883! S. Spencer Pearce.
Middlesex—Acton, Aug. 1884! Willesden, Jan. 1885! Bedford Park, Chiswick, Feb. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, June 1889! H. W. Kew.
Northampton—Northampton, Sept. 1884 ! W. D. Crick.
Stafford—Gardens, Cheadle, April 1896! F. B. Webb.
Leicester—Hathern, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Canal Side, Belgrave, July 1885! H. E. Quilter.
Lincoln N.—Louth, Sept. 1886! H. W. Kew.
Cheshire—Bowdon ! (Milne & Oldham, J. of Conch., Jan. 1894).
Lancashire S.—Farington, locally common, May 1889! W. H. Heathcote.
York S.W.—Haw Park, Sept. 1885, J. Wilcock.
York Mid W.—Charleston, near Bingley (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., p. 97, 1888). Near Shipley Glen, Oct. 1887! J. A. Hargreaves. Boston Spa, May 1885! W.D.R.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R.
Renfrew—Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Harelaw Burn, Gleniffer, Aug. 1890! J. M. B. Taylor. :
Haddington-—Falside, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Stirling—Cambusbarron, near the mill, July 1894! A. McLellan.
Aberdeen N.—Haddo House, Dec. 1890! Geo. Muirhead.
Main Argyle—Dunoon, common, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, June 1886! W. Baillie.
Dublin—Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding.
Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton.
Westmeath—Killynon, Sept. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Galway E.—Killeran (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843).
Clare—Ballyvaughan, July 1895 (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895).
The var. concolor has also been observed in France, Germany, Norway, Denmark, Italy, Sicily, Austro-Hungary, Balkan Peninsula, ete.
Var. candida Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 26. ANIMAL pure white and slightly transparent, showing some of the viscera through the skin ; EYES pale brown. Limax unicolor var. candidus Lessona & Pollonera, I.c. Limax maximus var. alba Adams, J. of Conch., July 1896, p. 228. This or a closely-allied variety was named albus by Amstein and megaspidus by Blainville. Northampton—Rockingham Park, May 1896! (L. E. Adams, Journ. Northants. Soc., June 1896, p. 60). Italy—Novoli, near Florence, M. Paulucci (Lessona & Pollonera, l.c.). France—Savigny-sur-Orge, Seine et Oise (P Fischer, J. de C., Oct. 1880, p. 299).
Var. vinosa Bandon, J. de Conch., July 1884, p. 204. ANIMAL purplish or vinous-brown. ; The sub-var. lilacina of Roebuck, in which the ground colour is lilac or purplish, may be regarded as a form of this variety with the dark markings of var. kryneckhit. Gloucester E.—Sub-var. dilacina, Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. York S.E.—Beverley, Oct. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. France—Angy in the Oise and Arlanc in the Puy-de-Déme, Breviére (Bandon, l.c. ).
Cl
42 LIMAX MAXIMUs.
Var. nigra Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 15. ANIMAL unicolorous black or blackish Lancashire S.— Walton-le-Dale, June 1889! W. H. Heathcote. France—St. Gervais, Haute Savoie, Dr. Brot (D. & M., ].c., 1857, p. 14).
7 VARIATIONS [IN MARKINGS OF ANIMAL, Var. faseiata Raz., Hist. Jorat, 1789, p. 267. Limax maximus var. continuatus Dum. & Mort., Mal. Savoie, 1857.
ANIMAL pale ash-coloured, with three darker-coloured bands on each side; SHIELD maculate or marbled. This variety is usually described as black, with five longitud- inal whitish bands.
The sub-var. mulleri Moq. may be regarded as a form of this variety with the addition of a double row of black spots. Moquin-Tandon’s description, notwith- standing his reference to Muller, is more applicable to a form of this species than of cinereo-niger.
The var. fasciata of Lessona has the median and lower bands on each side coalesced, and superficially resembles the var. fefrazona.
Channel Isles—Sub-var. miidleri, St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891! B. Tomlin.
Devon S.—Sidmouth ! R. Rosenstock.
Hants S.—Christchureh, Sept. 1884! and Tuckton, July 1885! C. Ashford.
Hants N.—Sub-var. miidleri, Preston Candover, July 1884 ! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Kent W.—Hever, near Edenbridge, Feb. 1898! A. Leicester.
Middlesex—Sub-var. mud/eri, Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, June 1889! H. Wallis Kew.
Suffolk E.—Blaxhall, July 1885! G. T. Rope.
Norfolk E.—Holt, July 1893 ! Tom Petch.
Bedford—Luton, General Cemetery, Apl. 1889! J. Saunders.
Worcester—Great Malvern, July 26, 1902! C. Waterfall.
Stafford—Cheadle, Apl. 1886! F. B. Webb. Handsworth, Apl. 1885! G. 8. Tye. Stafford, L. E. Adams. :
Glamorgan—Aberkentig, Aug. 1890! G. K. Gude. Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. Wotton.
Leicester—Belvoir Castle gardens, and cellars Leicester (Quilter, Moll. Leic. 1881).
Nottingham—Corporation Gardens, Nottingham (Dodd, Brit. Ass. Hdbk., 1893). Tuxford, July 1885! W. A. Gain.
Derby—Winster (H. Milnes, J. of Conch., Oct 1893).
Lincoln N.—Haugham wood, April 1886! W D.R. Lincoln road, Louth, April 1886! H. W. Kew. Parson’s lane, ‘Alford, May 1886! J. E. Mason. Mother-wood, Aby, taken at ‘sugar,’ June 1891! J. Burtt Davy.
Cheshire— Bowden and Baguley Hall! (Milne & Oldham, J. of Conch., Jan. 1894). Marple, May 1891! L. St. G. Byne. Sub-var. mii/leri, Sale, in nursery gardens, Feb. 1895! C. Oldham.
York S.E.—Beverley, Oct. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. Sledmere, Aug. 1891! IF. W. Fierke.
York N.E.—Easby Wood, July 1890! J. Hawell. Kildale Woods! and Ingleby Greenhow ! July 1890, B. Hudson. Yearby Wood, April 1889 ! W.D.R.
York S.W.—Penistone, Nov. 1889! L. E. Adams.
York Mid W.—Starbotton, Wharfedale, May 1886 ! W.D.R.
York N.W.—Ivelet Bridge, Swaledale, June 1890 ! W.D.R.
Merioneth—Bont-ddu, near Dolgelly, Sept. 1886! F. G. Fenn.
Wigtown—Springbank, near Stranraer, Sept. 1890! W. Evans.
Ayr—Maybole, Sept. 1890! W. Evans
Renfrew —Sineiall Glen, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Peebles—Walkerburn, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Peebles, July 1890! W. Evans.
Selkirk—Near Selkirk, Oct. 1890! W. Evans.
Edinburgh—Dreghorn woods, near Colinton, Sept. 1889! Colinton road, Morn- ingside, Edinburgh, June 1890! W. Evans.
Fife and Kinross—St. Andrews, July 1890! W. Evans.
Stirling—Cambusbarron, near the mill. July 1894 ! A. MeLellan.
Perth N.—Bridge of Cally, July 1890 ! W. Evans,
Perth Mid—Annat Lodge, Perth ! H. Coates.
Forfar—Dundee. outskirts, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
Aberdeen N.—Haddo House, Dec. 1890! Geo. Muirhead.
Banff—Tomintoul, Sept. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Elgin—Grantown, Aug. 1891! W. Evans.
Clyde Isles—Rothesay, May 1887! 'T. Scott.
Ebudes S.—Lorgh Ba House, near Port Charlotte, Islay, Nov, 1890! W. Evans.
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 43
Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! S. A. Brenan.
Donegal—Carrablagh, Croaghross, near Letterkenny, May 1889! H. C. Hart.
Louth—Piperstown, in greenhouse, Oct. 1889! Miss Sidney Smith.
Dublin —Glen Druid, near Carrickmines, Uct. 1886! W. F. de V. Kane.
Sligo—Collooney, Sept. 1885! W. F. de V. Kane.
Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, near Crossmolina, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de V. Kane.
The var. fasciata las been recorded from Switzerland, Piedmon t, and Eastern and Pyrenean France. ;
Var. sylvatica Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 33.
Limax sylyaticus Morelet, l.c. ae Limax antiquorum var. czernaévii Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc., 1851, xxiv., p. 123. Limax maximus var. vulgaris Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, 1i., p. 28. Limax maximus var. serpentina Moq.-Tand., |.c. Limax maximus var. guadrifasciata Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1837, p. 14. ANIMAL ash-coloured, with two continuous black bands on each side and a more indistinct or broken band beneath ; SHIELD spotted or marbled with black. The sub-var. serpentina of Moquin-Tandon only differs from characteristic var. sylvatica by the main or median band of each side being more sinuous and irregular. Channel Isles—Herm (Reeve, Brit. Moll., 1863, p. 26 and fig.). Cornwall W.—Pennion, Falmouth, April 1884! H. Fox. Scilly Isles, Rev. E. D. Roberts, Aug. 1890 (G. Sheritf Tye). _ Wilts S.—Vicarage Garden, Steeple Ashton, March 1887! E. P. Kunbley. Oxon—Henley road, Watlington, and at Pyrton (Norman, Zool., 1853, p. 4127). Northampton—Garden, Northampton, May 1883! W. D. Crick. Rockingham Park, May 1896! L. E. Adams. Stafford—Stafford, June 1886, and Dec. 1897, L. E. Adams. Salop—Whittington Castle, Oswestry, June 1885! B. Hudson. Lincoln N.—-Well Vale, April 1886! W.D.R. Broughton, near Brigg, Aug. 1902! Miss F. H. Woolward. Lincoln S.—Near Boston, Sept. 1884! W.D.R. Leicester—Near Leicester, June 1885! H. E. Quilter. Notts.—Tuxford, July 1884! W. A.Gain. Pleasley Vale, April 1884! C.T. Musson. Cheshire—Holmes Chapel, Nov. 1896! C. Oldham. 4 Lancashire S.—Victoria Park, Manchester, March 1884! lt. D. Darbishire. York N.E.—Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Hayburn Wyke, Any. 1894! F. W. Fierke. York Mid W.—Torquay terrace, Headingley, July 1884! W. E. Clarke. York S.E.—Garden, Pitt street, Barnsley, Oct. 1884! G. Rose. ; Westmorland, etc.—Grange, April 1884! Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Berwick—F ans, near Earlston, Oct. 1883! R. Renton. Stirling—Cambusbarron, near the mill, July 1894! A. McLellan. Forfar—Near Montrose, July 1884 ! W. Duncan. Westerness—Glenborrodale, Dec. 1891! J. J. Dalgleish. Antrim—Cushendun and Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Queen’s County—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1840, p. 203). Galway—(B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1840, p. 203). Waterford—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. This variety is the most prevalent form in this country and abroad.
Var. tetrazona Taylor.
ANIMAL ash-coloured, with only two bands on each side; SHIELD maculate or marbled. ;
The var. fasciata of Lessona, though also showing only two lands on each side, is different, being a three-banded form, the lowermost being compound and formed by the union of the main and outer bands.
York S.E.—Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. Darker Butterell.
Cheshire—Nursery gardens, Sale, Feb. 1895 ! C. Oldham.
Var. kryniekii Kaleniczenko, Bull. Moscow, 1851, p. 122. Limax antiguorunt krynickit Kaleniczenko, l.c. Po Limax maximus var. johnstoni Moq.-Tand., Hist. Nat. France, 1855, p. 29. Limazx maximus var. bifasciatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 14. Limax maximus var. pallido-dorsalis Adams, Manual, 1896, p. 34. ANIMAL ash-coloured, mid-dorsal area paler, with a few black spots, inner hand distinct and black, main and outer bands obsolete ; SHIELD maculate. ~~ The sub-var. bifaseiata D. & M. has also only one well-marked band on each side, the other being effaced. :
4
oder
44 LIMAX MAXIMUS.
Hants S.—Christchurch, Sept. 1884! C. Ashford.
Gloucester E.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Stafford—Cannock Chase, June 1886! L. E. Adams.
Selkirk—Near Selkirk, Oct. 1890! W. Evans. ;
Edinburgh—Dreghorn woods, near Colinton, Sept. 1889! and Colinton road, Morningside, June 1890 ! W. Evans.
On the Continent, this form has been found in France, Italy, Switzerland, at Kharkov in Russia, and in Madeira.
Var. cellaria d’Argenville, Conch., 1740, p. 386, pl. 32, f. 31.
Limax cellarius a'Arg., Conch., 1740, p. 386, pl. 32, f. 31.
Limax antiquorum var. € Fér., Hist. Moll., tab, 20.
Limax cinereus var. maculatus Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840.
Limax maximus var. interruptus Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 14.
Fic. 67.—Limax cellaria (after D’ Argenville).
ANIMAL pale ash-coloured ; SHIELD maculate with black; BODY with inter- rupted longitudinal zones of the same colour on each side.
With this variety may be associated the var. maculata of Picard, in which the shield and body are maculate with black, and which only differs from the strictly typical var. cel/aria by the more distinctly detached and more rounded char- acter of its markings.
The sub-var. interrupta of D. & M. differs by the addition of longitudinal rows of small spots alternating with the banding characteristic of the variety.
Channel Isles—Guernsey, Sept. 1893! (Tomlin, J. of C., April 1894, p. 361).
Cornwall W.—Truro, Dec. 1885! J. H. James. Scilly Isles, Rev. E. D. Roberts, Aug. 1890! (G. Sherriff Tye).
Hants S.—Christelmrch, Sept. 1883 ! C. Ashford,
Kent E.—Folkestone, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham.
Surrey—Croydon, Nov. 1883! Kenneth McKean.
Middlesex—Upper Holloway, in a mushroom house, July 1890! and sub-var. maculata Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, June 1890! H. W. Kew.
Bucks.—Shalstone, June 1885 ! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, Nov. 1886! C. B. Plowright.
Hereford—Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, April 1885! R. W. J. Smart.
Warwick—Invon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye. Hagley road, Birmingham, Aug. 1886! J. Madison.
Stafford—Stafford, June 1886 !L. E. Adams. Cheadle, April 1886! F. B. Webb.
Salop—Minsterley, Aug. 1885! L. E. Adams. Ellesmere aud Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Glamorgan—Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. W. Wotton.
Pembroke—Deer park and Heywood lane, Tenby (Stubbs, J. of C., July 1900).
Carnarvon —Trefriw and Conway Castle, July 1883 ! W.D.R.
Denbigh—Llangwystenin and Tal-y-Cafn, July 1883! W.D.R.
Lincoln S.—Ancaster, April 1886 ! W.D.R.
Lincoln N.—Alford, April 1886! W.D.R. Louth, April 1886! H. Wallis Kew. Broughton, near Brigg. Aug. 1902! Miss F. H.Woolward. Kirton-in-Lindsey, Aug. 1902! E. A. Woodrutte-Peacock. Somersby, Sept. 1889! W.D.R.
Leicester—Hathern, Sept. 1884! C. IT. Musson. Canal banks, Belgrave, July 1885! Cellars, West street, Leicester, Oct. 1885! Lime quarries, Barrow-on-Soar, and Monuntsorrel, Oct. 1885! and Spinney Hill, near Leicester, Sept 1887! H. E. Quilter. Evington! and near Wigston ! (Quilter, Moll. Leicestershire, 1888, p. 20).
Notts.—Basford, Sept. 1884! Beanvale Abbey, Sept. 1884! Annesley Park, Sept. 1884! Wilford, Oct. 1884 ! and cellars. Nottingham, May 1885! C. T. Musson. Gar- den, Tuxford, July and Sept. 1885! W. A. Gain. Farnsfield, Southwell, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham.
Derby—Winster, High Peak, July 1885! Rev. H. Milnes.
Cheshire—Bowdon, May 1885! J. G. Milne. Wythenshawe, 1886! C. Oldham. Sale, in nursery gardens, Feb. 1895! C. Oldham.
York S,E.—Gardens, Westwood, Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. Darker Butterell.
York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Newtondale, Aug. 1886! W.D R.
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 45
York S.W.—Barnsley, Oct. 1886! W. E. Brady. Lofthouse, 1885! G. Roberts. Ackworth, June 1883! Hugh Richardson. Bradford, July 1893! Percy Lund. Hucderstield, in cellar, Sept. 1885! G. T. Porritt. Keighley, greenhouse at Cliffe Castle, Oct. 1890! T. Hebden.
York Mid W.-—Victoria road, Hyde Park, Leeds. 1887! T. K. Skipwith. Wash- burndale, July 1885! W.D.R. Cellar, North Stainley Vicarage, Oct. 1884! R. A. Summertield. Eavestone, Oct. 1884! J. Ingleby. Garden, Staveley Rectory, Oct. 1885! E. Ponsonby Knubley. Sleningford, April 1896! W.D.R. Mickley village, Aug. 1889! W.D.R.
Durham—The common form about Durham, April 1884! Baker Hudson.
Northumberland —Museum grounds, Newcastle, Sept. 1888 ! R. Howse.
Westmorland—Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R.
Ayr—Glen App, near Ballantrae, July 1884! Baker Hudson.
Renfrew —Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Peebles—Eddleston, July 1889 ! W.D.R.
Roxburgh—Melrose Abbey, June 1886! J. Madison.
Perth N.—Sub-var. maculata, Blairgowrie, July 1890! W. Evans.
Forfar—Montrose, July 1884, W. Duncan.
Westerness—Glenborrodale, Dec. 1891! J. J. Dalgleish.
Wexford—Kilmanock, Aug. 1888! G+. Barrett-Hamilton.
The var. cellaria has been reported from many parts of France, Germany, and Italy, as well as from Sardinia, Corsica, Madeira, and’ New South Wales.
Var. ferussaci Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, ii., p. 29, pl. 4, f. 5. Limax cinereus var. punctatus Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886. p. 101.
ANIMAL pale ash-coloured, shield with small rounded black spots ; BODY with two or sometimes three longitudinal rows of small and round black spots on each side (figured, Monog. i., pl. 1, f. 5).
The sub-var. punetata only differs from ferussaci in the fewness and consequent apparent irregularity of the spots upon the shield and body, while the sub-var. nov. geminipunctata is characterized by their greater abundance, the increase of those upon the body being due to the splitting up of the originally large spot, which gives a paired aspect to the markings.
Cornwall W.—Gardens, Truro, April 1886! J. H. James.
Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Ang. 1884! W. Vinson.
Surrey—Sutton, July 1885! F. G. Fenn.
Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, Aug. 1889! H. Wallis Kew. Garden at 5, Giesbach road, London, N., Ang. 1890! H. Wallis Kew. ;
Norfolk W.—Starston, specimens in Brit. Museum (Cockerell, Nat., Aug. 1888).
Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! Baker Hudson.
Lincoln S.—Brandon Lodge, Grantham, Jan. 1889! T. Burtt.
Leicester—Hathern, Sept. 1884! C. 'T. Musson.
Notts.—Tuxford, July 1885! W. A. Gain.
York Mid W.—Sleningford, April 1896! W.D.R.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston, Oct. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Anglesea—Llanfaes, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne.
Carnarvon—Abersoch ! (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., Jan. 1898). ;
Kirkcudbright—Maxwelltown, common in cellar, July 189] ! R. Service.
Selkirk—Thornielee railway station, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Edinburgh—Cramond Island, Sept. 1888! T. Scott.
Antrim—Colin Glen, near Belfast, June 1884! 8. A. Stewart. Dunluce Castle ; Plantation Park, Kenbane ; common, Murlough Bay ; Church Bay, Rathlin Island, R. Welch, May 1902. Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Cushendall, Aug. 1894! W. Moss. ;
Down—Crawfordsburn, May 1902; common in Castle Yard and plantations, Ardglass, 1897 ; Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast; Hillsborough Castle Park, April 1902, R. Welch, May 1902.
Armagh—ZJune 1885 ! H. W. Lett.
Donegal— Ardara, April 1900, R. Welch. :
Wexterd—-Kilmianook, Sept. 1888! G. Barrett- Hamilton.
Leitrim—Glencar, E. Collier & G.W. Chaster, Sept. 1900, R. Welch, May 1902.
Galway E.—Churehyard, Monivea (B. J. Clarke, Annals N.H., 1840, p. 203).
Cork—R. Ball (B. J. Clarke, Annals N.H., 1843, p. 334). 5
Kerry—Killowen Church, Kenmare, May 1898, R. Welch. Kenmare demesne ; Loo Bridge and island in Middle Cloonee Lake (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898).
On the Continent, this variety has been reported from France, various parts of Italy, the Tyrol, South Norway, and Poltava and Tchernigov in Russia.
46 LIMAX MAXIMUS.
Var. aldrovandi Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, 1854, 11., p. 29.
ANIMAL ash-coloured with pale spots.
This variation is due to the incomplete overspreading of the secondary colouring, which leaves the ground tint visible in places in the form of paler spots. It is by no means certain whether the var. ¢/drorandéi deseribed by Moquin-Tandon belongs to this species or to eineree-niger, as the meagre description is applicable to forms of both species.
Dorset—Portland, Ang. 1886! J. Madison.
Gloucester W.—Bristol, June 1884! C. Waterfall.
Isle of Man—Douelas, Sept. 1892! F. Taylor.
This variety has also been observed in France.
Var. obscura Moquin-Tandon, Moll. France, 1855, p. 31. Limax maximus var. nebulosus Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 14. Limaxv unicolor var. sordidus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 26.
ANIMAL with longitudinal banding indistinct, obscured by the diffusion of the darker colouring.
Northants—Coimmon in cellars, Northampton, Sept. 1884! W. D. Crick. Ketter- ing (L. E. Adams, Moll. Northants, 1896, p. 5).
Gloucester E.—eckhampton, May 1885! J. Madison.
Gloucester W.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E J. Elliott.
Glamorgan—Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. W. Wotton
Montgomery—Welshpool, under planks, Aug. 1889! J. Bickerton Morgan.
Lincoln N.—Alford, Sept. 1885 ! J. E, Mason.
Cheshire—Alderley Edge, Oct. 1897 ! Sale, Sept. 1894! C. Oldham.
Has also been recorded for France, Italy, and Switzerland.
FARTATIONS [N COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. bicolor Taylor. Ground colour of ANIMAL white; MANTLE maculate with black; and Bopy banded or blotched with same colour. Isle of Man—Port Erin, 1881, L. E. Adams.
This variety has also been observed on the continent by Dr. Simroth.
Var. tigris Adams ms. ANIMAL of a tawny-yellow colour, with black markings. York S.E.—Beverley, Oct. 1884! J. Darker Butterell. Stafford—Statford, L. E. Adams, Sept. 1897.
Antrim—Slope of Knocklayd Mountain, Ballyeastle, July 1897, Dr. Trumbull. R. Welch, May 1902.
Geographical Distribution.—Limar marimus is dispersed through- out Europe, and has been recorded for Asia Minor, Transcaucasia and Algeria.
It has also been introduced by commerce into the United States, Mexico, Cape Colony, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand, and the North Atlantic Islands.
According to Bourguignat, the Algerian specimens are not really ma.rimus, bat Limaw deshayesii; those from the Canaries are Limiar abrostolus Bowg., aud the Azorean specimens Lamar eubalius of the sane author.
In the British Isles this species is universally distributed, being found in all the three kingdoms, and extending into quite remote districts.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Guernsey and Sark (Cooke & Gwatkin, Q J.C., 1878, vol. i, p. 322). Jersey, Herm, Jethon, and Crevichon (Lukis in Ansted, 1862). PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Common ; frequently in damp corners of cellars and seulleries (Marquand, Moll. W. Cornwall, 1884, p. 4). Pennion, Falmouth, April 1884! Her- bert Fox, S86. Columb Porth, ucar Newquay ! and Truro! J. H. James, Dee. 1S88. Devon S.—Plymouth (J. C. Bellamy, Plymouth list, 1837). Exeter, common in gardens, outhouses, ete. (EK. Parfitt, Nat., 1854, p. 150). Devon N.—Combe Martin and Challacombe (J. R. B. Tomlin, J. of Coneh., v., p. IS, April 1887). Northam, Nov. 1885! W. A. Gain. Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson.
Prare VI.
LIMAX MAXIMUS L. :
1.—Limax maximus var. syluatica=typical form, p. 43. Well Vale, Lincolnshire.
2.—Limax maximus var. candida, p. 41.
3.—Limax maximus var. concolor, p. 41. to.—Limax maxintus var, tetrazona, p. 43+
4.—Limax maximus var. migra, p. 42.
pas : ohms oa weiss LO
6.—Limax maximus var. vinosa, p. 41. 13.—L, maximus sub.-var, geminipunctata, p. 45.
8.—Limax maximus sub.-var. serpentina, p.
J. W. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds,
LIMAX MAXIMUS. +7
Geographical Distribution of
Limax maximus L.
| | Recorded Distribution, rel Probable Range.
of
Fic. 68.
Somerset N.—Common (A. M. Norman, 1860). Common around Bratton St. Maur (E. W. Swanton, Conch., i., p. 57, Dec. 1891). aa CHANNEL.
Wilts S,.—Salisburyscommon (J. E. Vize, Wilts. Mag., 1866, p. 278). Vicarage garden, Steeple-Ashton, March and June, 1887 |! E. Ponsonby Knubley.
Dorset—Generally distributed (J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1898, p. 4). Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt.
Isle of Wight—Enumerated as common by G. Guyon (Venables’ Guide to the Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 401).
Hants S.—Christchurch, common, Jan. 1883! and Vinney Ridge, New Forest, June 1887, C. Ashford. In forest, Cadnam, J. H. Ashford ; Beaulieu (C. Ashford, J. of Conch., Jan. 1887, p. 159). Woods, Winchester, 1883, B. Tomlin.
Hants N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1884! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex W.—Generally distributed, frequenting onthouses and cellars in damp situations (Harting, Zool., March 1878, p. 87). Beech plantation, Downs, Ratham, common, July 1884 ! W. Jeffery.
Sussex E.—Lewes, in gardens, cellars, ete. (W. C. Unwin, Nat., 1853, p. 54). Brighton (W. C. Unwin in Merrifield’s Nat. Hist. of Brighton, 1860). Hastings (A. W. Langdon, Nat. Hist. of Hastings, 1878, p. 13). Ouse, Cuckmere and East Rother districts (J. H. A. Jenner, J. of Conch., March 1880).
THAMES.
Kent E.—Faversham, Sept. 1884! Miss Fairbrass. Davington, near Faversham, E. Collier, Sept. 1885. Folkestone, Sept. 1886! C. Oldhain.
Kent W.—Common in W. Kent, T. D. A. Cockerell, Ap]. 1883. Sevenoaks, not uncommon (R. H. S. Smith, Zool., 1854, p. 4332). Common, Chislehurst! (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat. Hist. Notes, Nov. 1882, p. 171). In a cellar near Cobham, Leach, Syn., p. 52, 1852! (Brit. Mus., Sept. 1886). Kingsdown, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. Maidstone (Elgar & Lamb, J. of Conch., Jan. 1893).
Surrey—Wray Park, near Reigate (G. 8. & E. Saunders, 1861), Charles Hill! and Waverley, near Farnham, very common, July 1883, S. Spencer Pearce. Hasle- mere, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Croydon, Oct. 1885! $8. C. Cockerell. Grays- wood, E. W. Swanton (Pannell. J. of Conch., April 1902).
Essex S.—Becontree Hundred (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Dec. 1890). Near Abbey Wood (Jenkins, Essex Nat., Nov. 1891). Brentwood (Reeve, Brit. Moll., 1863, p. 26). High Beach, Epping, Apl. 1890! H. W. Kew.
Essex N.—Witham, 1833 (Loudon’s Mag., Oct. 1834, p. 535). Frequent in ash- pits, woods, and damp places about Colchester (H. Laver, Essex Trans., 1882, p. 93). Saffron Walden (Saftron Walden Museum, G. N. Mayman).
48 LIMAX MAXIMUS.
Herts.—Garden, Kinysbury, St. Albans, July 1884, John Hopkinson. Hitchin, March 1886! C. Ashford. Ware (Jeffreys, Moll. Herts., 1884. p. 31)
Middlesex —Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! and Acton, Jan. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Whetstone ! (Brit. Mus , Sept. 1886). Giesbach road, Upper Holloway, July 1890; Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, May 1890; and Hampstead, June 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Harrow, May 1888 ! G. Barrett-Hamilton.
Berks.— Maidenhead, very common, 1880, L. E. Adams.
Oxford—-Ncarce about Oxford, but large aud abundant in the south of the county (J. F. Whiteaves, 1857, p. 5). Not uncommon in Henley road, near Watlington, and at Pyrton (A. Merle Norman, Zool., 1853, p. 4127). Not uncommon in damp places about Banbury (R. Stretch, Zool., 1855, p. 4541).
Bucks. —Chersley, Apl. 1883! H.H. Slater. Castlethorpe, May 1885! W. D. Crick.
ANGLIA.
Suffolk E,—Exceedingly common, Woodbridge, May 1886! 8. Spencer Pearce. Mendlesham parish, in crevices of old stone walls (A. Mayfield, Norfolk Trans., 1902, p. 350). Blaxhall, G. T. Rope.
Suffolk W.—Hardwick (C. Greene, Suffolk list,, 1891).
Norfolk E.—Frequent under stones about Norwich (W. K. Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 2742). Whitlingham, common, T. Reeve, Feb. 1886. Long Stratton, Aug. 1890, L. E. Adams. Bedon! A. Mayfield. 1891. Under logs, Yelverton ; Howe, near Whitlingham Chureh, 8. Spencer Pearce; Kirby-Bedon and Heigham, A. Mayfield (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1894, p. 393).
Norfolk W.—Starston, Harleston, Rev. W. Whitear (Leach, Syn. Brit. Moll., 1852, p. 52). Lynn. Sept. 16, 1886! C. B. Plowright.
Cambridge— Whittlesea and Isle of Ely (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858).
EVERN.
S.
Bedford—Luton, May 1887! J. Saunders (Midl. Nat., June 1888, p. 153).
Northampton—Common throughout (L. E. Adams, Moll. Northampton, 1896, p. 5). Towcester, A. Loydell, 1881. Old walls and cellars, East Haddon, J. E. Roberts (LE. Adams, op. cit.). In gardens and cellars, Northampton, May 1883! W. Dz. Crick.
Gloucester E.—Cheltenham (W. Webster, Nat., 1854, p. 175). Common at Stroud, March 1884! E. J. Elliott. Birdlip Woods, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Gloucester W.—Common, Redland, T. G. Ponton, 1864; gardens, Clifton, Miss Jones (Leipner’s Bristol list, 1875). Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Hereford—Not very common, Doward Hill (A. E. Boycott, Sci. Goss. , 1892, p. 78). Fairly common, have taken it ‘‘at sugar” in Hereford (Boycott & Bowell, Hereford list, 1899).
Worcester—Malvern, not uncommon, E. Lees (Griffith’s Malvern list, 1870, p. 159). Breeden Cross, Stirchley ; near Alcester ! Blakeley Hall, and Lea Hall, Yardley ! War- wick road, Greet! Stratford road, May 1867! canal path, Acock’s green, May 1867! Black lane, Kingsheath! and Sarehole ! all near Birmingham, W. Nelson. Mosby, Oct. 1884! J. Madison. Selly Oak, Feb. 1893! L. E. Adams. Sparkbrook (G. 8. Tye, Q.J.C., May 1875).
Warwick—Erdington, May 1867! and Begearly Green, Olton, July 1871! near Birmingham, W. Nelson. Edgbaston (G. S. Tye, Q.J.C., May 1875). Solihull, Feb. 1893, L. E. Adams. Sutton Coldfield (A. Wood, Moll. Sutton Coldfield, 1897).
Stafford—Common in most cellars (Garner, Nat. Hist. of Staff., 1844, p. 301). Banks of Rushall canal, near Walsall! W. Nelson. Dudley and Handsworth (G. 8. Tye, Q.J.C., May 1875). Stafford, in garden and cellar, May 1885, L. E. Adams. Barlaston Hall, Stoke on-Trent, July 1888! and Cheadle, June 1888! J. R. B. Maselield.
Salop—Common (T. C. Eyton, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Feb. 1840). Wohitting- ton Castle, June 1885! Baker Hudson. Minsterley, 1885! L. E. Adams. Com- monest slug about Forden and Gungrog Dingle, Welshpool (Morgan, 1888, p. 232).
ee WALES SOUTH.
Glamorgan--Whitchurch, ete. (F. W. Wotton, J. of Conch., April 1888, p. 54). Aberkentiz, Aug. 1890, G. K. Gude, H. W. Kew, June 1902.
Rembroke—5t. David’s, July 1891, J. Bickerton Morgan, Fairly plentiful about Tenby, A. G. Stubbs, Feb. 1896. Near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs, Trayler. Pen- ally, H. R. Wakefield, 1901. i
Cardigan —Aberystwyth, May 1888 ! (E. Collier, J. of Conch., Oct. 1888, p. 354).
Montgomery—Forden, June 7, 1888! J. Bickerton Morgan. Wales NORTH.
Merioneth—The Gardens, Palé, Corwen, May 1887! T. Ruddy.
Carnarvon—LBettws-y-Coed, Aug. 1865! C. Ashford. Conway Castle, Jan. 1888 ! L. E. Adams.
Denbigh—Tal-y-Cafu, July 1883! W.D.R,
Anglesey—Llanfaes, Sept. 1886! J. Grafton Milne.
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 49
Lincoln S.—Near Boston, Sept. 1884! W.D.R. nde
Lincoln N.—Common, Bottesford (E. A. Woodrutfe-Peacock, Nat., May 1901, p. 157). Well Vale, Alford, April 1886!W.D.R. Malthy Wood, near Louth, May 1890, ‘rand Wragby, Aug. 1888! H. W. Kew. Kirton-Lindsey, May and August 1902! E. A. Woodrufte-Peacock. Frodingham, July 1902, W.D.R. “Tothill, May 1888! Miss Allott. Broughton, near Brigg, Aug. 1902! Miss F. H. Woolward.
Leicester—Leicester (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Market Bosworth (Power, Linn. Trans., 1808, p. 828). Canal side, Belgrave, June 1885! H. E. Quilter. Cellar, West street, Leicester, Oct. 1895; New Parks, near Leicester (H. E. Quilter, Moll. Leicester, 1888, p. 20). Gumley Wood, A. Merle Norman, 1884.
Notts.—Welbeck, R. A. Rolfe, 1883. Highfield House, Bramcote, Beeston, Chil- well, Sawley, Thrumpton, Nottingham, ete. (Lowe, Notts. list, 1853). Worksop, April 1884! Felley Abbey, Sept. 1884! Annesley churchyard, Sept. 1884! Staunton, June 1886! Pleasley Vale! and Cresswell Crags, April 1884! Lenton! and Tollerton, C. T. Musson. Tuxford, April 1885! W. A. Gain. Mansfield, E. Pickard, Feb. 1884. Nottingham Corporation garden, Wells road, July 1888 ! G.W. Mellors. Southwell, Minster yard, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham.
Derby—Marple, May 1885! and Miller’s Dale, Ang. 1885! C. Oldham. Winster, Aug. 1885, H. Milnes. Buxton, Sept. 1887! T.W. Pocock. Clifton, in gardens and cellars, June 1889, L. E. Adams. Matlock, H. E. Craven, and Darleydale, R. Stan- den (H. Milnes, J. of Conch., Oct. 1893). Markland Gripps, 1884! C. T. Musson.
: ; MERSEY. Cheshire—Chester (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858, p. 8). Marple, Sept. 1888 ! Knuts-
ford, March 1902! C. Oldham. Bowdon! and Sale! in gardens and yards (Milne and Oldham. J. of Conch., Jan. 1894, p. 316).
Lancashire S.—Common in wall-crevices in autumn, Victoria Park, Manchester, L. E. Adams, 1885. Very large in cellar at Greenheys, and in greenhouse, Victoria Park, R. D. Darbishire, 1885. Farington, June 1888, W. H. Heathcote. Southport, (MeNicoll, Southport list, 1859, p. 147). Chorlton, J. R. Hardy, 1885. Plentiful about Liverpool (Liverpool Nat. Scrap-Book, 1863-4, p. 55). Burnley (F. C. Long, The Garner, Jan. 1892). Whalley, June 1889! W. H. Heathcote.
Lancashire W.—Grimsargh, June 1888, W. H. Heathcote. Fleetwood, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. BER
HUM:
York S.E.—Abundant at Newport, near Staddlethorpe, Aug, 1883! T. K. Skip- with. Common in gardens, Westwood, near Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. D. Butterell. Not common, Long lane, Beverley (J.D.B., Q.J.C., April 1882). Cellars and out- houses, Hornsea (J.D.B., Q.J.C., April 1881, p. 136). Common in gardens, Hull and Hornsea (J.D.B., Nat., Dec. 1878). Kirkham Abbey, Sept. 1899! W.D.R.
York N.E.—Common, Wilton Wood, July 1884! Baker Hudson. Thornaby (id., J.of Conch., April 1886). Kirkleatham. Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Whitby, abundant, July 1883! H. Pollard. Feliskirk, near Thirsk (J. H. Davis, Nat , 1855, p. 134). Castle Hill, Scarboro’, Aug. 1888, B. Tomlin. Castle Hill, Pickering, Aug. 1886! and Farwath Bridge, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Linton-on-Ouse (J. Ranson, Zool., 1861, p. 7819). Common about York (R. M. Christy, Zool., 1881, p. 242). Malton, July 1884 ! W.D.R.
York S.W.—Generally distributed about Bradford, Saltaire, Bingley and Stee- ton (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Wilsden, March 1884, E. P. P. Butterfield. Common about Wakefield (J. Hebden, Q.J.C., 1874, p. 5). Rothwell, not common (G. Roberts, Nat. Monthly, Sept. 1887). Birkenshaw, Sept. 1888! G. Wingate. Holmfirth, Jan. 1885! H. E. Craven. Huddersfield, not common (J. Whitwham, Nat., May 1877). Conisborough, June 1873! Roche Abbey, April 1884! W.D.R. Rose Hill, Penistone, June 1889! South Anston, Aug. 1891, and Doncaster, July 1892, L. E. Adams.
York Mid W.—Abundant, Eavestone, near Ripon, March 1883! J. Ingleby. Reynard Ings, Ilkley, May 1882 ! Starbotton, May 1886! W.D.R. Grassington, Aug. 1882! H. T. Soppitt. Generally distributed about Harrogate, Ripley, Ribston, and Knaresbro’ (Fitzgerald, J. of Conch.. Jan. 1889). Birstwith, very common (F. T. Walker, Q.J.C., Jan. 1882). Pateley Bridge, common, Apl. 1883! W. Storey. Banks of Lindley Wood Reservoir, July 1885! and near Limley, Goyden Pot, May 1886 ! W.D.R. “Airton, Sept. 1883, H. T. Soppitt. Lime hills, Roundhay ! W. Nelson. Barwick, 1881! H. Pollard. Thorpe Stapleton, Oct. 1876! H. Crowther. New Leeds ! and Headingley, near Leeds, July 1884! W. E. Clarke. Boston Spa and Tadcaster, F. G. Binnie, 1880. Bardsey, Sept. 1881 ! Thorner, Oct. 1876 ! H. Crow- ther. Hook Moor, July 1885! G. Roberts. Bolton Perey, July 1880! W. Nelson
York N.W.—Swinton, near Masham, Aug. 1900! W.D.R. Taiths Gill, Baugh Fell, Aug. 1902! W.D.R.
HO LIMAX MAXIMUS.
TYNE. Durham—Durham, April 1884! Spa Wood, Dinsdale, 1887! Baker Hudson. Darlington, common in gardens (Longstaftfe, Hist. Darl., 1854, p 371). Northumberland S.—Museum Grounds, Neweastle, Aug. 1888! R. Howse. Cheviotland— Dean above Akeld, May 1852 (G. Johnston, Berwick Proc., 1852). LAKES. Westmorland, etc.—Grange, April 1884 ! Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Cumberland—Stanwix and Wetheral, in cellars and woods (Miss Donald, Cum- berland list, 1882, p. 56). Isle of Man—Frequent (Forbes, Mal. Mon., 1838, p. 6). Port Erin, 1881, L. E. Adams. Peel, Aug. 1894! R. Cairns. Castletown and Douglas, Aug. 1894, F. Taylor.
SCOTLAND,
Kirkcu ibright— Max welltown, Sept. 1890! W. Evans.
Ayr—Glen App, near Ballantrae, July 1884! Baker Hudson.
Renfrew—Frequent, Greenock, Sept. 1886! T. Scott. Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1ss6! W.D.R.
Lanark—Outhouses, Glasgow, Sept. 1887, J. E. Somerville.
EAST LOWLANDS.
Peebles—Walkerburn, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Kingsmeadows, July 1890! W. Evans.
Selkirk—Thornielee railway station, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Roxburgh-—Melrose Abbey, June 1886! J. Madison.
Berwick—Fans, near Earlston, Oct. 1883! R. Renton. Near Cockburnspath ! and about Eyemouth (W. Evans, Moll. Berwick, 1895, p. 170).
Haddington—Abandoned railway near Drummore, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. North Berwick (J. MeMurtrie, J. of Conch., 1889, p. 3).
Edinburgh—Edinburgh, R. F. Scharff, 1883. Bonally, Sept. 1888, W. E. Clarke. Cramond Isle, Sept. 1888! T. Scott. Levenhall, near Musselburgh, 1886! W.D.R. Harmony, near Balerno, April 1890! W. Evans. Colinton, July 1889 ! W. Evans.
Fife & Kinross—Near Cupar, July 1886! 'T. Scott. EAST HIGHLANDS.
Stirling—Polmont, Aug. 1890! W. Evans.
Perth S.—Enumerated by G. McDongall, in Report Stirling Soc., June 1896.
Mid Perth—Annat Lodge, Perth, May 1886! H. Coates.
Forfar—Broughty Ferry, A. Somerville, 1886. Montrose, July 1884! W. Duncan.
Kincardine—Stonehaven (Macgillivray, Deeside and Braemar list, 1855, p. 418).
Aberdeen S.—Plentiful about Old Bridge of Don. Torry near Aberdeen (Mac- gillivray, Moll. Aberdeen, 1843). Plentiful by the Don and the Dee, at Nether Banchory (James Taylor, Zool., 1853, p. 3878).
Aberdeen N.—Plentiful, Auchterless, and near Inverugie Castle (Macgillivray, Deeside and Braemar list, 1855, p. 418).
Elgin—Common among trees near Waterton, Ellon (R. Dawson, Aberdeen, etc., list, 1870, p. 14). Elgin (specimens in McAndrew coll., J. of Conch., 1882, p. 385).
WEST HIGHLANDS.
Main Argyle—Lismore and wood behind railway station, Oban, Aug. 1893 (Standen & Hardy, J. of Conch., Oct. 1893).
Dumbarton—Common at Maryhill, by side of canal, July 1897! A. Shaw.
Clyde Isles—Rothesay, Bute, May 1887! T. Scott.
NORTH HIGHLANDS.
Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, June 1886! and Brora, Apr. 1890! W. Baillie. NORTHERN ISLES.
WEST LOWLANDS.
Orkneys—(T. 8. Traill, Edinburgh Encyel., cae 10). Shetland Isles—(Jeffreys, Ann. and Mag. N.H., Oct. 1868).
IRELAND.
Fairly common in most parts of Ireland, but the type form is not common in the north, the maculate varieties being the most prevalent.
ULSTER.
Derry—Coleraine, moderately commen, 1883-4, L. E. Adams.
Antrim —Belfast (W. Thompson, Aun. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 198). Cushen- dun, May 1886! and Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Abun- dant by roadside coppice between Fairhead and Murlough, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Jan. 1897). Knockagh Mount ; Greenisland ; Plantation Port at Ken- lane, near Ballycastle ; Glenavy, May 1900, R. Welch.
Down-—Belvoir Park, near Belfast, 1893; Donaghadee Churchyard, 1897; Ard- elass, 1897; Ballynoe Marsh, Downpatrick, 1898 ; Sydenham House Grounds, 1898 ; wud Castle Park, Hillsborough, 1899, R. Welch, May 1902.
Armagh—Armagh ! (J. of Conch., Oct. 1890).
Tyrone—Aughnacloy, Clogher Valley, Feb, 1898, R. Welch.
LIMAX MAXIMUS. 51
Donegal—Mossy stumps, Port Salon, May 1893 (R. Standen, J. of C., July 1893).
Cavan—Woods and lakeshore Killykeen, July 1896 (Welch, Irish Nat. July 1896).
Meath—Trim Churchyard, July 1900, R. Welch. . LEINSTER.
Dublin—Dublin (W. Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 198. Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. On island of ‘Ireland’s Eye’ at thie ‘ Stags,’ near Howth, 1897, R Welch. Raheny, Killakee, and Leeson Park, Dublin (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891).
Kildare —Straffan, 1884, J. E. Palmer.
Wicklow—Woodenbridge, March 1893 (Scharff, Irish Nat., April 1893).
Wexford —Kilmanock, Sept. 1888 ! G. Barrett-Haimilton.
Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (Rev. B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1813).
Westmeath—Killynon, Sept. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
CONNAUGHT.
Sligo—Near Ballina, not so common as L. arborum and L. agrestis (Warren, Zool., 1879, p. 28). Rockwood, Lough Gill, Oct. 1886! Markree Castle, Collooney, Ang. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Moyview, Ballina, July 1891! Amy Warren. Erriff Valley and Aasleagh Falls, R. Welch, April 1897.
Galway E.—Clonbrock, June 1896 (R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., Sept. 1896). Der- nasliggan, April 1897 (R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897).
Clare—Ballyvaughan, July 1895 (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895).
Cork N.—Youyhal, 1835! Warren Collection, Dublin Museum.
Limerick—Limerick, W.H. Harvey (Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 198).
Tipperary S.—Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap.
Waterford— Waterford, Sep. 1883! J. H. Salter.
Kerry—Valentia, July 1886! A. H. Delap; very large, near Lough Caragh, May 1891 (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 518). Stricken, G. P. Farran; Killowen Old Church, and at Kilmakilloge, Mr. Bigger; Tore Woods, G.W. Chaster (Standen, Trish Nat., Sept. 1898). Kenmare, Aug. 1899! J. E. Mason.
MUNSTER.
GERMANY.
In Germany it has been recorded for Altenburg, Alsace, Bavaria, Baden, East Friesland, Hesse, Hanover, Hamburg, Lorraine, Mark Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Osnabruck, Pomerania, Pyrmont, Prussia, Rhenish Prussia, Silesia, Thuringia, Upper Franconia, Weimar, and Wurtemburg.
NETHERLANDS. Holland—(Heynemann, Jahr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 247). Belgiu n—Chaudfontaine, Font de Foret ; Forest of Angre ; Huastitre, ete., ete.
FRANCE.
Probably diffused over the whole country, and has been recorded from the follow- ing districts and departments :—
Ain, Aisne, Allier, Ariége, Basses Pyrénées, Champagne Meridionale, Charente Inférieure, Cotes du Nord, Céte d’Or, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Hérault, Isére, Ile et Vilaine, Loire Inférieure, Loztre, Manche, Maine et Loire, Morbilan, Moselle, Nievre, Nord, Oise, Pas de Calais, Puy-de-Déme, Savoie, Seine et Marne, Seine, Seine Inferieure, Somme, Vendée, Vienne, Vosges, and according to Scharff is common at Ajaccio
in Corsica. SWITZERLAND.
Probably diffused through a large part of the country, and has been recorded for the cantons of Berne, Graubunden, Geneva, Lucerne, Neuchatel, Solothurn, Ticino, Uri, Vand, Zurich, ete.
ITALY.
All Italy, continental and insular, except Sicily, where ZL. wnicolur Heynemann is found (Lessona & Pollonera, Mon. Limace. Ital., 1882).
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. ae ; In Austro-Hungary it has been observed in Austria, Bohemia, Galicia, Goritz, Lauenberg, Silesia, Styria, and the Sudetic Mountains, Transylvania, Tyrol, and
Upper Hungary. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Aragon, Catalufia, Valencia (Graells, Moll. Espafia, 1846, p. 1). Common in gardens at Fuente del Mar, near Santander, May 1860 (E. J. Lowe, Dec. 1896). Portugal—Mountains of Cintra (Morelet, Moll. Port, 1845, p. 43).
52 LIMAX MAXIMUS.
GREECE. Thessaly —Mount Pindus (Boettger, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1886). Isle of Santorin (Letourneanx, Bull. Soc. Mal. France, 1884, p. 290).
SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Laurvik, near Christiania ; Arendal and Tsland of Tromsé, near Christiansand, and at Bergen (Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886); recorded for Trondjhem, but probably in error, by G. O. Sars, Moll. Arct. Norv., 1878, p. 371.
Sweden—Stockholm (Hartmann & Heynemann, Jahr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885).
Denmark—Vihorg in Jutland; Copenhagen and Fredricksberg in Zealand (Malm, Lim. Seand., 1868, p. 57).
RUSSIA.
Found in the provinces of Finland, Kurland, Livland, and Esthland, and at Sebastopol in the Crimea (Heynemann, Jahr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885) ; Moscow (Nadjeschin, Nacht. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1870); and in the provinces of Kharkov, Poltava, and Tchernigov (Kaleniczenko, Bull. Moscow, 1851).
Poland—Wood of Tuliszow, 1868; Ztoly-Potuk, 1870; the park of Natolin, Olsztyn, 1873; Pulawy Kazimierz, 1874 (Slosarski, Moll. Pologne, 1877).
Transcaucasia—Imeretien (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885).
NORTH AFRICA AND ASIA MINOR. Algeria— Gardens near Algiers, May 1837 (Forbes, Ann. N.H., Dec. 1838, p. 251). Asia Minor—E] Bireh, Barrois (Dautzenberg, Moll. Palestine et Syrie, 1894).
ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—(Heynemann, l.c. 1885, p. 285). Canaries—Plain of the Laguna, Teneriffe (Férnssac, Hist., 1819, p. 71). Madeira—(T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 4).
NEARCTIC REGION.
New York—Riverdale, H. Prime, 1885 ; New York City and Brooklyn (Binney, 1885). Cayuga Lake Valley (N. Banks, Nautilus, April 1892). Monroe Co., J. Walton, 1898.
Rhode Island—Newport, 8. Powell (Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1875). Providence, H. Prime, 1885.
New Jersey—Guttenberg, H. Prime, 1885.
Massachusetts—In City Aqueduct, Springtield (Pilsbry, Naut., Apl. 1883). New Bedford and Cambridge (Pilsbry, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1889).
Pennsylvania—Lincoln Park, Philadelphia (I. C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1900). West Philadelphia and Danby, plentiful in cellars and greenhouses, H. A. Pilsbry ; Wissahickon, uncommon; Laurel Hill cemetery, common; Germantown, E. G. Vanatta (M. Schick, Nautilus, April 1895).
Ohio—Cistern on Third street, Cincinnati, J H. James, 1885.
Texas—New Braunfels (Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1889).
California—Gardens, San Diego (C. R. Oreutt, Nautilus, 1890). Abundant in San Francisco (W. M. Wood, Nautilus, July 1894). Dr. Stearns’ garden, Los Ange- les, summer 1901 (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., Dec. 1901).
NEOTROPICAL REGION. Mexico—City of Mexico, March 1894, Dr. A. Dugés (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal , June 1894).
ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—(Melvill & Ponsonby, Proc. Mal. Soc., Dec. 1898).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New Zealand—Dunedin, F.W. Hutton (Musson, Proe. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1890).
Tasmania— Gardens and cellars at Hobart, R. Tate; and at Launceston, C. Hedley (Musson, Proc. Linn. Soc., N.S. W., 1890). ;
S. Australia— Adelaide (R. Tate, Rep. Roy. Soe Tasmania, 1880).
Victoria—Buallarat, under logs in the bush, five miles from city (Musson, Proce. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1890).
New South Wales—Common in and around Sydney. J. Brazier (Musson, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1890).
Puate V.
| Distribution of Limax maximus L.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
& SCOTLAND. "Z, e
W. LOWLANDS 2 WIGH
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles PENINSULA
2 Dumfries
ANDS ’s verdeen N 1 Cornwall W. Ki unt 2 Cornwall BE. udnor a Wi i 3 Anarthen 4 45 Pembroke 5 Somerse § Cardigan 6 Somerset NORTH WALES: CHANNEL 47 Montgomery @ 7 Wilts N 4s Merioneth is | 8 Wilts Ss 49 Carnarvon tw 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh Wade Lerwick | 0 Isleot Wight 51 Pliut 2 82 Haddington IL Hants Ss. bz Anglesey 5 3 Edinburgh e 12 Hants N TRENT , 44 Linlithgow N.WIGHLANDS: 13 Sussex W 53 Lincolu 8 BE. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W 14 Sussex by 54 Lincoln N. 85 Fife & Kinross 106 Koss E. THAMES 59 Leie. & utld. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 5 Kent lo 56 Notts a7 Perths.& Cikn 108 Sutherland W. Kent W. 57 Derby Mid | 1 loo Caithness ; MERSEY * Perth NOWTIE ISLES 58 Cheshire ire) 90 Forti 110 TLebrides 59 Lancashire 5 a} Kineardine 1 Orkneys: 60 Lancashire Mid gy Aberdeen % l12 Shetlands oe HUMBEIC . berks. 61 5.E. York 3 Oxford 62 NE. York IRELAND. Bucks. 63 S.W. York ° ULSTER LEINSTER i Mid We York v, 13 Derry zz Louth 65 N.W. York ¢ Vid Antrim Meath TYNE 115 Down Dublin 66 Durham 16 Armagh Kildare 7 Northumb, 8. W7 Wicklow Cambridge d 1 Wextord Bedford 1 urlow ILunts. 1 Kilkenny | 32 Northampton 1 Ind Queen's Co SEVERN 70 Cumbe 3
King’s Co > Gloucester E. Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth Herefor
71 Isle of
Westmeath 133 Longford CONNAUGHT
Ind Roscommon Worce 135 Leitrim | Warwick 136 Sligo 9 Statford 137 Mayo E,
salop
ay Kh. MUNSTER
141 Clare
i42 Limerick
145 Tipperary N.
144 ‘Tipperary S Deg iB ae \\\ 147 Cor
ESS ‘ \. 14s Kerry Ss S
ae
CNet | &
Probable Range. =
NN Recorded Distribution.
| | | i Distribution verified by the Authors.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 5
oo
Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.
1774 Limax cinereus varr. a and e Miller, Verm. Hist., ii, pp. 5 and 7.
1789 =— ater Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, p. 266.
1803. — _ cinereo-niger Wolf, in Sturm’s Deutsch. Fauna, fase. 1.
1804 —_ geographicus Renier, Prodr. Classe d. Vermi Adriatico.
1819) — antiquorum VKér., Hist. Moll, p. 68, pl iv., £1, pl Sa, f 1& ph 8p, £2. 21 — alpinus Feér., Tabl. Syst., p. 2L, pl. 4A, 1 5-7.
1822. —_ vittipes Bonelli, Ms., Mus. ‘Taurin.
1836 — maurus Held, in Isis, p. 271.
1851 —_ bilobatus Ray & Drouet, Moll. Champagne, p. 16.
1852. — lineatus Dumont & Mortillet, Hist. Moll. Savoie, p. 192.
1854. — dacampi Menegazzi, Malac. Veronese, p. 63, pl. 1, ff. 1-4.
1855 = — corsicus Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, ii., p. 26, pl. 3, ff 10-13. 1855 — elaravallensis Drouet, t. Moquin-Tandon, op. cit., p. 28.
1861. — dorie Boure., Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 256, pl. 8, ff. 1-11.
1862. -— engadinensis Heyn., Mal. BL, p. 204.
1862. — transilvanica Heyn., Mal. Bl, p. 216.
1863) — nubigenus Bourg., Spice. Mal., p. 20.
1864 — erythrus Bourg., Mal. Grande Chartreuse, p. 31, pl. 2, ff 1-8.
1867 — niger Malzine, Faune Mal. Belgique.
1871 = — wmontanus Leydig, Verhandl. Wurtt., p. 210.
1873) —_ bielzii Seibert, Mal. Bl., p. 195.
ssl — cinereus 8 intermedia Breviere, J. de Conch., p. 314.
1894 — hedleyt Collinge, Journ. of Mal., ii., pp. 51, 52, and iv., pp. 4, 5, 1895.
1849 Arion lineatus Dumont, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, p. 64. 1868 Lulimax cinereo-niger Malm, Skand. Limac., p. 57, pl. 5, ff 12, 13. 1876 Limacella cinereo-niger Jousseaume, Bull. Soc. Zool. France, p. 99.
ISTORY.—Limuyr cinereo-niger (cinereo-
niger, ashy-black), is one of the largest and most brilliantly coloured of the Euro- pean slugs, if the allocation by Simroth of the gorgeous Italian forms to this species be correct, the colouration of these magnifi- cent Limaces ranging from black to white, through vivid red, bright yellow, grey or brown, and in size far exceeding the largest L. maximus. Inthe cool and moist clinate of the British Isles, however, this species is unusually constant in its colouring, and offers little variation from a more or less uniformly dark pigmentation.
With this, the finest species of the group, we associate Herr D. F. Heynemann, of Frankfort, whose services to the cause of Limacology can scareely be overestimated, and in recognition of whose labours Malm constituted the group Heynemannia to em- brace the present species and its close allies.
Although, in common with Dr. Simroth and many other malacologists, Herr Heynemann regards Lima cinereo- niger as only a form of Limar MGVTNUS,, “changed by food, climate, or anything else,” it is possible that this belief is m many cases based upon a pre-conceived opinion, which an accurate appreciation of the undoubted differences would probably modify, as, though both species have certainly sprung from the same stemma, e/nereo-niger 18 undeniably the more ancient offshoot, exhibiting such an assemblage of divergent characters as seems conclusively to show that it has finally parted company with L. marinus. b
13/3/03
o4 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
The Limae ater and related forms are in all likelihood the more primitive forms of this species in which the dark colouring of the body has not yet spread to the side areas of the sole, but in the absence of the possibility of a precise determination, Wolf’s name has been adopted for the species in preference to that of Razoumowsky.
The type form characterized by Wolf has the ground colour white, as is evidenced by the keel and mid-dorsal line retaining that colour, while the remainder of the animal is almost wholly black, due to the diffusion of the black markines.
The Limae dacump? var. amalie of Bettont is identical with the type, while Lime hediey? Collinge and L. nwerimus var. ductuosa only differ in the white mid-dorsal lne being sullied with a sheht ochraceous tint and not extending quite up to the shield.
Diagnosis. —Exrernaty, LZ. c/nerco-niger in its typical form is distin- guished from L. marimus by its more uniformly dark colouring, its shorter and stouter tentacles, its coarse and prominent rugie, and its sharp and well-marked keel, which usually extends fully half the length of the body, and sometimes is perceptible quite to the shield. The shield is typically wnicolorous, and the sole distinetly longitudinally tripartite, the outer areas being black or deep ash-grey and the mid-area paler.
INTERNALLY, the shell is thin and brittle, almost transparent when fresh, broad and comparatively short; the penis-sheath is of tolerably equal width throughout, not enlarged and stiffly flexed at the free-end as in ZL. mari- mus, While its retractor arises, according to Dr. Ncharft, between the heart and the kidney as in Z. faeces, and not behind the kidney asin LZ. maerimus; the lingual teeth are broader and also markedly more cuspidate and em- bryome in their character; the mandible is smaller and more delicate, the median beak is not so prominent, and the lower outer margins are distinctly rounded and not rectangular as in ZL. needs.
In habits, Liner efnereo-niger is more active and less nocturnal than LZ. marinus, it has awider range, both altitudinally and geographically, and is not so partial to the vicinity of human dwellings.
Description.— ANIMAL with a long and rounded but stonter body than Linu.r meeris, Varying in Jeneth trom 100 or more mill to, im extreme cases, 400 mill. ; GROUND COLOUR usually whitish in this country, but in sonthern Europe often of a vivid red or other bright colour, banded, macnlated, or washed-over with erey, brown or bhuck, and very frequently, more especially in the eolder and moister districts, of an uniform black : the whole surface covered with large, boldly projecting sinuous tubercles, reminiscent of those of elrion ater; the candal end of the body bears a strongly developed and very prominent KEEL, whieh is sometimes percep tible quite to the shield; Neck paler, with a pair of loneitudinal DORSAL FURROWS, Which terminate in front as the FACIAL GROOVES ; SOLE! longitudinally tripartite, the inner area pale, the two outer areas dark with sharply defined margins, except in the young staves or where from any cause the Juvenile or primi- tive trait of an unicolorous sole is preserved to adult life; SHIELD large, oblong, nearly two-fifths the total leneth of the animal, rounded in frout and more sharply : ; . anevulated behind, usually of an aniform black or darkish Vic. 70,—Pallial and body Hie Tate bie NtenLINe Seah loses iehkoliave sculpture of Limar cinereo-
tm ’ yu aa, le YOUN ee be Pacaieaas S Which hive niger Wolf (after Lessona). retained immature colouring may be marbled or spotted With some darker colour or black upon a pale ground. Mucus colourless and iridescent, or as in certain of the more extreme varieties, a red pigment may break through the skin and tinge, the slime,
I Monog. 1, IM. f 888.,
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 55
SHELL situated beneath the hinder part of the shield; somewhat quadrately oval, resembling in size and shape that of Limax flavus; thin, brittle, and almost transparent when fresh, whitish, slightly concave beneath, with lines of concentric increase, and a broad, brownish membranaceous fringe; APEX or nucleus near to the left posterior angle. Length, 8} mill.; breadth, 6 mill.
INTERNALLY, the organization of Lime cinerco-niger resembles in general char- acter that of L. marinus, but in many points shows distinct evidences of an earlier type of structure. The SENSORY ORGANS though doubtless closely resembling those of the congeneric species, have never been critically studied in comparison with those of Linas maximus.
Fic. 71. — Internal - shell of ZL. cinereo- niger X 1h,
(Brora, E. Suther- land, Mr. W. Baillie).
Fic. 72. Fic. 73. Fic. 74, Fic. 75, Fic. 76. DETAILS OF THE INTERNAL STRUCTURE OF Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.
Fic. 72.—Distal end of penis sheath, shewing the position of the dorsal attachment of retractor (after Scharff). & kidney ; Z. penis sheath ; 7. retractor ; v.d. vas deferens. _ F'1G.73.—Spermatheca or recepta- culum seminis x 2. Fic. 74.—Otolith (after Schmidt), highly magnified. Fic. 75.—Prostatic or sperm duct, shewing its follicular structure x 4, Fic. 76.—Albumen gland and hermaphrodite duct x 2.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS, though similar
to those of its close ally, yet exhibit constant differences; they show a larger and more deeply coloured OVOTESTIS which occupies the candal end of the body to the exclusion of other organs; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is of a clear bluish- white, and without any apparent VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND of an_ ochreous colour and usually smaller than the ovotestis ; OVISPERMATODUCT narrow, the creamy-white prostate usually wider than the oviduct; FREE- ovipuct short, thick, and doubly flexed near the base; SPERMATHECA fusiform, mottled with reddish-amber and opaque ochreous-white and fixed by its crown to side of oviduct, the stem clear azure-white, about half the length of the vesicle ; PENIS-SHEATH greyish-white, very long, and nearly uniformly cylindrical or vermiform for its whole length, not distally swollen and rigidly flexed as in Limax maximus, with the clear-bluish- Fic. 77.—Sexual organs of L. cinereo- white VAS DEFERENS entering terminally; the — xiger Wolf. RETRACTOR MUSCLE is long, broad, and ribbon- oo one ~ popieiieroa ¢ like, attached to the extremity of the penis-sheath — g\Gtestis; ps. penis” fe a ere and to the dorsum between the heart and the sf. spermatheca ; 7d. vas deferens. : kidney, in a sinus of which the heart is situated.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL shows a short diso- PHAGUS opening into a large, oval, and brownish CROP; SALIVARY GLANDS united at base and not easily separated from the walls of the crop; be- yond the crop the canal narrows considerably, widening again at the stomach at the termina- tion of the first alimentary tract, where two or three bile ducts enter from as many lobes of the reddish-brown LIVER or DIGESTIVE GLAND ; the Hic. 78.— Kidney or renal organ aud INGESTIVE ot STOMACH TRACT also does not show —beattof L. cinereo-niger, x2. &, kidney. the extreme development posteriorly which is so marked a feature in the fully adult
examples of Limax mawimus.
56 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
MANDIBLE or jaw smaller and weaker than in Limax maximus, of a pale amber colour, with usually two dark submarginal parallel :
thickenings near the upper margin ; the median beak projects somewhat beyond the line of jaw, but is not nearly so convex or so prominent as in L. maximus,
and the lower outer angles of the jaw, so abruptly Fic. 79.—Mandible or jaw of angulated and almost rectangular in L. maximus, are Limax cinerco-niger Wolf x 8, in the present species obliterated by the convexity con- (Goyt Valley, Cheshire, Mr. C.
necting the upper and lower margins, the ends having Oldham). ; _ to some extent the somewhat horned aspect distinguishing the mandible of Hyalinia helvetica.
The LINGUAL, MEMBRANE of a Cheshire specimen is eight mill. long, and three mill. or more in breadth, covered with slightly curved transverse rows of teeth which are very uniform in size, only diminishing at the margins ; median row with a some- what hour-glass shaped base, similar to that of L. maximus, and bearing a broad reflection with obsolete side reflections and a strong mesoconic prolongation bearing trifid cutting points; lateral teeth trifid, with strong mesocone, distinct endocone, and a less prominent ectocone, which in the succeeding teeth becomes more distinct,
Re 4 \ \ \ a 19 9 7 tom 4 7 9 im Ao p ? (é Fic. 80.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Z. c/nereo-niger Wolf x 120.
The animal collected by Mr. C. Oldham at Whaley Bridge ; the radula prepared by Mr. W. Moss, and photographed by Mr. T. W. Thornton.
though always more basal than the endocone; about the twentieth row, the teeth, though still trifid, become more aculeate in character, and about the thirtieth row the endocone becomes obsolete, the ectocone and mesocone only being retained to the margins of the membrane, although a few trifid teeth may sometimes be seen, due, however, to the retention from the embryonic state of a secondary ectocone.
The dental formula of a Whaley Bridge specimen; collected by Mr. C. Oldham, is
vee ee x 168=25,032.
Reproduction and Development.—Pairing would appear to take place throughout the milder periods of the year, and is always preceded by the same amatory preludes and prolonged circular procession described under Limax maximus, but during the act of congress the animals do not invariably suspend themselves by a long conjointly secreted mucus cable, as in that species, but remain firmly attached to the underside of the branch or other object by the greater part of the sole, leaving free only the anterior part of the body to become entwined with that of their partner.
The general character of the conjugation is, therefore, similar in the two species, although there are no precise modern observations available for comparison of the details of the act.
The ova are deposited in moist places beneath the shelter of fallen trees, under loose bark, or other suitable situations, those of the var. corsica being described by Moquin-Tandon as globular in shape, and about five mill. in diameter, shining, transparent, about the colour of gum-arabic, and united together in little clusters, and are said to hatch in about a month’s time.
According to Lessona & Pollonera, the young when hatched have the shield mottled with black and white, and the foot-sole pale and unicolorous, but as growth proceeds, the pale markings on the shield become clouded over by the diffusion from the centre of the dark markings, which gradually extend towards the margins, which are also eventually darkened over, except in some adults which may retain traces of the pale maculations of their early life, but these vestiges are always more especially displayed towards the margins.
The lateral zones of the sole are also little by little invaded by the dark tint, until they acquire their full depth of colouring, or as in the case of the dark colouring of the shield, the process of pigmentation may be arrested or retarded, and examples may therefore be found, especially at or near the
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 57
limits of its altitudinal or latitudinal range, which retain at maturity, in a more or less pronounced form, their juvenile stage of colouring.
The variegated and banded varieties may thus be regarded as having retained to adult life the youthful garb of the species, and as being the intermediate stage leading to the dark unicolorous forms which are the most advanced in their external colour evolution.
Every district, however, has a local facies, which will be more or less in harmony with the geographical position of the locality and the peculiari- ties of the environment. Herr Goldfuss records that in Westphalia the young of this species are of an uniformly dark-grey ; Dr. Simroth, writing chiefly of the species as found near Leipzig, describes the very young ex- amples as usually pale, washed over with carmine-red, and the sharply defined main-band of the body as extending upon the shield, while Dr. Boettger, presumably describing those of Frankfort, says the foot-sole in the young is always trifasciate, and the body zoned with four longitudinal dark bands, with the keel of a yellowish colour, but as maturity is attained the body becomes wholly black, though sometimes retaining the yellow keel.
Mr. Roebuck’s extensive experience of British specimens supports the view that the young possess an uniformly pale foot-sole, and that the side- areas are progressively invaded by the dark pigmentation as the animals increase in age.
The life term, according to Dr. Simroth, is about one year, but there is little doubt that under favourable circumstances that period would be greatly exceeded.
Food.—Limax cinereo-niger in a state of nature is considered to be a great and almost exclusive feeder upon fungi and other cryptogamic plants, and is recorded as greedily devouring Peziza macrocalyx, P. vesiculosu, Morchella esculenta, Evernia prunastri, etc.
Stahl records that the food of all the specimens of this species examined by him in the month of June was apparently solely fungi, as the excremen- titious matter was composed of partially digested hyph and undigested spores of Peziza macrocalyx.
In captivity or under the pressure of hunger they will, however, eat bread and many other kinds of food.
Habits.—This species is less nocturnal and more active in habit than Limax maximus, and is always abroad during the day in damp, moderately warm weather. It frequents pine and other forests, more especially in shady places, hiding beneath the bark of dead trees, or on fungus-covered stumps, but is also often found under logs, or among dead leaves in the woods, and other similar retreats.
In Italy and other south European countries it lives chiefly in the moun- tain forests, the darker varieties being found at the higher altitudes, while the more brightly-coloured forms are restricted to lower ground; thus, the var. maura is found on Monte Mucrone, in Piedmont, at an altitude of 2,200 metres he 7,200 feet), and the sub-var. nubigena reaches nearly to the verge of eternal snow on Maladetta in the Pyrenees, while the brightly- coloured var. dacampi has its most elevated station at Prestine, in the Valle dell’ Oglio, in Lombardy, at 800 metres above sea level (about 2,620 feet), and the still more brilliant var. corsica is even more restricted in its altitud- inal range, its highest-known habitat in the mountains of Liguria not exceeding 700 metrés (about 2,290 feet).
In this country this species is also chiefly found in hilly or wooded districts and usually at some distance from dwelling-houses.
aS LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
The otractory sense in L. cinereo-niger ix remarkable for its power and precision. M. Colbeau relates that the fine specimen of var. malucologorum in his possession escaped many times from the box in which it was confined, through a small hole five mill. in diameter, and after wandering about several days in the garden, on two occasions re-entered the box by the same small hole, evidently attracted by the mushrooms grown therein.
Variation.—Colour variation in the Limacide would seem to reach its acme of development in this species, individuals of which display all shades of colour, ranging from uniform white, through grey, yellow, brown, and red to uniform black, with all the variations to which their combinations may give rise. ‘I'his marvellous variety in colour and marking leads us to sus- pect, as suggested by Simroth, that this rich and elaborate pigmeutation is of high biological importance to this species in the struggle for existence.
The complex causes which influence or inhibit the evolution and external disposition of colouring matter in the Limacide are still little understood; it has, however, been demonstrated by Simroth that the intensity and shade of the various colourings are dependent in a measure upon temperature, especially during the growth period. Cold, inclement seasons or districts favour the increase of the black pigment, and pale or entirely eradicate the red, while warm seasons or areas foster the development and intensi- fication of the red pigment, resulting in the gorgeous varieties recorded from Italy and other southern countries; but it must not be overlooked that the distribution and character of the external pigmentation is also largely influenced by the necessities of the animal, either by inducing a closer assimilation to the peculiarities of the environment, and therefore a more effective concealment from its enemies, or conversely by the develop- ment of a brighter colouring, rendering it more conspicuous, and therefore probably acting as a warning colour.’
Like its close ally Limaxv maximus, the present species may also be regarded as trichroic or triple-tinted in its pigmentation, and has probably passed through a similar course of colour-changes, but the colour-develop- ment has advanced much further, a response to the more freely exposed life it leads and the consequent greater vicissitudes of temperature, etc., to which it is subjected. ;
The probable sequence of its pigmentary evolution is shown by the primary or secondary tints sometimes extending over the locomotor or mid-area of the sole, beyond the darker tertiary colouring which has not yet advanced beyond the side areas and is still very superficial in its disposition ; further evidence of the progress of colour evolution is adduced by Simroth, from which we gather that in the youthful stages of the species in the more advanced districts there is a prevalence of the simple colouring which characterizes adults in those less favourable or more remote, as in _L. mon- tunus of South Tyrol, L. engudinensis of Fast Switzerland, ete.
L. cinereo-niger, judged by its more extended range altitudinally and also geographically wherever sufticient and precise observations have been made, by the situations it usually inhabits, by the more primitive character of its teeth, by the point of attachment of the penial retractor, and other pecu- liarities, is probably a more primitive and earlier form than Z. weerimus, but the extreme climatic conditions under which the species lives, have enabled it to outstrip in its external pigmentation the L. maximus, which evinces such a partiality for the vicinity of human abodes, and is therefore more prone to be carried by commerce to, and become naturalized in distant lands.
1 Monog,, i., p. 327 and p. 330.
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 59
The numerous modifications discriminated by various authors have, for convenience of study, been grouped into several sections, based upon the fundamental colour of the body, those-varieties which have retained to a marked degree in adult life the immature character of their colouring being regarded as sub-varieties.
FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR WHITE. Var. pallescens Duin. & Mort., Mal. Savoie, 1857, p. 13.
Limax lineatus var. pallescens Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Limax cinereo-niger var. albicans Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 61, pl. 5, f. 13. Limax cinereo-niger var. issedi Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 26, pl. a, ff. 4, 5. Limax albus Paasch, Archiv f. Naturg., 1813, p. 85. Limax cinereo-niger var. hareri Heyn., Mal. Bl., 1862, p. 141. ANIMAL white or whitish, with or without darkly tinted side-areas to the sole. Dumont & Mortillet remark that this form is found in very shady places.
The form named by Heynemann, hareri, is pure white; L. einereo-niger var. albicans and L. lineatus var. palleseens are whitish ; while L. einereo- niger var. isseli has the body whitish and a white keel.
Not hitherto recorded from the British Isles.
Germany—An albine form, from Hohen-Wittlingen, Swabian Alps (Weinland, Nachrichtbl, 1874, p. 42). Sub-var. hareri, in the ‘Taunus Mountains, June 1861 (Heynemann, op. cit.). ‘
France—Haute Savoie (Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.).
Italy—Sub-var, isseli, Esino Valley, near Vezio in Lombardy (Pini, op. eit.).
Sweden—Snub-var. albicans, common on Bornholm; and has also been found near Ljungskile, and on the Alingsas tract (Mahn, op. cit.). ;
Norway—Sub-var. adba, Bamble, Christiansand Stift(Esmark, J. of C., 1886, p.100).
Var. strobeli Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 21.
Limax cinereo-niger § strobeli Lessona, op. cit.
KEEL and median-line whitish, sides of body ash-coloured but showing the white ground colour as a series of whitish maculations with a single black band on each side, broken up into a row of spots ; SHIELD ash-coloured. Formula 001 100.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
Italy—Maccugnaga, Val Anzasca, Piedmont, at an altitude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet) (Lessona & Pollonera, Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 30).
Var. vera Dumont & Mortillet, Mal. Sav., 1857, p. 13.
Limax antiguorum var. 8 Ferussac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 68, pl. 4, f. 1.
Limax antiquorum v. ferrussackit Kaleniczenko, Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 1851, p. 120. Limax lineatus var. verus Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.
Limax lineatus var. interruptus Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.
Limax cinereo-niger var. albicans, cinereo-nebulosus Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 60.
v
Limax cinereo-niger 1 stabile? Lessona, Moll.-Piemonte, 1880, p. 21.
KEEL whitish, two dark zones on each side of the body. Formula 021 120.
The Limax antiquorwn var. 8 of Ferussac, though usually referred to as uni- formly cinereous, is according to the figure distinctly quadrifasciate, with paler nebulous markings around the margin of the shield, arid therefore belongs to this form. The reference by Kaleniczenko to Ferussac, Hist. Moll., pl. 4, f. 1, would seem, though not with certainty, to place his variety under this head.
The var. vera s.st. has the two black bands on each side and a dark shield.
The sub-var. interrupta differs in the lateral bands being interrupted.
The sub-var. einereo-nebulosa has the keel tinged with yellowish, shield yel- lowish clouded with grey, sides of body whitish clouded with grey, lateral zones resolved into series of pale brown spots.
The sub-var. stabilei has the keel yellowish, the back blackish, and sides paler.
Oxford—Sub-var. vera, a young specimen from Oxford in the British Museum, presented by the Rev. A. M. Norman. :
Germany —Heynemann records a sub-variety from Rastadt in Baden, with two rows of squarish black spots at each side, upon a white ground (Mal. BI., 1862, p. 99).
France—Sub-vars. vera and interrupta, Haute Savoie (Dum. &-Mort., op. cit.).
Italy—Sub-var. stabilet found in Piedmontese Alps by Stabile (Lessona, op. cit.).
Sweden—Sub-var. cinerco-nebulosa at Ljungskile (Malm, op. cit.).
Norway—Sub-var. cinereo-nebulosa at Malmons, Laurvik, and Skien (Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886, p. 100). .
Russia—Sub-var. ferrussackii Kal., Tchernigov and Poltava (IXalen., op. cit.),
60 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
Var. renardii Kalenicz., Bull. Soc. Imp. Nat. Mosc., 1851, p. 120, pl. iv.,f 2.
Limax antiguorum Renardii Kal., op. ci
t. Limax subalpinus Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 18, pl. 2, ff. 1-6. Limax subalpinus Y simplex Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 36. Limax subalpinus a garocelus Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit. Limax subalpinus § veronensis Less. & Poll., op. cit. Limax maxinius var. tschapecki Simroth, Nacht. Mal. Ges., 1886, p. 69.
KEEL and mid-dorsal zone whitish, body with three dark zones on each side. Formula 321 123. The Z. subalpinus Lessona and subsidiary forms differ chiefly in the retention by adults of the maculate mantle of the juvenile stage.
The var. renardii sensu stricto, has the sides of the body ashy-black, the inner and main bands black and continuous, outer band represented by a series of black spots; a white zone between the inner and main bands ; shield ash-coloured.
The sub-var. tsehapeeki is somewhat variable, but has the white keel extend- ing quite up to the shield; sides of body whitish with continnous main-band and indefinite inner and outer bands; shield speckled black and white.
The sub-var. subalpina has the whitish keel continued to the shield as a series of dorsal spots; sides of the body whitish, with three brownish-grey zones on each side which blend together and leave two rows of whitish ee between them.
The sub-var. simplex is similar, but the back is unicolorous.
The sub-var. garocela has the keel and dorsal-zone maculate with black, sides of the body whitish, maculate with black.
The sub-var. veronensis has the sides of the body and shield of an olivaceous ash-colour, the shield and body maculate or longitudinally banded with fuscous.
Not hitherto found in the British Isles.
Italy—The var. subalpina has been found in various localities in Piedmont, attain- ing its greatest altitude at Usseglio, Valle di Lanzo, 1,252 metres (about 4,100 feet) ; it has also been found at Rivarossa, Rivoli, Avigliana, Sacra di 8. Michele, Hill of S. Giovanni, and the Hills of Turin. The sub-var. simplex is found at Rivoli and Avigliana. The sub-var. garoce/a on the Hill of 8. Giovanni in the Valle di Vit, and has been doubtfully recorded by De Betta from Venetia. The sub-var. veronensis is recorded for Verona in Venetia by De Betta (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.).
Austro-Hungary—The sub-v. tschapechi, Styria and Carniola(Clessin, Moll., 1887).
Russia—The var, renardii was found in moist places and shady woods, near Sumy, Kharkov, in Aug. 1831 (Kaleniczenko, op. cit.).
Var. ornata Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 21. Limax cinereo-niger € ornatus Lessona, op. cit. KEEL and dorsal zone white, a series of white maculations on each side of the body, which is black. Formula (32)1 1(23). Sussex W.—Up Park, Aug. 1888! with type, W. Jeffery. Italy—In Piedmont, at Alagna, Val Sesia, and at Maccugnaga in Val Anzasca, at an altitude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet) (Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 30).
Var. cinereo-nigra Wolf sensu stricto.
Limax antiquorum var.a Fér., Hist. Moll., 1819, pl. 8p, f. 2.
Arion lineatus Dumont, Bull. Soc. Hist. Nat. Savoie, 1849, p. 64.
Limax antiquorum razsoumowskii Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc., 1851, p. 120.
Limax lineatus Dum. & Mort., Hist. Moll. Sav., 1852, p. 12.
Limax maximus v luctuosus Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 29.
Limax nubigenus Bourg., Spic. Mal., 1863, p. 20.
Limax dacampi var. amalie@ Bettoni, Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, iii., p. 166, pl. 3, ff. 2, 2a. 9.
Limax cinereo-niger Y camerani Less. & Poll., Mon. Lim. Ital., 1882, p. Limax cinereus 3 intermedia Brevitre, J. de Conch., 1881, p. 314. Limax hedleyt Collinge, J. of Mal., 1894, p. 51. KEL and mid-line white; SHIELD and sides of body lack. Formula (321) (128). The Arion lincatus of Dumont, the Limar dacampi var. amalia of Bettoni, Limax antiquorum a of Ferussac, Limar maximus uw cinerco-niger of Moquin-Tandon, Limac bilobatus of Ray & Drouet, and Limazx claravallensis of Drouet appear to be strictly synonymous with the type-form of e/nerco-niger. The sub-var. nubigena has the white keel line extending only one-third the length of the body, the neck of yellowish-ash colour, and is a dwarfed or stunted form. The sub-vars, razoumowskii and luetuosa only differ from typical einereo- niger in the keel and dorsal-line being sullied by # yellowish shade, and by only extending to half the length of the body in Jiue/iase. The sub-var. intermedia has the keel and mid-line whitish, and shield and sides of the body deep grey or brown. The sub-var. camerani only differs from the sub-var. ivéermedia in the fuscous- chestnut colour of the shield and body.
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 61
___ The sub-var. hedleyi has the keel and mid-line pale or yellowish-brown, slightly ‘interrupted anteriorly, the sides of the body chocolate-black, the ventral edges of the mantle dirty-white with irregular sepia dashes
Warwick—-Sub-var. Juctuosa, Sutton Park, July 1899! H. Overton. Glamorgan—Sub-var. Zuctwosa, Bridgend, July 1891! G. K. Gude. Stafford—Sub-var. luctuosa, Shelbrook, Cannock Chase, June 1886! L. E. Adams. York N.E,.—Sub-var. ductwosa, Wass Bank, Hambleton escarpment, 800 feet altitude, Sept. 1892! and Mill Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1888! W.D.R.
York S.W.—Sub-var. ductuosa, Skelmanthorpe, May 1897! F. Lawton.
York Mid W.—Sub-var. ¢uctuosa, Shipley Glen, Oct. 1883! W. West.
York N.W.—Snub. var. ductwosa, Helm Ghyll, Dentdale, May 1899! J. E. Crowther.
Cheshire—Sub-var. /wctuosa, Goyt Valley, Sept. 1902! C. Oldham.
Edinburgh—Sub-var. ductuosa, Roslin Woods, April 1898! W. Evans.
Derry—Sub-var. hedleyi, Rathmullan and Walworth, J. N. Milne (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1894, p. 51, and 1895, p. 4).
Germany —Sub-var. Luctuosa, Alsace (Meyer, Nachtbl., 1876, p. 106). Specimens in British Museum, labelled Heidelberg, Baden, J. E. Daniels.
France—Sub-var. ductwosa in the Vosges, the Jura, aud Dauphiné (Bourguignat, Mal. Grande-Chartreuse, 1862, p. 32); Grande-Chartreuse in the Isére (Moquin- Tandon, op. cit.). The sub-var, nubigena in the high mountains near the zone of pines, especially in the Forest of Superbagnéres, Hautes Pyrenees (Bourg., op. cit.). The sub-var. entermedia, communal forest of St. Saulge, Niévre (Brevitre, op. cit.).
Switzerland—Sub-var. Juctuosa, Canton Valais (Simon & Béttger, Nachtbl., 1885, p. 53).
Italy—This, the typical form, is found in the Alps of Lombardy and Piedmont, descending also to the valleys ; it reaches its highest known habitat in Lombardy on Mont Cenis, at an elevation of 2,000 metres (about 6,555 feet); it was also found at Lambrate, Milan, by Bettoni. It has been recorded from Val della Dora Riparia, from Rivoli, from the Hills of Turin, and from between Calasca and Pestarena in the Val Anzasca in Piedmont; and from Vallombrosa, Tuscany. The sub-var. camerani is found in Piedmont at Maccugnaga, Val Anzasea, at an altitude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet). The sub-var. Juctuosa at Alagna in Val Sesia, Maccngnaga in Val Anzasca, Rivoli, and on the Hill of Turin (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.).
Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. ductuosa, Carlsbad (Béttger, Nachtbl., 1885, p. 56).
Spain—The sub-var. nubigena is found on the verge of perpetual snow on Mala- detta, near the Cirque of the Rencluze in Catalonia (Bourguignat, op. cit.) ; and in the Valle del Essera in Aragon (Fagot, Mal. Catal., 1884).
Sweden—Sub-var. intermedia, Ringerige, July 1868 (Malm, op. cit., p. 88).
Russia—Sub-var. razoumowsku at Konotop, Borozdna, and Nejin, in Tchernigov (Kaleniczenko, op. cit. ).
Var. maura Held, Isis, 1836, p. 271.
Limax maximus § niger Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 29. Limax maurus Held, in Isis, 1836, p. 271.
Limax lineatus var. niger Dum. & Mortil., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 13. - Limax cinereo-niger var. § Stabile, Moll. Piemonte, 1864, p. 22, pl. 1, f. 2. Limax cinereo-niger var. nigripes Stabile, Moll. Piemonte, 1864.
Limax cinereo-niger var. nalacologorum Colbeau, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1867, p. 73. Limax cinereo-niger var. niger Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 60, pl. 5, f. 12. Limax ater Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, 1789, p. 266-67.
Limax cinereus var. alpinus Held, in Isis, 1837, p. 306. |
Limax lineatus var. albipes Dum. & Mortil., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 13. Limax engadinensis Heyn., Mal. Bl., 1862, p. 204.
Limax maxinius var. leucogaster Mirch, Syn. Moll. Dania, 1864.
Limax montanus Leydig, Verhandl. Wurtt., 1871, p. 210.
Limax pirone Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 36, pl. 8, ff. 3, 6.
ANIMAL entirely black or blackish. Formula (321 123).
The form discriminated by Razoumowsky as Limax ater, as well as L. maxi- mus var. leucogaster Morch, L. cinereus var. alpinus Held, L. engadinensis Heyn., L. lineata var. albipes Dum. & Mortil., L. montanus Leydig, and L.
iron Pini, may be regarded as sub-varieties of the var. mara, in which the dark pigmentation still presents a juvenile or primitive character, as it has not yet, or only partially, spread to the side areas of the sole.
This variety is essentially alpine, and more especially characteristic of exposed, elevated, or northern regions, its sombre colouring being probably a response to the peculiarities of the environment; several forms, however, retain one or more of the external features of a remote ancestor.
62 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
Somerset N.—Cleeve Combe (Norman, Som. Moll., 1860, p. 139). Stafford—Shelbrook, Cannock Chase, June 1886! L. E. Adams. Merioneth—Bont-ddu, Dolgelly. July 1886 (F. G. Fenn, J. of C., July 1887, p. 198). Carnarvon—Llanbedrog, May 1901! C. Oldham.
York Mid W.—Shipley Glen, Sept. 1886! J. A. Hargreaves.
Germany—Fredrichsroda, Thuringia (E. von Martens, Jahrb. Dentsch. Mal. Ges., 1877, p. 214). Saxony, Dr. Collin (Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 60). The sub-var. montana, Ramsau, near Berchtesgaden; Isle of Herren, Chiemsee; Milseburg on the Rhine and Tubingen (Clessin, Exe. Moll. Fauna, 1884, p. 60).
France—Hante Savoie (Dum. & Mortil., op. cit.). Grande Chartreuse in the Isére (Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.). Plombieres-les-Bains in the Vosges (Bourg., Spic. Mal., 1862, p. 20). Jura and Danphiny (Bourg., Grande Chartreuse, 1862, p. 32).
Belgium—The sub-yar. malecologorum, the ruins of Salm-Chéteau, June 1867, (Colbeaun, op. cit.).
Switzerland—Snb.var. atin Raz., Bad Leuk, and on the Gemmi Pass, also at Einfischthal near Bad Lenk (Béttger, Nachtbl., 1885, p. 57). Jorat (Raz.,}.c.). The sub-var. engadinensis at St. Moritz, Grisons (Westerlund, Fanna Europ., 1876, p. 8).
Italy—The var. wrevra inhabits the elevated revion of the Alps; the loftiest known locality in Italy is in Piedmont on Monte Mucrone, at an altitude of 2,200 metres (abont 7,210 feet); other lofty stations in the same province are on Monte Cenisio; at Crissolo, in the Valle del Po; at Castelsee, and at Devero (Less. & Poll., Mon. Limae. Ital., 1882, p. 29). Thal von Thenaus, near Susa (Simon & Botteer, Nachtbl., 1884, p. 42). In Umbria, near Spoleto (Pantanelli, Bull. Soe. Mal. Ital., 1876). In Liguria, between Menton and Genoa, May 1890! J. E. Somerville. The sub-var. pironce on the Hill of Tenda and Monte Codena, also at Groseavallo, Valle di Lanza, in Lombardy (Less. & Poll., op. cit., . 27).
The specimens from Orvieto in Umbria (Marchese Paulueci) and from Chiara- monti, Sardinia (Dr. Falchi) had the foot-sole pale and merely margined with black (Lessona & Pollonera, 1.c.).
Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. engadinensis, Transylvania (Westerlund, op. cit., p.8).
Norway—Very common in Christiania, Christiansand, and Hamar Stifts ; also at Aafjorden, Vigten, Leké, aud Rédd, in Trondjhem Stift; and Grété in Amt of Nordland. Sub-var. leucogaster, Laurvik and other places in Christiania Stift (Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886, p. 100).
Sweden—Snb-var. niger, Gunnebo and Ljungskile ; Nerike (Hartmann), Stock- holm (‘Thedenius) (Malm, op. cit., p. 61).
Russia—South Finlandand Aland Isles, Nordenskiold and Nylander (Malm, op. cit.)
Var. eporediensis Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 1, pl. 2, f. 18. Limax subalpinus B cporediensis Lessona, op. cit.
Bovy uniformly black; sure.p blackish, sprinkled with whitish spots. Formula (321 123). Internal shill large, concave, and sinistral.
This variety, of which apparently only one specimen has been found, has, judging by its extremely abnormal shell, been of sinistral organization, with the respiratory and other orifices on the left side.
A
Not hitherto found in the British Isles. y Fic. poe teles oe é . UMHaAN Cporeaie: Italy—Andrate above Ivrea, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., — (after Lessona).
op. cit., p. 37).
FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR CINEREOUS. Var. cinerea Moy.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1854, ii., p. 29. Limax cinereus a Miller, Verm. Hist., 1774, p. 5.
Limax maxinus X cinerea Moq,.-Tand., op. cit. Limax strobeli Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 22, pl. w, ff. 11, 12.
ANIMAL entirely cinercous, or ash-coloured ; SHIELD bluish-black. _ The swh-var. strobeli of Pini differs in the ash-colour of the body being tinged
with yellowish, and the keel paler.
Galway—Killereran (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1843, p. 333).
France—Distributed throughont the country, and also reported from Bastia in Corsica (Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limac., 1855, p. 2).
Italy—The sub-var. sfrobe/i at Maceugnaya, Val Anzasca, Piedmont, at an alti- tude of 1,323 metres (about 4,340 feet) (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Not rare about Esino, and in the Valle del Varone, near.Premana in Lombardy (Pini, op. cit. ).
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 63
/ FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR YELLOW. Var. flavescens Westerlund, Moll. Svec., ii. ANIMAL yellow or yellowish. Sweden—Westerlund (op. cit.).
Var. transilvanica Heynemann, Mal. BL, 1862, p. 216. Limax transilvanica Heynemann, op. cit. Limax dacampi var. sordellii Rettoni, Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 164, pl. iv., ff. 2, 2a. Limax dacampi 6 calderinti Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 2¥, pl. i.,ff. 11-13. Limax corsicus gestri ™ nigrozonatus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 40. Limax dacampi reniert ¢ calderinii Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 33.
KEEL and mid-dorsal-line yellow or ochreous, with a darker zone on each side of the body. Formula 001 100.
The var. transilvanica sensu stricto, las the keel-line and mantle pale, the body suffused with brown, and the dark lateral-band continned to the shield.
The sub-var. ealderinii has the golden-yellow keel, but the median-line is con- tinued to the shield as a series of spots, and gradually blends with the reddish-brown tint of the sides ; the black lateral band is resolved into a series of spots, and the shield is paler than the body in colour. 2
The sub-var. nigrozonata has the keel and mid-line also golden-yellow, sides of hody yellowish-ash colour, back fuscous, with the lateral-zone black.
The sub-var. sordellii, although somewhat obscurely described by Lessona & Pollonera, appears to have the keel and dorsal line yellow ; sides of body ash-colourei, confusedly zoned, and irregularly albo-maculate; shield ash-coloured.
Italy—The var. calderinit is found at Varallo, in Val Sesin, Piedmont (Lessona, op. cit.). The sub-var. nigrozonata at Busalla, Piedmont. and at Genoa, Liguria; and the sub-var. sordcllii at Pavia in Lombardy (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.).
Austro-Hungary—The var. ¢ransilvanicu is found at Hermannstadt, Neustadt, and many other localities in Transylvania (Clessin, Moll. 1887, p. 39).
Var. punctata Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 21, pl. i., f. 10. Limax dacampi var. elegans Bettoni, Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 165, pl. iv., ff. 3, 3a. Limax dacanpi a punctata Lessona, op. cit. Limax dacampt 3 sulphurea Lessona, op. cit., f. 7. Limax dacampt menegazsit B punctatus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 32. Limax dacampi renieri 0 sulphureus Less, & Poll., op. cit., p. 33. Limax corsicus var. gestri Lessona, op. cit., p. 17, pl. 1, f. 4. Limax corsicus gestri Pp pulcher Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p- 41. Limax perosinit monregalensis Y venustissimus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 43, pl. 1, f. 3.
KEEL and median-line yellow, with two darker zones at each side of the body. Formula 021 120. The var. venastissima retains when adult the variegated shield of juvenile life.
The var. punctata sensu stricto, has a pale yellow keel and the median-line con- tinned as a series of yellowish markings to the shield; sides of the body fuscous state oe ga by grey, but leaving the fuscous body tint visible in places; a few rounded black or dark-grey spots represent the inner and main bands; caudal end of sides of body and foot-fringe dark-grey ; shield uniformly dark-coloured,
Lessona’s figure can scarcely be considered as accurately representing this variety.
The sub-var. sulphurea has the median-line sulphur-yellow and extending only half the length of the body; shield brown, with few black spots on its anterior margin.
The sub-var. pulehra has the yellow keel continued as a broad yellow zone quite up to the shield ; the yellowish tint of the sides of the body is overspread by grey, leaving a series of yellowish spots beneath the main-band ; the dark inner and main bands are distinguishable by the darker suinmits of the sinuate tubercles.
Mr. Roebuck has seen a British form of the sub-var. pudchra with ochreous median- line, dark-brown shield and body, and continuous main and inner bands.
The sub-var. elegans has the yellow keel line interrupted with black, and is possibly a form of this variety, but it has not been precisely described.
The sub-var. venustissima has the sides of the body an ashy-white, the margins blackish-grey, the lateral bands much broken-up into very irregular spots ; side- areas of sole blackish-grey ; shield pale sulphur-yellow marbled with black.
Sutherland E.—Snb-var. pudchra, Brora, Sept. 1884! W. Baillie.
Cork S.—Var. punctata, Lord Bantry’s demesne, Glengarilf, May 1891! R. F. Scharff.
Italy—The vars. punctata and sulphurea have been found at Varallo in Val Sesia, Piedmont ; the sub-var. pudchra at Busalla, Piedmont, and at (senoa in Liguria ; the sub-var. elegans at Biumo near Varese in Lombardy ; and the sub-var. venustis- sima at Mondovi, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
64 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
Var. nigricans Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 22. Limax dacampi rentert £ nigricans Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 33. Limax dacampi Y nigricans Lessona, op. cit. r Limax corsicus bonellii T flavoniger Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 41, Limax corsicus bonellii @ olivaceus Less. & Poll., op. cit.
KEEL and median-line yellow, and extending to the shield ; sides of body with two darker bands on each side. Formula (32)1] 1(23).
The var. nigricans sensu stricto, has the sides of body black, keel yellow, and the mid-line to the shield broken up into yellow spots and showing a single series of sub-dorsal yellow spots on each side. : :
The sub-var. flavo-nigra has the yellow dorsal-zone extending up to the shield.
The sub-var. olivacea has olive-brown sides, with the keel, median-line, and a sub-dorsal series of spots lemon-yellow.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
Italy—The var. nigricans is found at Varallo in Val Sesia, Piedmont. The sub- var. nigrozonata has been recorded from Busalla, Val Scrivia, Piedmont, and at Genoa in Liguria. The sub-vars. olivacea and flavonigra are from Busalla and the Hills of Turin, and also from Liguria (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. atrata Bett., Bull. Malac. Ital., 1870, p. 165, pl. iti., ff. 44a.
Limax dacampi var. atrata Bettoni, op. cit.
Limax dacampi renieri Y atratus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 32. Limax corsicus bonellii o aterrimus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 41.
Limax corsicus bonellit y citrinus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 41.
KEEL and mid-dorsal-line yellow ; body and SHIELD more or less unicolorous. Formula (321) (123). .
The var. atrata sensu stricto, has the keel and dorsal-zone sulphur-yellow, sides of the body greyish-fuscous, with blackish rugosities, and blackish shield.
The sub-var. aterrima has the keel yellow, and body and shield very black.
The sub-var. eitrina has the keel lemon-yellow, and only extending half the length of the body, which is of an olive-brown.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
Italy—The var. atrata is recorded by Bettoni from road between Perledo and Regoledo in Lombardy ; the sub-var. citrina from the Hills of Turin, Piedmont, and Liguria; the sub-var. aterrima from the Hills of Turin, Piedmont, and Liguria, and by Marchese Paulucci from Lucca in Tuscany (Less. & Poll., l.c.).
Var. efasciata Dumont & Mortillet, Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 13.
Limax lineatus var. efasctatus Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Limax cinereus var. pavesti Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 23, pl. 2, ff. 9, 10. Limax maximus var. calosoma His. & Stuxb. (Westerlund, Faun. Europ., 1876, p. 8). Limax cinereo-niger var. minimus Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Comp. Anat., 1898, p. 2. ANIMAL with the fundamental body colour overspread with brownish or brown. Formula (321 123). The var. efasciata sensu stricto, is described as entirely brown without bands. The sub-var. pavesii, fuscous-chestnut, sole rosy-white with bluish-grey margins. The sub-var. minima is ashy-fuscous, with the side-areas of the sole cinereous. The sub-var. calosoma is of an obscure olivaceous tint; shield black. Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles. France—Var. cfasciat, Haute Savoie (Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.). Italy-—Sub-var, paresii in Lombardy, between Tartavalle and Bellano, Aug. 1873 (Pini, op. cit.) ; in Piedmont at an moh of 1,872 metres (about 6,135 feet), at Devoro, in Val d’Antigorio, and in Tuscany at Novoli, near Florence, Marchese Paulnceci (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 29). The var. cfasciata has been found at Alagna, Val Sesia (Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, p. 21). Corsica—Sub-var. minima, Vizzavona, Signor Caziot (Pollonera, op. cit.).
FUNDAMENTAL BODY-COLOUR RED. Var. rufescens Moy.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1854, ii., p. 29, pl. iv., f. 7.
Limax maximus 7 rufescens Moq.-Tand., op. cit.
Limax erythrus Bourg., Mal. Grande Chartreuse, 1864, p. 31, pl. 2, ff. 1-8. Limax dacampi T monocromus Less. & Poll., Monog, Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 34. Limax corsicus doriw X sanguineus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 39.
ANIMAL red or reddish. The var. rufescens sensu stricto, is entirely of a reddish colour. The sub-var. sanguinea is pale reddish with the keel and neighbouring rug red.
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 65
The sub-var. monocroma is entirely red, with side areas of sole fuscous.
The sub-var. erythra is deep red, with lateral blackish clouding on shield.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
France—Vav. rufescens Mogq., environs of Paris (Moq.-Tand., op. cit.). Sub-var. erythra, Alps, near Grande-Chartreuse in Isére (Bourg., op. cit.).
Italy—Sub-var. sanguinea Less. & Poll., Hills of Turin, Piedmont and Liguria (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Sub-var. monocroma Less. & Poll., Balabio, near Valsas- sina in Lombardy (Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 28).
Austro-Hungary—Var. rufescens, Prague (Slavik, Moll. Bélimen, 1869, p. 92).
Var. fabrei Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 26. Limax corsicus 8 fabrei Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax d ypt var. lincolata Bett., Bull. Mal. Ital., 1870, p. 161, pl. 3, f. 1. Limax bielzii Seibert, Mal. BI., 1873, p. 195. Limax dacampi 1 rufescens Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 22, pl. 1, ff. 14, 15. Limax corsicus y senensis Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 38. Limax corsicus callichrous 0 hybridus Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p. 40. Limax corsicus callichrous & versicolor Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p. 40.
KEEL and median-line red ; with a single dark zone on each side of the body. The formula is001 100. The vars. versicolor and hybrida of L. & P. differ from the typical fabret in the persistence at maturity of the variegated colouring of the shield.
The var. fabrei sensu stricto, has the keel reddish, the sides of the body greyish- ochreous, with one brown band on each side.
The sub-var. monolineolata is pale-reddish, keel and median-line red, with fuscous back, and a row of black spots on each side.
The sub-var. rufescens of Lessona has the keel of a vivid red, a unicolorous red- dish body, paler on the sides, and the single row of black spots at each side is confined to the caudal end of the body.
The sub-var. senensis has the body and shield pale chestnut, the body sub- fasciate, the keel pale red, and the side areas of the sole flesh-coloured.
The sub-var. bielzii has the red keel extending to the shield, the sides of the body flesh-coloured, though sometimes found of a yellow or whitish colour, and the dark band is continued up to the shield.
The sub-var. hybrida has a fuscous body, red keel, and the red dorsal rugee arranged linearly ; shield black, irregularly maculate with a vinous colour. :
The sub-var. versicolor has the keel red, body yellowish with a blackish zone on each side; shield black with vinous-yellow spots.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
Corsica—Var. fabrei, near Bastelica, Sept. 1852 (Moq.-Tandon, op. cit.); Orezza, Signor Bedriaga (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.) ; Corte, Toga, and Bastia, Signor Caziot (Pollonera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Anat., 1898, p. 2).
Italy—The sub-var. monolineolata is recorded from Milan, Pavia, and Bellagio, on the Lake of Como, by Bettoni, and by Pini from near Valsassina. The sub-var. rufescens is from Varallo in Val Sesia, Piedmont. The sub-var. senensis was found at Siena. Tuscany, by Marchese Paulucci. The sub-var. versicolor is found in the Alps of Liguria, and the sub-var. hybrida at Genoa (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.).
Austro-Hungary—The sub-var. bielzii, Moravia and Styria (Clessin, Moll., 1887). Var. villze Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 28, pl. a, ff. 2, 3.
Limax cinereo-niger var. ville Pini, op. cit. _
Limax dacampi € maculata Lessona, Moll. Piemonte, 1880, p. 22, pl. 1, f. 6. Limax dacampi § pallescens Lessona, l.c., ff. 8, 9. 7
Limax callichrous var. cruentus Lessona, op. cit., p. 18, pl. 1, ff. 1-3.
Limax dacampi v ville Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 35. Limax corsicus isselit 4, seriatus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 40.
Limax perosinii Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 42.
Limax perosinii cruentus B formosissimus Less. & Poll., op. cit., pl. 1, f.2.
KEEL and mid-line red, two rows of black maculations on each side of the body. Formula 021 120. The sub-vars. cruenta and formosissima are earlier forms of this variety, characterized by the ancient feature of a distinctly maculate shield.
The var. ville sensu stricto, has the keel and summits of the ruge blood-red, and the general tint of the body reddish; two rows of irregular black spots on each side, most of which are longitudinally split, forming paired series of smaller spots.
The sub-var. maculata has a darker rufous body and less richly coloured ruge.
The sub-var. eruenta, which is synonymous with L. perosinit, has the body rufous, with keel and summits of rugosities red, and two rows of irregular black spots on each side; side-areas of sole blue-black; shield reddish marbled with black.
66 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
The sub-var. palleseens of Lessona is probably only a young form of sub-var. maculata, in which the shield has slight grey cloudings anda few irregular black spots at its hinder margin, and although described as possessing three rows of black spots on each side, the figure shows that the irregular spots are longitudinally split and simulate additional rows, as in var. ri//re.
The sub-var. seriata differs chiefly from the var. vé// s.s., in the black spots not heing longitudinally split.
The sub-var. formosissima differs from var. cruenta in the bluish-black fringe, the more sparingly maculate shield, and the described presence of two or three rows of black spots on each side (the illustrative figure, however, shows only a single row at each side, though possibly intended to show two).
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
Italy—The var. ei//e is found near Esino, in Lombardy ; and the sub-vars. wecere- lata and pallescens have been found together at an altitude of 490 metres (about 1,600 feet), at Varallo, in Val Sesia, Piedmont, The sub-var. seriata has been found at Busalla in Piedmont; at Genoa in Liguria; and by the Marchese Panlucci at Lucea in Tuscany. The sub-var. eruenta was found at an altitude of 650 metres (about 2,130 feet) above Garessio, in the Maritime Alps, Piedmont; the sub-var. formosissima was found by Signor Perosino, near Mondovi, at Vicoforte, altitude 550 metres (about 1,800 feet), and at S. Guiseppe dei Revelli (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. callichroa Bourg., Spic. Mal., 1861, p. 21. Limax callichrous Bourg., op. cit. Limax cinereo-niger var. gualtierti Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 92, pl. a, ff. 8-9. Limax dacampi 0 gualtierii Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital , 1882, p. 34. Limax corsicus isselii & arthuri Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 40, pl. 1, f. 5. Limax corsicus isselii v sonatus Less. & Poll., op. cit.
KEL and median-line red; with three dark bands on each side. Formula 321 123.
The var. callichroa s.st., has the sides of the body yellow, the two upper dark bands black and continuous, and the outer or lower band reduced to spots ; shield vinous-yellow marbled with black. It is really a primitive form, the marbled shield being retained throughout life.
The var. gualtierii is fuscous with a violet tinge, becoming blackish dorsally, but showing a longitudinal red line between the main and outer bands, and traces of a second red line between the main and inner bands; shield earthy-brown,
The sub-var. zonata differs from the var. qualtivréi in having the red keel and mid-line, and also the two red lines at each side of the body extending up to the shield, the intervening spaces being black and the shield brown.
The sub-var. arthuri differs from the preceding only in the disintegration of the red and black colouring, partially due to the red and black pigments both being restricted to the summits of the rugosities.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Tslos,
Italy—The sub-var. qua/tirrii occurs in Esino, Lombardy ; the sub-vars. arthuri and zonete at Busalla, in Piedmont, and Genoa in Liguria (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
France—Var. e//ichrod, the Alpes Maritimes (Bonrg., op. cit.).
Var. dacampi Menegazzi, Mal. Veron., 1854, p. 68, p. 1, ff 1-4. Limax georraphicus Renier, Prodr. Vermt Adriatico, 1804. Limax dacampi Menegazzi, op. cit. Limax carulans var. dacampi Strobel, Essai, etc., 1857, p. 11. Limax maximus var. rufescens Stabile, Moll. Terr. Piem., 1864. Limax dacampi var. trilinolata Bett., Bull. Mal. Iral., 1870, p. 163, pl. 3, ff. 3, 3a, Limay dacampé var. /usca Vett., le., pl. iv., M1, 1a. Limax corsicus doria 1 fuscus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 39. Limax corsicus doriw ¢ rubro-notatus Less. & Poll., lc.
Kern and median line red; with two darker zones at each side of the body. The formula being (32)1 1(23).
Though the name geographicus of Renier is probably the oldest name for this form, it has not been adopted as his description is so very inadequate,
The var, dacampi sensu stricto, has the keel and median-line red, with two black zones at each side, showing the reddish sides of the body as a reddish longitudinal zone on each side; shield brownish-red.
The sub-var. fusea of Less, & Poll. differs from var. deeampi in the paler red of the keel-line and lateral bands, and in the fuscous tint of the sides and nou
The sub-var. trilineolata has fuscous-brown sides and shield, and darker dorsal ruge; the red ground showing ab the keel and as two lateral bands at the caudal end, but becoming obscured by the body-colour as they approach the shield.
BABACiIan Wall.
LIMAN CINEREO-NIGER WOLE.
2—L. cinereo-niger var. pallescens, p. 59
3.—L. cinerco-niger var. cinerea, p. 62.
j.—L. cinereo-niger sub.-var. erythya, p. 65
1.—L. cinereo niger var, punctata, p. 63.
|
12.—L. ctnereo-niger sub.-var. dortae, p. 67.
LL. cinereo-miger var. vera, p. 59
7.—L. cinereo-niger sub.-var. gualticnt, p. 66. 14.—L. cinereo-niger vay. callichroa, p. 06
15.—L. cinerco-niger var ornata, p. bo.
JW. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds.
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 67
The sub-var. fusea of Bettoni is identical with sub-var. trilineolata except that the anterior end of the keel-line and also the whole length of the red lateral bands are interrupted by the brownish tint, and form three series of red spots.
The sub-var. pubro-notata Less. & Poll. has a blackish body, the red keel-line continued up to the shield, and the red lateral band on each side resolved into spots.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
Italy—The var. dacampi s.st., according to Lessona, exists in Venetia, Lom- hardy, East Piedmont, and Emilia, but does not pass the Appenines, and is therefore absent from Tuscany. It does not range to so great an altitude as typieal e/nero- niger, the most lofty locality being Prestine, Valle del? Ovlio, 800 metres above the sea (about 2,710 feet) in Lombardy ; it has also been found at Varesotto and Valsas- sina. In Venetia it has been recorded from Verona, Peschiera, and Gorgo; and in Piedmont from Cigognola, Stradella, and Guasta. The sub-var. trilincolate is found - at Bellagio, and near Portone, Lombardy, and in Piedmont, Liguria, and Tuscany ; the sub-var. rubro-notata at Bellagio in Lombardy, on the Hills of Turin, and at Busalla in Piedmont, in Liguria, and in Tuscany. The sub-var. fusca Bettoni is found at Regoledo in Lombardy; while the sub-var. fuscw Less. & Poll. is from Liguria, and the Hills of Turin, and Busalla in Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. corsica Mogq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, 11., p. 26, pl. 3, ff. 10-18.
Limax corsicus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Limax dorie Bourg., Spicil. Mal., 1862, p. 23, pl. 15.
Limax cinereo-niger var. taccanii Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876, p. 91, pl. a, ff. 6-7. Limax cinereo-niger var. turatii Pini, op cit., p. 9a. pl. B, ff. 7. 8.
Limax dacampi & pinti Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 34. Limax corsicus doriw € lineatus Less. & Poll., op. cit., p. 39.
Limax corsicus dorie § simplex Less. & Poll., op. cit.
Limax corsicus doric , pallescens Less. & Poll., op. cit.
Limzx corsicus durie ¢ brunneus Less. & Poll., op. cit.
KEEL and median line red; sides of body and SHIELD more or less unicolorons. The formula is (321) (123).
The var. corsiea sensu stricto, being first described and therefore giving the name to this variety, is an aberrant example of the red-keeled form ; the keel, though red- dish, is not strongly coloured, and the sides of the body are ochreous-yellow tinged or overspread with grey ; this bleaching of the body colours is also shown by
The sub-var. turatii of Pini, in which although the keel is bright red, the sides of the body are pale ashy-rufous, and the side areas of the sole are not darkened.
The sub-var. dorize Bourg., which more characteristically represents this variety, has an almost uniformly black hody and blood-red keel, a line of which colour extends quite to the shield ; the var. pinti Less. & Poll. is practically identical.
The sub-var. lineata Less. & Poll. differs in the sides of the body being blackish.
The sub-var. simplex Less. & Poll. is the same, Jt the red keel only extends half-way to the shield; figured by Bourguignat, Spic. Mal., 1862, pl. 16, ff. 4, 5, 8.
The sub-var. bpunnea Less. & Poll. has the red keel and mid-line, but the body and shield are chestnut-brown ; also fignred by Bourguignat, ].c¢., f. 9.
The sub-var. pallescens Less. & Poll. has the body and shield pale rufous- brown, with red keel and mid-line, and is also figured by Bourguignat, Le , f. 7.
The sub-var. taceanii Pini only differs from characteristic sub-var. dori in the sides of the body and shield being of an earthy-brown colour and the suffusion of the mid-area of the sole with a yellowish-rosy tint.
Not hitherto recorded for the British Isles.
France—The sub-var. dori has been found in the environs of Nice and Menton, Alpes Maritimes (Bourg., Annales Mal., 1870, p. 135).
Italy—The sub-var. dori has been recorded from beneath bushes on the east side of the Vorbergs, near Bellagio, in Lombardy (Poulsen, Nachbl., 1872, p. 23), Savona, Finale, about Genoa especially near Pegli, in Liguria, also at Montferrat, the hills about Turin, and the Val Serivia, at Busalla, in Piedmont; and as var. pinti from Valsassina, near Pasturo, in Lombardy. The sub-vars. simplex and lineata have been found at Busalla and on the Hills of Turin in Piedmont, in Liguria, and in Tuscany ; sub-vars. pallescens and sanguinea at Busalla and on the Hills of Turin in Piedmont, and in Liguria; sub-var. drunnea in Liguria; and sub-vars. taceauii and turatit at Esino, Lombardy (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.).
Bourguignat records as Limax dacampi var., a sub-variety with black sides, and greyish mid-line with red tuberculation, from Orbeletto, in the province of Rome.
Corsica—The var. corsica sensu stricto, Bastelica, Sept. 1852 (Moquin-Tandon, l.e.), Orezza, Signor Bedriaga (Lessona & Pollonera, L¢.)., Corte, Toga, and Bastia, Signor Caziot (Pollonera, Bull. Mus. Comp. Anat., 1898, p. 2).
Sardinia—The var. corsica, north of the island, Signor Gené (Less. & Poll., 1.c.).
68 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
Geographical Distribution. — Limaa cinereo-niger is widely and somewhat irregularly distributed, especially in the British Isles, and although the area occupied in continental Europe is fairly compact, the stations are usually more or less montane, and therefore to a large degree discontinuous, as it is frequently absent from the valleys and open grounds.
Its north-European range has been carefully worked out with especial reference to that of Limar maximus, and it is found to extend markedly beyond that of the latter species. In Norway, Esmark & Hoyer have fore- shadowed its occurrence at Moskenaes, in Lofoten, 68° 6’ north latitude, while recording it as very common at Gréto in Nordland, which is 67° 49’ north latitude, and far beyond the known range of habitation of Limaz maximus. In Sweden, it has been chronicled by A. Luther as existing at Funasdal, in Hiirjedal, 62° 30’ north latitude ; while in Finland, according to the same author, it is tolerably common in the south-west, and reaches as high as 64° 30’ north latitude at Kivesvaara, in Paltamo, whereas LZ. ma.vi- mus in that country is restricted to the neighbourhood of Helsingfors.
In the south of Europe, although a like discriminatory series of observa- tions is not available, Fischer records that in the Pyrenees the Limar maximus only attains an altitude of 1,200 metres (about 3,930 feet), while the present species, according to Bourguignat, reaches in the same region
almost to the snow-line.
Geographical Distribution of Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.
WERE Recorded Distribution. |
Probable Range. Bite j
08
ENGLAND AND WALES. PENINSULA. Somerset N.—Var. maura, Cleeve Combe (Norman, Som. Moll., 1860, p. 139).
CHANNEL. Sussex W.—Up Park, Aug. 1886! with var. ornate! W. Jeffery. Oxford—Var. vera (W. E. Collinge, Oxfordshire list, 1891).
THAMES.
. SEVERN. Warwick—Sub-var. /urtuosa, Sutton Park, July 1899! H. Overton. Stafford—Var. mani and sub-var. luctuosa under a log, Shelbrook, Cannock
Chase, near Stafford, June 3, 1886! Lionel E. Adams. Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! Baker Hudson.
LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER. 69
SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Sub-var. Juctuosa, Bridgend, July 1891! G. K. Gude.
: NORTH WALES. Merioneth—Bont-ddu, near Dolgelly, July 1886! F. G. Fenn.
Carnarvon—Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, May 1898, C. Oldham, J. of Conch., vol. ix., p. 211. Var. maura, Llanbedrog, May 1901! C. Oldham.
Denbigh—On the Denbighshire side of the river Conway near Bettws-y-Coed and Trefriw, May 1898 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., vol. ix., p. 211).
Lincoln S.—Careby Wood, June 1903! E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. TRENT.
Lincoln N.—Cadney, Sept. 1901! (E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock, Nat., Dec. 1901).
Derby—Chapel-en-le-Frith, July 1897 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., vol. viii., p. 433). Not uncommon on the Derbyshire bank of the Goyt, May 1899! C. Oldham.
. : i wa MERSEY. Cheshire—Appears restricted to the hilly region in the east of the county ; not
uncommon about Romiley, Compstall, and Marple in the Goyt Valley, and Wincle in the Dane Valley, under bark of fallen ash trees in wood, May 1899! C. Oldham.
: HUMBER. York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Newtondale, Aug. 1886! W. Coates. Hayburn
Wyke, Ang. 189t! F. W. Fierke. Sub-var. ductuosa, by Mill Beck, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1888! W.D.R. Var. maura, Roppa plantation, Bilsdale, alt. 900 feet, Aug. 1893! and sub-var. Juctuosa and type, Wass Bank, Hambleton escarpment, 800 feet alt., Sept. 1892! W. D. Roebuck.
York S.E.—Var. maura, Brantinghanithorpe, May 1901! J. E. Crowther.
York S W.—Sub-var. luctwosa, Skelmanthorpe, May 13, 1897! F. Lawton.
York Mid W.—Banks of Lindley Wood Reservoir, July 1885! W.D.R. Sub- var. luctuosa, Shipley Glen, Oct. 1883! W. West. Var. maura, Shipley Glen, Sept. 1886! J. A. Hargreaves.
York N.W.—Sub-var. luctwosa, Helm Ghyll, Dentdale, May 1899! J. E. Crowther. Searth Nick, Wensleydale, May 1888! John Braim. LAKES.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Roadside between Water Yeat and Lake Bank, Sept. 6, 1902 (S. L. Petty, Nat., Nov. 1902, p. 366).
SCOTLAND. EAST LOWLANDS. Edinburgh—Sub-var. Juctuosa, Roslin woods, April 1898! W. Evans. Forfar—Den of Airlie, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright. EAST HIGHLANDS.
Perth S. and Clackmannan—Loch Ard, April 1897, G. McDougall. Perth Mid—Drummond Hill near Kenmore, Loch Tay, May 1892! W. Evans. Easterness—Pine wood, Nethy Bridge, Inverness, July 1887! J. E. Somerville. Banff—Glentiddach, alt. 800 feet, July 1891 ! Rev. G. Gordon. Elgin—Cromdale, 25th August, 1891! W. Evans. WEST HIGHLANDS. Clyde Isles—Glen Rosa, Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans.
NORTH HIGHLANDS. Sutherland E.—Common, Blue Rock, near Loch Brora, June 1884! W. Baillie.
: IRELAND. ULSTER. Derry—-Walworth Wood, J. N. Milne, as L. hedleyi (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1895). [Monaghan]—Recorded in error, Census British Moll., 1902. Tyrone—Altadiavol, type and var. maura, July 1886! and Derrygore, May 1887! W. F. de Vismes Kane. : Donegal—Sub-var. Zuctwosa, Ray Wood, Rathmullan, July 1903! J. N. Milne and R. Welch. Recorded as L. hedleyi from the same locality (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1894). Dublin—Scalp, Dublin Mountains, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. LEINSTER. Wicklow —Powerscourt, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Carlow—Near Carlow, 1890, A. G. Stuart. Queen’s Co.—Spire Hill (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 203). f CONNAUGHT. Sligo—Near Markree Castle, Sligo, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. MUNSTER. Waterford—Glenabbey, type and var. maura, Sept. 1886! AH. Delap. Cork—R. Ball (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1843, p. 334). ; Kerry—Upper Lake, Killarney, June 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Glengariff (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 518).
GERMANY. Is found in many parts of Germany, but is chiefly restricted to the forests, and has been recorded from Alsace, Altenburg, Bavaria, Baden, Brandenburg, Coburg,
Lower Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Lorraine, Nassau, Osnabruck, Oldenburg,
East Pomerania, Rhineland, Saxony, Schleswig, Upper Silesia, Thuringia, Weimar, Westphalia, and Wurtemburg. :
26/7/03 E
70 LIMAX CINEREO-NIGER.
NETHERLANDS. Holland—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 247). Belgium—Brabant, Hainault, Luxembourg, Namur, and the Ardennes. FRANCE. ci Almost exclusively restricted to the vicinity of the mountains of the Vosges, Jura, Auvergne, Alpes Maritimes, and the Pyrenees, and is apparently absent from the plains, but is reported from Pinistere in the extreme north-west. It has been recorded from Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Aube, Cote @Or, Finistere, Hérault, Isere, Marne, Nievre, Oise, Puy-de-Dome, Haute Savoie, Seine et Oise, Seine et Marne, Hautes Pyrénées, Var, and the Island of Corsica. SWITZERLAND, — The cantons of Berne, Grisons, Lucerne, St. Gall, Solothurn, and the Valais. ITALY. The higher ground up to 2,200 metres (about 7,200 feet) in Piedmont, Liguria, Emilia, Tuscany, Rome, Lombardy, Venetia, and in the Island of Sardinia. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Has been noticed in Austria, Bohemia, Upper Carinthia, Carniola, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Moravia, Silesia, Styria, Transylvania, and Tyrol. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain— Eastern provinces (Kreglinger, Cat., 1870, p. 22 BALKAN PENINSULA. Bosnia—Nemila (Burttger, Jalirb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 18: Montenegro—-Buidua (Clessin, Nachrichtsblatt, 1885, p. 179). Servia—Serpentinberge (Mollendoril, Mal. BL, 1873, p. 130). SCANDINAVIA. Norway—Extends to and is very common about Grito in Nordland, 67° 49’ north latitude (Esmark & Hoyer, Moll. Arvet. Norw., 1885, p. 98). Sweden— Throughout the country as far north as Punasdal, about 62° 30’ north latitude (Luther, Finland list, 1901, p. 45). Denmark—Common in the beech woods (Malm, Skand. Limac., 1868, p. 59). RUSSTA. Found in the districts or provinces of Finland, Courland, Esthland, Livland, Moscow, Kharkov, Tehernigoy, Crimea, and the Caucasus.
ATLANTIC ISLES. Madeira—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 286).
Fic. 83.—A charac teristic locality of Lima cinerco-niger, in the Goyt Valley, near Whaley Bridge, March 1903 (photo. by Mr. Baddeley), ;
Prats VIII. Distribution of L. cinereo-niger Wolf
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles,
ENGLAND AND WALES. SCOTLAND. Channel Isles SOUTIL WALES Co W. LOWLANDS E. IIGHLANDS: PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan 72 Dumfries 93 AberdeeuN. 1 Cornwall W, 42 Brecon nz Ge 73 Kirkeudbright 94 Bantt 2 Cornwall E. 43 Radnor 74 Wigtown 95 Blygin 3 Devous 44 Carmarthen C4 75 Ayr 96 Ensterness 4 Devon N 45 Pembroke ° 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset 5, 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somer NORTIL WALES. . E. LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle € 7 Montgomery 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 7 Wilts N. Merioneth 79 Selkirk 1v0 Clyde Isles 8 Wilts Ss, 9 Carnarvon @ §0 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 9 Dorset Denbigh 81 Berwick 102 E 10 Isle of Wight Flint ee 82 Haddington 103 11 Hants 2 Anglesey Wu oly 83 Edinburgh 104 E 12 Hants N. TRENT "? 84 Linlithgow N, WIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincolu 8. E. HIGHLANDS 105 loss W. 14 Sussex BE. i 85 Fife & Kinross 106 THAMES stirling 107.8 5 Kent E, 87 PerthsS.& Clkn 108 6 Kent W. 8 Mid Perth 109 Surrey Perth N. > Yorfar 110 Hebrides
Kincardine 11 Orkne 2 Aberdeen 8. — 112 Sheth:
3 Herts
Middlesex ee serks. Eg. York 23 Oxford .E. York 3 IRELAND. Bucks. 5.W. York ULSTER Mid W. York
113 Derry 1i4 Antrim
63 N.W. York . . TYNE é e. 115 Down Dublin 66 Durham O 116 Armagh 5 Wildare Norfolk W. 67 Northumb, 8. 117 Monaghan i nbridge 68 Cheviotland 118 Tyrone 30 Bedford LAKES 119 Donegal 31 Hunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh
and L. Lanes, 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man
121 Cavan
ling’s Co. Westmeath Longford CONNAUGHT Roscommon Leitrim
ster E. Gloucester W Moumouth 5 Heretord 7 Wor
Stafford 40 Salop
Galway E. MUNSTER re
Probable Range. Recorded Distribution. GME Distribution verified by the Authors.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 71
Limax tenellus Miiller (em. Nilsson).
1774 Limax tenellus Miiller, Verm. terr. et fluv., ii, p. 11, no. 210.
1822. —_ tenellus Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Sveciie, p. 11. 1848 —- serotinus Schrenk, Land u. Sussw. Livlands. 1849 — cereus Held, Land Moll. Bayern, p. 15.
1852 — fulvus Normand, Desc. Limac. Nouv., p. 7. 1852. —_ sylvaticus Dum. & Mortill., Moll. Savoie, p. 10. 1862 cinctus Heynemaun, Mal. BI., viii., p. 101.
1868 Malacolimax tenellus Malm, Skand. Limae., p. 66, pl. iii., ff. 7-7f. 1869 Arion tenellus Letourneux, Moll. Vendée, p. 7. 1882 Agriolimax tenellus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limae. Ital., p. 45, pl. i., f. 7.
ISTORY.—Limav tenellus (tenellus, very slender or delicate) was first discrimin- ated by Miiller, whose name is accepted by Nilsson, the obvious error in the mea- surement being disregarded.
Heynemann, however, is of opinion that Miiller’s Lima tenellus is really an Arion, but ascribes to the tenellus of Nilsson the Lima succineus, L. flavus, and Z. cinctus, all of Miller, the Z. sac- cineus and L. flavus bemg referred to the unicolorous, and ZL. e7netus to the banded form.
He also regards the Limaa collinus Normand and the Lima aureus Gmelin as probably also referable to this species.
he late Dr. A. W. Malm, the eminent
Swedish naturalist, with whom the pre-
sent species has been associated, was so
greatly impressed with its characters
that he instituted a new genus, Alala-
colimax, for its reception, based upon the soft body, the tricuspid median-tooth, and the di-ectoconic marginals.
Lessona & Pollonera, while adopting Malm’s name of A/alacolimua as of sub-generic value, place it under A griolimasr, but, as shown by Simroth, it is probably most correctly associated with the typical Limaces, of which it is an ancient form, though he places it with LZ. cephulonicus aud L. subsaa- anus in a separate section, which he stvles Microheynemannia to distinguish it from the Afucroheynemannia to which Limar marimus and the Jarger species are relegated.
Diagnosis.— Limer tencllus differs from the species to which it is struc- turally most closely allied by its much smaller size, yellowish colour and black or blackish tentacles, its semi-transparent shell, and yellow mucus.
INTERNALLY, the reproductive organs are simple, the penis-sheath is short and swollen, and its retractor fixed near to and in front of the heart; the alimentary canal is almost a counterpart of that of juvenile Limae maximus, except that it presents indications of a ceecum or rectatheca.'
Original Description. —210. LIMAX TENELLUS. LIMAX virescens, capite tenta- eulisque nigris; long. 10 une. Totus albidus Clypeus in luteum, abdomen. in_vire- scentem colorem aliquantum vergit ; ille margine postico, hoc apice supra nigricat.
In Fossulis Nemorum foliis aridis repletis; primo vere. Miull., Verm. Hist. i, p. 11.
1 Monog. i., p. 284, f. 566,
Ww
LIMAX TENELLUS.
Description. — ANIMAL slender, very soft and viscous, with about thirty longitu. dinal rows of rugie on each side of the body, of a pale yellowish, yellowish-grey, or ereenish-white, Dut oceasionally of a volden-yellow with orange shield, an obscure Hand on each side of the hody and shield ; SKIN soft and thick, becoming thin and tender when the animal is placed in alcohol, a change probably due to the large amount of mucus whieh is thrown off; HebAD and TENTACLES black or blackish- Irown ; hinder fifth of the body somewhat but not acutely keeled ; SHIELD very obtusely angulated behind ; Sone transparently whitish or yellowish and tripartite ; owing to this transparency of the median-area the foot-gland is clearly visible when the animal is crawling, and is seen to extend to the hinder-part of the hody ; the elandular lobules are also seen attached to the median-duct; MUCUS in half-grown or adult individuals of a yellow or orange colour, Length, 25-35 or more nil.
SHELL somewhat oblong, whitish, thin, aud
nearly transparent, slightly concave beneath, apex aa : Ree ei nearly terminal, with the usual concentric LINES <8 (helps. DE
OF GROWTH, margin rather broad, thin, and mem- Simroth). Ilranous. Leneth, 35 uill.; breadth, 2 mill.
IN’ ALLY, the NERVOUS SYSTEM conforms to the general type, but the organ of Semper is horse-shoe shaped, like that of L. woaeiius, dillerine, however, in the cells being agerceated into five larger lobes around the mouth. The OSPHRADIUM is not distinctly perceptible, but may be detected by the slight furrowinge defining it.
ot
aby
——
Mic. 86.—Otolith of Linas tenedlus, highly magnified (after Schmidt).
I'ic. 87.
Tic. 88. Fic. 89.
Sexual organs of ZL. tencllus Mil. 3 (after Simroth). ade. albumen gland ; 4. heart 5 5 ev. oviduct; of. ovotestis ; f. prostate; f.s. penis sheath ; 72. retractor muscle; sf sper-
—Penis-sheath of Z. fencl/us laid open, showing its internal struc ture, 6 (after Simroth). \limentary canal of Linear tencléus Mill., x 3 (after Simroth)
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are not complex ; the OVOTESTIS is small, placed behind the stomach, and surrounded with dark-brown tissue; DUCT dark-brown, not convolute but greatly swollen in the middle of its course, and ending in a tiny spherical and white VESICULA SEMINALIS ; ALBUMEN GLAND yellow, tender, and flaky; OVISPERMATODUCT relatively shorter than in Linde marinus, and only slightly connected together; OvIDUCT pale above, yellowish below, narrowing ally, and forming a thickened yellow base; sPERM-bUCT delicate above, but becoming a broawl yellow glandular channel below, ending in a short broad VAS DEFERENS, which widens like a funnel, with a loose, plicate erest at its entry into the penis; the RETRACTOR arises from the same spot as a broad museular band, and is distally attached to the floor of the June, in the median-line in advance of the heart ; SPER- MATIEECA oblong, with a long, slender stem, opening into the atrium; PENIS-SHEATH short, thick, and white, with a lateral protuberance near the base ; inte riorly there is a tony, Matly projecting and finely plicate comb or erest, which is richly glandular, and encircles Che opening of the vas deferens.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises as a simple broad, musenlar band, in the median-lne of the body, behind the Inne. Et does not divide into the normal three branches until the middle of its leneth.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL is set in delicate and black mesenteric tissue, and has five intestinal tracts in addition to the stomach traet as in Lance marinus, and is an almost exact counterpart of those of the very young examples of that species,
LIMAX TENELLUS. 73
before the prolongation of the second intestinal tract takes place, except that there is an indication of wu cecum or rectatheca at the commencement of the rectum; the STOMACH is short and broad and honeycombed in texture ; liver very soft and spongy, and usually red in colour, the left lobe being the most obvious. ”
The MANDIBLE or jaw is amber-brown in colour, very convex, rather narrow, but with somewhat elongate lateral limbs and straight ends, the lower outer angle of each limb acute, the upper angle cor- respondingly obtuse; the median-beak well marked : : ;
ao ey S d Fic. 90.—Mandibl aw of L and projecting boldly in front. Length one mill. ere x 25 (epee, Samco.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE of a specimen from the Harth, Leipzig, shows a dis- tinctly tricuspidate median tooth; the laterals are unequally tricuspid; the endo- conic cutting point being obsolete, but the ectoconic one strongly developed ; the marginals become aculeate, but near the lateral series still exhibit three cutting points; the extreme marginals lose their inner cusp and become bicuspid, except for a few teeth which show vestiges of a second ectocone near the base.
o 4 a es %) \ \ ie 6 oom 1 ° 2 ue 4 P ba Fic. 91.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Limax tenellus
Miill. (highly magnified). The animal collected by Dr. Simroth on the Harth, Leipzig, and the palate prepared by Mr. W. Moss.
Malin figures two distinct and prominent ectocones on the extreme marginals, but I have not been able to verify their presence in a well developed state in the Leipzig specimen.
The formula of a Leipzig specimen, supplied by Prof. Simroth, shows
gisdit141at27 x 110—9,130.
Food and Habits. —-'lhis little species is comparatively seldom observed, owing to the prevailing ignorance of its habits of life, and it is to be hoped that the claims of this species to rank as a British species will be firmly established now that attention is drawn to these peculiarities.
In Germany this slug is found on the pine-clad heaths or even in the re- motest recesses of the great pine forests, where the ground is deeply covered with dense accumulations of pine needles and where scarcely a single blade of grass exists. On the fungoid growths, even in such places, Limaw tenellus is almost certain to be found if sought for in autumn, when the slug is adult and the fungi at the highest period of their development. The mushroom gatherers in Germany, collecting slugs for Dr. Simroth, find LL. tenellus to overwhelmingly outnumber Arion subfuscus and other species frequenting the same situations. In other countries, at or towards the limits of its geographical range, its habitat ix not so restricted, and it may be frequently met with in the woods composed of beech and other deciduous trees.
Limaz tenellus is of active habits, and, according to Simroth, lives exclu- sively on fungi, or, if the supply be restricted, becoming predatory or even cannibalistic ; the Boletus is noted as especially preferred, while the poison- ous red Agaric is also eaten on occasion.
Reproduction and Development. — According to Simroth, this species attains its full growth in October, living thence through the winter even into the early spring. During the colder season of the year the animals pair, and oviposition takes place in some suitable damp spot ; the eggs, which are about two mill. in diameter, clear, transparent, and globular, are placed in clusters of thirty or forty; they hatch in a few weeks’ time, the young adopting a subterranean life and feeding beneath the surface upon the mycelia of fungi quite into early summer, when they are about
74 LIMAX TENELLUS.
half-grown; about July they appear above ground and feed upon the fungi, which at that period begin to flourish, the appearance of the slug being coincident with and dependent on the development and growth of the fungi upon which it feeds. ;
When young, the animals are almost unicolorous, and may then easily be confused with pale Agrivlimax levis or A. agrestis, but the polygonal reticulation of Z. agrestis and the brownish tentacles of Z. devis aid us in their separation.
Their unicolorous state may be continued to adult life, but usually when about half-grown they acquire on each side of the mantle a brownish or black zone, which may later assume a lyre-shape. ‘I'he inner side of this dark marking has a pale margin, and this gives rise to a darker median patch which when well defined assumes somewhat the shape of a hour-glass.
The mantle-band may occasionally extend to the body as a faint longi- tudinal zone. In addition there is a pale mid-dorsal or keel streak, which is quite broad at its origin, gradually narrowing, but widening again before finally contracting as it approaches the tail, which in young animals is tinged with a delicate carmine.
Variation.—Limax tenellus is not a very variable species, but there appear to be some differences recorded in the fundamental body-colour, and in addition there may be distinct lateral banding on the shield, which may extend upon the body also.
Dr. Westerlund, in his Fauna Europe, 1876, p. 11, gives as a variety of this species the Limaz squammatinus of Morelet, but this is really a species of Geomalacus.
According to Dumont & Mortillet’s observation upon Limar sylvaticus, which Lessona & Pollonera allocate with L. tenedlus, the banded variety is more especially an inhabitant of the mountains and exposed situations, the unicolorous form being more characteristic of the lower ands and umbra- geous places; these features dg not appear to be so well marked in their German habitats.
Var. cerea Held, Land Moll. Bayern, 1849, p. 15.
Limax syluaticus var. tmmaculatus Dum. & Mortil., Mal. Savoie, 1857, p. 11.
ANIMAL of a somewhat uniform waxy-yellow colour, with only faint traces of lateral banding.
According to Dr. Westerlund the Limax wanthius Bourg., from Malberg, near Ems, in Germany, is an unicolorous yellowish variety of this species, and is prob- ably referable to the var. cerea.
This form is also found at Augsburg, Munich, and on the mountains of the Traunstein, Bavaria; the Erzegebirge, and at Konigstein in Naxony, and if the reference by Lessona & Pollonera be correct, is also met with in Savoy, where it was recorded by Dumont & Mortillet as L. sylectieus var. immaculatus.
The British and Scandinavian examples would appear to belong to this variety, as they are recorded as possessing only a slight lateral shading.
Var. fulva Normand, Desc. Limac. Nouv., 1852, p. 7.
Limax fulvus Normand, op. cit.
ANIMAL reddish-brown, suffused dorsally with black ; SHIELD reddish-brown, searcely obscured by some small pulviform blackish spots ; tentacles vinous-brown ; locomotory mucus colourless ; BODY mucus yellow.
This variety, or geographical race, which was confused with ZL. arbormm until shown by Simroth to be a form of Z. teneddus, has been found at Valenciennes, in the departinent of the Nord, by Normand; in the Forest at Saint-Saulge, in the Niévre, by Brevitre ; in the Forest. of Hez, in the Oise, by Dr. Bandon ; in the neighbourhood of Dijon, in the Cote @Or, by Drouct; and at Luxembourg, in the departmeat of the Seine, by M. Rétout.
LIMAX TENELLUS.
-1
Var. cineta Heynemann, Mal. BL, 1862, p. 101.
Limax sylvaticus var. clypeo-fasciata Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Limax sylvaticus var. clypeo-concolor Dum. & Mort., op. cit.
ANIMAL with distinct dark lateral bands on the shield, which occasionally ex- tend upon the body.
This variety, which appears to be the most recently evolved form of this species, and to which the varieties e/ypeo-fusciata and clypeo-concolor of Limax sylvatious Dumont & Mortillet, from Savoy, may probably also be referred as sub-varieties ; the former has the longitudinally banded shield, while in the latter the banding is confined to the body. ~
It has also been reported from Eberbach, Baden; from various localities in Bran- denburg; from Vegesack and the Harz Mountains in Hanover; from Stettin in Pomerania, and from the neighbourhood of Leipzig.
Geographical Distribution.—The range of this little-known species cannot be stated with any approach to real accuracy or precision.
An ancient form, as this is shown to be, and which its known habitat in the mountains or within the recesses of pine forests still further emphasizes, lead us to expect a much more extended distribution than has hitherto been recorded.
It has, however, been reported from Great Britain, France, Belgium, Ger- many, Austro-Hungary, Switzerland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Russia, and Palestine, and is said by Held to be especially plentiful in the Alps.
Geographical Distribution
of
Limax tenellus Mill
HER Recorded Distribution
| Probable Range.
ENGLAND AND WALES. HUMBER. York S.W.—Hemsworth and Sharlston, not common (Wileock, Rep. Wakefield Nat. Soc., 1888, p. 28). Wk TYNE. Durham—One specimen of the almost unicolorous yellow variety was found by Mr. Blacklock in a wood at Allansford, near Shotley Bridge, and sent to Mr. Alder (forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 21).
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Ayr—Plentiful in hedge bottoms, near Irvine, June 1878 (J. Conachar, junr., Nat., July 1878, p. 177). eee A CLYDE ISLES. Bute—Near Rothesay, June 1878 (J. Conachar, op. cit.). ; ; NORTHERN ISLES. Shetlands—North Mavine, on stones in the watercourse of a mountain mill (Jeffreys, Brit. Coneh., 1862, p. 156).
76 LIMAX TENELLUS.
GERMANY. ;
Throughout the country, but chiefly confined to the pine forests and mountain districts ; it has been recorded from
Baden—Ditch near the ‘“‘Gesprengte Thurin,” Heidelberg (Daniels, Q.I.C., 1875, i., p. 112). Carlsruhe and Biihl (Gysser, Mal. BI., 1865, p. 80). Var. cincta, Eber- bach (Seibert, Nachtbl., June 1873, p. 46).
Bavaria—Bamberg (Schedel, Nachrichtsbl., 1886, p. 130). Var. cerea, Augsburg, Munich, and mountains in the Traunstein. Plentiful according to Herr Walser dur- ing November on mushrooms in woods.
Brandenburg—Heathy pine forests in the neighbourhood of Diiben and Eilenburg (Simroth, Zeitschr., 1885). Pine forest, Glienicke, near Potsdam, H. Simroth.
Franconia—Kreuzberg, in forest near Convent (Clessin, Nachrichtsbl., 1884, p. 186).
Hanover—Var. cincta, Vegesack and the Harz Mountains (Simroth, op. cit.). Between the Elbe and the Ems (Borcherding, Abh. Ver. Brem., viii., 1883).
Lippe—Detmold (Borcherding, Mal. Bl., 1881, p. 16).
Nassau—Frankfurter Wald, and on the Taunus Mountains (Kobelt, Moll. Nas- sau, 1871, p. 78). Var. wanthia Bourg., Malberg near Ems (Westerlund, Fauna Europ., 1876, p. 11).
Pomerania—Var. cincta, Stettin (Lehmann, Mal. Bl., 1870, p. 95).
Pyrmont—Konigsberg (Hesse, Mal. Bl., 1880, p. 4).
Saxony—Var. cincty abundant in pine forests about Leipzig, Harth and Bienitz. Var. cerea in the red pine forests of the Erzegebirge, in the neighbourhood of Bienenmiihle and Konigstein, Saxon Switzerland (Simroth, Zeitsch. Wissens. Zool., 1885). Common, but young, during June and July, at Old Stolberg, near Nord- hausen (Hesse, Nachrichtsblatt, 1883, p. 44).
Schleswig—Flensburg (Iriedel, Mal. BI., 1870, p. 63).
Silesia—Landeck (Thamm, Nachbl., 1886, p. 150), and at Breslau.
NETHERLANDS. Belgium—(Westerlund, Fanna Europ., 1876, p. 11).
FRANCE.
This species, according to Ferussac, is found in the south of France, in the Quercy, but it is questionable whether the identification is reliable. ae Cote Con Julvus, environs of Dijon, H. Drouet (Baudon, Limac. Oise,
71, p.
Hb ante Mortpellion 1 Féenaans: Hist. Suppl., 1823, p. 96). St. Martin-de-Lon- dres, Puéchabon (Dubrueil, Moll. Herault, 1863, p. 4).
Meuse—(Buvignier, Cat. Moll. Mense, 1890).
Niévre—Limac fulvus, Forest of Saint-Saulge (Breviere, J. de Conch, 1881, p. 314).
Nord—L. fulvus, Valenciennes, Normand (Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll., 1855, p. 32).
Oise—Limar fulvus, Forest of Hez (Bandon, op. cit.).
Savoy —Limaz sylvaticus (Dum. & Mortil., Moll. Savoie, 1857).
Seine—Limar fulvus, Luxembourg, M. Rétout (Baudon, op. cit.).
Vendée—Fontenay-le-Comte (Letourneaux, Moll. Vendée, 1869, p. 7).
Vosges— Environs of Mirecourt (Puton, Moll. Vosges, 1847).
SWITZERLAND.
Solothurn —Weissenstein near Solothurn, at an altitude of about 4,000 feet (Blum, Nachrichtsbl., 1883, p. 163), and recorded doubtfully for French Switzerland ly H. v. Thering (Mal. B)., 1881, p. 71).
ITALY.
Piedmont—Fl ound at Gressoney St. Jean, at an altitude of 4,650 feet, and at the Alpi di Konichin in Val della Toce, at an elevation of about 7,200 feet. It had not previously heen recorded for Italy, probably on account of being passed over and con- fused with Agriolimar agrestis (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit., p. 46).
AUSTRO-HUNGARY.
Probably found throughout the whole region (Clessin, Moll. Oést.-Ungarn, 1887).
Bohemia—Prague, J. I. Babor, 1894. Carlsbad (Gysser, Mal. BL, 1864).
Moravia—Briinn (Clessin, Moll. Oést -Ungarn, 1887, p. 44).
Slavonia—(Millendortf, Nachrichtsbl., 1871, p. 62).
Styria —Grimming (Clessin, op. cit. ).
Transylvania—(Clessin, op. cit.).
Puate IX.
Distribution of Limax tenellus Mull.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel [sles NINSULA Cornu LW. Cornwall E, Devou 3, Devon N, Somerset 8. Somerset N.
CHA Wilts N. Wilts 8. Dorset Isle of Wight Hants 5. Hants N. Sussex W. Sussex Bi.
THAMES
15 Kent E. 16 Kent W.
Surrey 18 Essex 3. 19 Essex N, 20 Herts, 21 Middlesex
2
aaa
Pee Baenweoowss
‘ambridge Bedford Hunts.
32 Northampton SEVERN
33 Gloucester E.
34 Gloucester W
35 Monmouth
36 Hereford
37 Worcester
38 Warwick
39 Stafford
40 Salop
Probable Range. Recorded Distribution.
SOUTIT WALES 41 Glamorgan 42 Brecon 43 Radnor 44 Carmarthen 45 Pembroke 3 Cardigan NOKTH WALES 47 Montgomery 48 Merioneth 49 Carnarvon 50 Denbigh 5L Flint 52 Anglesey PENT 3 Lincoln. 4 Lincoln N 5 Leic. & Rutla. 3 Notts.
Derby MERSEY
58 Cheshire
59 Lancashire S
60 Lancashire Mid
LUMBER
York
VYNE Y 66 Durham §
67 Northumb, S. 68 Cheviotland
LAKES
69 Westmorland and L. Lanes 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man
of the British Isles:
WHE Distribution verified by the Authors.
SCOTLAND,
W, LOWLANDS 72 Dumtries Kirkcudbright, 4 Wigtown
5 Ayr 76 Renfrew 77 Lanark
E. LOWLANDS 78 Peebles 79 Selkirk 80 Roxburgh 41 Berwick 82 Haddington 43 Bdinburgh 84 Linlithgow
B. HIGHLANDS 85 Fife & Kinross 86 Stirling 47 Perths.& Clkn #8 Mid Perth 89 Perth N. 90 Fortar ol Kineardine 92 Aberdeen 8.
W.
97 Westerness 98 Main Argyle 99 Dumbarton
100 Clyde Isles
Cantire 102 Ebudes 8.
103 Ebudes Mid 104 Ebndes N N. HIGHLANDS
x W.
105, 106, 07S
land B
uthe
108 Sutherland W.
lov Caithness NORTH ISLES
Hebrides
Orkneys
112 Shetlands
110 lil
IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry Louth 14 Antrim Meath 115 Down Dublin 116 Armach Xildare 117 Monaghan Wicklow 118 Tyrone Wexford 119 Donegal Carlow 120 Fermanagh Kilkenny
121 Cavan
Queen’s Co. King’s Co, Westmeath Longford CONNAUGHT Roscommon
9 Galway W. Galway FE. MUNSTER Clare Limerick 143 Tipperary N. Tipperary 3 5 Waterford 146 Cork N, 7 Cork 8. 3 Kerry
LIMAX TENELLUS.
SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Probably not so uncommon as previously believed. It is found in the park and oakwoods at Jarlsberg, Christiania, and Modum; by the lake Spirilen and other places in Christiania Stift ; also known from several localities in Christiansand Stift (Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886, p. 101).
Sweden—The most northerly occurrence of this species is in Jimtland, 63°-64° north Jat. (Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46). Medelpad (Anderson, Mal. BL, 1880, p. 152).
Malm records it from a birch wood, near Ljungskile, and also near Jonsered, and in the Castle wood, Giteborg, where it was abundant in October on the oak and other trees as well as on fungi. Westra Wram in Skane, rare, Lilljeborg. Ronneby in Blekinge, 1867, C. A. Westerlund ; Gothland, in woody tracts in various parts of the island, G. Lindstrém (Malm, op. cit., p. 69).
Denmark—Not very common about Viborg, Jutland, according to Feddersen ; common, in autumn, mostly in the cavities of fungi in the beech woods of the Isle of Zealand (Malm, 1868, p. 69).
RUSSIA.
Widely distributed in Russia, extending from Finland to the Caucasus ; it has been recorded from several provinces, and according to Luther certainly inhabits Ingermanland.
Esthland—(Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46).
Finland—Not rare in south and mid-Finland, and reaches as far north as Viita- saari and Kuopio at 63° north lat., seeming to prefer marshy ground and spruce fir- trees, but it also occurs amongst deciduous trees ; in autumn it is frequently found on fungi (Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46).
Kharkov—Among damp leaves, Sumy (Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mose., 1851, p. 125).
Livonia —Dorpat (Braun, Nachrichtsbl., 1883, p. 174).
Moscow—Bielkovo near Moujevo (Milachevitech, Moll. Mose., 1881).
Stavropol—About Stavropol in the Caucasus (Kaleniczenko, op. cit.).
Transcaucasia—Kutais (Buettger, Nacht., 1881, p. 121).
Vitebsk—(Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 46).
ASIA MINOR. Canon Tristram found several slugs in the moist valleys to the south of Lebanon in Palestine, which he was unable to separate in any way from the European species (Fauna and Flora of Palestine, 1885, p. 180).
—Pi t, Glienicke, near Potsdam, Prussia, a stronghold of Limax tenellus éJ Big oa eae (photo. by Prof. Krieger). \®
7s MONOGRAPIL OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
Sup-Genus Lehmannia Heynemann.
Limax flavus Linné.
1694 Limae succini colore, albidis maculis insignitus Lister, Exercit. Anat., t. 1.
1758 Limax flavus L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. i, p. 652.
1S01 — variegatus Drap., ‘Tabl. Moll, p. 108.
S28) — antiquornm Sowerby, Genera of Shells, ii., p. 158.
S87) = meendatus Nunneley, Trans. Phil. and L it, ‘Soe. Lee ds, i., p. 46, pl. 2, f. 3. 44 — wabrosus Philippi, Enum. Moll. eS, ae p. 102.
1862. — deshayesti Bourg., Spie. Mal., p. 36, pl. eo diy ee
S630 = campanyor Boure. , Réy. et Mae. Zool, i . tha,
1865. — bieolor Selenka, Mal. BL, xii, p. 105, pl. 2, ff 10-17.
W6S — beticus Mabille, Reév. et Mag. Zool., p. ie
ISSI — cearinatus Butter, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Seana sk p. 186, £. 7A-c.
1815 LimaccHla unguiculus Brard, Cog. Paris, p. 115, pl. 4, 1h 3, 4, 11.
1836 Parmacella variegata Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicilire, ie p. 125.
SSL Wrynichillus maculatus WKalenicz., Bull. Soe. Imp. J Moscou, p- 226, t. iv., £2. 1856 Arynichkia maculata Fischer, Journ. de Conch., p. 66.
S64 Limccus breckworthianus Lehmann, Mal. BL, xi., p. 145, pl. 4.
IS6GS ELulinie (Plepticolimas) flavus Mahn, Skand, Limae., p. 62, pl. 4, f 11,
ISTORY.—Limax flavus (flavus, yellow), was first discriminated by Lister, but Linné’s name takes precedence, and although doubt has been cast by some writers on the correct identification of Linné’s species, yet the des- cription he gives, and his reference to the characteristic figure of Lister, would seem to remove all doubt on the subject.
This species is ranged under the sub- generic name of Lehmannia, to emphasize the presence of the cacal appendage to the rectum, the chief difference its organization presents to that of the typical Limaces. This section ix also known under the names of Limacus, Pleptic olimar, wad Simrothia.
With this fine species we associate Signor Napoleone Pini, who has so carefully studied
eZ. ’ the slugs of Lombardy, and to whom we are
eeoa indebted for the discrimination of the varie- ties t/grina and colubrina of this species.
According to Herr Heynemann, Limar chrenberg? Bourg. and ZL. chilensis
are both probably referable to our Linear flavus, and Mr. C.T. Musson is of
opinion that the Lémae megalodontes of Quoy & Gaimard, from Port Jack-
son, also belongs to this species. The L. flavus var. lineolatus of Collinge, judging from the description, is more probably a variety of L. arborwm.
Diagnosis.—Limar lacus, in its typical form, may be easily distin- guished from the allied British species by its bluish tentacles, yellow mottled shield, and the oval yellowish rg interspersed over the body, which is of a dusky-yellow shade.
INTERNALLY, if shows a marked difference from the Limcae marimes and L.cinerco-niyer in the possession of a well-developed appendix or cecum to the rectum, a peculiarity first panes out and figured by Mr. Nunneley, of Leeds (Trans. Phil. Soc. Leeds, 1837, p. 58, pl 2, £3).
LIMAX FLAVUS. ¥E9)
_ Original Description.-LIMANX flavus. 7. L. flavus maculatus. Fa. Svee. 2092. List. exercit, anat. 1. t. 1. Limax suecini colore, albidis maculis insignitus. /fabitat inter Herbas (Linn., Syst. Nat., ed. x., p. 652, 1758).
Description.—ANIMAL with a lone bnt somewhat stonter body than the eon- generic species, and varying from 75 or 80 mill. to 100 or more mill. in length when extended ; BODY rounded above, but keeled at the caudal extremity, usually of a dusky amber-yellow colour, overspread by grey, with the exception of certain rugie which remain yellow and are distributed over the body singly or in combination ; FOOT-SOLE longitudinally trifasciate, whitish with a faint tinge of yellow, some- times narrowly margined with dusky-yellow ; BObY-SLIME thin and light-yellow in health, but dark-yellow, viseid, and copious when scalded; on removal of the muens after scalding, the SKIN is seen to be of a dusky-vrey ; SHIELD narrow and rounded in front, broader and very obtusely angulated behind, of a dusky yellowish-grey colour, with many oval yellowish spots, paler towards the margins ; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE posterior, surrounded by a raised and finely-spotted ring, broken ‘an- teriorly by the anal and renal fissures; inside of prlmonary cavity whitish ; OMMATOPHORES stout and rather long, of a bluish colour, due to the colour of retractor muscles ; LOCo- Fic. 96. — Respiratory MotoRY MUcUS plentiful and iridescent; the SUPRA-PEDAL — oftfice of L. Harms, 3, GLAND has its laterally symmetrical halves arranged on showing theranal caval: either sides of the median-line, but does not extend into the tail, and, according to Rolleston, is underlaid by a large venous sinus, very visible in the living animal along the median-line of the foot.
SHELL subquadrately oval, thin, white, and con- Lad cave beneath, with corresponding convexity above; hak Fic. 97.—Internal APEX or nucleus placed a little distance from the \ shell of £. flavus, posterior margin and slightly to the left side, the GK iene Ge concentric lines of increase usually well but not “Hants-S., _ sharply marked; periostracal fringe broad and often Mr. C. Ashford).
somewhat calcified. Leneth, 9 mill. ; breadth, 6 mill.
INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS SYSTEM has slightly reniform or bilobed buceal ganglia with short connecting commissure; the OSPHRADIUM is in the form of a broad channel on the underside of the mantle roof, and extends from the respiratory orifice far over towards the left.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are not complex, aud do not possess accessory ores. The OVOTESTIS is situate behind the stomach, and is ight-coloured or brownish, often with large elements; the bucr is white, slender and very tortnous, terminating in a small and round VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND miultilobed, flaky, and of a white or deep-yellow colour, increasing vastly in size at rutting time; the SPERM
\ Fic. 98. Fic. 99. Fic. 100.
Fic. 98.—Penis-sheath and oviduct of Limax flavus, laid open to show the internal structure, enlarged (after Simroth). z.c/. vas deferens; /. penis ; sp.d. spermatheca duct 3 07, oviduct.
Fic. 99.—Sexual organs of Limav flavus. alég. albumen gland; 2. heart; 4. kidney; 07.
wn, retractor muscle ; sf. spermatheca. ula seminalis of LZ. //avus * 10 (after Scharff).
oviduct; of. ovotestis ; /. prostate 5 f.5. penis-sheath F Fic. 100.-—Hermaphrodite duct at junction with vesic
80 LIMAX FLAVUS,
DUCT or PROSTATE is thick and yellow, with an immense number of minute, white, caleareous rods within its walls; the OvIDUCT is yellowish, gut-like, and thick- walled, but after separating from the prostate it narrows down and has thin walls, differing in structure from the u yper albumen-secreting section; as it approaches the atrium it swells out, becomes thick-walled, and exhibits internally a succession of close-set glandular ridges and bright purple-red epithelium above; the fusiform SPERMATHECA which opens into the FREE-OVIDUCT in this region often contains a reddish substance, probably derived from the oviducal glands, and intended to aid in the preservation and vitality of the spermatozoids; the PENIS-SHEATH is long and cylindrical with a pronounced double flexure, connected by tissue which sometimes also involves the VAS DEFERENS and RETRACTOR; the latter is terminal, very long and ribbon-like, and fixed to the dor- sum between the heart and the kidney; the penis-sheath has no interior crest, but in the lower half there are two projecting, longitudinal muscular rolls, while the walls above are thinner with many fine transverse plications.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises usually in two or more roots beneath the hind margin of shield, and sooner or later unite into a short and stout band; about two- fifths of the total length of the retractor from the base, it divides as usual into the PHARYNGEAL and TENTACULAR branches; the pharyngeal bifureates and fixes by the bifid end beneath the buceal bulb; the retractors to the omma- tophores expand and become very bulky, but the subsidiary muscles to the anterior tentacles are comparatively slender, while the slip to the lips is quite short and insignificant.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL has the five intestinal coils and a stomach tract all Without twist, and visible above the visceral mass when the body is opened, as in the typical Limaces ; the intes- tinal coils are also held in position anteriorly, as in L. mrimus,! by looping the aorta and the cephalic retractor, but differ in the presence of the reetatheca or eacun, which is, however, only slightly attached to the rectum, and extends in the median-line of the body nearly to the tail-end. Simroth suggests that this appendage may act as an absorbent and imbibe the chyme from the intestinal canal by an antiperistaltie motion. The SALIVARY GLANDS are white and woolly, with a rather lone duct to each ; (ESOPHAGUS short and pinkish-brown in colour, widening almost immediately after passing the nerve-ring into the Crop, which is brownish in colour with white veins and irregularly furrowed longitudinally and trans- versely ; the LIVER or DIGESTIVE GLAND is usually of a yellowish grey, and consists of two main lobes connected each by asingle duct to the digestive tube ; the KIDNEY Fic. 102.— Alimentary canal is brownish or in part crocus-yellow, and opens near the of imax flavus, showing the termination of the rectum in front of and at the upper posteriorly directedappendixs part of the pulmonary aperture.
Fic. 101.—Cephalic retrac- tors of Liar flavus, X 2.
The MANDIBLE? or jaw is of a deep brown colour, strongly arcuate from front to hack, smooth, with a blant but prominent median rostrum or beak, whieh projects boldly in front and beneath, ends convexly rounded, and the upper part imbedded in the flesh well marked.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE of a Cambridgeshire specimen, for which Tam indebted to the Rev. Prof. Gwatkin, shows an obscurely tridentate median tooth, the meso- cone large and well developed, but the ectocones not well marked and without noticeable cutting points ; the laterals display the same characters, the mesocone
CJ 50 7
‘Wa, 99.00008 BAL
_ Fic. 103.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of Z. favus L , X 120. Phe animal collected in Cambridgeshire, and the palate prepared by the Rey. Prof. Gwatkin.
1 Monog., i., p. 285, ff. 570, 571. 2 Monog., i., p. 255, f. 511.
LIMAX FLAVUS, 81
being strong and well developed, and the side-cutting points obsolete; the inner marginals are simply and strongly aculeate, but many of the extreme marginals show a clearly distinguishable ectocone which must not be confused with the angular appearance due to the basal corner of the tooth.
* * 7 Bs 2 2 ‘ The formula is Baytit OFTHLOF ATS S x 153=20,043.
Reproduction and Development.—The act of pairing does not appear to have been observed or recorded except by Férussac, who describes the heads of the coupled individuals as touching but laterally opposed during the act; it is, however, affirmed by Simroth that no spermatophore is formed, the seminal element being transferred in a fluid state.
The eggs are deposited in clusters of half-a-dozen to a score or more, beneath logs and in other moist and convenient places; they are at first colourless and perfectly translucent, tinged in some cases with amber, roundly oval in shape, soft and very elastic, and about seven mill. long and five mill. in diameter, usually though not invariably disposed in a series united together by a yellowish albuminous mucus with which they have become enveloped in their passage down the oviduct, and which by settling between the eggs gives them their acuminate aspect at the poles. Although the eggs are themselves very uniform in size, this mucous envelope varies so greatly in thickness that the eggs may appear to range in size from seven to eleven mill. in length even in the same batch. They are deposited from the beginning of July even into December, and hatch in from forty to sixty days, according to the weather, the young when hatched being about ten mill. long, and of a pale transparent yellow, or they may be somewhat greenish with a distinct light dorsal stripe and darker sides. ‘They become adult within the year.
Food and Habits.—They are essentially nocturnal in habit, and very gregarious, often congregating together one upon another in a striking way for their siesta, and Bouchard-Chantereaux has remarked that one of their ommatophores is nearly always half extended at those times.
Though often found in moist woods and gardens, beneath turf, logs, under stones or bark of old trees, in crevices of walls, etc., yet this species would appear to prefer the shelter of artificial surroundings, being found most commonly in damp cellars, vaults, sculleries, drains, outhouses, sides of wells, and other similar places.
It is an active and voracious species, feeding greedily upon bread, cooked meat, and vegetables, and many kinds of table delicacies. It is also partial to cream, butter, flour, and even soap, and will grow sleek and fat upon the mildew found on damp walls. In a grocer’s warehouse, in Leeds, L. favus was noticed to show an especial predilection for brown sugar.
In a state of nature it is said not to devour the green leaves of phanero- gamic plants, but to restrict itself to fungi and the minute lichens which stain the surface of old walls or are found upon the bark of trees; the stomach, under ordinary conditions, being filled with almost all kinds of garbage and mouldy growths. It will, however, eat the decayed leaves of Vinca and Primula.
In confinement, Mr. Gain offered 197 various kinds of food to this species, but only the Mushroom, Psalliota campestris, Boletus edulis, and the root ot Carrot were eaten with avidity, though seventeen others were eaten freely, amongst which Armillaria melleu, Russula heterophylla, Marasmius oreades, Polyporus squamosus, the fruit of the Strawberry, the leaves of Holly and Bryony, the stalks of Lettuce and Cabbage, the roots of Potato, Turnip, and Swede may be especially mentioned.
82 LIMAX FLAVUS.
The nomina! faculty is strongly exemplified in this species, and this trait in its character has been often abundantly verified.
It is capable, at least when young, of spinning a mucous thread by which it can lower itself from branches or other places from which it may desire to descend.
Parasites.— Linur flavus is particularly lable to be infested by the ecto- parasitic clcarus, known as Philodromus Umacum? L., a circumstance said by Férussac to be due to a strong odour resembling that of decaying wood which emanates from it and which also similarly attracts many wood-lice. This species is also preyed upon, according to Whiteaves, by the larva of the Coleopteron Drilus flavescens.
Variation.—This species, though under ordinary conditions remarkably constant in its coloration and character, is liable to a temporary change of aspect under the influence of prolonged abstinence from food or continued iritation. The yellow colour of the body being wholly or im great part due to the slime by which the body is invested, explains this transient instability of the colouring in this species.’
When living within the shelter of human habitations it is said to be more vividly coloured, but according to Locard does not attain to the size of the examples living in the open air. ‘The brightness of its colouring be- comes dimmed with the loss of its active energy, prolonged irritation, and abstinence from food, the yellow body-tint changing to a dull olive or grey. In the ordinary course, these animals in most districts darken with age, and as a rule are darker in colour out of doors than when living under shelter.
The chief differences are due to variations in the ground colour, and to the inteusity and completeness of the suffusion by the darker secondary pigmentation, this suffusion emanating from the irregularly maculate mark- ings, without exhibiting any tendency to run into banding.
Among the anomalies that have been observed, one with a well-marked bifureate tail, found by Mr. C. Oldham, at Alderley Edge, in Cheshire, is worthy of especial mention.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albina Taylor.
ANIMAL quite white.
Bavaria—T wo specimens from the casemates ab Wurzburg, June 1876 (8. ries, Zool, Anz., 187, p. 155).
Var. flaveseens I’ér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 71, pl. 5, f. 3.
ANIMAL yellowish, with markings indistinet,
Cornwall W.—Hcilly Isles,’ Aug. 1890! Rev. FE. Dale Roberts.
Surrey —Cobham, specimens in British Museum, from Dr. Leach (T. D. A. Cock- erell, in litt.).
Middlesex—Muswell Hill road, Highgate, June 1889! H. Wallis Kew.
Elgin—South College, Elgin, Dee. 1890! G. Gordon,
Belgium— Brussels and Louvain (Colbeau, Ann, Soc. Mal. Bele., 1863, p. 48).
France —-Frequent in moist and cold houses in Lyons ; rather common in vaults and cellars in the departinent of the Ain; and at Montpellier, Beziers, Lodive, St.- Pons, Ganees, etc., in the Herault.
Italy—Lignria, ‘Tuscany, Sardinia, and Sicily (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac Ital., 1882, p. 44).
Var. rufescens Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 25.
ANIMAL reddish, with the markings somewhat indistinet.
Warwick—Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! BR. J, Attye. Cellar, Edgbaston, July 1898 (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 56).
1 Monog. i, p. 312, f. 602. 2 Monog. i., p. 123, f. 738, 3 Monog. i, p. 327.
Prats X.
LIMAX.
Limax tenellus,
(after Dermal drawing BAT OMITE Alder), 3. Limax tenellus var. cerea, p. 74
Masham, Yorks, W. A. Thwaites.
2, Limax tenellus var. fulva, p. . Limax tenellus, young. Loughton, Essex, 1, Petch, (ajter Simvoth).
5. Liman flavus, p. 78. Leeds.
6. Limax flavus var. rufescens, p. 82. 8. Liman flavus var. grisea, p. 84. Bowes Castle, T. Sheppard.
Bath, C.J. Waterfall.
7. Limay flavus var. virescens, p. 83. ». Limax flavus Ue maculata, p. 83. South Stockton, B. Hudson. Ratham, W. Jeffery.
7 axa unt vay, nentorvosa, C
10, Limax arborumt, p. 94- 14. Lim Ae he 4 WW. Et poate Osa P95: ‘ r
Cooper's Hill, Chelrenham. ys i
15. Limav arborum subvay, alpestris, p. 96. Shetlands, Rev. KR. W. J. Smart.
1. Limax arborum var. subrufa, p. 94. Chapel-en-le-Frith, C, Oldham.
6 5 16. Limax arborum subvar. bettoni, p. 95. yz. Limax arborum subvar, submaculata, p. 90. i einen p. 95
Cushendun, Rev. S. A. Brenan.
. Liman arborum var. sebra, p. 99. . Limax arborum vay. tigrina, p. 96. gory et P19 (after Simyroth), (after Weinland).
J. W. & E, Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds.
LIMAX FLAVUS. 83
Lancashire S.—Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148). Lancashire W.—Timber yard, Avenham lane, Preston, 1889! W. H. Heathcote. France—(Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.).
Italy—All Italy (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882).
Var. virescens Fér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 71, pl. 5, f. 2. ANIMAL almost uniformly greenish, the markings nearly obliterated. Kent W.—Chislehurst, May 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Pembroke—North Cliff near Tenby Harbour (Stubbs, J. of Conch., 1900, p. 322). York N.E.—South Stockton, Dec..1884! Baker Hudson. France—(Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. ). Italy—Liguria (Lessona & Pollonera, op. cit.). Esino, Lombardy (Pini, 1876). Madeira—(Grateloup, Dist. Geog. Limac., 1855).
VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. antiquorum Sowerby, Genera of Shells, 1828, ii., pl. 158- Limax beticus Mab., Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 145.
ANIMAL pale ochreous, marbled on mantle and back with greyish interstitial lineolation or reticulation.
Surrey—Specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘Cobham, Dr. Leach” (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891).
Portugal—Lisbon (Morelet, Moll. Portugal, 1845, p. 34).
Var. tigrina Pini, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1876, p. 96. Limax variegatus var. tigrinus Pini, op. cit. ANIMAL rufous-yellow, variegated with black, mid-dorsal line rnfous-yellow and uninterrupted. Italy—Esino, Lombardy (Pini, op. cit.).
Var. umbrosa Philippi, Enum. Moll. Sicilia, 1844, ii., p. 102.
Limax umbrosus Phil, op. cit.
Krynickillus maculatus Kal., Bull. Soc. Imp. Mosc., 1851, p. 226, pl. 4, f. 2. noes Limax maculatus Leach, Syn., 1852, p. 52.
Limax variegatus var. colubrinus Pini, op. cit.
ANIMAL ochreous-yellow or brown, with darker markings superposed. ' The L. wmbrosus has the darker coloring brownish, while the sub-var. wcculata Kal. has it dark-grey or blackish; the maculata of Moquin-Tandon has the ground ** eolour more of a brownish shade, and the markings are clescribed as black. Sussex W.—Sub-var. maculata Kal., Ratham, Nov. 1886! W. Jeffery. Kent E.—Sub.var. colubrina, Maidstone, Nov. 1888! F. G. Fenn. Middlesex—Sib-var. maculata Kal., Southwood road, Highgate, June 1889! H. W. Kew. Hilfingdon near Uxbridge, Oldfield Thomas. Bedford Park, T. D. A. ~Cockerell. Speciniens in British Museum, presented by Dr. Leach, from the cellars of three localities in London (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Bucks.-—Sub-var. maculata Kal., Eton, Dr. Leach, specimens in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Notts. <Snb-var. colubrina, Tuxford (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893). York N.E.—Sub-var. colubrina, South Stockton, Dee. 1884! Baker Hudson. Edinburgh—Z. maculatus, common on hills about Edinburgh (Leach, op. cit). France—Sub-var. maculata, Montpellier, Béziers, Lodeve, St.-Pons, Ganges, ete. (Dubrueil, Moll. Hérault, 1863, p. 3). : Belgium—Sub-var. maculata, Brussels (Colbean, Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1863, p. 48). Italy—Sub-var. colubrina, Exino, Lombardy (Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876). Sub-var. maculata, Esino in Lombardy (Pini, op. cit.). Var. wnbrosa Phil., Sicily. St. Helena—Sub-var. maculata Kal., specimens in British Museum, from J. C. Melliss (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). United States—Sub-var. maculata Kal., specimens in British Museum, labelled “Savannah, Georgia, W. G. Binney” (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Australia—Sub-var. maculuta Kal., specimens from Sydney, New South Wales, in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Polynesia—Sub-var. maculata Kal., specimens from Rarotonga, Cook Tslands, and New Hebrides, collected by Rev. Wyatt Gill, are in the British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). fat hes
84 LIMAX FLAVUS.
Var. breckworthiana Lehmann, Mal. Bl., 1864, p. 145, pl. 4.
Limacus breckworthianus Lehmann, op. cit.
Limax ecarinatus Boettger, Jahrb, Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1881, p. 186, f. Ta-c. Limax flavus var. suffusa Roebuck, J. of Conch., July 1885, p. 6 Limax flavus var. grisea Roebuck, J. of Conch., July 1884, p. 222.
The whole Bopy and surfEeLD uniformly suffused by a dark colouring.
The varieties breckiorthiana, ecarinata, and suffusa are all said to be character- ized by the diffusion of the secondary pigmentation over almost the whole surface of the body, which therefore presents an almost uniform colouring.
The sub-var. grisea differs in the mottled markings being still visible on the hody and shield, although the yellow ground tint has been replaced by grey and the body slime is colourless.
Somerset N.—Sub-var. grisea, Bath, June 1884! C. J. Waterfall.
Middlesex—Sub-var. sujfusa, Ealing, May 1885 !8.C. Cockerell. Sub-var. grisea, Acton, Jan. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Hampstead, June 1888! H. Wallis Kew.
Stafford—Sub-var. grisea, Mr. Nash’s garden, Stafford, Dec. 1886! L. KE. Adams.
Renfrew—Sub-var. grisea, near Greenock, Sept. 1886 ! Andrew Scott.
Russia--The sub-var. ecarinata, Kutais, Transcaucasia ; similar specimens from Sebastopol in Crimea (Simroth, Nacktsch., 1891, p. 308).
Australia—Var. breckiworthiana, Breckworth, Victoria (Lehmann, l.c.).
Geographical Distribution.—The natural range of Limar lavus is very compact, and includes the whole of temperate Europe. It has been reported from the British Isles, Germany, France, Corsica, Belgium, Hol- land, Spain, Portugal, Balearic Isles, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Greece, Den- mark, Russia, Asia Minor, Algeria, Cyprus, and other Mediterranean Isles.
It has also been noted as oecurring in Madeira, Azores, St. Helena, Seychelles, Eastern North America, South America, Australia, New Zea- land, Japan, and South Africa.
Geographical Distribution
of
Limax flavus L.
a Recorded Distribution. i Probable Range.
Vic. 104. ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—In Guernsey & Sark, but not commonly (Cooke & Gwatkin,
().J.C., 1878, i, p. 822). Jersey, Lukis (Ansted’s Channel Isles, 1862). 7 PENINSULA.
Cornwall W.—Phillack, near Hayle, Oct. 1884! Miss S. Hockin. Var. flavescens, Scilly Isles, Aug. 1890! Rev. E. Dale Roberts, j
Devon S,—A specimen in the British Museum, from Dr. Leach, labelled ‘Ply- mouth” (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). About Exeter, but not so abundant as LD. auarinis (Parfitt, Nat., 1854, p.150). Var. grisea, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Devon N.—Enumerated in Besley’s Handbook for North Devon, 1867, p. 124.
LIMAX FLAVUS. 85
Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson. Somerset N.—Type and sub-var. grisea, Bath, June, 1884! C. J. Waterfall.
. CHANNEL, Dorset—Abundant, Glanville’s Wootton (C. W. Dale, Hist. of Glanville’s Woot-
ton, 1878, p. 334). Weymouth (Damon’s Geol. Dorset, 1884, p. 234).
Isle of Wight—Steephill, A.J.H. (Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 462).
Hants S.—Common, Christchurch ! also found at. Mudeford! C. Ashford, 1883. Djtcham wood, June 1896, C. E. Wright.
Hants N.—Preston Candover, July 1884! H. P. Fitzgerald. _ Sussex E.—Ditch side, near Priory, Lewes (W. C. Unwin, Nat., 1853, p. 54). East Grinstead, E. Saunders. Near Hailsham (Harting, Zool., March 1878, p. 86). Eastbourne, Battle and Kingston (J. H. A. Jenner, Rep. Eastb. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1880).
Sussex W.—Oceasionally at Chichester, Cowfold, and Henfield, W. Borrer ; at Harting, Weaver & J. E. Harting ; Brighton, Merrifield (Harting, Zool., 1878, p. 86). Garden, Ratham, June 1884! W. Jeffery.
THAMES,
Kent E.—Margate, April 1883! T. D. A. Cockerell. Faversham, Sept. 1884 ! Miss Fairbrass. Common at Folkestone, Sept. 1886 ! C. Oldham.
Kent W.—Type and var. virescens, Chislehurst, May 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell. Garden, Deptford, June 1886! A. J. Jenkins. Edenbridge, Feb. 1898! A. Leicester.
Suey rordon (K. McKean’s Croydon List, 1883). Wandsworth, June 1885! 8. C. Cockerell. Limpsfield (W. M. Webb, Sc. Goss., June 1887). South Norwood, Haslemere, and Shottermill (C. Pannell, jr., J. of C., July 1903). Sutton, Oct. 1885! F. G. Fenn. Var. flavescens and var. antiquorum, labelled ‘‘Cobham, Dr, Leach,” in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891).
Essex S.—Gardens, Barking Side, Wanstead (Crouch, Essex Nat., 1891, p. 209).
Essex N.—Common everywhere (H. Laver, Colchester List, 1882, p. 93).
Herts.—Hitchin, plentiful, Aug. 1873, C. Ashford. Exceedingly abundant in the old palace of the Saxon kings, Kingsbury, St. Albans, Sept. 1884! J. Hopkinson.
Middlesex—Acton, under logs, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Bedford Park, March 1885! 8. C. Cockerell. Shells labelled ‘Islington, E. A. Smith,” in Brit. Mus. Hampstead, June 1888, H. W. Kew. Var. flavescens, Muswell hill, Highgate, June 1889! (H.W. Kew, Nat., Apl. 1889). Var. suffusa, Ealing, May 1885! 8. C. Cockerell.
Oxford—Common in cellars, Oxford (J. F. Whiteaves’ Oxford list, 1857, p. 5). Rather common in cellars, Banbury (R. H. Stretch, Zool., 1855, p. 4541).
Bucks.—Garden, Aston-Clinton (A. Leicester, J. of Conch., July 1902, p. 216).
ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—Blaxhall, July 1885! G. T. Rope. Exceedingly common at Wooid-
bridge, May 1886! S. Spencer, Pearce. Mendlesham, Brockford and Ipswich (May- field, J. of Conch., April 1903, p. 295).
Norfolk E.—Norwich, in gardens and cellars (Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 2742).
Norfolk W.—Lynn, Aug. 1886, C. B. Plowright.
Cambridge— Whittlesea (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Near Cambridge, June 1886! B. Tomlin. Cambridge (L. Jenyns, Loudon’s Mag., Nov. 1831, p. 538).
Bedford—Luton, Aug. 1885! J. Saunders.
Northampton—Peterborough (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Cellar, Northampton (Adams, Proc. Northants N.H. Soc., 1893). Fletton (Nicholls, J. of C., Apl. 1884).
SEVERN.
Gloucester E.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Gloucester W.—Common in gardens, Bristol (E. C. Jellie, Nat., 1867, p. 148).
Monmouth—Common in Monmouthshire (E. J. Lowe, 1885).
Worcester—Sparkbrook, Birmingham (Proc. Birm. Nat. Hist. Soc., 1869, p. 108). Moseley, Oct. 1884! J. Madison. Worcester, Oct. 1886! H. Milnes. Cellars in Stour- port (J. W. Williams, J. of Conch., vi., p. 112).
Warwick—Belgrave street and Digbeth, Birmingham, April 1867! W. Nelson. Garden, Sutton Coldfield, 1899, H. Overton. Var. rufescens, garden, Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye. Cellar, Edgbaston, July 1898 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 16}.
Stafford—Sub-var. grisea and type, Stafford, Dec. 1886! L. E. Adams. Stone, E. D. Bostock; Cheadle! (J. R. B. Masefield, Moll. Staff., 1902, p. 6). Walsall, 1897, H. Overton. Handsworth (Tye, Q.J.C., 1875, p. 68).
Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! B. Hudson.
SOUTH WALES.
Glamorgan—Cardiff (Wotton, Brit. Ass. Handbk., 1891, p. 182). Common about Swansea, 1901, H. Rowland Wakefield.
Pembroke—Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Tenby, Nov. 1887! C. Jefferys.
23/8/03 :
86 LIMAX FLAVUS.
NORTH WALES. Montgomery—Rather plentiful and well distributed ; Gungrog Hall, near Welsh- pool, M. C. Jones! (J. Bickerton Morgan, Montgomery Moll., 1888, p. 232).
Carnarvon—Conway Castle, Jan. 1888! L. E. Adams. TRENT.
Lincoln N.—Wall, Lincoln road, Louth, April 1886 and May 1903! H. W. Kew. Alford, June 1890! J. E. Mason.
Leicester—Commion in town cellars, Leicester (Quilter, Moll. Leic., 1888); cellar, Market street, Leicester, Oct. 1886! H. E. Quilter.
Notts.—Cellars, Highfield House, and in Nottingham (Lowe, Notts. List, 1853). Pleasley vale; Attenborough, and railway embankment, Lenton, 1883, C. T. Musson. Tuxford, June 1884! W. A. Gain. Corporation gardens, Wells road, Nottingham, July 1888! G.W. Mellors; Beech Avenue, Nottingham, Feb. 1885, B. Sturges Dodd. Cellar, Farnsfield, Oct. 1892! and var. flavescens, Oxton, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham.
Derby—Matlock, 1884, H. E. Craven. Repton, H. Milnes.
MTERSEY. ve
Cheshire—Chester (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Holmes Chapel, Nov. 1896! Alderley Edge, July 1898 ! and Sale, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham.
Lancashire S.—Warrington (Bellars, Brit. Shells, 1858). Rainhill, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Pendlebury and Moorside, R. Standen (Melvill, Brit. Assoc. Habk.), Southport (McNicholl, 1859, p. 146). Cellars, Manchester, R. D. Darbishire. Var. rufescens, Knowsley, Liverpool (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148).
Lancashire Mid—Abundant in fernery, Avenham lane, Preston, June 1888, and var. rufescens, timber-yard, Avenham lane, Preston, Feb. 1889! W. H. Heathcote.
HUMBER.
York S.E.—Common in cellars, Hornsea (J. D. Butterell, J. of Conch., Jan. 1881). Newport, near Staddlethorpe, abundant in garden, Aug. 1883! T. K. Skip- with. Abundant in garden, Westwood, Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. D. Butterell.
York N.E.—Yards and cellars, Redear and Coatham, Aug. 1886! B. Hudson. Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Old walls, Bagdale and Boghole, Whitby, July 1883! H. Pollard. Occasionally in cellars, Thirsk (J. H. Davies, Nat., 1855, p. 134). Scarborough, W. Bean (Theakston’s Guide to Scarborough, 1871, p. 176). Bootham School, York (R. M. Christy, Zool., 1881, p. 242). The typical form, var. virescens and var. colibrina, South Stockton, Dec. 1884! B. Hudson.
York S.W.—Barnsley, April 1893! F. Batley. Near Tarn Dam, Keighley, Feb. 1868! Cellars, Saltaire, Dec. 1888! J. Beanland. Warehouse, Pine street, Bradford, Oct. 1882! H. T. Soppitt. Dewsbury, Sept. 1885! P. F. Lee. Elland, April 1903, J. E. Crowther. Waketield, Joseph Wilcock. Lofthouse, Sept. 1887, G. Roberts. Huddersfield, in damp cellars, ete., G. H. Parke.
York Mid W.—Cellars and kitchens, Leeds! Rennie Crags, Birstwith (Walker, J. of C., Jan. 1882). Pateley Bridge, March 1884! W. Storey. Boston Spa, common, 1884, John Emmett. Harrogate and Knaresborough (fF. R. Fitzgerald, J. of C., Jan. 1889). _Ingleton, common (W. E. Collinge, Nat., Apr. 1890).
York N.W.—Var. rufescens, Bowes Castle, abundant, Aug. 1903! T. Sheppard.
TINE,
Durham—Sunilerland, R. Howse (Alder’s Cat. Mollusca, 1848, p. 125). South Shields, Nov. 1884! R. Howse.
Northumberland S.—Not common in cellars, Neweastle (Alder, Cat. Moll., 1848).
LAKES.
Isle of Man—Very common and fine on walls about Port Erin, Jan. 1880, L. E.
Adams. Douglas! and Castletown, Aug. 1894, F. Taylor.
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Kirkcudbright—Common in my cellars, Maxwelltown, July 1891! R. Service. Renfrew—Type and sub-var. grise, abundant about Scott's sugar refinery, Crecnock, April 1886! T. Scott.
Peebles—West Linton, Sept. 1893, W. Turner.
Haddington—Baleone, Jan. 1896, W. Evans.
Linlithgow—Caribber Glen, Feb. 1898, and Dalmeny Park, Oct. 1902, W. Evans.
Berwick—In wine cellars, Berwick (Gt. Johnston, Proc. Berw. Nat. Club, 1838, p. 154). Near Kyemouth, Sept. 1895! W. Evans.
Edinburgh—(iarden, 14, Inverleith Row, Edinburgh, Oct. 1888! W.D.R. Dud- dingston Loch, May 1894; Vogrie Glen, Feb. 1897 ; and Arniston, June 1902, W. Evans,
; EAST HIGHLANDS.
Fife and Kinross—Craill, Aug. 1890! Kileonquhar, Sept. 1893; Loch Leven, June 1894; and Loch Gelly, May 1895, W. Evans.
Perth S.—Dollar, and Wharry Glen, Bridyve of Allan, Feb. 1898, W. Evans.
Aberdeen S,—Under stones and by houses (J, Taylor, Zool.,1853, p. 3853°.
EAST LOWLANDS,
LIMAX FLAVUS. 87
Elgin—Cellars and other damp places in the province of Moray (G. Gordon, Zool. 1854, p. 4453). Var. flavescens, South College, Elgin, Dec. 1890) Gordon. ; 7 . - NORTH HIGHLANDS. Caithness—Wick and other places (Peach, Roy. Phys. Soc. Edin., 1864). . IRELAND. ULSTER. _ Antrim—Belfast (Thompson, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 18). Rathlin Island, in wood by the church, May 1898, L. E. Adams. Tyrone—Strabane, June 1889, A. H. Delap. Donegal—A bout Lifford, June 1889, A. H. Delap.
Louth—Piperstown, Oct. 1882! Miss S. Smith.
: Dublin—On walls near Booterstown and Blackrock (Walpole, Zool., 1853, p. 4022). Kingstown, June 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Abundant in cellars, etc., Leeson Park, and in Dublin city ; Howth, April 1887 ! Raheny, Aug. 1890, Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Oct. 1890, and Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Nov. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Wicklow—Belmont demesne, near Greystones, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wexford—Kilmanock, New Ross, March 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. ss CONNAUGHT. Sligo—Infests houses and bathing lodges, Enniskrone, April 1889! and said to be numerous at Glen Lodge, near Ballina (A. Warren, Irish Nat., Sept. 1892, p. 126). Mayo W.—Black Rock Lighthouse, 1890! R. Widdicombe. MUNSTER.
Tipperary N.—Finnoe (E. Waller, N.H. Review, Apr. 1854, p. 87).
Tipperary S.—Glenconnor, April 1888, and Clonmel, June 1886, A. H. Delap.
Waterford—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter.
Cork N.—Garden, Youghal, R. Ball (Thompson, Ann. & Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 18).
Cork S.—Carrigaline, May 1888! Vismes Kane. Blarney, Sept. 1898, L.E. Adams.
Kerry—Rossbeigh, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Sparingly at Killarney, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898).
GERMANY. Clessin describes Limax flavus as inhabiting the whole of Germany, and records have been made for Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Holstein, Nassau, Oldenburg, Pomerania, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, and Wurtemburg.
NETHERLANDS. Holland—The Hague (R. J. Maitland, Nachrichtsbl., 1869, p. 163). Belgium—(Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1859). FRANCE.
According to Moquin-Tandon this species is found throughout France. It has been recorded from the Agenais, Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Ariége, Champagne Meridionale, Cote VOr, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hérault, Isére, Loire Inférieure, Manche, Maine et Loire, Meurthe, Morbihan, Moselle, Niévre, Nord, Oise, Pas de Calais, Puy-de-Déme, Pyrénées Orientales, the Quercy, Rhone, Seine, Seine et Marne, Somme, Vendée, and Corsica.
SWITZERLAND. Clessin says probably found throughout, but no definite records have been seen. ITALY.
Recorded by Simroth and others for North, Mid, and Southern Italy, also for Sicily, Sardinia, and Malta. The greatest altitude it attains in Italy is said to be about 2,800 feet at Bobbio in Piedmont.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. ' ere
Clessin says probably found throughout the region, and although Simroth cites it for Hungary, the only available definite record is for Gorz on the Adriatic coast.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. ais
Spain—Recorded from Madrid in New Castile ; Santiago in Galicia ; Santander in Old Castile; Gibraltar and Seville in Andalusia; also for Valencia, Catalonia, and the Balearic Isles.
Portugal—Lisbon (Simroth, Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 279).
GREECE.
Probably widely dispersed in Greece, and has been reported from Athens, Patras,
Prevesa, and from the Ionian Islands, Crete, Chios, etc. SCANDINAVIA,
South Scandinavia—(Jordan, Binnenmoll., 1883); cited also by Grateloup for Norway and province of Skane in South Sweden.
Denmark—Copenhagen (Malm, Skand. Limac., 1878, p. 65).
LEINSTER.
88 LIMAX FLAVUS.
RUSSIA. : Has only been reported as yet from the southern provinces at Lebedin, Achtyrka, and Bogoduchow in Kharkov ; Sebastopol, Theodosia, and other localities in the Crimea, Suanetien, Kutais, and Lenkoran in Mingrelia, and Suchum in Abchasia.
NORTH AFRICA AND ASIA MINOR. Morocco—Tangiers, T. D. A. Cockerell in litt., 1891. ; ; Algeria—L. deshayesi Bourg., Cherchell (Bourg., op. cit.). LZ. campanyoi, Algiers
(Lallemant, Moll. Alger, 1881, p. 2). Tripoli—Grateloup (Dist. Geog. Limac., 1855). Asia Minor—Sinope, Trebizonde, Beyrout, Haiffa, the Isle of Cyprus, etc.
ATLANTIC ISLES.
Azores—S. Miguel, in shady gardens about Ponta Delgada and Villafranca (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1878, p. 11).
Madeira—Widely distributed and found occasionally at the Val, near Funchal, at Praia Bay, in the Curral das Freiras, etc. ; also found by Rev. R. Boog Watson in the north of the island.
St. Helena—Specimens of sub-var. maculata Kal., in British Museum, from J. C. Melliss (T. D. A. Cockerell in litt., 1891).
JAPAN, Simroth gives Z. farus as occurring in Hondo and the more southerly islands of Japan (Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 308).
NEARCTIC REGION.
According to Binney, it probably inhabits all the cities of the sea-coast and their vicinage, and some of the cities of the interior, and has been actually reported from
Maine—Occurs rarely at Portland (Morse, Pulm. Maine, 1864, p. 7).
Massachusetts—Numerous in garden, New Bedford (Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885); Boston and Cambridge (Binney, L. and F. W. Shells N. Amer., 1869, p. 61).
New Jersey—Cellar, Burlington (Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1875, p. 173) ; Gutenberg (H. Prime, 1885).
New York—New York (Linney, L. and F.W. Shells of N. Amer., 1869, p. 61). Riverdale and Huntington, Long Island, H. Prime, 1885. Onondago Co., general, W. M. Beauchamp, 1885. Monroe Co. (J. Walton, Nautilus, 1898, p. 133). Com- moner than L. mverimus at Cayuga Lake Valley (N. Banks, Nautilus, April 1892).
Maryland— Baltimore (Binney, L. and F.W. Shells of N. Amer., 1869, p. 61).
Virginia—Richmond, University of Virginia and other cities (Binney, op. cit.,).
Pennsylvania—York, H. Prime, Oct. 1885. West Chester, Chester Co., W. D. Hartmann, Sept. 1885. | Greenhouses and lily ponds, Lincoln Park, Philadelphia (F. C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1901, p. 59).
District of Columbia— Washington (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891).
Georgia—Athens and Savannah (Binney, Man. Amer. Land Shells, 1885, p. 452).
South Carolina—Graniteville and Charleston (Binney, op. cit., p. 452).
NEOTROPICAL REGION. Brazil—Porto Alegre and Jaguarao (Heynemann, J. D. M. G., 1885, p. 275). Chili—L. chilensis Gay (Heynemann, op. cit.). Argentina—Buenos Ayres (M. Strobel, Act. Soc. Sc. Nat. Milan, 1868).
ETHIOPIAN REGION. Natal—Pietermaritzburg (Melvill & Ponsonby, Proc. Mal. Soe., Dec. 1898, p. 172). Seychelles—(H. Simroth, Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 308).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New South Wales—Sydney (E. A. Smith, Proce, Zool. Soe., 1884, p. 272); Gladesville and Summer Hill, J. Brazier; Inverell, Duncan; and on walls of a well, Tamworth (C. ‘T. Musson, Journ. Linn, Soe. N.S.W., 1890, p. 892).
Victoria—-Benalla, J. Brazier (C. T. Musson, op. cit.) Var. dbreckiorthiana, Breckworth (Lehmann, op. cit.). L. bfeolur, Sydney (Selenka, Mal. BI, xii., p. 105).
Queensland—Brisbane, C. Hedley (C. T.. Musson, op. cit.).
Tasmania—Launceston, C. Hedley (C. T. Musson, op. cit.).
New Zealand—Dunedin and Greymouth in South Island, Capt. Hutton (C. T. Musson, op eit.) ; North Island (Heynemann, op. cit., 1885, p. 305).
New Hebrides—Nub-var. maendata, specimens in British Museum, from Rey. Wyatt Gill (T. D. A. Cockerell, in litt., 1891).
Cook’s Islands—Sub-var. aerendada, Rarotonga, specimens in British Museum, from Rev. Wyatt Gill (IT. D, A. Cockerell, in litt., 1891).
Puare XI.
Distribution of Limax flavus L.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties
of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel [sles
SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan
42 Brecon 43 Radnor y Q 44 Carmarthen Devon N 45 Pembroke ° 5 Sumerset 8, 46 Cardigan Somerset N, NORTH WALES Zz ‘CHANNEL 47 Montgomery 7 Wilts-N. 48 Merioneth 8 Wilts 8. 49 Carnarvon @ 9 Dorset 60 Denbigh Py 10 Isleof Wight 51 Flint SP 11 Hauts 8. 52 Anglesey We dy 12 Hants N. TRENT 2 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln 3. 7 1d Sussex E. 54 Lincoln N. ¥ Tuames 55 Leie. & Rutld 15 Kent E. 56 16 Kent W 5 17 Surrey MERSEY 18 E 58 Cheshire Ess 59 Lancashire S. ® Herts 60 Lancashire Mid "0, Middlesex 2 MUMBER ‘ 61 8.E. York ! 52 N.E. York f 63 8.W. York 64 Mid W. York 65 N.W. York a
TYNE g 6 Durham
67 Northumb. 8.
29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland 30 Bedford
31 Hunts. 69
32 Northampton
SEVERN 70 3 Gloucester HE. 71 Isle of Man Gloucester W 5 Monmouth Hereford
Stafford Salop
Probable Range. Recorded Distribution.
ea Distribution verified by the Authors.
SCOTLAND.
W. LOWLANDS BE. HIGHLANDS
72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeeu N. 73 Kirkeudbright 94 Bantt
74 Wigtown 95 Ish
75 Ayr
76 Renfrew
77 Lanark
E, LOWLANDS 8
9 Dumbarton Clyde Isles Cantire
Roxburgh
Berwick Bbudes 8. 82 Haddington Shudes Mid 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebude: 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS E, HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 85 Fite & Kinross 106 Ross & 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 87 PerthS.& Clkn 108 SutherlandW. 88 Mid Perth 1uy Caithness 39 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8, 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 122 Lonth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 Queen’s Co. 131 King’s Co.
Westmeath
3 Lougford CONNAUGHT
Roscommon
Leitrim
Sligo
37 Mayo E.
§ Mayo
MUNSTER
Clare
ar
5 Waterford 6 Cork N. 7 Cork 8. 8 Kerry
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 89
Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux. W774 Limax marginatus Miiller, Ver. Hist., ii, p. 10, No. 206.
VW79 — seoputormm Fabricius, Reise Norwegen, p. 298. 1s2200 — cinereus var. B Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecie, p. 7. 1838) — qugates Boubée, Bull. Hist. Nat. Prane., p. 13. 18360 — sadicrwin Bouillet, Cat. Moll. Auvergne, p. 18.
— limbatus Held, Isis, p. 303.
— arborum Bouch.-Chant., Moll. Pas-de-Calais, pe 2s:
— glaueus and erboreus Clarke, Aun, and May. N.H., p. 334, pl, ff 4-10, — bivoniens Schrenk, Land uw. Susswass. Livlunds, p. 142.
— marginatus Bandon, Cat. Moll. Oise, p. 6.
— scandens Normand, Dese. Limac. Nouv., p. 6.
— sylvaticus Goldfuss, Rheinpr., p. 65, pl. 3, f. 8.
— arborewm Gray, Turton’s Manual, p. 82.
— bettonii Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. Sei. Nat., p. 251.
— agrestis vay, savor Bandon, Mém. Limac. Oise, p. 19, pl, 4, ff 10-12. — altilis Fischer, Journ. de Couch., p. 49.
1868 Lehinannia marginata Malin, Skand. Limac., p. 83.
1876 Amalia mearyinata Fischer, Journ. de Conch., p. 53.
Issyv- — oo mergineta var. mongianensis Paulueci, Fauna Mal. Calabria, p. 23.
ISTORY.—Limar arborum (arborum, beloug- ing to trees) has attracted the attention of some of the earliest observers, and has, therefore, received a variety of names, but it was not until 1838 when Bouchard-Chantereanx un- uustakably described its peculiarities that a laine was applied to it with certainty.
Though it is probable that previous authors had this slug before them, their descriptions are not such as to remove all doubt, and have therefore given rise to much controversy, so that it has been deemed advisable to adopt the first name about which no difference of opinion has arisen.
The Limar marginatus of Miller, the Z. scopulorum of Fabricius, L. sylvestris of Sco- pol, LZ. gagates of Bouhée, L. salicium ot Bouillet, and L. limbatus of Held, according
VytualerALuy to many of the best authorities, are all prob-
is ; ably referable to Limar arborum, but the mar-
gin of doubt that exists precludes the use of any of these names for the species.
Though classified with £. favus mainly on account of the exact similarity of their alimentary systems, yet this location is not altogether satisfactory, as the sexual orgaus demonstrate a close relationship with Agriolimar, from the Caucasian stock of which group Simroth believes tlis species to have been derived, the counecting links being still existent in Abyssinia; Limar arborum therefore connects the Agriolimaces with the typical Limaces, par- taking to some extent of the peculiarities of each.
With this species, so especially identified with the power of spinning mucous threads, we have associated Mr. H. Wallis Kew, F.Z.8., of Hornsey, London, who has devoted so much time and ability to the investigation of the phenomenon of thread-spinning in mollusks as well as other animals.
90 LIMAX ARBORUM.
Diagnosis.—Limax arborum is distinguished from other Limaces by its remarkably gelatinous and transparent aspect, due to its great capacity for the absorption of water. It is also readily separable from L. maximus, with young individuals of which it is sometimes confounded, by the distinct lateral banding upon the shield, and by being incapable of uplifting and reflecting the anterior part of the mantle in response to irritation.
INTERNALLY, the animal is distinguished by a horn-shaped flagellum to the penis-sheath, and an appendix or ccecum to the rectum, features not pos- sessed by Limax maximus, with which it is most liable to be confused.
Description.— ANIMAL moderately long and slender with a very soft and gela- tinous BODY, of a glaucous-grey, but sometimes of a yellow or rufous tint, or even entirely black, usually with a paler mid-dorsal line, bordered at each side by an ill- defined darker longitudinal band, which gradually attenuates as it approaches the slightly-keeled tail; towards the rooT there are indications of a line representative of the outer band of the true Limaces; HEAD similar in colour, but paler than the rest of the body; FooT distinctly tripartite and white; SHIELD moderately large, rounded in front, and somewhat acutely pointed behind, concentrically striate around a sub-posterior nucleus, and marked laterally by a black band on each side, which bends inwards at the rear, and forms the so-called lyre-shaped marking; mid- way there is also often a greyish shade, which gives the aspect of a longitudinally trifasciate shield. Length usually about 75 mill., but sometimes much larger. Mucvs colourless and very iridescent. :
SHELL ovaliform, somewhat wider at the apical end, slightly convex, very white, glistening, and iridescent above, with the lines of increase close, sharp, and well defined, concave and somewhat dull beneath.
Length, 4 mill. ; width, 2 mill.
The shell of LZ. arborum is, however, exceptionally variable both in size and substance; examples have been Fic. 106,-—Internal shell of recorded 7-8 mill. in length, and the thickness varies Limax arborum, X 5. from w delicate plate to an almost cubical calcareous mass, which in some cases ruptures the mantle and protrudes through the skin.
INTERNALLY, the BODY CAVITY is darkly pigmented, varying from violet to black, the colouring being more conspicuous towards the tail, where even the deeper tissues are tinged. The fine membrane investing the visceral mass is rich in sooty-black pigment cells, but in the anterior part of the body a calcareous netting predominates.
The NERVOUS SYSTEM shows the buccal and supra- esophageal ganglia to be markedly bilobed; the sub- cesophageal group is arey formed of four ganglial ; ZA
masses intimately fused together. The dark pigment gs which pervades the body cavity of this species gives also 2
a lilac tint not only to parts of the brain but even to some of the nerve sheaths; the OSPHRADIUM is distin- guishable as a broad, flat fissure, with scarcely raised
puffings, extending towards the left side; the oToLiTHs Y, are very numerous, two to three hundred in each cap- Bigw107_ Nee centres ot sule, the prevailing form being oval with a central speck. Limax arborum, X 6.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL resembles very closely that of LZ. flavus; the SALIVARY GLANDS are small, somewhat triangular, and of a yellowish or whitish colour; the LIVER varies in colour from a bright golden brown to a dark olive or earthy brown; the KIDNEY is also similar to that of i. flavus, except that it has a very large slime gland, which makes broad contact with the head of the ureter; the PULMONARY vessels are scarcely raised above the surface of the lung wall.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS have more affinity with those of Agriolimax agrestis than with those of Limax flavus; the OVOTESTIS is in two small roundish dark-brown lobes ; the DUCT, at first straight and slender, becoming moderately convoluted as it approaches the large, yellow, and linguiform ALBUMEN GLAND, the tiny VESICULA SEMINALIS being preceded hy a conspicuous enlargement; the OVISPERMATODUCT is more firmly united than in the preceding species ; the SPERM-DUCT increasing in size downwards and abruptly rounded where the channels separate; VAS DEFERENS comparatively short, entering a lateral enlargement at end of penis-sheath ; FREEF- ovipucT cylindrical and bluish-white, its lower two-thirds invested with opaque, buff-coloured, and plaited glands, which extend to the atrium ; PENIS-SHEATH short
LIMAX ARBORUM. 9]
and thick, with median inflation, cushioned with gelatinous matter, and possessing a white horn-shaped glandular appendage of variable length at its apex, ut as the seminal element is transferred free, this flagellate slime-gland has nothing in common
Fic. 110,—Penis-sheath of Limax arborum laid open, showing the internal structure (after Simroth).
fA deferens ; jection.
lum 3) ov.d. vas 2. internal pro-
Fic. 108. — Alimentary canal of Limax arborum (somewhat enlarged).
Fic. 109,—Sexual organs of Limar arborum, x2. udb.g. albumen gland; a/. atrium; /7. flagelluin 5
i. heart; &. kidney; of. ovotestis; ov. oviduct; /. prostate; Z.s. penis sheath 3 7.72. retractor muscle ;
sf. spermatheca. with the Hagellum of the Helicidw, in which group it is concerned in the formation of the spermatophore; internally, the penis-sheath shows two prominent longitudinal muscles, and frequently a lineuiform projection, which may serve as a sarcobelum.! The penis retractor is a powerful muscle, attached to the lung floor in front of the cephalic retractor; SPERMATHECA pyriform, and opening into the atrium.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises as usual from beneath the hind margin of the shield, and runs nearly half its length undivided ; it then usually separates into three branches ; the right and left TENTACULAR and the PHARYNGEAL muscles; the pharyngeal bifureating soon after its separation. The retractor to the pharynx does not always separate from the main stem simultaneously with the tentacular branches, but may clo so a little before or after the tentacular divarication.
The MANDIBLE or jaw is about a millimetre wide, not so convex as those of the allied species, Pe of a yellowish brown colour, smooth and delicate ; in texture, with rounded ends, and with a very
wide, slightly projecting and blunt median beak Fic. 11L.—Mandible:or jaw:of Lima : Peis 5 arborum, * 10. or rostrum. (Christchurch, Hants. S., C. Ashford).
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE in ordinary specimens is about four mill. Jong and two mill. wide, the transverse rows being arranged in the form of a well-defined printer's “brace”; the median row shows obscurely tridentate teeth, the mesocone exception- ally broad and strong, and the ectocones ill-defined and without perceptible cutting points; the lateral teeth are also remarkable for the well-marked mesocone and the indistinct side-cusps; the marginals are sinuate in shape, and at first distinctly wni- cuspid, but towards the outer rows an ectocone may be perceived on many of the teeth, the extreme marginals being, however, simply aculeate.
Ma”
Fic. 112.—Representative denticles from a trausverse row of the ungual teeth of L. ardoruim, * 120.
The animal collected at Christchurch by Mr. C. Ashford, and the palate prepared by Mr. W. Mess.
The obliteration of the side-cntting points on the median and lateral teeth is an attribute of maturity, as the teeth of the young are, according to Miss Esmark, always provided with lateral points.
The formula of a Christchurch specimen is (3 +10+1+ vor x 1L05=15,435.
1 Monog. i., p. 365, f. 667,
Qo LIMAX ARBORUM.
Reproduction and Development.—The act of conjugation, which is said to occur in the autumn and spring months, probably takes place during the night, and does not appear to have been carefully observed or recorded, as, except Mr. J. E. Daniels’ casual remark that he has seen this species suspended in couples during the pairing season, like LZ. maximus, we have no particulars of the details of the act.
The eggs, which are very similar to those of Z. mavrimus, are twenty to thirty in number, oval in shape, very transparent and elastic, about five mill. long and about four mill. in diameter, deposited singly or in clusters in the earth, under the bark of trees, amongst rotten wood, and other suit- able places; they hatch in about a month’s time, the young being very active, and usually of a reddish-violet or wine colour, with strong and well- defined banding on shield and body, and becoming adult towards the end of the first year.
Food and Habits.—Essentially an arboreal species, and though perhaps preferring beech trees on account of the wealth of cryptogamic growths upon their stems, has been also noticed to frequent the hornbeam, the wal- nut, the mountain ash, the alder, the elm, the willow, the ash, the apple, the crab, and occasionally has been found even on pine trees.
Though probably preferring trees, Z. arborum also frequents rocks, walls, and a variety of other situations; Prof. E. Forbes records it as being found plentifully on bare rocks at an altitude of 1,500 feet on the Connor Cliffs, Dingle; while Dr. Scharff has received specimens from the Skelligs Rock, a large, naked rock, off the Kerry coast, on which there is neither tree nor bush, and which during westerly winds is entirely enveloped in a mist of spray from the huge Atlantic waves which beat over a great part of it, and Dr. Jeffreys found it under somewhat similar circumstances on the Out- skerries, a remote cluster of islands of the Shetland group.
It has also been noticed by Mr. J. G. Milne living upon the heather and gorse in Western Mayo, and was seen by Dr. Scharff in county Cork feeding upon lichens in company with Geomalacus maculosus.
L. arborum is a hardy species and hybernates only during severe weather. It ascends to over 8,000 feet in the Alps, and in the Pyrénées is one of the characteristic species of the zone between 3,900 and 4,900 feet. In Scotland it has been found on Ben Lawers, in Perthshire, at an altitude of more than 3,000 feet ; and in Yorkshire up to 1,800 feet on Buckden Pike, Wharfedale.
Though ZL. arborum during wet weather is extremely active in movement, especially when young, it clings very loosely when crawling, and often falls to the ground at the least touch. It is what is called a hygrometric species, and has a great capacity for the absorption of water, drinking it very greedily and absorbing it also by the skin, filling the body cavity with fluid, which imparts to it the peculiar transparent aspect that enables the internal organs to be perceived through the skin; this water reservoir is said to be a provision against drought, but the water store is exuded freely through the skin when the animal is irritated or touched.
In continued dry weather the reserve of moisture is gradually expended and the animal diminishes in size and loses its characteristic translucency. At such times the animals show a very gregarious habit, and many indi- viduals, with the object of conserving their body moisture, may often be found huddled closely together in some sheltered nook or crevice, or they may retire deep into the earth or beneath the shelter of dead and decaying leaves, coming up to feed only during the night.
LIMAX ARBORUM. 93
Although naturally of nocturnal or crepuscular habit, yet during or after showery weather the animals emerge from their retreats, indifferent as to the time of day, and ascend to the tops of the highest trees, afterwards resting immobile during the day in the cavities beneath the branches, the armpits as it were, or within the dense tufts of Orthotrichum phyllanthemum and other mosses with which the tree trunks are sometimes clothed.
Some individuals, however, may for a length of time remain contentedly within the sheltering cavities they frequent, and rest for a time partially or even wholly submerged in the accumulated water.
This species, though usually regarded as the mucus thread-spinner par excellence, does not really spin so well or so readily as A. agrestis.
According to Bouchard-Chantereaux, R. Standen, and others who have studied the subject, it can, however, especially when young, and when not gorged with food or overladen with moisture, spin well and easily, descend- ing considerable distances without difficulty, and if necessary can reascend by the same thread.
As a consequence of its adaptation to rocks and trees, the staple food of the species has become changed from fungi to the cognate lichens, and, according to Simroth, although the contents of the stomach turn alcohol green, this is not due to leaves and vegetables, but to the colouring matter contained in the lichens. Malm, however, has seen it devouring the small fungoid growths growing upon diseased places on oaks, birch, and other trees, and many observers have stated that it also feeds upon the soft young growth of bark and decaying wood. In confinement they will on occasion prey upon each other, and Gain states that out of 185 different kinds of food, they. eat fairly freely only of lettuce-stalk, turnip, and cooked onions, and that such mosses, lichens or fungi as he offered were left untouched.
Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to the enemies of slugs in general, LZ. arborum is, according to Fischer, liable to be attacked and destroyed by a species of Curabus, which tears open the skin with its man- dibles and feeds upon the viscera.
It is also liable to be infested by an entozoan worm, which Van den Broeck discovered living within the vitelline sac of the embryo.
Fossil.—This species is reported from the Pleistocene beds of Moravia, by Spiridion Brusina, and by Mrs. McKenny Hughes from the same depo- sits at Barnwell Abbey in Cambridgeshire. Sandberger records it for Britain from the Lower Pleistocene freshwater bed at West Runton, Nor- folk, and also from our Upper Pleistocene brick earths.
Variation.—Limax arborum is subjected to some amount of variation In the fundamental colour of the body, and also in the character and dis- tinctness of the markings thereon.
According to Simroth the body markings are constituted by the presence of the inner, main, and outer bands, as in the true Limaces, but the outer band is usually missing; and the main band when present is generally repre- sented by a more or less faintly indicated line.
The keel is very variable in its length and prominence, and is said to be most strongly developed in elevated or mountainous regions, where it may extend to almost four-fifths of the total length of the body; this peculiarity is invariably accompanied by the greater diffusion of the darker secondary colouring, which may extend to such a degree that the whole body becomes uniformly dark or even black, the slightly paler areas at the fore-part of the -body being due in this as in other species to the lime plentifully deposited
within the tissues of the body walls. ify
94 LIMAX ARBORUM.
This darkening of the body would seem to be a response to the character of its habitat in the mountains or at the more extreme points of its geo- graphical range, as it has been noticed in the northern and north-western parts of this country, in 'l'ransylvania, Portugal, and Italy. In the latter country the transition from the ordinary glaucous form to the uniformly dark variety can be traced as the mountains are ascended.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. flava Weinland, Weichth. Schwab. Alb., 1876, p. 27.
Bopy and sHIELD greenish-yellow. Formula 000 000. Though no remark is made in the description, it is probable that the lateral band- ing on the shield and the inner bands on the body will be faintly perceptible.
Wurtemburg—(Weinland, op. cit.). Var. glauca Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 334, pl. 11.
ANIMAL of a pale bluish-grey colour, with a glaucous-shade, showing a slightly paler mid-dorsal line, margined on each side by an indistinct darker line; SHIELD with a dark lateral band on each side. Formula 001 100.
Surrey—A colony of the sea-green variety ou an old oak in garden, Bramley hill, Croydon (K. McKean, Proc. Croydon Soe., 1883, p. 147).
Ireland—(B. J. Clarke, op. cit.). Killarney, Kerry, Sept. 1884, Howard Bendall.
Var. subrufa Le Comte, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1871, p. Ixv.
Limax arborum var. subrufa Le Comte, op. cit.
Amalia marginata var. mongianensis Paulucci, Fauna Calabria, p. 1880. Lehmannia marginata var. pallens Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 16. Lehmannia marginata var. requienii Poll., Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, 1896, p. 1. Limax flavus var. lineolatus Collinge, Zool., April 1890, p. 145.
Bopy colour yellow or ochreous, inner bands bordering the slightly paler keel- line ; SHIELD with darker lateral bands. Formula 001 100.
The var. subrufa s.str. has a rufous-yellow ground with a greenish shade, caudal end of body llackish; shield bands dark grey.
The sub-var. mongianensis is dull ochreous, fuscous-brown on the back, with paler dorsal-line ; shield with black lateral bands, and clouded with fuscous-brown.
The sub-var. requienii is ochraceous, darker dorsally, with yellowish dorsal-line; shield with blackish lateral zones, and minutely spotted anteriorly and laterally.
The sub-var. pallens is pale, with a paler dorsal-line; shield faintly banded.
The sub-var. lineolata is yellowish, with an ashy-grey dorsal-line and dark- brown inner bands; shield with dark lateral bands; tentacles yellowish.
Oxford—Sub-var. dineolata, Nelthorpe, near Banbury (Collinge, op. cit.).
Norfolk E.—Sub-var. pallens, from near Norwich, in Br. Mus., T. D. A. Cockerell.
Gloucester E.—Sub-var. pallens, labelled ‘‘Cheltenham,” specimens in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell).
Derby—Var. subrufa, Chapel-en-le-Frith, June 1897 ! C. Oldham.
York Mid W.-—Var. subrufa, Mickley, Aug. 1889 ! W.D.R.
Aberdeen S.—Var. subrufa, Mony Musk Woods, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright.
France—Sub-var. requienti, Vizzavona, Corsica (Pollonera, op. cit.).
Belgium—Var. subrufa, plentiful, Bois-de-Lessines (Le Comte, op. cit.).
Italy—Sub-var. mongianensis, Monte Pecoraro, near Mongiana, Calabria (Pau- lucci, op. cit.). Sub-var. pallens, Valle d’Antigorio, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. rosea Van den Broeck, Annales Soc. Mal. Belg., 1870, p. 49.
Limax arborum var. roseus Van den Broeck, op. cit.
Limax arborum var. coloratus Van den Broeck, op. cit., p. 53.
Limax arborum var. nemorosa Baudon, Mém. Limac. Oise, 1871, p. 19, pl. 4, f. 10-12. Limax agrestis var. saxorum Baudon, op. cit., p. 16, pl. 2, f. 1.
Limax altilis Fischer, J. de Conch., Jan. 1877, p. 49.
ANIMAL with main and inner bands more or less distinct ; SHIELD with well- marked lateral band on each side. Formula 021 120.
The var. rosea, s.str. has the ground colour rosy-white, becoming of arufous brown on the back; inner band broad and well marked, and of a distinctly zig-zag pattern, lordered by a rosy-white line; main band repesented by an irregular and inter- rupted row of black spots; shield reddish-brown, paler than the ‘back ; the black lateral bands do not reach beyond the anterior third of its length; the left band is margined internally, and that of the right side externally, by a white line.
LIMAX ARBORUM. 95
The sub-var. eolorata has a whitish mid-dorsal line, inner band black or dee brown; main band dark brown, beset with little pale spots, very irregular | sinuate in general character, recalling the bands of L. maximus var. serpentina.
_ The sub-var. nemorosa has the ground colour reddish-grey, tinged with brown, mid dorsal line pale fawn, bordered by the deep brown inner band, main band slightly paler, a few whitish marks on the sides.
The L. altilis is, according to Dr. Baudon, identical with the var. nemorosa.
The sub-var. Saxorum has a rnfous ground, with well marked and regular black inner band, and broad black main band; shield with the black lateral bands broken up anteriorly into minute spots.
Dorset—Sub-var. nemorosa, Chideock, Aug. 1885 ! A. Belt.
Hants S.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Holmsley, Sept. 1885 ! Vinney Ridge, June 1887! and Wootton enclosure, C. Ashford. Hambledon, L. E. Adams (Adams & Wood- ward, Sci. Goss., March 1901, p. 301).
Oxford—Sub-var. nemorosa, specimens labelled ‘‘ Oxford,” from Dr. Norman, in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell).
Norfolk W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Lynn, Sept. 1886 ! C. B. Plowright.
Merioneth—Sub-var. nemorosa, Bont-ddu, Dolgelly, Sept. 1886! F. G. Fenn.
Lake Lancashire—Sub-var. nemorosa, Coniston, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Stirling—Sub-var. nemorosa, Balmore, Sept. 1888 ! A. Shaw.
Main Argyle—Sub-var. nemorosa, Dunoon, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Clyde Isles—Sub-var. nemorosa, Barone, Bute, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Ross W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Ullapool, Aug. 1886! A. Somerville.
Antrim—Sub-var. nemorosa, Cushendun, May 1886!8. A. Brenan.
Sligo—Sub-var. nemorosa, Collooney, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Mayo W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. Newport and Slievemore, Sept. 1888 (id., J. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 415).
Cork N.—Sub-var. nemorose, Malian, Nov. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Kerry—Sub-var. nemorosa, Killarney, June 1885, W. F. de Visines Kane.
France—Sub-var. nemorosc has been recorded from Bramepan_ in the Basses Pyrénées ; from the forest of Hez in the Oise; from the woods at Saint Saulge in the Nievre ; and as Limaz altilis from Val de Cauterets in the Hautes Pyrénées.
Belgium—Var. rosea, Rouge-Cloitre, Brabant ; var. rosea and sub-var. colorata, Roumont, Luxemburg (Van den Broeck, op. cit. ).
Italy—Sub-var. nemorosa, Piedmont and Lombardy (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. bettonii Sordelli, Atti Soc. Ital. di Sci. Nat., 1871, p. 251.
Limax bettonii Sordelli, op. cit.
Limax arborum var. decipiens Cockerell, Sci. Gossip, 1886, p. 187.
Lehmannia marginata var. obscurus Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886, p. 102. Limax arborum var. carpaticus Hazay, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., Feb. 1885, p. 23.
ANIMAL with inner and main bands fused together, but broken up by irregular pale spottings, simulating to some extent the markings of L. flavus; dorsal-line pale; SHIELD with lateral bands and a median dusky zone. Formula 0(21) (12)0.
The vars. bettonii s.st. and decipiens are characterized by the fusion of the inner and main bands, broken up, however, by irregular pale spots; dorsal zone whitish ; shield with lateral bands and median zone brownish.
The var. obseura is described as hard and solid, with keel yellowish and dark greyish or yellowish-brown back ; sides paler, and speckled with paler spots; the shield blackish brown, often with a handsome yellow margin.
The var. earpatica is obscuiely maculate or marbled; keel line pale.
The var. albomaculata of Kreglinger may also belong here.
Cornwall W.—Var. bettonii, Phillack, Hayle, Oct. 1884! Miss Susan Hockin.
Cornwall E.—Var. bettonii, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson.
Hants S.—Var. dettonii, Holmsley station, Sept. 1885! C. Ashford. Under felled timber, Wootton, in the New Forest, C. Ashford; Hambledon, L. E. Adams (Adams & Woodward, Sci. Goss., March 1901, p. 301). . :
Anglesea—Var. bettonti, Llanfaes, in woods near village, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne.
Norfolk E.—Vav. bettonii, from Norwich, in Brit. Mus., T. D. A. Cockerell.
Vork N.E.—Var. bettonti, Saltburn wood, Sept. 1886! W.D.R.
Antrim—Var. bettonti, Cushendun, April 1886!S. A. Brenan.
Dublin—Var. bettondi, Kingstown, June 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Wexford—Var. bettonii, Alderton, near Kilmanock, Miss Glascott, Sept. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. ; ;
Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. ;
Waterford—Var. bettonii, old Dungarvan road, Clonmel, Aug. 1886! and Glen- abbey, Sept. 1886! A. H. Delap.
96 LIMAX ARBORUM.
Hungary—Sub-var. carpatica, Kotlina Thal, Kohlbacher and Felkaer Thal in the Carpathians (Hazay, op. cit.). me :
Lombardy—Var. bettonii, near Esino, Monza and Milan (Pini, Moll. Esino, 1876).
Norway—Sub-var. obscura. Dovre in Hamer Stift, Ringerige, Laurvik, Kragero, and Lillesand in Christiansand Stift (Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886, p. 102).
Var. heynemanni Bielz, Fauna Siebenb., 1863, p. 32. Limax arborum var. tigrina Weinland, Weichth. Schwab. Alb., 1876, p. 27, pl. 4, f. 1. Limax arborum var. maculata Roebuck, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885, p. 375. Limax arborum {. submaculata T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, May 1890, p. 12.
ANIMAL pale, with BODY and SHIELD besprinkled with black.
The var. heynemanni s.str. is described by Westerlund as having back and shield maculate with small black spots, large rugre, and a distinct keel.
The sub-var. tigrina has two rows of distinct black spots on each side of the body, the mid-dorsal line paler than the body colour, and a spotted shield in which the spots are arranged in five or six longitudinal rows. :
The sub-var. maculata has the black spots smaller and more numerous; shield with slender lateral bands, which also tend to break up into spots.
The sub-var. submaculata has the spots paler, more nebulous and coalescent.
Devon S.—Sub-var. maculata, Culverhole Point, Ang. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Pembroke—Sub-var. maculata, Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler.
Clyde Isles—Sub-var. maculata, Rothesay, May 1887 ! T. Scott.
Antrim—Sub-var. maculata, Cushendun, May 1886! 8S. A. Brenan.
Mayo W.—Sub-var. maculata, Enniscoe demesne, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne.
Tipperary S.—Sub-var. maculata, near Clonmel, April 1888! A. H. Delap.
Waterford—Sub-vars. maculata and submaculata, near Clonmel, A. H. Delap.
Cork S.—Sub-var. maculata, Berehaven, May 1893, R. F. Scharff.
Kerry—Sub-var. maculata, immense specimens about Killarney, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898).
Wurtemburg—Sub-var. tigrina (Weinland, op. cit.).
Switzerland—Sub-var. tigrina, Berne and Valais (Buettger, Nachtbl., 1885).
Transylvania—Var. heynemanni (Westerlund, Fauna Europe, 1876).
Greece—Sub-var. ¢igrina, Bugasi-Thal, Thessaly (Beettger, J.D.M.G., 1885).
Var. zebrina Taylor.
Bopy grey, inner and main bands distinct, outer band represented by a series of oblique transverse markings, which join the main-band; SHIELD with lateral bands and dusky median area, Formula 321 123.
This distinct variety is, according to Simroth, not very uncommon, and he records it as var. tigrina from the Algarve, Portugal; from Transylvania; from Neustadt in the Bohemian Erzegebirge ; and from Grimma in Saxony.
Var. rupicola Less. & Poll., Monog. Limace. Ital., 1882, p. 16. Lehmannia marginata § rupicola Less. & Poll., op. cit. Lehmannia marginata § alpestris Less. & Poll., op. cit. Limax marginatus var. diane Kimackowicz, Beit. Moll. Siebenb., 1884, p. 120. Limax marginatus var. niger Scharff, Irish Nat., 1889, p. 260.
This variety, though occasionally showing faint tracings of the characteristic markings, is in its extreme development entirely black or deep brown in colour, and small in size, with a long and well developed keel. In this state it is also the var. diane of Kimackowicz and the var. nigra of Scharff. Formula (321 123).
When immature the animal is brownish with a pair of obscure bands on the back and shield, which gradually hecome clouded over and lost as the animal increases in age. The sub-var. alpestris of Less. & Poll. indicates one of the stages of this adolescent colouring, as it retains the paler dorsal line, and the lyre-bands on the shield are faintly discernible.
Shetlands—Sub- var. a/pestris, Unst! Fetlar! and Mainland, 1886! R.W. J. Smart. Down—Var. rupicola, Newcastle, Oct. 1884! H. W. Lett.
: Kerry—Var. rupicola, on summit of Reek, alt. 2,400 feet, A. H. Delap. Sub-var. nigra, Macgillicuddy Reeks, altitude of 2,500 to 3,100 feet (Scharff & Carpenter, Irish Nat., vol. viii., p. 213). Cahir Mountains, Sept. 1898, R. F. Scharff.
Saxony—Var. dine, heights of the Erzegeberge (Simroth, Nacktschn., 1885).
Austro-Hungary—Var. diane, Negoispitze Mountain (Simroth, op. cit.).
Piedmont—Sub-var. a/pestris, Piedmontese Alps (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. rupicola, Col (Ollen, near Gressoney, alt. 8,250 feet (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Var. dine, Val di Lanza (Simroth, op. cit.).
Portugal—Var. dime, Monchique, H. Simroth.
Transylvania—Var. divi, Heynemann, J.D.M.G., June 1885, p. 260).
LIMAX ARBORUM. 97
Geographical Distribution.—Limar urborum is an ancient species, and therefore has a very wide distribution, and is found from the extreme north of Lapland and Iceland to Orotava in Teneriffe: and according to Schartf, has probably been extending its area of habitation since carly tertiary times, but its range is probably very imperfectly known, as it is so frequently confused with £. marimus and other species.
It has been reported from the British Isles, Germany, Beleinm, Holland, France, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Austro-Hungary, Italy, Greece, Deu- mark, Norway, Sweden, and Russia.
In the British Isles Z. arborum is in all likelihood universally dispersed and the gaps at present shown in its range will probably be filled up as the species becomes better known.
Geographical Distribution
of
Limax arborum B.-Ch. r
HEB Recorded Distribution.
{-__] Probable Range.
08
Hic. 113. ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Cuernsey, Jersey, and Sark (Ansted’s Channel Isles, 1862). PENINSULA,
Cornwall W.—-Common on trees in the Trevaylor Valley and other similar places (E. D. Marquand, Moll. Cornwall, 1884, p. 4). Phillack, Oct. 1884! Miss Hockin. Trevidock road, St. Colomb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Penzance, EK. D. Mar- quand. Var. maculata, Scilly Islands, Aug. 1890! Rev. E. D. Roberts,
Cornwall E.—Mrs. Whitford’s garden hank, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson.
Devon N.—Lynton, 1898 (I’. J. Partridge, J. of Mal., 1898, p. 19).
98 LIMAX ARBORUM.
Somerset S.—Porlock, Aug. 1892! L. E. Adams, Somerset N.—On trees and rocks in Goblin, Cleeve and Brockley coombes, and in some of the glens running up into the Mendip hills, near Wells (Norman, Moll.
Somerset, 1860): Bratton St. Maur (E. W. Swanton, Nat. Journ., May 1895). CHANNEL,
Dorset—Glanville’s Wootton, abundant (Dale, Hist. Glanville’s Wootton, 1878, p. 334). Weymouth (Damon, Geol. Dorset, 1884, p. 234). Near the carpenter’s yard, East Lulworth (Kendall), and in Clenston wood (Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dor- set, 1898, p. 4). Sub-var. xemorosa, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885 ! A. Belt.
Isle of Wight—Thorley, Lee Copse and Ham Copse, near Yarmouth, July 1879! C. Ashford. Sandown, R. Gibbs (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 289). Steep- hill, A. J. Hambrough; Bembridge, A. G. More; and Ryde, W. Thompson, 1841 (Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 462).
Hants S.—Common on beech trunks, Winchester, 1883, B. Tomlin. Hambledon (L. E. Adams, Sci. Gossip, March 1901). Selborne, June 1889! W. Jeffery. Type and var. maculata, garden, Christchurch, April 1884! Vinney Ridge, June 1887! Mudeford ! Bolderwood, Aug. 1887! C. Ashford. Vars. nemorosa and bettonii, Holimsley and Wootton, C. Ashford, and Hambledon, L. E. Adams (Adams & Wood- ward, Sci. Goss., Mar. 1901).
Hants N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1881! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex W.—Common in beech plantation, Downs, Ratham, June 1884! Com- mon among beeches, back of Goodwood race stand (W. Jeffery, J. of C., Apl. 1882).
Sussex E.—Lewes, Mr. Morris, 1883 (B. M. Oakeshott, 1886).
THAMES.
Kent E.—Beech wood, Throwley, Sept. 1877, Miss Fairbrass. Ewell wood, Dover, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams.
Kent W.—Chislehurst and Sevenoaks, Aug. 1887, 8. C. Cockerell. Oak copse, Erith (Leslie, Q.J.C., 1874, p. 34).
Surrey—Wray Park, Reigate, G. S. & E. Saunders, 1861. Warlingham, 1883, T. D. A. Cockerell. Bramley Hill, Croydon, K. McKean, Croydon List, 1883. Var. nemorosa, Reigate Hill, April 1889 ! H. W. Kew.
Essex S.—Weald Hall Park, Brentwood, Feb. 1884! R. M. Christy. Chingford, and Loughton, Epping Forest, Aug. 1890, H. W. Kew.
Herts.—Near Watford, Oct. 1883! J. Hopkinson.
Oxford—Abundant in the beech woods on the Chiltern Hills, near Watlington (A. M. Norman, Zool., 1853, p. 4126). Plentiful at Oxford, Swincomb, Wychwood, and Charlbury ; fairly common at Chipping Norton ; uncommon at Banbury (Collinge, Conch., 1891, p. 12). Sub-var. nemorosa, specimens from Dr. Norman, labelled ‘‘Oxford,” in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891). Sub-var. Zinco- lata, Nelthorpe near Banbury (Collinge, Zool., Apl. 1890, p. 145).
ANGLIA.
Suffolk E.—Rare at Mendlesham and W etheringsett (Mayfield, J. of C., Ap]. 1903).
Norfolk W.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Lynn, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright.
Norfolk E,—Catton and Thorpe Toll-Bar (J. B. Bridgman, Norf. and Norw. Trans., 1871). Beech trees, Whitlingham Woods, and on willows at Eaton (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of C., July 1894). Holt, June 1893! T. Petch. Vars. decipiens and pallens, specimens from Norwich in British Museum (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1891).
SEVERN.
Northampton—Rockingham Park, May 1896! and Dane’s Camp, Northampton, Nov. 1896, L. E. Adams. — Fletton (A. W. Nicholls, J. of C., Apl. 1884).
Monmouth—Chepstow and Tintern Abbey, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Gloucester E.—Cooper’s Hill, Cheltenhain, Apl. 1866! Stroud, Mch. 1884! E. J. Elliott. Var. paliens, Cheltenham, specimens in Brit. Mus. (T. D. A. Cockerell).
Gloucester W.—Plentiful on beeches near Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Hereford—Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, June 1885! R. W. J. Smart. Doward Hill (Boycott, Sc. Goss., April 1892, p. 78). Backbury Hill, Boycott & Bowell, 1899.
Worcester—King’s Norton, Oct. 1884! J. Madison. Yardley ! Greet ! and Sare- hole! W. Nelson. Droitwich, autumn, 1882, E. B. Fairbrass.
Warwick—Bentley Heath, near Knowle, Jan. 1873! W. Nelson. Ingon Grange gardens, near Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye. Timber yard, Sutton Coldfield, H. Overton, 1903.
Stafford—Walls, Statford Castle, Oct. 1885! Cannock Chase, Milford, June 1886 ! and pea L. E. Adams. Yardley and Harborne (Tye, ()..J.C., May 1875, p. 68). Rosehill, Cheadle, June 1888! Alton Castle, Feb. 1890! and Meaford, near Stone, J. R. B. Masefield, 1902. Leek and Kingsley, Sept. 1885, 'T. D. A. Cockerell.
SOUTH IWALES.
Glamorgan—Cardiff (Wotton, Brit. Assoc. Hdbk., 1891). Llandaff (id., J. of C.,
Apl. 1886). Vars. nemorosa and maculata, Aberkenlig, Aug. 1890!G. Kk. Gude.
LIMAX ARBORUM. 99
Pembroke—Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. St. David’s, July 1891, J. B. Morgan. Not uncommon on mossy rocks on North Cliff, Tenby, on ash trees, Ceme- tery lane, and on beech trees, Penally (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900, p. 322). Sub-var. maculata, Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler.
NORTH WALES.
Montgomery—Under stones, Guilsfield, Nov. 1888! Forden, June 1886! under log, Welshpool, June 1888! and Gungrog dingle (J. Bickerton Morgan).
Merioneth—Barmouth, Aug. 1884! John Hopkinson. Palé, Corwen, May 1887! T. Ruddy. Sub-var. nemorosa, Bont ddu, Sept. 1886! F. G. Fenn.
Carnarvon—Under waterfall, Aber, Aug. 1883! John Hopkinson. Trefriw, July 1883! W.D.R. Criccieth, May 1887! W. Cash. Fine in churchyard, Dwygyfylehi, R. D. Darbishire. Llanberis (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat. World, March 1887).
Denbigh—Beechwoods near Llanrwst, July 1883 ! W.D.R. Great Orme’s Head, Jan. 1888, L. E. Adams. Oak copse, Bont-ddu (F. G. Fenn, J. of C., July 1887).
Anglesey—Var. bettonii, Llantaes, Sept. 1886 ! J. G. Milne.
WT.
TRE.
Lincoln S.—Careby wood, Grantham, June 1903! E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock.
Lincoln N.—Near Louth, Oct. 1885! R. W. Goulding. Ulceby-with-Fordington, Oct. 1889! J. B. Davy. Well Vale, Alford, Sept. 1889! Maltby wood, and wall along Lincoln road, near Louth, Apl. 1886! W.D.R. Var. dcttonii, Jenny wood, Louth (H. W. Kew, Nat., March 1886).
Notts.—Southwell, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham. Sparingly, Thrumpton, and abun- dant on trees, etc., at Hightield House; common on the Tottle Brook bridge, at the base of the Beeston Hill (E. J. Lowe, Conch. Notts., 1853). Cresswell crags and Tollerton, April 1884! and Nottingham Castle rock, C. T. Musson. Wilford, etc. (Dodd & Musson, Nott. Moll., 1881, p. 5). Tuxford, Pleasley, Manstield, Southwell, etc., C. T. Musson. Haughton (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893, p. 226). Wel- beck, ete. (Lowe & Musson, Mid. Nat., Ang. 1879, p. 199).
Derby—Pleasley Vale, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Winster, alt. 650 feet, June 1885! H. Milnes. Chee Dale, near Buxton, Sept. 1885! J.G. Milne. Type and var. nemorosa, between Hathersage and Bakewell, 1889! and var. nemorosa, Ashbourne, Aug. 1889! L. E. Adams. Var. subrufw, Chapel-en-le-Frith, June 1897 ! C. Oldham.
MERSEY.
Cheshire—Mere Park, Knutsford, Oct. 1885! J. G. Milne. Numerous at Upton, 1852; occasionally at ‘‘sugar” on trees, at Rainhill (Higgins, Liverpool List, 1891). Congleton, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Ashley, J. G. Milne, Nat., Aug. 1887. Var. bettonii, Capesthorne, Aug. 1894! C. Oldham.
Lancashire S.—Botanical Gardens, Manchester ! J. R. Hardy. Northenden lane, Didsbury, 1860 (J. Hardy, Manchester List, 1865, p. 34). Knowsley, near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 148).
Lancashire Mid—-Alder trees near the river Hodder, at Chaigeley Manor, near Clitheroe, and at Corby Castle, near Lancaster, E. J. Lowe.
HUMBER.
York S.E.—Sledmere, Aug. 1891! F.W. Fierke. Howsham Woods, Sept. 1889 ! W.D.R. Kirkham Abbey ! (A. H. Taylor, Nat., Nov. 1889).
York N.E.—Skelton Beck Valley, Saltburn, May 1887! and Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886! W.D.R. Hawnby, near Thirsk, 900 feet alt., J. G. Baker; and near Feliskirk, G. R. Baker (J. H. Davies, Nat., WAGs 134). Rye Bridge, Rievaulx, July 1884 ! Pickering Castle Hill, July 1886! and Duncombe Park, Helmsley, July 1885! W.D.R. Scarborough, W. Bean (Theakston’s Guide to Scarborough, owe 176). Hayburn Wyke, Aug. 1894! F. W. Fierke. Kilton Castle, April 1889 ! B. Hudson. Ingleby Greenhow, Sept. 1890! J. Hawell. Coxwold, Sept. 1892! W.D.R. Middles- brough, Baker Hudson, Sci. Goss., Nov. 1886, p. 259.
York S.W.—Roche Abbey Woods, April 1884! W.D.R. Common, Cuble Wood, May 1890, L. E. Adams. Haw Park and Ferry Bridge (J. Wilcock, Twelfth Report Wakefield Nat. Soc., 1883, & 28). Saltaire, Nov. 1886! H. T. Soppitt. Not common, Calverley Wood ; Idle; Cottingley and Seven Arches, near Bingley (Sop-
itt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Field, near Wellhead, Halifax, J. E. Crowther. indcliffe Wood, Sheffield, May 1893! C. Oldham. Sub-var. nemorosa, Rose Hill, Penistone, July 1889! L. E. Adams.
York Mid W.—Pateley Bridge, May 1882! W. Storey. Glasshouses! road- sides, near Gouthwaite Hall! and Ripley! May 1886, W.D.R. Gordale Scar, July 1877 ! Ingleton ! Bolton Abbey, 1874! and Threshfield, 1882! W. Nelson. Lime- stone scars on Buckden Pike, alt. 1,800 feet, May 1886! W.D.R. Airton, Oct. 1883; Denton Park, 1890, H. T. Soppitt. Mason Plain, Grassington, Sept. 1900, F. Rhodes. Shireoaks Wood, Tadcaster, F. G. Binnie, 1880. Harewood Park walls! Alwoodley, Oct. 1882! Scarcroft ! and Cock Beck Bridge, Garforth, 1870! W. Nelson. Varieties subrufa and nemorosa, Mickley, abundant, Aug. 1889 ! W.D.R.
100 LIMAX ARBORUM.
York N.W.—Bowes Castle Keep! Ivelet Bridge! Thwaite! Gunnerside Gill! July 1884, and near Wood House, Arkengarthdale, Aug. 1885! W.D. 1. East Witton, Sept. 1877! W. Nelson. Bolton Castle, Ang. 1882! Bank Wood, Semerdale, July Isst ! and Whitfield Gill Woods, June 1884! W.D.R. Staveley Church roof, Feb. 1883! K.P. Knubley. Sedbergh, 1894! W.D.R. iii
Durham—Woo.ls at Wolsingham and Shotley Bridge, W. Backhouse (Alder’s Northumb. and Durham Cat., 1848). Cauldron Snout, July 1884! W.D.R. Middleton- in-‘Teesdale, June 1884! Baker Hudson. Barnard Castle (E. J. Lowe, 1885).
Northumberland—Stocksfield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven. West Wood- burn, Oct. 1887, R. Howse.
Cheviotland—Howick Woods, R. Embleton (Alder’s Northumb. and Durham Cat., 1848, p. 125). Dean above Akeld, May 1852 (Gi. Johnston, Proc. Berwick Nat. Club, 1852, p.89). Abundant on old wall, Akeld near Wooler, Sept. 1887! R. Howse.
LAKES.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston, Oct. 1886! W.D.R. Coniston Old Man, alt. 2,660 feet, July 1887, and Ambleside, April 1890, 8. C. Cockerell.
Cumberland—Carlisle, June 1886! J. Madison. Seales, Sept. 1890 ! Brundholme Wood, Keswick, Oct. 1890! J. Hawell.
Isle of Man—Swarmed on the walls along upper road from Port Erin to Port St. Mary, June 1881! L. E Adams. Near Nunnery, Douglas, July 1880! W. Nelson. Peel, Aug. 1894, R. Cairns.
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Ayr—As common as in Ireland (Thompson, Report Brit. Assoc., 1843, p. 254).
Renfrew—Near old castle, Inverkip road, Greenock, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Cloch and other places (T. Scott, Greenock List, 1886).
EAST LOWLANDS.
Peebles— Roadside walls, east of Walkerburn, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. West Linton, Sept. 1893, W. Turner. Cademnir, near Peebles, July 1890! W. Evans.
Selkirk—Var. nemorosa, near Selkirk, Oct. 1890! W. Evans.
Roxburgh—Walls of Melrose Abbey, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Berwick— Fans, near Earlston, Oct. 1883! R. Renton. Redpath, near Earlston, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Eyemouth, Sept. 1895, W. Evans. Type and sub-var. neno- rosa, Coldingham, Sept. 1890! W. Evans.
Haddington—Bass Rock, J. MeMurtrie, Dec. 1888. Tyninghame, Sept. 1894, Yester, Sept. 1896, Aberlady, Sept. 1889 ! and var. adpestris, North Berwick Law, Sept. 1890, W. Evans.
Edinburgh—Wallyford. Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Salisbury Craigs, Sept. 1888, T. Scott. Penicnik Woods, Oct. 1896; Pentland Hills, April 1896; Dreghorn Woods, Sept. 1889! Colinton ! Caroline Park, near Granton, Noy. 1890! Balerno and Bave- law, with sub-var. nemorosa, April 1890 ! W. Evans.
Linlithgow—Fairly common on rocks and under the bark of trees, about Bo'ness, Linlithgow, ete., R. Godfrey. Caribber Glen, March 1892, W. Evans.
EAST HIGHLANDS.
Fife and Kinross.—Aberdour, Nov. 1886! A. Somerville. Falkland, Aug. 1895; St. Andrews, July 1890 ! Burntisland: and Charlestown, Feb. 1896, W. Evans. Var. nemorosa, St. Andrew’s Bay, May 1889! E. E. Prince.
Stirling—Ben Lomond, Aug. 1892, W. M.Webb. Polmont, Aug. 1890! W. Evans. Type and sub-var. nemorosa, Cambusbarron, July 1894 ! A. McLellan.
Perth S. and Clackmannan—Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898; Aberfoyle, April 1892; Balquhidder, Sept. 1902; and Callander, April 1892! W. Evans.
Perth Mid—On Ben Lawers, alt. 3,000 feet (F. Buchanan White, Scottish Nat., 1873, p. 164). Perth, Sept. 1884, Howard Bendall. Glen Tilt, May 1885! H. Coates. Loch Tay side, April 1887! J. E. Somerville. Bridge of Loch Tay, KE. J. Lowe.
Perth N.—Var. a/pestris s.strv., Blairgowrie, July 1890! W. Evans.
Forfar—Montrose, July 1884! W. Duncan. Den of Airlie, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright.
Kincardine—Sub-var. nemorosa, Banchory! W. Evans.
Aberdeen S.—Common, Old Aberdeen, May 1842 (Macgillivray, Moll. Aberd., 1843). Den of Legeart (J. Taylor, Zool., 1853, p. 3878). Drum Woods, Oct. 1886! and var, subrufa and type, Mony Musk Woods, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright.
Banff—Ballindalloch, May 1891! W. Evans. Var. adpestris s.str., Glentiddack, July 1891 ! G. Gordon.
Elgin—Birnie, 1853 (G. Gordon, Zool., 1854, p. 4453). Elgin, McAndrew Coll., Cambridge (A. H. Cooke, J. of C., Oct. 1882). Cromdale, Aug. 1891! W. Evans. Sub-var, nemorosa, Castle Roy by Nethy Bridge, Aug. 1891! W. Evans.
Easterness.--Kincraig by Kingussie, Aug. 1889! W. Evans,
LIMAX ARBORUM. 101
. WEST HIGHLANDS. Main Argyle—Dunoon, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Oban, W. H. Heathcote.
Clyde Islands—Rothesay, Bute, May 1887! T. Scott. Arran, April 1887! J. E. Somerville.
Cantire—Old castle, West Loch, Tarbert (T. Scott, J. of Conch., July 1886).
Ebudes S.—Mr. Thompson found it on Islay (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853).
Ebudes Mid—Iona, Sept. 1889! J. E. Somerville. Allt-na-Searmoin Glen, Salen, Mull, June 1900! W.D.R.
Ebudes N.—Eigg, Aug. 1888! J. MeMurtrie.
NORTH HIGHLANDS.
Ross W.—Ullapool, Ang. 1886! A. Somerville. Loch Carron, Nov. 1886! J. E. Somerville.
Sutherland E,—-Blue Rock and Golspie Burn, Brora, June 1884! W. Baillie.
Sutherland W.—Stoer, Oct. 1886! J. E. Somerville.
Caithness—Dunbeath river, May 1884! W. Baillie.
NORTH ISLES.
Shetlands—Unst, Fetlar, and Mainland, Aug. 1886! R. W. J. Smart. Out- skerries (Jeffreys, Brit. Conch., i., p. 136).
IRELAND. ULSTER.
Derry—Coleraine, moderately common, Nov. 1883! L. E. Adams. Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell (R. F. Scharff).
Antrim—Large at Giant’s Causeway, R. D. Darbishire. Whitehall, Brough- shane, June 1886!8. A. Brenan. Rathlin Island, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Armoy, R. Welch. Murlough Wood, Ballycastle (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Jan. 1897).
Down—Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Crawfordsburn, May 1902! R. Welch.
Tyrone—Strabane, A. H. Delap. Type and sub-var. nenvorosa Kaneswood, near Aughnacloy, July 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Donegal—About Strabane, A. H. Delap.
LEINSTER.
Louth—Type and sub-var. nemorosa, Piperstown, Nov. 1889 ! Miss Sidney Smith.
Meath-—New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff.
Dublin—Howth, April 1887! Killakee, Sept. 1890; and Rush, Aug. 1889, R. F. Scharff.
Kildare—Wildare, 1884, J. E. Palnier.
Wicklow--Powerscourt, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Woodenbridge. R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., 1893, p. 149. Conon on beeches, Delgany; and under stones, Brayhead, July 1891, R. I’. Scharff.
Wexford—Kilmanock, New Ross, Aug. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton.
Kilkenny—Kilkenny, March 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 204). Spire Hill Wood and Emo Park (B. J. Clarke, op. cit., 1843, p. 337).
Westmeath—On beech trees, Knockdrin demesne, April 1892, Rh. F. Scharff.
CONNAUGHT.
Sligo—Common in woods near Ballina (Amy Warren, Zool., Jan. 1879, p. 26). Plentiful, Rockwood, Lough Gill, Oct. 1886! W. I. de Vismes Kane.
Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Slievemore and Dugort, Achill Island, Aug. 1886! J. G. Milne. Moyview, Ballina, July 1891! Amy Warren. Var. nemorosa, Newport (J. G. Milne, J. of C., Oct. 1891).
Galway W.—Roundstone and Kylemore, Mch. 1891, R. ¥. Scharff. Aran Islands, Oct. 1890 (R. F. Scharff, Irish List, 1892, p. 8). Gentian Hill; Ballyvaughan ; and woods by Lough Corrib, July 1895 (It. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895, p. 267).
Galway E.—Common on beech and other trees in moist woods, Monivea (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1840, p. 204). Tuam Palace demesne (B. J. Clarke, op. cit., 1843, p. 337). Common at Clonbrock, June 1896 (Kt. 1. Scharff, Irish Nat., Sept. 1896, p. 223).
Clare !—T. Rogers’ collection, Sept. 1885. .
Tipperary S.—Type and var. maculata, near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap.
Waterford—Common (J. Fayle, Nat., Aug. 1858, p. 190). Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Sub-var. rvpicole, near Clonmel, A. H. Delap.
Cork N.—Common at Blarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Sub-var. maculata, Queenstown Junction, Cork, June 1893, R. F. Scharff.
Cork S.—Common, Bantry, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Commonest slug about Glengariff, June 1893, R. F. Scharff. : ;
Kerry—On bare stones and rocks, Connor Cliffs, Dingle, alt. 1,500 feet, Prof. Forbes. Valentia Island, July 1886! A. H. Delap. Common, Kenmare and Killarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Skellig Rocks (R. F. Scharff, Irish List, 1892, p. 8). Var. glauca, Killarney, Sept. 1884, Howard Bendall,
MUNSTER.
102 LIMAX ARBORUM.
GERMANY.
Has been recorded from Alsace, Altenburg, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Bruns- wick, Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Nassau, Pomerania, Pyrmont, Rhineland, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Thuringia, and Wurtemburg.
NETHERLANDS.
Belgium—(IHeynemann, Jahrb, Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 247).
Holland—(Heynemann, op. cit. ).
FRANCE.
Found more especially in the mountain districts, and in the extreme north-east section of the country, and has been reported from Aisne, Ariége, Aude, Basses Pyrénées, Champagne Meridionale, Haute Garonne, Hautes Pyrénées, Ile et Vilaine, Loztre, Manche, Morbihan, Niévre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Déme, Seine Inférieure, Seine et Marne, Somme, Vienne, and the Isle of Corsica.
SWITZERLAND. teported from the cantons of Lucerne, Berne, St. Gall, Grisons, and Valais.
ITALY. Found in Lombardy, Piedmont, Venetia, Campania, Rome, Modena, and Sicily. Also recorded as Amalia marginata v. mongianensis from Mongiana, Calabria. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Found in Bohemia, Carniola, Galicia, Hungary, Styria, Transylvania, and Tyrol. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain—Hoy de Barcena, and near Santander, May 1860, E. J. Lowe. A small form found on the Sierra de Guadarrama, by von Heyden.
Portugal—Oporto and Monchique, H. Simroth.
GREECE.
Thessaly—Bneasi-Thal in the Ossagebirge (Bettger, op. cit.).
; SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Common throughout, and has been found as far north as Kistrand and Porsangerfjord in Finmark, 70° 25’ north lat. It reaches its highest elevation of 2,800 feet at Tonset in Osterdalen.
Sweden—Well distributed in Sweden, and has been found as far north as Hiirje- dalen in Jiimtland, 62° 30’ north lat. It is also found on Gotland and Bornholm.
Denmark—Not common in the Viborg district of Jutland, but the commonest species in the beech woods of Zealand.
It is also recorded from the Faroes and the south coast of Iceland,
RUSSTA, :
Only at present known from Esthland, Livonia, St. Petersburg, and Finland,
its most northern locality being at Valamo in Finland, 61° 25’ north lat. ATLANTIC ISLES. Canaries—Orotava, Teneriffe, W. Moss (Collinge & Partridge, J. of Mal., 1899).
KK. oo ONK 7t| ae be | »
6
Fic. 114,— Pollard Hornbeams at Loughton, Epping Forest, a haunt of Limax arberum (photo. by Mr. J. G. Randall).
Puate XII.
Distribution of Liamax arborum B.Ch.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
1
2
} Devous. 4 Devon N 5 6
5 Somerset s, 3 Sumerset N. ANNEL
‘
7 Wilts N
8 Wilts 8.
9 Dorset
0 Isle of Wight
11 Hauts 8.
12 Hants N
13 Sussex W.
14 Sussex kK. THAMES
15 Keut E,
16 Kent W.
17 Surrey
sex N, Herts,
Middlesex
25 Suffolk E. Sulfolk W. Norfolk kL, Norfolk W. Cambridge Bedford Hunts. 32 Northampton SEVEKN 33 Gloucester K. Gloucester W Monmouth Hereford 7 Worce: ter 38 Warwick 39 Statford 40 salop
Probable Range. Recorded Distribution.
Distribution verified by the
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
all
SCOTLAND.
SOUTH WALES LANDS E. HIGHLANDS
41 Glamorgan yg 72 Ss 93 Aberdeen N.
42 Brecon 73 Kirkcudbright 94 Bantt
3 Radnor 4 74 Wigtown 99 Wlgin
44 Carmarthen 75 Ayr 96 Wasterness:
45 Pembroke 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS
46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness NOWTH WALES E, LOWLANDS, Main Argyle
47 Montgomery 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton
48 Merioneth ° 79 Selkirk 1v0 Clyde Isles
49 Carnarvon dl 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire
50 Denbigh ely 81 Berwick vz budes 8.
Sl Flint he 82 Haddington 103 Bhudes Mid
52 Anglesey 3 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N
TRENT 84 Linlithgow N. MIGHLANDS
Lincoln 8
E. HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W.
] 54 Lincoln N 85 life & Kinross 106 Ross 6. 55 Leic. & Rutld 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland E. 56 Notts 87 Perths.& Clku 108 SutherlaudW. 57 Derby 88 Mid Perth luy Caithness MERSEY 89 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 58 Cheshire 110) 90 Morfar 110 Hebrides 59 Lancashire S. i 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 60 Lancashire Mid 92 Aberdeen S$. 112 Shetlands HUMBER S.E. York 7 York ‘ IRELAND. .W. York ri r ULSTER LEINSTER Li NESS York i e 113 Derry Louth N.W. York 114 Antrim Meath TYNE 115 Down Dublin
8 Durham 7 Northumb, 8. 68 Cheviotland LAKES 69 Westmorland nud L. Lanes. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man
116 Armagh 117 Monaghan 11s Tyrone
119 Donegal 120 Fermanagh 121 Cavan
Kildare Wi
Carlow Kilkenny Queen's Co. King’s Co. Westmeath 3 Longford
CONNAUGHT mmon
Mayo E. Mayo W, Galway W. Galway E. MUNSTER
14H Tipperary 5 145 Waterford 146 Cork N. 147 Cork 8.
8 Kerry
Authors.
Fossil Distribution.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 103
GENUS AGRIOLIMAX Mirch.
The genus A griolimar or field slugs (Ager, a field; and Limar) was established in 1865 by Dr. O. A. L. Mirch, of Copen- hagen, the eminent Danish malacologist, with whom it is a pleasure to associate the genus.
The acute discernment manifested by Dr. Mérch in the institution of this genus has been fully justified by the structural peculiarities which further study has de- monstrated to exist.
Generic Characteristics. — The Agyiolimaces in their typical species have been shown to be quite sharply defined internally and externally from the true Limaces. Not only is the whole scheme of coloration essentially dissimilar in so far as there is a total absence of the longi- tudinal banding which constitutes so striking a feature in Limar, but the arrangement of the gut and the liver or digestive gland is on quite a different
plan, as there are but three typical coils a or tracts of the intestinal canal, as in the Ch_- Helicidw, all of which are imbedded
within the substance of the right lobe of the liver, which in this group forms the posterior end of the viscera, whereas the left lobe occupies that position in Zima; the left lobe in Agriolimux is laid obliquely in front of the crop, and is not directed back- wards, as in the true Limaces.
Contrary also to what obtains in Limar, where the ingestive or stomach tract is the longest, in Agrtolimar it is the shortest of the series; further- more, the male organ is free in the present genus, and not looped between the retractors of the upper and lower tentacles, as in Limar; the whole arrangement being thus strikingly different in the two groups.
In addition the viscera have also retained a vestige of the previons possession by the animal of a dextrally-coiled external shell, in the strong spiral twist to which the internal organs are subjected, a feature which has become completely lost in Lemaa’, as no evidence of a past torsion of the viscera 1s now perceptible.
Geographical Distribution.—The genus Agriolimax has originated within, and is naturally characteristic of the northern hemisphere, its most highly organized species belonging to the western palwarctic region and although it is also found in other and very widely distant places, these occurrences are probably solely due to artificial transportation.
As we have seen in preceding groups, the more primitive or ancestral species still existent at the present day have, by stress of competition with the more advanced forms, been expelled from the more vigorous districts, and are now met with chiefly in the Mediterranean, Caucasian, and other regions still more remote from their probable evolutionary area.
104 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
Agriolimax agrestis (L.). Allie parve, ut que gregatim folia sectantur, et hor tos infestunt cineret aut fusci coloris Gesner, de Aquatil. lib. 4, ph 254 et 256. Lima cinereus parvus, immaculatus, pratensis I ister, Hist. Anim. Angl., 1678, p. 130, tab. 2, f. 16. Lima cinereus immuculatus L., Fauna Suec., 1746, p. 366, No. 1279.
1758 Limax agrestis L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., i., p. 652.
177400 — so reticulatus Miiller, Verm. Hist., les Pe 8, No. 207.
1819) — bilobatus Fér., Hist. Moll., p. 74, mee By f, ll.
141 — tunieata Gould, Invert. Massachusetts, p. 3.
s48 — pallidus Schrenk, Land u. Sussw. Livlands.
1855 — (Lulimax) agrestis Moq.-Tand., ii., p. 22, pl. 2, f. 18-22, and pl 3, f. 1, 2. W6L — veranyanus Bourg., Spicil. Malac., p. 30, pl. 13, f. 9.
1862. — heydeni Heynemann, Mal. BI., p 210.
1870 — norvegicus Westl., Fauna Moll. Suec., p. 22.
W744 — (Agriolimax) fedtschenkot Koch & Heynemann, J.D.M.G., p. 153.
1815 Limacella obliqua Brard, Coq. Paris, p. 118, pl. 4, ff 5, 6, 13, 14, 15. 1868 Agriolimax agrestis Malm, Skand. Limac., p. 69, pl. 3, f. 8. 1882. — panormitanus Less. & Poll., Monog. Limae. Ital., p. 52, pl. 1, f. 5.
* ISTORY. — Agriolimax agrestis (agrestis, | inhabiting fields) is one of the commonest 4 and most destructive of our native species, aud was noticed and discriminated by some of the earliest writers.
It was first added to the British lists by Martin Lister in 1674, who distinguished it from other kinds by its smaller size and its peculiar milky-white mucus.
It is the most highly organized of the genus, and owing to its marvellous powers of ees and its habit of frequenting cultivated land, it has been transported to almost every land where the white man has established himself, thriving under its new surroundings to the prejudice of the abori- ginal species
hes to Mr. C. 'T.. Musson, Lime molestus Hutton and LZ. legrundi Tate are both referable to our Agriolimaxr agrestis, Og Bale Cocteetf’. while Luther considers Z. heydenit Heyne-
mann as another synonym of the same species. The Limaa aweinland? of Heynemann has also been regarded as merely another form of this ee a
With this species Prof. ' A. Cockerell, 1.Z.8., of Las Cruces, New Mexico, U.S.A., has been ee m ue of his valuable labours in the elucidation of the variation and affinities of the present and other species.
Diagnosis.—[xterNALLy, A. agrestis may be distinguished from its congeners by its pale ochreous or wlutish body colour, sometimes spotted or blotched with darker pigment, but more especially by its milky-white slime.
INTERNALLY, it 1s sharply separated from all other British slugs by the bulky penis-sheath, and the variously digitate claw-like flagellum at. its distal extremity.
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 105
Description.--ANIMAL limaciform, with large but flattened tubercles; of a some- what uniform whitish or pale ochreous ground colour, but sometimes dull lavender or other tint, often mottled, speckled or reticulated with brown or black, and at times totally suffused with black ; BODY somewhat compressed and keeled towards the tail; TENTACLES dark coloured ; SHIELD more than one-third the total length of the animal, rounded in front and behind, concentric strive not deep, with the nucleus on the right side and towards the rear; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE with a broad usually unpigmented raised ring, which is cut anteriorly by the anal cleft; SOLE pale and longitudinally tripartite, the side areas sometimes darker, especially towards the tail; SOLE-FRINGE separated as usual from the body by a furrow, containing a row of elongate tubercles, upon which the body tubercles rest uncon- formably.. Mucus plentiful and viscous, often clear when crawling, but becoming milky-white on irritation, due to innumerable particles of carbonate of lime.
Length usually about 35 mill.
Fic. 117.—Internal shell of Agriolimax agrestis, X x
| (Markland Grip, Seen Mr.C.T. Musson).
SHELL white, oblong-oval in shape, somewhat convex above and correspondingly concave helow, usually rather thin ; NUCLEUS distinct and placed towards the left side of the posterior margin of the shell; concentric lines of growth perceptible, So margin membranaceous.
Length, 4 mill. ; width, 24 mill.
INTERNALLY, the cerebral ganglia are triangular in shape, spotted with brown especially at the margins, the commissure grey or darkly spotted; the stomato-gastrie or buccal ganglia with longish commissure and dark-brown
Fic. 118.— Nerve — centres of A. agrestis,
connectives ; the parieto-splanchnic ganglia are fused with the pedal ganglia, and both display short commissures ; the vesti gial osphradium can be traced as a ridge and channel across to the left of the respiratory “chamber ; the organ of Semper shows well-developed inferior lobes.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL is triodromous, com- posed of the stomach tract and three intestinal coils; the INGESTIVE TRACT is the shortest, the GSOPHAGUS is also short, and the voluminous CROP of a light-brown colour, thin, and searcely fur- rowed, having the long and much-indented SALI- VARY GLANDS adherent to its sides. The last tract or rectum has, about mid-way, a short ececuin on the right side generally directed backwards, and laid upon the upper surface of the crop. The DIGEs- TIVE GLAND is of an ochreous colour, the right lobe extending quite to the caudal end of the body ; and in common with the whole intestinal mass has been subjected to a noticeable spiral twist in such a way as to indicate that an external shell if present would be a dextrally-coiled one.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR origin- \t!
ates in the median-line, behind the ‘\\ lung, from three or more roots, which immediately unite to form a simple
slender band, and divides usually but not invariably about half-way. There is considerable variation in the details of the fureation ; usually the BUCCAL and TENTACULAR branches separate at nearly the same point, but some- times the slender buecal branch is an offshoot of one or other of the ten- ly tacular retractors, or may arise from Fic. 120. the main-muscle before the tenta- Cepha li
mW retractors of A. cular forking. The buccal retractor the variations to which they are liable.
showing otocysts x 8.
(Christchurch, in Hants S., Mr. C. Ashford).
Fic. 119.— Alimentary canal of A. agrestis, X 2, with the salivary glands removed and showing the rectal cazcum,
(Christchurch, in Hants S., Mr. C Ashford).
Aj Fic. 122.
agrestis, X 2, exemplifying
is always deeply divided in English Fic. 120, represents an usual form. Fic. 121, a less
forms, but not usnally down to its
usual arrangement.
Fic. 122, the unusual.
origin or root, as Dr. Simroth states is the case in the German specimens.
23/11/03
106
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS,
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS have their orifice about two mill. behind the right ommatophore ; the OVOTESTIS is comparatively enormous, and laid upon the upper
surface of the digestive gland, the acini being light-brown, with darker connective tissue ; DUCT short and inflated, buif to creamy white, with a slender VESICULA SEMINALIS ; ALBUMEN GLAND with few lobes, and of a light- brown or slate colour; OVISPER- MATODUCT broad above, narrow below; OVIDUCT with ample folds, free oviduct short, with a yellowish glandular invest- ment; SPERM.» DUCT slender above, more compact and broad below; VAS DEFERENS short, and entering penis-sheath laterally near the free-end ; PENIS-SHEATH a broad, irregular, and medially constricted sac, with narrow out- let, distal-end with a claw-like digitate gland, which varies greatly in size and complexity, each segment or digit having on its concave side a row of pa- pille. The lower half of the sheath contains a conical and fleshy SARCOBELUM or excita- tory organ, which is often pig- mented at the tip; the RETRAC-
—~
Fic. 123. General and detailed illustrations of the reproductive organs of Agriolimax agrestis.
Fic. 123,—Flagellate penial gland, showing two of the many variations to which it is liable, x
Fic. 124.—Reproductive organs, x 2, a/d.g. albumen gland ; at, atrium, with protractor muscles; 7. flagellate gland ; ot. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; A.s. penis-sheath ; ~. penis retractor ; sp. spermatheca ; sf.d. sperm duct.
Fic. 125.—Penis-sheath laid open, showing point of entry of the vas deferens and the internal structure of the organ, X 4. sd. the sarcobelum or excitatory organ (after Simroth).
Fic. 125.
ToR is a short, broad band,
arising from the lung floor, to the right of the mid-dorsal line, anterior to both kidney and pericardium, and is attached, not to the apex, but to the middle of the penis-sheath at the same side as the point of entry of the vas deferens ; SPERMA- THECA fusiform or claviform, attached closely to the base of the oviduct, stem slender, and opening into the narrow and thick-walled ATRIUM, at the junction of the oviduct and penis-sheath.
The MANDIBLE or jaw is crescentic in shape, with well and bluntly-rounded ends; it is a millimetre or more in width, moderately arcuate, of a yellowish- brown colour, and smooth in texture, but showing several distinct darker lines parallel with the upper and lower margins; median beak or rostrum not prominent, but somewhat acute, its vertical carina not well marked.
Fic. 126.—Mandible or jaw of A.agrestis,X16. (Callander, Perth S., Mr. A. Somerville).
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE of a Perthshire specimen is 4 mill. long. and 134 mill. wide ; the denticles diminishing in size towards the outer margins; median teeth with a narrow, posteriorly-expanded base of attachment, the retlection narrow and distinctly tricuspid, the mesocone slender and projecting beyond the basal plate, the ectocones well developed with distinct cutting points; the asymmetrical laterals each have a moderately slender mesocone, the ectocone is also strongly and acutely developed, but the endocone is more or less obsolete, though becomine stronger towards the margin, the seventeenth tooth being distinctly tricuspidate ; the mar- cinals are distinctly aculeate, with an incipient ectocone on some of the teeth.
The formula is 7% + Uh + hb 44426 x 118=8,378.
Ayal We 9 Aude
Fic, 126.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of .4. agrestis, X 160. The animal collected by Mr. A. Somerville, at Callander, Perth S., and the lingual membrane prepared hy Mr. J. W. Neville. "
\
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 107
_ Reproduction and Development.—Unlike its ally A. levis, which in the course of its sexual development is so markedly proterogynous, our A. agrestis shows a distinctly proterandrous tendency.
It is a species easily excited to sexual impulse, and very prolific, multi- plying with great rapidity and under favourable circumstances breeding almost continuously throughout the summer months, producing numerous generations, as renewed intercourse may take place three or four days after a period of egg-deposition; a pair kept in confinement were actually depositing their third batch of eggs before the first were hatched, and a single pair have been observed by Leuchs to deposit the enormous number of seven hundred and seventy-six eggs during the season.
The act of conjugation usually takes place in the evening throughout the whole year, even when the thermometer verges upon freezing point, though more freely indulged in during the summer months, and is always preceded by a prolonged circular procession, which, through seasonal or other influences, may continue for only half-an-hour, or may be persisted in for one hour or more; during this performance milky slime is copiously given off, forming thick circular patches, one or two inches in diameter, which afterwards indicate the spot where congress has taken place.
Animals seeking to pair, on approaching each other, immediately begin the circular promenade, the head of the one animal being laid upon or in contact with the tail of the other, the animals gradually getting closer together, and stroking and patting each other with the exserted excitatory organ or sarcobelum, which is waved about excitedly in a ludicrous manner, and agitated in many sportive ways; the animals also fondle and caress with their tentacles, or even entwine together the anterior part of their bodies, these blandishments leading up eventually to the final consumma- tion, which is very transient, not usually occupying more than a few seconds, during which period the seminal element, mixed with mucus and worked up into a little ball, is transferred bodily, the forerunner of a true spermatophore.
The eggs are usually round, pellucid, bluish-white, and about two mill. in diameter, but vary somewhat in both size and shape, even in the same batch. They may be found at all seasons of the year, even in January, Van Beneden especially remarking that they are deposited all through the winter months. They are placed under stones and rubbish, beneath fallen trees, and other moist and shady places, usually in clusters, which vary in number from about twelve to forty, or even more, and are said to be laid fourteen to twenty days after sexual intercourse, but according to Mr. E. J. Lowe,.who has kept this species in captivity, only five days usually elapse before egg deposition takes place. The hatching occurs in three or four weeks’ time, varying somewhat according to the weather.
The young grow very rapidly, doubling their size and weight in a week’s time, and even growing during the winter months if the cold is not too severe, attaining sexual maturity, pairing, and depositing eggs at a very early age; one pair was observed to breed and deposit eggs in sixty-six days from the time of hatching, although full growth was not reached until the animals were eighty-two days old. 'I‘heir life cycle or period has not been accurately ascertained, but in a state of nature does not appear to exceed eighteen months.
Economic Uses.—This species was formerly and is even yet in rural districts much sought after as a cure for consumption and other diseases of the lungs and chest.!| They may be employed in the form of a broth, or
1 Monog,i., p. 428,
108 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS.
eaten alive by those who wish to obtain all the benefits that may be deriv- able from this reputed remedy.
For throat and chest affections a poultice of slugs is also said to be very emollient and curative.
Puton records that the peasantry of the Vosges regard A. agrestis as a reliable barometer, and that the greater viscosity and abundance of the body mucus, evidenced by the adhesion thereto of earth, leaves, and other ex- traneous substances, is a sure sign of approaching rain.
Food and Habits.—<A griolimaxr agrestis, though essentially a ground slug, inhabits a great variety of situations, not only frequenting gardens, fields, and hedgerows, but also living in woods and forests, by dusty road- sides, in marshy districts, and in the close vicinity of, or even within, houses and out-buildings.
The most curious, though doubtless temporary, habitat, is that vouched for by Mr. W. Nelson, who in April 1866 observed numbers of these animals crawling freely about beneath the water, at the bottom of Pebble Mill Pool, Birmingham ; many of them were a considerable distance from the margin, and all were moving about in an ordinary way.
Its food is as varied as its habitats, as it is a truly omnivorous species, nothing edible seeming to come amiss, and when food to its liking is avail- able its voracity and appetite seem insatiable ; in such cases it has been | known to eat the night through without intermission.
It is exceedingly destructive in the garden, its ravages not being confined to any particular plant or even to leaves, flowers, and fruit, as it devours the roots with almost equal avidity ; like Arion hortensis, it is very partial to strawberries, and is especially destructive to peas, devouring not only the young shoots, but even the pods.
In the fields the havoc wrought by this pest amongst oats, clover, peas, tares, etc., is sometimes so great as to necessitate the re-sowing of the crop, and almost entitles it to a place amongst the locusts, rats, mice, and other plagues which at intervals devastate the country, and against which various prayers and ecclesiastical exorcisms? were formerly employed. The Ritual of Paris, a.D. 1712, which includes the slugs amongst the “worms,” con- tains definite formulas for such exorcisms.
Efficacious practical means for destroying this slug have been earnestly sought for, and many methods have been devised which are more or less successful in their object.
Quicklime, sawdust, soot, tan, ashes, chaff, and sand are amongst the substances recommended to be spread over the ground they frequent ; these substances when dry are impassable by slugs, as the multitudinous particles adhere to the animals, which vainly endeavour by the exudation of fresh mucus to get rid of the annoyance, and ultimately become ex- hausted and die.
Another method is to attract them to a circumscribed spot by sprinkling slices of potato, little heaps of oatmeal, cabbage, or other leaves, with or without greasy matter spread over their surface. 'The slugs are attracted by the baits, and rest upon or near them, so are readily found and destroyed during the frequent visits that must be paid to the traps.
Although not usually a fungus feeder, A. agrestis will, like the true Limaces, at times feed upon various kinds of fungi, poisonous and edible, Boletus edulis, Amanita muscaria, and A. phalloides, being especially
mentioned. 1 Monog., i., p. 434,
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 109
Animal food is also eagerly eaten, this species having been observed to devour hop-aphides (Phorodon humudi), may-flies, the young of Succinea putris, etc., while in America Mr. J. Ford records that a number of A. agrestis, enclosed in a box with several A. campestris, immediately set upon and devoured their congeners—a veritable act of cannibalism.
They will also on opportunity feast upon dead or moribund earthworms, butterflies, and animals of their own or other species, nor does any kind of animal or vegetable refuse come amiss, as even animal excrement pro- vides them with some nourishment.
A. agrestis is a pugnacious and very active species, and on a smooth path
can crawl two inches per minute, or at the rate of a mile in twenty-two days ten hours; it also slips easily through the fingers when grasped, owing to the abundance of its thick milky-white slime, which exudes from any part of the body that may be touched, this exudation, however, varies in abundance according to the animal’s necessities; when crawling over moist ground the secretion of mucus is not excessive, but when travelling upon a dry or absorbent surface, when surprised by the sun’s rays, or as a defence against enemies, the mucus is more plentifully secreted, and this demand under certain circumstances may be so great as to totally exhaust the vitality of the animal, numbers being sometimes found dried up upon the whitewashed or plastered walls of country houses, where they have happened to be surprised by the sun’s rays when crawling over the exposed absorbent walls. _ The plenitude of this viscous secretion renders this species a good spinner of the mucous filaments, by means of which descent can be made from elevated positions. It does not appear to be sufficiently recognized that the phenomenon of thread-spinning is not due to a special secretion for this particular purpose, but is merely the slime which would be exuded in the ordinary way for the purpose of locomotion, and is consequently only ue usual slime track freed from contact with the ground or neighbouring objects.
During descent by means of this mucus-thread, which A. agrestis has been observed to produce at a rate varying up to five inches per minute, the locomotory area of the sole is in active undulatory movement, exactly as in crawling, and the suspended animal revolves more or less quickly. It is one of the readiest spinners amongst our native species, and can descend from considerable heights, and if necessary is able to reascend by the same thread. Mr. Henry Crowther once observed a specimen near Truro, in Cornwall, descending from the branch of an elm-tree twelve feet from the ground, and the slug had descended seven feet of this distance when discovered.
It is the spinning Limax of Latham, but not the Limaa filans of Hoy, which was described as “Lima (filans) cinereus margine flavo,” peculiari- ties more applicable to some species of Arion.
A. agrestis is nocturnal in habit, but like its congeners ventures forth also during the day if it be damp and showery. In dry weather and during the day it hides away in secluded spots, beneath stones, under clods of earth, in worm-holes, etc., sometimes penetrating six or eight inches into the earth.
It is a very hardy species, only retiring for protection when the tempera- ture verges on the freezing point, promptly reappearing at the advent of milder weather, and being active through the winter, except during the actual prevalence of frost
110 AGRIOLIMAX AGREXTIS.
Protective Resemblance.—Few observations have been made with respect to the protection this species may derive from simulating other animate or inanimate objects, but it has been suggested that there is a striking resemblance between this animal and the bloom-sheaths of the black poplar (Populus nigra), and also that the pale forms show a marked approximation in appearance to the cocoons of the Burnet moth (Zygana Jilipendulc), this approximation being so close that at a short distance the resemblance seems complete; these, however, are probably only accidental cases of similarity, and can scarcely be compared with the remarkable examples of protective resemblance due to natural selection.
Parasites and Enemies.—'l'hough the enemies of this species are very numerous, its enormous fecundity enables it under ordinary conditions not only to maintain its ground, but to increase in numbers.
M. Barthelmy affirms that a minute Nematode worm (A scurioides limacis) is found even within the egg ; while M. Laurent claimed to have detected a minute parasitic fungus therein, even before exclusion from the parent slug.
The active Trichomonas limacis Duj., and the rotifer Albertia vermicu- laris are found within the intestinal canal of adults, and the hair-worm (Mermis nigrescens) in the body cavity, while at one time A. agrestis was regarded as the most probable medium through which the dreaded scourge Distomum hepaticum was conveyed to sheep and other ruminants.
Ducks, rooks, pheasants, quail, etc., feed eagerly upon A. agrestis, a food to which the fieldfare also seems particularly partial.
They are favourite morsels with the hedgehog, which often scratches them out from the crevices or from the roots of grass where they are concealed; while the Blindworm (Anguis fragilis) is said to prefer this slug to any other food, and in captivity will take four or five or even more at a meal.
Fossil.— A griolimax agrestis has been recorded in the fossil state from many localities, and from many of the deposits belonging to the Post- Tertiary periods, but as the specific characters are not sharply defined on the vestigial shell, the identifications probably cannot in every case be implicitly relied on.
Purocenz.—Mr. J. C. Mansel-Pleydell reports it as a Pliocene fossil from Dorset, but it is not included by Kennard & Woodward amongst the Pliocene fossils of the south of England.
PuieIstocenr.—-Kennard & Woodward record it from Fisherton, in Wilt- shire, and also from Portland, Dorset, the specimens from the latter locality having been identified by Dr. Jeffreys. In Sussex, Mr. J. P. Johnson found it in deposits on the foreshore at West Wittering. In Kent, Ken- nard & Woodward chronicle its presence in the Ightham fissure, in the Happaway Cavern, at Swanscombe, Crayford, and Erith; while the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen records it from a pre-neolithic chalky-loam deposit on the Barton Court estate, Buckland, near Dover. In Essex, Mr. J. P. Johnson has found it in the Uphall brickyard, Ilford, and Mr. Miller Christy reports it as common in the Camm Valley alluvium at Chignal; it has been reported from Copford, and also occurs in the Paleolithic river drift at Grays, from which place it was formerly recorded as Lima sowerbyi. Kennard & Woodward state, on the authority of Dr. Jeffreys, that it has been found between Upton and Chilton, in Berkshire; and Mrs. McKenny Hughes reports it from the deposits at Barnwell Abbey, Cambridgeshire ; Sandberger (Vorwelt, p. 755) vouches for its occurrence in this country
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 111
in the Lower Pleistocene Forest bed at Cromer, in East Norfolk, and also from the Upper Pleistocene gravels and brick-earths.
In France it has been found at the base of the Loéss, in the Pleistocene fluviomarine sand (sable aigre) of Menchecourt, near Abbeville, in the department of the Somme.
In Germany, Sandberger reports it from the Middle Pleistocene tufa at Cannstadt, Wurtemburg ; and Spiridion Brusina cites it as a Pleistocene fossil in Moravia.
Hotocrns.—In Kent, this species has been found in deposits at Buck- land, near Dover, by Rev. R. Ashington Bullen ; it has also been tabulated or recorded for Maidstone, Charing, Darenth, Otford, Greenhithe, Exedown, near Wrotham, and from alluvium at Seal, near Sevenoaks, by Kennard & Woodward. In Surrey, the Rev. R. Ashington Bullen found it abundant up to three feet deep in Colley Pit, Reigate. In Essex, it has been found in the Lea Valley, at Witham, Braintree, Raine, Roxwell, Shalford, and in the alluvium at Walthamstow, according to Kennard & Woodward, who also record the finding of it by Dr. Frank Corner, in Post-Pliocene alluviuin, at New Park, near the White House in the Lea Marshes. In Berkshire it has been found abundantly in beds of the Kennet Valley, Newbury, by Mr. E. Percy Richards.
Mr. G. E. Mason, in 1896, found many specimens of the shell within Mitchelstown Cave, Tipperary, mixed amongst the fine red earth on the floor of the ‘Long Cave,” 600 feet from the entrance.
In Germany, Sandberger records it from the Liéess at Unterdiirnbach, and Unterzell near Wiirzburg in Bavaria, and also at Grotzingen near Durlach in Baden. It has also been recorded by Pini from the alluvium of San Fedele, near Milan, in Lombardy, and by von Ihering in the tufa at Streit- berg in French Switzerland.
Variation. — Agriolimar agrestis, though usually offering a pallid colouration, does, under certain environmental conditions, present very varied pigmentation, and in this country, according to Dr. Norman, under- goes seasonal variation, the individuals though perhaps creamy-white or light-drab in the early part of the year, as the summer passes away assuming a darker hue, with brown flakes more or less thickly scattered over the sur- face, and during the autumn frequently becoming of a rich brown colour.
The markings to which the species is subject are invariably constituted by irregularly distributed dark spots, or blotches, which occasionally more or less overspread the whole body, and may at times become accidentally ranged into some semblance of longitudinal banding.
This absence of true banding renders it probable that the various banded slugs which have been referred to 4. agrestis by various authors, would be more correctly allocated with Limax tenellus, L. arborum, or other normally banded species. ws ;
According to Dumont & Mortillet, the pale varieties are peculiar to forests and shady places, while those living in open situations are always darker in colour.
The variations in size are usually not very striking, but Mr. L. E. Adams has observed that those found on the coast always attain a larger size than those frequenting more inland localities, and Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce espe- cially remarked upon the diminutive size of specimens found at altitudes of 7,000 and 8,000 feet in the Engadine, Switzerland, while Kaleniczenko dis- tinguished as var. ménut« the stunted forms inhabiting the Pontic region.
112 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS.
‘Towards the confines of its natural range A. agrestis usually presents a more uniformly dark and, according to Simroth, more primitive colouring than in the British Isles, and it is extremely significant that this ancient garb should be the salient character of the species when living in countries beyond and almost encircling our most active evolutionary area, this pecu- har distribution rendering it likely that the unicolorous forms at one time occupied this area, but have been supplanted by the distinctly maculate forms which now predominate there. :
About Tromso and its more northern Norwegian habitats the species is usually of an uniformly pale brown; in southern and extreme south-western Europe it assumes a more or less uniform reddish, blackish, or dark-grey hue; while in south-eastern Europe, Asia Minor, and Turkestan, a grey form with or without faint spottings is the prevalent type.
This remarkable uniformity in colouring is associated with and may be in some measure correlated with the presence of a stronger and more ex- tended keel, as’ this feature has been observed in the Norwegian, South European, Portuguese, and Asiatic specimens:
Although as far as possible all the names given to the various forms are enumerated, and their characters pointed out when ascertainable, yet many of them are practically identical or denote quite insignificant variations, and are included solely with the object of rendering the account of the species as complete as possible.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL. Var. albitentaculata Dum. & Mort., Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10.
Limax agrestis var. albitentaculata Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Agriolimax agrestis var. alba Cockerell, Nautilus, Oct. 1891, p. 70.
ANIMAL with body and tentacles pure white.
Dorset—Portland, Aug. 1886 ! J. Madison.
Isle of Wight—(G. Guyon in Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860, p. 462).
Sussex W.—Ratham, usually small, July 1884, W. Jeffery.
Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chiswick, amongst Carduus arvensis with type (T. D. A. Cockerell, Sci. Gossip, Jan. 1887). Churchyard-bottom wood, Highyate, May 1889, H. Wallis Kew.
Worcester—Garden, Stourport, July 1888 (Williams, J. of Conch., July 1888).
Stafford—Field, Stafford, Dee 1885! L. E. Adams.
Lincoln N.—Claythorpe, July 1887! J. E. Mason.
York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck.
York Mid W.—By the walls of Clapham churchyard (H. Richardson, J. of C., April 1886). Bolton Abbey, April 1883 ! W.D.R.
Lancashire S.—Walton-le-Dale, June 1889! W. H. Heathcote.
Durham—Lane near Old Elvet, Durham, April 1884! Baker Hudson.
Lanark—Wilderness Wood, Cadder, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Down—Graveyard, Downpatrick Cathedral, and about Dundrum, R. Welch.
Dublin— Under a heap of hay, Raheny (Scharff, Slugs of [reland, 1891, p. 527).
Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap.
Sweden—Shore of Karrstorp Lake, Ronneby (Westerlund, Mal. Iaktt., 1866, p. 553
Finland—Nykyrka in South Finland (Luther, Moll. Finland, 1901, p. 48).
Var. pallida Schrenk, Land u. Sussw. Moll. Livlands, 1848. Limax pallidus Schrenk, op. cit. Limax agrestis Y filans Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1835, ii., p. 22. Limax agrestis § melanocephalus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax agrestis var. flavi-clypens Dum. & Mort., Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. atritentaculata Dum. & Mort., op. cit. Agriolimax pallidus a tmmaculatus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ttal., 1882, p. dl. Limax agrestis var. albidus Vaniot, Moll. Amiens, 1883, p.3.
ANIMAL pale and unspotted ; SHIELD often tinged with yellowish.
The sub-var. melanocephala is greyish-white, with a black head.
The sub-var. atritentaculata is described as white with black tentacles. The sub-var. albida is greyish-white.
The sub-var. immaeulata, is pale and unicolourous, with yellowish shield. The sub-var, filans is whitish, shield yellowish or ash coloured.
The sub-var. flavielypea has the stield yellowish.
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 113
_ This variety, which is the typical unicolorous form of the species, with the con- stituent subsidiary and scarcely separable forms cited above, is abundant and generally distributed throughout the British Islands, and probably occurs through- out the entire range of distribution of the species.
Var. flavilatera Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 10.
Limax agrestis var. succineus Westerlund, Faun. Europ., 1876, p. 11. Agriolinax agrestis Y aurata Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 19. Limax agrestis var. xanthosoma Fischer, J. de Conchyl., 1880, p. 294.
ANIMAL with body and shield yellowish.
The var. flavilatera s.str. is described as having the sides of body yellowish.
The sub-var. suceinea is described as subrufous above and white beneath.
The sub-var. aupata has an uniformly yellow shield and body and black ommatophores.
The sub-var. xanthosoma is uniformly amber-yellow, tentacles bluish-brown.
Lancashire S.—Tyldesley, Aug. 1886, Lionel E. Adams.
France—Sub-var. xanthosoma, valley of Mont Dore, Puy-de-Déme (Fischer, op. c.).
Italy—Sub-var. wurata, Groscovallo, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Norway—Sub-var. swccinea, Christiania (Esmark, Suppl. Norway List, 1880).
United States—Sub-var. succinea, Portland, Oregon, H. F, Wickham (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, 1891).
Var. cineracea Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 23.
Limax agrestis B cineracea Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Limax agrestis var. cinerascens Dum. & Mort., Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. grisea T. D. A, Cockerell, Nautilus, Oct. 1891, p. 70.
ANIMAL more or less entirely ash coloured or grey.
The var. eineracea s.str. is described as greyish-white with ash-coloured shield.
The sub-var. cinerascens is described as grey.
The sub-var. grisea is of a somewhat dark grey.
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. grisea, Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June-1893). Near Prescot, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Dublin—Sub-var. grisea, Rathfarnham (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891).
France—Sub-var. cinerascens is recorded for Savoy; the var. cineracea is also found commonly almost throughout the department of the Ain; 1t is commoner than the type about Lyons in the department of the Rhone, and is also found in Haute Loire and the department of the Seine.
Portugal—Common in Estremadura, in Alemtejo and in Algarve (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 35).
Greece—Sitia and Canea in the Isle of Crete (Simroth, op. cit.).
Norway—About Tromso, Groto, and Grono (Esmark & Hoyer, Mal. BI., 1856).
Asia Minor—Magnesia, Brussa, and shores of the Dardanelles (Simroth, op. cit.).
Var. violacea Gassies, Moll. de lAgenais, 1849, p. 64. Limax agrestis § lilacina Mogq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1856, ii., p. 22, pl. 2, f. 22. Limax agrestis var. plumbea Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898.
ANIMAL purplish, lilac or slate coloured.
This is probably the Limazx sylvaticus of Draparnand, but some of the details of his description are not in perfect accord with the characteristics of the species.
Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson.
Sussex W.—Midhurst, 1884, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Stafford—Stafford! L. E. Adams. Gardens, Cheadle, April 1886! F. B. Webb.
Salop—St. Oswald’s Well and Whittington Castle, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Gloucester E.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Gloucester W.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Monmouth—Shirenewton Hall, June 1886 ! E. J. Lowe.
Glamorgan—Llandaff, on Dactylis glomerata, July 1885! F. W. Wotton.
York N.E.—Egton Bridge, Aug. 1885! Baker Hudson. Coxwold and Byland, Sept. 1892 (Nat., 1892, p. 347).
York Mid W.—Cracoe, June 1891! W.D.R.
Ireland—Rev. B. J. Clarke records the not unfrequent occurrence of this variety in Ireland, but does not cite precise localities.
Down—Graveyard, Downpatrick Cathedral, R. Welch.
114 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS.
Dublin—Sub-var. plumbea, abundant on high road, Whitechurch near Dublin (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528).
Waterford—Near Clonmel, Foul 1888, A. H. Delap.
Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Cormack’s Chapel, Cashel, May 1898, R. Welch.
Galway E.—Clonbrock, June 1900, R. Welch.
Kerry—Sub-var. plumbea, Glengariff road, Kenmare, July 1898 (Standen, Trish Nat., Sept. 1898).
France—(Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.). Common at Arés and Piquey in Aquitaine (J. B. Gassies, Mal. Aquitaine, 1867, p. 117). South of Amiens in the Somme (Vaniot, Moll. Amiens, 1883, p. 3).
Greece—Sitia me Canea in Crete (Simroth, op. cit.).
Var. pufescens Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 10.
ANIMAL with rufous body coloration.
Cheshire—Mere Bank, Knutsford, Oct. 1885! J. G. Milne.
Galway W.—Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Greece—Canea in Crete (Simroth, op. cit.).
Portugal—Amongst rushes bordering streams or growing in the moist plains (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 34).
Var. brunnea Taylor. Agriolinax agrestis € tristis L. & P., Mon. Lim. Ital., 1882, p. 50 (not of Moq.-Tand.).
ANIMAL almost uniformly brown on body and shield.
Kent W.—Banks of River Cray, St. Mary Cray, April 1885! 8. C. Cockerell. Hever, Edenbridge, Feb. 1898 ! A. Leicester.
Middlesex—Acton, Dec. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Norfolk W.—Garden, King’s Lynn, Nov. 1886 ! C. B. Plowright.
Gloucester W.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Stafford—Garden, Cheadle, April 1886! IF’. B. Webb.
Salop—Uswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Radnor—Pen-y-bont, Nov. 1893! F. Hall.
Glamorgan—Banks of River Ely, St. Favan’s, March 1885! F. W. Wotton.
Montgomery—Etail-wag, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Lincoln N.—Tothby Farm near Alford, April 1886! W.D.R.
Derby—Buxton, June 1893! C. Oldham,
Notts.—Railway embankment, Colwick, Sept. 1884! Beauvale Abbey, Sept. 1884! Worksop, April 1884! and Wollaton, Nov. 1884! C. T. Musson, Garden, Tuxford, ‘April 1885 !W. A. Gain,
Cheshire—Bowdon, Dee. 1884! J. G. Milne. Sale and Northenden, June 1885! C. Oldham.
Lancashire S.—Whalley, Sept. 1888! C. Oldham. Walton-le-Dale, June 1889 ! W. H. Heathcote.
Lancashire Mid—Preesall near Fleetwood, Lionel E. Adams.
York S.E.—Garden, Westwood, Beverley, Sept. 1884! J. D. Butterell.
York N.E.—Battersby near Great Ayton, Dec. 1884 ! Baker Hudson.
York Mid W.—Starbotton, May 1886! W.D.R. Pry House near the dale head in Nidderdale, plentiful, May 1886! W.D.R. Common about Harrogate (F. R. Fitz- gerald, J. of Conch., Jan. 1889).
Durham—Durham, April 1884! Baker Hudson.
Westmorland and Furness—Coniston, Sept. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Roxburgh—Bridve over Leader Water, Aug. 1886 ! W.D.R.
Berwick—Fans near Earlston, common, Oct. 1883 ! R. Renton.
Dumbarton—Near Duntocher, Sept. 1888 ! A. Shaw.
Ross E.—Near Bonar Bridge, Feb. 1887 ! W. Baillie.
Sutherland E.—Mound Rock, Sept. 1884! W. Baillie.
Hebrides—Stornoway, Isle of Lewis, Aug. 1886 ! A. Somerville.
Derry—Magilligan and Castle Rock, R. Welch.
Antrim—W hitehall, Bronghshane, June 1886! Rev. S. A. Brenan.
Down—Clonduff, Jan. 1898, R. Welch. Cultra, Dee. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Kildare—River bank, Monasterevin, Oct. 1899, It. Welch.
Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Annals N.H., 1840, p. 203).
Mayo W.—Annaglh Bay, Achill Island, Aug. 1886! J. G. Milne,
Galway W.—Aran Isles, Oct. 1890 (Scharff, Slugs of Treland, 1891, p. 527). Roundstone, March, 1891, R. FL Seharit.
Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, April 1888 ! A. H. Delap.
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 115
Italy—Vav. tristis Less. & Poll., about Auronzon near Cadore in Venetia, at Monte St. Elia in Calabria, and about Palermo in Sicily (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Norway—Uniformly pale brown specimens abound at Tromso, 70° north lat. (B. Esmark, Moll. Arct. Norw., 1882, p. 97).
VARIATIONS IN MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. punctata Picard, Moll. Somme, 1840, p. 164. Limax agrestis var. punctulatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 10. Limax veranyanus Bourg., Spic. Malac., 1861, p. 30, pl. 13, f. 9. Limax agrestis § florentinus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 50. Limax agrestis var. bimaculata T. D. A. Cockerell. ANIMAL greyish or whitish, sprinkled with fine black spots. The sub-var. punctulata is described as sprinkled with black. The sub-var. veranyana Bourg. appears hardly to differ from typical punctata, except in the greater number and smaller size of the spots. The sub-var. florentina Less. & Poll. is described as eighty or more millimetres in length, and adorned with blackish-brown spots. The sub-var. bimaculata is described as possessing pale ochre-brown spots on the shield, and greyish ones on the body, with pale-brown tentacles.
Dorset—Sub-var. bimaculata, Parkstone, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Hants S.—Var. punctata, Christchurch, Nov. 1883 ! C. Ashford.
Worcester—Var. punctata, garden, Stourport, July 1888 (Williams, J. of Conch., July 1889).
Pembroke—Var. punctata, near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler.
Notts.—Var. punctata, garden, Tuxford, Sept. 1885! W. A. Gain.
Dublin—Sub-var. bimeaculata, plentiful in garden, Leeson Park, Dublin, in November (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 527).
France—In the departments of the Ain, Haute Loire, and the Seine. Sub-var. veranyana in shady places of the valleys throughout the mountain chain in the Alpes Maritimes.
Italy—Sub-var. florentina was found by Marchese Paulucci, at Castellonchio, at Novoli, and at Legnaia near Florence (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). Sub-var. veranyana is chiefly found about Genoa (Bourg., op. cit.).
Var. reticulata Miiller, Verm. Hist., 1774, ii., p. 10.
Limax reticulatus Miller, op. cit.
Limax agrestis var. ) Férussac, Hist., 1819, pl. 5, f. 7.
Limax agrestis \ sylvaticus Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. ii., p. 23, pl. 3, f. 2. Limax agrestis ¢ obscurus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Limax agrestis var. subreticulatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Limax agrestis var. maculatus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Sav., 1857, p. 10. Agriolimax pallidus B fusconotatus L, & P., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 51, pl. 1, f. 6.
ANIMAL with a variable ground tint, with irregular dark spots and interstitial lineolation.
The sub-var. sylvatica is described by Moquin-Tandon as of variable ground colour, with irregular spots, the head often of a clear brown. The var. 7 of Férussac is quoted as synonymous.
The sub-var. maculata is described as irregularly spotted.
The sub-var. subreticulata is described as having the interstitial lineolation more diffuse. d ;
The sub-var. fusconotata Less. & Poll. has brown spots, or is subreticulate upon a pale ground colour. ;
The sub-var. nigricans Westerlund is described as grey, with somewhat coal- escent black spots and dark tentacles.
The sub-var. obscura is described as reddish with brown spots.
The var. reticulata and its sub-varieties really represent the most prevalent type, being probably found in every locality where the species exists in the British Isles.
Var. nigra Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 34.
Limax agrestis a niger Morelet, op. cit. :
Limax agrestis var. nigrescens Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1839, p. 7. . 7
Agriolinax panormitanus Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 52, pl. 1, f. 5.
Limax agrestis var. azorica Ckll. . . :
ANIMAL entirely or almost entirely black, the colour sometimes invading the
side-areas of the sole, as in Limazx cincreo-niger, but the black pigment may be discharged by immersing the animal in liquor potasse, the body then becoming of a rich brown colour.
116 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS.
The sub-var. panormitana L. & P. differs externally only in the colouring tend- ing to olive-brown, and internally is said to show a more digitate penial gland.
Hants N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1886! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex W.—Ratham, April 1889 ! W. Jeffery.
Gloucester E.—Strond, March 1884! E. J. Elliott.
Gloucester W.—Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Notts.—Roadsides, Mapperley, May 1885! and Beauvale Abbey, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Garden, Tuxford, June 1888! W. A. Gain.
Stafford—Gardens, Cheadle, April 1886! F. B. Webb. Croxden Abbey (J. R. B. Masefield, Staffordshire List, 1902).
Derby—Clifton, June 1889, L. E. Adams.
Radnor—Pen-y-bont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall.
Merioneth—Gardens, Palé, Corwen, May 1887! T. Ruddy.
Pembroke—North Cliff, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900).
Lancashire S.—Knowsley near Liverpool (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893). Farington, June 1890! W. H. Heathcote.
York S.E.—Pansy-beds in garden, Westwood, Beverley, May 1884 (J. D. But- terell, J. of Conch., Jan. 1883).
York N.E.—Egton Bridge, Aug. 1885! Baker Hudson. Skelton Beck Valley, near Saltburn, May 1887! and roadsides, Raskelf, Oct. 1882 ! W.D.R.
York S.W.—Garden, Holmfirth, Jan. 1885 ! H. E. Craven. Garden, Wakefield, Jan. 1885! J. Wilcock. Bottoms, Heckmondwike, Mch. 1903! T. Castle. Apperley Bridge, and in gardens near Peel Park, Bradford (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Penistone (L. E. Adams, Nat., Oct. 1893, p. 315).
York Mid W.—Wood near Tadcaster, F. Gz. Binnie (J. Darker Butterell, J. of Conch., Jan. 1883). Near Manchester Hole, Nidderdale, July 1886! Kettlewell, May 1886! and abundant at top of Greenhow Hill, Wharfedale, April 1887 ! W.D.R.
York N.W.—Bolton Castle, Wensleydale, May 1888 ! W.D.R.
Durham—Durham, May 1887! Rev. H. E. Fox.
Wigtown—Springbank near Stranraer, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Haddington—Dirleton Common, North Berwick, Sept. 1890! W. Evans.
Antrim—Cave Hill, near Belfast, 1893, R. Welch.
Leitrim—Drunishambo, Dec. 1901, J. Welch.
Waterford—Near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap.
Belgium—Var. nigrescens, Brussels (Colbeau, Mal. Belg., 1859, p. 7).
Spain—Var. panormitana, Gibraltar (Simroth, op. cit.).
Portugal—Var. nigra, common in Estremadura, in the Alemtejo, and in Algarve (Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 34).
Italy—Var. panormitana, Palermo, Sicily (Simroth, op. cit.).
Spain—Gibraltar (Simroth, op. cit.).
Greece—Var. panormitana, Canea in Crete (Simroth, op. cit.).
Azores—The black form of this species, the var. panormitanea of Simroth, is found above the zone of cultivation, and has been distinguished as var. azorica by Cockerell, to emphasize the widely distant place of its evolution, but as no differ- ences are known, either externally or internally, I am unable to agree with the application of a distinctive name to the Azorean individuals merely on account of their remote insular locality.
Geographical Distribution. — Aygriolimur agrestis is very widely distributed over the whole Palearctic region, and has been carried by commerce to North and South America, South Africa, Australia, Tas- mania, New Zealand, and the Mauritius.
In the United States this species is steadily spreading, owing to the great amount of intercommunication between the different states, and it will doubtless ultimately oust the aboriginal species with which it may come in
competition. sy
ENGLAND AND WALES.
In the case of this species we are able to dispense with the necessity of giving details for the various districts, inasmuch as throughout the whole of England and Wales it is abundantly and generally diffused, from the coast-level even to the summits of the hills, and there is probably not a plot of cultivated ground on which it is not to be found, it being absent
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 117
or scarce only on such inhospitable ground as peaty moorlands, pine forests, etc. We have seen and authenticated examples from all the coun- ties and vice-counties into which the country is divided.
SCOTLAND.
This species has been found and its occurrence also authenticated in each of the forty-one districts into which the country has been separated for record purposes, a result due in great measure to the indefatigable energy with which Mr. W. Evans obtained examples for us from all the out-lying or more inaccessible districts.
IRELAND.
The investigation of Ireland is not yet so far advanced as in the sister countries, so that it is desirable to give the detailed distribution.
ULSTER.
ae ae about Coleraine, Nov. 1883, L. E. Adams. Ballynagard, June
1892, D. C. Campbell (R. F. Scharff). Creagh meadows, Toome, and many other places, R. Welch.
Antrim—Cushendun and Whitehall, Brouglshane, May 1886! Rev. 8. A. Brenan. Hill Slenish, 700-800 feet alt. ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Common about Belfast, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff. About Ballycastle, but not abundant, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Trish Naturalist, Jan. 1897). Ram's Island, Lough Neagh, R. Welch.
Down—Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Crawfordsburn near Glen Head, May 1902; about flax-dam, Ballinahinch Junction, March 1899 ; Slieve Bingian, alt. 1,200 feet, also at an alt. of 1,250 feet at Deer’s meadow, Mourne Mountains, Jan. 1898, R. Welch.
Armagh—Armagh, June 1885! H. W. Lett.
Monaghan—Common about Clones Round Tower graveyard, Oct. 1901, R. Welch.
‘Tyrone—Strabane, June 1889, A. H. Delap. Dungannon, May 1901, R. Welch.
Donegal—Donegal, Sept. 1885! W. F. de V. Kane. Croaghross, Letterkenny, May 1889! H. C. Hart.
Fermanagh—Commion about Enniskillen; Marble Arch and throughout the Lough Erne area generally, R. Welch.
Cavan—In woods and shores of lake, near Killykeen, July 1896 (R. Welch, Irish Naturalist, Oct. 1896, p. 274).
LEINSTER.
Louth—Piperstown! Miss Sidney Smith. Dundalk demesne, and also common in the Boyne valley, R. Welch.
Meath—Navan, June 1888 ! and New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff. Bean- pare; Tara Hill, and Loughcrew Hills, July 1900, R. Welch.
Dublin—Banks of river Dodder at Rathfarnham, and Rathmines, April 1887! Leeson Park, Nov. 1890; Dundrum and Sherkin Island, R. F. Scharff. Cabragh Old road, Dublin, April 1886! J. R. Redding. Kingstown, May 1886! and Glen Druid, Carrickmines, Oct. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Ireland’s Eye and Hill of Howth, R. Welch.
Kildare—Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Monasterevin, Oct. 1899, R. Welch.
Wicklow—Powerscourt, May 1886 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Woodenbridge and the Arklow sand hills, March 1893 (R. F. Scharff, Irish Naturalist, April 1893). Glendalough, June 1901, R. Welch.
Wexford—Alderton near Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! Miss Glascott. Wexford, April 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Carlow—Common about Carlow, Nov. 1901, A. G. Stewart.
Queen’s Co.-—La Bergerie, common, and in all shades of colouring (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1840, p. 203).
Westmeath—Knockdrin demesne, Ap. 1892, and Mullingar, Ap. 1894, R. F. Scharff.
Longford—-Currygrane, Mrs. J. Mackay Wilson (Welch, Irish Nat., July 1902).
CONNAUGHT.
Leitrim—Dromahaire, Sept. 1900, R. Welch.
Sligo—Markree Castle demesne, Collooney, Aug. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Near Ballina, July 1891 ! Miss Amy Warren.
118 AGRIOLIMAX AGRISTIS.
Mayo W.—Moyview, Ballina, July 1891! Miss Amy Warren. Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. Under stones on shore, Annagh Bay, and other places in Achill Iskund ; also at Westport and Newport, Sept. 1886 (id., J. of Conch., Oet. 1891). Common, Aasleagh, and Delphi, April 1897 (R. Welch, Trish Naturalist, Nov. 1897). :
Galway W.—Roundstone, Mareh 1891, and Aran Isles, Oct. 1902, Tt. F. Scharff. Dernasligean near Leenane, April 1897 (R. Welch, Trish Nat., Nov. 1897).
Galway E.—Gardens abont Tuam (B. J. Clarke, Ann. N.H., 1843, p. 341). Clon- broek, June 1886, R. PF. Sehart?.
MUNSTER. Tipperary S.—Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap. Common, Cashel and Holy- cross, May 1898, R. Welch. Waterford —Waterford, Sep. 1883! J. H. Salter. Clonmel, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. Cork S.—Abundant at Blaney, Bantry, and Glengariff, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Clear Island, Dec. 1889, Queenstown, May 1891, R. FL Scharf. Kerry —Very conmmon on Valentia Island, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. Lough Caragh, June 1890, R. BF. Scharf, Swarms about Galway’s Bridge, Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, [vish Nat., Sept. 1898). Abundant at Killarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams.
0 _ 50 E 100 E 150 E 180 Jo q CN aap f 7 : Oo) 75
so
50 50 | 24 v sd 4 g :
| | ree ” a .
ol ai wk aes ae Seese a has | = ° = SOE loo E LOE. 180 |
~—~"| Probable Range. = Recorded Distribution
Fria, 127.—Geographical Distribution of tyriolimar agrestis (L.).
GERMANY.
Found throughout the empire, and records have been seen for Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Coburg, Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Liinebnre, Nassau, Pomerania, Prussia, Pyrmont, Saxony, Silesia, Thuringia, Westphalia, Wurtem- burg, and the Tsland of Heligoland.
NETHERLANDS.
Belgium—(Colbean, Mal. Bele., 1859).
Holland—(Kt. J. Maitland, Nachrichtsbl., 1869, p. 163),
FRANCE,
Al. agrestis is probably found throughout France, and has been reported from the Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Aquitaine, Arieve, Basses Pyrénées, Champagne Meridionale, Charente Tnférieare, Cote @Or, Cotes-du-Nord, inistdre, Gard, Gers, Caronde, THiantes Alpes, Hante Garonne, Hante Loire, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Herault, Hle-et-Vilaine, Isere, Jura, Loire Inférienre, Lozere, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Morbihan, Moselle, Nitvre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Dome, Pyrénées Occidentales, Rhone, Savoie, Seine, Seine Inférieure, Seine et Marne, Somme, Var, Vendée, Vienne, Vosges, and the Island of Corsica.
SWITZERLAND,
Probably abundant throughout the country, and has been reported as oeenrring
in the cantons of Berne, Crisons, Cchurus, Lucerne, Nenchatel, St. Gall, Solothurn,
Valais, Vaud, and Aurich.
AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS, 119
ITALY.
Recorded as inhabiting the whole of Italy and its islands. In its various forms, which include Eichwald’s variety zberus and Issel’s variety etruscus, of which the descriptions have not been accessible, it has been reported from Calabria, Emilia, Liguria, Lombardy, Piedmont, Rome, Tuscany, Umbria, Venetia, and the Islands of Capri, Sardinia, and Sicily.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY.
Has been found in Austria, Bosnia, Boliemia, Galicia, Goritz, Hungary, Istria, Slavonia, Styria, Transylvania, Tyrol, and Upper Carinthia.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain—Graells says it is found in various provinces. It has been definitely recorded from near Santiago in Galicia; from Barcelona and Olot in Catalonia; from Lorea in Murcia; from the White Mountain in Aragon; as common in garden at Valencia; and Mr. E. J. Lowe found it common in May 1860, at Hoy de Barcena near Santander in Old Castile; while the var. panormitana is recorded by Simroth from Gibraltar in Andalusia.
Portugal—Simroth reports this species from Lisbon and Cintra in Estremadura, Coimbra in Beira; and Braga and Oporto in Minho. Morelet records the varieties nigra and cinerea as common in Estremadura, Alemtejo, and Algarve, and the var. rufescens as living in various moist places.
Balearic Isles—Plentiful in Majorca, Minorca, ete.
BALKAN PENINSULA.
Servia—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., June 1885, p. 254). Montenegro—Cettinje (Clessin, Nachrichtsbl., 1885, p. 179).
SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Very common throughout Norway, extending even to Kistrand, 70° 25’ north lat. ; it abounds also about Tromso at 70° north lat. In these northern regions, however, the animals scarcely exceed an inch in length, and according to Miss Esmark are mostly uniform light-brown in colotr, but grey specimens are also found, as well as maculate ones.
Sweden—Very common throughout, and extending to the extreme northern con- fines of the country, being recorded by Westerlund for Karesuando in Swedish Lap- land at 68°-69° north lat.
Denmark—(Heynemann, op. cit.). Miiller records his Limax reticulatus from gardens in Fridrichsdal and Rosenburg.
It is also recorded for Greenland, Southern Iceland and the Faroes.
RUSSIA.
Has been recorded from Courland, Livland, Esthland, Moscow, Kharkov, Pol- tava, Tchernigov, Crimea, Poland, Abchasia, and according to Luther is common throughout Middle and Southern Finland.
Siberia—Westerlund gives numerous localities along the whole valley of the Jenissei from Kolmogorowa in the south, 59° 30’ north lat., where the examples were strongly maculate; the finely spotted varieties were more boreal in their dis- tribution, but not met with beyond Baklanovskaia at 64° 50’; still further to the north, the pale, immaculate form only was found, and extended as far as Selivan- inskoj, 65° 55’ north lat. It has also been recorded by F. Schmidt as found on Brjochow [or Bregovski] Island in the estuary of the Jenissei at 70° 50’.
On the Lower Amur, Schrenk found it abundant about Dshare, Nikolajevsk, and on the Island Uisut in the Liman or estuary of the Amur. Maack found it on the banks of the Ussuri, a tributary of Amur, and Middendorff found a small slug in the Stanowoi Mountains which Schrenk regarded as this species (Sibir. Moll., 1877).
MONGOLIAN SUB-REGION.
Turkestan—Limax fedtschenkot is said to be peculiar to the district between Aral and Kokhand (Westerlund, Sib. Moll., 1877, p. 18).j
China—L. setchuanensis Heude, which is probably a synonym of A. agrestis, is moderately abundant in the mountains of Tchen-k’eou, the province of Se-Chuen (Heude, Moll. Terr. Fleuve Bleu, 1885, p. 99).
Japan—Probably the Lima varians of A. Ad., from Hakodadi, Refunsiri, and Risiri are really referable to Agriolimax agrestis.
120 AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS.
NORTH AFRICA, ASIA MINOR, Ete. Morocco—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528). Algiers —Tlemcen in Oran (Morelet, J. de Conch., 1853, p. 280). Upper Kabylie (Locard, Moll. Lyons, 1877). Asia Minor—Hailla in Syria (Morelet, Journ. de Conch., 1853, p. 280). Brussa and the shores of the Dardanelles (Simroth, op. cit.). Persia—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528).
ATLANTIC ISLES. Madeira—Common on cultivated land about Funchal and on the west of the island (R. Boog Watson, Journ. de Conch., 1876, p. 221). Canaries—Plain of Laguna, Teneriffe (Férussac, Hist., 1819, p. 74). Santa Cruz and Orotava, Teneriffe, Lt.-Col. Parry (Collinge & Partridge, J. of Mal., May 1899). Azores—In gardens at Ponta Delgada, and elsewhere, San Miguel (Simroth, op.
cit., 1891, p. 281). NEARCTIC REGION.
According to Pilsbry, 1. agrestis is found in most large cities on the Atlantic coast, and has put in an appearance at several points on the Pacific slope ; it has been recorded definitely for
Ontario—Abundant at Mackay’s Bay, New Edinburgh, and other places about Ottawa (F. R. Latchford, Mollusca Ottawa, 1886, p. 12). St. Thomas, July 1887' (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., Oct. 1889).
Quebec—Citadel, Quebec (F. R. Latchford, Amer. Nat., Nov. 1885).
British Columbia—Vars. sylvatica and varians in gardens, Victoria, Vancouver Isle, first observed about 1884 (G. W. Taylor, Nautilus, Dec. 1891).
Maine—Common in fields and by road-side near villages, and abundant in cellars and gardens in Portland (Morse, Terr. Pulm. Maine, 1864, p. 7).
Massachusetts—Garden, New Bedford, introduced (Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885). Boston (W.G. Binney, Land and Freshwater Shells of N. Amer., 1869, p. 64). Plentiful in gardens, Cambridge (Weinland, Weichth. Schwab., 1876, p. 25).
New York—New York (W.G. Binney, Terr. Moll. of N.A., 1878, vol. 5, p. 147). Abundant in gardens, Plattsburgh, G. H. Hudson, 1885. Onondago Co., W. M. Beauchamp, 1885. Monroe Co., introduced by J. Walton, 1898.
New Jersey—Burlington (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890).
Pennsylvania—Westchester, Chester Co., W. D. Hartmann, 1885. Philadelphia (W. G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Sci. Philad., 1886, p. 392).
Michigan—Gardens, Agricultural College, near Lansing, under an old log on Cedar river bank, possibly imported with greenhouse plants, Prof. R. H. Pettit (Bryant Walker, Moll. Michigan, 1899, p. 21).
Ohio—Cincinnati (Harper and Weatherby, Cat. Cincinn. Moll., 1876).
Colorado—Introduced at West Cliff, Custer Co., from Burlington, New Jersey (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890).
California—Abundant in San Francisco (W. M. Wood, Nautilus, Dec. 1891). Oakland (W. J. Raymond, Nautilus, Jan. 1892).
Oregon—Vars. sylvatica, varians, and succinea, Portland, H. F. Wickham (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Oct. 1891, p. 71).
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Brazil—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 528). Jamaica—Cinchona (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 153).
ETHIOPIAN REGION. Zanzibar—Zanzibar coast (Heynemann, Jahrb.D.M.G., 1885, p. 293). Cape Colony—Cape Town (Melvill & Ponsonby, Proc. Mal. Soc., Dee. 1898). Mauritius—(Férussac, Hist. Suppl., 1823, p. 96e).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New South Wales—Under stones at Darling Point, G. Neville; and at Tam- worth (C. T. Musson, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S.W., 1890, p. $91).
Victoria— Melbourne, Mr. Kershaw (C. 'T. Musson, op. cit.).
New Zealand—Recorded for Auckland, Wellington, and Greymouth in the North Island; and from Nelson, Christchurch, Dunedin, ete., in the South Island (C. T. Musson, op. cit.).
Tasmania—As Linu legrandi Tate.
Puate XIII.
Distribution of A griolimax agrestis (L.)
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Chanuel Isles
SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan
rag
W. LOWLANDS E. HIGHLANDS 93 A
> Aberdeen N.
2 Dumfries
SCOTLAND.
1 Coruw: 92 Brecon id 73 Kirkeudbright 94 2 porn kK. 4: Radoor ; a 74 Wigtown 96 3 Devou ds, 44 Carmarthen 75 Ayr 96 Iusterness 4d Devon N. 45 Pembroke D 76 Kenfrew iG HUGUTANDS 5 Somerset 8. 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset NOUTH WALES FE. LOWLaNDS 98 Main Argyle ew, CHANNEL 4? Montgomery @ 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 8 Wilts 8. 49 Carmarvon 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire | 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh 81 Berwick 102 10 eee adele 51 Flint 82 Fagdinetou 103 11 Hauts 8. oz Anglese 83 Edinburgh lod es 12 Hants Nh. 2 Diane 84 Linlithgow HIGHLANDS 13 SEE 3 Lincoln s. ei BiG uiANDS 105 A 14 Sussex-b. 4 Lincoln N. 85 Fife& Kinross 106 iE. + THAMES Lele. & Rutld. 86 Stirling 107 rland E. 5 Kent E. Notts. 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 SutherlaudW, i kent W. Derby 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 7 Surrey MERSEY ae 89 Perth N NORTH ISLES. Lssex 3 Cheshire 0. 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides Lssex N. Lancashire § 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys llerts. Lancashire Mid 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands Tees & HUMBER 2 berks. 61 8,E. York Cen 62 Ni pias IRELAND. Bucks. 63 3.W. York , ULSTER LEINSTER | _ anutita 64 Mid W, York s 113 Derry Louth 2 eto i 65 N.W. York 14 Antrim Meath 26 Sulfolk W. TYNE 115 Down Dublin ral Nortolk E. 66 Durham 116 Armagh Kildare 28 Nortulk W. 67 Northumb, 8. 117 Monaghan Wicklow 29 Caminelilge 68 Cheviotland 8 Tyrone Wexford 30 Bedford LAKES 119 Donegal 8 ow 31 JLunts 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh Kilkenny 32 Northampton aud L. Lancs. 121 Cavan Queen's Co.
SEVERN 3 Gloucester I. Gloucester W Monmouth
3 Hereford
70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man
King’s Co,
Westmeath
33 Lougford CONNAUGHT
134 Roscommon
37 Worcester 35 Leitrim 38 Warwick Sligo 39 Statford Mayo E, 40 Salop
a aye
Probable Range.
Recorded Distribution.
the Authors.
141 Clare
142 Limerick
143 Tipperary N.
144 Tipperary 8
145 Waterford tork N.
147 Cork 8.
148 Kerry
Distribution verified by
Fossil Distribution.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 121
Sus-Genus Hydrolimar A. W. Malin. Agriolimax lzvis Miiller.
1774 Limax levis Miiller, Verm. Hist., ii, p. 1, no. 199.
101 — brunneus Drap., Tabl. Moll, p. 104, no. 13.
1822, — lacustris Bonelli, in Sched. Mus. Laurin.
1841 — campestris Binney, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., p. 52.
1845 — lombricoides Morelet, Moll. Port., p. 39, pl. 3, f. 4.
185200 — parvulus Normand, Dese. Lim. Nouy., p. 8.
IS67 —— — wrenarius Gassies, Malac. Aquitaine, pp. 117-119, pl. 1, f. 1.
Sit — arygentinus Strobel, Mal. Arg. Merid., p. 6.
1875 — montanus Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. ‘Terr., p. 394.
1875) — _castaneus Ingersoll, op. cit.
I8i50 —_ ingersolli W. G. Binney, Proce. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philad.
1876 — hyperboreus Westerlund, Nachsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. 97. 1878) —_ meridionalis Doering, Bol. Acad. Cordoba, p. 484.
18s) = —_ stenurus Strebel, Faun. Mexik. Conch., p. 21.
1885) — brasiliensis Von Whering, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. 201, pl. 5. 18ss) - —_—s-queenslandicus Hedley, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queensland, p. 150, pl. 5. Tl — (Agriolimax) rarotonganus Heyn., Nachbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. 43. 1882 Agriolimax levis Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limae. Ital., p. 47. 1897 — bevenoti Collinge, Proc. Mal. Soe., vol. 2, p. 295.
1868 Aydrolimes levis Malm, Limaec. Skand., p79; ples. 1868 Krynickillus (Malino) brunneus Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. l41. 1887 Arinickia brunneus Fischer, Man. Conch., ii, p. 462.
om, ISTORY. — Agriolimar levis (levis,
; smooth) was first discovered in this country by Mr. Joshua Alder, and_ its peculiar characters pointed out to Dr. G. Johnston, who published the discovery in 1838 in the Proceedings of the Berwick- shire Naturalists’ Club.
The species was, however, afterwards lost sight of, neglected or misunderstood, and becaine relegated to the ranks of doubtful species by Jeffreys, Reeve, and others, despite the persistent efforts of Mr. E. J. Lowe, F.R.S., to secure the recognition of its specific status.
The authoritative exposition of its in- ternal structure by Dr. Sinroth has finly established A. dewvis as a valid species, / which is now universally recoguized.
as With this species is associated Dr. J. F.
Ay Babor, of Prague, whose profound re-
; a atin searches, more especially upon A. levis,
; have demonstrated the actuality of a remarkable cycle of changes in the development of the reproductive organs.
It was placed by Malm in a new genus, Hydrolimar (vowp, water, and Limar), which is here adopted in a sub-generic sense to mark the absence of the rectal ccecum and the digitate flagellum.
Diagnosis.—A. lwvis may be distinguished from A. agrestis by its active and restless habits, its uniform red-brown colour, colourless mucus, the abrupt terminal eud of the body, the large shield, and its nearly median position when the animal is fully extended, owing to the unusual length of the neck.
INTERNALLY, it is sharply divided from A. agrestis by the total abseuce of the rectatheca and of the digitate gland at the apex of the penis-sheath.
25/3, 01 H
122 AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS.
“24
Description.—ANIMAL rather slender, glossy, and smooth, and of a peculiar semi-gelatinous consistency, usually of a reddish-brown or chocolate colour, and when contracted bearing a great resemblance to a short plump worm ; BODY rounded, with some distinet and rather prominent tubercles ; TATL keeled ; SHIELD large, rounded in front and behind, and somewhat paler in colour than the body, strongly concentrically ridged around a sub-central and laterally-placed nucleus ; NECK very long, making the shield seem to be nearly centrally placed ; TENTACLES black and very thick, with large black bulbs; root longitudinally tripartite, light brown, with median area more transparent and apparently darker. ‘The body MUCUS is abundant, clear and watery, but after continued irritation tends to become milky and turbid with minute particles of lime; the locomotory mucus is more viscid and tenacious.
SHELL oblong-oval in shape, and showing an indistinct oblique ridge from the apex to the anterior right side of the shell, corres- ponding somewhat to the gonial ridge! of the & Teer 10 Takevont Peleeypoda ; white and glistening, convex above, v—| shell of 4. devis, x 4, and correspondingly concave beneath ; NUCLEUS _(Steeton, Yorks., Mr. distinct, and placed towards the left posterior angle / BP. Rhodes). of the shell; concentric lines of growth arcuate, numerons, and distinct ; margins not broadly membranaceous. Length, 3 mill. ; breadth, 14 mill.
INTERNALLY, the body is darkly pigmented ; the KIDNEY, HEART, and LUNG- CAVITY resemble those of A. agrestis; the AORTA runs a considerable distance before dividing into the cephalic and visceral branches ; the
lateral sinuses, especially that of the left side, are favourable for observation ; they ean be seen through ptf the transparent skin to remain almost uniformly
open withont in the least answering to the pulsa-
tions of the heart, and are thus strictly venous ; the
supra-pedal eland extends quite the length of the !
body. The organ of Semper is composed of several Sonnac a pele Ges anew oblong lobules, easily detachable on account of the (Ghtisteharaty, Hanes). tenderness of the skin; the OSPHRADIUM is indis-
tinetly developed, but it can be traced to the middle of the lung chamber.
Fic. 130.—Underside of the sub-
<< os
)
4)
Fic. 182.—Penis laid 4 open to show the excita- “ tory organ, X 9 (after Simroth). Hic. 188. Fic. 131.
Nic. 131. Se xual organs of of, devs, greatly enlarged (after Simroth). a@dé.g. albumen gland; of, ovolests 5 07, oviduct; sf.d. sperm duct; sf. spermatheca 3 >. retractor; ps. penis sheath. ands, & 3 (after Simroth).
Fic. Bic
3.— Alimentary canal of 1. devs, showing the adherent salivary g 134.—Cephalic retractors of l, deais, x 12. (Armley, Leeds).
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are very gelatinous and deeply pigmented; the OVOTESTIS is dark chestnat-brown, and acinose; its duet scarcely sinuous, mostly dark, with a pale VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND deep yellow ; OVISPER- MATODUCT finaly united, whitish above, chestnut-brown beneath ; FREE OVIDUCT short and glandular; VAS DEFERENS short, entering the penis-sheath nearly termin- ally; SPERMATHECA clongately oval, flesh-colonred, and attached to ovispermatoduet hy a distinet apieal muscle; PENIS-SHEATIL of a peculiar hamimer-like form and darkly pigmented, but occasionally in Kurope, and invariably in Ameriea, is simply elongate ; the sub-basal lateral protuberance contains the SARCOBELUM, or excita 1 Monog. i., p. 45, f 109,
AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS. 123
tory organ, which differs from that of A. agrestis in being shorter and more faintly grooved ; the PENIS-RETRACTOR is short, and arises from the lung-floor, considerably in front of the heart and the kidney in the European form, but is usually absent in L. campestris and its allies.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL somewhat resembles that of 4. agrestis, but the INGES- TIVE TRACT is still shorter, and the rectum is quite free of any cecal process ; the SALIVARY GLANDS are slender and rather deeply lobed; the LIVER is usually of a pretty moss-green colour; the right lobe forms the hinder end of the visceral mass, the left lobe is also quite forward and divided into a number of slender points or tips.
The RETRACTOR arises from the right side of the median line, behind the kidney, from a bifid or trifid root, which after a longish course unites into a slender band which fureates about inid-way; the BUCCAL retractors are quite slender and linear, while the TENTACULAR branches, though originating from the common stem as a slender band, soon become very bulky.
The MANDIBLE or jaw is of the usual crescentic form, with less produced limbs and much more prominent and convexly rounded rostrum or beak than in A. agrestis; the colour is brown, darkest
along the upper margin and towards the extremi- Fic. 135.—Mandille or jaw of ties of the lateral limbs; the cutting edge is also 4. dewis, x 20. finely serrate along its whole extent. (Armley, Leeds).
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is elongate, about three mill. long, and one mill. broad, the transverse rows being arranged in arcuate forin, bending distinetly backwards towards the margins; median row of teeth with well developed mesocone and ecto-
26 26 1 1 \ 4 _ 6 ‘ m 6 12 20 LP Fic. 136.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 4. devis, x 240. The animal collected at Horsforth, Leeds, and the palate prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville. cones; laterals also tricuspid, the first and twelfth with endocone quite obsolete or indistinct; marginals aculeate or with an ectocone more or less distinctly visible.
The dental formula of a Horsforth specimen shows AP HES t+E+Syg hG x 115 = 6,555.
Reproduction and Development. — The reproductive organs of A. levis, and to some extent those of the Limacid@ generally, have been found by Dr. Babor to undergo a remarkable cycle of development, or series of metamorphoses, during which the individuals of this species, which are admittedly proterogynous, undergo a series of changes from their primi- tively unisexual and purely female condition to the hermaphrodite state, and afterwards become purely male by the atrophy of the female organs.
These wonderful mutations are demonstrated by the fact that most of the individuals found in spring are unisexual with a purely female organi- zation, possessing gonads yielding ova only ; later the examples show a budding of the male organs, so that in summer and early autumn the animals have become hermaphrodite, and present well developed organs of both sexes. The evolutionary process, however, does not cease with the full acquirement of the hermaphrodite state, as Dr. Babor has found that after a certain interval the female organs may atrophy and dwindle away, and the animal again become unisexual, but purely male, with gonads secreting spermatozoa only.
Even when the cycle is thus fully completed, it is not by any means
certain that in some species the sequence of transformations may not be continued, and the rotation of sexes again take place.
124 AGRIOLIMAX LJEVIS.
The act of conjugation in this species has never been described, but it has been observed by Gassies, in the var. arenaria, to take place usually at ,
Fic. 137. Fic. 138. Fic. 139. Fic. 140. Fic. 141. Reproductive organs of Agriolimax levis Mill. x 6, illustrating the metamorphic changes to which they are subject (after Babor). Fic. 137.—The organs in their earliest or solely female state. Fic. 138.—The succeeding stage, showing the budding of the male organ. Fic. 139.—The perfected hermaphrodite state. . Fic. 140.—The following period, showing the dwindling of the female organs in the process of becoming solely male. . . Fic. 141.—The cycle of change completed, the female organs having disappeared, and the animal being solely male. night, or during thunderstorms and tempestuous rains, and is known to be preceded by the circular procession and amatory flirtations which seem so characteristic of slugs generally, but this preliminary courtship is appar- ently in this species a very tedious and prolonged operation, as these blandishments have been observed to continue for more than an hour at a stretch without result. The seminal element would appear to be transferred enclosed within a soft mucous capsule, of a somewhat triangular shape, which represents and acts as a true spermatophore, and is a8 apparently formed in the outer or larger
] 7 } Fic. 142.— Mucous hmb of the flagellum, which functions as a ye oe Resid slime gland, while the smaller projection or Pena oes leet limb when inverted functions as the intro- sii iiaabans
mittent organ.
The eggs are roundish, quite transparent, of somewhat leathery consis- tency, with a diameter varying between 1°3 and 2°8 millimetres, and are deposited either singly or in small clusters, held together by clear slime, in moist situations, all the year through. According to the observations of Gassies aud others, they are laid at intervals of a day or more, three days after pairing, deposition extending over a period of six or eight days, and the total number being said not to exceed about thirty.
The hatching takes place in from twenty to forty days, the young when excluded being about three millimetres long and of a reddish colour, which gradually becomes of a browner shade, the animals attaining maturity in about seventy days.
Food and Habits.—Ayriolimear Levis is the most active, restless, and fearless of our slugs, and even liardier than A. agrestis. If touched when crawling it has been observed to elevate the median part of its body, in a manner recalling the mode of progression characterizing the caterpillar of the Geometridw, the mantle then appearing very protuberant.
AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS. 125
It is also very pugnacious and aggressive, pulling off and devouring the slime from the bodies of the larger species, or withdrawing its tentacles and butting violently with its head against their bodies, at the same time pro- truding and rasping with the odontophore.
When these attacks, which may be twice or thrice repeated, take place, the slug assaulted usually shrinks, momentarily withdraws the head beneath the mantle, and then crawls hastily away; sometimes, however, the injured animal turns to repel the aggressor, which then, according to Mr. Kew, makes off with all speed, raising its tail and shaking it from side to side, and possibly striking therewith the head or tentacles of the pursuer, which, being thus temporarily disconcerted, enables the agile aggressor to escape more readily.
The favourite food of this species has not yet been discovered; Mr. Gain, who had many individuals under close observation for a long period, states that of the seventy-nine different kinds of food offered to it, although none were devoured with zest, thirteen were eaten more or less freely ; of these, six were cultivated plants, the remaining seven being the foxglove, fleabane, crosswort, wallflower, red-robin, sow-thistle, and the fungus Polyporus squamosus.
Dumont & Mortillet allude to its fondness for animal matter, in pointing out that it may be procured by spreading bones in suitable spots, when the slugs can be readily found beneath them, devouring the gelatine softened by the moisture.
Herr Clessin has observed it in a state of nature feeding upon the pollen of the ox-eye daisy (Chrysanthemum leucanthemum), and Magnus records that the fertilization of that plant, during cold and damp weather, when insects are not abroad, has been actually brought about by A. davis crawl- ing over the flowers.
Although it is said in Germany also to frequent dry situations, A. davis in this country is confined to the vicinity of water, and is almost invariably in company with Zonitoides nitida. Even when submerged by rising water A. levis does not appear to be disturbed, as it has often been found resting immobile and unconcerned for several hours on the underside of logs, etc., quite immersed in the water.
Mr. F. J. Partridge at suitable times has found it living in company with Succinea oblonga in hollows of the sandhills at Braunton Burrows, which, though filled with water in winter and in wet weather, are in summer during the day nothing but a mass of hot dry sand.
During the day it is usually concealed in crevices, or beneath the dense tufts of Marchantia polymorpha, Sphagnum, and especially amongst the moss Hypnum cuspidatum, or may be found in the hollow stems of the Umbelliteree growing in marshy places. When suspended in the aquarium A. campestris will, according to Mr. Latchford, at once descend to the bottom of the tank by means of a mucus cable, crawl with retracted ten- tacles towards the sides, which it ascends, opening the respiratory orifice upon reaching the surface.
A. luevis ig an adept in forming slime-threads, and has been observed to form a mucus-thread, eight inches in length, in less than three minutes. M. Normand records that Z. parvulus, which is synonymous with the present species, spun a filament over two yards in length.
Fossil.—According to Kennard & Woodward, A. levis is known as a Pleistocene fossil from the deposits at Swalecliffe, about a mile west of Herne Bay, East Kent; it was also found in Middlesex, in the section dis-
126 AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS.
closed by the excavations for the foundations of the Admiralty Buildings, Westminster. Mrs. McKenny Hughes reports it from the beds at Barnwell Abbey, in Cambridgeshire ; and Mr. J. P. Johnson from a deposit on the foreshore, at West Wittering, Sussex; and also from the Uphall Brickyard, near Ilford, in South Essex.
Variation.—Dr. Simroth affirms that A. lwvis is subject, under certain conditions, to seasonal variation or Horeomorphism, the var. grisea indi- cating the typical summer garb of the species when living on dry, cultivated lands. This light-grey form, which is occasionally blackish on the back, or may be tinged with reddish, is only found during the summer months and on warm and dry spots, but with the advent of the cool, damp days of autumn, they gradually change to the dark unicolorous winter variety, this change being regarded as a result of the greater degree of cold and moisture to which they are subjected at that season.
The examples, however, which dwell by the constantly cool and moist margins of rivers and pools are not subject to this change, retaining during life the dark uniform colouring typical of the species.
Dr. Simroth also traces a connection or correlation between the size of the mantle and the degree of moisture in the inhabited locality, the excess of moisture being said to cause a fuller swelling of the body and an exu- berant growth of the mantle.
Dr. Baudon has described a monstrosity of this species as var. intentacu- lata, which was totally destitute of any trace of tentacles.
The world-wide distribution attained by this little species has led to a number of names being applied to it, which, according to Simroth and others who have especially studied the subject, merely indicate forms differing little from typical specimens, and at the most represent geo- graphical races, in which latter category the American and Australasian forms may appropriately be placed.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. lacustris Bonelli, 1822, in Sched. Mus. ‘Taurin.
Limax lacustris Bonelli, op. cit. Limax levis var. maculata T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., July 1886, p. 79. Limax levis var. rufrapunctatus W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 22.
Differs from the type in being irregularly spotted with dark brown.
Mr. G. E, Mason has observed that this variety is of more aquatic habits in Surrey than the typical form.
Surrey—Sulb-var. waculata, marshy ground at north end of Barnes Common, 1886, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Warwick—Sub-var. maenlata, sparingly (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., op. cit.).
Italy—Vaw. /rensiris, Laghi d’Avigliana; Turin; Rivarossa Canayese and Lago WAzeglio (Lessona & Pollonera, Monog. Limae. Ital., 1882, p. 48).
Var. grisea ‘l'aylor, var. nov. ANIMAL light grey, with grey mid-sole and pale side areas. Ireland—A greenish-grey variety on railway embankment in marsh, Down- patrick, County Down, March 1808, R. Welch. Germany—Leipzig and Halle-am-Saale (Simroth, Zeitsch. Wiss. Zool., Aug. 1885). Finland—(Simroth, Ber. Naturf. Ges. Leipzig, 1898, p. 39).
Var. arenaria Gassies, Malac. Aquitaine, pp. 117-119, pl. 1, f. 1. Limax arcnarius Gassies, op. cit. ANIMAL greenish-bronze or blackish above ; SutELD paler and tending to dirty- yellow ; NECK greyish-yellow paling towards the shield. France—At margin of fish-pond, below the dunes at Lacanan, June 1860; on the high-road from Teste at Lamothe ; also at Andernos, and under stones in the salt meadows at Teich, wl in Aquitaine (CGassies, op. cit.).
AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS. 127
VARIATIONS IN FORM AND SIZE OF ANIMAL. Var. mucronata Westerlund, Fauna Europ., 1876, p. 12. ANIMAL yellow-brown, sides paler, foot-sole white ; SHIELD more pointed behind. Sweden—Ronneby in Blekinge (Westerlund, op. cit.). Norway and Denmark—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 248).
Var. parvula Normand, Desc. Limac., 1852, p. 8.
Limax parvulus Normand, op. cit. Limax brunneus var. pygnteus Lowe, Conch. Notts., 1853, p. 156, f. 114.
The L. parvulus of Normand, to which may be allocated L. brunneus var. pygmea of E. J. Lowe, is remarkable for its small size, which scarcely exceeds half-an-inch in adults when fully extended. They are described as paler than the typical form.
Notts.—L. brunneus var. pygmea, not common under stones and at roots of sedges, at margin of lake, Highfield House, near Nottingham, and common at Beeston, E. J. Lowe.
France—L. parvulus, Valenciennes, Department of the Nord (Normand, op. cit.).
Belgium—L. parvulus, Chaudfontaine near Litge, June 1871 (Van-den-Broeck, Bull. Soe. Mal. Belg., 1871, p. li).
Geographical Distribution.—A. levis as an aggregate form seems almost cosmopolitan in its distribution, being found not only throughout Europe, but has been recorded from South Africa, Siberia, Alaska, Canada, and the United States of North America.
It has also been reported from the West Indies, Central and South America, Australia, and Polynesia.
In the British Isles this species is apparently widely dispersed, and probably exists in every comital and vice-comital area into which the kingdoms are divided.
een, KW Probable Renze of Probable Range of
. Cevis s.str. Fig. 143.—Geographical Distribution of Agriolimaa levis Miller.
ENGLAND AND WALES. : Channel Isles—Jersey (Duprey); Guernsey, in damp places (Tomlin & Mar- quand, J. of Conch., Jan. 1903, p. 286).
rnwall W.—St. Ives, Sept. 1885! J. E. Mason. bern S.—Topsham and Eaanouth, Aug. 1892! L. E. Adams. Devon N.—Braunton Burrows near Bideford, F. J. Partridge. : Somerset N.—Among stone heaps by side of lane from Walton to Portishead, and among decaying vegetation by side of sluice on Portishead Moor (Norman,
Moll. Somerset, 1860, p. 139).
PENINSULA.
128 AGRIOLIMAX L/BVIS.
CHANNEL.
Dorset—Wool, Mr. Kendall; among grass, Whatcombe Park (J. C. Mansel-
Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1898, p. 4); Chideock, near Bridport (A. Belt, Se. Goss., Aug. 1893). :
Hants S.—Damp meadow by River Avon at Knapp Mill, Christchurch, Feb.
1885!C. Ashford. Hambledon and Beckford Green(L. E. Adams, Sc. Goss., Mch. 1901).
Sussex W.—Ratham, Aug. 1885! W. Jeffery. nee
Kent E.—Sandwich, Sept. 1891! L. E. Adams. Sittingbourne (E. W. Swanton, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 146). is
Kent W.—Banks of River Cray at St. Mary Cray, April 1885! and Greenhithe, June 1885! 8. C. Cockerell.
Surrey—Wray Common, Reigate Heath, etc., 1885, E. Saunders. Godstone and Guildford, Sept. 1884, T. D, A. Cockerell. Barnes, June 1885, 8. C. Cockerell. Punch Bowl near Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Conch., April 1902, p. 170).
Pcs S.—Redbridge lane, Wanstead (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Dec. 1890, p. 209). Woodford, 1889, H. Wallis Kew.
Essex N.—Common on flags by River Colne, Halstead, Aug. 1890, L. E. Adams.
Herts.—Ware, Dr. Jeffreys (J. Hopkinson, Moll. Herts., 1884).
Middlesex—Hanwell, Sept. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Thames bank near Twickenham, March 1885! and Perivale, April 1885, 8. C. Cockerell.
Oxford—Fairly common about Oxford; also found at Broughton Castle, Ban- bury ; Chipping Norton; near Charlbury, and about Swincomb (W. E. Collinge, Conchologist, March 1891, p. 13).
Bucks.—Banks of River Ouse, above Olney, March 1893, L. E. Adams. ae
TA.
A
Suffolk E.—Plentiful in damp places about Woodbridge, June 1886, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Oulton, Mendlesham, Thwaite, Needham Market, and Sprough- ton (Maytield, J. of Conch., April 1903).
Norfolk E.—Norwich (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Diss and Cringleford, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. In the marsh-lands, Surlingham Ferry, Whitlingham, etc. (Pearce & Maytield, J. of Conch., July 1894). Plentiful on marsh and ditch banks, Bramerton, Colney, Postwick, and Costessey (Mayfield, J. of Conch., 1896, p. 185).
Norfolk W.—Thetford, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams.
Cambridge— Whittlesea (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Rare, Grantchester, May 1886, B. Tomlin.
Northampton—Peterborough (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Common on banks of River Nene and in damp places in woods (L. E. Adams, Journ. Northants Nat. Hist. Soc., 1893, p. 208).
SEVERN.
Gloucester E.— Woods between Cooper’s Hill and Birdlip (Tate, Brit. Mollusca, 1866, p. 77). Monmouth—Abundant in a damp portion of the park at Shirenewton Hall, Apl. 1886, E. J. Lowe. Warwick—Mr. Thickbroom’s woodyard, Sutton Coldfield (A. Wood, Moll. of Sutton Coldfield, 1897). Fairly common in marshy places, Sutton Park, H. Overton. Stafford—In an old dingle near Stafford, Oct. 1885! Beresford Dale, Apl. 1890; abundant in wood by canal bank between Leek and Cheadle, April 1891, L. E. Adams. Stone, E. D. Bostock (Masefield’s Staff. List, 1902). Newton road, Bir- mingham, July 1893! C. Oldham. Worcester—Deep Meadow, Stourport, J. W. Williams. SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Banks of River Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885! I. W. Wotton. Llandaff, ete., not very common (id., J. of Conch., April 1886, p. 54). Pembroke—Common under stones and among the yellow Iris, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900). : NORTH WALES. Montgomery—Timber yards, Welshpool, June 1889! and Pwllbrwynen near Llanwddyn, May 1889 ! (J. Bickerton Morgan, Montgomery List, 1891, p. 396). Denbigh—Llandudno, May 1888, B. Tomlin. Flint—Mostyn Marsh, July 1883! W.D.R.
Lincoln S.—Fulbeck Grange, Dec. 1888! J. B. Davy.
Lincoln N.—Sutton-in-the-Marsh, Haugham Wood, and Muckton Chalk Pit, April 1886 ! also Harrington Hill, Sept. 1889! .W.D.R. Hubbard’s Valley, Louth (C. 8. Carter, Naturalist, 1904, p. 63).
Leicester—Leicester (Bellars, British Shells, 1858).
TRENT.
AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS. 129
Notts.—Abnndant in vicinity of lake at Highfield House near Beeston ; also in arden of Broadgate House on organic soil in the valley, 1885, E. J. Lowe. Gamston, ept. 1884! and in a wood at the Decoy, Houghton, April 1885! C. T. Musson.
Pleasley Vale, Kirkby-in-Ashfield, etc. (Dodd, Brit. Assoc. Hdbk., 1893). Bawtry, Rufford, ete. (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893). MERSEY.
Cheshire—Chester (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Common in gardens, etc., Heatley House, May 1885! L. E. Adams. Ashley near Bowdon, Sept. 1885! J. G. Milne. Between Warrington and Knutsford, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Northwich, Oct. 1885! C. Oldham.
Lancashire Mid—FEasegill Beck side, April 1887! W.D.R
Lancashire S.—Whalley, June 1889! W. H. Heathcote. Common on the South- port sandhills (G. W. Chaster, Brit. Assoc. Hdbk., 1903).
HUMBER.
York S.E.—Leckonfield ! Meaux ! Risby, and banks of the River Hull (J. D. Butterell, J. of Conch., April 1882).
York N.E.—Thirsk (Tate, Brit. Moll., 1866, p. 71). Malton, Sept. 1880, J. D. Butterell. Levisham, abundant, Aug. 1886! Saltburn Woods, Oct. 1886! Skelton Beck Valley, May 1887! Wilton Wood, May 1887! and Ramsdale Wood, Robin Hood’s Bay, June 1888! W.D.R. Airey Holme Wood (Baker Hudson, J. of Conch., April 1886). Kilton Castle, 1889! B. Hudson. Wass village, Sept. 1892! W.D.R. White Nab, J. A. Hargreaves.
York S.W.—Pontefract, April 1877 (Nat., May 1877). St. Swithin’s, Stanley, 1883, Wakefield, Jan. 1885! also Ferrybridge, Haw Park, and Ryhill, J. Wilcock. Campsall Park, May 1886! and Cusworth, near Doncaster, Sept. 1901! W.D.R. Roydhouse Wood, Huddersfield ! J. Whitwham. Common about Halifax in damp places in woods, J. E. Crowther. Garden, Rose Hill, Penistone; moderately com- mon, Gunthwaite, and Cubley Wood, April 1890; also Doncaster, July 1892, L. E. Adams. Near Worsborough Reservoir, Sept. 1899! W. E. Brady. Wragby Brick- pond near Ackworth, G. Roberts. Methley, Nostell, and Oulton (id., Nat. Hist. Lofthouse, 1885, p. 238).
York Mid W.—Banks of Leeds and Liverpool Canal at Armley, Kirkstall, New- lay, etc., Feb. 1882! W. Nelson. Also from Bingley to Steeton, July 1890! F. Rhodes. Stream-side, Hawkesworth Wood, Horsforth, April 1888! W.D.R. Ship- ley Glen and Fagley Wood (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Near Malham Tarn, Sept. 1883! Roebuck & Butterell. Kingsdale near Clapham, April 1887 (H. Richardson, J. of Conch., April 1886, p. 60). Helk’s Wood, Ingleton, June 1888, F. Rhodes. Coat Rakes Bridge, Bolland, Aug. 1885! W.D.R. Tadcaster and Wighill, F. G. Binnie, 1880. Boston Spa, April 1893, J. Emmet. Washburndale, July 1885! and Troller’s Gill, April 1887! W.D.R. Mason Plain, Grassington, Sept. 1900, F. Rhodes. Copgrove Wood and Lindley Wood, 1885! W.D.R. Eavestone near Ripon, May 1885! J. Ingleby.
York N.W.—Gunnerside Gill, and road-sides, Gunnerside, 1884! W.D.R. —
TYNE,
Durham—Ravensworth, shells in Alder Collection, Newcastle Museum. Plenti- ful, Morden Carrs, 1860, Dr. A. Merle Norman. Spa Wood, Dinsdale, May 1887 ! Baker Hudson.
Northumberland S.—Stocksfield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven. Not rare, but local, West Woodburn, Sept. 1887 ! R. Howse.
Westmorland and Furness—Coniston, April 1887! 8. C. Cockerell. BARES: Cumberland—Rickerby, near beck (Miss Donald, Cumberland List, 1882, p. 56).
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Dumfries—Moffat, Jan. 1891! W. Evans. mee
Ayr—Gourock Burn, Seamill, Ardneil Bay Portincross, Fairlie, and Knockewatt, March 1904, R. Godfrey. ort i : .
Renfrew—Frequent, Eaglesham (F. G. Binnie, West Scotland List, 1876, p. #1), Frequent, Shielhill Glen and about Greenock (T. Scott, Greenock List, 1886). Near old castle, Inverkip road, Greenock, Aug. 1886! Caldwell, Aug. 1887, J. Steel.
Lanark—Frequent, Possil, Robroyston (F. G. Binnie, West Scotland List, 1876, p. 41). Elvanfoot, Sept. 1900, W. Evans. eis Bente Ante
Peebles—Slipperfield Loch near West Linton, Aug. 1890! Meldon Hill, July 1890! Standalane Braes! and by Tweed near Peebles, July 1890! W. Evans.
Berwick—Dunglass Dean (G. Johnston, Berwick .C. Proc., 1838, p. 154). Near Eyemouth, Sept. 1895 ! W. Evans.
Haddington—Balgone, Jan. 1896! Aberlady, July 1890! Quarry near Gullane ! and Luffness marshes ! W. Evans.
130 AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS.
Linlithgow—Philpstown Loch, Oct. 1890! Carribber Glen, Feb. 1898, and Dal meny, Oct. 1902! W. Evans. Mr. R. Godfrey remarks that though not abundant it is almost universal throughout the county, and cites many coast and inland localities, as well as a number in the Avon valley and in the Bo’ness district.
Edinburgh—Bonally, Oct. 1888! W.D.R. Hillend Farm, Pentlands, March 1890! Balerno, April 1890! the Bush, Penicnik, Dec. 1890; Arniston, June 1902 ; Duddingston Loch, May 1894, and Vogrie Glen, Feb. 1897; Kirknewton! Roslin !
Dalhousie ! plantation above Dreghorn, March 1890! W. Evans. EAST HIGHLANDS.
Fife and Kinross—Otterston, June 1890! Dura Den, July 1890! St. Andrews, Aug. 1890! Tentsmuir, Aug. 1890! Kilconquhar, Sept. 1893, Loch Leven, June 1894 ! and Loch Gelly, May 1895, W. Evans.
Stirling—F'requent, Baldernock and Kilsyth (F. G. Binnie, West Scotland List, 1876, p. 41).
Berth S. and Clackmannan—Port of Menteith, April 1892! Dollar, April 1897! Wharry Glen near Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898 ! and Callander, April 1892! W. Evans.
Perth Mid—Lawers and Fearnan, Loch Tay side, May 1892! W. Evans.
Perth N.—Fenderbridge, Glen Tilt, Sept. 1898, Loch of Clunie, July 1890! W. Evans.
Aberdeen S.-—Summit of Clunie Pass, altitude 2,100 feet, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
Elgin—Not uncommon in Moray. Abundant on damp warm evenings near Mill of Bimie (Rev. G. Gordon, Zool., 1854, p. 4453). Nairn, Jan. 1887! Rev. J. E. Somerville.
Easterness—Kincraig, Oct. 1889! W. Evans. WEST HIGHLANDS.
Main Argyle—Coast south of Dunoon, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Clyde Isles—Abundant on shores of Loch Greenan, Bute, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Brodick, Isle of Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans.
Cantire—South of West Loch Tarbert, near head of Loch, April 1886 ! T. Scott.
Ebudes N.—Dunvegan Castle, Skye, W. Thompson (Iforbes & Hanley, British
Moll., 1853, p. 21). NORTH HIGHLANDS. Ross E.—Numerons near Bonar Bridge, Dornoch Frith, Feb. 1887 ! W. Baillie. Sutherland E.—Near Loch Brora, Oct. 1883 ! Golspie Burn, June 1884 ! South of Little Ferry, Dornoch, Oct. 1884 ! and near the Mound, June 1885! W. Baillie. Sutherland W.—Mouth of Halladaile River, Nov. 1886 ! W. Baillie. Caithness—Wick (Peach, Caithness List, 1864). Bank of Dunbeath River, May
1884! W. Baillie. NORTH ISLES. Shetlands—(Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 248).
IRELAND. This is said by Dr. Scharff to be one of the rarest of the Irish slugs. It was first
discovered in Ireland, in April 1884, at Coleraine in Co. Derry, by Mr. L. E. Adams. ULSTER.
Derry—Coleraine, common, April 1884, L. E. Adams. Culmore near London- derry, J. N. Milne (R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., 1892).
Antrim—Colin Glen near Belfast, Oct. 1899 ; in wood, Ballyeastle, and Glencorp, March 1900 ; comnion on marshy ground, shores of Lough Neagh, at Antrim, Aug. 1898 ; and on Rain’s Island, Lough Neagh, May 1900; also found about Ballyeastle, and other localities, but not so common as in County Down, R. Welch. Common in damp parts of wood, Murlough, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Jan. 1897).
Down—Common around flax dam, near Ballynahinch Junction, Mareh 1899 ; common under stones around flax dams, in the White Bog, Killough, Oct. 1898 ; Deer’s Meadow, Mourne Mountains, alt. 1,110 feet, Jan. 1898 ; on watercress, below Spring Well, Clonduff Castle, Jan. 1898 ; damp hollow, Newcastle dunes, Aug. 1898; common at the roots of rushes, Shaw’s Bridge, Belfast, March 1899 ; common on rejectamenta, Ravernet River, April 1899; Hillsborough, April 1899; marsh near Dundrum, Noy. 1899, R. Welch. Shores of pond, Belvoir Park, May 1898 ; Oak- leigh, Ormeau Park, and in marsh, Loughinsland, Feb, 1900, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch.
Monaghan— Marsh at Lake Glasslough demesne, Oct. 1887, Rh. Welch.
Donegal—Letterkenny, Nov. 1892, Rev. A. H. Delap.
Fermanagh—Sparingly on shores of lake, Enniskillen, R. Weleh.
LEINSTER,
Dublin—-Banks of an old fish-pond on Lord Massey's estate, Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Sept. 1890; Carrickimines, April 1892, and in orehid houses, Trinity College Botanic Gardens, Jan. 1891, R. F. Scharff. In marsh, Bushey Park, Dublin, Sept. 1903, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch.
Prate XIV.
Distribution of A griolimax levis (Mull.)
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES, SCOTLAND. Channel Isles BOUTH WALES ng @: W. LOWLANDS K. WIGHLANDS. PENINSULA 41 Glunorgan i=) 72 nfries 93 Aberdeen N. 1 Coruwall W. 42 Brecon 73 keudbright 94 Bautl 2 Cornwall ls. g a 74 Wigtown 95 Wluin 3 Devous, 75 Ayr 96 Masterness 4 Devon N, & 76 Renfrew W. HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset 5. 77 Lanark 97 Westerness 6 Somerset N NORTH WALES LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle CUANNEL 47 Montgomery @ 7 Pe C8 99 Doinbarton 7 Wilts N. 48 Merivneth 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Lsles 6 Wilts s. 49 Carnarvon sd Roxburgh 101 Cantire 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh 1 Berwick 102 Bbudes 8. 10 Isleot Wight 51 Flint — 82 Haddington — 103 Lhudes Mid li Hauts 8. 5z Anglesey 83 Edinburgh Jud Ebudes N 12 Hants N. TRENT 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 18 Sussex W. 53 Lincolu s HIGHLANDS 105 Mi: 14 Sussex b. 54 Lincoln N. 85 | & Kinross 106 THAMES 955 Leic. & Kutld 46 Stirling 107 15 Kent E, 5 87 Perths.& Clkn 108 7 88 Mid Perth 109
16 Kent Ww.
Ty i : Hus Bi i
si leuae oa Cheshire (UO, 90 Forfar 110 :
9 ssex N, 49 Lancashire S 9L Kineardine 1H Orkneys jlevts. 60 Liuicashire Mid 92 Aberdeen 8, 112 Shetlands ese HUMBER Jerks. SK. Yorn IRELAND Oxford York :
Bucks. 5 . York Ss ULSTRI LEINSTER ANGLIA 64 Mid W, York 113 Derry 22 Louth 25 pute 65 N.W. York 114 Antrim Meath 26 Sulluik W. VYNE 115 Down Dublin 27 Nortotk 1, 66 Durham 116 Armagh 25 Kildare 28 Norrolk W. 67 Northumb, 8. 117 Monaghan 5 Wicklow 29 Camnridge 68 Cheviotland 18 Tyrone Wextord
Bedford LAKES Hunts. 69 Westmorland Northampton and J. Lanes. SEVERN 70 Cumberland 33 Gloucester K 71 Isle of Man 34 Gloucester W 35 Moumouth 36 Hereford 7 Worcester Warwick Statlord salop
Carlow
29 Kilkenny
30 Queen’s Co, King’s Co Westmeath, Longford
CONNAUGHT
Roscommon Leitrim
119 Donegal 120 Fermanagh 121 Cavan
uyo I, layo W. 9 Galway W. 0 Galway EB. MUNSTER
141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. 144 ‘Tipperary 8 145 Waterford 146 Cork N.
147 Cork 8. Kerry
eas) Probable Range. NSS Recorded Distribution. es Distribution verified by the Authors.
Fossil Distribution.
AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS. 131
Kildare—River banks, Monasterevan, Oct. 1899, R. Welch.
Wicklow—Among water-lilies, Woodenbridge, March 1893 (R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., 1893, p. 149). Greystones (id., 1892).
Kilkenny—In the south of the county, Jan. 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Westmeath—Knockdrin demesne near Mullingar, April 1892, R. F. Scharff.
CONNAUGHT.
Leitrim —Dromahaire, Sept. 1900, R. Welch. Glencar, Sept. 1900, G. W. Chaster and E, Collier.
Galway W.—At roots of rushes in marshy ground, Clonbrock, Hon. R. E. Dillon (R. Welch, Irish Nat., June 1899, p. 143).
Galway E.—Alout Renvyle and among bogs in the Kylemore district, March 1891, R. F. Scharff. Dernasliggan, April 1897 (R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897,
. 804. » MUNSTER.
Cork S.—Glengariff near Eccles Hotel, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Blarney Castle and Bantry, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams.
Kerry—A very dark form in Mucksna Wood; several under logs near Loo Bridge; one at Roughty Bridge; a pale form on the river bank above Galway’s Bridge, R. Welch; and Tore Woods, G. W. Chaster, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Plentiful on water-lily stems in a swamp near the lower lake in Herbert’s Muckross demesne, May 1891, R. F. Scharft. Moderately common, Killarney, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. River banks, Kenmare, May 1898, R. Welch.
TERMANY.
According to Herr Clessin A. levis is diffused throughout the country, and it has been recorded from Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Coburg, Franconia, Friesland, Hanover, Holstein, Merseburg, Nassau, Pomerania, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, West Prussia, and Wurtemburg.
NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Recorded by Van-den-Broeck as abundant about Jette, Brabant; and as L. parvulus from Chaudfontaine, near Liége.
FRANCE. According to Mabille, this species inhabits nearly the whole of France, but records have only been procurable from Ain, Aisne, Aquitaine, Ariége, Aube, Basses-Pyrénées, Cote d’Or, Haute Garonne, Haute Savoie, Hérault, Landes, Niévre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Rhone, Savoie, Seine, Seine-Inftrieure, Seine-et-Marne, Somme, Var, Vienne, and
the Island of Corsica. SWITZERLAND. Herr Clessin states that it is diffused throughout the country.
ITALY. Hitherto found only in the north of the country in Piedmont and Lombardy. In damp moss, near railway, Menaggio in Lombardy, Sept. 1886, B. Tomlin. Above Vit, Valle di Lanzo, and beneath Crissolo, Piedmont (Less. & Poll., Monog. Limae.
Ital., 1882, p. 47). AUSTRO-HUNGARY.
Herr Clessin describes this species as diffused throughout the whole region. It has been recorded from Moravia, Hungary and Istria, Jarov near Prague in Bohemia, Vienna in Austria, and the Eastern Alps.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain--Near Monastery of Montserrat, Catalonia, May 1881 (P. Fagot, Faun. Mal. Catal., May 1884). : .
Portugal—L. lombricoides, common about Monchique in Algarve; a darker variety inhabits the mountains of Braga in Minho (Morelet, op. cit.).
SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Only in the south about Christiania and Christiansand (B. Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886). :
Sweden—About Gothenberg (Malm, Limac. Skand., 1868). ;
-Denmark—Around Copenhagen, and on banks of Sorgenfri river, where it was observed by Miiller. It occurs, according to Feddersen, thronghout the tract of Viborg, in Jutland (Malm, op. cit., p. 82).
RUSSIA.
Only as yet recorded for Moujevo, near Moscow, by Milachevitch, and by A. Luther from’ Revel in Esthland, and the south part of Finland as far north as 63° north lat.
132 AGRIOLIMAX L/RVIS CAMPESTRIS.
Agriolimax levis campestris Binney, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IS-b1, p. 52. Limax montanus Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Surv. Terr., 1875, p. 394. Limax castaneus Ingersoll, op. cit. Limax ingersolli W.G. Binney, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1875, Limax hyperboreus Westerlund, Nachsbl. d. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1876, p. 97.
With this geographical race, the late Mr. Amos Binney, the eminent American conchologist, is associated, not only as being the author of the name adopted for the race, but in acknowledgment of the great services he rendered to the advancement of our study.
- ANIMAL usually of some shade of amber, but oceasionally of a blackish hue; without spots or markings ; HEAD and OMMATOPHORES smnoky ; FOOT narrow and whitish.
INTERNALLY, A. campestris is, according to Sinney, characterized by the jaw possessing re- curved and pointed ends, a sharp MEDIAN BEAK, and the centre
showing a strong aay
transverse line of J reinforcement. ik \ The RADULA var- é =S
jes in its formula, ‘ 40 +1 +440 witl Fic. 145.—Median, lateral, and iM marginal teeth of A. campestris,
eighteen perfect highly magnified (after Binney). laterals being that of one adult specimen examined, The
laterals do not show, as in. agrestis, an inner-side cutting point, but about half the marginals are bifid, the bifureation of the outer marginals being very obseure. ‘ The Central and Sonth American forms, de- . - seribed as Liman stenurus, DL. meridionalis, DL. CPi) brasiliensis, and L. argentinus, of which no authentic descriptions have been available, are in all probability more correctly referred to this simpler and more primitive form than
yy : : : Ae 7 to the typical A. /ris, as thongh doubtless Sf sis a / exhibiting further minor modifications, tend- cK SP) wi \ ee cE
ing to a nearer approximation with a still more ancient form, yet the intermediate position between the North American L. 1 and marginal teeth of Zima campestris and the South American forms, | brasiliensis, X 200° (after \)) all
Fic. 146.—Median, lateral,
said to be held by the Mexican 1. stenuris, ly = Ihering). tends to confirm the view that the most primi- he Fic. 147, — Reproductive tive forms inhabit the more remote regions. LAY organs of Limar brasiliensis
The L. queenstandicus, A. hberenoti, ete., Ly fatter Eiening). are also probably more closely allied to this simpler form rather than to the more advanced European race, in which the development of the penial retractor and the distinctly hamimer-headed penis-sheath seems to be more especially a characteristic, and may be assumed to be the highest stage of development the species has attained.
The simpler and more primitive forms now inhabiting the New World, the incle- ment regions of Siberia, ete., possess, according to Simroth, a short stimulating organ and an elongate rather than a hammer-shaped penis-sheath, resembling the Immature form figured by him, It would thus seem that in Europe af. davis is somewhat variable in the development of its genitalia, and that the uncommon or immature form in Europe is the prevalent one in the New World.
Quebec—Limnar campestris, Gasype, May 1s92 (A. W. Hanham, Nautilus, Oct. 1893, p. 65). Rather local about Quebee (id, Nautilus, Jan, 1897).
Ontario— L. campestris, near MeWkay’s Bay, New Edinburgh; and common about Ottawa in moist places everywhere except on sandy soil (hk. R. Latehford, Trans. Ottawa Vield Nat. Club, 1886).
Manitoba—L. campestris, occasionally at Winnipeg (A. W. Hanham, Nautilus, May 1899, p. 3).
AGRIOLIMAX L/EVIS CAMPESTRIS. 133
Maine—L. campestris,common in woods (E. 8. Morse, Pulm. of Maine, 1864, p. 7).
Massachusetts—L. campestris, Westport, under rocks and fallen trees, in old pastures (J. H. Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885).
Rhode Island—L. campestris, under rocks and fallen trees in old pastures (J. H. Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885).
New Jersey—L. cempestris, Redbank, H. Prime, Oct. 1885. Cape May (H. A. Pilsbry, Nautilus, Nov. 1890, p. 74). Burlington, A. Ten Eyck Lansing (W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., 1878, vol. 5, p. 149).
New York—L. campestris, Plattsburgh, widely distributed, G. H. Hudson, Oct. 1885. General in Onondago Co., W. M. Beauchamp, Oct. 1885. Quite common in Cayuga Lake Valley (N. Banks, Nautilus, April 1892). East Rochester, Monroe Co. (J. Walton, The Museum, July 1898, p. 133). Vicinity of Owasco Lake (F. C. Baker, Nautilus, Sept. 1899, p. 58).
Pennsylvania—L. campestris, Westchester, Chester Co., W. D. Hartmann, 18835. Common in most suitable localities around Philadelphia (M. Schick, Nautilus, April 1895, p. 135).
Ohio—L. campestris, Cincinnati (Harper & Wetherby’s Catalogue, Feb. 1876).
Michigan—L. campestris, generally distributed (B. Walker, Moll. Michigan,
. 21, 1899). Indiana—L. campestris, common in Franklin Co., Moore & Butler, 1885.
Iowa—L. campestris, alundant and widely distributed, Desioines, Iowa City, and Bonaparte, and doubtless throughout the state (C. R. Keyes, Bull. Essex Inst., June 1888, p. 65).
Nebraska—L. campestris, only in the eastern counties of the state (Aughey, Bull. Surv. Terr., 1877, p. 698).
North Carolina—L. campestris, Roan Mountains (Pilsbry & Walker, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad, 1897, p. 489).
South Carolina—Aiken (W. G. Binney, Terr. Moll., 1878, vol. 5, p. 149).
Missouri—Seilalia, Pettis Co., in plenty in open woods and in pastures far away from timber, F. A. Sampson, Oct. 1885.
Kansas—L. campestris, Sedgwick Co. (F. J. Ford, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 106).
Arkansas—L. campestris, Carroll; Sebastian; Pulaski; Perry ; Nevada; and Franklin; the specimens from Franklin Co. are nearly two inches in length (F. A. Sampson, Report Geol. Survey Arkansas, 1891).
New Mexico—Limax campestris, Roswell, Pecos Valley (TI. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, July 1896, p. 35). Mescalero Indian Reservation, in the Sacramento Mountains, above the Agency (id., J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 4).
NEOTROPICAL REGION.
Bermuda—A. levis sens. lat., specimens in the British Museum, collected by the Challenger Expedition (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 3).
Jamaica—A. levis sens. lat., common at Moneague, Jan. 1892; also found at Cinchona by Mr. Faweett and Mr. W. Cradwick (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 3).
Mexico—L. stenurus (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges. 1885, p. 274).
Brazil—ZL. brasiliensis, Rio Grande de Sul (Ihering, op. cit.).
Argentine—Limax meridionalis, Cordoba (Ihering, op. cit.); LZ. argentinus, Strobel, Rio Negro, Patagonia, 1879 (Roca, J. de Conch., 1883, p. 272).
ETHIOPIAN REGION. South Africa—(R. Sturany, J. of Mal., May 1899, p. 43). Madagascar—(Simroth, Portug.-Azor. Fauna, 1891).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
Sandwich Isles—Mr. Collinge, who has examined a collection from these islands, refers the individuals inhabiting the more lofty regions to his A. bevenoti, citing as localities Honolulu, at an altitude of 2,000 feet; Kauai, at 4,000 feet ; and Halea- kala, at 5,000 feet ; while A. Zevis is said to be found on the lower ground at an altitude of 2,000 feet at Kauai. Specimens which cannot be referred with certainty to either form were found at Haleakala, 5,000 feet altitude ; on mountains near Honolulu, at 2,000 feet altitude; and between Olaa and Kilanea, at altitudes between 2,000 and 4,000 feet (Proc. Mal. Soc., 1897, p. 295). :
Cook’s Islands—Limaxr rarotonganus, Rarotonga (Heynemann, op. cit. ).
New South Wales—Agriolimax_rarotonganus, Sydney (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 303). Parramatta, probably the Limca: olivaceus of Gould (C. T. Musson, Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1890, p. $85). '
Queensland—L. queenslandicus, Brisbane (C. T. Musson, op. cit.). A. raroton- ganus, Burnet river and Port Dennison (Heynemann, op. cit. ).
134 AGRIOLIMAX LAEVIS CAMPESTRIS.
Var. occidentalis Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad , 1872, p. 146, pl. 3.
The ANIMAL does not differ externally from the ordinary camprstris, except being said by Dr. Cooper to
be rather more robust than the eastern form; he also l a remarks that it is paler in colour when it first emerges es fromits retreat in the dry season. INTERNALLY the speci- Fic. 148.—Median, lateral,
men examined by Binney showed a RADUL\ with a — and marginal teeth of 4. cam- formula 3541435, with thirteen laterals, the inner and — festves_v. occidentalis, highly outer lateral teeth occasionally showing a side spur, and magnified (after Binney). approaching in this respect the var. montanus rather than the typical eampestris.
California—Ayriolimas campestris var. occidentalis, numerous about San Fran- cisco; Santa Cruz; Clear Lake, and at Alta, Placer Co., 3,625 feet elevation on the west slope of the Sierra Nevada; also at Truckee, Nevada Co., 5,866 feet high on the east slope. It has also been fonnd on the Coast Mountains, and along the coast almost everywhere, from 39° north lat., to San Juan, near lat. 33°, J. G. Cooper, Oct. 1885. A. campestris var., Lake Merced, San Francisco Co., Mr. Raymond (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch , Oct. 1891).
Var. montanus Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey, Terr., 1875, p. 394. Agriolimax montanus a typicus T. 1). A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., Oct. 1888. Limax ingersolli W.G. Binney, Proc. cad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1875.
ANIMAL bluish-grey in colour, stout in form, with a blunt posterior extremity, and exceeding one inch in length.
INTERNALLY, the RADULA shows a formula of 50+1+50, with sixteen perfect laterals.
Prof. Cockerell has pointed ont that Ingersoll’s description was probably made from spirit specimens, and that the bluish-grey colour was due in great part to an exudation of slime, such as is often observed in alcoholie specimens ; l. montanus a typicus CkIL., which is described as “rather pale brown, foot-sole pale,” in all probability represents Ingersoll’s species when living. ie ape as st te
Montana—L. monfanus, one at Missoula, June Shs hea eReaere iy cane te 1897 (M. J. Elrod, Nautilus, March 1902, p. 129). One Rere Sane TO
Utah—L. montanus (H. A. Pilsbry, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., 1889, p. 196).
Colorado — A. campestris var. montana, Pueblo Co., and Rio Grande Co. (T. D. A. Cockerell, Moll. Colorado, J. of Conch., Jan. 1889). Hot sulphur springs, Grand Co., Mr. Ingersoll; Custer Co. ; Chaffee Co. ; Canon City, Fremont Co. ; Summit Co.; Eagle Co. ; Mesa Co. ; and Gunnison Co. (id., Naut., Jan. 1890, p. 100).
Var. castanea Ingersoll, Bull. U.S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1875, p. 394.
Limax castancus Ingersoll, op. cit.
ANIMAL sinall and slender, colour lively brown, A with darker spot on the SHIELD; HEAD and OMMA- i TOPHORES black; FOO'T-SOLE white. Leneth less L SUES
than one ineh.
Binney deseribes the RADULA as similar in char- Fic. 150.—Median, lateral, and acter to that of L. monfanns, the formula being meveinal fee a 3441434, with twelve perfect laterals. ighly magnified (after Binney):
According to Prof. Cockerell, the var. casfanea was described from a young example, the black head and tentacles being a feature imparted to alcoholic speci- mens and not existing in living animals.
Colorado—A. campestris var. castanea, Blue River Valley, Mr. Ingersoll (T. D. A. Coekerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 100).
Var. intermedius Cockerell, J. of Conch., Oct. ISS88, p. 359. ANIMAL dark-brown, foot-sole grey.
Colorado—A. eempestris var. intermedia, Wet Mountain Valley, Custer Co. ; Canon City, Fremont Co.; Wales Canon, Pueblo Co. ; Saguache Co. ; Summit Co. Mesa Co. ; and Delta Co, (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 100).
AGRIOLIMAX L/JEVIS CAMPESTRIS. 135
Var. tristis Cockerell, op. cit.
ANIMAL very dark-brown or brown-black. This form, which in its colouring is nearly allied to var. hyperbored, is found chiefly at high elevations in the mountains.
The effect of living under the extreme conditions found at high altitudes upon the pigmentation of this species, is shown by the darkest forms being most prevalent in the highest elevated localities, and is corroborated by the dark colour of the var. hyperborea, found on the Arctic shores of Siberia and North America,
Colorado—A. campestris var. tristis, Lake Co.; Summit Co.; and Delta Co. (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, Jan. 1890, p. 100).
Var. hyperborea Westl., Nachricht. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., Sept. 1876, p. 9%. Limax hyperboreus Westerlund, op. cit.
30DY firm, black above, sides paler, pale beneath,
back convexly rounded, narrowing behind, tail short,
compressed and subcarinate above ; SHIELD broadly
rounded behind, thicker and much wider in front, inner margin reflexed. Lone., 10 mill. ; lat., 3 mill.
INTERNALLY, it is described by Binney as possessing Fic. 151.—Median, lateral, asmooth arched jaw, with a blunt median projection ; eu aren Set eee RADULA with a formula of 42+1442 teeth, the centrals Che Bienes Uy nas mines tricuspid; laterals twelve in nmmber and bicuspid; mar- ginals about thirty, simply aculeate or with a bifurcation or side-spur.
Siberia—Nordenskidld and Stuxberg found it at Goroschinskoj, 66° 17' north lat., on Sept. 10, 1875; and on the island Sopotschnoj, in the Jenissei river, 70° 5’, on Aug. 29, 1875 (Westerlund, op. cit.). Dr. Theel collected it at Tolstoinos, Aue. 1876, and according to Westerlund it is recorded as Arion ater by Gerstfeldt from Eastern Siberia (id., Siber. Land Sotvatt. Moll., pp. 102 and 110). Dr. Dall also records that it was found by Stejneger and by the Vega Expedition on the Com- mander Islands. It is said to be found also in Kamschatka (Proe. U.S. Nat. Mus., 1886, p. 217). schukschis Peninsula (Simroth, Portug.-Azor. Fauna, 1891).
Nearctic Region—Found throughout the Arctic shores of North America, and on the Aleutian and Behring Islands (Dall, op. cit.).
Labrador—Not uncommon on May 16th, 1883, and July 23rd, 1884, under stones in moist places in willow thickets, ete., about Fort Chimo, Ungavo Bay (Dall, op. cit., p. 203).
United States—Quincey, California, 1839, H. F. Wickham (TP. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., 1897, p. 4).
\
Fic. 152. —Banks of Leeds and Liverpool Canal, near Kirkstall, a favourite locality for Agriolimax levis (photo. by Mr. R. Mackay).
156 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA,
GENUS MILAN Gray.
(Amalia, Moquin-Tandon ; Lallemantia, Mabille).
The genus Milae (Milar, a word formed by a transliteration of Lima) was instituted by Dr. Gray in the Cat. Pulmon. Brit. Mus., published on May Ist, 1855, but in which the preface was dated March 29th.
The term J/‘lae — antedates Moquin-Tandon’s name of timalia, which was published in his ‘ Hist. Moll. err. et Tluv. France,” ii, p. 17, on Sept. 10th, 1855. The preface to that work, though dated March 15th, was really issued with the third part on Aug. Ist, while the fourth part, in which the term Amelia was first instituted, did not appear until Sept. Loth, 1845, the misleading date of the preface to the work having led to the wrongful use of climalic.
With this genus Dr. J. BE. and Mrs. Gray have been associated in recognition of the imstitution of the
present group and of the impetus their conchological works have had upon the popularization of con- chology generally.
In this country we have but i species, which, although placed by Pollonera in separate sub-genera, Tandoniaand Pirained, do not show, at least in British specimens, the differential characters he has as- signed to them, but are, in) faet, somewhat closely alhed in structure and aspect, but according to Dr. Shuroth, within certain limits, no genus Is so unstable im its organization as is Jar, a group which, im his apt is only at the outset of its eourse, in the formation of species for the future.
Generic Characteristics.—Hxrernatry, in Mile the body is longi- tudinally grooved, and ac sae keeled the whole leneth of the back. ‘The MANTLE. IS shapreened ¢ r delicately wrinkled, bears a bluntly lenticular
‘ horse-shoe shaped groove, more or less completely circumscribing a somewhat prominent postero-central part which simulates a smaller, superposed: mantle; the RESPIRATORY ORIFICE is placed on the right side behind the centre of the mantle, and is not eut by the anal channel,
GENUS MILAX. 137
which is in advance; the REPRODUCTIVE ORIFICE is situate mid-way between the base of the right ommatophore and the respiratory orifice. The ORGAN OF SEMPER is externally perceptible as crenulations or pucker- ings of the upper lip, which presents a row of eight or more rounded papillee.
INTERNALLY, the viscera show a strong spiral twist? in a sinistral direc- tion, the amount of torsion corresponding somewhat to that of a dextrally coiled Buliminus. The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS do not loop the retractor of the right tentacle, and possess a very remarkable series of accessory glands adherent to the base of the oviduct and atrium, into which they debouch by numerous slender ducts; there is no flagellum, but a well-marked epi- phallus, within which a spermatophore is developed, and which is basally separated from the penis by a well-marked sphincter muscle. The PENIs- RETRACTOR arises from the dorsal skin on the right-side, just below the root of the cephalic retractor, and is attached to the epiphallus. The sarco- BELUM, or excitatory organ, though present in our British species, is not an invariable character in all the species of the genus; the Milawx carinatus of southern Europe, which in other respects is so closely related to our Milax sowerbii, is said by Lessona & Pollonera to be destitute of an excitatory organ, though Dr. Simroth found it present in a Florentine specimen forwarded by Signor Lessona. The KIDNEY is somewhat oval in shape, and differs from that of Zimas in having a linguiform prolongation, doubled back under the organ and protruding behind on the right side. The SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND lies free in the body cavity, and is only about one-third the total length of the body.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS comprise the pharyngeal and tentacular muscles, which are usually separate nearly or quite to their roots, though their points of origin are always closely contiguous; they arise from the dorsum, beneath the floor of the shell sac, to which they are firmly attached, exactly at or near to the point where the shell is adherent by its apex to the floor of the pouch.
The FooT-soLe is distinctly longitudinally tri-
partite, the broad mid-area being bounded by a yn well-marked groove at each side, and the wrinklings cee ae formed during the contraction of the sole, unlike yn those of the true Limaces and A griolimaces, which —V-—
are simply transverse, show in AMilaz a striking ao chevron-like character in the median-line, an V arrangement said to tally accurately with the dis- Fic. 154,—Diagram of the
we * — foot-sole of Milax, sh position of the lateral branches of the sympathetic (he'chevron-shaped ‘transverse
mesh of the pedal nerves. wrinklings of the median-area.
The law of colouring is similar to that pertaining to A. agrestis; the animals darken with age, the darker mantle-markings being assumed to be ancestral traits not yet obliterated, and formed by the approximation and fusion of the isolated spots of young animals. ‘The primitive colouring of the species of this group is supposed to be simple, and just as A. agrestis shows unicolorous dark or slate-blue varieties on the Mediterranean shores, Milax has developed a preponderance of dark unicolored species or varieties in similar situations.
In the eastern Mediterranean region, Milur is separable into the species furnished with a prominent dorsal keel and those in which the keel is confined to the caudal end of the body ; the latter, which form the section
1 Monog. i., p. 282, f. 562. 29/5104 1
138 GENUS MILAX.
Subamalia of Pollonera and the Malinastrum of Bourguignat, are confined to the mountains and are probably the more ancient forms. ‘The strongly carinate species found in the Crimea, Greece, ‘Transylvania, Austria, Germany, and Italy, which have been classified under Zandoniu and Pirainew of Lessona & Pollonera, are mostly of a reddish or brownish tint, but more westwardly the reddish ground gradually disappears, the animals becoming ochreous or black.
The species of Mtlaz are slow and sluggish in movement, possess a thick skin, and secrete a tough and viscid mucus. According to Simroth, they are essentially carnivorous and predaceous, though occasionally devouring vegetable food. The duration of life in the A/ilaces is uncertain, but Simroth thinks it extends over several years.
Conjugation in Milax is not restricted to any particular season, but in mild weather may take place at any period of the year, the act itself being very prolonged ; Mr. Kew has observed it on one occasion to continue for a space of seventeen hours, this lengthy ceremony being probably necessi- tated by the time requisite for the formation and transference of the
elaborate spermatophore.
Fossil.—A Mihir (AL gracilior Sandberger) is recorded from the Upper Miocene beds at Biberach, Wurtemburg, by Sandberger, but in this country it has not been reported from any deposits lower than the
Pleistocene.
Geographical Distribution.—This genus, according to Simroth, has not naturally a wide distribution, as, excepting its occurrence in the extreme points of Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, California, and several oceanic islands, in all of which it may have been artificially introduced, its range is, as far as at present known, confined chiefly to the Mediterranean
and European region,
Fic. 155.—Obverse and reverse of medal struck in 1863 in honour of Jr. and Mrs. Gray.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSOA. 139
Milax gagates (Draparnaud).
1801 Limax gagates Draparnaud, Tabl. Moll., p. 100, no. 1.
1805 - — Draparnaud, Hist. Nat., p. 122, pl. 9, f. 1, 2.
1824 — maurus Quoy & Gaimard, Voy. Uranie, p. 426.
1855 — (Amalia) gagates Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., vol. 2, p. 19, pl. 2, f. 1-8. 1872 — hewstoni Cooper, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad., p. 147, pl. 3.
1855 Milax gagates Gray, Catal. Pulm., p. 174.
1880 — _ tasmanicus Tate, Proce. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, p. 16.
1876 Amalia marginata mut. gagates Pini, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., vol. 2, p. 107. 1897 — baborr Collinge, Proc. Mal. Soc., p. 294.
S ISTORY.—Milaa gagates (gagates, jet), 1s one of our more uncommon slugs, and though typically of jet black hue, is in this country more fre- quently found of a pale plumbeous or brownish tint.
This species was first described by Draparnaud in 1801, and was first dis- covered in Great Britain by Mr. R. D. Darbishire, B.A., F.G.8., of Victoria Park, Manchester, who in September 1851, found a characteristic specimen at the foot of a hawthorn hedge, on the Isle of Portland, which was identified by Prof. Forbes.
Mr. E. A. Smith, in the Proc. Zool. ae Soc., 1884, p. 276, suggests the proba- bility that the Z. capensis Krauss may
° A prove to be referable to our species ;
and Mr. C. T. Musson makes a similar sueeestion in reference to the L. pectinatus of Selenka.
cote ies 2 4 :
Prof. R. Tate has described (Proc. Roy. Soc. Tasmania, 1880, p. 16) a Milax nigricolus, which inhabits the gullies of the Adelaide hills, and is widely dispersed over the Adelaide plain generally. ‘Though presented as a new and probably indigenous species, the author suggests that it may be identical with Milax gagates.
Dr. Simroth considers Amalia doderleini, A. sicula, and A. tnsularis as all synonymous with the present species, and agrees with Heynemann in similarly regarding Limav scaptobius of Bourguignat, but as there appears to be some conflict of opinion on the subject, their views are
simply recorded here.
Diagnosis. —ExterNnaLy, Milur gugates is known from its congener by its more uniform colouring; by the keel being usually of the same or of a darker tint than the body, and by its greater prominence at the caudal extremity ; the parallel longitudinal groovings of the body are also quite unpigmented, and the intervals between the groovings smooth or deli- cately granulate.
INTERNALLY, it is sharply differentiated by the globose spermatheca and the protuberant atrium or vestibule.
140 MILAX GAGATES.
Description.—ANIMAL comparatively slender, and usually 50 mill. or more in length when extended ; typically of an almost uniform black above, but in this country more frequently of adrab, lavender or plumbeous-grey ; DORSAL-KEEL very prominent and sharp, especially at the caudal end, where it is abruptly angulated; it extends the whole length of the back, strongly indenting the hind margin of the shield when the animal is at rest, and is usually of the same or a darker colour than the body; the Bopy is longitudinally and regularly suleate, the intervening spaces being only slightly granulate; SHIELD or mantle ample, truncately rounded behind, finely wrinkled and bearing a bluntly lenticular or horse-shoe shaped unpigmented sulcus, which cireumseribes a somewhat protuberant and slightly darker central area beneath which the vestigial shell is lodged ; FOOT-SOLE pale, distinctly tripartite, the mid-area much broader than the side-areas, and separated hy a deep furrow ; FRINGE same colour as side of sole, without lineoles, rather thick and rounded at the front, defined from the sides by a deep channel; TENTACLES moderately long and eranulose; lower tentacles short. Mucus thick, glutinous, and colonrless when in health, but when irritated or scalded tinged with pale yellow, and slightly milky from the presence of innumerable minute granules of carbonate of ime.
SHELL more or less elongately oval in shape, glistening white in colour, and some- what convexly rounded on the upper side; APEX or nucleus subterminal and almost median, encircled with strong and regular concentric lines of growth; under-side flat, or even somewhat convex owing to the presence of an almost flat calcareous plate, re 1G. es es temenele Fai is aes the shell thus often presenting a double — ‘Christchurch, Hants, Mr. C. Ashford). appearance when viewed laterally, simulating two shells placed one upon another,
Length, 45 mill. ; breadth, 3 mill.
INTERNALLY, the NERVOUS MATTER is SS 7 closely aggregated round the throat, the p
dark-grey and triangular cerebral ganglia
being connected by a short broad dark-grey Fic. 158.—
Nerve centres of
commissure; the buccal ganglia are whitish, Milax gagates, a little more than their own diameter apart, showing otocysts and joined to the cerebral ganglia by dark- e A Y (greatly enlarged).
grey connectives ; the SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND
is free, and only half the length of the body in
adults, and even less in immature individuals.
The LIVER is chestnut-coloured, the right lobe forming the posterior end of the visceral mass, the left is directed forwards to the KIDNEY, which has a long tongue- shaped prolongation beyond the right margin of the organ.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL shows a broad and brown GsoPHAGUS; an ample brown CROP with white SALIVARY GLANDS adherent to its walls; the intestinal coils are triodromous, but owing to the strong spiral twisting to which the whole of the viscera have been subjected they appear much more complex ; the second intestinal tract extends beyond the termination of the stomach, and turns in the caudal lobe of the liver, the rectum passing to the anal opening at the right side of the body without looping the retractor.
The REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM opens externally about half-way between the right ommatophore and the respiratory orifice ; the OVOTESTIS is oval and whitish, with large acini; the DUCT becomes ample and tortuous as it nears the albumen gland, where there is a well-delined vesiICULA SEMINALIS; the ALBUMEN GLAND is pale ochreous, gelatinous and semi-transparent; the SPERM-DUCT is of an opaque milk- white colour and not well developed; the OvIDUCT is semi-transparent, with a tinge of blne; the FREE-ovipUCT narrow and eylindrical ; the VAS DEFERENS short, entering the epiphallus terminally ; the PENIS-SHEATH is small and insignificant, with longitudinal ribbing, terminated distally by a large and well-marked blaish-white mPIPHALLUS, which ms is annularly ribbed internally, the ribs being visible externally : as opaque-white specks; the basal limits are denoted exteriorly j ‘ by a distinet sphincter, and interiorly by two annular series 1 Re 159.—Sarcohve-
. c ey vs é 4 . um of A/t/ax gagates of projecting papillae ; the penis-sheath enters the bulbous and (greatly enlarged). bulging ATRIUM at the ve within the protuberant part. of which, opposite the penial opening, there is a smooth and ploughshare-shaped excitatory organ, or SARCOBELUM ; the PENIAL-RETRACTOR, which is quite slender,
MILAX GAGATES. 141
arises from the convex side of the epiphallus, and is fixed to the oviduct ; SPERMA- THECA large and globose when fully distended, connected laterally to the oviduct by
A Fic. 160. Fic. 161. Fic. 162.
Fic. 160.—Alimentary tract of Milax gagates, showing the buccal bulb and nerve-ring, x 2.
Fic. 161.—Sexual organs of AZ. gagates, X 3, the accessory glands turned aside to show the protuberant atrium. a/d.g/. albumen gland ; of. ovotestis; sf. spermatheca; Z.s. penis-sheath ; ep. epiphallus; 7. retractor; gZ. accessory glands.
Fic. 162.—Cephalic retractors of MZ. gagates, x 8.
tissue and more firmly at the apex; its short, stout stem opens into the free-oviduct, at whose junction with the atrium are large foliated accessory glands with long ducts, resembling salivary glands in their whiteness and lobular form.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR is somewhat variable in its development; it usually arises from the dorsum from a single root, and is often attached to, or beneath, the apex of the shell, travelling a short distance as a single band; occasionally the PHARYNGEAL and TENTACULAR portions may arise independently, each from its own base or root, but these are always closely contiguous; the pharyngeal muscle is invariably deeply cleft, and the retractor of the right tentacle does not separate the male and female organs, as in the typical =p Limaces.
MANDIBLE or jaw moderately arcuate, thick, and of a deepish horn colour, with very fine striz on the ile anterior surface; ends bluntly rounded; median heak Fic. 163.—Mandible or jaw of or rostrum not prominent and very obtuse. Milax gagates, x 12.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is of the usual shape, and in a Christchurch specimen displays series of closely-set teeth, projecting forward in the centre and sloping backward towards the margins; the median series of teeth are slightly smaller than the neighbouring laterals, and are distinctly tricuspid with the mesocone strong and
38 38 30 oy 30 ~~ 20 15 2 7 J m ! 7 2 eh y Fic. 164.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 47. gagates, x 180. The animal collected at Christchurch by Mr. C. Ashford, and the palate prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville.
well developed; the laterals are also clearly tricuspid, tle mesocone gradually increasing in strength and importance ; the marginals are chiefly bicuspid,. showing a strong mesocone and distinct ectocone, the endocone so well developed on the lateral teeth having become gradually lost, while the extreme marginals are simply aculeate. The formula of a Christchurch specimen is 25 422444224455 x 98 = 7,938.
Reproduction and Development.—The congress of this species may take place at any period of the year, during mild weather, and as is indi- cated by the presence of a well-developed excitatory organ within the
142 MILAX GAGATES.
bulging atrium, is probably preceded by mutual exchange of blandish- ments and stimulatory actions, the operation itself occupying many hours, this great length of time being necessary to allow time for the secretion of the spermatophores and for their mutual transference. . ;
The eggs are slightly oval in shape, transparent, delicate, and thin shelled, and measure 2 mill. in length and 14 mill. in width. They are agglutinated together by a colourless mucosity and deposited in moist spots in the soil, or beneath some protection; and hatch in less than a month ; the young, according to Prof. Krause, when excluded are white, with a semi-circular black band on the mantle, and the margin of the pallial gutter filled with pigment; they may afterwards become tinted with grey, especially towards the end of the keel, following this by assuming a reddish colour, with a greenish tint at the sides, and although all do not follow in the same line of colour development, yet as they increase in size they gradually assume the adult coloration.
Food and Habits.—Milax gagates is a shy and retiring species, and of nocturnal habits; though more active than its congener, it is also addicted to a somewhat subterranean mode of life, but may be met with crawling on the earth during the day after long-continued or heavy rain.
Though essentially a ground slug, frequenting heaps of decaying veget- able matter, the foot of old walls, hedgerows, and amidst thick herbage or tufted plants, in gardens, etc., yet it has at times been noticed crawling up the trunks of apple and lime trees, and upon old walls.
It can spin mucous-threads easily and well, and quickly avails itself of ‘this method of reaching the ground when placed in distasteful positions.
When at rest it assumes, according to Dr. Norman, a more rounded form than any other British Zimax, so contracting itself that its height is but little exceeded by its length.
Though perhaps chiefly vegetarian, and very destructive to young plants and underground roots and bulbs, yet it is also not only carnivorous but predaceous, eagerly destroying and devouring Helices and slugs, and even sickly or weaker individuals of its own kind.
In captivity it is very omnivorous, as out of 195 different kinds of food offered to it by Mr. Gain it ate more or less readily 173, though only devouring with eagerness potato tubers and the root of carrot.
Fossil.—It has been reported from the Pleistocene deposits near Port- land Bill, Dorset, on the authority of Prof. Prestwich (J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1898).
Variation.—The external variation in A/ilar gagates would appear to be more largely geographical and Jess sporadic than in many species, although M. Bourguignat describes it as a variable species, sometimes greenish or yellowish or even bluish in colour.
British specimens are generally smaller, smoother, more pellucid, and paler than those inhabiting more southern and warmer districts. The Mediterranean forms are often large, black, more opaque, and more rugose than our British specimens, and the black pigment tends to invade the side-areas of the sole; this major form has been especially noticed in Algeria, and has been regarded as a sub-species by Prof. Cockerell, under the name of Amalia mediterranet. In Sicily, this pigmentation of the sole is not so far advanced, the side-areas being still grey; this transitional stage has been distinguished as forma similis, while closely-allied indi- viduals from Morocco have been differentiated as forma atlantica Ckll,
JENA RO
AGCRIONM 1% Any MELA |
Agriolimayx agrestis var, pallida, p. 112. Agriolimax agrestis vay, reticulata, p. 115. Horsforth, Yorks. (after Férussac, pl. v f. 7).
Agriolimax agrestis var, brunnea, p. 114. 4. Agriolimax agrestis subvar. lilacina, p. 113. Bonar Bridge, East Ross, W. Baillie, Stroud, Gloucestershire, FE. J. Elliott
5. Agriolimax levis, p. 122. 7. Agriolimax levis subvar. maculata, p. 126. Newlay, Yorks. Barnes, Surrey, T. D. A. Cockerell,
6. Agriolimax levis var, grisea, p 126. 8. Agriolimax levis (summer form) p. 126. Downpatrick, Down, R. Welch. (after Stmroth).
g. Milax gagates, p. 140. Milax gagates var. allidissima, p, 146 Sale, Cheshire, C, Oldham. Guernsey, B. Pron lin, oe
. Milax gagates var. plu aa io. Milax gagates var. bicolor, p. 146. see) “Orie Te AES: Geos Guernsey, B. Tomlin. x! Vag e eo }
14. Mtlax gagates var. rava, p. 145. Truro, J. H. James.
. Milax gagates var, benoiti, p. 146. Sicily.
18. Milax sowerbii var, bicolor, p. 157.
Milax sowerbit, p. 151. Ealing, Middlesex, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Waoodbria ee: E. Suffolk, Rev. S. S. Pearce.
; 1g. Milax sowerbit, subvar, insolita, p. 156. 10. Milax sowerbu var. nigrescens, p. 151. Rhyl, Flint, A. Steele Perkins, Aberayron, Cardigan, W. Whitwell, ‘
Fess
lax i Milax sowerbit var. rustica, p. 156. 17. Milax sowerbtt, var. alba, p. 155. 20. dl 2 ta Tenby, Pembroke, A. G. Stubbs. Dublin, J. R. Redding
J.W. Taylor, del. Taylor Bros., Leeds.
MILAX GAGATES. 143
The effect of insular conditions upon the coloration of this species is well marked; the broad effect being a general similarity which has a marked relationship to the two prevalent varieties characterizing the British Isles.
In Madeira this species is of a more or less dark-brown colour, and has been described as var. maderensis Ckll. ; it may be regarded as an extreme form of the var. rava.
The M. gagates of St. Helena, described as forma helena, partake of the characters of the vars. plumbea and rava, and the same intermediate fea- tures are displayed by the forma ¢ristensis Okll., from Tristan d’Acunha and Juan Fernandez.
‘he Bermuda specimens on the contrary display a close relationship with the typical form, but show a flexuous keel, and are rather more opaque and rugose than is usual.
The American examples of MM. gagates, perhaps better known under Cooper’s name of M. hewstoni, differ but little from typical gagates; the body is blackish above, paler at the sides ; sole dull greyish ochreous; keel not conspicuous in the living slug, but much stronger when contracted in alcohol. The internal structure agrees also i. i |\ i with gagates in all essential points, the oviduct being said Fic. 165.—Median, lateral, and by Binney to be long and very marginal teeth of ™M. hevwstont tortuous, with a well-developed iii i alla sperm-duct ; the vagina very short, the large and globular spermatheca entering about the middle by a very short duct; penis sac small, short, and cylindrical, but expanded and bulbous at the apex, where the vas deferens enters.
The lingual membrane has a formula of 30 + 1+ 30, with fourteen perfect laterals, and shows symmetrical basal plates, and well-developed endoconic cutting points to inner lateral teeth, but the marginals are not bifurcated.
Fic. 166.--Sexual organs of JZ. hewstoni (after Binney).
Var. bedriage Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 59.
Amalia mediterranea Ckl\l., Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1891, p. 331. Amalia mediterranea f. sinitis Ckll., op. cit., p. 332. Amalia gagates f. atlantica Ckll., op. cit., p. 330.
ANIMAL black, lateral areas of the sole blackish.
The sub-var. mediterranea CkIl. only differs from the var. bedriage in its larger size, measuring 56 mill. in length (in alcohol). It is described as of a rather dull black, and though somewhat shiny, quite opaque.
The sub-var. similis Ckll. is smaller than the preceding, has an opaque-wrinkly- rugose and black body, a strong and rather flexuous keel; side-areas of sole greyish.
The sub-var. atlantiea CkIl. is of ordinary dimensions, and also black, slightly transparent at the sides, body smooth, with rug not well marked; sole grey and slightly translucent ; jaw dark brown with a well-formed median projection.
France—Var. bedriage, Nice, in the Alpes Maritimes, Signor Bedriaga (Less. & Poll., op. cit.). :
Sardinia—Var. bedriage, Signor Falchi (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Sicily—Sub-var. similis, Catania (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 332).
Spain—Sub-var. atlantica, Gibraltar, J. H. Ponsonby (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 331).
Dies Sueaae mediterranea, a specimen from East Algeria in the British Museum, received from Dr. Heynemann (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 331).
The specimens in the British Museum, collected by Dr. Anderson at Hammam Meskontina, and referred to sub-sp. mediterranea hy Mr. Cockerell, are perhaps better placed under the sub-var. atlantica.
Morocco—Sub-var. atlantica, Tangiers, J. H. Ponsonby (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 330).
144 MILAX GAGATES.
Var. plumbea Mogq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 19, pl. 6, ff. 1,2. Limax (Amalia) gagates Y olivaceus Moquin-Tandon, op cit., p. 19. ANIMAL greyish-black or lead colour.
The sub-var. olivacea is of a deep olivaceous grey.
Channel Isles—Var. plumbea, Guernsey, Aug. 1891 ! B. Tomlin.
Cornwall W.—Var. plumbea, garden, Truro Vean Terrace, near Truro, Dec. 1885! J. H. James.
Devon S.—Var. plumbca, abundant in garden, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Somerset N.—Var. plumbec, specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘ Bath, J. E. Daniel” (T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1891, p. 330).
Dorset—Var. plumbea, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Spettisbury, June 1891! C. Ashford.
Isle of Wight—Var. pluwinbea, Totlands Bay, Freshwater, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Hants S.—Var. plumbea, Christchurch, Aug. 1884! C. Ashford. Hoe Moor (L. E. Adams, Science Gossip, March 1901).
Hants N.—Var. plumbea, Preston Candover ! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Middlesex—Var. plumbea, Acton, Dec. 1884 ! and Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Hampstead, Dec. 1888! H. W. Kew.
Hereford—Var. pluimbca, garden, Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, April 1885 ! R. W. J. Smart.
Worcester—Var. plumbew and sub-var. olivacea, garden, Stourport, July 1888 (J. W. Williams, J. of Conch., July 1889).
Stafford—Var. plumbea, Stafford, June 1886! L. E. Adams.
Salop—Var. plumbea, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Cardigan—Var. plumbea, gardens, Aberayron, May 1888! Miss Foulkes and Miss Maddy.
Lincoln N.—Var. plumbea, Alford, Sept. 1885! J. E. Mason.
Notts. —Var. plumbea, common in garden, Tuxford, July 1885! W. A. Gain.
Cheshire —Var. plumbca, nursery gardens, Sale, Feb. 1895! C. Oldham,
Durham—Var. plwmnbea, specimens in British Museum, labelled ‘South Shields, R. Howse” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.). ;
Berwick-——Var. plumbea, roadside, Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890! W. Evans.
Derry—Var. plumbea, Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell.
Antrim—Var. plumbea, Cushendun, May 1886! Rev. 8. A. Brenan.
Down—Var. plumbea, common, chiefly in lily of the valley beds, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, 1897, A. W. Stelfox. Common in garden, Sydenham House, April 1898, R. Welch.
Dublin—Var. plumbea, Kingstown, May 1886! W. IF. de Vismes Kane.
Queen’s Co.—Var. plumbea, La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1843, p. 341).
Mayo E.—Var. plumbea, Tourmakady Lodge near Ballinrobe, Sept. 1843 (B. J. Clarke, op. cit.).
Mayo W.—Var. plumbea, Slievemore village, Sept. 1888! (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891).
Galway W.—Var. plumbea, MacDaras Island, Roundstone, July 1895, R. Welch. Sub-var. olivacea, Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Galway E.—Var. plumbca, Tuain Palace gardens (B. J. Clarke, op. cit.).
Kerry—Var. plumbea, Kenmare, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. In field on Cloonee road beyond Mucksna Wood, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adains, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898).
France—Var. plunbea is recorded by Dubrueil from Bédarieux, St. Pons, La Salvetat, and Ganges in the Hérault, and by d’Orbigny from La Rochelle in Charente Inférieure, and we have verified specimens collected in April 1887 at Cherbourg, department Manche, by IF. R. Billups, as well as from Veules, Seine Inférieure, collected by S.C. Cockerell, in Sept. 1895. The sub-var. olévacea is reported by Moquin-Tandon from Toulouse in Haute Garonne; from Nice in the Nines Maritimes by Lessona & Pollonera; and by Dubrueil from St. Martin-de- Londres, Ganges, etc., in Hérault.
Malta—Var. plumbca (Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, April 1891).
Spain—Var. plumbca, Santiago in Galicia (Macho, Moluse. Galicia, 1871, p. 13).
United States—Var. plumbea of the M. hewstoni found by H. Hemphill, at Julian City, California (‘T. D, A. Cockerell, Ann, and Mag. N.H., Nov. 1891, p. 338).
MILAX GAGATES. 145
Var. rava Williams, Shell Coll. Handbook, 1888, p. 89.
Limax gagates var. Y Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., Nov. 1843, pl. xii., ff. 18-20. Amalia gagates var. maderensis Ckll., Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1891, p. 334. Amalia gagates var. ascenstonis (Lesson) Ckll., op. cit., p. 335.
Amalia gagates var. ascensionis {. helene Ckll., op. cit., p. 336.
Amalia gagates var. ascensionis {. tristensis CKll., op. cit., p. 336.
ANIMAL drab-coloured, slightly fuscous, the mantle often paler than the back.
The sub-var. maderensis Ckll., sub-var. ascensionis Lesson, with the forms helene and tristensis, are all apparently forms of the var. rava, but the three latter forms have intimate relationship also with the var. plumbea, and constitute a series of connecting links between the vars. rava and plumbea.
The sub-var. maderensis Ckll. is of an uniform dark-brown, including the foot; mantle blackish and oval, keel not strong, and median-area of sole more than twice as broad as either lateral zone.
The sub-var. helenge Ckll. is dull palish ochreous, with simple reticulate groov- ings, the interstitial spaces being similarly but still more delicately sculptured ; back darkish purplish-grey, with a strong but not obviously paler keel extending the whole length of the back; neck bluish-grey above; mantle purplish-grey, except on the sides, below the suleus, which are pale ochreous, rather sharply defined from the dark part by the suleus; median-area of sole not quite twice as broad as either lateral area.
The sub-var. tristensis Ckll. has the rug rather strong, back and mantle plumbeous, sole and sides of body yellowish.
The sub-var. aseensionis Lesson has a general resemblance to the two preceding related snb-varieties.
Channel Isles—Var. rava, Guernsey, numerous, Aug. 1891! B. Tomlin.
Cornwall W.—Var. rava, garden, Truro, April 1886! J. H. James.
Devon S.—Var. rava, swarming in Mr. McMurdo’s garden, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Hants S.—Vavr. rava, common at Christchurch, Jan. 1887! C. Ashford.
Middlesex—Var. rava, garden, Hornsey, Oct. 1891! H. W. Kew. Crouch Hill, Oct. 1891! G. K. Gude.
Oxford—Var. rava, near Little Bourton (W. E. Collinge, Conch., 1891, p. 13).
Monmouth—Var. rava, Shirenewton Hall, June 1886! E. J. Lowe.
Worcester—Var. rava, garden, Stourport (Williams, Science Gossip, May 1886).
Carnarvon—Var. rava, Conway Castle, Jan. 1888! L. E. Adams.
Anglesey—Var. rava, Puffin Island, Aug. 1891! T. Shankland.
Cheshire—Var. rava, nursery gardens, Sale, Feb. 1895 ! and Ashton-on-Mersey, Oct. 1892! C. Oldham.
Lancashire Mid—Var. rava, Garstang, Sept. 1888 ! W. H. Heathcote.
Edinburgh—Var. rava, Levenhall, plentiful, Aug. 1886! W.D.R.
Antrim—Var. rava, Cushendun, May 1886! Rev. 8S. A. Brenan. Murlough Bay Glen, June 1899, R. Welch.
Down—Var. rava, in lily of the valley beds, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, 1897, A. W. Stelfox. Common in garden, Sydenham House, April 1898, and Downpatrick Cathedral grounds, March 1898, R. Welch.
Louth—Var. rava, Dundalk, Jan. 1904, C. Oldham.
Dublin—Var. rava, Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. White- church, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. : ;
Queen’s Co.—Var. rava, La Bergerie, common (B. J. Clarke, op. cit., p. 339).
Sligo—Var. rave, Carrahubback, abundant under stones on low grassy banks, near the sea-shore, Oct. 1892 ! Miss Amy Warren. ; :
Mayo W.—Var. rava, Ballina, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff. Slievemore village, Sept. 1888 | (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891).
Madeira—Sub-var. maderensis Ckll., a specimen in the British Museum, labelled “Madeira, Mr. Mason” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 334). :
Ascension—Sub-var. ascensionis Lesson (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 335).
St. Helena—Sub-var. helene CkIl., a specimen in the British Museum, labelled “St, Helena, J. C. Melliss” (I. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 336).
Tristan d’Acunha—Sub-var. ¢ristensis, a specimen in the British Museum, labelled “Tristan @’Acunha, Challenger Collection” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., - hoe Fernandez—Sub-var. ¢ristensis, six specimens in the British Museum, labelled ‘Juan Fernandez, Challenger Collection” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.,
p. 338).
146 MILAX GAGATES,
Var. pallidissima Pollonera, Boll. Mus. Zool. Torino, April 1891. Amalia gagates var. eremiophila Simroth, Nack. Portug.-Azor. Fauna, 1891, pl. 11, f. 3.
ANIMAL pale grey, sometimes with a lavender tinge.
This distinct variety, which Simroth under the name of var. eremiophila regards as a pale steppe form of A/ilax gagates, is not the form described by Bourguignat as Limex eremrophila, which in many respects is different, and amongst other features is described as possessing a yellow keel.
Channel Isles—V. pallidissima, St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sep. 1891! B. Tomlin.
Hants S.—Var. pallidissima, Christchurch, Jan. 1883! C. Ashford.
Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom wood, Highgate, April 1889! H. W. Kew.
Cardigan—Var. pallidissima, garden, Aberayron, May 1888 ! W. Whitwell.
Dublin—Var. pallidissima, Donnybrook, Aug. 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton.
Portugal—Sub-var. eremiophila Simroth, Lisbon and Abrantes in Estremadura, and in the Algarve (Simroth, op. cit.).
Malta—Var. padlidissima (Pollonera, op. cit.).
Var. bicolor ‘l'aylor. ANIMAL of a deep red on the sides ; SHIELD and BACK deep brown.
The var. raymondiana as figured by Simroth (Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor. Fauna, pl. 11, fig. 2) has some relations with this variety, but is very much duller in its colours ; it is considered by some authors as identical with the var. maderensis of Cockerell. The Limaxr raymondiana as figured and described by Bourguignat has the sides of a warm ochreous-yellow.
Channel Isles—St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tomlin.
Var. benoiti Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 59, pl. 1, f. 9. ANIMAL black, dorsal keel whitish.
According to the Rev. B. J. Clarke, the keel in the young is invariably yellow, but gradually assumes during growth the same tint as the dorsum; the var. benoit: may, therefore, be regarded as characterized by the retention to mature life of juvenile coloration.
Simroth considers the Limazx scaptobius Bourg., from Algiers, Portugal, and Gibraltar, as a young form of M. gagates, which has retained the pale keel line.
Edinburgh—A snb-variety ot this form with a yellowish keel was found at Levenhall, Aug. 1886, by Mr. W. Denison Roebuck. Sicily —Messina (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Geographical Distribution.—In its natural range Mile gagates appears to be restricted to the Western Palearctic and Mediterranean regions, and presents many analogies with the area of dispersal of Helix asperst,
In the British Isles, 17, gagates is dispersed more or less interruptedly over the entire area, excepting the northern half of Scotland, from whence it has not as yet been reported.
In the remote oceanic islands and distant countries where the species has been found, its occurrence is probably to be attributed to accidental or unintentional introduction by human agency.
M. gagates has been credited by some authors with being a strictly littoral species, but although perhaps more plentiful along the coast, where it is sometimes found living quite within the influence of the sea spray at ae ee it is by no means restricted to such places, but occurs freely inland.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—Guernsey, at St. Martin’s, Aug, 1856 (A. M. Norman, Zool., 1856, p. 5324); St. Peter’s Port, 1887; and St. Sampson’s, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tomlin. PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Not uncommon (E. D. Marquand, Penzance Trans., 1884). Fal- mouth, Noy, 1901, H. Overton (J. of Mal., Dee. 1901). Garden, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro, J. H. James! ('T. D. A. Cockerell, Sei. Goss., May 1886, p. 114). Newquay (A. Belt, Sci. Goss., Aug. 1898).
MILAX GAGATES. 147
Geographical Distribution
of
Milax gagates (Drap).
ic acal Recorded Distribution.
[<<] Probable Range.
Fic. 167.
Devon S.—Lane beyond Mr. Bartlett’s farm, near Torquay, J. P. Norman (A. M. Norman, Zool., 1854, p. 4284). Torquay, April 1888!8. Tuke.
Devon N.—Lynton, 1898, F. J. Partridge (J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 19).
Somerset S.—Allotment gardens, near canal and gasworks, Bridgwater, Aug. 1884 ! W. Vinson. ;
Somerset N.—Specimens in British Museum, labelled “Bath, J. E. Daniel” (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.).
CHANNEL.
Dorset—First found in Great Britain by Mr. R. D. Darbishire at the foot of a hawthorn hedge, Portland, Sept. 1851. Among the quarries, Portland Island, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams. Spettisbury, June 1888! C. Ashford.
Isle of Wight—Plentiful at Sandown, R. Gibbs (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, vol. 4, p. 289).
Hants S.—Christchurch, Aug. 1884! typical form rare, C. Ashford.
Hants N.—Preston Candover, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex E.—Hastings, July 1877! Miss E. B. Fairbrass. East Rother district, (J. H. A. Jenner, Report Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Soc., 1880).
Kent E.—Chatham! J. Whitwham.
Kent W.—Beckenham, 1901, F. W. Wilson.
Middlesex—Far from scarce in the gardens, etc., of the North London suburbs; frequently seen by the pathways in Hornsey and Islington ! (H. W. Kew, 1902).
Oxford—Sparingly, near Little Bourton, and near Lidstone (W. E. Collinge, Conchologist, 1891, p. 13).
THAMES.
ANGLIA. Suffolk E.—St. Margaret’s, Ipswich, 1893 (W. M. Webb, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 4). Norfolk E.—Very plentiful in gardens and in outhouses, North Heigham near Norwich, Oct. 1894! A. Mayfield. Northampton—Mr. Beeby Thompson’s garden, Northampton, June 1896 (L. E. Adams, Journ. Northants Soc., 1896, p. 60). SEVERN. Monmouth—Kitchen gardens, Shirenewton Hall near Chepstow, May 1886 ! E. J. Lowe. Hereford—Bishopswood ! Rev. R. W. J. Smart. Worcester—Abundant, Stourport (J. W. Williams, Science Gossip, 1886, p. 99). Warwick.—Camp Hill, Birmingham! W. Nelson. Garden, Sutton Coldfield, 1902 (H. Overton, J. of Mal., 1901, p. 124). Stafford—Grounds of Grammar School, Stafford, June 1886! L. E, Adams. Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! Baker Hudson.
148 MILAX GAGATES,
SOUTH WALES. Pembroke—Old Carmarthen road, Tenby, July 1853, A. Merle Norman (Zool., 1853, p. 4048). Deer Park, also on North and South Cliffs, but scarcer than J. sowerbti (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900, p. 321). Cardigan—Mrs. Maddy’s garden, Aberayron, May 1888! W. Whitwell. NORTH WALES. Montgomery—Garden, Welshpool (J. Bickerton Morgan, Moll. Montgom., 1891). Carnarvon—Conway Castle and railway station, Jan. 1888! L. E. Adams. Anglesey —Var. rev, Puttin Island, Aug. 1891 ! T. Shankland.
Lincoln N.—Parson’s lane, Alford, May 1886 ! J. E. Mason. Notts.—Tuxford, rare (B. Sturges Dodd, Brit. Assoc. Handbook, 1893, p. 71). Derby—Matlock, J. A. Howe. °
MERSEY.
Cheshire—Ashton-on-Mersey, Sept. 1890! and Sale, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham.
Lancashire S.—Common in Swinton School gardens (J. C. Melvill, Brit. Assoe. Handbook).
Lancashire Mid—Garstang, Sept. 1888! Fulwood near Preston, Feb. 1889! W. H. Heathcote.
York S.E.—Withernsea, on the cliffs, Sept. 1891! J. D. Butterell.
York N.E.—Kitchen gardens opposite Borough road, Middlesbrough, Sept. 1886! T. A. Lofthouse.
York S.W.—Bridge at Fall Ing, Wakefield (J. Hebden, Quart. Journ. Coneh., 1874, p. 5). Shibden near Halifax, 1859, W. Cash. Huddersfield, very rare (G. H. Parke, in Hobkirk’s Huddersfield, 1868, p. 224).
TRENT.
HUMBER,
TYNE.
Durham—South Shields, R. Howse. Several places in Durham, including the
garden of Burnmoor Rectory, Fencehouses! (A. M. Norman, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1890, p. 329).
LAKES.
Isle of Man--Peel Castle (Forbes & Hanley, British Moll., 1853, vol. 4, p. 25). Roadside near Onchan, Sept 1891! Port Erin, Aug. 1892, H. Overton. Castletown, Ang. 1894, F. Taylor.
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Dumfries—Dumtfries, March 1897, R. Service. EAST LOWLANDS. Berwick—Noadside, Cove Farm near Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Edinburgh—Leveuhall near Musselburgh, Aug. 1886! W.D.R. Garden, Morn- ingside, Edinburgh, Aug. 1889! W. Evans.
EAST HIGHLANDS. Perth S, and Clackmannan—G. McDougall.
WEST HIGHLANDS. Dumbarton—Dumbarton, common, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Clyde Isles—Grounds of College, Isle of Cumbrae, 1854 (A. Merle Norman, Zoologist, 1856, p. 5324). About the Aquarium, Rothesay, Isle of Bute, Nov. 1886! T. Scott.
IRELAND. ULSTER,
Derry—Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell.
Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Rathlin Island, May 1897, L. E. Adams. 2
Down—Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. L. Praeger (Scharff, lrish List, 1892, p. 9). Down- patrick Cathedral grounds, Oct. 1897, R. Welch. Common in garden, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, especially in lily of the valley beds, 1897, A. W. Stelfox.
Donegal—In old wood, near Ardara, April 1900, R. Welch.
Louth— Var. rave, Dundalk, Jan. 1904, C. Oldham.
Meath—Lough Ballyhoe, typical black form, April 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Near Dublin, Dr. Robert Ball (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, vol. 4, p. 25). Donnybrook, Ang. 1888 1G. Barrett Hamilton.” Raheny, Sept. 1890, and Whitechurch, Oct. 1890, 1. PF. Scharf Dellbrook, Dundruin, 1897, Rt. Welch.
Wicklow —Kilruddery, also Marrough of Wicklow, June L8Ol, RoE. Scharil,
Carlow—Near Carlow, Nov, 1901, A. G. Stuart.
Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (B. J, Clarke, Aun, Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 341),
LEINSTER.
MILAX GAGATES. 149 CONNAUGHT.
Sligo—Var. rava, Carrahubback, Oct. 1892 ! Miss Amy Warren.
Mayo E.—Tourmakady Lodge near Ballinrobe, Sept. 1843 (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1843, p. 339).
Mayo W.—Common in garden, Moyview, Ballina (Amy Warren, Zoolovist, 1879, p. 25). Dugort and Slievemore, Achill Island, Sept. 1888! (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891).
Galway E.—Var. plumbca, Tuam Palace gardens (B. J. Clarke, op. cit.).
Galway W.—Clifden, Connemara, July 1840 (W. Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 205). Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
MUNSTER.
Cork N.—Queenstown, May 1891, R. F. Scharff. Under stones in the open country near Castle Martyr (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 25).
Cork S.—Between Bantry and Glengavriff, Sept. 1898 (Stubbs & Adams, Irish Nat , Nov. 1898).
Kerry—Garden, Lake Hotel, Killarney, autumn, 1853, J. P. Norman (A. Merle Norman, Zool., 1854, p. 4284). Under eis trees in Middle Cloonee Lake, Mr. Ragdale (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Sparingly in old damp mossy woods, Kenmare, July 1898, R. Welch.
NETHERLANDS.
Belgium—Malines (Van Beneden); between Weeliter and Tremelos (Kickx) ; and found rather abundantly in May near the great lake of Quincampois by Carlier (Colbeau, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1865, p. 84).
Holland—(Simroth, Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor., 1891, p. 295).
FRANCE.
M. gagates, though found more especially in the littoral departments, is also resent at many inland stations, and has heen recorded for Aude, Alpes Maritimes, asses Pyrénées, Charente Inférieure, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute
Garonne, Haute Loire, Hérault, Isére, Loire Inférieure, Manche, Morbilan, Moselle, Nord, Pyrénées Orientales, Puy-de-Déme, Rhone, Seine Inférieure, Tarn et Garonne, Vendée, Vosges, and the Island of Corsica.
ITALY.
This species has been recorded by Pini from Monte Codeno and Monte Campioni, and the northern valleys of Lombardy, and Mr. Brockton Tomlin has found it in Sept. 1886 on the Monte Moro Pass at an altitnde of 7,000 feet. It abounds in the public gardens of Venice, according to Pini, and has been found by Pirona at Friuli in the Udine. It has been recorded for Sicily by Tate and others, for Malta by Mamo and Pollonera, while Heynemann gives it as inhabiting Sardinia.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY.
Only reported from the neighbourhood of Trieste in Istria (Pini, Bull. Soc. Mal. Ital., 1876, p. 107), and from Gérzin Goritz by Erjavec (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Gesell., 1885, p. 254).
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain—It is recorded for Catalonia by Graells ; from Santiago in Galicia by Macho; as common in the gardens of the city of Valencia by Hidalgo; from the coast near Cadiz by Bourguignat ; from Gibraltar in Andalusia hy J. H. Ponsonby; from Alcantara in Estremadura by Simroth; and from the Balearic Isles by Heynemann.
Portugal—Simroth records this species from Braga in Minho; Coimbra and Guarda in Beira; and also from ‘Cintra, Abrantes, the botanical gardens of Lisbon in Estremadura, and from the Algarve.
BALKAN PENINSULA. Greece —Specimens forwarded from Greece in Sept. 1891! by Mr. J. G. Milne.
RUSSIA. Reported as inhabiting the district of Izium, in the province of Kharkov (Kalen- iezenlko, Bull. Moscow, 1851, p. 126).
NORTH AFRICA AND ASIA MINOR. Morocco—Mountains of Tetuan (Bourguignat, Mal. Alg., p. 318), and Cape Spartel (Morelet, J. de Conch., 1880, p. 18). ; ; Algeria—About Constantine, Tlemcen, Ain-el-Haout (Bourguignat, op. cit, p. 48), Algiers (Lallemant, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1868, p. 24), and Oran (Tournier).
150 MILAX GAGATES.
Tunis—At foot of Djebel Abdellah near Cap Roux; Ariana near Tunis (Bour- guignat); and at Djebel Recas (Letourneux & Bourguignat, Mal. Tunisie, 1887).
Egypt—(Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 535).
ATLANTIC ISLES.
Azores—Universal, inhabiting every isle of the group (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1877, p. 10).
Madeira—Extremely common in Madeira, on cultivated land and elsewhere, up to an altitude of 3,000 feet (Rk. B. Watson, J. de Conch., 1876, p. 221). Found around Funchal, at the Pico do Infante and other places. Mr. Lowe found it near Alegria, at the Mount in Cayados Ravine, and also at the summit of the Pico do Castello on Porto Santo (Wollaston, Test. Atl., 1877, p. 69).
Canaries—Extremely common (Simroth, Nachrichtsbl., 1895).
Ascension—(T. D. A. Cockerell, Science, June 23, 1893).
St. Helena—(E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 278).
Tristan d’Acunha—Obtained by the Challenger Expedition (Smith, op. cit.).
NEARCTIC REGION.
Idaho—Milax hewstoni, Coeur d’Alene, H. F. Wickham (T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1848, p. 337).
Washington State—M. hewstoni, Seattle (Cockerell, op. cit.).
Pennsylvania—JM. hewstont, Phipps’ Conservatory, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, G. H. Clapp.
California—Milax hewstoni, tirst noticed about 1885 on the grass plots of San Francisco ; it soon became abundant, and has extended its range to Seattle, Wash- ington State, in the north and San Diego in the south (R. E. C. Stearns, Science, April 27, 1900, p. 655). About Williamstown University, Los Angeles Co. (M. Burton, Nautilus, Jan. 1890). Oakland, 1890, H. Hemphill; Santa Barbara, Miss Cusack ; Haywards, Feb. 1890, Dr. J. G. Cooper (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 337).
Mexico—Milax hewstoni, near overflow of San Tomas river, Lower California (H. Hemphill, J. de Conch., 1881, p. 35).
NEOTROPICAL REGION. Brazil—(Heynemann, op. cit.). Bermuda—Obtained by the Challenger Expedition (E. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 276).
Juan Fernandez—Collected by the Challenger Expedition (E. A. Smith, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1884, p. 279). ‘ R : nase eae
ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—Obtained in Nov. 1873 at Cape of Good Hope by the Challenger
Expedition, probably the Limax capensis Krauss (E. A. Smith, op. cit., p. 2 Port Elizabeth, J. H. Ponsonby (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit., p. 337). rage eee
Natal—(Melvill & Ponsonby, Proc. Mal. Soc., 1898, p. 172).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New South Wales—Tamworth, C. T. Musson; Gladesville, H. De ; a dant about praney, Z Brazier ; eed stones at Darling Point, near eae company with Agriolimax agrestis, G. Neville (C. T. Musson, Proce. Li N.S. W., 1890, p. 891). ; pe ae
Victoria—-Ballarat, under garden rubbish, stones, and wood, al coming out at night and early morning (C. T. Musson, op. nae en ee
New Zealand—Ohaupo and Auckland (C. T. Musson, op. cit.).
Sandwich Islands—Isle of Maui (Collinge, Proc. Mal. Soc., 1896, p. 49).
Pirate XVI.
Distribution of Milax gagates (Drap.)
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES. SCOTLAND. Channel Isles SOUTH WALES na, é W, LOWLANDS
reninsuva 41 Glamorgan 72 Dumfries 93
1 Coruwalt W, 42 Brecon 73 Kirkeudbright 94
2 Cornwall Is 3 Raduor a 74 Wigtown 8
3 Devou ds, 44 Carmarthen 75 Ayr 96
4 Devon N, 45 Pembroke : 76 Renfrew
5B Somerset 5. 46 Cardigan 7 Lanark 97
6 Somerset NORTH WALES. EK. LOWLANDS 9S
.,, CHANNEL 47 Montgomery @ 78 Peebles i) aL 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles 3 Wilts s, 49 Carnarvon s ui 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire 9 Dorset 50 Deubigh mt hn SL Berwick 102 Ebudes 3, 10 Isle ot Wight Flint sz Haddington 103 Ibudes Mid lL Hants S2 bz Anglesey 83 Edinburgh 104 Ebudes N 12 Hants N, TRENT 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln Ss. EK. HIGHLANDS 105 Koss W. 14 Sussex bs. 54 Lincoln N 85 Fite & Kinross 106 Koss E THAMES 55 Leic. & Rutld. 86 Stirling 107 Sutherland EB. 15 Kent E. 56 Notts. 87 Perths.& Clkn 10% Sutherland W. 16 Kent Ww. 57 Derby 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 17 Surrey MEKBSEY ™ 89 Perth N NOWKTH ISLES 58 Cheshire lo 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 9 Msne ¥ gl Kineardine Lil Orkneys dher 92 Aberdeen 5. 112 Shetlands Ala berks. xtord IRELAND. sucks. 33 S.W. Ss ULSTER LEINSTER — ANGLIA Mid é 113 Derry Louth 5 Suffolk 1, 65 NW, York 14 Antrim Meath sullork W. VYNE 115 Down Dublin Nortotc i. 66 Durham 6 Armagh Kildare Nortolk W. 67 Northumb, 8. 117 Monaghan Wicklow Campridge 68 Cheviotland 118 ‘Tyrone Wextord Bedford LAKES 119 Donegal Carlow Hunts. 69 Westmorland 120 Fermanagh Kilkenny Northampton and 1. Lanes. 121 Cavar 0
SEVERN 70 Cumberland 33 Gloucester K. 71 Isle of Man 34 Gloucester W 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Statford 40 Salop
Lougtord Fi
NNAUGHT scommon: Leitrim
Sligo
Mayo E.
38 Mayo W,
39 Galway W. Galway E, MUNSTER
141 Clare 142 Limerick 143 Tipperary N. 144 Tipperary 8 145 Waterford 146 Cork N.
147 Cork 8. Kerry
Probable Range. aie |
KSSS Recorded Distribution. HB Distribution verified by the Authors.
Fossil Distribution.
==
yi
JRASSO VAT AYA TAT
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 151
Milax sowerbii (Férussac). 1823 Limax sowerbii Férussac, Hist. Moll., Suppl., pl. 8p, f. 7, p. 96 ¢.
1826 — carinatus Risso, Hist. Nat. Moll. Medit. 1852, — — earinatus Leach, Moll. Gt. Brit., p. 54, pl. 8, f. 3. 1856 = — — argillaceus Gassies, Act. Soc. Linn. Bord., p. 232. 1862. — = marginatus Jettreys, Brit. Conch., p. 132.
1831 Limacellus ungquiculus Turton, Manual, p. 25. 1855 Milax sowerbyi Gray, Cat. Pulm. Brit. Mus., p. 175. 1896 Amalia sowerbyi Adams, Man. Brit. Land Freshw. Shells, p- 82, pL. 1, f. 10.
ISTORY. — Milar sowerbii was
probably first described by Leach, but his description and figure, though privately circulated, were not actually published until 1852, at which date Dr. J. E. Gray edited and issued the work Leach had in great part prepared. Miluc sowerbii was, however, prior to that date, carefully figured and de- scribed by Férussac from specimens sent from the neighbourhood of Lon- don by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, to whom he dedicated the species.
The name sowerbii is adopted for our British form in the belief that the Limax marginatus of Draparnaud is not identical with our species.
With this species the distinguished 7 Italian limacologist, Signor Mario Jar vo po) So ae Lessona, is associated, as a mark of
appreciation ot his malacological labours and more especially in recognition of the sterling merits of the important work, “Monographia dei Limacidi Italiani,” written in collaboration with Signor Pollonera, which is undoubtedly one of the most authoritative and standard publications upon the European slugs.
Diagnosis.—ExterRNaLLy, Milur sowerbii may be distinguished from M. gagates by the prominent keel being usually markedly paler than the general colour of the body, and most strongly accentuated on the back ; the body sculpture also shows distinct though flattened rug, with their interstices more or less marked by black or blackish pigment.
INTERNALLY, it is easily separable from its congeuer, by its long and tapering spermatheca, an organ which in JZ. gagates is quite globose.
Description. ANIMAL laterally compressed, with its height little exceeded by its length when contracted, but reaching to 75 mill. or more in length when adult and fully extended ; the Bopy is comparatively dry and furrowed on each side by about fourteen longitudinal grooves, parallel with the keel, bat sometimes forking backwards, and connected by numerous transverse channels which form a flat tuberculation ; it is typically of a grey ground colour, but a yellow shade is given to the body owing to its being closely and densely beset with orange-colonred specks, which become sparser towards the foot-margins ; the usnal darker aspect of the animal is due to the back and sides being closely besprinkled with black, the dots being less numerous towards the sole, but more closely aggregated in the interstices
152 MILAX SOWERBII.
of the rugee, thereby defining them very distinctly, and giving a reticulate. appear- ance when the animal is contracted ; KEEL of an amber colour, very distinct and prominent on the back, the caudal end scarcely prominent, and hardly differing in colour from the general aspect of the body ; SHIELD about one-third the total length of the animal, granularly wrinkled; the protuberant, somewhat lenticular area extends to the posterior margin, is mane on the left-side, but angulated on the right, and defined by a distinet sulcus, which is further accentuated by the closer aggregation therein of the black specks, which are sprinkled over the whole shield, but more especially upon the posterior mid-dorsal portion overlapping the keel; TENTACLES thick, short, conical, and black, their granulate surface finely sprinkled with ochre-yellow, apices swollen and somewhat oval with black eye specks ; NECK with the usual paired dorsal grooves, which on the forehead bifurcate and form four pale parallel lines; FooT pale, and tripartite, the median area broadest and slightly darker posteriorly owing to its translucency ; FOOT-MARGIN smooth, yellowish-white, bounded by a distinct groove above, upon which rests a single row of tubercles, which are separated from the sides of the body by a deep channel. Mucus thick and viscous, and usually colourless, but when the animal is irritated or scalded may become of an orange tint; when the slime is removed the animal loses much of its yellow colour, which is thus partially due to its slime.
SHELL oblong-eval, glistening white in colour, with a somewhat iridescent lustre in parts, usually slightly convex on the upper side, and in young shells correspondingly concave beneath, but often flat or slightly convex and somewhat irregular in more aged specimens; APEX or nucleus prominent, nearly median, and sub-terminal in the young but becoming more centrally placed as maturity advances; the concentric LINES OF GROWTH variable, but sometimes very distinct and somewhat rugged aud yellowish on the upper side.
Length, 5 mill. ; breadth, 3 mill.
INTERNALLY, the NERVE-RING has the inferior ganglia intimately fused to- gether; the supra-csophageal ganglia are
Fic. 169.—Internal shell of Milax sowerbit, x 4
(Christchurch, Hants S., Mr. C. Ashford)
large and elongately triangular with thickish )
commissnres ; the HEART, KIDNEY, and
LUNG cavity have the same general locative Fic. 170. — Nerve relations as in the field-slugs; the heart centres of A/. sovverbit is as usual on the left front of the kidney, (greatly enlarged).
and the AORTA runs for a tolerable distance
before dividiny, as in Limeax flavus; the
kidney, however, is not a roundish sae, but
is in two sections, one extending forward in the usnal way, the other being a long pointed lobe which extends over towards the right on the lung floor, beneath the ureter and the gut; the URETER is slender throughout its course.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS open exteriorly beneath the anterior margin of the mantle, about mid-way between the pulmonary aperture and the base of the right ommatophore; the OVOTESTIS is generally concealed within the lobes of the diges- tive gland, the acini are whitish, large, globular, and rather loose, the ducts combining to form the main stem near the centre of the mass ; DUCT rather long, first portion slender and straight, becoming thick and convoluted as it approaches the small, curved, and clavate VESICULA SEMINALIS; ALBUMEN GLAND many-lobed and amber coloured; OVISPERMATODUCT firmly united and strongly twisted ; ovipucr rather solid, buff or flesh colour, and very thick and difficult to unfold ; FREE OVIDUCT as long as the spermatheca and its duet, cylindrical and narrow, receiv- ing at its base the numerons delicate ducts from the multitude of anastomosing tubnlar glands, which constitute the vestibular prostate; SPERM DUCT broad, well-developed, milk-white or buff; VAS DEFERENS long, entering near apex of epiphallus ; the male organ is surmounted by a very stout, thick-walled, and misenlar EPIPILALLUS, is annularly ridged internally, abruptly flexed and separated from the penis-sheath by a couspicnons sphincter muscle, denoted internally by a ring of white prominence and exteriorly Aes arsed ring; the PENIS SHEATH is narrow and eylindrieal with thinnish walls and intemal loneitudinal ridges; it opens into the atrium or vestibule at the side below the opening of the stem of the sperma- theca, the SARCOBELUM or stimulatory organ being a small bent horn at the opening of the penis sheath into the atrium; immediately above the sphineter a short stout RETRACTOR is allixed to the convex side of the epiphallus ; it arises from the dorsum
MILAX SOWERBIL. 153
in front and to the right of the cephalic retractor ; in addition there are a number of muscular fibres which bind the apex and concave side of the epiphallus to the base or to the atrium; the SPERMATHECA in adults is shaped like a long-necked
/\
Fic. 173.—Cephalic re- tractors of Milax sowerbit,
Fic. 171.—Alimentary tract of - x
Milax sowerbii, stowing the buccal bulb and nerve-ring, x 2.
Fic. 172.—Sexual organs of Milax sowerbii, x 3, the accessory glands turned aside to show the character of the atrium. a/d.g?, albumen gland ; of. ovotestis ; sf. spermatheca ; sp.d. sperm duct ; #.s. penis sheath ; ¢f. epiphallus ; 7. retractor ; gé. accessory glands.
Florence flask, the apex is attached to the ovi-seminal duct, and the base well defined from the narrower but short and slightly inflated stem, which is regularly and strongly plicated internally, and joins the free oviduct just before entering the ATRIUM; the VESTIBULAR GLANDS consist of a multitude of long, slender, opaque, and buff-coloured tubules, more or less ramified and inter-connected, their ducts discharging into the base of the oviduct at the .
point where the spermatheca enters and into which organ the secretion is directed; the atrium is comparatively large and fleshy, with ample outlet ; the SPERMATOPHORE in shape may be likened to the head of a Bishop’s ecrozier with a short staff, the curved portion armed with three or more subspiral rows of recurved denticles, many of which are tricuspid
or even multicuspid ; the straight lower por- be:
tion is conically diminished, glistening pearly- Fic. 174. Fic. 175.
white, perfectly smooth and open at the end. Fic. 174. —Spermatophore of Milax
It agrees exactly with the spermatophore of — sowerdiz, x 8 (from a micro-photograph).
Milax hessei Bottger, which should probably Fic. 175.—Spinules from the spermato. phore of AZ. sowerbit (greatly enlarged).
be placed amongst the synonyms of this species, but differs from the spermatophore of Milax marginatus, which is described as armed with denticles throughout its entire length.
The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM in our British form has about half-a-turn less twist than the continental Milax marginatus; the GSOPHAGUS is about six mill. long, and obscurely striped ; the crop blackish-brown and bent, with the white and rather compact SALIVARY GLANDS attached at opposite sides; the general plan of the INTESTINAL TRACT is triodromous, and very similar to the arrangement in Milax gagates ; the DIGESTIVE GLAND is of a dull chestnut-brown, the right lobe extend- ing to the end of the body cavity, and twisted round with the intestine; the left lobe is smaller, and extends forward towards the kidney; the hepatic arterial branches are white, and extend over the surface of the intestines, binding the whole mass intimately together.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTOR arises from the dorsum at the posterior margin of the lung chamber; the PHARYNGEAL MUSCLE is most usually though not invariably independent of the TENTACULAR RETRACTORS, but their roots arise in close prox- imity; it is very deeply cleft, bifurcating just before reaching the nerve ring, while the tentaculars divide half-way to the nerve collar, exactly at and under the part of the shell which is firmly attached to the floor of the sac,
25/5/0£ K
154 MILAX SOWERBII.
The MANDIBLE or jaw is of arcuate form and dee amber colour, and the chitinous continuation whieh ‘ extends over the upper surface of the mouth cavity is in this species well marked and distinctly striated ; the line of bedding within the tissues of the head is marked with Fic. 176,—Mandible or
a dark line; the median beak or rostrum is distinct, jaw of AZ. sowerbii, x 12. prominent, and somewhat pointed.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE has the teeth not so compactly arranged as in Milax gagates, and the individual teeth are broader, though displaying the same distinctly tricuspid median and inner lateral teeth ; the endocone, however, becomes gradually lost as the margins are approached, and the marginals are simply aculeate, thongh some show a distinct tendency to ectoconic bifurcation.
4 4 38 38 “A 30 ; : 30 i 20 2 im | 12 20 I} Fic. 177.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of AZ. sowerbii, x 180. The animal collected at Dundrum, Ireland, by Dr. Scharff, and the palate prepared by Mr. W. Moss.
The formula of a Dundrum specimen, collected by Dr. Scharff, was B5+ + gt ye t+EZh x 105 =8,715.
Reproduction and Development.—The conjugation of AZ. sowerbii, though probably occurring throughout the year, is more frequently observed during the colder months.
The operation, as in J/. gugates, is very prolonged,
usually occupying three to four hours, and Mr.
Kew observed one instance in which the union
extended over the space of seventeen hours. The i
act is consummated by the mutual transference Fic. 178—Spermatheca of of the elaborate spermatophores, the smooth, qZigz sqveis stewing és attenuated end of which enters the spermatheca _ presence of the spermatophore first,' and fills and deflects the narrowed prolonga- "8°
tion of that organ, sometimes so abruptly as to rupture its moorings to the oviduct ; occasionally a second pairing may take place at so short an interval that a second spermatophore may become lodged in the sperma- theca before the disintegration of the first has taken place.”
The eggs, which are comparatively large, heing about five mill. in their longest diameter, are deposited in clusters of a dozen or more in the soil; they are oval in shape, soft and elastic, of a golden-brown colour, and possessing a coriaceous white freckled though translucent envelope, which when placed in spirit changes to an opaque white. ‘I'he progress of their development and the later history has not been observed.
Food and Habits.—M//iir sowerbii is subterranean and gregarious in habit, being often found during the day hnddled together in worm-holes several inches below the surface; it also hides at the roots of plants, amongst decaying vegetation, in crevices of old walls, under stones, etc., coming forth during wet weather or at night-fall and retiring at daybreak to the subterranean retreats, into which bits of stalks are frequently dragged to feed on at leisure. It is usually not of common occurrence in the open country, but is in places one of the most abundant garden slugs, pre- ferring soil of a stiff clayey character, owing to its better retention of moisture and the yreater prevalence of worm-burrows therein. It is very
1 Monog. i., p. 376, ff. 700, 701, 2 Monog. i., p. 374, f. 691,
MILAX SOWERBII. 155
destructive to bulbs and tubers and also to flowering plants of many kinds; it will devour fresh or decaying fungi, partially decayed cabbages and other vegetables or fruit, and even carrion does not come amiss.
Its diet is, however, not restricted to such pabulum, as it is also actively predatory, and will attack and devour live worms, slugs, and even smaller or weaker individuals of its own kind, though amply provided with suit- able vegetable food. In captivity Mr. Gain offered it 196 varieties of food, 152 of which were more or less nibbled, while 74, however, were quite readily taken, though only potato, carrot, and Boletus edulis were eagerly devoured.
The animal is of quite inactive habits, crawling slowly, often resting, and when doing so, or when touched or disturbed, withdrawing its head beneath the mantle and shrinking to about half its length, contracting itself almost into a semicircle; when thus contracted the keel becomes sinuous and parts of the body appear indented as though injured at those points.
Its tenacious mucus enables it, especially when young, to readily form mucus threads for the purpose of descending to the ground or to a lower level, although during the operation the ordinary crawling position of the body is not maintained, but becomes so much twisted that the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the body may be presented to view together.
The body slime may also at times cause the adherence of particles of earth to the skin, and the animal then closely resembles a lump of earth, assimilating thus to the ground upon which it rests.
Fossil.— MM. sowerbii is cited by Jeffreys as an Upper Tertiary fossil, but the record was probably based on an erroneous identification; it has, however, been definitely reported from the Holocene deposits at Maid- stone, East Kent, by Kennard & Woodward, and found by Mr. A. 8. Kennard at the base of a rainwash deposit associated with bone fragments and Roman pottery, on the site of Roman buildings at Darenth in West Kent.
Parasites.—Like J/. gagates, it is very liable to be infested with an Acarus, probably the Philodromus limacum, these in some cases being so numerous as probably to cause some inconvenience to their host.
Variation.—Milax sowerbii has been observed to vary in its external colouration from pure white, through yellow, grey, or brown, to an almost uniformly black colour.
Generally speaking, this species is not a very variable one, and the modifications that take place seem to be mainly due in the darker varieties to the increase or diffusion of the black pigment, and in the paler forms to its more or less complete suppression. .
This pigmentation may also be more or less restricted in the area occupied, and become correspondingly intensified, as in the var. bicolor, in which the coloration becomes greatly enriched.
The Sicilian variety oretew is remarkable for the development of a longitudinal median zone of black pigment on the shield, a feature not previously remarked in the species. ;
The MW. marginatus var. fulva of Paulucci is, according to Lessona & Pollonera, merely a juvenile form of WZ. carinata.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. alba Taylor. ANIMAL entirely white. Pembroke—Tenby, A. G. Stubbs.
156 MILAX SOWERBII.
Var. pallidissima Less. & Poll., Monog. Limace. Ital., 1882, p. 56.
Amalia carinata B pallidissima Less. & Poll., op. cit. Amalia sowerbii var. flavescens W. E. Collinge, ‘3 of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 17. Amalia carinata Y insolita Less. & Poll., op. cit. ANIMAL similar to type form, but very pale. The sub-y. insolita L. & P. differs only in the suleus of shield being unpigmented. The sub-var. flavescens Collinge, has the sides of the body yellowish ; dorsum light grey ; foot-sole yellow. . Devon N.—Sub-var. flavescens, Lynton and Barnstaple, F. J. Partridge. Italy—Var. pallidissima, Salerno near Naples, and suh-var. insolita, Campor- biano near Siena, Tuscany, Marchesa Paulucci (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. casertana Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 56. Amalia carinata var. casertana Less. & Poll., op. cit. Bovy maculate with irregularly diffused, minute, blackish spots, and the black lineoles on the back obsolete ; SHELT solid, flat above, irregularly convex beneath. Italy—Caserta near Naples, Marchesa Paulucci (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. oretea Less. & Poll., Monog. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 56.
Amalia carinata var. oretea Less. & Poll., op. cit. ANIMAL typical, but showing a longitudinal median black zone on the shield. Sicily—Palermo, near stream Oreto, Marchesa Paulucci (Less. & Poll., op. cit.).
Var. fuscocarinata Cockerell, Nat. World, Sept. 1886, p. 179. ANIMAL resembling type, but with the KEEL not differing in colour from the BoDy. Devon N.—Barnstaple, F. J. Partridge (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898). Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Warwick— Edgbaston, B. Peebles, recorded as M. gagates (J. of Mal., Dec. 1898).
Var. rustica Roebuck, Science Gossip, 1884, p. 78. Amalia sowerbii var. plumbea Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898, p. 17.
ANIMAL bluish-grey in colour, without perceptible admixture of brown or yellow.
The sub-var. plumbea has the whole back and mantle of a dark lead-grey; slightly pale on sides of body; foot-sole ashy-grey.
Cornwall W.—-Penmon near Falmouth, April 1884! H. Fox.
Devon N.—Sub-var. p/wmbea, Barnstaple, F. J. Partridge (Collinge, op. cit.).
Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson.
Isle of Wight—Totlands Bay, Freshwater, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Hants N.—Preston Candover, July 1885 ! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Kent E.—Faversham, Oct. 1884! E. B. Fairbrass.
Gloucester E,—Stroud, common, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Suffolk E.—Woodbridge, June 1886! 8. S. Pearce.
Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler.
Cardigan—Aberayron, May 1888 ! W. Whitwell.
Louth— Piperstown near Drogheda, Oct. 1889! Miss S. Smith.
Dublin—Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding.
Var. nigrescens Cockerell, Nat. World, Sept. 1886, p. 179. Amalia sowerbii var. nigro-carinata Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec, 1898, p. 17. Bopy dark-grey or nearly black ; said to be often destitute of an internal shell. The sub-var. nigro-carinata is very dark grey, with a deep black line running the whole length of the keel ; foot-sole yellowish white. Devon N.—Vavr. nigrescens, Barnstaple, and sub-var. nigro-carinata, Lynton,
F. J. Partridge (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898).
Hants N.—Var, nigrescens, Preston Candover, Oct. 1884! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Surrey——Var. nigrescens (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.).
Middlesex—Var. nigrescens, Acton, Aug. 1884! and very common, Bedford Park, Chiswick, Feb. 1885! 'T. D. A. Cockerell,
Warwick—Vav. nigrescens, garden, Edgbaston, B. Peebles, recorded as Milax gagates (J. of Mal., Dee. 1898, p. 18).
Pembroke—Var. nigrescens, Tenby, not uncommon with the type at Deer Pak, and on the north cliffs (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Coneh., July 1900).
Cardigan—Var. nigrescens, garden, Aberayron, May 1888! W. Whitwell.
Lancashire S.—Var. nigrescens, Knowsley, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893).
Antrim—Var. nigrescens, Rathlin Island, May 1897, L. E. Adams.
MILAX SOWERBIL. 157
Var. bicolor Cockerell, Science Gossip, Aug. 1887, p. 187. Sides of Bopy black ; KEEL and SOLE orange coloured.
Devon N.—Barnstaple, F. J. Partridge (W. E. Collinge, op. cit.). Middlesex—Ealing (T. D. A. Cockerell, op. cit.).
The Geographical Distribution of M. sowerbii is very similar to that of its congener, extending from the British Isles, along the west of France, into Spain and Portugal, thence it has been reported as Milaa carinatus from several stations in the Mediterranean, and according to Jeffreys extends as far as Russia. In the British Isles it is distributed throughout England, Wales, and Ireland, but does not extend further north in Scotland than Fifeshire.
The uncertainty that prevails as to the exact limits of the specific line, however, renders our knowledge of its inhabited area uncertain; Dr. Scharff, from his observations of the living animal at Ems in Germany, was greatly struck by the manifest differences in aspect and habits of the Germanic M. marginatus from the British MW. sowerbii ; the former, which is probably a distinct species, having a light grey body, similar to that of Arion circum- scriptus, with a keel still paler, while the mantle and body are speckled with minute black spots, and not lineolated as in M. sowerbit. It also prefers to live amongst stone rubble in mountainous districts, whilst our M. sowerbit shows a partiality for cultivated land.
Geographical Distribution of
Milax sowerbti (Fér)
hae Recorded Distribution. KG Probable Range.
08
Fic. 179.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—Generally distributed, common under stones in Guernsey, Sark, and Herm (Cooke & Gwatkin, Q. J. of C., 1878, p. 322). Jersey, Dr. Lukis (Ansted’s
Channel Isles, 1862). St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891! B. Tomlin. PENINSULA.
Cornwall W.—Generally distributed (E. D. Marquand, Penzance Trans., 1884). Numerous about Truro, Dec. 1885! and at Newquay, Sept. 1886, J. H. James. Near Camborne (J. P. Johnson, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1903, p. 27). .
Devon S.—Frequent in oe about Exeter (E. Parfitt, Naturalist, 1854, p. 154). Toreross, Aug. 1885, F. G. Fenn. Torquay, April 1888! C. Ashford. Com- mon in Mr. McMurdo’s garden, Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Devon N.—Northam and Lynton, Nov. 1885! W. A. Gain. Common on east side of Hele Bay near Ilfracombe, March 1887 (B. Tomlin, J. of Conch., Apr. 1887). Barnstaple, 1898 (F. J. Partridge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1898).
Somerset S.— Abundant in the allotment gardens, near the canal and gasworks, Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson.
158 MILAX SOWERBII.
Somerset N.—Clevedon, in gardens, and in the e»xpse between Upper Clevedon and the beach (A. M. Norman, Moll. Somerset, 1860). Bath, June 1884! C. J. Waterfall. Bitton and Mangotsfield, Feb. 1885, E. J. Lowe.
CHANNEL,
Dorset—Generally distributed (J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1885). Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Portland, Aug. 1886 ! J. Madison.
Isle of Wight—Sandown, R. Gibbs (Forbes & Hanley, Brit. Moll., 1853, p. 289). Frequent at Bembridge, A. G. More; and common about Ventnor, G. Guyon (Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860). Totlands Bay, June 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Hants S.—Christchurch, common, Jan. 1883 ! Mudeford, Oct. 1879 ! C. Ashford. Portsdown Hill, May 1885! W. Jeffery.
Hants N.—Preston Candover, Nov. 1885! H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex W.—Not uncommon about Henfield, and at Hassock’s Gate near Hurst- pierpoint, W. Borrer (Harting, Zool., March 1878, p. 86). Not plentiful in gardens and about buildings, Ratham, Nov. 1886 ! W. Jeffery.
Sussex E.—Comnoon on the Weald, and found also on the South Downs (Hart- ing, Zool., March 1878, p. 86). Common in fields and gardens, Lewes and Battle, J. H. A. Jenner; Ranscombe, C. H. Morris; Eastbourne, E. A. Butler; and Hastings, rare, Rev. E. N. Bloomfield (J. H. A. Jenner, Moll. East Sussex, 1885).
THAMES,
Kent W.—Common all along the Kentish marshes (A. J. Jenkins, Essex Nat., Nov. 1891, p. 230). Chislehurst, Sept. 1884! 8. C. Cockerell. Abundant at Forest Hill, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham. Garden, Swan Hotel, Charing, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. Bromley, March 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Kent E.—Walmer, 1897, H. Overton. Margate, April 1883, T. D. A. Cockerell. Faversham. Oct. 1884! Miss Fairbrass. Folkestone, abundant, Oct. 1886! C. Oldham.
Surrey—Lambeth, G. B. Sowerby (J. Denson, Loudon’s Mag., Nov. 1832, p. 694). Reigate Hill (G. 8S. & E. Saunders, Reigate List, 1861). Battersea, Sept. 1884, T. D. A. Cockerell. Oxshott, May 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Commercial Docks, J. E. Daniel (T. D. A. Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, p. 284).
Essex S.—Not plentiful in fields and hedges at Barking Side, and in garden at Carswell (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Dec. 1890, p. 208).
Herts.—Garden, Watford, Sept. 1884! J. Hopkinson. Ware, Dr. Jeffreys, and Verulam Hills (J. Hopkinson, Trans. Herts. Nat. Soc., July 1884).
Middlesex—Bayswater and Camden Town (J. Denson, Loudon’s Mag. N.H., Noy. 1832). Hampstead (Brown, Illustr, Brit. Conch., 1845, p. 43). Foot of garden walls, Hampstead lane, Dec. 1888 ! and Highgate, June 1888! H.W. Kew. Gunners- bury, Dee. 1884! Acton, Dec. 1884! Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! and Regent’s Park, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Oxford—Weston-on-the-Green, Rev. A. Matthews (A. M. Norman, Zool., 1857, p- 5610). Broughton; in gardens at Kingham, 8. Spencer Pearce; and near Swin- comb (W. E. Collinge, Conch., March 1891, p. 13).
ANGLIA.
Suffolk E.—Woodbridge, June 1886! S. Spencer Pearce. Mendlesham and Bramford (Mayfield, J. of Conch., April 1903, p. 295). Ipswich, 1893 (W. M. Webb, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 14).
Norfolk E,—Plentiful on stone banks, late in the evening, Catton and Thorpe (J. B. Bridgman, Zool., 1851, p. 3302). Norwich (Bellars, British Shells, 1858). Plentiful at Catton and Kirby bac ! (Mayfield, Trans. Norf. Soc., 1896, p. 185).
Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, 1884! C. B. Plowright; July 1894 ! T. Petch.
Bedford—General Cemetery, Luton, April 1889 !.J. Saunders.
Northampton—Toweester, July 1881, A. Loydell. Peterborough, scarce, July 1882, A. W. Nicholls. Rockingham Park, May 1896, L. E. Adams.
Gloucester E.—Common at Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Gloucester W.—Clifton, Bristol (Rev. B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1843, p- 339). Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Totshill and Dennil Hill, E. J. Lowe. Gardens, Bristol, June 1884! W. B. Waterfall.
Monmouth—Abundant at Chepstow, Portskewett, Tintern, Itton, St. Pierre, Usk, and Piercetield Park, also Shirenewton Hall, June 1886! E. J. Lowe.
Hereford—Orchard house in Hereford, Oct. 1886! C. B. Plowright.
Worcester—Yaridley (G. 8S. Tye, Q.J. of Coneh., May 1875). Nursery garden, eens ve ne a Ashford. Great Malvern, in cellar, July 1902 1C. Waterfall.
arwick—Stratford road, Camp Ifill, Birmingham (G. 8. Q.J. of Conch.
May 1875). Garden, Edgbaston, Sant, 1898, Broniley Pelee i cccacetebica ;
Stafford—Very abundant in gardens of Old Hall, Stone, Aug. 1888! (J. R. B.
SEVERN,
Masetield, Staffordshire List, 1902)
MILAX SOWERBII. 159
- SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Near banks of River Taff, Llandaff, July 1885! and Cardiff, Oct. 1885! F. W. Wotton. Common about Swansea, 1991, H. Rowland Wakefield. Pembroke—Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Common, very variable in colour, and often very large about Tenby; the North Cliff specimens have very thick shells (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900). Cardigan—Common in garden, Aberayron, May 1888! Miss Maddy. Aberyst- with, May 1888! E. Collier.
Carnarvon !—T. Shankland (J. of Conch., 1891, p. 398). Denbigh—Great Orme’s Heal, Jan. 1888 ! Lionel E. Adams,
Lincoln S.—Near Boston, Sept. 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Lincoln N.—Louth, May 1886! H. Wallis Kew. Leicester—Near gardens, London road, Leicester, Sept. 1886! H. E. Quilter. Notts.—Highfield House near Beeston (Lowe & Musson, Mid. Nat., Aug. 1879). Derby—Repton, 1885, Rev. H. Milnes. Mansfield, 1881, E. Pickard. MERSEY. _ Cheshire—Near Jackson's Boat (J. Hardy, Manchester List, 1865). Chester (Tate, Brit. Moll., 1866, p. 81). Garden, Baguley road, Sale, Oct. 1892! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Botanical Gardens, Manchester (J. Hardy, op. cit.). Hesketh Park, Southport, 1889 (W. H. Heathcote, Conch., June 1891). Banks of Leeds and Liverpool Canal, by the bridge at Lydiate, G. W. Chaster (J. W. Williams, Conch., March 1891). Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893). Lancashire Mid—Catteral near Garstang, Sept. 1888 ! and Preston, Sept. 1890! W. H. Heathcote. HUMBER.
York S.E.—In gardens, Hull (J. D. Butterell, Nat., Dec. 1878, p. 71).
York N.E.—Spa grounds, Scarborough, 1885, E. J. Lowe. Common in garden, Scarborough, April 1888!C. Ashford. Plentiful near Whitby, Aug. 1883! H. Pollard. Abundant in garden, Borough road, Middlesbrough, Sept. 1886! T. A. Lofthonse.
York S.W.—Bretton and Haw Park, 1883, J. Wilcock. Ackworth (C. Ashford, Zool., 1854, p. 4261).
York Mid W.-—Meanwood near Leeds, Aug. 1882! W. Denison Roebuck. Killinghall, July 1882! W. Nelson. Pateley Bridge, Aug. 1882! W. Storey. Ingleton district (W. E. Collinge, Naturalist, April 1890).
NORTH WALES.
TRENT.
TYNE. Durham—South Shields, specimens in British Museum from R. Howse. Northumberland S.—Near Benwell, W. Backhouse (J. Alder, Northumb. and
Durham List, 1848). Museum grounds, Newcastile-on-Tyne, Aug. 1888! R. Howse. LAKES. Isle of Man—Near the Nunnery, Douglas, July 1880! W. Nelson. At entrance to Glen Meay, Sept. 1891!
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Renfrew —Frequent in gardens, Greenock, Sept. 1886 ! T. Scott. EAST LOWLANDS. Edinburgh—Warriston Cemetery, Edinburgh, June 1901, R. Godfrey. Meggat-
land near Edinburgh ! Morningside ! and Craiglockhart, Oct. 1899! W. Evans. EAST HIGHLANDS.
Fife and Kinross—North Queensferry, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. WEST HIGHLANDS.
Clyde Isles—Common about Aquarium, Rothesay, Bute, Nov. 1886! T. Scott. NORTH HIGHLANDS.
Sutherland E.—Introduced at Brora, but has apparently now disappeared (W.
Baillie, J. of Conch., Jan. 1889). IRELAND. ULSTER.
Derry—Near Londonderry, J. N. Milne (R. I. Scharff, Trish List, 1892). Plenti- ful on railway bank opposite Downhill Station, Feb 1900, R. Welch.
Donegal—Above Rosapenna, May 1902, R. Welch. :
Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Common on Rathlin Island, L. E. Adams. Brown’s Bay, July 1899, R. Welch. ;
Down—Downpatrick, Oct. 1897, R. Welch. ; LEINSTER.
Louth—Piperstown, Jan. 1890! Miss Sidney Smith. ;
Dublin—Ditches by Circular road, near Phwnix Park, Dublin, R. Ball (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1843). Damp gardens at Monkstown and Killiney (W. W. Walpole; Zool., 1853, p. 4022). Garden of Sloperton Lodge, March 1886 ; Kill of the Grange, April 1886 ! and Kingstown, June 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Field at Finglas, May 1886! J. R. Redding. Howth, April 1887!
160 MILAX SOWERBII.
Whitechurch, Oct. 1890; Raheny, Ang. 1890; and garden, Tudor House, Leeson
Park, Dublin, Oct. 1890! R. IF Scharff. Donnybrook, Aug. 1888 | G. Barrett-
Hamilton. Abundant in marsh, Bushy Park; and in garden, Zion road, Rathgar,
Sept. 1903, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Drain at Dundrum, Oct. 1899, R. Welch. Wicklow—Woodenbridge, March 1893 (R. F. Scharff, Irish Nat., pon 1893).
Kilruddery; Glen of Downs; Sugar Loaf and Albidore Glen, July 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wexford—Alderton, New Ross, Sept. 1888! Miss L. Glascott. Wexford, April
1891, R. F. Scharff. Rossclare sandbank, Sept. 1889! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Carlow—Carlow, Nov. 1901, A. G. Stuart.
Kilkenny—Tabulated by Mr. L. E. Adams (J. of Conch., Oct. 1892, p. 234), CONNAUGHT.
Sligo—Woods at Moyview, Ballina (Miss Amy Warren, Zool., Jan. 1879). Inishmurry Island, Sept. 1900, R. Welch.
Mayo W.-—Dugort, Sept. 1888 ! (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891).
Galway E.—Monivea (B. J. Clarke, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840). Several in graveyard, Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895, R. Standen. Leenane Mountain and Dernasliggan, April 1897, R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897.
3:
Galway W.—Aran Isles, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, Dec. 1885, A. H. Delap.
Waterford—Waterford, Sep. 1883! J. H. Salter. Clonmel, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap.
Cork N.—Youghal (R. Tate, Brit. Moll., 1866, p. 81). Queenstown, R. PF Scharff. Abundant in woods around Blarney Castle, gent. 1898, L. E, Adams.
Cork S.—In gardens of Royal Cork Institution (Humphreys, Fauna and Flora of Cork, 1845, p. 2). Glengariff, May 1891, R- I. Scharff. Common about Bantry, Sept 1898, L. EK. Adams.
Kerry—Near the Southern Hotel, Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Valentia Island, April 1888, A. H. Delap.
GERMANY.
Dr. Jeffreys records M. sowerbit from Falkenstein in the Upper Harz, but it is doubtful if this record really refers to our species. Mr. Danial also records from Heidelberg as L. carinatus a slug described as darker and more distinctly spotted than English specimens, probably a dark variety of the Milax marginatus.
NETHERLANDS. Belgium—M. sowerbii (Kickx, Nachr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1869, p. 163).
FRANCE.
M. sowerbii inhabits the Atlantic shores of France, the departments Cétes-du- Nord, Finistére, Gironde, Morbihan, and Vendée being especially noted, while as M. carinatus it is known for the Alpes Maritimes and the Var. Signor Pollonera notes it as living about Bastia, Corsica, whilst Gassies under the name of Limax argillaceus records it for the Gironde.
SWITZERLAND. The specimens found plentifully at an altitude of 2,600 feet at Promontogno and Bondo in the Bergel Valley, Grisons, by the Rev. S. Spencer Pearce were regarded by him as identical with the British form.
ITALY.
Milax sowerbii is recorded from Florence in Tuscany by Dr. Simroth. Lessona and Pollonera give the distribution of M. carinatus as extending over Liguria, Tuscany, Ped ee and Sicily, but as being an absentee from the Adriatic shores of
7
MUNSTER.
Northern Italy and Sardinia, and Pollonera describes it as common at Malta. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—M. sowerbii, shores of northern Spain (Bourguignat, Mal. Alger., 1864, p. 46). Lascalles, Reinosa, and Hoy de Barcena in the Asturias, and in the spurs of the Pyrenees, May 1860, E. J. Lowe. Portugal—M, carinatus (Scharff, Lrish List, 1892). . BALKAN PENINSULA. Greece— Mezalopolis, Oct. 1891! J. G. Milne. JV. hessei, Prevesa in Epirus and Gasturi in the Island of Corfu (Bottger, Nachr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1882, p. 96). Crete —M. curinatus (Kobelt, Zoogeogr., 1898, p. 324). : : . RUSSTA., Dr, Jeffreys cites Russia for our species on the anthority of Jelski. ; NEOTROPICAL REGION. _ Ecuador—A specimen in the British Museum, collected by Mr. Buckley, differs in nothing from those found near London (Cockerell, Ann. and Mag. N.H., Oct, 1890).
Pirate XVII.
Distribution of Milax sowerbiu (Feér.)
In the Counties and Vice-Counties
of the British Isles. ENGLAND AND WALES. € 12, e
Channel Isles sourH WALES?
1 YsSULA St Glamorgan @
1 Corn W 42 Bree 2 Coruwall be, 4s » 3 Devons, 44
Devon N. 45 = 5 Somerset S 46 3} Somerset N.
a SU ARN RE 47 Montgomery a 7 Wilts N, 48 Merioneth 2 8 Wilts 8. 19 Carnarven in 2 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh <3
i) 10 Isle or Wight lint <, 1L Haunts Ss, Anglesey ee 12 Itants N. PENT a W.
e 3 Lincolu s.
Sussex by. hd Lincoln N THAMES Leic & Rutld 15 Kent EB. Notts, 16 Ivent W. Derby < i ) MERSEY Lssex 5. 58 Cheshire "Or
59 Lancashire 8. 60 Lancashire Mid HUMBER
TYNE . 66 Durham Nortolk W, 67 Northumb. 8. 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland Jed ford LAKES Jiunts. 69 Westmorland Dorthampton and 1. Lanes
SEVERN 70 Cumberland Gloucester B. 7) Isle of Mau sloucester W
Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Statlord 40 Salop”
Probable Range.
NSS Recorded Distribution. GB Distribution verified by the Authors.
Fossil Distribution.
SCOTLAND.
W. LOWLANDS B.IGHLAN DS 72 Dumfries 93 Aberdeen N. 73 Wirkendbright 94 Bantt
74 Wigtown
75 Ayr
76 Renfrew
77 Lanark 97 Westerness LOWLANDS 98 Main Argyle
78 Peebles 99 Diunilarton
79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles
s0 Roxburgh 81 Berwick addington finburgh s4 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS EB. WIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 85 Fite & Kinross 106 Ross I Stirling 107 Sutherland Ig. 87 Perths.& Clin 10% Sutherland W. a8 Mid Perth 109 Catthness hn. NOKUM ISLES
f 110 Hebrides Kincardine VL Orkneys
v2 Aberdeen 3. 112 Shetlands IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 3 Derry 22 Louth 114 Antrim 3 Meath! 115 Down Dublin 116 Armagh Kildare
i Wicklow
Wexford
Carlow
9 Kilkenny
30 Queen’s Co
King’s Co
Westineath
33 Lougtord CONNAUGHT
Roscommon
Leitrim
117 Monaghan 118 Tyrone
119 Donegal 120 Fermanagh 121 Cavan
Galway W. Galway [. MUNSTER 141 Clare Limeri
145 146 Cork N, 147 Cork 8. 148 Kerry
LIMAX. 161
FOSSIL SPECIES.
Limax modioliformis Sandberger.
Limax modioliformis Sandberger, Paleeontographica, 1880, p. 113, pl. xii., f. 15.
SHELL transparent or diaphanous, but thick in substance, somewhat ovoid and bearing a certain resemblance to the valve of a small J/odiola; APEX or nucleus terminal and placed towards the left corner ; UPPER SIDE, especially in aged speci- mens, more or less strongly wrinkled, with the concentric lines of growth, between which dark arborescent markings ean be detected ; UNDER SIDE rugosely granulate.
Length, 5 mill. ; breadth, 3°5 mill.
Fic. 180. — Limax modioliformis Sand-
This species, which was found in some numbers by _ berger, enlarged (after Mr. Clement Reid, has, according to Nandberger, some °*"*?*"8*" affinity in form with the Lémaa crassitesta of Reuss, from the Lower Miocene of North Bohemia. Dr. Bottger and Mr. Heynemann are quite in accord in being unable to identify this shell with that of any recent species, although Bronn has suggested a similarity im structure to the shell of Limaz arborum, which is also found in the same beds.
BRITISH ISLES.
Lower Pleistocene—West Runton, East Norfolk, Clement Reid (Sandberger, op. cit.).
Limax latus (Edwards).
Ancylus? latus I. E. Edwards, Monog. Eoc. Moll., 1852, p. 110, pl. xiv., £. 15. Limax /atus Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1893, p. 174.
SHELL broadly sub-conical, somewhat incrassate, and oo ; greatly depressed, with the vertex or nucleus about half-way afc i tae a
between the margin and the middle. Length, about 6} mill. ; breadth, about 5 mill.
This species, of which only an imperfect specimen — y,. 49), — imax was known to Mr. Edwards, was characterized by him, — atus (Edw.), enlarged though with considerable doubt and hesitation, as an (“er Edwards). Ancylus; it, however, proves to be, according to Woodward’s Manual,’ really the shell of a Limaz.
Mr. Edwards described the shell as distorted at the posterior extremity, and.as presenting the appearance of a sinus, somewhat resembling, though in an exaggerated form, that presented by the shells of the Limacina. ‘his sinus, or indentation, he believed was probably due to the accident which produced the distortion.
BRITISH ISLES.
Oligocene— Recorded for Sconce, near Bembridge, in the Isle of Wight, by Edwards, and according to Mr. Ashford, has also been found in the Headon Beds at Headon Hill, in the Isle of Wight, and at Hordwell in South Hants.
J
~
\.
1 Woodward’s Manual of the Mollusca, 1875, p. 296.
27/12, 04 L
Carte
162 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
Faminy ARTONID-E Gray.
7 The family Arvonide, according to Pilsbry, ' is somewhat discontinuous in its geographical
range, oceupying three widely separated areas,
in each of which a predominant type occurs. The West American area has the greatest number and variety of genera, embracing the Binneyine, Ariolimacina, ete., and forming the most primitive group of the family; one form, Binneya, possessing a spiral external shell with sculptured uepionic whorl, short hody cavity, and solid tail, may be regarded as linking Arionide with the ndodontida, from which they are supposed to have been clerived.
The Asiatic centre is concentrated in the Himalayas, and represented by Anadenus, a group in which the caudal gland is wanting and the male intromittent organ still present, undoubtedly representing in these respects the most ancient form of the group. It is most
72 llo RAera closely allied to the genus Prophysaon, but in
the penial development shows nearest afhimity to Hesperarion, both of which are now West American groups.
The true Avions, the most highly developed forms, have their home in the European region, the probable source of origin of the entire group, from whence in past ages the earler and more primitive genera have spread throughout the northern hemisphere, the most simply-organized groups, as is usual, occupying the regions most remote from their place of origin, and not, as 1s too prevalently believed, persisting in their evolutionary centre. The Arions are remarkable for the peculiar penial degeneration they have undergone, and the assumption of the intromittent function of that organ by the ovidueal passage.
The Arionidw are not descended directly from the primitively shell-less forms, as has been averred, but ummistakeably show their descent from a group with well-developed spiral shells, the American forms supplying the chief links which make plain the progress of the modifications and clearly demonstrate that the typical genus avon is the terminal member of a series of forms beginning with Byrneya, half-slug and half-snail with almost heleoid musculature, and passing by numerous intermediate stages still existing to the tyyieal alvvon organization.
The funy is probably most satisfactorily divided by utilizing the various modifications of the free-retractor muscles, their arrangement showing also the weightiest differences between the Ayvondde and other slugs.
With this group Signor Carlo Pollonera, of Turin, is here associated in cordial recognition of the extent and Mportance of his researches upon the organization, specie differentiation, and classitieation of the Arionide and of the slugs generally.
In the British Isles the family is represented by only two eenera, cl rion and Geomelicus, the remaining and more aneient evoups being now restuicted to the remoter parts of the northern hemisphere. ;
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSC A. 163
GENUS ARION Feérussac.
The genus Arion is dedicated
to Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.ILS., of Leeds, whose knowledge of the external morphology of the British slugs is probably unsurpassed, and whose tireless exertions have so immensely extended our knowledge of the variation and distribution of our native species.
all
SE,
The Artons (opwwr, the name of a mythological musician and poet, or according to some authorities a mythological horse famous for its speed) were first imperfectly separ- ated from Lima by Brard, im 1815, who retained the term Lima tor the group now called Arion, and constituted the genus Limacella for the shell only, as distinguished from the animal, of the species we now regard as the true Limaces,
basing this separation upon the possession of a distinct shell in Lima, aid the presence of a few chalky granules only in Avion. Baron Férussac also separated the genera, using the terms Arvon_and Limaxr to distinguish the groups, and basing the separation upon the presence or absence of the caudal gland.
The Arions have been variously divided, Moquin-Tandon using the degree of firmness and coherence of the lime particles representing the shell, as the basis for his groups Lochew and Prolepis, wile Mabille and Seibert distinguish sections by the terms Baudonia, Kobeltia, and Carinella. Dr. Simroth utilizes the modifications of the atrium, forming the groups M/ona- triide and Diatriidw, according as the vestibule remains simple or develops a secondary enlargement originating at the free oviduct. Signor Pollonera has, however, pointed out how unstable this character is, and instances Arion hortensis as a species in which the change from a monatrid to a diatriid condition can be easily traced in passing from France to Germany.
The Monatritd, represented by Arion minimus, A. subfuscus, and A, circumscriptus, ave said by Simroth to be characterized externally by a distinct band on each side of the body, while in the Diatriidw, represented by Arion ater and A. hortensis, the band shades away outwardly ; this difference is, however, not so markedly observable in British specimens, but in both groups there is a general tendency to become unicolorous and render this difference obscure and unrecognizable.
The Arfons are unquestionably a closely-alled group, in which it is extremely unsafe to establish new species upon examples in alcohol or other preservatives, and in which it 1s necessary to study the characters exhibited by the living animal in order to arrive at sound conclusions, as the internal characters of even our good and undoubted species present a strong family likeness, and the differences are not always very decided,
164 GENUS ARION.
ueeding at times to be supplemented by. a study of the external features of the animal. Even Dr. Simroth, whose profound knowledge of the organization of the Ar/ons is incontestable, feels compelled to remark “that. the species of the genus Arion are so difficult to distinguish anato- ically, that they can only be determined with certainty by the aid of their colouring.” It is, therefore, to be regretted that, in view of this almost too closely intimate relationship, so many so-called new species have beeu described, and that painstaking naturalists of our own country have been found to emulate in this respect the more objectionable methods of the few continental extremists.
Generic Characteristics.—ExTERNALLY, the features of the Arions when adult are a rounded porsuM and a somewhat corpulent Bopy ; rugose SKIN; an uncarinated and blunt Tain ; Foot with distinct pedal-groove meeting over a caudal mucus pore; MANTLE or shield granulate, rounded at each end, and placed at the anterior end of the body, with the RESPrRA- _ TORY APERTURE near its right anterior end, and the GENITAL ORIFICE beneath.
According to Simroth, they originally possessed an ancestral lateral band at each side, coincident in position with the longitudinal lateral blood sinuses, but in the more advanced forms this peculiarity becomes obscured.
The SHELL is represented by a soft and pulpy calcareous secretion, which solidifies upon exposure to the air, and also to some extent by age; it is placed beneath the hinder part of the mantle, and according to Lankester, is within a permanently-closed sac, and represents the primitive shell.
INTERNALLY, the group is characterized by the crowding of the main maxs of the genitalia into the anterior half of the body, and the absence of the penis, the intromittent functions of which organ have been usurped by the vagina. It 1s also remarkable for the opaque-white colour of the walls of the arterial vessels, especially those investing the digestive gland and the alimentary canal, their complex ramifications showing out beauti- fully against the darker background. This whiteness is due to a dense deposit of fat and lime within the cells of the arterial sheath, a deposit regarded by Semper as a temporary storehouse of lime for subsequent use in the body.
‘he NERVOUS SYSTEM is remarkable for the distribution of the dorsal nerve, which becomes bifid apparently in correlation with the separation of the TENTACULAR RETRACTORS with which they are in association.
‘he ALIMENTARY CANAL is more or less spirally triodromous, the coil being held in position anteriorly by the aorta, as’ is usual, and the stomacu rract being the most posteriorly extended ; the saw is odontognathous’ or ribbed; and the teeth of the RADULA cuspidate, with quadrate base of attachment.
The MUSCULAR SYSTEM is quite different from that displayed by Limaa and by the AMelicid, in which the tentacular and pharyngeal muscles unite posteriorly into a single band or possess a common base of attachment, whereas in Arion the pharyngeal as well as each tentacular muscle have their separate and widely-distant places of attachment to the dorsal skin, an constitute the section Trichoriza.’ This separation of the tentacular retractors 1s probably due to mechanical causes, the oblique strain tending to pull apart the muscles, and as the soft degenerate shell no longer affords a firm attachment, the retractors have become fixed to the tough dorsal integument or to the lung floor,
1 Monog. i, p. 251, f. 509, 2) Monog. i., p. 344, f. 638,
GENUS ARION. 165
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are comparatively simple, and triaulic, the EPIPHALLUS, OVIDUCT, and SPERMATHECA all opening into what has been termed the upper vestibule or naa-sac, which is formed by an expansion of the free-oviduct, and according to Dr. Babor, becomes most marked when the animal is in the male phase of its development; the PENIS is aborted, and the FLAGELLUM, DART-sac, digitate VAGINAL GLANDS, and copulatory branch of the spermatheca are absent; the ovorEstis is placed quite at the rear of the body, while the prostate or spERM-pucT is also not a closed tube, as in Limax, but is open laterally and communicates throughout its length with the oviduct. .
The SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND 1s not imbedded in the pedal musculature, but lies free upon the foot, and extends about half the total length of the body; but in addition to the dermal and locomotory mucosity, the Arions produce a very gelatinous mucus with great rapidity at the caudal sinus, which at pairing time becomes very abundant, and which is slowly devoured by the prospective partner during the preliminary circular promenade.
Reproduction and Development.—The congress of the species of this genus is preceded by the prolonged circular procession and many of the amatory dallyings described under the Limacidw ; the normal intro- mittent organ has, however, become aborted, and the union is now effected by the eversion of the oviduct, powerful retractor muscles being developed for the withdrawal of the organ into the body when the union has beén consummated, the seminal element being transferred by means of an elongate and multidenticulate spermatophore, which, though quite pliable when fresh, becomes hardened by exposure to the air; it, however, speedily disintegrates or dissolves when lodged in the spermatheca.
The duration of life is probably usually about one year, but in the west of Ireland and other mild localities this period may be prolonged to even double that time. ‘This restriction of the age attained is perhaps in part explainable by the absence of an external shell, which would materially aid them to endure hot, cold, and more especially dry seasons.
Food and Habits.—The Avrions have the same crepuscular and noc- turnal habits which so markedly characterize the Limucidw, hiding away beneath rubbish, stones, logs, etc., or burrowing into the earth for conceal- ment during the day, and only appearing at sunset to enter upon their foraging expeditions, except during very cloudy or showery weather, when they may be frequently seen crawling about during the day.
They are very slow and sluggish in their movements, but when young are adepts in slime-spinning, Avion suhfuscus beg exceptionally notice- able for the facility and readiness with which it makes use of this means of escape from a disagreeable or undesirable situation. ‘Ihe slugs, and especially the Avions, do not, however, seem to possess the same recupera- tive power as the testaceous species, a comparatively slight injury nearly always proving fatal in its effects.
The Arions are very voracious, especially in early spring, when they eat ravenously, devouring almost any animal or vegetable substances, fresh or decaying, that they meet with; they are not only carnivorous and canni- balistic but often coprophagous.
Fossil.—A species attributed to Avion, the indiferens of Boettger, has been found in the Lower Miocene of Niederrad, near Frankfort-am-Main, but no traces of the genus have been met with in this country lower than the Pleistocene beds.
166 GENUS ARION.
Variation.—In Arion the pigmentation has resolved itself into two chief colours : one dusky or black producing the markings, and the other various shades of red, both of which in the larger and more variable species by their development or degeneration quickly show, especially during the growth period, the effects of varied environment, mirroring back in the slug’s body the effect of climate, ete. Cold and moisture being favourable to the development of the dusky pigment and warmth and dryness to the red.
The darker varieties are found most unmerously in the northern regions and in mountainous districts, and this melanic tendency is correlated with a stouter and coarser condition of the skin, and by a bolder tuberculation, while the brighter coloured forms are probably the outcome of a dry and warm environment, and though these factors are not the only ones that foster a briliancy of colouring or the reverse, yet they undoubtedly have a very marked influence thereon.
The largest and most advanced species are those most actively engaged in the elaboration of new forms, but if 1s amonest the smaller and more primitive species that convergence 1s most evident, and which display most strikingly their common relationship to an ancestral form,
Geographical Distribution.—The Av/ons are European in origin and distribution, affecting more particularly the western area; members of the group have, however, spread into Siberia, North Africa, <Azores, Madeira, etc., and through the agency of commerce have secured a footing in North America and other places.
It has, however, been erroneously supposed by Bourguignat and other able scientists that Av/on, as well as other genera, originated on the Central Asian plateau, and spread into Europe by way of the great northern coniferous belt, or along the mountain chains of Central Europe, while other modern authors beheve the Iberian peninsula or the lost Atlantis to be the true birthplace of the group.
aa 8
aythic
MiG. 184.—A Malacological Laboratory Mr. W. I. Collinge at the University, Birmingham.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 167
Arion ater (L.).
1606 Cochlea nuda tertia tota nigra Aldrovandus, de Tnsectis, lib. 3, cap. 10, 1678 Linux ater Lister, Hist. Anim. Anel., p. 131, pl. 2, f. 17, tit. xvi.
1682 Limav major rubicunda terrestris, Muralto Miscell. eur, obs. 59, p. 147. 1763 Lima albus margine luteo Miller, Swamp. Hafn., p. 61.
1758 Limaw ater L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., vol. iL, p. 652, no. 1.
1758 =— rufus L., op. cit., no. 2.
1767 albus L., op. eit., ed. xii, vol. i, p. 1081.
1774. — _ suecineus Miller, Verm. Hist., no. 203, p. 7.
1789 — luteus Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, i., p. 268
1803, — omarginedlus Schranck, Fauna Boica Witrmer, p. 3158. 1848 = — coccineus Gistel, Naturg. d. Thierreichs.
1819 Arion empiricorum Férussac, Hist. Moll, p. 60, pls. 1, 2.
1821 — melanocephalus Ferussac, Tabl. Syst., p. 1S.
1845 — sulcatus Morelet, Moll. Port., p. 98, pl. 1.
1854 — virescens Millet, Moll. Maine et Loire, p. 11.
1854 — _ tenellus Millet, op. cit.
1855 — (Lochea) rufus Moy.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, ii., pp. 10, 18, pl. 1,1 1-27, 1867 = — glaucus Colbean, Ann. Soc. Mal. Bele. 1868 — hibernus Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., xx., p. 154.
1870 =—_ servainianus Mabille, Hist. Mal. bass. Paris, p. 5.
1888 — bocagei Simroth, Zool. Anz., no. 272.
1878 Lochea atra Malm, Skand. Land Snigl., p. 31, pl. 1, f. 1.
Ve
and three other species was one of the precursors of the modern scientific
study of slugs, and it is to be r
ISTORY.—A rion ater (ater, black), is the
largest of our native species, and was first made known by Dr. Martin Lister, m 1674, under the descriptive epithet of Limax ater, and he afterwards, in 1678, gave a good figure in Hist. Ani. Anel. ; considerable confusion and uncertainty has, however, arisen owing to the wide range of colour mutations to which it is subject, and many species have been ereated to receive them.
The name enpiricorum (in allusion to its former use in medicine), bestowed on this species by Baron Férussac, was intended not to separate any particular form, but to unite under one denomina- tion all the different varieties and so- called species into which this protean slug had been divided. It has im other parts of its range also received many distinct names, based upon the shght external modifications it has undergone.
With this species is associated the late Mr. Thomas Nunneley, F.R.C.8., of Leeds, whose careful and conscientious memoir of 1837 upon the anatomy of the present
egretted that his professional career as a
distinguished and skilful surgeon did not leave him leisure to follow up his anatomical studies of the mollusca.
168 ARION ATER.
Diagnosis.— Arion ater may be distinguished when adult by its large size, long and coarse tubercules, and usually uniform colouration, as well as by the very contracted and hemispherical shape it assumes when at rest and particularly when alarmed or irritated, a position often accompanied by a very peculiar swaying or elephantine motion of the body.
INTERNALLY, this species is perhaps best distinguished from its con- geners by the greatly enlarged and protuberant base of the oviduct.
Description.—ANIMAL usnuly black or brown in this country, but varying nurvellously in its colonring; of great size, sometimes reaching 200 mill. in length when extended, very bulky and convex above, and terminating behind in a flattened TAIL, bearing a distinct triangular GLAND; when contracted the animal assumes a very characteristic hemispherical shape ; TUBERCLES very long and prominent, becom- ing keeled and transversely wrinkled during contraction, and showing about eighteen longitudinal rows at each side; FOOT-SOLE obscurely tripartite, but median portion not separated by a furrow from the side-areas, which are usually pervaded by the lody colour; the FOOT-FRINGE is broad, widest at the tail, spread out when the animal is at rest, and presenting a series of transverse parallel lineoles, of which every alternate one is darker; in strongly coloured individuals these lines are con- tinued across the side-areas of the sole ; SHIELD ovoid, narrow in front, with small
TILLED er.
Fic. 187.—Foot-fringe and pedal-groove of Fic. 186.—Head of -4+/on ater, showing Arion ater X 2.
the facial grooves. pS. pedal furrow ; _/r. fringe. vermicular rugosities, which may coalesce into irregular and limited wavy lines, not unlike the ridges of Limae; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE large and round, situate on the right side of the body, near the anterior third of the length of the shield, its lower margin cut by the anal channel; HEAD usually darker than the rest of the body, with four dorsal furrows, the outer ones terminating at the ommatophores, but the median pair become quadripartite on the forehead and vary greatly in shape when the month is in motion; OMMATOPIIORES dusky, tubercled, rather swollen at the apex; lower TENTACLES also dusky and finely granulate.
Mucus very tenacious and variable in colour; when the animal is scalded it is usually orange-coloured in red animals, in black animals usually colourless or milky-white. The mneus secreted hy the caudal gland is ropy and clear yellowish.
SWELL quite vestigial, and generally represented hy a soft and pulpy calcareous deposit placed beneath the hinder part of the shield ; it is, however, sometimes more concentrated and becomes hardened into a granular form, with the particles more or less coherent. In the chalk-pits about Dorkine Mr. Darbishire has observed that all the animals contain thick and solid shelly masses.
pf
Fic. 189. Fic. 190.
Fic. 189.—Heart of Irion ater X 3. au. auricle; 7. ventricle. Fic. 190,—Nerve-ring of A. ater v.rufa(after Moquin-Tandon).
tr. INTERNALLY, the body cavity is pale and closely heset with minute caleareous particles; the buccal Fic. 188, — Pallial organs of S@nglia ave oval; the HART is surrounded by Arion ater, as seen from below x 2 the? KIDNEY, the auricle is broadly united to the ene ene re eae en and directed towards the anterior left dx genial velearie <oue chert} 4. ith ® t 1e BODY ; RESPIRATORY ORTFICE ample, kidney, enclosing heart; rc. rectum; lowing the complex and prominent respiratory 7.0. respiratory orifice. vessels to be perceptible through the opening.
CS
ARION ATER. 169
_ The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS arise from three dis- tinct and separate points, as is usual in the genus ; the PHARYNGEAL muscle originating most. posteri- orly nearly in the median line behind the lung cavity, and bifureating about half-way for attach- ment to each side of the buccal bulb; the TENTA- CULAR retractors are broad and flat, the left arising from the hinder left-side of the lung periphery ; the right retractor is somewhat similarly placed; but a ~ trifle removed from the lung; both divide about the middle of their course into a chief muscle for the ommatophore of their respective sides of the body, oe Reel one for the lower tentacle, the r br. g ae: z er pes again to send a slip to the buccal ; Fic. 191.—Cephatic retmerone- ee
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are comparatively simple; the dark-brown spherical OVOTESTIS is placed behind the stomach, and is traversed medially by an artery ; the HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is long and tortuous, terminating in a slightly swollen and acutely bent junction with the ovispermatoduet, representing the VESICULA SEMINALIS ; the pale ALBUMEN GLAND is large and compact, but ‘much: indented s the OVISPERMATODUCT is very long; the OvIDUCT is a delicate bluish ruftle above,
Fic. 192. Fic. 193. Fic. 195. Fic. 196.
The Reproductive system of adult and juvenile 47éon ater (L.), showing the muscular arrangements
: and the modifications of the organs arising during growth x 3.
Fic. 192.—The proximal end of the organs with the epiphallus removed to show the arrangement of the retractor and attachment of the spermatheca.
Fic. 193.—The organs as seen from the opposite side, with oviduct and genital retractor removed.
Fic. 194.—Spermatheca and oviduct, showing attachment of retractor.
Fic. 195.—Proximal end of sexual organs, showing their complex natural arrangement.
Fic. 196.—Sexual organs of an immature example.
alb.gi. albumen gland ; Z.a¢. glandular lower atrium ; #.@f and af. upper atrium ; of. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; osd. ovispermduct : ef. epiphallus, cut short ; Sp, spermatheca 5 v.d. vas deferens ; y. genital retractor, showing attachment to spermatheca duct, oviduct, and atrium.
narrowing below, while the yellowish SPERM-DUCT, or prostate, increases in calibre as it descends ; the two channels being closely connected together ; the slender VAs- DEFERENS expands into a thick EPIPHALLUS, which secretes the moderately slim, brownish, and denticnlate spermatophore; the ovately-globose SPERMATHECA is connected by a shortish stalk with the atrium, into which the epiphallus, oviduct, and spermatheca all debouch; the upper ATRIUM, or ‘‘egg-sac,” is immensely bulged at one side, the protuberance originating at the base of the oviduct, and contains an erectile linguiform appendage, which is probably a SARCOBELUM. The GENITAL
170 ARION ATER.
RETRACTOR is a powerful muscle, arising from the left-side of the lung-floor, near the root of the tentacular retractor; it separates into two branches, a stout retractor muscle attached to and partially ensheathing the free-oviduct, but continued to the upper atrium and a somewhat more delicate ‘branch, which is attached to the duct of the spermatheca, close to the vesicle. In addition there is a broad flat retractor muscle wide also connects the atrium with the upper left side of the lung cavity. ;
In full development the upper atrium is somewhat divided by a visible constric- tion from the lower atrium, which is closely invested by a yellow glandular pad ; in younger animals the lower VESTIBULE is long and slender, but does not develop its yellow glandular investment until maturity is approaching.
In the black and very dark varieties, in which there is an abundance of black chromatophores, the proximal portions of the various organs, especially the oviduct and epiphallus, are liable to become more or less darkly tinged with them.
The ALIMENTARY CANAL is spir- ally triodromous, and shows itself to have been involved in the torsion which the whole visceral mass exhibits, the twisting in adults being equivalent to 1$ whorls; the STOMACH TRACT ex- tends most posteriorly and is separated by a marked constriction from the large brownish CRoP, which is deeply wrinkled internally, and overspread externally with a network of large white circulatory vessels, the lacteals of early authors; the G:SOPHAGUS is purplish, with darker stripes, and from its origin to the nerve-ring is united to the buecal-mass; the SALIVARY GLANDS large, white, multilobed, and flocculent, spreading transversely and encircling the cesophagus like a horse- collar, or sometimes with ends turned up like a moustache; SALIVARY DUCTS thick ; DIGESTIVE GLAND dark brown or dark olive, the left lobe forming the end of the visceral mass, while the right lobe lies more anteriorly.
6
Fic. 197. Fic. 198.
In young and half-grown individuals
the alimentary system quite resembles ,
that of A. subfuscus, showing a much shorter and apparently less complex
Fic. 197.—Alimentary canal of A. ater, adult x 2.
Fic. 198.—Alimentary canal of immature .4. ater, showing at this stage its more intimate relationship with Arion subfuscus X 3.
arrangement than in adults, a feature due to the shorter course of its various tracts. The MANDIBLE or jaw is about three mill. broad and
one mill. wide, strongly arcuate from front to back, and with a distinct fibrillar elasma, the upper half of the jaw is imbedded in the tissues, and is of a moder- ately dark amber-brown, the exposed or cutting half is much darker or almost black, the line of separation of the two different shades being very perceptible and well defined ; the anterior surface bears from fifteen to eighteen strongly prominent and rounded vertical ribs which strongly crenulate the entting edge, and also
slightly indent the upper margin.
Fic. 199.—Mandible or jaw of Arion ater X 12. (Dublin, Mr. J. R. Redding).
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is oblong in shape, about seven mill. long. and three mill. in width, composed of about 160 slightly curved transverse rows of closely-set teeth, which do not appreciably decrease in size towards the margins ; each row is
iy 54 30 20. 1 m. 1 20. 30. 54 61. Fic, 200.—Representative teeth from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of ls/ te The animal collected at Dublin by Mr. J. R. Redding, and the ili peeceed ig Me TW. Neville
ARION ATER. 171
constituted by a tricuspid median tooth, flanked by about twenty-six rows of lateral teeth, which though obscurely tricuspidate adjoining the median row, gradually become distinctly bicuspid ; the marginal teeth are mainly bicuspid ; the mesocone increasing vastly in size and importance, the endocone totally disappearing, and the ectocone diminishing greatly until in the extreme marginals it also becomes totally lost, and the teeth are simply aculeate.
The formula of a Dublin specimen, collected by Mr. J. R. Redding, is $5 +55 44425435 x 160 = 9,760. Reproduction and Development.—The congress of this species is preceded by the prolonged circular procession pre-
viously described, and which may be continued for a an hour or more, the head of each animal resting upon the tail of its partner during the promenade, and both slowly devouring the mucus exuded by
the caudal gland and by the body cells. The con- aA gress is not of long duration, the union being } effected by the extrusion of the genital cloaca,
especially of the oviduct, etc., which constitute i the intromittent organ, the seminal element being y mutually transferred by means of the denticulate spermatophores. Fic. 201.--Spermatophore
This species, however, sometimes reproduces of A. ater v. rufa, enlarged parthenogenetically, as Mr. F. W. Wotton has {sr Moavie-Tandon). reared individuals in captivity, which though kept strictly isolated almost from birth, produced fertile eggs.
The eggs, which are excluded in from four to five weeks after the union has taken place, are about five mill. long, and four mill. in diameter, some- what oval in shape, thick skinned, and semipellucid when fresh, but quickly changing to an opaque-white, a circumstance ascribed to the innumerable calcareous particles in the outer envelope, this calcification tallying with the copious deposit of lime in the arterial walls. They are deposited in vast numbers at almost all seasons of the year—many clusters have been found as early as January in this country-—under stones, old wood, dead leaves, at roots of plants, etc., usually in clusters of from twenty to fifty, or more; they hatch in from thirty to fifty days, according to the weather.
The young when hatched are usually unicolorous, but apparently vary in shade, in different countries; in Germany, Scandinavia, and North Central Europe they are said to be pale yellow or greenish-white, but more inclined to blackish in the mountain regions, while in the warm plains and in the south they are reddish, and in England frequently of a yellowish or greenish-grey, with slightly darker shield and head, often closely conforming in tint to the fallen faded leaves of autumn. In many cases lateral banding develops during growth, which may occasionally, especially near the outskirts of its range, persist in adult life, but usually the darker markings become clouded over and the unicolorous stage is reached.
Mr. W. A. Gain has carefully chronicled the varied changes undergone by animals during growth. At eighteen mill. in length they were almost without exception of a greenish-yellow tint, with greyish lines and mark- ings, but this in some cases would gradually but quickly change to a brownish tint, the tint gradually becoming a rich brown with dark lateral bands on body and shield, and eventually when full grown presenting a deep brown back and shield, with black-brown sides and orange fringe. Other specimens, apparently quite similar when young, may become very differently coloured as adults.
172 ARION ATER.
In winter, when half-grown, they are very apathetic, coiling themselves up in a serpentine fashion, and huddling together in a close and compact mass when in company with others. They grow very little during this period, as they take little food; but with the advent of warmer weather their activity increases, they eat greedily, and rapidly increase in size.
Food and Habits.—This species is very voracious, and almost omni- vorous, as is demonstrated by the fact certified by Mr. Gain, that out of 197 different kinds of food, only 39 were refused, while decaying animal or vegetable matter, excrement, edible and poisonous fungi, paper, weak or injured worms or animals of its own or other species are readily devoured.
> % %, 0, Fa, & % eo 0 Br, Rey oe 7 M0 te, He HS,
Fic. 202.—Fragment of newspaper, as eaten by Avion ater, showing the character of the feeding-track (after H. Wallis Kew).
The colour of the feeces is also singularly responsive to the nature of the food, Mr. H. W. Kew stating that the fecal matter of individuals kept in confinement and fed upon fresh green leaves was always dark green, but when fed upon apple became of an amber colour ; if petals of Ranunculus were eaten the excreta was deep yellow, but changed to a scarlet colour when the animals were fed upon the berries of Arwm maculatum.
It is very sluggish and indolent, and recovers itself with difficulty when placed on its back ; if startled or irritated it shrinks into a characteristic hemispherical lump, and sways its body from side to side in a peculiar rolling way. The favourite localities of this species are moist shady places in woods, fields, and gardens; it would seem to more especially prefer roadsides and hedgerows. They emerge from their hiding-place at dusk and during the night, but in moist or cloudy weather they come forth during the day, their appearance at that time being popularly believed to prognosticate rain.
Superstitions, Folk Lore, etc.—The calcareous matter found beneath the shield of Arion ater was formerly believed to possess great and varied medicinal virtues. It was firmly believed to be an infallible specific in cases of consumption, and was amongst other methods prescribed to be swallowed alive by the sufferer; even at the present day, in some parts, a poultice of slugs, placed upon the chest, is considered to have a very heneficial effect in chest complaints. ‘The ancient physicians also regarded the powder resulting from the drying of the vestigial shell as a very effec- tive remedy for dysentery, while Pliny records the same powdery-dust as a remedy for the teeth.
Tn many parts of Eugland, the country people still have a marvellous faith in the use of this mollusk for the removal of warts; the method being to well rub the wart with the body of the slug, which by the rubbing
ARION ATER. 173
is believed to be impregnated with its matter, the slug is then securely impaled upon a thorn, where it dies, and gradually withers up, by which time the wart will also have disappeared. In Northamptonshire it is con- sidered necessary to repeat the operation on nine successive nights, by which time the wart will have gone.
In 1890 Mr. Kew observed an old man in a garden at Highgate, in the suburbs of London, engaged in gathering A. ater for the purpose of making ointment; while in Lincolnshire the appearance of “black snails” is regarded, especially at harvest time, as a most reliable sign of impending rain.
In former times, the ancients in their ignorance of mollusca, believed that slugs in general, and this one in particular, as being the most obvious and conspicuous of them, to be the same animals as those possessed of shells, and Albertus Magnus and Gesner, influenced in part by a passage in Alian, believed that snails had the power of quitting and returning to their shells at pleasure, while Kramer in 1736 attempted to prove that this was actually the fact.
Fossil.—The chalky eranules, believed to be the internal shells of A. ater, are recorded by Sandberger from the gravels and brick-earths of the Upper Pleistocene beds of this country.
PLEIstocENE.—Messrs. Kennard and Woodward report it as found in the beds at Swalecliffe, a mile west of Herne Bay, in East Kent; and in the same deposits at Ilford and Uphall, in South Essex.
In France it is known from beds of similar age in the Somme Valley.
Hotocene.—In West Kent, the same authors chronicle its occurrence at Maidstone, in a disused chalk-pit, near Otford railway station, and in a deposit on face of chalk escarpment, at Exedown, near Wrotham. In Surrey, at the Horse-shoe deposit, Colley pit, Reigate, the internal granules were very abundant between the 2-feet and 3-feet levels. In Essex, they have been found in the alluvium at Walthamstow. In Berkshire, in the Kennet Valley deposits at Newbury; and in Oxfordshire at Westbury and Clifton-Hampden, near Oxford.
Parasites and Enemies.—In addition to the numerous enemies of the mollusca generally, Avion ater is internally infested by three different species of Leptodera, a genus of Nematoid worms. Leptodera appendicu- lata, a species remarkable for the possession of a pair of caudal fringes, inhabits the foot of this species while in the larval state, becoming sexual in the decomposing body of the snail at its death. Another species is found in the intestinal canal, and the third species in the salivary glands.
Gj
Fic. 203.—An Entozoic Parasite from Arion ater var. rufa x 50 (after Van den Proeck).
Professor Owen records that the larva of a Tenia is found encysted in the pulmonary sac, which is believed to attain its full sexual maturity only when occupying the intestinal canal of some warm-blooded animal.
M. Van den Broeck records the abundance of a species of Entozoon in the intestinal canal of the var. rufa, but which was first detected within the egg of Lima arborum.
174 ARION ATER.
Variation.—Scarcely any species is more variable in its colouring than Arion ater, but nearly all the variations resolve themselves into two chief lines, the red and the black, the presence, absence or varying proportions of these constituents determining the tints ; their total absence causing the whitish or greenish varieties.
The red pigment, which is said by Simroth to be a warning colour, resides in the dermal mucous cells, and is developed by warmth, a warmer or milder temperature during the growth period increasing the proportion of rufous individuals, or intensifying and enriching their tint. When the colour glands are but feebly developed, it gives rise to the yellow tint and the intermediate shades. This colouring is, however, very unstable and also in great part due to the mucosity, as when this is quite removed the animals often appear of an uniform grey or brown.
The black pigment resides in the cellules of the integument, and its predominating development is in a large measure due to cold or moisture, as the dark varieties are found most numerously in cold or mountainous countries, Eimer especially remarking upon the predominance of the dark varieties at high altitudes on the mountains and also upon their greater prevalence upon the plains during wet seasons.
In this country, also, Avion ater is usually dark coloured or black, this sombre colouring is, however, not invariably that of the youthful stages, but is usually an acquired colour, the result of changes during growth, and though unicoloration is doubtless the ultimate or final stage of pig- mentation, the shade or hue is probably in great part dependent upon and modified by the conditions of the environment with which the coloration of the body tends to harmonize.
Some of the more severely critical of modern authors variously divide Arion ater into two, three, or more species, influenced by trifling external
: 3 > » iy g differences or by slight inequalities in the degree of development of the various organs of the reproductive system, the modifications of which are due in a large degree to individual variation or to the stage of sexual maturity attained by the animals examined. ‘lhe differences in the amount of enlargement of the atrium or vestibule and its more or less apparent aaa division into an upper Fic. 204. Fic. 205. and lower secti on, or the Proximal end of the Revtee te organs of Arion rufus 10 14 ne 5: 8 and +l, ater according to Pollonera, er differing points Fic. 204.—A ston rufus (L.), sensu stricto (after Pollonera). of attachment of the Fic. 205.—A rion ater (L.), sensu stricto (after Pollonera). retractors are chiefly re- ep. epiphallus; sf. spermatheca ; 07. free oviduct; 7. genital lied ; est blishi - retractor ; 4a/. lower atrium; 7.a¢. upper atrium. ied upon as establishing paki cs at least two species, which are distinguished as Arion empiricorum and A. ater, the former name being usually though not invariably allowed to : : 8 y. gh y include what is generally known as Arion rufus.
1 Monog,. i., p. 330,
ARION ATER. 175
The A. empiricorum is considered as chiefly West European and to be the form inhabiting this country. It is noted as mainly characterized by its very short and insignificant lower vestibule and the large and wide upper section, an enlargement due to the swollen outlets of the organs debouching therein.
A. ater is said to be confined to North-eastern Europe, and has been described as differing by its larger size and in possessing a thick and swollen lower vestibule, while the upper section is less noticeable owing to the undeveloped state of the oviduct and other outlets.
These differences are, however, little more than individual, local, or seasonal variations in the development of the different organs, as is affirmed by Dr. Babor, who shows that the varied development of the atrium is merely the expression of sexual phases, while Signor Pollonera has con- clusively demonstrated the unreliability and fugitive character of the vestibular modifications and their unsuitability for specific differentiation
in Arion. VARIATIONS IN COLOUR OF ANIMAL.
Var. atra L., Syst. Nat., ed. x., 1758, p. 652.
The strict type of this species is undoubtedly the black or blackish form, with the median area of the foot-sole markedly paler than the side zones. It has, however, had a number of special names devoted to it by various observers and is probably :—
Limax ater L., op. cit.
Arion empiricorum aldrovandii Kalenicz., Bull. Mosc., 1851, p. 113.
Arion rufus B ater Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 10, pl. 1, f. 20. Arion (Limax) ater var. niger Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 6.
Arion rufus var. nigra Baudon, Journ. de Conch., 1884, p. 196.
Arion empiricorum var. maurus Held.
The distribution of this form is almost universal in this country, as it is one of the variations more especially evolved by our cool and moist climate.
On the continent, this form is found in Germany, Holland, Belgium, France, North Spain, Portugal, Norway, up to 66° 49’ north latitude, South Sweden, Den- mark, Austro-Hungary, Switzerland, and North Italy. .
Var. aterrima Taylor.
Body, shield, and creeping dise uniformly black.
It is desirable to discriminate from the ordinary form the jet-black individuals, in which the black pigment has also overspread the whole surface of the creeping dise. This variety is not common, and would seem to be more especially a northern or mountain form, as its occurrence in other places seems to be more or less sporadic or casual. Mr. Welch and Mr. Praeger, in Oct. 1897, found some very characteristic examples on the summit of Slieve-Donard at an altitude of 2,796 feet.
It is not improbable that Arion hispanicus of Simroth, which is characterized by its smaller size and uniform black body and creeping disc, belongs to this variety.
Many authors describe variations of this species as aterrimus totus, but it is not by any means clear that the descriptions were intended to apply to the foot-sole as well as the body.
Devon N.—Ilfracombe, July 1904! R. Leach.
Huntingdon—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Emily M. Foster.
Gloucester E.—Cirencester, Aug. 1904! Mrs. Blundell.
Merioneth—Hills above Barmouth, alt. 2,000 feet, Aug. 1884! J. Hopkinson.
Lincoln N.—Rippingale, Sept. 1904! H. Preston.
Cheshire—Garden, Broad road, Sale, May 1885! C. Oldham.
Lancashire W.—Over Wyresdale, alt. 1,000 ft., April 1903 ! Rev. W. W. Mason.
York N.E.—Runswick Bay, June 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
York Mid W.—Summit of Oughtershaw Moor, Wharfedale, Aug. 1904 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Durham—Croft, April 1887 ! and near High Force, June 1884! Baker Hudson.
Westmorland—On the summit of Coniston Old Man, alt. 2,660 feet, July 1887, S. C. Cockerell. Grange-over-Sands, July 1904! W. J. Davey.
Cumberland—Salkeld Dykes, Penrith, July 1904! H. Britten. Scafell Pikes, alt. 3,000 feet ! W. West.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
176 ARION ATER.
SCOTLAND. Roxburgh—Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh. Berwick—Ians near Earlston, Aug. 1883 ! R. Renton, Stirling—Near summit of Ben Lomond (Miss Donald, Cumberland List, 1882). Perth S.—Callender, April 1888! A. Somerville; and summit of Ben Voirlich, alt. 3,224 feet, Sept. 1902! W. Evans. Banff—Aberlour, Nov. 1892! L. Hinxman. Easterness—At an alt. of 2,800 feet on Ben Nevis (C. L, Wragge, Good Words, 1882, p. 382). Ebudes S.—Machrie, Islay, Aug. 1904 ! Miss Ethel Evans. IRELAND.
Down—Summit of Slieve-Donard, alt. 2,796 feet, Oct. 1897, R. Ll. Praeger and R. Welch ; also found above the Deer’s Meadow on Slieve Muck, on Slieve Bingian, and Slieve Bernagh, R. Welch.
Louth—Carlingford, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Drumeondra, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Hamilton.
Kilkenny—Gardens, Kilkenny Castle, Sept. 1904 ! J. Carlton.
Leitrim—Mohill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Sligo—Common on mountain summit above West Glencar, and at Gleniff Cave, above 1,000 feet alt., July 1904, R. Welch.
Mayo W.—Dugort, daly 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—Leenane Mountain, 1897, R. Welch.
Limerick—Castleconnell, Sept. 1904! R. A. Phillips.
Cork N.—Macroom, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Kerry—Common on roadsides at an alt. of 600 to 1,000 feet, near Moll’s Gap, Kenmare, May 1898, R. Welch.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Spain—Arion hispanicus is recorded for Mid Spain by Simroth.
Portugal-—Arion hispanicus is recorded from Sierra Estrella by Simroth.
Var. castanea Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 6. Arion ater var. bruniuca Roebuck, Proc. Roy. Irish. Acad., 1886, p. 673. elrion ater var. seminiger T. D A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, 1889, p. 141. Arion ater sub-var. olivacea Taylor.
ANIMAL almost uniformly brown, usually with a paler and brighter foot-fringe ; the pale varieties are the brunneo-pallescens of Roebuck and the fusca-lutescens of Cockerell.
The sub-var. semi-nigra of Cockerell is intermediate between the type and var. brunnea, possessing a black body and very dark-brown shield.
The snb-var. olivacea has the brown of the body tinged with a greenish hue. The var. ofiracca of Lelmann, 1856, is considered by Simroth to be probably # young form of Arion ater but is more likely to be a variety of A. subfuseus.
In Ireland, according to Dr. Scharff, the olivaceous varieties are entirely restricted to the west coast. ;
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Devon N.—Northam, Noy. 1885! W. A. Gain. Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. W. Mason. Ilfracombe, Mch. 1887 (Tomlin, J. of C., Apl. 1887).
Somerset S.— Bridgwater, in allotment gardens, Aug, 1884 ! W. Vinson.
Somerset N.—Bath, June 1884! C. J. Waterfall.
Wilts N.—Clyffe Pybard near Swindon, Aug. 1904! Rev. C. H. Goddard.
Dorset—Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt.
Hants. S.—Portsdown Will, May 1885! W. Jeffery. Hengistbury Head, March 1884 ! Charles Ashford.
Sussex W.—Ratham, not uncommon, Oct. 1885! W Jeffery.
Kent E.—Shepherdswell, Aug. 1896, L. EK. Adams.
Kent W.—St. Mary Cray, July 1883 (T. D. A. Coekerell, Nat. Hist. Notes, Nov. 1883, p. 124). Sub-var. seminigra, Chislehurst (T. D, A. Cockerell, Sci. Gossip, 1889, p. 141). Sub-var. brannco-palleseens, Maidstone, Aug. 1888! F. G. Fenn,
Surrey—Oxshott, May 1888 ! Hl. Wallis Kew. Sub-var, brunneo-pallescens, Warlingham, Sept. 1885! F. G. Fenn.
Essex S.— Woodford, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham,
Essex N.—stour Valley, Langham, Sept. 1886 1G. T. Rope. Ona bank by the railway station, Colchester, Aug. 1890, L. E. Adams. ,
Herts.— Watford, June, 1884! J. Hopkinson. Totteridge, May 1888! H.W. Kew.
Middlesex—Acton, Aug. 1884! and Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dee. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell, Bush Hill Park, April 1887! Charles Ashford. Highgate, June 1888! H. W. Kew, Near Hendon, May 1889 (J, W. Williams, Zool., 1889, p. 272)
ARION ATER. 177
Berks.—Common about Maidenhead, June 1887, L. E. Adams. Sub-var. olivacea, Bradfield, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. E. Peake.
Oxford—Wychwood Forest on Great Oolite (Whiteave’s Oxford List, 1857, p. 5). Kimmeridge clay-pits, at Shotover Hills, Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce.
Suffolk W.—The prevailing form about Stratford St. Mary, Sept. 1886! G. T. Rope.
Norfolk E.—Common, Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Alph- ington, Yelverton, and Rockland (Pearce & Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1894, p. 392). Common in the Heigham Marshes (W. K. Bridgman, Zool., 1850, p. 2742).
Bedford—General Cemetery, Luton, April 1889! J. Saunders.
Northampton—Rockingham Park, Northampton, May 1896, L. E. Adams.
Gloucester W.—Var. castanea and sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Symond’s Yat, July 1891! W. Whitwell.
Monmouth—Banks of River Wye, Monmouth, July 1891 ! W. Whitwell.
Hereford—Bishopswood Vicarage, Ross, June 1885 ! Rev. R. W. J. Smart.
Worcester—Stourport, at Bishop’s Park and Hartlebury, July 1885 (J. W. Williams, J. of Conch., July 1889).
Warwick—Sutton Park, May 1871, W. Nelson.
Stafford—Milford, June 1886! and a sub-var. with darker lateral bands, about Stafford, Aug. 1886! L. E. Adams. Barlaston Hall, July 1888! J. R. B. Masefield.
Salop—Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Oswestry, June 1885 ! B. Hudson.
Brecon—Erwood, Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan.
Carmarthen—Kidwelly, Dec. 1903 ! Rev. L. Davies. Llanelly, Sep. 1904! J. Nevill.
Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler. St. David’s, July, 1891! J. Bickerton Morgan. Amroth, Sept. 1894, L. E. Adams. Holloway’s Quarry, and Hoyle’s Mouth, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900, p. 321).
Cardigan—Aberayron, June 1888! W. Whitwell.
Montgomery—Leighton Bridge and Gungrog Dingle, Welshpool, Aug. 1889 ! Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Welshpool, Aug. 1889 ! J. Bickerton Morgan.
Merioneth—Barmouth, moderately common, Aug. 1886, L. E. Adams.
Carnarvon—Llangelynen, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Slopes of Snowdon, April 1887! J. Madison. Abersoch, June 1896! C. Oldham.
Denbigh—Marshy field, Bodscallan, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Lincoln S.—Careby Wood, Aug. 1904! H. Preston.
Lincoln N.—Common in Grisel-bottom, Burwell Wood, Sept. 1886 ! also on walls of cemetery, London road, Louth, June 1887! H. Wallis Kew. Abundant in Well Vale, Alford, Sept. 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Cadney, Aug. 1902! and Tattershall, Sept. 1904! Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Louth, and Grisel Bottom, Aug. 1886! H. Wallis Kew. 7
Leicester—Old John Hill, Bradgate Park, June 1885! H. E. Quilter. Sub-var. brunneo-pallescens, Sheepshed, Sept. 1884 ! C. T. Musson.
Notts.—Cresswell Crags, April 1884! Felley Abbey, Sept. 1884 ! Newark, Oct. 1884! and Wollaton, Nov. 1884! C. T. Musson. Abundant in garden, Tuxford, July 1885! W. A. Gain. Corporation gardens, Nottingham, July 1888! G. W. Mellors.
Derby—Pleasley Vale, April 1884!C.'T. Musson. Marple, May 1885!C Oldham.
Cheshire—Common at Sale and Northenden, June 1885! C. Oldham. Kingway near Bowdon, July 1885! J. G. Milne. Marple, May 1892! C. Oldham.
Lancashire S.—Whalley, Sept. 1888 ! C. Oldham.
York N.E.—Stream-side, Ramsdale Wood, Rubin Hood's Bay, June_ 1888 ! W. D. Roebuck. Vicarage garden, Ingleby Greenhow, Sept. 1890! Rev. J. Hawell.
York S.W.—Common at Shipley Glen and Hawkesworth (Soppitt and Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). Green Spring Wood, Barnsley, Sept. 1899! W. E. Brady. Grimescar, Huddersfield, Oct. 1903! H. G. Brierley. A sub-var. with yellowish fringe, Heckmondwike, Oct. 1903! T. Castle. Aldborough, T. Petch.
York Mid W.—Guy’s Cliffe Wood, Pateley, Sept. 1882 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Kirby Malzeard, Aug. 1885 ! W. E. Collinge.
York N.W.—Grinton, Aug. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Durham—Durham, April 1884 ! Baker Hudson.
Isle of Man—Slopes of Snaefell, Sept. 1891 !
Ayr—Cumnock (Rev. J. MeMurtrie, Journ. of Conch., April 1883). Lanark—Wishaw (Rev. J. McMurtrie, Journ. of Conch., April 1883). Peebles—Leadburn, July 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Stirling—Bucklyvie, April 1896 ! W. Evans. a Sutherland E.—Rock, south of the Mound, Brora, June 1885 ! W. Baillie. Hebrides—Castlebay, Isle of Barra, Sept. 1889 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Shetlands—Colla Firth, Yell Sound, Aug. 1886! Rev. R. W. J. Smart.
29/1/05 M
SCOTLAND
bes ARION ATER.
/RELAND,
Derry—Ballynagard, 1892! and Gortness, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell.
Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! and Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886 ! Rev. s. A. Brenan. Murlough, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Colin Glen, with type, 1899, R. Welch. Ballycastle, Sept. 1904! Miss FS. O'Connor.
Down—Neweastle, Oct. Iss4! Rev. H. W. Lett.
Armagh— Armagh, June 1885 ! Rev. H. W. Lett. |
Monaghan—Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Drumreaske, Sept. 1904! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Tyrone—Altadawin, July 1886! Anghnacloy, July 1886! and Favour Royal, Aug. 1886! W. F. de Vises Kane, Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! Robert Bell.
Donegal—Croaghross, Letterkenny, May 1889! H.C. Hart. Bundoran, Aug. 1889! J. G. Milne. Templemore Park, Londonderry, Sept. 1904! D.C. Campbell. Mulroy Bay near Milford, R. Welch.
Fermanagh—Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ' Dean of Clogher.
Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904! R. Welch.
Louth—Piperstown, Noy. 1889! Miss Sidney Smith. Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904! and Narrow Water, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Drumeondra, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. ;
Dublin—Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Visines Kane. Howth, April 1887! and Leeson Park, Dublin, Oct. 1890, Rt. F. Scharff. Road-sides, Donnybrook, Aug. 1s88!G. A. Barrett-Hamilton.
Kildare—Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford.
Wicklow—Not so common as the black and dark-grey forms, R. F. Scharff.
Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1888! G. A. Barrett- Hamilton.
Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Queen’s Co.—Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
King’s Co.—Birr, Sept. 1904! Miss Hemphill.
Roscommon—Oli Fort, Keadne, Sept. 1904! James M. Welch.
Leitrim—Tullaghan, Ang. 1889! R. F. Scharff. Mohill, July 1¢04! P. H. Grierson.
Sligo—Collooney, Sept. 1885 ! and Rockwood, Lough Gill, Oct. 1886 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Mayo E.—Manulla Junction, Sept. 1904! W. West.
Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Wane. Kylemore Castle Gardens, Sept. 1904 ! W. Comfort.
Galway W.—The predominant variety at Killereran, B. J. Clarke (Thompson, Ann. and May. N.H., Nov. 1840, p. 202). Aran Isles, Nov. 1890, lt. F. Scharff. Geytian Hill, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., 1895, p. 267).
Galway E.-—Dernasligzgan, April 1897, R. Welch. Var. castenea and sub-vars. brinneo-pallescens and oliracea, Clonbrock, Oct. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon.
Clare —Doonass, Ang. 1904! and Cratloc, Sept. 1904 1 R.A. Phillips. Woodpark, Scariff, Sept. 1904!N. F. Hibbert. Gardens, Dromoland Castle, Sept. L904 11. Carter,
Limerick—-Castleconnell, July 1904! R. AL Phillips. Limerick, Sept. 1904, (i. J. Fogerty.
Tipperary N.—Var. e¢stened and sub-var, offracea, shores of Longh Derg, ete., Sept. 19U4!G. J. Fogerty.
Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Malcolmson,
Waterford-—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter.
Cork N.—Mallow, Nov. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Queenstown, May 1891, R. FF. Scharff, Macroom, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Convamore, Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. N. Milne. Near Cork, Sept. 1904!) Baker.
Cork S.—Glengariff, May 1891, R. F. Schartf.
Kerry—Cloonee (Irish Nat., 1895, p. 220). Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Trish Naturalist, Sept. 1898). Kilflynn, Sept. 19041. Julian. Var. eastened and sub-var. olivacea, Valentia Island, Sept. 1904! Miss M. J. Delap. Sub-var. odivacec, Great Skellig (R. F. Scharff, Irish Naturalist, Jan. 1898).
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—The hrown variety is the prevalent one in Osnabruck, according to Borcherding. Plentiful, bunt small, about Berlin, according to Stein.
France—Recorded from Montpellier in the Heranlt by Grateloup ; from the Vosges by Puton; from Cote @’Or by Beandouin ; from Pas-de-Calais by Bouehard- Chanterenx ; from Grande-Chartreuse in the Isire, and from Aix-le-Bains in Savoy hy Bourguignat; while Dumont and Mortillet describe it as most abundant in the asin of the Lake of Geneva and in Savoy generally.
Switzerland—Commonest form about Berne (Studer, M. T. Ges. Berne, 1884). Foot of Mt. Pilatus, Aug. 1885!8, Chadwick.
ARION ATER. 179
Var. plumbea Roebuck, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1884, p. 146. Arion ater var. cinerea Roebuck, Nat., Sept. 1888, p. 284. Arion ater var. cinerascens Cockerell, Science Gossip, Feb. 1893, p. 25. ANIMAL uniform lead colour, sides paler, fringe dull yellow.
The sub-vars. cinerea and cinerascens are strictly identical, and are described as uniformly dark cinereons in colour, a dull brown foot-fringe with deep cinereous lineolation. The form may be regarded as including the pale plumbeous specimens discriminated by Mr. Roebuck under the name of plumbeco-pallescens,
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—A sub-var. banded with a darker shade, Trevedock road, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson.
Cornwall E.—St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards.
Devon N.—Belstone, near Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Ilfracombe, Aug. 1903 (Beeston & Wright, J. of Conch., July 1904).
Somerset S.—Bridewater, Sept. 1884! W. Vinson.
Surrey—Dorking, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham. Sub-var. cinerea, with orange fringe, Bletchingley near Reigate, Ang. 1903! L. E. Adams.
Middlesex—Muswell Hill road, Highgate, July 1888 ! and Churchyard Bottom, Highgate, April 1889! H. W. Kew. Sub-var. cinerascens, Bedford Park (T. D. A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, 1885, p. 224).
Oxford—Churehyard, Combe, abundant, July 1904! Rev. 8. 8. Pearce.
Bedford—General Cemetery, Luton, April 1889! J. Saunders.
Glamorgan—Cardiff, Nov. 1889! F. W. Wotton. Sub-var. plianbeo-pallescens, near Llanelly, Sept. 1904! J. Nevill.
Pembroke—Tenby, Aug. 1884! J. Madison.
Montgomery —Sub-var. cinerea, with yellow fringe, Welshpool, Ang. 1889! J. Bickerton Morgan.
Carnarvon—Sub-var. cinerer, Llanrwst, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck.
Leicester—Bradgvate Park, Leicester, June 1887! H. E. Quilter.
Notts.—Pleasley Vale, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Sub-var. cinerea, Tuxford (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., 1893).
Derby—Markland Grip, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Near Ashbourne, Aug. 1889! Lionel E. Adams.
York N.E.—Egton Bridge, Aug. 1885! Baker Hudson. Farwath Bridge, Aug. 1886! and Skelton Beck Valley, Saltburn, May 1887! W. Denison Roebnek.
York S.W.—Shipley Glen (Soppitt and Carter, Naturalist, 1888, p. 97).
York Mid W.—Road-side near Pool, Ang. 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Wrang- thorn Churchyard, Leeds, Sept. 1890! A. N. Skipwith.
York N.W.—Angrain, Swaledale Head, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck.
Durham—Durham, July 1884 ! Baker Hudson.
Northumberland—Stockstield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven.
Cumberland—Brigham, Cockermouth, Sept. 1904! Mrs. Robinson.
SCOLLAND Aberdeen N.—Haiddo House, Nov. 1890! G. Muirhead. Sutherland E.—The Mound Rock above Loch Brora, Sept. 1884) W. bla IRELAND. Derry—Creagh Meadows, Toome, June 1893, R. L. Praeger and R. Welch. Antrim—A sub-var. laterally banded with darker, Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! Rev. §. A. Brenan. Murlough, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Cave Hill, 1893, and Glenavy River, May 1900, R. Welch. Garden, Manse, Antrim, Sept. 1904! W.S. Smith. Ballyeastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss O'Connor. Down—Garden, Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, Oct. 1904 ! A. W. Stelfox. Beech Hill near Newry, July 1904! 12. J. Anderson. . Monaghan—Drumreaske, Sept. 1904! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Donegal—Mulroy Bay near Milford, R. Welch. ; Meath—Sub-var. cinerea, Duleek, Nov. 1904! P. H. Grierson. . Wicklow—A dark-grey form at Altidore, July 1891, R. Ff. Scharff. Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1890, G. A. Barrett-Hamilton, Sligo—Rare about Sligo, July 1904, A. Stelfox and R. Welch. " R Mayo W.—Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, etc., Sept. 1904! G. J. Foxerty. Cork S.—Sub-var. cinerea, with orange fringe, common about Cork, Blarney, and Bantry, Sept. 1898, Lionel E. Adams. ; ; Kerry—Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Valentia Island, Sept. 1904! Miss Delap. : CONTINENTAL DISTR (BUTION. France—A grey variety is recorded from the Valley of Tremorgan in Finistére by Bourguignat.
180 ARION ATER.
Var. hiberna Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 134.
etrion hibernus Mabille, op. cit. A slrion empiricorum var, violescens Collinge, mss.
ANIMAL of a beautiful rusty purple, paler at the sides; in alcohol the brilliant and velvety aspect is lost and the animal becomes of a purply-black.
Edinburgh—A deep purple variety, Braidburn near Edinburgh, July 1888! W. Eagle Clarke.
Fife and Kinross—Var. violescens, St. Andrews, W. E. Collinge.
Dublin—An uniformly claret-coloured ny amongst the fallen pine needles, which they much resemble, in the pine-woods at Howth and Killakee, in the Dublin Mountains, Sept. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
France—Found in winter only in the Forests of Meudon and Bondy in the Department of the Seine ; it has also been reported from the Aisne, Oise, Seine et Marne, and Seine et Oise.
Var. rufa L., Syst. Nat., 1758, ed. x., vol. 1., p. 652.
Limax rufus L., op. cit.
Limax rufus B nigrescens Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat. Jorat, 1798, i., p. 268.
Limax coccineus Gistel, Naturg. d. Thierreichs, 1848, p. 168.
alrion empiricorum jonstonii Kalenicz., Mosc. Bull., 1851, p. 113.
Arion empiricorum lamarckit Kalenicz., op. cit., p. 113.
Arion rufus a vulgaris Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, ii., p. 10, pl. 1, f. 1.
Arion rufus Y rubcr Moquin-Tandon, op. cit., pl. 1, f. 21.
Arion rufus € draparnaudi Moquin-Tandon, op. cit., pl. 1, f. 23. slrion servainiana Mabille, Ann. Malac., 1870, p. 109.
Arion rufus 4° rufula Baudon, Mém. Limaciens de I'Oise, 1871, p. 4.
ANIMAL red or reddish, usually of « ferrugineous tint, with generally a paler and brighter fringe.
The sub-vars. jonstonii, vulgaris, and servainiana are described as rufous and are synonymous with the typical rufa.
The sub-var. rufula is pale rufons, and is in part the var. pallescens Moq.-Tand.
The sub-vars. ecoecinea, lamarekii, and rubra have all been described as bright vermilion or deep red, and are adopted in that sense.
The sub-var. draparnaudi is deep red with a yellow foot-fringe.
The sub-var. nigrescens Raz. is of deep red-brown, with red foot-fringe.
This variety is the prevalent form in the dry and warm regions of Central Enrope, where it frequently attains a great size and a brilliant colour, far surpassing the comparatively small and dull-coloured examples of our own country. The var. rufa usually oceupies the plains and the lower mountain slopes, seldom ascending above an altitude of 3,000 feet, while the black variety is most common in the outlying countries, and also ascends to much higher elevations on the mountains.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—Saint’s Bay, Guernsey (‘Tomlin & Marquand, J. of Conch., Jan. 1903, p. 287). Fermain Bay, Guernsey, and on Sark, July 1886, B. Tomlin.
Devon S.—Culverhole, Auv. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Devon N.—Var. rufa-fasciata, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. W. Mason.
Hants. S.—Frequent near Christehurch, 1886, C. Ashford.
Hants. N.—Preston Candover, April 1884! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Kent E.—Sub-var. rubra, Shepherdswell, Aug. 1896 ! L. E. Adams.
Kent W.—St. Mary Cray, July 1883 (Cockerell, N.H. Notes, 1883, p. 124).
Middlesex—Sub-var. draparnaudi, Highgate, June 1888! H. Wallis Kew.
Suffolk E.—Needham Market (A. Maytield, J. of Conch., April 1903, p. 295). Blaxhall, July 1885! G. T. Rope.
Norfolk E.—A sub-var, with scarlet foot-fringe common at Strnmpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. ©. Holmes. ;
Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, 1894, T. Petch.
Hereford—Not infrequent (Boycott and Bowell, Moll. Hereford, 1899).
Stafford—Cheadle (Masetield, Staff. List, 1902). Sub-var. draparnandi, near Hartington, April 1890! L. E. Adams.
Salop-—Minsterley, May 1887! L. E. Adams.
Glamorgan —Llandaff, July 1885! F. W. Wotton.
Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler.
Carnarvon— Sub-var, rufude, Bettws-y-Coed, Ang. 1865, C. Ashford.
Lincoln N.—Maltby Wood near Louth, Aug. 1888! H. Wallis Kew.
Notts.-—Cleveland Hill, West Markham, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Stanton- on-the- Wolds, E. J. Lowe. Wood, Ossington (Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893, p. 224). Hunger Hill Gardens, Nottingham (Dodd, Notts, List, 1893, p. 71).
ARION ATER. 181
Cheshire—Marple, Sept. 1888 ! Charles Oldham. Lancashire S,— Between Liverpool and Warrington, Sep. 1885,T. D. A. Cockerell. Sub-var. rubra, Knowsley nr. Liverpool, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 148). _York N.E.—High Cliff, Guisborough (Baker Hudson, J. of Conch., April 1886). Middlesbrough (id., Science Gossip, March 1885, p. 67). _ York S.W.—Wakefield district, frequent (G. Roberts, Hist. of Lofthouse, 1885, il., p. 238). Nab Wood near Saltaire (Soppitt & Carter, Nat., 1888, p. 97). York Mid W.—Washburndale, July 1885 ! W. D. Roebuck. Knareshovanih (Fitzgerald, J. of C., Jan. 1889). Overton Wood, York (Christy, Zool., 1881, p. 242). ; SCOTLAND. Ayr--Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Cumnock (Rev. J. MeMuttrie, J. of C. , Apr. 1883). Lanark —Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Wishaw (Rev. J. MeMurtrie, J. of C., Apr. 1883). Orkneys—Var. jonstonii, Castle Green, Sanday (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1897, p. 43). 5 IRELAND. Antrim—Snb-var. nigrescens Raz., common all round the Antrim coast ; Cave Hill Quarries, 1893 ; Murlough Bay, 1894 ; Brown’s Bay, 1899, R. Welch. Down—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Loughislandreavy, Oct. 1897; Union Locks, 1899, R. Welch. Donegal—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Ardara Woods, 1900, R. Welch. Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904 ! James M. Welch. Meath—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Cairns on Loughcrew Hills, July 1900, R. Welch. Dublin—Sub-var. rufula, Leeson Park, Dublin, Aug. 1894, R. F. Scharff. Galway W.—Sub-var. rufula, Aran Isles, R. F. Scharff. Tipperary S.—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Clonmel, Oct. 1904! Mrs. Malcolmson. Waterford—Sub-v. draparnaudi, Mountain rd., Clonmel, Apl. 1888, A. H. Delap. Kerry—Var. rufa, Valentia Island, May 1890, R. F. Scharff. Kilflynn, Sep. 1904! J. Julian. Var. rufa and sub-var. draparnaudi, Gt. Skellig, Ap]. 1888, A. H. Delap.
CONTINENTAL AND GENERAL DISTRIBUTION. Germany—Distributed_ throughout the country, records having been noted for Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Cassel, East Prussia, Hanover, Holstein, Lauenberg, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Pomerania, Prussia, Reuss, Rhenish Prussia, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Westphalia, and Wurtemburg. . Belgium—Recorded from Antwerp, Hainault, Liége, Luxembourg, Namur, and West Flanders. Sub-v. vulgaris, Vielsalm, 1867 (Colbeau, Bull. Mal. Soc. Belg., 1867). France—The var. rufa is found throughout France, and has been recorded from the departments of the Ain, Aisne, Ariége, Aude, Basses Pyrénées, Charente Inferiéure, Céte-d’Or, Finistére, Gard, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Hante Loire, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Llle-et-Vilaine, Isére, Loire Inferi¢ure, Lot-et- Garonne, Manche, Maine-et-Loire, Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Doéme, Pyrénées-Orientales, Savoie, Seine Inferi¢ure, Seine et Marne, Vendée, Vienne, and the Isle of Corsica. The sub-var. rafula is found in the forest of Hez, Oise; the sub-var. rubra in the same departinent, growing to an enormous size at Noailles; the sub-var. nigrescens Raz., is found at Aix-les-Bains, Savoy; the sub-var, servainiana in the great forests of the Aisne; the sub-var. draparnaudi is found in the Somme, while the sub-vars. draparneudi, marginella, and rubra are all common in the Ain, the Rhone, the Seine, and Haute Loire. Switzerland—Plentiful in Neuchatel and Zurich, also at Bex and Vevey in Vaud. Sub-var. draparnaudi, Maderaner-Thal, Canton Uri, Mrs. Manville Fenn.
Italy—In Lombardy, the var. rifa is recorded from gardens and cultivated land in Comasco and Bresciana, and as been found on Monte Codeno, at about 5,000 feet altitude. It has also been found near Menaggio by Brockton Towlin. In Piedmont it is recorded fron: the banks of the River Po. In Venetia from about Friuli. In Emilia from Reggio and Modena. In Tuscany from Pieve Fosciana near Lucca, and Bagni di Lucca, and is also recorded from Campania, at Naples, by Costa.
According, however, to Pollonera, this species is not found naturally in Italy, but has been artificially transplanted into the Royal Park at Monza, and from thence to the banks of the Gravellone near Pavia in Lombaidy; other records are unreliable, probably due to erroneous identification.
Spain—Noguera-Pallaresa, Catalonia (Fagot, Faun. Catal., 1884, p. 170). Sub- vars. vulgaris and draparnaudi, Galicia (Hidalgo, Hojas Malacoldgicas, 1870).
Norway—Sub-vars. vidgaris and rufa from Sverresborg, Bergen, and Christiania.
Sweden—Nilsson says in shady woods; found near Gothenburg by Malm.
Russia—The sub-var. jonstonii is recorded by Kaleniczenko for Wolezansk, Kupiansk, and Wulki in Kharkov; and sub-var. lamarchu from Achtyrka, Lebedin, and Zmiew in the same district, but according to Dr. Simroth, erroneously.
182 ARION ATER,
Algeria—d rion rufus is recorded by Aucapitaine as rare on the trunks of old fig trees in spring, at Thaguemoun'th-ih’addaden, also at Beni Raten, and on the road to Medeah. ‘The examples are more probably A. suhfuscus or some allied species.
Azores—The A. rufus recorded by Morelet is according to Simroth A. lusitanicus.
Var. suecinea Miiller, Vern. Hist., 1774, p. 7, no. 203. Limax succineus Muller, op. cit. Limax lutens Razoumowsky, Hist. Nat, Jorat, 1789, p. 269. Arion entpiricorum var. flavescens Fér., Tabl., Syst., 1819, p. 18. Arion melanocephalus Vér., op. cit. alrion entpiricorum schranckit Kalenicz., Bull, Mose., 1851, p. 114. Arion rufus § succincus Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, 1856, ii., p. 10, pl. 1, f. 22. Arion rufus var. aurantia Baudon, Nouv. Cat. Moll. Oise, 1862. Alrion rufus var. livida Colb., Ann. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1863, p. 32. Arion aicr var, pallescens Williams, Shell Collectors’ Handbook, 1888, p. 85.
ANIMAL yellow or yellowish, foot-fringe usually orange or red.
Miiller’s original description is ‘rufo fuscus vel succini coloris,” but the name is here restricted to the yellow forms. |
This variation is usually found only in young or half-grown individuals, but occasionally this juvenile colouration persists to adult life.
The sub-var. melanoeephala «differs from the type by the head and tentacles being obscure or blackish.
The sub-var, aurantia has the body of an orange colour.
The sub-var. livida has the body of a livid yellow colour, tinged greenish-grey especially on the back, foot-fringe orange, sole yellowish-grey.
The sub-var. pallesecens Williams, is pale yellow and is the var. Zifco-pallescens of Cockerell and in part the var. po//escens of Moquin-Tandon.
ENGLAND AND IVALES.
Cornwall W.—Rewegean near St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson.
Devon N.—Var. surcinea and sub-var, Urida, Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Daisy Mason.
Somerset S.—Bridgwater, Sept. 1884! W. Vinson.
Hants. S.—Charlton, July 1884! W. Jeffery. Sub-var, welanocephala, Bitterne, July 1884! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Hants. N.—Sub-var. /uéro-pallescens, Preston Candover, Oct., 1886 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Surrey—Sub-var. welenocephala, ur. Warlinghamn, July 1883, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Essex N.—Sub-var. /ivida, Manningtree, July 1904! Rey. Proctor Benwell.
Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, April 1889! H. W. Kew.
Berks.—Sub-var. aelanocephala, Maidenhead, iigael E. Adams.
Gloucester W.—Strond, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Hereford—Sub-var. divida, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. Blake.
Salop—Sub-var. /ufeo-pallescens, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Glamorgan—Parkmill, Gower, 1901, H. Rowland Wakelield.
Pembroke-—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler.
Cardigan—Garden, Alerayron, June 1888 ! Miss Maddy.
Merioneth—Sub-var. /uteo-padleseens, common in the county, Lionel E. Adams.
Carnarvon—Bettws-y-Coed, Ang. 1865, C. Ashford. Sub-var. melanocephala, Conway Castle, June 1888 ! W. Whitwell.
Lincoln N.—Hanghain Wood near Louth, April 1886! W, Denison Roebuck.
Notts.—Meadows below Hightield House, Nottingham, E. J. Lowe, 1885. Sub- var. melanocephala, Cresswell Crags and Pleasley Vale, April 1884! C. ‘T, Musson.
Cheshire—Ringway near Bowdon, July 1885! J. G. Milne. Sub-var. luéeo- pallesecus, Romiley, Oct. 1886! C. Oldham,
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. duteo-pallescens, Whalley and Farington, June 1890 ! W. H. Heathcote.
York N.E.—Farwath Bridge, Aug. 1886! and Skelton Beck Valley, Saltburn, also sub-var. /iteo-pallescens, Wilton Wood, May 1887! W. Denison Ltoebuek.
York Mid W.—Meanwood Wood, Leeds, Ane. 1882! W. Denison Roebuck. Sub-var. lutco-pallescens, Armley, April 1890! Lionel E. Adams.
York N.W.—Satron and Angram, July [884 ! also Storthwaite in Arkengarth- dale, Aug. 1885! W. Denison Roebuck.
Durham—Sule-var. aurantia, Durham ! W.D, Roebuck, Nat., July 1889, p. 212. Sub-var. dudeo-pallescens, Middleton-in-Teesdale, Aug. 1889! Rev. E. P. Ixnubley.
Westmorland—Sub-var. welinocephala, Orrest. Head, June 1902! C, Oldham.
Cumberland—Sub-var. (foide, Brigham, Cockermouth, Sep. 1904 ! Mrs. Robinson.
Isle of Man—Port Erin and Ramsey, 1881, L. E. Adams. Sub-var. melanovephala, Douglas, Sep. 1902! 1", Paylor, Sub-var, /udco-pal/escens, Peel, Aug. 1804, R. Cairns.
ARION ATER. 183
F : SCOTLAND, Ayr—Skelmorlie, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Maybole! W. Evans.
Peebles—Sub-var. luteo-padlescens, Riddenlees and Leadburn, J uly 1889 !W. D. Roebuck.
Berwick—Sub-var. luteo-pallescens, Cowdenknowes, and Pease Dean near Cock- burnspath, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Stirling—Sub-var. lutco-pallescens, Balmore, Sept. 1888! A. Shaw.
Dumbarton-—Garscadden, June 1889 ! A. Shaw.
: ; IRELAND. Antrim—Cave Hill, Belfast, March 1884!8. A. Stewart. Dunluce Castle, Dec.
1883, L. E. Adams. Sub-var, Zuteo-pallescens, Cushendun, May 1886! 8. A. Brenan. Armagh—Sub-var. luteo-pallescens, Armagh, June 1885 ! Rev. H. W. Lett. Donegal —Sub-var. luteo-pallescens, Letterkenny, May 1889! H. ©. Hart. Louth—Snb-var. livida, near Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—Sub-vars. aurantia anid luteo-pallescens, common by road-sides, Donny-
brook, Aug. 1888! G. A. Barrett-Hamilton.
Kildare—Mavynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Wicklow—Sub-var. livida, with perceptible lateral banding, Enniskerry, Aug.
1904! P. H. Grierson.
Wexford—A yellowish fawn-colonred var. at Wexford, Sept. 1890! R. F. Scharff. Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904! D. R. Pack-Beresford. Mayo W.—Sub-var. aurantia, with faint lateral bands, Enniscoe demesne,
Crossmolina, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Clare—Sub-var. livida, Woodpark, Seariff, Sept. 1904! N. F. Hibbert.
Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Malcolmson.
Cork N.—Youghal (Humphreys, Fauna and Flora of Cork, 1845, p. 2). Var. succinea and sub-var. divida, near Cork, Sept. 1904! C. Baker.
Kerry—Sub-var, duteo-pallescens, Kilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Belgium—Sub-var. divida, Trooz near Liége. Sub-var. pallescens, Chaudfontaine and Stoumont (Colbean, op. cit.).
France—This variety has been reported from the Cantal, Cote d’Or, Hante Loire,
Maine-et-Loire, Morbihan, Oise, Puy-de-Déme, Rhone, Seine, Somme, and Vosges. Switzerland—A yellowish-fawn coloured variety, with red foot-fringe, common
at Engelberg in Canton Unterwalden, and Sonnenberg in Canton Lucerne, July 1904! Spain—Galicia (Macho t. Hidalgo, Hojas Malacolégicas, 1870). Russia—Recorded by Kaleniczenko as var. schranckii for Achtyrka, Lebedin,
and Zmiew, in the government of Kharkov, but according to Simroth in error.
Var. alba L., Syst. Nat., ed. xii., 1767, p. 1081, no. 2.
Limax albus margine luteo Miller, Esterr. om Swamp., 1763, p. 61.
Limax albus L., op. cit.
Arion albus Fér., Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 64, pl. 2, f. 3.
Arion albus var. sineplex Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 185d, ii., p. 12. Arion albus var. marginatus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Arion albus var. oculatus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Arion albus var. elegans Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Arion ater var. cinereo-nebulosus Jensen, Indberetning, 1872.
Arion ater var. albida Roebuck, J. of Conch , 1883, iv., p. 40.
Lochea alba Malm, Skand. Land Snigl., 1878, p. 37, pl. 1, f. 2.
Body white or whitish, with or without yellow foot-fringe, and perceptible pigmented lineolation.
The sub-var. simplex is uniformly white or whitish.
The sub-vars. marginata and albida are white or whitish with yellow foot- fringe, and are also in part the var. pallescens of Moquin-Tandon.
The sub-var. elegans is white or whitish with orange head and foot-fringe.
The sub-var. oculata is white or whitish with black tentacles.
The sub-var. einereo-nebulosa is whitish dorsally, with obscure cinereous spots on the sides of the body and sole, foot-fringe yellow. It forms an interesting connecting link with the var. bocage? through the var. glauca.
This variety, according to Leach, is chiefly found in chalky districts, while Dumont and Mortillet believe it to be due to living in very shady forests. ‘he variation is usually pathological, being really due to a deficiency of secretory power, lt is sometimes found in young specimens in which that function is as yet unde- veloped, and is a condition liable to occur wherever the species is found; but the real cause of the deficiency is still obscure, though Gredler states that the preval- ence of the albine form is often an indication that the species has reached the limit of its horizontal or vertical distribution.
184 ARION ATER.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Devon N.—Ilfracomhe, Aug. 1903 (Beeston and Wright, J. of C., July 1904, p. 73).
Dorset—Sub-var. marginata, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt.
Kent W.—Sub-var. marginate, Dartford, J. E. Gray. (Leach, Syn., 1852, p. 49). North Downs near Harrietsham, June 1897 ! Henry Lamb.
Herts.—Sub-var. marginata, Rickmansworth, Sept. 1895! J. T. Carrington. Gardens, Watford, J. Hopkinson, Trans. Herts. N.H. Soc., 1884, p. 27.
Berks. —Sub-var. ocv/ata, Maidenhead, June 1880, L. E. Adams.
Northampton—Haselbeech, Rev. W. A. Shaw.
Gloucester E.—Sub-var. marginata, Dowdeswell wood, Cheltenham, June 1885! E. D. Marquand.
Monmouth—Sub-var. oculata, Chepstow, Aug. 1886! J. Madison.
Hereford—Cream coloured specimens used to be cominon on the canal-side near Holner (Boycott and Bowell, Hereford List, 1899).
Warwick—Sub-var. maryinata, Sutton Coldfield, H. Overton.
Stafford—Sub-var. marginata, Trentham, Allen Howe (Masefield’s Staffordshire List, 1902).
Salop—Sub-var. albida, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Denbigh—Sub-var. marginata, Llangwystenin, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck.
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. marginata, Whalley, Sept. 1886! C. Oldham.
York Mid W.—Sub-var. marginata, Hawkesworth wood, Horsforth, June 1892! Horton-in-Ribblesdale, 1892 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Type of sub-var. albida, Ambleside, June 1882! Rev. J. MeMurtrie. Sub-var. oculata, Grange, July 1904! W. J. Davey. Ulverston, Aug. 1903! 8. Lister Petty. ;
Isle of Man—Sub-var. marginata, Onchan, Aug. 1894, F. Taylor; and Port Erin, 1902, H. Overton.
Lanark—Sub-var. marginata, Uddingston, June 1889! A. Shaw. Selkirk—Sub-var. elegans, Thornielee station-yard, Aug. 1886! W. D. Roebuck. Kincardine—North Esk near Morphie, May 1891! W. Duncan.
SCOTLAND.
IRELAND.
Derry—Common about Coleraine, 1883, L. E. Adams.
Down—Sub-var. marginata, Loughbrickland, June 1886! Rev. H. W. Lett.
Louth—Sub-var. ocudata, Carlingford, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Sub-var. marginata, Rathmines, April 1887! R. F. Scharff.
Meath—Sub-vars. simplea and marginata, Slane, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904! Lord Crofton.
Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Malcolmson.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—The var. alba has been recorded from Baden, Lausitz, Nassau, Prussia, Saxony, and Silesia. The sub-var. simplex from Silesia and Hesse Cassel.
Belgium—Var. alba enumerated by Colbean for Belgium.
Holland—Cited for North Holland by von Martens.
France—The var. adba is distributed through East and West France, the Alps, and Pyrénées, and has been recorded for Hantes-Pyrénées, the Alps of Dauphiny, Finistére, Lille in the Nord, the mountain-forest of Faucigny in Savoy, and Pas-de- Calais. Sub-vars. oculata, elegans, simpler, and marginata are enumerated as French by Moquin-Tandon.
Switzerland—Recorded by Charpentier as moderately rare at Sollalex and the Finshauts in the Valais.
Norway—Not so common as the black variety ; it has, however, been recorded from the Isle of Haaéen in the Gulf of Christiania ; also from Modum, Tonsberg, Laurvik, Asker, Skien, Bergen, and as far north as Trémsdalen in Arctic Norway, and in Iceland. The sub-var. cincreo-nebulosa, Naes (Westerlund, Syn. Moll. Extram. Skand., 1897, p. 39).
Sweden—The var. alba is recorded from Blekinge, Bohusland, Christianstad, and Friéllinge in Halland ; Goteberg, Nerike, Westergitland, Westmanland, and the neighbourhood of Stockholm ; sub-vars. marginata and simplex at Fréllinge in Halland ; and sub-var. oculata at Esperéd, in Scania, all rarely.
Denmark—Environs of Harbourg, Friedrichsdal, and Copenhagen in Zealand, also in Jutland, and the Isle of Bornholm.
Russia— Var. «/ba, frequent in shady woods in Tchernigov ; sub-vars. marginata and sae at Achtyrka; and sub-var. oealata, at Peele. in Kharkov, all
recorded by Kaleniczenko, but according to Dr. Simroth incorrectly.
ARION ATER. 185
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. boeagei Simroth, Zool. Anz., 1888, no. 272. Arion rufus var. glauca Colbeau, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1867, p. 46.
ANIMAL uniformly white, except the foot-sole, which is black.
The young are of a lively red, the head somewhat lilac, and the foot pale, later the dorsum becomes whitish, changing to blackish-brown towards the sole, which is fairly dark ; as they reach the adolescent stage the back becomes whiter, the white- ness extending towards the sole, which becomes darker, a phase figured by Simroth (Nacktschn. Portug.-Azor. Faun., 1891, pl. 13, f. 1); it is only when fully adult that the animal assumes the almost uniformly white body and black foot-sole.
Thesub-var. glauca is greenish-white, with greyish sides, foot-sole blackish-grey, head, neck, and tentacles purplish-black, and though verified by Colbeau as a young stage of rufa is almost identical with the immature stage of the true bocagei.
Under the name of bocagei, various forms have been recorded as British which have little or no relation with that variety.
Belgium—Sub-var. glauca, Forest of Soigne, and a few other places. Portugal—Vavr. bocagei, Las Caldas do Gerez in Minho (Simroth, op. cit., 1891).
Var. albolateralis Roebuck, Journ. of Conch., 1883, p. 39.
Arion enpiricorum var. medius Jensen, Indberetning, 1872.
ANIMAL black, sides quite white, the two colours being sharply defined ; foot pale, with orange fringe.
Sub-var. media has a black dorsum and white sides, with an intermediate pale- brown area, which extends over the front and sides of the shield, and is tentatively placed here, though Prof. Cockerell regards it as probably a variety of A. subfuscus.
This var. albolateralis is restricted to the north and west of the British Isles. Simroth, however, speaks of a black and white variety from Bremen.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—A sub-var. with grey foot-fringe at Penzance, Sept. 1885! E. D. Marquand. Falmouth, a specimen in British Museum, T. D. A. Cockerell, Sept. 1884.
Cornwall E.—Abundant on Queen’s Hill, St. Columb, June 1885! Wm. Vinson. St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards.
Devon S.—Topsham, Aug. 1892, L. E. Adams.
Wilts. S.—Salisbury, Auy. 1904! A. D. R. Bacchus.
Dorset—Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Abbotsbury, May 1889! W. Whitwell. Old British Camp, Charminster, Aug. 1889! T. F. Burrows. Maiden Castle, T. F. Brown (Mansel Eloydell. Moll. Dorset, 1898, p. 5).
Sussex W.—Singleton, not very characteristic, July 1884 ! W. Jeffery.
Kent E.—A colony at Kingsdown, Sept. 1891 ! L. E. Adams.
Gloucester E.—Leckhampton, June 1885! J. Madison.
Monmouth—Shirenewton, July 1890! E. J. Lowe.
Stafford—Stafford, 1886! L. E. Adams.
Salop—Minsterley, May 1887! L. E. Adams. Oswestry, June 1885 ! B. Hudson.
Cardigan—Aberystwyth, May 1888 ! E. Collier.
Montgomery—Timber-yard, Welshpool, June 1889! J. Bickerton Morgan.
Merioneth—Nant-y-Mor, June 1901! W. Denison Roebuck. Bont ddu near Dolgelly, and slopes of Cader Idris, July 1886! F. G. Fenn.
Carnarvon-—Bettws-y-Coed. Ang. 1865, C. Ashford. Dinas station! and abun- dant at Trefriw, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck.
Anglesea—Llanfaes, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne.
York S.W.—Hedon, April 1904, and Danes Dyke, T. Petch.
Northumberland—River side, West Woodburn, Sept. 1886! R. Howse.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Hill Fell, May 1885! W. West. Coniston, April 1887!S. C. Cockerell. Greenodd near Ulverston, Sept. 1904 ! 8. Lister Petty.
Isle of Man—Bradda Head, 1880, L. E. Adams. Kirk Braddan and Onchan, Aug. 1885 (J. Moore, Sci. Goss., April 1886, p. 94). Port Erin, 1902, H. Overton.
SCOTLAND,
Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, June 1884! W, Baillie.
186 ARION ATER.
IRELAND. Antrim— Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886! Rev. S. A. Brenan. Island Magec, June 1903, R. Patten. Meath—Slane, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. ; : 7 Galway W.—AAran Isles, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Norway —Sub-var. media, Bergen (Miss Esmark, J. of Conch., Oct. 1886).
Var. bicolor Roebuck, not of Moq.-'land., Hist. Moll. France, 1845, p. 11. Avion ater var. elinvolatus Cockerell, Science Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259. rion ater var. scharfi Cockerell, Journ. of Mal., 1893, p. 208.
ANIMAL deep brown, with sides of body yellowish or orange.
The sub-var. secharffi differs in the back being black instead of deep brown, sides yellow, and according to Prof. Cockerell his var, edénrofata is alnost identical.
The Arion rufus var. bicolor of Moquin-Tandon, judging by tigs. 6, 7, on plate 1 of Férussae’s work, which he cites as representing his form, is not this species, but clrion subfuseus. My. Roebuck first correctly used the name bicolor in connection with the present species.
Like the var. adbolateralis, this variety would seem in this country to be strictly western in its distribution, while Dr. Scharff has expressed the opinion that, according to his experience in Ireland, it is a strictly littoral form in that country, and states that Simroth has found similar specimens on the shores of the Baltic Sea.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—On heath, near Bodinin (Leach, Syn., 1852, p. 49). Scilly Isles, Aug. 1896! Rev. E. D. Roberts. Phillack near Hayle, Oct. 1884! 8. Hockin. Trevidock road, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson. Sub-var. edineolata, Truro, J. H. James (Cockerell, Science Gossip, 1.c¢.).
Cornwall E.—-Garden-bank, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson.
Devon S.—Topsham, Aug. 1892! Lionel E. Adams.
Devon N.—Clovelly 1898 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1898, p. 17). Lynton, 1898, F. J. Partridge (J. of Mal., 1898, p. 19).
Dorset—Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt.
Gloucester E.—Between Chalford and Sapperton, Sept. 1884! E. J. Elliott. Cheltenham, Aug. 1892, LE. Adams.
Gloucester W.—The usual form in the valley between Chalford and Sapperton, Sept. 1884! also found at Brimscombe, May 1884! E. J. Elliott.
Monmouth—Shirenewton Hall, May 1889! E. J. Lowe.
Stafford—IJn dingle near Stafford, Oct. 1885! L. E. Adams,
Lincoln N.-—Louth, amongst 7ussilago farfara, 1885, H. Wallis Kew.
Notts.—Embankment, Colwick station, Sept. 1884!C. T. Musson. East Mark- ham (W. A. Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893, p. 224).
Denbigh—Lower slopes of Cader Idris, July 1886 (Fenn, J. of Conch., July 1887).
Lancashire S.—Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148).
Isle of Man—Castletown and Peel, Aug. 1894! R. Cairns. Douglas, April 1904 (B. R. Lucas, J. of Conch., 1904, p. 90). Ramsay, Aug. 1894! F. Taylor.
IRELAND.
Antrim—Broughshane, 1886 ! Rev. 8. A. Brenan. Kenbane Port, 1901, Rk. Welch.
Meath—Navan, July 1888, R. F. Scharff. Common, Ardbracean Graveyard, July 1900, R. Welch.
Dublin— Near Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding. Howth, June 1890! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Garden, Rathmines, A. G. More (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 540). Var. schargi, common at Raheny (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 208).
Waterford—Several in a small bog, Ballygunner, Sept. 1883! J. H. Salter. Blenheim, Sept. 1889 ! Miss Glascott.
Galway W.--Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895 (R. Standen, Trish Nat., Sep. 1895).
Cork S.—Glengariff, Sept. 1898, L. KE. Adams. Schull (Phillips, Moll. Cork, 1894).
Kerry—Kenmare, July 1898 (R. Standen, Trish Nat., Sept. 1808). Kenmare Woods near Hotel, 1898, R. Standen and R. Welch. Cloonee Lakes, 1898, E. Collier and BR, Standen.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—Shores of Baltic Sea (Simroth t. Scharff).
Var. reticulata Roebuck, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1885. elvion ater var. subreticulatus Cockerell, Science Gossip, Nov. 1886, p. 259. ANIMAL with rugie dull yellow or dull white, with grey interstices, giving a heantifully reticulated appearance to (he whole body ; the shield is uniformly grey, foot-fringe pale or dull tawny-orange with the usual black lineolation. -* The sub-var. subreticulatus of Cockerell is less distinetly reticulated.
ARION ATER. 187
ENGLAND. Cornwall W.--Sub-y. subreticulata, Truro, J. H. James (Cockerell, Sc. Goss.,].¢.).
Antrim—Murlough, May 1897, Lionel E. Adams. eo
Louth—Carlingford, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—A sub-var. with deep black interstices, a blackish mid-dorsal line, and blackish shield, with indications of darker median and lateral-lines, was found at Howth, May 1892, R. F. Scharff.
Cork N.—Mallow, Nov. 1884! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Var. fasciata Van den Broeck, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1869, p. 87.
Arion rufus var fasciatus Van den Broeck, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1869, p. 87. Arion ater var, subdeletus Cockerell, Science Gossip, Aug. 1886, p. 187. Arion ater var. fasciata Cockerell, Science Gossip, Feb. 1889, p. 44.
ANIMAL with a black or blackish lateral band on each side of the body and shield.
The sub-var. subdeleta is greenish or yellowish-grey, lateral banding brownish and very indistinct, head and tentacles blue-black.
This variation, which is an illustration of colour development arrested at the banded juvenile stage, is liable to occur in all the various ground colonrings, but is more frequently met with in Ireland and other countries towards the limits of the distributional area of the species, than at or near the more active evolutionary centre, where the more uniform typical colouration of the body is more consistently and generally acquired.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—Sub-var. plimbeo-fasciata, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson.
Kent E.—One specimen, sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Dover, Ap. 1899, L. E. Adams.
Norfolk E.—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes.
Stafford—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, near Stafford, Aug. 1886 ! L. E. Adams.
Pembroke—Sub-v. brunneo-fasciata, North Cliff, Tenby, Feb. 1898! A. G. Stubbs.
Derby—One specimen, sub-v. brunneo-fasciata, Norbury, June 1897, L. E. Adams.
York S.W.—One specimen, sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Penistone, L. E. Adams.
IRELAND.
Derry—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Magilligan, Sept. 1904! J. N. Milne.
Antrim—Sub-var. plumbeo-fasciata, Broughshane, June 1886 ! Rev. S. A. Brenan.
Monaghan—Ssub-vars. brunneo-fasciata and nigrescens-fasciata, Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Drumeondra and Slane, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Sub-var. branneo-fasciata, Kill-of-the-Grange, April 1886 ! and Glen Druid, near Carrickmines, Oct. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Wicklow—Sub-var. livida-fasciata, Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Leitrim—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, Swiss Valley, Glencar, July 1904! A. W. Stelfox ; and Mohill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Mayo W.—Sub-var. aurantia-fasciata, Enniscoe Demesne, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. ;
Tipperary N.—Sub-var. brunneo-fasciata, shores of Lough Derg, Sept. 1904 ! G. J. Fogerty. .
Cork S.—Sub-var. rufo-fasciata, common at Glengariff, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Belgium—Var. rufo-fasciata, Bel-Oeil, Hainault and Fond de Forét near Liége.
Var. marginella Schranck, Fauna Boica, 1803, p. 252, no. 3158.
Limax marginellus Schranck, op. cit. : : . .
Arion empiricorum swammerdamii Kalenicz., Bull, Mosc., 1851, t. xxiv., pt. ii., p. 113.
Arion empiricorum razoumowsksii Kalenicz., op. cit. .
Arion rufus marginatus Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., p. 11, pl. i, f. 24.
Arion rufus 1 nigrescens Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. : 2
Arion ater var griseo-marginata Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 6. ANIMAL with black body and shield, foot-fringe yellow or vermilion red.
The Limax marginellus Schranck, Arion empiricorum swammerdanii Kal., and Arion rufus var. marginata Moq., all conform to the varietal description.
The sub-vars. nigrescens Mogquin-Tandon and razoumowskii Kal. appear identical, the hody being blackish in colour, and the foot-fringe yellowish or reddish.
The sub-var. griseo-marginata has the foot-fringe greyish.
188 ARION ATER.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—St. Sampson’s, Guernsey (Tomlin and Marquand, J. of Conch., Jan. 1908, p. 287).
Cornwall W.—Trevidock road, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson.
Cornwall E.—Sub-var. nigrescens, St. Columb, May 1885! W. Vinson.
Devon S.—Prince’s Town, Dartmoor, July 1884!C. J. Waterfall.
Devon N.—Var. marginella and sub-var. nigrescens, Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Sub-var. nigrescens, Glenthorne, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell.
Somerset S.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Bridgwater, Sept. 1884! W. Vinson.
Wilts. N.—Var. marginella and sub-var. nigrescens, Swindon (T. D. A. Cockerell, J. of Conch., July 1886, p. 83).
Dorset—Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt.
Kent W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, St. Mary Cray, Sept. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Herts.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Totteridge, May 1888! H. W. Kew.
Middlesex—Sub-var. nigrescens, Acton, Aug. 1884! and Bedford Park, Chiswick, Feb. 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Monmouth—Sub-var. nigrescens, Talywain, July 1904 ! John Manners.
Stafford—Sub-var. nigrescens, Rowley Park, Stafford, May 1884! E. H. Wynne. Common about Stafford, June 1886 !L. E. Adams. Ramsor, Feb. 1890! T. F. Burrows.
Salop—Oswestry, June 1885! B. Hudson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Llanforda and St. Oswald’s Well, near Oswestry, June 1885! B. Hudson.
Glamorgan—Sub-var. nigrescens, hanks of River Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885 ! F. W. Wotton. Llandaff, ete. (id., J. of Conch., April 1886, p. 53).
Carmarthen—Near Llanelly, Oct. 1904! H. Rowland Waketield.
Cardigan—Sub-var. nigrescens, Aberayron, June 1888 ! W. Whitwell.
Montgomery—Sub-var. nigrescens, Llanwddyn, May 1889! J. B. Morgan.
Merioneth—Sub-v. nigrescens, Barmouth, alt. 2,000 ft., Aug. 1884! J. Hopkinson.
Carnarvon—Sub-var. nigrescens, Snowdon, April 1887 ! J. Madison.
Lincoln N.—Subd-var. nigrescens, Louth, Oct. 1886! H. W. Kew. Cadney and Ancholme Bank, Aug. 1902! Rev. E. A. Woodrutte- Peacock.
Leicester—Oadby near Leicester, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Market Harborough, June 1885! H. E. Quilter.
Notts.—Pleasley Vale ! Worksop ! and Cleveland Hill, West Markham, April 1884 ! also sub-var. nigrescens, Colwick, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Garden at Tuxford, April 1885 ! W. A. Gain.
Derby—Markland Grip, April 1884!C. T. Musson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Darley Dale, June 1890! W. H. Heathcote:
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Farington, June 1890! W. H. Heathcote.
York N.E.—Slater’s Nurseries, Malton, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Common about Guisborough, Marton, Thornaby, Upleatham, Middlesbrough, ete. (Baker Hudson, J. of Conch., April 1886, p. 48). Sub-var. nigrescens, Pickering Castle Hill, Aug. 1886 ! and Saltburn Cliffs, May 1887! W. Denison Roebnek.
York Mid W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Bradley Hill, Kildwick, April 1884 ! and Canal bank, near Armley, Oct. 1884! W. Denison Roebuck.
York N.W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Ivelet Bridge, July 1884! and ahout Gunner- side, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Sleightholmedale, Aug. 1903! R. Gibbs.
Durham—Durham, Apl. 1885 ! High Force, June 1884 ! and Spa Wood, May 1887! B. Hudson. Sub-var. nigrescens, Langdon Beck, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck.
Isle of Man—Douglas, Sept. 1892! F. Taylor.
SCOTLAND.
Roxburgh—Sub-var. grisco-marginata, Langlee, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh.
Berwick—Sub-var. nigrescens, Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Edinburgh—Sub-var. nigrescens, Braidburn, July 1888! W. E. Clarke.
Forfar—Den of Airlie ! C. B. Plowright.
Aberdeen S.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Drum Woods, Deeside, Sept. 1886! C. B. Plowright ; and near Botanic Gardens, Old Aberdeen, Sept. 1904! G. Sim.
Dumbarton—Sub-var. nigrescens, Garscadden, June 1889 ! A. Shaw.
Clyde Isles—Sub-var. nigrescens, Loch Greenan, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roe- buck ; and at Rothesay, Isle of Bute ! T. Scott.
Cantire—Sub-var. nigrescens, Tarbert, April 1886! T. Scott.
Ebudes S.—Sub-var. vigrescens, near Port Charlotte, Islay, Nov. 1890! W. Evans.
Sutherland E.—Loch Brora, June 1884! and the Blue Rock, Sept. 1884! W. Baillie.
Shetlands—Sub-var. nigrescens, Moss Bank, Sept. 1904! T. Bowie.
PLATE XVITT.
1. Avion ater var. atva, p. 175. 2. Arion ater subvar. albida, p. 183. Barmouth, J. Hopkinson. Ambleside, Rev. Dr. McAMlurtrie.
3. A. ater subvar. rubra, p. 180. 4. A. ater var. plumbea, p. 179. Shepherdswell, L. &. Adams. St Austell, C. P. Richards.
. ater var. succinea, p. 182. ar Bowden, J. G. Milne.
6. Arion ater var. albolateralis, p. 185. Greenodd near Ulverston, S. Lister Petty
8. Arion ater subvar. brunneofasciata, p North Clif, Tenby, A. G. Stubbs,
7. Avion ater var. castanea, p. 176. Stratford St. Mary, G. T. Rope.
9. Axion ater var. bicolor, p. 186. 10. Arion ater var. reticulata, p Brimscombe, fF. J. Fltiott. (after Scharff ).
J. W. & E. Taylor, del. Laylor Bros., Leeds.
ARION ATER. 189
: : ; IRELAND. Antrim—Sub-var. nigrescens, Colin Glen near Belfast, June 1884! 8. A. Stewart.
Down—Sub-var. nigrescens, Slieve Donard, alt. 1,500 feet, Sept. 1884 ! and New- castle, Oct. 1884! Rev. H. W. Lett.
Monaghan—Common in fields about Cremorne, Aug. 1805, Mr. Templeton (Thompson, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 10). Sub-var. nigrescens, Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Tyrone—Sub-var. nigrescens, Baronscourt, Sept. 1904! Robert Bell.
Fermanagh—Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Dean of Clogher.
Dublin—Road-sides around Donnybrook, August 1888! G. Barrett-Hamilton. Sub-var. nigrescens. Kingstown, June 1886! . F. de Vismes Kane. Howth, Apl. 1887! R. F. Scharff. Cabragh Old Road, Dublin, Apl. 1886! J. R. Redding.
Wicklow—Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Carlow—-Sub-var. nigrescens, gardens, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Westmeath—Sub-var. nigrescens, Knockdrin Demesne, Apl. 1892! R. F. Scharff.
Roscommon—Var. marginelia and sub-var. nigrescens, Mote Park, Roscommon, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton,
Leitrim—Sub-var. nigrescens, Swiss Valley, Glencar, July 1904! A. W. Stelfox.
Mayo W.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Annagh, and Dugort, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne.
Galway W.—Aran Isles, Nov. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Clare—Sub-var. nigrescens, Doonass, Aug. 1904! R. A. Phillips.
Limerick—Sub-var. nigrescens, Castleconnell, Sept. 1904! R. A. Phillips.
Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, ete., Sept. 1904!G. J. Fogerty.
Waterford—Var. marginella and sub-var. nigrescens, Raywell near Clonmel, April 1888, A. H. Delap.
Cork N.—Sub-var. nigrescens, Macroom, July 1904! P. H. Grierson ; and Con- vamore, Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. N. Milne.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Belgium—Sub-var. marginata, fields about Vielsalm, June 1867 (Colbeau, Bull. Mal. Soc. Belg., 1867).
France—Var. marginella, in the Oise, Maine-et-Loire, and the Vosges, also about Vannes in Morbihan, and Chirac in Lozére. Sub-var. griseo-marginata, in the wood of Mont-Saxonnet, Savoy, at an altitude of 3,300 feet.
Germany—Var. marginelia, Spreewaldes, Brandenburg; Neuburg, Bavaria; and in Alsace.
Austro-Hungary—Var. marginella, North Bohemia (Slavik, Moll. Bohm., 1869).
Portugal—Sub-var. nigrescens, recorded by Morelet for the neighbourhood of Monchique, Tras-os-Montes.
Norway—Sub-var. marginata, Bergen, Laurvig, and Hardanger.
Denmark—Var. marginata, rare in gardens, Frederiksdal (Westerlund, 1897).
Russia—Sub-var. swammerdamii is recorded by Kaleniczenko as found about Sumy in Kharkov, but the record is said by Simroth to be erroneous.
Var. maculata Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 5. Arion (Limax) rufus var. maculatus Dum. & Mort., op. cit.
ANIMAL with shield maculated with black. France—Savoy (Dum. & Mort., op. cit.).
Monst. sinistrorsum Taylor. ANIMAL with respiratory and other orifices on the left side of the body.
France—A single specimen of the var. rufa found in the wood at Mérard, depart- ment of the Oise (Baudon, Journ. de Conch., 1884, p. 196).
Geographical Distribution.—Arion ater, as probably one of the latest evolved species of the genus, has not yet obtained the wide dispersal that characterizes some of the simpler forms by which it was preceded.
On the continent, the aggregate form is well distributed throughout Central Europe, but apparently blending or intergrading near the outskirts of its range with Avion subfuscus, with which species it has been frequently confused by various writers.
190 ARION ATER.
(fenerally speaking, its distribution has been stated by the late Prof. Von Martens to range with that of the oak, about the isotherm of 42° Fahrenheit, but it is probable that this statement now needs revision, the range of this species apparently extending beyond what was previously known, while it has also been recorded as ascending the Pyrennean Moun- tains to a height of more than 6,000 feet.
In Norway, the red variety only reaches as far as the fiftieth parallel, but the black variety has been noted to extend to 68° north lat., while the var. alba is recorded from 'T'riémsdalen, 69° 50’, its occurrence supporting Gredler’s view that albinism is often an indication that the species has reached the limit of its geographic or vertical range.
It is known to vecur in Germany, Belgium, Holland, France, Austro- Hungary, Switzerland, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, North Italy, Spain, Portugal, and the British Isles.
It has also been recorded for Russia, from the Ukraine, Finland, the Baltic provinces, and elsewhere, by Kaleniczenko, Nadjeschin, Kawall, and other writers, but, according to Simroth, in every case erroneously.
Geographical Distribution
SF Mnaan, a ue s r , 4 eek =i of
Arion ater (L.). .
HEEB Recorded Distribution.
Probable Range. wv A
03
Fic. 206.
BRITISH ISLES.
In the British Isles this species is universally distributed, being found in all the one hundred and forty-nine comital and vice-comital districts into which the country has been divided, and has even been collected by Mr. W. E. Clarke on the Flannan Isles, the most westerly of the Outer Hebridean islets. ‘This comprehensive survey of specimens has emphasized the dull, dark forms as the characteristic colouring in these islands; the brighter coloured varieties being more plentiful in the southern counties, and during warm dry xnmuners, while the greater prevalence of the fasciate or Juvenile colouring in Ireland shows the more primitive character of the ees its greater remoteness from the theatre of the most evolutionary activity.
ARION ATER. 191
‘The hypsometrical distribution is interesting, and shows a marked degree of correlation between the wholly jet-black variety aterrimu and a lofty abode, as this variety is exclusively found, or is the most prevalent form, on the summit of Coniston Old Man, Sca Fell, and other elevated localities in England, while in Scotland it has been collected on Ben Voirlich at 3,224 feet, on Ben Nevis at 2,800 feet, and close to the very summit of Ben Lomond. In Ireland, the same form bas been met with in the Mourne Mountains, at an altitude of 2,796 feet on Slieve Donard, and at 2,500 feet on Slieve Bingian. It has also been found on certain elevated stations in Donegal and Kerry. All the records tend to show the sensitiveness of the dermal pigmentation and its responsiveness to external influences.
GERMANY.
Arion ater has been recorded from Alsace, Baden, Bavaria, Brandenburg, Cassel, Fast Prussia, Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Lauenberg, Mecklenbarg, Nassau, Oldenburg, Osnabruck, Pomerania, Prussia, Reuss, Rhenish Prussia, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Waldeck-Pyrmont, Westphalia, and Wurtembure.
NETHERLANDS.
Belgium—Reported in many varieties from the provinces of Antwerp, Brabant, Hainault, Liége, Luxembourg, Namur, and West Flanders.
Holland—Cited in both its chief forms for Holland by Maitland.
FRANCE.
Arion ater is probably dispersed throughout France, and has been recorded for Corsica and the departments Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Ariége, Aube, Aude, Basses Pyrénées, Cantal, Calvados. Charente Inférieure, Céte d’Or, Finistére, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Haute Marne, Hautes Pyrénées, Haute Savoie, Ile-et-Vilaine, Isere, Loire Inférieure, Lot-et-Garonne, Lozére, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Morbihan, Moselle, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de- Déme, Pyrénées-Orientales, Rhone, Savoie, Seine, Seine Inférienre, Seine-et- Marne, Seine-et-Oise, Somme, Vendée, and Vienne.
ITALY.
The var. rufa, though recorded from Piedmont, Lombardy, Eiilia, Tuscany, and Campania, is, according to Pollonera, not found naturally in Italy, and in Lonibardy only by acclimatization, the remaining records being based on errors of identification.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY.
Recorded for Galicia at Lenburg by Jaclno and on the Tatra by Nowicki; from Gorz by Erjavec; from various localities in Austria by Fitzinger; Slavik and others report it as occurring, though not plentifully, throughout North Bohemia; while von Mollendo:ft records it from Maglaj, in the Bosnathal, Bosnia.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain—4 sion ater has been recorded from Aragon, Asturias, Catalonia, Castile, Galicia, Huesca, and Navarre, all in the north of Spain.
Portugal—Reported by Simroth from Oporto, Caldas do Gerez in Minho, and Coimbra in Beira; and from Cintra, and Serra da Arrabida in Estramadura by Nobre. As A. sulcatus it is recorded by Morelet from the northern provinces, and as being especially common about Oporto,
SCANDINAVIA,
Norway—Common about Christiania, Christiansand, Bergen, and Trondhjem, extending to West Finmark, to Gréno in Nordland, and to Tromsdalen at 69° 50’ in Tromsé.
Sweden—Restricted to the southern extremity, but extending as far north as Westinanland, 60° north lat. ; common at Ronneby, in Blekinge ; somewhat rare at Tfé, in Scania, and present on the isles of Gotland and Oeland.
Denmark—Common in Denmark (Westerlund, Syn. Moll. Scand., 1897, p. 39).
tecorded by Von Martens for South Iceland, and ly Collinge for the Faroes.
192 ARION ATER.
SWITZERLAND.
Recorded or known to exist in the cantons of Berne, Grisons, Lucerne, Neuchatel,
St. Gall, Solothurn, Schwytz, Ticino, Unterwalden, Uri, Vaud, and Zurich. RUSSTA.
A. ater has been recorded from Finland by Heynemann; Courland by Kawall and Braun; Livland by Kawall; Esthland by Eichwald ; Moscow by Nadjeschin ; and as tolerably common in the woods of Tchernigoy, Kharkov, and Poltava, by Kaleniczenko, who also gives precise localities for many of the varieties figured or described by Férussac, but Dr. Simroth, after an exhaustive investigation, totally denies the existence of A. ater in Russia, but it is very probable that it does really exist in the most western of the Baltic provinces.
Siberia—Gerstfeldt erroneously records 4. ater from Wilni, Irkutsch.
NORTH AFRICA, ASIA MINOR, Etc. Algeria—Recorded as Arion rufus by Aucapitaine, but probably more correctly referable to Arion lusitanieus or other form of the subfuseus group.
ATLANTIC ISLES. Reported from the Azores, Madeira, and Canary Isles, but Dr. Simroth says the species occurring there are. /usitanicus and its allies. NEARCTIU REGION.
United States—Grateloup, in 1855, records Arion empiricormm as found in the Western States, but this is not confirmed by more recent authors.
AUSTRALASTAN REGION.
New Zealand—Recorded for Dunedin by Hutton, and by Musson as found crawling about after rain over the roads around Auckland,
are Nae
Fig. 207.—Typical habitat of yvowlater var. aterrina, at an altitude of 2,500 feet on the higher south-western slopes of Slieve Bingian, Mourne Mountains,
Co. Down, Lreland (photo. by Mr. R. Welch).
Channel Isles PENINSULA 1 Cornwall W. 2 Cornwall E. 3 Devon 8, 4 Devon N. Somerset 8.
10 Tale: sot Wight Hants §,
THAMES 15 Kent E,
5 Kent W.
Le Si
18 Essex S$
fay ES
25 Suffolk E. 26 Suffolk W. 27 Nortolk E. 28 Norfolk W. 29 Cambridge | 30 Bedford
31 ui unts.
32 N Northampton
SEVERN 33 Gloucester BE,
| 34 Gloucester W.
35 J nronmouey
40 Salop
Distribution of Avion ater
In the Counties and Vice-Counties
ENGLAND AND WALES.
SOUTH WALES 41 Glamorgan 42 Breeon 43 Radnor 44 Carmarthen 45 Pembroke 46 Cardigan NORTH WALE 47 Montgomery 48 Merioneth 49 Carnarvon 50 Denbigh
TRENT 53 Lincoln S. 54 Lincoln N. 2 Leic. & Rutid.
” MERSEY 58 Cheshire 69 Lancashire §
60 Lan'shire Mid
ork 3 y W. york 64 Mid W, Sone 65 N.W. Yo ee 66 Durham 67 Northumb, 5. 68 Chev round) cES 69 W estmorfanl and L, Lanes, 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man
of the British Isles.
ol.
¢
fe ary. =
WE Distribution verified by the Authors
Fossil Distribution.
Prats XIX
(L.)
WwW. LOWLANDS 72 Dumtries 7 Kirkendbright 74 Wigtown
Ayr 76 Kenfrew 77 Lanark
E, LOWLANDS 78 Peebles 79 Selkirk 80 Roxburgh 81 Berwick 82 Haddington 85 Edinburgh 64 Linlithgow
FE, HIGHLANDS e& hinross
e8 Mid Pi a €9 Perth N.
90 Forfar
91 Kincardine 92 Aberdeen 8.
| | | SCOTLAND. |
WIGHTANDS 3, abe rdeen N, bi
erness Argyle 99 Dumbarton 100 Clyde Isles 101 Cantire 102 Ebudes 8. 13 Ebudes Mid 1¢4 Ebudes N. N. HIGHLANDS | 105 Ross W 108 Ross EB. 107 Sutherland B, 108 SutherlandW 109 Caithness NORTH ISLES 110 Hebrides lll Orkneys 112 Shetlands
IRELAND.
ULSTER 113 Derry 114 Antrim
5 Down 116 Armagh 117 Monaghan 118 Tyrone 119 Donegal 120 Fermanagh 121 Cavan
LEINSTER 122 Louth 123 Meath 124 Dublin | 125 Kildare 126 Wicklow 127 Wexford 128 Carlow i 129 Kilkenny 120 Queen's Co. 131 King’s Co. | 132 Westmeath 133 Longtord |
138 Mayo W. |
139 Galway W
140 Galway KE. MUNSTER
141
142 143 Ti 144 145 146
147 © Ss. 148 Kerry
MONOGRAPID OP BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSC A 195
Arion subfuscus (1 pel ed,
1805 Lines subfuscus Draparnand, Hist. Moll, p. 125, pl. 9, fs.
182200 — fursciatus, vars. €, 6 and 4 Nilsson, Hist. ut ane ped. 1819 Arion fuscatus Ferussac, Hist. Moll, p. 60, pl. 2 it
188600 -- surednens Bouillet, Moll, Anverene, p. 14.
1838) — swbfleeus Jolmston, List Pulm. Moll. Berwick and North Durham, 184200 — fuseus Binney, Boston Journ, Nat. Hist., iv., p. ee
51 — Arynichii Kaleniezenko, Bull. Moscow, p. 114, pl. 4, f 1.
Sse = rtwetas Dia. et. Mort. Malac. Savoie, p 7.
W556 — olivrerus Selunidt, Verlic Nab. View Prenss. Rheinl., p. 4s.
1861 — bruimens Lehmann, Mal. BI, p. 166.
Is6600 — mabillicnes Bourguignat, Moll litie. ete., p. 173, pl. 29, 1 1-4. Is6s8 0 = rabiyginosis Banidlou in Drowet, Moll. Cote @Or, pp. 26
70 — geudefroys Mabille, Hist. Moll. Bass. Paris, p. 12.
IST] — oeifrinus Westerland, a a y>p. ld
ssf — potloneree Pini, Nov. Mal.
1883 — sfrbiled Polluner ra, Ele neho Niort Terr. Piem., p. 2s.
87 0 harveyi Pollonera, Spee. nuove ece., p. 12. f. 15
Is90 — flerus Pollonera, Ationidie Kég. Paléaret., p. 15.
1893 -— flagellus Collinge, Anu. anid Maz. N Nats Hist, Ye 252) gill soy —orufiny Westerlund, Syn. Moll. Extran. Seand., p. 40.
IsT0 Prolepis fuscus Mabu, Skaud. Land-Smehuy, p. 48, pl 2, £3.
ISTORY.— Arion subjusens (subsuscus,
brownish), was first clearly described and figured by Draparnaud, in 1805, although there seems reasous to believe that the Ljiwer fuseas and L. cdactus of Miller belong to the saime species.
In this country, A. swhfuscus was long confounded with A. fer, or revarded a variety or immature form of that species, Herr D. F. Heynemann |eing the first to publish it as British, in 188s, although prior to that date Ma. Roebuck, with the assistance of the late Mi. Ashford, trad identified it as a native of this country.
Moguin-Tandon, also, did) not) clearly listinguish this species from Ins clei rufus, as may be seen on examining his figure of the reproductive organs ascribed to that species (Hist. Moll. Pranee, pl. 1, f. 12). The shape and character of the free oviduet and the poit of fixation of the retractor are undeniably those of Arion subfuscus, While the absence of the Jarge vestibulur protuberance so characteristic of il. afer, is convineing testinouy that the figure is Jased upon a dissection of an ae individual of the present species.
With this species the mane of Dro Ang. Bandon, of Moty, France, is associated, in tokeu of appreciation of the inerits of his work, * Meuwire sur les Cimeciae da Département de Oise,” and of the unmerous other valuable malacological treatises of which he is the author,
20, 3/05 x
194 ARION SUBFUSCUS.
Diagnosis.—A rion suhfuscus may be distinguished from 4. ater, the species with which it is most liable to be confounded, by its smaller size, flatter and shorter rugosities, less uniform colouring, whitish sides, and the presence of dark lateral banding on the body and shield; the foot-fringe is also usually whitish or yellowish grey, with dark though less regular lineolation than in cl. «fer, and the animal cannot assume the hemis- pherical shape when at rest which is so marked a feature of that species.
In the juvenile stage the affinity with A. a¢er is even more striking, but in the latter species the rugw are invariably more elongate and separated by bluish interstices; moreover, in A. suwbhfuscus the body is always comparatively longer when at rest, and there is always more or less orange slime on the shield, which is absent in the larger species ; the body also is always darker than the shield, whereas in .A. eter the coloration is usually more perceptibly uniform.
INTERNALLY, this species is separable from its congener by the different point of fixation of the oviducal retractor, and by the constant and marked inflation of the free oviduct, an inflation quite unlike the gradual basal enlargement in Arion hortensis, or the bulbous expansion of the vestibule in Arion uter, while there is usually a large flesh-coloured mass or ruffle at the base of the albumen gland.
Description.—ANIMAL of medium size, reaching eighty millimetres in length when adult and fully extended, of a dull uniform dusky-brown above, ochreous sub- dorsally, becoming whitish towards the sole, with a more or less distinct blackish or black longitudinal band at each side, extending over body and shield; BoDY TUBERCLES moderately pronounced, finer, slenderer, and flatter than in Arion ater, and nowhere fused into longitudinal ridges, with about twenty-five longitudinal series on each side; SHIELD attenuated in front, broadly rounded and almost trun- cate behind, shagreened, with lyre-shaped dusky, longitudinal marking, arching the respiratory orifice and becoming less distinct behind ; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE round, slightly angulated below to the anal cleft, which is directed forwards ; HEAD usually somewhat darker than the body ; NECK pale, with four parallel longitudinal furrows, two continuing to the forehead, while the outer grooves reach the dusky ommatophores ; LOWER TENTACLES capped with brown ; SOLE indistinctly tripar- tite, pale yellowish-white, tinged with brown towards the tail, and minutely beset with milk-white points, mid-area slightly more transparent ; FOOT-FRINGE pale yellowish-grey, lineolated similarly to Arion ater, but less regularly and more faintly, and scarcely continued over the side-areas of the sole.
DERMAL-Mucus occasionally almost colourless but generally of a pale yellow, or when sealded, of an orange colour, and usually most dense on the anterior part of the mantle and near the caudal gland; that emitted by the tail-gland is ropey and almost colourless ; LocomoToRY-Mucws colourless, but stained by admixture with the dermal secretion. The yellow colour of the body appears to be often due to the slime, as when this is removed after scalding, the skin is almost invariably dull greyish or greyish-brown.
The SHELL may be at times wholly absent, or quite vestigial, and represented only by amorphous granular white matter, which solidifies in drying.
INTERNALLY, the walls of the body-cavity are grey, densely beset with milk- white limey particles. The SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND is imbedded in the tissues, and
visibly extends for about three-fourths of the
totallength of the body. The BUCCAL GANGLIA \ A
are oblong with a short commissure ; the Brice Fic. 209.— Nerve centres of
SUPRA-GSOPHAGEAL ganglia are opaque-white ‘alien, ‘Avion subfuscus anteriorly ; the SUB-CESOPITAGEAL group are ) (much enlarged). intimately fused together. The undivided (Christchurch, AORTA is four or five mill. long, of an opaque- iene S., Mr. C. - 5 shford).
white colour, as are all the arterial branches,
rendering them very conspicuous over the
stomach, liver, and other dark internal organs. The OTOLITHS are very numerous, of amore broadly oval shape than in al. horfensis, and often with a central speck.
ARION SUBFUSCUS. 195
The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS of this
species are arranged as in Avion ater; the hy
TENTACULAR retractors are broad, and K
divide early for the ommatophore and i : Fic. 210.— lower tentacle; they are set obliquely, and arise from seven to nine mill. apart, a little in advance of the hind margin of the shield on the posterior right and posterior left side respectively ; the comparatively slender PHARYNGEAL retractor arises somewhat to the right of the median-line, a trifle he- hind the mantle margin; it divides early into two slender branches, which become fixed to opposite sides of the buccal bulb.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS display a sepia-brown and lobular OVOTESTIS, and a creamy-white HERMAPHRODITE DUCT, terminating in a distinct VESICULA SEMINALIS, which is grey, sometimes speckled with deep-brown ; the ALBUMEN GLAND is semi-transparent and gelatinous, indistinctly lobular, and of pale yellowish-grey colour; the OVIDUCT is bluish-grey, broadly saceulate; bound to- gether in convolutions, and showing a flesh-coloured ruftle at the base of the albumen gland, which has the aspect of semi-gelatinous tubing, recalling the vesti- bular glands of Milax sowerbii; the SPERM DUCT is creamy-white above, much thickened and ochraceous below; the long, slender, and semi-transparent VAS DEFERENS passes into the opaque-white and tapering EPIPHALLUS, whose base is encircled by a conspicuous raised ring, and within which is formed the very long and serrate SPERMATOPHORE ; the large and globose SPERMATHECA is at maturity usually whitish, stiff, and hard, connected to the oviduct by tissue and small
/ ; _\ Cephalic retractors "| of Arion subfuscus x 2.
(Christchurch, Hants. S., Mr. C. Ashford).
pple }
Es ees
Fic. 211, Fic. 213. Fic. 211.—Alimentary canal of A. sub/fuscus, with buccal bulb and nerve-ring, x 2 (Christchurch, Hants. S., Mr. C, Ashford). Fic. 212,—Sexual organs of A. sudfuscus, X 2. Fic. 213.—Portion of the sexual system of 4. s#b/uscus, show- Fic. 214. ing the vesicula seminalis, 4. Fic. 214.—Spermatophore of 4. swb/uscus, x 6, with magnified portions showing details of structure (after original drawing by Dr. Simroth). alb.gl, albumen gland ; az. atrium; ef. epiphallus ; 4.d. hermaphrodite duct ; o#. ovotestis 5 07’. oviduct ; ~ retractor ; sf. spermatheca; s.d. and sf.d. sperm duct ; v.s. vesicula seminalis. muscular strands especially at apex of vesicle, the stalk is rather short and greatly swollen basally, contracting where it joins the vesicle ; the FREE OVIDUCT is at first comparatively simple and slender, but enlarges abruptly and characteristically in the latter part of its course, and shows internally a varied series of longitudinal thickenings; the GENITAL RETRACTOR arises near the origin of the left tentacular retractor, and becomes furcate, one branch being attached to the stem of the spermatheca, and the other to the upper part of the swollen free-oviduct. In this species there does not seem to be any striking constriction of the ATRIUM, which is, however, invested by a well-detined yellowish glandular pad. The ALIMENTARY CANAL is triodromous, exhibiting the effects of the torsion of the viscera, and greatly resembling the intestinal canal of the juvenile Arion ater ; the G@SOPHAGUS is usually about three mill. broad, and of a whitish colour ; the
196 ARION SUBFUSCUR.
SALIVARY GLANDS are yellowish, and frequently form a collar round the esophagus, uniting above and embracing the anterior part of the crop, like tured up moustaches ; the SALIVARY DUCTS white; CROP dusky-buff in colour, and distinctly wrinkled longitudinally ; DIGESTIVE GLAND dark brown,
The MANDIBLE or jaw is about 14 mill. broad and half mill. wide, crescentic in shape, with rather acutely-rounded ends, arcuate from front to back, but somewhat flexible, of a deep amber- brown colour along the lower or cutting-edge, gradually blending with the paler tint of the upper moity; the anterior surface bears ten to sixteen broad, rounded ribs, which show well-marked vertical strive, and strongly crenulate the upper margin, and sometimes denticulate the lower margin also, especially near the centre, simn- lating a rostrum or beak; the interspaces between the projecting ribs is of perceptibly more delicate texture and shows the horizontal wavy striation most perceptibly.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is oblong in shape, about 43 mill. Jong and two mill. wide, and composed of about 140 slightly curved transverse rows of closely-set teeth, which appreciably diminish in size at the outer margin ; each row is composed of a tricuspid median tooth, with about fifteen obscurely tricuspidate laterals, the endocone vradually degenerating, and the ectocone acquiring correspondingly -ereater strength and importance ; the marginal teeth are about thirty in number at each side, and are essentially and strongly bicuspidate, constituted by the well- developed mesovone and ectocone.
4 7
Q 3% 25g ms 5 1 m 1 4. w. 25 36 ul
Fic. 215.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 4. sub/fuscus, X 180. The animal collected by Mr. C. Ashford, and the palate prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville.
The formula of a Christchurch specimen collected by Mr. C. Ashford is BPEER +Et EZ tA x 140 = 12,740.
Fic. 214.—Mandible or jaw of Arion subfuscus, X 15. (Christchurch, Mr. Ashford).
Reproduction and Development.—'he congress of this species is probably marked by the same blandishments and circular procession as in drion ater, yet although it breeds freely in confinement, no definite observations are on record. The eggs, which are chiefly deposited in the late summer and autumn months, are oval in shape, averaging 3 mill. long by 24 mill. in diameter, of a dusky white, but sometimes amber or dull primrose colour, or even pale green, translucent, and much clearer than those of A. ater, slightly granulate on the surface, and connected together by a colourless or yellowish mucus; they are laid upon or beneath the eround in clusters varying in number from about twenty to sixty or more. The young apparently pass through the winter in the juvenile stage, as all the specimens observed by Dr. Scharff, even as late as May, were immature. The young, according to Clessin, differ from those of A. ute, which are almost invariably of an uniform light yellow or greenish colour, as they are usually darkly coloured, and only pale to some extent with age.
Food and Habits.— Aron subfuscus is naturally very partial to fungi, and has been observed to frequent and feed upon Russula fuscate, as well as the poisonous Agaricus muscerius. In summer it has been observed feeding upon the leaves of Zeontodon wutumnale, but in autumn they display a great partiality for fungi.
In captivity, according to Mr. Wallis Kew, they eat bread and lettuce freely, the decaying leaves of the Deadly Nightshade (Solan dulcumara) are also eaten, as well as dead slugs of their own or other species. ‘The fungus Phallus impudicus was also offered and greedily devoured, but the animals feeding upon it died soon afterwards.
ARION SUBFUSCUS. 197
Mr. Gain found that of 130 different kinds of food tendered to them while in confinement only one, the Violet (Viola odorata) was eaten with avidity, although forty-six other kinds were eaten freely, forty less readily, and only forty-three were totally rejected.
This species frequents both deciduous and pine forests, and ascends the mountains to the limit of trees, but it also lives in gardens at the foot of walls and rocks, under hedges bordering meadows or roads and other places. It is fairly plentiful on the London clay, in gardens, ete., in North London, but is often especially abundant, fine and richly coloured on or near refuse- heaps. Like its congeners, it is somewhat slow, timid, and clumsy, though more active than A. ater, but when young or partly grown is a great adept at spinning mucus threads, and has been known to spin a thread thirty- seven inches in length. It is one of the few species of slug which has been actually observed and recorded as able to reascend its thread. ‘This is effected by curving the anterior part of the body upwards until the fore- part of the foot comes into contact with the hinder portion, up which the creature then crawls until the thread is reached, the animal then applies its foot to the thread, and at once proceeds to ascend by its aid, the foot remaining nearly flat or only slightly folded in front. During the operation the head is moved from side to side and mucus gradually accu- mulates in an irregular mass above the tail, evidently composed in part of the slack of the thread, as it could be to some extent unwound or disen- tangled from the mass.
Parasites and Enemies.—The general enemies of the slugs also prey upon this species, but, according to Mr. L. E. Adams, poultry which refuse Arion ater will eat this species without hesitation. Numerous intestinal worms have been at times detected within this slug, but they have never been identified.
Variation.—This species does not display that wealth of colour- variation shown by Arzon ater, the variations being chiefly due to the greater or lesser intensity of the rufous tint, and the more or less complete overspreading of the body by the darker hue of the dorsal surface ; this
Vic. 216. Fic. 217. Fic. 218, Proximal ends of the Reproductive Organs of Arion lusitanicus and A, nobret.
Fic. 216.—A rion lusttanicus (after Pollonera). Fic. 217.—Arion lusttanicus (after Simroth). Fic. 218.—<lr-‘on nodbre? (after Pollonera).
distribution of colouring is, however, liable to be reversed, a variety found on the Serra d’Estrella having the dorsum clear brown, while the sides of
198 ARION SUBFUSCUS. the body are nearly black; this greater uniformity is naturally to be ex- pected, as A. suhfuscus is a more ancient species and not a dominant form.
The junction of its distribution with the limits of the more restricted area inhabited by A. ater, is complicated in those districts by the external approximation in aspect of the two species, a resemblance which has been the cause of great confusion, as many authors have, at various times, recorded the present species under one or other of the different names of its larger congener. ;
On the Finnish shores of the Gulf of Finland, the var. /ennica assimilates in a very remarkable way to Arion ater, under which name it has frequently been recorded ; while the Arion lusitunicus, A. nobrei, and A. dasilvae, which have been described from the Spanish peninsula, are undoubtedly intermediate forms linking subfuscus with ater, resembling subfuscus in their internal structure but often approximating externally more closely to ater especially in size and colouring.
The Arion flagellus of Collinge, which is here regarded as a simple variety of A. sub- fuscus, 1s said to possess as its characteristic feature a distinct flagellum upon the free oviduct, a most improbable situation for such an organ; but, as the illustrative figures of the author are somewhat carelessly or inaccu- rately executed, it is quite possible that the proposed species has been presented under a misapprehension of the precise structure of the animal.
The yellow colouring of the body, though in general due to the mucous investment, is not invariably so, as in some cases the colour- ing is really due to the breaking through the
skin of the superficially placed colour glands.
The yellow dermal mucus, though so char- acteristic a feature, is also not an invariable trait of this species, as the darker and also the more pallid varieties more frequently emit an almost colourless slime.
Arion subfuscus, like Limax arborum and Arion ater, offers, according to Simroth, the same striking evidence of the darkening in- fluence of altitude, as the individuals inhab- iting the lofty mountain ranges are invariably darker than those living on the plains below.
Fic. 219.— Reproductive Organs of Arion flagellus Collinge (after Collinge). ~ The ovispermatoduct is incorrectly represented, and some of the organs wrongly identified in Collinge’s original figure. The figure is, however, here given as in the original, but the nomenclature of the organs is corrected.
ag. albumen gland; a. atrium; ef. epiphallus ;_/7. flagellum ; /.d. her- maphrodite duct; o¢. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct 3 ov’. free oviduct 3 7.7. re- tractor muscle; s.d. sperm duct or prostate ; sf. spermatheca ; v.d. vas deferens.
Ou the contrary, Dr. Scharff expresses the opinion that in Ireland the more or less unicolorous pale yellow variety is more especially characteristic of the higher parts of the country while the darker typical form inhabits
the plains.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. rufo-fusea Draparnaud, Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 125.
Arion cinctus var, rufescens Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 7. Arion rubiginosus Baudon in Drouet, Moll. Céte d’Or, 1868, p. 26. Arion gaude/royi Mabille, Hist. Moll, Paris, 1870, p. 12.
ANIMAL of a rufous tint, most pronounced on the mantle and the sides of the body, dorsum darker, the lateral band black or blackish.
This form: is the one selected hy Draparnand as the type of the species; but the rufous colouring is in many cases entirely due to the mucous investment.
ARION SUBFUSCUS. 199
Var. bicolor Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., 1855, p. 11.
Arion rufus var. bicolor Moquin-Tandon, l.c. Arion empiricorum var. t Férussac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 62, pl. 1, ff. 6-7. Arion subfuscus var. lateritins Collinge, Conchologist, 1892, p. 63. ANIMAL of a red or reddish colour, with darker dorsum, without darker lateral banding. The var. bicolor s.str., animal orange-red, with brown dorsum, foot-fringe orange with black lineolation. The sub-var. lateritia is of a deep brick-red, which is not due to mucus, lateral bands absent, foot-fringe light grey, lineolated with pale brown or chocolate. WALES. Glamorgan—A sub-var. of a rich wine colour on banks of river Ely, St. Fagan’s, near Cardiff, March 1885 ! F. W. Wotton. SCOTLAND.
Fife and Kinross—Sub-v. /ateritia, Mount Melville, St. Andrews (Collinge, l.c.). IRELAND. Dublin—A sub-variety found by Dr. Scharff in a small pine-wood, in Lord Howth’s demesne, Howth, in Sept. 1900, had a pale reddish-brown shield, and red- dish body ruge, a colouring not, as is usual, entirely due to slime, but to the presence of superficial pigment cells.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
France—Environs of Paris (Férussac, op. cit., p. 63).
Var. fuliginea Morelet, Moll. Port., 1845, p. 30, pl. 2, f. 1.
Arion fuligineus Morelet, op. cit.
Arion (Lineax) cinctus var /uscescens Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 7. Arion brunneus Lehmann, Mal. Blatt., 1861, p. 166.
Arion limacopus Westerlund, Exp. Crit. Moll., 1871, p. 36.
Arion flagellus and var. phillips Collinge, Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, p. 252, pl. 9.
ANIMAL of a dark brown, sides paler, with or without darker lateral banding, fringe yellowish. ;
The var. fuliginea s.str., is of a rich brown, dorsum and shield very dark smoky-brown, foot-fringe yellow, reddish at the extremities.
The sub-var. brunnea is coffee-brown, the dorsum darker brown or blackish, the sides of body and shield paler red-brown, lateral banding indistinct, fringe yellowish with black lineolation ; mucus colourless.
The sub-var. limacopa is dark fuscous above, paler on the sides ; mucus yellow.
The sub-var. flagella is dark vandyke-brown along the back, light brown on the sides, upon which are the vandyke-brown lateral bands; the foot-fringe and vicinity are pale brownish-white, the fringe with sepia lineoles ; sole pale yellow.
The sub-var. phillipsi differs in the lack and mantle being deep mahogany- brown, the sides of body white with black dashes.
ENGLAND.
Somerset S.—Sub-var. drunnec, Bridgwater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson.
Hants. N.—Sub-v. brunnea, Preston Candover, Nov. 1885 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Surrey—Sub-var, brannea, Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1902).
Middlesex—Sub-var. brunnea, Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, May 1889 ! H. Wallis Kew.
Warwick—A modified form of the sub-var. fuge//a, Sutton Coldfield, H. Overton (W. E. Collinge, Journ. of Mal., Dec. 1904, p. 98).
Salop—Sub-var. brunnea, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
Pembroke—Sub-var. brunnea, near Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler.
Notts.—Sub-var. brunnea, garden, Tuxford, April 1885 1! W. A. Gain.
Derby—Sub-var. brunnea, Clifton, 1889 ! Lionel E. Adams.
Northumberland S.—Sub-var. brunnea, Stocksfield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven.
Cumberland—Sub-var. brunnea, Skiddaw Forest, Sept. 1890 ! Rev. J. Hawell.
SCOTLAND.
Perth Mid—Snb-var. drunnea, Dunkeld road on banks of river Tay, Sept. 1904 ! W. Evans.
Aberdeen S.—Sub-var. brunnea, garden, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, Oct. 1904! G. Sim.
JRELAND.
Armagh—Snub-var. drunnea, Armagh, June 1885 ! Rev. H. W. Lett. f
Monaghan—Snb-var. brunnea, Drumreaske, Sept. 1904! W. F. de Visines Kane.
Louth—Sub-var. brunnea, near -Blackhall demesne, Sept. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
200 ARION SUBFUSCUS.
Kildare—Sub-var. brunueca, Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford.
Sligo—Sub-var. brunnea, Rockwood, Lough Gill, Oct. 1886 ! W. F. de V. Kane.
Mayo W.—Sub-var. brunnea, Enniscoe demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Galway W.—Sub-v. brinnca, Kylemore Castle CGrardens, Sep. 1904! W. Comfort.
Cork S.—Sub-var. flagella and phillipsi, Schull, July 1893 (Collinge, 1.c.).
Kerry—Sub-var. brunnes, Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—Sub-var. brwunea, Hickendorff, Pomerania.
France—Sub-var. fuscescens, Savoy (Dum. & Mort., op. cit.).
Switzerland—Sub-var. brunnea, Wildhaus, in the canton St. Gall, at about 3,600 feet altitude. Also at an altitude of 6,000 feet near Maloja in the Grisons.
Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. brunnea, Carlsbad, Bohemia, April 1884 (Boottger, Nachbl., 1885, p. 54).
Portugal—Var. fuliginea, Ponte do Lima, Douro (Morelet, op. cit.).
Norway—Sub-var. brunnea, common at Tromsoen, also at Andenaes on the Ando. A pale variety at Stanganaes at the mouth of the Tana river.
Sweden—Sub-var. dimacopa, recorded for Ronneby in Blekinge, and Stehag in Scania (Westerlund, op. cit.).
Russia—Sub-var. brunnea, Konginkangas, Finland (Luther, Finland Gastrop., 1901, p. 57).
Var. nigricans Pollonera, Spec. nuove ece., 1887, p. 14.
ANIMAL with shield and body entirely black, lateral fascia more or less incon-
spicuous. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
France-—Found occasionally (Pollonera, op. cit.). Italy—In the Alps (Pollonera, op. cit.). Norway—Kistrand (Esmark & Hoyer, Mal. Bl., 1886, p. 103).
*
Var. einereo-fusea Draparnaud, Hist. Moll., 1805, p. 125.
Arion cinctus var. cinereus Dum. et Mort., Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 7.
Arion subfuscus var. ardosiarum Colbeau, Bull. Belg. Mal. Soc., 1867, p. 72. Arion subfuscus var. typus Pollonera, Arionida, Rég. Palearct., 1890, p. 11. Arion subfuscus var. griseus Collinge, Conchologist, 1892, p. 63.
Bopy ash-coloured or greyish, with or without blackish lateral band.
The var. einereo-fusea s.str. is ash-coloured or greyish, with a blackish lateral band at each side.
The sub-var. ardosiarum is of a dull greyish-rufous, tinged with blackish, shield more rufous, a faint blackish lateral band at each side.
The sub-var. grisea is grey with paler sides, without lateral bands.
‘ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles—St. Sampson's, Guernsey, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tomlin.
Cornwall W.—Gardens, Truro, April 1886! J. H. James.
Devon S.—Teignmouth, Aug. 1888! L. St. G. Byne.
Devon N.—Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason.
Dorset—Montevideo, Chickerell near Weymouth, Sept. 1904! N. M. Richardson.
Sussex W.—Up Park, Aug. 1886! W. Jeffery.
Middlesex—Muswell Hill road, Highgate, July 1888! H. Wallis Kew.
Monmouth—Banks of river Wye, Monmouth, July 1891 !W. Whitwell. Garden, Rose Cottage, Talywain, July 1904 ! J. Manners.
Worcester—Sub-var. grisea, W. E. Collinge, Jan. 1905.
Warwick—Sub-var. grisea, W. E. Collinge, Jan. 1905.
Brecon—Erwood, Oct. 1904! J. Williams Vanghan.
Carmarthen—Near Llanelly, Sept. 1904! H. Rowland Wakefield.
Pembroke—Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler.
Carnarvon—Slopes of Snowdon, April 1887 ! J. Madison.
Lincoln N.—Ulceby-with-Fordington, Oct. 1889! J. Burtt Davy.
Te Silas S.--Sub-var. grisea, Knowsley, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1898, p. 148).
York N.E.—Ingleby Greenhow, Sept. 1890! Rey. J. Hawell.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—-Grasmere, June 1886! (. Oldham. Sub- vi, grisea, Grange, 1897 (IE V. Fowler, J. of Mal, 1899, p. 38).
ARION SUBFUSCUS. 201
SCOTLAND. Dumfries— Moffat, Jan. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Renfrew—Braidland, Aug. 1890! J. M. B. Taylor.
Roxburgh—Jedburgh, Sept. 1904 ! J. Roseburgh.
Berwick—Dryburgh, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Edinburgh—Braidburn, Edinburgh, July 1888! W. E. Clarke.
Fife and Kinross—Loch Gelly, May 1895! W. Evans. Sub-var. grisca, Mount Melville, St. Andrews (W. E. Collinge, l.c.).
Perth Mid—Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, June 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey. Dunkeld road, Perth, Sept. 1904! W. Evans.
IRELAND.
Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886 ! and Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1896 ! Rev. 8. A. Brenan.
Armagh—Acton Glebe, Poyntz Pass, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. F. Johnson.
Tyrone—Omagh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Templemore Park, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell.
Meath—Drumceondra, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Foxhall demesne, Raheny, abundant in a field, amongst horse-manure, evidently feeding on the fungi abounding there, Aug. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Kilkenny—Gardens, Bessborough, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough.
Mayo W.—At the ‘‘ Colony,” Achill Island, Sept. 1886! J. G. Milne. Dugort, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Clare—Doonass, Aug. 1904! R. A. Phillips.
Cork N.—Banks of river Lee, Cork, Sept. 1904! C. Baker.
Kerry—Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
. France—Sub-var. cinerea, Savoy (Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.).
Belgium—Recorded for about Brussels, Vielsalm, Liége, Roumont, and other places. Sub-var. ardosiarum, at Arlon, Geichel, and Vielsalm (Colbeau, op. cit.). A grey variety in a wood at Forest near Brussels, April 1888 (Staes, Bull. Soc, Mal. Belg., 1868, p. 25).
Var. ferussaci Kaleniczenko (em) Bull. Mosc., 1851, p. 113.
Arion empiricorum var. K Férussac, Hist. Moll., 1819, p. 62, pl. 1, f. 8. Arion empiricorum ferussackti Kaleniczenko, op. cit. Arion virescens Millet, Moll. Maine et Loire, 1854, p. 11. Arion rufus var. virescens Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., 1853, p. 11. Arion olivaceus Schmidt, Verh. Naturh. Preuss, 1856, p. 58. ANIMAL yellowish or orange, with lateral bands and dorsum vreenish-grey, foot- fringe yellow. The vars. ferussackii and virescens are really names applied to the var. « of Térussac, to which form the var. swbdeleta of Cockerell also belongs. The sub-var. olivacea is described as olivaceous-brown and indistinctly fasciate. WALES. Montgomery—Under planks near bowling green, Welshpool, Aug. 1889! J.
Bickerton Morgan. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
France—Sub-var. virescens, forests about Cholet, Angers, and Thorigné in the department Maine et Loire.
Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. odivacea is recorded by Bielz from beneath bark, under stones or fallen wood, at an elevation of 2,000 to 6,000 feet, in the mountain forests of Transylvania.
Russia—Vavr. ferussact, in district of Achtyrka, Lebedin, and Zmiew, Kharkov.
Var. alba Esmark, Nyt Mag. Naturv., 1882, p. 98.
ANIMAL white, tinged with greyish on the back. ' CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Norway—Osterdalen, at an alt. of 2,300 ft. ; also at Tonset ; Lille Lombolen, Maalselven in Tromsé; and Tromsdéen and Porsangerfjord in Finmark (Esmark, J. of Conch,, Oct. 1886).
202 ARION SUBFUSCTS.
Var. sueccinea Bouillet, Moll. Auvergne, 1836, p. 14.
Arion succineus Bouillet, op. cit.
Arion campestris Mabille, Rev. Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 134.
Avion citrinus Westerlund, Exposé Crit., 1871, p. 35.
Avion mabillianus Bourguignat, Moll. Nouv. lit., 1886, p. 173, pl. 29, f. 1-4. Arion cinctus var. aurantiacus Dum. & Mort., Cat. Moll. Savoie, 1857, p. 7. Arion rubiginosus var. nigricans Baudon, Mem. Limac. Oise, 1871, p. 5. Avion krynichii Kaleniczenko, Bull. Mosc., 1851, p. 114, pl. 4, f. 1.
rion cinctus var. atripunctatus Dum. & Mort., Mal. Sav., 1852, p. 7. Arion fuscus var. bettgeri Pollonera, Specie nuove ecc., 1887, p. 13, f. 11. Arion flavus Pollonera, Arionide Reg. Paléarct., 1890, p. 15.
Arion rufus var. levis Westerlund, Moll. Extram. Scand., 1897, p. 41.
Arion bavayi Pollonera, Spec. nuove ecc., p. 12, f. 15. ANIMAL of a yellow or orange colour, with or without a more or less distinct lateral band at each side. The var. sueeinea s.str., is yellow, dorsum chestnut-lrown, foot-fringe yellow with dark lineoles. The sub-var. eitrina is of a citron-yellow, duller dorsally, neck and tentacles blackish, and black foot-fringe lineolation. The sub-var. mabilliana is ochraceous-yellow, with chestnut lateral banding. The sub-var. aurantiaca is of an orange colour with darker dorsum and lateral banding. The sub-var. campestris is orange-coloured without lateral bands, foot-fringe yellowish without lineoles, but spotted with orange. The sub-var. nigrieans has the ground-tint gamboge, but shows brown ten- tacles, lateral bands, and dorsum. The sub-var. Kpynickii is dull yellow, with cinereous bands and whitish foot-sole, The sub-var. atripunctata is yellow, dorsum darker, with black spots, lateral bands black, foot-fringe yellow with fuscous lineolation. The sub-var. bosttgeri is yellow, dorsum chestnut or dark fuscous, sprinkled with black, lateral bands chestnut or blackish, foot-fringe yellow with black lineoles. The sub-var. flava is deep or pale yellow, without or with only indistinct lateral banding and indistinct foot-fringe lineolation. The sub-var. levis is yellowish, with brownish-yellow dorsum, foot-fringe with fuscous lineolation. The sub-var. bavayi is orange or yellow, dorsum fuscous, with black lateral band on each side, fringe yellow, lineolate with fuscous ; dermal mucus colourless. ENGLAND. Surrey—Sub-var. aurantiaca, Shottermill (C. Pannell, J. of Conch., Jan. 1902). Stafford—Stafford ; canal side, Radford; and at Brewood, June, 1886! L. E. Adams. Hedgerows near Birmingham, F. J. Partridge and G. Breeden. Cheshire—Common at Romiley, June 1896! C. Oldham. Lancashire S.—Sub-v. aurantiaca, near Farington, June 1890 ! W. H. Heathcote. York N.W.—Sub-var. aurantiaca, Islet Bridge, Aug. 1885! W. Denison Roebuck.
; SCOTLAND. Aberdeen S.—Garden, Rubislaw, Oct. 1904! G. Sim. IRELAND.
Antrim—Cushendun, May 1886! Rev. S. A. Brenan. Abundant on Rathlin Island, and commoner than the type form at Murlough and other places on the north coast, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Sub-vars. aurantiaca and campestris, Belfast, Dee. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Down—Sub-vars. aurantiacu and campestris, Cultra, Dee. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Tyrone—Omagh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Louth—Near Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Drumcondra, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Garden, Sloperton Lodge, Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de V. Kane. Snb-var. fava, Pine wood, Howth Hill near Dublin, and Killakee in the Dublin Mountains (R. F. Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 544).
Wicklow—Bray Head (R. F. Scharff, op. cit.).
Sligo—Sub-var. fava, Collooney, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Visines Kane.
Galway W.—Sub-var. flava, Renvyle and Kylemore, March 1891, R. F. Schartl 2 meta E.—Common in Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895 (Standen, Irish Nat., mept. .
Tipperary S.—Sub-v, curantiaca, Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904! Mrs. Malcolmson.
Waterford—Abundant, Glenabbey, and in ditches of Mountain road, Clonmel, May 1886, Rev. A. H. Delap.
Kerry—Sheen Wood and island in Middle Cloonee Lake, July 1898 (Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898).
ARION SUBFUSCUS. 203
: . CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—Sub-var. campestris, Neu Brisach, Alsace. Sub-var. bettgeri, Bremen (Pollonera, Arionidie Reg. Palearct., 1890, p. 13). Sub-var. citrina, Misdroy, Wollin Island, Pomerania (Babor, J. of Mal., 1894, p. 45).
France-—In the elevated mountain woods of Puy-de-Déme and Cantal (Bouillet, le.) Sub-var. mabdliana, in the Forest d’Orient in the Aube. Sub-var. aurantiacn, Savo (Dumont & Mortillet, op. cit.). Sub-var. nigricans, on mushrooms, chiefly in October, in the Forest of Hez, department of the Oise; and Drouet has also found it at Dijon, Cote @’Or. Sub-var. atripunctata, Mont Saxonnet, Savoy, at an alt. of over 3,000 feet (Dum. & Mort., op. cit.). Sub-var. campestris, Bellancourt and Sévres, Seine. Sub-var. davayi, Brest in Finistere.
Switzerland—Sub-var. campestris, St. Gall (Westerlund, op. cit.).
Italy—Sub-var. atripunctata, on the Alps, also Piano di Formazza, Piedmont (Pollonera, Arionidze Reg. Paléarct., 1890, p. 13).
Norway—Elvanaes and Jarfjord (Esmark & Hoyer, Mal. B1., 1886, p. 103). Sub- vars. citrina and flava, Ringerige (Westerlund, 1.c.).
Sweden—Sub-var. levis, Krokum in Jemtland. Sub-var. edtrina, Ofvedskloster in Scania, and in Blekinge. Sub-var. flava, Esperod in Scania, rarely in Smaland, and in Blekinge (Westerlund, l.c.).
Denmark —Sub-var. flava, Copenhagen (Westerlund, l.c.).
Russia—Sub-var. krynickit, in moist woodlands near Lvanovka in Sumy district. Frequent in rainy weather by woodland roads, on Jforchelle, near Danilovka-Parva, Kurysch, and Kvitkin in the district of Kharkov (Kaleniczenko, 1.c.).
Var. pegorarii Less. & Poll., Mon. Limac. Ital., 1882, p. 62.
Arion pegorarii Less. & Poll., op. cit.
Arion stabilei Pollonera, Elencho Moll. Terr. Piem., 1885, p. 28.
Arion pollonere Pini, Nov. Malac., 1884, p. 42.
Arion subfuscus var. transylvanus Simroth, Zeitschr. Wissensch. Zool., 1885, p. 284. Arion subfuscus var. alpestris Pollonera, Arionide Rég. Paléarct., 1890, p. 12.
ANIMAL quadrifasciate, showing dark subdorsal and lateral banding on each side.
The var. pegorarii s.str., is dusky rufous, confusedly quadrifasciate ; foot-fringe dark grey, with black lineolations ; sole whitish and mucus yellow. According to Pollonera, this forin is also distinguished from the typical form by the presence of an additional ectocone to the marginal teeth.
The sub-var. stabilei is described as yellowish or orange, confusedly quadri- fasciate ; foot-fringe with black lineolations.
The sub-var. pollonere grows to a larger size (80 mill.) and is confusedly quad- rifasciate, with pale yellow fringe, and conspicuous lineolation.
The snb-var. transylvana is very darkly coloured and quadrifasciate.
The sub-var. alpestris is yellow or orange ; dorsum more or less chestnut or fuscous-black ; fascia blackish or chestnut coloured ; fringe yellow, lineolate with duaenns. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—Sub-var. alpestris (Pollonera, op. cit.).
France—Sub-var. adpestris, north of France (Pollonera, op. cit.).
Italy—Etrouble, valley of Aosta, Piedmont. Sub-var. podlonere, Intra on Lake Maggiore, Piedmont. Sub-var. adpestris, Alps; sub-var. stabilei, Maccugnaga, Pied- mont (Pollonera, op. cit.).
Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. ¢ransylvana, Transylvania (Simroth, 1.c.).
Sweden—Malm records a quadrifasciate variety from Lulea-Lappmark, which would perhaps be best placed under pegorarit.
Geographical Distribution.— Avion subfuscus has a more extended distribution than A. a¢er, as, in either its typical or in its aberrant forms its range extends on all sides beyond that of the latter species, forming as it were a fringe beyond the inhabited area of its congener.
The distributional area comprises almost the whole of Europe, except the south-eastern extremity, where Arionidw are practically deficient.
It is recorded as inhabiting the British Isles, Germany, France, Belgium, Spain, Portugal, Switzerland, Northern Italy, Austro-Hungary, Russia,
204 ARION SUBFUSCUS.
Denmark, Sweden, and Norway, and it is not improbable that the slugs recorded as Arion hortensis from Siberia really appertain to this species.
It has also been noted from the United States, New Zealand, and other places, where it has been introduced by commerce.
In the British Isles, this species is well distributed throughout the country, except in East Anglia, where it is apparently absent, no authentic record of its occurrence within that area being known, nor have we ever seen an example therefrom.
This remarkable scarcity or absence from the Hast Anglian district, taken in conjunction with its increasing abundance westward and in Ireland, is strongly corroborative of 4. subfuscus being one of the weaker and less adaptable species, which are being gradually but surely expelled from the eastern regions of this country.
2
Geographical Distribution of
Arion subfuscus (Drap.).
ees) Recorded Distribution.
L] Probable Range.
04
Fic. 220, ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—V. cinerro-fusca, St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891! B. Tomlin. PENINSULA
Cornwall W.—Trevedock rd., St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson. Penzance, Jan. 1905! L. E. Adams. Type and var. eincreo-fusca, Truro, May 1886! J. H. James.
Cornwall E.—Garden bank, and Queen’s Hill, St. Columh, May 1885 ! W. Vinson.
Devon S.—Common at Topsham, Sept. 1892! Lionel E. Adams. Type and var. cinereo-fusea, Teignmouth, Oct. 1888! L. St. G. Byne.
Devon N.—Dartmoor, July 1889! W. A. Gain. Type and var. cinerco-fusec, Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason.
Somerset S.—Type and var. brunnec, allotment gardens near canal, Bridewater, Aug. 1884! W. Vinson.
Wilts. N.—Manton near Marlborough, E. Meyrick, Sept. 1904.
Dorset—Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885! A. Belt. Portland, Aug. 1886! J. Madison. Stour Provost (E. W. Swanton, Nat. Journ., March 1902). Broadstone, Parkstone, July 1904! T. D. A. Cockerell. Var. einerco-fusea, Montevideo, Chick- erel]l, near Weymouth, Sept. 1904 ! Nelson M. Richardson.
Isle of Wight—Yarmouth, May 1887! C. Ashford.
Hants. S.—Garden, Christchurch, Nov. 1884! Burton, Apr. 1890; Roeshot Hill, June 1890; Bolderwood, Ang. 1887 ; and Southampton, C. Ashford. Hambledon, May 1904! C. 8. Coles.
Hants. N.—Type and sub-var, brine, Preston Candover, Nov. 1885 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex W.—'fype and var. cinerco-fused, Up Park, Aug. 1886! W. Jeffery.
CHANNEL.
ARION SUBFUSCUS. 205
THAMES.
Kent W.—Chislehurst, May 1885! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Surrey—Haslemere, Shottermill, Punch Bowl, and Grayswood ; sub-var. aurantiaca, Shottermill ; and sub-var. brunnea, Haslemere (C. Pannell, J. of C.. Jan. 1902).
Middlesex—Type and var. cinerco-fusca, Muswell Hill road, Highgate, July 1888 ! and sub-var. brunnea, Churchyard Bottom wood, May 1889! H. W. Kew.
Oxford—Plentiful and well distributed, varying much in colour, usually much paler in the southern parts of the county (W. E. Collinge, Conch., 1891, p. 18).
ANGLIA,
Northampton—By no means common, Harlestone, May 1893! Yardley Chase
and Desborough, L. E. Adams. Haselbeech, Rev. W. A. Shaw, Sept. 1904. SEVERN,
Gloucester W.—Strond, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott.
Monmouth—Type and var. cinereo-fusca, banks of Wye, Monmouth, July 1891! W. Whitwell. Type and var. cinerco-fusca, garden, Rose Cottage, Talywain, July 1904! J. Manners. :
Worcester—Sub-var. grisea, W. E. Collinge, Jan. 1905.
Warwick-—Dudley Castle, 1896, H. Overton. Sutton Coldfield, 1897, A. Wood. Sub-var. grisea, W. E. Collinge, Jan. 1905 ; also a form of sub-var. flagella, Sutton Coldfield, H. Overton (id., Journ. of Mal., Dec. 1904).
Stafford—Froghall, April 1889 ! T. F. Burrows. Fir woods near Cheadle, April 1889 ! J. R. B. Masefield. Newton road, near Birmingham, July 1893! C. Oldham. Var. succinea, hedgerows near Birmingham, F. J. Partridge and G, Breeden. Type and var. succinea, Stafford; canal side, Radford; and Brewood, June 1886! L. E. Adams.
Salop—Type and sub-var. brunnea, Oswestry, June 1885 ! B. Hudson.
SOUTH WALES.
Glamorgan-—Cardiff, 1888; sub-var. of bicolor by river Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885! F. W. Wotton.
Brecon—Var. cinerco-fusca, Erwood, Oct. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan.
Carmarthen—Var. vinereo-fusca, Llanelly, Sept. 1904 ! H. Rowland Wakefield.
Pembroke— Plantation, Heywood lane, Tenby, A. G. Stubbs. Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! Price Davies. Type, var. cinerco-fusca, and sub-var. brunnea, Pem- broke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler.
NORTH WALES.
Montgomery—Etail-wag, June 1885! Baker Hudson. Sarnau near Welshpool (J. B. Morgan, Moll. Montgomery, 1891). Type and var. ferussaci, timber yard, Welshpool, June 1889! J. B. Morgan.
Merioneth-—Nant-y-Mor, June 1901 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Carnarvon—Llangelynen, July 1883! W. Denison Roebuck. Abersoch, June 1896, C. Oldham. Yr Aran, Snowdon, Aug. 1891! H. P. Marshall. Var. einereo- fusca, slopes of Snowdon, April 1887 ! J. Madison.
Denbigh—Common on low-lying ground, Bont-ddu near Dolgelly (Fenn, J. of C., July 1887, p. 198). Colwyn Bay, April 1897; common, Bettws-y-Coed, May, 1898; abundant, Nant Glyn, May 1904, C. Oldham. teat
io) .
Lincoln S.—Fulbeck Grange, Dec. 1888 ! J. Burtt Davy. Careby Wood near Grantham, June 1903 ! H. W. Kirkby.
Lincoln N.—Well Vale, Sept. 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Farlesthorpe (J. Burtt Davy, Garner, May 1891). Var. cinereo-fusca, Uleeby-with-Fordington, Oct. 1889 ! J. Burtt Davy.
Notts.—Cleveland Hill, West Markham, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Type and sub-var. brunnea, garden, Tuxford, April 1885! W. A. Gain. :
Derby—Marple, May 1885! and Buxton, May 1893! C. Oldham. Darley Dale, June 1890! W. H. Heathcote. Winster, June 1885! Rev. H. Milnes. Near Hather- sage, Aug. 1890! type and sub-var. brunnea, Clifton, Sept. 1889! L. E. Adams.
MERSEY.
Cheshire—Bowdon, Sept. 1884! and Hale, May 1885! J. G. Milne. Garden, Heatley Honse, Sept. 1885! L. E. Adams. Marple, May 1891! L. St. G. Byne. Sale and Northenden, June 1885 ! and at Baguley Hall, Sept. 1892 ! also type and var. succinea, Romiley, June 1896! C. Oldham.
Lancashire S.—Hough Green near Widnes, March 1884! H. L. Edwards. Near Preston, June 1888 ! sub-var. aurantiaca, abundant along a roadside hedgerow, Farington, June 1890! W. H. Heathcote. Type and sub-var. grisea, Knowsley (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893, p. 148). :
Lancashire Mid—Over Wyresdale, alt. 1,000 ft., April 1903 ! Rev. W. W. Mason. Broughton near Preston, July 1904! W. H. Heathcote.
206 \RION SUBFUSCUS.
MUMBER,
York S.E.—Filey, 1908 ; banks of canal, Beverley, J. D. Butterell.
York N.E.—Wilton Wood, May 1887! Beedale, June 1901! Harwood Dale and Breaday Gill, May 1904! Bowes, July 1884 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Hayburn Wyke, Aug. 1894, F. W. Fierke. Type and var. cinereo-fusea, Ingleby Greenhow, Sept. 1890! Rev. J. Hawell.
York S.W.-—Common, Lofthouse, May 1887, Geo. Roberts. In and around garden, Rose Hill, Penistone, Nov. 1889! L. E. Adams. Bell Hogg near Sheffield, June 1893! C. Oldham. Wheatley Wood, Doncaster, April 1904! H. H. Corbett. Hebden Bridge, June 1904 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Common at Elland Park wood ; Jagger Green; Howroyd Clough and Red Lane Dyke, Halifax, J. E. Crowther, Halifax Nat., Aug. 1903, p. 49.
York Mid W.—CGardens and fields near canal, Saltaire, Nov. 1883 ! marshy field in Tong Park, 1887; Eshoit and Fagley, 1888 ; Calverley Wood and Shipley Glen, 1889, H. T. Soppitt. Manston, May 1904! W. H. Hutton. Eavestone, Sept. 1886 ! J. Ingleby. Micldew Wood, Aug. 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Buttertubs Pass, alt. 1,500 feet, May 1904! H. Wallis Kew. Grassington, Sept. 1900, F. Rhodes. Waterfall, Crook Gill, Buckden, Aug. 1904 ! A. H. Pawson.
York N.W.—Horton-in-Ribblesdale, May 1892! W. D. Roebuck. —Ingleton (Collinge, Nat., 1890, p. 198). Hammerton Hall, Bolland, Aug. 1885 ! and sub-var. aurantiaca, Islet Bridge, Aug. 1885! W. Denison Roebuck. sa
Durham—Durham, April 1884! Baker Hudson. Harwood Dale, Ang. 1889, W. Denison Roebuck.
Northumberland—Gosforth, Aug. 1904 ! Mrs. Willans. Type and sub-var. brunnea, Stocksfield-on-Tyne, May 1885! H. E. Craven.
LAKES.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston Old Man, July 1887! 8. C. Cockerell. Holywath, Coniston, Oct. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Var. cinereo- fusca, Grasmere, June 1886! C. Oldham. Sub-var. grisew, Grange, 1897 (Fowler, Journ. of Mal., 1899, p. 38).
Cumberland—Keswick, July 1903! Rev. R. Godfrey. Sub-var. brunnea, Skid- daw Forest, Sept. 1890 ! Rev. J. Hawell.
Isle of Man—Glen Maye and Keppel Gate, Snaefell, Sept. 1891 !
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Dumfries—Type and var. cinereo-fusca, Moffat, Jan. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Kirkcudbright—Castle Douglas, Sept. 1890! W. Evans.
Ayr—Adneil, Nov. 1903, Rev. R. Godfrey.
Renfrew—Var. cinereo-fusca, Braidland, Aug. 1890! J. M. B. Taylor.
Lanark—Wilderness Wood, Cadder, Ang. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Type and sub-var. brunnea, Blackwood estate, Kirkmuirhill, Sept. 1904! N. B. Kinnear.
EAST LOWLANDS.
Peebles—Leadburn, about disused farm buildings, July 1889! W. D. Roebuck. West Lynton ! Lyne! and Standalane near Peebles, July 1890! W. Evans.
Selkirk—-Holylee, July 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Var. cinerco-fusca, near Selkirk, Oct. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Roxburgh—Type, var. cinerco-fusea, and sub-var. brunnea, Jedburgh, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh.
Berwick—Arion subflarus frequent in woods and shady places (G. Johnston, Berwick N.C. Proc., 1838, p. 154). Eyemouth, W. Evans. Var. efnereo-fusea, Dryburgh, July 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Haddington—Aberlady, May 1890! Westbarn Links near Dunbar, Sept. 1894 ! Luffness Links, May 1890! W. Evans.
Edinburgh —Abundant hy field-paths, Craigloeckhart near Edinburgh July 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Balerno, April 1890! Caroline Park, Granton, Nov. 1890 ! The Bush, Penicuik, Dec. 1890! and Kirknewton, Feb. 1897, W. Evans. Var. cinereo-fuscu, Braidburn ! W. E. Clarke.
Linlithgow—Abount Linlithgow, Oct. 1890! Binny Craig, Mech. 1898 ; and Bonny- town Hills, Ang. 1901, W. Evans. Fairly common in the county and noted at Blackness, Carriden, Preston, Livingston, Kinneil Mill, Graeme’s Dyke, Bankhead, and Bo'ness, Rev. R. Godfrey. i
: . EAST HIGHLANDS.
Fife and Kinross —Otterston, June 1890! Dura Den, July 1890! Falkland Woods,
Aug. 1895; Loch Leven, Feb. 1896: also type and var, BE les ia Loch Gelly,
May 1895, W. Evans. Sub-vars. /aferitia and grisea, Mount Melville, St. Andrews (W. E. Collinge, L.e.).
ARION SUBFUSCTS, 207
Stirling—Cambusbarron, Stirling, July 1894! A. MeLellan.
Perth S. and Clackmannan—South slope of Drummond Hill! Dollar, April 1897 ; Callander, May 1894! and Aberfoyle, April 1896, W. Evans. Balquhidder, July 1904! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Perth Mid—Crianlarich, Aug. 1888! Alex. Somerville. Inver Dunkeld, Sept. 1904! A. Rodgers. Var. cinereo-fusca, Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, June 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey. Var. cinerco-fusca and sub-var. brunnea, Dunkeld road, Perth, Sept. 1904! W. Evans.
Perth N.—Fenderbridge, Glen Tilt, Sept. 1898! and Blairgowrie, July 1890! W. Evans.
Kincardine—Banchory, July 1890! W. Evans.
Aberdeen S.—Drum Woods, Deeside, Oct. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Aberdeen Links, July 1890 ! W. Evans. Banks of Don near Aberdeen, Sept. 1904! var. succinea and sub-var. brunnea, garden, Rubislaw, Oct. 1904! G. Sim.
Banff—Banks of Avon above Ballindalloch, Sept. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Elgin—Below Grantown, Strathspey, Ang. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Easterness—Dalwhinnie, alt. 1,200 ft., June 1892! W. Evans. Var. rufo-fuscc, Rothiemurchus pine forest, Aug. 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
; WEST HIGHLANDS.
Main Argyle—Dunoon ! and Ardenadam! W. Denison Roebuck. Ballineanoch, Sonachan, Barbreek, Lochan Dubh near Oban, Dunollie, Ganavan, Glen Sheileach, Gallanach road, and on the moor near Benbeg, July 1901, Rev. R. Godfrey.
Clyde Isles—Isle of Arran: Brodick, April 1895! W. Evans; and Loch Greenan, July 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Isle of Bute: near the aquarium, Rothesay, Nov. 1886! T. Scott.
Cantire—About old castle, Tarbert, April 1886 ! T. Scott.
NORTH HIGHLANDS. Ross W.—Ullapool, Aug. 1886 ! Alex. Somerville. Sutherland E.—South side of Little Dornoch, Oct. 1884! and Blue Rock, Brora, March 1885 ! W. Baillie.
IRELAND. ULSTER.
Derry —Moderately common by banks of river Bann, Coleraine, Nov. 1883, L. E. Adams. Ballynagard, June 1892; and Gortness, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell. Creagh meadows, Toome, June 1893; shores of Lough Neagh, June 1899; and under logs on railway embankment, Limavady Junction, March 1903, R. Welch.
Antrim—Collooney, Sept. 1885! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Dunluce Castle and old church, Sept. 1893; Cave Hill, 1893; large and common at Plantation Port, Kenbane, Oct. 1898 ; stream-side, Whitepark Bay, June 1899; common and finer than usual, Brown’s Bay, Larne, July 1899; Colin Glen, Nov. 1899; Bush Bay, Jan. 1900; Glencorp, March 1900; common about Armoy, Glenshesk, and the Ballycastle district generally, R. Welch. Abundant about Murlough Bay, Cush- endun, and all along the north coast of Antrim; also on Rathlin Island, and at Loughaveena, at 900 ft. alt., in the midst of a bog, in company with Arion ater. In some localities the sub-var. aurantiaca is far commoner than the type, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Type and sub-vars. aurantiaca and campestris, Belfast, Dec. 1891, RK. F. Scharff. Var. cinereo.fusca, Ballycastle, Oct. 1904! Miss F. 8. O’Connor. Vars. cinereo-fusca and succinea, Cushendun, May 1886! and var. rinerco-fuscu, Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1896 ! Rev. 8. A. Brenan.
Down—Beech Hill near Newry, July 1904! R. J. Anderson. Clonduft, Hilltown and Ballinoe Stone-circle, Jan. 1898; very common on rockery, Vakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, May 1898 ; common on fallen trees by Hillsborough Monument, April 1899; and common under logs, Helen’s Bay, Sept. 1904, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Finnebrogue Woods, Dec. 1900; and rare on shores of Lough Aghery, May 1904, R. Welch. Type and sub-vars. qurantiaca and campestris, Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Armagh—Type and sub-var. brunnea, Armagh, June 1885 ! Rev. H. W. Lett. Var. cinereofusca, Acton Glebe, Poyntz Pass, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. F. Jolson.
Monaghan—Carrickmacross, Sep. 1904! also type and sub-var. brunnea, Drum- reaske, Sept. 1904! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Tyrone—Baronscourt, Sept. 1904! R. Bell. Sion Mills, Feb. 1900, R. Welch. Var. cinereo-fusca and sub-var. aurantiaca, Omagh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Ardara Woods, April 1900, R. Welch. Var. cinereo-fusca, Temple- more Park, Sept. 1904 ! D. C. Campbell.
Cavan—Mullagh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
208 ARION SUBFUSCUS.
_. LEINSTER.
Louth—Woods and fields, Piperstown, Oct. 1889! Miss 8. Smith. Dromiskin, June 1904! Narrow Water, Dec. 1904! var. brwnned, Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904! and sub-var. aurcnutiaea, Drogheda, Sept. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Large at Slane Hill, July 1900, Rev. A. M. Norman and R. Welch. Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff. “Var. riverco-fusca and sub-var. aurantiaca, Druncondra, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding. Fairly common in Bushey Park, Dublin, Sept. 1903 (Welch and Stelfox, Irish Nat., June 1904, p. 123). Var. succinea, Sloperton Lodge, Kingstown, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Var. cinereo- fusca, Foxhall Demesne, Raheny, Aug. 1890; also sub-var. fava, Howth, Sept. 1890; and Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Feb. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Kildare—Sub-var. brunuea, Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford.
Wicklow—Common on beech trees in Glen of Downs, July 1891; Little Sugar- Loaf Mountain, July 1891; Woodenbridge and sandhills, Arklow, March 1893; type and var. succinea, Bray Head, R. I. Scharff. Powerscourt, May 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Wexford—Kilmanock, Sept. 1890! G. E. Barrett-Hamilton.
Carlow—Var. cincreo-fuser, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Kilkenny—Var. cinereo-fusca, gardens, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough.
Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie, Aug. 1840, Rev. B. J. Clarke. Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
King’s Co.—(Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904 ! R. McKenna.
Westmeath—Cominon, Knockdrin Demesne, April 1892, R. F. Scharff.
Longford—Currygrane, Nov. 1901, Mrs. J. Mackay Wilson (Welch, Irish Nat., July 1902).
Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton.
Leitrim—Mohill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Swiss Valley, Glencar, July 1904! A. W. Stelfox.
Sligo—Rare, Sligo and Ballysodare, Sept. 1900, A. W. Stelfox. Raghly Point and Lissadill, July 1904, R. Welch. Sub-var. flava, Collooney near Sligo, Sept. 1885 ! and sub-var. brunet, Rockwood, Lough Gill, Oct. 1886 ! W. F. de V. Kane.
Mayo W.—In ruined cottage, Slievemore, Sept. 1886 (J. G. Milne, J. of Conch., Oct. 1891). Ballina, Miss Amy Warren (W. E. Collinge, Irish Nat., May 1896, p. 144). Type and sub-var. brunnea, Enniscoe Demesne, Crossmolina, Sept. 1885 ! W. F. de Vises Kane. Var. cinereo-fusca, Dugort, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—Roundstone, also sub-var. fava, Renvyle and Kylemore, March 1891, R. F. Scharff. — Var. einereo-fusca and sub-var. brunnea, Kylemore Castle Gardens, Sept. 1904! W. Comfort.
Galway E.—Woodyard, Clonbrock, June 1896, Hon. R. E. Dillon and R. Welch. Type and sub-var. eurantiaca, common in Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895, p. 267).
MUNSTER.
Clare—Woodpark, Scariff, Sept. 1904! N. F. Hibbert. Cratloe, Sept. 1904 ! and var. cinereo-fusca, Doonass, Aug. 1904! R. A. Phillips.
Limerick—Castle Connell, July 1904! R. A. Phillips.
Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Tipperary S.—Type and sub-var. «urantiaca, Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Malcolmson.
Waterford—Kilmanock, Aug. 1904 !G. E. H. Barrett-Hamilton. Type and var. aurantiaca, Glenabbey and Mountain road, Clonmel, Sept. 1886 ! Rey. A. H. Delap.
Cork N.—Var. cinereo-fusca, north bank of river Lee, Cork, Sep. 1904! C. Baker.
Cork S.—Rare on banks of river Lee, Cork, July 1904, R. Welch. Moderately common at Blarney Castle and Bantry, Sept. 1898, Lionel E. Adams. Sub-vars. Aagella and phillipsi, Schull, July 1893 (W. E. Collinge, ].c.).
Kerry—Common, Glengariff and Kenmare, Sep. 1898, L. E. Adams, Gt. Skellig, Rev. A. H. Delap. Type, var. e/nereo-fusca, and sub-var. brunnea, Valentia Telan. Sept. 1904! Miss M. J. Delap. Var. sweeinea, Sheen Wood, and island in Middle Cloonee Lake, July 1898 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898).
CONNAUGHT.
CERMANY. _ This species is said to be found throughout Germany, but is rare in the north ; it ix often found amongst fungi in the heathy pine forests, and has been definitely reported from Alsace, Bremen, Brandenburg, Baden, Bavaria, Cassel; Franconia, Hanover, Holstein, Lausitz, Lorraine, Mecklenburg, Nassau, Osnabruck, Pomerania, Pyrmont, Swabia, Saxony, Schleswig, Silesia, Westphalia, and Wurtemburg.
Distribution of Arion subfuscus (Drap.)
Puatr XX.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties
ENGLAND AND WALES,
SOUTH WALES
Channel Isles 1 Glamorgan
_ PENINSULA 4 Cornwall W. 4
1 2 Brecon 2 Cornwall E, 43 Radnor 3 Devon 8. 44 Carmarthen 4 Devon N. Pembroke 5 Somerse Cardigan 65 NORTH WALES ie Montgomery 7 Wilts N Merioneth 8 Wilts 8. Carnarvon 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh 10 Isle of Wight 51 Flint Hants 52 Anglesey TRENT $5 Lincoln 8.
64 Lincoln N. Leic. & Rutld. iS.
15 Kent E, é
16 Kent W. ; »
178 y MERSEY to 68 Cheshir - 59 Lancashire $.
60 Lan’shire Mid +
HUMBER 61S,E York 62 N.E. York . 63 SW. York ; 64 Mid W, York @ 25 Suffolk E, 65 N.W. York 26 Suffolk W. TYNE 27 Norfolk BE. 66 Durham 28 Norfolk W. 67 Northumb. 8. 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviotland 30 Bedford LAKES 31 Hunts 69 Westmorland 32 Northampton and L, | SEVERN 70 Cumberlanc 33 Gloucester E, 71 Isle of Man 24 Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth 36 Hereford 37 We ter 38 W 39 40 Salop
Probable Range.
of the British Isles.
12g Ge
O)
ry Ni
NSS Recorded Distribution.
ee Distribution verified by the Authors.
‘t ag. =
W. LOWLANDS 72 Dumiries
SCOTLAND. | FE. HIGHLANDS 93 Aberdeen N, | S4 Banff 95 Elgin
73 Kirkcudbright
74 Wigtown 7 Ayr 76 Renfrew 77 Lanark
kK, LOWLANDS 73° Peebles 79 Selkirk 80 Roxburgh 81 Berwick 82 Iladdington 63 Edinburgh 24 Linlithgow
96
S7 98 99 100 101
102 13
1¢4
1 asterness
W. HIGHLANDS
Westerness Main Argyle Dumbarton Clyde Isles Cantire Ebudes 8. Ehudes Mid Ebudes N,
N. HIGHLANDS
HIGHLAN 105 Ross 85 Fife & hinross | 86 Stirling 0 ind fy, 87 Pth.s.& Clkn. 108 SutherlandW | 88 Mid Perth 109 Caithness 29 Perth N. NORTH ISLES 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys 92 Aberdeen 8. 112 Shetlands IRELAND, ULSTER LEINSTER
113 Derry 122 Touth | 114 Antrim 123 Meath ns Down 1é4 Dublin 16 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow ( U8 Tyrone 127 Wexford 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 130 Qdueen’s Co.
131 King’s Co
132 Westmeath
133 Longford
CONNAUGHT id ommon im
ARION SUBFUSCUS. 209
NETHERLANDS. Belgium —Recorded from Brabant, Liége, Luxembure, Namur, ete.
FRANCE.
Arion subfuscus is recorded from the following departiments or districts, but is said to be most abundant in the southern and central regions :—Aube, Aude, Ariége, Basses Pyrénées, Cantal, Champagne Meridionale, Cétes-du-Nord, Céte VOr, Finistere, Gironde, Hautes Alpes, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Hautes Pyrénées, Hérault, Ille-et-Vilaine, Istre, Landes, Loire Inférienre, Maine et Loire, Morbihan, Moselle, Niévre, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Puy-de-Doéme, Pyrénées Orientales, Savoie, Seine, Seine et Oise, Somme, Tarn, Var, and Vosges. Sub-var. fuscata in woods around Paris, department of the Seine.
: SWITZERLAND. This species has been recorded from the cantons of Aargan, Lucerne, Svlothurn, St. Gall, and the Grisons ; the sub-var. gaudefroyi from St. Gall.
ITALY. Arion subfuscus is, according to Pollonera, contined to the hilly regions of the north, and the records of this species fur Central and Southern Italy are due to
errors of determination. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Arion subfuscus is recorded from several places in Catalonia, and from Aragon and Navarra by Fagot. Portugal—Arion fuligineus is recorded by Morelet from a roadside wall near Ponte do Lima in the province of Douro.
BALKAN PENINSULA. Roumania—Indicated by Simroth as an inhabitant of Roumania.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Recorded as found in Austria, Bohemia, Carinthia, Carniola, Goritz, Hungary, Moravia, Styria, Tyrol, and Transylvania.
SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Found throughout Norway as far north as North Cape, 71° 8’ north latitude, and Stangenees at the mouth of the Tana in East Finmark. It is common on Tromsoen and Ando, and also about Trondjhem, Bergen, and Christiania.
Sweden—This species is found almost throughout Sweden, and has been noted as far north as Ofver-Lulea in Norbotten ; it is also recorded from Jemtland ; about Stockholm in Svealand; in Gothland at Ronneby, Gothenburg, and Christianstadt ; near Frollinge in Halland, Balsberg in North Scania, and the Island of Bornholm.
Denmark—Common in Zealand, and rare in Jutland. It is also reported from Iceland and the Faroes.
RUSSIA.
Found throughout European Russia, extending eastwardly to the Ural Moun- tains about the 65th parallel, and also over the Arctic and wooded northern districts, having been found by Wallenberg near the coast on the shores of the arctic sea in Russian Lapland, at 69° north latitude. It is plentiful about Reval in Esthland ; Dorpat in Livland; in Courland; in the Ukraine; about Moscow; and in many localities about Warsaw in Poland. It is met with in the Aland Isles, also throughout Finland, the specimens inhabiting the tract adjoining the Gulf of Fin- land having been distinguished as var. fennica, but have been recorded by others from thence as Arion ater.
Sub-var. fuscata, according to Kaleniczenko, inhabits shady woods about Nejin and Borozda, Tschernigov ; and moist woods about Izium, Kharkoy.
Siberia—Under the name of A. hortensis, Schrenk describes what is probably this species as generally distributed in Amurland; on the Lower Amur, it was found in damp deciduotis woods near Teutscha, and at Dshare. It is also probable that the Arion collected by Dr. Theel in June and July, 1876, at Mikoulina on the Jenissei, are properly referable to Arion subfuscus.
NEARCTIC REGION.
New York—Arion fuscus, Lloyd’s Neck, Long Island (H. Prime, Oct. 1895).
Massachusetts—A. fuscus, in yards and gardens, New Bedford; (J. H. Thomson, J. of Conch., Oct. 1885); gardens between Chestnut and Mount Vernon streets, above Willow street, and elsewhere in Boston (W. G. Binney, Manual Amer. Land
Shells, 1885, p. 459). AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Arion fuscus Miill. introduced into New Zealand (Hutton, Trans. N.Z. Inst., xvi., p. 211).
15/505 ie)
210 MONOGRAPIT OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA,
Arion hortensis Férussac.
1819 Arion hortensis Pérussac, Hist. Moll, p. 65, pl. 2, ff. 4,
e6 —) linentus Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Merid., p. 55.
1855 — (Prolepis) fuseus Moq.-Tand., Hist. Moll. France, p. 14, pl. 1, ff 28-30. 66 = anthreeins Bourg., Moll. nouy. lit., ete., p. 178, pl. 29, ff S- ie
Is70) = pelophilus Mabille, Ann. Malac., p. 117.
Is70 —_ distinefus Mabille, op. eit., p. 119.
SSL — pyrenaicus Fagot, in Gourdon. Moll. Luchon, p. 82.
Is8s300 alpinus Fitz., ‘Syst. Verz. Oesterr. Weichth.
PAR == eotliccies Pollonera, Contr. Studio Arion Europ., p. 14, ff 28, 24.
ISMh = elongatus Collinge, Ann. and May. Nat. Hist., p. 66, pl. da
INF — ea yudens Collinge, Proe. Zool. Sov., p. 444, pl. BL, fh 18, 19.
s2l Limes sihfuscus Pfeitfer, Syst. Anord., p. 20. Isis Prolejis hortensis Malm, Limac. Seand., p. 49, pl. 2, f. 5. S73 Noheltia hortensis Seibert, Nachr. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., p. St.
| > ISTORY.—.Lrion hortensis (hor-
tensis, & garden ) was first found in this country im IS17, by Dr. Leach, who placed specimens in the National Collection ; its occurrence was, how- ever, not published until 1821, when Dr. Gray added the species to the British list in the pages of the Medical Repository.
It is probably in part the Zimar Jasciatus of Nilsson, and according to Pérussae the vestigial shell is the Limacella concuca of Brard.
This species has been separated from Avion ater and cl. sahfuscus by Moquin-Tandon and others, aud placed ina group Prolepis, which is character- ized hy ee aerdia & more completely formed shell than is said to be present in the two former species. ‘This
character is, however, quite illusory Ss) oe as is also their separation based upon me. yi — the modification of the eenital atrium, as proposed by Dr. Simroth.
This species is associated with Mv EK. J. Lowe, FLR.S., of Shirenewton Hall, Chepstow, the famous fern spec ‘alist, and author of wee esteemed works thereon, In acknowledement of the execllence of his © Conchology of Nottingham,” published in 1858, and of his exceptional knowledge of the specific characters and habits of our British slugs.
Diagnosis. -.frion hortensis may de distinguished from Aedon ater anil cteion subsuseus by its much smaller size and different shade of colouring, Prom tavan evreamscriptus it is separable hy its tough, leathery integument, its more slender form, orange foot, black dorsum, and the more indistinctly defined black lateral bands, which are also less dorsally placed than in that species,
ARION HORTENSIS. 211
As Dr. Scharff has pointed out, it can be distinguished from similarly sized specimens of Arion ater by its dark colouring, the young of ater being usually light coloured, and the wrinkles longer and broader, while A. intermedius is readily separable by the possession of the peculiar little conically-pointed body wrinkles, which have earned for it the title of the “hedgehog snail.”
INTERNALLY, this species is distinctly separated from its closest ally, A. circumscriptus, by the large globular spermatheca, and the extra long and almost uniform free-oviduct, a feature which distinguishes it also from the other species.
Description.—ANIMAL of somewhat cylindrical shape, but dorsally depressed, about thirty mill. long when fully extended, of an uniform bluish-grey or slate-grey colour, darkest and almost black mid-dorsally, shading paler towards the foot, with a black lateral band, which is most indistinct at its lower margin, and extends the whole length of the body and shield; BoDY TUBERCLES comparatively broad, and forming about twenty-four longitudinal rows at each side; SHIELD comparatively small and coloured like the body, rounded in front and broadly rounded behind, finely shagreened, with the lateral banding of the body continued as a somewhat lyre-shaped black banding, which arches over the respiratory orifice; HEAD dark, especially in front; NECK pale; OMMATOPHORES dark, due in great part to the dusky retractors ; SOLE not visibly tripartite, yellowish or orange ; FOOT-FRINGE similarly coloured, with slight transverse furrows which are sometimes faintly pigmented.
DERMAL-MUCUS yellowish or orange coloured and very viscid, the caudal and locomotory mucus colourless, the latter stained by admixture with the yellow tegumentary slime.
The SHELL is described, especially by Italian authors, as well developed and solid, but in our British specimens it is usually soft and gelatinous, and only dis- tinguishable by its colour, but hardens by exposure; occasionally, however, distinctly solid transparent stones may be found.
INTERNALLY, the BODY CAVITY is of a slaty-blue colour, except above the foot- sole, which shows an ochreous tint, minutely spotted with white; the SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND extends half the length of the body during repose, but during active move- ment it is only about one-third the total length of the whole body.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS are broader and flatter é Wf than in Limaz, but of the usual Arion type. The } TENTACULAR muscles spring from widely separated Hf r points, and the lower tentacular branch is strongly | developed; the right tentacular muscle arises from aie the shield at the right margin of the kidney, while aaa
the left muscle springs from a corresponding point
on the left margin, their roots being thus separated
by the whole width of the kidney ; the PHARYNGEAL
retractor arises from the dorsal skin on or to the right ; of the median-line, quite behind the lung, about three Fic. oe ene retractors mill. posterior to the tentacular muscles, and is cleft of 1770 Aertensis Fer., x about mid-way, for attachment to opposite sides of the buceal bulb.
The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM is, as in all its congeners, triodromous, although not exhibiting a very pronounced spiral torsion ; the INGESTIVE TRACT extends posteri- orly beyond the succeeding coils, and terminates in the true stomach; the (ESOPHAGUS is fused to the PHARYNX from its origin up to the CEREBRAL GANGLIA; the CROP is voluminous, and pale brown in colour, with the whitish SALIVARY GLANDS attached to its sides; while the left lobe of the DIGESTIVE GLAND is, as is usual, directed backwards.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS show a roundish or oval OVOTESTIS, with few acini, and is often of a dark colour, especially between the lobules, where it is frequently of a deep purplish-black ; the DucT is whitish or yellowish, long and slender, but becoming thicker and somewhat convolute as it approaches the gelatinous and greyish ALBUMEN GLAND ; the OVIDUCT is sacculate and white, closely attached to the SPERM DUCT which on separation forms a short VAS DEFERENS ; the FREE OVIDUCT is of great length and usually slender, except at the base, it is often, before distention, doubled upon itself in an S-like form ; the EPIPHALLUS is short and conical, white basally, ringed above with dark grey, and merges almost
oo 2 ARION HORTENSIS.
imperceptibly into the vas deferens, it secretes the short thick SPERMATOPHORE, which has a smooth, thin envelope, without the serrated crest so conspicuous in Arion ater and A. subfuscus; the SPERMATHECA is vlobular, variable in colour, and attached by its crown to the base of the OVISPERMATODUCT, the stem is short and thick ; ATRIUM with a well-defined ochreous vestibular gland ; the GENITAL RETRACTOR arises from the dorsum, behind the kidney, but soon bifurcates, the extremities becoming fixed to the stem of the spermatheca and the upper third of the free oviduet.
Fic. 224. Fic. 225.
Fic. 223.—Reproductive organs of Arion hortensis Fér., X 2. (Christchurch, S. Hants).
Fic. 224.—Spermatophore of 4rfon hortensis Fér., Leipzic, greatly enlarged (from an original drawing hy Dr. Simroth).
Fic. 225.—Alimentary canal of Avion hortensis Fér., X 2.
ot. ovotestis ; 4.d. hermaphrodite duct ; 4. prostate ; v.d. vas deferens ; ef. epiphallus ; a.g. albumen gland ; ov. sacculated or glandular oviduct ; sf. spermatheca ; vag. vagina; ad. atrium; v.g. vestibular gland ; 7.2. retractor muscles attached to spermatheca and free oviduct.
The MANDIULE or jaw is about a mill. broad, and about half-a-mill. wide, with narrower but somewhat bluntly rounded ends, strongly arenate from front to back, of an amber colour, with about ten vertical ribs or thickenings, apparently formed by overlappings of the substance of the jaw, which crenulate the upper margin and sometimes the lower margin also ; a darker ribs and the clearer 3 a ed interstitial spaces show distinct vertical striw; at PON HOFTCRSTS,, X20. Tist- about aoa of the width of the jaw, a dark line church, Hants §., Mr. C. Ashford). runs parallel with the cutting margin, showing the point of origin of the elasina, which extends on to the roof of the buceal cavity.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is about three mill. long and one mill. wide, consti- tuted by about 116 somewhat curved transverse rows of teeth, which diminish regularly in size to the margin of the membrane. The transverse rows are each composed of a stronely tricuspid median tooth, the strong yet somewhat slender inesocone, With distiuet accessory lateral cutting expansions; the lateral teeth are about ten in number, obscurely tricuspid, but the endoconic cutting point is lost, the mesocone shewing the side expansions; the marginals are unieuspid, showing the powerful mesocone only, but towards the margin an ectoconie cutting point again becomes distinctly perceptible, while the few extreme marginals still retain their embryonic character.
35
Y wy 20 4-2 6.
35 WY YA? AG ah vey ekg Vic, 227.—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 41. sub/us x 180. The animal collected by Mr. C. Ashford, and the palate prepared by Mr. J. W. Neville. ee
The formula of a Christchurch specimen collected by Mr. C. Ashford is T+ yet bSthte5 +3547 x 116=8,468,
ARION HORTENSIS. 213
Reproduction and Development —-The details of the congress of this species have never been recorded, but Mr. E. J. Lowe, who has fre- quently observed the act, describes it as very transitory, the actual congress, during which the spermatophores are exchanged, only occupying forty or forty-five seconds.
The eggs, which have been so frequently though erroneously described as phosphorescent for the first fifteen days after deposition, are subglobular im shape and a little over two mill. in length, semiopaque or quite translucent and of a milky-white colour, which, however, soon changes to a dull yellow.
They are deposited throughout the milder parts of the year, on the damp earth, or beneath stones or other shelter, to the number of seventy or more, agglutinated in several clusters by a yellowish mucus, and are said to hatch in from twenty to forty days, according to the weather, the young even in the earliest stages being said to show the same body markings as the adults, and to possess a distinct keel, which is, however, readily overlooked, as it is not distinguished by colour, and entirely disappears during growth, the animal becoming full-grown and adult towards the end of the first year.
Food and Habits.—Avion hortensis is essentially a garden species, and especially partial to heavy soils, though often found far from culti- vated land, in fields, woods, and in damp places beneath logs and stones ; it isa rather active, but strictly geophilous species, seldom ascending any distance up the stems of trees or plants, though both young and adults can readily spin mucus threads to facilitate descent from elevated positions. It is a most destructive animal, hiding during the day beneath violets, strawberries, and other tufted plants, but coming out at dusk to feed, continuing its depredations throughout the night, and as it feeds quite at the base of the plants, its ravages are only discovered when too late ; it will burrow down to the bulbs of lilies, and feed upon them the winter through, it also eats off the bark from chrysanthemum stems, devours pansy branches, and the stems of earthed-up celery. In spring it will leave other food to feast upon the fallen petals of the apple and plum blossoms, and is if possible more destructive to strawberries than even Agriolimar agrestis.
According to Dr. Scharff, this species probably lives chiefly on decaying vegetation, as he has found it most numerous in gardens amongst heaps of old weeds.
In the potato-growiug district around Selby, Yorkshire, Arion hortensis committed great ravages among the crops during the spring of 1904, by feeding upon and honeyecombmng the “ potato-sets,” and thus causing a very serious blight.
Mr. Gain found it a rather sickly species in confinement, and not so indiscriminate in its choice of food as might have been supposed, as out of 193 different kinds of foods offered to a colony of the typical form, uinety- one were totally rejected, and only twenty-five eaten freely, but not one with that avidity which is so characteristic when a really favourite food is offered. Dr. Scharff remarks that he has never found it on fungi, but im confinement Mr. Gain observes that it fed readily upon .l garicus cam- pestris, Russulu emetica, and several other species.
Like Agriolimaw agrestis and Milax sowerbii, this species is, according to Mr. Reynell, strongly attracted by beer, and if this be placed in suit- able shallow saucers in accessible positions on the ground, the animals will crawl into the liquid and drown.
214 ARION HORTENSIS.
Parasites and Enemies.—Probably almost equally liable with other species to destruction and annoyance by the ordinary enemies and para- sites of slug-life ; there is, however, little published evidence on the subject, although it has been observed that the Blindworm (Angu/s fragilis) which greedily devours Agriolimar agrestis, would not eat the present species, possibly on account of its very leathery skin and sticky mucus. A further protective feature was suggested by the late Mr. Sherriff Tye, who remarked upon the very remarkable likeness existing between this species and portions of the bloom-sheaths of the Black Poplar (Populus nigra), a pro- tective resemblance which is operative at a period of the slng’s greatest activity, and when its natural enemies, the thrushes, having young to provide for, are more industrious than usual in searching them out.
Fossil.—Kemnard and Woodward record calcareous particles, believed to be the vestigial shells of this species, from a holocene deposit on the face of a chalk escarpment at Exedown, near Wrotham, in West Kent.
Variation.—The variation in this species runs in two chief lines, exemplified by the typical form and the large variety sub/fuscus.
Férussac has remarked on the circumstance that succeeding generations do not invariably reproduce the variation prevalent during the preceding year, and Dr. Scharff has observed the same peculiarity in the locality at Killakee in the Dublin Mountains, the large brown variety subfusca being exclusively found there in February, 1891, while in May of the previous year, in precisely the same spot all the specimens found were of the grey or typical form. In connection with this point, it may be remarked that Mr. Gain during his feeding experiments found a constant and marked difference as regards food in the likes and dislikes of the ordinary form and the var. swb/fusca.
Dr. Simroth is of opinion that the light-coloured variations are the effect of warmth, while the darker-hued individuals owe their shade of colouring to cold ; but this alone does not universally apply.
The grey variety is, however, found most prevalent in the open country, while the brown or yellowish variety are more numerous in other localities, though in gardens they may frequently be found in the closest association.
The Avion cottianus Poll. from Piedmont, and Arion elongatus Collinge from Somerset, do not seem to differ materially from the typical form of the present species.
Prof. Cockerell, in lhe Concho- logist, 1891, p. 34, described an immature Arion, found at Acton, Middlesex, which he named var. «lbipes. It was described as a form of Arion hortensis with white foot and colourless slime.
Mr. B. 'lomlin, in The Journal
Cs cc ee oo ; of Conchology, April 1887, re-
IG. »—FProximal end of the Sexual system o| rae ee -
slrion hortensis, enlarged (after Palloncia). cords two albine specimens found Fic, 229.—Proximal end of the Sexual system of at Hele, near Ilfracombe, in
Arion cottianus, enlarged (after Pollonera).
; company with albine forms of other species, but he does not further allude to or describe them.
ARION HORTENSIS. 215
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. fasciata Moquin-'l'andon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 14.
Arion fuscus var. fasciatus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Arion fuscus var. pyrenaicus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Arion fuscus var. niger Moquin-Tandon, op. cit.
Arion distinctus Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1868, p. 137.
Arion elongatus Collinge, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 66, and pl. 5a. Arion cottianus Pollonera, Arionida: Europei, 1889, p. 14, ff. 23, 24.
ANIMAL grey, with darker dorsum, and «a dark lateral band on each side. This form is usually regarded as typical of the species.
The var. fasciata s.str. is grey with darker dorsum and black lateral band.
The sub-var. pyrenaica is dark grey with blackish lateral band.
The sub-var. nigra is grey with black dorsum and lateral band. The grey is the true ground colour, but is almost entirely overspread by a greater development of the black pigment.
The sub-var. distineta is yellowish-grey, with blackish lateral band at each side, foot dull-yellow, not lineolated but speckled with yellowish.
The sub-var. elongata is yellowish-grey, the dorsal area and lateral band being black, sole and fringe yellow, the latter lineolate with sepia.
The sub-var. ecottiana as figured is yellowish-grey with darker dorsum, and black lateral band.
ENGLAND.
Cornwall W.—Sub-var. nigra, Penmon near Falmouth, April 1884 ! H. Fox.
Somerset—Sub-var. elongata, on a lawn, Wainsgrove, E. W. Swanton (W. E. Collinge, op. cit.).
Hants. S.—Sub-var. cottiana, June 1891, E.W. Swanton (Collinge, Conchologist, Dec. 1892, p. 77).
Kent W.—Common in Dr. Gray’s garden, Blackheath (Gray’s Turton’s Manual, 1840, p. 108). Near railway station, Chislehurst, Sept. 1884 ! ‘I’. D. A. Cockerell.
Notts.—Sub-var. nigra, not rare about Tuxford (Gain, Brit. Nat., Nov. 1893).
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. nigra, Hough Green near Widnes, March 1884 ! H. L. Edwards.
York N.E.—Thornaby (B. Hudson, Journ. of Conch., April 1886).
York S.W.—Lofthouse, April 1886 ! G. Roberts. Sub-var. nigra, Wakefield, 1886, J. Wilcock.
Durham—Durham, May 1887 ! H. E. Fox.
LAND
: IRELAND.
Antrim—Sub-var. nigra, wood near Ballycastle, May 1897 (L. E. Adams, Irish Nat., July 1897).
Down—Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Dublin—Killakee, Dublin Mountains, May 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Westmeath—Sub-var. nigra, the prevalent form at Clonmacnois, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895).
Tipperary S.—Var. fasciata, Clonmel, Dec. 1885, Rev. A. H. Delap.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—Sub-var. distincta, Neu Brisach, Alsace (Meyer, Nachr., Sept. 1876).
Belgium—Var. fasciata, Lokeren, East Flanders.
France—Var. fasciata, common at Crochére, Cote d’Or; sub-var. pyrenaica is found above Luchon, Haute Garonne; sub-var. nigra, common at Bury, Oise; Amiens in the Somme; Pas de Calais; Haute Loire; and Paris, Seine; sub-var. distincta, under stones about Sevres, department of the Seine.
Italy—Var. fasciata, Rivarossa, Canavese ; and sub-var. cottiana, Bardonecchia, Valley of Dora Riparia, Piedmont.
Spain—Var. fasciata and sub-var. nigra, Galicia. Sub-var. pyrenaica, near Monastery, Montserrat, Catalonia.
Var. limbata Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 14.
Arion fuscus var. limbatus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Arion anthracius Bourguignat, Moll. nouv. lit., etc., 1866, p. 178, pl. 29, ff. 8-10. Arion pelophilus Mabille, Ann. Malac., 1870, p. 117. The var. limbata s.str. is black or blackish, foot-fringe orange or yellowish. The sub-var. anthracia Bourguignat is uniformly black with paler foot-fringe. The sub-var. pelophila Mabille is black with scarcely visible lateral bands, foot- fringe rufous. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Belgium—Road-sides, Ixelles, Brussels (Colbeau, Mem. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1865, i, p. 47). Sub-var. pelophila, Belgiuin.
216 ARION HORTENSIS.
France—Var. limbate is reported by Bandon from gardens in the Oise; by Millet from Maine-et-Loire ; by Pascal from the Hante Loire, and environs of Paris in the department Seine; and by Vaniot from the south of Amiens in the Somme ; sub-var. anthracia from Eaux Bonnes in Basses Pyréneés ; and sub-var. pelophila is recorded from the north of France and Arcueil in the environs of Paris.
Spain—Var. limbata, Galicia (Macho t. Hidalgo).
Var. grisea Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 14. Arion fuscus var. griseus Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. Arion fuscus var, nemoralis Dum. & Mort., Moll. Savoie, p. 8. ANIMAL pale grey, more or less unicolorous, and without lateral bands, foot-sole yellowish. ? The sub-var. nemoralis is pale, the sides scarcely tinted, and the shield often palest towards the centre.
Wilts. N.—Abundant about Marlhorough, E. Meyrick.
Kent W.--Chislehurst, Sept. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Middlesex—Aiong garden refuse, Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Norfolk E.—Heigham, May 1891! A. Mayfield.
Warwick—Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye.
York N.E.—Battersby, Great Ayton, Dec. 1884! Baker Hudson. Thornaby (id., J. of Conch., April 1886, p. 48).
York S.W.—Campsall Woods, May 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Penistone, July 1890 ! Lionel E. Adams.
ENGLAND.
IRELAND.
Antrim—A pale yellowish-grey sub-variety at Cushendun, May 1886 ! Rev. 8. A. Brenan.
Louth—A< pale form of var. grisea, Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Leitrim—A pale form of var. grisea, Mohill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Belgium—Common at Rounont, Luxemburg.
France—Recorded as common at Chatillon-sur-Seine, Céte d’Or; common in fields, etc., when not elevated, in the Ain; about Lyons in the Rhone; in the Pas de Calais; Maine et Loire; the Haute Loire and about Paris in the department of the Seine; sub-var. nemoralis in Savoy.
Spain—Galicia (Macho t. Hidalgo).
Var. ecerulea Collinge, Proc. Zool. Soe., 1897, p. 444, pl. 31, ff. 18, 19.
Limax fasciatus var. § Nilsson, Moll. Svecize, 1822, p. 4. Arion cwrulens Collinge, op. cit.
ANIMAL described as blue or greyish-blue with dark-blne lateral bands, and pale yellow between the bands and the foot-fringe, sole white or pale-yellow, with red or yellowish slime, fringe white without lineoles.
This form was originally deserihed as a variety, but was afterwards raised to specific rank hy its author. It is perhaps the same as Nilsson’s Lima fasciatus var 6.
ENGLAND.
Middlesex—Garden, Ealing, B. B. Woodward (Collinge, J. of Mal., Dee. 1895).
Berks—(W. E. Collinge, Conchologist, 1892, p. 26).
Oxford—Near Oxford, 1890 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dee. 1895, p. 73).
Lancashire S.—Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1893).
: 7 ; ; IRELAND. Dublin—(W. E. Collinge, Conchologist, 1892, p. 26). é ; CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Sweden— L. fasciatus vay. 6, Lund (Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Svecivw, 1822, p. 4).
Var. lutea Bandon, Mem. Limac. Oise, 1871, p. 6.
Arion hortensis var, (uteus Baudon, op. cit. ‘ Arion hortensis var, aureus Lessona, Arion. Piem., 1881, p. 10, f. 3.
ANIMAL almost uniformly yellow, lateral bands faint.
The var. lutea s.str. is pale yellow, slightly tinged with greenish, greyish dorsally, with indistinct lateral banding.
The sub-var, aurea is yellow, pale on the flanks, the shield, caudal end of the hody, the sole, and foot-fringe golden-yellow. Possibly this fom is really referable to slrion intermedius.
Mid W. York—-Pool Bridge, April 1887 ! W. KK. Skipwith.
ENGLAND.
ARION HORTENSIS. 217
: SCOTLAND. Renfrew —A var. fava is recorded by Binnie for Lower Clydesdale, which nay be this, or possibly intended to apply to Arion intermedius. i : CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France— Var. lutea, margins of woods, department of the Oise ; rather common in wood at Flagey, Cote d’Or. Italy—Sub-var. awrea, Rivarossa Canavese, Piedmont.
Var. virescens Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 14. Arion fuscus var, virescens Moquin-Tandon, op. cit. ANIMAL greenish with black bands. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Pas de Calais ; and Lyons in department of the Rhone.
Var. subfusea C. Pfeiffer, Deutsch. Moll., 1821, i., p. 20.
Limax subfuscus C. Pfeiffer, op. cit. Avion fuscus var. subfuscus Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 14. Arion hortensis var. fallax Cockerell, Garner, 1886, p. 139.
ANIMAL brownish, with a black band on each side.
Thesub-var. fallax is described as grey, with black lateral band, but as so densely invested with orange slime as to appear of an orange-yellow. ‘The author of the variety is now of opinion that it cannot be separated from the var. subfusca.
ENGLAND AND_WALES.
Wilts S.—Garden, Steeple Ashton Vicarage, Mch. 1887! Rev. E. P. Knubley.
Hants. N.—Preston Candover, Oct. 1884 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Kent W.—St. Mary Cray, Sept. 1884!8. C. Cockerell.
Surrey—Haslemere, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Sub-var. falas, common on beech trees, Headley lane (T. D. A. Cockerell, Conchologist, Sept. 1891).
Essex S.—Woodford, May 1889 ! H. Wallis Kew.
Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884 ! T. D. A. Cockerell.
Bedford—A hill west of Luton, Noy. 1886 ! J. Saunders.
Northampton—Yardley Chase, Oct. 1893, Lionel E. Adams.
Warwick—Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! R. J. Attye.
Stafford—Rowley Park, Stafford, May 1884 ! E. H. Wynne. Garden, Hands- worth, June 1886 ! G. Sherriff Tye.
Glamorgan—Banks of river Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885 ! F. W. Wotton.
Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler.
Cardigan—Aberystwyth, May 1888 ! E. Collier. Miss Maddy’s garden, Aber- ayron, June 1888 ! W. Whitwell.
Montgomery—Banks of Welshpool Reservoir ! also under timber in an open field by the river Severn, Jan. 1888 ! J. Bickerton Morgan.
Merioneth—Hills above Barmouth, Aug. 1884 ! John Hopkinson.
Lincoln N.—Sloothby, Aug. 1886 ! J. E. Mason. Well Vale, Sept. 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Notts.—Felley Abbey, Sept. 1884 ! common, Worksop ! Cleveland Hill, West Markham ! Pleasley Vale ! and Cresswell Crags, April 1884 ! C. T. Musson, Tuxford, April 1885 ! W. A. Gain.
Cheshire—Bollington, May 1885 ! J. G. Milne.
York S.E.—Millington village near Pocklington, April 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuek. Eccleshall, Oct. 1892 !C. Oldham.
York N.E.—Wilton Wood, and Skelton Beck Valley, Saltburn, May 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
York S.W.—Garden, Holmfirth, Jan. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Sub-var. Jallax, Lotthouse, G. Roberts t. T. D. A. Cockerell.
York N.W.—Bowes and Greta Bridge, July 1884 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Cheviotland— Under stones, Tweedmouth (Rev. J. MeMurtrie, J. of Conch., July 1889).
SCOTLAND.
Edinburgh—Duddingston Loch, Edinburgh, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Dreghorn Woods near Colinton, Sept. 1889 | W. Evans.
Stirling—Falls of Inversnaid, Aug. 1884 ! Baker Hudson.
Ebudes N.—Dunvegan, Isle of Skye, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
Ross W.—Gairloch, Nov. 1886 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville.
Sutherland E.—Golspie Burn, May 1885 ! W. Baillie.
Caithness—Dunbeath river, May 1884! W. Baillie.
IRELAND.
Antrim—Mnrlough, with type, May 1897, Lionel E. Adams.
Donegal—Carrablagh, Croaghross, Letterkenny, May 1889 ! H. C. Hart.
218 ARION HORTENSIS.
Dublin—(Carden, Leeson Park, Dublin, Sept. i890; and Killakee, Dublin Moun- tains, Feb. 1891, Re FF. Scharil.
Sligo—Moyview, Ballina, April S89 ! Miss Amy Warren.
Galway W.—Roundstone and Atan Island, Sept. ISO, Re P. Scharf Kylemore Castle Gardens, Sept. 1904! W. Comfort.
Tipperary S.—Sub-var. filler, Clonmel, Rev. A. H. Delap t. TD. A. Cockerell.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Germany—In beech woods on the road to Spickershausen, Cassel (C. Pfeilfer, op. eit.) France —In the departments of Pas de Calais, Hante Loire, and Seine.
Spain—alicia (Macho ¢. Hidalgo).
Var. vufescens Mogiuin-Tandon, Tfist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 14. ANIMAL reddish with black lateral bands. PONCE ANP ENP VOALAS. Middlesex—Dedtford Park, Chiswick, Dee. TIss4 TT. D. A. Cockerell. Oxford —Banbury and Bicester (W. E. Collinge. Conchologist, IS91, p. 13). Worcester—Garden, Stonrport, July PSss (Williams, Jo of Coneh., July 18s. Pembroke—Not uncommon about Tenby (Stubbs, J. of Conel., Pauly 1900). Cardigan—Aberyatwyth (Bb. Collier. J. of Conch, Oct. ESSS). York N.E.—Near Middleslnough (Bo Tudson, J. of Conceh., Npril 1886). York N.W.—Ripon, May Iss3! A.B. Ebdell. SCOTLAND. Caithness—Dmnbeath river, May [S884 ! W. Baillie. IRELAND. Fermanagh—(‘astle Coole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1809, Hon. C. L. Corry. Galway E.—Woodyard, Clonbrock, Sept. 1904, Hon. PE. Dillon. CONTINENTAL DISTRIPUTION, Belgium—Trooz near Licge (Colbean, Mem. Soc. Mal. Bele., 1865, p. 83). France —Lyons (Pollonera, Arionide Kee. Palearet., 1890, p. 20). Spain—Galicia (Macho ¢. Hidalgo).
Geographical Distribution of
Arion hortensis Ferussac.
i Recorded Distribution. [eee Probable Range.
ARION HORTENSIS. 219
Geographical Distribution.—4A. hurtensis being the most advanced and most recently evolved species of its special section, has not yet attained a wide dispersal, being confined naturally to Central Europe, where it abounds more especially on cultivated lands. From its close association with cultivation it is Hable to be transported to other regions, where its high and plastic organization almost ensure its dominancy.
It is found throughout the British Isles, chiefly congregating in gardens and on tilled ground, but is also found on wooded and waste lands far from cultivation.
The recorded continental distribution is not reliable, as this species has doubtless frequently been confounded with Arion circumscriptus, a closely- allied but more ancient and widely-dispersed species, from which it has only in recent years been authoritatively and satisfactorily distinguished.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Channel Isles—Common under stones in Guernsey, Sark, and Herm (Cooke and Gwatkin, Quart. Journ. of Conch., 1878, p. 322). Enumerated for Jersey by Lukis (Ansted’s Channel Isles, 1862). St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tomlin.
PENINSULA. Cornwall W.—Stenalee, St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Common in
gardens, Truro, April 1886 ! and plentiful, Newquay, Sept. 1886, J. H. James. St. Ives, Sept. 1885! J. E. Mason. Sub-var. nigra, Penmon, Falmouth, April 1884 ! H. Fox.
Devon S.—Teignmouth, Oct. 1888 ! Loftus St. G. Byne. Garden, Topsham, and at Culverhole Point, Aug. 1892, Lionel E. Adams.
Devon N.—Northam, Nov. 1885! W. A. Gain. Abundant at Ilfracombe, Mch. 1887 (B. Tomlin, J. of Conch., April 1887). Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Miss Daisy Mason.
Somerset S.—Near Porlock, Aug. 1892 ! Lionel E. Adams.
Somerset N.—Common in gardens, hedgebanks, and fields (Rev. A. M. Nonnan, Inland Moll. Somerset, 1860). Bath, June 1884! C. J. Waterfall. Sub-var. elongata, Wainsgrove, E. W. Swanton (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., June 1894).
CHANNEL
Wilts. N.—Clyffe Pybard, Swindon, Aug. 1904 ! Rev. E. H. Goddard. Type and var. grisea, abundant about Marlborough, E Meyrick.
Wilts. S.—Longleat gardens, Warminster, Sept. 1904! J. A. Singer. Type and var. subfusca, garden, Steeple Ashton Vicarage, March 1887! Rev. E. P. Knubley. Garden, Dunollie Bourne avenue, Salisbury, Sept. 1904! A. R. D. Bacchus.
Dorset—Purbeck and about Blandford, probably generally distributed (J. C. Mansel-Pleydell, Moll. Dorset, 1873, p. 110). Isle of Portland, Aug. 1852, L. E. Adams. Montevideo, Chickerell near Weymouth, Sep. 1904! Nelson M. Richardson.
Isle of Wight—Enumerated as found in a wood at Bembridge, and as common about Ventnor (Venables’ Guide to Isle of Wight, 1860). Hemystead Hill near Yarmonth, 1880! Charles Ashford.
Hants. S.—Mudeford and Chuton, also common and very large in garden at Christchureh, Oct. 1884! C. Ashford. Portsdown Hill, May 1885! W. Jeffery. Roadsides, Binstead, A. Reynel]. Sub-var. cottiana, Southampton, E. W. Swanton (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dec. 1892).
Hants. N.—Type and var. subfusca, Preston Candover, Oct. 1884 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex W.—Too common in gardens and fields, Up Park, Aug. 1886 ! Cocking near Midhurst, Sept. 1886 ! and garden, Ratham, Nov. 1886! W. Jeffery.
Sussex E.—Commoon in the Ouse, Cuckmere and East Rother districts (J. H. A. Jenner, Eastbourne Nat. Hist. Soc. Report, 1880). Gardens, ete., everywhere coin- mon, Lewes, Blatchington, Eastbourne, Hastings, Battle, ete. (id., Sussex list, 1885, p. 6). Gardens, Queen’s road, Brighton, Oct. 1903! F. G. 8. Branwell. In chalk- pit on coast near Eastbourne, Sept. 1904! R. A. Adkin. eiuaele
Kent E.—Folkestone, Oct. 1886! Charles Oldham. Ripple Vale near Dover, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. G. Harrison.
Kent W.—Not so common as Arion ater about Sevenoaks (R. H. S. Smith, Zool., 1854, p. 4333). Dartford (H. C. Leslie, Q.J.C., 1874, p. 34). Hever, Edenbridge, Feb. 1898! A. Leicester. Type and var. subfusca, St. Mary Cray, Sept. 1884! S. C. Cockerell. Vars. /asciata and grisea, Chislehurst, Sept. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Var. fasciata, garden, Blackheath (Gray’s Turton’s Manual, 1840, p. 108).
220 ARION HORTENSIS.
Surrey—Common, Reigate (Saunders, Reigate list, 1861). Cobham, Dr. Leach (Gray’s Turton’s Manual, 1840, p. 107). Croydon (IK. MelKean’s Croydon list, 1883, p. 151). Near Warlingham, July 1883; amongst grass, by river-side, Kew, Dec. 1884! and garden, Syon Lodge, Isleworth, Feb. 1887 ! T. D. A. Cockerell. Holm- field, Wimbledon, July 1904! Miss Annie Rock. Common in garden, South Nor- wood and Wallington, A. Reynell. Addington and Tatsfield (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Conch., July 1903). Var. subfusca, Haslemere, Aug. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell; and sub-var. fallax, Headley lane (id., Conchologist, Sept. 1891).
Essex S.—Var. subfusca, Woodford, May 1889 ! H. Wallis Kew.
Essex N.—-Common everywhere (H. Laver, Colchester list, 1882). Manning- tree, Sept. 1904! Rev. Proctor Benwell.
Herts.—Banks of river Gade, Cassiobury Park, Sept. 1883! earden, Watford, Oct. 1883! and St. Albans, July 1884! John Hopkinson. Ware, Sept. 1886 ! Charles Oldham. Hitchin, March 1886, Charles Ashford.
Middlesex—Comnion, Brentford, Nov. 1883! Mrs. Skilton. Bush Hill Park, May 1887!C. Ashford. Churchyard Bottom wood, Highgate, April 1889 ' and foot of garden walls, Hampstead lane, Dee. 1888! H. Wallis Kew. Hendon, Hainpstead Heath, and Kensal Green, July 1883; Acton, Aug. 1884! type and vars. subfused, rufescens, and grisea, Bedford Park, Chiswiek, Dee. 1884! 'T. D. A. Cockerell. Var. caridea, Ealing (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., Dee. 1895).
Berks.—Whytham Hill, March 1882! Rev. S Spencer Pearce. Bradfield near teading, Sept. 1904! Rev. E. Peake. Var. ewrulea (Collinge, Conch., 1892, p. 73).
Oxford—Commoon throughout the county, Rare in woods, Watlington (Rev. A M. Norman, Zool., 1853, p. 4127). Banbury (R. Stretch, Zool., 1855, p. 4541). Abun- dant in gardens, Combe near Woodstock, July 1904 ! Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Var. rufescens, at Banbury and Bicester (Collinge, Conch., March 1891, p. 13). Var. cevrulea, near Oxford, 1890 (id., J. of Mal., Dee. 1895).
Bucks.—A)undant, Chersley, Aug. 1883! Rev. H. H. Slater. Castlethorpe, May 1885! W. D. Crick. Abnndant by road-sides, Olney churchyard, March 1893 ! Lionel E, Adams.
ANGLIA.
Suffolk E.—Common under logs, etc., in plantation, Blaxhall, May 1888 1G. T. Rope. Lowestoft, Mendlesham ! Wickham Skeith, Brockford, and Needham Market (Mayfield, J. of Conch., April 1903). Common between Ipswich and Sax- mundham, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams.
Sue W.—Farnham St. Martin near Bury St. Edmunds, Oct. 1883 ! W. R. Burrell.
Norfolk E.—Whitlingham wood (J. B. Bridgman, Norfolk and Norwich Trans., 1872, p. 49). Norwich, Long Stratton, and Diss, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams. Gardens, woods, and waste places under stones, logs, ete., Whitlingham, Yelverton, Framingham Earl, Earlham, and St. Faith's (Pearce and Mayfield, J. of Conch., July 1904). Gardens, Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Type and var, grisea, Heigham, May 1891 ! A. Maytield.
Norfolk W.—Thetford, Aug. 1890, L. E. Adams. King’s Lynn, Sept. 1904 !. C. B. Plowright. Gardens, Didlington Hall, Sept. 1904! Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil.
Cambridge—Grantchester, Sept. 1904 ! Hugh Watson.
Bedford— Limlury near Luton, Aug. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell. General Cemetery, Luton, .April 1889 ! also type and yar. subfusea, hedgebanks, Luton, Nov. 1886! J. Saunders.
Huntingdon—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster.
Northampton—Common about Peterborough and Fletton, Aug. 1883, A. W. Nicholls. Common in gardens and in woods, Northampton, Sept. 1884! W. D. Crick. Haselbeech, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. A. Shaw. Castle Ashby, April 1893 ! and var, subfiusca, Yardley Chase, Oct. 1893, Lionel E. Adams.
SEVERN,
Gloucester E.—Very common in damp situations (Webster, Nat., 1854, p. 175). About Stroud, March 1884! E. J. Elliott. Common, Leckhampton, Aus. 1892! Lionel E. Adams.
Gloucester W.—Too common in gardens, Bristol (E. C. Jellie, Nat., Feb. 1867). Stroud, Oct. 1883! and numerous in the Forest of Dean, March 1884! E. J. Elliott.
Monmouth—Wyedale near Tintern, July 1883, C. T. Musson. Gardens, Shire- newton Hall, near Chepstow, June 1886! E. J. Lowe.
Hereford—Whitney-on-the- Wye, July 1883, C.T. Musson. Garden, Bishopswood Vicarage, April 1885 1 Rev. RK. W. J. Smart. Kington, Nov. 1903! L. MeKaig. Garden, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. Blake. Common in garden, Broomy Hill, Hereford, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. A. Boycott.
ARION TORTENSIS. 221
Worcester—Hay Mills near Birmingham, 1868! W. Nelson. Not uncommon at Malvern (Griffiths’ Malvern list, 1870, P: 158). Selly Oak, Feb. 1892, L. E. Adams, Type and var, rufescens, Stourport, July 1888 (Williams, J. of Conch., July 1889).
Warwick—Solilull, Feb. 1893, Lionel E. Adams. Sutton Coldfield, 1897, Albert Wood. Garden, Bradford street, Birmingham, Sep. 1904 ! J. Madison. Vars. griseu, and subfusca, Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! RB. J. Attye.
Stafford—Common (Garner’s Nat. Hist. Staffs. , 1844, p. 301). Common about Stafford, June 1885, and near the castle, Sept. 1885, Lionel E. Adams. Plentiful in garden, Cheadle, Apr. 1886! F. B. Webb. Cauldon, Aug. 1888 ! J. R. B. Masefield, Common in gardens, Hamstead (G. Sherriff Tye, Q. J. of Conch., May 1875, p. 68). Type and var. swbfusea, common in garden, Handsworth, April 1886! id. Type and var. subfusca, Rowley Park, Stafford, May 1884 ! E. H. Wynne.
Salop—St. Oswald’s Well, Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
SOUTH WALES.
Glamorgan—Common about Swansea, H. Rowland Wakefield. Cardiff, Oct. 1885! and var. subfusca, St. Fagan’s, March 1885 ! F. W. Wotton.
Radnor—Bont House, Penybont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall. Erwood, Aug. 1904 ! J. Williams Vaughan.
Carmarthen—Llanelly, Sept. 1904! and Kidwelly, Dee. 1903, Rev. Ll. Davies. (rolden Grove, Sept. 1904 ! Lady Lyons.
Pembroke—Haverfordwest, Sept. 1004! Price Davies. Type and var. subfusec, Pembroke, June 1885! Mrs. Trayler. Type, abundant, North Cliff, Tenby; var. rufescens, not uncommon, A. G. Stubbs.
Cardigan—Type and vars. subfuscu and rufescens, Aberystwyth, May 1888 ! E. Collier. Type and var. subfusca, garden, Alerayron, June 1888 ! W. Whitwell.
NORTH WALES.
Montgomery—Powell’s Ford, Welshpool (J. Bickerton Morgan, Montgom. list, 1888, p. 232). Var. subfuscu, banks of Welshpool Reservoir ! also under timber in an open field by the river Severn, Jan. 1888 ! J. Bickerton Morgan.
Merioneth—Nant-y-Mor, June 1901 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Type and var. subfusca, hills above Barmouth, Aug. 1884! J. Hopkinson.
Carnarvon—Beddgelert ! Dinas ! and Conway Castle, July 1883! W. D. Roebuck.
Denbigh—Gloddaeth Woods ! Llandrillo yn Rhos ! and Bodscallan Woods, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Flint—Mostyn Marsh, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Grange road, Rhy), July 1904 ! Rev. A. Steele Perkins. ;
Anglesey—Common on the island, Aug. 1883 ! J. Hopkinson.
TRENT.
Lincoln S,—Ermine street near Ancaster, April 1886 ! and Frampton Fen near Boston, Sept. 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Old rene Great Ponton, Aug. 1902 ! k. Worsdale. Careby Wood, June 1903 ! H. W. Kirkby.
Lincoln N.—Tothill, May 1888! Miss Susan Allott. Redbourn, Feb. 1903 ! and Claxby, April 1903! Rev. E. A. Woodruffe-Peacock. Haugham Wood ! Burwell Wood ! Ailby, April 1886 ! and Navenby, Dec. 1901 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Bilsby near Alford, May 1886 ! Greenfield Wood, June 1887 ! and Ulceby-with-Fordington, Oct. 1889 ! also type and var. subfusca, Sloothby, Aug. 1886 ! J. E. Mason. Type and var. subfusea, Well Vale near Alford, Sept. 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Leicester and Rutland—Very common in gardens in Leicester and Aylestone (H. E. Quilter, Moll. Leic., 1888, p. 8). Groby, May 1885 ! H. E. Quilter.
Notts.—Common, Beeston, and Highfield House, Nottingham, E. J. Lowe. Castle Rock, Nottingham, Sept. 1884 ! Annesley churchyard, Sept. 1884 ! Newark, Oct. 1884 ! Houghton, April 1885 ! and Colwell, Aug. 1885 !C. T. Musson. Felley Abbey, June 1888! Hunger Hill and Corporation Gardens, ‘Nottingham, June 1888 |G. W. Mellors. Southwell, Sept. 1892 ! C. Oldham. Type and vars. fasciata, subfusea, and sub-var. nigra, Tuxford, April 1885! W. A. Gain. Var. subfusca, Felley Abbey, Sept. 1884! Worksop ! Cleveland Hill, West Markham ! Pleasley Vale ! and Cresswell Crags, April 1884 ! C. T. Musson.
Derby—Common in the county (H. Milnes, Midl. Nat , May 1882). Markland Grip, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Miller’s Dale and Monsal Dale, Aug. 1885 ! C. Oldham. Common about Hathersage, Ashbourne, Bakewell, and Clifton, Aug. 1889 ! Lionel E. Adams. ann
Cheshire —Garden, Sale, May 1884 ! and Baguley Hall, Sept. 1892! C. Oldham. Garden, Liverpool road, Chester, Oct. 1887 ! Brockton Tomlin. Marple, May 1891! L. St.G. Byne. Gardens about Upton (Higgins, Liverpool list, 1891, p. 23), Garden, Oxton, Birkenhead, July 1904! Ashley, Hale, and Ringway near Bowdon, Dec. 1884 ! and Mere Park near Knutsford, Oct. 1885 ! also type and var. subfusca, Bollington, May 1885 ! J. G. Milne.
229 ARION HORTENSIS.
Lancashire S.—-Gardens, Didsbury, Chorlton-cum-Hardy, etc. (J. Hardy, Man- chester list, 1865, p. 34). Frequent and of large size in gardens at Greenheys, R. D. Darbishire, 1885. Common under stones, Manchester, 1880, Lionel E. Adams. Between Liverpool and Warrington, Sept. 1885, T. D. A. Cockerell. Whalley, Aug. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Farington, Oct. 1889 ! W. H. Heathcote. Garden, Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Oct. 1904, R. Welch. Var. ceerulec, Knowsley (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., March 1893). Type and sub-var. nigra, Hough Green near Widnes, March 1884! H. L. Edwards.
Lancashire Mid—Abundant at Fulwood, Feb. 1889 ! and in garden, Frenchwood street, Preston, June 1890 ! W. H. Heathcote. Common at Fleetwood, Sept. 1891, Lionel E. Adams.
HUMBER.
York S.E.—Kilnsea, March 1884! W. Eagle Clarke. All along the coast from Hull northwards, Sept. 1891, L. E. Adams. Malton. Sept. 1880; abundant. Beverley, Kildwick Percy, and on canal banks, Driffield, J. D. Butterell. Common at Hornsea (id., J. of Conch., 1881, p. 136). Sledmere, Aug. 1891! F. W. Fierke. Brough, May 1901! J. E. Crowther. North Grimston and Drewton, T. Petch. Speeton, May 1883 ! Filey, Danes Dyke, and Flamborough, May 1886! also var. subfusca, Millington near Pocklington, April 1885! W. Denison Roebuck. Var. subfusca, Eccleshall, Oct. 1892 ! C. Oldham.
York N.E.—In Swaledale it has been recorded as living on moist hedgebanks, Grizzletield, and in the Holmes, Thirsk (J. H. Davies, Nat., 1855, p. 134). Common about Pilmoor Junetion, Oct. 1882! W. Denison Roebuck. Garden, Pickhill Vicarage, April 1888 ! Rev. E. P. Knubley.
In Vale of Derwent: Scarborough, C. Ashford. Lowdales near Hackness, July 1882! Farwath Bridge, Newtondale, Auy. 1886 ! Helmsley, July 1884 ! Beedale, June 1901! and Harwoodale, May 1904 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Abundant under logs about York, R. M. Christy.
In Teesdale: Redear (C. Ashford, J. of Conch., Jan. 1882). Wilton Wood, July 1884! Baker Hudson. Gardens, Middlesbrough, Sept. 1886! W. A. Lofthouse. Tockett’s Wood, Guisbrough, May 1897! Green lane, Marske, April 1889 ! W. D.
_ Roebuck. Vicarage garden, Ingleby Greenhow, Sept. 1890 ! Rev. J. Hawell. Var. ricfescens, Middlesbrough, var. fasciata, Thornaby, and var grisea, Battersby, Great Ayton, and Thornaby, Dec. 1884! (B. Hudson, J. of Conch., April 1886). Type and var. subfusca, Wilton Wood, and Skelton Beck Valley, Saltburn, May 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
York S.W.—In Calderdale: Abundant about Stanley and Wakefield, Jan. 1885 ! J. Wilcock. Common, Birkenshaw, J. Emmet, 1884. Not uncommon in Hudders- tield gardens (G. H. Parke in Hobkirk’s Huddersfield, 1868. p. 224). Gardens, Holmfirth, Jan. 1885! H. E. Craven. Bottoms, Heckmondwike, March 1903 ! T. Castle. Hebden Bridve, June 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Sowerby Bridge (J _E. Crowther, Halifax Nat.. Aug. 1903). Sub-var. nigra, Wakefield, 1886, J. Wilcock. Var. subfusca, Holmfirth, Jan. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
[In Airedale : Common about Bradford, T. Rhodes. 1903. Seven Arches, Bingley, Feb. 1884 ; Saltaire, Nov. 1886 ! and Gilstead, H. T. Soppitt. Common, Bramley Fall Wood, Oct. 1882 ! and hy the canal, Calverley, Fel. 1882 ! W. Nelson. Canal bank, Shipley, and Frizinghall, July 1882 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Abundant about Armley, Apl. 1890! L. E, Adams. Type, var. fvsciata, and sub-var. ful/ax, garden, Lofthouse, April 1886, G. Roberts.
In the Don valley : Not uncommon about Ackworth (C. Ashford, Q. J. of Conch., 1874, p. 20). Wraghy, March 1882! W. Nelson. Carlton Park and Snaith, June 1882 ! Cantley Park Woods ! Kilham ! Blaxton Grange, May 1883 ! abundant, Roche Abbey Woods, April 1884 ! and Burghwallis, also type and var. grisea, Campsall Woods, May 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Doncaster and Conisborough, July 1891, also var. qriser, Penistone, July 1890! Lionel E Adams.
York Mid W.—In Wharfedale, it has been found at Grassington, June 1882 ! Common, Bolton Bridge and Barden Tower, April 1883 ! Common on banks of the reservoir at Fewston, March 1882! aud abundant at Oughtershaw, Aug. 1882 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Common in Bueckden Wood, Buekden Gill, and Buekden Village; also Cray Gill, Aug. 1904! Tom Petch. War. /ufec, Pool Bridge, April 1887 ! W. K. Skipwith. .
In Nidderdale, it is very common in gardens, Birstwith (Walker. J. of Coneh., Jan 1882). Willinghall, July 1882! W. Nelson, Common abont Pateley Bridge, May 1882! W. Storey. Generally distributed and especially numerous in culti- vated places, Harrogate, Winey, Wecton, Pannal, Rudding, Ribston, Knaresborough and Hampsthwaite, as well as in Copgrove Woods (Fitzgerald, J. of C., Jan. 1889).
In Wensleydale, it is common at Kavestone near Ripon, Feb, 1883 ! J. Ingleby.
ARION IIORTENSIS. 223
In Ribblesdale, at Lawley Albey and Bashall Moor Wood, also Whitewell and Dunsop in Bowland, Aug. 1885! W. Denison Roebuck. Clapham, H. Richardson, J. of Conch., 1886, p. 60.
In Airedale, it is common at Scarcroft ! W. Nelson. Roundhay Park, Sep. 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Rawdon Wood Bottom, Feb. 1904, W. Harrison Hutton. Gardens in the outskirts of the city of Leeds, May 1885! T. W. Bell.
York N.W.—In Teesdale, it has been found at Rokeby, June 1892 ! W. Nelson. Type and var. subfusca, Bowes and Greta Bridge, Aug. 1903 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
In Swaledale, at Angram, Satron, and Gunnerside Gill, July 1884 ! also roadsides near Bratferton Spring Wood. Sept. 1882 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
In Wensleydale, at Hackfall, 1868 ! Marsett, Semerdale, Aug. 1882! summit of Counterside, July 1884 ! and at an altitude of 1,400 feet on the slopes of Askrigg Common, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Masham, Aug. 1901, C. Crossland. Var. rufescens, Ripon, May 1883! A. E. Ebdell.
VINE. Durham—Spa Wood, Dinsdale, May 1887! B. Hudson. Var. fasciata, Durham, May 1887! H. E. Fox. Northumberland—Common at Gosforth, June 1904 ! Mrs. Willans. Cheviotland—Limax fuscus in dean above Akeld (G. Johnston, Proc. Berwick Nat. Club, 1852, p. 89). Type and var. subfusca, Tweedmouth, Dec. 1888 ! Rev. J. MeMurtrie. LAKES.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Kendal, 1853, E. J. Lowe. Abundant in gardens, Coniston, Oct. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Under stones, Windermere road, Grange, July 1903 (Jackson anid Moore, Journ. of Conch , July 1904, p. 45).
Cumberland—Common at Stanwix and Blaithwaite (Miss Donald, Cumberland list, 1882). Haverigg, 1883, C. T. Musson. Brigham, Cockermouth, July 1894 ! Mrs. Robinson.
Isle of Man—Common on the island, Lionel E. Adams. About Douglas, Sept. 1892 ! F. Taylor.
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS. Dumfries—Dumfries, Sept. 1890 ! and Moffat, Jan. 1891 ! W. Evans. Kirkcudbright—Maxwelltown, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Wigtown—Springbank near Stranraer, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans. Ayr—Girvan, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Common, Seamill, West Kilbride; and Largs, March 1904; also common along cliff-foot, Portincross, Rev. R. Godfrey. Renfrew—F requent, Shielhill Glen, Kilmalcolm, etc. (Scott, Greenock list, 1886). In oat-field, Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Var. fava, common as type in Lower Clydesdale (F. G. Binnie, West Scot. list, 1876, p. 41). Lanark—Possil Marsh, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Blackwood estate, Kirkmuirhill, Sept. 1904 ! N. B. Kinnear. EAST LOWLANDS.
Peebles—Roadside, Earlyburn, alt. 800 feet, July 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck. West Linton and near Peebles, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
Selkirk—Railway-yard, Thornielee, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Common at Selkirk, Oct. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Roxburgh—Jedburgh and Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904 ! J. Roseburgh.
Berwick—Common, Cockburnspath, Berwick ! Eyemouth, etc. (W. Evans, Proce. Berwick Nat. Club, 1895, p. 171). Kirklands, Earlston, Aug. 1886 ! W. D. Roebuck.
Haddington—Falside, and on abandoned railway, Drummore, Aug. 1886! W. D. Roebuck. Common near Berwick (Rey. J. MeMuttrie, J. of Conch., Jan. 1889). Dunbar and Longniddry, Sept. 1901! W. Evans. ;
Edinburgh—Hillend, at the foot of Pentlands, Feb. 1896 ! Penicuik, Oct. 1896 ! Crichton, Feb. 1897! etc., W. Evans. Foot of Salisbury Craigs, Aug. 1886 ! and Blackford Hill, Oct. 1888 ! also type and var. subfusca, near Duddingston Loch, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Var. subfusca, Dreghorn Woods near Colinton, Sept. 1889 ! W. Evans. en :
Linlithgow—Linlithgow, March 1890 ! and Philipstown, April 1901, W. Evans. Abundant in the county: Dalmeny, Hopetown and Carriden on the coast ; Graeme's Dyke, Red Hill, Northbank, Kinneil Woods, quarry near Craizwailen Church in the Bo'ness district ; Jinkaboot, Kinneil Mill, and Linlithgow Bridge in the Avon valley ; and at Cramond Bridge, Rev. R. Godfrey. South Queensferry, Aug. 1886 !
W. Denison Roebuck. EAST HIGHLANDS. Fife and Kinross—North Queensferry, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Dura
Den and St. Andrew's, July 1890! also Crail, Ang. 1890! W. Evans. Abundant in Charlestown lime quarries, and Burntisland, Feb. 1896, W. Evans.
224 ARION HORTENSIS.
Stirling —Polmont, ug. 1890! W. Evans. Type and var. subfusca, Falls of TInversnaid, Ang. 1884 ! B. Hudson,
Perth S. and Clackmannan —Callander, April 1892 ! Dollar, April 1897 ! Abbey Craig, Oct. 1991, W. Evans. Balquhidder, July 1904 | Rev. R. Godfrey.
Perth Mid—Glen Tilt, May 1885! H. Coates. Glen Ogle, July 1904 ! Rev. R. Crodfrey. Dunkeld road, Perth, Sept. 1904! W. Evans. Inver, Dunkeld, Sept. 1904 ! A. Rodgers.
Perth N.—Persie Inn, Glenshee, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
Forfar—Dundee, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
Kincardine —Along the coast, south of Stonehaven, Sept. 1886, W. Evans.
Aberdeen S.—Wood near Old Bridge of Don, in tufts of Aira ecespitosa, Sept. 1848 (Macgillivray, Deeside and Braemar list, 1855, p. 418). Garden, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, Oct. 1904 ! G. Sim.
Banff—Tomintoul, Sept. 1891 | W. Evans. Macduff, Dec. 1890! A. Robertson.
Easterness—Nairn, Jan. 1887 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Glen Feshie, alt. 1.250 ft., Sept. 1889 ! and Dalwhinnie, alt. 1,200 ft., June 1892! W. Evans. Garden, Coylum Bridge, Aviemore, Aug. 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
WEST HIGHLANDS.
Westerness—Glenborrodale, Dec. 1890 ! J. J. Dagleish.
Main Areyle—Hunter’s Quay, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Crinan, Oct. 1886 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville.
Dumbarton—High Mains, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Duntocher, Sept. 1888 ! and Garscadden, June 1889 !| A. Shaw.
Clyde Isles—Barone and Ardbeg Point, Isle of Bute, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Brodick, Isle of Arran, April 1895 |! W. Evans.
Cantire—Ardrishaig, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Ebudes N.—Type and var. subfusca, Dunvegan, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
NORTH HIGHLANDS.
Ross W.—Ullapool, Aug. 1886 ! Alex. Somerville. Coast of Loch Broom, Oct. 1886 ! and var. subfusca, Gairloch, Nov. 1886 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville.
Sutherland E.—Var. subfusea, Golspie Burn, May 1885 ! W. Baillie.
Sutherland W.—Stoer, Oct. 1886 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville.
Caithness—Wick: a pest especially in gardens (C. W. Peach, Roy. Phys. Soe. Edinb., 1864). Type and vars. subfusca and rufescens, Dunbeath river, May 1884 ! W. Baillie.
NORTH ISLES.
Hebrides-—Stornaway, Isle of Lewis, Aug. 1886 ! Alex. Somerville.
Orkneys—Harray, Dec. 1890! W. Evans. Seafield House, Stromness, Sept. 190k! J. Grant.
IRELAND. ULSTER.
Derry—Very common abont Coleraine, Nov. 1883 ! Lionel E. Adams. Bellarena Flats, March 1904! R. Welch. Ballynagard, June 1892! and Gortness, Sept. 1904! D.C Campbell. Straidarran, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Garden, Downhill, Sept. 1904! C. W. Lynes.
Antrim —Common throughout Antrim, R. Welch. Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886 ! Rev. 8. A. Brenan. Rathlin Island and conmion at Murlough, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Cave Hill, 1893; Knockagh Mountain, 1897 ; Derrykeighan Derrock, 1898; Magheramorne, 1898; Colin Glen, Nov. 1899; Ram’s Island, May 1900; Kenbane Head and Glenshesk, May 1902, R. Welch. Glenavy, May 1900, H. L. Orr and R. Welch. Ballycastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss F.S. O'Connor. The Manse, Antrim, Sept. 1904! U.S. Smith. Var. vigra, wood near Ballycastle and var. swhfusca, Murlough, May 1897 (Adams, Irish Nat., July 1897). Type and yellowish form of var. grisea, Cushendun, May 1886 ! Rev. 8. A. Brenan. ; ‘
Down—Common at Cranmore, Belfast (Templeton, Ann, Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 18). Orlock Point, Dec. 1896, Capt. Farrar and R. Welch. Belvoir Park, June 1894, and Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast, May 1898, A. W. Stelfox. Downpatrick near Sampson’s Stone, April 1900; St. John’s Point, 1897; Ballynoe, Jan. 1898; Ardglass Castle, Dec. 1897; Belmont Nursery, April 1898; Newcastle, June 1898; Hills- borough Park, 1902; Crawfordsburn, 1902; and rare at Lough Aghery, May 1904, R. Welch. Killard Point, 1898! and Helen’s Bay Golf Links, Sopt.1904, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Var. faseiata, Cultra, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Armagh—Bessbrook, April 1900, R. Welch. Acton Glebe, Poyntz Pass, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. W. F. Johnson. Portadown, Oct. 1904! W. A. Green.
; Monaghan—Glaslough, Nov. 1897; and Clones Round Tower, 1901, R. Welch. Carrickmacross, July 1904 ! Drumreaske, Sept. 1904 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane,
ARION HORTENSIS. 225
Tyrone—Omach, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Baronscourt, Sept. 1904! TR. Bell.
Donegal—Bundoran, Aug. 1889! J. G. Milne. Ardara, April 1900 ; and Mevagh Rosguill, Oct. 1903, R. Welch. Templemore Park, Sept. 1904 ! D. C. Campbell. Var. subfusca, Carrablagh, Croaghross, Letterkenny, May 1889! H. ©. Hart.
Fermanagh—Killyhevelin, Sept. 1899, R. Welch. Brookeborough, Sept. 1904 ! Sir Douglas Brooke. Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Dean of Clogher. Type and var. rufescens, Castlecoole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. C. L. Corry.
Cavan—Mullagh, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
LEINSTER.
Louth—Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904; Narrow Water, Dec. 1904 ! also type and a pale form of the var. grisea, Beaulieu, Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Navan, July 1900, R. Welch. Drumcondra, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Damp gardens in Monkstown (W. W. Walpole, Zool., 1853, p. 4022). Dublin, March 1886! J. R. Redding. Banks of river Dodder, Rathmines, April 1887 ! R. F. Scharff. Common in gardens, Rathgar, Sept. 1903 ; and almost every- wherein Bushy Park, Dublin, Sept. 1903 (Welch and Stelfox, Irish Nat., June 1904). Type and var. subfusca, Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Oct. 1890; garden, Leeson Park, Dublin, Sept. 1890; and Kilruddery Demesne, Sept. 1890, R. I. Scharff.
Kildare—Lyns, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. P. Beresford.
Wicklow—Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff; Woodenbridge, Mareh 1893 (id., Irish Nat., April 1893). Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington.
Wexford—Wexford, April 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White. Gardens, Kilkenny Castle, Sept. 1904 ! J. Carlton. Gardens, Bessborongh, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough.
Queen’s Co.—-By no means scarce at La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 198). Stradbally, Sept. 1904 ! A. G. Stuart.
King’s Co.—Clonmaenois, July 1895, the var. nigra being the prevalent form (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). Birr, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Hemphill. The Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. R. Mckenna.
Westmeath— Rosemount, Moate, Sep. 1904! Mrs. Nugent. Knockdrin Demesne, April 1892, R. F. Scharff.
CONNAUGAT.
Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904! Lord Crofton. Rockingham Gardens, Boyle, Sept. 1904! E. Clarke. Loughglynn, Oct. 1904 ! Hugh Kennedy. Leitrim—A pallid form of the var. grisea, Mohill, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Sligo--Sparingly about Lough Gill, July 1904, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Type and var. subfusca, garden, Moyview, Ballina, April 1889 ! Miss Warren. Mayo E.-—-Manulla Junction, Sept. 1904 ! W. West. Mayo W.—Achill Island; also in gardens at the Colony and at the Signal Tower, Aug. 1886, J. G. Milne. The Demesne, Westport, Sept. 1904 ! J. O'Callaghan. Galway E.—Abundant in gardens round Tuam (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., 1848, p. 341). Type and var. rufescens, Clonbrock, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. R. E. Dillon. Galway W.—Not uncommon on Gentian Hill, July 1895 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1895). Various places about Leenane, Apr. 1897, R. Welch. Type and var. subfusea, Kylemore Castle Gardens, Sept. 1904 ! W. Comfort. Type and vav. subfusca, Roundstone and Aran Island, Sept. 1891, R. F. Schartf. en MUNSTER.
Clare—Woodpark, Scariff, Sept. 1904 1 N. F. Hibbert. Dromoland Castle Gar- dens, Sept. 1904 ! J. Carter. 7
Limerick—Limerick, Sep. 1904! G. Fogerty. Adare Manor, Oct. 1904! W. Bowles.
Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Tipperary S.—Ballingarry, June 1903, P. H. Grierson. Very common about Rock of Cashel, and also at Holycross Abbey, May 1898, R. Welch. Type and var. JSasciata, Cloninel, Dec. 1885, Rev. A. H. Delap.
Waterford—Near Waterford, Sept. 1883 ! J. H. Salter. Garden, Bellevue House, Waterford, Sept. 1904 ! Mixs Power. Alderton, Kilmanock, Sept. 1888 ! collected by Miss Glascott, G. A. Barrett-Hamilton.
Cork N.—Common, Blarney Castle, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Convamore near Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. McMillan. Tivoli near Covk, Sept. 1904 ! C. Baker, Queenstown, May 1891, R. I’. Scharff.
Cork S.—Cork, south of river Lee, July 1904! R. Welch. Bantry, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Skibbereen, Sept. 1904 ! J. J. Wolfe. Old rnin near Glengariff, May 1893, R. F. Scharff.
Kerry—Valentia Island, July 1886 ! Rev. A. H. Delap. Common over all the Kenmare and Upper Killarney districts, May 1898 ; also not uncommon in Mucksna Wood, July 1898, R. Welch. Cahirciveen, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap.
28/7/05 P
226 ARION HORTENSIS.
GERMANY. ; . : Distributed almost thronghout the country, living especially in gardens in Alsace, Baden, Bavavia, Brandenburg, Franconia, Hesse, Holstein, Nassau, Olden- bure, Pomerania, Pyrmont, Reuss, Saxony, Schleswig, and Thuringia. ‘The record by Kleeburg for Elbing, East Prussia, would seem to really refer to 4. e/remmseriptus,
NETHERLANDS. Belgium—Recorded under various names as found in the provinces of Brabant, East Flanders, Hainault, Liége, Luxemburg, and Namur. on Holland—Reported from the Hague in South Holland, and Sluys-Kill in Zealand.
FRANCE.
Recorded as inhabiting Ain, Aisne, Alpes Maritimes, Ariége, Basses Pyréneés, Céte d'Or, Champagne Meridionale, Finistere, Gard, Gers, Gironde, Haute Garonne, Haute Loire, Haute Savoie, Hautes Pyrénecs, Herault, sere, Ille-et-Vilaine, Lozére, Loire Inferieure, Maine-et-Loire, Manche, Morbilan, Moselle, Niévre, Nord, Oise, Pas-de-Calais, Pyréneés Orientales, Puy-de-Déme, Rhone, Sarthe, Savoie, Seine, Seine Inftérieure, Seine-et-Marne, Somme, Vendée, Vienne, and Vosges.
SWITZERLAND. Reported from gardens, etc., in the cantons of Berne, Grisons, and Vaud.
ITALY. Cited by Lessona, Pollonera, and others, from the Alps of Lombardy and Pied- mont, from Western Liguria, Emilia, Venetia, Tuscany, Rome, and Calabria, but the southern records are probably very doubtful.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Reported from Austria, Galicia, Hungary, and Moravia. The Transy]vanian record by Bielz more probably refers to A. cirewmseriptus.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Reported as found in Catalonia, Galicia, Valencia, and Aragon. Portugal—Morelet cites this species on the authority of Dr. Hidalgo, but Férus- sac’s f. 3, pl. 8a, cited by Hidalgo as representing his species, is A. circumscriptus.
BALKAN PENINSULA. Servia—Recorded hy Méllendortf from Serpentinberge, Central Servia.
SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Common in the Christiania, Christiansand, and Hamar districts in South Norway ; it has also been recorded from Trondenaes on Hinds, in the Amt of Tromsé, and front Bjérn in Nordland.
Sweden—<According to Lindstrém it is found on the Tsle of Gothland, and Malm records it from Gothenburg, Christianstad, Lund, Orebro, Ronneby, as well as Carlsbergs Park, and other places around Stockholm.
Denmark—According to Malm it is common in Kougens Have, Copenhagen, and about Viborg in Jutland.
RUSSTA.
Recorded from Kharkov, Moscow, and Courland by Kaleniczenko and others, but erroneously, as it has not yet penetrated so far east; it has, however, been found on the Aland Isles, and the record by Slosarski of its occurrence at Olkusz in Poland, may possibly really refer to this species and not to A. cireumseriptus.
Siberia—Recorded as generally distributed in Amurland, and also as inhabiting Mikoulina on the Jenissei, but probably erroneously.
NORTH AFRICA, Morocco—Morelet records an Arion “resembling our A. hortensis” from Cape Spartel (Journ. de Conch., 1880, p. 15). Algeria—A doubtful specimen from Algiers (Collinge, Pr. Mal. Soc., 1898, p. 337).
NEARCTIC REGION. Locally plentiful in Massachusetts at Boston and New Bedford; found also at Poughkeepsie and New York in New York State ; at Philadelphia in Pennsylvania, and in greenhouses at Seattle, Washington Territory.
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
South Africa—Collinge has recorded A. fuscus O. F. Miiller, and may intend to indicate this species, or possibly A. subfuscus.
AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Erroncously recorded by Mr. Musson as plentiful at Auckland, crawling about after rain; the species occurring there proves to be iL. intermedius.
Pirate XXI.
Distribution of Avion hortensis Fér.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES, SCOTLAND. Zao Channel Isles SOUTH WALES : ¢ Ww. LOWLANDS F. HIGHLANDS PENINSULA 41 Glamorgan O 72 Dumtrie: 93 Aberdeen N. 1 Cornwall W. 42 Brecon 73 Kirkeudbright 94 Banff 2 Cornwall E. ta Bodnor % 74 Wigtown 95 Elgin 3 Devon's. rmarthen 75 Ayr 96 Fasterness 4 Devon N. as bambroke ; 76 Renfrew w HIGHLANDS 5 Somerset 8, 46 Cardigan 77 Lanark | 6 Somerset N. NORTH WALES E, LOWLANDS y CHANNEL 47 Montgomery @ 78 Peebles 99 Dumbarton | 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth 79 Selkirk 100 Clyde Isles | 8 Wil i 49 Carnaryon 80 Roxburgh 101 Cantire | 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh 3 81 Berwick 102 Bbudes 8. | 10 Isle of Wight 51 Flint 82 Haddington 103 Khudes Mid 11 Hants 52 Anglesey 83 Edinburgh 104 Kbudes N. 12 Hant: TRENT ¥ 84 Linlithgow N. HIGHLANDS 13 Sussex W. 53 Lincoln 8. E, HIGHLANDS 105 Ross W. 14 Sussex E. 64 Lincoln N. 8 Vife& hinross 106 Ross Th 65 Leic. & Rutld. 86 Stirlin 107 Sutherland £, | of tts. 87 Pth.§ Sk lkn, 108 SutherlandW 88 Mid P erth 109 Caithness lo 89 Perth N. NORTH ISL: . 90 Forfar 110 Hebrides sh PS 91 Kincardine 111 Orkneys Lan’shire Mid g2 Aberdeen 8, 112 Shetlands 21 Aiesex E a 22 Berks. yor | zs Ostord B IRELAND. ucks. or i v ULSTER LEINSTER ANGLIA 64 By TW, York J ° 113 Derry 122 Louth 25 Suffolk B. 65 N.W. Yo 114 Antrim 125 Meath 26 Suffolk W. TYNE 115 Down 124 Dublin 27 Norfolk 66 Durham 116 Armagh 125 Kildare 28 Norfolk W. 67 Northumbh. 8. 117 Monaghan 126 Wicklow 29 Cambridge 68 Chevtotland 118 Tyrone 127 Wexford 30 Redford KES 119 Donegal 128 Carlow 31 Hunts. 69 W estmorland 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny | 32 Northampton and L, Lanes 121 Cavan 13 Co. | EVERN 70 Cumberland
33 Gloucester K. 71 Isle of Man 34 Gloucester W. 35 Monmouth
36 Bee. 37 Worcester 38 Warwick 39 Stafford
40 Salop
133 Longtor CONNAUGHT 134 Roscommon 135 Leitrim Slizo
9 Galway Ww. 140 Galway E. ‘MUNSTER
146 Cork N 147 Cork 8. 148 Kerry
we 4% Probable Range. Gen. Ae
SS Recorded Distribution. GEM Distribution verified by the Authors.
Fossil Distribution.
MONOGRAPIT OF BRITISI. LAND AND FRESITWATER MOLLUSCA.
Arion circumscriptus Johnston.
ho
1819 Arion horfensis var. a and 8 Férussac, Hist. Moll., pl. 2, f. 6, and pl. SA, ff. 2-4.
1828 — circumscriptus Johnston, Edinburgh New Philos. Journ., v., p. 76. 1837 — marginatus Kickx, Bull. Acad. Roy. Soc. Bruxelles, iv., p. 139. 1852. — leucophewus Normand, Deser. Six Limac. Nouy., p. 6.
1864. — hortensis var. grisea Bourguignat, Malac. Gr. Chartr., pl. 1, f. 9-11. 1868) — bourguignati Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., xx., p. 138.
1868 — neustriacus Malille, op. cit.
1885 — (Carinella) bourguiqnati Pollonera, Moll. Terr. Piemonte, p. 28. 1887 — _ celticus Pollonera, Spec. Nuov. Arion Europei, p. 19, ff. 11, 22, 33, 37. 1887 — nilssoni Pollonera, op. cit., p. 19, ff. 33-34.
1889 = — ambiguus Pollonera, Nuove Contr. Arion Europei, p. 15, ff. 16-19. 1890 = — subcarinatus Pollonera, Recensem. Arionidie Paléarct., p. 27.
1822 Limax fasciatus Y Nilsson, Hist. Moll. Sveciae, p. 4. 1868 Prolepis hortensis Malm, Limac. Seand., pl. 2, f. 5. 1881 Geomalacus bourguignati Loeard, Moll. Ain, p. 11.
— .— z)
‘
work, an
we
iO
this allocation. The sub-genus Corfnuelle las
ISTORY. — Arion circumscriptus (circum, around; scriptum, marked)
in allusion to the distinct lateral black zone almost encircling the body, is here associated with the late Dr. G. Johnston, of Berwick, the author of the excellent ‘Introduction to Conchology,” who first differentiated and named the species. It is also probably the Avvon hortensis vars. a and PB of Férussac and the Liner fasciatus var. y of Nilsson, and is said by Pollonera to be the same as Geomdelucus bayant’ Jousseanme and Arion dupuyanus of Bourguignat, but the latter species is described as possess- ing a strone keel and yellowish foot, characters which are somewhat against
heen
instituted by Mabille for the reception
stages of growth, but which may oecasion-
of the present species and closely-allied
forms, a grouping based upon the pos- j session of a dorsal keel during the earlier ‘
ally persist to adult life.
Diagnosis.—Arion circumscriptus is larger, broader, aud far paler in colour than A. hortensis, the species with which it has been so long con- founded. The distinctly white foot of the present species is also one of its
most striking characteristics.
INTERNALLY, it is distinctly separated from its ally, Arion hortensis, by its very elongate and narrow ATRIUM, pointed sPERMATILECA, slender and
rather uniform EPIPHALLUS, and shorter FREE OVIDUCT.
Original Description. — Arion cirenmscriptus. Body greyish-black, spotted,
with a black fascia ronnd the shield and body, the respiratory aperture anterior.
Body, 1 or 14 inch long, not keeled, nor much narrowed at the tail; greyish- black, marbled, with a narrow fascia surrounding the back and shield ; sides bliuish-
erey ; foot white, opaque; tentacula rather short, biack ; respiratory aperture
228 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS,
placed very forward on the shield, which is entire ; mucus pie very distinct, above the tail ; the young are white or straw coloured, with blackish head and tentacula. Habitat : Moist meadows, hedgebanks, ete., common.
We have found it very uniform and constant in its character, though it may possibly be the Aviow afer in an immature state. —G. Jounsron, Edinb. New Phil. Journal, 1828, vol. v., p. 76.
Description.—ANOAL of the wlrion shape, but stouter especially when contracted and with a much softer skin than its close ally, clriow hortensis ; about thirty mill, in leneth when adult and fully extended ; of a pale creamy-grey colour, darker grey dorsally, but shading to whitish towards the fringe; a black and sharply- defined lateral band extends the whole length of the body on each side, beneath which is sometimes an indistinct orange band, formed by pigment cells breaking through the skin; there is a slight mid-dorsal KEEL when young, which, however, gradually disappears during growth, but its place is almost invariably indicated by a line of pale mid-dorsal TUBERULES, which contribute to form a pair of dorsal or inner bauds ; SHIELD granulose and bluntly rounded at both ends, bearing a dis- connected continuation of the longitudinal body banding ; BODY TUBERCLES rather long and slender ; SOLE opaque, waxy white, and indistinctly tripartite, the median portion slightly darker and more transparent than the side areas, and occupying more than one-third of the width of the body ; rFooT-FRINGE broad and white or pale: ssupy in colour, usually without perceptible lineolations, but sometimes the ineoles are clearly pigmented, especially at the caudal end of the body.
The SHELL is, as is usual in the genus, represented by a layer of limey-paste, but is sunietimes found in the form of one or more solid lime particles of variable size.
INTERNALLY, the SUPRA-GSOPHAGEAL GANGLIA are very couspicuous, and united by a slender com- Ne oes oh missure, which, unlike Arion ater, is not opaque-white or enlarged medially as in that species. The body cavity is whitish and therefore does not display so ( strikingly the exquisite lace-like network of milk- white arteries and arterioles, a whiteness due to the
dense investment by lime particles of their outer \
sheaths, and which renders them so conspicnons in the Fic. 232,—Nerve centres of dark form of a. afer; the AORTA is large and white, aAlrion circumscriptus (greatly and runs 4to 5 mill. before its bifurcation, the white enlarged). Christchurch,
investment commences abruptly, as no part of the Pinuts: 45. oe ee Ashlond): VENTRICLE is white; the OTOCONIA are very numerous, oval in shape, with a central speck, and comparatively broader in proportion than those of 4. hortensis.
a
The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS resemble those of trion hortensis. The broad and flat TENTACULAR muscles have their roots four to five mill. apart to the right and left of the kidney, but are not quite symmetrical, either as to position of roots or width of muscle. The branch to the lower tentacle arises at about half the total length. The PHARYNGEAL retractor ee distinet, and usually dividing about half-way into two slender branches, which are fixed to the buceal bulb ; \, the root arises about three mill. behind the kidney, F io about a millimetre to the right of the median line, and erigaess: Cephalic petractors thoueh sometimes broad the muscle is on the whole Gnenuc He a much narrower than the tentacular retractors. C Ashford) .S., Mr.
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS display an oval or ronndish OVOTESTIS, with rela- tively large follicles, very dark in colour, especially in the interstices, the whole being completely imbedded in the Liviek; the WERMAPHRODIE DUCT is rather long and slender, but scarcely sinuous ; ALBUMEN GLAND very large and broad, of a dirty semi-transparent yellow; oOvisPpERMATODUCT thick and very stiffly flexed; ovipuct yellowish and very broad ; SPERM DUCT or prostate composed in the upper part of small, longish, and somewhat separated follicles ; FREE OVIDUCT short, and of uniform width; EPIPHALLUS stiff, and not very slender, gradually enlarging downwards, but without the bulbous hase of uf. Aorécnsis, and shewing the internal folds through its substance as white longitudinal lines ; VAS DEFERENS rather long; SPERMATHECA inversely spatulate, the stem short and thickening downwards; ATROUM very long, somewhat constricted and uniform in width, with a conspicuous yellow glandular investment,
ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 229
The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM has the usual triodromous intestinal coiling, but the tracts are shorter, and therefore do not so palpably shew the great spiral torsion to which the viscera have been subjected ; the @SOPHAGUS is about three mill. in length, and fused to the PHARYNX; the crop is dirty-brown, about nine mill, long, and two mill. in diameter, closely wrinkled transversely, with the white salivary glands attached to each side; the DIGESTIVE GLAND is light brownish- ochre, and forms the hindmost point, but a lobe reaches far forward.
Fic. 234. Fic. 235. Fic. 236. Fic, 237. Alimentary canal and Reproductive organs of .47jon circumserTptus Johnst. and Arion ambiguus Pollonera.
Fic, 234.—Alimentary canal of A. cfrcumscriptus Johnst. X 3, (Christchurch, Mr. C. Ashford).
Fic. 235.—Reproductive organs of 4. cércumscriptus Johnst. x 3. (Christchurch, Mr. C. Ashford).
Fic. 236.—Proximal end of Reproductive organs of 4. ambiguus x 4. Bardonecchia, Piedmont (after Pollonera).
Fic. 237.—Proximal end of Reproductive organs of 4. ambiguus var. armoricana xX 4. Brest, France (after Pollonera).
_ @g- albumen gland ; ef. epiphallus ; 07. ovotestis ; ov. oviduct ; s.@. sperm duct ; sf. spermatheca with retractor ; v.d. vas deferens ; v.f. vestibular gland.
The MANDIBLE or jaw is rather more than a mill. broad, and much resembles that of A. hortensis in general aspect, but in the particular example was thicker in substance, and of deep brown colour. It is of the usual crescentic shape, and strongly arcuate from front to back, with about ten vertical ribs or thickenings, which strongly i ibs Siena vee each denticulate the upper margin, and are more evenly Ap iok Sircsiniccriph eee distributed over the whole anterior surface of the (Stroud, Mr. E. J. Elliott). jaw than in A. hortensis; the lower half of the jaw is much more deeply coloured than the top, which is of an amber colour, with the darker ribs very apparent thereon.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is about three mill. long, and about one mill. in width, and composed of about 125 slightly-curved transverse rows of denticles, each row formed by a distinctly tricuspid median tooth, the strong and well- developed mesocone with lateral expansions; the lateral teeth are about seventeen in number, obscurely tricuspid, showing a powerful mesocone with lateral expan- sions, an enlarged ectocone, and a more than correspondingly reduced endocone, without cutting-point ; the marginals are bicuspid, bearing a strong mesocone and a distinet and pointed ectocone, while the few extreme marginals are quite embry- onic in character.
ga ae 27 ve ee b 6 1 gm 4 6 15 Tha Fic. 239,—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teeth of 1. c/reumscriplus
* 180. The animal collected at Stroud by Mr. E. J. Elliott, and the palate prepared by Mr. Neville.
The dental formula of a Stroud specimen collected hy Mr. E. J. Elliott is THUR FEL HEAR FAP +7 x 125 = 8,625.
230 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS.
Reproduction and Development.—The congress of this species has been observed by Mr. E. J. Lowe, who remarks that the act is, as in Arion hortensis, very transient, scarcely occupying more than forty to forty-five seconds, but the spermatophore has not as yet been noticed or described. The eggs are deposited in moist sheltered positions, in clusters of twelve to fifteen, adherent by a sticky mucus, and have been observed from June up to November; they are oval, but somewhat variable both in shape and size, usually of a semitransparent white when first deposited, but gradually becoming opalescent or pearly. The young are said to be usu- ally of a delicate grey, and to show the lateral banding from birth, as well as a distinct dorsal keel, the latter, however, is usually gradually lost during growth, its position being represented by a line of whitish mid- dorsal tubercles at maturity, a state which would seem to be attained about June and July.
Food and Habits.—This species is much less slimy than Arion hortenis, and unlike that species, is essentially a frequenter of grass fields or uncultivated ground, and not common in gardens. Like its ally, it however is a truly geophilous and nocturnal species, and in feeding only ascends a short distance up a plant, though capable of spinning mucous threads both in its young and adult state.
According to Baudon, it is rather common on decaying tree-trunks, under fallen leaves, and in the stem and cap of large mushrooms of which and other fungi <1. eircumscriptus is particularly fond.
It isa very sluggish and slow species, bunching up and spreading out its margins when at rest, and remaining inert as though torpid. It fixes itself to wood or stone, and according to Mr. Sherriff ''ye, when humped-up in such places, looks like a grey pebble, and does not seek to escape from the place where it is fixed. According to Baudon, it often excavates little galleries in the earth under old trunks, in which many individuals may congregate, and which serve for retreats when the temperature is too hot or too cold.
Mabille describes it as a winter species in France, but in this country the winters are more severe and it is rarely met with at that season.
In captivity, Dr. Scharff found them to eat pieces of apple or rhubarb stalk, while in the garden they seemed to prefer to feed’ on the fallen and partially-decayed flowers of the pea, instead of attacking the living parts of the plant, like A. agrestis. Mr. Gain found this species to thrive and breed freely in confinement, but of 193 different kinds of food offered, only thirty-three were taken freely, while ninety were totally rejected.
Variation.—This species, being one of our more primitive and ancient forms, does not display that wealth of variation shown by the more recently evolved species, and although many varieties and even species have been set up, based chiefly upon the differing shades of dermal colour- ing, yet these are all clearly referable to two chief lines of variation ; one, which is chiefly found on cultivated land and gardens, is distinguished by the yellowish or brownish shade of its colouring, due to the development during growth of a number of reddish tegumentary pigment cells ; the other partakes of the grey tint of the typical form, but is hable to darken with age, and also displays more distinctly a certain concentration of the yellow pigment in the form of a supra-pedal longitudinal zone, and is a form more especially characteristic of the open country.
The sheht dorsal keel, invariably present in the immature individuals, but which is usually gradually obliterated during growth, may, however,
ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 231
at times persist to adult life, and this juvenile peculiarity in adults is not restricted to any particular form, but 1s probably more common amongst the individuals living near the outskirts of the geographical range of the species.
The Arion celticus and A. nilssoni of Pollonera would appear to be passage forms, linking the present species with Arion hortensis, possessing the yellowish foot and coloured slime of the latter, but with the internal organization in practical accord with that of A. cireumscriptus, and should, therefore, be viewed as extreme forms of the latter species. It should, how- ever, be noted that the external characters of A. celticus cannot be very well-marked, as specimens sent by Pollonera to Dr. Simroth as that species were found to be anatomically quite identical with A. hortensis.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. leucophzea Normand, Deser. Lim., 1852, p. 5.
Arion leucophaus Normand, op. cit.
Arion hortensis var. grisea Bourguignat, Mal. Grande Chartr., 1864, p. 30, pl. 1, f. 10. Arion ambiguus and var. armoricana Poll., Atti. Acc. Sc. Torino, 1889, p. 15, ff. 16-19. Arion subcarinatus Pollonera, Elenco Moll. Terr. Piem., 1885, p. 19.
Arion celticus Pollonera, Sp. nuov. Arion Europ., 1887, p. 19, ff. 11, 22, 33, 37. Arion circumscriptus var. atripunctatus Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1891, p. 34. Arion civcumscriptus var. subalbida Cockerell, Brit. Nat., 1891, p. 101. Arion fasciatus var. griseus Collinge, Conch., 1892, p. 79.
ANIMAL of a grey colour, with darker lateral banding ; foot-fringe with indis- tinct lineolations.
This variety which, with its more closely related forms, really represents the typical form, is sometimes found in an apparently dwarfed condition, possibly not fully grown, and in this state has been distinguished by Dr. Baudon as var. minor.
The var. leucophea s.str., as defined by Van den Broeck, is ashy-grey, tinged with lilac, lateral bands dark.
The sub-var. ambigua is ashy-grey, fuscons dorsally, foot and foot-fringe whitish, with a tinge of yellowish, and faint lineoles.
The sub-var. apmorieana has the sides pale ash colour, with back and shield maculated deep grey.
The sub-var. atripunetata has the shield punctate with black.
The sub-var. grisea is light silver-grey, with darker lateral banding.
The sub-var. Subalbida is grey laterally, opaque-white below and darker dors- ally, with dark lateral banding ; sole and foot-fringe creamy-white.
The sub-var. eeltica is darkly olivaceous above, sides pale grey with dark variegations and lateral banding, foot and foot-fringe yellowish, faintly lineolate.
ENGLAND.
Dorset—Sub-var. ambigua (T. D. A. Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1891, p. 33). Sub- var. subalbida, Bailey Gate (id., op. cit., p. 35). Sub-var. armoricana, Sturminster Marshall (id., l.c.). Sub-var. grisea, Chideock, Bridport, Aug. 1885 ! A. Belt.
Hants. S.—Sub-var. celtica, Southampton, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, Conch., 1892, ii., p. 77). ;
Kent W.—Sub-var. celtica, Doddington, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, 1.c.).
Hereford—Sub-var. grisea, Bishopswood Vicarage garden, June 1885! Rev. R. W. J. Smart.
Notts.—Sub-var. celtica, near Newark, W. A. Gain.
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. grisea, Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148).
York S.W.—Sub-var. atripunctata, Lofthouse, May 1887, G. Roberts (T. D, A. Cockerell, op. cit.).
IRELAND.
Meath—An uniformly grey variety, New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharif.
Dublin—Killakee, Oct. 1890; and garden, Leeson Park, Dublin, R. F. Scharff.
Galway W.—Roundstone, March 1891, R. F. Scharff.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
France—Var. leucophea is found around Valenciennes in the department of the Nord, and at Troyes in the Aube (Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll., 1855, p. 15). Sub- vars, celtica and armoricana, about Brest, the former being erroneously said to replace Arion hortensis in that district. Snb-var. griser, Grande Chartreuse, Isere.
Italy—Sub-var. ambigua, Bardonecchia and Boves, Piedmont. Sub-var. sib- carinata, Rosazza, Piedmont.
oo ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS.
Var. neustriaea Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., Apl. 1868, p. 138.
Arion neustriacus Mabille, op. cit.
Arion hertensis B alpicola Vérussac, Tabl., 1821, p. 18, pl. 8a, £3. Arion circumscriptus var. flavescens Collinge, Conch , 1892, p_ 27. clyrion nilsson? Pollonera, Sp. nuov. Arion Europ., 1887, p. 19, ff. 31, 34. Protepis hortensis Malm, Limac. Scand., 1868, pl. 2, f. 5.
ANDIAL reddish-erey, lateral fascia blackish, dorsal keel sometimes persistent to adult life ; foot-fringe without distinet lineolation,
This is the var. sebfuser of Roebuck and the var. favescens of Collinge, who describes the form as not mmeommon. — It is probably the var. adpicola of Férussae. The -Lrion vilysoni of Pollonera, is described as possessing a yellowish foot-fringe and as exuding a yellowish mucus.
The sub-var. flaveseens is light brownish-yellow, with dark lateral band, and no perceptible lineoles, the yellow supra-pedal zone distinct.
The sub-var. nilssoni is yellowish-grey with cinereous banding, sides paler.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—Penmon, Falmouth, Apl. 1884 ! Herbert Fox.
Cornwall E.—Garden bank, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson.
Middlesex—Churehyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, Apl. 1889 ! H. Wallis Kew.
Warwick—Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884 ! R. J. Attye.
Stafford--Abundant about Cheadle, April 1886 ! F. B. Webb.
Merioneth—Hills above Barmouth, and Torrent Walk, Dolgelly, Aug. 1884 ! J. Hopkinson.
Leicester and Rutland—Hathern, Sept. 1884! C. T. Musson. Notts.—Wollaton, Nov. 1884+! and Worksop, April 1884! C. T. Musson. Cheshire—Bowdon and Carrington, Dec. 1884! J. G. Milne.
York S.E.—Millington near Pocklington, April 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York N.E.— Abundant in Wilton Wood, May 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuck. York S.W.—Ilolnfirth, Jan. 1885 ! H. E. Craven.
York Mid W.—Angran, Nidderdale ! at Starbotton ! and at an alt. of 900 feet: Buekden Pike, May 1886! W. Denison Roebuck.
Lancashire S.—Sub-v. flrresceus, Knowsley, 1893 (Collinge, J. of M., 1893, p. 148). Cheviotland—Tweedmouth, Dee. 1888 ! Rev. Dr. MeMnurtrie.
io)
=
SCOTLAND. Fife and Kinross—sub-v. flareserns, St. Andrews (Collinge, J. of M., 1892, p. 27). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Unider stones at Sevres, Bellevue, and Charenton, Seine; also in the departments of the .\isne and Oise. Switzerland—Sub-var, a/picolu, the Alps (Charpentier t. Moqnin-Tandon). Italy—Rivarossa, Piedmont (Pollonera, op. cit.). Austro-Hungary—Sub-var. /picola, Tatra in Galicia (Dybowski t. Jachno). Sunroth describes a var. with orange-red dorsum and paler sides from Graz in Styria. Sweden—Sub-var. w//sson/, South Sweden (Pollonera, op. cit.).
Var. misera Pollonera, Spec. nuov. Arion Europ., 1887, p. 24.
slrion bourguignati var. miser Pollonera, l.c.
ANIMAL whitish, or tinged with grey, with usual banding pale, and indistinct lineolation,
This sul-albine form is practically identical with the form named pal/ide by Me. Roebuck. ENGLAND AND WALES, Carnarvon-—Sub-var. pad/ide, Conway Castle, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Notts.—Sub-v. pallida, railway embankment, Colwiek, Sep. 1884 !C'. 'T. Musson. York S.W.—Snb-var. pudlida, Penistone, Nov. 1889 ! Lionel E. Adams.
York Mid W.—Sub-var. pallid, Buckden Pike, at an alt, of 1,100 feet, May IS86.! W. Denison Roebuck.
SCOTLAND. Roxburgh-—Sub-var. pol/ida, Langlee near Galashiels, Sep. 1904 ! J. Roseburgh.
. IRELAND.
Queen’s Co,—-Sub-var. poliida, Maryborough, Oet. 1904 1 A. G. Stuart. : . CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Italy — Var. wiser, Valley of Aosta and Valley of Great St. Bernard, Piedmont.
ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 233
Geographical Distribution.—Arion circumscriptus being an earlier evolved species than Arion hortensis, has naturally therefore probably acquired a wider distribution, although its range is as yet far from being accurately known, as it has been in the past and is still so frequently confused with A. hortensis, under which name it is usually recorded.
It has been reported under its own name, or under that of Arion hortensis, from the British Isles, Germany, France, Belgium, Switzerland, Scandinavia, Austro-Hungary, North Italy, and Russia, but has not yet been detected in the Iberian Peninsula, where it will probably eventually be found.
It has also been observed in North America, where it has probably been accidentally introduced.
In the British Isles, it is distributed entirely over the country, and probably exists in all our comital and vice-comital areas.
oo
Geographical Distribution of
Arion circumscriptus Johnst.
HEM Recorded Distribution. 'g
(2 ] Probable Range. # .
Fic. 240.
ENGLAND AND WALES,
Channel Isles—St. Sampson’s, Guernsey, Sept. 1891 ! B. Tonilin. PENINSULA.
Cornwall W.—Gardens, Truro, Apl. 1886! J. H. James. Penzance, Jan. 1905! Lionel E. Adains. Var. neustriaca, Penmon, Falmouth, Apl. 1884 ! H. Fox.
Cornwall E.—Type and var. neustriaca, garden bank, St. Columb, May 1885 ! W. Vinson.
Devon N.—Northam, Nov. 1885, W. A. Gain. Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. W. Mason.
Somerset S.—Porlock, Aug. 1892! Lionel E, Adams.
Somerset N.—Recorded in Adams’ ‘‘ Census,” 1902, p. 222.
(e
Wilts. N.—Clyffe Pybard, Swindon, Aug, 1904! Rey. E. H. Goddard.
Wilts. S.—Garden, Dunollie, Bourne avenue, Salisbury, Sept. 1904! A. R. D. Bacchus.
Dorset—Sub-var. ambigua (T. D. A. Cockerell, Conch., Sept. 1891, p. 33). Sub-
var. grisea, Chideock, Bridport, Ang. 1885 ! A. Belt. Sub-var. subatbida, Bailey
Gate (Cockerell, op.c., p. 35). Sub-var. armovicunc, Sturminster Marshall (id., lee.)
HANNEL,.
934 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS.
Hants. S.—Among dead leaves, garden, Christchurch, June 1886 ! and Hoborne, C. Ashford. Portsdown Hill near Portsmouth, Ang. 1886, W. Jeffery. Moderately common, Crabbe Wood, Aug. 1894, L. E. Adams. Hambledon, May 1904! C.S. Coles. Sub-var. ce/tica, Southampton, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, Conch., 1892, p. 77). Hants. N.—Preston Candover, Nov. 1885 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Sussex W.—Garden, Ratham, July 1884! and Up Park, Sept. 1886! W. Jeffery. THAMES.
Kent W.—Sevenoaks, Aug. 1887! 8. C. Cockerell. Snb-var. celtic, Doddington, E. W. Swanton (Collinge, I.c.).
Surrey—Oxshott, May 1888! H. W. Kew. Punch Bowl and Grayswood (E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Conch., Apl. 1902, p. 169). Mickleham Downs and Epsom (id., op. cit., July 1903, p. 331).
Herts. —Codicote near Welwyn, Aug. 1904! Mrs. Blundell.
Middlesex—Bedford Park, Chiswick, Dec. 1884! T. D. A. Cockerell. Muswell Hill road, Apl. 1889 ! type and var. weustrivca, Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, H. Wallis Kew.
Oxford—Banbury, Chipping Norton, Deddington, Bicester, Oxford, and Swin- comb (Collinge, Coneh., 1891, p. 14). Combe, July 1904 ! Rev. 5S. Spencer Pearce.
Bucks.—A bundant under stones by road-side, Olney, March 1893, L. E. Adams. ANGLIA,
Suffolk E.—Woodbridge, June 1886 ! Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce. Mendlesham, Thwaite, and Needham Market (A. Maytield, J. of Conch., Apl. 1903, p. 295).
Norfolk E.—Common about Norwich, Aug. 1890, Lionel E. Adams.
Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, May 1887 ! and Gayton, June 1887 ! C. B. Plowright. Didlington Hall near Brandon, Oct. 1904! Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil.
Cambridge—Grantchester, Sept. 1904! Hugh Watson.
Bedford—Hedgehank and wood near Luton, Nov. 1886 ! also General Cemetery, Luton, Apl. 1889! J. Sannders.
Northampton—Common in the county. Yardley Chase, Mch. 1893! L. E. Adams.
Haselbeech, Rev. W. A. Shaw. SEVERN.
Gloucester E.—Garden, Argyll House, Cirencester, Ane. 1904! Mrs. Blundell.
Gloucester W.—Common about Stroud, Oct. 1883! E. J. Elliott. Bristol, W. B. Waterfall.
Monmouth—Shirenewton Hall, June 1886 ! E. J. Lowe.
Hereford—Type and sub-var. grisea, vicarage garden, Bishopswood, June 1885 ! Rev. R. W. J. Sinart. Garden, Ross, Sept. 1904 | W. Blake.
Worcester—Cleeve Prior, May 1887! G. Sherriff Tye. Selly Oak, Feb. 1893 ! Lionel E. Adams.
Warwick—Solihull, Feb. 1893 ! Lionel E. Adams. Common about Sutton Cold- field, 1897, Albert Wood. Var, neustriaca, Ingon Grange, Stratford-on-Avon, Sept. 1884! RK. J. Attye.
Stafford—Statford Castle, Oct. 1885! Lionel E. Adams. Handsworth, in garden, June 1886! G. Sherriff Tye. “Newton road, Birmingham, Feb. 1893! C. Oldhain. Harborne, Guy Breeden, 1904. Type and var. neustriace, Cheadle, abundant, Apl. 1886 ! F. B. Webb.
Salop—Whittington Castle ! and Oswestry, June 1885 ! Baker Hudson.
SOUTH WALES.
Glamorgan—Banks of river Ely, St. Fagan’s, March 1885 ! F. W. Wotton.
Brecon—Erwood, Aug. 1904! J, Williams Vaughan.
Radnor—Penybout, Nov. 1903! F. Hall.
Carmarthen—Kidwelly, Dec. 1908, Rev. Ll. Davies.
Pembroke—Not uncommon, plantation, Tenby, Feb. 1898 ! A. G. Stubbs.
NORTH WALES.
Montgomery—Llanwddyn, May 1889! in fields, Llanymynech, and beneath larch timber in railway timber yard, Welshpool, June 1889! J. Bickerton Morgan.
Merioneth—Palé, Corwen, common in gardens and fields, May 1887! T. Ruddy. Type and var. veustriaea, hills above Barmouth ! and Torrent Walk, Dolgelly, Aug. 1884! J. Hopkinson.
Carnarvon—Slopes of Snowdon, Apl. 1887! J. Madison. Type and sub-var. pullida, Conway Castle, July 1883 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Denbigh—Recorded in Adams’ ‘‘ Census,” 1902, p, 222.
Flint—Grange road, Rhyl, July 1904! Rev. A. Steele Perkins.
Anglesey—Recorded in Adams’ Census,” 1902, p, 222.
TRENT.
Lincoln S.—Ancaster, Apl. 1886! abundant by Old Hammond Beck, Frampton Fen near Boston, Sept. 1889! W, Denison Roebuck. Old Quarry, Great Ponton, Ang. 19021 R. Worsdale.
ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 235
Lincoln N.—Skirbeck near Boston, Sept. 1884! Tothby Farm ! Ailby ! Burwell ! Muckton Chalk Pit ! and Sutton-in-the-Marsh, Apl. 1886 ! also Harrington Hill ! Well Vale ! Bag Enderby ! and Grisel Bottom near Louth, Sept. 1889! W. Denison Roebuck. Tothill, May 1888! Miss Susan Allott. Hibaldstow, Apl. 1903 ! Mason and Peacock.
Leicester and Rutland—Var. neustriaca, Hathern, Sept. 1884 ! ©. T. Musson.
Notts.—Plentiful in gardens and fields about Tuxford, June 1888! W. A. Gain. Cleveland Hill, West Markham ! Pleasley Vale ! and Cresswell Crags, Apl. 1884 ! railway embankment near Colwick! Beauvale Abbey ! and wood at Wollaton, Nov. 1884 ! by old ruined chapel, Houghton ! and Mapperley, May 1885 ! also at Staunton, June 1886! C. T. Musson. Corporation Gardens, Wells road, Nottingham, June 1885! and Hunger Hill Gardens, Nottingham, May 1888! G. W. Mellors. Var. neustriaca, Worksop, April 1884! Wollaton, Nov. 1884! and sub-var. pallida, Colwick, Sept. 1884 !C. T. Musson. Sub-var. celtica, near Newark, W. A. Gain.
Derby—Markland Grips and Pleasley Vale, Apl. 1884! C. T. Musson. Numerous on banks of river Goyt, Marple ! and Fairfield near Buxton, Sept. 1885 ! J. G. Milne. Clifton near Ashbourne, June 1889 ! and near Hathersage, Aug. 1889, L. E. Adams.
MERSEY.
Cheshire—Garden, Broad road, Sale, May 1885! and Northwich, Oct. 1885 ! Charles Oldham. Garden, Liverpool road, Chester, Oct. 1887! Brockton Tomlin. Marple, May 1891 ! L. St. George Byne. Bowdon, May 1885! Peover near Knuts- ford, Aug. 1885 ! and Dunham Park, Oct. 1885! also var. newstriaca, Bowdon and Carrington, Dec. 1884! J. G. Milne.
Lancashire S.—River-bank, Walton-le-Dale, June 1889 ! and Farington, Oct. 1889! W. H. Heathcote. Type and sub-vars. grisea and flaveseens, Knowsley near Liverpool, 1893 (W. E. Collinge, J. of Mal., 1893, p. 148).
Lancashire Mid—Panks of Easegill Beck, at foot of limestone scars, alt. 900 ft., Apl. 1887! W. Denison Roebuck. Fulwood, Feb. 1889 ! W. H. Heathcote. Over
yresdale, at an alt. of 1,100 feet, Apl. 1903 ! Preesal near leetwood, July 1900 ! Mason and Peacock.
HUMBER,
York S.E.—Kilnsea, March 1884 ! W. Eagle Clarke. Allerthorpe, Filey, Low- thorpe, banks of Hornsea Mere, Bale Wood, Iledon, Cottingham, Humbledon, and North Grimston (T. Petch, Moll. East Riding, 1904, p. 131). Sledmere, Aug. 1891 ! F. W. Fierke. Driffield, June 1902, Rev. E. Perey black baka, Brough, May 1901 ! J. E. Crowther. Flamborough Head, May 1886! Kirkham Abbey, July 1889! and var. neustriaca, Millington near Pocklington, Apl. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
York N.E.—In the Tees Valley: Saltburn Wood ! and Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886! Tockett’s Wood near Guisborough ! and Skelton Beck Valley, May 1887 ! Yearsby Wood, April 1889! Kilton Castle ! and Ingleby Greenhow; type and var. neustriaca, abundant in Wilton Wood, June 1890! W. Denison Roebuck.
In Eskdale: Ramsdale Wood, Robin Hooi’s Bay, June 1886 ! W. D. Roebuck.
In Upper Derwent: Pickering Castle Hill ! Farwath Bridge ! anid Levisham, Aug. 1886! also Harwood Dale, May 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. Scarborough, Aug. 1888, B. Tomlin. Hayburn Wyke, Aug. 1894! F. W. Fierke.
York S.W.—In Calderdale: Common, Park Wood, Elland, J. E. Crowther. Hebden Bridge, June 1904! W. D. Roebuck. Birkenshaw, Sept. 1888 ! G. Wingate. Type and var. neustriaca, garden, Holmfirth, Jan. 1885 ! H. E. Craven. Sub-var. atripunctata, Lofthouse, May 1887, G. Roberts (T. D. A. Cockerell, 1.c.).
n the Don Valley: Dunford Bridge, July 1892! F. W. Fierke. Near Wors- borough Reservoir, Sept. 1899! W. E. Brady. Darton, May 1904 ! W. Harrison Hutton. Burghwallis and Campsall, May 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Doncaster ! Dunnington, June 1891 ! common at Kiveton Park, Conisborough, July 1891, type and var. pallida, Penistone, Nov. 1889 ! Lionel E. Adams.
In the Vale of Mersey : Canal side, Greenfield, June 1888 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
York Mid W.—In Airedale: Headingley, Nov. 1886! W. Nelson. Plentiful on banks of Leeds and Liverpool Canal, Armley, Oct. 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Garden, Horsforth ! Fagley Wood and Thackley Wood, common, 1887 ; Nab Wood, Shipley Glen, and Seven Arches, Bingley, 1888 ; gardens, Apperley and Calverley, 1888, H. T. Soppitt.
In Wensleydale : Eavestone, Sept. 1886 ! J. Ingleby.
In Wharfedale : Kettlewell ! Starbotton ! and Buckden Pike ! up to 1,200 feet alt., May 1886; Leathley ! Troller’s Gill ! and Rawdon Hill plantation near Hare- wood, Apl. 1887 ! Grassington, May 1891 ! and Cray Village, Aug. 1904 ! W. D. Roebuck. Oughtershaw, alt. 1,250 feet ! Hubberholne! and Buckden Woods, common, Aug. 1904! Tom Petch. Var. neustriaca, Starbotton ! also on Buckden Pike, at 900 feet altitude ; and sub-var. pallida, at an elevation of 1,100 feet, May 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
236 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS.
In Nidderdale: Near Linley ! and How Stean Beck ! type and var. neustriaca, near Aneram May 1886! W. Denison Roebuck.
York N.W.—In Wensleydale: Sears on Coverdale Head, alt. 1,500 feet, May 1886 ! and Leyburn Shawl, April 1893 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
In Swaledale : Common by roadsides, Gunnerside, July 1884! abundant, Low Row ! and Feltham, Aug. 1885 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
In Teesdale: Greta Bridge road, Bowes, July 1884! W. Denison Roebuck. Rokeby, June 1892 ! W. Nelson.
In Ribblesdale : Wood End near Slaidburn! Tosside in Bolland, Ang. 1885! Horton, 1892! and Cowgill, Denthead, Sept. 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. Helk’s Wood, Ingleton, 1888, I’. Rhodes.
TYNE. Durham—Durham, Apl. 1884! near High Force, June 1884 ; and Croft, Apl. 1887 ! Baker Hudson. Dent Bank near Middleton, July 1884 ! and Langdon Beck, July 1884 ! also Spa Wood, Dinsdale, May 1887 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Northumberland S.—Stocksfield-on-Tyne, May 1885 ! H. E. Craven. West Woodburn, by base of cliff; and on summit at an alt. of 800 feet, Sept. 1887! Richard Howse. Cheviotland—Var. veustriaca, Tweedmouth, Dee. 1888 ! Rev. Dr. McMurtrie. LAKES. Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Coniston, April 1887 ! S. C. Cockerell. Eggerslack Wood, Grange, Aug. 1897 (R. Standen, J. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 113). Cumberland—Seales, Sept. 1890 ! Rev. J. Hawell. Isle of Man—Douglas, Apl. 1904 (B. R. Lucas, J. of Conch., July 1904, p. 90). Injebreck Glen and Glen Maye, Sept. 1891!
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Dumfries—About Dumfries, Sept. 1890 ! and Moffat, Jan. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Kirkcudbright—Near Maxwelltown, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Wigtown—Springbank, Stranraer, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Ayr—By sandy shore, West Kilbride, Apl. 1888 ! Alex. Somerville. Girvan, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Gourock Burn; Seamill ; Portineross Rocks, Fairlie, and Largs, Rev. Rt. Godfrey, 190-4.
Renfrew—Abundant under sleepers on abandoned railway, Shielhill Glen, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuek.
Lanark—Possil Marsh, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Blackwood estate, Kirkimuirhill, Sept. 1904! N. B. Kinnear.
EAST LOWLANDS.
Peebles—Roadside, Eddleston, July 1889 ! tops of walls by roadside, Walker- burn ! and at Leadburn, Aug. 1889! W. D. Roebuck. Cademuir near Peebles, and Slipperlield Loch, West Linton, July 1890! also at Macbiehill, Feb. 1896 ! W. Evans.
Selkirk—Holylee ! and stone-heaps in Thornielee railway station, Aug. 1896 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Selkirk, Oct. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Roxburgh—Kildon Hills, Ang. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Jedburgh ! and type and sub-var. padlida, Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904 ! J. Roseburgh.
Berwick—Roadsides near Earlston ! and Dryburgh Abbey ruins, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890 ! West Berwick ! and Colding- ham Loch, Oct. 1890 ! W. Evans. Common, Eyemouth and Berwick (id., Moll. Berwick, 1895, p. 171).
Haddington—Under sleepers of abandoned railway, Drummore ! and Falside, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Longniddry, March 1890 ! Aberlady, May 1890! and Dirleton Comnon near North Berwick, Sept. 1890 ! W. Evans.
Edinburgh—Foot of Salisbury Craigs ! and plentiful at Levenhall, Ang. 1886 ! Blackford Hill ! and Bonally, Oct. 1888! W. Denison Roebuck. Plantations above Dreghorn, March 1890 ! Crichton, Feb. 1897 ! Balerno, April 1890! and Fullarton Lime Quarry, Nov. 1897 ! W, Evans.
Linhthgow—Roadlside ly Dalmeny Park, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Linlithgow, March 1890 ! Carribber, Feb. 1898 ! and Binny Craiz, March 1898 ! W. Evans. Abundant on island in Linlitheow Loch, also found at Dalmeny, bets anaes Abercorn, Blackness, Dykenook, Winchburgh, Preston, Kinneil Mill, and woods, Jinkaboot, Woodeockdale, Cramond Bridge, Kirkliston, Graeme’s Dykes, Redhill, Northbank, Bonytown Mills, quarry near Craigmailen Church, and about Bo'ness, Rey, R. Godfrey, 1902.
FAST HIGHLANDS.
Fife and Kinross-—North ()ueensferry, Aug, 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. St. Andrews and Crail, Aug, 1890! Charlestown Lime Quarries ; Burntisland Quarries, wil shores of Loch Leven, Feb, 1896, W. Evans, Sub-var. /leesecax, St. Andrews (W. E. Collinge, Coneh., 1892, p. 27).
ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 237
Stirling—Polmont, Aug. 1890! W. Evans.
Perth S.—Callander, April 1888! Alex. Somerville. Aberfoyle, April 1896 ; Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898, W. Evans. Balquhidder, July 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Perth Mid—Loch Tay side, April 1887! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Crianlarich, Aug. 1888 ! A. Somerville. Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, June 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey. Inver Dunkeld, Sept. 1904 ! A. Rodgers.
Perth N.—Blairgowrie, July 1890! W. Evans.
Forfar—Var. weustriaca, Montrose, July 1884! W. Duncan.
Kincardine—Banchory, July 1890 ! W. Evans.
Aberdeen S.—Drum Woods, Deeside, Oct. 1886! C. B. Plowright. Aberdeen Links, July 1890 ! W. Evans. Near Botanic Gardens, Old Aberdeen ! and garden, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, Oct. 1904 ! Geo. Sim.
Banff—Tomintoul, Nov. 1890 ! and Aberlour, Nov. 1892 ! Lionel Hinxman. Banks of river Avon, above Ballindalloch, Sept. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Elgin—Gardens, Elvin, Oct. 1890! Rev. G. Gordon. Cromdale near Grantown ! and Castle Roy by Netley Bridge, Aug. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Easterness—Glenurquhart, Inverness ! and Nairn, Jan. 1887 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. Kincraig, Aug. 1889! Glen Feshie, Sept. 1889! and Dalwhinnie, at an alt. of 1,200 feet, June 1892 ! W. Evans.
Westerness—Glenborrodale, Dec. 1890! J. J. Dagleish.
Main Argyle—Coast, south of Dunoon ! and Hunter’s Quay, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Barbreck, June 1900; Blairghour Falls; Loch Nant at high- water mark; Ardchonnel; Dunollie; Glen Shieleach and Kilninver, July 1901, Rev. R. Godfrey.
Dumbarton—Foot of Dumbarton Castle rock ! and in a wood by railway, near High Mains, Aug. 1886 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Near Duntocher, Sept. 1888 ! and Garscadden, June 1889 ! Alex. Shaw.
Clyde Isles—Barone, Isle of Bute, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Brodick, Isle of Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans.
Cantire—Near Loch 13, on the Crinan Canal, June 1890 ! A. McLaren.
Ebudes S.—Lough Ba House, near Port Charlotte, Islay, Nov. 1890! W. Evans.
Ebudes Mid—Iona, Oct. 1887 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville.
Ebudes N.—Eigg, Nov. 1890 ! W. Evans.
NORTH HIGHLANDS.
Ross E.—Between Bonar Bridge and Edderton, Feb. 1887 ! W. Baillie. Sutherland E,—Golspie Burn, June 1884! Mound Rock, Sept. 1884 ! var. neustriaca, south side of Little Ferry, Dornoch, Oct. 1884! W. Baillie. Sutherland W.—Durness ! also sandy sea-coast at Strathy and Farr, Oct. 1886 ! Rev. J. E. Somerville. NORTH ISLES.
Hebrides—Churchyard, Eye, Stornoway, Sept. 1886 ! Alex. Somerville. Orkneys—Harray, Dec. 1890 ! W. Evans. Stromness, Uct. 1904 ! J. Grant. Shetlands—Moss Bank, Sept. 1904 ! Thos. Bowie.
IRELAND. ULSTER.
Derry—Near Londonderry, J. N. Milne (R. F. Scharff, Irish List, 1892, p. 6). Straidarran, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Garden, Downhill, Sep. 1904! C. N. Lynes. Common, Bellarena Woods, March 1904, R. Welch.
Antrim—Cushendun, common, May 1886 ! Whitehall, Broughshane, June 1886 ! Rev. §. A. Brenan. Rathlin Island, also commonly at Ballycastle and Murlough, May 1896 ! Lionel E. Adams. Cave Hill, 1893; Knockagh Mountain, May 1897 ; Derrykeighan, Feb. 1898 ; Kenbane, Oct. 1898 ; Murlough Bay and Whitepark Bay, June 1899; Brown’s Bay, Larne, July 1899; Colin Glen, Oct. 1899; Glencorp, Mch. 1900; Ram’s Island and Glenavy, May 1900 ; and common in the Ballycastle district, May 1902, R. Welch.
Down—Beech Hill, Newry, July 1904! Prof. R. J. Anderson. Ardglass, Dee. 1897 ; and about source of river Bann, near Deers Meadow, Mourne Mountain, at 1,100 feet alt., Jan. 1898; Dickson’s Nursery, Belmont, Apr. 1898 ; Neweastle, June 1898 ; Ballinahinch Junction, Mar. 1899; Clandeboye Lake, May 1899; common, Hillsborongh Old Castle, Apl. 1902; and rare, Lough Aghery, May 1904, R. Welch. Belvoir Park, 1894; Clondutf, Jan. 1898; Downpatrick, Mar. 1898 ; Ormeau Park, Belfast ; and rare, Killard Point, May 1898, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch.
Armagh—Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. W. F. Johnson. Newry, Jan. 1905! P. H. Grierson. Bessbrook, Apr. 1900, R. Welch.
a Monaghan—Carrickmacross, July 1904! Drumreaske Park, Sept. 1904! P. H. rierson.
Tyrone—Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! R, Bell
WEST HIGHLANDS.
238 ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS.
Donegal—Croaghross near Letterkenny, May 1889 ! H. C. Hart. Fermanagh—Castlecoole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. C. L. Corry. Brooke- borough, Sept. 1904 ! Sir Douglas Brooke. ot common, near Enniskillen, Sept. 1899, R. Welch. Cavan—Mullagh, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. LEINSTER,
Louth—Dromiskin, June 1904 ! Blackhall Demesne ! and Drogheda, Sept. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Meath —Drumcondra ! and Nobber, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Not common in Boyne Valley near Cavan, and Trim, July 1900, R. Welch. Sub-var. grisea, New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff.
Dublin—Dublin, March 1886 ! J. R. Redding. Kill-of-the-Grange, Kingstown, April 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Dellbrook near Dundrum, 1897, R. Welch. Rathgar and Bushy Park, Dublin, Sept. 1903, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch. Type and var. deucophwa, Kxillakee and Leeson Park, Dublin, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Kildare—Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Schartt.
Wicklow—Very rare, near Greystones; near the Sugar-Loaf, also at Altidore, July 1891, and Woodenbridge, March 1893, R. F. Scharff.
Wexford—Kilmanock, New Ross, Apl. 1888!G. A. Barrett-Hamilton. Wexford, Apl. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Kilkenny —Recorded in Adams’ ‘‘ Census,” 1902, p. 234.
Queen’s Co.—La Bergerie (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1840, p. 203). Stradbally, Sept. 1904 ! sub-var. pallida, Maryborough, Oct. 1904 ! A. G. Stuart.
King’s Co.—Clonmacnoise, E. Collier and R. Standen, July 1895. Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904! R. McKenna.
Westmeath—Common, Knockdrin Demesne, April 1892! R. F. Scharff. Moate, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Nugent.
CONNAUGHT.
Roscommon—Rockingham Gardens, Boyle, Sept. 1904! E. Clarke. Loughglynn, Castlerea, Oct. 1904 ! Hugh Kennedy.
Leitrim—Dromahaire Abbey, Sept. 1900, and Swiss Valley, Glencar, July 1904 ! A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch.
Sligo—Ballina, June 1891! Miss Amy Warren. Sligo, July 1904! A. W. Stelfox. Decidedly rare at Lissadill Glen ; below Doonee Rock; Glenear; and Ballysodare, 1900 (R. Welch and A. W. Stelfox, Irish Nat., Sept. 1904, p. 186).
Mayo W.—Dnuegort, Achill Island, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—Derrynasligegan Lodge, Leenane, April 1897, Rk. Welch. Round- a id 1895, E. Collier and R. Standen. Var. yrise, Roundstone, March 1891,
% FF. Scharih.
Galway E.—Killereran (B. J. Clarke, Ann. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1840, p. 206).
Clonbrock Forest and woodyard, June 1900, Hon. R. E. Dillon and R. Welch.
MUNSTER,
Tipperary S.—Holycross Abbey, May 1898, R. Welch.
Waterford—Old Dungarvon road, near Clonmel, Aug. 1886 ! Rev. A. H. Delap.
Cork S,—Carrigaline, May 1888 ! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Bantry, rare, June 1893, R. I. Scharff. Queenstown (id., Slugs of Ereland, p. 547). Common, Blarney and Glengariff, Sept. 1898, Lionel E. Adaus.
Kerry—Valentia Island, July 1886 ! Rev. A. H. Delap. Muckross Demesne, May 1891, and Lough Caragh, R. F. Scharff. Sheen Wood. also at Kenmare and at Galway’s Bridge, July 1898 (R. Standen, Trish Nat., Sept. 1898).
: GERMANY. alrion eircumscriptus is recorded by Clessin as inhabiting the entire area ; but records have only been notice for Alsace, Bavaria, East Prussia, Nassau, and
Saxony. NETHERLANDS. Belgium —4A. bourguiqnati is recorded for Belgium, and as <1. leucophaus for the provinces of Brabant, Hainault, Liége, and Namur.
FRANCE,
Arion ciremuscriptus is widely distributed throughout the country, but the recorded localities are as yet few and scattered; they embrace the departments of the Ain, Aisne, Hante Garonne, Maine et Loire, Manche, Nidvre, Oise, Seine, and Vendée. As A. fuseus var. leneophea it is recorded for the Aube and the Nord; as A. celticus from Finistére ; and as A. hortensis var. grisew from the Isére.
SWITZERLAND. According to Clessin, it is a probable inhabitant of the country,
Pirate XXII.
Distribution of A. circumscriptus Johnst.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Channel Isles PENINSULA 1 Cornwall W. 2 Cornwall LE. 3 Devons. 4 Devon N. _ 5 Somerset 6 Somerse CTIAN 7 Wilts N. 8 Wilts 9 Dorset 10 Isle of Wight 11 Hants 8. 12 Ilants N. 13 Sussex W. 14 Sussex E. THAMES 15 Kent FE, 16 Kent W. 17 Surrey Essex. 8.
19 Essex N
20 Herts.
21 Middlesex
22 Berks.
23 Oxtord
24 Bucks. ANGLIA
25 Suffolk BE.
26 Suffolk W.
27 Noriolk EB.
28 Nortolk W,
29 Cambridge
30 Bedford
31 Hunts.
32 Northampton SEVERN
33 Gloucester E.
34 Gloucester W.
25 Monmouth
36 Hereford
29 Stafford 40 Salop:
Probable Range.
SSS Recorded Distribution.
SOUTH WALES
2 Brecon 43 Radnor 44 Carmarthen 45 Pembroke 46 Cardigan
Non tw WALES
EL 47 Montgomery
48 Merioneth 49 Carnarvon
TRENT 53 Lincoln 8. 64 LincoIn.N. 5 Li
ive t ashire §. 60 Lan'shire Mid ¥ HUMBER York
York 63 S.W. York Ss 67 Mid W, York #
5 NW. York
TYNE 66 Durham 67 Northumb, 8. €8 Cheviotland LAKES 69 Westmorland and L, Lanes. 70 Cumberland 71 Isle of Man
) b i MERSEY to
*
ia
2 ¢
eae Distribution verified by the Authors.
SCOTLAND.
W. LOWLANDS 72 Dumtries 73 Kirkeudbright 74 Wi 76 Ayr 76 Kenfrew 77 Lanark
E, LOWLANDS
I Selkirk
Berwick 82 Iladdington 83 Edinburgh 84 Linlithzow
#£, WIGHLANDS 85 Fife & Kinross 86 Stirling a7 Pth Ss. & Clk 88 Mid Perth 89 Perth N.
ding
92 Aberdeen S. 112 IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER |
113 Derry 122 Louth 114 Antrim 123 Meath 15 Down l24 Dublin 16 Armagh 125 Kildare 117 Mon win 126 Wicklow 118 Tyre 127 Wextord 119 Don 1 128 Carlow 120 Fermanagh 129 Kilkenny 121 Cavan 13)
97
105
dil
7 Co
ANDS Westerness Main Argyle Dumbarton Clyde Isles Cantire
2 Ebudes 8.
budes Mid Ehudes N
Sutherland fs. Sutherland W Caithness NORTH ISLES Hehride
Orki 3 Shethuids
Longtord CONNAUGHT Roscommon Leitrim Sligo Mayo E, Mayo W. Galway W. Galway MUNSTER
Tipperary Tipperary S
5 Watertord
Cork N. rk 5S
ARTON CEIRCUMSCRIPTUS, 239
ITALY.
This species, which under the names of uleion bourguiguatt, A. ambiguns and A. subearinatus, would seem to be confined to the alpine and sub-alpine districts of Piedinont, ascending Co an altitude of 6,000 feet in the Valley of Aosta.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY,.
Herr Clessin says that though only known to occur in Austria, it probably also inhabits Hungary, Bohemia, Moravia, and Galicia, It has, however, been recorded by Hazay from Kotlina-Thal in Hungary, and as abundant at Graz in Styria by Dr. Simroth. There is little doubt that the Avion hortensis recorded by Bielz from Transylvania really belones to the present species, of which country Simroth also indicates it as an inhabitant.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL.
Spain—lrion hortensis is recorded by Prof. Hidalgo from various localities in Spain, but the figure cited as representing his species (Pérnssac, Hist. Moll., pl. 8a, f.3) is Avion circunscriplis,
BALKAN PENINSULA.
Roumania—Dr. Simroth indicates that the inhabited area of this species
embraces the range of the Carpathians on the frontier of Roumania. SCANDINAVIA.
Norway—Westerlund reports that under the name of 4. hortensis it has been recorded for many localities in South Norway.
Sweden—Cominon at Ronneby in the province of Blekinge, found sparingly in the Island of Oeland, and extends up to 64 north latitude, or according to Simroth really extends as far north in Scandinavia as 69°.
Denmark—Westerlund reports it as existing on Zealand and Jylland,
RUSSTA.
Extends into Finland as far as 60° 45’ north lat. Tt is also recorded by Luther from Revel in Esthland, and according to Dr. Simroth extends eastward beyond Moscow to the Ural Mountains, and probably ranges well into Siberia.
NEARCTIC REGION,
New York—Abuniant, (oat Island, Niagara Falls, May 1904, T. D. A. Cockerell.
District of Columbia—Var. nensfriaca, varden, Washington ; a prior owner of the garden was in the habit of importing plants from Earope (W. E. Collinge, Nantilus, May P8990, p. 9).
Fic. 241.—Banks of River Lagan, Belvoir Park, Ulster, a haunt of Arien cfrcumscriples (photo. by Mr. R. Welch).
240 MONOGRAPHIE OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA,
Sup-Genus areuneulus Lessona. Arion intermedius Normand.
1852 Limee intermedius Normand, Descr. Limac. nouy., p. 6.
1855 Arion flavus Forbes & Hanley, Hist. Moll. Anim., iv., p. 9, pl F.F.P., £2. ISS} = verrucosus Breviere, Journ de Conch., p. 310, pl 13.
Ist — mehilianus Bandon, Journ. de Conch., p. 8.
S85 — minimus Simvroth, Zeitschr. Wissensch. nee , p. 289, pl. 7, f. 41. 1889 — mollerti Pollonera, Nuoyv, Contrib., p. 19, f. 7-10.
1867 Geomalaeus intermedius Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Kool, p. 97.
1867 — hiemalis Drouet, Moll. Cote-CVOr, p. 27.
6S = meabillet Baudon, Journ. de ( ‘eae, yp. 142.
1869) = vendeanus Let., Rev. et Mag. Zool., p. 51
ISTORY.— Avion cutermedius (inter- medius, intermediate) was first clearly discriminated by Normand in 1852 but Jus description was overlooked. It is the Arion incommodus of Hutton, and is also the ution Maous of Alder, Moquin-'Tandon, Forbes and Hanley, and other authors, but the species was not at that period generally accepted as valid, but relegated to the rank of a doubtful or spurious species by contemporary authors.
In 1885, Dr. Simroth independently differentiated the species, firmly es- tablished its specific status and applied to it the very appropriate name of minvmus, Which, untortunately cannot be maintained.
a A. intermedius is here associated with ie Dr. R. PF. Scharff, M.R.LA., of Dublin, BI Ce its recent discoverer in this country, and the first in Britain to make known its really distinctive characters and wide distribution. He is also the author of many able papers upon Geographical distribution and the mollusca generally, as well as of the most authoritative and important work extant upon the Slugs of Ireland.
Arion intermedius belongs to the sub-genus Arvuncalus, x group insti- tuted by Lessona for the reception of a number of primitive little Arions ocenrring in Spain, Moroceo, Sardinia, and in the higher regions of the Alps, and characterized by the position of the sexual orifice between the pubnonary aperture and the right ommatophore, and thus in this particular linking the vvons with Geomelacus, in which there is a similar arrangement.
Diagnosis. A. /nfermedius, though presenting a certain resemblance to the two preceding species, Is much softer and more gelatinous to the touch, smaller in size, paler in colour, more indistinct in banding, and exudes a bright yellow watery mucus, which tends to accumulate at oppo- site ends of the body. [t is, however, sharply separated from all its congeners im this country by the possession of small but prominent dermal trubereles, each of which is surmounted by a jelly-like pointed spike, a peculiarity which has earned for it the tithe of the “hedgehog snail.”
ARION INTERMEDIUS. 241
INTERNALLY, its organization bears, according to Simroth, most resemb- lance to that of Avion subfuscus, but is more simple and primitive. Perhaps the most sharply-marked difference is in the character of the mandible or jaw, which is very delicate, aud displays a few exceedingly wide but only slightly convex ribs on its anterior surface. ,
Original Description.—Limax intermedius. Animal gris-jaundtre pale. Ex- trémités surtout la postérieure, d'un bean jaune d'or. Cotes blanchatres, mnarqués antérieurement de quelques petits points noirs, un peu espacés en ligne pres du bord du pied. Tete, cou et tentacules vris-foncé ou noirdtres. Plan locomoteur granu- leux. Mucus jaune. Limacelle blanche, opaque et rugueuse. Long. de animal, 15 & 20 mill.—NorMAND, Deser. Six Limac. Nouv., 1852, p. 6.
Description.—ANIMAL small but plumply built, about twenty or more mill. long when extended, and about three-and-a-half mill. broad; of a very pale yellowish grey or almost white, with or without a broad and dusky but ill-defined mid-dorsal streak, shading off downwards ; ancestral lateral band on each side of the body, same shade as the back, shading off below to the yellowish-grey foot-fringe ; SHIELD finely granulose, rounded at both ends, about one-third the length of the body, usually of a yellowish-tint, especially anteriorly, with pale dusky ill-defined mid-patch and lateral bands which meet behind ; RESPIRATORY ORIFICE almost median, but the GENITAL APERTURE is nearly mid-way between the pulmonary orifice and base of right ommatophore, but below both ; BODY TUBERCLES shortly polygonal aud somewhat prominent, and in certain postures of the animal appear keeled, but under a lens the tubercles are seen to be surmounted by short white glandular spikes, which seein capable of individual movement, and whose erection appears dependent upon the will or emotion of the animal; when removed from its accustomed environment, placed on the hand, or during extension, all rugosity may disappear, and the skin appears smooth and shining, but the loosely implanted glandular crests give it the aspect of being dusted with flour; HEAD and NECK darker than DORSUM ; CAUDAL GLAND conspicuous ; TENTACLES small ; FOOT-SOLE yellowish and undivided, the lateral areas yellow with slime, which also accumn- lates at the caudal end of the animal as well as on the anterior part of the shield ; FOOT-FRINGE yellowish-grey, not visibly lineolate.
SHELL in British specimens usually represented by a thin and indistinct layer of limey-paste within the shell-sac, whose inner walls are densely speckled with lime- cells, although scarcely any free particles can be discerned. Normand and the Italian authors, however, describe the vestigial shells as white, opaque, and solid.
INTERNALLY, the walls of the cwlom are white and very thick for so small an animal, much thicker than in A. cirewnseriptus ; the HEART, KIDNEY, and LUNG cavity are conformable with the generic character; the AORTA divides late, and is broad and white with lime particles, but there are no lime-charged hepatic arteries, such as form the beautiful white and lace-like tracery in .t. ater; the lateral SINUSES of the ceelom are conspicuous, and correspond in position with the exterior lateral bands ; the SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND is well imbedded in the tissues, and not more than half the length of the sole ; the CEREBRAL GANGLIA with short commis- sures, which shew no signs of lime; the PEDAL GANGLIA are the largest and the most conspicuous of the SUB-CESOPHAGEAL group, while the BUCCAL pair are as usual separated by about their own diameters.
The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS are of the true Avion character. The two TENTACULAR muscles arise, about three mill. apart, from the under- surface of the posterior part of the mantle, the
: 4 243,— right one furthest back, as usual; they are flat, Lee aks with very broad, fan-shaped roots, each divides ; \ Ot Ax cateriHiediis early for the upper and lower tentacles; the \ Normand x 3,
PHARYNGEAL retractor arises further back, pos- A (Raheny, | Co.
a 3 ublin, Dr. R. F. terior to the mantle and nearly mid-dorsally, but Scharff). inclined to the right side, it is much slenderer than the tentacnlar muscles, and forks a little later than half-way.
The ALIMENTARY SYSTEM has the (ESOPHAGUS pigmented and partially fused with the PHARYNX, as is usual in the genus, but so much so that the parts have to be torn up to display the BUCCAL GANGLIA. The INTESTINAL CANAL is triodromous and the details of its arrangement and the amount of torsion or twisting it has
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242 ARION INTERMEDIUS.
undergone are very similar to what is found ina. edecumseriplus, The DIGESTIVE GLAND is greenish-yellow in colour, with its lobules not very coherent, and discharges into the SrOMACHL at the termination of the INGESTIVE TRACT.
Fic. 241. Fic, 245, Tic. 246. Fie. 247. Alimentary and Reproductive organs of Avion intermedius Normand and A. modleri? Pollonera.
Fic. 244.—Alimentary canal of 4. za¢ermedius Normand x 4, (Raheny, Co. Dublin).
Fic. 245.—Reproductive organs of 4. 7utermedius var. appenina X 2 (after Pollonera).
Fic. 246.—Reproductive organs of A. minziuus Simroth x 3 (after Simroth).
Fic. 247.—Proximal end of the Reproductive organs of 1, »od/erti, magnified (after Pollonera).
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS are characterized by their simple outlines. The ovo- TESTIS is ronndish, with dark purplish acini, and rests upon the upper surface of the digestive gland, just beyond the distal end of the stomach; the HERMAPHRODITE pucr is only very slightly sinuate, the proximal end thick; VAS DEFERENS some- what short, cnlarging into a moderately long and cylindrical EPIPHALLUS or spermatophore tract, without complications or windings, but which is furnished internally with longitudinally arranged rows of papillie, from which it may be inferred that the SPERMATOPIIORE is serrate, as in Arion ater and A. subfuscus ; FREE OVIDUCT short and uniformly cylindrical ; the GENITAL RETRACTOR is not easily found, but is attached to the free oviduct and stem of spermatheca, as is usual in the genus; the SUERMATHECA is somewhat globular with a funnel-shaped stem; the three terminal organs open into a moderately large light yellow glandular ATRIUM, Which is somewhat quadrilateral in figure.
The MANDIBLE or jaw is very delicate, and lexs than a millimetre in width, slightly semi-lunar in shape, with attenuate but rounded ends, and of an amber colour, with five very broad lut very feebly Fic, 248,—Mandible or jaw of
convex ribs, which extend over the whole surface of wrest ee oe the jaw, and give an undulate aspect to the lower or Ronen, es: Be scith
cutting edge; a darker line extends medially across the jaw from side to side and parallel with the cutting margin, indicating the point of attachment of the elasma.
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is about two mill. long, and bears about ninety some- what curved transverse rows of teeth, each row composed of a distinetly tricuspid median tooth, the long and somewhat slender mesocone with lateral cutting expan- sions ; the lateral teeth are as usual practically and strongly bicuspid, the endoconic cutting point being obsolete ; they gradually pass by a series of transition teeth to the true marginals, which are strictly bicuspid, the endocone being gradually lost, but in the few extreme marginals the embryonic character is retained, the denticles being wide and showing indications of one or more eetoconic denticles.
ae Lom asf Wy a 2B is é; ! 8 Bs s a Fic. 249,—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the lingual teethYof 1. ‘atermedius X 180. The animal collected by Dr. Scharff, and the palate prepared by Mr. W. Moss.
The formula of a Raheny specimen collected hy Dr. Scharff is SHU +E54+h +3448 x U8 = 6,390.
ARION INTERMEDIUS, 243
Reproduction and Development.—'The congress of this interesting little species has never been described, but the eggs have been observed from August quite up to January ; they are oval in shape, and very large for the size of the animal, being two mill. long and one-and-half mill. broad or even of a larger size, gelatinous to the touch, semitransparent and pearly-white in colour, with opaline reflections. ‘hey have been observed to be deposited in irregular clusters strongly cemented together with a yellowish mucus, but not exceeding twenty im a cluster.
The eggs hatch in about three weeks after deposition, the young when hatched may be, according to Dr. Scharff, light red, with violet tentacles, gradually changing however until by the time they have attained eight mill. in length they have become pale grey, a colour due to the viscera showing through the semitransparent skin, the head becomes also of a delicate grey, and no bands are perceptible on body or mantle.
Mr. Gain, whose studies of the development, food, and habits of the slugs have been so complete and valuable, records that the young are usually dark green or yellow, and that the change in adult life is to a paler coloration. Some of the green variety, obtained early in April, only increased slightly in bulk during the following six weeks, but changed to a greenish yellow with a perceptible slaty-grey lateral band on each side; early in June they had increased materially in size, lost all trace of green, and were quite yellow, with well-marked lateral band, and dusky mid- dorsal line; they gradually became paler and almost white, except the sole and caudal gland, which were of a deeper colour, while the lateral and dorsal banding became fainter and more diffuse; towards the end of July the animals attained maturity and their final coloration, from which time onwards into January the adults and their egg-clusters have been found, but the animals do not appear to survive much beyond that perivd.
Food and Habits. — Arion intermedius is described as naturally purely fungivorous, and in Germany is confined to the moss on pine- covered heathy land. In this country it is found chiefly on the various species of Russula, Agaricus and Clavaria, but in captivity it is not nearly so restricted in its diet, eating lettuce freely, and also readily devouring cabbage, watercress, bread, and even paper. Brevitre records that it feeds eagerly upon dead or moribund worms and small animals.
It is not a garden species, nor does it usually frequent cultivated ground, but seems to prefer living in the open country, hiding beneath animal and other refuse, possibly on account of the fungoid growths thereon, they are also found in grass-fields where fungi abound, or on the margin of woods, concealed beneath dead leaves, close by the small fungi which grow in clusters at the foot of the trunks of old trees, and to which the animal approximates so closely in colour, that it has been likened to a small fungus just peeping above the ground.
When at rest, the animal assumes the hemispherical shape, which is so characteristic of Arion ater, and in this position the remarkable crested tubercles of the body are most apparent. It is fond of burrowing in the earth, where it lies concealed during dry weather, and is also addicted to a peculiar habit of raising aloft the anterior part of its body and apparently looking around, like a stoat, a habit to which Z. arborum is also addicted.
In captivity, the skin soon becomes uniformly distended, and the rugosities effaced, but if kept in somewhat dry surroundings it very quickly becomes sickly and perishes, shrinking up especially posteriorly, but also showing a very peculiar constriction near the middle of the body.
At ARION INTERMEDIUS,
Parasites.—"'lis species is at times infested with a tiny JAcerus of a white colour, which in size, general aspect, and activity resembles the ordinary Acurus of our larger slugs.
Variation.—The variability of this species is not great, but it is sugvestive that in the south-west corner of Ireland the specimens generally are much darker coloured and more strongly banded than those found in Eugland. How far this may be an effect of the moister clunate, and how mueh may be attributed to their retention of the darker colouring said by Mr. Gain to be a characteristic of the earlier stages of life in England, is uncertain, but it is worthy of note that this most general retention of immature colouring shonld be in stations furthest removed from the most active evolutionary centre and where the last remaining stronghold of Geondlacus is located.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL Var. alba ‘Taylor.
ANIMAL almost pure white. : ENGLAND AND WALES. Cambridge—(rantchester, Sept. 1904 ! Hugh Watson.
Carmarthen—Near Llanelly, Sept. 1904! H. Rowland Waketield. IRELAND.
Dublia—Ditch, Foxhall Demesne, Raheny ; and Killakee, Dublin Mountains, Sept. 1890 ! R. F. Scharff. Galway W.—Renvyle and Kylemore, March 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Var. normalis Moyuin-T'andon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 16. Arion flavus var. normalis Moquin-Tandon, l.c.
ANIMAL yellow, with blackish head and tentacles.
Antrim—Belfast, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Clare—Woodpark, Scariff, Sept. 1904! N. 1°. Hibbert.
Kerry—Great Skellig (R. F. Scharff, Trish Nat., Jan. 1898, p. 11). CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
France—Pas de Calais (Bouchard-Chantereux, Moll. Pas de Calais, 1838, p. 23).
Var. pallida Moquin-Tandon, Hist. Moll. France, 1855, p. 16.
Arion flavus var, pallidus Moquin-Tandon, |.c. rion flavus var. albidus Moquin-Tandon, 1|.c.
ANIMAL pale, back pale cinereons, with yellow or orange shield. The sub-var. albida is whitish, yellowish beneath and also on the shield, head and tentacles blackish.
Cornwall E.—Stenalee, St. Austell, Sept. 1904 !C. P. Richards. Devon N.—Belsxtone, Okehampton Sept. 1904 ! Miss Daisy Mason.
IRELAND.
ENGLAND.
IRELAND, Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Leitrim—Drumkeeran, Oct. 1904! Rev. J. Meehan.
Waterford—Clonmel, Rev. A. H. Delap. : ; CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—V. pallida and sub-y. «/bida, Pas de Calais (Bouchard-Chantereux, Le. ).
Var. plumbea Collinge, Conch., ii., 1892, p. 63.
ANIMAL dark-grey ; shield and tail only slightly tinged with orange ; foot-sole cream, somewhat darker medially,
This is the var. grisea of Roeluck.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall E.—Stenalee, St. Austell, Sept. 19041. PL Richards, Devon N.— Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Daisy Mason. Suffolk E. -Mendlesham, Oct. 1904 ! A. Mavlield. ; Norfolk W.—Didlington Hall, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil. Northampton—Kettering, Sept. 1904! C. EK. Wright. Gloucester W.—Symonds Yat, Sept. 1904! W. C. Blake. Hereford —Garden, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904 ! W. C, Blake.
ARON {NTERMEDIUS. 945
” Se oS meta Llaneghw fawr, Sep. 1904 ! and Erwood, Aug. 1904! J. Williams aughan.
Carmarthen—Near Llanelly, Sept. 1904 ! H. Rowland Wakefield. Golden Hill, Sept. 1904 ! Lady Lyons.
Cardigan—Borth, Sept. 1904 ! Hugh Watson.
Lincoln N.—Amongst needles of Scotch fir, Linwood, Sept. 1904! Rev. E, uA. Woodrutfe-Peacock.
Notts.—Newark, W. A. Gain (W. E. Collinge, l.c.).
SCOTLAND.
Lanark—Blackwood Estate, Kirkmuirhill, Sept. 1904 ! NX. B. Kinnear. Peebles—Cowes Linn, Sept. 1904 ! W. Evans.
Kincardine—Near Aberdeen, Sept. 1904 ! Gi. Sim.
Aberdeen S.—Garden, Rubislaw, Oct. 1904 ! G. Sim.
: IRELAND Antrim—Ballycastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss F. S. O'Connor.
Armagh—Portadown, Oct. 1904 ! W. A. Green. Monaghan—Drumreaske, Sept. 1904 ! W. I’. de Vismes Kane. Louth— Beaulieu near Drogheda, Oct. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Dublin—A pale grey form, Carrickmines, April 1892, R. F. Scharff. Kildare—Dark and pale grey forms, Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Scharff, Queen’s Co.—Stradhally, Sept. 1904 ! A. G. Stuart. Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Galway W.—Connemara, R. F. Scharft (W. E. Collinge, l.c.). Kerry—Lough Caragh, Rev. A. H. Delap (Scharff, Slugs of Ireland, 1891, p. 550). Cromaghlaun Mountain, Sept. 1898, Lionel E. Adams. CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. France—Pas de Calais (Bouchard-Chanterenx, op. cit. ).
Var. appenina Pollonera, Nuov. Coutr., 1889, p. 18, ff 11, 12. Avion mollerii Pollonera, op. cit., p. 18, ff. 7-10.
ANIMAL pale, with well-defined black bands.
The Arion mollerii may be ranged with the var. appenina, differing chiefly in the dorsum being a yellowish-fesh colour, and the shield punctate with black.
IRELAND.
Kerry—Stubbs and Adams’ record (Irish Nat., 1898, p. 261) that the examples from the south-west corner of Ireland are darker and more strongly banded than British specimens ; they are probably referable to the sub-var. mollerii.
CONTINENTAL DISTRIBUTION. Italy—Lucca, Tuscany (Pollonera, l.c.).
Portugal—Sub-var. mollerii, Busaco (Pollonera, l.c.).
Var. brunnea Taylor. ANIMAL maroon-brown, with side-bands of a still darker brown.
Cornwall E.—St. Austell, Sept. 1904 !C. P. Richards.
ENGLAND.
Geographical Distribution. — ‘The area inhabited by this very ancient species is doubtless more extensive than that of any of its con- geners, but is-as yet very inadequately known, as this Arir has been, and is still, so often passed over or mistaken fora pale variety of Arion hortensis or the young state of “1, afer, even by experienced conchologists, before its specific peculiarities have been pointed ont. In fact, our knowledge of the distribution of the whole of the species of the genus Arion is in a very confused and unsatisfactory condition, owing clietly to the neglect of the group by most conchologists, and the lamentable ignorance on the subject which so generally prevails. a
Arion intermedius las, however, been reported from Great Britain, Germany, France, North Italy, Switzerland, Russia, Scandinavia, Portugal, and the Azores.
It is also plentiful in or near gardens in certain parts of New Zealand, from whence it was first reported by Capt. Hutton as .tr/on /ucommodus.
246 ARION INTERMEDIUS.
Geographical Distribution of
Arion intermedius Norm,
Ba Recorded Distribution.
Probable Range.
a4
Fic. 250.
ENGLAND AND WALES. PENINSULA,
Cornwall W.—Truro, 1904, C. E. Wright and L. E. Adams.
Cornwall E.—Type and vars. brunuca, plumbea, and pallida, Stenalee, St. Austell, Sept. 1904 !C. P. Richards.
Devon S.—Muttley near Plymouth ; Totnes and Credy Park, near Exeter, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Axminster ; Exmonth; Countesbury ; Topsham and Culverhole Point, Aug. 1892 ! Lionel E. Adams and Charles Oldham.
Devon N.—Westward Ho, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Vars. pliabea and pallida, Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Daisy Mason.
Somerset S.—Tannton, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Common at Porlock, Minehead, and Watchet, Ang. 1892 ! Lionel E. Adams.
Somerset N.—Clevedon, Minehead, and Bath, E. J. Lowe, 1888.
CHANNEL,
Wilts. S.—Dinton near Salisbury, Sept. 1905! Hugh Wyndham.
Dorset—Abbotsbury and Portland, Aug. 1892, Lionel E. Adams.
Hants. S.—Abundant in Crabbe Wood and other woods near Winchester, Aug. 1894, Lionel E. Adams. Buriton, Aug. 1902, H. Wallis Kew. Hedges around the VPheasantries, Hambledon, May 1904! C. 8. Coles.
Hants. N.—Liphook, July 1905, Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce.
Sussex W.—Near Liphook, July 1905, Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce.
THAMES.
Kent W.—Chislehurst, May 1885 ! T. D. A. Cockerell. Moderately common about Canterbury, Sept. 1895, Lionel E. Adams.
Surrey—In woods on the chalk-hills, Reigate, Sept. 1902, Lionel E. Adams Grayswood, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Coneh., Apr. 1902, p. 169).
Essex S.—Common with Liner tenellus at Loughton in Epping Forest, on Russula vesca, R. fellea, fe. eyanorantha, Collybia maculata, Lactarius blennins, and L. vellercus, Oct. 1904 !'T. Peteh.
Middlesex—Churchyard Bottom Wood, Highgate, April 1892 ! H. Wallis Kew.
Berks,— Wytham Hill, Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce.
Oxford —Under dead leaves and beech logs, Blenheim Park, July 1904 ! Rev. S. Spencer Pearee. of. flrs, heech woods, Oxford (Norman, Zool., 1852. p. 4126).
Bucks.- Olney Churchyard, Oct. 1893 ! Lionel Kk. Adams. Burnham Beeches, Oct. 1905, TH. Wallis Kew.
AVOLIA,
Suffolk E.—Mendlesham ; Brockford and Thwaite (A. Maytield, J. of Conch., 1908, p. 295), Type and var. pliaubed, Mendlesham, Oct. 1904 ! A. Maytield.
Suffolk W.—Drinkstone, Sept. 1903 Land Whepstead, Sept, 1904 ! A, Maytield.
ARION INTERMEDIUS. 247
Norfolk E.—Uniler dead leaves, Caistor, Nov. 1894 ! St. Edmund’s; Dunston and Buckenham, 1896, A. Maytield. Near Norwich, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Norfolk W.—Type and var. plumbea, Didlington Hall, Sept. 1904! Hon. Mrs. Evelyn Cecil. Cambridge—Vay. alba, Grantchester, Sept. 1904 ! Hugh Watson. Northampton—Yardley Chase, March 1893 ! Lionel E. Adams. Haselbeech, Sept. 1904, Rev. W. A. Shaw. Var. plumbea, Kettering, Sept. 1904! C. E. Wright. SEVERN. Gloucester W.—Sharpness, E. J. Lowe, 1885. Var. plumbea, Symonds Yat, Sept. 1904! W. C. Blake. Monmouth—A bundant, Shirenewton near Chepstow, 1888! E, J. Lowe. Hereford—Var. plumbcn, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904 ! W. C. Blake. Worcester—Worcester, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Selly Oak, Feb. 1893 ! C. Oldham. Warwick—Soliliull, Feb. 1893 ! L. E. Adams. Common in marshy ground, Sutton Park, Feb. 1903, H. Overton. Wood near Shirley, Sept. 1904 ! J. Madison. Stafford—Moderately common about Stafford ; Manifold Valley, May 1889 ! Lionel E. Adams. Newton road, Birmingham, July 1893 ! Charles Oldbam. SOUTH WALES. Glamorgan—Cardiff, E. J. Lowe, 1885. Brecon—Gwenddwr Grouse Moor near Blaenau, alt. 1,200 feet, Sept. 1904 ! var. plumbean, neay Erwood, Ang. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan. Radnor—Erwood, Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan. Carmarthen—Type and var. plimbea, Golden Hill, Sept. 1904 ! Lady Lyons. Vars. alba and plumbed, near Lianelly, Sept. 1904! H. Rowland Wakefield. Pembroke—Near Pembroke, June 1885 ! Mrs. Trayler. Not uncommon in a plantation in Heywood lane, Tenby, and elsewhere, A. G. Stubbs. ; Cardigan—Var. plwmbea, Borth, Sept. 1904! Hugh Watson.
Merioneth—Nant-y-Mor, June 1901 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Carnarvon—Bettwys-y-Coed, May 1898 ! Charles Oldham.
NORTH WALES.
TRENT.
Lincoln S.—Old quarry, Great Ponton, Aug. 1902 ! R. Worsdale.
Lincoln N.—In fields, Harrington ; and roadsides, Bag Enderby ; also Burwell Woods ! and Grisel Bottom, Sept. 1889 ! W. Denison Roebuck. Calceby near Alford, Nov. 1889! J. Burtt Davy. Blow Wells, Tetney, April 1903 ! H. W. Kew. Claxby, April 1903 ! Rev. A. E. Woodruffe-Peacock.
Leicester and Rutland—Farlesthorpe, May 1887 ! J. E. Mason. Glenfield and Groby Pool near Leicester, July 1892 ! Charles Oldham.
Notts. —Gamston ! and Felley Abbey, Sept. 1884 ! C. T. Musson. Common, Southwell, Sept. 1892 ! Charles Oldham. In woods, Tuxford, and other places, 1893, W. A. Gain. Staunton-on-the-Wolds, E. J. Lowe, 1885.
Derby—Clifton near Ashbourne, May 1890, L. E. Adams. Buxton, July 1892! C. Oldham. Chatsworth, E. J. Lowe, 1885. Miller’s Dale, Oct. 1904! R. Welch.
MERSEY
Cheshire—Rineway near Bowden ! and Marple, May 1892! also Baguley Hall, Sep. 1892 ! Charles Oldham. Romiley, Sep. 1895, Lionel E. Adams. Var. pliueber, Peover near Knutsford, Aug. 1885 ! J. G. Milne.
Lancashire S.—Southport, E. J. Lowe, 1888.
Lancashire Mid —Chaigeley Manor, Clitheroe, and Lancaster, E. J. Lowe, 1888.
HUMBER.
York S.E.—Brough, May 1901! J. E. Crowther. Sledmere, Aug. 1891! and Withernsea, Ang. 1892! I. W. Fierke. Driffield, June 1902 ! Rev. E. Percy Blackburn.
York N.E.—Whitby, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Kirkleatham, Sept. 1886 ! Saltburn Wood ! and near Carlinhow Station, Oct. 1886 ! also Beedale near Scarborough, June 1901 !and Harwood Dale, May 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. Hayhurn Wyke, Aug. 1894 ! F. W. Fierke.
York S.W.—Cnsworth, Sept. 1886 ! Birkenshaw, Sept. 1888 ! and Helden Bridge, June 1904 ! W. Denison Roebuek. Common about Penistone, May 1891 ! and abundant in Gunthwaite Wood, Oct. 1892! Lionel E. Adams. Near Wors- borough Reservoir, Sept. 1899! W. E. Brady, Park Wood, Elland, J. E. Crowther.
York Mid W.—Lister Park, Bradford, on a species of Clanarin, Sept. 1890, R. EF. Scharii Common in Shipley Glen, and on canal banks, Steeton, May 1900 ! also Grassington, Sep. 1900! and ina damp spot, Frizinghall, Sep. 1904 ! F. Rhodes. Bolton Abbey Woods, Sept. 1890! R. I. Scharifl. Ribblehead and Morton-in-
248 ARION INTERMEDIUS.
tibblesdale, May 1892 ! also near waterfall, Crook Gill, Buckden, and on slopes of Buekden Pike, Aug. 1904! W. Denison Roebuck.
York N.W.—Rokeby, June 1892! W. Nelson. Sedbergh ! and Cowgill, Dent- head, Sept. 1904 | W. Denison Roebuck.
Durham—Hieh Force, Teesdale, and Barnard Castle, E. J. Lowe, 1888.
Northumberland— Arion flavus recorded by Alder from Haltwhistle, and by Forbes and Hanley from roadside, Westgate Hill (Forbes and Hanley, Brit. Moll., iv., p. 9). Ditch, Kenton near Newcastle, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. B. J. Willans. en
fey 58 .
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire — Windermere; Coniston, and base of Helvelyn, E. J. Lowe, 1888.
Cumberland—Silloth, and Corby Castle nr. Carlisle, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Keswick, July 1903 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Isle of Man—Douglas, Apr. 1904 (B. R. Lucas, J. of Conch., July 1904, p. 90).
TIVNE.
SCOTLAND. WEST LOWLANDS.
Dumfries—Moftat, Jan. 1891 ! W. Evans.
Ayr—Coast near Skelmorlie, Ang. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Girvan, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Seamill; West Kilbride; Gill; Portincross and Fairlie, 1903, Rev. Kt. Godfrey.
Lanark—Lanark, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Var. plumbea, Blackwood estate, Kirk- muirhill, Sept. 1904 ! N. B. Kinnear.
EAST LOWLANDS.
Peebles—Leadburn, Mch. 1894 ! v. plumbea, Cowes Linn, Sep. 1904 ! W. Evans.
Selkirk—Tushielaw, July 1892 ! W. Evans.
Berwick—Roadside, Cowdenknowes, Aug. 1886 ! Eyemonth, Sep. 1895! W. Evans.
Haddington—Westbarns near Dunhar, Sept. 1894! Winton, July 1895 ! Long- niddry, Feb. 1896 ! and Yester, Sept. 1896 ! W. Evans.
Edinburgh—Bonally ! and Lothianburn, Oct. 1890 ! Penicuik Woods ! and Rosslyn Glen, Oct. 1896 ! Vogrie Glen, Feb. 1897; and Armiston Glen, June, 1902, W. Evans.
Linlithgow—South Queensferry, Aug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. _Carribber Glen, Feb. 1898; Bonytown Hills, Aug. 1901; and Dalmeny, Uct. 1902 ! W. Evans. Universally distributed throughout the county: I have found it at Blackness ; Preston ; Livingston ; Linlithgow Loch; near Winchburgh ; Dyke Nook ; Kinneil Hill and Woods; Avontown; Linlithgow Bridge; Muirhouses; Graeme’s Dyke; Bowmains ; and other places, Rev. R. Godfrey, 1902.
EAST HIGHLANDS.
Fife and Kinross—Edenfield near Cupar, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Kilconquhar, Sept. 1893; Loch Leven, June 1894; Aberdour, April 1893 ; Loch Gelly, May 1895 ; Falkland, Aug. 1895 ; and Charlestown, Feb. 1896, W. Evans.
Stirling—Duchray, May 1896 ! W. Evans.
Perth S. and Clackmannan—Callander, April 1892! Aberfoyle and Dollar, May 1897; Isle of May, Sept. 1897; and Bridge of Allan, Feb. 1898, W. Evans.
Perth Mid—Ben Lawers, E. J. Lowe, 1888. Near Kenmore, May 1892! W. Evans. Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, June 1894 ! Rev. lt. Godfrey.
Kincardine—Bianchory, Sep. 1904 ! and var, pliamdbea, near Aberdeen, Sep. 1904 ! G. Sim.
Aberdeen S.—Type and var. plumber, garden, Rubislaw, Oct. 1904 ! G. Sin.
Banff—Banks of Avon, Ballindalloch, Sept. 1891 ! W. Evans. Aberlour, Nov. 1892 ! Lionel Hinxman.
Elgin—Gardens, Elein, Dec. 1890 ! Rev. Geo. Gordon. Grantown ! and Castle Roy near Netley Bridge, Aug. 1891; also Cromdale, Sept. 1891 | W. Evans.
Easterness— Dalwhinnie, at an alt. of 1,200 feet, June 1892 ! W. Evans. Pine forest of Rothiemurchus, Aug. 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
WEST HIGHLANDS.
Main Argyle—Dunoon, .\ug. 1886! W. Denison Roebuek. Crinan, Dec. 1886! Rey. J. E. Somerville. Conmmion at Barbreek, June 1900; found also at Sonachan ; Dunollie ; Glen Crutten ; and Lochan Dubh near Oban, July 1901, Rev. R. Godfrey.
Clyde Isles—Mareins of Loch CGreenan, Isle of Bute, Auge. 1886! W. Denison Roebuck. Brodick, Isle of Arran, April 1895 ! W. Evans.
NORTH HIGHLANDS,
Sutherland E.—Garden, Brora, Oet. 1892! W. Baillie.
NORTIT ISLES.
Hebrides— Fairly common and varying greatly in size on the Island of Hirta, one of the St. Kilda group, July 1905 1. Waterston,
Orkneys—lHarray, Dee. i890! We [vans,
ARION INTERMEDIUS. 249
IRELAND. ULSTER.
Antrim—In the dark part of wood at Murlough, and near Glenshesk, Sept. 1896 (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Jan. 1897). Common on Rathlin Island, and about Bally- castle and Murlough, May 1897, L. E. Adams. Cave Hill, Beltast, 1893; Conagher Farm, and Derrykeighan Old Church, Dervock, Feb. 1898; Kenbane, Oct. 1898 ; not common, Brown’s Bay, July 1899; and Glencorp, Cushendall, March 1900, Rk. Welch. Var. plwmbea, Ballyeastle, Oct. 1904! Miss F. 8. O'Connor. Var. normalis, Belfast, Dec. 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Down—Near Newry, 1904, P. H. Grierson. About source of river Bann, near Deers Meadow, Mourne Mountains, at an alt. of 1,100 feet, Jan. 1898; Ardglass, rare, Dec. 1898; Newcastle, June 1898; rare on banks of Clandeboye Lake, May 1899 ; Dundrum, Nov. 1899; moderately common, Belvoir Park, May 1898 ; Hills- borough, April 1899, Rk. Welch; common and large on the margins of woods at Helen’s Bay, Sept. 1904, A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch.
Armagh—Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. F. Johnson. Porta- down, Oct. 1904! W. A. Green.
Monaghan—Glaslough Demesne, Nov. 1897, R. Welch. Type and var. plumbec, Drumreaske, Sept. 1904 ! W. F. de V. Kane.
Tyrone—Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! R. Bell.
Donegal—Very rare, Rosapenna, Oct. 1904, R. Welch.
LEINSTER.
Louth—Near Blackhall Demesne ! and about Collon, Sept. 1904! also type and var. plumbed, Beanlien near Drogheda, Oct. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Nobber, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Rare at the Marsh, Bushy Park, Sep. 1903 (R. Welch and A. W. Stelfox, Trish Nat., June 1904, p. 123). Abundant in a field at Raheny, and var. adba in ditch, Foxhall Demesne, Raheny, Sept. 1890! type and var. alba also common at Killakee, all on fungi, chiefly species of Russuda, Sept. 1890; and var. plumbea, Carrickmines, April 1892, R. F. Sebarff.
Kildare—Lyns, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Var. plumbea, Maynooth, Nov. 1891, R. F. Schartf.
Wicklow--Comimon in the Earl of Meath’s Demesne, Kilruddery, Sept. 1890, and also found in field near Greystones, and in the Glen of the Downs, July 1891, and Woodenbridge, Mch. 1893, R. F. Scharff. Powerscourt, Apl. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Carlow—lenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Queen’s Co.-—Type and var. plumbea, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
CONNAUGHT.
Roscommon—Lough Glynn, Castlereagh, Oct. 1904! Hugh Kennedy. Type, with vars. plumbea and pallida, Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton.
Leitrim— Near Cloone, Dec. 1899! P. H. Grierson. Var. poddida, Druinkeeran, Oct. 1904 ! Rev. J. Meehan.
Sligo—On low grassy bank near seashore, Carrahulbbuck, Oct. 1892 ! Miss Ainy Warren. Sligo, July 1904 ! A. W. Stelfox.
Mayo E.—Manulla Junction, Sept. 1904 ! W. West.
Mayo W.—Moyne Abbey, June 1891 ! Miss Amy Warren.
Galway W.—Vars. plumbea and alba, about Renvyle and Kylemore, March 1891, R. F. Scharff. Near Clifden, Sept. 1904 ! W. West.
Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904 ! Hon. R. E. Dillon.
MUNSTER,
Clare—Var. normedis, Woodpark, Seariff, Sept. 1904 ! N. F. Hibbert.
Tipperary N.—Shores of Lough Derg, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Waterford—Var. pallida, near Clonmel, Rev. .A. H. Delap.
Cork S.—Commion at Bantry, Sept. 1898, Lionel KE. Adams.
Kerry—Derrycunihy Wood, Killarney, May 1898, R. Welch. Not uncommon in Kenmare Demesne, and in wood on the road to Glengariff, also found at Loo Bridge, Mucksna Wood, Sheen Wood, and at Galway’s Bridge, Killarney (R. Standen, Irish Nat., Sept. 1898). Valentia Island, Sept. 1904! Miss M. J. Delap. Var. plumbed, Lough Caragh, Sept. 1890, Rev. A. H. Delap; and Cromaghlaun Mountain, Sept. 1898, L. E. Adams. Var. normudis, Great Skellig (R. PF. Scharil, Trish Nat., Jan. 1898, p. 11).
250 ARION INTERMEDIUS.
GERMANY.
Recorded by Simroth from Lower Lusatia, the Harth near Leipzig in Saxony, and from Vegesack near Bremen.
FRANCE.
Only recorded as yet from the Nord; as Avion flavus from the Pas-de-Calais ; as lo mabilliauus and A. rerrucosus from the Oise; as al. verrucosus from Nievre aud Pay-de-Dome ; as Geouelacus hicmealis from Cote WVOr; and as G. vendeanus from the Vendec,
SWITZERLAND. Recorded by Simroth from Mount Pilatus in Canton Lucerne. ITALY. Found up to the present in Piedmont, and the var. qpyeniie at Lueca in Tuscany. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Clessin regards this as a probable inhabitant of the higher lands of the Tyrol. PORTUGAL. Arion mollerii is recorded from Busaco in the province of Beira by Pollonera. SCANDINAVIA, Recorded for Seandinavia by Dr. Scharff (Slugs of Lreland, 1891, p. 551). RUSSEL.
Only as yet recorded from Finland, where, according to Luther, it is found as far north as G4 north latitude.
ATLANTIU ISLES.
Azores—San Miguel, an undoubted native, but found only on Pico de Carvao and in the Valley of Furnas, far removed from cultivated ground.
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New Zealand—Recorded by Mr. Musson under the name of Arion hortensis as plentiful about Auckland crawling on the roads after rain. Abundant under timber by garden at Manawapourt Lake ; also found at Paradise on the shores of Diamond Lake; it is a garden slug here, Feb, 1905, W. Denison Roebuck.
Pig. Yoh.—Telen’s Bay, Co, Down, Trelund, where obrevow fitermedsus is plentifil and of
and other shelter (photo, by Mar. Re Weleh).
large size, under decaying
Prats XXIII.
Distribution of A. intermedius Normand
In the Counties and Vice-Counties of the British Isles.
ENGLAND AND WALES. SCOTLAND. 2, eo Channel Isles SOUTIT WALES W. LOWLANDS PUGH LAN DS | PENINSULA HW Glamorgan 'e 72 Duimtries 95 Aberdeen N. 1 Cornwall W 42 Brecon 73 Wirkeudbright $ 2 Cornwall. 43 Radnor 2 Wixgtown | 3 Devons, 44 Carmarthen AYI 4 Devon > 45 Pembroke 7 6 kentrew 3 5 Somerset & 46 Cardigan 5 Somerset .N NORTH WALES: CHANNEL 47 Montgomery 7 Wilts N. 48 Merioneth e Selkirk & Wilts 5. 49 Carnarvon 1 9 Roxburgh | 9 Dorset 50 Denbigh oy Berwiek 10 Isle of Wight 51 Flint 2 thaddington 11 Wants’. 52 Anulesey x Rdinburet 104 Bhude . 12 tlants N. TRENT i 1 N. HIGHLANDS 14 Sussex W 53 Lincoln s BO MIGIHLANDS 105 1 W 14 Sussex Ly, 54 Lincoln N Fite & Kinross 106 Rox . THAMES 55 Leie. & Rutla. Stirling 107 Sutherhind ds, 15 Kent I. 56 Notts. Pthos.& Clken, 108 Sutherland W 16 Kent W. 57 Derby S Mid Perth Jog Caithness | “ MERSEY 19 Porth N NORTH ISLES | 8 e §8 Cheshire Mortar 110 Hebrides | 19 Mssex N. 59 Lancashire S. 5 Kineardine 111 Orkneys 20 ilerts. 60 Lan’shire Mid 4 92 Aberdeen ss 112 Shetlands | zt ens HUMBER | 22 Berks. ~ York 23 Oxtord 1. York IRELAND. 24 Bucks. York Ss v ULSTER LEINSTER ANGLIA W, York @ Z 113 Derry 2 25 Suffolk 1 AW. York TA 26 Suffolk W. TYNE 115 Down Dithlin 27 Nortolk Ls. 66 Durham 6 Armach 15 Wildare 28 Nortolk W. 67 Northumb, S. H7 Monaghan 6 Wicklow 29 Cambridge 68 Cheviothanad 118 ‘Tyrone Wextord 30 Bediord LAKES 119 Donex Carlow | 31 blunts. 69 Westimorlana 120 Fermi Kilkenny 32 Northampton and L. Lanes. 121 Cavan Queen's Co. VERN 70 Cumberlanad King’s Co. 33 Gloucester L. 71 Isle of Man Westmeath | 24 Gloucester W. Longtord 35 Monmouth CONNAUGHT 36 HLerelord Roscommon | 37 Worcester 35 Leitrim 38 Warwick 36 Sligo 39 Stafford Mayo hy 40 Salop Mayo W.
39 Galway W
0 Galway b. MUNSTER
141 Clare
142 Limerick
143 Tipperary N. |
144 Tipperary S
145 Waterford
146 Cork N.
147 Cork 5.
148 Kerry
Probable Range. Ss
NSSrecorded Distribution.
BB pb istrivution verified by the Authors.
MONOGRAPIL OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA, 251
GENUS GEOMALACUS Allman.
Geomalacus, Allman, Athenaum, 1842, p. 851).
HE genus Geomalacus (yy, the earth ; \ PaAAXOS, a 1s said to the late Prof. G. J. Allman, who instituted the group and clearly defined the dis- tinguishing features of its external morphology.
The genus has been subdivided by continental authors, and the sub- genera Letourneauria and Arrudia established for the species inhabiting North-western Africa and the southern parts of Spain and Portugal, which are distinguished by their internal organi- zation approximating more closely to that of Arion, and externally by possessing distinct and dark lateral banding in adult life, a feature espe- cially characteristic of and restricted to early life in the animals of the typical genus.
This dermal pigmentation is be-
; lieved to promote cutaneous respira- tion,' and in its position to be 4 4 ens essentially dependent upon and to
indicate the course of the blood.
Generic Characteristics. — Exrrrnaniy, Geomelicus has a sub- cylindrically lmaciform and non-carinate Bopy, with a bluntly-rounded caudal extremity ; MANTLE or slield granulose, about one-third of the total length of the animal when extended, with the ample RESPIRATORY ORIFICE placed on the right margin of the slield aud near the anterior third of its length; in the young, however, the respiratory orifice is quite median or even behind the centre, but as the growth of the slueld proceeds more quickly behind than in front, the aperture becomes anterior by the time full growth has been attained ; GENITAL ORIFICE near to and below the right rela CAUDAL GLAND opening transversely between the foot and the body ; root-soLe indistinctly trifasciate, the median- area slightly darker and more tr: wsparent than the sides, and showing the muscular waves of exteusion and contraction during locomotion.
The SHELL is Sareea ry an oval, flat and solid calcareous plate, placed beneath the shield and above the respiratory chamber.
INTERNALLY, the various species show a remarkable modification in the arrangement of the reproductive system, which exhibits an extraordinarily prolonged arrium or vestibule, which functions as a male organ, while its retractor muscle is, according to the researches of Pilsbry, a totally distinct structure from that of ufvvon, and is attixed at the rear of the
1 Monog. i, p. 806.
252 GENUS GEOMALACUS,
body; the cEPHALIC RETRACTORS, though resembling those of Arion, have a longer pharyngeal muscle, which is basally fixed behind the right ommatophore. ‘The RENAL orGAN or kidney completely surrounds or encloses the heart, which is, therefore, centrally placed in regard to that organ, ax in sLrion.
Food and Habits.—The Geomaleci would appear naturally to subsist en- tirely upon the lichens and liverworts, but in captivity they will live and thrive on other and quite different food.
In their native habitat they are very perfectly protected by their mimetic resemblance to their surroundings, and by their nocturnal and crepuscular habits of life.
Fossil.—Fossil remains attributed to Creomulacus and named pliscenicus by Sacco, have been found in the Upper
Pliocene beds of Fossana, Piedmont. Fic, 253.—Muscular system of Geomalacus (after Simroth.)
Geographical Distribution,—The 27 771) itn tumor tet: eae Geomalaci embrace but few species, and right tentacular retractor; /.7z. pharyngeal . retractor. these are confined to the west of Europe, 9“
though allied sub-genera have been found in north-west Africa.
The geological evidence of the former extension of the group is as yet but slight, but the finding of remains referred to Geomclucus in the Upper Phocene of Northern Italy leads us to infer that the genus had formerly a more eastern range, and it is probable that the evolutionary area of the genus was practically identical with that of Arion and the Limacide generally, but Geonulacus is evidently a decadent and waning group, and has by stress of competition with more dominant forms become restricted to the extreme west of Europe, a last foothold heralding their final extinction,
The genus Anudenus now expelled to the Himalayas is a closely-related but more primitive form than Geomclicus, but which on account of the easterly direction of its enforced migration, will probably outlive that group.
ET
Autograph of Mr. W. Andrews, the discoverer of Geowadacus ima: tdlostes,
2.
3. Arion subfuscus var. cinereo-fusca, p. 200
1. Arion suibfuscus Drap., p. 193.
Arion subfuscus var. rufo-fusca, p. 198.
201
g. Arion hortensts var. aurea,
10. Arion hortensis var. limbata,
4. Avion subfuscus var. ferussact, p. 201. (after F’érussac).
5. Arion subfuscus var, auranttaca, p, 202.
6. Avion subfuscus var. bicolor, p. 1y9. (after Févussac).
tiiiRT ear
p- 215.
8. Arion hortensis var. subfusca, “ p. 216. (after Lessona). 11. Arion hortensis subvar. cottiana, x 2, p. 215. (after Polloneva).
p.
18. Avion intermedius, 1g. Avion intermedius, x 2. 20. Arion mollerti
217. (after Simroth).
(after Sumroth).
13. Arion circumscriptus var. neustrtaca, p. 232.
(after Férussac). BS: . (after Févussac).
X 2, p. 240. (after Simroth). (enlarged), p. 245.
22. Arion intermedius var, normalis, p. 244.
23. Avion intermedius var. pliumbea, p. 245.
Geomalacus maculosus, p. 253. (as coiled up in alarm),
G& E. Taylor, del.
15. Arion circuinscriptus 17. Avion circumscriptus var, var. grised, p. 231. leucophea, p. 231. (after Férussac).
14. Arion circumscriptus 16, Avion ctrcumscriptus subvar. (field forin), p. 230. pallida, p. 232.
21. Arion intermedius var. brunnea, * 2,
p. 245.
Taylor Bros., Leeds.
MONOGRAPIL OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESITWATER MOLLUSCA, pane
Geomalacus maculosus Allmin. 1846 Geomalacus maculosus Allman, Aun. and M; ue, = He Sade op 297, pl Ok Wek:
1867 0 — andrewsi Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool. a Ds DT.
1890) — Tusitinus Polloner ra, Boll. Mus. Zool., "ete., an Bo.
1875 Letonrneanvia lusitina da Silva e C astro, Moll. Terr, et Flav. Portneal, p. 242. 77 Limas lusitanus Morelet, Journ. de Cone Mee 2a),
=e aa 1 | ISTORY.— Geonutlacas macu-
losus (qe ulosus, § spotted ) ) Was first discovered in the vicinity of Lough Caragh, Co. Kerry, [reland, during the autumn of 1842, by the late Mr, W. Andrews, of Dublin, who, perceiving the interest and uovelty of the animal, forwarded examples to Prof. G. J. Alhnan, who exhibited and described the new mollusk at the meeting of the Dublin Natural [History Society in January, 1843
With ae Hhenechie species, Lieut.-Col. H. H. Godwin- Austen, I RAS., is associated, i In appreciative expression of the merits of his masterly monograph of this species, published in his great work, ‘The Tand Shells of India.”
Uae esis. —Ceamalacus macu- lusus 1s the ouly species of the genus found in this country, and is at once separable from the several kinds of elrion Ivy the possession of a solid, calcareous oval plate beneath the shield, by the position of the generative aperture near the base of the right ommatophore, somewhat as in Liner, and from all the L/maces hy the presence of the caudal mucus sland and the anterior position of the respiratory orifice.
INTERNALLY, it is distinguishable by the exceedingly prolonged atrimn, and the venital retractor amacela | velue attached ouly to the spermatheca and its stem, and not to the oviduct also, as In Arion,
Description—ANIMAL very extensible, and reaching to fifty-five mill. or more when adult, some very large specimens collected at Glengarill by Mr. A. W. Stelfox were nearly ninety mill. in length ; the BODY is glossy, covered with about twenty - live longitndinal rows on each side of polygonal granulations; blackish or dark-erey
Fic S. Fic. 256.—Dorsal ruge of Geomalacus maculosus, showing their form and the arrangement of the pigmented areas, enlarged (after Heynemann). r 1G. 257.—Grooving of the hinder-part of foot of Ceomalacus maciulosus, eniarged (after Simroth).
3.—Caudal end of the body of Geomadecus macudosus, showing the supra-pedal grooves and ind, enlarged (after Godwin-Austen).
254 GQEOMABLACUS MACULOSUS,
in colour, sometimes with indistinctly indicated darker subdorsal and lateral bands, which usually extend the whole length of the body, and are due to the body being overspread by numerous somewhat oval yellowish spots, which are, however, distributed more or less perceptibly in five longitudinal zones ; SHLELD about one- third the length of the body when erawling, but only about half size when the animal is contracted, rounded in front and blantly pointed behind, shagreened and spotted with somewhat similar but more uniformly distributed pale buatf or whitish spots than those on the body ; FOOT-FRINGE not very distinctly separated, very pale and somewhat expanded, with indistinct lineolation ; SOLE pale dusky-ocheous, indistinctly trifasciate, with the mid-area somewhat darker and more trausparent than the sides; CAUDAL GLAND triangular, not very conspicuous, opening trans- versely between the foot and the body, and often carrying a transparent yellowish ball of slime; UPPER TENTACLES smoky-black or erey, short and thick, but with oval extremities, and bearing the usual eye-specks at their summits ; LOWER TENTACLES pale transIneent erey.
DERMAL-MUCUS usually pale-yellow and variable in its degree of viscosity. LocomMorory-MUCUS tenacious aud usually colourless, but may be stained by the intermuxture of the dermal slime.
SHELL resembling that of Linw.e, of an oval ——
shape, solid and calcareous, with a transparent / \ conchiolin ase, usually somewhat convex above i ) Fic. 259.--Shell
and concave beneath, with a few indistinet con- of G. maculosus
centric lines of growth, and, according to Godwin- | (Lough Caragh, Austen, covered outwardly with a very thin trans- ; j Co. Kerry, R.'F. parent epidermis and with the loss or nucleus near Rd j Scharff).
the front. In young animals, the shell is very thin ; ae
and convex, abruptly cut off behind, but with a sal
projecting granular filin in frowt.
INTERNALLY, the ALIMENTARY CANAL resembles ff that of Arion; the HEART is completely surrounded ay. : (Rta, 260. by the triangular renal organ or KIDNEY, which is ¥ j ome’ oh of lamellate structure, and discharges ly means of Se beneath, enlarged a primary and secondary URETER; in the present Mf \ (after Scharff). group the ventricle of the heart is directed towards :
and in close proximity to the ANAL and RESPIRA- TORY ORIFICES, while in Ariow it is more remote and in a more posterior position ; the SUPRA- PEDAL GLAND is deeply imbedded in’ the tissues and reaches far back ; SEMPER’S. ORGAN is well developed and chiefly shown as a pair of strony flattened lobes; the SALIVARY and DIGESTIVE GLANDS are as in slrion, but the vestigial osph- radium within the mantle chamber is more distinct.
|
The CEPHALIC RETRACTORS have the typical Avionine character ; the right and left TENTACULAR miascles divide early for the upper and lower tentacles, but only those of the ommatophore are darkly pigmented, and are attached basally to. the right and left posterior mantle imargins respec- tively; the PHARYNGEAL retractor is, as usual, fureate for attachment to the rear of the BUCCAL BULB, its rool being fixed on the right-side of the body, just behind the point of fixation of the right
‘MG. 8 alli eee tentacnlar minsele. Fic, 26L—Pallial organs and atic retractors of G. maculosus
ceph * 8 (after Godwin-Austen).
The REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS possess a small, compact, and darkly pigmented OVOTESTIS, and the ‘i. heart; &. kidney; Zt. an HERMAPHRODITE DUCT is very long and greatly ae pee aurea convoluted, terminating ina small spherical Vist Dalits pharyngeal retractor. CULA SEMINALIS; the ALBUMEN GLAND is elone- : ated and linguiform ; OVISPERMATODUGR also very much twisted ; the eREE OVI- buct rather long and thin, but without any enlargement; VAS DEFERENS very Jone, complexly twisted, and rolled up in the form of a bandle; SPERMATHECA
globular, with short stem, bul quite distant from the genital aperture, owing to
GEOMALACUS MACULOSTS, 25) the remarkable elongation of the atrimm or vestibule; the Jong retractor muscle from the vesicle and its stem is affixed to the dorsmam in the median line ue the caudal end of the body; the vas deferens and the spermatheca open nearly
Ne yee
li) Fig. 262. Fic. 263. Fig. 264. Sexyal organs of Geomalacus maculosus, after dissections by Simroth (fig. 262), Godwin-Austen x 2 (fig. 263), and Scharff (fig. 264).
ag, albumen gland; af. atrium 3 ef. ovotestis ; es.d. ovispermatoduct ; cf. epiphallus > sf. spernia- theca ; 7c. vas deferens ; 7s. vesicula seminalis; 7. retractor.
together into the distal ex- tremity of the ATRIUM, which is prolonged in an attenuate form to an enormous leneth, and receives the very thin free oviduct much nearer the proxi- mal end, where the muscular VESTIBULE is greatly but ir- reeularly enlarged, and con- nected to the oviduet by a number of muscular fibres. Within the VAGINA there is a curious series of flattened folds,
the central part with pointed Fic. 263. Fic. 266.
end, placed close to the genital Fic. 265.—-Section of upper portion of Atrium x 5
aperture, and which Godwin- after Simroth).
Austen thinks may possibly be Fie, 266,—Intern: 6 (after . : Godwin-Austen). ¢
a’ SARCOBELUM and the homo- logue of the dartin the Helicidie.
The MANDIBLE, or jaw,
measures about one mill. from -
side to side, and is distinctly ;
arcuate from front to rear, \ | \
Innate in shape, but very wide, vif 1
with broadand scarcely rounded / : }
ends, solid, dark-brown in color, - (
with about ten broad flat ribs, Fic. 267. Fic. 268, which are confined to the Mandible or jaw of Geomalacus nraculosus to show median part of the jaw, and the variation in sculpture,
absent or scarcely discernible Fic. 267.--Showing the denticulation of the upper margin on the side areas, sometimes : Be ce deren of lower margin % 12.
crenulating the upper and ; i : sometimes the lower margin or the ribs may extend qnite across the jaw and
denticulate both the upper and the cutting edges.
256 GEOMALACUS MACTULOSUS,
The LINGUAL MEMBRANE is about eight mill. long and two mill. wide, and is said hy Heynemann to be composed of 240 slightly curved transverse rows of denticles, each row composed of a median tooth and fifty-seven lateral and marginal teeth at each side. ‘The median teeth are small and clearly unicuspid, though slightly shouldered; the lateral teeth are all bicuspid, but the adlmedian teeth are noticeably larger than the median row, and the mesocone is well developed, there is, however, no distinction between the lateral and marginal series except that the ectocone present on the admedian teeth recedes in position and slightly diminishes in size in the succeeding teeth up to about the twenticth row, but in the marginal series the ectocone gradually grows in size and importance as the margin is approached, while the mesocone becomes almost correspondingly diminished, the outermost teeth showing a more embryonic character; judged by the theory of meso-metamorphosis the tendency of the teeth development is towards an uni- cuspidate dentition.
30 40 4 52 51 50 5 45
ie 45 40 30 15 6 41 mt 6 ee. WY Ss (ON mf © “A NY NY) iP op IMTRCPAV ivl\wit a Fic. 269,—Representative denticles from a transverse row of the teeth of Geomalacus maculosus, from Lough Caragh, Ireland ; from a preparation by Rev. Prof. H. M. Gwatkin.
ugh specimen ix, according to Heynemann :
P4427 433 x 240 = 27,600.
Reproduction and Development.—'l'he congress of this species has not been observed or described, but judging by its structure, it 1s, accord- ing to Simroth, “a3 probably — similar to that of Limar auarvimus, the long protruding penes intertwining spir- ally together dur- ing the process, as in the latter species. ‘lhe sper- matozoids must possess a very persistent vitality or the animal be Fic. 270.—Cluster of eggs of Geomalacus maculosus, deposited in captivity capable of auto- (photo. by Mr. R. Welch). fecondation, as a specimen kept in solitary confinement for three years by Mr. 'T’. Rogers, from August 1875, to July 19th 1878, deposited batches of fertile eges in August 1876, aud in July and August of 1877.
The eggs have heen observed to be deposited during July and August, in clusters of eighteen to twenty-four, adherent by a mucous-film ; they are very large in comparison with the size of the animal, but vary within certain limits, the largest are more elongate, being eight-and-half by four-and-quarter mill., while the smallest are more regularly oval, and are only six by a four mill. All the eges when fresh are beauti- ful semitrausluceut milky-white or opalescent, , Fi. 27L—G. macutosus when
° immature, showing the greater dis- but some of the Jarger and more elongate ones — tinctness ‘of the longitudinal band- show a somewhat transparent area at the — ins (fer Scharf). smaller end. In a few days the opalescent lustre becomes lost, and the eges turn yellowish aid afterwards brown. ‘The young appear to hatch in from six to eight weeks, at which period the spots are barely present, but the lateral bands are distinet and black, and the shield shows the lyre-
GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS, DAT shaped imarkings, as in fri, bat these become indistinct as growth proceeds + they probably pass the winter ti the imanative stage, and still show at that period the lateral banding much more conspicuously than at maturity, a state which they attain during the early stummer months.
Food and Habits.—The immature animals are much less sluggish and shy than the adults, aud crawl actively about, the movements of the locomotory muscles being distinctly apparent in the somewhat transparent mid-area of the sole, aud showing about fifteen muscular waves at one time. ‘The animal, even when fully grown, can elongate and flatten its body to such a degree that it ix able to insinuate itself and pass through a hole ouly two will. in diameter, but when handled or irmtated it has a curious habit of coiling-up into a perfect sphere, exactly im the same way as certain species of woodlice.
The habitats of Geomulacus in Iveland are by preference near the sea- coast, on the bare mountain slopes of the Old Red Sandstone formation, which are partially covered with a peaty soil overspread by heather, ete., and on which the exposed, deeply-rifted rock surfaces are chequered hy lichens,
Via. 2
—Rifted Old Red Sandstone rocks, in Cloonee Glen, near Kenmare, showing the char-
acter of ground on which Geemadacus maculosus abounds (photo. by Mr. R. Welch).
liverworts, and mosses, whose Inxuriant growth is favoured hy the moist, warm vapours brought in by the south-west winds from the Gulf-Strean, and which also form the driving mists and clouds which are so character- istic a feature of the Ceomulecus avea, as all the loftier hills are almost constantly mist-drenched when rain is not actually falling. It is a truly geophilous species, aud very seldom ascenils trees, though oecasionally found thereou, but like other slags, especially when young, 1s capable of spinning mucus-threads, aud in captivity has been observeit by My. IL W. Kew to quickly produce one a foot in length. At ordinary times, not only on dull, cloudy, damp days, but also occasionally daring snmny weather, Geanuedacus lives and rests quite openly and conspienously 12/206 R
DAS GQEOMALACUS MACULOSUS.
tneovered upon the rocks amongst the dark-grey Hehens, whose white and yellowish fractifications conceal the slag perfectly, and is a striking instance of protective coloration.! as they so closely resemble clumps of tnoss or lichens. ‘Phe discoverer, Mr. W. Andrews, especially cad
Big. 273:— nel neectlosus Var. fasciata at rest on the lichen-covered rocks of Cloonee, showing their protective resembluice to their environment (photo, by Mr. R. Welch).
upon finding specimens amid the tufts of Mylocomsanm sple rnadens aul Oscil- latoria friesié, Which abound in masses at the shaded base of the moist rocks at Ouloneh. In times of drought, in favourable localities they swarm out of their damp retreats before sunset to feed, their tentacles being then only partially protruded, they disappear again soon atter snnrise, burrowing
1 Mr. David MeArdle, of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Glasnevin, Dublin, has kindly urnished me with the following Hst of the more prevalent: Hepatics, Lichens, and Mosses, found in the area inhabited by Geopiadacus, the publication of which it is hoped will lead to the discovery of the special food plants, and to the identification of the plant or plants to whose simikuity it owes its protective resemblance.
Phe Lictiens are very generally distributed, but Leptogtian tremelloidtes 1. is panels to old wood banks, rocks, ete.) Purmelia savatilts to old walls and rocks; Cladonia rang UL. C. cescornis Ach., and C. coceé/era LL. to heath or peat and rock Fu vices 5 Csaca barbata Fries is Gana on branches ane trunks of trees and affords much shelter; while va canta Le and Sticte pudmonacca Ach.
grow in clumps on rocks and damp banks.
Phe Terevrics are apparently more local Seapania resipinata Lay Lum albicans Vn, Nantia trichomants Vi. and Cephalocia breuspitata UL. being found ony hanks about) Bere- nace Berwecn the Tunnel and Glenguitl, Marsapedla emareinate Vliwh, Varia scadaris Schrad., Lelliae fi Jus conteus Nech., Jet a furcata La, bvudlania
fyerna “Vaylor, Con / are the prevale
Cspeetes ; while on old we ails Atel banks Aliout Kenmare tochili asplenivides Land DP. spinulosa Dicks, VMarchantia polvmorpha La, Lia laria cruciate V,, and tne re patche sof Lejeunca serpyllifolia Dicks, with Prichocodca tomentedla hvh., Lepidosta reptans LL. Leaphi rcolea bidentata 1, and L. cuspidata Limypr.
The Mossetes are leg localized | /fomeatlie trichomanotdes Hedw., with Veckera « in large patches on the trunks of trees, while Mrachuthectim vedutinune Vio SS. Compre Te Noes ffylocominm lorcum BOSS. and //. splendens Vo & S., are found on ihe mountain sides and old ReaTes and lous betwee anil eisai Ges Between the Punnel and Glengaril, Brewtedia yur Lindh, Camprlopus Aevuosus Brid., Dicranine scoparinne Hedw., Hylocominum triquctrum .Porotrichume alopecurwn Mi, Clinureiune dendroides Wo 8 M., Plagiotheeinm undulatum ; 2. borrevtanium spruce, Hypnum cupresstforme L., and its var. re occur} while common and generally distributed) about Berchaven are Camepvlopus /ragilts DB. 3., Rartramia pomitormis, Wedw., Picranum bonjeant Ve Not. and Welssta rupestris CoMoy Brevi udotri- yueirign Seluwr. occurs in large masses about heaths and rocks, 2. adAdmion Huds., and 249 nilvphydiin Win. on rocks, aud Macomitriim danueinostan Brid. on rocky banks, d
Ailatate ba anil ¢ slonees :
Kenmiar
er er Tua
GEOMALACUS MACULOSTS. 259
in the earth or flattening their bodies and penetrating deep down into the deep and narrow rock-crevices, where they hide during the day.
In captivity, they are described as very sluggish, and as lying for days without movement, but they feed freely on bread, carrot, cabbage, dandelion, cucumber, and lettuce, but are also carnivorous, and even predacious, having been noticed to devour the animals of Vitrin« pellucida and other species contained in the same receptacle. Dr. Scharff has verified by microscopical examinations of the contents of their stomach that naturally their food is probably restricted to the various lichens and liverworts, one of the most abundant species in the locality frequented by the slug being Frudlani« dilutata, but in captivity they readily feed upon the lichen Cladonia fimbriata.
Variation.—The variation of this species is due to the true ground colour varying from yellow to white, and also to the degree to which it is overspread by a darker shade, which may vary from pale-grey or greenish- grey to almost uniform jet-black specimens, such as those found plentifully by Mr. A. W. Stelfox on a grassy bank by the roadside on the often cloud-capped hill near Glengariff. 'The paler varieties, according to the careful observations of Mr. R. Welch, are more frequent upon the some- what dry walls bounding the roadside, while the blacker forms were more plentiful on or near the damp rock surfaces. he variation of the ground colour from white to yellow gives, as a consequence, a stronger yellow staining to the dermad-slime.
VARIATIONS IN COLOUR AND MARKINGS OF ANIMAL. Var. allmani Heynemann, Mal. BI., 1873, p. 28, pl. 1.
Geomalacus meaculosus var. allwani Heynemann, op. cil. ANIMAL dark brown or blackish-grey, with whitish maculations. IRELAND. Cork S.—Glenvariff (Stubbs and Adams, Trish Nat., Nov. 1898, p. 261). Kerry—Two or three on the trunk of a tree, in company with Liner arbarum var. bettonii, north of Lough Caragh, June 1904! W. West. Au island in Dingle Bay, W. Andrews (specimens in Coll., Brit. Mus.). Abundant on damp rocks and alony the peat margins close to rocks by Lower Cloonce Lake, July 1898, RK. Welch.
Var. verkruzeni Heyuemann, Mal. BI, 1873, p. 31. Geomalacus maculosus var. verkrusent Heynemann, op. cit.
ANIMAL grey, darker dorsally, with white maculations. IRELAND.
Kerry—Lough Caragh (Heynemann, op. cit.). CONTIVENTAL DISTRIBUTION.
Portugal—Simroth refers to var. verkriuceni, a specimen from Las Caldas de Gerez, in-the province of Minho, described as pale-grey, toning to olive-green, with yellowish-white fleckings.
Var. andrewsi Mabille, Rev. et Mag. Zool., 1867, p. 57.
Geomalacus andrewsi Mabille, op. cit. ANIMAL whitish, overspread with blackish spots. This variety, named by Mabille, was originally based on a misapprehension of
the description of the Enylish authors; we have, however, Dr. Jettreys authority
for the actual oceurrence of whitish specimens with black spots. IRELAND.
Kerry—Rocks alony shores of Lough Caragh near Killarney (Jellreys, Conch., v., 155, 1869).
260 GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS.
Var. faseiata Cockerell, Brit. Nat. Cat. Brit. Moll., 1890, p. 18.
Geomalacus maculosus var, fasciata Cockerell, op. cit.
ANIMAL white or whitish ; mantle marbled with black or dark-brown, and with dark lateral bands ; body searcely marbled, pale, with a dark longitudinal subdorsal and lateral band on each side.
This variety is alavistic, retaining to a large extent the characteristic markings of juvenile specimens.
‘ IRELAND.
Kerry—An island in Dingle Bay, W. Andrews (specimens in Coll., Brit. Mus.). Near Lower Cloonee Lake, July 1898, R. Welch.
Geographical Distribution e : # af 1 :
Geomalacus maculosus Allm.
~ ie Recorded Distribution, ep cA y 0
9, s Probable Range. oi Hd
a o Rs
of
Fic. 274,
Geographical Distribution.—'Ihe range of this waning species is very limited, and its known habitats are markedly discontinuous, as the only recorded places of occurrence in the British Isles are in the extreme south-west corner of Ireland, which is also a last haven of refuge for other forms of life, verging upon extinction in this country.
It is also recorded from the north-west of France, the extreme yorth- west of Spain, and the north of Portugal.
_ It has been reported also from North-east France, but the district cited Is not a very probable one for the species.
IRELAND. MUNSTER.
Cork S.—Found at Castletown-Berehaven, and abounds at Glengarill from the
water's edge up to a considerable height, May 1891, R. FE. Seharit. Very large
and almost jet-black specimens abundant on a grassy-bank by roadside just below the tunnel near Glengariff, April 1899, A. W. Stelfox.
Kerry—On the Old Red Sandstone rocks at Oulongh, and in the Glen of Limnavar by the margin of Lough Caragh, antumn 1842, W. Andrews (G. J. Allman, op. cit., p. 298). Many specimens of vars. a/Umeni and faseinta in the British Museum, from an island in Dingle Bay, presented by Mr, W. Andrews, Tn asmnall valley, on aw promontory, west of Derrynane Bay, from sea-level up to an altitude of more than 1,000 feet on Coad Mountain, between Caherdaniel and Sneem, JInty 1892, RoW Sehari Found by Dr. Scully at an elevation of 1,000 feet near
Distribution of Geomalacus maciulosus Allm.
ENGLAND
Channel Isles PENINSUL
1 Cornwall W. 2 Cornwall ii. 4 Devon 8. 4 Devon N. 5 Somerset § 6 Somers
20 Herts. 21 Middlesex 22 Berks 23 Oxtord 24 Bucks.
ANGLIA 64
25 Suffolk 26 Suffolk W. 27 Nortolle Li. 28 Nortolk W 29 30 31 32
Cambridge Bediord Hunts
Northampton S KIN
33 Glouc 34 Glouc mT 35 Monmouth 36 Heretord Vv ster 38 Warwick 39 Stafford 40 Salop
og Distribution verified by the Authors.
A 41
Puate XXV.
In the Counties and Vice-Counties
of the British Isles. AND WALES. SOUTIL WALES
2 Ge Glamorgan
42 Brecon 7 43 Radnor
44 Carmarthen "
45 Pembroke :
46 Cardigan NORTH WALES Montgomery Merioneth, Carnarvon > Denhigh m bid
Wlint Ang.
sey
TRENT Lineoln 8. Lincoln N. Leic. & Rutld. Notts. Derby
MERSEY o
Cheshire 10 9 Lancashire S. .
York Mid W, York Ss 65 NW. York e
66 Durham 67 Northumb. 8. 68 Cheviotland LAKES 69 Westmorland and L. Lanes, 70 Cumberland “1 Isle of Man
Recorded Distribution.
SCOTLAND.
W. LOWLANDS 72 Dumiries 73 Kirkeudbright 74 Wigtown
Ayr 76 Rentrew 77 Lanark i, LOWLANDS 78 Peebles 79 Selkirk 80 Roxburgh 81 Berwick 82 Haddinet 83 Edinbe 84 Linlithgow Ki, HIGHLANDS fe & Kinross 6 Stirling Pons. & Clkn, 88 Mid Perth 9 Perth N.
90 Mortar 91 Kincardine g2 Aberdeen S,
IRELAND. ULSTER LEINSTER 113 Derry 122 Louth 4 Antrim 123 Meath 115 Down 124 Dublin 116 Armagh 125 Kildiare 126 Wicklow
Fermanagh 121 Cavan
FE. WIGHLANDS 93 Aberdeen N. 94 Banfi 95 Elgin 96 Wasterness
W. ILIGHLANDS 97 Westerness 98 Main Argyle 99 Dumbarton 00 Clyde Isles
101 ntire 102 Ebudes 8. 163 Khudes Mid 104 budes N.
N. HIGHLANDS 105 Koss W 106 Ross 1
107 Sutherland &, Sutherland W Caithness NORTH ISLES 110 Ilebrides
lll Orkneys
112 Shetlands
Wexford 128 Carlow Kilkenny Queen's Co. Iking’s Co. Westmeath Longtora CONNAUGHT toscominol Leitrim Sligo Mayo F, 138 Mayo W. Galway W. Galway E MUNSTER Clare Limerick Tipperary Tippers Waterte 3 Cork N. | Cork 5. Kerry
GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. 261
the tunnel on the read between Kenmare and Glengariff (ide, Proc. Mal. Soe., Oct. 1893, p. 18). On an old inoss-covered wall, about sea-level, near Garinish Point, May 3, David MeArdle. Common alone the shores of Inchiquin Lake, April 1899, A. W. Stelfox. Derreen, June 1899! W. Holbron. Abundant on damp cloudy days about Lower Cloonee Lake, and fora distance of about eight or nine miles as far as the western end of Mueksna Woouds, Kenmare, resting on the dry stones of the dykes, and greatly resembling the clumps of moss and lichen thereon, but still more plentiful on damp rock surfaces and alone the peat margins, close to the rocks, where they swarmed out of the hiding-places in the afternoon after five o’elock. This area, which is situate between Kenmare Bay and Berehaven, is evidently the metropolis of the species, as nowhere else are they so plentiful, though at Glen- gariff the specimens are finer, May 1897, R. Welch. Waterville, Aue. 1904, Prof. J. Joly. A sub-var. of a greenish colour with yellow spots las been found at Kenmare (Stubbs and Adams, Irish Nat., Nov. 1898, p. 261). Deenish Island (S. W. Kemp, Trish Nat., Dec. 18035).
FRANCE. Recorded by Desmars from the Avenne of Conlo near Vannes, Ile et Vilaine. SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—Recorded by Dr. Paul Fischer as abundant in the province of Asturias,
in which district, near to Santa Albas, Lucas von Heyden found a single specimen in 1868. Dr. Simroth records it as ocenrring in Galicia.
Portugal—Recorded only from the province of Minho; among lichens at foot of a granite wall, Las Caldas de Gerez, by Simroth ; for Oporto by Mr. Newton ; and on Mount Sylvestre near Vianno de Castello by Silva e Castro, who described it as new under the name of Letourneducia lusitana.
Fic. 275.—Head of Inchiquin Lake, with the cloud-capped Knockreagh Mountain (16H feet alt.) on the right, and Cummeenanimma (1,588 feet alt.) on the left; a typical habitat of Geomadlacus maculosus (photo. by Mr. RK. Welch).
+ >
262 MONOGRAPIE OF BRITISIT LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
APPEN DIX,
Much additional information concerning the various slugs has been acyqtured since the publication of the different parts dealing with the subject which is appended hereto, xo that the knowledge of the different species may be brought down to date.
Faminy TESTACELLID-E Gray. GENUS TESTACHELLELL Cuvier.
Generic Characteristics.—The stpra-PEDAL GLAND of Testacella is intimately united to the pedal ganclia hy a amass of counective tissue, and according to André, differs entirely from that of any other group in being totally destitute of the investment of vibratile cilia, which in other species aids in the exudation of the locomotory mucus.
Testacella haliotidea Draparnaud.
ENGLAND AND IWALES.
Devon N.—Garden, Barnstaple (Rev. (. Chichester, J. of (., Oct. 1904, p. 124).
Wilts. S.—Longleat’ Gardens, near Warminster, Aug. 1904! J. A. Singer.
Surrey-——Wallington (CG. Pannell, junr., Journ, of Conch., July 1903, p. 331).
Suffolk W.—Sudbury, Ei. Ransom, Sept. 1908.
Norfolk W.—Didlington Hall, Sept. 1904! Hon. Mis. Evelyn Cecil.
Hunts.— Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Voster.
Radnor—Ven-y-Bont, Noy. 1903! I. Hall.
Lancashire S.—Garden, Liverpool, Aug. 1890, W. J. Farrar.
York S.W.—Garden, Thorntield, Frizinghall, May 1900, I’. Rhodes.
Cumberland— Greenhouse, Ravenstone, Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1906, p. 15+).
Sutherland E.—Introduced into garden at Brora by Mr. W. Baillie (Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1889, p. 15).
Var. trigona Crassies and Fischer. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster.
Var. albina Moquin-'l'andon. The var. vdbida of Cockerell from Gibraltar (Se. Goss., 1885) is described as pure white, “like white pork,” and is regarded by its author as distinet from var. adbinc. Surrey—Garden, Montserrat road, Putney, J. C. Dacie.
Var. flavescens Moyuin-l'andon. Suffolk E.-—Found erawling by night on the gravel-path in the rectory garden, Martlesham near Woodbridge, by Mr. Chester B. Doughty (Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce, Journ, of Conch., Jan. 1904).
Testacella scutulum G. B. Sowerby. ENGLAND AND WALES.
Sussex E.— Hastings, HK. uA. Butler (Jenner, Moll, East Sussex, 1885, p. 6).
Surrey—Common in gardens (which were formerly market-gardens), Walling: ton, June 1892, M. Gibbs,
Middlesex—NSouth IKensington, J. H. Sikes, May 1906.
Northampton— High Park Gardens, Stamford, are in Northamptonshire and not in South Lincoln, as stated on pave 19,
Worcester—(Garden, King’s Norton, March 1904 ! J. Madison.
Lincoln N.—Guarden, Nettleton House, Caistor, Dee. 1902 ! Miss Susan Allott.
Cheshire— (arden, New Ferry (A. Leicester, J. of Coneh., dan. 1904, p. 25).
Lancashire W.- Garden, Morton, near Lancaster, 18%, W. TE. Heatheote.
York S.W.— Rastrick, June 1906 !.4, CL Lime,
APPENDIX—GLANDINA. 263
SCOTLAND. Perth S. and Clackmannan—Airthrey Gardens, Feb, 1896, (G. MeDougall.
IRELAND.
Armagh—Tanderayee, Sept. 1904 ! J. Rea. Fermanagh—Castle Coole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904! Hon. C. L. Corrie, Cork N.—Convamore, Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904 ! J. N. Milne.
Var. albina Gassies and Fischer.
IRELAND. Kilkenny—Gardens, Bessborough, Piltown, Sept. 1904! Earl of Bessborough.
Testacella maugei Férussac.
Geological History. — Mr. A. Santer Kennard informs ine that Testacellu maugei has lately been found in a holocene rainwash at Porlock Weir, South Somerset.
ENGLAND.
Cornwall W.—Tresco, Scilly Isles, Nov. 1903, J. H. Sikes. ‘Two shells found on the small ledges of rock on St. Michael’s Mount, and also at Camborne (J. P. Johnson, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1903, p. 28).
Devon N.—Rey. R. W. J. Smart’s garden at Bideford.
Hereford—Gardens, The (range, Broomy Hill, Hereford, Sept. 1904 ! Miss
Boycott. IRELAND. Kilkenny—Jenkinstown, Aug. 1903, P. H. Grierson. NORTH AFRICA. Morocco—Reported by M. Vaucher as common in gardens ahout Tangiers.
Var. griseo-nigrescens Gassies and Fischer. WA LES. Pembroke —Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904! Price Davies.
IRELAND. Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Maleomson.
Var. griseo-rubescens (tassies and Fischer. ENGLAND. Wilts. S. —Longleat Gardens, Warminster, Ang. 1904! J. A. Singer.
GENUS GLANDINA Schumacher.
Glandina costellata (Sowerby).
Affinities.—Glundinw costellata, according to Sandberger, closely resembles the Glandinw liehmunni Pfr, now living in Mexico, while Noulet has proposed to unite Glandina costelluta with the G. naudoti ; Sandberger has, however, shown that G. costellutu can be readily dis- tinguished from that species by its smaller size, more slender form, and finer striation.
Geological History. —Sandberger records this species from the Paleotherium limestone of the Oligocene formation at Mas Saintes Puelles, Villeneuve, in the department of the Aude, France.
264 APPENDIX—-LIMAX MAXIMUS.
Faminy LIMACID-E Gray. Genus LIMALX Linneé.
Geological History.—Mr. A. 8S. Kennard is of opinion that the formation at Stutton, from whence the fossil shells of Linwr were pro- cured, and which was described by Prof. Morris as Mammalian Crag, is not crag, but a black-earth of the same age as the Crayford Beds of the Upper Pleistocene series.
Limax maximus Linné.
Description—The SUPRA-PEDAL GLAND in Limax maximus is arranged as in Arion, in the form of a ribbon, on the upper surface of the foot, and extends to half its length ; the excretory canal is very capacious, and the longitudinal folds distinct, while the internal vibratile cilia which assist the outward flow of the mucus are disposed in tufts. Inside the canal a great number of a parasitic Nematode of the genus Leptodera may sometimes be found.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—Garden, Truro, J. H. James (T. D. A. Cockerell, Sei. Goss., May 1886, p. 114). Camborne (J. P. Johnson, Geol. Mag., Jan. 1903, p. 27).
Hants. S.—Frequent about Cosham, under faggots, ete., C. S. Coles.
Sussex Eunice white Arabis, Eastbourne, July 1904! Montagu F. Jones.
Surrey—Tatsfield (Chas. Pannell, jun., Journ. of Conch., July 1903, p. 331). Haslemere and Grayswood (id., Apl. 1902, p. 169).
Herts.—Barnet, June 1902, H. F. Rogers. Var. frseiata, Codicote near Welwyn, Sept. 1904! Mrs. Blundell.
Berks.—Near Wellington College, Sept. 1904! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Suffolk E.—Lowestoft, Oulton, Brockford, and Ipswich (A. Mayfield, Journ. of Conch., April 1903, p. 294).
Suffolk W.—Fornham St. Martin near Bury St. Edmunds, Oct. 1903 ! W. R. Burrell. Sudbury, Sept. 1905, E. Ransom.
Norfolk E.—Strumpshaw Hall gardens, July 1904 ! W. J. O. Holmes.
Norfolk W.—Var. fasciata, King’s Lynn, Sept. 1904 ! C. B. Plowright.
Bedford—Var. fasciata, Limbury near Luton, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell.
Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster.
_ Hereford—Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. C. Blake.
Worcester—Carden, Stourport, July 1888 (J. W. Williams, J. of C., July 1889).
Stafford—Worth Wood near Froghall, May 1898 (J. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 110).
Pembroke—Vars. concolor and fasciata, Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! P. Davies.
Merioneth—Llwyngwril near Barmouth, June 1887! W. Cash.
Denbigh—(Clyndyfrdwy, Vale of Llangollen, Aug. 1904! B. Tomlin.
Lincoln S.—Var. fasciata, old stone quarry, Great Ponton, Sept. 1904 ! H. Preston. Rippingale, Sept. 1904! J. Stow.
Lincoln N.—Cadney Vicarage, Dec. 1902 ! Rev. E. A. Woodrufte-Peacock.
Lancashire S.—One specimen in a wood, Bardsley, spring 1906; another at Riversvale, in June 1897 (F. Taylor, Journ. of Conch., April 1898, p. 50).
York S.W.—Frequent near houses, and also near woods at Elland Park Wood and Red Lane Dyke near Halifax (J. E. Crowther, Halifax Nat., Aug. 1903, p. 48).
York Mid W.—Horsforth, Jan. 1885!
Cumberland—Keswick, July 1903, Rev. R. Godfrey. Gardens, Brigham, Cockermouth, July 1904! Mrs. Robinson. Salkeld Dykes, Aug. 1904 ! H. Britten. SCOTLAND.
Ayr—Portincross, March 1904, Rev. R. Godfrey.
Roxburgh—Var. sylvatiew, Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh.
Haddington—Tynetield, and Bill near Dunbar, Sept. 1894, also Gilford, Sept. 1896, W. Evans.
Linlithgow—Dalmeny Park, March 189] ! near Linlithgow, Aug. 1899; also var. cellaria, Kinneil, Aug. 1891, W. Evans.
Fife and Kinross—Largs, Sept. 1882; Falkland, Aug. 1895; and Culross, April 1900, W. Evans.
Perth S. and Clackmannan—Dollar, April 1897, W. Evans.
Orkneys—Stromness, Aug. 1905 ! J. S. B. Headley.
APPENDIX—LIMAX MAXIMUS. 265
IRELAND.
Derry—Var. concolor, Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell.
Antrim—Sub-var. geminipunctata, Cushendall, Aug. 1894 ! W. Moss.
Down—Garden, Oakleigh near Belfast, Oct. 1904! R. Welch.
Armagh—Tynan, July 1905; var. ferussaci, Meigh, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Monaghan—Shantonagh ; var. ferwssaci, near Carrickmacross, P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Var. ferussaci, Downhill near Londonderry, one, very characteristic, half-grown, Sept. 1904! C. N. Lynes.
Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904; v. fasciata, Mullagh, Sep. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Louth—Dundalk; Ardee; Millifont Abbey ; Beaulieu, Oct. 1904; Dromiskin, small, June 1904! var. ferussuci, Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904; var. sylvatica, Narrow Water, Dec. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—New Grange, June 1892, R. F. Scharff. Nobber; Bective Abbey and Ballivor, March 1905; Athboy, Julianstown, and Kells, April 1905; Batterstown, May 1905; var. ferussaci, Moynalty, March 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Killakee and Leeson Park, Oct. 1890, R. F. Scharff.
Kildare—Type and var. sylvatica, Lyons, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Wicklow—Type and var. obscura, Greystones, Sept. 1903 ; var. fasciata, Ennis- kerry, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Wexford—Wexford, April 1891, R. F. Scharff.
Kilkenny—Near Waterford, Jan. 1903; Thomastown and Jenkinstown, Feb. 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Westmeath—Large specimens, Knockdrin Demesne, April 1892, R. F. Scharff. Raharney, March, 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Roscommon—Mote Park, Roscommon, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton.
Leitrim—Feenagh, 1899, P. H. Grierson.
Waterford—North of Youghal, Aug. 1902, P. H. Grierson.
Cork N.—Youghal, 1902, and Macroom, P. H. Grierson.
Cork S.—South of Macroon:, May 1902; and Kilerea Abbey, P. H. Grierson.
Kerry—Lough Caragh, Sept. 1890, Rev. A. H. Delap. Sub-var. geminipunctata, Muckross Demesne, May 1891, R. F. Scharff.
GERMANY. Recorded for Kiel in Holstein by Friedel (Mal. Bl., 1870, p. 49).
FRANCE. Recorded for the department of the Meuse by M. Henri Cardot, and from the Lot et Garonne by Gassies (Moll. Agenais, 1849, p. 60).
ITALY. Recorded for La Cava near Salerno in Campania by Prof. E. von Martens (Mal.
BI, 1858, p. 149). PORTUGAL. According to Dr. Simroth, only the var. cinerea Lister is found in Portugal.
NORTH AFRICA. Algeria —Dr. Simroth is of opinion that Limazx nyctelius Bourg., from Algiers, is only the var. cinerea Lister. ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—The vars. cinerea Lister and uwnicolor Heynemann are recorded from this group by Dr. Simroth. . rae ; Canaries—Found by Lieut.-Col. Parry at Orotava in Teneriffe, and Galdar in Grand Canary. : Madeira—Madeiran specimens, in the opinion of Dr. Simroth, are pale and strongly flecked forms of var. cinerea Lister.
NEARCTIC REGION. Limax maximus is said by Mr. W. D. Hartmann to be distributed over the Eastern United States, from New York State to the Potomac River. Pennsylvania— Westchester, Chester Co., Sept. 1885, W. D. Hartmann. Massachusetts—Type, with vars. obscura and cellaria, collected by J. Ritchie, junr., in the suburbs of Boston, July 1905, T. D. A. Cockerell.
ETHIOPIAN REGION. :
Cape Colony—‘‘ A form which may be subspecifically distinct, and reminds one of the Italian forms, found by Mr. R. M. Lightfoot, under rocks, some distance up ‘Table Mountain” (W. E. Collinge, Ann. 8. African Mus., Dec. 1901, p. 229).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION. =
New Zealand—Type, with vars. fasciata, cellaria, and sub-var. geminipunctata
in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905! W. D. Roebuck.
12/6/06 )
266 APPENDIX—-LIMAX MAXIMUS.
Var. concolor Pini.
The Limax unirolor Heynemann, characterized as uniformly ash-coloured, is according to Dr. Simroth, merely a form of ZL. maximus, and should therefore be placed here.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Berks.—Near Wellington College, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald.
Pembroke—Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! Price Davies.
Cumberland—Salkeld Dykes, Aug. 1904! H. britten.
IRELAND. Derry—Ballynagard, June 1892, D. C. Campbell. Kerry— Lough Caragh, Sept. 1900, Rev. A. H. Delap.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY.
The sub-var. wnicolor Heynemann and Limaxr cinereus Lister are recorded for Buda Pesth by Hazay (Mal. Bl, 1881, p. 30).
ATLANTIC ISLES. Azores—The sub-var, wnicolor Heynemann is recorded by Dr. Simroth.
Var. fasciata Raz.
Prof. T. D. A. Cockerell distinguishes the var. fasciata of Moquin-Tandon from that of Razoumowsky, and has applied the name of var. moguwini to the lirst-named form.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—Near Stenalee, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards.
Wilts. N.—Clytfe Pybard, Swindon, Aug. 1904! Rev. C. H. Goddard.
Wilts. S.—Longleat gardens, Warminster, Sept. 1904! J. A. Singer.
Surrey—Haslemere (C. Pannell, junr., Journ. of Conch., Apl. 1902, p. 169).
Bedford—Limbury near Luton, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell.
Herts.—Codicote near Welwyn, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell.
Berks.—Near Wellington College, Sep. 1904! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Bradfield, Sept. 1904! Rev. E. Peake.
Hunts.—Gardens, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster.
Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, Sept. 1904! C. B. Plowright.
Hereford—Var. fasciata and sub-var. madleri, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904 ! W. C. Blake.
Brecon—Gwenddwr, alt. 1,000 ft , Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan.
Radnor—Pen-y-Bont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall.
Pembroke—Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! Price Davies.
Anglesey—Gariden, Cemmaes. July 1895 !(C. Oldham, J. of C., July 1898, p. 86).
Lincoln S.—Old stone quarry, Great Ponton, Sept. 1904! H. Preston. Rippin- gale, Sept. 1904 ! J. Stow.
Notts.—Sub-var. mzd/eri, Mapperley, June 1885! C. T. Musson.
Cumberland—Salkeld Dykes, Aug. 1904 ! H. Britten.
SCOTLAND. Perth Mid—Inver Dunkeld, Sept. 1904! C. MeIntosh.
IRELAND.
Derry—Gortness, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell.
Antrim—Garden, Antrim, Sept. 1904! W.S. Smith. Ballyeastle, Oct. 1904! Miss F. 8. O’Connor.
Armagh —Acton Glebe, Poyntz Pass, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. I. Jolson.
Donegal—Sub-var. mleri, Templemore Park, Sept. 1904 ! D. ©. Campbell.
Fermanagh—Castle Coole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904! Hon. C. L. Corry.
Cavan—Mullagh, Sept. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Rathimines, Sept. 1904 !
Wicklow—Enniskerry and Wicklow, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Fassaroe near Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington.
Carlow—lenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Kilkenny—Kilkenny Castle gardens, Oct. 1904 ! John Carlton, Several immut- ture, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Besshorongh.
Queen’s Co,—Stradbally, Sept. W904! A, G. Stuart.
APPENDIX—LIMAX MAXIMUS. 267
King’s Co.—Abundant, the gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904 ! Robert McKenna.
Mayo W.—The Demesne, Westport, Sept. 1904 ! John O’Callaghan.
Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon. ~ Kilconnell near Ballinasloe, Sept. 1904 !
Clare—Scariff, Sept. 1904! N. F. Hibbert. Doonass, Aug. 1904! R. A. Phillips.
Limerick—Muneret, Sept. 1904!G. J. Fogerty.
Tipperary N.—Road by Lough Derg to Ballina, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Kerry—Valentia Island, Sep. 1904! Miss Delap. Kilflynn, Sep. 1904! J. Julian.
ATLANTIC ISLES. Madeira—Var. moquini Cockerell (=var. fasciate) (J. of Mal., May 1897, p. 4).
NEW ZEALAND. Type and vars. fasciata, cellaria, and sub-var. geminipunctata abundant in Mr. Murdoch’s garden at Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905! W. Denison Roebuck.
Var. sylvatica Morelet.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—Sub-var. quadrifasciata, garden, Truvo, J. H. James (T. D. A. Cockerell, Science Gossip, May 1886, p. 114).
Wilts. N.—Clyffe Pybard, Swindon, Aug. 1904! Rev. C. H. Goddard.
Norfolk E.—Var. sylvatica and-sub-var. serpentina, Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes.
Hereford—Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904 ! W. C. Blake.
Radnor—Pen-y-Bont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall.
SCOTLAND. Roxburgh—Langlee near Galashiels, Sept. 1904 ! J. Roseburgh.
IRELAND. Armagh—Tandragee, Sept. 1904 ! James Rea. Louth—A sub-var. with finely spotted shield, Narrow Water, Dee. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Kildare—Lyons, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson. Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White. Roscommon—Mote Park, Roscommon, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. -Cork N.—North bank of river Lee, Cork, Sept. 1904! C. Baker.
Var krynickii Kaleniczenko.
Dr. Martin Lister’s Limaz cinereus is, judging from the figure and description, a form of the var. krynickit. ENGLAND.
Cornwall W.—Sub.var. johnstoni, garden, ‘Truro, J. H. James.
Devon S.—Sub-var. johnstoni, Culverhole, Aug. 1892! L. E. Adams.
Surrey—Haslemere (C. Pannell, junr., Journ. of Conch., Apl. 1902, p. 169).
Worcester—Sub-var. johnstoni, garden, Stourport, July 1888 (Williams, Journ. of Conch., July 1889, p. 112).
ATLANTIC ISLES.
Azores—The sub-var. cinerea Lister is found on this group according to Simroth.
Madeira—The Limax maximus on this island are recorded by Simroth as pale and strongly flecked ZL. cinereus Lister.
PORTUGAL. The form of L. maximus in Portugal is said by Simroth to be the var. cinerea of
Lister. NORTH AFRICA. Algeria—The ZL. nyctelius, recorded by Bourguignat from Algiers, is said by Simroth to be the var. cinerea of Lister.
Var. cellaria d’Argenville. ENGLAND. Cornwall W.—Near Stenalee, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Norfolk E.—Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Cumberland—Sub-var. maculata, Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, J. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
268 APPENDIX—LIMAX MAXIMUS.
SCOTLAND. Linlithgow— Kinneil, Aug. 1891! W. Evans.
IRELAND. Fermanagh—Enniskillen, Sept. 1904! Dean of Clogher. Queen’s Co.—Sub-var. maculata, Maryborough, Oct. 1904 ! Cork N.—Convamore near Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. McMillar. Cork S.—Skibbereen, Sept. 1904 ! John J. Wolfe.
NEARCTIC REGION. United States—Type, vars. cellaria and obscura, found by J. Ritchie, junr., in suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts, July 1905 (T. D, A. Cockerell).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—In Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, with type and vars, fasciata and geminipunctata, Feb. 1905 ! W. Denison Roebuek.
Var. ferussaci Moquin-Tandon.
The var. marmorata Cockerell is, according to its author, closely allied to the
sub-var. punctata of Esmark. ENGLAND AND WALES.
Surrey—Var. ferussaci and sub-var. marmorata, Haslemere (C. Pannell, junr., Journ. of Conch., Apl.'1902, p. 169).
Radnor—Var. ferussaci and sub-var. punctata, Pen-y-Bont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall.
Anglesey—Garden, Cemmaes, and Llanbadrig churchyard, July 1895 (Chas. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86).
IRELAND.
Antrim—Ballycastle, Sept. 1904 ! Miss F. 8. O’Connor. Colin Glen, June 1884 ! S. A. Stewart. Sub-var. geminipunctata, Cushendall, Aug. 1894! W. Moss.
Armagh—Meigh, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Monaghan—Near Carrickmacross, P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Downhill near Londonderry, very characteristic, half-grown, Sept. 1904! C. N. Lynes.
Louth—Blackhall, Sept. 1904! and Drogheda, Oct. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Moynalty, March 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Queen’s Co.—Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
Longford—Newtown Forbes, Sept. 1904!
Roscommon— Mote Park, Roscommon, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton.
Kerry—sub-var. geminipunctata, Muckross Demesne, May 1891, R. F. Scharff.
FRANCE. Cannes, in the Alpes Maritimes, June 1890! R. D. Darbishire.
RUSSIA. Tchernigov and Poltava, erroneously recorded on p. 45 for L. maximus var. Serussaci, should refer to L. cinereo-niger var. vera, which appears to be more truly synonymous with Kaleniczenko’s Limax ferussackt.
AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—The sub-var. geminipunctata in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wan- ganui, North Island, in company with typical specimens and vars. cellaria and JSasciata, Feb. 1905! W. Denison Roebuck.
Var. obscura Moquin-Tandon. ENGLAND. Berks. —Near Wellington College, Sept. 1904! Rev. H. P. Fitzgerald. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904 ! Miss E. M. Foster.
IRELAND. Armagh—Tanderagee, Sept. 1904 ! James Rea. Kildare—Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford. Wicklow—Greystones, Sept. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Kilkenny—Kilkenny Castle gardens, Sept. 1904! John Carlton. King’s Co,—Cardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904! R. Mckenna. Roscommon—Old Fort, Keadue, Sept. 1904! James J. Welch. Galway W.—Kylemore Castle gardens, Sept. 1904! W. Comfort. Waterford—Belle Vue House, Waterford, nearly black, Sep. 1904! Miss Power.
NEARCTIC REGION. United States—Type, vars. obscura and cellaria, found in suburbs of Boston, Massachusetts, by J. Ritchie, junr., July 1905 (‘T. D. A. Cockerell).
APPENDIX. 269
Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.
An example, labelled Eumilax brandti from the Caucasi: gi reserved i alcohol in the Indian Museum, seen by Mr. W, Denison Rocbuck, F-L'S. aproars to be Limaz cinereo-niger. : :
ENGLAND.
Somerset S.—Horner (I. J. Partridge, Journ. of Mal., § 1
Bucks.—Burnham Beeches, Oct. 1905, H. Wallis oe he tet
Cumberland— Woods at Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, J. of C., Jan. 1896, p. 154). SCOTLAND.
Perth Mid—Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, July 1903, Rev. R. Godfrey. Easterness—Loch-an-Eilan ! W. Evans. :
IRELAND. Mayo W.—Enniscoe near Crossmolina ! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
SWITZERLAND. Glarus—Recorded for Richisau in Klonthal by Blum (Nachr., Aug. 1892, p. 128).
Var. vera Dum. & Mort. ENGLAND. Wilts. S.—Teffent, Sept. 1905! Hugh Wyndham. IRELAND. Antrim—Fair Head promontory nr. Ballycastle, Oct. 1904! Miss F. 8. O’Connor.
Var. einereo-nigra Wolf s.s.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Essex S.—Sub-var. ductuosa, under bark, at Loughton in Epping Forest, Oct. 1904, T. Petch.
Stafford—Sub-var. luctuosa, Stafford, Lionel E. Adams.
Radnor—Sub-var. luctuosa, Aberedw ! Aug. 1904, J Williams Vaughan.
Lincoln S.—Sub-var. ductuosa, Careby Wood, June 1903! Rev. E. A. Woodruffe- Peacock.
Derby—Sub-var. uctwosa, Chapel-en-le-Frith, July 1897, C. Oldham,
Cheshire—Sub-var. ductuosa, Taxal, May 1898, C.” Oldham.
SCOTLAND.
Perth S. and Clackmannan—Sub-var. razoumowskii, Balquidder, July 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Easterness—Sub-var. uctuosa, in pine forest at Rothiemurchus, Aug. 1904! Rev. R. Godfrey.
IRELAND.
Donegal—Sub-var. hedleyi, Ray Wood, Rathnullan, recorded by W. E. Collinge, is in County Donegal. ,
Var. maura Held.
The Limax maximus var. carbonaria Béttger (Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Gesellsch., 1885, p. 159, pl. 4, f 6) is, judging from the description and figure, probably equivalent to the var. maura of L. cinereo-niger.
ENGLAND. Stafford—Stafford, Lionel E. Adams. SCOTLAND. Easterness—Rothiemurchus pine forest, Aug. 1904! Rev. R. Godfrey. GREECE. Thessaly—Limax maximus v. carbonaria Bottger, Ossagebirges (Bottger, 1.c.).
Var. efasciata Dum. & Mort.
SCOTLAND. Easterness—Rothiemurchus pine forest, Aug. 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
270 APPENDIX.
Limax tenellus Miiller (em. Nilsson).
‘The hope expressed that this species would probably be rediscovered in the British Isles when the attention of malacologists was directed to its habits and peculiarities, has been happily justified, as in August 1904, Mr. W. Denison Roebuck verified this long-lost species in a consignment of slugs sent by the Rev. R. Godfrey who, inspired by his experience in finding the species in Nwitzerland in a previous season, had searched for it in the forest of Rothiemurchus, and found it to be the commonest slug there, associated with Aston minimus, A. subfuscus, Limax arborum, and L. cinereo-niger, amongst decaying pine-needles. Attention being thus called to the habitat search was made in other districts, and the species has since been actually found in seven widely-separated counties.
Food and Habits.—The activity and restlessness of this species has been verified in this country, as also its partiality for shade and conceal- ment, while according to the observations of Mr. Petch it also possesses, though in a more striking degree, the habit of imac maximus of everting the fore-part of the inantle when irritated.
The locomotory slime is colourless, while that of the body is yellow. The species is evidently widely distributed and common in Epping Forest, amongst Pollard Horubeams and Beeches, frequenting in company with Arion intermedius the varied species of fungi, Lactarius blennius, L. vellereus, Collybiw maculati, Russula fellew, RR. vesca, and R. cyanoxantha being noted as especially attractive.
In Clackmannan, Mr. W. Evans fouud this species freqnenting the fungus Russula emetic, bat most frequently, however, hiding beneath fallen bark and chips of wood beneath the fir trees in company with Arion subfuscus and uf. éntermedius. In captivity the animals feed on various kinds of Boletus, Russula, and other woodland Agavries.
AUSTRALASTAN REGION.
Sandwich Islands— Recorded by Herr Semper (W. E. Collinge, Journ. of Mal., April 1896, p. 50).
Var. eerea Held. ENGLAND.
Bucks. —Burnham Beeches, Oct. 1905! H. Wallis Kew.
Essex S.—Common and widely distributed, Longhton, Epping Forest, Oct. 1904 ! Tom Petch.
York N.W.—Hall Wood, Healey near Masham, Oct. 1904! W. A. Thwaites.
SCOTLAND, Perth S. and Clackmannan—Clackmannan pine forest, Sept. 1904! W. Evans. Perth Mid—Inver Dunkeld, Sept. 1904! A. Rodeers.
Kincardine—Invercannie, Banchory, Sept. 1904! G. Sim. Easterness—Abundant in Rothiemurchus forest, Aviemore, Aug. 1904! Rev.
R. Godfrey. SWITZERLAND,
In fir wood near Lucerne, July 1902! Rev. Rt. Godfrey. In pine wood between Casaccia and Vieosoprano in the Grisons (Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce, Journ. of Conch, July 1887, p. 213).
Var. fulva Normand. Easterness—Qne, Rothiemurchus forest, Aug, 1904! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Var. cineta Heynemann. Essex S.—Longhton in Epping Forest, Oct. 1904 !'T. Peteh. GERMANY. Thuringia—Saalfeld (Von Martens, Jalirb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1877, p. 226).
APPENDIX. 271
Sus-Genus Lehmannia Heynemann.
Limax flavus Linné.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Hants. N.—Swarraton near Alresford, May 1906! Rev. W. L. W. Eyre,
Sussex E.—Queen’s Park road, Brighton, Oct. 1903! F. G. S. Branwell.
Kent E.—Maidstone (Elgar and Lamb, Journ. of Conch., Jan, 1893, p. 154).
Surrey—Limpsfield (C. Pannell, Journ. of Conch., April 1902, p. 169); South Norwood ; Tennyson’s lane, Haslemere ; and Pitfold Hollow, Shottermill (id., July 1903, p. 331).
Suffolk W.—Sudbury, Sept. 1905, E. Ransom.
Norfolk E.—Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Outhouses, etc., Yelverton and Framingham Earl (Pearce and Mayfield, J. of C., July 1894, p. 393).
Hunts.—Type and var. rufescens, garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904 ! Miss E. M. Foster.
Gloucester E.—Garden, Argyll House, Cirencester, Aug. 1904! Mrs. Blundell.
Pembroke—Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904! Price Davies. Common under stones and refuse on the North Cliff near the harbour, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Couch., July 1900, p. 322).
Cheshire—Var. tigrina, in cellar, Liverpool road, Chester, Oct. 1903 ! B. Tomlin.
Lancashire S.—Coldhurst street and Vineyard street, Oldham (F. Taylor, J. of Conch., Apl. 1898, p. 50).
York S.W.—A large colony in an empty house at Elland (J. E. Crowther, Halifax Naturalist, Aug. 1903, p. 48).
York Mid W.—Swarning in cellars and garden of Buck Inn, Buckden, Aug. 1904 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Cumberland—On ruins of old mill, Bassenthwaite, and on a wall, Keswick, W. J. Farrer (Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
SCOTLAND. Clyde Isles—Brodick, Isle of Arran, Apl. 1906, J. H. Sikes.
IRELAND.
Down—A colony of very large specimens at the Old Castle, Ardglass, and at Hillsborough ; also Mr. Stelfox’s garden, Oakleigh, Belfast, Oct. 1904 !.R. Welch.
Armagh—Armagh, Dec. 1904; and Tynan, July 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Monaghan—Near Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Cavan—Kingsconrt, June 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Louth—Ardee, Apl. 1904; Louth, Nov. 1904; Togher, Apl. 1905; Drogheda, May 1905 ; and Carlingford, July 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Drumcondra, July 1904; Slane, Jan. 1905; Kells and Julianstown, Apl. 1905 ; sub-var. suffusa, Duleek, Nov. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Kildare—Lyons, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Wicklow—Var. flavescens, Enniskerry, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Carlow—Pollacton gardens, Carlow, Sept. 1904 !
Westmeath—Raharney, March 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Tipperary N..—Abundant in tree hollows in Monastery, Cashel, R. Welch.
Waterford—Cappoquin, Nov. 1902, P. H. Grierson.
Cork N.—Near Macroom, June 1903, P. H. Grierson.
FRANCE. Lot et Garonne (Gassies, Moll. Agenais, 1849, p. 62), recorded by M. Henri Cardot for the Ardennes and the Meuse, and by Captain Wattebled for the Jura. AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Dalmatia—Herr Clessin cites this species as plentiful at Krkafillen.
NORTH AFRICA AND ASIA MINOR. Morocco—Limaxz deshayesit is recorded by M. Pallary from the environs of Mogador, on the authority of M. Buchet. Syria—According to Dr. Simroth, the specimens of Limx flavus from Syria are exactly similar to those inhabiting Germany or Spain.
NEARCTIC REGION. Virginia—Lexington, Prof. J. H. Morrison (Cockerell, P.Z.8., 1891, p. 222).
272 APPENDIX—LIMAX FLAVUS.
ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—Cape Town (Collinge, Ann. 8. African Mus., March 1900, p. 2).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION. Victoria—Geelony, collected by J. F. Mulder, Oct. 1904! Also abundant at East Prahran, Melbourne, Dec. 1904! W. Denison Roebuck. New South Wales—Mosman’s Bay, Sydney, April 1905 ! Edgar R. Waite. New Zealand—Abundant and fine in garden of hotel at Hokitika, Westland, South Island, Jan. 1905 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Var. flavescens Feérussac. The var. flava of Wattebled (Journ. de Conch., 1887, p. 309) is identical with this form.
Surrey—Wimbledon, July 1904! Mrs. Peck. Norfolk E.—Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Dublin—Rathmines, Sept. 1904 ! Wicklow—Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Kilkenny —Piltown, several, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough.
FRANCE. Sub-var. flava, Auxonne, Cote d’Or, and Dole, Jura (Wattebled, 1.c.).
Var. rufescens Moquin-Tandon.
Norfolk E.—Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Huntingdon—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904 ! Miss E. M. Foster. Kilkenny—Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough. Kerry—Kiltlynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian.
Var. virescens Férussac. Norfolk E,—Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904! W. J. O. Holmes. Pembroke— A form approaching this variety on the North Cliff near the harbour (A. G. Stubbs, Journ. of Conch., July 1900, p. 322).
Limerick—Adare Manor, Adare, one, adult, Oct. 1904! W. Bowles.
Var. antiquorum Sowerby. IRELAND. Derry—Straidarran, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Antrim—Ballycastle, Sept. and Oct. 1904 ! Miss F. 8. O’Connor. Tyrone—Baronscourt gardens, Sept. 1904! Robert Bell. Louth—East of Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Kildare—A gigantic adult, Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford. Wicklow—Fassaroe near Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington. Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford. Kilkenny—Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough. King’s Co.—Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904 ! R. McKenna. Roscommon — Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Leitrim—Drumkeeran, Oct. 1904! Rev. Joseph Meehan. Bank of old mill-dam, Drumshamho, Sept. 1904! James M. Welch.
Clare—Dromoland Castle gardens, Newmarket-on-Fergus, Sept. 1904, J. Carter. Kerry—Kilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian.
Var. tigrina Pini. Cheshire—Cellar of ‘‘ Estyn,” Liverpool road, Chester, Oct. 1903! B. Tomlin.
Var. umbrosa Philippi. Norfolk E.—Strumpshaw Hall, July 1904 ! W. J. O. Holmes.
Var. breckworthiana Lehinann. Surrey —Wimbledon, July 1904! Mrs. Peck.
Meath—Sub-var. suffusa, Duleek, Nov. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Roscommon— Mote Park, Sept. 1904! Lord Crofton.
APPENDIX. 273
Limax arborum Bouchard-Chantereaux.
Habits and Habitat.—Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, F.L.S., found this species to be common and exclusively a denizen of gardens at the Antipodes, both at Sydney, Melbourne, Geelong, Adelaide, and Wellington.
Reproduction.—The period of reproduction in this species evidently extends over a considerable period. The eggs have been observed as early as January 1904, in Ayrshire, by the Rev. R. Godfrey, and adults, half- grown, and young specimens are also found together early in the year ; the younger ones are always the most distinctly marked, and usually become more unicolorous with age.
Affinities.—The Limax sylvaticus var. clypeo-fusciata of Wattebled (Journ. de Conch., 1889, p. 309) described as rare in the woods at Mouchard, Cote d’Or, is probably really referable to this species.
Variation.—Mr. Roebuck in Australia found all the examples referable in colour to the var. rosea Broeck, being of a rich rufous-brown, and yet not conformable to any of the sub-varieties described at pp. 94-95. The majority of the specimens were perfectly unicolorous on the body, while those found at East Prahran, Melbourne, had the second or main band represented by a fine but very distinct and continuous dark line. He sup- plies me with diagnoses of two new varieties, efasciata and bilineata.
Geological History.—From old soil of Holocene deposit at Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire (Hinton & Kennard, Pr. Cott. Nat. F.C,, 1904, p. 65).
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Wilts. S.—Longleat Gardens, Warminster, Sept. 1904! J. A. Singer.
Dorset—Dr. Russell Wallace’s garden, Broadstone, July 1904, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Hants. N.—Liphook, July 1905, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce.
Sussex WN ear Liphook, July 1905, Rev. 8S. Spencer Pearce.
Kent W.—Plumstead marshes (Rev. J. W. Horsley, J. of C., Oct. 1906, p. 262).
Surrey—Punch Bowl near Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of C., Apl. 1902, p. 169). On beeches, Headley lane, Boxhill, Apl. 1886 (T. D. A. Cockerell).
Essex N.—Near Clacton-on-Sea, Sept. 1886, W. Whitwell.
Berks.—Common, Bradfield near Reading, Oct. 1904! Rev. E. Peake.
Bucks.—Burnham Beeches, Oct. 1905, H. Wallis Kew.
Suffolk W.—Fornham St. Martin, Oct. 1903 ! W. R. Burrell.
Brecon—A bundant, Erwood, Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan.
Radnor—New Radnor, Nov. 1903 ! L. McKarg. Abundant, Aberedw, Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan.
Anglesey — Rare in limestone quarry near Llanbadrig Church, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1898, p. 87).
Westmorland and Lake Lancs. —Common on rotten stumps, Eggerslack Wood, Grange, Aug. 1897 (R. Standen, Journ of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 114). .
York S.W.—Field near Well Head, Halifax (J. E. Crowther, Halifax Nat., Aug. 1903, p. 48).
SCOTLAND.
Ayr—Tarbert Hill, under stones and on rocks, Nov. 1903 ; Gourock Burn ; near Gill; Ardneil and Fairlie under bark, Nov. 1903, Rev. R. Godfrey.
Perth Mid.—Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, June 1904! Rev. R. Godfrey. Inver Dunkeld, Sept. 1904! C. McIntosh. ’
Kincardine—Woods about Banchory, Sept. 1904! G. Sim.
Easterness—Rothiemurchus forest near Aviemore, Aug. 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Cantire—Ronachan, Jan. 1906! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Main Argyle—Rocky woods, Barbreck, June 19003; also at Ganavan ; on rocks and trees, Dunollie; in Glen Crutten; on rocks at Loch Droighin ; and at an altitude of 2,000 feet on Ben Cruachan, July 1900, Rev. R. Godfrey. Abounding in woods behind Oban station; a few at Ardbhan Craigs, under stones, but none on the pine trees; rare on Lismore, Sept. 1892 (Standen and Hardy, J. of Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 268).
274 APPENDIX—LIMAX ARBORUM.
Hebrides—Balelone, S. Uist, July 1905. It is also the slug of St. Kilda, swarming from sea-level to the highest altitudes, and varying greatly in intensity of colour, After rain it appears in countless numbers on the walls of the village, the grave-yard, and houses; it also frequents the faces of the sheer cliff, down almost to the resting ledges of the guillemot, July 1905, J. Waterston.
IRELAND.
Down-—Beech Hill near Newry, July 1904! Prof. R. J. Anderson.
Armagh—Forkhill ; Meigh; and near Newry, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Monaghan—Castleblaney, Nov. 1903; also type and vars. beftonii and nemorosa near Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Extremely abundant amongst moss on trees in plantation behind the hotel at Portsalon, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 198).
Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Louth—Dundalk ; Omeath ; Mellifont Abbey ; Collon, May 1904; near Black- hall Demesne, Sept. 1904; Beanlieu, Oct. 1904; Narrow Water and Carlingford, Dec. 1904! also type and var. bettonti, Dromiskin, June 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Drumcondra, July 1904; Stamullen, Oct. 1904; near Slane, Jan. 1905; Bective Abbey and Summerhill, Mch. 1905; Athboy, ApL 1905; and vars. betéonii and colorata, Duleek, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Kildare—Near Staffan Station, P. H. Grierson.
Wicklow — Greystones, Sept. 1903; and Powercourt, April 1904; Enniskerry, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Ballyragget, Callan, and Mullinavat, March 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Queen’s Co.—Darrow, P. H. Grierson. Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
King’s Co.—Edenderry, Nov. 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—Near Clifden, Sept. 1904! W. West. Abundant, Gentian Hill, and Currarevagh, July 1895 (Collier and Standen, J. of Conch., Apl. 1896, p. 178).
Clare—Dromoland Castle gardens near Newmarket-on-Fergus, Sept. 1904 ! John Carter. Type and sub-var. maculata, Lahinch, 1900, P. H. Grierson.
Tipperary N.—Road alongside Lough Derg near Derry Castle, Sept. 1904 ! G. J. Fogerty.
Tipperary S.—Near Clonmel, P. H. Grierson.
Waterford—The var. rupicola is found on the extreme summit of the Reeks, and the type a few hundred feet lower down, Rev. A. H. Delap. Cappoquin, Nov. 1902, P. H. Grierson.
Cork N.—Near Macroom, June 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Kerry—Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap.
SWITZERLAND. Recorded from Richisau in Canton Glarus by Herr Blum, and collected at an altitude of 2,700 feet at Promontagno, in the Grisons, by Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce. SCANDINAVIA.
Faroes—According to N. Annandale, it was not uncommon and chiefly in gardens at Thorshavn in Jnly and August 1903, but all immature (W. E. Collinge, Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinburgh, 1904, p. 153).
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
Australia and New Zealand-—This species in the Antipodes is common in gardens, and the specimens are all referable to the two new varieties, efaseiata and bilineata, The distribution in New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and New Zealand is given under the varietal headings.
Var. alba Taylor.
ANIMAL entirely creamy-white, except the black eye-specks, no trace whatever of body or mantle markings, but the dark internal organs are dimly visible through through the skin.
Aberdeen S.—Near the Botanic Garden, Old Aberdeen ! G. Sim.
Var. subrufa [Le Comte. Queen’s Co.—Sub-var. pallens, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
APPENDIX—-LIMAX ARBORUM. 275
Var. rosea Van den Broeck.
_ The Limax sylvaticus var. cerulea Baudon, Cat. Moll. Oise, 1862, p. 10, is accord- ing to its author, synonymous with the sub-var. nemorosa Baudon.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Cornwall E.—Sub-var. nemorosa, St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards. Denbigh—Sub-var. nemorosa, Glyndfrdwy, Vale of Llangollen, Aug. 1904! B. Tomlin. Derby —Sub-var. nemorosa, Hathersage and Bakewell (L. E. Adams, Journ. of
Conch., vii., p. 77). SCOTLAND. Edinburgh—Type and sub-var. nemorosa, between Balerno and Bavelaw, Apl.
1890! W. Evans. IRELAND.
Monaghan—Sub-var. nemorosa, Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Fermanagh—Sub-var. nemorosa, Castle Coole, Sept. 1904! Hon. C. L. Corry; and Portora, Enniskillen, Oct. 1904! J. E. R Allen. :
Meath—Sub-var. colorata, Duleek, Nov. 1904! P. H. Grierson
Carlow—Sub-var. nemorosa, Bagenalstown, Sep. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Queen's Co.—Sub-var. nemorosa, Ballyfin, Maryborough, Oct. 1904! Sub-var. colorata, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
Leitrim—Sub-var. nemorosa, Swiss Valley, Glencar, Auy. 1904! A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch ; also Mohill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Sligo —Sub-var. nemorosa, near Sligo, July 1904! R. Welch.
Kerry—Sub-var. nemorosa, Valentia Island, Sept. 1904! Miss M. J. Delap. Kilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian.
Var. nov. efaseiata Roebuck.
ANIMAL rich and uniform rufous-brown, qnite destitute of any bands on the hody, even the usual pale mid-area of the back being wanting ; shield banded. Formula 000 000.—W. DENISON ROEBUCK.
Victoria—East Prahran, ‘Melbourne, common in gardens, Apl. 1905 ! W.D.R. Botanical Gardens, Melbourne, Apl. 1905! W.D.R. Geelong, common in gardens, Apl. 1905! H. G. Roebuck and W.D.R.
New South Wales—Gardens, Annandale, Sydney, March 1905 ! W.D.R. Botanical Gardens, Sydney, March 1905, common ! W.D.R.
South Anstcalis Adel ade; common in the Botanical Gardens, July 1905! Dr. M. Holtze and W.D.R.
New Zealand—Gardens, Wellington, Feb. 1905 ! Miss M. Mestayer and W.D.R.
* eye Var. nov. bilineata Roebuck. ANIMAL as in sub-var. efasciata, but with the second or main band on the body represented by a distinct continuous aud very fine dark line. Formula 020-020.— W. DENISON ROEBUCK.
Victoria—Conmon in gardens, East Prahran, Melbourne, Dec. 1904! Mrs. J. C. Bleechmore and W.D.R.
Var. bettonii Sordelli. Radnor—Abundant, Aberedw, Aug. 1904! J. Williams Vaughan.
IRELAND.
Derry—Straidarran, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Down—Beech Hill near Newry, July 1904 ! Prof. R. J. Anderson.
Armagh — Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. W. F. Johnson. Tanderagee, Sept. 1904 ! James Rea. ;
Monaghan—Carrickmacross, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Tyrone—Baronscourt gardens, numerous, Sept. 1904! Robert Bell.
Louth—Droniskin, June 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Duleek, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson.’ .
Carlow—Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack-Beresford.
Kilkenny—Piltown, Sept. 1904! Earl of Bessborough. Kilkenny, abundant, Sept. 1904! J. White.
276 APPENDIX—AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS.
Queen’s Co.—Sub-var. carpatica, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
King’s Co.—The gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sep. 1904! R. McKenna.
Roscommon—Loughglynn, Castlerea, Oct. 1904! Hugh Kennedy.
Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon.
Clare—Scariff, Sept. 1904 ! N. F. Hibbert. Dromoland Castle gardens near Newmarket-on-Fergus, Sept. 1904! John Carter.
Tipperary N.—Road by Lough Derg nr. Derry Castle, Sep. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Cork S.—Skibbereen, Sept. 1904 ! John J. Wolfe.
Kerry—Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap. With Geomalacus maculosus, on tree trunks, north of Lough Caragh, June 1904 ! W. West.
Var. heynemanni Bielz. IRELAND.
Derry—Sub-var. tigrina, Straidarran, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Tyrone—Sub-var. maculata, Baronscourt gardens, Sept. 1904 ! R. Bell.
Kilkenny—Sub-var. maculata, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough.
Queen’s Co.—Sub-var. maculata, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
Clare—Sub-var. maculata, Lahinch, 1900, P. H. Grierson; and in gardens of Dromoland Castle, Sept. 1904 ! J. Carter.
Tipperary S.—Sub-var. maculata, St. Thomas’s Bridge and Glenabbey ; also sub-var. submaculata, Oaklands near Clonmel, Rev. A. H. Delap.
Waterford—Sub-var. maculata, Morgan’s Glen, Waterford, ae A. H. Delap.
Var. rupicola Less. & Poll. The few additional localities adduced for this form confirm it as a northern and western race, with a preference for places of soine altitude.
SCOTLAND. Aberdeen S.—Sub-v. alpestris, garden, Rubislaw, Aberdeen, Oct. 1904! G. Sim. Hebrides—Var. nigra, at back of Connacher, and at mouth of Avon Mhor, on the Island of Hirta, of the St. Kilda group, July 1905! J. Waterston. Shetlands—Sub-var. alpestris, Mossbank, Sept. 1904 ! T. Bowie.
IRELAND. Monaghan—Snb-var. alpestris, Drumreaske, Sep. 1904! W. F. de Vismes Kane. Louth—Sub-var. alpestris, east of Drogheda, Oct. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson. Waterford—Sub-var. rupicola occurs only on the very summit of the reeks ; the type is found a few hundred feet lower down the mountain, Rev. A. H. Delap.
Agriolimax agrestis (L.).
Food and Habits.—The omnivorous appetite of this species is con- firmed by the observation of Recluz, who has recorded it on the poisonous Boletus luridus about Paris, while Mr. E. W. Swanton observed in 1904 that this species in company with A/ilar sowerbit and Arion hortensis quite ruined the potato crop at Stour Provost, in Dorset, by burrowing within and devouring the tubers.
In New Zealand, Australia, and Cape Colony, according to the experience of Mr. W. Denison Roebuck, Agriolimax agrestis does not appear to have the characteristic milky-slime or very little of it, as the mucus seems clear and transparent until after considerable irritation.
Geological History.—'The record by Mansel-Pleydell of this species as a Pliocene fossil in Dorset is incorrect, the deposit at Blashenwell being according to Mr. Kennard, only of Holocene age.
PLEIsTOcENE.—Von Ihering records A. agrestis from the Pleistocene tufa in French Switzerland.
In Germany Herr Clessin records it fossilized from the alluvial deposits at Piirklgut, the Loess at Kumpsfmiihl, and the Pleistocene tufaceous deposits about Regensburg.
Hotocens.—From quarry-tip, Cleeve Hill, Gloucestershire ; and also from a section in Tooley street, Middlesex.
APPENDIX—AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS. 277
IRELAND.
ee ci July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Gortness, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell.
Antrim—Colin Glen near Belfast, June 1884 !S. A. Stewart. The Manse gardens, Antrim, Sept. 1904! W. S. Smith.
Down—Abundant, Beech Hill near Newry, July 1904! Prof. R. J. Anderson. Garden, Ormeau Park, Belfast, July 1904! A. W. Stelfox.
Armagh—Tanderagee, Sept. 1904! J. Rea. Portadown, Oct. 1904! W. A. Green. Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. W. F. Johnson.
Monaghan—Drumreaske gardens and park, Sept. 1904! W. I. de Vismes Kane. Carrickmacross, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
a Tyrone—Omaehy July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Gardens, Baronscourt, Sept. 1904! . Bell.
Donegal—Templemore Park, Londonderry, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell.
Fermanagh—A bundant, Castle Coole, Enniskillen, Sep. 1904 ! Hon. C. L. Corry. Abundant, Brookeborough near Clones, Sept. 1904! Sir Douglas Brooke. Belle Isle, Lisbellaw, Sept. 1904 ! Miss Porter-Porter.
Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904!J. M. Welch. Mallagh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Louth—Dromiskin, June 1904! and near Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Drumcondra and Nobber, July 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Kildare—Abundant, Lyons, Aug. 1904 ! P. H. Grierson.
Wicklow—Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Abundant, Fassaroe, Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington.
Carlow—Abundant, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904! Denis R. Pack- Beresford.
Kilkenny—Abundant, Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White. Abundant, gardens, Piltown, Sept. 1904! Earl of Bessborough. Clogh and Kilkenny, Apl. 1902 ; Johnstown, May 1902; near Waterford, Jan. 1903; Thomastown, Powerstown, and Jenkinstown, Feb. 1903 ; type and var. lilacina, near Callan, P. H. Grierson.
Queen’s Co.—Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart ; and Ballyfin, Oct. 1904 !
King’s Co.—Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904! R. McKenna.
Westmeath—Rosemont, Moate, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Nugent.
Longford—Newton Forbes, Sept. 1904 !
Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904! Lord Crofton. Old Fort, Keadue, Sept. 1904! J. M. Welch. Loughglynn, Castlerea, Oct. 1904 ! Hugh Kennedy.
Leitrim—Mohill, July 1904! P. H. Grierson. Drumkeeran, Oct. 1904! Rev. J. Meehan. Bank of old mill-dam, Drumshambo, Sept. 1903! James M. Welch.
Mayo E.—Manulla Junction, Sept. 1904! W. West.
Mayo W.—The deinesne, Westport, Sept. 1904, John O’Callaghan. Dugort, Achill Island, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—Near Clifden, Sept. 190£! W. West. Abundant, Kylemore Castle gardens, Sept. 1904 ! W. Comfort.
Galway E.—Abundant in gardens, Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon.
Clare—Lahinch, Nov. 1900, P. H. Grierson. Scariff, Sept. 1904! N. I’. Hibbert. Doonass, Ang. 1904! R. A. Phillips. Dromoland Castle gardens near Newmarket- on-Fergus, Sept. 1904! J. Carter.
Limerick—About Mungret and Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Adare Manor, Adare, Oct. 1904 ! W. Bowles.
Tipperary N.—Ballingarry, May 1903, P. H. Grierson. Roadsides by Lough Derg near Derry Castle, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Tipperary S.—Melview near Clonmel, Oct. 1904 ! Mrs. Malcomson.
Cork N.—Youghal, 1902; near Macroom, June 1902, P. H. Grierson. Conva- more near Ballyhooley, Oct. 1904! J. MeMiller.
Cork S.—South oer of river Lee near Cork, July 1904 ! Robert Welch. Skibbereen, Sept. 1904! John J. Wolfe. .
Kerry—Puftin Island, July 1886, Rev. A. H. Delap. Cahireiveen and Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap.
GERMANY. Recorded for the Island of Heligoland by Pfeffer ; and also for Pyrmont (Hesse,
Mal. BI., 1880, p. 4). FRANCE.
Recorded for the Lot-et-Garonne by Gassies, and by H. Cardot for the Ardennes.
SWITZERLAND. Grisons.—Obtained by the Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce at an altitude of 7,500-8,000 feet at Silvaplana,
278 APPENDIX —AGRIOLIMAX AGRESTIS.
AUSTRO-HUNGARY. Dalmatia—Cited from many localities by Clessin.
NEARCTIC REGION. Pennsylvania—-Leetsdale, Allegheny Co., Jan. 1906, G. H. Clapp. Colorado—Unusnally dark specimens of vars. rufescens and brunnea at Boulder, Oct. 1904. A few were almost entirely black, with some intermediates ; no sign of light or spotted varieties. This is the first real find in Colorado, the record you give was a single specimen turned loose.—T. D. A. COCKERELL. New Mexico—Pecos Valley (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nautilus, 1896, p. 35).
ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—Green Point Common, near Cape Town, Nov. 1904 ! W. Denison
Roebuek. AUSTRALASIAN REGION. Victoria—Abundant at East Prahran, Melbourne, in both the chief forms of reticulata and pallida, Dec. 1904 ! W. Denison Roebuck. South Australia —Abundant in Botanical Garden, Adelaide, Dec. 1904! W D.R. New Zealand—Everywhere in gardens, and under wood and stones ; the vars. reticulata and pallida common at Paradise, Diamond Lake ; in hotel garden, Hoki- tika; at Longford; and Inangahua Junction. The usual forms and v. violacea com- mon in garden, Eye street, Invercargill ; all in the South Island, Jan. 1905, W.D.R. In the North Island both forms were found at Wairakei; Waiotapn; Okere Falls, and banks of Rotorua Lake; while in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, at Wanganui, there were in addition the vars. véolacer and nigra, Feb. 1905! W. Denison Roebuck.
Var. albitentaculata Dum. & Mort. Northampton—Haselbeech, Rev. W. A. Shaw.
Antrim—Ballycastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss F. 8. O’Connor. Kilkenny—Gardens, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough.
FRANCE. Near Auxonne, Cote d’Or (Wattebled, Journ. de Conch., 1889, p. 309).
Var. pallida Schrenk.
Meath—Snb-var. aibida, Drumcondra, July 1904, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—Enniskerry, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Var. violacea Gassies.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Stafford—Sub-var. lidacina, Stafford, Lionel E. Adams. Pembroke—Sub-var. lilacina, North Cliff, Tenby (A. G. Stubbs, J. of Conch., July 1900, p. 322). Derby--Sub-var. /élacina, Matlock, J. A. Howe (Rev. H. Milnes, J. of Conch,
Oct. 1893, p. 275). IRELAND.
Armagh—Newry, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Gardens, Downhill near Londonderry, Sept. 1904! C. N. Lynes.
Fermanagh—Abundant, Castle Coole, Enniskillen, Sep. 1904 ! Hon. C. L. Corry.
Dublin— Rathmines, Sept. 1904 !
Kilkenny—Sub-var. didacina, near Callan, P. H. Grierson.
King’s Co.—Gardens, Charleville Forest, Tullamore, Sept. 1904! R. McKenna. Birr, Sept. 1904! Miss A. Hemphill.
Westmeath—Common, Rosemont, Moate, Sept. 1904! Mrs. Nugent.
Roscommon —Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Rockingham gardens near Boyle, Sept. 1904! E. Clarke. Loughglynn, Castlerea, Oct. 1904! Hugh Kennedy.
Galway E.—A)bundant, Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon.
Clare — Abundant, gardens, Dromoland Castle near Newmarket-on-Fergus,
Sept. 1904! J. Carter. AUSTRALASIAN REGION, New Zealand--Numerous in garden, Eye street, Invercargill, South Island, Jan. 1905 ! also with var. nigra in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905! W. Denison Roebuck.
Var. rufescens Dum. & Mort. NEARCTIU REGION. United States—Boulder, Colorado, Oct. 1904, T. D. A. Cockerell,
APPENDIX—AGRIOLIMAX LEVIS. 279
Var. brunnea Taylor.
Bucks. — Sub-var. ¢ristis, garden, Aston-Clinton,” 1900 (A. Leicester, J. of Conch., July 1902, p. 216).
Roxburgh—Jedburgh, Sept. 1904! J. Roseburgh. Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White.
NEARCTIC REGION. United States—Boulder, Colorado, Oct. 1904, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Var. punctata Picard.
ENGLAND. Surrey—Croydon and Haslemere (C. Pannell, jun., Journ. of Conch., Apl. 1902, p. 169). 7 FRANCE.
Common about Auxonne and Genlis, Cote d’Or (Wattebled, Journ. de Conch., 1889, p. 310).
Var. reticulata Miiller.
IRELAND. King’s Co.—Edenderry, Nov. 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Var. nigra Morelet. ENGLAND.
Sussex E.—Garden, Queen’s Park road, Brighton, Oct. 1903 ! F. G. S. Branwell. Stafford—Stafford, Lionel E. Adams. Radnor—New Radnor, Nov. 1903! L. McKarg. Derby—Clifton (L_ E. Adams, Journ. of Conch., vii., p. 77). Lancashire S.—About Oldham (F. Taylor, J. of Conch., Apl. 1898, p. 50). Cumberland—Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
Orkneys—Stromness, Oct. 1904! J. Grant. IRELAND.
Down—Comber, one, small, Sept. 1904! A. W. Stelfox and R. Welch.
Donegal—Portsalon, Kinny Lough, and Fahan, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893. p. 198).
Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904! J. M. Welch.
Meath—Lough Ballyhoe, Apl. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Roscommon—Rockingham gardens near Boyle, Sept. 1904! E. Clarke.
Leitrim—Bank of old mill-dam, Drumshambo, Sept. 1904! J. M. Welch.
Galway E.-—Gardens, Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon.
SPAIN AND PORTUGAL. Spain—L. panormitanus var. ponsonbyt Hesse, Gibraltar (Heynemann, Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 257).
NEARCTIC REGION. United States—Boulder, Colorado, Oct. 1904, T. D. A. Cockerell.
AUSTRALASIAN REGION. New Zealand—Var. violacea and the common forms in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Agriolimax levis Miiller.
Food and Habits.—Dr. Simroth directs attention to the remarkable resemblance of this species to Rhynchodesmus terrestris, which is especially noticeable when the dead leaves and twigs have fallen, but before decay ; he, however, does not think this a protective device, but believes the similarity is due to living upon and amongst similar material.
Geological History.—Reported by A. 8. Kennard from the Pleisto- cene beds at Crayford in Essex.
In Bavaria it is recorded by Herr Clessin from the pleistocene tufa near Regensburg, the alluvium at Piirklgut, and the Loess at Galgenburg.
280 APPENDIX—AGRIOLIMAX LAVIS.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Devon N.—Belstone near Okehampton, Sept. 1904 ! Rev. W. Wright Mason.
Dorset—Banks of river Lyme, Aug. 1892! L. E. Adams.
Hants. N.—Liphook, July 1905, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. In hedgebanks, under logs, etc., at Beckford Green, Hoe Moor, etc., about Hambledon, C. 8. Coles.
Sussex W.—Near Liphook, July 1905, Rev. 8. Spencer Pearce.
Berks.— Under logs, Bradfield, Dec. 1905! Rev. E. Peake.
Suffolk E.—Mendlesham, Oct. 1904! A. Mayfield.
Brecon—Abundant under stones on island in Llangorse Lake, with Zonitoides nitidus, April 1905! J. Williams Vaughan. :
Denbigh—Glyndyfrdwy, Vale of Llangollen, Aug. 1904! B. Tomlin.
Anglesey—Fairly common ; wet places on the cliffs and in fields ; the snipe-bog; and in a wood near Rhos Goch station, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 87).
Lincoln N.—Blow Wells, Tetney, Ap]. 1903! H. Wallis Kew.
Derby—Darley Dale and Miller’s Dale, R. Standen (Rev. H. Milnes, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 275).
Lancashire S.—Common in clumps of rushes in wet places near Daisy Nook, and in Riversvale near Oldham (F. Taylor, J. of Conch., Apl. 1898, p. 50).
Isle of Man—Douglas, Apl. 1904 (B. R. Lucas, J. of Conch., July 1904, p. 90).
SCOTLAND.
Perth Mid—Glen Ogle, Lochearnhead, June 1904 ! Rev. R. Godfrey.
Aberdeen S.—Banks of river Don near Aberdeen, Sept. 1904! G. Sim.
Main Argyle—Oban, Apl. 1894! W. Evans. Hill above Tayereggan and banks of burn at Barbreck, June 1900 ; also on banks of Loch Awe, and in Glen Sheilach, July 1900, Rev. R. Godfrey. Ardbhan Craigs, in woods on road to Loch Etive, and about Dunollie Castle ! the commonest slug on Lismore, Sept. 1892 (Standen and Hardy, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 269).
Hebrides—Frequent on the lower parts of Mullachs Mhor and Connacher, Island of Hirta, St. Kilda group, July 1905, J. Waterston.
IRELAND.
Armagh—Armagh, Dec. 1904; and Tynon, July 1905, P. H. Grierson. Acton Glebe, Poyntzpass, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. F. Johnson.
Monaghan—Carrickmacross, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Portsalon, Kinny Lough, and Fahan, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 198).
Louth—Carlingford ; Ardee; Castle Bellingham; Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904; Castle Rocke, Dec. 1904; and Beaulieu, Oct. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Nobber; Stamullen, Oct. 1904; Longwood, Mch. 1903; Longwood and pin Apl. 1905; Moynalty and Kells, Apl. 1905; Drogheda, May 1905, P. H. xrierson.
Wicklow—Powerscourt, Apl. 1904; and Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Kilkenny—Near Waterford, Jan. 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—About Renvyle and among bogs about Kylemore, Mch. 1891, R. F. Scharff. Dernasliggan, Apl. 1897 (R. Welch, Irish Nat., Nov. 1897, p. 304).
Galway E.—Amongst rushes in marshy ground, Clonbrock, Hon. R. E. Dillon (RK. Welch, Irish Naturalist, June 1899, p. 143).
GERMANY. Thuringia—On banks of Saale at Saalfeld (E. von Martens, Jahrb. Deutsch.
Mal. Ges,, 1877, p. 226). ETHIOPIAN REGION. Cape Colony—Cape Town (Collinge, Ann. 8. African Mus., Dee. 1901, p. 234). (Queenstown, June 1905! Rev. W. J. Dower and W. Denison Roebuck.
AUSTRALASIAN REGION, i iow Zealand—Common at Tampo Spa, North Island, Feb. 1905! W. Denison Roebuck.
A. levis campestris var. zonatipes Ckll., Conch., Sept. 1892, p. 72.
ANIMAL blackish-brown, except the paler sides below mantle; sole with the central area pale and the lateral ones black or blackish, in striking contrast.
NEARCTIC REGION. United States—On banks of Lake Merced, San Francisco County, California, Mr. Raymond (Cockerell, 1.c.).
APPENDIX—MILAX GAGATES. 281
A. levis campestris var. occidentalis Cooper.
NEARCTIC REGION.
California—Near the summit of Tehachipi Pass at an altitude of 4,000 feet, May 1885 (J. G. Cooper, Cal. Acad. Sci., 1885, p. 252),
Mr. G. H. Clapp reports the gradual diminution in abundance of Agriolimaz levis campestris about Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Cazenovia, New York, this decrease in numbers being apparently correlated with and perhaps due to the increasing abundance of the imported A. agrestis, which is now in many places quite the commonest slug of the country, and although in Europe the two species usually occupy different stations, and do not pointedly conflict, yet this distinction may not apply so forcibly in the New World.
GENUS MILAX Gray.
Milax gagates (Draparnaud).
ENGLAND.
Cornwall E.—St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards.
Devon N.—Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright. Mason. é ee S.—Very abundant under lettuces and in potato tubers at Hoe Moor,
. 8. Coles.
Norfolk W.—King’s Lynn, Sept. 1904! C. B. Plowright.
Anglesey—Garden, Cemmmaes (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86).
Westmorland and Lake Lancs.—Grasmere (W. J. Farrer, J. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
Cumberland—Buttermere, Rosthwaite, Keswick, and Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
IRELAND.
Monaghan—Carrickmacross, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Cavan—Cavan, Sept. 1904! J. J. Welch. .
Louth—Drumcar; Annagassan; Dromiskin, June 1904! and Baltray, July 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Near Phoenix Park, Dublin, P. H. Grierson.
Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Apl. 1902; near Waterford, Jan. 1903 ; Thomastown and Jenkinstown, Feb. 1903 ; and near Callan, P. H. Grierson.
Roscommon—Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. ;
Galway W.—Clifden, Connemara, Sep. 1904! W. West. Common at Inishmore, Aran Isles, Sept. 1906, R. Standen. .
Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon.
Limerick—Adare Manor, Adare, Oct. 1904! W. Bowles.
FRANCE. Reported for the departments of the Var, Vaucluse, and Lot et Garonne.
NEARCTIC REGION.
Pennsylvania—This species, though first observed in the Phipps’ Conservatory, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, has now obtained a firm foothold beyond the buildings and is beginning to disperse outside (G. H. Clapp, Oct. 1906).
California—Milax hewstoni is undoubtedly increasing in and about gardens, to which situations it is strictly limited, and where it is often very destructive. In 1879 it was discovered by Dr. Anderson at Santa Cruz, though unknown there in 1865. It is still unsettled whether Limax sandwichensis is identical (Cooper, Cal. Acad. Sci., 1885, p. 250).
ETHIOPIAN REGION.
Cape Colony—The common slug on all the mountains round Cape Town; Ash- ton in Robertson district; Storms Valley, Swellendam district; and Signal Hill, Cape Town, F. Purcell (W. E. Collinge, Ann. S. Afr. Museum, Dec. 1901, p. 230). Abundant at Green Point, Cape Town, Nov. 1904 and Sept. 1905! W. D. Roebuck.
15/12/06 T
282 APPENDIX—MILAX GAGATES,
AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New Zealand—Type and var. plumbea in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Var. plumbea Moquin-Tandon.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Devon N.—Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason. Anglesey—Garden, Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, J. of C., July 1898, p. 86). Derby—Matlock, J. A. Howe (Rev. H. Milnes, J. of Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 275). York S.E.—Bempton, June 1906! J. E. Crowther.
Cumberland —Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, J. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
IRELAND.
Armagh—Newry, July 1905, P. H. Grierson. Louth—Drogheda, July 1904! Carlingford, Dec. 1904! P. H. Grierson. Meath—South of Lake Ballyhoe, P. H. Grierson. Wicklow—Greystones, Sept. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Fassaroe, Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington. AUSTRALASIAN REGION.
New Zealand—Hotel garden, Hokitika, South Island, Jan. 1905! With type in Mr. Murdoch’s garden, Wanganui, North Island, Feb. 1905 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Var. rava Williams.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Devon N.—Belstone, Okehampton, Sept. 1904! Rev. W. Wright Mason.
Surrey—Beteliworth, Nov. 1906 ! Lionel E. Adams.
Essex N.—Abundant, but mostly young, near Manningtree, Sept. 1904! Rev. Proctor Benwell.
Anglesey—Foot of a wall near Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86). . SCOTLAND.
Berwick—Cockburnspath, Sept. 1890! W. Evans. Perth S. and Clackmannan—Garden, Callander, Sept. 1906! W. Evans.
IRELAND.
Antrim—Ballycastle, Oct. 1904 ! Miss F. 8. O’Connor.
Armagh—Tandragee, Sept. 1904! J. Ren.
Donegal—Gardens, Downhill near Londonderry, Sept. 1904! C. N. Lynes.
Fermanagh-—Castle Coole, Enniskillen, Sept. 1904! Hon. C. I. Corry. Portora, Enniskillen, Oct. 1904! J. E. R. Allen.
Meath—Julianstown, Apl. 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Kildare—Naas, Oct. 1904! R. J. Pack-Beresford.
Wicklow—Fassaroe, Bray, Sept. 1904! R. M. Barrington.
Kilkenny—Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White.
King’s Co.—Charleville Forest gardens, Tullamore, Sept. 1904! R. McKenna.
Westmeath—Moate, Sept. 1904 ! Mrs. Nugent.
Galway W.—-Kylemore Castle gardens, Sept. 1904! W. Comfort.
Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R, E. Dillon.
Clare—Woodpark, Scariff, Sept. 1904! N. F. Hibbert.
Limerick—Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Kerry—Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 ! Miss M. J. Delap.
Var. pallidissima Pollonera. Cornwall W.—Near Stenalee, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 283
Milax sowerbii (Férussac).
ENGLAND,
Cornwall W.—Near Stenalee, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards.
Cornwall E.—St. Austell, Sept. 1904! C. P. Richards.
Dorset—Stour Provost, Sept. 1904 ! (Swanton, J. of Conch., Jan. 1905, p. 286).
Hants. S.—Common in gardens, Hambledon, C. S. Coles.
Sussex E.—Garden, Queen’s Park road, Brighton, Oct. 1903! F. G. S. Branwell.
Kent E.—Maidstone (Elgar and Lamb, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1893, p. 154).
Surrey—Garden, South Norwood, A. Reynell. Very common in gardens, Haslemere (C. Pannell; junr., Journ. of Conch., July 1903, p. 331). Garden, Wimbledon, July 1904! Mrs. Rock.
Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster.
Gloucester E.—Argyll House, Cirencester, Aug. 1904 ! Mrs. Blundell.
Hereford—Commion in garden, Broomy Hill, Hereford, Sept. 1904! Miss M. A. Boycott ; and also in garden, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. C. Blake.
Pembroke—Abundant, Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904! Price Davies.
Carmarthen—Near Llanelly, Sept. 1904! H. Rowland Wakefield.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Grasmere (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
Cumberland—Not uncommon in woods near Keswick and Braithwaite; a speci- men in Sir Wilfrid Lawson’s woods at Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, J. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 154).
SCOTLAND. Selkirk—Byethorn garden, Galashiels, Sept. 1906 ! John Roseburgh.
IRELAND.
Antrim—Ballycastle, Sept. 1904! Miss F. 8. O’Connor. Antrim, in fields and gardens, Sept. 1904! W. 8. Smith.
Down—Common in Mr. Stelfox’s garden, Oakleigh, Belfast ! R. Welch.
Armagh—Tandragee, common, Sept. 1904! James Rea.
Tyrone—Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! Robert Bell.
Donegal—Rare, Kinny Lough, May 1893 (R. Standen, J. of C., July 1893, p. 198).
Louth—Bultray ; Drumcar; Millifont Abbey; Barmeath, June 1904; Ardee and Drogheda, July 1904; near Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904 ! and Carlingford, June 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Mornington, Oct. 1904 ; Bective Abbey and near Drogheda, Mar. 1905 ! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Beldonnell, P. H. Grierson.
Wicklow—Abundant, Fassaroe, Bray, Sep. 1904! R. M. Barrington. Greystones, Sept. 1903 ; type and var. rustica, Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Carlow—Abundant, Fenagh House, Bagenalstown, Sept. 1904 ! Denis R. Pack- Beresford.
Kilkenny—Kilkenny, April 1902! and Thomastown, Feb. 1903, P. H. Grierson. Abundant, Kilkenny Castle gardens, Sept. 1904! Jolin Carlton. Gardens, Piltown, Sept. 1904 ! Earl of Bessborough.
Queen’s Co.—Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart.
King’s Co.—Birr, Sept. 1904, Miss A. Hemphill ; Edenderry, Nov. 1905, P. H. Grierson. Plentiful, Charleville Forest gardens, Tullamore, Sep. 1904! R. McKenna.
Roscommon—Abundant, Mote Park, Sept. 1904 ! Lord Crofton. Rockingham gardens, Boyle, Sept. 1904! E. Clarke.
Leitrim—Drumkeeran, Oct. 1904 ! Rev. Joseph Meehan.
Mayo W.—Abundant, the Demesne, Westport, Sept. 1904! John O’Callaghan.
Galway W.—Abundant, Kylemore Castle gardens, Sept. 1904! W. Comfort. Also extremely abundant and very large near the outskirts of Galway town ; eight or ten specimens might be found under one stone, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Galway E.—Clonbrock, Sept. 1904! Hon. R. E. Dillon. Abundant at Ballin- dooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Waterford—Dunmore, Jan. 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Clare—Lahinch, 1900, P. H. Grierson. Dromoland Castle gardens near New- market-on-Fergus, Sept. 1904! John Carter. Abundant between Limerick and the Clare Hills, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
284 APPENDIX—MILAX SOWERBII.
IRELAND. Limerick—Adare Manor, Adare, Oct. 1904! W. Bowles. Round Murgret, and near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Tipperary S.—Melview, Clonmel, Oct. 1904! Mrs. M. Malcomson. Cork N.—Convamore by Ballyhooley, Oct. 1904! J. MeMillar. Kerry-—Cahirciveen, Sept. 1904! and plentiful on Valentia Island, Sept. 1904 !
Miss M. J. Delap. sep
Reported for the Vaucluse by Commandant Caziot.
Var. pallidissima Less. & Poll.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Flint—Sub-var. insolita, Grange road, Rhyl, July 1904 ! Miss A. Steele Perkins. Cheshire —Var. pallidissima, Chester, Sept. 1904, R. Newstead (T. D. A.
Cockerell). IRELAND. Kerry—Sub-var. flavescens, Kilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian.
Var. fuseo-carinata Cockerell.
IRELAND. Kerry—Kilflynn, Sept. 1904! J. Julian.
Var. rustica Roebuck.
ENGLAND. Surrey—Garden, Reigate, Aug. 1903, Lionel E. Adams.
IRELAND. Wicklow—Enniskerry, Aug. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
FRANCE.
The var. rustica Moquin-Tandon is recorded for the department of the Ardennes by M. Henri Cardot.
Var. nigrescens Cockerell.
ENGLAND AND WALES. Hunts.—Garden, Huntingdon, Sept. 1904! Miss E. M. Foster. Pembroke— Haverfordwest, Sept. 1904 ! Price Davies. Hereford—Garden, Broomy Hill, Hereford, Sept. 1904! Miss M. A. Boycott ; garden, Acacia Villa, Ross, Sept. 1904! W. C. Blake.
IRELAND.
Tyrone—Sub-var. nigro-carinata, Baronscourt, Sept. 1904 ! R. Bell.
Donegal—Templemore Park, Sept. 1904! D. C. Campbell.
Louth—Near Drogheda, Oct. 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Rathmines, Sept. 1904 !
Wicklow—Var. nigrescens and sub-var. nigro-carinata, Fassaroe, Bray, Sept. 1904! R M. Barrington.
Kilkenny —Kilkenny, Sept. 1904! J. White. ;
Queen’s Co.—Sub-var. nigro-carinata, Stradbally, Sept. 1904! A. G. Stuart,
Clare-—Between Limerick and the Clare Hills, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Limerick—Su)-var. nigro-curinata, near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Waterford —Sub-var. nigro-carinata, varden, Belle Vue House, Waterford, Sept. 1904! Frederick Power.
Cork N.—North bank of river Lee, Cork, Sept. 1904 ! C. Baker. Sub-var. nigro-carinata, Convamore by Ballyhooley, Sept. 1904! J. MeMillar.
MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA. 285
Famity ARIONID Gray. GENUS ARION Férussac.
Dr. Simroth suggests that a more satisfactory basis for the classification of this group might be afforded by the differences in the length of the epiphallus, an organ which seems to possess great constancy in this respect in the various species.
The external markings on the body are directly connected with the circulation of the blood, and the lyre-shaped marking on the shield is coincident in form with the lung, which lies beneath in the form of a rng. As the dark markings on the mantle are dependent on the circulation of the blood during the respiratory processes, one may conclude that the dark markings on the side-areas are used for skin respiration. This is probably, however, less likely in the larger species, on account of their thicker skin and greater secretion of coloured slime, so that the correla- tion of circulation and markings is not so marked.
Arion ater (L.).
Food and Habits.—Young Avion ater are often found on Aldewm ursinum in the neighbourhood of Leipzig.
Var. aterrima Taylor.
The name of aterrima has been objected to, as having been previously used by Dumont and Mortillet, but this is not so, as those authors do not appear to have described any variation under that name.
Var. castanea Dum. & Mort.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Kent W.—Snb-var. fusco-lutescens, Chislehurst, T. D. A. Cockerell.
Berks.—Unhill Wood near Streatley, July 1906 ! Rev. E. Peake.
Anglesey—Sub-var. brunnea, common, Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86).
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. brunnea, near Oldham (F. Taylor, Journ. of Conch., April 1898, p. 49).
York S.E.—Sub-var. brunnea, Aldborough, T. Petch.
IRELAND.
Antrim—The Manse, Antrim, Sept. 1904! W. S. Smith.
Armagh—Sub-var. brunnea, Forkhill, Jan. 1904, and Armagh, Feb. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Louth—Sub-var. brunnea, near Carlingford, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Sub-var. brunnea, Bective Abbey, March 1905; Moynalty and Kells, April 1905, P. H. Grierson. ; .
Wicklow—Sub-var. brunnea, Greystones, Sept. 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—Dernasliggan, April 1897, R. Welch ; this locality is erroneously stated to be in East Galway (p. 178). Type and sub-var. brunnea, abundant, Gentian Hill, July 1895 (Collier and Standen, J. of Conch., April 1896, p. 178).
Galway E.—Killinure, Lough Ree, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Clare—Near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Var. plumbea Roebuck.
ENGLAND. Sussex W.—Near Liphook, July 1905, Rev. S. Spencer Pearce. Derby—Rowsley (Lionel E. Adams, Journ. of Conch., vii., p. 77). . York Mid W.—Addingham, Aug. 1906! F. Booth. Grass Wood, Grassington, Sept. 1906 ! S. Hainsworth.
286 APPENDIX—ARION ATER.
IRELAND. Meath—Moynalty, April 1905, P. H. Grierson. Galway W.—A slate-grey form, probably plumbco-patlescens, at Inishmore, Aran Isles, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Var. rufa L.
ENGLAND. Cornwall W.—In large numbers and of huge size in company with typical ater in a marsh between Penzance and St. Michael’s Mount, June 1905, J. H. Sikes. Surrey—Var. rufa, Grayswood, and sub-var. jonstonti Kalenicz., Punch Bowl near Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of Conch., Apl. 1902, p. 169). Cumberland—About Bassenthwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896,
p. 153). IRELAND. Clare—Gardens near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. Limerick—Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty. GERMANY. Baden—Woods about Freiburg (W. Evans).
BELGIUM. Sub-var. rubra, Brussels, J. T. Carrington.
Var. suceinea Miiller.
ENGLAND. Berks.—Very young specimens, Bradfield, Dec. 1905! Rev. E. Peake. Westmorland and Lake Lancs.—Sub-var. aurantia, Arnside, 1906, H. Beeston.
SIVITZERLAND. Lucerne (Bourg., Mal. Quatre-Cantons, 1862, p. 1).
Var. alba L.
ENGLAND. Kent E.—Maidstone (Elgar and Lamb, Journ. of Coneh., Jan. 1893, p. 154). Surrey—Punch Bowl near Haslemere, E. W. Swanton; and Shottermill (Chas. Pannell, jr., Journ. of Conch., April 1902, p. 169). Lancashire Mid—NSilverdale, May 1904, J. W. Jackson. York S.W.—Brearley Wood near Halifax, Oct. 1906 ! W. Cash.
IRELAND.
Galway E.—A pale bluish-white form, with cream-white marblings and yellow foot-fringe, abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Var. albolateralis Roebuck.
Prof. Cockerell suggests that the specimens of var. albulateradis, found ly Mr. E. D. Marquand at Penzance, in Sept. 1885, in which the foot-fringe was grey in place of yellow, should be known as sub-var. marquandi.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Cornwall W.—The Lizard, June 1905, I. W. Wilson.
Merioneth—Glandawr, Dolgelly road, Barmouth, June 1905! Rev. E. Perey Blackburn.
Carnarvon—Abersoch, June 1896, C. Oldham, J. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 263.
Notts.—Four specimens under a log, Thoresby Park, Edwinstone, June 1906, J. Ray Hardy. :
York S.E.—Bempton Cliffs, June 1906 ! J. E, Crowther.
IRELAND. Meath—Ballivor, March 1904, P. H. Grierson. Galway E.—Killinure and Coolagh, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
APPENDIX—ARION SUBFUSCUS. 287
Var. bicolor Roebuck.
WALES.
Merioneth—Sub-var. scharfi, Glandawr, Dolgelly road, Barmouth, June 1905 ! Rev. E. Percy Blackburn. IRELAND.
Galway E.—Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895, R. Standen ; this locality is not in West Galway as stated at p. 186.
Var. marginella Schranck.
ENGLAND.
Surrey—Sub-var. swammerdamii, Punch Bowl near Haslemere, and sub-var. marginata, Haslemere, E. W. Swanton (C. Pannell, jr., J. of C., Apr. 1902, p. 169).
Lancashire S.—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Northen Etchells near Manchester, May 1885! C. Oldham.
SCOTLAND. Lanark—Sub-var. nigrescens Raz., Blackwood, Kirkmuirhill, Sep. 1904 ! Norman B. Kinnear. IRELAND.
Cavan—Sub-var. nigrescens, Mullagh, July 1904! P. H. Grierson.
Dublin—Sub-var. nigrescens, Glen Druid, Carrickmines, Oct. 1886! W. F. de Vismes Kane.
Sligo—Sub-var. nigrescens, near Sligo, July 1904! R. Welch.
Clare—Sub-var. nigrescens, near Limerick, Sept. 1904! G. J. Fogerty.
Arion subfuscus (Draparnaud).
Synonymy.—<According to Mons. H. Crosse (Journ. de Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 219), this species is the Avion incommodus of Capt. Hutton.
Food and Habits.—Capt. W. J. Farrer has observed this species to abound in all the low-lying meadow lands bordering the English lakes, and has seen them congregated in large numbers, feeding on the remains of a dead frog, and states that in the lake district the entrances to the burrows of the water-rat are sometimes fairly lined with the sub-var. aurantiaca, probably feeding on the droppings of the animals.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Devon N.—Wood at Mortehoe, Oct. 1906! Mrs. Longstatft.
Surrey—Addington (C. Pannell, jr., Journ. of Conch., July 1903, p. 331).
Hants, S.—Frequent about Hambleton ! C. 8. Coles.
Berks.—Bradfield near Reading, Rev. E. Peake, Dec. 1906.
Anglesey—Rare, Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, J. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86).
Lancashire S.—Type and a pale form on and near canal-bank at Bardsley and Riversvale (F. Taylor, Journ. of Conch., April 1898, p. 49).
York S.E.—Banks of canal, Driffield, J. Darker Butterell.
SCOTLAND. Ross W.—Common in the woods, Balmacarra, Aug. 1906! Rev. R. Godfrey.
IRELAND.
Donegal—Port Salon and Kinny Lough, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 197). '
Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Nobber, March 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Galway E.—Abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
288 APPENDIX— ARION HORTENSIS.
GERMANY. Reported by Dr. von Martens for Dolmar, Reinhardsbrunn, etc., in Thuringia.
FRANCE. Recorded for the Lot-et-Garonne by Gassies, the Vaucluse by Commandant Caziot, and Puy-de-Déme hy Dr. P. Fischer.
Var. suecinea Bouillet.
Cumberland —The sub-var. wurantiaca is the most prevalent form about Bassen- thwaite (W. J. Farrer, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1896, p. 153).
Galway E.—Sub-var. aurantiaca, Clare-Galway Abbey, July 1895 (Collier and Standen, Journ. of Conch., April 1896, p. 178).
Arion hortensis Férussac.
Food and Habits.—During Sept. 1906, at Moycullen and beside Ross Lake, W. Galway, Mr. R. Standen observed this usually strictly geophilous species ascending the trees to a considerable height, and in Aug. 1898 noted examples feeding upon Phallus impudicus and other fungi in Eggerslack Wood, Grange, Lancashire; while Mr. H. Beeston remarks that in autumn it has a strong preference for hiding beneath and clinging to the fallen and decaying leaves of the sycamore.
Geological History.—Calcareous particles, assumed to be the ves- tigial shells of this species, have been found in a Holocene deposit at Cleeve Hill, East Gloucestershire.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Dorset—Stour Provost, Sept. 1904 (E. W. Swanton, J. of C., Jan. 1905, p. 286).
Hants. S.— Common everywhere about Hambledon, C. 8. Coles.
Kent E.—Maidstone (Elgar and Lamb, Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1893, p. 154).
Essex S.—Wanstead and Barkingside, not common (W. Crouch, Essex Nat., Feb 1891, p. 208).
SCOTLAND.
Main Argyle—Pine woods, Ardbhan Craigs, also plentiful on Lismore, Sept. 1892 (Standen and Hardy, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1893, p. 268).
Ross W.—Balmacarra House, Aug. 1906! Rev. R. Godfrey.
IRELAND.
Donegal— Not uncommon in wood, Portsalon, and in burial-ground at Fahan, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 197).
Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Nobber, March 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Queen’s Co.—Durron, May 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.—Moycullen and banks of Ross Lake, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Galway E.—Very abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, RK. Standen.
GERMANY, Recorded by Dr. von Martens for Saalfeld, Liebenstein, etc., in Thuringia.
FRANCE. Recorded for the Var and Lot-et-Garonne.
SWITZERLAND. Recorded from the environs of Lucerne, and from Perroy in Canton Vaud.
APPENDIX—ARION CIRCUMSCRIPTUS. 289
ALGIERS. Recorded doubtfully for Algiers by Mr. W. E. Collinge.
NEARCTIC REGION.
Pennsylvania—Though first reported along with L. maximus from the Phipps’ Conservatories, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, both species seem now to have obtained a firm foothold outside ; the largest LD. maximus I ever saw was found in a suburb about three miles from the city (G. H. Clapp, Oct. 1906).
Var. fasciata Moquin-Tandon.
ENGLAND. Stafford—A lout Cheddleton and Froghall, Sept. 1885 (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 58). Cheshire—Knutsford, Chelford and Congleton, Sep. 1885 (T. D. A. Cockerell, ].c.). Lancashire S.—About Prescot and Rainhill, Sep. 1885 (T. D. A. Cockerell, l.c.).
Var. grisea Moquin-Tandon.
Stafford—Near Kingsley, Sept. 1885 (T. D. A. Cockerell, Nat., Feb. 1886, p. 58).
Galway W.—A sub-variety, almost white upon the back, at Inishmore, Aran Isles, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Var. subfusea C. Pfeiffer. Cheshire—Gardens at Sale (Milne and Oldham, J. of Conch., Jan. 1894, p. 316).
t
Arion circumscriptus Johnston
Food and Habits.—Observed by Mr. R. Standen, in August 1898, feeding on Phallus impudicus and other fungi in Eggerslack Wood, Grange, Lancashire.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Hants. S.—Frequent about Hambledon ! C. S. Coles.
Berks.—Unhill Wood near Streatley, July 1906! Rev. E. Peake.
Bucks.—Garden, Aston Clinton, 1900 (A. Leicester, Journ. of Conch., July 1902, p. 216).
Merioneth—Gardens, Palé, Corwen, May 1887! T. Ruddy ; and Llwyngwril near Barmouth, June 1887 ! W. Cash.
Denbigh—Elwy Valley, St. Asaph, April 1896, C. Oldham.
Anglesey—In fields near Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86).
Lincoln N.—Cominon about Market Rasen. Oct. 1906! W. Denison Roebuck.
York Mid W.—Grass Wood, Grassington, Sept. 1906! S. Hainsworth.
Westmorland and Lake Lancashire—Egverslack Wood, Grange, Aug. 1898 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1898, p. 114).
SCOTLAND.
Main Argyle—Oban, April 1894! W. Evans. Ross W.—Adult specimens, Balmacarra, Aug. 1906, Rev. R. Godfrey.
IRELAND.
Down—Near Newry, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Armagh—Meigh ; Armagh, Dec. 1904; Newry and Forkhill, July 1905, P. H. Grierson. .
Monaghan—Carrickmacross, P. H. Grierson.
Donegal—Common at Portsalon and Kinny Lough, May 1893 (R. Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1893, p. 198).
290 APPENDIX—ARION INTERMEDIUS.
Cavan—Kingscourt, June 1904, and Mullagh, July 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Louth—Omeath ; Drumear; Annagarron ; Ardee; Millifont Abbey; Beaulieu, Oct. 1903 ; Barmeath and Dromiskin, June 1904; Blackhall Demesne, Sept. 1904 ; and Louth, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Nobber, March 1904; Slane and Drumcondra, July 1904; Stamullan, Oct. 1904; Summerhill and Ballivor, March 1905; Moynalty, Julianstown, and Kells, April 1905 ; and Batterstown, May 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Kildare—Stattfan, P. H. Grierson.
Wicklow—Greystones, Sept. 1903, and Powerscourt, P. H. Grierson.
Kilkenny—Clogh ; near Callan; Powerstown; Kilkenny, April 1902; Johns- town, May 1902; near Waterford, Jan. 1903; Thomastown, March 1903; and Jenkinstown, Feb. 1903, P. H. Grierson.
Queen’s Co.—Durron, May 1903, P. H. Grierson.
King’s Co.—Ruins at Clonmacnois, July 1895 (Collier and Standen, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86).
Westmeath—Raharney, March 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Leitrim—Feenagh, 1899, P. H. Grierson.
Waterford—Cappoquin, Nov. 1902 ; Dunmore, Jan. 1903, P. H. Grierson.
RUSSIA.
Recorded by Heynemann for Niankow, Great Minsk (Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., 1885, p. 249).
Var. leucophzea Normand.
NETHERLANDS.
_ Belgium—Chaudfontaine and Forest, Liége, June 187] (Van den Broeck, Bull. Soc. Mal. Belg., 1871, p. 51).
SuB-GENUS Ariunculus Lessona.
Arion intermedius Normand.
Development.—Mr. F. Booth and Mr. W. Denison Roebuck found the young of this species in great abundance, apparently only just hatched, in the woods on Otley Chevin, Yorkshire, in the middle of October 1906, the species being perfectly recognizable even in the tiniest examples.
Food and Habits.—Mr. W. Denison Roebuck observed this species abundantly in August 1906, in Waterfall and Kildale Woods near Guis- borough, feeding freely on the underside of Boletus flavus ; while in May 1905, at Silverdale in Mid-Lancashire, Mr. J. W. Jackson detected a specimen inside the flower of Owalis, possibly unwittingly contributing to ensure its fertilization.
ENGLAND AND WALES.
Surrey—Oxshott, feeding on Boletus, Oct. 1906 ! A. Sich.
- ete S.—Frequent amongst rubbish and under logs about Hambledon ! . S. Coles.
Berks.—Common about Bradfield near Reading, Rev. E. Peake, Dec. 1906.
Radnor—Pen-y-Bont, Nov. 1903! F. Hall.
Denbigh—Elwy Valley, St. Asaph, April 1896, C. Oldham.
Anglesey—Plentiful in a wet place on the cliffs near Cemmaes, July 1895 (C. Oldham, Journ. of Conch., July 1898, p. 86).
Lincoln S.-—Little Ponton, July 1903 ! W. Denison Roebuck.
Lincoln N.—Woodhall Spa, Aug. 1893, F. W. Fierke. Very abundant about Louth (C. S. Carter, Moll. Lincolns., 1905, p. 35).
Lancashire S.—Park Bridge, Feb. 1903, F. Taylor.
APPENDIX—GEOMALACUS MACULOSUS. 291
York S.E.—North Grimston ; Weltondale ; Drewtondale; North Cave and in ravine at Filey ; also not uncommon at Hornsea and amongst moss and dead leaves in marshy places at Roos Bog; Bale Wood; Aldborough; Tansterne; Hedon ; Kelsey Hill and Spurn (T. Petch, Moll. of East Riding, 1904, p. 130).
York N.E.—Waterfall and Kildale Woods, Guisborough, Aug. 1906 ! W.D.R.
York Mid W.—Grass Wood, Grassington, Sept. 1906! F. Booth. ‘Rare, Burt Bridge, Sept. 1887, F. R. Fitzgerald.
SCOTLAND. Perth N.—Persie Inn, Glenshee ! W. Evans. Ebudes N.—Isle of Eigg ! W. Evans. Ross W.—Balmacarra, Aug. 1906, Rev. R. Godfrey.
IRELAND.
Down—Near Newry, Dec. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Armagh—Comnon in Ford Wood, Tandragee (Irish Nat., July 1906, p. 175).
Louth-—Ardee ; Drumear; Annagarron ; Blackhall Demesne and Collon, Sept. 1904 ; Beaulieu, Oct. 1904; and near Townley Hall, May 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Meath—Nobber, July 1904; Stamullen, Oct. 1904; Longwood, March 1905; and Batterstown, May 1905, P. H. Grierson. ;
Kildare—Staffan and Lyons, Aug. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
Wicklow—Powerscourt, Nov. 1904, P. H. Grierson.
King’s Co.—Edenderry, Nov. 1905, P. H. Grierson.
Leitrim—Near Cloonee, Dec. 1899, P. H. Grierson.
Galway W.— Marvellously abundant in a small wood beyond Dog’s Bay, Roundstone, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
Galway E.—Abundant at Ballindooly, Sept. 1906, R. Standen.
SWITZERLAND. Old fir-wood near Lucerne, Sept. 1902, Rev. R. Godfrey.
Var. plumbea Collinge. Surrey—Brockham, Nov. 1906 ! Lionel E. Adams.
GENUS GEOMALACUS Allman.
Geomalacus maculosus Allman.
Kerry—Miss M. J. Delap records (Irish Naturalist, Aug. 1906, p. 190) finding specimens in June 1906 amongst old ruins on the west face of Bolus Head, and in similar situations on the eastern slope of Kilkeeneragh Mountains near the pass between that mountain and Killemlough Hill.
ADDENDUM.
L. maximus var. bicolor Taylor.
A reference to Am Stein’s description of his Limaa cinereus var. albus discloses that this form is not synonymous with the var. candida L. & P., as tentatively suggested on page 41, but is really identical with the var. bicolor.
Two examples found in a cold and damp garden at Louth in Lincolnshire by Mr. C. 8. Carter; one of them, found in July 1906, is very characteristic and exactly corresponds with the fig. 5 on plate vi. !
292 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
LITERATURE. Works which in addition to those on page 30 may be profitably consulted.
Adams, L. E.—Observations on the Pairing of Limax maximus L.—Journ. of Conch., July 1898, pp. 92—95, and pl. ii.
Alder, Joshua.—A Catalogue of the Mollusca of Northumberland and Durham. —Trans. Tynes. Nat. Field Club, 1848.
Allman, G. J.—Description of a New Genus of Pulmonary Gastropod.—Ann. and Mag. Nat Hist., 1846, xvii.
Am Stein, J. G.—Beitriige zur Mollusken-Fauna Graubiinden’s, 1889—1892.
André, E.—La Fossette triangulare caudale des Arions.—Rev. Suisse et Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Geneva, 1898, pp. 179—182 and fig. Recherches sur la Glande pédieuse des Pulmonés.—Rev. Suisse de Zool., 1894, pp. 291—348.
Ashford, C.—Land and Freshwater Mollusca round Christchurch, South Hants. —Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1887, p. 153.
B., J.—Spinning Slugs.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., ii., p. 485, Nov. 1829.
Bahor, J. F.-—Ueber den Cyclus der Geschlechtsentwicklung der Stylommato- phoren.—Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges., 1894, pp. 55—61, and figs.
Bandon, Aug.—Mémoire sur les Limaciens du Département de l’Oise Beauvais, 1871.
Belt, A.—Uncommon Varieties of Arion and Limax—Zool., Oct. 1885, p. 389.
Blair, T.--A short Notice of the Habits of Testacéllus scttulum. — Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Jan. 1833, pp. 43-—47.
Bree, W. T.—Spinning Slugs. —Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Mch. 1829, ii., p. 69. Brevitre, L.—Tableau d. Limaciens d. Envir. de St. Saulge, 1881.
Clarke, Rev. B. J.—On the Species of the Genus Limax occurring in Iveland.— Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1843, pp. 332—4.
Cockerell, T. D. A.—Varieties of Arion ater.—Science Goss., June 1885, p. 140. A New Variety of Limax maximus.—Nat. World, Sept. 1885, p. 178. Chameleonic Arious.—Science Goss., June 1886, p. 140.
Limax arborum and the Influence of Altitude on Colour.—Zoologist, Aug. 1886, pp. 418—420.
Slug Variation.—Science Goss., Jan. 1887, p. 16.
On Agriolimax montanus in Colorado.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1888, p. 358.
Notes on Slugs, chiefly in the Collection at the British Museum.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, pp. 278 and 380 ; also 1891, pp. 97 and 328.
Synopsis of the principal Varieties of Agriolimax agrestis.—Nant , Oct. 1891.
On the Geographical Distribution of Slugs.—Proe. Zool. Soc., 1891, p. 214.
Arion cireumscriptus Johnst. = bourguignati Mabille.—Brit. Nat., 1891, p. 20.
Notes on A. hortensis, A. cireumscriptus, and their Allies.—Conch. i., p. 33.
The Genera Limax, Arion, and Helix.—Conch., June 1892, ii., p. 28.
The British Arionidze.—Conch., Dec. 1892, p. 84.
A Revised List of the Species of British Slugs.—J. of Coneh., 1892, p. 66.
The Endemic Features of the British Slug Fauna.—Sci. Goss., 1892, p. 255.
A Check List of the Slugs.—Conch., Sept. 1893, pp. 168—176; and Dec. 1893, pp. 187—228.
Collinge, W. E.—Notes on the Variation of the Genus Arion.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1892, pp. 307—38.
Description of a New Variety of Arion hortensis Fér., and A. cireumscriptus Johnst.—Conch., 1892, ii., p. 26.
Limax maximus and its variety cinereo-niger Wolf.—Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1892, pp. 425—6.
List of British Land and Freshwater Mollusea.—Conch., 1892, p. 34.
A Catalogue of the Slugs of the British Isles. —Brit. Nat., 1892.
A Review of the Arionidie of the British Isles.—Conch., Dee. 1892, p. 78.
On the Structure and Affinities of some European Slugs.--Conch., March 1893, p. 113.
Some Notes on Irish Slugs.—Irish Nat., July 1893, p. 148,
LITERATURE. 293
Collinge, W. E. (continued). —
Description of the Anatomy, etc., of a New Species and Variety of Arion.— Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Oct. 1893, p. 252, pl. ix.
On the occurrence of Arion lusitanicus Mabille in the British Tsles, and Description of Four New Varieties.—Ann. and Mag. N.H., 1893, pp. 414—415.
The Anatomical Characters of Arion flagellus.—Irish Nat., 1893, p. 316.
On the variety cinereo-niger Wolf of Limax maximus L.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, pp. 286—7.
Note on a Species of Limax from Ireland. —Journ. of Mal., 1894, pp. 51—52.
The Anatomy and Description of a New Species of Arion.—Ann. and Mag. of Nat. Hist., 1894, p. 66, pl. v.
Pescripuion of a New Species of Slug of the Genus Limax from Ireland. — Journ. of Mal., 1895, p. 4 and fig.
Some Observations on certain Species of Arion.—Journ. of Mal., May 1897.
On the occurrence in Ireland of Arion empiricorum var. bocagei Simr.— Journ. of Mal., vii., p. 33.
Conacher, John, junr.—Limax tenellus and Anodonta cygnea var. incrassata in Scotland.—Naturalist, July 1878, p. 177.
Creighton, C.—Glycogen of Snails and Slugs, 1899. Dall, W. H.—Thread Spinning by Arion hortensis.—Science, Dec. 1883, p. 773.
Daniel, J. E.—Thread-spinning by Slugs.—Sci. Goss., Sept. 1875, p. 206. A Catalogue of the Mollusca found in the Neighbourhood of Heidelberg, Grand Duchy of Baden.—Quart. Journ. of Conch., Aug. 1875, pp. 111—118.
Denson, John, jr.—Some Account of the Limax sowerbyi of Férussac.—Loudon’s Mag., v., p. 693—697, Nov. 1832; and vi., pp. 46, 47, Jan. 1833. A short Notice of the Habits of Testacellus scutulum.—Loudon’s Mag., pp. 44—46, Jan. 1833. On the Habits of Testacella scutulum.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., May 1834, pp. 226—230.
Esmark, B.—On the Land and Freshwater Mollusca of Norway.—J. of Conch., v., pp. 90—131.
Evans, W.—Note on Limax tenellus Miill.—Proc. R.P.S.E., 1904, pp. 22—24.
Gain, W. A.—Some remarks on the Colour Changes in Arion intermedius Norm. —Conch., Sept. 1892, p. 55. Notes on the Food of some of the British Mollusks.—Journ. of Conch., Apr. 1891, pp. pp. 349—361.
Grateloup, J.—Dist. géogr. de la fam. des Limaciens, 1855.
Gray, J. E.—Teeth of Testacellus and Glandina..—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1853, p. 478.
On the Teeth of the Black and Wood Shell Slugs.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., June 1858, p. 464.
Habits of Snails or Black Slugs (A. ater). —Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist., Dec. 1838.
Hanitsch, R.—Contributions to the Anatomy and Histology of Limax agrestis. —Proe. Biol. Soe., Liverpool, May 1888, ii., pp. 152—170, and pl. x.—xii.
Harte, William —Molluscan Threads.—Sci. Goss., May 1874, x., p. 117, 8. ; Notes on certain Movements of the Limacidze.—Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Dublin, 1863, iii., pp. 182, 3. Heynemann, D. F.—Die Nacktschnecken in Deutschland seit 1800 und ein neuer Limax.—Mal. Bl., Mch. 1862, ix., pp. 33—57. On the French Species of the Genus Ecomaanicadte and Mag. Nat. Hist., Apl. 1873, pp. 271—275. ; Einige Mittheilhungen iiber Schneckenzungen mit besonderer Beachtung der Gattung Limax.—Mal. BI., Oct. 1863, pp. 200—216, and pl. ii. and ili. Zur Kenntniss von Geomalacus.—Nach. Mal. Ges., Sept. 1869, pp. 165—8. Geomalacus maculosus Allman.—Nach. Mal. Ges., July 1871, p. 126. Die Nackten-Landpulmonaten des Erdbodens.-—Jahrb. Deutsch. Mal. Ges., pp. 236—330, 1885. Ueber Geomalacus.—Mal. Bl., greg 25—36 and pl. ‘ Die Geographische Verbreitung der Nacktschnecken.—1905.
Hoy, Thomas.—Account of a Spinning Limax or Slug.—Linn. Trans., 1791, i., pp. 183—-5,
vi,
294 LITERATURE.
Johnston, G.—A few Remarks on the Class Mellusca in Dr. Fleming’s Work on British Animals, with Descriptions of some New Species.—Edinb. New Phil. Journ., vol. v., p. 76, June 1828.
A List of the Pulmoniferous Mollusca of Berwickshire and North Durham. -—Berwicks. Club Proce., vol. i., p. 154, 1838.
Jenyns, Rev. L.—On a peculiar Species of Mite, parasitical on Slugs.—Loudon’s Mag. Nat. Hist., Nov. 1831, iv., pp. 538—541, and f. 109.
Kaleniezenko, J.—Description des Limaces qui se trouvant dans l’Ukraine.— Bull. Soe. Innp. Nat., 1851, xxiv., pp. 109—126, and pl. iv.
Kew, H. Wallis. —On the Mucus-Threads: of Land Slugs.—Journ. of Conch., July 1901, p. 92.
Latham, J.—Observations on the Spinning Limax.—Linn. Trans., 1798, pp. 85-89. Leach, W. E.—A Synopsis of the Mollusca of Great Britain, 1852.
Lehmann, R.—Die Nacktschnecken aus der Umgebung Stettins und in Pom- mern.—Mal. Bl., 1862, ix., pp. 156—193, and pls. 2—-5. Die Lebenden Schnecken und Muscheln der umgegend Stettins und in Pommern. —1873. Lessona & Pollonera.—Monografia dei Limacidi Italiani, 1882, pp. 82 and 3 pls.
Lessona, M.—Molluschi viventi del Piemonte, 1880. Sugli Arion del Piemonte, 1881, pp. 14 and pl.
Lukis, F. C.—A Notification of the Occurrence in the Island of Guernsey of a Species of Testacellus and of some of its Characteristics anil Habits as observed there.—Loudon's Mag., May 1834, vii., pp. 224—30.
M.-—Spinning Slugs.—Loudon’s May. Nat. Hist., July 1829, p. 303. Mabille, M. J.—Des Limaciens Européens.—Rev. et M. Zool., 1868, pp. 129-146. Malm, A. W.—Limacina Skandinavie, 1868.
Mark, E. L.—On the Early Stages in the Embryology of Limax campestris.— Zool. Auz., Sept. 22, 1879, pp. 493—496.
Martens, E. von.—Zur Kentniss der fadenspinnenden Schnecken.—Zool. Auz., Nov. 1878, pp. 249—251.
Moquin-Tandon, A.—Observations sur la langue de la Testacelle (Testacellus haliotideus F.-B.).—Journ..de Conch., July 1851, pp. 125—128.
Musson, C. T.—On the Naturalized Forms of Land and Freshwater Mollusca in Australia.—Proc. Linn. Soc. N.S. W., 1891, p. 883.
Newton, R. Bullen.—The Geological Distribution of Extinct British Non-Marine Mollusea.—Journ. of Conch., 1891, p. 58.
Nilsson, Svenone.—Historia Molluscorum Svecice terrestrium et ffuviatilium breviter delineata.—1822, pp. 124.
Nunneley, Thos.—A description of the Internal Structure of various Limaces found in the neighbourhood of Leeds.—Trans. Leeds Phil. and Lit. Soc., 1837, i., pp. 41-79, and pls. 1—7.
Pilsbry, H. A.—Phylogeny of the Genera of Arionide.—Proc. Mal. Soc., July 1898, pp. 94—104.
Pini, N.—Molluschi terrestri e d’Acqua dolce viventi nel Territorio di Esino.— 1876, pp. 144, and 2 pls.
Pollonera, Carlo.—Nuove contribuzioni allo Studio degli Arion europei.—R. . Acead. d. Sci. Torino, 1889, pp. 20 and pl. ‘ A proposito degli Arion del Portogallo.—Boll. Mus. Zool. ed Anat. Comp., May 1890, pp. 1—7. Recensement des Arionidie de la Région Paléarctique, 1890, pp. 42.
Roebuck, W. Denison.—The British Slug List.—J. of Conch., Apr. 1883, p. 38. Limax cinereo-niger, an Addition to British List.—Zool., July 1883, p. 304. Carnarvonshire Notes, July 1883.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1888, p. 113. Testacella—A Query for West of England Conchologists.—Science Gossip,
Nov. 1883, p. 256. Varieties of British Slugs.—Science Gossip, Nov. 1883, p. 257. Slug new to Yorkshire.—Naturalist, Nov. 1883, p. 68. Slugs in County Waterford.—Zool., Dec. 1883, pp. 507, 508,
LITERATURE. 295
Roebuck, W. Denison (continued).— New Variety of Arion ater. —Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1884, p. 146. Slugs in County Durham.—Naturalist, Aug. 1884, p. 20. Gloucestershire Slugs.—Science Gossip, April 1884, pp. 78, 79. Limax maximus var. maculata Picard in Britain.—J. of C., Jan. 1884, p. 150. Limax maximus var. johnstoni Mogq. in E. Gloucestershire. —Id., iv., p. 158. Limax agrestis var. reticulata Mill. in Britain.—Id., iv., p. 134. Arion ater var. bicolor in W. Gloucestershire.—Id., iv., July 1884, p. 217. Limax maximus var. férussaci in County Antrim.—Id., iv., July 1884, p. 222. New Variety of Limax flavus [grisea].—Id., iv., July 1884, p. 223. Variations in Lehmannia arborum, the Tree Slug.—Journ. of Conch., Jan. 1885, pp. 276—280. A New Variety of the Cellar Slug, Limax flavus var. suffusa,—Journ. of Conch., July 1885, p. 352. ; New Varieties of Limax arborum and Arion ater.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1885, pp. 375, 376. Arion ater var. nov. cinerea at Nottingham.—Naturalist, Sept. 1888, p. 284. Slugs, etc., in South. Lincolnshire.—Naturalist, May 1889, p. 130. Orange coloured ‘Arion ater at Durham.—Naturalist, July 1889, p. 212. The specific rank of Limax cinereo-niger Wolf.—Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1893, pp. 225—226. Scharff, R. F.—Arion minimus Simroth a British Slug.—Journ. of Conch., iv., p. 267, 1890. The Slugs of Ireland.—Sci. Trans. Roy. Soc. Dublin, 1891, pp. 46 and 2 pls. On the Affinities of the Genera Limax, Arion and Helix.—Conch., 1892, p. 83. Note on the Geographical Distribution of Geomalacus maculosus Allm. in Treland.—Proc. Mal. Soc. London, 1893, p. 17. A new Irish Species of Arion.—Irish Nat., 1893, p. 302. A supposed New Species of Limax from Ireland.—Irish Nat., 1894, p. 261.
Seott, T.—Conchological Notes.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1887, p. 228. Simroth, H.—Versuch einer Naturgeschichte der Deutschen Nacktschnecken und ihrer europiishen Verwandten.-—1885, pp. 163 and 5 pls. Beitrige zur Kenntniss der Nacktschnecken. —1889, pp. 92 and 4 pls. Uher die nackten Limaciden und Testacelliden des Kaukasus.—Sitz.-Ber. Nat. Ges. Leipzig, 1891, pp. 40—49. Uber Kaukasische Limaciden und Testacelliden.—Verh. Deutsch. Zool. Ges.,
1891, p. 57. On some Testacellee.—Journ. of Conch., Oct. 1891, p. 413.
Sterki, V.—Growth Changes in the Radula of Land Mollusks.—Proc. Acad. Nat. Science Philad., 1893, pp. 388—400 and 2 pls. Tapping, T.—Observations on the Genus Testacellus and Description of a New Species, Testacellus medii-templi.—Zool., 1856, pp. 5099—5107. Tate, R.—On some Australian Slugs, chiefly Tasmanian.—Proc. Roy. Soc. Tas., 1880, pp. 15—17. Taylor, J. M. B.—Testacella scutulum Sow. in Renfrewshire.—Journ. of Conch., July 1889, p. 114. Tomlin, J. R. B.—British Slugs.—Sci. Goss., Dec. 1886, p. 279. Tye, G. Sherriff.—On a case of Protective Resemblance among Slugs.—Journ. of Conch., June 1894, pp. 21, 22. Webb, W. M.—Slugs.—Sci. Goss., June 1887, p. 124. Westerlund, C. A.—Fauna d. in d. Palearctischen region lebenden Binnen- conchylien, 1886. Williams, J. W.—Limax maximus v. marmorata.—Nat. World, Dec. 1885, p. 235. On the Variation and Continental Distribution of British Slugs.—Sci. Goss., 1886, pp. 54—56, 146—148, 99, 201—203, and 1887, p. 10. Slugs and their Varieties.— Young Nat., Oct. 1837, pp. 188—191. Our British Slugs. —Sci. Goss., 1887, pp. 10 and 44. Slug Gossip.—Sci. Goss., 1887, pp. 222, 223 ; 243, 244 ; 265—267. Wotton, F. W.—The Life-History of Arion ater and its Powers of Self-Fertiliza- tion.—Journ. of Conch., vii., p. 158.
296 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS,
WITH ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS TO DATE.
Adams, Lionel E., B.A., Oak Hill, Chart Road, Reigate.
Adkin, R., F.E.S., Wellfield, 4, Lingards Road, Lewisham, 8. E.
Ainsworth-Davis, Prof. J. R., University College, Aberystwyth.
Aldridge, Rev. J. M., M.A., Maisey Hampton Rectory, Fairford.
Archibald, C. F., M.B.O.U., 2, Darnley Road, West Park, Far Headingley, and Rusland Hall, Ulverston.
Arnold, Bernard, F.L.S., Milton Lodge, near Gravesend.
Atkinson, F. E., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., etc., Bowerley, Settle.
Babor, J. F., vii., 748, Prague, Bohemia.
Backhouse, J., F.L.S, F.Z.8., M.B.O.U., Daleside, Scarborough.
Bailey, C., F.L.S., Peter Street, Manchester.
Baillie, W., Brora, N.B.
Banks, W. H., Hergest Croft, Kington, Herefordshire.
Barker, RK. H., Grosvenor Bank, Scarborough.
Barnacle, Rev. H. Glanville, M.A., F.R.A.8., St. John’s College, Grimsargh.
Barnsley Naturalists’ Society.
Beeston, H., Hawkestone, Havant, Hants.
Benn, C. A., M.A., F.G.S., Rodwell Hall, Trowbridge.
Benwell, Rev. Proctor, Wix Vicarage, Manningtree.
Bickers & Son, 1, Leicester Square, London, W.C.
Blackburn, Rev. E. P., Wesley House, Dixon’s Green, Dudley.
Blackmore, J. C., F.G.S., Falkirk. Whatley Road, Clifton.
Blackshaw, J. C., 158, Penn Road, Wolverhampton.
Bliss, J., Boarbank Hall, Grange.
Bloomer, H. Howard, 35, Paradise Street, Birmingham.
Booth, F., 18, Queen’s Road, Shipley.
Bostock, E. D., F.L.8., F.R.M.S., Holly House, Stone, Staffordshire.
Bowell, Rev. E. W. W., Sissinghurst Vicarage, Cranbrook, Kent.
Boycott, A. E., The Square, Carshalton, Surrey.
Bradford Naturalists’ Society.
Branson, F. W., F.I.C., Wynneholme, Headingley, Leeds.
Breeden, Guy, 38, Station Hill, King’s Norton.
Brierley, Mrs. H. G., Clough Edge, ‘Halifax Old Road, Huddersfield.
Bristol Naturalists’ Society.
Broadhead, Mrs., The Gables, Grove Lane, Headingley, Leeds.
Brode, Rev. T. Ainsworth, B.A., 3, Penley’s Grove Street, York.
Buckell, E., Wykeham House, Romsey.
Bullen, Rev. R. Ashington, M.A., F.L.8., F.G.8., Englemoor, Heathside Road, Woking (two copies).
Burton, F. M., F.L.8., Highfield, Gainsborough.
Butterell, J. Darker, Manor House, Wansford, Beverley.
Cairns, R., 159, Queen Street, Hurst, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Cardot, Henri, 1, Square de Petit Bois, Charleville, Ardennes, I’rance. Carpenter, G. D. H., B.A., 73, Elsham Road, Kensington, W.
Carter, C. 8., 8, Bridge Street, Louth.
Carter, J. W., F.E.S., 28, Mannheim Road, Bradford.
Carnegie Museum, Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, U.S.A.
Cash, W., F.G.S., F.R.M.S., Commercial Street, Halifax.
Castle, T., Sonth View, Spen Vale Road, Heckmondwike.
Champ, H., c/o 8. & J. Watts & Co., Manchester.
Charnley, J. R., F.Z.8., F.E.S., Howick House, near Preston.
Chichester, Rev. C., Shirwell Rectory, Barnstaple.
Christy, R. Miller, F.L.8., The Blue House, Chignal St. James, Chelmsford. Clapham, 8. C., F.Z.8., Fairoak, Overbury Avenue, Beckenham.
Clapp, G. H., 325, Water Street, Pittsburgh, U.S.A.
Coates, H., I’, R.S.E., Piteullen House, Perth.
Cockerell, Prof. T. D. A., F.Z.S., University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, U.S. A. Cockerill, J., 6, Park Lane, Holgate, York.
Coles, C. 8., The Pheasantries, Hambledon, Cosham, Hants.
Collier, E., Glen Esk, Whalley Range, Manchester.
Collinge, W. E., M.Se., F.Z.S., The University, Birmingham. Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland, Owens College, Manchester.
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 297
Colonial Museum, Wellington, New Zealand (A. Hamilton, Director). Cornish, J. E., 16, St. Ann’s Square, Manchester.
Crabtree, A., Merlewood, Halifax.
Crampton, W. T., Paremont, Roundhay.
Crowther, H., F.R.M.S., The Museum, Leeds.
Crowther, J. E., Portland Street, Elland.
Dacie, J. C., 30, Montserrat Road, Putney.
Darbishire, R. D., B.A., Victoria Park, Manchester (two copies). Darnborough, F., Croft Villa, Eaglescliffe, Yarm.
Dautzenberg, Prof. Ph., 209, Rue de l’Université, Paris.
Denny, Prof. A., F.L.S., Firth College, Sheffield.
Dixon, J. Bassett, Ribblesdale House, Preston.
Dulau & Co., 37, Soho Square, W. (three copies).
Eccles, J. C., 20, Winckley Street, Preston, and 3, Dudley Terrace, Ventnor. Edwards, T., Cliftonville, Equity Road, Leicester.
Edwards, J., Colesborne, Cheltenham.
Edward Pease Public Libraty, Crown Street, Darlington.
Eliot, Sir Charles, K.C.M.G., Endcliffe Holt, Sheffield.
Elliott, E. J., 56, High Street, Stroud.
Essex Field Club, Buckhurst Hill, Essex.
Evans, C. W., Kington, Herefordshire.
Evans, W., F.R.S.E., M.B.O.U., 38, Morningside Park, Edinburgh.
Eyre, Rev. W. L. W., M.A., Swarraton Rectory, Alresford.
Farrah, J., F.L.8., F.R.Met.Soe., Jefferies Coate, Harrogate. Farrar, Capt. W. J., Chapel House, Bassenthwaite.
Fierke, F. W., 70, Redbourne Street, Hull.
Fitzgerald, Rev. H. P., M.A., F.L.S., Wellington College, Berks. Franklin, W. E., 42, Mosley Street, Newcastle.
Friedlander & Sohn, Carlstrasse, 11, Berlin (three copies). Flemyng, Rev. W. W., Goolfin, Portlaw, Co. Waterford. Fortune, Riley, F.Z.8., Lindisfarne, Harrogate.
Fox, W. A., Optician, 12, Queen Victoria Street, Leeds.
Glasgow Natural History Society.
Godlee, Theo., Whips Cross, Walthamstow.
Godwin-Austen, Lieut.-Col. H. H., F.R.S., etc., Nore, Godalming. Grevel & Co., 33, King Street, Covent Garden, W.C. (three copies). Grierson, P. H., Kilcarberry House, Clondalkin, Co. Dublin. Gude, G. K., F.Z.8., 114, Adelaide Road, Hampstead, N.W. Guille-Allés Library, Guernsey.
Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M., 8, Scrope Terrace, Cambridge.
Hainsworth, S., 60, George Street, Saltaire.
Hargreaves, J. A., 3, Ramshill Road, Scarborough.
Harmer, F. W., F.G.S., Oakland House, Cringleford, near Norwich. Harrison, Albert, F.C.S., F.L.8., F.R.M.S., 72, Windsor Road, Forest Gate, E. Heginbotham, C. D., 3, Estcourt Street, Devizes.
Hibbert, C. R. C., Riccard’s Down, Abbotsham, Bideford.
Hillman, T. Stanton, F.E.S., Eastgate Street, Lewes.
Holmes, W. J. O., F.L.S., Strumpshaw Hall, Norwich.
Hopkinson, J., F.L.S., F.G.8., F.R.Met.Soc., Weetwood, Watford. Horniman Museum and Library, Forest Hill, 8.E.
Horsley, Rev. Canon J. W., M.A., St. Peter's Rectory, Walworth.
Hunt, T., Wellington College, Berks.
Hutton, W. Harrison, 44, Dial Street, Leeds.
Jackson, E. H., 5, Lower Derby Road, Watford.
James, J. H., A.R.I.Cornw., 3, Truro Vean Terrace, Truro,
Jenner, J. H. A., F.E.S., 4, East Street, Lewes.
Jones, K. Hurlstone, M.B., R.N., F.L.8., Royal Naval Hospital, Hong Kong.
Kane, W. L. de Vismes, D.L., M.A., M.R.LA., F.E.S., Drumreaske House, Monaghan.
Kanton-Universitets-Bibliothek, Zurich. :
Kegan, Paul & Co., Charing Cross Road, London (two copies).
Keogh, J. W. D., Inca, 9, Kent’s Park Road, Bournemouth, E.
Kew, H. Wallis, F.Z.S., Queen’s Road, Bromley, Kent.
Knight, Rev. G. A. Frank, M.A., 9, St. Leonard’s Bank, Perth.
28/1/07 U
298 LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS.
Leicester, A., Scott Dale, New Ferry.
Linen Hall Library, Donegall Square North, Belfast. Lonestaff, G. B., Twitchen, Morthoe, R.S.O., Devon.
Loydell, A., 36, Milton Road, Acton, W.
Lucas, B. R., 3, Dyar Street, Winnington, Northwich.
Lyons, Sir Algernon, Kilvrough, Parkmill, R.8.0., Glamorgan.
McAndrew, J. J., F.L.S., Lukesland, Ivybridge, South Devon. McClelland, Hugh, Bryn, Somerville Road, Sutton Coldfield.
McKean, Kenneth, F.L.S., The Homestead, Monkton Combe, near Bath. MeMurtrie, Rev. Dr. J., M.A., 5, Inverleith Road, Edinburgh.
Madison, J., Turves Green, Northfield, Worcestershire.
Mallalieu, Harold, Shady Grove, Delph, via Oldham.
Manchester Conchological Society, Owens College, Manchester. Manchester Museum, Owens College, Manchester.
Marlborough College Natural History Society, Marlborough.
Masefield, J. R. B., M.A., Rosehill, Cheadle, Staff.
Mason, Rev. W. Wright, 67, Merton Road, Bootle.
Mayfield, A., 88, Stafford Street, Norwich, and Mendlesham, Stowmarket. Melvill, J. Cosmo, M.A., F.L.8., Meole Brace Hall, Shrewsbury. Miller-Maxwell, Mrs. J., Bangholm Bower, Golden Acre, Edinburgh. Mills, F. W., F.R.M.S., Thornleigh, Huddersfield.
Milnes, Rev. H., Darley House. Berkeley Street, Cheltenham.
Mitchell Library, Miller Street, Glasgow.
Montgomery, A. M., 34, Shalimar Gardens, Acton, W.
Moss, W., F.C.A., 13, Milton Place, Ashton-under-Lyne.
Museum of Science and Art, Kildare Street, Dublin.
Napier, H. C., Headington Hill, Oxford.
National Library of Ireland, Dublin.
Newstead, A. H. L., B.A., L.8.A., 38, Green Street, Bethnal Green. Norfolk and Norwich Library, Norwich.
Northampton Natural History and Field Club.
North Kent Entomological and Natural History Society.
Norton, Rev. Thomas, Wychling Rectory, near Sittingbourne.
Oldham, Chas., Brook Cottage, Knutsford. Orr, Hugh Lamont, Garfield Street, Belfast. Overton, H., Innisfallen, Wylde Green, Sutton Coldfield.
Pannell, Chas., jr., East Street, Haslemere. Parke, Geo. H., F.LS., F.G.8., St. John’s, Wakefield. Parry, Lieut.-Col. G. 4., 18, Hyde Gardens, Eastbourne. Pawson, A. H., J.P., F.L.8., F.G.8., Artillery Mansions, Victoria St., London. Pearce, Rev. 8. Spencer, M.A., Long Combe Vicarage, Woodstock. Peake, Rev. E., M.A., Hillside, Bradtield, near Reading. Petch, Tom, B.A., Peridenyia Gardens, Kandy, Ceylon. Petty, S. Lister, Dykelands, Ulverston. Preston Scientific Society, Winckley Square, Preston. Public Library, Belfast. Do. Bradford (Butler Wood, Chief Librarian).
Do. Cardiff (I. Ballinger, Chief Librarian).
Do. Chelsea (J. Henry Quinn, Chief Librarian).
Do. Croydon (L. Stanley Jast, Chief Librarian).
Do. Derby (W. Crowther, Chief Librarian).
Do. Edinburgh (Hew Morrison, Chief Librarian).
Do. Hull (W. F. Lawton, Chief Librarian).
Do. Ipswich (H. Ogle, Chief Librarian).
Do. Kingston-on-Thames (Benjamin Carter, Chief Librarian).
Do. Leeds (T. W. Hand, Chief Librarian). Do. Leicester (C. V. Kirkby, Chief Librarian). Do. Newcastle (Basil Anderton, B.A., Chief Librarian).
Do. Northampton.
Do. Norwich (J. Geo. Tennant, Chief Librarian).
Do. Oldham (W. H. Berry, Chief Librarian).
Do. Richmond, Surrey (A. F. Barkas, Chief Librarian),
Do. South Shields (T. Pyke, Chief Librarian),
LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS. 299
Ransom, E., 16, Friars Street, Sudbury.
Reynell, Alex., Heathfield, Selhurst Road, South Norwood. Rhodes, F., Cartwright Museum, Bradford.
Rhodes, J., F.E.S., Municipal Technical Schools, Accrington. Roebuck, W. Denison, F.L.S., 259, Hyde Park Road, Leeds. Rose, Jaines, M.A., 1, Rawlinson Road, Oxford.
Royal Institution of South Wales, Swansea.
Salford Borough Royal Museum and Library, Peel Park, Salford.
Scharff, R. F., Ph.D., B.Se., M.R.I.A., Museum of Science and Art, Dublin. Sell, Henrik, 9, Thuresengade, Copenhagen.
Shaw, Rev. W. A., Haselbeech Rectory, Northampton.
Sheppard, T., F.G.S., Municipal Museum, Hull.
Sich, Alfred, F.E.S., Corney House, Chiswick.
Sich, George, Corney House, Chiswick.
Sikes, F. H., M.A., 13, Mornington Avenue, West Kensington.
Simpkin, Marshall & Co., 4, Stationers’ Hall Court, E.C.
Smith, W. J., 41, North Street, Brighton.
Sorby, H. Clifton, LL.D., F.R.S., F-L.S., F.G.S., ete., Broomfield, Sheffield. Sotheran, H. & Co., 140, Strand, W.C.
Spottiswood & Co., Eton College, Windsor.
Stalley, H. J., Thornton House, Christ’s Hospital, West Horshain. Stanford, E., 26, Cockspur Street, Charing Cross, 8. W.
Stedman, R. B., 33, High Street, Godalming.
Stelfox, A. W., Oakleigh, Ormeau Park, Belfast.
Stevens, B. F., & Brown, 4, Trafalgar Square, W.C. (two copies). Stonestreet, Rev. W. T., B.D., F.R.S.L., Arnside, Prestwich Park, Manchester. Stracey, Dr., Sutton Bonnington, Loughborough.
Stubbs, A. G., The Meads Cottage, Hailey Lane, Hertford.
Stump, E. C., Poletield, Blackley, Manchester.
Swanton, E. W., Educational Museum, Haslemere.
Sykes, E. Ruthven, B.A., F.Z.8., 3, Gray’s Inn Place, W.C.
Thin, Jas., 54, South Street, Edinburgh.
Thompson, Beeby, F.C.S., F.G.S., 55, Victoria Road, Northampton. Tomlin, J. R. Brockton, B.A., F.E.S., Mathon Lodge, West Malvern. Tomlin, W., 24, Trinity Street, Cambridge.
Turner, E. E., Coggeshall, Essex.
University College, Aberystwyth. University College, Nottingham.
Vaughan, J. Williams, The Skreen, Erwood, R.8.0., Radnor. Varty-Smith, J. C., Nandana, Penrith.
Waddell, Rev. C. H., B.D., The Vicarage, Saintfield, Co. Down.
Wager, Harold, F.R.S., F.L.S., Hendre, Horsforth Lane, Far Headingley, Leeds. Wakefield, H. R., 7, Montpellier Terrace, Swansea.
Walker, Bryant, Moffat Buildings, Detroit, U.S.A.
Warrington Museum.
Ward, F. H. J., M.R.C.S., 27, The Park, Ealing, W.
Watkins & Doncaster, 36, Strand, W.C.
Watson, Rev. R. Boog, LL.D., F.R.S.E., F.L.S., F.G.8., U.F.C. Manse, Cardross. Watson, Hugh, Bracondale, The Avenue, Cambridge.
Webb, J. Stenson, Winscombe House, Far Headingley.
Webb, Wilfred M., F.L.S., ‘‘ Odstock,” 7, Campbell Road, Hanwell, W.
Welch, R., M.R.1.A., 49, Lonsdale Street, Belfast.
Weston Park Public Museum, Sheffield. i
Wheldon, J. & Co., 58, Great Queen Street, W.C. (two copies).
Whitwell, W., F.L.S., 2, Arden Grove, Dorridge, Birmingham.
Wilson, F. W., 70, Park Road, Bromley, Kent.
Wilson, J. C., 124a, Stamford Street, Ashton-under-Lyne
Wood, Albert, Midland Lodge, Sutton Coldfield. , ; Woodruffe-Peacock, Rev. E. Adrian, L.Th., F.L.8., F.G.S., Cadney Vicarage, Brigg. Woolston, T., 22, Wilson Street, Middlesbrough.
Wright, UC. E., Woodside, Kettering.
Yorkshire Philosophical Society, The Museum, York,
300 MONOGRAPH OF BRITISH LAND AND FRESHWATER MOLLUSCA.
INDEX.
The Index for greater convenience of reference is given in a triple alphabetic arrangement, distinguished by columnar indentation and by the character and different sizes of letter used.
CAPITAL LETTERS are used for the higher groups and for genera and sub-genera, but the genera adopted in the work are in heavy-faced type.
Heavy-faced letter is also used for the names of the species adopted, and italics for synonyms and extra-British species, all of which are arranged in alphabetical order under their appropriate genera.
Names of VARIETIES are also arranged alphabetically beneath the species to which they belong, the accepted names being printed in heavy-faced type and synonyms or sub-varieties in ttalic.
The PAGE REFERENCES have the main references given first, in roman numerals, followed by incidental and general references in italic.
The letter f. following a reference indicates that an illustrative figure is given.
ACANTHOGLOSSA Taylor, 28. ACHATINA Lam.
costelluta Edw., 28.
abbreviata Edw., 29 f.
Addendum, 289. ADELAPNEUMONA Gray, 7. AGNATIA Mérch, 2. Agriolimax Morch, 103, 31,71, 89,
A. agrestis (continued). melanocephata Moq., 112. minuta Kal., 111. nigra Mor., 115, 279, 116, 119, 278. nigrescens Colb., 115, 116. nigricans Westl., 115. obscura Mogq., 115. pallidaSchk., pl.xv., f.1, pp.112, 278. panormitana L. & P., 115, 116, 119.
137. agrestis L., pls. xiii. & xv., ff.1-4,
pp. 104, 276, 24, 51, 74, 76, 90, 98, 121, 1:22, 123, 124, 132, 187, 150, 2138, 214, 230, 281,
n Feér., 115.
alba Ck, 112.
albide Vaniot, 112, 278.
albitentaculata D. & M., 112, 278.
atritentaculata D. & M., 112.
aurata L. & P., 113.
azorica Ckll., 116, 715.
bimaculata Ckll., 115.
brunnea Taylor, pl. xv., f. 2, pp. 114, 279, 278.
eineracea Mog., 113.
cinerascens D. & M., 113.
cinerea Morelet, 119.
etruscus Issel, 119.
filans Moq., 112.
flaviclypea D. & M., 112.
flavilatera D. & M., 113.
Jlorentina L. & P., 115.
Susconotata L. & P., 115.
grisea Ckll., 113.
tberus Kichwald, 119.
immaculata L. & P., 112.
lilacina Mogq., pl. xv., £.4, pp. 113, 277, a78.
maculata D. & M., 115,
plumbeaw Standen, 113, 724. ponsonbyi Hesse, 279. punctata Pic., 115, 279. punctulata D. & M., 115. reticulata Miill., pl. xv., f. 3, pp. 115, 279, 119, 278. rufescens D. & M., 114, 278, 119. subreticulata D. & M., 115. succinea Westl., 113, 120. sylvatica Moq., 115, 120. tristis L. & P., 114, 115, 279. varians A, Ad., 120. veranyana Bourg., 115. violacea Gass., 113, 278, 279. xanthosoma Fischer. 113. bevenoti Collinge, 132, 121, 133. campestris Binney, 109, 125. castanea Ingers., 134 f. intermedia Ckll., 134. montana Ingers., 134 f. occidentalis Cooper, 134 f. tristis Ckll., 135. Jedtschenkoi Koch & Heynm., 104, 119,
levis Miill., pls. xiv. & xv., ff. 5-8, pp. 121, 279, 74, 107, 132. arenaria Gass., 126, 124. grisea Taylor, pl. xv., f. 6, p. 126, wntentaculata Baud., 126, lacustris Bonelli, 126.
INDEX.
A. levis (continued). maculata Ckll., pl. xv., f. 7, p. 126. mucronata Westl., 127. parvula Norm., 127. pygmea Lowe, 127. rufrapunctatus Collinge, 126. ips ea apestels Binney, 132, 281, 7 f.
castanea Ingers., 134 f. hyperborea Westl., 135 f. intermedia CkIl., 134, montana Ingers., 134 f. occidentalis Cooper, 134 f., 281. tristis Ckll., 133.
zonatipes CkIl., 280.
montaunus Ingers., 134 f. typicus Ckll., 134.
pallidus L. & P. Fusconotatus L. & P., 115. immaculatus L. & P., 112.
panormitanus L. & P., 115, 104, 116,
119, ponsonbyi Hesse, 279. rarotonganus Heyn., 121, 133. tenellus L. & P., 71. AMALIA Mogq., 31, 136. babori Coll., 139. carinata Risso, casertana L. & P., 156. insolita L. & P., 156. oretea L. & P., 156. pallidissima L. & P., 156. doderleint L. & P., 139. gagates Moq., 139. ascensionis Ckll., 145. ascensionis-helence Ckll., 145. ascensionts-tristensis Ckll., 145. atlantica Ckll., 143, 142. bedriage L. & P., 143. ereniophila Simr., 146. maderensis Ckll., 145, 143, 146. olivacea Mogq., 144. raymondiana Simr., 146.
insuluris L. & P., 139. mrginata Fischer, 89. mongianensis Paul., 94, 89, 102. marginata Miller. gagates Pini, 139. mediterranea Ckll., 148, 142. similis Ckll., 143, 142. sicula L. & P., 189. sowerbti Fér. Jlavescens Coll., 156. nigrocarinata Coll., 156. plumbea Coll., 156. sowerbyt Adams, 151. ANADENUS Heynm»n., 162, 25.2. ANCYLUS Geoff., 161. latus Edw., 161 f. ANISOPLEURA. Lank., 1. Appendix, 262. ARIOLIMACINA, 162. ARIONID® Gray, 162, 285, 203.
301
Arion Fér., 163, 285, 4, 22, 83, 71,
109, 162, 175, 209, 211, 214, 226, 228, 240, 241, 245, 251, 282, 258, 254, 257, 264. albus Fér., 183. elegans Moq., 183. marginatus Moq., 183. oculatus Moq., 183. simplex Moq., 183. alpinus Fitz., 210. ambiguus Poll., 229 f., 231, 227, 289. armoricana Poll., 229 f., 231.
anthracius Bourg., 215, 210.
ater L., pls. xviii., xix., pp. 167, 285, 22, 54, 135, 163, 198, 194, 195, 196, 197, 198, 208, 207, 209, 210, 211, 212, 219, 228, 241, 242, 243, 246.
alba L., pl. xviii., f. 2, pp. 183, 286, 290.
albida Roeb., 183, 184.
albo-lateralis Roeb., pl. xviii., f. 6, pp. 185, 286, 286.
aterrima Taylor, 175, 285, 191, 19.2f.
atra L., 175.
aurantia Baud., 182, 183, 286.
aurantia-fasciata Taylor, 187.
bicolor Roeb., pl. xviii., f. 9, pp. 186, 287.
boeagei Simr., 185, 783.
brunnea Roeb., 176, 285.
brunneo-fasciata Taylor, 187.
brunneo-pallescens Roeb., 176, 177, 178.
eastanea D. & M., pl. xviii., f. 7, pp. 176, 285.
cinerascens Ckll., 179.
cinerea Roeb., 179.
cinereo-nebulosa Jensen, 183, 184.
coccinea Gistel, 180.
draparnaudi Moq., 180, 181.
elegans Mogq., 183, 184.
elineolata Ckll., 186.
fasciata Broeck, pl. xviii., f.8, p. 187.
fasciata Ckll., 187.
flavescens Fér., 182.
Susco-lutescens Ckll., 176, 285.
glauca Colb., 185, 183.
griseo-marginata D. & M.,187, 188, 189.
hiberna Mab., 180.
Jjonstonit Kal., 180, 187, 280.
lamarckit Kal., 180, 187.
livida Colb., 182, 183.
livida-fasciata Taylor, 187.
luteo-pallescens Ckll., 182, 183.
maculata D. & M., 189.
marginata Moq., 183, 184.
marginata Moq., 187, 189, 287.
marginella Schr., 187, 287, 181, 189.
marquandi Ckll., 286.
media Jensen, 185, 186.
melanocephala Vér., 182.
niger D. & M., 175.
nigrescens Raz., 180, 181, 287.
nigrescens Mogq., 187, 188, 189.
nigrescens-fasciata Taylor, 187.
802
A. ater (continued).
oculata Moq., 183, 184.
olivacea Taylor, 176, 177, 178.
olivacea Simroth, 176.
pallescens Moy., 182, 183.
pallescens Williams, 182.
plumbea Roeb., pl. xviii., f. 4, pp. 179, 285.
plumbeo-fasciata Taylor, 187.
plumbeo-pallescens Roeb., 179, 286.
razoumowshii Kal., 187.
reticulata Rbk., pl. xviii:, f.10, p.186.
rubra Moq., 180, 181, 286.
rufa L. [vol.i., pl. ii, f. 6], pl. xviii, f. 3, pp. 180, 286, 268 f., 177£, 1738., 174. 185, 189, 190, 191, 1.2.
rufo-fasciata 'Taylor, 180, 187.
INDEX.
A. cireumseriptus (continued). minor Bandon, 231. misera Poll., 232. neustriaca Mab,., pl. xxiv., £13, pp. 232, 233, 284, 230, 236, 237, 239, nilssoni Poll., 232. pallida Roeb., pl. xxiv., f. 16, pp. 232, 284, £35, BOB, 2aIs subalbide Ckll., 231, 233. subfusca Roeb., 232. citrinus Westl., 202, 193. cottianus Poll., 215, 210, 214. dusilvce Poll., 198. distinctus Mab., 215, 270. dupuyanus Bourg., 227.
elongatus Coll., 215, 210, 214. empiricorum Fér., 167, 174, 175, 19.2. aldrovandii Kal , 175. Serussackit Kal., 201. flavescens Kér., 18:2. jonstonti Kal., 180. lamarchii Wal., 180. maculatus D. & M., 189. maurus Held, 775. medius Jenson, 185. razoumowshit Kal., 187. sehranchii Kal., 182. swamimerdanut Kal., 187. violescens Coll., 180. Jasciatus Nilss. griseus Coll., 231. Aagellus Coll., 199, 193, 198 f. phillipsi Coll., 199. HAavus Moq., 240, 250. albidus Moq., 244. normealis Moq., 244. pallidus Moq., 244. Awous F. & H., 240, 246, 248, Havus Poll., 202, 198. JSuligineus Morel, 199, 209. Suscatus Kér., 192. Juscus Binney, 193, 209. Juscus Miill., 209, 226. Juscus Mogq., 210. bettgeri Poll., 202. Sascvatus Moq., 215. griseus Moq., 216. leucophwa Norm.,, .238. limbatus Moq., 215. nemoralis I. & M., 216. niger Mog., 215. pyrenaicus Moq., 215. rufescens Moq., 218. subfuscus Moq., 217. virescens Moq., 217. gaudefroyi Mab., £93, 198, glaucus Colb., 167. hibernus Mab., 180, 167.
Aispanicus Simr., 175, 176,
rufiula Baud., 180, 781. scharfi Ckll., 186, .287. schranhti Kal., 182, 182. seminigra CkIl., 176. servainiana Mab., 180, 187. simplex Feér., 183, 184. sinistrorsum Taylor, 189. subdeleta Ckll., 187. subreticulata Ckll., 186, 787. succinea Miill., pl. xviii, £5, pp. 182, 286. swammerdamtt WKal., 187, 189, 287. violescens Coll., 180. virescens Millet, 201, 167. vulgaris Moq., 180, 181. bavayi Poll., 202, 193. bocaget Simr., 185, 167. bourguignati Mab., 2.27, 288, 289, muiser Poll., 232. brunneus Lehm., 199, 192. campestris Mab., 202. celticus Poll., 231, 227, 238. ceruleus Coll., 216, 210. cinctus D. & M., 192. atripunctatus D, & M., 202. aurantiacus D. & M., 202. cinereus D. & M., 200. Suscescens D. & M., 199. rufescens D. & M., 198. circumscriptus Johust., pl. xxii., & pl. xxiv., ff. 12-17, pp. 227, 289, 187, 163, 210, 211, 219, 226, 241, 24.2, i Fér., 199. x Fér., 201. alpicola Feér., 232. ambigua Poll., 231, 2.33, armoricana Poll., 231, 233. atripunctata Ckll., 231, 235. celteca Poll., 231, 234, 22. Jlavescens Coll., 232, 235, 236. grisea Bourg, pl. xxiv., f.15, pp. 231, Woda, Hidhy O80, GOS. leucophsea Norm., pl. xxiv., f. 17, pp. 231, 290, .238,
INDEX.
Arion (continued). hortensis Fér., pls. xxi. & xxiv., ff. 7-11, pp. 210, 288, 108, 163, 194, 204, 209, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 238, 239, 245, 250, 276. aand B Fér., 227. albipes Ckll., 214. alpicola Fér., 232. anthracia Bourg., 215, 216. aurea Less., pl. xxiv., £.9, pp. 216, 277. exerulea Coll., 216, 2.20, 222. cottiana Poll., pl. xxiv., f. 11, pp. 215, 214 F., 219. y distincta Mab., 215. elongata Coll., 215, 219. fallax Ckll., 217, 218, 2.20, 2:2. faseciata Mogq,, pl. xxiv..£.7, pp. 215, 289, 219, 221, 222, 223, 2:24, 2.25. flava Binnie, 217, 223. grisea Bourg., 231, 227, 238. grisea Moq., 216, 289, 219, 220, 221, 222, 224, 225, 238. limbata Mogq,, pl. xxiv.,f. 10, pp. 21 216. lutea Baud., 216, 217, 222. nemoralis D. & M., 216. nigra Mogq., 215, 219, 22 pelophila Mab., 215, 216. pyrenaica Moq., 215. rufescens Mogq., 218, 270, 221, 227, 223, 224, 225. subfusea C. Pfr., pl. xxiv., f. 8, pp. 217, 289, 214, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225. virescens Mogq., 217. incommodus Hutton, 240, 245, 287. indifferens Boettger, 165.
intermedius Normand, pls. xxiii. & xxiv., ff. 18-23, pp. 240, 290, 211, 216, 217, 226, 270. alba Taylor, 244, 247, 249. albida Mogq., 244. appenina Poll., 245, 242 f., 250. brunnea Taylor, pl. xxiv., f. 21, pp. 245, 246. grisea Roeb., 244. molerit Poll., pl. xxiv., f. 20, p. 245. normalis Moq., pl. xxiv., f. 22, pp. 244, 249. pallida Mogq., 244, 246, 249. plumbea Collinge, pl. xxiv., f. 23, pp. 244, 291, 246, 247, 248, 249. krynichii Kal., 202, 193. leucophaus Norm., 231, 227, 238. limacopus Westl., 199. lineatus Risso, 210. lineatus Dumont, 60, 83. lusitanicus Simr., 182, 192, 197 f., 198. mabillianus Bourg., 202, 193.
a
’
1, 222, 224, 2:25.
303
Arion (continued).
mabillianus Baudon, 240, 250. marginatus Kickx, 227. melanocephalus Fér., 182, 167. minimus Simr., 163,240, 242f., 270 mollerit Poll., pl. xxiv., f. 20, pp. 245, 240, 242F., 250.
neustriacus Mab., 232, 227. nilssoni Poll., 232, 227, 231. nobrei Poll., 197f., 198. olivaceus Schim., 201, 193. pegorarii L. & P., 203. pelophilus Mab., 215, 210. pollonera Pini, 208, 1938. pyrenaicus Fagot, 210. rubiginosus Baud., 193, 198.
nigricans Baud., 202. rufus Westl., 1983. rufus L., 167, 17 4f., 182, 192, 193.
ater Moq., 175.
aurantia Baud., 182.
bicolor Mogq., 199, 186.
draparnaud: Mogq., 180.
JSasciatus Broeck, 187.
glauca Colb., 185.
levis Westl., 202.
livida Colb., 182.
maculatus D. & M., 189.
marginatus Moq., 187.
nigra Baud., 175.
nigrescens Moq., 187.
patlescens Moq., 180, 182.
ruber Moq., 180.
rufula Baud., 180.
succineus Mogq., 182.
virescens Moq., 201.
vulgaris Moq., 180. servainianus Mab., 167, 180. subcarinatus Poll., 227, 231, 239. subflavus Johnst., 198, 206.
subfuscus Drap., pls. xx. & xxiv., ff. 1-6, pp. 193, 287, 73, 163, 168, 170, 176, 182, 185, 186, 189, 19.2, 210, 212, 226, 241, 242, 270,
alba Esmark, 201.
alpestris Poll., 203.
ardosiarum Colb., 200, 2U1.
atripunctata D. & M., 202, 203.
aurantiaca D. & M., pl. xxiv., £. 5, pp. 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 208, 286, 288.
bavayt Poll., 202, 203.
bicolor Moq. ,pl. xxiv., f. 6, pp. 199, 205.
beettgert Poll., 202.
brunnea Lehm., 199, 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208.
campestris Mab., 202, 203, 207.
cinerea D. & M., 201.
einereo-fusea Drap., pl. xxiv., f. 3, pp. 200, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208,
304
Arion subfuscus (continued). citrina Westl., 202, 202. Sennica Simr., 198, 209. ferussaci Kal. em., pl. xxiv., f. 4, pp. 201, 205. ferussachii Wal., 201. Jlagella Coll., 198 f., 199, 200, 205, 208. flava Poll., 202, 203, 208. fuliginea Morel., 199, 200, 209. Juscata Fér., 193, 209. Suscescens D. & M., 199, 200. gaudefroyt Mab., 198, 209, grisea Coll., 200, 202, 205, kryniehti Kal., 202, 203. lateritia Coll., 199, 206. levis Westl., limacopa W estl., "199, 200. mabilliana Bourg., 202, 2038. nigricans Baud., 202, 20.3. nigricans Poll., 200. olivacea Schmidt, 201. olivacea Lehin., 176. pegorarii L. & P., 203. phillipsi Coll., 199, 200, pollonere Pini, 203. rufescens D. & M., 198. rufo-fusea Drap., pl. pp. 198, 207. stabilei Poll., 203. subdeleta Ckll., 201. suecinea Bouill., 202, 207, 208. transylvana Simy., 203. typus Poll., 200. virescens Moq., pl. xxiv., f. 4, p. 201. stabilet Poll., 193. succineus Bouill., 202, 19-3. sulcatus Morelet, 167, 191. tenellus Letourneux, 71. tenellus Millet, 767. verrucosus Brev., 240, 240. virescens Millet, 201, 767. ARIUNCULUS Less., 240, 290. intermedius Norm., 240, 290.
206.
208.
KAD te 2,
288, 193, 205,
ARRUDIA Pollonera, 251. Autographs—
Adams, Lionel E., 34 Poe ae
Allman, G. J., Audrews, W. Be Ashford, Guules, Th.
Babor, J. F., 121.
Bandon, Aug., 108,
Binney, Amos, 7.3. Cockerell, T. D. A., /04. Darhishire, R. D . 139. Godwin-Austen, H, H., 232. Gray, J. E. and M. E., 436. Heynemann, D. F., 3.3. Johnston, George, .227. Kew, H. Wallis, 8&9. Lessona, Mario, 1571.
Lowe, KE. J, 2/0.
Maln, A. W., 7/.
Moreh, O. A. T., (08,
INDEX.
Autographs (continued). Nunneley, Thomas, 767. Pini, Napoleone, 78. Pollonera, Carlo, 16.2.
Roebuck, W. Denison, 163.
Scharff, R. F., 240. Simroth, Heinrich, 37 Taylor, J. W.
(frontispiece).
Band formula in Limaa, 40 f.
BAUDONIA Mab., 163. BELOGLOSSA Taylor, 3. Bibliography, 30, 292. BINNEYIN.E, 162. BINNEYA Cooper, 162. BULIMUS Scop. converus Wood, 29 f. costellutus Sow., 28 f. BuLIMINUS Beck, 1.37.
CARINELLA Mab., 227, 16: bourguignati Poll., oF, CEPHALA Reeve, 7.
CEPHALOPHORA Macalister, 2.
CocHLEA L.
nuda domestica Swamm,, 24,
nuda tertia tota nigra Aldrov., 167.
CocHLicopa Feér., 28. CoRBULA Brug., 29.
DaupDEBARDIA Hartm., .2, 5. DENDROLIMAX Heynmn., 37. DIATRUDA Simr., 163. DictopRoMA Taylor, 3. DicnoGcLossa Taylor, 31.
ENpopONTIDE Pilsbry, 762. EUTHYNEURA Lank., EULIMAX Simroth. agrestis Moq., 104. cinereo-niger Malm, 5. Havus Malm, 78. marimus Malm, 34. EuMILAX Beettger. brandtii Beettg. , 269.
GASTROPODA Cuvier, J.
GASTROPODA Pelseneer, J.
Wis
Geomalacus Allman, pl. xxiv., ff.
24-27, & pl. xxv., bb 251, 991, 74, 162, 240, 244, 257, Lod, L7G,
andrewsl, 259, 253, bayant Jouss., 227,
bourguiqnati Loe., 227
jes
hiemalis Drouet, ma 250.
intermedius Mab. dO, lusitanus Poll., ae ROT,
mebille’ Band., ae O40,
INDEX. .
Geomalacus (continued). maculosus Allman, pl. xxiv., ff. 24-27, & pl. xxv., pp. 253, 291, 92, 252, 276. allmani Heyremann, pl. xxiv., f. 27, pp. 259, 260. andrewsi Mab., 259. fasciata Cockerell, pl. xxiv., f. 26, pp 260, 258 f. verkruzeni Heynm., pl. xxiv., f. 25, p. 259. pliocenicus Sacco, 252. vendeunus Let., 240, 250. GEOPHILA Binney, 2. Glandina Schum., 28, 263, 2. algira Brug., 28. brevis Edvw., 30 f. conspersa Pfr., 28. convexa Wood, 29f. costellata Sow., 28 f., 263. abbreviata Edw., 29 f. liebmaunni Pfr., 262. lignaria Reeve, 28. naudoti Sandb., 268. GLOSSOPHORA Lank., 7.
HELICIDA, 91, 103, 164, 256. HELICEA Von Martens, 2. HELICcOLIMAX Fer., 2. HELIX L., 6, 33, 142. aspersa Miill., 146. hortensis Miill., 40. subterrunea Cujula, 6. HESPERARION, 162. HETEROGANGLIATA Owen, 7. HEYNEMANNIA Malm, 53. HYALINIA Ag., 33. helvetica Blum, 56. HYDROLIMAX Malm, 121. levis Malm, 121.
INOPERCULATA Reeve, 1.
KoBELTIA Seib., 163.
hortensis Seib., 210. KRYNICKILLUS Mabille.
maculatus Kal., 88, 78.
(Malino) brunneus Mabille, 122. KRINICKIA Fischer.
brunneus Fischer, 121. KRYNICKIA Blainville.
maculata Fischer, 78.
LALLEMANTIA Mabille, 136. LEHMANNIA Heynm., 78, 89, 271. marginata Maln, 89. alpestris L. & P., 96. obscurus Esm., 95. pallens L. & P., 94. requienit Poll., 94. rupicola L. & P., 96.
305
LETOURNEUXIA Bourg., 251. lusitana da Silva e Castro, 258, 261, LIMACELLA Brard, 763. cinereo-niger Jouss., 53. concava Brard, 210, maxima Jouss., 34. obliqua Brard, 104. parma Brard, 34. unguiculus Brard, 78. LIMACELLUS. unguiculus Turt., 151, LIMACID Gray, 31, 3, 32, 58, 123, 165, 252, 264. LIMACINA Cuv., 167. Limacus Lehmann, 78. breckworthianus Lehm., 84, 78.
Limax L., 32, 264, 2, 8, 31, 108, 108, 109, 137, 141, 142, 161, 168, 164, 165, 168, 211, 263, 254, 264.
abrostolus Bourg., 46.
agrestis L., 104, 51, 74. n Fér., 115. albidus Vaniot, 112. albitentaculata D. & M., 112. atritentaculata D. & M., 112. azorica Ckll., 115. bimaculata Ckll., 115. cineracea Mogq., 113. cinerascens D. & M., 113. cinerea Morelet, 119. etruscus Issel, 119. Jilans Moq., 112. flavielypeus D. & M., 112. flavilatera 1). & M., 113. Hlorentinus L. & P., 115. grisea Ckll., 113. eberus Eichw., 119. lulacina Moq., 113. maculatus D. & M., 115. melanocephalus Moq., 112. niger Morelet, 115. nigrescens Colb., 115. obscurus Mogq., 115. plumbea Standen, 113. punetulatus I. & M., 115. rufescens D. & M., 114, 119. saxorum Baud., 95, 89, 94. subreticulatus D. & M., 115. succineus Westl., 113. sylvaticus Moq., 115. violacea Gassies, 113. xanthosoma Fischer, 113.
albus margine luteo Miill., 167, 183.
albus L., 183, 167.
albus Paasch, 59.
Alice parvee, ut quae gregatim folia sectantur, et hortos infestant cineret aut fusci coloris Gesner, 104.
alpinus Fér., 53.
306
Limax (continued). altilis Fischer, 95, 89, 94. antiquorum Fér., 34, 43, 52. a Fér., 60. 8 Fér., 59. e Fér., 44. ezernaevit Kal., 43. Serrussackii Kal., 59. razoumowshii Kal., 60. renardit Kal., 60. krynickii Kal., 43. antiquorum Sow., 78. arboreus Clarke, 89.
arboreum Gray, 89,
arborum B.-Ch., pls. x., ff. 10-17,
& xii, pp. 89, 273, 34, 39, 41, 74, 78, 111, 161, 173, 198, 243, 270,
alba Taylor, 274.
albomaculata Kregl., 93.
alpestris L. & P., pl. x., £. 15, pp. 96, 100, 276.
bettonii Sord., pl. x., f. 16, pp. 95, 275, 96, 98, 99, 259, 274.
bilineata Roeb., 275, 27.3, 274.
carpatica Hazay, 95, 96, 276.
colorata Broeck, 94, 95, 274, 278.
decipiens Ckll., 95, 98.
diane KKimack , 96.
efasciata Roeb., 275, 273, 274.
flava Weinl., 94.
glauea Clarke, 94, 101.
heynemanni Bielz, 96, 276.
lineolata Coll., 94, 98.
maculata Roeb., 96, 97, 98, 99, 101, 274, 276.
mongianensis Paul., 94.
nemorosa Baudon, pl. x., f. 14, pp. 95, 0g, 08, 99, 100, 101, 274, 279.
nigra Scharff, 96, 276.
obscura Esm., 95, 96.
pallens L. & P., 94, 98, 274.
requienti Poll., 94.
rosea Van den Broeck, 94, 275, 95, 273.
rupieola L. & P., 96, 276, 101, 274. saxorunt Baudon, 95. submaculata Ckll., pl. x., f. 12, pp. 96, DP subrufa Le Comte, pl. x.,f.11, pp. 94, 274, 99, 100. tigrina Weinl., pl. x., f.13, pp. 96, 276. zebrina Taylor, pl. x., f. 17, p. 96. arenarius Gass., 126, 1:27. argentinus Strobel, 132, 121, 133. argillaceus Gass., 151, 160. ater I., 175, 167. niger D. & M., 175. ater Raz, 61, 53, 54. curvus Gmelin, 77. baticus Mabille, 78, 8.3,
_ INDEX.
Limax (continued). bettonii Sordelli, 95, 89. bicolor Selenka, 78, 88, bielzii Seibert, 65, 53. bilobatus Ray & Drouet, 60, 58. bilobatus Fér., 104. brasiliensis Von lher., 132f., 121, 133 brunneus Drap., 121. pygmaeus Lowe, 127. cerulans Bielz. dacampi Strobel, 66. callichrous Bourg., 66. cruentus Less., 65. campanyot Bourg., 78, 88. campestris Binney, 132, 121, 123, 1352, 1338. capensis Krauss, 139, 150. carinatus Risso, 151, 160. castaneus Ingersoll, 134f., 127, 132. cellarius D’Arg., 44 f., 34. cendrée, striée et tuchée de noir et de brun, La Limace Guett. 34. cephalonicus Simroth, 71. cereus Held, 77. chilensis Gay, 78, 88. cinctus D. & M. Suscescens D. & M., 199. cinctus Heyum., 72. cinctus Miill., 77, 193. cinereus immaculatus L., 104. cinereus, maximus, striatus et maculatus Lister, -34. cinereus parvus, imimuculatus, pratensis Lister, 104. cinereus Lister, 267, 34, 266. cinereus Miill., 62, 34, 523. aande Miill., 53. B Nilsson, 89. albus Am Stein, 41, 291. alpinus Held, 61. intermedia Brev., 60, 53. maculatus Pic., 44. pavesit Pini, 64. punctatus Esm., 45. einereo-niger Wolf, pls. vii. & viii., pp. 53, 269, 34, 42, 46, 78, 115, 270. 6 Stabile, 67. albicans Malm, 59. albicans, cinereo-nebulosa Malm, 59. albipes D. & M., 61. albus Paasch, 59. alpina Held, 61. amatlice Bett., 60, 54. arthuri L. & P., 66. atra Raz., 61, 63, 54, 62. aterrima L. & P., 64. atrata Bettoni, 64.
INDEX.
L. cinereo-niger (continued).
bielzti Siebert, 65.
bonellit L. & P., 64.
brunnea L. & P., 67.
calderinii Less., 63.
eallichroa Brg., pl. vii., f. 14, pp. 66, 65.
calosoma E. & S., 64.
camerant L. & P., 60, 61.
einerea Mogq,, pl. vii., f. 3, p. 62, 42.
cinereo-nebulosa Malm, 59.
einereo-nigra Wolf, pl. vii, f. 1, pp. 60, 269.
citrina L. & P., 64.
corsiea Moq., 67, 53, 56, 57.
cruenta Less., 65, 66.
dacampi Meneg.. 66, 53, 54, 57, 67.
doriw L.& P., pl. vii., £.12, pp. 67, 64, 66.
efaseiata D. & M., 64, 269.
elegans Bett., 63.
engadinensis Heynm., 61, 48, 62.
eporediensis Less., 62f.
erythra Bourg., pl. vii , f. 4, p. 65, 64.
fabrei Mogq., 65.
FSerrussackit Kal. , 54.
flavescens Westl., 63.
flavonigra Less., 64.
Sormosissima L. & P., 66, Ud.
Jusca Bett., 67, 66.
Susca L. & P., 66, U7.
garocela L. & P., 60.
geographicus Ken., 66, 52.
gestri Less., 63.
gualtierté Pini, pl. vii., f. 7, p. 66.
harert Heynm., 59.
hedleyi Coll., pl. vii., f. 10, pp. 60, 61, 54, 69, 269.
hybrida L. & P., 65.
intermedia Brev., 60, 61.
interrupta D. & M., 59.
isseli Pini, 59, 65, 66.
leucogaster Morch, 61, 62.
lineata L. & P., 67.
luctuosa Moq., 60, 269, 54, 61, 68, 69.
maculata Less., 65, 66.
malacologorum Colb., 58, 61, 62.
maura Held, pl. vii., f. 5, pp. 61, 269, 58, 57, 62, 68, 69.
menegazzit L. & P., 63.
minima Poll., 64.
montana Leydig, 61, 58, 62.
monocroma L. & P., 65, 64.
monolineata Bett., 65.
monregalensis L. & P., 63.
niger Mogq., 61, 62.
nigrieans Less., 64.
nigripes Stabile, 62.
nigrozonata L. & P., 63, 64.
nubigena Bourg., 60, 53, 57, 61.
olivacea L. & P., 64.
ornata Less., pl.vii., f. 15, pp. 60, 68.
palleseens D. & M., pl. vii., f. 2, p.59.
pallescens Less., 66, 65.
pallescens L. & P., 67.
pavestt Pini, 64.
perosinit L. & P., 63, 65.
pintdt L. & P., 67.
pirone Pini, 61, 62.
307
L. cinereo-niger (continued).
puchra L. & P., 63. punctata Less., pl. vii., £ 11, p. 63. razoumowskit Kal., 60, 61, 269. renardii Kal., 60. reniert L. & P., 63, 64. rubronotata L. & P., 67, 66. rufescens Stabile, 66, rufescens Less., 65. rufescens Mogq., 64, 65. sanguinca L. & P., 64, 65, 67. senensis L. & P., 65, seriata L. & P., 66, 65. simplex L. & P., 60. simplex L. & P., 67. sordellii Bett., 63. stabilet Less., 59. strobeli Less., 59. strobeli Pini, 62. subalpine Less., pl. vii, f. 8, p. 60. sulphurea Less., 63. taccanit Pini, 67. transilvanica Heynin., 63, 53. trilineolata Bett., 66, 67. tschapecht Simroth, 60. turatii Pini, 67. venustissima L. & P., pl. vii., f. 6, p. 63. vera D. & M., pl. vii, f. 13, pp. 59, 269, 68, 268. veronensis L. & P., 60. versicolor L. & P., 65. ville Pini., pl, vii., f. 9, pp. 65, 66. zonata L. & P., 66. claravullensis Drouet, 60, 9. coccineus Gistel, 180, 167. collinus Norm., 71. corsicus Moq.-T'and., 67, 5. bonellii-aterrimus L. & P., 64. bonellit-citrinus L. & P., 64. bonellii-flavo-niger L. & P., 64. bonellii-olivaceus L. & P., 64. callichrous-hybridus L. & P., 65. callichrous-versicolor L. & P., 65. doric-brunneus L. & P., 67. dorie-fuscus L. & P., 66. dorice-lineatus L. & P., 67. doric-pallescens L. & P., 67. doric-rubro-notatus L. & P., 66. dorie-sanguineus L. & P., 64. dorice-simplex L. & P., 67. Sabrei Mogq., 65. gestri Less., 63. gestri-nigrozonatus L. & P., 63. gestri-pulcher L. & P., 63. asseli-arthurt L. & P., 66. isseli-seriatus L. & P., 66, 68. isseli-zonatus L. & P., 66. senensis L. & P., 65. crassitesta Reuss, 161. cyrenceus Campanyo, 34. dacampi Meneg., 66, 43. amalie Bett., 60, 54. atrata Bett., 64. calderinit Less., 63. elegans Bett., 63.
308
L. cinereo-niger (continued). Susca Bett., 66. gualtierti L. & P., 66. maculata Less., 65. menegazzit-punctatus L. & P., 63. monocromus L. & P., 64. monolincata Bett., 65. nigricans Less., 64. patlescens Less., 65. pint L. & P., 67. punctata Less., 63. reniert-atratus L. & P., 64. reniert-calderinit L. & P., 63 renieri-nigricans L. & P., 64. renieri-sulphureus L. & P., 63. rufescens Less., 65. sordellit Bett., 63. sulphurea Less. , 63. trilineolata Bett., 66.
ville L. & P., 65. deshayesit Bourg., 46, 78, 88, 271,
dorie Bourg., 67, 53. ecurinatus Bette. , 78, 84. ehrenbergi Bourg. 28, engadinensis Heynum., 61, 53, 58. eremiaphila Bourg., 146. erythrus Bourg., 64, 58. eubslius Bourg., 46. Jasciatus Nilss., 210. Y Nilss., 227. 6 Nilss., 216. e, §, and y Nilss., 193. Jasciatus Raz., 34. fedtschenkoi K. & H., 104, 119. Jerrussacki Kal., 268. Jiluns Hoy, 109. (filans) cinereus margine flavo Latham, 109. flavus L., pl. x., ff. 5-9 & pl. xii, pp. 78, 271, 38 f., 35, 54, 55, 89, 90, 95, 152. albina Taylor, 82. antiquorum Sow., 83, 272, 85.
breckworthiana Lehm., 84, 272, 88.
colubrina Pini, 78, We 86. ecarinata Bettg., flava Wattobled, 3 flavescens Feér., rie es grisea Roeb., as ie if 8, pp. 84, 83, 86. lanceolata Coll., maculata Kal., oe ‘ f. 9, pp. 83, 88. maculata Moq., 83. rufeseens Moq,., pl. x., f. 6, pp. 82, 272, 85, 86, 271. suffusa Roeb., 84, 272 85, 271, tigrina Pini, 88, 272, 78, 272. umbrosa Philippi, 83, 272. virescens Fér., pl. x., f. 7, pp. 83, 272, 85, 86. flavus Miill., 71. fulvus Noru., T4, 71, 70.
272, 84, 85, 86, 87,
INDEX.
Limax (continued).
fuscus Johnst.. 223. fuscus Miill., 193. gagutes Boubée, 89. gagates Drap., 139.
Y Clarke, 145.
olivaceus Moq., 144. geographicus Renier, 66, 53. glaucus Clarke, 89. hedleyi Collinge, 60, 53, 54, 69. hewstoni Cooper, 139. heydent Heynm., 104. hyperboreus Westl., 135f., 121, 132. ingersolli W.G. Binney, 121,132,134. intermedius Norm., 240, 241. lacustris Bonelli, 126, 122. leevis Miill., 121, 74.
maculata Ckll., 126
mucronata Westl., 127.
rufra-punctatus Coll., 126. latus Hdw., 161 f. legrandi ate, 104, 120. limbatus Held, 89. lineatus D. & M., 60, 53
albipes D. & M., 61.
efasciatus D. & M., 64.
enterruptus D. & M., 59.
niger D. & M., 61.
pallescens D. & M., 59.
verus D. & M., 59. livonicus Schrenk, 89. lombricoides Morelet, 121, 131, lusitanus Morelet, 253. luteus Raz., 167, 182. maculatus Leach, 83. maculatus Nunneley, 34, 78. major rubicunda terrestris Muralto,
167.
marginatus Mill, 89.
dianw Kimack, 96.
niger Scharff, 96. marginatus Drap., 151, marginatus Baudon, 89. marginatus Jeffreys, 34, 35, 151. mearginellus Schranck, 187, 167, maurus Q. & G., 139. maurus Held, 61, 53.
maximus L., pls. v. & vi, pp. 34,
264, 22, 32, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 68, 68, WT, 72, 78, 80, 84, 88, 90, 92. 97, 256, 264, 270, 287,
alba Adams, 41.
albus Am Stein, 41, 290.
aldrovandii Mogq,, pl. vi., f. 15, p. 46.
bicolor Taylor, pl. ve 7 . 5, pp. 46, 291.
bifasciatu D. & M.,
bivone 1, L.& P., 41.
INDEX.
L. maximus (continued). calosoma Eisb. & Stuxb., 64.
eandida L. & P., pl. vi., £2, pp.41, 291.
carbonaria Beettg., 269.
eellaria D’Arg., 44f., 267, 34, 264, 265, 268.
einerea Mog., 62, 42.
cinerea Lister, 267, 265, 266.
cinereo-niger Mog., 60.
eoncolor Pini, pl. vi., f. 3, pp. 41, 266, 264, 265.
continuatus D. & M , 42.
czernaevit Kal., 43.
fasciata Raz., pl vi., f. 11, pp. 42, 266. 264, 265, 267, 268.
Sasciata Moq., 266. 267.
Jasciata Lessona, 42, 43.
ferussaci Mog. [vol. i, pl. i, f. 5], pp. 45, 268, 265.
geminipunctata Taylor, pl. vi., f. 13, pp. 45, 265, 267, 268.
gigantea Bandon, 40.
onterrupta D. & M., 44.
johnstont Mogq., 43, 267.
krynickii Kalen., pl. vi.. f. 9, pp. 43, 267, 41.
leucogaster Mérch, 61.
lilacina Roeb., 41.
limbata Mogq., 41.
luctuosa Moq., 60, 54.
maculata Picard, 44, 45, 267, 268.
marmorata CkIL, 268.
megaspidus Blainv., 41.
moquint CkIl., 206, 267.
miilleri Moq., 42, 266.
nebulosa D. & M., 46.
niger Mogq., 67.
nigra D. & M., pl. vi., f. 4, p. 42.
obseura Moq,, pl. vi., f. 14, pp. 46, 268, 265.
pallido-dorsalis Adams, 43.
punctata Esm., pl. vi., f. 12, pp. 45, 268.
quadrifasciata D. & M., 43, 267.
rufescens Stabile, 66.
rufescens Moq., 64, 65.
serpentina Mogq., pl. vi., f. 8, pp. 43, 93, 267
sordidus L. & P., 46.
sylvatica Morel., pl. vi., f. 1, pp. 43, 267, 34, 264, 265.
tetrazona Taylor, pl. vi., f. 10, pp. 43, 42.
tigris Adams MS., pl. vi., f.7, p. 46.
tschapecki Simyr., 60.
unicolor Heyum., 266, 265.
vinosa Baudon, pl. vi., f. 6, p. 41.
vulgaris Moq., 43.
megalodontes Q. & G., 78. megaspidus Blainv., 41. meridionalis Doering, 132, 121, 133. modioliformis Sandb., 161 f. molestus Hutton, 104.
montanus Ingers., 132, 134 f., 122. montanus Leydig, 61, 53, 58.
309
Limax (continued).
niger Malz, 53. norvegicus Westl., 104. nubigenus Bourg., 60, 53. nyctelius Bourg., 265, 267. olivaceus Gould, 133. pallidus Schrenk, 112, 104. panormitanus L. & P. ponsonbyt Hesse, 279. parevulus Norm., 127, 121, 125, 131. pectinatus Selenka, 139. perosinit L. & P., 65. cruentus-formosissimus L. & P., 65. monregalensis-venustissimus L. & P.,63 pirone Pini, 61. queenslandicus Hedl., 121, 132, 133 rurotonganus Heyn., 121, 133. raymondiana Bourg., 146. reticulatus Mull., 115, 104, 119. rufus L., 180, 167.
maculatus D. & M., 189. nigrescens Raz., 180.
salicium Bouillet, 89. sandwichensis Soul., 281. scandens Norm., 89. scaptobius Bourg., 139, 146. scopulorum Fabr., 89. serotinus Schrenk, 72. setchuanensis Heude, 119. sowerbit Fér., 151, 110. squammatinus Morelet, 74. stenurus Strebel, 132, 127, 133. strobeli Pini, 62. subalpinus Less., pl. vii., f. 8, p. 60. eporediensis Less., 62 f. garocelus L. & P., 60.
simplex L. & P., 60. veronensis L. & P., 60. subfuscus Drap., 193. subfuscus Pfeiffer, 217, 210. subsaxanus Bourg., 71. succineus Miull., 182, 72, 167. succint colore, albidis maculis insignitus Lister, 78. sylvaticus Morelet, 43, 34. sylvaticus Goldfuss, 89. sylvaticus Drap., 112. sylvaticus D. & M., 71, 74, 75, 76. cerulea Baudon, 275. clypeo-concolor D. & M., 75. clypeo-fasciata D. & M., 75. clypeo-fasciata Wattebled, 273. immaculatus D. & M., 74.
sylvestris Scop., 89. tenellus Miill., pl. ix., & pl. x., ff. 1-4, pp. 71, 270, 83, 111, 246. eerea Held, pl. x., f. 3, pp. 74, 270, 76.
310
L. tenellus (continued). eineta Heynm., 75, 270, 74. fulva Norm., pl. x..f.2, pp. 74,270, 74. immaculata D. & M., 74. wanthia Bourg., 74, 76.
transileunica Heynm., 63, 5-7. tunicate Gould, 104. umbrosus Phil., 88, 78. unicolor Heynm., 51, 206, bivone L. & P., 41. candidus L, & P., 41. concolor L. & P., 41. sordidus L. & P., 46. varians A. Ad., 119. variegautus Drap., 78. colubrinus Pini, 83, 78. maculata Moq., 83. tigrinus Pini, 83, 78. veranyanus Bourg., 115, 104. vittipes Bonelli, 43. weinlandi Heynm., 104. vanthius Bourg., 74, 7. LimMn2&A Bruguiére. maxima Sow., 28. Literature, 30, 292. LocneaA Mogq., 26:3. alba Malm, 182. atra Malm, 167. rufus Moq., 167.
MACROHEYNEMANNIA Simroth, 71. MALACOLIMAX Malm, 71. tenellus Malm, 77. MALACOZOA Blainv., 2. MALINASTRUM Bourg... 138 MALINO Bourg. — brunneus Mabille, 127. Medal in honour of Dr. and Mrs. Gray, 138 f. MICROHEYNEMANNIA Simroth, 71. Milax Gray, 136, 281. curinutus Risso, 17, 10.7, 157, 160. gagates Gray, pl. xv., ff. 9-14, & pl. xvi., pp. 139, 281, 157, 153, 154, 155, 150, ascensionis Ckll., 145. atlantica Ckll., 143. bedriage L. & P., 143. benoiti L. & P., pl. xv., f. 11, p. 146. bicolor Taylor, pl. xv., £10, p. 146. eremiophila Simroth, 146. Aclena Ck, 145, 142. maderensis CkIL., 145, 14.3, 146. mediterranea Ckll., 143. olivacea Mog., 144. pallidissima Poll., pl. xv., f. 12, pp. 146, 282. plumbea Mogq,, pl. xv., f. 13, pp. 144, 282, 143, 145, 149. rava Williams, pl. xv., f.14, pp. 145, 982, 143, 148, 14.
INDEX.
Milax gagates (continued). raymondiana Simroth, 146. stmilis CkIL, 143. tristensis Ckll., 145, 142.
gracilior Sandb., 138.
hessei Boettg., 153, 160.
hewstoni Cooper, 148f., 144, 150, 281, plumbed Ckil., 144.
marginatus Drap., 153, 157, 160. fulva Paul., 155.
nigricolus late, 139.
sowerbyt Gray, 151,
sowerbii Feér., pl. xv., ff. 15-20, and pl. xvil., pp. 151, 283, 110, 137, 148, 195, 213, 276. alba Taylor, pl. xv., f. 17, p. 155. bicolor Ckll., pl. xv., f. 18, pp. 157, 155 easertana L. & P., 156. flavescens Coll., 156, 284. fuseo-earinata Ckll., 156, 284. ae L. & P., pl. xv., f. 19, pp. 156, nigrescens Ckll., pl. xv., f. 16, pp. 156, 284. nigrocarinata Coll., 156, 284. oretea L. & P., 156, 155. pallidissima L. & P., 156, 284. plumbeu Coll., 156. rustica Roeb., pl. xv., f. 20, pp. 156, 284, 283. rustica Moq., 284. tasmanicus Tate, 139. Mopioua Lam., 161. MOLLUSCA Cuvier, 1. MOoNATRIID Simroth, 163. Monacra Troschel, 7. Monoruiza Taylor, 31. Mya L., 29.
ODONTOGNATHA Mérch, 164. OLEACINID.-£ Binney, 2. OLEACINA Bolten, 28. OTOCARDES Haeckel, 7. OMALONYX D’Orb., 3. OXYGNATHA Moreh, 31.
PALLIATA Latreille, 7. PARACEPHALOPHORA Blainy., 7. PARMACELLA Cuv.
variegata Phil. 78. PARYPHANTA Albers, 2. PENTADROMA Taylor, 33. PIRAINEA Poll., 136, 138. PLATYCOCHLIDES Ihering, 1. PLATYMALAKTIA Thering, 1. PLEPTICOLIMAX Malm, 78. Jlavus Malm, 78. PLECTROPHORUS Fer.
orbigny? Pér., 21. POLYPHEMUS Montf., 28.
INDEX. 311
Portraits— Adams, Lionel E., 34. Allman, G. J., 252. Ashford, Charles, 14. Babor, J. F., 127. Baudon, Aug., 193. Binney, Amos, 132. Cockerell, T. D. A., 204. Collinge, W. E., 166. Darbishire, R. D., 239. Draparnaud, J. P. R., 6. Godwin-Austen, H. H., 252. Gray, J. E. and M. E., 136. Heynemann, D. F., 53. Johnston, George, 227. Kew, H. Wallis, 89. Lessona, Mario, 151. Lowe, E. J., 210. Malm, A. W., 72. Morch, O. A. L., 102. Nunneley, T., 167. Pini, Napoleone, 78. Pollonera, Carlo, 262. Roebuck, W. Denison, 163. Scharff, R. F., 240. Simroth, Heinrich, 32. Taylor, J. W. (frontispiece). PROLEPIS Mogq., 210, 163. fuscus Malm, 193. JSuscus Moq., 210. hortensis Malm, 210, 227, 232. PROPHYSAON Bland & Binney, 162. PsAMMOBIA Lam., 29. PULMONATA Fischer, 1. PULMONIFERA Reeve, 2. PULMONIFERA INOPERCULATA Woodw., 7.
RuyTIDA Albers, 2.
SACCATA Hyatt, 7. SACCOBRANCHIA Leach, 7. SimroTuia Heynm., 78. STREPTAXIS Gray, 2. STREPTONEURA Lank., /. STYLOMMATOPHORA Schmidt, 2. SUBAMALIA Poll, 138.
Subscribers, List of, 296. SUCCINEIDA, &. SuccINEA Drap.
oblonga Drap., 125. putris, 109.
TANDONIA Poll., 136, 138. TESTACELLIDE Gray, 2, 262. TESTACELLUS Faure-Biguet, 2. haliotideus F.-B., 6. scutatus Lesson, 14. Testacella Cuvier, 2, 262, 21, 24, 27, 30. altee-ripe Grat., 21, 23. anglica Grat., 14. aquitanica Grat., 21, 23,
Testacella (continued). asininum de Serres, 24 f., 27, 23. auriculata G. & F., 16 f. aurigaster Layard, 25, 27. barcinonensis Poll., 6. bisulcata Risso, 18f., 14, 16 f., 20,
27.
albina G. & F., 17.
major G. & F., 17f. brondeli Bourg., 8 f. browniana Grat., 21. bruntoniana de Serres, 21, 2.3. burdigalensis Gass., 21. campanyot Dupuy, 17. canariensis Grat., 21. deshayesii Michaud, 21, 23. drymonia Bourg., 8 f. dubia Poll., 6. europea Roissy, 6. fischeriana Bourg., 14, 17, 18, 20. gallice Oken, 6. galloprovincialis Grat., 14. gestroi Issel, 14, 18, 20. haliotoides Lam., 21, 23.
haliotidea Drap., pl.i., ff. 1-5, and pl. i, pp. 3f., 6, 262, 14, 14, 16,17, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 26. albida Ckll., 262. albina Mogq,., pl.i., f. 1, pp. 9, 262. algerica Grat., 8. ditatata Poll., 8. elongata G. & F., 8f. flavescens Mogq.-Tand., 9, 262,. majorG. &F., pl. i, f. 5, p. 9. ovalis Moq.-Tand., 9 f. seutulum Moq., 14, 21. trigona G. & F., pl. i., f.4, pp. 8, 262. lortetii Dupuy, 28 f., 22.
maugei Feér., pl.i., ff. 9-16, & pl.iv., pp. 21, 263, 3f, 4f, df, 6, 7, 8,9, 10,12, 14, 15, 16, 18. albina G. & F., 24. aperta Taylor, pl. i. f. 15, p. 24. asinina de Serres, 24 f. aurea Taylor, pl. i, f. 11, pp. 25, 24. griseo-fulvescens G. & F., 24. griseo-nigreseens G. & F., pl.i., f. 16, pp. 24, 263. griseo-rubeseens G. & F., pl. i., f. 10, pp. 24, 263. nigra Coll., 25. roseo-fulvescens G. & F., 24. viridans G. & F., pl. i., f. 12, p. 24. medii-templi Tapping, 14, 19. monspessulana Grat., 21, 24. nouleti Bourg., 23 f., 21. oceitanice Grat., 21.
312
Testacella (continued).— oceaniow Grat., 27. pecchiolii Bourg., 17 f., 14, 18. scutulum Sow., pl. 1., ff. 6-8, and pl. iit, pp. 14, 262, 6, 8, 9,27, 22, 23 30. albina G. & F., pl. i., £.7, pp. 17, 263. aurea CkIl., 17. major G. & F., 17f. pallida Ckll., 17. pecchiolii Boure., 17 f. subterranece Lafon-du-Cujula, 6. subtrigona Poll., 8 f. VUGUNS, 29, 27, williamsiana Nevill, 16 f., 74. TETRANEURA Schimk., 7. TRICHORIZA Taylor, 4, 164.
UNIVALVIA Vischer, Z.
INDEX.
VERMIVORA Gray, 2. ViITRINA Drap. pellucida Miil., 259.
ZONITOIDES Mill. nitidus Mill, 125, 280.
Vienrerres AND 'lartL-Pircrs— Canal Banks, Kirkstall nr. Leeds, 135. Durdham Down Nurseries, Bristol, 27. Helen’s Bay, County Down, 250. Ineluquin Lake, Kerry, 261.
Lagan River, Belvoir Park, Ulster, 239 Loughton, Epping Forest, 102.
Pine Forest, Ghenicke nr. Potsdam, 77 Slieve Bingian, Mourne Mts., 192. Whaley Bridge, Cheshire, 70.
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Ss t- is very Gisctpatie! hot ins Mandi a | ‘Oibtophow oe “all the various native Gastropods should; be figured in’ the work, the author would be. gate for. adult living" examples of asia ay of the species for'that. purpose... : pe
It is. further’ desired to. obtain the loan “of! Partealts or ‘antogratihis of any of the eminent Conchologists, or Palzeontologists. é . Amongst. others, it, is. especially desirable to: obtain Portraits and. Autographs of. Captain ‘Brown, the Rev. Revett Sheppard, Dr. Leach, Prof. Macgilliveay, Prof. , Sandberger, ‘Mr. ‘Searles Wood, Me B. ied ete., ete. : ee *s ‘sthichibabs ie are sile. ft or - artists can’ assist in “adding largely to the interest of the work by contributing . views of the. favourite. or typical resorts. of various, a, ‘or of Per of the many well-known or classical’ localities. Z Se
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‘THE ‘COLLECTOR'S MANUAL, British Land and “Freshwater Shells, |
‘BY LIONEL. E. ADAMS, BAY
HON, - RECORDER CONCHOLOGICAT’ sociETy..
Illustrated by Collotype aa B ngraved Figures of the species son Original Dilsitingty. _ By A. ‘SICH, G, W.. ADAMS, and. the AUTHOR.
——— SECOND EDITION.
- Containing afull enumeration and description of all the’ recognized varieties,
Ms with. diagnostic tables-of: the more difficult) genera, framed for the a of
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..; A full and detailed Census of the. known Distribution of every Species, including the results of the latest researches, i is.added: ,
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