ph 1 ape [veri fH lt pai Bh ty h iy facts aa i Hy baa ieee % aN TPMT SIR My Re ei ‘ Ay i fi ey, hiaeas hata y Bide Maker chy ne ‘iia efhihietes Hittin ee a ie part Pi by 4 fe 1 teat HD Hi vy hig GAM CEM a sce iy wy bee tied eae i ioe t a Hiei Baie di in Ati PAM a Hai yiltey i i lick Gin Hoy Saas ai, fat Hew Dork State College of Agriculture At Cornell Gnibersity Bthaca, M2. DB. Library “iw i iil : Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003259391 FLORA Western Middle Calitornia - JEPSON Gornell University Library Sthaca, New York GEORGE FRANCIS ATKINSON BOTANICAL LIBRARY 1920 FLORA OF Western Middle California BY WILLIS LINN JEPSON, Pu.D. Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of California IssuED APRIL 16, 1901 ENCINA PUBLISHING COMPANY BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA CopPYRIGHT 1901 By Wiis L. Jepson HISTORICAL NOTE. From 1789 to 1876 the botanical literature relating to California was confined chiefly to the descriptions of new species or annotated catalogues of collections made by various expeditions or by local collectors. : The first systematic treatise upon the plants of California was pre- sented in the Botany of California, the first volume of which appeared in 1876, the second being published four years later. In these two volumes we have the first general account of the California flora. The work was based primarily upon a study of the plant collections of the California Geological Survey made by W. H. Brewer from 1860 to 1865 and later by H. N. Bolander, and also upon the rather considerable collections of the Pacific Railroad Surveys from 1851 to 1857. This material was supplemented by collections, some small, some considerable, made by resident collectors. The manuscript of the Polypetale was produced by the combined labors of W. H. Brewer and Sereno Watson; the Gamopetale were done by Asa Gray, while the second volume from the Apetale to the Crypta- gams was elaborated by Watson with the assistance of specialists in various groups. The two volumes made a pretentious work. As we are now able to perceive, there were many omissions, there were errors of judgment, and little is suggested of the amount of variation which is prevalent in so many Californian genera and species. But if one note the exceedingly inadequate material at the disposal of these authors, oft- times extremely meager, then we may well wonder that the work was so capably done, that it has stood so well the test of two decades of constant use. At this time our judgment is qualified by experi- ence with its merits and demerits, and it is u secure judgment that although progression has left the Botany of California behind, it will always occupy the position of a classic. In 1878 and in 1884 Asa Gray gave to the botanical world two parts of the Synoptical Flora of North America, in which were, of course, very considerable additions to the knowledge of the Califor- nian flora. This work, so widely used, still remains as the only gen- eral revision of the North American Gamopetale. From 1885 to 1895 the most active contributor to Californian botanical literature was E. LL. Greene. His papers upon plant (iti) iv HISTORICAL NOTE. nomenclature have, doubtless, made him most widely known, since in America no other writer has so pronounced and extreme views upon this subject. Nearly all of his many writings, whatever the title or topic, are colored by the ideas of nomenclature which have brought him into prominence. The particular contributioris which are most available to the Californian student are the Flora Frandis- cana, still incomplete, and the Manual of Botany of the Region of San Francisco Bay, in both of which his principles of nomenclature are exemplified. He has what is termed a keen eye for specific differ- ences, has published a very large number of new species, and is the author of larger number of new names and new combinations than any other American botanist or zoologist. He has also an apprecia- tion of natural relationships which has led him to propose new arrangements for many genera and species. It should be added that many of these changes have found wide acceptance. During this long period there have been many other resident workers on the flora of western middle California. Of these mention should be made of Dr. Albert Kellogg, one of the founders of the California Academy of Sciences; Dr. Hermann H. Behr, author of a Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco; Mrs. Katherine Brandegee, formerly Mrs. Curran, who has studied very thoroughly the local flora for many years and published revisions of genera and of species; Mr. Volney Rattan, Miss Alice Eastwood, and many others whose names find mention in the following pages. PREFATORY NOTE. The present volume embodies the results of a prolonged and studious examination into the flora of western middle California. It is, in brief, un attempt to present in book form an account of the seed plants of the region by descriptions of the living plants—of the plants as they actually exist. It is as little as may be at the present time a revision of what hus been written about plants of the region, or of plants or of species ascribed to it. The author has enlarged his laboratory and herbarium experience by innumerable excursions and expeditions into the vafions and mountuains, through the valleys and along the water-courses of California. The diagnoses have been derived mainly from fresh specimens collected by the author or by his colleagues in the Department of Botany, and from simiiar abun- dant material supplied by many helpful correspondents resident in various parts of the state. ~As to the recognition of species, that is the determination of the number of species present in our region und the working out of their relationships, field studies played an important part. In the larger or more variable genera resort was had to the following method: The material of a given genus was segregated into a certain number of forms (regarded as distinct) or varieties of these forms, the judgment passed being in large measure controlled by field studies. The descriptions of such forms were drawn up from fresh material or herbarium material. The results of these studies could not in all cases, however, be correlated with the existing literature, but to the descriptions such names were applied as were available in the litera- ture and with all cure and caution. Therefore, a particular descrip- tion stands for a natural type (that is to say the usual or dominating or most marked form), while the name may belong to a form of the species which is unusual or abnormal, or may, indeed, belong toa very different plant since the original description by which such a name was published may be so vagu”, so loose. or so broad that exact determination is difficult or impossible. Difficulties of this nature may only be settled by a study of the original or type specimens, but these are, to us, largely inaccessible. Moreover, type specimens are not infrequently so poor or so fragmentary that nothing can be made of them. It shou!d be understood, therefore, that the author’s con- ception of the species here yiven place is expressed by the descriptions rather than by the names; that there is here an account of the plants of the region rather than a list of species gleaned from the literature. One other course was open. Instead of presenting a fresh account of the plants known to us as occurring in our region it would have been quite possible to list the species attributed to middle Ca ‘ifornia and copy the paraphrased descriptions which we have inherited, adding more or less new matter and emending where it seemed neces- sary. To one, however, whose facilities as to type-specimens are limited but whose advantages as to the study of the living flora arein (1) 2 PREFATORY NOTE. many ways unlimited, surely there could be but one choice as to what his task should be. . Nevertheless, it is not in the least the intention to deny to the liter- ature a debt which is plain, but the obligation to some of the more recent ‘‘systematic’’ literature must be said to be dubious when one remembers the paucity of monographic work and contrasts the long list of ‘(new species.’’ It is not too much to say that a considerable proportion of these ‘‘new species’’ consists of isolated descriptions, that there is a lack of coordination with species already known, and that as to many of them even their nearest relatives are not acknowl- edged. It has not been possible to investigate all such. Some are obviously to be rejected—in any event they have not been included here by merit of publication merely. Many others, on the contrary, it has been possible to study more or less fully; of these a surprising number reveal most excellent characters which are not in the least suggested in their often unsatisfactory diagnoses. : Supplementing the account of structures the student will find numerous records of physiological peculiarities of various species, details of habit or of aspect—features which lure the eye of the expert in the field but which are obscured or lost in the dried specimen. Observations of this character have been eagerly sought, as well as notes concerning associated species, modes of vegetative reproduction, behavior in the dry season and similar data. Another well defined aim has been held constantly in view as the work progressed. It was deemed to be in the highest degree desira- ble, on account of the very interesting and instructive variation which exists among Californian plants, that the flora should, in so far as possible, reflect something of this phenomenon. In many cases, indeed whenever opportunity offered, detailed accounts of marked variations have been recorded in the field. Distinctions between variable and invariable types have been rendered far easier of analysis and made in a great degree more certain by a close study of fresh material, which has not infrequently been available in large quantity. Variation ascribable to difference in soil, exposure, dryness and so on is often noted and varieties are here described which may properly be called ecological varieties. A very great amount of time and effort has been expended upon the construction of keys; » general key to the families, keys to the genera under the families, keys to the species under the genera, and in some cases even keys to the varieties. The key to the families is a wholly artificial key; it is not intended in the least to indicate natural relationships, but simply to guide the stu- dent, by a path as direct and as sure as possible, to the family. Hence no exceptions are allowed. Since there are, of course, excep- tions in a great many families, genera or even species of the same family may be divided in the key. Moreover, the keys apply only to the species listed. While the specific keys have been carefully made, nevertheless, this is the first descriptive flora in Western America to present such keys and the student should use them to secure a PREFATORY NOTE. 3 suggestion of the species, controlling his final decision by a rigid comparison with all the terms of the diagnosis. The beginner should never forget that the same spécies may be of quite different appearance in different localities. Soil, exposure, alti- tude, humidity, distance from the ocean, influence very greatly the habit and aspect of the plant. Vegetative characters (that is charac- ters of the root, stem, foliage, size of the plant or of its various parts, amount of pubescence) vary endlessly in many plants. Hence it is well to rely chiefly upon the reproductive characters, that is charac- ters of the reproductive organs, namely the flower and the fruit, rather than upon merely vegetative characters. The variation of the plant from its normal appearance may often be correlated with its situation, at least as to the vegetative features. The following classes of localities may be noted under this head:— 1. Near the ocean a species is often more depressed or condensed than in the interior, and more fleshy. 2. In swamps or wet soils the plant tends to become succulent and of ranker growth, and also glabrous. 8. In valley soils the growth is commonly much more rank than elsewhere. 4. On hilltops plants tend to become dwarf and acaulescent; often far more pubescent also. 5. In saline or subsaline soil the stems and foliage in many species ure far more vigorous and the flowers larger than on stiff clays or adobes. 6. In shady woods leaves become thinner and larger, often con- spicuously so. : 7. At high altitudes the flowers are larger in proportion to stature and brighter in color. In the matter of terminology the number of terms here employed has been considerably reduced. The term bract (as an example) has been applied to all bracteal organs and special designations have not been applied to modifications of bracts peculiar to certain families. Local common names have been sedulously noted in all parts of the state and such as were appropriate will be found appended to the proper species. The coining of so-called common names from the Latin binomial has been avoided and we have also seen fit to reject common names of Old World and Eastern species which have been applied to different plants in California. By Western Middle California is meant that portion of California lying west of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, south of the counties of Mendocino, Lake and Colusa and north of the Pajaro River and Pacheco Pass. Very many extra-limital species are described or noticed, however, so that the volume will be almost if not quite as useful as far north as Red Bluff and as far south as Bakersfield. The author now has opportunity to make acknowledgments for services rendered by his colleagues and correspondents. Prof. W. A. Setchell has, by his unfailing encouragement and constant advice, 4 PREFATORY NOTE. promoted very materially the progress of this work; he has, more- over, collected several hundred phxnogamic plants of pronounced value, expressly for the author’s use. Mr. J. B. Davy has provided a competent and much needed revision of the grasses for which the author is especially grateful; he has also furnished several thousand specimens, muny of which were accompanied by field notes. For the rivileges of a research student at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard niversity cordial thanks are returned to Prof. B. L. Robinson. Frequent use has been made of the Herbarium of the California Academy of Sciences and kindly acknowledgments are due to its curator, Miss Alice Eastwood. For contributions of valuable specimens it is a pleasure to name Mr. S. B. Parish of San Bernardino, Mr. R. H. Platt of Vacaville, Mr. M.S. Baker of the Sacramento High School, Mr. P. 8. Woolsey of the Visalia High School, Mr. J. H. Barber of Paso Robles, and Mr. H. M. Wall, Mr. H. P. Chandler, and Mr. J. P. Tracy, students of the Uni- versity of California. Finally there is to be mentioned the valuable assistance in proof-reading given by Mr. P. E. Goddard, Mrs. E. J. C. Gilbert and Miss K. D. Jones. Many a valley and mountain peak of California, numerous chaparral slopes and leagues wide plains have not to this day been explored botanically. ‘There must yet be numerous additions to the knowledge of our flora before such knowledge can be considered in anywise complete. Emendations and notes of omission will, there- fore, be most gratefully received. Wiis Linn JEPson. Mt. Whitney Trail, Aug. 6, 1900. KEY TO: THE SEED PLANTS OF WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA GYMNOSPERM-. Ovules borne naked on a scale; cotyledons 8 to 15, sometimes 2; flowers moneecious or dicecious; leaves needle-like, scale-like or linear; trees or shrubs, ours evergreen. Flowers solitary; ovule 1 to each cup-shaped disk or fleshy envelope, becoming abony seed... ..... . . TAXACEA, p. 17. Flowers in cone-like aments, the pistillate ament becoming a scaly cone. rarely a berry; ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale. ConiFER#, p. 18. ANGIOSPERM FE. Ovules borne in a closed sac or ovary, which becomes the fruit; cotyledons 1 or 2. CLASS 1.—MONOCOTYLEDONS. Leaves with parallel veins (except Trillium); parts of the flowers usually in 3’s, never in 4’s or 5’s; vascular bundles scattered irregularly through the pithy tissue, not in rings or annual layers; embryo with 1 cotyledon; all ours herbs, when perennial mostly with rootstocks or bulbs. A. Flowers without perianth and enveloped by chaffy bracts, or the perianth dry and scarious. Flowers (in gurs) sessile, in dense spikelets, with imbricate bract- lets; spikelets borne in spikes, racemes, panicles or umbels; perianth none or reduced to bristles; fruit an achene. Stems mostly terete and hollow; leaves in 2 rows; sheaths mostly split open opposite the blade; ligule mostly conspicuous; bractlets 2 subtending cach flower, or the upper (the palea) rarely obsolete; anthers mostly versatile; seed (in ours) adnate to the pericarp . . . . GRAMINER, p. 26. — Stems mostly triangular, solid; leaves in 3 rows; sheaths entire; ligule obsolete or minute; bractlet only 1 subtending each flower; anthers erect; seed free from the pericarp... . . . CYPERACEA, p. 83. (5) 6 KEY TO SEED PLANTS. Flowers (in ours) pedicellate, in paniculate clusters, or subsessile in dense capitate heads; perianth of 6 distinct dry segments; leaves terete or flat; fruit capsule. . Juncacna, p. 92. B. Flowers on a spadix or spike, the whole cluster often enclosed by aspathe or foliaceous or membranaceous bract; perianth none or not petal-like. Sh Subaquatic reed-like plants; flowers unisexual, borne in a dense cylindrical spike or globose head, without distinct perianth , TYPHACEM, p. 95. Small or minute leafless aquatics, the stems represented by leaf-like floating fronds. . . . . 3. . . . LEMNACES, p. 97. Aquatic plants; flowers naked or with a very small calyx, perfect or unisexual; stamens]to4, .. ,NAIADACES, p. 99. _ Marsh or subaquatic plants; flowers perfect, with or without perianth; stamens 6 or 1... . . . JUNCAGINACEA, p. 102. GC. Flowers with a more or less corolla-like perianth. Ovaries several, distinct, becoming achenes in fruit; perianth of 3 sepals and 3 petals. . . . ALISMACER, p. 104. Ovary 1 and ; Superior; perianth regular, petal-like; stamens 6, sometimes Bor4. : ... , LILiacea, p. 106. Inferior. Perianth regular; stamens 3. . . . . In1pacem, p. 128. Perianth irregular; stamens 1, rarely 2.0RCcHIDACEA, p. 180. CLASS 2.—DICOTYLEDONS. Leaves netted-veined; parts of the flower mostly in 4’s or 5’s; vascu- lar bundles in a ring around a central pith, the stem when perennial increasing in girth hy annual layers; embryo with 2 cotyledons, é 1. APETALOUS DIVISION. Corolla none; calyx present, some- times petal-like, rarely none. A. FLOWERS MONGCIOUS OR DIGCIOUS, ONE OR BOTH KINDS IN AMENTS; TREES OR SHRUBS. Leaves simple and Opposite; flower dicecious, 1 to 3 in each axil of the connate bracts; sepals of staminate flowers 4, of pistillate flower 2or none , GARRYACEA, p. 362. Alternate. Both kinds of flowers in uments. Flowers 1 to each scale or bract; perianth none. Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded capsule; seeds with a coma; flowers divcious.. . . SALICACE.E, p. 135. Fruit a waxy-coated berry; flowers monccious or diwcious. Myricaces, p. 146. Flowers 2 or 8 to each scale or bract; staminate ament long pendulous; pistillate small, maturing into a woody cone containing margined achenes, . . BuTuLacnksm, p. 139, WESTERN MLDDLE CALIFORNIA. 7 Only the staminate (rarely the pistillate) in aments. Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy tubular involucre. . . CoryLAcEas, p. 140. Fruit a nut set in a scaly cup or bur (acorn or chestnut) CUPULIFERA, p. 141. Leaves pinnate; only the staminate flowers in aments; fruit » nut with a fibrous coat. . . ... . . SUGLANDACEM, p. 145. B. FLowERS NOT IN AMENTs. 1. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers. Leaves opposite. Flowers diccious. . Ovary inferior; fruit u berry; leaves simple and foliaceous or reduced to scales; parasitic on trees. LORANTHACEA, p. 365. Ovary superior; leaves pinnate. Stamens 4 or 5; fruit a double samara; var. of. . . ee Acer Negundo, p. 252. Stamens commonly 2; fruit a simple samara . iD thcch ag lat Fraxinus Oregana, p.385. Flowers dicwcious or polygamo-diccious; sepals 4, petal-like; sta- mens numerous; fruit a tailed achene; climbing plants . Clematis, p. 197. Leaves alternate and simple. Flowers monecious, in head-like clusters scattered on a slender axis; calyx none... .. 2... . . . PLATANACEA, p. 274. Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and stamens 4 or 5; fruit berry- like . eG F . Rhamnus. p. 253. Flowers perfect. Stamens 6 to numerous, Erect trees or shrubs. Calyx of 6 petal-like sepals; stamens 9, the anthers vpening hy uplifted valves; fruit a drupe; evergreen. . . AURACES, p. 191. Calyx 5-lobed; stamens numerous, 25 to 60, inserted on the calyx; fruit a tailed achene . . Cercocarpus, p. 277. Calyx 4-cleft, corolla-like; low shrub with tough leathery stems. . ... 2... . . THYMELEACES, p. 259. Climbing plant; calyx tubular; stamens 6, anthers sessile; capsule 6-celled. . . - . . Aristolochia, p. 364, Stamens 5, monadelphous; calyx 5-cleft; showy; capsule com- monly 5-celled . . . . . . . . . Fremontia, p. 286. Stamens 1 or 2; calyx of 4 or 5 sepals; leaves much reduced and seale-like. .. ... . Allenrolfea, p. 181. 2. Herbs. * OVARY SUPERIOR, 7. ¢., FREE FROM THE CALYX. Calyx present; corolla none. Pistils more than 1 and distinct, becoming achenes; sepals com- monly 5, distinct, often petal-like; stamensmany. .. . . RANUNCULACES, p. 198. KEY TO SEED PLANTS. Pistils 1 or 2, distinct; calyx-tube armed with barbed prickles, its limb 3 to 7-parted; leaflets pinnatifid. . ..... ..++s Acena, p. 284. Pistil 1, 1-celled; stigmas or styles often more than one. Stipules present. Leaves alternate; fruit an achene. Stipules sheathing, scarious; calyx 5 to 6-cleft or -parted, or of distinct sepals, often petal-like; stamens 4 to 9; fruit a 8-sided or lenticular achene. . fends Casini POLYGONACES, p. 148. Stipules not sheathing; calyx greenish; stamens 1 to 4. Flowers monecivus, very small, in ament-like inflo- rescences; plants with stinging herbage . A Unricacem®, p. 146. Flowers perfect, fascicled; diminutive annual. . Alchemilla, p. 284. Leaves opposite; small or prostrate herbs. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals; stamens 8 to 5. Fruit an achene or utricle; stipules scarious: genera nos. Wtol4of.... . . , CaryorHyLLaceg, p. 168. Fruit a 8-valved capsule; stipules setaceous, : ; Leflingia, p. 171. Calyx 5-cleft; capsule circumscissile; stipules laciniate; sta- mens 1to3. ,.. . . . Cypselea, p. 189. Stipules none. Fruit an achene or utricle. Leaves opposite or whorled. Calyx tubular, corolla-like, the base of the tube hardening and enclosing the achene; prostrate maritime herbs , NycraGInaceg, p. 188. Calyx of 6 (rarely 5) distinct often petal-like sepals; fruit a 3-sided or lenticular achene; leaves whorled or op- posite. . . 2... . . Potyeonacr, p. 148. Leaves alternate or opposite; calyx of 5 or fewer sepals. Sepals herbaceous or, in unisexual flowers, the pistillate without calyx and enclosed by two bracts; bractlets none; mostly seurfy plants of alkaline or maritime habitat. . SF . CHENOPODIACER, p. 174. Sepals membranous or scarious; flowers with bractlets . AMARANTACES, p. 172. Fruit a capsule; leaves opposite. Stamens numerous; capsule cireumscissile; calyx of 5 purple segments; perennial herb . Sesuvium, p. 189. Stamens 5 or fewer; capsule opening by valves. Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, white inside; prostrate annual , ; Mollugo, p. 188. Calyx 6-lobed, the lobes petal-like; erect. perennial herb maritime or of salt marshes. . : : Glaux, p. 374. WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 9 Calyx 4-parted; diminutive annual with filiform leaves, . Sagina apetala, p. 169. Calyx and corolla both wanting; pistil 1. ‘Flowers perfect, borne in a spike, each flower subtended by “a colored bract, the spike subtended by a conspicuous colored involucre; herb of saline habitat , Anemopsis, p. 162. Flowers monecious. Terrestrial plants; flower-clusters often surrounded by a petal- like involucre resembling » perianth; stamens 1 to many; capsule 1 or commonly 8-celled; juice often milky. . . EUPHORBIACES, p. 260. Aquatic plants; leaves opposite; stamens 1. Leaves dissected; ovary 1-celled, in fruit a spinose or tubercu- late achene. . . . . . . CERATOPHYLLACEA, p. 191. Leaves entire; ovary 4-celled, splitting when ripe into 4 parts. CALLITRICHACEA, p. 268, ** OVARY INFERIOR, t. ¢., MORE OR LESS ADHERENT TO THE CALYX. Flowers diccious or the pistillate with stamens; stamens many; cap- sule 1-celled; leaves alternate, divided. . . . . . eh - DaTISCACE, p. 821. Flowers pertect. Leaves reniform or cordate; calyx-lobes 8, caudate; capsule 6-celled; nearly acaulescent perennial. . . Asarum, p. 363. Leaves not reniform or cordate. Calyx-lobes 4. Leaves alternate; fruit a 3 to 9-celled bony nut with herbaceous covering; succulent herb , , Tetragonia, p. 189. Leaves opposite; fruit a 4-celled capsule; stems creeping in mud or floating in water . . Ludwigia, p. 326. Calyx entire; stamens 1; fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded; aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls. . Hippuris, p. 338. Il. CHORIPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla present, the latter of distinct petals. A. OVARY SUPERIOR, (. ¢., FREE FROM THE CALYX. 1. Stamens hypogynous, more than 10. Pistils several to many. Pistils simple and distinct. Leaves not peltate. Pistils becoming achenes or follicles SAO Soi i RaNUNCULACEA, p. 198. Pistils at first united, later distinct as torulose pods... . Platystemon, p. 205. Leaves peltate; aquatic plant. . . Brasenia, p. 192. Pistils cohering in a ring around a central axis; stamens monadel- phous. .. MALvVaces, p. 286. 10 KEY TO SEED PLANTS. Pistil 1 and One-celled, the styles or stigmas often more than one. Sepals caducous; petals 4 or 6, twice as many as the sepals . PAPAVERACES, p. 205. Sepals persistent or at least not caducous. Acaulescent plants; petals 8 to 16; sepals 4 to 8. Lewisia, p. 184. Caulescent plants. : ; Petals 5; fruit a capsule; leaves simple, entire. Sepals 2; styles3. . . . . . Calandrinia, p. 185. Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and bract-like; style 1 CISTACES, p. 238. Petals 1 or 2; sepals about 4; fruit a berry; leaves compound. Actea, 202, More than 1-celled. Petals 5; sepals or calyx-lobes 5. Stamens monadelphous, jointed to the base of the petal»; sepals not distinct, valvate; leaves alternate... . . me MALVACEA, p. 236. Stamens disposed in 8 to 5 indistinct bunches; sepals distinct, imbricate; leaves opposite, . HyPERICACEs, p. 235. Petals 10 to 20; sepals 5 to 12; aquatic herbs... . . . Nuphar, p. 192. 2. Stamens hypogynous, IO or fewer. Pistils more than 1, distinct, and Exceeding in number the sepals or petals. . 2... 0. RaNUNCULACES, p. 193. Of the same number as the sepals or petals. . . 2... CRASSULACES, p. 264. Pistils more or less united around a central axis, elastically separating when ripe as l-seeded carpels; petals 5. ©. ..... GERANIACEM, p. 245. Pistil 1, the styles or stigmas sometimes more than one. Corolla irregular, Papilionaceous; stamens 10, di- or mon-adelphous, rarely dis- tinct; fruita legume... . . LEGUMINOSA, p. 288. Petals 5, one with a spur; sepals 5, auricled; stamens 5; fruit a L-celled capsule 2.) we « WIOLACEX, p. 280. Petals 4; stamens 6. Sepals 4; fruit a silique; annual; some species of . Streptanthus, p. 213. Sepals 2; petals in 2 dissimilar pairs; perennial. . Dicentra, p. 209. Petal 1; calyx 5-toothed; stamens 10; leaves pinnate; shrub , Amorpha, p. 203, Corolla regular. Ovary I-celled, Anthers opening by uplifted valves; petals 6, in whorls of 3; stamens 6; fruit 1 berry or capsule , a hoe on. ee BERBERIDACE.E, p. 208. WISTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 11 Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; herbs. Fruit a capsule opening from the apex hy valves or teeth; petals 5 or 4. © Calyx tubular or of 5 (or 4) distinct sepals; stamens 3 to 10, eommonly 5 or 10; capsule 8 to 10-valved or -toothed; placente central; styles2 to5. . CarvoruyLiac EE, Pp. 163. Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; stamens 5 (or 3 to many); capsule 3-valved; placentas central or basal; styles 2 to8 . . . Portcriacace.e. p. 184. Calyx tubular; stamens 4 to 7; capsule 2 to 4-valved; placenta parietal; style 3-cleft ' FRANKE NIACEE, p. 162. Fruit indehiscent. Style 1 or none; sepals and petals 4; stamens tetradyna- mous . . : _ CRUCIFERS, p. 210. Styles, sepals, petals and stamens 5 PLUMBAGINACES, p. 877. Ovary more than I-celled. Anthers opening by pores at the summit; sepals and petals 5 or 4, the stamens as many or twice as many; capsule Becelled . . . Ericacks, p. 367. Anthers opening by longitudinal “slits. Herbs. Leaves alternate or basal. Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6. Ovary not stipitate; stamens commonly 4 long and 2 short (tetradynamous); sepals and petals 4; fruit a 2-celled capsule (silique or silicle) . ia CRUCIFERS, p. 210. Ovary raised on a stipe; stamens not tetradynamous; leaves 3-foliolate . . CAPPARIDACE.#, p. 229. Sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled capsule. Stamens 10, more or less united at base; leaves 8-foliolate . . . Oxalis, p. 245. Stamens 5; leaves simple. Ltnace4, p. 243. Leaves opposite; annuals. Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; flowers 2 to 5-merous; fruit a 2 to 5-celled capsule . ELaTinacE#, p. 234. Calyz tubular; stamens 10 and petals 5, the latter clawed; fruit an imperfectly 3-celled capsule . Silene Gallica, p. 165. Shrub; fruit a simple samara; stamens and petals 2 each: leaves opposite, pinnate. . Fraxinus dipetala, p. 385. 3. Stamens perigynous, i. e., on the calyx or on a more or less evident disk. Stamens on a hypogynous disk or on a disk lining the base of the calyx. 12 KEY TO SEED PLANTS. Trees or shrubs. Stamens twice as many as the petals and alternate with them. Leaves alternate, trifvliolate. Styles or stigmas 8; fruit drupe-like . . . ANACARDIACES, p. 250. Style 1; fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded samara. . bets RUTACEA, p. “949. Leaves opposite, simple; style 1 or none; fruit a 3 to 5-celled capsule; seeds with an aril. CELASTRACES, p. 252. Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the petals and opposite them. Shrubs; petals often hooded, commonly with claws; ovary commonly 3-celled, splitting when ripe into 3 one-seeded DaEiS oe eye AeAg ny ped RHAMNACES, p. 253. Woody vine, climbing by tendrils; petals early deciduous, cohering’ by their tips; fruita berry. . 2 je as VitAcea, p. 259. Stamens 7 to 9; petals 5, equal; fruit a double samara; leaves BIMPles on se ew ke eS Acer macrophyllum, p. 252. Stamens 5 to 8; petals 4 or 5, clawed, slightly irregular; fruit a 1-seeded capsule; leaves pulmately compound SaPINDACEA, p. 251. Herbs; stamens 8 to 30; petals 4 to 7, laciniate; disk 1-sided RESEDACEA, p. 230. Stamens on the calyx. Corolla regular. Stipules - present; pistils one to several, sometimes partly united to the disk; petals 5; stamens 10 to numerous; leaves alternate, often compound. . Rosacex, p. 275. Stipules none; leaves simple. Pistils many, concealed in a hollow receptacle; leaves opposite, BUM PLO. oa, 56 sat aoe ee He CALYCANTHACER, p. 190. Pistil 1; petals 5; stamens 5 or 10 SAXIVRAGACER, p 267. Pistil 1, becoming a capsule enclosed by, but free from, the tubular calyx; stamens 4 to 12; leaves simple, entire LYTHRACEA, p. 323. Corolla irregular, papilionaceous; stamens monadelphous, or dia- delphous, rarely distinct; fruit a legume; leaves commonly compound . a4 .... , LEGUMINOSS, p. 288. B. Ovary INFERIOR, I. E., MORE OR LESS ADHERENT TO THE CALYX. 1. Trees and Shrubs. Stamens more numerous than the petals; petals 5. é Leaves alternate; fruita pome. . . , Rosacea, p. 275 Leaves opposite; "fruit a capsule; trailing undershrub . . . . Whipplea, p. 272. Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; petuls 5, hooded; fruit 3-celled, 1 seed in each cell . . Ceanothus, p. 254. WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 13 Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them. Petals 4; style 1; flowers small, in cymes, or if in a head, sur- rounded by a conspicuous corolla-like involucre; fruit drupe- like; leaves opposite .. . . . . CoRNACEA, p. 360. Petals (in ours) 5; styles 2, more or less distinct; flowers in racemes or solitary; fruit a smooth or prickly berry; leaves alternate. Ribes, p, 272. 2. Herbs. Petals and stamens numerous; fruit 10 to 12-celled, dehiscing at summit; succulent maritime herb . Mesembryanthemum, p. 190. Petals 5 or fewer. Styles 4 or 5; flowers in panicled umbels; fruit berry-like ARALIACEA, p. 839. Styles 2; flowers in simple or compound umbels, sometimes capi- tate; fruit splitting into 2 one-seeded carpels ...... UMBELLIFERA, p. 340. Style 1. Sepals and petals 4 (rarely 5 or 2), the stamens commonly twice as many; fruit commonly a 4-celled capsule .... . ONAGRACES, p. 325. Sepals and petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a 1-celled capsule opening at the top; rough-hairy herbs. ......... Loasace&, p. 321. Sepals 2; petals 5; stamens 7 to 20; style mostly 3 to 8-parted; fleshy herb. .. ... . . . Portulaca, p. 184. Style none; stigmas 4; leaves in whorls; aquatic plants . . HaLoraGE#, p. 338. Ill, SYMPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla both pres- ent, the latter with the petals united, at least at base. A. STAMENS MORE THAN 5. Anthers opening by a hole at the top; stamens 8 or 10; ovary superior or inferior; leaves simple; trees, shrubs or parasitic plants . ERicace&, p. 867. Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; ovary superior. Petals 5. : Pistils 4 or 5, distinct; stamens 10....... oe CRASSULACEA, p. 264. either splitting into as many carpels when ripe or capsular. MALVACEA, p. 236. 14 KEY TO SEED PLANTS. Petals less than 5. Leaves entire; petals 38; sepals 5, 2 petal-like; stamens 6 to 8; ovary 2-celled; flower imitating the papilionaceous . POLYGALACEA, p. 248. Leaves divided; petals 4 in two dissimilar pairs; sepals 2; sta- mens 6, . . . . Dicentra formosa, p. 210. B. Stamens 5 OR LESs. 1. Ovary superior, i. e., free from the calyx. Corolla regular. Stamens free from the corolla; ovary several-celled; shrubs ERICACES, p. 367. Stamens adnate to the corolla. Pistil 1. Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them. Style 1; frnitacapsule, . , PRIMULACEA, p. 374. Styles 5; fruit a utricle orachene. ........ 2. : PLUMBAGINACES, p. 877. Stamens as many as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla and alternate with its lobes; fruit a capsule (or in Solanum a berry). : Ovary 1 or 2-celled. Styles 2, more or less distinct; flowers 5-merous; ovary 1 or 2-celled; leaves mostly alternate, usually toothed, lobed or compound , . HYDROPHYLLACES, p. 482. Style 1 or none. Ovary and capsule l-celled; flowers 4 or 5-merous; leaves simple and opposite or 3-foliolate and alter- MALE oe ey vas se "| GENTIANACES, p. 878. Ovary 2-celled; fruit commonly 2-celled; stamens 5; leaves alternate. Leafless parasitic twining plant. . . Cuscuta, p. 388. Leafy plants. Corolla plaited in the bud; calyx of 5 distinct sepals. . . . CONVOLVULACES, p. 385. Corolla valvate or plicate in the bud; calyx 5-toothed. . . . SOLANACE., p. 390. Ovary 2 to 4-celled; capsule circumscissile; corolla scarious; stamens 2 or 4; style 1; acaulescent herbs. Peer PLANTAGINES, p. 418. Ovary 8-celled, the flower otherwise 5-merous; style 8-cleft; capsule 8-valved. . . . . PoLEMONIACE®, p, 422. Ovary 4-celled and commonly 4-lobed, splitting at maturity into as many nutlets; stamens 5; styles 2, distinct; leaves alternate (at least the upper); flowers in coiled racemes or spikes. . . . BoRAGINACH.#, p. 440. Pistils 2 (the ovaries distinct but the styles or stigmas united), becoming follicles; leaves opposite or whorled; plants with milky juice. WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 15 Stamens and stigmas united, the polis bearing hood-like appendages. . . . . ASCLEPIADACER, p. 381. Stamens and stigmas not united; no hoods . APOCYNACER, p- 380. Corolla from strongly bilabiate to slightly irregular. Stamens 4 or 2 Fruit a 1-celled capsule. Stamens 2; corolla spurred; aquatic plants with finely divided leaves, some bearing bladders . . Ur RICULARIACE&, P: ‘419. Stamens 4; root-parasite- without green foliage . OROBANCHACEX, p- 420. Fruit a 2-celled capsule; leaves alternate or opposite . SCROPHULARIACES, p. 394. Fruit of 2 to 4 nutlets; leaves opposite. Ovary not lobed, 2 ‘to 4. celled, splitting into as many sa bs stamens 4 or 2; style 1, entire. , VERBENACEA, P. 450. Ovary 4-lobed, splitting into as many nutlets; stamens 4 or 2; style 1-cleft; stems square; herbage with the odor of mint. Lapiata, p. 452. Stamens 5, some or all woolly Verbascum, p. 395. 2. Ovary inferior, i. c., adherent to the calyx-tube. Stamens distinct. Leaves alternate; flowers regular; stamens 5; ovary and capsule 2.to 5-celled; herbs. . . CAMPANULACEM, p. 476. Leaves opposite or whorled. Stamens 1 to 8; flowers irregular; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded; herbs. V ALERTANACER, p- 474, Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 2. Ovary 1-celled; flowers in involucrate heads or short spikes; fruit an achene; herbs. . . Dipsace.x, p. 475. Ovary in ours 2- celled; flowers regular; fruit berry-like or dry, commonly separating into 2 one-seeded achene-like por- tions; leaves simple; herbs or shrubs . es RvuBiacEs, p. 467. Ovary 2 to 5-celled; flowers regular or irregular; leaves simple or compound; erect or twining shrubs . z CAPRIFOLIACER, ?. 470. Stamens united into a tube around the style. Flowers not in heads; leaves alternate. Stamens 8; leaves palmately lobed; tendril-bearing herbs . CuUCURBITACEA, p. 319. Stamens 5; leaves narrow; annual herbs . LoBELIACER, p. 479. Flowers collected into a head which is furnished with a calyx- like involucre, the whole to the novice seeming like a single flower; stamens 5, rarely 4; fruit an achene. . CoMPoSsIT&, p. 482. Flora of Western Middle California. GYMNOSPERMA. Ovules borne naked upon the surface of a scale or bract, the ovules und seeds therefore without pericarp. Cotyledons 3 to 15, sometimes 2. Trees or shrubs, ours all evergreen, with needle-like, scale-like or linear leaves, mostly bearing cones or some with a berry-like fruit. l. TAXACEA. Yew Famntty. Evergreen trees with linear leaves spreading in 2 ranks. Flowers diecious. Staminate flowers consisting of a cluster of stamens, the filaments monadelphous in a column, Pistillate flower solitary, terminating short axillary branchlets, consisting of u single ovule, which in fruit becomes a seed with a bony coat set in a fleshy disk or enclosed by a fleshy covering. Embryo surrounded by endosperm; cotyledons 2. Branches alternate; leaves carinate on the upper surface; seed borne in «a berrylike: Gap. je 565s Bla aoe ae we dew ee mes dew Ge tg 1. Taxus. Branches mostly ope or whorled; leaves flat, the under surface with a longitudinal channel or suleus on either side of the midrib; fruit plum- like, the seed enclosed ina fleshy covering . . 2. TUMIoN. 1. TAXUS Tourn. Ours a tree with a scaly bark. Flowers scaly-bracted. Stamens + to 10 in a cluster, the 5 to 9 anther cells formed under a shield-like connective, _Ovule seated upon a circular disk, which in fruit becomes cup-shaped, fleshy and red, surrounding the bony seed, the whole berry-like. 1. T. brevifolia Nutt. Yew. Tree 18 to 30 ft. high; leaves with carinate midnerve, somewhat revolute, cuspidate, short petioled; clusters of stamens 2 lines long; fruit about 3 lines long. Sierra Nevada; Mt. Shasta; and southward in the Coast Ranges to southern Mendocino Co.; to be expected in northern Sonoma. 2. TUMION Raf. Torreya. Branches mostly in whorls or opposite, spreading or drooping. Leaves nearly fiat, decurrent, not carinate, the under surface with u longitudinal channel or furrow on either side of the midrib. Stamens w 18 CONIFER. in a cluster 24 to 32, each stamen with 4 naked anther cells. Ovule enclosed in a fleshy sac, the whole becoming drupe-like in fruit. (Greek tumion, name of Dioscorides for a species of Yew tree.) 1. T. Californicum (Torr.) Greene. Carirrornta NUTMEG. Adult trees 45 to 80 ft. high; leaves mostly 14 to 24 inches long, 1} lines broad, tapering slightly to the pungent apex, nearly flat, shortly petioled; staminate clusters 4 or 5 lines long; fruit plum-like, 1 to 1} in, long. Coast Ranges from Marin and Napa Cos. northward (towards the coast the trees are very tall, towards the interior often only 5 or 6 ft. high); Sierra Nevada. May to July. 2. CONIFERA. Prye Famitny. "Trees or shrubs, ours evergreen, with resinous juice, needle-shaped, awl-shaped, or linear leaves, the flowers in cone-like aments without perianth. Male flowers consisting of stamens only, the anthers situ- ated on the under side of a shield-like scale; cones deciduous. Fertile ament with 2 or more ovules at the base of each scale, the scales few or many, spirally imbricated and becoming in fruit a dry cone or the scales sometimes coalescent and succulent. Seed large and nut-like and winged, or small and bony. Embryo straight in the axis of the endosperm. Leaves scattered or fascicled, linear to needle-shaped; flowers monececious ; pistillate ament of numerous spirally imbricated carpels in the form of scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract,in fruit forming a dry woody cone; scales of staminate ament also spirally arranged, herba- ceous, colored yellow ; ovules 2 at the base of each scale on the inner face, inverted. Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin; leaves solitary. Branchlets rough from the prominent raised leaf-scars, bracts of the fertile cones smaller than the scales. ............ 1. TsuGa. Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised; bracts of the fertile cone much longer than the scales . ......... . ... .2, PSEUDOTSUGA. Cones maturing in the-second year, their scales becoming corky or woody and thickened ; leaves in clusters of 2 to 5, surrounded at base by a sheath of scarious bud-seales. 2... 2. ee ee ee 3. PINUS. Leaves not fascicled, linear or ovate-lanceolate; flowers moncecious. Leaves alternate ; scales of the fertile ament about 20 to 80, spirally arranged, in fruit forming a woody cone; bracts none; seeds not winged. . . ¢ 4 SEQUOIA. Leaves opposite; scales of the fertile ament 6, in fruit an oblong cone com- posed of imbricated oblong scales, seed unequally 2-winged...... 5. LIBOCEDRUS, J.eaves opposite or ternate, scale-like or subulate; scales of the fertile ament few, decussately opposite, becoming a small closed cone or berry-like. Dicecious ; fruit berry-like with bony ovate seeds; leaves ternate or opposite. . 6. JUNIPERUS. Moncecious ; fruit a globose cone; leaves opposite. . . 7. CUPRESSUS. 1. TSUGA Carriere. Hurmuock. Leaves appearing 2-ranked, with a single dorsal resin-duct, con- spicuously petioled, jointed near the base, the lower portion persistent and at length ligneous, forming a raised scar. Staminate flower a subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year’s leaves, the PINE FAMILY. 19 long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-seales; connective of the anthers terminating in a short spur or knob. Fertile flowers on the end of last year’s branchlets; bract a little shorter than the scale. Cones maturing the first year, pendulous, their thin scales and bracts persistent. 1. T. heterophylla Sarg. Wesrern Hemiock. A tree 60 to 75 ft. high, 2 ft. in diameter or less, with usually thin reddish-brown bark; ultimate branchlets when young long hairy; leaves 4 to 10 lines long; staminate flowers 2 to 3 lines in diameter, raised out of the bud-scales on a slender stipe 43 lines long; cones oblong-cylindrical, pointed; bracts closely attached to the back of cach scale, obtusely 3-lobed; scales longer than wide; seeds 1 to 14 lines long, the wing ae longer, widest below; cotyledons 3 to 4.—(T: Mertensiana arr. ae sparingly in Marin Co.; from northern California to Alaska it is abundant, forming vast forests, the trees 100 to 200 ft. high and 2 to even & ft. in diameter. The cones are pendent from the tips of very numerous slender hairy branchlets. The Alpine Hemlock, T. Mertensiana Bong. (T. Pattoniana of Bot. Cal.) is found at timber line in the High Sierras. 2. PSEUDOTSUGA Carriere. FALsze Spruce. Leaves fiat, distinctly petioled, somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at the base, leaving transversely oval scars on the smooth branchlets. Male flowers un oblong or cylindrical stamineal column, partly enclosed by conspicuous bud-scales; connective of the anthers ending in a short spur, Cones pendulous, maturing in the first year; bracts broadly linear, acutely 2-lobed and long-pointed or aristate, exserted; scales persistent; seeds with the wing at last breaking off; cotyledons 6 to 12. 1. P. taxifolia Britton. Doucias Spruce. A straight, tall, slender tree 30 to 150 ft. high and 2 to 5 ft. in diameter, the bark fissured; leaves flat, linear, petioled, § to 14 in. long; male flower 5 to 10 lines ‘long; cones oblong, pendulous, 4 in. long or less, remain- ing on the trees some time after the seeds have fallen; seeds triangular, the upper side convex and reddish-brown, the under side flat and white.—(P. Douglasii Carr.) The Douglas Spruce, the most abundant and widely distributed forest tree in Western North America, is not uncommon in the sea- ward and middle Coast Ranges within our limits. In the South Coast Ranges it is frequent in the Santa Cruz Mountains but it is not known from the Mt, Hamilton and Mt. Diablo ranges or the Oakland Hills. In the north Coast Ranges it is very common in Marin and Sonoma Counties and is only less abundant in Napa Valley where it gives a decided character to the landscape. It is found on both the west and east slopes of the Mayacamas Range bounding Napa Valley on the east but is not found in the Vaca Mountains of the Inner Coast Range. Northward in Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Norte 20 CONIFER A, Cos. the Douglas Spruce forms extensive forests. The trees are often gigantic, being 15 ft. in diameter and in crowded forests attaining a height of 300 feet., the perfectly straight columns without a branch for 100 to 200 ft. The bark on the older trees is thick and dark- brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. In Oregon it is known to woodsmen and lumbermen as ‘‘Oregon Pine’’ and in California is commonly called ‘‘Fir’’ or ‘‘Red Fir.’’ This tree ranges also through the Sierras southward to the head waters of Stevenson Creek, a branch of the San Joaquin River, at an elevation of 3,000 to 5,500 ft. 3. PINUS Tourn. PINE. Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, bearing in their axils the needle- shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds, some of the thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster. Staminate flower an oblong cylindrical stamineal column, crowded in a whorl at the base of the shoot of the same spring, consisting of numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short fila- ments and a scale-like connective, this ending in a mere knob or rather large semi-circular crest. Pistillate inflorescences solitary or clustered below the terminal bud, or lateral on the growing shoot, consisting of imbricated carpellary scales in the axils of ge much larger than) the persistent bracts, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at base. Cones maturing in the second year, spreading or reflexed; scales woody and thickened and at the apex, upon the exposed surface (or apophysis), bearing a more or less thickened protuberance or umbo; umbo unarmed or provided with a prickle or spine. Seeds 2, nut-like, partly sunk at the base of each scale and in separating carrying away a part of the scale as a thin wing. Cotyledons 8 to 16, linear. Cones subterminal, i. ¢., near the ends of the branches. Leaves in fives, their sheath loose and deciduous; cones cylindrical, 10 to 18 in. long, subterminal, the apophysis thin with a terminal unarmed WANIIO) seer he Seta Srila fb AEE OD oe, Sees - .1. P. Lambertiana. Leaves in threes, serrulate, sheaths persistent; cones oval, 4 to 6 in. long, in falling breaking near the base, some of the lower scales persistent on ANS PEGWNC oc. e 5 cc ie kee ate cee ae . . 2. P. ponderosa. Cones lateral, borne along the sides of the branches. Cones long-oval, 12 to 15 in. long; scales ending in thick incurved spur-like sSpimess leaves:erect . 6.03 eA RR ERR 2, P. Coultert. Cones short-peduncled, short-oval, 6 to10 in. long; leaves drooping . 4. P. Sabiniana. Leaves in threes; cones short-peduncled, remaining closed and persistent for many years, less than 6 in. long. Cones short-oval, very oblique, 3 to 5% in.long..... 5. P. radiata. Cones conic-cylindrical, oblique at base, 3 to5 in. long; all the scales with sharp prickles es . . .6. P. attenuata. Leaves in pairs. Cones ovate, oblique, prickly, 1% to 2% in. long. .... .7. P. muricata. 1. P. Lambertiana Dougl. Svcar Pinu. Trees 100 ft. high or more, and 6 to 10 ft, in diameter, with light-brown bark irregularly PINE FAMILY. ai fissured; leaves in clusters of 5, 84 to 4 in. long; cones 10 to 18 in. long, 2 to 3 or, when expanded, 4 to 5 in. thick, pendent from the ends of the horizontally-spreading branches; scales 1 to 14 in. wide, widest at apex, apophysis not thickened, umbo terminal, blunt; seeds obovate, 5 to 6 lines long, with a thin oblong obliquely truncate wing 10 to 12 lines long; cotyledons 18 to 15. The most conspicuous tree of the Sierra coniferous belt, growing 120 to 200 ft. high, with a trunk diameter of 6 to 10 or even 12 ft. The tree is uncommon in western California and is of restricted dis- tribution. In the South Coast Ranges it has not been reported from the mountains in the neighborhood of San Francisco Bay, although further southward it occurs in the Santa Lucia Mountains. In the high Coast Ranges north of Clear Lake the Sugar Pine frequently forms considerable forests, particularly in the region of the Yallo Bally, where there are magnificent specimens 22 ft. in circumference and 150t0 175 ft. high. From this region the Sugar Pine marches southward along the Mayacamas Mountains (which is the dividing ridge of the Coast Ranges) into Lake Co., and is not uncommon about Glenbrook and on Cobb Mountain. The most southerly station in the North Coast Ranges is the Sutro Ranch between Mt. St. Helena and the Oathill Mine, Napa Co., where there are said to be several hundred trees. In early days there were a few trees on Pope Moun- tain and on Howell Mountain, but they have long since been destroyed for their valuable timber. A locality on Austin Creel: in Sonoma Co, has been reported in EHrythea, 1V. 152, but needs confirmation. 2. P. ponderosa Dougl. YELLow Pine. A tree 60 to 100 ft- - high or more with yellowish or somewhat whitish bark, very thick and deeply fissured into large plates but the aspect of the trunk notoriously variable; leaves 5 to 13 in. long; male flowers long and flexuous, crowded into rosettes 3 to 5 in. in diameter, on the ends of the branchlets; cones oval, 4 to 6 in. long, 23 to 8 in. thick; apophysis rather short, terminating in a short thick prickly incurved umbo; seeds 34 lines long, 3 lines wide, obliquely sub-rhombic; wing 10 lines long, chartaceous; cotyledons 6 to 9. Abundant in the Sierras at or above 5,000 feet, where the trees are 100 to 200 ft. high and 15 to 20 ft. in circumference. In the Coast Ranges the Yellow Pine is more common than the Sugar Pine and oceurs sparingly in Sonoma Co., and is to be seen frequently in Napa Co.; notably, there is a fine forest on the Howell Mountain plateau, south of Angwin’s. There are no trees known in the Inner Coast Ranges bounding Solano and Yolo Counties. In the South Coast Ranges, the tree has not been recorded from the Bay Region, except from the Mt. Hamilton ridges. About Glenbrook, in Lake Co., the woodsmen have three varieties of P. ponderosa, viz.:—Black Pine, Bull Pine and Yellow Pine, which they distinguish by the color and fissuring of the bark. * 3. P. Coulteri Don. Bic-conre Prye. Trees 60 to 80 ft. high or more and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter, with thick, rough, almost black bark; 22 CONIFER. leaves crowded at the ends of the thick branchlets, 8 to 12 in. long and nearly a line wide; male flowers cylindric, 1 to 1} in, long; cones shortly peduncled, long oval, pointed, 12 to 15 in. long; scales 1} to 14 in, wide, terminating in a long spur-like umbo 2 in. long; seeds oval, slightly ridged, black, 6 to 7 lines long; wing 10 to 15 lines long; cotyledons 11 to 14. Mount Diablo Range, southward to the Santa Lucia and San Bernardino Mountains. While the trees in Pine Cafion, Mt. Diablo, are clearly of this species, the trees in Mitchell Canon grade very closely to P. Sabiniana in the characters of cones and foliage. 4. P. Sabiniana Doug]. Diccer Pine. GRay-LEAF PINE. Trees usually 20 to 45 ft. high, freely branching and round topped, with rough ash-gray bark, slender glaucous branchlets and sparse grayish foliage; leaves 8 to 12 in. long and } line wide; male flowers, oblong, about 10 lines long, in an elongated spike; crest of anthers semi-orbicular; cones short-oval, 6 to 10 in. long, 4 to 53 in. in diameter; apophyses stout, projecting, the points incurved, 1 in. long; seed oblong, acutely margined below the middle; seed subcyl- indric, about 10 lines long, dark; wing 44 lines long; cotyledons 15 to 16. Hot dry hills of the Inner Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay, ranging westward to Napa Valley and the hills near Healdsburg and Skaggs Springs. South of the bay it is common in the Mt. Diablo region, and is found far to the southward. It is, in addition, the most characteristic tree of the low foothills of the Sierras. The nuts were in former days an important article of food to the Indians, whence the widely-diffused common name, ‘ Digger Pine.”’ 5. P. radiata Don. Monterey Pine. Trees 25 to 40 or even 80 to 100 ft. high, with black, very hard bark, 2 to 3 in. thick; foliage bright green, leaves 4 to 6 in. long; male flowers oblong, 6 lines long, in a spike 1 to 1} in. in length; anthers small, crested; cones in whorls about the trunk and branches, shortly peduncled, strongly declined, obliquely short or long-oval, 3 to 54 in. long, 2 to 4 in. in diameter; scales on the outside, towards the base of the cone, developed into hemispherical tubercles or knobs, 8 to 6 lines high, becoming devoid of the minute incurved prickles; seeds 8 to 4 lines long, the wing 7 to 9 lines long.—(P. insignis Dougl.) Very restricted in its distribution: Pescadero, southward to Mon- terey and Pacific Grove, where it is a common and striking object in the landscape. 6. P. attenuata Lemmon. Kwon-cons Pine, Small trees 2 to 25 ft. or sometimes 40 ft. high, with thin, light brown bark; leaves 3 to 7 in. long, distantly serrulate; male flowers cylindrical, 7 to 9 lines long, disposed in an elongated spike; cones clustered, 24 to 5 in, long, somewhat oblique, the scales equal all around or frequently developed on the outside into very stout, strong, conical tubercles, all with slender, sharp, but not persistent prickles; seeds nearly 3 lines long, the wing 10 lines long, 2} to 8 lines wide, the width sub-equal throughout.—(P. tuberculata Gordon. ) PINE FAMILY. 33 Throughout the entire length of the Coast Ranges, and occasional in the Sierras. Mt. St. Helena, Jepson; Moraga Valley, Davy; and the Santa Cruz Mountains. The cones persist for very many years, form- ing circles on the trunks from near the base to the summit; even young trees only a few feet high are often full of cones. The seeds are seldom liberated except when the cones are partially burned in a forest fire. It is very interesting that a burned forest of the Knob- Cone Pine is promptly resown with its own seed. 7. P. muricata Don. BisHop Pinz. Middle-sized tree, 25 to 40 ft. high, with the trunk 1 to 2 ft. in diameter; leaves with serrulate edges, 3 to 4 in. long; sheaths 6 lines, or at least only 2 lines long; cones 1$ to commonly 24 or even 8 in. long, the length not greatly in excess of the diameter; scales oblong, scarcely or not at all widened ubove; prickles short and stout, 1 line long, or the scales terminating in very stout, straight, somewhat incurved spurs, 4 lines long; seeds 23 to 3 lines long, black; wing 6 lines long, 24 lines wide, widest above the middle; cotyledons 4 or 5. Swamps or wind-beaten hills, near the sea; Santa Lucia Mountains northward to Sonoma and Mendocino Cos. A very fine forest may be found on Point Reyes, within a few miles of Olema. In the peat-bogs of Sonoma Oo., the species reaches its most vigorous devel- opment, the trees in that locality attaining a height of 80 to 150 ft. The cones persist for a very lengthened period,—often 20 to 40 years, not releasing the seeds for many seasons, thus providing a most effective system of storage. A patulous or flattened crown is very characteristic of this pine and it has, also, the smallest cones of any species within our limits. P. conrorta Loud., Beach Pine or Scrub Pine, is frequent on the Mendocino Coast from Pt. Arena northward, as a low tree, 5 to 20 ft. high. It may be readily distinguished from P. muricata by its shorter leaves (1 to 1} in. long, but also in pairs), and its much narrower cones of about the same length. The var. Murrayana is the Tamarack or Lodge-pole Pine of the High Sierras. 4, SEQUOIA Endl. Repweop. Tall trees, with linear to ovate-lanceolate or triangular-acute alter- nate leaves. Stamens numerous, anther cells 2 to 5. Scales of the fertile ament more numerous than those of the staminate, spirally arranged with 3 to 7 ovules at the base of each scale, in fruit forming a woody cone which matures the second year; scales divergent at right angles to the axis, thick and cuneate, with a rhomboidal rugose umbilicate apex. (Said to be named for a celebrated Cherokee Indian, who invented an alphabet for his tribe.) 1. S. sempervirens Endl. Coast Repwoop. Trees 50 to 300 ft. in height and 38 to 12 ft. in diameter; leaves bright green, spread- ing in 2 ranks, petiolate, acute, and often pungent, 4 to 9 lines long and 1 line wide; staminate flowers 1} to 3 lines long; cones elliptic- globose, 9 to 12 lines long; scales abruptly widened and thickened 24 CONIFER. above the middle, with a rhomboidal apex and depressed umbo; seeds brown, 2 lines long or less. The redwood is the most characteristic and abundant forest tree of the coast region. It is seldom found 30 miles from the ocean, never ranging inland beyond the influence of the sea-fogs, and forms a narrow belt along the coast, from southern Monterey Co. to the Oregon line. It is x common tree in the Santa Cruz Mountains, where there is an especially fine grove, famous as the “Santa Cruz Big Trees.’ In the Mt. Diablo Range, the redwood is not known, except in one limited locality on Redwood Peak, in the Oakland Hills, directly opposite the Golden Gate, In Napa Valley it is rather common and passes over the summit of Howell Mountain and descends the slope towards Pope Valley. It thus crosses at one point. the divide of the North Coast Ranges, and this locality is the farthest of any from the ocean.. The redwood belt has here, consequently, its greatest width. It is the tallest tree on the American continent. In the forests near Scotia, a tree 662 years old, measured in September, 1896, by C. S. Sargent, had a trunk diameter of 10 ft. 5in., at 6 ft. above the ground, and was 340 ft.in height. Trunks from 15 to 20 ft. in diameter are not uncommon in that region, and trees 20 to 25 ft. in diameter, can be found. The wood is exceedingly valuable for all sorts of building purposes and in manufactures and the arts, wherefore the demand for it is constantly growing. The region of this great coniferous forest is a very attractive one, regarded from almost any point of view, and delights the eye and mind of the tourist, as well as the botanical traveler. 8. eigayrea Lindl. is the ‘‘ Big Tree’’ of the Sierras. 5. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Incense CEDAR. Aromatic tree with flattened branchlets disposed in one horizontal plane, and scale-like opposite leaves, imbricated in four ranks. Flowers monecious. Stamens 12 to 16, in many ranks, decussately opposite. Scales of the pistillate ament 6, thick, coriaceous and valvate, only the middle pair fertile; ovules 2. Cone oblong, of imbricated or valvate.oblong scales; seeds 2 to each scale, unequally 2-winged, maturing in one season. (Greek libas, relating to a fragrant resin, and cedrus, cedar.) 1. L. decurrens Torr. Incense Cepar. A tree with bright cinnamon-red bark and with spreading branches; leaves in two decussate pairs at each joint, 2 to 4 lines long, closely coherent, except the short acute tip; cones 10 lines long; seed 5 lines long, winged on both sides toward the apex, one wing very short, the other nearly as long as the scale. Coast Ranges (Mendocino Co. and Mt. St. Helena, southward to the San Jacinto Mountains); Sierra Nevada. 6. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper. Trees or shrubs with scale-like and awl-shaped leaves. Flowers in ours dicecious in small cores. Anther-cells 3 to 6, attached to the PINE FAMILY. 25 lower edge of the scale. Fertile cones ovoid, of 3 to 6 succulent, coalescent scales, each bearing one ovule, in fruit becoming berry-like, bluish-black or reddish with white bloom, ripening the second year. (Said to mean youth-renewing, from its evergreen appearance. ) 1. J. Californica Carr. Catirornta Juniper. Usually a large shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; leaves crowded on the ultimate branches, scale-like and acute, occasionally free and subulate, with a dorsal, glandular pit toward the base; berries reddish or brownish, oblong- ovate, 4 to 5 lines long, of four to six reduced scales; seed usually only one, brown, 3 to 4 lines long, with a thick, smooth, bony shell; cotyledons 4 to 6. Moraga Pass, Mt. Diablo and southward; also in the Sierras. No definite station has ever been reported from the North Coast Ranges. Heart-wood reddish brown, sap-wood clear white. J. OCCIDENTALIS Hook., Sierra Juniper, is at high elevations (6,000 to 10,000 ft.) in the Sierras; the fruit is smaller and blue-black; cotyledons 2. 7. CUPRESSUS Tourn. Cypress. Shrubs or trees with the leaves small, scale-like and appressed, those on the ultimate branchlets in four ranks, Flowers monecious, Staminate cones erect, small, 14 to 2 lines long; anthers borne on the under side of the sub-peltate scales, 3 to 5 to each seale. Pistillate cones erect, upon short lateral branchlets, of 6 to 10 very thick, roundish and peltate scales fitting closely together and forming in fruit a globose or sub-globose ligneous cone, which matures the second year. Ovules numerous, in several rows at the base of the scales, erect. Seeds acutely angled or margined. Cotyledons 2 to 4. Scales with strong conical umbos; leaves with a conspicuous dorsal pit... . 1. C. Macnabiana. Scales with small low umbos; leaves without dorsal pits . .2. C. Goveniana. 1. C. Macnabiana Murr. McNas Cypress. Shrub or tree 5 to 10 ft. high or more; leaves } line long, with a conspicuous, usually resin-bearing pit or white gland on the back toward the apex, often slightly glaucous; cones 6 to 8 lines in diameter, globose, clustered, short-peduncled; scales 6 to 8, with strong conical umbos, the upper- most very prominent or horn-like and incurved; seeds 1} or mostly 2 lines long, brown. Common in the hill country of eastern Napa Co. from Samuel’s Springs to Pope Valley and northward into Lake Co. Shasta Co., F. M. Anderson, 1900. First collected in 1854, by Murray and Beardsley, near Mt. Shasta; named in honor of James McNab, of the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Young cones reddish-brown. 29. C. Goveniana Gordon. Gowen Cypress. yi Bide eae .3. B. nervosa. _ 1, B. dictyota Jepson. Erect, stout, scarcely branched, 8 to 4} ft. high, sparsely leafy; leaflets 5 to 7, glaucescent on the upper surface, little paler but very prominently reticulated on the under surface, very strongly undulate, lowest pair close to base of petiole; filaments with a recurved tooth on each side near the apex. Denuded areas in the Pellejo Hills, Solano Co., growing in_the crevices of rocks, the only known locality within our limits. First collected at the Marysville Buttes. Mar. Leaflets strongly callous- margined, glaucescent on the upper face, little paler beneath, so 204 BERBERIDACE. strongly undulate that the few but stout spines are presented in nearly every direction. Racemes fewer and not so dense as in B. pinnata; pedicels 5 to 6 lines long. Wood not so yellow as in no. 2. 2. B. pinnata Lag. CaLirornia Barperry. A few in. to 4 or 5 ft. high; leaflets usually 5 to 9 but often 11 to 13 (or even as many as 17 and rather crowded on the rachis), ovate-elliptical to oblong, 1 to 24 in. long, shining above, somewhat paler beneath, plane or moderately undulate, shallowly repand and dentate, the mostly numerous teeth prickly; lowest pair close to base of petiole; racemes clustered, dense; filaments as in the last. Rather common on hills, mostly along the edge of thickets. Berkeley Hills and San Francisco southward to Monterey. Mar.- Apr. 8. B. nervosa Pursh. Mauonra. Leaves in a tuft from a low scaly caudex, 9 to 16 in. long, the rachis conspicuously nodose; leaflets 11 to 17, bright green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, spinulose- serrate, and somewhat palmately nerved; scales of the strong terminal bud about 1 in. long, coriaceous-glumaceous; racemes erect, elongated, 4 to 6 in. long; bracts oblong to lanceolate, membranaceous; filaments not toothed. ‘Woods near the coast from Marin Co. northward to Oregon and Washington. 2. VANCOUVERIA Morr. & Decsne. Low perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks and bi- or tri-ternately compound leaves, all radical or nearly so. Flowers small, nodding, arranged in a panicle on slender scape-like peduncles. Sepals 6 in two series, obovate, petal-like, reflexed, subtended by 6 to 9 small calycine bractlets. Petals 6, deflexed. Stamens 6, erect, often closely appressed to the pistil, the anther connective produced into a. pointed tip. Pistil 1, stigma scarious-cupulate. Fruit a follicle, dehiscent by the dorsal suture. Seeds arillate. (Capt. George Vancouver of the English exploring ship Discovery, who visited San Francisco Bay in 1792.) 1. V. chrysantha Greene var. parviflora. InsipE-ouT FLow#R. Stems from a branched rootstock, clustered, sparsely pubescent with short spreading gland-tipped hairs, or at base rusty-pilose, 8 to 20 in. high; foliage glabrous, or rusty-pilose on the petiole at the forks; leaflets green above, paler or whitened beneath, roundish in outline, broadly cordate at base, obscurely or evidently 3-lobed, narrowly cartilaginous-margined and often crenulate or crisped, $ to 1} in. long; frequently broader than long, petiolulate; panicle loose, 24 to 7 in. long, bearing 25 to 30 small white or lavender-tinged flowers; petals 2 lines long; ovules 2 or 8.—(V. parviflora Greene.) Coast Ranges, in the shade of forests from the Santa Cruz Moun- tains northward; Oakland Hills, acc. to Greene; Marin Co., Chesnit & Drew; near Calistoga, Jepson. May. Leaves said to persist through the winter, but flowering specimens from Calistoga exhibit leaves that are nearly half-perished. In some country districts called “Plowering Fern.’ PAPAVERAUEA, 205 36. PAPAVERACEZE. Poppy Famty. Herbaceous plants (Dendromecon is a shrub) with mostly colored juice and regular perfect flowers. Sepals 2 or 3, the petals twice as many. In Hschscholtzia the 2 sepals are united into a single piece like a fool’s cap. Stamens numerous, rarely few. Carpels 2 to several, united into a 1-celled superior ovary (in Platystemon the lightly united carpels become distinct in fruit). Sepals 3, petals 6; annuals; leaves opposite or radical. Filameuts petal-like; carpels 6 to 20, in anthesis united into a compound ovary, in fruit separating and through constrictions breaking up into DesOOO JOG a 4 ek ke he Ae 1, PLATYSTEMON, Filaments filiform or flattened; carpels 3, united into a 3-angled or terete ovary, forming in fruit a 8-valved capsule ....... 2, PLATYSTIGMA. Sepals 2 (in Eschscholtzia the calyx is a single mitre-like piece which is pushed off by the expanding petals); petals 4; leaves alternate. Leaves entire, coriaceous; capsule 2-valyed; shrubby . .3. DENDROMECON. Leaves not entire. Receptacle hollowed or cup-like; flowers erect in bud; capsule 2-valved; leaves ternately dissected; annual or perennial herbs. ....... 4, ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Receptacle not excavated; flowers nodding in the bud; capsule opening by holes just below the summit; leaves pinnately cleft, lobed or divided; ours annuals % : . .5. PAPAVER. 1. PLATYSTEMON Benth. Low annual with mainly opposite entire leaves. Sepals 3. Petals 6 in two series. Stamens numerous; filaments petal-like and obovate or spatulate. Stigmas subulate-tiliform, one terminating each carpel; carpels 6 to 17 or 20, each several-ovuled, connivent or coherent in a circle, becoming torulose, at maturity separating, and breaking transversely into indehiscent 1-seeded joints. Anthesis lasting for more than one day. Petals tardily deciduous, withering and closing over the forming fruit. (Greek platus, broad, and stemon, astamen.) 1. P. Californicus Benth. CreEam-cups. Conspicuously pilose; branched from the base, widely spreading and more or less decumbent or nearly acaulescent, 3 to 6 in. high; peduncles more or less scape- like, 5 in. long; petals cream-yellow; stamens about 25. Common almost throughout California, in the hills and on the plains, in Apr. Free ovules are sometimes found opposite the con- strictions in the carpels, having been forced through the thin suture as the carpels become torulose. In plants from Ukiah the petals are deeper colored at apex with this color repeated as a spot on the lower portion of the petals. 2. PLATYSTIGMA Benth. Annual herbs with the leaves, sepals and petals as in Platystemon, the flowers rarely with 2 sepals and 4 petals. Petals deciduous. Stamens 6 to 12. Carpels 3, combined into a single 1-celled ovary, which is 8-lobed or nearly terete. Placentw as many as the carpels, parietal, many-ovuled. Stigmuas ovate to subulate. Capsule com- pletely 3-valved, dehiscent through the placentw. (Greek platus, broad, and stigma, a stigma.) 206 PAPAVERACEAE. Not acaulescent; peduncles glabrous; flowers light yellow; ovary linear; capsule CWiSCOO. ar ek a ee GR, Re Be RS Dom See ER eae ge a 1. P. Californicum. Acaulescent or nearly so; scapes hairy; flowers light yellow; ovary and capsule BLOG, spe ee pe de Wen de Sei aks : i . 2. P, lineare. 1. P. Californicum (Torr.) B. & H. Very slender, erect, 4 to 7 in. high, paniculately or dichotomously branched above or even from the base; glabrous throughout; radical and lower leaves elliptic to obovate-spatulate, 5 to 11 lines long, often contracted into a petiole, the upper cauline oblanceolate to linear; peduncles 2 to 3 in. long, erect in anthesis, in fruit deflexed almost horizontally but the capsule vertical or nearly so; sepals often reddish; petals white, elliptic to oblong, often narrowed to a short claw, 3 to 5 lines long; stamens 6 to 12, rarely 4, unequal, in two series, the outer shorter; filaments filiform, slightly dilated upwards; capsule } to 1 (rarely 14) in. long.—(Platystemon Torreyi Greene.) San Francisco Peninsula and southward. Mar.-Apr. 2. P.lineare Benth. Acaulescent or nearly so; scapes commonly 4 to 8 in, high, hispid with spreading hairs; leaves linear, 1 to 2 in. long, sessile; sepals brownish; petals light yellow cuneate-orbicular or obovate, 4 to 9 lines long; stamens numerous, filaments conspicu- ously dilated; body of capsule 5 to 7 lines long. Clear Lake to Oakland, Holder; San Francisco, Bloomer, and south- ward. Mar.-May. Leaves often with several parallel nerves beneath, 3. DENDROMECON Benth. Low branching shrub with alternate entire and coriaceous leaves and yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with short filiform filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear with 2 nerve-like placenta. Capsule linear. Seeds pitted, provided with a caruncle. (Greek dendron, tree, and mecon, poppy.) 1. D. rigidum Benth. Trex Porry. Glabrous, 2 to 4 or even 7 ft. high; main stems one or several, somewhat trunk-like, often 1 in. thick and with very shreddy bark; branches white or light colored; leaves reticulate-veiny, oblong or acute at each end, yellowish green above, hispidulous on the margin, mucronate-acuminate, 3 in. long, borne on very short petioles which, by a twist, bring the blade verti- cal; upper leaves smaller and oblong-ovate or lanceolate; flowers golden yellow, 1 to 23 in. in diameter, on pedicels 1 to 8 in. long; sepals orbicular; capsules curved, 2 to 4 in. long, attenuate into a short style bearing 2 oblong stigmas. Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast Ranges at middle altitudes from Lake Co, and Caux’s Knob (east of St. Helena) to Mt. Tamalpais and Mt. Diablo; thence southward to San Diego; also in the Sierras. Last of Apr.—June, 4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham. Annuals or perennials with watery juice, petioled ternately dis- sected leaves and peduncled yellow flowers. Receptacle hollowed or POPPY FAMILY. 207 excavated, surrounding the base of the pistil, the culyx and corolla in consequence seeming as if perigynous; this receptacle in addition often bears w spreading outer and an erect inner rim. Sepals completely united into a calyptra or extinguisher-shaped body which parts from the receptacle and is pushed off by the expanding petals. Stamens numerous, mostly on the base of the petals; anthers commonly longer than the filaments. Ovary linear; style very short; stigmas com- monly 4, subulate-filiform unequal. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded, 2-valved; dehiscence commonly occurs after the capsule parts from the receptacle and before it reaches the ground, usually beginning at the moment that the base of the capsule is réleased from the vise-like hollowed receptacle, this action allowing the valves which are elas- tically dehiscent from base to apex, to separate. (Collected at San Francisco in 1816 by Adelbert von Chamisso, German poet and naturalist, and named by him in honor of his college friend and companion on a scientific vovage around the world, Dr. J. F. Eschscholtz.) Receptacle with broad rim, cotyledons 2-cleft; perennial (or some varieties BUNUN AL) eee ata ah ioe pak ee PRR sag, Bee wa eh aang ala da 1. E. Californiea. Receptacle destitute of rim or the rim represented by a mere herbaceous ring; cotyledons entire; annuals. Stems leafy; petals fan-shaped, longer than broad. .... 2. E. cxspitosa. Acaulescent; petals rhomboidal, mostly broaderthanlong.. ........ 3. E. rhombipetala. 1. E. Californica Cham. Cazirornrs Poppy. Suberect or diffuse, with stems 1 to 2 ft. long; radical leaves ternately several times dissected into linear or oblong segments, on long petioles, the whole leaf 4 to 1 ft. long; cauline smaller on shorter petioles; pedun- cles 2 or 3 to 6 in. long; petals fan-shaped, 3 to 2 in. long, varying from deep orange to straw-color; outer spreading rim of the receptacle 4 to 2 lines wide; inner erect rim hyaline; capsule 1 to 3 or even 4 in. long. One Se the most common, striking and widely diffused plants of the Californian flora, abundant in the spring but in many portions of the state found in flower in other or in all seasons. On account of its gor- geous beauty it has been favored with an exceptional number of poetic names mostly derived from Spanish sources, such as ‘‘Copa de Oro,’’ ‘Torosa,’? ‘‘Amapola,’’ ‘\Dormidera.’’? The original speci- mens, from which the species was first described, came from the San Francisco sand hills; this form has small flowers and a very narrow rim to the receptacle and is common everywhere in the immediate vicinity of the ocean. The interior form, which is much more robust and may be designated as var. crocEA (KE. crocea Benth.), has a very conspicuous rim to the receptacle (often 2 lines wide), and very large flowers, the petals as much as 2in. long. It is abundant everywhere in the valleys, on the plains and among the foothills, frequently covering large areas in Apr. and May with an extraordinary profusion of golden or deep orange flowers. In the sunshine the sheen of the petals is exceeding striking and brilliant. In the latter part of May and in June the tips of the petals become yellow and by autumn the 208 PAPAVERACEA3. species produces wholly straw-colored and comparatively small flowers. This dry season form simulates very closely the form of the sand hills which is exposed to adverse conditions near the sea, Although the various large-flowered forms have been described as distinct from the original seacoast’ form, there are in reality not the slightest constant distinctions to be had; there are not only gradations between the forms but the gradations are so numerous and moreover, topographically considered, cover such extensive areas of country that. they are almost or quite as likely to be found as the extremes. The maintenance of such forms as artificial species on the grounds of con- venience would in this case have no point whatsoever. Even in San Francisco Co. large-flowered forms with a broad rim to the receptacle arecommon. In addition the following varieties may be noted: Var. AMBIaUA (E. ambigua Greene). Annual, glaucous, scabrous- pubescent throughout.—Mt. Diablo, ace. to Greene, otherwise not. known within our limits. Var. DouvaLasii1 (E, Douglasii H. & A.) has the outer rim of the torus narrower than or not exceeding the erect inner one and the petals yellow shading into orange at base.— Plains of Solano and Contra Costa Co., acc. to Greene, War. com- pacTa (E, compacta Walp.) is acaulescent.—From the Bay Region, where it is perennial, to Fresno, where it is seemingly annual. 2. E. cespitosa Benth. Annual plants ? to 2 ft. high; stems few or many, slender or rather stout, leafy and leafy tufted at base or the subradical leaves few; leaves mostly twice ternately dissected; peduncles 3 to even 8 in. Jong, much exceeding the leaves; calyx oblong-conical, abruptly slender pointed; receptacle short-tubular, 1 to 2 lines deep; petals 3 to 1 in, long; capsule 1} ‘to 3 in. long; seeds reticulate; embryo } of a line long, the cotyledons (as seen in the seed) divergent. Cafion sides of the higher Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains; Maya- camas Range east of Napa City, and southward. Apr.—May. 3. E. rhombipetala Greene. Acaulescent, densely tufted; scapes very many, stout, diffuse, 3 to 4in. high, twice as long or equaled or exceeded by the thick tuft of nearly equal subradical leaves; these laciniately cleft into 3 to 6 linear divisions, glaucous or glaucescent; receptacle subcylindrical; spreading rim obsolete, likewise the scarious inner margin or this very narrow and approximate to the trace of the obsolete rim; petals rhombic-ovate or orbicular, 5 lines long, 6 lines broad, fugacious; capsule 3 in. long or less, very large for the size of the plant; seeds reticulate; embryo about 4 line long; cotyledons very short, the embryo with scarcely more than a notch at the apex. Plains and rolling country near the Coast Range foothills: Brown’s Valley, Solano Co., Jepson; to Antioch, Brandegee, Mar.-Apr. Scapes sparsely tuberculate-scabrous. 5. PAPAVER L. Poppy. Ours annual herbs with narcotic juice. Leaves pinnately cleft, lobed, or divided. Flowers showy, solitary on long peduncles, nod- ding in bud. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens very many. Ovary and FUMARIACEZ. 209 capsule obovoid to subglobose, with 4 to many intruded placenta. Capsule dehiscent just below the stigmatic summit by pores or valve- like openings. Juice milky; stigmas sessile and radiate upon the summit of theovary. .. . 1 . P. Californicum. Juice yellow; stigmas capitate upon the short slender style. 2. P, heterophyllum. 1. P. Californicum Gray. Western Porry, Two ft. high or less; glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent; juice milky; leaves pin- nately divided, the segments oblong or roundish, toothed or lobed or entire; petals red with w green spot at base; stigmas sessile and radiate upon the summit of the ovary, persistent in fruit; capsule 4 in. long or more, turbinate-obovate, 6 to 11-nerved; pores or valve- like openings just beneath the stigmas, quadrate. Mt. Tamalpais, M.A. Howe; otherwise of the southern part of the State from the Santa Inez Mountains to Los Angeles. May. 2. P. heterophyllum (Benth.) Greene. Wunp Porry, One and one-fourth to 2 ft. high, glabrous; juice yellow; leaves pinnate or pinnately cleft, or pinnate with pinnately cleft lobes, the segments exceedingly diverse in shape on the same plant or even on the same leaf, varying from oval and entire or lobed to narrowly linear; petals broadly cuneate-obovate, brick-red, with « dark spot at base, 1 in. long or less; stigmas capitate at summit of a distinct and slender style; capsule clavate-obovoid, 8 to 7 lines long; pores small with rounded valves which separate from the stout parietal ribs.—(Mecon- opsis heterophylla Benth.) Middle California: Berkeley; Livermore; Stockton; San Mateo; southward to Southern California. Thought to be rare north of San Francisco Bay. May. Var. crassifolium (Meconopsis crassifolia Benth.). Bioop Drors. Plant smaller, more branching and with more numerous flowers; leaves smaller and thicker; flowers small, erect.—Interior fields; with the preceding at Sunol Glen, ace. to Geo. B. Grant, May, 1900. 37. FUMARIACEA. Fumrrory Famity. Glabrous herbs with alternate compound dissected leaves and irreg- ular perfect flowers borne in racemes. Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petals 4, in 2 dissimilar pairs, the outer larger, inner pair narrower, carinate or crested on the back, cohering by the callous apex and covering the anthers and stigma. Stamens in 2 sets of 3 each, placed opposite the outer petals, the filaments of each set usually united; middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones I-celled. Ovary superior. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal plucente from which the valves separate, or indehiscent. 1. DICENTRA Bernh. DttcHMan’s BREECHES. Perennial herbs with the stems and leaves from a. tuber-like, grain- bearing or scaly crown. Flowers racemose or paniculate. Corolla flattened and cordate at base. Filaments of each set dilated and 16 210 CRUCIFERA. united, but distinct at the very base and slightly free above. (Greek dis, twice, and kentron, a spur, some species 2-spurred. ) Stems leafy; flowers yellow, petals distinct. .......... 1 D. chrysantha. Acaulescent; scape naked; flowers rose-purple, petals united . 2. D. formosa. 1. D. chrysantha H. & A. Glaucous plants with stiff coarse leafy stems 2 to 3 ft. high; leaves bipinnate, 4 to 1 ft. long or more, the divisions cleft into narrow lobes; flowers yellow, in a large racemose panicle; corolla linear-oblong, only slightly cordate, $ in. long; petals distinct; capsule ? to 1 in. long; style slender, persistent, at dehiscence of the capsule splitting up to the stigma; seeds crestless. High dry ridges of the inner Coast Ranges, but not common: Lake Co.; Vaca Mountains; Mt. Diablo; Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., Vasey, 1875; and southward. Sometimes called ‘‘Golden Ear- drops.’’ 2. D. formosa DC. Buirepine Heart. Acaulescent; root- stock fleshy and spreading; leaves on very long petioles, biternately compound, the divisions incisely cleft or pinnatifid; scapes slightly exceeding the leaves, 2 ft. high, naked, terminated by a cluster of short racemes with subulate bracts; corolla rose-purple, ovate-cordate; petals all united to above the middle, the larger with short spreading tips; stigma with a double pair of lobes; seeds crested. Shady woods: Moraga Cafion near Oakland, Chas. Palache; com- mon in Marin Co. and northward; also in the Sierras, Apr.—June., 88. CRUCIFERAE. Mustarp FAmILy. Herbs with alternate leaves, no stipules and the flowers in terminal bractless racemes (or in Tropidocarpum with a leafy raceme). Sepals and petals each 4, regular and distinct. Petals rarely none, commonly with claws, the blades spreading in the form of a cross. Stamens 6, commonly tetradynamous (4 long and 2 short), sometimes subequal, sometimes 4 or 2. Ovary superior, 2-celled by a thin partition stretched between the placentw. Fruit a capsule the 2 valves sepa- rating from below upwards, leaving behind the placente and parti- tion, or sometimes indehiscent, or breaking up transversely into 1-seeded joints. Capsule long and narrow (a silique) or short and roundish (a silicle) commonly termed a ‘pod’? and either terete, 4-sided, compressed (flattened parallel to the partition) or obcom- pressed (flattened contrary to the partition). Seeds in each cell attached alternately to either placenta and occupying the center of the cell (in 1 row) or disposed in 2 rows (the seeds from either placenta not overlapping each other). Embryo always curved, the caulicle folded upon the back of one of the cotyledons (incumbent) or along the edge of the cotyledons (accumbent). Herbage always with the characteristic mustard-like or pungent juice. Streptanthus glandulosus has a somewhat irregular flower. MUSTARD FAMILY. 211 A. Pod completely dehiscent by two valves. |. Pod a silique, several times (or at least three syne longer than broad. Seeds in 1 row in each cell (except Sisymbrium multifidum and Arabis glabra); silique linear or uarrowly linear. Racemes leafless. Filaments with one or two pairs connate (except 1 or 2 species); silique compressed; sepals colored, commonly purple; petals purple varying to whitish, the limb narrow, commonly undulate-crisped 2. STREPTANTHUS. Filaments all distinct. , Silique terete, pointed with a long conical beak prolonged much beyond the valves; flowers large, yellow... 2... . BRASSICA. Silique fetele, 4-sided or compressed, tipped with a short style or ointless. Silique narrowly linear, elongated, terete or nearly so. Leaves aA toothed or some pinnatifid or entire; flowers white or yellowish. ........ . .. 1, THELYPODIUM. Leaves for the most part pinnatifid, or the lowest pinnately parted; flowersyellow..... 2.1... 3. SISYMBRIUM. Silique compressed; valves more or less 1-nerved; flowers purple, white or nearly white. ........... 8. ARABIS. Silique pointed, somewhat triangular, midrib of valve conspicuous; owers rather small, bright yellow. .... 9. BARBAREA. Silique 4-sided or flattened; valves 1-nerved; flowers large, pale yellow or orange..... ....... . 7. ERYSIMUM. Silique compressed, pointed. Stems sparingly leafy from a perennial, tuberous rootstock; flowers large, white to rose-tinted. .. ,11. DrnTaRtA. Stems leafy; annual with fibrous roots and smaller flowers. . . 12, CARDAMINE. Racemes leafy; silique obcompressed ,....... 13. TROPIDOCARPUM. Seeds in 2 rows in each cell; silique terete, linear to oblong; flowers small @ lines long or less), white or yellow. .... . 10. NASTURTIUM. 2. Pod a silicle, roundish or little longer than broad. Silicle turgid, obovoid or pear-shaped; edges of the valves narrowly margined; flowers yellowish. ........... 15. CAMELINA. Silicle much flattened contrary to the narrow partition and Obcordate or elliptical, several-seeded; flowers white or slightly yellowish. . is .8 8% eRe BHA RR 14. CAPSELLA. Didymous, the valves separating as closed 1-seeded nutlets; flowers greenish-white. 2... 1 eee ee ee 20. CORONOPUS. Orbicular or ovate, more or less emarginately winged at summit; flowers white or apetalous ........-.....2+. 19. LEPIDIUM. Silicle flattened parallel to the broad partition; flowers white. . . cae 18. ALYSSUM. B. Pod indehiscent. Pod elongated, breaking transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent joints. Pod several-seeded, commonly with constrictions between the seeds; MOwers SHOWS. = sc acd cara) & wwe “gn -e 2 aos aes 6. RAPHANUS. Pod 2-jointed, breaking in the middle, each joint Pseeded flowers small. é . CAKILE, Pod broader than long, more or less didymous, the cells indehiscent but sep- arating from the axis when ripe. ....... . 20. CORONOPUS. Pod wholly indehiscent, roundish or obovate. Pod 1 to several-seeded, wingless.. ..... .. .16. ATHYSANUS. Pod l-seeded, margined with a wing. ... . .. .17. THYSANOCARPUS. 1. THELYPODIUM Endl. Ours annual herbs. Flowers white or pale yellow (straw-colored), in often dense racemes. Leaves mostly petioled, not auriculate or clasping. Petals with narrow claw and linear or obovate exserted limb. Stamens tetradynamous, exserted, with long and slender, never united filaments. Anthers narrowly linear, sagittate, curved. Stigina circular or obscurely 2-lobed, usually small. Pod elongated, 212 CRUCIFER. terete, sessile or short-stipitate. Seeds oblong, somewhat flattened, not winged. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek, thelus, female, and pus, foot or support, the ovary more or less stipitate.) Cauline leaves mostly petioled; flowers 144 to 2lines long. .1. T. lasiophyllum. Cauline leaves sessile or the lower frequently petioled; flowers 4 or 5 lines long. Ovary glabrous; petals conspicuously exceeding the acuminate sepals . 2. T. Greenei. Ovary hairy; petals little exceeding the obtuse sepals. . .3. J. flavescens. 1. T. lasiophyllum Greene. Annual; erect, simple or branching above, 1 to 3 ft. high, hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous above; lower leaves sinuately pinnatifid with mostly acute denticulate or entire segments, 2 to 5 in. long, the upper lanceolate, less lobed or merely toothed, all petioled, or the upper rarely sessile; flowers 1} or 2 lines long, closely clustered, white or yellowish, on commonly curved pedicels 1 line long; sepals oblong, scarcely more than half the length of the narrow petals; pods ascending or strictly deflexed, straight or somewhat curved, 2 to 4 in. long, } line wide or less, obtuse at apex. More frequent in the Coast Range region but also in the Sierras. Apr. A variable species. Var. RiaipuM Robinson. Often branch- ing from the base; pods 14 in. long, line broad, divaricately spread- ing, sharply tipped with the short style, more or less torulose.— Elmira to Antioch. Var. INALIENUM Robinson, Pods 13 to 23 in, long, 1 line broad, erect or slightly spreading.—Collinsville, Brandegee. Scarcely differing from the preceding variety. 2. T. Greenei. Glaucous and glabrous; erect, 3 to 4 ft. high, the stem with several much elongated simple branches from below the middle; leaves all sessile except the radical; lower cauline leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly or somewhat erosely toothed or laciniate, sometimes with two or three pairs of broad salient lobes below the middle, 8 in. long or less; petiole about 1 in. long; upper- most leaves linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate or denticulate, I to 4 in. long, sessile; racemes in flower rather dense, in fruit much elongated (even 2} ft. long); flowers 4 to 5 lines long, pale yellow; sepals narrowly oblong, tapering to an acuminate apex, which often bears a few hairs; petals much exceeding the sepals, the claw broad and the undulate blade narrow; ovary glabrous; pods 2 to 3 in. long, rather less than 1 line wide, beaked by the style.—(T. flavescens Greene, not Streptanthus flavescens Hook.) Brandegee’s Collinsville specimens are illustrative of the natural type here described which is not infrequent from Main Prairie to the Montezuma Hills and Antioch; thence southward through the Mt. Diablo range, It is our present opinion that T. procerum (also referred to Streptanthus and Caulanthus) of authors is the same; if it be distinct the contrasting characters have yet to be discovered. A satisfactory arrangement in this group can only be had, however, when complete material (now lacking to herbaria) has been gathered by field-students. 8. T. flavescens (Hook). One ft. high, perhaps more; stems, MUSTARD FAMILY. 213 petioles, midribs and margins of leaves hispidulous; leaves coarsely and unequally toothed, the lower petioled and sometimes pinnatifid, the uppermost sharply denticulate or entire; flowers yellowish, 4 lines long; sepals oblong, broadest toward the acute apex; which usually bears a few hairs; petals undulate, the claw as broad or broader than the blade, little exceeding the sepals; ovary hairy; fruit unknown to us.—(T. Hookeri Greene. ) Mt. Diablo region (Livermore, Greene, Mar. 10, 1889) to Mon- terey, Douglas, about 1880. Description drawn from Greene’s speci- mens which match fairly well the illustration of Douglas’ specimen in Hooker’s Icones, figured under the name of Streptanthus flavescens Hook. Very doubtfully distinct from the preceding. 2. STREPTANTHUS Nutt. Annuals or a few biennials, often glaucous. Radical leaves com- monly toothed or pinnatifid, the cauline similar or entire, often sagittate-clasping. Sepals of the same color as the petals, two or all saccate at base, the calyx thus ovoid or broad at base and contracted above or by the spreading of the tips becoming somewhat flask- shaped, rarely subcylindric. Petals purple or white, with a narrow undulate or crisped limb and channeled claw, regular or somewhat irregular asin no. 6. Stamens tetradynamous, or in 3 unequal pairs, the 2 longer pairs with filaments connate below or the uppermost pair with entirely united filaments. Silique oblong to narrowly linear, flattened parallel to the partition, sometimes subterete; valves l-nerved or rarely carinate. Seeds flat, margined or winged. Cotyledons accumbent. Receptacle enlarged. (Greek streptas, twisted, and anthos, flower, in reference to the petals.) Upper leaves oval or orbicular and cordate-clasping. * Filaments all distinct or one pair connate; biennial, the flowering stems from an indurated stock . ir Sos ist 4 .. 1. S. suffrutescens. Filaments distinct; annual. >...) 2/3225 2.000. 2. S. orbiculatus. Upper leaves mostly narrow; filaments of longer stamens connate in pairs; annuals. Herbage glabrous; 2 pair of filaments connate. Some lower leaves broadly ovate; flowers very short-pediceled; petals urpleand white ......... es - .38. 8S. Brewert. Cauline leaves all linear; petals white. Flowers subsessile; sepals with whitish tips... .. 4. S. barbiger. Flowers long-pediceled; sepals dark purple or black ...... . S. niger. Herbage hispid-pubescent or hirsute; upper pair of filaments connate. Leaves mostly narrow. Flowers purple; raceme noti-sided . .. . ..6. 8. glandulosus. Flowers pale; raceme l-sided............. 7. 8. secundus. Some leaves obovate; petals purplish with white tips 8. S. hispidus. 1. S. suffrutescens Greene. Biennial (sometimes annual?), herbage glabrous; branches 6 to 15 in. long from a stout indurated trunk 6 to 9 in. high and nearly 3 lines thick; lower leaves broadly oblong or cuneate, obovate, coarsely serrate-toothed, narrowed at base into a winged petiole, 14 to 24 in. long; upper leaves orbicular with cordate-clasping base, 3 to 1 in. broad; petals white, with purple veins, 4 lines long; pods arcuate, 24 to 3 in. long, 1 line wide. 214 CRUCIFER. Montane species of the Coast Ranges: Hood’s Peak, Sonoma Co.; Humboldt Co., Chesnut and Drew. This may be merely a form of 8. orbiculatus but more abundant material is needed to settle the problem of relationships in this group. 2. S. orbiculatus Greene. Annual; herbage glabrous; main stem or ascending axis short, 1 to 3 in. long, bearing many ascending branches, or the branches at base spreading horizontally, 8 to 5 in. long; leaves rather small, lower spatulate-oblong, upper round, cordate-clasping; sepals pink or purple, 2 to 3 lines long; filaments distinct; pods falcate-recurved, mostly exceeding 2 in. Summit of Mt. Diablo; Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Mt. Shasta. ~ 3. S. Breweri Gray. Herbage glabrous and glaucous; stems 1 to 2 ft. high, branching from near the base; leaves mostly sessile and clasping, the lowermost broadly spatulate with a winged petiole, toothed, the cauline broadly ovate and acute to narrowly lanceolate, denticulate or entire; flowers 8 to 4 lines long, purplish; sepals acuminate; 2 pairs of filaments connate; pods ascending, short- pediceled, 13 to 23 in. long by } line broad, ascending, slightly curved; stigma sessile or nearly so; seeds small, orbicular, wholly marginless, Inner South Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamilton, Arroyo del Puerto and Mt. San Carlos. > 4. S. barbiger Greene. Glabrous, 1 to 2 ft. high, branched; cauline leaves linear, entire; flowers white or purple, 3 lines long, subsessile; calyx saccate; sepals connivent, with recurved whitish tips; petals white, unequal; filaments dark purple, the upper pair connate and at length exserted; fruit 1} to 2 in. long, $ line wide, recurved. Colusa Co. to St. Helena. June. 5. S. niger Greene. Stout, 14 to 3 ft. high, much branched, the herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaves linear, the lower with shallow pinnate lobes or teeth, the upper entire and auriculate-clasping; racemes loose, flexuous; flowers 4 to 5 lines long, long-pediceled; calyx broad and saccate; sepals dark purple or black, obtuse; petals white; pods ascending, 1 to 2 in. long, 1 line broad, on pedicels 6 to 12 lines long; stigma entire, sessile; seeds broadly elliptical, narrowly winged. Hills at Tiburon, Marin Co. Apr. Perhaps no more than a robust glabrous form of 5S. glandulosus. 6. S. glandulosus Hook. Jews Flower. Nearly simple or branched, 1 to 2 ft. high, the herbage more or less hispid; lower leaves oblanceolate, coarsely and often saliently toothed, at least the radical slender-petioled; upper lanceolate to linear, toothed or entire, sessile and auriculate-clasping, the teeth callous-tipped; flowers 5 to 6 lines long; calyx commonly deep purple; petals purple, or white with conspicuous purple veins; calyx broad and saccate; 8 sepals connivent at tips, the lower free from the others and usually spreading; longest pair of filaments often connate for their entire length and with MUSTARD FAMILY. 215 reduced anthers; pods curved, more or less spreading on short pedicels, glabrous or hispid, 2 to 8 in. long, 1 line wide; seeds elliptical, narrowly winged.—(S., Bioletti, Mildred, albidus, and pulchellus of Greene.) Common in the mountains at middle altitudes, or at the highest altitudes in the hills. 7. S.secundus Greene. Either simple or with slender branches 10 to 18 in. high, the foliage similar to that of S. glandulosus; racemes rather dense, secund; flowers flesh-color, 4 lines long; remote lower sepal distinctly, the uppermost obscurely, unguiculate, all carinate and commonly hispid-ciliolate on the keel; petals with ample purple-veined crisped limb; upper pair of filaments connate to near their scarcely divergent tips, their anthers small but bearing pollen; pods slender, 2 in. long, faleate-recurved; seeds wingless. Near the coast from Marin Co. northward to Mendocino Co. June. S. pulchellus Greene is intermediate between this and 8S. glandulosus. © 8. S. hispidus Gray. Dwarfish, hispid throughout, branching, 3 to 6 in. high; leaves obovate to connate-oblong, coarsely toothed, all sessile except the very lowest; petals purplish with white tips, 3 or 4 lines long; sepals hispid with brownish hairs; pods erect or ascend- ing, 1} to 2 in. long, 1 line wide, the pedicels short, about 1 line long; style short and stigma broad; seeds elliptical, winged. Summit of Mt. Diablo, Bremer, May 14, 1862, southward to Fresno Co. 3. SISYMBRIUM L. Erect annuals with pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, the base not clasping or auriculate. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals oblong or linear, equaling or exceeding the claws of the petals. Silique linear, terete or nearly so, the valves more or less distinctly 3-nerved; stigma sessile or the style very short. Cotyvledons incumbent. (Greek sisumbrion, the ancient name of some plant of the Mustard Family.) Leaves pinnatifid; seeds in one row . 3 . «1. S. officinale. Leaves finely dissected; seeds in 2rows.... ... . . .2. 8. pinnatum. 1. S. officinale (L.) Scop. Hepere Mtsrarpv. A little rough- hispid with scattered hairs; stem rigid, erect, 3 to 4 ft. high, with divaricate branches above; leaves lvrately and often somewhat runcinately pinnatifid or pinnately parted with dentate or coarsely toothed segments, petioled, the lowest rosulate and 4 to 10 in. long; flowers 1} to 2 lines in diameter; pods terete, 6 lines long, tapering from base to summit, nearly sessile, closely appressed to the axis in a long slender raceme. Very common weed of waysides and waste places. Apr.—May. 2. S. pinnatum (Walt.). Tansy Musrarp. Cinerous-tomentu- lose with short branching hairs, sometimes glabrate and green, $ to 2 ft. high; leaves pinnately or bipinnately dissected, thinnish 216 CRUCIFER®. and delicate; segments small, elliptical or in the upper leaves linear-oblong; petals about 1 line long, equaling or exceeding the sepals; capsule oblong to linear, acute at each end and beaked with a very short style, 3 to 6 lines long, borne on slender spreading pedicels of equal or greater length.—(S. canescens Nutt.) Livermore (acc. to Greene), the upper San Joaquin Valley, and southward to Southern California. Apr. 4. CAKILE L. Maritime branching annual with fleshy leaves and rather small purplish or white flowers. Pod fleshy, or when ripe, dry and corky, l-celled, jointed in the middle, the 2 joints l-seeded, the upper joint at length deciduous, the lower one persistent. Cotyledons accumbent. (Arabic name.) 1.C. Americana Nutt. Sea Rocker. Stems decumbent, often 2 ft. long; leaves oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, crenate or shallowly sinuate-toothed; pod 1 in. long or less, the lower segment cylindrical, the upper ovoid and acuminately narrowed to a flattened truncate often retuse beak. Seashore about San Francisco and beaches of San Francisco Bay at West Berkeley. 5. BRASSICA L. Musrarp. Annuals, either glabrous or sparsely hispid with coarse hairs, the lower leaves usually lyrately pinnatifid or pinnate, the upper disposed to be more or less entire. Flowers large, yellow. ‘Lateral sepals more or less gibbous at base. Petals with long claw and abruptly spreading limb. Papilla-like glands 4, green, alternating with the claws of the petals. Pod terete, terminating in a stout beak; valves 1 to several-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, globose. Cotyledons con- duplicate, incumbent. (The Latin name for Cabbage.) Pods terete, commonly 1 in. long or more, on ascending or spreading pedicels. Beak terete; stem-leaves auriculate-clasping..... .1. B. campestris. Beak 2-edged, often l-seeded, much shorter than the body; stem-leaves petioled, or the upper merely sessile, none auriculate-clasping . . - A 2. B. arvensis. Beak very much flattened, longer than the white-hispid body; leaves all POOLED ees oe oe eG he ee x Sy oe A ae, Ge ge Bem e 4. B. alba. Pods somewhat quadrangular, closely appressed to the axis of the raceme, 4g to % in. long; leaves all petioled. ...... . 3. B. nigra. 1. B. campestris L. ‘Common YELLow Mvsrarp.’’ Succu- lent, glaucous and glabrous save for bristle-bearing pustules on the upper surface of the lower leaves, erect, sparingly branched, 1 to 6 ft. high; cauline leaves all sessile and clasping by an auricled base; upper cauline lanceolate and entire; lower cauline irregularly serrate or denticulate, and pinnatifid or pinnate with the terminal segment very large and lateral segments sessile by a broad base and more or less decurrent on the rachis; radical leaves similar to the lower cauline, petioled; flowers 6 to 8 lines broad; sepals narrowly oblong, MUSTARD FAMILY. 217 yellowish, ascending; petals with elliptic blade; pods terete, 1} to 1} in. long, narrowed into a subulate beak, tipped with a flat stigma. ae common. Feb.—Apr. It is the Turnip of the gardens run wild. 2. B. arvensis (L.) B.S. P. Cuarzocn. Herbage light green, hispid with scattered hairs; leaves pinnatifid with a large shallowly lobed terminal segment and usually » pair of much smaller angular segments on the rachis, or ovate or triangular-ovate and lobed or denticulate; upper leaves deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled or sessile by a narrow base, not clasping; petals 4 to 6 lines long; pods ascending or erect, 1 to 14 in. long, with 8 to 8 seeds in each cell; beak flattish, 4 as long as the body, often containing a seed; valves nerved. —(B. Sinapistrum Boiss. ) Frequent in western Alameda Co. Apr. 8. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Brack Musrarp. Dark green (not glaucous), nearly glabrous or with some scattered stiff hairs, 3 to 6 or even 12 ft. high; leaves all petiolate; lower lyrately pinnatifid or divided; terminal segment very large, shallowly lobed and sharply dentate; upper leaves less lobed or the uppermost linear and entire and commonly drooping or pendulous; racemes long and dense; petals 33 lines long, much larger than the sepals; pods closely appressed to the axis of the raceme, torulose, indistinctly 4-sided, beaked by the style; seeds nearly black, highly pungent. Naturalized weed, everywhere common and very abundant in interior grainfields. May—July. 4. B. alba Boiss. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves all pinnately lobed or divided and rather long-petioled, or the upper lanceolate or oblong, merely dentate and short-petioled; racemes 3 or 4 in. long, rather dense; pedicels in fruit spreading horizontally; pod hispid with white hairs, the body shorter than the long conspicuously flattened beak. European weed, perhaps not yet naturalized: Byron, Bioletti. 6. RAPHANUS L. RapisuH. Coarse much-branched annuals or biennials. Lower leaves lyrately pinnate or pinnatifid, shortly petioled. Flowers large, purple or vellow, or becoming white. Petals long-clawed. Pod thick, beaked by the stout style, I-celled, filled with spongy or corky tissue, lightly constricted between the seeds or even moniliform, indehiscent or eventually breaking transversely into 1-seeded joints. Seeds sub- globose, cotyledons conduplicate. (Greek raphanos, quick-appearing, on account of the prompt germination of the seeds. ) 1. R. sativus L. Writp RapisH. Nearly glabrous or hispid with scattered hairs; stem branching widely, 2 to 5 ft. high; lower leaves pinnately parted, all the segments crenate, the terminal segment large and round, the lateral smaller, ovate or oblong, sessile with the 218 CRUCIFERAE. upper side adherent to the midrib, the lower lobe free; upper leaves mostly toothed, or with a few small lateral segments; flowers 8 or 9 lines broad, purple or white; pod thick, spongy at maturity, 3 to 4 lines broad, 1 to 3 in. long, with one to several constrictions, or the body of the pod globose and 1-seeded. Common weed of waste places in towns and villages about San Francisco Bay; less frequent in the interior. Naturalized, 2. R. Raphanistrum L. Jornrep Cuariock. Plants 14 to 2 ft. high, almost glabrous throughout; lower leaves deeply lyrate- pinnatifid, 4 to 7 in. long, the upper less lobed; flowers 6 to 9 lines broad, yellow or white; pods 1 to 14 in. long, 6 to 10-seeded, strongly constricted between the seeds, longitudinally grooved. Introduced from Europe but very rare and scarcely established: San Francisco; Berkeley. 7. ERYSIMUM L. Wat FLower. Erect stoutish biennials or perennials, simple or with few branches. Leaves narrow, entire, dentate or lobed- Flowers large, orange to light yellow. Sepals narrow, equal at base or the lateral saccate. Petals with slender claws and obovate blades. Pod linear, flattened, with I-nerved valves, or quadrangular. Seeds in 1 row, numerous, not margined. (Greek name of a garden plant.) Flowers orange; pod 4-sided; montane species... .. .. .1. E. asperum. Flowers cream-color or yellowish; pod flattened parallel to the partition; littoral species. = 2... ... so ee » 6 oly H, Capitatum. 1. E. asperum DC. Wesrern WatLi-rLowER. Herbage sca- brous-pubescent, hairs stellately 3-parted; stems erect, simple or branching above, 1} to 2} ft. high, rather densely clothed with leaves below; leaves narrow (2 to 6 lines wide and 8 to 6 in. long, or the uppermost shorter), entire or sharply dentate, the lower slender- petioled; flowers orange, 10 lines in diameter; blade of petal broadly elliptic; sepals narrow, with a longitudinal dorsal ridge; pods 4-sided, ascending or widely spreading, commonly 8 to 4 in. long, 1 line wide, beaked with a stout style; seeds oblong, often slightly winged at one end.—(E. Californicum Greene.) Common on rocky hills in the mountains of the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Mar.—Apr. 2. E. capitatum (Dougl.) Greene. Stout and low, erect, 4 to 14 ft. high, leafy, finely pubescent; leaves narrow, entire or repand- dentate; flowers cream-color to yellowish, rarely white, at first sub- capitate, the axis elongating in fruit and becoming a short raceme; pods 1} to 2} in. long, 1} lines wide, abruptly short-pointed; valves flattish, 1-nerved; seeds brown, sometimes margined but not winged— (E. grandiflorum Nutt.) Vicinity of the ocean along the California coast. 8. ARABIS L. Rock Orgss. Ours erect and tall annuals or biennials, or cespitose perennials, Flowers rose-purple, white or yellowish white. Sepals greenish or MUSTARD FAMILY. 219 tae erect and equal, or the lateral pair slightly saccate at base. etals obovate or spatulate, with narrow claw and flat blade, com- monly much exceeding the sepals. Pod flattened parallel to the partition, the valves more or less 1-nerved. Seeds more or less winged; cotyledons accumbent, or in one species partially incumbent. (Name from the land Arabia.) Leaves all pinnately parted; plants decumbently branching from the base; flowers small, white... ............2.. 1. A. Virginica. 5. A. Brewert. 1. A. Virginica (L.) Trelease. Annual or biennial, nearly gla- brous; branched from the decumbent base, the branches 7 to 15 in. high; leaves deeply pinnatifid with nearly uniform oblong or linear few-toothed or entire segments; flowers small, white, on very short pedicels; pods spreading, $ to 1 in. long, 1 line broad, borne on ped- icels 1 to 2 lines long, beaked by a short pointed style; valves faintly veined or obscurely 1-nerved at base; seeds in 1 row.—(A. Ludo- viciana C. A. Mey.) Lower San Joaquin River banks, Sanford; probably introduced from Southern California. 2. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Towrr Mustarp. Biennial, erect, simple (very rarely branched), 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage glaucous, at the base hispidulous, above glabrous; radical leaves broadly spatulate, coarsely dentate or merely denticulate, 2 to 4} in. long, soon wither- ing; cauline leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, clasping by a sagittate base; flowers dull white, 2 to 3 lines long, little exceeding the sepals; pods strictly erect, even appressed to the stem, straight, 3 to 4 in. long, 4 to $ line wide, on pedicels 8 to 5 lines long; seeds in 2 rows, narrowly winged or wingless.—(A. perfoliata Lam. ) Throughout California: not rare, but the plants commonly solitary. Apr.-May. 8. A. hirsuta Scop. Harry Rock Cress, Biennial, more or less hirsute, deep green, not glaucous; stems erect, simple or strictly branched, 1 to 3 ft. high; radical leaves oblanceolate, the petioles winged, 1 to 2 in. long; cauline oblong to lanceolate, commonly entire, sessile by a subcordate base; petals dull white, 15 to 3 lines long; pods strictly erect on slender pedicels, 1 to 2 in. long, 3 line wide; style scarcely any; valves faintly nerved below the middle and more or less veined; seeds suborbicular, very narrowly margined. Northern California: Marin, Co. (acc. to Greene). 4. A. blepharophylla H. & A. Biennial or perennial, branched at base or simple, 4 to 12 in. high, deep green, glabrous, or somewhat hirsute below; radical leaves broadly spatulate to obovate, obtuse, 220 CRUCIFER &. ciliate with forked hairs; cauline oblong, sessile, dentate or entire; flowers large, fragrant, purple, } in. long; sepals often colored, broad, 2 to 8 lines long; pods erect or ascending, nearly straight, } to 1 in. long, 1 line wide, abruptly beaked by a short stout style; valves yeined, l-nerved; seeds in 1 row, round-elliptical, narrowly winged or scarcely margined. Rocky hilltops from San Francisco to Monterey. Mar.—Apr. 5. A. Breweri Wats. Brewer Rock Cress. Stems many from the much branched crown of a stout woody root, 2 to 6 in. high; herbage stellately pubescent or canescent, especially below; lower leaves broadly spatulate, entire, 3 to 9 lines long; upper leaves lanceo- late to oblong, sessile by a subcordate base or obtusely auriculate; flowers bright red-purple or nearly white, 2 to 3 lines long, the pedicels and purplish calyx more or less villous; pods spreading and arcuate, 1} to 2} in. long, 1 line broad; valves I-nerved, veined; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, somewhat in 2 rows. Rocky summits of mountain peaks from borders of Lake Co. south- ward to Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton and Loma Prieta. Apr. 9. BARBAREA BR. Br. Perennial herbs similar to the yellow-flowered Nasturtiums. Stem angular. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. Stamens 6, distinctly tetra- dynamous. Pods linear, somewhat quadrangular, abruptly termi- nated by a pointed style, the valves strongly 1-nerved or carinate. Seeds in 1 row in each cell, turgid, not margined. (Named after St. Barbara.) 1. B. vulgaris R. Br. Whryrer-cress. Glabrous, rather stout, 10 to 16 in. high; radical leaves elliptic, sometimes cordate at base, ? to 2 in. long, with or without small supplementary lobes borne along the petiole; cauline similar, pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe largest and often oblong-lanceolate; raceme terminal and solitary or with several from the upper axils; petals narrowly obovate or oblanceolate, the blade scarcely narrowed into a claw, about 8 lines long, twice as long as the yellow sepals; pod 14 in. long. Along streams in the mountains or among the hills: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. June-July. 10. NASTURTIUM L. Nearly or quite glabrous annuals or perennials, sometimes growing in water, mostly in wet places. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid or pinnately divided. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals spread- ing in anthesis. Petals scarcely clawed. Stigma capitate, nearly sessile. Pod linear or oblong, terete or nearly so, valves mostly 1-nerved. Seeds minute, in 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons accum- bent. (Nasus, nose, and tortus, twisting, the nostrils affected by the pungent herbage.) ; Flowers white; petals distinctly clawed, nearly twice the length of the SEPA Bye: oat fe ey, ford (oes Buea otk By Bec 2 bhi 8S OS 1. N. officinale. Flowers yellow; petals scarcely clawed, little longer than the sepals. Pods linear, curved upward... .......20- 2. N. curvisiliqua. Pods oblong, turgid, straight. . . » «23 NN. palustris. MUSTARD FAMILY. Y2I 1. N. officinale R. Br. Warer-cress. Stems ascending or pros- trate at base and rooting at the nodes, the herbage glabrous; leatlets or segments 3 to 9, ovate or nearly round, the terminal always the largest, or the lowest leaves without lateral leaflets; flowers white, 2 to 2} lines broad; petals nearly twice the length of the sepals; a divaricately spreading, 4 to 1 in. long, the pedicels about as ong. : Common in slow-flowing creeks and about springs in the moun- tains. Naturalized. 2. N. curvisiliqua Nutt. Wrstern YELLow-creEss. Stems branching, erect or decumbent, $ to 1} ft. long; herbage sparsely pubescent; leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted (the segments varying from linear and commonly entire to oblong or ovate and either entire, toothed or pinnatifid), mostly } to 2 in. long, or the lowest or radical much longer; pods linear, terete, more or less curved, 4 to 7 lines long, the pedicel 4 to 1} lines long. Frequent in stream beds, margins of pools and marshy erie from San Mateo Co. and the Oakland Hills northward through the Coast Ranges and the Sacramento Valiey. Exceedingly variable in foliage; radical leaves of « robust plant from the Napa River near St. Helena are bipinnatifid and 1 ft. long. The var. lyratum Wats. has coarsely toothed leaves broad above and narrowed towards the base. . 8. N. palustris DC. Marsa Ye tiow-cress. Biennial, erect, branching, 2 to 5 ft. high, usually glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate in outline, coarsely toothed or deeply pinnatifid with the oblong lobes dentate; pods oblong, turgid, 2 to 3 lines long, obtuse, the pedicels nearly as long. Lowlands of the Sacramento River. N. picryotum Greene, collected on Grand Island, is teratological; stems more or less fasciated; pods often 3 or 4-valved and placente 3 or 4; pods at intervals crowded. 11. DENTARIA L. Tootuwort. Glabrous perennials. Stems and one or two long-petioled radical leaves from tuberous rootstocks, the stems rarely branched and spar- ingly leafy. Flowers large, white or rose-tinted, appearing in early spring. Petals with slender claws and ovate spreading limb, much longer than the sepals; ‘these equal at base, erect or nearly so. Pod linear, flattened parallel to the partition, stout, attenuate above into the slender style, the valves and partitions not nerved; seeds wing- less. (From the Latin, dens, a tooth, the rootstocks toothed in some species.) Leaves (at least the cauline) trifoliate a ex 1. D. integrijolia. Leaves all undivided ca : . .2. D.cardiophylla. 1. D. integrifolia Nutt. Mrrx-marps. Stems mostly one from the rootstock, erect, 1 ft. high, the herbage rather fleshy; radical leaves simple or trifoliolate, the leaves or leaflets mostly orbicular, minutely dentate, and 4 to 1 in. long; cauline trifoliolate, ovate to 222 CRUCIFERZE. lanceolate; raceme mostly single; corolla white, 6 lines broad; sepals green or dull red; siliques with dull red valves. aa Abundant in the valleys and on the plains, often whitening the fields in Feb. and Mar. Propagating vegetatively by the production of roots at the summit of the petiole of the radical compound leaf. Exceedingly variable. The most marked variety is the following: Var. Californica (Dentaria Californica Nutt.)—Taller and more slender, leaves larger, comparatively thin, the radical often dull reddish beneath and sometimes 5-foliolate; corolla white or pale rose-color.—Shady woods. Mar.-May. Exceedingly variable in its leaves, the cauline sometimes pinnately parted and the radical as frequently simple, as in the species. 2. D. cardiophylla (Greene) Robinson. Erect, stoutish, 8 to 18 in. high; radical leaves undivided, broadly cordate, slightly and somewhat angulately lobed and mucronately denticulate, 1 to 24 in. wide; cauline similar, tapering from within the broad sinus to a petiole 3 to 1 in. long; flowers white; siliques slender-beaked.— (Cardamine cardiophylla Greene. ) Vaca Mountains at low altitudes, Jepson (1885), Platt (1898). 12. CARDAMINE L. Birrer-cress, Ours annual with fibrous roots and leafy stems; leaves pinnate, the radical in a rosette. Very near Dentaria and scarcely separable, but the flowers smaller (in ours 1 to 1} lines long) and pods narrower. (Ancient Greek name of some species of Cress.) 1. C. oligosperma Nutt. Erect, slender, unbranched or with several very slender branches 8 to 14 in. high, hispidulous or nearly glabrous; stems slender, commonly branching, 3 to 9 in. high; radi- cal leaves in a rosette, these and the cauline leaves pinnate, 14 in. long or less; leaflets 5 to 11, little unequal, with a notch in each side toward the apex, 1 to 4 lines long, petiolulate; petals white, much surpassing the sepals; silique 6 to 9 or 12 lines long; valves separating and falling in a close coil while still green-herbaceous; pedicels 2 lines long, little accrescent in fruit. Under Oaks and other trees in openly wooded country, Oakland Hills and Marin Co. northward to Napa Valley and Mendocino Co. 13, TROPIDOCARPUM: Hook. Erect or diffusely spreading annuals with pubescent herbage, pin- natifid leaves and leafy racemes of rather small yellow flowers. Sepals concave, ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals cuneate-obovate. Stamens tetradynamous; anthers roundish. Style slender, sometimes short. Pod completely or partially 2-celled, or 1-celled, strongly flattened contrary to the narrow partition, or only the upper part flattened, or somewhat inflated; valves 2 to 4, opening from above; seeds in 2 to 4 rows. (Greek tropis, keel, and karpos, fruit, in reference to the carinate valves of the capsule. For an interesting study of the fruit of Tropidocarpum see Robinson in Erythea, iv. 109.) MUSTARD FAMILY. 293 Plants, when robust, with mostly straggling branches; pods 2-valved and TwoCelled ogc caray 6 ae hon ace ee Rcai mais) ade 1. T. gracile. One-celled, but the partition persistent above. . _ . 2. 7. dubium. Plants commonly erect; pods 4-valvyed and l-celled, | 13.7. capparideum. 1. T. gracile Hook. Erect or at last very diffuse; leaves pinnati- fid, the segments commonly linear, acutish, cleft or entire; leaves of the inflorescence similar but reduced; pedicels axillary, 3 to 10 lines long, spied ne: Stamens very unequal; pods linear, strongly obecom- pressed throughout, tardily dehiscent; style slender; seeds in 2 rows. On or near low hills of the inner Coast Ranges from Tehama Co. and the Marysville Buttes southwestward to Vacaville, Mt. Diablo and Southern California. 2. T. dubium Davidson. Decumbent, the branches 6 to 12 in, long; radical leaves regularly pinnatifid with 3-toothed segments, petioled, 2 to 3 in. long; cauline leaves mostly sessile with linear seg- ments; stamens tetradynamous, but not markedly unequal; pedicels said to be arcuate; pods } to 1} in. long, 1 line wide, only the upper portion obeompressed; partition not present, except in the upper } or }. Antioch (acc. to Robinson in Gray, Syn. Fl.) and Southern California. 8. T. capparideum Greene. Stem stoutish, erect, mostly less than 1 ft. high, simple or sparingly branched; foliage as in T. gracile, the upper leaves somewhat more deeply parted and with longer subentire segments; pods linear-oblong, 7 to 10 lines in length, 2 lines wide, somewhat inflated, 1-celled, conspicuously 6-nerved, tipped with a slender style; valves 4, the dehiscence beginning at the apex; seeds in 4 distinct rows. Alkaline soil from Byron to Lathrop, Mr. C. D. Cobb sends us from the Lower San Joaquin a box of 40 ripe fruits, each capsule hav- ing an inner capsule containing a perfect seed. 14. CAPSELLA Medic. Slender annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers. Petals small, little exceeding the calyx. Pod obcordate or elliptical, strongly or scarcely at all flattened, several-seeded; valves carinate. Seeds not winged; cotyledons incumbent. (Capsella, a little box, in allusion to the fruit.) Pod obcordate, or cuneate-triangular in outline with retuse apex, strongly PBGCOM CG is so sicnd “aj oo es aashy A oe ah YB eee Re ayy fe ot ds 1. C. Bursa-pastoris. Pod elliptic-oblong, scarcely flattened, entire at the apex.2. C. procumbens. 1. CG. Bursa-pastoris Mcench. SHEPHERD’s PurRsE. Stems erect, simple or branching, 3 to 10 or 15 in. high, sparsely hispid; radical leaves in a spreading rosette; lower leaves petioled, pinnatifid, rarely entire, the terminal lobe largest; upper leaves merely den- tate, sessile-auriculate; petals white, less than 1 to 1} lines long, slightly exceeding the sepals; pedicels elongating in fruit, 4 lines long; pods obcordate, 2} to 3 lines broad, many-seeded, strongly flattened. Common in pastures, orchards and by waysides; naturalized from Europe. 224 CRUCIFERA. 2. C. procumbens (L.) Fries. Three to 6 in. high with as- cending branches from the base; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, or the lower more or less pinnatifid; flowers minute, } line long or less; sepals ‘ovate-elliptic, thin-margined, about equaled .by the white petals; pods elliptic-oblong, entire at the apex, 1 to 1} lines long, pedicels filiform, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long and divaricately spreading. —(C. elliptica C. A. Mey. C. divaricata Walp.) Alkaline soil from Alameda and Byron southward to Kern Co. 15. CAMELINA Crantz. Erect annual with sagittate-clasping leaves. Flowers small, yellow, in loose racemes, Pod obovate or pear-shaped, beaked with the slender, persistent style; valves convex with the edges flattened, form- ing a narrow margin around the pod; partition broad; seeds several in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons incumbent. (Greek camai, dwarf, and linon, flax.) 1. C. sativa Crantz. Fatse Frax. Stem simple or branching above, 14 to 2 ft. high, leafy, nearly glabrous; leaves oblong to lanceo- late, entire or dentate; flowers rather small, light yellow; pedicels in fruit ascending; pods 3} or 4 lines long, 2 to 24 lines broad. Old World weed of grain fields. Rare in California. 16. ATHYSANUS. Greene. Low annual, leafy below, the short stem divided at or near the base into few or many simple elongated filiform branches or racemes which are unilaterally flower-bearing throughout. Flowers minute, promptly reflexed or recurved. Petals linear or none. Stamens 6, nearly or quite equal; filaments slender. Pod small, orbicular, in- dehiscent, 1-celled, or 2-celled by a thin partition, wingless; cotyle- dons aceumbent. (Greek a-, without, and thusanos, fringe, the fruit wingless, the species taken out of the genus Thysanocarpus, whose fruit is broadly margined.) Pods plane, numerous on theracemes. ...... » 2 al. A. pusillus. Pods twisted at maturity; raceme lax, the pods often distant 1 in. or more. 2. A. unilateralis. 1. A. pusillus (Hook.) Greene. Herbage pubescent with simple or branching hairs; racemes 8 to 9 in. long; leaves broadly oblong with about 8 coarse teeth on each side, 8 to 5 lines long, rarely varying from 2 to 9 lines; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 to 4, only one maturing, that attached at base of the pod; fruiting pedicels recurved, 1 to 8 lines long; pods orbicular, strongly flattened 3 to 1 line long, hispid all over with hooked hairs. Common everywhere on low hills and gravelly plains in the Coast Ranges; also in the Sierra Foothills at Rough and Ready. 2. A. unilateralis (Jones). Habit of the preceding; racemes lax, diffuse, or horizontal and trailing, in age rigid and wiry, 6 to 18 in. long; pods round-oval, 1 to 14 lines broad, hispidulous, twisted when mature, the pedicels thick, recurved, 3 to 1 line long; seeds 6 to 10.— (Heterodraba unilateralis Greene. ) MUSTARD FAMILY. 225 Hillsides and valleys of the inner Coast Ranges from Colusa Co. to Livermore Vulley and southward. Apr. 17. THYSANOCARPUS Hook. Stender erect annuals, with the stems commonly sparingly branched or often simple, and minute white or purplish flowers. Sepals ovate, spreading. Petals spatulate. Stamens 6, subequal, with slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an in- dehiscent fruit; this much flattened and winged, orbicular in outline, the body disk-shaped or plane on one side and convex on the other, the wing with small perforations or with radiating nerves or toothed. (Greek thusanos, fringe, and karpos, fruit). Fruiting pedicels more or less recurved their whole length. Wing of the obovate fruit with radiating nerves, mostly TapeTORane ee Wing of the commonly roundish fruit perforated... .. 2. T. tS ay Wing of fruit scarious, not perforated, the radiating nerves none or very BNOGL 4 ag kb ana ee eR ERE RK oe He 3. T. emarginatus. Fruiting pedicels straight or recurved only at the very tip; wing broad with CONSPICUOUSTAYS . 65 fe ee 4. T. radians. 1. T. curvipes Hook. Frincx-pop. More or less pubescent or hirsute, 10 to 20 in. high; cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile and auricled at base, the upper entire, the lower dentate or denticu- late; radical leaves often narrowed at base to a petiole, commonly sinuate-pinnatifid, with triangular acute or acuminate lobes; fruit obovate varying to round-obovate, pubescent or glabrous, 14 to 3 lines long, often very convex on one side; wing narrow, rather crowded with broad rays; pedicels recurved. Frequent every where in the open hill country of California. Apr.- May. Pods in the same raceme sometimes either pubescent or gla- brous, indifferent of age. Passing into the next by numerous grada- tions, of which T. hirtellus Greene is one. 2. T. elegans F.&M. Lacr-rop. Rather stout, with few branches; lower leaves repand-toothed; fruit nearly orbicular, 3 to + lines long, the body densely tomentose; wing with large ovoid perforations between the rays, the margin membranaceous and entire. Middle North Coast Ranges; Antioch; Sierra Foothills. 3. T. emarginatus Greene. Freely branching from the base, 1} ft. high; herbage ostensibly glabrous but the plant at the fruiting stage hispidulous under a lens, at least on the lower parts; cauline leaves linear, lanceolate, sessile, not auricled; flowers and radical leaves unknown; fruit 2 to 23 lines long, glabrous; the wing scarious, entire, destitute of radiating nerves or these very short, sometimes deeply, always slightly emarginate at the apex. Mt. Diablo, Jepson; Antioch, Miss Evstivood. Evidently passes into T, curvipes. 4. T. radians Benth. Erect, commonly 1 to 14 ft. high and rarely branching; radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; cauline ovate- lanceolate, auriculate-clasping; fruit orbicular, 4 lines broad, glabrous 17 226 CRUCIFERZ. or tomentose, the edge of the body divided into radiating spoke-like nerves which disappear abruptly just within the margin of the white- membranaceous wing; pedicels straight, abruptly recurved at the very summit. Low hills or rolling plains, infrequent: Healdsburg; Sonoma; Vacaville; Antioch; and Linden (San Joaquin Co.). Apr.—May. Var. montanus is a color form; branches several from the base, ascending, 5 to 8 in. high; fruit 3 lines long, the wing bright purple. —Plateau of the Napa Mountains, north of Mt. George, Jepson, Apr. 28, 1893. 18. ALYSSUM L. Low-branching herbs with undivided leaves. Flowers white or yellowish, in ours 2 lines long or less. Filaments of the stamens winged near the base or toothed. Pod orbicular, with convex veinless valves and broad partition; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. (A-, without, and lussa, madness, the plant valued by the ancient Greeks as an antidote for hydrophobia.) . Petals yellowish white, scarcely exceeding the sepals; these persistent about the base of the fruit. < ose ei ce se cee ewe oe ‘ _1. A. ealycinum. Petals white, twice as long as the deciduous sepals . . 2. A. maritimum. 1. A. calycinum L. Smatit Atyssum. Annual; stems branch- ing from the base, decumbent, 4 to 7 in. high; leaves linear-oblong or spatulate; petals yellowish white, little exceeding the persistent sepals; filaments of the shorter stamens toothed at the base; pod notched at the apex, 14 lines broad; seeds 2 in each cell. An escape from gardens; not common, 2. A. maritimum (L.) Lam. Sweer Atyssum. Perennial, ostensibly glabrous, the stems procumbent or ascending, 4 to 12 in. long; leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; petals broad, white, twice the length of the sepals; sepals falling off after flowering; filaments without appendages; seeds 1 in each cell. European species of the gardens, more or less naturalized in California. 19. LEPIDIUM L. PrppEr-Grass. Ours low annuals (commonly less than 3, seldom 2 ft. high) with toothed pinnatifid leaves and very small flowers (1 line long or less), Petals white or none. Stamens 6, 4 or 2, Pod a round, ovate, or broadly oblong silicle, strongly obcompressed, and in ours notched or lobed at the more or less winged apex; valves acutely carinate, the cells 1-seeded. Style not persistent in fruit. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek lepidion, a little scale, in reference to the flattened pods.) L. Drasa L., Hoary Cress, is occasionally found as an escape from the gardens; leaves large, elliptic-obovate or -lanceolate; pod somewhat cordate, neither notched nor winged, tipped with a stout style.—Napa Valley. Silicle notched at apex; not reticulated or only faintly. Petals present; erect plants. Leaves toothed; pedicels terete ....... . . 1. Le medium. Lower leaves pinnatifid; pedicels flattened . . 2. L. nitidum. MUSTARD FAMILY, 227 Petals none; plants diffuse or prostrate; leaves pinnatifid......... 3. L. bipinnatifidum. stems; wings or teeth approximate or parallel and . Baw ass | oso . 4, L. latipes. VOT SHOT. soe Gos grain mde ace ar Re 5. L. dictyotum. nent; sinustriangular .. 2... ..., ....6 Pedicels spreading or retrocurved; larger than the silicles; sinus broad aoe . 7. LD. oxycarpum. 1. L. medium Greene. TaLt Peprer-arass. Stem erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, simple below, paniculately branching above and bearing numerous racemes 2 to 8 or even 6 in. long; herbage ostensibly glabrous; leaves oblanceolate (the radical oblong), narrowed at base to a petiole, sharply serrate, 2 to 8 in. long; rameal leaves linear, serrate only towards the apex, shorter; petals white; silicles round, 1} lines long, nearly as broad, notched at the very narrowly winged apex; pedicels 2 lines long, widely (oreven horizontally) spreading. Common in Scott Valley, Lake Co. and southward to Napa Valley. Described by Greene as apetalous. 2. L. nitidum Nutt. Commoy PEpprr-erass. ToNGUE-GRASS. Branching from or near the base, 1 to 6 or 10 in. high, the branches mostly simple; herbage glabrous; leaves 4 in. long or less, the upper almost or quite entire, the lower pinnatifid with the rachis ligulate and bearing remote entire or laciniately toothed lobes; petals white, less than 1 line long, obovate, with no distinct claw; stamens 6, but the 2 shorter mere rudiments; silicles round, with a narrow margin, abruptly notched at apex, 1} to 2 lines long, plane on the upper face, convex on thé lower, often dark purple, glabrous and shining. Common everywhere on the Californian plains, low hills and in the valleys. Feb.-Apr. 3. L. bipinnatifidum Desv. Waystpe PrppEr-Grass. Stems 3 to 6 in. long, freely branching from the base, diffuse or even pros- trate, the plants often closely matting the ground; herbage light green, puberulent or glabrate; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipin- natifid; racemes numerous, dense and rather narrow; petals none; silicles round, nearly 1} lines long, glabrous, faintly reticulate, the teeth at the apex short and obtuse; fruiting pedicels ascending, scarcely exceeding } line. Common in hard beaten soil, by paths and waysides, throughout California. 4. L. latipes Hook. Lonc-wiNcep PEPPER-GRAsS. Stems sev- eral from the base, very thick and stout, 1 to 2 in. long, recurved- prostrate; herbage slightly pubescent; leaves pinnatifid with few linear acute segments, 8 to 5 in. long, the rachis ligulate, 2 lines broad, often dilated into a terminal lanceolate lobe; segments remote, 5 to 6 lines long; racemes very dense, } to 1} in. long; petals broadly spatulate, greenish, rounded at the apex, 1 line long, much exceeding the short sepals; silicles broadly oblong or oval, 3 lines long, 2 lines 228 CRUCIFERZ. broad, strongly reticulated, sparingly pubescent, winged at apex with two broad acute teeth nearly as long as the body, the sinus between the teeth or wings a narrow cleft. Beds or margins of winter pools on the plains or in alkaline flats. Common in the Sacramento Valley and found in the Coast Ranges from Round Valley (Mendocino Co.) to Napa Valley, Mt. Diablo region, Hollister and southward to Southern California. Mar.—May, fruiting June-July. - 5. L. dictyotum Gray. Branches several from the base, decum- bent, or at length aseending, 1 to 2 in. long; leaves pinnatifid, the segments few, linear and remote; petals little exceeding the sepals or wanting; silicles 14 lines long, broadly elliptic, finely reticulated, pubescent, with short obtuse wings or teeth at the summit, the sinus narrow; pedicels ascending, flattened. Alkaline soils from Alameda (ace. to Greene) and Livermore southward to Southern California. Mar.—Apr. : 6. L. strictum Rattan. Branching from the base, the branches comparatively simple, suberect or diffuse, 4 to 12 in. high; leaves with few pinnate segments or entire; stamens 4; silicles glabrous, lightly reticulated, 2 to 23 lines long, with 2 widely divergent lanceolate wings or teeth at apex often 4 as long as the elliptic body; pedicels flattened, in fruit rather shorter than the pod.—(L. Oreganum Greene, Fl. Fr. in part.) Lower San Joaquin and the Montezuma Hills. First collected by Rattan in the ‘‘ Live Oaks of the Mokelumne River, 1878.” 7. L. oxycarpum T. & G. Very slender, branched from the base, the branches elongated, erect or ascending, 4 to 6 in. long, bearing flowers more than half their length; leaves narrow, linear and sub- entire, or pinnatifid with a few acute linear segments; pedicels widely spreading or deflexed, more slender than in the other members of the group, 1} lines long; sepals very unequal, caducous, $ line long; petals none; stamens 2; silicle roundish, glabrate, finely reticulated, 1} lines long, tipped with 2 very short and acute widely divergent teeth; pedicels widely spreading or retrocurved, very slender, flattened, longer than the pods. Borders of salt marshes or in alkaline soils in middle California toward the coast: Vallejo; Berkeley Hills; Alviso. 20. CORONOPUS Gartn. Prostrate annuals (exhaling a heavy-scented odor), with pinnatifid leaves and short racemes of minute greenish white flowers. Sepals oval, equal at base, spreading. Stamens often only 2 or 4. Silicle small, more or less didymous, flattened contrary to the narrow parti- tion, the surface strongly wrinkled or tuberculate; valves of the pod falling away at maturity from the persistent axis as closed or nearly closed nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek korono, crow, and pous, foot, because of the shape of the leaves.) CAPPARIDACE. 229 7 1. C. didymus. Fruit not notched above, obscurely didymous, strongly roughened and cristate-muricate,. . 0... eee ee ssn ad. OC, Buelit 1. ©. didymus (L) Smith. Warr-cress. Herbage heavy-scented, sparsely hairy or almost glabrous; stems numerous, freely branching, diffuse or prostrate, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves 1 in. long or less, pinnately parted into entire or sharply toothed segments; flowers minute, greenish white; pods small, about 1 line broad, notched both above and below, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed or didymous, each lobe turgid and finely wrinkled.—(Senebiera didyma Pers.) Naturalized weed near dwellings: Montezuma Hills, Solano Co. 2. C. Ruellii All. Swine-cress. Stems stouter; leaves pinnately parted (the segments mostly 4 in. long and deeply 2 or 38-toothed), long-petioled, 2 to 23 in. long; pods flattened, 14 to 13 lines broad, not notched at summit nor scarcely 2-lobed but strongly roughened, both muricate and cristate.—(Senebiera Coronopus Poir.) Naturalized weed: San Francisco. 39. CAPPARIDACEZA. Carer Faminy. Ours annuals with palmately compound alternate leaves and fugacious or deciduous stipules. Flowers complete, in bracted racemes. Sepals 4, sometimes united at base. Petals 4. Stamens in ours 6 (in other genera often many), more or less unequal, com- monly inserted on the very base of the calyx, or hypogynous. Ovary raised on a stipe, 1 or 2-celled, composed of 2 carpels. Valves in fruit separating from the placente and releasing the many seeds, or the valves 1-seeded and separating from the axis as nutlets. Fruit notched at summit and at base, strongly didymous, wrinkled Stipules fimbriate, 1 to 2 lines long; capsule 1-celled, the valves falling away from the placente ci: 5.6 ¢ et hee ee ye 4 2G HS 1. CLEOMELLA. Stipules consisting of minute bristles; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, each valve closely investing its seed and falling away with it... .2, WISLIZENIA. 1. CLEOMELLA DC. Branching annuals. Leaves with 3 leaflets and in ours with tufts of bristles for stipules. Flowers yellow. Stamens 6, exserted. Pods rhomboidal, few-seeded and small, pendent on spreading pedicels, ours with the valves produced laterally into acute or slender horns. (Diminutive of Cleome, ancient name of some European plant.) 1. C. obtusifolia Torr. Branching from the base, 3 in. to 14 ft. high, finely pubescent or hairy; leaflets broadly obovate to oblong, shorter than the petioles; stipules deciduous; petals 2 lines long; sepals ciliate or almost fimbriate, very much shorter than the petals; pods 2 to 4 lines broad; stipe 3 lines long, reflexed upon the pedicel. Sacramento, Fremont; said to have been re-collected in the same locality in recent years. 2, WISLIZENIA Engelm. Erect branching rank-scented annuals. Leaves with 3 leaflets and 230 RESEDACER. with minute deciduous bristles for stipules. Flowers yellow. Sta- mens with long filiform filaments, much exserted. Stipe in fruit refracted upon the pedicel. Pod 2-seeded and didymous; each valve closely contracted upon its seed and falling away with it, therefore like a nutlet. (Dr. A. Wislizenius, who collected in early days in California. ) 1. W. refracta Engelm. StinK-wEEp. One to 2 or even 6 ft. high; leaflets obovate to oblong, 4 to 9 lines long, rather longer than the petiole; raceme dense, in age usually much elongated; petals 14 lines long; stamens and ovary exserted; pods 14 to 2 lines broad, the lobes strongly divergent and crested or toothed at apex, the cells separated by a partition with a single rather large perforation; stipe in fruit 2 to 4 lines long; style persistent and bristle-like. Sacramento to Lathrop and southward in the San Joaquin Valley. Not abundant in the Lower San Joaquin twenty years ago as now (Mrs. K. Brandegee). Grows on the white alkali at Travers and Goshen, but appears only once in two years! Greedily visited by bees when in flower. 40. RESEDACEZA. Micnonetre Famity. Herbs with simple alternate leaves and gland-like stipules. Flowers perfect, irregular, in racemes. Sepals and petals 4 to 7, the latter laciniate. Stamens indefinite, borne on the inside of a fleshy disk, which is enlarged on the upper side. Pistil superior, composed of 3 to 6 carpels, 1-celled, with 3 to 6 parietal placente, opening at the top before the seeds are full grown. Stigmas 3 to 6, sessile, minute. 1. RESEDA L. Mraenonette. DyeEr’s WEED. Stamens 8 to 80. Capsule 3 to 6-lobed, horned. (From the Latin resedo, to calm, certain species used as a sedative.) Petals deeply cleft into 5 to 8 spatulate segments; leaves entire. .... 1. R. odorata. Petals 3-cleft at summit; leaves divided. ... » . 2 RK. alba. 1. R. odorata L. Common Micnonettre. Stems decumbent or ascending, 4 to 7 in. high; leaves spatulate-oblong, entire; raceme broad and rather open; flowers very fragrant, 2 lines broad, greenish white; anthers large, brick-red. An escape from the gardens. Spontaneous in Marin Co. Apr. 2. R.alba L. Wuire Micnonerre. Leaves pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, the segments linear or oblong; raceme dense, spike-like; flowers nearly or quite white, 2 to 3 lines broad. Native of southern Europe: spontaneous acc. to Greene. 41. VIOLACEA. Vrorer Famnity. Herbs with alternate leaves and complete flowers. Sepals 5. Corolla irregular, consisting of 5 somewhat unequal petals, the VIOLACE.E. 231 lowest spurred at base. Stamens 5, with short and broad filaments bearing the anthers on their inner face and connivent over the ovary. Ovary superior, 1-celled, maturing into a 3-valved capsule with valves placenta-bearing along the middle. Seeds rather large, with a hard coat and straight embryo in fleshy endosperm. 1. VIOLA L. VutoLer. F Perennial herbs with foliaceous persistent stipules and 1-flowered axillary peduncles. Sepals unequal, produced below the point of insertion into auricles, persistent. Stamens with broad connectives which are prolonged beyond the anthers, the two lower bearing spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. The valves of the capsule bear the seeds along the middle, and after dehiscence fold together firmly lengthwise and eject the seeds with violence. (Old Latin name used by Virgil.) Leaves all undivided. Flowers violet or purple; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, obtuse at apex: var.adunca of... .... 1. V. canina. Flowers white, or white and yellow and purple; leaves cordate- or triangular-ovate, more or less acute or pointed at apex. ... c 2. V. oceilata. Flowers yellow. Stems erect, short; leaves often oblong; high montane.3. V. purpurea. Stems erect, longer; leaves round-ovate with truncate base; low open MATA 5 asap pret ah Ber Sehclen om ssa’ Se ae Bf Serva Arian esa, Sellen B 4. V. pedunculata. glandular-dotted; Redwood belt.......... 5. V. sarmentosa. Stems erect, long; leaves reniform-cordate, 144 to 334 in. broad; wet OS 42s Gk Ra OY YE eR e .6. V. glabella. Caulescent; leaves cleft or divided into few to several lobes... . 8. V. lobata. 1. V. canina L. var. adunca Gray. Doe VioLer. Stems leafy, 2 to 4 in. high; leaves round-ovate to elliptic-ovate, the lower inclining to be subcordate, obscurely crenate, $ to 14 in. long; stipules more or less herbaceous and lacerate; petals violet, turning to red- purple, 6 lines long or less, the lateral strongly bearded on the upper side at base, the upper pair with a slight tuft in the middle at base; spur much shorter or quite as long. Hilltops in the vicinity of the coast. Feb.—Apr. 2. V. ocellataT. &G. Wesrery Heart's Ease. Caulescent, the stems erect, 5 to 12 in. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves cordate- to triangular-ovate, crenate, acute or abruptly acuminate or somewhat pointed at apex, 1 to 2} in. long, the radical long-, the cauline short-petioled; stipules small and scarious; pedicels mostly shorter than the leaves; petals 5 to 7 lines long; two upper petals white, violet-purple on the outside; the other petals white or yellow, the lateral with a deep purple spot at base, the lower purple-veined at base. Shady woods, Monterey and the Santa Cruz Mountains to Men- docino Co.; not in the inner Coast Ranges. Mar.—June. 232 VIOLACE. 3. V. purpurea Kell. Mountain ViotzeT, Plants 3 to 6 in. high; the stems very short and densely tufted, from a stout vertical root, the young herbage hirsutulous-canescent; leaves rhombic-ovate or oblong (1 or 2 frequently nearly round), dentate or crenate or sometimes nearly entire, 2 to 1} in. long, on petioles 1 to 3 in. long; peduncles surpassing the leaves, 2 to 4 in. long; petals yellow, brownish on the outside. Coast Range peaks and high mountain ridges: Loma Prieta, Davy; Mt. Diablo, Brewer; Caux’s Knob (west of St. Helena), Jepson; Howell Mountain (lower petal twice or almost twice as broad as the others, truncate or slightly retuse, standing alone, the other 4 turned upward; lateral petals with u short bearded spot at base: lateral and lower petals with purple lines at base). Mar.—Apr. 4. V. pedunculata T. & G. YELLow Pansy. Short-caulescent, the stem 2 to 6 in. high and ascending, from a thick deep-seated rootstock; leaves round-ovate, usually with truncate base, coarsely crenate, 4 to 1} in. long; petioles 1 to 2 in. long; stipules foliaceous, narrowly lanceolate, uppermost often sparingly incised; dowers large, lin. broad, on erect peduncles (4 to 5 in. long) much surpassing the leaves; petals golden yellow, the upper petals dark. brown on the outside, the others purple-veined within; lateral petals bearded; stigma bearded; ovary and capsule glabrous, the latter broadly oblong, 5 lines long. Open hills: Vacaville to Berkeley; Leona Heights; Lake Merced; and southward in the Coast Ranges. Middle of Mar.-Apr. In the foothills of the Sacramento Valley frequently known as ‘‘ Johnny Jump-up.”’ : 5. V. sarmentosa Dougl. Woop VioLEet. Stems prostrate, stolon-like, sparsely leafy; peduncles commonly longer than the leaves, at first scape-like and arising from the cluster crowning the stipular-scaly rootstock; stipules brown-scarious, ovate-subulate; leaves round-cordate, } to 1} in. broad, rather shorter than the peduncles, deep green above, often rusty beneath, finely crenate, in age brown-punctate; petioles of the cauline 1 or 2 in. long or less, of the radical 2 to 7 in. long; petals uniform light yellow, 4 lines long; spur very short and broad. ‘Woods of the Coast Ranges, especially in the Redwood belt; multi- plying vegetatively by filiform rootstocks. 6. V. glabella Nutt. Stems erect, mostly weak, naked below or nearly so, 7 to 12 in. high; rootstock horizontal, often branching; herbage glabrous or puberulent, bright green; radical leaves reniform- cordate, 1} to 3% in. broad, on elongated (4 to 11 in.) petioles, the cauline similar or cordate, on petioles 4 to 5 lines long; stipules small and thin-membranaceous; peduncles about 1} in. long; petals bright yellow, more or less purple-veined, 6 lines long, the lateral ones bearded; spur short and saccate; stigma beardless; capsule oblong, 4 lines long, abruptly beaked. Wet places in Coast Range woods: Monterey and northward. Also Sierra Nevada. Mar.—May. CISTACE.E. 2338 7. V. Douglasii Steud. Acaulescent, the cluster of stems sub- terranean and from a rather deep and short caudex-like rootstock; leaves bipinnatifid with long linear or oblong segments; stipules lanceolate, entire or incised; flowers usually large, on peduncles (2 to 3 in. long) equaling or exceeding the leaves; petals about 6 lines long, orange-yellow, the two upper brownish-purple externally, the others purple-veined; lateral ones beardless; capsule 3 or 4 lines long, acute.—(V. chrysantha Hook.) Open hillsides in the Coast Ranges from Mendocino, Lake, and Solano Cos, southward. Sierra Nevada, Penn Valley, Jepson. Modoc Co., Baker, Readily recognized by its much dissected leaves. 8. V. lobata Benth. Prinz Vioter. Erect, 4 to 14 in. high, the stems naked below; rootstock short, bearing’ many fleshy-fibrous white roots; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ovate or almost round in outline, cordate or truncate at base, palmately 8 to 5-cleft or -divided, the lobes entire or somewhat repandly toothed, and the lateral usually larger; inflorescence somewhat umbellate; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long; -petals yellow, purple on the outside; valves of the capsule deeply concave-carinate. Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay, often under Yellow Pine: Sonoma, Brewer, no. 977; Franz Valley Grade, Jepson; Geysers, McLean; Howell Mountain (lower petal truncate or more commonly acute, always apiculate; lateral petals bearded at base; lower and lateral petals longitudinally purple-lined at base). Mar.- Apr. Var. INTEGRIFOLIA Wats. Leaves of similar outline, crenate or with a few very coarse teeth, but not at all lobed.—Growing with the species on Howell Mountain and otherwise exactly like it in every feature and detail of flower and habit. 42. CISTACEZ.. Rock-rose Faminy. Low shrubs or (ours) somewhat suffrutescent plants with complete regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, persistent (2 smaller, wholly on the outside and bract-like). Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens indefinite. Ovary superior, l-celled with 3 parietal placentz; style one; ovules orthotropus on slender funiculi. Capsule 3-valved. 1. HELIANTHEMUM Pers. Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Petals yellow, opening but once. Stamens usually numerous, with filiform filaments and short anthers. Style very short or none; stigma capitate, 8-lobed. Capsule 1-celled or nearly 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentz. (Greek helios, sun, and anthemon, blossom.) 1. H. scoparium Nutt. Mostly suffrutescent at base, erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, corymbosely much branched, glabrous or nearly so; leaves small, narrowly linear, sometimes very few; sepals minutely pubes- cent, sometimes glandular, the inner 2 to 3 lines long, the two outer minute and bract-like; corolla 5 to 7 lines in diameter; placentz septiform; embryo slender and much coiled. 234 ELATINACES, Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Mt. Tamalpais and southward; not common. Apr.-May. Branches commonly clustered and very rush-like, owing to the sparseness, or to the early deciduous character of the foliage. 43. ELATINACEA. Warer-wort Famiry. Small annuals with opposite leaves and membranous stipules between them. Flowers 2 to 5-merous, small, perfect, symmetrical, solitary in the axils. Sepals, petals and stamens all distinct and hypogynous. Ovary with as many cells as there are sepals; styles distinct. Capsule 2 to 5-celled, septicidal or the partitions more or less persisting with the axis; placentz central. Flowers 2’to 4-merous; sepals obtuse, without midrib ...... 1, ELATINE. Flowers 5-merous; sepals pointed or acute, with thickened midrib and scarious margins ‘ Ans free . 2. BERGIA. 1, ELATINE L. Waterr-wort. Glabrous dwarfs, somewhat succulent, growing in water or in wet places, rooting at the nodes. Leaves entire. Flowers 2 to 4-merous. Sepals submembranous, obtuse. Petals white or whitish. Capsule globose, thin-membranous, 2 to 4-celled, several- or many-seeded. Seeds striately sculptured. Flowers sessile, mostly 2-merous ....... » . .1. E. brachysperma. Flowers short-pediceled, mostly 4-merous .. .. .2. E. Californica. 1. E. brachysperma Gray. Mup Purs~ane. Mostly terres- trial, the plants forming little nats (2 or 3 in. across) in wet places or late vernal beds of winter pools; leaves obovate or oblong, nar- rowed at base, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers sessile, mostly 2-merous; capsule bursting irregularly; seed with 6 to 7 longitudinal lines and 10 to 12 cross-bars. Walnut Creek and southwestward to the coast. May. 2. E. Californica Gray. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, the lower ones petioled; flowers on short pedicels; sepals and petals 3 or 4, the stamens twice as many; seeds curved, with 10 or 12 longitudi- nal lines and several cross-lines. : Suisun, ace. to Mrs. K. Brandegee; northern Sierra Nevada. 2. BERGIA L. Branching annual, very leafy, with pubescent herbage. Flowers pediceled and often fascicled, 5-merous. Sepals pointed or acute, with strong midrib and scarious margins. Capsule ovoid, of firm texture, more or less of the partitions remaining with the axis. (Named for Dr. P. J. Bergius, Swedish naturalist of the 18th century.) 1. B. Texana (Hook.) Seubert. Diffusely branched, 6 to 12 in. high; stems glandular-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblanceolate, tapering at base, serrulate at apex, 4 to 1} in. long; sepals 2 lines long, equaling or exceeding the whitish petals; stamens 5 or 10. Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. HYPERICACEA. 235 44. HYPERICACEA. Sr. Joun’s Wort Famity. Ours herbs or slightly suffrutescent plants. Leaves opposite, entire, without stipules and with pellucid dots or dark glands. Flowers perfect, regular and hypogynous. Sepals 4 or 5, herbaceous, persist- ent. Petals 4 or 5, (in ours) yellow. Stamens usually numerous, distinct or more or less united into 3 to 5 clusters. Ovary 1-celled, or more or less completely 8 to 5-celled. Fruit a’ septicidal capsule. Seed without endosperm. 1. HYPERICUM L. Sv. Jonn’s Worr. Leaves sessile. Flowers cymose. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5, deciduous or marcescent. Styles in ours 3. Capsule conical to globose or oblong. (Ancient Greek name.) Annuals; sepals longer than the petals; styles short; capsule 1-celled. Erect from the base, more or less branching; stamens6tol12........ . 1. H. mutilum. Procumbent, forming mats with ascending or erect branches; stamens 15 Te cb ee dee ae tela Pak ae. > 4 ah oaks Bt .2. H. anagallordes. Perennials; petals much longer than the sepals; styles long; capsule Scouleri of... .. ee ee eee f . .8. H. formosum. Suffrutescent; stems branching from the base. . , .4, H. concinnum. 1. H. mutilum L. Stem mostly simple below and branching above, 10 to 17 in. high; leaves ovate, 5 to 10 lines long, 3 to 6 lines broad, 5-nerved at base, sessile; flowers in leafy cymes at the ends of the branches; stamens 6 to 12; sepals linear to lanceolate, mostly shorter than the capsule; capsule ovate, 1} lines long. Shores of the Sacramento at New Town Landing near Rio Vista. Aug.—Sept. 2. H. anagalloides C. & S. Fase PIMPERNEL. Commonly forming dense mats 6 to 15 in. broad, with ascending or erect branches 2 to 5 in. high; leaves lanceolate to ovate or orbicular, obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved at base, 2 to 6 lines long and almost as broad; flowers in a leafy paniculate cyme, scarcely 2 lines long; sepals ovate or linear-oblong, unequal, longer than the capsules; stamens 15 to 20. Common about springy places and along streamlets in the moun- tains: Santa Cruz Mountains; Lake Co.; Sierra Nevada. July- Aug. 3. H. formosum HBK. var. Scouleri Coulter. Stems from running rootstocks, slender, simple or branching at summit, 2 to 8 ft. high, leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, conspicuously black-dotted along the margins, sessile by a more or less clasping base, 1 in. long or less; flowers in more or less panicled cymes; sepals and petals black-dotted similarly to the leaves; sepals 2 lines long or less; petals 6 lines long; stamens numerous, in 3 clusters. Howell Mountain and northward in the Coast Ranges at the highest altitudes, but rare; more common in the Sierra Nevada. 4. H.concinnum Benth. Stems wiry, numerous from the woody crown, forming a bushy plant about 1 ft. high; leaves thickish, 236 STERCULIACES. lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, inserted by a narrow base, usually folded, black-dotted as in the preceding but more scantily, $ to 1} in. long; flowers 1 in. or more broad, in rather close clusters at summit of the stem; sepals ovate, mucronate-acuminate, longer than the capsule; stamens numerous. Dry bushy mountain slopes and ridges: North Coast Ranges (Vaca Mountains, Knoxville, Howell Mountain, Ukiah); Sierra Nevada. June-Sept. 45. STERCULIACEA.. Srrrcuuia Famizy. Shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and perfect regular or nearly regular 5-merous flowers. Stamens united at base into a tube. Fruit a capsule. 1. FREMONTIA Torr. Leaves small, often lobed. Pubescence stellate. Flowers showy, short-pediceled, solitary and axillary on the branchlets. Stipules caducous. Bractlets 8 to 5, small. Calyx yellow and corolla-like, deeply 5-cleft into round-ovate lobes or sepals; these imbricated in the bud, the three inner a little larger, all with a rounded and sharply defined short-hairy glandular area at base. Corolla none. Stamens 5; filaments united to the middle. Style one, elongated, the acute apex stigmatic. Fruit a 4 or 5-celled capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. In honor of its discoverer, General John C. Fremont, the Path- nder of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, and first United States Senator from California. ) 1. F. Californica Torr. Mountain LeatuErwoop. Loosely branching and bush-like, 6 to 10 ft. high or becoming a smal] tree as much as 18 ft. high; branches tough and flexible, with many short leaf- and flower-bearing branchlets or spurs; leaves green above, covered beneath with a dense gray or whitish felt, } to 1 in. long, or on sterile shoots somewhat larger; petioles short; calyx flannel-like, 1} to 2in. broad, persistent, the sepals commonly mucronate; capsule ovate, covered with a dense brown felt and with short bristly hairs, $ to 1} in. long, persistent. Rare in our region: Hunt Valley, Lake Co., Bolander; Loma Prieta, Santa Cruz Mountains, Behr; near Wright’s Station, acc. to K. Brandegee. Abundant in the southern Sierras. 46. MALVACEZ. Matuiow Famtry. Herbs or soft-woody shrubs with mucilaginous juice, tough fibrous inner bark, and usually stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, simple, palmately veined and commonly lobed, stipulate. Flowers commonly perfect, sometimes polygamous or dicecious, regular. Calyx with 5 lobes, valvate in the bud, often with an involucel of bractlets at base. Petals 5, twisted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, mona- delphous in a column or tube around the pistils, the petals inserted on the base of the tube. Pistil 1, composed of several to many carpels, MALVACE.E. 23h the ovary commonly with as many cells as styles or stigmas. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, or the carpels separating at maturity. Anthers scattered along the outside of the tube of filaments; carpels or cells of the ovary 5; fruit a loculicidal capsule... 2... .. 1, HIBISCUS. Anthers borne in a cluster at the top of the tube of filaments; carpels several, crowded and united around a central axis, separating at maturity. Styles stigmatic lengthwise on the inside. Bractlets united at base into a 2 to 3-lobed involucel, free from the calyx; SHTUDS:, 6.00) .4 eigen oe aya 8 eA hoe Bee ae . 2 LAVaTERA. Bractlets 3, distinct, inserted on the calyx; herbs. . . .8. MALVA. Bractlets none, or one and inserted at basé of calyx; herbs... .. 4. SIDALCEa. Styles with terminal stigma; bractlets slender or even filiform. Flowers roseate, rose-purple or white; mostly shrubs or suffrutescent PIANES ee. co yd end Geers snow gira wm ea are . 5. MALVASTRUM. Flowers cream-color; low decumbent herb. . 6. Sipa. 1. HIBISCUS L. Rosrt-Mattow. Stout herbs. Flowers showy, in ours solitary on the subterminal peduncles. Involucel consisting of numerous slender bractlets. Stamen column with anthers scattered along the upper part but naked at the truncate 5toothed summit. Ovary 5-celled with 2 to many ovules in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. (Greek name for the Marsh Mallow, used hy Dioscorides.) 1. H. Californicus Kell. Stems pubescent, cane-like, 3 to 7 ft. high; leaves cordate, dentate, acuminate, 2} to 3 in. long from the summit of petiole to apex of leaf, and about as broad; petioles 1} or 2 in. long; bractlets and valves of capsule ciliate; peduncles 2 or 3 in. long, jointed near the middle, united with the petiole at base; calyx campanulate, cleft to the middle, conspicuously nerved at maturity and filled by the capsule; corolla white or roseate, with deep crimson center, 3 to 4 in. long; capsule exceeding 1 in. long; seed minutely papillate. Low marshy places along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, z. LAVATERA L. Ours shrubs with ample maple-like leaves and small caducous stipules. Flowers showy. axillary, subtended by a 2 to 3-lnbed involucel. Pedicels jointed above the middle. Calyx with 5 triangu- lar acute lobes. Petals reflexed after anthesis, truncate or retuse, long-clawed. Stamen-column elongated. Styles 5 to 8. Fruit a depressed whorl of smooth carpels. (Two brothers Lavater, Swiss physicians and naturalists.) 1. L. assurgentiflora Kell. Branching shrub 4 to 10 ft. high, the herbage canescent or nearly green; leaves palmately 5-lobed and dentately toothed; corolla 2 in. broad, the petals rese-color with darker veins; claws bearded at base; axis of the fruit below the flattened or low conical summit with as many longitudinal wings or ridges as carpels, these inserted in the intervals or depressions. Region of San Francisco Buy, commonly cultivated and said to be naturalized; flowering at nearly all seasons. 238 MALYVACE, 8. MALVA L. Mattrow. Ours annual or biennial weeds of waste places. Involucre of 8 dis- tinct bractlets, inserted on the base of the calyx. Calyx cleft to the middle into 5 broad lobes. Petals whitish or rose-color, obcordate or emarginate. Style-branches 10 or more, subulate. Fruit a de- pressed whorl of carpels, separating from the central axis when ripe as 1-seeded achene-like nutlets, which are round-reniform and completely filled by the seed. (From the Greek malache, soft, on account of the emollient properties.) Petals much surpassing the calyx. Carpels uot reticulate, puberulent on back. ...... 1. M. rotundifolia. Carpels glabrate at maturity, rugose-reticulate on back, the margin entire or obscurely denticulate; calyx-lobes mostly closed over the mature LE) ar a ee en eee ee 2. M. borealis. Petals slightly longer than the calyx; carpels rugose-reticulate on back, the margin winged and denticulate; calyx-lobes spreading orerect..... 3. M. parviflora. 1. M. rotundifolia L. Dwarr Matiow. Sparsely hispidulous or hirsute; stems slender, Diese uae 1 to 2 ft. long, from a large deep root; leaves rounded, crenate, slightly or scarcely at all 5 to 7-lobed; corolla surpassing the calyx, pale blue; carpels 14 or 15, puberulent, not reticulated on the back or at least not obviously so. Waysides and old gardens at Berkeley. Summer and autumn. 2. M. borealis Wallm. Larcs-rLowERED Matitow. Habit and foliage like the preceding, but herbage often more hairy; pedicels tending to be reflexed in fruit; bractlets ovate or lanceolate; calyx- lobes mostly closed over the mature fruit; corolla pinkish, 5 to 6 -lines long, surpassing the calyx; carpels dorsally rugose-reticulate or even somewhat favose, the margin entire or obscurely denticulate. Common at Berkeley and other Bay towns, flowering during the summer into early winter. 3. M. parviflora L. SMALL-FLOWERED Matitow. Widely branching, 14 to 3 ft. high; petioles and ascending branches stellate- hairy on the upper side, glabrous below; leaves roundish in outline, with a red spot at base of blade, shallowly 7-lobed, 5 in. broad or less, on petioles twice as long as the blade; flowers in rather close axillary clusters; bractlets linear; corolla pinkish with notched petals, 2} lines long, slightly longer than the calyx; calyx commonly spreading under or about the mature fruit; carpels about 11, glabrous, sharply rugose-reticulate and pubescent on the back, the margin winged and denticulate. Very common in waste places, especially near dwellings in the interior valleys; flowering in spring and early summer. All of our species are naturalized and all called ‘Cheeses’’ by children on account of the peculiar fruit. 4. SIDALCEA Gray. Herbs. Leaves rounded and either crenate, crenately incised, parted or divided, or palmately lobed. Flowers in terminal spikes or racemes, either perfect, gynodiccious (i. ¢., with perfect and pistillate MALLOW FAMILY. 239 flowers on separate plants, the pistillate flowers being smaller) or dicecious. Corolla purple, rose-pink or white. Bractlets in ours none, rarely 1. Petals emarginate or truncate. Stamen-tube double, the terminal free portion of the filaments of the outer series often distinctly below the filaments of the inner series; free portion of fila- ments (7. ¢., the terminal portion, or portion above the tube) more or less united into sets. Fruit consisting of 5 to 9 carpels, commonly beaked. (Sida, a genus of this family, and Alkea, ancient name for a mallow, alluding to the appearance and relationship of these plants.) Leaves round in outline, at least some (usually the upper) pedately parted or divided; flowers in ours rose-pink or purple.—EUSIDALCEA. Petals truncate or merely retuse; annuals except no. 4. Carpels rugose-reticulate on back and Beakless; pubescence both stellate and pant eilore, especially on ealyx; bracts foliaceous, palmately divided into filiform segments . 1. S. diploscypha. Tipped with a soft and hairy, at length deciduous beak; Agwers minutely bracteate; herbage mainly stellate-pubescent. .. . ae Hartwegi. earpels slightly rugulose-reticulate........ . malvefiora. Stem commonly branching, the terminal spikes dense; flowers perfect; achenes smooth on back .... ........ 6. S. Oregana. Flowers dicecious or subdicecious; spikes short and dense, panicled; earpels smooth . a ‘ Wo & S. malachroides. 1, S. diploscypha (T. & G.) Gray, Annual, erect and simple, or more robust and branching, 7 to 20 in. high, pilose-hispid, and also with a minute stellate pubescence; radical leaves more or less deeply crenate, the cauline parted and 2 to 8-cleft, the bracteal fili- form divided; flowers on short pedicels in umbellate clusters at the ends of the branches; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate; petals nearly 1 to 1} in. long, minutely erose-denticulate; filaments of the outer . series united nearly to the summit into sets of 5 to 10; carpels nearly orbicular, dorsally reticulated; receptacle at separation of the achenes marked by as many obtuse longitudinal processes as there are carpels. Open fields or low hills: Sacramento Valley; Coast Range valleys from Humboldt and Sonoma Cos. southward to Mt. Diablo and Newark, Alameda Co. May. Var. minor Gray (S. secundiflora Greene). Flowers tending to be disposed in lax spicate racemes; corolla with a dark purple center, about 3 in. long; carpels rugose.—Montezuma Hills (Solano Co.) and northward in the Sacramento Valley. 2. S. Hartwegi Gray. Slender annual, sparingly branched, about 1 ft. high, sparsely stellate-pubescent or almost glabrous below, but searcely or not at all hispid; leaves pedately 5 to 7-divided into linear entire divisions or the lower with broader trifid divisions; flowers few in a short spike; filaments of the outer series closely gi ae tees the inner, more or less united in pairs or sets as in the perennial 240 MALVACES. species; corolla rose-purple, 6 to 8 lines long; carpels strongly incurved, favosely rugose-reticulated. Sierra Foothills: Butte Co. to Calaveras Co. (and Mariposa Co. ace, to Syn. Fl.). Coast Ranges: hills west of Rutherford, Napa Valley. May. 3. S. sulcata Curran. Annual, slender, unbranched, or sparingly branched, 11 to 14 in. high; leaves small (mostly $ in. long or less), the lower crenate, the upper divided into about 6 often narrowly linear divisions; stipules 1 to 2 lines long; raceme spike-like or loose, few-flowered; calyx purplish, sparingly hairy; sepals narrowly ovate, acuminate; corolla 8 or 9 lines long. Petaluma, J. W’. Congdon; northern Sierra Foothills. May-June. 4. S. calycosa M.E. Jones. Perennial; rootstocks creeping, branched; stems green or purplish, very succulent, decumbent and rooting freely below, 14 to 23 ft. high; herbage glabrous below or sparingly hirsute above; radical leaves 3 to 4 in. broad, crenately but shallowly incised; cauline leaves divided into about 8 or 9 broadly cuneate divisions; stipules round or ovate, acuminate, or obtuse and toothed, green or purple, 8 to 6 lines long; Howers in terminal short spikes; calyx rather densely covered with sandy-brown hairs, its lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 to 6 lines long; corolla 1 in. long, lilac; carpels grooved in the back or with the grooves sparingly interrupted transversely, minutely reticulate on the sides, the slender beak weak but persistent. Point Reyes; Sonoma Co. acc. to Syn. Fl.; rarely collected. 5. S. malveflora (Moc. & Sesse) Gray. Stems erect (half decumbent at the very base), 1} to 24 ft. high, several from a woody perennial root, simple or rarely branched, retrorsely-hispid below with scattered hairs, above slightly stellate-pubescent; basal leaves crenate or crenately incised or cleft into cuneate-obovate 2 to 4-toothed lobes; upper leaves palmately twice cleft into linear or narrowly oblong divisions; raceme rather loose, 8 or 4 in. to 1 ft. long; bracts ovate, herbaceous, often notched at apex; flowers of two sorts:—one perfect with large corollas, the other pistillate with small corollas; corolla of perfect flowers 8 to 12 lines long, the outer series of filaments united for about half their length into sets of 4 or 2, the inner filaments mostly distinct; corolla of pistillate flowers 5 to 7 lines long, the fila- - ments destitute of anthers; carpels rugulose-reticulate, at least on the sides.—(S. delphinifolia Nutt. and 8. humilis Gray.) High places of open fields in the valleys and on the plains, or ina reduced form on hilltops. Last of Apr.-May. First collected by Mocino, doubtless at Monterey as suggested by Gray. Sometimes known to school-children as ‘* Wild Hollyhock,” or in Calaveras Co. as ‘Wild Checker-bloom.”’ 6. S. Oregana (Nutt.) Gray. Stems few from a stout thick root or woody crown, erect, 1} to 3} ft. high, nearly naked above, and either simple or paniculately branched; leaves round in outline, shallowly cleft or toothed, the lobes obtuse; cauline leaves incisely parted with MALLOW FAMILY. 241 the lobes toothed or cleft, or the uppermost pedately divided into 5 to 7 lanceolate or linear mostly entire divisions; spikes dense, oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, long-peduneled; bracts narrowly linear or subulate; calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla rose-pink, 5 or 6 lines long; carpels semi-orbicular, slightly beaked, 1 line long, eons and smooth, or slightly wrinkled on the sides near the dorsal angle. High mountains of Sonoma and Napa Cos. northward to Mt. Shasta. July—Sept. 7. S. malachroides Gray. Herbage stellate-hispidulous; stems stout, equably leafy to the summit, several from a perennial rovt, simple below, ending above in « panicle of white flowers in short dense spikes, or the panicle supplemented by some very slender peduncle-like branches from the upper axils, each terminated by a spike; leaves palmately but shallowly lobed, unequally dentate, 1 to 6 (mostly 2 to 8) in. broad; petioles of the basal leaves 6 in. long, decreasing upward, those of the uppermost leaves shorter than the blade; bracts linear or subulate; calyx lobes ovate, acuminate; fila- ments of the outer series united for about 4 their length or less into pairs, or two such pairs slightly united by their bases making a set of 4; carpels sometimes present but probably abortive; pistillate flowers 3 to 34 lines long, the tube of filaments short, more or less truncate and without anthers; carpels 7 to 9, half dehiscent by a dorsal suture. Seaboard species from tbe Santa Lucia Mountains and Santa Cruz northward to Crescent City, bere described from abundant specimens collected on Englewood Prairie, under Pinus ponderosa, Humboldt Co., by Mr. J. B. Davy, June, 1899. This is the type’ of Greene’s enus Hesperalcea, which rests mainly on the character of the cotyle- ons, which are ovate and not cordate as in S. malveflora. S. malachroides is, however, very like the California type of 8S, Oregana in the form of its spikes and bractlets, and repeats in very many features the structure and character of the gyno-dicecious flowers of S. malveflora, The leaves are peculiar in that none of them are divided; ‘but the lower ones (which are often small, round und séarcely lobed) approach the lower leaves of the true Sidalceas, 5. MALVASTRUM Gray. Fatsz MatiLow. Herbs or shrubs, ours mostly hoary-tomentose or canescent, with commonly angular leaves. Flowers solitary or more commonly in narrow subpaniculate racemes. Bractlets present (in ours), slender and filiform. Carpels 5 or more, 1 to 3-seeded, the fruit often dehis- cent and 2-valved. Seed ascending. (Malva, Mallow, and aster, disparaging Latin suffix, not genuine or true. ) Flowers solitary on long slender peduncles; petals mone cela anna . M. exile. Flowers in subpaniculate racemes; petals yellow; perennials. Herbage densely stellate-tomentose. Leaves pentagonal or roundish; petals rose-color; suffrutescent - 2. M. Fremonti. Leaves ovate; petals yellow; shrub .......... 3. M. arcuatum. Herbage finely stellate-canescent; petals rose-color; shrub... .... 4. M. fasciculatum. 18 242 MALVACE. 1. M. exile Gray. Herbage with a short stellate pubescence, and often with some longer spreading hairs; stems branching from the base, diffuse or decumbent, 4 or 5 in. to 14 ft. long; leaves palmately 8 to 5-cleft, the lobes commonly laciniately toothed; flowers of dif- ferent plants of two intergrading sorts, one chiefly pistillate with small white or rose-culured corollas (3 to 5 lines long), the other perfect and with much larger rose-colored corollas (6 to 10 lines long); calyx with an involucre of 3 slender bractlets; calyx-lobes ovate, very slenderly acuminate or even subulate; carpels strongly rugose. From the San Joaquin Valley (Merced plains, Bakersfield and Buena Vista Hills), westward to Monterey Uo. and southward to Southern California; not recorded as within our limits. Apr.-June. The description of the partly gyno-dicecious flowers is taken from Dr. Robinson’s clear characterization in the Synoptical Flora. M. Parryi Greene from Monterey Co, and the San Joaquin Valley is determined by the same authority to be the perfect-flowered fourm with large corollas. 2. M. Fremonti Torr. Woody at base, stout, 2 to 3 ft. high, ‘densely white-tomentuse; leaves very thick, round-ovate, shallowly 5 to 7-lobed, crenate, 2 to 4 in. broad, on petioles 4 to 1 in. long; flower-clusters sessile in the axils or short-peduncled, interrupted- ‘spicate at summit of stem; calvx ovate, densely and closely woolly, only the tips of the lobes visible, almost equated by the 3 linear- setaceous bractlets of the involucre; corolla rose-color, 7 or 8 lines long; carpels thin, smooth, promptly dehiscent. Mt. Diablo; Corral Hollow (‘‘ flowers fragrant like roses,’’? Brewer); ‘southward through the Mt. Diablo Range to San Bernardino Co. June. Var. cERcopHORUM Robinson. Calyx 7 to 9 lines long, its lobes lance-linear and caudate-attenuate, nearly or quite equaling the petals.—Arroyo del Valle, Alameda Co., Greene. June. 8. M. arcuatum (Greene) Robinson. Shrub 6 to 8 ft..high, with virgate terete branches covered with a dense or felt-like white tomen- tum; leaves ovate to ovate-orbicular, little or not at all lobed, truncate at base, more or less rugose, canescent-tomentose beneath, becoming green abvuve, dentately toothed, } to 2 in. long, on petioles } to Z as long; flower-clusters sessile in the upper axils and at the ends of the branches, forming long interrupted unilateral spikes; bractlets linear- filiform, equaling the tomentose calyx; petals rose-color, 7 to 9 lines long.—(Malveopsis arcuata Greene. ) San Mateo Co., first collected by Greene on stream banks back of Belmont; Crystal Springs, Hastwood, May, 1896; Los Gatos and foothills near Evergreen (east side of the Santa Clara Valley), ace. to Davy. 4. M. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene. Shrub 5 to 10 ft. high, with long slender wand-like branches; pubescence short and close; leaves round-ovate, irregularly or obscurely lobed, crenate, mostly truncate or subcordate at base; flowers in sessile or short peduncled clusters, which are loosely paniculate or disposed on short branches in a very LINACER. 243 narrow panicle; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse or with a very short point; petals rose-purple, 5 to 9 lines long; carpels smooth, promptly dehiscent. Dry inner South Coast Range hills: Mt. Diablo, acc. to Greene; Pacheco Pass, Bolander, und southward to San Bernardino Co. June-July. 6. SIDA L. Ours low yellowish scurfy-tomentose perennial herbs. Pedicels articulated. Invotucel of 1 to 8 slender deciduous bractlets. Flowers eream-color. Qurpels 1-seeded, indehiscent or 2-valved. Seeds pendu- lous. (Greek name used by Theuphrastus for a species of Water-lily.) 1. S. hederacea (Dougl.) Torr. Stems from deep-seated tap- roots, decumbent, more or less branching, } to 1 ft. long; leaves round-reniform or ovate, dentate or serrate, } to 2 in. broad, on petioles 4 to 1 in. long; flowers pediceled, axillary, solitary or in small clusters; calyx-lobes acuminate; petals } in. long; carpels 6 to 10, triangular, attached by a straight edge to the slender axis. Abundant in subsaline soils throughout the Sacramento, San Joaquin, and South Coust Range va.leys. May-—Sept. 47. LINACEZE. Frax Famity. Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, or sometimes oppo- site, small, entire, without stipules or these sometimes replaced by a gland. Flowers mostly in cymose panicles, perfect, regular, in ours 5-merous. Peta's distinct, very quickly falling. Stamens slightly united at base. Styles 2 to 5, distinct. Cells of the superior ovary as many as the styles, or twice as many by the formation of a false division wall from the back of each cell. False partitions frequently net complete. Fruit a capsule, splitting through the false partitions and frequently also septicidal. 1. LINUM L. Frax. Our only genus. (Ancient Latin name of these plants.) Perennial; styles 5; flowers blue; petals without ventral appendages . . 1. DL. Lewisit. Annual; styles 3; petals commonly with appendages. | : Leaves closely margined with stipitate glands; pedicels long, solitary. . 2. L. adcenophyllum. Leaves entire. . : Pedicels elongated and flowers mostly solitary; stem diffusely panicu late above. ‘ i Flowers about 3 lines long, on straight pedicels. . 3. L. spergulinum. Flowers about 2 lines long, on nodding pedicels. .4. L. micranthum. Pedicels short and flowers in rather close clusters. Flowers white, pink or rose-purple. ; : Stem paniculately branched; sepals glabrous. .5. L. Californicum. Stem shortly branched at top; sepals pubescent. .6. L. congestum. Flowers yellow. ....0 2. ...-. ia a ge dae BrOwere: 1. L. Lewisii Pursh. Biuz Frax. Herbage glabrous; stems severnl from a woody crown, erect, thickly clothed with leaves, simple below the corymbosely branched summit; leaves linear- 244 LINACEZ. lanceolate or linear, acute, 5 to 9 lines long; flowers in terminal loose and somewhat corymbose clusters, or racemose on the branches; corolla blue, 6 to 9 lines in diameter; pedicels 4 in. long or more; sepals ovate, 3 to 5-nerved; cupsule globose, acute, 4 or 5 lines long, eventually dehiscent by 10 valves, the valves often with a brown midnerve. Upper Salinas Valley, Brewer, and northward in the Coast Ranges but rare; more common in the Sierra Nevada. 2. L. adenophyllum Gray. Stem 11 to 14 in. high, unbranched below, repeatedly forked above and forming a widely branched panicle; leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate, $ in. lung or less, the margin conspicuously glandular-ciliate; flowers yellow or yellowish white, about 2 lines lung, on very s:ender pedicels 1 to 5 lines long; appendages of the petals broad and confluent, somewhat pubescent; fi.aments abruptly dilated and 2-toothed at base; capsule as long as the lanceolate sepa!s. Lake and Mendocino Cos.; to be expected in northeastern Napa Co. 3. L. spergulinum Gray. Stems more or less dichotomous'y paniculate, 11 to 18 in. high; leaves linear; pedicels filiform, rigid, straight, 3 to 10 lines long; flowers pinkish white, 3 to 34 lines long; sepals ovate, nearly 1 line long; petals 2-toothed, with 3 appendages, the middle one ligu‘ate and the lateral often reduced; cupsuie ovoid, acute, nearly twice as long as the sepals. North Coast Ranges: Lake and Mendocino Cos.; credited to Marin and Sonoma Cos. by Greene. 4, L. micranthum Gray. Five to 10 in. high, freely branched above the base but the branches commonly rather closely ascending, somewhat soft pubescent toward the base; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse, 3 to 6 lines long; flowers commonly 2 lines long, somewhat nodding on filiform pedicels; fruiting pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; sepals ob ong- lanceolate, the inner sparingly glandular-ci iate; petals commonly 1, rarely 2} lines long, 2-toothed, mostly without appendages; capsule ovoid, equal to the sepals. Sierra Nevada; credited to the Bay Region by Trelease. 5. L. Californicum Benth. Glubrous and glaucous plants, 10 in. to 2 ft. high, paniculately branched, with angled or striate branches; leaves linear, 5 to 12 lines long, with prominent stipular glands; flowers white or pinkish; sepals lanceolate, with sparingly glandular- ciliate inner margins; petals 2 to 3 lines long, 8-appenduged, the median appendage rounded and hairy; capsule ovoid, acute, a little shorter than the sepals. North Coast Ranges: Zem Zem, Napa Co. Credited to the Mt. Diablo Region by Greene. 6. L. congestum Gray. Eight to 18 in. high, corymbosely branched at top; leaves somewhat pubescent, 4 to 18 lines long, with stipular glands; flowers rose-purple, 3 to 4 lines long, terminating the branches in clusters; sepals pubescent; petals with 8 appendages, the GERANIACEE. 245 middle one elongated and hairy; capsule short-ovoid, nearly as long as the calyx. Marin Co. 7. L. Breweri Gray. Glabrous and glaucous; stems 9 to 14 in. high, with a few short branches at the top; leaves narrowly linear, 5 to 8 lines long; flowers yellow, 3 lines long; sepals ovate, some slightly glandular on the margin; petals obovate, not emurginate, more than 2 times as long, 3-appendaged at base. Dry hill or cafion sides: Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains. June. 48. GERANIACEA. Geranium Famiy. Ours herbs with perfect and generally symmetrical flowers. Sepals and petals 3 or 5, the stamens as many or twice as many. Glands of the receptacle as many as the sepals and usually opposite them. Lobes or cells of the superior ovary as many as the sepals, the cells 1 to few-ovuled, the nxis of the fruit persisting. Leaves 3-foliolate, alternate; fruitacapsule. .......... 1, OxaLis. Leaves not 3-foliolate; fruit consisting of achene-like carpels which separate at maturity from a central axis. Stipules scarious; at least the lower leaves opposite; carpels separating from an elongated central beak or axis and tailed by the persistent coiled or twisted styles. Stamens with anthers 10; leaves palmately parted ..... 2. GERANIUM. Stamens with anthers 5; leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, or roundish- cordate ...... . 38. ERoDIUM. Stipules none; carpels subglobose, rugose, separating from a very short axis, not tailed; leaves pinnately cleft. . 4, FLOERKEA. 1. OXALIS L. Woop Sorret. Herbs with acid juice and radical or alternate compound exstipulate leaves. Leaflets usual:y 3, obcordate, closing and drooping at night. Peduncles axitary, cymosely or umbellately few to many-flowered. Flowers regular, 5-merous. Sepa!s imbricated. Stamens 10, the fi aments somewhut di:ated and united at base. Glands none. Cap- sule oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, the cells opening on the dorsal sutures through which the seeds are ejected, the valves remaining attached to the axis by the partitions. Sceds 2 to several in each cell. (Derived from the Greek oxus, sour, the juice containing oxalic acid.) Caulescent; flowers yellow... .... 2.2... 0 .. -1. 0. corniculata. Acaulescent; flowers pink, white or rose-color. . -2. O. Oregana. 1. O. corniculata L. YELtow Sorrer. Perennial by running rvotstocks, vi lous-pubescent; stems herbaceous, slender, decumbent or ascending, 3 to 6 in. long; leaflets mostly obcordate, 1} in. long, on slender petioles with small villous stipules; peduncles axi lary, elon- gated, bearing two or more flowers; petals yellow; capsuie erect in fruit, linear, 4 in. long, many-seeded. Behaving in the Bay Region after the manner of an introduced plant; flowering through the spring, summer and autumn. Trelease in Gray’s Syn. Fl. i, I. 365, credits O. Wrightii Gray to ‘‘ Central 246 GERANIACER, California; ’’ it is a nearly related species with the leafy branches from a stout erect woody caudex. 2. O. Oregana Nutt. Repwoop SorreL. Acaulescent, more or less rusty-vi.Jous; leaflets broadly obcordate, broader than long, 1 to 14 in. long; scapes from creeping rootstocks equaling or exceeding the leaves, 2-bracted near the top, commonly 1-flowered; petals. oblong-obovate, 9 to 12 lines long, pink, white, or rose-color, often veined with purple; capsule linear, 9 lines long; cells about 6-seeded. Shady woods in the Redwood Region from Santa Cruz northward. Mar.-Apr. 2. GERANIUM L. CRraneEsBILL. Herbs (ours annual) with forking stems, swel’en nodes and stipu- late palmately parted leaves. Peduncles axillary, umbellately 2 to 3-flowered, or 1-flowered. Flowers regular, 6-merous, the sepals imbricate in the bud. Stamens 10, sometimes slightly connate at pase, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer alternate with the petals and with glands at their base. Carpels 6, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded; styles united around acentral elongated axis (prolongation of the receptac'e), separating elastical’y from it when mature, and forming a coil which is the ‘tail’? of the carpel and is nearly glabrous inside. Cotyledons plicate, incumbent on the radicle. (Greek geranos, a crane, from the elongated fruit-bearing beak.) Flowers light pink . eee See ge ae .1. G. Carolinianum. Flowers purple... . 5 Ao CoM IY Geeeat Si 6 2. G. dissectum. 1. G. Carolinianum L. Carottna GERANIUM. Hirsute- pubescent and often somewhat glandular; smaller plants erect, the larger ascending or decumbent, 7 to 14 in. high; leaves palmately 5 to 7-parted, the cuneate seements more or less incisely dissected or toothed, the ultimate segments rather broad; peduncles commonly shorter than the petioles; flowers about 3 lines long; petals light pink; beak of fruit loosely villous or glandular; carpels hairy, usually black; seed reticulately ridged or pitted. Naturalized plant, at one time more common in the Bay Region than now. Mar.-Apr. 2. G. dissectum L. Common Geranium. Differing little from the last, but the primary lobes of the leaves very narrow, with the ultimate divisions mostly slender, somewhat fulcate, and acute; petals rose-purple. An Old World species naturalized in California not many years since and recently became more common than the preceding. G. PiLosum Forst, of Australia and New Zealand, adventive at Alameda and San Francisco, is a similar species but is perennial by a thick rootstock and retrorselv canescent-pubescent but not glandular. G. parviflorum Willd., collected at Mt. Tamalpais and Duncan’s Mills, bas few points of difference with the precedi: ¢ or with G. dis- sectum. G. molle L: has glabrous carpels, conspicuously wrinkled transversely, and unpitted seeds; reported as occurring at San Fran- cisco and at Olema. GERANIUM FAMILY. 247 3. ERODIUM L’Her. SrorxsBiLv. Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, often unequal, either simple or pinnate, with one interpetiolur stipule on one side and two on the other. In vegetative characters very similar to Geranium; the flower and fruit nearly the same, but the stamens with anthers 5 only, the alternate filaments sterile and scale-like. Styles in fruit twisting spirally, bearded inside. Pedicels after anthesis commonly retro- eurved. (Greek erodios, x heron.) Leaves reniform-cordate, lobes*(if any) shallow... ... 1. E. macrophyllum. Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, pinnatifid or pinnate. Leaves pinnatifid; sepals bristle-tipped. . Leaves pinnute with serrate or merely incised leaflets; sete naked claw; sepals not terminated by bristles... .... 3. E. moschatum. Leaves pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets; claw of petals ciliate; sepals with lor 2 terminal bristle-like hairs... a . 4. E. cicutarium. 1. E. macrophyllum H. & A. Acaulescent or subacaulescent, tomentose, with interspersed spreading glandular hairs; leaves reni- form-cordate, crenate and often with shilow crenate lobes, 1 tu 14 in. broad; umbels mostly 2 to 8-flowered, on elongated (4 to 9 in.) pedun- cles; petals white, 5 to 8 lines long, little exceeding the broad sepals; filaments conspicuously orbicular-dilated at base; beak of fruit stout; mature carpels densely silky-huiry, truncate at top, 4 lines long. Willows, Jepson; Anderson Valley, Bolander, no. 4805; Kirker Pass, Brewer; Stuckton, Fitch; Tracy, Bioletti, and southward. Whole leaf blade sometimes undulate and with closed sinus. Var. Californicum (E. Californicum Greene). Tall and branch- ing, puberulent and beset with purple-tipped glandular hairs; leaves larger, 2 in. broad; flowers frequently about 5 or 6 in a cluster; petals deep rose-red or purple.—Oakland Hills, Blasdale. 2. E. Botrys Bertol. Caulescent, branching from the base and commonly prostrate; coarsely white-pubescent, leaves 1 to 2 in. long on petioles as long or twice as long, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid, the lobes serrate, acute; sepals short-pointed and tipped witb 1 or 2 short bristles; petals deep violet; glands greenish; filaments dilated nearly to apex and toothed. Naturalized plant, scarcely known in California ten years ago, but within that time become common in many localities from Marin and Solano Cos, to northern Catifornia, spreading with -especial rapidity over low pastured hills and rolling gravelly plains. 3. E. moschatum L'Her. Finarer. Mtsk CLover. Hireute with scattered spreading buairs, at first acaulescent, the radical leaves often forming a close rosette upon the ground; later with stout fleshy ascending stems } to 1 ft. high; leaves 2 or 3 in. to 1} ft. long; leaflets ovate to elliptical, serrate and sparsely incised, short-petiolate, & to 14 in. long, the terminal cuneately 3 to 5-parted; stipules large, membranaceous; peduncles in the axil of the smaller of the unequal opposite leaves, much elongated in fruit. 4 to 11 in, long; sepals not bristle-bearing at tip; petals rose-purple, 3 lines long, with short claws; beak of the fruit 14 to 1% in. long; filaments membranously winged at base, with upwardly pointing teeth. yp E, 248 POLYGALACE.E, Abundant in rich lands of valley orchards and vineyards. Muar.— Apr. Glands of the flowers reddish or brownish as in the next. The term Filaree, a contraction of the Spanish Alfilerilla is, like the names Pin Clover or Pin Grass, indifferently applied to either this species or the next. 4. E. cicutarium (L.) L’Her, Rep-stemMxep FiLarge. Habit of the preceding; leaflets subsessile, nearly oblong, incisely pinnatitid with acute, often toothed lobes; stipules small, acute; flowers and fruit as in the last, but the sepals terminated by 1 or 2 bristle-like hairs and the filaments little dilated at base, not toothed. Hillsides or barren or dry soil everywhere. Very common, begin- ning to flower in Feb. or Mar., usually some weeks in advance of the last, and in many places continuing through the summer. It is an esteemed forage plant. Stems commonly reddish, in the last preceding commonly with white stems. 4. FLCERKEA Willd. Low slightly succulent annuals. Leaves alternate, pinnately cleft, exstipulate. Flowers solitary, on axillary peduncles, ours 5-merous, or exceptionally 4-merous. Sepals valvate in the bud, as many hypogynous glands alternating with them. Stamens 10, distinct. Carpels subglubose, nearly distinct, but with a common style which is gynubasie, 7. ¢., arising from among them near the base, and 5-cleft at apex, The fruit consists of roughish carpels separating from the short axis. (Dedicated to Florke, a German botanist.) 1. F. Douglasii Ball. Mzapow Foam. Glabrous, the stems and foliage yellowish green and succulent, branching at the base and very spreading, the branches 6 to 14in. long; leaves pinnately divided; divisions 3 to mostly 9 and incisely lobed or parted, the lobes linear, acute; peduncles. at length 2 to 4 in. long; sepals lanceolate, 3 to 4 lines long, 3 the length of the petals; petals yellowish, white (or occasionally roseate) ut tip, obovate-cuneate; nutlets smocth to strongly tuberculate, about 2 lines in diameter. Low ground, in or near shallow water, forming large patches which color, in Apr., the valley levels in the Coast Ranges. 49. POLYGALACEZA. PotyGata Famity. Ours perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants with alter- nate simple leaves and nostipules. Flowers in terminal racemes, irreg- ular and resembling the papillionaceous flowers of Leguminose, but not like them in structure. Stamens (in ours) monadelphous. Ovary simple, superior. 1. POLYGALA L. Mitxworr. Stems often with milky juice. Sepals 5, thin, the two lower and the upper keeled one of about the same size, the two lateral much larger, colored, and projecting like the wings of a pea-flower. Petals 3, united at base; middle petal hooded above and often beaked or RUTACE.E. 249 crested, enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens 8, monadelphous, the tube open on one side and adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary 2celled with one ovule in each cell; style long, curved. Capsule with thin walls, flattened contrary to the partition, rounded and often notched above, dehiscing loculicidally at the margin. Seeds with a conspicuous caruncle. (Polus, much, and gala, milk, an ancient Greek name for some shrub used as a stimulant.) 1. P. Californica Nutt. Stems many from the branching crown of a cord-like deeply descending perennial root, mostly simple, 3 to 8 in. high; leaves oblong- or elliptic-ovate, 3 to 1} in, long, distinctly petioled; flowers of two sorts:—those near the root apetalous and developing most of the fruit; those of the terminal racemes with rose- purple corolla 5 or 6 lines long, the petals more or less pubescent, at least inside or on the margin, the sepals glabrous, with the shorter ones 2 to 8 lines long; capsule broadly elliptical, glabrous, 3 lines long; caruncle of the seed wrinkled and bladdery. Wooded or brush-covered slopes in the mountains from Ukiah, Howell Mountain, and Marin Co. southward to Santa Barbara. Not reported from the inner Coast Ranges. May. - CORNUTA Kell. of the Sierra Nevada, may be distinguished by its greenish whit: flowers and densely tomentose sepals. 50. RUTACEA. Ree Fantty. Herbaceous cr arboreus plants, ours shrubs or small trees, with glandular-dotted or aromatic leaves and no stipules. Flowers regular and symmetrical, or nearly symmetrical. Sepals and petals 4 or 5. Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted outside of a hypogynous disk encircling the base of the ovary. 1. PTELEA L. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, with sessile leaflets. Flowers small, greenish white, in axillary paniculate cymes. Flowers pulygamous. Sepals, petals, und stamens 4 or 5. Ovary with a short thick stipe, 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled, the lower ovule abortive; style short; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled 2-seeded samara, winged all around, broadly orbicular. Seeds oblong. (Greek name of the Elm, the fruit of which is very similar.) 1. P. Baldwinii T. & G. var. crenulata. Hop Trex. Small tree 8 to 15 ft. high; glabrous or with a slight pubescence on the inflores- cence and under surface of the leaves; leaves elliptic, obovate or elongated-rhomboidal, rounded or acute at apex, often with abruptly cuneate base, crenulate or almost entire, 1 to 2} in. long; buds downy; sepals very small; petals 2} lines long; stamens hairy towards the base; fruit 5 to 6 lines long, a trifle broader, tipped by the per- sistent style.—(P. crenulata Greene.) Coast Ranges, not infrequent in certain localities, but probably of restricted range: Mt. Diablo, abundant in Mitchell Cation, the wing emarginate at apex; Antioch, the wing abruptly acuminate at apex; 250 ANACARDIACE. Edwards’ Cajion near Crockett; Lake Co. The shrub of the Sierra Foothills is doubtless the same species. Apr.-May. Fruit maturing in June, occasionally triquetrous and 3-seeded. 51. ANACARDIACEZ. Sumacu Famity. Trees or shrubs with resinous or milky acrid juice. Leaves alter- nate, usually compound, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect or polygamous. Calyx and corvlla 5-merous, the stamens as many or twice as many as the petals. Pistil 1, ovary free from the calyx, 1-celled, 1-ovuled, styles or stigmas 8, A glandular ring or cup-like disk lines the base of the calyx. An order containing the Poison Sumachs and also many tropical trees of economic importance. 1. RHUS L. Sumacu. Uurs deciduous shrubs with 8 (sometimes 5)-foliolate leaves and very small flowers. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted under the edge of a perigynous disk which is quite free from the ovary. Styles 8. Fruit a small compressed drupe with thin flesh and bony stone. Seed erect; endosperm none. (Ancient name.) Flowers greenish, in small panicles; drupe white. ..... 1. R. diversiloba. Flowers yellow, in dense spikes; drupered ,.. ....2 R. trilobata. 1. R. diversiloba T. &G. Porson Oax. Erect and 4 to 5 ft. high, or ascending the trunks of trees by the means of aerial rootlets to the height of 15 to 20 ft.; leaflets orbicular to ovate or oblong-ovate, undulate, entire or variously lobed, segmented, or toothed; panicles axillary, appearing with the leaves, short-peduncled, more or less pendulous; flowers 1} lines long; sepals often unequal and sometimes. 4; anthers yellow; fruit 3 lines broad, the stone striate. Everywhere common throughout California. Flowering in Apr. and May. ew persons, like the author, enjoy complete immunity from the poisonous effects of this plant. Leaflets in size, outline and segmentation singularly variable, even on the same shrub. Fruit- clusters persisting on the nuked branches well into midwinter, the thin skin of the drupes deciduous and exposing the dry whitish flesh which is marked with several longitudinal depressed blackish nerves. 2. R. trilobata Nutt. var. quinata Jepson. Squaw BusH. Some- what diffusely branching, 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves 3-foliate; terminal leaflets 3-cleft, -parted or -divided, the divisions as also the lateral leaflets crenate or crenately lobed towards the apex; spikes about 4 in. long, often clustered; flowers pale yellow, appearing before the leaves, 1 line long; sepals scarious; petals elliptic; disk yellow, 5-lobed, the lobes opposite the leaves and somewhat emarginate; fruit scarlet, viscidly pilose, the stone smooth. Cafion bottoms or narrow mountain valleys, particularly along the banks of arroyos, either solitary or forming circular thickets 3 or 4 ft. high and several yards across. Throughout Calfornia, but not near the coast within our limits; middle and inner North Coast SAPINDACHA 251 Ranges; Mt. Diablo Range. Mar.—May. Sometimes called Western Sumach. , 52. SAPINDACEA. Buckeye Fauiny. Ours trees or shrubs with opposite compound leaves, no stipules, and irregular polygamous flowers. Ovary superior, 3-celled with 2 ovules in each cell. Endosperm none. 1. ASCULUS L. Horse Cuesrnvur. Leaves palmately compound; leaflets serrate, stipules none. Flow- ers showy, on jointed pedicels, in a terminal thyrse, mostly sterile, only one or two in each thyrse perfecting fruit. Calyx’ tubular, unequally cleft. Petals 4 or 5, slightly unequal, clawed. Stamens 5 to 7, exserted and often unequal. Ovary 8-celled; ovules 2 in each cell, commonly but one ovule in the ovary maturing; style elongated. Fruit a large 8-valved capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seed with- out endusperm; coat thick and polished, with a large round scar; cotyledons very large and fleshy, somewhat coherent. (The ancient name of the tallest Italian Oak, having edible acorns and sacred to Jupiter.) 1. AE. Californica (Spach) Nutt. Buckryz. A low tree, com- monly 10 to 15 ft. high, with the rounded or depressed crown of greater breadth; inflorescence minutely pubescent, otherwise glabrous; leaflets 5 to 7 on petiolules, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, acute or acuminate at apex, serrulate, 3 to 5 in. long; thyrse cylindrical, 4 to 6 in. long; flowers 4 or 5 lines long, ill-scented; calyx 2 to 3-lobed; corvlla white; petals 7 lines long, the limb elliptic or ovate, rotately spreading, the claw on the back and margins minutely soft- ’ pubescent; stamens commonly 6, becoming much exserted by elonga- tion after the opening of the corolla, at first declined, 2 or 3 (usually the lower) elongating and becoming erect in advance of the others; fruit smooth, 1-seeded; seed } in. in diameter. Common throughout middle California, especially on the dry foot-- hills; a beautiful tree when laden in June with its profusion of white flowers. Perfect flowers 2 or 3, sometimes 4 or 5, but always in the upper portion of the thyrse. The thyrse usually produces but one fruit; this is pendulous on the at length naked axis of the inflo- rescence, and on account of its size, color and hanging -position explains the name, ‘California Pear,’’ given it by the pioneers. 53. ACERACEAE. Map re Famiry. Very closely allied to the preceding family, differing chiefly in the regular flowers and 2-celled ovary. Leaves palmately lobed or compound. 1. ACER L. Map re. Trees or shrubs with palmately lobed leaves. Flowers polygamous or dicecious, small, in terminal racemes, umbel-like corymbs or 252 CELASTRACE, fascicles. Calyx cleft into mostly 5 segments. Petals as many or none. Stamens 8 to 8 or 10, borne on the edge of a disk, or hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit a double samara, the body of the carpels united at the base or inner face and long- winged from the back or towards the apex. Samaras separable at maturity, each I-seeded. Cotyledons large and thin. Endosperm none. (Latin, acer, shurp or hard, the wood anciently used for making pikes or lances.) Flowers perfect; leaves simple, palmately lobed... . . 1. A. macrophyllum Flowers dicecious; leaves trifoliolute; var. Californicum of. ..... 2, A. Negundo. 1, A. macrophyllum Pursh. Large-LeavepD MapLe. Tree 15 to 25 ft. high; juice in young herbage milky; leaves simple, roundish in outline, 7 in. broad or less, palmately parted into 5 broad mostly 8-lobed divisions; petioles about 3 in. long; racemes 23 to 4 in. lung; flowers greenish or dull white; sepals elliptic, 2} lines long, equaled by the oblong petals; stamens 7 to 9, the filaments villous below, body of samaras densely hispid, the wing 1 to 14 in. long and 6 to 8 lines wide. A not infrequent tree along Coast Range streams but solitary; it also ascends ravines and climbs cajion sides, appearing on the steepest north walls; in such cases it sometimes forms small clumps but the individuals are scarcely more than shrubs. Also in the Sierra Nevada. Mar. The wood is more valued than tiat of any other deciduous tree of western America. A. GLABRUM Torr., Sierra Maple, of the High Sierras, and A. cIRCINATUM Pursh, Vine Maple, of northern California and north- ward, have the flowers in loose umbel-like corymbs and the fruits Seca in the former the filaments are glabrous, in the latter the laments are hairy with the wings of the samaras spreading at right angles to the peduncle. 2. A. Negundo L. var. Californicum Sargent. Box ELDER. Tree 20 to 50 ft. high; leaves pinnately trifvliolate, the leaflets serrate, incised, or 2 or 3-lobed or -divided, or the segments becoming distinct and obviously petioled, the central leaflets thus replaced by 38, or the lateral leaflets by 2 or 8; flowers dicecious; calyx minute, 4 to 5-cleft; petals and disk none; staminate flowers clustered on capillary pedicels, _ the stamens 4 or 5 and hypogynous; pistillate flowers in drooping slender racemes; fruit pubescent, 1 to 1} in. long; wing oblong, crimson in young fruit.—{ Negundo Californicum T. &. G.) Common along streams from San Bernardino northward: Contra Costa Co.; Sonoma Co.; Sacramento River. Mar.-Apr. 54. CELASTRACEA. Svarr-rrere Famicy. Shrubs with simple leaves (in ours opposite). Flowers sma!l, perfect, regular, with jointed pedicels. Calyx 4 or 5-lobed or-parted. Petals 4 or 5. Stamens as many as the petals, alternate with them and inserted on a very thick and conspicuous disk. Ovary 2 to 5-celled, RHAMNACE.K, 299 immersed in or surrounded by the disk; ovules 2 in each cell; styles united into one, or none; stigma 8 to 5-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, free from the culyx. Seed ariled, with large embryo und broad und thin cotyledons; endosperm fleshy. 1. EUONYMUS L. Buryine Busu, Leaves opposite, petioled, deciduous. Flowers (in ours) 5-merous, purplish, in cymes on axillary peduncles. Petuls inserted beneath the 5-lobed disk. Stamens inserted on the disk. Style short or none. Capsule 3 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-lobed, the cells 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds covered with a fleshy red aril. 1. E. occidentalis Nutt. Burnina Busu. Erect, slender, 6 to 14 ft. high, the branches 4-angled; leaves thin, ovate or often broad- est above the middle and abruptly acuminate, serrulate, 14 to 4 in. long, on petioles 3 lines long; peduncles 1 to 1§ in. long, 3 to 6-flowered; tlowers 4 or 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes broad and obtuse; petals roundish, brownish purple, finely dotted and with scarious margins; capsule depressed, smooth, deeply 3-lobed, often 3 in. brvad. Near the coast: Santa Cruz Mountains, J/eLean, 1878; Marin Co.; Howards, Sonoma Co., J. J. Rivers; northward to Humboldt Co., Marshall. June. Pacnystima MyrsinitEs Raf. Evergreen undershrub with cori- aceous leaves $ tol in. long; flowers 1 line wide; ovary 2-celled.— Yuba Ov. to Mt. Shasta. 55. RHAMNACEZ. Bucxrnory Famity. Shrubs or small trees with simple leaves and mostly caducous stipules. Flowers small, regular. Stamens and petals 4 or 5, the lobes of the calyx as many. Petals perigynous, inserted with the stumens on a disk lining the calyx-tube, sometimes wanting, com- monly clawed. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the calyx, that is, opposite the petals. Ovary mostly 3 (2 to 4)-celled, free or adnate by the disk to the base of the calyx. Style simple or 3 (2 to 4)-cleft. Fruit a berry or capsule. oy free from the ovary; petals small or none, not hooded; fruit fleshy, PIPING 65 kt ee te ee ee 1, RHAMNUS. Calyx adnate to base of ovary; petals hooded by inflexion of the tip; fruit dry, capsular... carer sn . 2. CEANOTHTS. 1. RHAMNUS L. BucxtrHory. Shrubs with alternate leaves and small greenish perfect or polyga- mous flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx with 4 or 5 short sepals or teeth. Petals very small or none; claws short. Stamens 4 or 5; filaments short. Ovary ovoid, free; style short, 3 to 4cleft. Fruit berry-like, black, containing 2 to 4 separate seed-like nutlets of bony orcartilaginous texture. (The ancient Greek name of these plints.) Flowers complete; fruit black. Leaves thickish, mostly 1 to 2 in. long R. Californica. o> -& ovis Leaves thinnish, 8to6 in. long ..... wei -4 .2. R. Purshiana. Flowers apetalous, often polygamous; fruit red .8. R. erocca. 264 RHAMNACEE, 1. R. Californica Esch. Corres Berry. Shrub, commonly 4 or 5 ft. high, evergreen in our district; one-year-old branchlets reddish -or brown; leaves oblong, obtuse or acute, mostly 1} to 2 in. long; flowers mostly perfect, 4 to 5-merous, on short pedicels, in umbellate .clusters, the clusters peduncled; calyx 2 to 2} lines broad; its lobes triangular-lanceolate; petals minute, cucullate, deeply emarginate; ‘fruit a black berry, globose or oval, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. Common everywhere in the Coust Ranges and at low altitudes in the Sierras. June-July. Fr. Sept.-Oct. Var. tomentella Brew. & Wats. Twigs tomentose, reddish; leaves yellow- or white-tomentose beneath; peduncles commonly -exceeding the petioles.—Santa Cruz Mountains; Mt. Hamilton; Sierra Foothills and eastward. 2. R. Purshiana DC. Cascara Sacrapa. Small tree; leaves thinnish, deciduous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at base, obtuse or abruptly blunt-pointed at apex, serrulute, mostly 8 to 6 in. ‘long; petioles tomentulous; flowers 5-merous; carpels 3. Point Reyes ace. to Davy; scarcely known in our region, more ‘common in northern California. 3. R. crocea Nutt. Evergreen and glabrous low shrub } to 2 or 3 ft. high, the branches and branchlets slender, flexible and rather long; leaves often fascicled, rather narrowly elliptic, 1 to 4 lines long, serrulate, green above, yellowish beneath, distinctly petioled but the petioles often less than 4 line long; flowers apetalous, mostly pulyga- ‘mous; sepals and stamens 4; fruit 2 or 3 lines long, red. Mayacamas Mountains (east of Napa Valley) and southward near .the coast: Oakland, ete. Feb.—-May. Var. ilicifolia Greene (R. ilicifolia Kellogg). Somewhat arbo- irescent with a distinct trunk, or the stems several and clustered, 5 to 10 ft. high; branchlets short, rigid and rather stout; leaves oval, firm-coriaceous, green above, yellowish brown or golden beneath, larger than in the type (7 to 10 lines long), spinulose-dentate; sepals and stamens frequently 5; fruit bright red, ovoid, 24 lines long.— Inner Coast Ranges (Miller Cuafion, Vaca Mountains, but rare); common in Mitchell Cation, Mt, Diablo; well known southward. Fruiting in Sept. 2. CEANOTHUS L. Mountain Livac. Shrubs or small trees, with petioled leaves, the branchlets often divaricate and rigid, sometimes spinescent, and the small but showy flowers in thyrses or cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes acute, incurved; the lower part adnate with the thick disk to the lower part of the 3-celled ovary. Petals 5, hooded by the inflexion of the acuminate apex, and with long cluws. Stamens 5, filaments filiform, long- exserted. Style 8-cleft. Fruit subglobose, 8-lobed, becoming dry and separating into.its 3 carpels, these elastically dehiscent along the inner edge and dispersing the seeds. Seeds obovate, convex on the back, (Greek Keanothus, name used by Dioseorides to designate some spiny plant, applicd to this genus of American plants, which BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 255 are chiefly of the Pacific United States. All of our species are ever- green except C. integerrimus and C. Parryi. According to the field investigutions of Mrs. K. Brandegee, the nearly related species give rise to numerous hybrids. Cf. Proc. Cal. Acad., 2d Ser., iv. 173.) A. Leaves alternate. .Fruit smooth or at most crested, never with horns; stipules thin or mem- branous, fugacious or deciduous. Branches flexible, not spinescent. Flowers white; leaves plane. Inflorescence compound; leaves very strongly 3-nerved beneath, 114 to 3 in. long; fruit slightly crested. ...... 1. C. velutinus. Inflorescence simple or compound; leaves entire, 4 to 1 in. long; fruit CLEStICSS a ove og a) os a fo dn Bi Se ee 2. C. integerrimus. Flowers blue (rarely varying to white) ;-inflorescence compound Leaves plane, mostly 1 to 2!4 in. long, strongly 3-nerved, serrulate. . ane > 3. C. thyrsifiorus. Leaves similar, pinnately veined, but the margins revolute, seemingly Ses . Parryt. Flowers blue, the clusters in a simple raceme mostly 4 to 1 in. long; leaves mostly rather small, usually not 3-nerved. Leaves subcoriaceous, with smooth waxy surface, the margin very glundular-serrate............ . .. 5. G. foliosus. Leaves papillate near the revolute margin ..... 6. GC. dentatus Leaves similar, but glandular-papillate on the entire i a surface. . 7. C. papillosus. Branches more or less rigid and spinescent. Leaves glandular-serrate; flowers deep or very light blue, in a simple raceme; bramcblets stiff. .........-.-. 8. C. sorediatus. Leaves entire; flowers white, in a simple or paniculately compound raceme; branchlets thick and stout, spur-like, very glaucous; fruit warty-roughened; leaves strongly 3-nerved. . .. 9. CU. incanus. B. Leaves opposite. . Fruit with conspicuous dorsal horns; stipule-bases warty or cork-like and persistent. Erect shrubs. Flowers white; leavesentire ............. 10. C. cuneatus. Flowers blue; leaves finely spinose-dentate on the upper half. .... ll. C. rigidus. Flowers blue (or white); leaves rather coarsely spinose-dentate. Branchlets gray; pedicels2lineslong ....... 12. C. Jepsonii. Branchlets reddish or brownish; pedicels 5to.7 lines long ..... Low-spreading shrub; flowers blue; leaves coarsely eon ponaul the apex: var. divergens of . ys Se hag . 14. C. prostratus. 1. C. velutinus Doug]. Snow Brusu. Large shrub, 8 to 12 ft. “high, the branches mostly ascending; odor very sweet and heavy; leaves elliptic or ovatish, rounded or subcordate at base, finely glundular-serrate, pale and strongly 3-nerved beneath, varnished -above and frequently of a rich chocolate-brown, 14 to 3 in. long, on petioles 3 in. long or less; panicle 2 to 3 in. high; flowers white, 2 lines broad; fruit smooth, lobed at top, nearly crestless, sticky- - glandular. : Mt. Shasta; Modoc Co.; and the northern Sierra Nevada Var. levigatus T. & G. Subarborescent; leaves glabrous, light -green; inflorescence more ample; fruit somewhat crested.—Mt. St. Helena and northward in the Coast Ranges to Mendocino and Hum- iboldt Cos. 256 RHAMNACE. 2. C. integerrimus H. & A. Tall shrub, 10 to 15 ft. high; twigs green or at length purplish subangular when young; leaves deep green above, paler beneath, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mostly acute at base, entire, 4 to 1 in. long; inflorescence simple and about 2 in. long, or compound and about 4 in. long, or in fruit twice as long, equaled by the leafy (or often nearly leafless) peduncles; flowers white; cap- sules nearly globose, lobed, smouvth, crestless. Seemingly very restricted in its range: Santa Cruz Mountains. May. Fruiting in July. 8. C. thyrsiflorus Esch. CatrrorntA Lizac, Low shrub, 3 to 6 ft. high or becoming a small tree 12 to 18 ft. high, rather straight- limbed, the branchlets mostly ascending; leaves green on both sur- faces, elliptical or oblong-ovate, strongly 38-nerved beneath, the margin mucronate-serrate or serrulate with somewhat impressed teeth, 1 to 2} in. long, 6 to 10 lines broad; inflorescence a panicle of somewhat corymbose racemes, 13 to 2% in. long, mostly long- peduncled, with leaves subtending 1 or 2 of the lower racemes; bract- lets ovate, acuminate, 23 lines long; flowers blue or sometimes varying to white; capsule globose, smooth, little lobed, 2 lines in diameter. Common near the coast from Monterey northward to Sonoma and Mendocino Cos. Apr. Near Soquel, Setchell and Jepson discovered, in 1896, a fine shapely tree 22 ft. high, with w girth of 2 ft. 5 in. at 20 in. from the ground. 4. C. Parryi Trelease. Parry’s Litac. Spreading shrub, 4 to 6 ft. high; branchlets angular and, when young, tomentose, the l-yeur-old ones reddish; leaves pinnately veined, narrowly to broadly oblong, # to 13 in. long, dark green above, loosely tomentose beneath, the margin denticulate, seemingly entire because soon revolute and thus concealing the teeth and also the lateral supplementary nerves; petioles 2 lines long; panicle oblong or distinctly broader below, 1 to 3 in. long, on sparsely leafy peduncles twice as long; capsules globose, smooth, 2 lines in diameter. Local species of the mountain ranges on either side of Napa Valley: Mt. George; Caux’s Knob; Rebecca Ranch grade, southwest of Calistoga. A most handsome shrub when in full flower in Apr. or early May; at other seasons of straggly and unattractive habit, the individuals often seerning as if of great age. Sometimes found in flower in the late fall and early winter. Margin of leaf variable, sometimes serrate, more often rather obscurely denticulate or almost entire. 5. C. foliosus Parry. Low shrub commonly dense at base, with horizontally spreading or diffuse branches 2 or 8 ft. long; branchlets rather long and straight and rather ascending; lightly pubescent, especially on the branchlets; leaves undulate or somewhat infolded longitudinally, mostly 3 or 4 or the larger 6 lines long, frequently with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, broadly oblong, upper sur- face dark green, lower lighter, the teeth of the margin bearing con- spicuous glands; petiole distinct but very short; inflorescence globose BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 257 to oblong, } to 1 in. long; flowers blue, 1 to 1} lines broad; capsules 14 lines broad, smooth, conspicuously lobed, crested. Rather common in the seaward and middle Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay: Mt. Tamalpais; Sonoia; Howell Mt.; Mt. St. Helena, and northward to Westport, Mendocino Co. Apr.-May, or flowering late in the season, the inflorescence then short-spicate and interrupted below. 6. C. dentatus T. & G. Low densely branched shrub with reddish brown branchlets, the young twigs tomentose; leaves elliptical or narrower, rounded at both ends or appearing retuse or subtruncate from the infolding of the apex, dark brown and waxen on the upper surface, light colored and pubescent beneath, papillate on and near the margin, 2 to 5 or 6 lines long; inflorescence subglobose, very tomentose; flowers blue; capsule slightly crested, scarcely lobed, 2 lines in diameter. Santa Cruz Mountains. 7. C. papillosus T. & G. Habit of the last and differing little from it; leaves often slightly cordate at base, the whole upper surface closely glandular-papillate, 1 in. long or less, sometimes as much as 2 in. long; inflorescence more oblong, about 1 in. long; peduncles naked, solitary or clustered; capsules rather less than 2 lines in diameter. Santa Cruz Mountains. May. 8. C. sorediatus H. & A. Erect shrub, 4 to 7 ft. high, with rigid divaricate branchlets; branchlets sparingly villous, at length olive-color or purplish; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, green above, paler and slightly pubescent beneath with appressed hairs, glandular- denticulate, 4 to 1 (or less commonly 13) in. long, on petioles a line or two long; racemes 1 or 2 (terminal or subterminal) on each branch- let, ovate or broadly oblong in outline, 4 to 1 in. long; flowers blue or almost white; capsule lobed, crested, 2 to 24 lines in diameter. Very common in the Coast Ranges, the individuals disposed to associate, and, at flowering time, often coloring the north canon sides in patches: Vaca Mountains; Caux’s Knob, west of St. Helena; Howell Mountain; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; and southward. Mar.—Apr. 9. C. incanus T. & G. Tall shrub with very glaucous branchlets, these thick and stout and almost spur-like; leaves elliptic to ovate, acute or obtuse, rounded at base, dark brown above, strongly 3-nerved and pale (with a fine close indument) beneath, 1 to 14 in. long; petioles 2 or 3 lines long; inflorescence finely velvety, 2 or 3 in. long or less; flowers white; capsule thickly warty, shallowly lobed at top, 23 lines in diameter. Felton and Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Co.) to Mt. St. Helena; Lake and Mendocino Cos. 10. C. cuneatus Nutt. Norrary’s Ceanoruus. Rigid divari- eately branched shrub, 5 to 8 ft. high, with gray bark; branchlets stout and short, those on a branch often very unequal and frequently inter- tuptedly disposed; leaves oblong-obovate to broadly obovate, entire, 19 258 RHAMNACE. green above, paler beneath, 4 to 6 or less commonly 11 lines long, on very short petioles; umbels 4 to 3 in. broad; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; flowers white; capsules slightly oblong, 23 lines long, with three short erect horns. Very abundant in the higher Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Foot- hills, either isolated, or gregurious and forming impenetrable and often extensive thickets. Such thickets clothe densely the higher slopes and mountain ridges, and whether made up purely of this species or mixed with Manzanita, Pickeringia or similar shrubs, are known as chaparral. Flowering in Mar.—Apr., the odor sweetish but slightly offensive. R. H. Platt sends specimens from the Vaca Mountains some of the leaves of which are 2 to 3-dentate at apex. 11. C. rigidus Nutt. Shrub about 6 ft. high, rigidly and intri- cately branched; leaves opposite and crowded, cuneate-obovate, mostly retuse, firm but rather thin, soon nearly glabrous on both surfaces, the apical half finely spinose-dentate, 2 to 6 lines long, nearly sessile; stipules conspicuously warty; flowers bright blue; capsules a little larger than in no. 10. Rare: Mt. Tamalpais and Bolinas Heights to Monterey, where first collected by Nuttall. 12. C Jepsonii Greene. Rigid strictly erect shrub about 4 to 5 ft. high; branchlets short, stubby, gray; leaves elliptic-oblong, spiny- toothed, undulate-margined or somewhat infolded longitudinally, 4 to % in. long; stipules small; flower-clusters small, pedicels 2 or 3 lines long; flowers white. Abundant between Middleton and the Toll House on Mt. St. Helena (type locality), flowers white; Howell Mt., flowers blue, exhaling a musky odor, the air for some distance around a shrub or thicket heavy with the fragrance; Marin Co. Feb.—May. 18. C. purpurea. Erect shrub, 4 or 5 ft. high with brownish or reddish branchlets; leaves very thick, orbicular, 1 in. long or less, glabrous, shining and light green above, paler beneath with a closely appressed tomentum, coarsely and pungently toothed all around; stipules very large; flowers large, purple; pedicels 5 to 7 lines long; fruit unknown. Gorges north of Mt. George near Napa. May. Nearly allied to C. crassifoltius Torr. (San Diego Co. northward to the Santa Inez Mountains) which has elliptic-obovate leaves with more finely toothed or subentire revolute margin, the upper surface roughened, the lower surface densely white tomentose; capsule subglobose, with 3 stout sub- erect horns near the top, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. This species has been found at Wright’s, Santa Cruz Mountains, acc. to Behr. 14. C. prostratus Benth. Manata Mats. Branches prostrate, rooting, thickly matting the ground; branchlets often reddish, at first pubescent; leaves green on both surfaces, glabrous or finely flocculent- pubescent heneath, thick and firm, cuneate-obovate, coarsely and pungently 3-toothed at the apex, and commonly with 1 or 2 similar teeth at or above the middle; flowers blue; fruit globose, not lobed, VITACEA, 259 with 3 large wrinkled horns on cach valve and 8 intermediate crests, 3 to 4 lines long. Sierra Nevada, where it is common, often extensively covering the ground in the Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) woods; Mt. Shasta; southward in the north Coast Ranges through the Yallo Bally Moun- tains and Snow Mountain, Lake Co., to Cobb Mountain where it passes into the following. Var. divergens Brandegee (C. divergens Parry). Low scrambling shrub with horizontally spreading, trailing or almost procumbent branches; leaves more dentate-spinose than in the type, almost sessile, $ to} in. long; flowers blue; capsules about 3 lines in diameter, with the horns more lateral.—Mt. St. Helena; Sonoma; Marin Co.; Santa Cruz Co. May. 56. VITACEAE. Vine Famity. Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils. Leaves in ours simple, alternate. Flowers small, regular, greenish or whitish, in a com- ound thyrse. Calyx minute, the limb mostly obsolete and truncate. etals 4 or 5, valvate, caducous or early deciduous, the stamens as many and opposite them. -Fruit a 2-celled berry. Seeds with a thick and bony testa. Embryo minute, in a tough endosperm. 1. VITIS L. Grape. Leaves opposite the tendrils or flower clusters. Tendrils at least once branched. Calyx-tube filled with the disk, which bears the stamens and petals. Ovules 2 in each cell. (Classical Latin name.) 1. V. Californica Benth, Catirornia WiLpD Graps. Leaves roundish, tomentose, especially beneath, the tomentum in age floccu- lent, 2 to 5} in. broad, coarsely or minutely dentate, cordate at base with open or closed sinus, slightly or not at all lobed, or frequently with a sinuately 3 to 5-lobed leaf at the next node above or below an unlobed one; fruit purple, with a bloom, 3 or 4 lines in diameter. Along streams throughout the Coast Ranges, Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, and Sierra Foothills. Climbing trees, especially Oaks and Cottonwoods, and frequently killing such by covering them with its drapery of leaves. Very fragrant at flowering time (May-June) with a pleasant sweet odor. 57. THYMELAZEACEA. Mezereum Famity. Ours shrubs with simple entire alternate leaves and no stipules. Flowers perfect, with corolla-like 4-cleft calyx. Stamens inserted upon the calyx, twice as many as its lobes. Corolla none. Ovary superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. 1. DIRCA L. LeatHERWwoop. Deciduous shrubs with perfect flowers in fascicles from mixed buds, i. e., buds containing flowers and leaves. Scales of the bud yellow- 260 EUPHORBIACEAE. ish or whitish, silky, forming an involucre to the flowers, caducous. Perianth slightly oblique, tubular below, expanded into a short throat above. Stamens 8, 4 exserted, the alternate shorter, inserted at the base of the throat. Style slender, exceeding the stamens. Fruit drupe-like, reddish. (Classical Greek name of a celebrated fountain in Beotia.) 1. D. occidentalis Gray. WersteERN LEATHERWOOD. An erect shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with very tough stems and leathery bark; flowers yellow, in clusters of 2 or 3 from lateral and terminal buds, nodding; perianth-tube 2 or 3 lines long, greenish, expanding above into a distinct throat about 1 line long, the limb 4-cleft; ovary slightly oblique. Northerly slopes in cafions. Nov.-Feb. The color of the mature fruit has not been observed by the author. 58. EUPHORBIACEA. Spurce Famiry. Ours herbs, or one species somewhat suffrutescent. Leaves simple, stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers (in ours) moneecious, always apeta- lous, often naked, 7. ¢., destitute of calyx as well, sometimes exceedingly reduced and enclosed in acalyx-like involucre. Stamens 1 to many. Ovary superior, 3 or 1-celled, with one or two pendulous ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as the cells of the ovary. Capsule commonly 8-lobed, 3 or 2-valved. Embryo straight, the flat cotyledons almost as wide as the fleshy or oily endosperm. Flowers with a true calyx, not borne in an involucre; herbage densely stellate-pubescent. Upper leaves opposite; staminate flowers in corymbs; capsule l-celled. . 1, EREMOCARPUS. Leaves all alternate; staminate flowers in racemes; sia ak ap per St des Be . CROTON. Flowers borne in a calyx-like involucre, which has 4 or 5 teeth and bears more or less petal-like glands; true calyx none; capsule 3-celled. .... 3. EUPHORBIA. 1. EREMOCARPUS Benth. A low annual with entire 3-nerved leaves without stipules. Stami- nate flowers in corymbs; calyx 5 to 6-parted; stamens 6 or 7on a hairy receptacle; filaments exserted. Pistillate flowers 1 or few in the lower axils, without calyx; ovary 1-celled, with 4 or 5 small glands at the base; style undivided, stigmatic at apex; capsule 2-valved, l-seeded. (Greek eremos, solitary, and karpos, fruit.) 1. E. setigerus Benth. Turkey Mutimr. Herbage gray with an appressed stellate pubescence and rough with spreading hispid hairs; stems dichotomously branched, procumbent or prostrate and forming a close mat 1 to 2 ft. wide or more, rarely with ascending branches; leaves alternate or the upper opposite, thick, ovate, the smaller varying to almost round, 4 to 1} in. long, the petivles nearly as long or longer; staminate flowers pediceled, the oblong segments of the calyx | line long; pistillate flowers in clusters of 1 to 3, the SPURGE FAMILY. 261 ovary and style densely pubescent; capsule 2 lines long; seed smooth and shining, 1} lines long. Very abundant towards the interior: plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin; Sierra Foothills; low hills and valley fields of the Coast Ranges. The California Indians used the heavy-scented herbage of this p'ant to stupefy fish in small streams in order that they might be caught by hand, whence the Spanish-Californian name, Yerba del Pescado. The seeds are sought by turkeys. 2, CROTON L. Ours perennial herbs, suffrutescent at base, with alternate entire leaves. Staminate flowers in racemes; calyx 5-parted; glands of the disk as many as and alternate with the petals; stamens 5 to many. Pistillate flowers mostly solitary; calyx 5-parted; ovary 8-celled, the cells l-ovuled; styles twice forked. Capsule 3-lobed, globose in out- line. Seeds smooth and shining, with a caruncle. (Kroton, a tick, the Greek name of the Castor Plant, its seeds resembling that insect.) 1. C. Californicus Mull. Arg. Stems branching, erect or diffuse, from « woody base; herbage hoary, except the upper side of the leaves which is green and finely stellate-pubescent; leaves oblong, } to 1} in. long, on petioles 4 lines to over 1 in. long; staminate racemes at length 4 in. long, developing gradually, the flowers soon deciduous after anthesis and leaving an elongated naked rachis; staminate calyx about 1 line long; disk obscurely 5-lobed; stamens 9 to 11, with hairy filaments; pistillute flowers on short pedicels; stvles twice forked; capsule scurfy, 3 lines in diameter. Sandy hills near the ocean from the San Francisco peninsula south- ward to Southern California; also near Antioch(!). A bitter tea is made from the leaves and used for rheumatism by Spanish-Californians. 8. EUPHORBIA L. Spurce. Ours herbs. Involucres solitary in the forks or in terminal umbels, with 4 or 5 teeth alternating with as many glands; glands either naked or appendaged (7. e., with a colored margin’. Flowers monecivus, both pistillate and staminate naked and included in an involucre which itself resembles a flower but really encloses a cluster of flowers consisting of several staminate and 1 pistillate flower. Staminate flower very much reduced, consisting of a single stamen; filament jointed on a short pedicel like it, the pedicel often with a minute scale or bract at base, showing that the stamen is a distinct flower. Pistillate flower supported on a pedicel in the center of the involucre and soon protruded from it, consisting of a 3-celled ovary and 8 bifid styles. Capsule with 3 cells, each l-seeded. (Euphorbus, King Juba’s physician.) Stems prostrate; leaves small, all opposite and more or less unequal at base, stipulate; glands of the involucre with a petal-like white or reddish Hofhave | etaproui stems and leaves infrequently reddish. Leaves obovate or oblong, minutely serrulate at apex.1. E. serpyllifolia. Leaves deltoid to ovate-oblong, entire. . .. .4. E. ocellata. 262 EUPHORBIACES. Herbage often hairy or puberulent; leaves commonly margined with a red or with a central red spot. Stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ..... » 4+. . 2. B. maculata. | Stipules triangular, slightly lacerate......... 3. £. Cue rieaia Stems erect; leaves larger, stipules none; no colored margins to the glands. Stem-leaves alternate. Glands disk-like, entire; capsule with warty lobes. ..5. E. dictyosperma. Glands crescent-shaped, 2-horned; capsule smooth, . .6. E leptocera. Stem-leaves in 4 ranks; glands crescent-shaped . 7. EB. Lathyris. 1. E.serpyllifolia Pers. TuymMr-LEAVED SpuRGE. Stems round, or more or less angled, repeatedly branched, forming prostrate mats 1 to 8 ft. across; herbage glabrous and green; leaves oblong or obovate- spatulate, unequal at base, more or less minutely serrate toward the apex; stipules setaceous or lacerate; involucre 4 line long or less; glands transversely oblong and more or less cupped in the center; appendages narrow, crenately serrate or nearly entire; seeds sharply quadrangular, slightly rugose or more manifestly so and thus appear- ing shallow-pitted. Stream beds and low grounds in the Coast Range region (Santa Clara; Santa Rosa), and from Putah Creek and the Sacramento River southward. Aug.—Oct. Var. consanguinea Boiss. Herbage with more or less red colora- tion; stems more erect; apex of leaves sharply serrate; lobes of the involucre lacerate; seeds less sharply angled.—Upper Sacramento Valley; Napa Valley. Var. rugulosa Engelm. (E. rugulosa Greene). Plants more thickly matted; leaves more serrate on the larger side of the unequal leaf; seeds finely rugulose.—Suisun; Berkeley. Var. occidentalis (E. occidentalis Drew). Herbage dull yellow- ish green; appendages of the involucre crenately lobed; seeds sinuate- rugose.—Humboldt Co. and Mt. St. Helena. 2. E. maculata L. Sporrep Spurce. Herbage hairy or puber- ulent; stems radiately branching, prostrate; leaves oblong-linear, usually with a red blotch in center, serrulate, subcordate at base; stipules fimbriate; involucre with 4 cup-shaped glands; capsule acutely angled; seeds transversely wrinkled and minutely pitted. Occurring as an immigrant from the eastern U. S. acc. to Greene. 3. E. hypericifolia L. Larazr Spurer. Glabrous or sparingly hairy, ascending or sometimes prostrate, the branches % to 1} ft. long; leaves ovute-oblong to oblong-linear, 8-nerved, unequally serrate, commonly with a red spot or. red margins; stipules triangular, slightly lacerate; peduncles longer than the petioles; appendages of the involucre white or red, entire; capsule glabrous, obtusely angled; seeds with broken transverse ridges. Introduced in Napa Valley along the railroad track. Specimens determined by C. F. Millspaugh. 4. E. ocellata Dur. & Hilg. Annual, prostrate, the branches 5 to 9 in. long; leaves thickish, deltoid to ovate-oblong, often cordate at base, entire, 2 to 4 lines long; involuere campanulate, nearly 1 line long, its lobes fringed; glands 2 to 4, yellowish or purplish, short- CALLITRICHACELE. 263 stipitate, circular and discoid, with or without a narrow inargin; capsule 1 line long; seeds round-ovate, smooth or obscurely rugose. Stockton, Sanford, and southward through the San Joaquin Valley to Southern California. 5. E. dictyosperma F.& M. Annual, glabrous; stems erect, 5 to 15 in. high, simple or branching from the base, dichotomously branched above; stem-leaves alternate, oblong- or obovate-spatulate, serrulate, often retuse, $ to 11 in. long; upper and floral leaves oppo- site, round-ovate to oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; inflorescence umbelli- form, the rays 2 or 8 times forked; involucre and glands small; capsule with warty lobes, 1 to 1} lines long. Throughout California but much less common than no. 6. Sacra- mento Valley. E. Peptus L., Petty Spurge, is sometimes spontaneous within inclosures at Berkeley; the involucres bear 4 crescent-shaped glands with long slender horns, and a pair of wing-like crests on each lobe. E. exieva L., reported as occurring in Santa Clara Co., has linear cauline leaves and a smooth capsule. 6. E. leptocera Engelm. Annual or biennial, glabrous, pranch- ing at base, 10 to 16 in. high; branches decumbent at base or commonly erect, 2 or 3 times dichotomous above; leaves alternate, obovate to spatulate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, 4 lines to 1} in. long; the floral opposite or ternate, deltoid or broadly rhombic- ovate, sometimes cordate at base or connate, acute, 3 to 5 lines long; involucre turbinate, its transversely oblong lobes denticulate; glands large, crescent-shaped, the slender horns entire or cleft; capsule smooth, 1} lines broad; seeds ash-colored, dark-pitted, 14 lines long, with a prominent caruncle. Common. Coast Ranges: Vacaville; Ukiah; San Francisco; Sierra Nevada. 7. E. Lathyris L. Caper Spurer. Tall stout annual or biennial, 1 to 8 ft. high, very smooth and glaucous; stem-leaves linear or nar- rowly oblong, thick, in £ vertical ranks, the floral oblong-ovate and cordate; umbels of 3 or £ rays, once or twice forked; glands of the involucre crescent-shaped, the horns short and blunt; capsule large and smooth; seeds wrinkled. Naturalized about the early settlements of Alta California: San Francisco Co. 59. CALLITRICHACEA.. Warer Starworr Famiy. Herbs growing in shallow water or in the mud of vernal pools from which the water has disappeared. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipu- late, often crowded and forming a rosette at the ends of the branches. Flowers monecious, axillary and solitary, or 2 or 3 together in one axil, without calyx or corolla but often with two membranous bracts. Staminate flower consisting of 1 terminal stamen. Pistillate flower consisting of a 4-celled ovary with 2 filiform stigmas. Fruit 4-lobed, splitting at maturity into as many nutlets. 264 CRASSULACE. 1. CALLITRICHE. L. The only genus. (Greek kallos, beautiful, and trichos, a hair, on account of the slender stems.) Fruit sessile; flowers 2-bracted; submerged leaves retuse or bifid at apex . 1. C. palustris. Fruit on a pedicel 2 to 5 lines long; flowers bractless; leaves not notched at apex. . os os » «2... 2. C. marginata. 1. C. palustris L. Water FEnneL. Aquatic; stems 5 to 10 in. long; submerged leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved, notched at the apex, 7 to 10 lines long; emersed or floating leaves obovate, narrowed at base into a slender petiole, 2 to 6 lines long; fruit obovate, flattened, notched at apex, 3 to 1 line long; each lobe sharply winged on the back for its whole length, the proximate lobes with a groove between them, : Cold pools or slow streamlets. Napa Valley; Marin Co.; Gilroy. Mar.-May. 2. C. marginata Torr. Stems 2 to 4 in. long, forming dense mats in the moist beds of vernal pools from which the water has disappeared; leaves oblanceolate, 2 or 3 lines long; plants sometimes submersed and the leaves linear; bracts none; styles long, refiexed, soon deciduous; fruit rather less than 4 line long, broader than long, notehed both at apex and base, the lobes sharply winged; fruiting pedicels 2 to 5 lines long. Stanislaus and San Mateo Cos. (acc. to Bot. Cal.), northward to Napa Valley and Sonoma Co. 60. CRASSULACEAZ. Srone-crorp Famity. Succulent herbs with entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers in cymes, small, perfect and regular. Sepals, petals and pistils of the same number (in ours 4 or 5), and the stamens as many or twice as many. Petals generally slightly perigynous, distinct or united at base. Fruit a dry many-seeded follicle. Receptacle usually with nectar- bearing scales on the receptacle, one behind each pistil. Leaves opposite; the stamens as many as the petals; diminutive annuals. 1. TILLEa. Leaves alternate, the basal in conspicuous rosettes; stamens twice as many as the petals. Perennials or annuals; petals distinct; follicles spreading when fully UPC sc diy eos sa ee SIL Be doputees J ar ol Were itl oes gb eb ae sent ca cdera 2, SED Perennials, coarser than the last; petals more or less united at base; follicles erect or suberect ... 1. TILLAEA L. Small and slender glabrous annuals with opposite leaves. Flowers minute, axillary, white or pinkish. Sepals and petals 8 to 5 (in ours 4), distinct or united at base, the stamens as many. Pistils distinct with almost obsolete styles. Follicles 1 to several-seeded, the seeds striate longitudinally. (Michael Angelo Tilli, Italian botanist.) STONE-CROP FAMILY. 265 Flowers clustered; petals broadly subulate; follicles 1 to2-seeded. . . 1, T. minima. Flowers solitary; petals oblong; follicles several seeded .2. 7. Drummondii. 1. T. minima Miers. Simple or with several ascending or erect branches, 3 to 8 in. high; herbage of the adult plants reddish; leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 line long; flowers axillary, subsessile or occasionally on pedicels 1 or 2 lines long; sepals, petals and stamens 4, the sepals equaling the broadly subulate petals; follicles 1 to 2-seeded. Common on finely disintegrated sandstone or other rock from Vanden (Solano Co.) and Sonoma southward. Mar.-Apr. 2. T. Drummondii T. & G. Stems very slender, dichotomous, decumbent at base and rooting at some of the lower nodes, 1 in. long or more; leaves linear-oblong, acute, 1 to 2 lines long; pedicels at length equaling or exceeding the leaves; petals oblong, red, 2 to 8 times the length of the calyx-lobes; carpels obtuse. Moist places in the lower Sacramento Valley. May. Var. Bolanderi Wats. (T. Bolanderi Greene.) Stems 3 in. long; leaves 2 lines long; flowers on short pedicels; pedicels elongated in fruit (6 lines long).—Presidio, San Francisco. May. 2. SEDUM L. Sroner Crop. Fleshy glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent, with alternate leaves. Flowers pale yellow or white, in terminal often 1-sided cymes. Calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 sepals. Petals distinct. Stamens perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to the petals. Pistils distinct, rarely united at the base, becoming few to many-seeded follicles, spreading when ripe; styles usually short. (From the Latin sedeo, to sit, on account of the lowly habit.) Basal leaves in rosettes. Leaves thick, mot nerved; perennial..-....... 1. S. spathulifolium. Leaves comparatively thin, very obviously nerved when dry; perennial (?) 2. S. radiatum. Leaves all scattered, 1 to 2 lines long; annual . . . .38. 8. pumilum. 1. S. spathulifolium Hook. Glaucous; leaves flat, obovate or spatulate, obtuse, 5 to 9 lines long, either condensed in small some- what depressed rosettes which are sessile on the caudex or on its prostrate branches, or sessile on the flowering branches, the latter rather smaller; flowering stems ascending, 4 tu 6 in. high; flowers on short pedicels or sessile, 3 lines long, yellow; petals lanceolate, acute, twice longer than the ovate acute sepals, scarcely exceeding the stamens and style. Common on rocky walls on the north or shady side of cajions: Mt. Diablo; Oakland Hills and northward. 2. S. radiatum Wats. Perennial; stems several, simple or branching, from a slender rootstock, 4 to 6 in. high; cauline leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, sessile by a rather broad base, 3 to 5 or 6 lines long, nearly or quite as long as those of the globose or oblong rosettes at the base of the stem, all when dry delicately but rather conspicuously nerved; sepals short, triangular, acute; petals yellow, 266 CRASSULACEAE. narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 8 lines long; follicles broad, abruptly divergent from the united bases. Summit of Gabilan Peak, Monterey Co., Brewer; Mt. Hamilton, Greene; and northward to Marin Co., Congdon; Mendocino Co., Chesnut and Drew. Rarely collected. Annual, acc. to Greene, and propagating by deciduous buds formed in the axils of the lowest leaves. 3. S. pumilum Benth. Branching from just above the base, or sometimes simple, 2 to 4 in. high, very slender; leaves 1 to 2 lines long, ovate-oblong; flowers shortly pediceled or sessile, the branches of the cyme mostly 2 or 3; sepals minute, triangular; petals linear- oblong, acute, 1 to 13 lines long; follicles short, filled by the single seed. Upper Sacramento Valley (Sierra Foothills and the Marysville Buttes); low hills bordering Napa Valley on the east, Jepson, Apr., 1893, ; 3. COTYLEDON L. Stout perennial herbs; leaves very thick and fleshy, the basal ones in a conspicuous rosette; leaves of the flowering stems mostly bract- like, narrowly lanceolate, or the upper broader and shorter, all com- monly with inversely triangular clasping base. Flowers large for the group, yellow or reddish, disposed in long racemes or secund cymes. Petals more or less united at base. Follicles erect or suberect. In appearance very similar to Sedum. Species difficult to elucidate, the types not known to us and the existing diagnoses unsatisfactory, The descriptions which follow have been derived from fresh material and from herbarium specimens which have been segregated into forms and the current names (with one exception) employed, with as much judgment as was possible under the circumstances, for their designation. (Greek kotule, a shallow cup, the leaves cup-like in some species. ) Cyme more or less flat-topped; leaves broad. Petals oblong-ovate or oblong, acute; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long. 1. C. farinosa. 4. C. laxa. 1. C. farinosa Baker. Acaulescent; usually densely mealy, 5 to 8 in. bigh; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones of the rosette 2 to 3 in. long; cauline leaves bract-like, broadly lanceo- late, 1 in. long or less, the upper very short; cyme rather flat and broad, or with several small supplementary branches below and thus disposed to be somewhat paniculate; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long; petals oblong-ovate or oblong, acute, 34 to 4 lines long. : SAXIFRAGACE, 267 Summit of Pacheco Peak, Brewer. Very closely allied to the next. Our descriptions of the two species, as well as those in the Botany of California by Dr. Watson, are too nearly congruous. More abundant material needed. 2. C. cespitosa Haw. Acuulescent, the short caudex 14 in. thick or less, with reddish flesh; herbage glabrous, the younger leaves in the center of rusette glaucous, the stems and inflorescence disposed to become straw-yellow in age; rosulate leaves 2 to 54 in. long, either narrowly oblong (6 to 9 lines broad) or strongly dilated above (14 in. broad), all with conspicuously acuminate or lanceolate-acuminate apex; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate and bract-like, 14 in. long or less; the upper very short and triangular; cyme compound, rather loose and sometimes few-flowered, 1} to 8 in. high, the whole inflo- rescence or one side frequently flexuous- or recurved-contorted; pedi- cels 2 to 6 or even 12 lines sans calyx-lobes ovate, acute, nearly 2 lines long; petals orange or yellow, oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long, indistinctly winged on the back, fleshy in anthesis, afterwards becoming thin and scarious. é Rocky ridges of the Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains, Platt; Howell Mountain, Jepson. Last of Apr.—June. Var. paniculata. Cymes paniculate, the flowering stems bearing several peduncled cymes from the middle.—Morrison Cafion near Niles, collected by the author in 1897. 8. C. Plattiana. Acaulescent, 3 to 8in. high; leaves more or less glaucous, the whole plant, including the inflorescence, becoming reddish; rosulate leaves 1 to 8 in. long, much like those of the pre- ceding; cyme with numerous flowers, very compact and flat-topped, about 13 to 23 in. broad, about 1} to 1} in. high; pedicels 2 to 5 lines long; sepals triangular, acute or shortly acuminate, 1} lines long; petals broadly lanceolate, distinctly winged on the back, 4 lines long. Inner Coast Range: Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains, R. H. Platt. 4. C. laxa Brew. & Wats. Nearly acaulescent, very glaucous; flowering branches stout, 1 to 2 ft. high; rosulate leaves lanceolate, sharply acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long or more; inflorescence of 2 to 4 simple secund racemes 8 to 5 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 (or 8) lines long; sepals ovate, acute, 2 to 23 lines long; petals orange-yellow in early anthesis, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, distinctly keeled, 5 to 7 lines long. Gabilan Range (San Juan), Brewer, thence southward to Southern California. J Var. Setchellii. Herbage merely glaucous, flowering branches slender, 9 to 12 in. high; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and long-acuminate; petals narrowly oblong, acute; racemes many, elongated and paniculate.—Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co., 1806, Setchell and Jepson. 61. SAXIFRAGACEA.. Saxirracr Famity. Ours perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves (opposite in Whipple) and no stipules (except in Ribes). Flowers perfect, peri- 268 SAXIFRAGACEZ, gynous. Calyx 5-lobed or -cleft. Petals 5. Stamens in ours definite, 5 or 10 (or sometimes variable in Whipplea). Ovary superior or more or less adherent to the calyx, 2 to 5 (or 7)-celled, the stigmas as many as the cells or placenta, the latter either parietal or axile. Fruit a capsule, follicle, or berry. Herbs; fruit a capsule or follicle; leaves alternate. Ovary 2 (or 3)-celled with axile placente, or of 2 or 3 nearly distinct carpels; petals 5. Stamens10 .. .....2... RS . ... 1, SAKIFRAGA, BEAMIENS Oye 5, 5: og cise desl teg got ae He 0a, Doe AS Ce age, BE 2. BOYKINIA. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placente alternate with the styles or stigmas. Stamens 10, not exserted; petals mostly cleft or toothed; styles 2 or 3, VOTH SHOW, «4546.5: asses os, a) awh BO Le, ww A Pl ee 3. TELLIMA. Stamens 10, filiform, exserted, as also the 2 styles; petals inconspicuous, GIMVOSENITEORIM, 55. 5:3) sora ae SS qa ea. a 4, TIARELLA. Stamens 5; styles 2, little exserted; petals entire, small . . 5. HEUCHERA. Ovary l-celled with 3 or 4 parietal placentze opposite as many sessile stigmas; cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens, i. €., at the base of the petals; sepals, petals and fertile stamens 5; flower solitary on a scape-like penduncle, showy ... .6. PARNASSIA, Low trailing shrub; leaves opposite; stamens mostly 10; ovary about % free, 3 to 5-celled, becoming acapsule ........... 7. WHIPPLEA. Shrubs; leaves alternate; stamens 5 or 4; ovary wholly inferior, 1-celled, in fruit a berry. ae) di AE Sintec) ah ie he Ve et coe . 8. RIBES. 1. SAXIFRAGA L. SaxiIFrrace. Perennial herbs, with the radical leaves clustered, either acaulescent or short-stemmed. Calyx either free from or cohering with the base of the ovary, 5-cleft or -parted. Petals 5, entire, deciduous. Sta- mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or between the beaks, or sometimes the fruit consists of 2 nearly separate follicles. Seeds numerous. (Latin saxum, a rock, and frango, to break.) Leaves not cordate, longer than petiole; filaments usually not dilated: var. COMES ON TCO SOR 0 ey casa 2 at a a vo a NE eae Bis oe EG 1. S. Virginiensis. Leaves cordate, the petiole commonly 1 to 8 times as long; filaments dilated toward apex eee . 5 Ranges and Sierras. Mar.—Apr. 2. S. Mertensiana Bong. Acaulescent, villous-hirsute, the hairs tipped with red glands; leaves orbicular-cordate, } to 8} in. broad, crenately toothed or shallowly incised; petioles long (1 to 7 in.); scape bearing a panicle of white flowers with lanceolate bracts; calyx segments nearly distinct; petals ovate-oblung, 2 lines long; anthers SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 269 carmine-colored; filaments dilated toward the summit; ovary very slightly united to the calyx, the carpels almost wholly united. Woods of the Coast Ranges: Austin Creek, Sonoma Co,; Ukiah and northward. Apr. Panicle often bearing bulblets along the sides of its branches. 8. pettata Torr, is a remarkable species of the Sierras and Yallo Bally Mountains, growing along swiftly owing mountain streams; it has peltate leaves 1 to 34 ft. high and blades 1 to 2 ft. in diameter. S. BRyopHoRA Gray, of the High Sierras, is 4 to 5 in. high, with the scape branching into a very slender panicle; leaves linear- oblong, acute, 3 to 7 lines long; petals 2-spotted toward the base. The two preceding are acaulescent. 8. Tormier T. & G., of the High Sierras, has short leafy stems thickly covered with small evergreen sessile leaves, and a few-flowered scape-like peduncle. 2. BOYKINIA Nutt. Perennial herbs with creeping rvotstocks. Stems simple, bearing alternate leaves and paniculate or corymbose cymes of white flowers. Calyx-tube turbinate or subglobose or ovate, adherent to the 2-celled 2-beaked capsule. Petals entire, with a short claw, deciduous. Stamens 5, short. (In memory of Dr. Boykin of Georgia.) 1. B. elata (Nutt.) Greene. rect, 2 ft. high or less, commonly glandular-pubescent, the bases of the slender stems often clothed with rusty hairs; leaves thin-membranaceous, shallowly lobed or incised and serrate, 2 to 4 in. broad; petioles long, exstipulate, bearing at base some rusty bristles; inflorescence a panicle of secund racemes; flowers slightly’ irregular; calyx-lobes lanceolate-triangular; petals narrow. : Woods of the Coast Ranges; Sierras of Placer Co., Carpenter. B, Magor Gray, of the Sierras, may be distinguished by its con- spicuous foliaceous stipules, corymbose-cymose flowers, regular corolla and broad petals. 3. TELLIMA R. Br. Srar FLower. Perennial herb with tuberous rootstocks. Stems simple, bearing a simple terminal raceme of white, pink or red flowers. Leaves chiefly radical, their petioles with stipule-like dilations at the base. Calyx campanulate or turbinate; the lower part of the tube adherent to the base or lower half of the ovary. Petals inserted in the sinuses of the calyx, cleft or toothed, sometimes entire. Stamens 10, included, Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentz and 2 or 3 very short styles. Capsule conical. Seeds numerous. (Name an anagram of Mitella.) Styles and placente commonly 8; petals clawed, cleft or entire, usually white, sometimes rose-tinted. Calyx-tube turbinate, the lower half of the ovary adherent .... . T. afin Calyx truncate or rounded at base, the ovaryalmost wholly free ..... 2. T. heterophylla. Styles and placente commonly 2; petals greenish, changing to pink or red, sessile by a broad base, laciniate-pinnatifid . 3. T. grandiflora. 270 SAXIFRAGACE. 1. T. affinis Gray Boland. ‘“‘Srar or BreTHLEnEM.’’ Stems 9 to 16 in. high, hispidulous, the hairs spreading and glandular, radical leaves roundish in outline and crenately lobed, varying into the ecauline; cauline mostly parted into 3 broad divisions which are deeply incised or merely toothed; pedicels about equaling the turbinate calyx; raceme 7 to 10-flowered; petals mostly 3-toothed at apex, the central lobe rather Jarger; ovary half inferior, the styles and placentze commonly 8, as also in the next. Common in mostly open ground from San Bernardino northward ‘throughout the state. Mar.—Apr. 2. T. heterophylla H. & A. Herbage hirsute- or somewhat scabrous-pubescent; stems 1 to 2 ft. high; radical leaves roundish, crenately lobed, $ to 1} in. broad, the cauline very variable but mostly 8-parted with the divisions incised or toothed; calyx campanu- late, truncate or rounded at base; petals with a stout tooth on each side. Shady ground, rather common; Coast Ranges. Apr. Var. BoLanveErRI (T. Bolanderi (Gray) Boland.); petals entire or rarely with a small lateral tooth on each side. 8. T. grandiflora (Dougl.) Pursh. Fatsz Aum Root. Hirsute with spreading hairs, especially the stems and petioles, 1} to 2} ft. high; leaves roundish in outline, cordate at base, shallowly 3 to 5-lobed, serrate or crenate, 2 to 4in. broad, the radical on petioles 2 to 9 in. long; raceme elongated, many-flowered; pedicels shorter than the (84 lines long) flowers; calyx 10-nerved, inflated-campanulate, 4 to 5 lines long, enclosing and adherent to the lower } of the capsule; petals at first greenish white, changing to pink or red, the upper por- tion laciniately cleft into subulate segments, the lower portion toothed; filaments scarcely as long as the anthers; ovary with 2 parietal placentze alternate with as many styles. Woods from Santa Cruz, San Francisco, Oakland Hills, and Ala- meda northward. One of the plants which follows very closely the distribution of the Redwood. Apr._May. Sometimes called Fringe- cups. 4. TIARELLA L. Fazse Mirre-wort. Perennial herbs with white flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle. Calyx almost free from the ovary, its lobes ovate, more or less colored. Petals small, with short claws. Stamens 10, long and slender. Ovary 1-celled, compressed, 2-horned, the horns tapering into the long filiform styles. Capsule membranaceous, early dehiscent; valves unequal, one becoming elongated, the other remaining short. Seeds few at the base of each parietal placenta. (Diminutive of the Greek tiara, a high cap, in allusion to the pistil.) 1. T. unifoliata Hook. Stems sparingly leafy, usually several from the base, } to 2 ft. high; leaves roundish or somewhat ovate in outline, 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, 14 to 4 in. broad, the lobes crenate; cauline leaves 2 or 3; radicul leaves long -petioled (8 to 9 in.); panicle 8 to9 in. long; petals almost filiform, inconspicuous. SAXIPRAGE FAMILY. 271 Shaded ravines and cajions near the coast: Santa Cruz Mountains; Mendocino Co. and northward. 5. HEUCHERA L. Axum Roor. Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks. Leaves radical, rounded, cordate and lobed. Flowering stems seape-like, or with 1 to 8 leaves, bearing an open or condensed panicle of small flowers in cymose clusters. Calyx campanulate or somewhat turbinate, its tube adnate to the lower 3 of the ovary. Petals 5, very small or wanting, when present inserted on the throat of the calyx, clawed and entire. Stamens 5, ours with slender filaments. Capsule 1-celled with 2 parietal placentz, dehiscent between the 2 beaks. (J. H. Heucher, 1677-1747, German Professor of Medicine. ) ‘Cymes loose, the pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx turbinate at base. |. H. micrantha. -Cymes close, the pedicels shorter than the flowers; calyx rounded at base . 2. H. pilosissima. 1. H. micrantha Doug]. Flowering stems 1 to 8 ft. high; peti- oles and stems pilose-hirsute, the leaves hirsutulous and the inflores- -cence glandular-puberulent; leaves round- or ovate-cordate, 2 to 4 in. long, obtusely lobed and crenate-toothed, on petioles as much as 10 ‘in. long; flowers in an ample loose panicle; calyx 1 line long, shorter than the slender pedicels; petals, stamens and styles exserted; petals narrowly oblenes rather shorter than the calyx. Monterey and northward, common in the Bay Region, especially toward the coast; not collected in the inner Coast Ranges. Found in the Sierra Nevada. May-June. 2. H. pilosissima F. & M. Very glandular villous, 1 to 2 ft. high; pedicels shorter than the flowers, these in close clusters and panicle less ample than in the preceding; calyx globular, 1} to 2} lines long; petals, filaments and style little exserted. Near the coast from Monterey to Humboldt Co. H. RUBESCENS Torr., of the Sierra Nevada, has leaves 1} or mostly 1 in. in diameter or less and an oblong-campanulate calyx commonly tinged with rose-purple. 6. PARNASSIA L. -Grass oF PARNASSUS. Glabrous perennial herbs with entire leaves in a radical tuft. Flowers solitary, white, on scape-like stems, which commonly bear a single small sessile leaf. Sepals slightly united at base. Petals greenish- or yellowish-veined, each bearing at base a cluster of gland- tipped sterile filaments. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary l-celled; stigmas 4 (or 3), sessile, opposite the same number of pla- centz. Capsule 8 or 4-valved, the valves placenta-bearing along their middle, Seed-coat loose, somewhat winged. 1, P. palustris L. var, Californica Gray. Scape 9 to 14 in. high; leaves elliptic, 1 to 1} in. long, contracted at base into a petiole which is short or twice as long as the blade; petals oval or obovate, 6 to 9 lines long; sterile filaments capillary, 20 to 24 in a set, united to the middle, each tipped with an antheroid protuberance. 272 SAXIPRAGACER, Rare in the Bay Region: Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Mountains) and Marin Co.; more common in the Sierra Nevada. 7. WHIPPLEA Torr. Small and low under-shrub with opposite leaves and clusters of small white flowers on a terminal naked peduncle. Calyx-tube wholly adnate to the lower portion of the ovary which is about % free. Stamens 10, rarely 8, 9, 11 or 12, those opposite the petals some- what shorter, all dilated at the base or below the middle. Ovary 8 to 5-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell; styles distinct, subulate; stigmas introrse. Capsule septicidally dehiscent into 8 to 5 cartilaginous 1-seeded portions which open down the ventral suture. (Dedicated to Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, commander of the Pacific ailroad Expedition from the Mississippi River to Los Angeles in 1853 and 1854.) 1. W. modesta Torr. Stems slender, diffuse or trailing; branch- lets, peduncles and calyx-tube pubescent; calyx-lobes glabrous; foliage with scattered hairs, on the older leaves often pustulate-dilated at base; leaves } to 1} orrarely 13 in. long, ovate or oval-ovate, 3-nerved from the base, crenate above the middle, short-petioled; clusters mostly 4 to 9-flowered, the flowers soon becoming somewhat greenish; petals oblong or ovate, contracted at base, exceeding 1 line, larger than the linear calyx-lobes; capsule globular; styles deciduous. Thickets or woods of the Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino Cos. and eastward to Mt. St. Helena, F. P. McLean, 1872, and Miller Cajion of the Vaca Mountains, Jepson, 1885. Mar.—Apr. First col- lected in Marin Co. by Dr. J. M. Bigelow, the botanist of Whipple’s Expedition. 8. RIBES L. Gooseserry. CURRANT. Shrubs, either unarmed or prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately lobed, the stipules adnate or none. Flowers in racemes or solitary, the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx-lobes, petals and stamens 5 in all the Californian species except R. speciosum. Calyx-tube adnate to the 1-celled ovary and more or less produced beyond it. Petals inserted on the throat of the calyx, the stamens alternating with them. Placent 2, parietal. Styles 2, distinct or more or less united; stigma terminal. Fruita berry. (Ancient Arabic name.) Thorniless and without prickles; raceme many-flowered (except no. 1); berry unarmed, rarely glendular-bristly.—CURRANTS. Leaves convolute in the bud; flowers bright yellow; calyx-tube salver- form: var. tenuiflorum of. 2... ee ee 1. R. aureum. Leaves plaited in the bud; flowers rose-red varying to white. Leaves thin, glabrous or nearly so; var. glutinosum of - 2. R. sanguinewm. Leaves thick, very rugulose, more or less white-tomentose beneath. . : bi x: 5 . R. malvaceum. Thorny and often prickly; leaves plaited in the bud; raceme 1 to 4-flowered. — GOOSEBERRIES. Petals plane, fan-shaped; anthers obtuse and pointless; styles long- villous; berry glabrous..... ......... . R. divaricatum. Petals involute; anthers sagittate, mucronate-tipped; styles glabrous; y Calyx greenish white. .... Si eS Sa hg 5. R. Victoris, SAXIPRAGE FAMILY. 273 Calyx greenish, glabrous exteriorly; soft bristles of the ovary non- lamers eg eset ioe He Soe eae fee al Sea Se 6. R. Californicum. Calyx purplish, glandular-pubescent exteriorly; hairs of the ovary capitate-glandular ~~ . . ot. R. Menziesit. 1. R. aureum Pursh var. tenuiflorum. Shrub 4 to 8 ft. high, nearly glabrous, not glandular; leaves 3 to 5-lobed, obtuse or truncate at base, the lobes few-toothed or incised; racemes about 1 in. long, loose, with few to several flowers, the bracts foliaceous and conspicu- ous; flowers golden yellow; calyx-tube salverform, 3 to 4 times the length of the oval lobes; berry yellowish, 2 lines long.—(R. tenui- florum Lindl.) Wild-cat Creek, acc. to Behr, and southward in the Oakland Hills; also in the Sierra Nevada. ‘ 2. R. sanguineum Pursh var. glutinosum Brew. & Wats. FLiowrrine Currant. Erect or spreading shrub, 5 to 8 or 9 ft. high; bark brownish, shreddy; herbage glandular; leaves thin, orbicular-cordate in outline, 1 to 1} in. broad, the lobes shallow and rather finely serrate; petioles 1 to 14 in. long; racemes 1 to 2 in. long, the bracts colored; flowers rose-color, 5 lines long; pedicels 3 lines long, with 2 bractlets at apex; calyx reddish, the lobes elliptic, spreading; petals obovaté, 1} lines long, white, changing to deep. red; stamens and style not surpassing the petals; berries blue-black, with bloom, 4 lines in diameter.—(R. glutinosum Benth.) Common near the coast in cafions or on northward slopes. Jan.-—Mar. 8. R. malvaceum Smith. Similar to the preceding but with stouter branches and commonly more strictly erect and compact, 4 to 6 ft. high; leaves thick, conspicuously rugulose, slightly scabrous above, more or less white-tomentose beneath; flowers rose-color or very pale pink; berry glaucous, somewhat hispidulous or hairy, the pulp soft and sweet. - Open hills about Berkeley or in deep cations of the Vaca Mountains. Dee.—Jan., fruiting as early as Mar. Mr. H. A. Dutton, of Stanford University, notes that the racemes of this are usually erect, while those of R. sanguineum are drooping. 4. R. divaricatum Dougl. SrraccLy GoosEBERRY. Four to 6 ft. high, with long straggling branches; bark dull gray; herbage glandular when young; subaxillary spines 3 or more often 1; leaves roundish, palmately 3 to 5-cleft, the divisions incised or crenately toothed; petioles shorter or longer than the blades; racemes drooping; pedicels slender, 3} in. long, with a small roundish bract at base; flowers 5 lines long; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long, green without, dull purple within; petals white, fan-shaped, plane, less than 1 line long; stamens and style long-exserted, the latter deeply cleft, long-villous at the middle. . Common in shaded caiions and flats from Southern California northward, mostly near the coast: San Francisco; Oakland Hills; Marin Co. Feb. 5. R. Victoris Greene. VicTor’s GoosEBERRY. Low bush, 20 274 PLATANACE, 14 to 2 ft. high, the branches of the season or preceding season with soft prickles and weak spines, the older branches unarmed and with gray-brown bark; young herbage hirsutulous and very. viscid- glandular; leaves } to 1} in. long, crenately incised, distinctly 5-lobed, the lower pair much smaller; flowers 8 lines long, on long (1 to 1} in.) slender pedicels which bear an ovate bract 1 line long close below the flower, or the bracts 2 and the flowers as many; sepals dull white; petals clear white, similar to no. 7; filaments stoutish, much surpassing the petals; fruit golden yellow, 7 or 8 lines in diameter, densely covered with slender prickles. Marin Co., Chesnut; near Sonoma; inner North Coast Ranges (Vaca Mountains), where it is the only Gooseberry, so far as known. Mar. 6. R. Californicum H. & A. HILLSIDE GoosEBERRY. Compact shrub, with more or less flexuous branches, 2} to 4 ft. high; leaves at flowering time mostly 4 to ? in. broad, the entire upper surface glandular-shining; flowers solitary (sometimes 2), 5 lines long; pedicels with a couple of shallowly lobed bracts at middle; calyx greenish, purplish-tinged, glabrous; petals white, and convolute as in no. 7; ovary covered with soft bristles intersperséd with short gland-tipped hairs. Dry exposed slopes of the Berkeley Hills. Feb.-Mar. To be distinguished from the preceding by its greenish calyx which is glabrous externally and by the soft non-glandular bristles of the ovary. Doubtless not worthy of full specific rank. 7. R. Menziesii Pursh. Caton GoosrBErry. Tall openly branched shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high; stems with mostly 3 strong spines at the nodes and also more or less prickly, especially on the sterile shoots; pedicels 1 or 2-flowered, the bractlet rather near the flower; flowers } in. long; exterior of calyx more or less glandular-pubescent, its lobes lurid-purple, 3 lines long, closely reflexed; petals white, waxy, involute from each edge, truncate and often minutely crenulate- toothed at apex, 2 lines long, the stamens nearly twice as long; style exceeding the stamens, 2-cleft at apex; ovary covered with short hairs, the hairs capitate-glandular.—(R. subvestitum H. & A.) Outer Coast Ranges of Middle California. The flowers appear in Jan, or Feb. from winter buds, the scales of which are homologous to petioles. 62. PLATANACEA. Pianr-rrRee Famity. Large trees with alternate ample palmately lobed leaves and sheathing stipules; dilated base of petiole enclosing the bud of the next season; bark falling away in thin plates. Inflorescence con- sisting of spherical or head-like clusters distributed at intervals along a terminal very slender axis and thus appearing moniliform. Flowers moneecious, the staminate and the pistillate on separate axes. Calyx and corolla none. Stamens with long anthers and very short fila- ments densely crowded on a globose fleshy receptacle. Receptacle ROSACEA. 275 « of pistillate heads siiilar, the pistils with interspersed clavate trun- cate bracts; ovary l-ovuled; style one, filiform, laterally stigmatic. Fruit a coriaceous nutlet with tawny hairs about the base. Seed orthotropous, pendulous. 1. PLATANUS L. Puane Trex. The only genus. (Greek platus, broad, referring to the ample leaves.) 1. P. racemosa Nutt. Sycamore. Widely branching, 50 to 80 ft. high; leaves stellate-pubescent when young, broader than long, 5 to 6 in. broad, mostly 5-lobed, at base truncate or subcordate; lobes acute, the lower pair smaller; margin entire, save for the remote small and blunt cusps terminating the main veins; pistillate heads 3 to 5; staminate heads several. Common tree along all large interior streams, ranging from the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers westward through the Mt. Diablo Range to the eastern slope of Bald Peak near Berkeley, Alameda Creek near Niles, Los Gatos Creek, Carnadero Creek near Gilroy and southward through the Coast Ranges to Southern Cali- fornia. Not in the North Coast Ranges so far as known to us. Mar. 68. ROSACEA. Rose Famity. Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, toothed or divided, ours with stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes, or cymes. Calyx 5 (or 4)-lobed. Petals 5, rarely none. Stamens 10 to numer- ous, usually indefinite, inserted with the petals on the calyx below its lobes. Pistils 1 to many, distinct and free from the calyx, or united into a 2 to 5-celled ovary which is nearly or completely inferior. Fruit a follicle, an achene, a drupe, a cluster of drupelets (as in a blackberry), or a pome. Seeds with straight embryo; endo- sperm usually none. Calyx in certain genera appearing double by a row of bractlets borne at or near the sinuses. A. Ovary superior. Fruit dehiscent, consisting of 2 to 5 follicles; shrubs with simple leaves.— SPIREE (Meadow Sweet Tribe). ; Follicles dehiscent by both sutures, several-seeded; flowers in corymbs. . z 1. OPULASTER. Follicles dehiscent by the dorsal suture or indehiscent, 1-seeded; flowers AD! PANICIES: igo ae elem vi lah Be apy ww Set ee ee A 2. HOLopIscvs. Fruit indehiscent, consisting of 1 to many achenes or composed of drupelets and styled a ‘ berry.”—ROsEz (Rose Tribe). Shrubs. 4 . Leaves simple; pistil 1, becoming an achene. in Petals white; leaves linear and rigid; achene not tailed... .... 8. ADENOSTOMA. Petals none; leaves broadly obovate; achene with long plumosé tail.. i a F sg reps Leaves pinnately compound; pistils many, disposed on the inside of a Lipbose or Geneshaped calyx-tube which -is lined by the receptacle and in fruit termed’a “hip;”’ stems prickly... . 5. Rosa. Leaves simple or compound; pistils many on a convex receptacle, becoming drupelets which are coherent and form the fruit called a “berry ’”’ & le a a a 8 . 6. Rubus. 276 ROSACEA. Herbs. Perennials. . 7 Pistils many on a convex receptacle, becoming achenes; calyx with a row of bractlets alternating with the sepals. Receptacle beehy,; leaves 3-foliolate. .. . 7. FRAGARIA. Receptacle dry; leaves digitate or pinnate... 8. POTENTILLA. Pistil1; leaves pinnate. : Petals yellow; prickles of calyx hooked at tip .. 9, AGRIMONIA. Petals none; prickles of calyx straight, but retrorsely barbed . 10. ACHNA. Annuals; diminutive plants, with palmately divided leaves; petals none; pistil (in ours) 1, becoming an achene. . . . 11. ALCHEMILLA. Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and early-falling stipules; fruit a drupe. —DRvupE& (Cherry Tribe). Flowers dicecious; pistils 5; drupeslto4. » .. .12. OSMARONIA. Flowers perfect; drupe solitary. Leaves conduplicate in the bud; drupe without bloom; stone spherical. 13. CERASUS. Leaves convolute in the bud; drupe with bloom; stone compressed. . 14, PRUNUS. B. Ovary inferior. Trees and shrubs with simple leaves and free stipules; -fruit a pome, con- sisting of a2 to 5-celled ovary which is enclosed inand mostly adherent to the fleshy calyx-tube.—PoME& (Apple Tribe). Leaves evergreen, coriaceous; flowers small, numerous in a corymbose panicle; fruit bright red, the 2 carpels enclosed in the berry-like COLY Rips toca eens c F re . 15. HETEROMELES. Leaves deciduous. Flowers in corymbs; ovary 2 to 5-celled. Pome drupe-like, containing 2 to 5 bony stones, either separable or united into one; branches bearing thorns. . . .16. CRATHGUS. Pome containing 2 to 5 papery or cartilaginous esepels, Sian 2-seeded . . MALUS. Flowers in racemes, showy; ovary 6-celled, each cell in fruit becoming 2-eelled by a partition from the back . . .18, AMELANCHIER. 1. OPULASTER Medic. Nine Bark. Diffuse shrubs with reddish brown shreddy bark. Leaves simple; stipules deciduous. Flowers white, in corymbs terminating lateral leafy branchlets. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5, rounded, equal. Stamens 20 to 24. Pistils 1 to 5, mostly 3, some- what united toward the base, becoming as many inflated 2 to 4-seeded follicles dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds crustaceous, shining, with copious endosperm.—(Opulus, ancient Latin name of a kind of maple tree, and aster, a suffix meaning wild.) 1. O. opulifolius (L.) Kuntze var. capitatus. Three to 5 ft. high or often with sucker-like stems nearly twice as long, commonly forming with other shrubs and with climbers w dense tangle; leaves roundish or ovate, 3-lobed and irregularly serrate, glabrous or scabrous above, stellate-pubescent beneath, 1 to 2 in. long, on peti- oles 3 in. long or more; leaves of sterile shoots similar but larger; eevee and calyx pubescent; corymbs hemispherical, $ to 1 in. igh; petals 1} lines long; stamens alternately long and short; pods divergent, commonly 3 to 4 lines long, splitting into 2 valves.— (Neillia capitata Greene.) y Common along streams in the hills, often. gregarious on steep north hillsides: Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Napa Valley and northward; apparently not occurring in the inner North Coast or Mt. Diablo ROSE FAMILY. 277 Ranges, but found in the Sierra Nevada. Apr. Winter buds narrowly oblong, acute, 3 in. long, the scales homologous with petioles. The sucker-like growths of a single year sometimes attain a length of 8 ft. 2. HOLODISCUS Maxim. Deciduous shrubs with toothed or lobed leaves and no stipules. Flowers creamy-white, small, numerous in terminal panicles. Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Stamens 20, on a ring-like perigynous disk. Petals 5, rounded. Pistils 5, distinct, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Follicles hairy, 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent or indehis- cent. (Greek holo, whole or complete, and diskos, a disk.) 1. H. discolor (Pursh) Maxim. var. ariefolius (Wats). Cati- FORNIA Meapow Sweet. Shrub, 8 to 6 ft. high; leaves ovate to ovate-elliptic in outline, green above, whitish beneath with soft hairs, cvarsely serrate or incised above the entire truncate or broadly cuneate base, # to 8 in. long, on petioles 2 to 6 lines long; panicle ample, 8 to 8 in. long, often half drooping in anthesis; flowers 14 lines long; follicles about 1 line long.—(Spirea ariefolia Smith.) Common in wooded caiions of the Coast Range hills. 3. ADENOSTOMA H. & A. Evergreen shrubs with somewhat resinous herbage, Leaves linear, rigid, entire, small, numerous and mostly fascicled. Flowers small, white, disposed in a terminal and rather close pyramidal panicle, the branches of which are racemose. Calyx obconical, 5-lobed, 10-ribbed, with small bracts at base, the orifice bearing 5 glands. Petals 5. Stamens 10 to 15, inserted 2 or 8 together, alternate with the petals. Pistil 1, simple; ovary obovoid, 1-celled; ovules 1 or 2, suspended; style lateral, curved, with an obliquely dilated stigma. Fruit an achene, covered by the indurated calyx-tube. (Greek aden, gland, and stoma, mouth, in allusion to the calyx.) 1. A. fasciculatum H. & A. Cuamisat. Bush, 2 to 10 ft. high, with virgate branches clothed with leaf-fascicles; leaves linear or rather broader towards the apex, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules small, acute; flowers crowded, sessile; calyx 1 line long; petals orbicular, spreading. The most abundant and characteristic bush of the higher Coast Ranges, commonly gregarious and occupying (to the exclusion of other shrubs) extensive slopes and mountain ridges, such vegetation known to mountaineers as ‘‘ Chamisal,’’ ‘‘Chamiso’’ or ‘‘ Grease- wood.’’ It often forms a distinct zone, as in the Sierras, between the foothills and the Yellow Pine belt. June. The leaves of seed- lings are pinnately dissected into 3 to 5 lobes. 4. CERCOCARPUS HBK. Shrubs or low trees with simple leaves. Flowers from winter buds, solitary or fascicled, terminal on the short branchlets. Calyx consisting of « slender pedicel-like tube sarmounted by the low hemispherical 278 ROSACEA. (or broadly campanulate) limb; limb with broad short triangular teeth, the whole limb deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous, borne in 2 or 3 rows on the calyx. Pistil one, with a single long style and terminal stigma; ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a terete villous achene enclosed in the elongated calyx-tube and surmounted by the very much elongated twisted soft-hairy style. (Greek kerkis, a shuttle, and karpos, » fruit, in reference to the achene and its twisted tail.) 1. C. betulefolius Nutt. Mounrary Manoaany. Shrub or small tree, 6 to 14 ft. high, the stem with a gray thin flaky bark; branches spreading or recurving; leaves subcoriaceous, broadly obo- vate, serrate above the middle, cuneate and entire towards the base, conspicuously feather-veined, dark green and shining above, pubes- cent beneath; calyx-limb open campanulate, 3 lines broad, the tube in fruit becoming 3 in. long, of a reddish brown color, somewhat contracted above; stamens 25 to 60; achene coriaceous, the hairy style 3 in. long or less. Common in the Coast Ranges, mostly at middle or high elevations, from the Yallo Bally Mountains southward. Flowering in Mar., but more conspicuous in late summer on account of the long feathery tails of the fruit. 5. ROSA L. Rose. Shrubby prickly plants with odd-pinnate leaves and adnate stipules. Flowers large, ours mostly pink, solitary or corymbose. Calyx-tube globose or urn-shaped, becoming fleshy in fruit; calyx-limb 5-parted. Bractlets none. Petals 5 (rarely 6, 7 or 8), rounded, spreading, inserted with the numerous stamens on the edge of the thin disk which lines the calyx-tube and bears within and toward the base the numerous distinct pistils. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes. Achenes enclosed in the globose or urn-shaped calyx-tube, which is popularly termed a ‘“hip.’’? (The Latin name.) Flowers solitary, or 2 or 8in a cluster; calyx-lobes ‘deciduous from the fruit. . R. gymnocarpa. Flowers few to many in a corymb; calyx-lobes persistent in fruit. Calyx-lobes soft-pubescent outside; plants 3 to5 ft. high ormore .... 2. R. Californica. Calyx-lobes glandular-hispid outside: var. Sonomensis of 3. R. spithamexa. 1. R. gymnocarpa Nutt. Woop Ros. Slender, 1 to 8 ft. high, glabrous, the branchlets and rachis of the leaves armed with long slender straight prickles, or sometimes nearly unarmed; leaves 2 or 3 in. long; leaflets 3 or commonly 5, elliptic or roundish, 3 to 9 lines long, doubly serrate, the minute teeth yland-tipped; flowers generally solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; corolla 7 to 10 lines broad; pedicels glabrous or more frequently clothed with gland-tipped hairs; calyx- lobes at length deciduous; hips ovate or pear-shaped, red, 4 to 7 lines long. Shady woods or among bushes on north slopes in the hills, or often near streams. 2. R. Californica C. & S. Cartrornra Writp Ross. Erect, ROSE FAMILY. 279 branching shrub 3 to 6 ft. high or more; prickles few, stout, recurved, mostly in pairs below the leaves; leaves pubescent, especially on the lower surface; leaflets 5 or commonly 7, ovate to elliptic, $ to 1} in. long; flowers in terminal corymbs, 1 to 1} in. broad; pedicels glandu- lar-pubescent; hips globose, 4 to 6 lines broad, somewhat constricted below the calyx-lobes. Common everywhere along river and creek banks throughout California, often forming small thickets. Flowering most freely in June, the hips ripe Aug.—Oct. 3. R. spithamza Wats. var. Sonomensis. Sonoma Ross. Branches several from the base, erect, mostly simple, 9 to 12 in. high, densely armed with stout straight or slightly recurved prickles; leaflets 5, broadly ovate, 4 to 8 lines long, serrate, with the teeth minutely glandular-denticulate; flowers small, several in a corymb; hips globose, 8 to 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, glandu- lar-hispid, rather closely erect in fruit.—(R. Sonomensis Greene. ) Rare montane species, on high dry slopes: Sonoma Co., Greene; Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Saratoga, Santa Clara Co., Dary. R. SPITHAMEA Wats., Mountain Rose, is found in Trinity Co. 6. RUBUS L. Ours shrubs, either erect or with long trailing or climbing prickly or unarmed stems and branches. Leaves simple, or pinnately com- pound with 8 to 5 leaflets. Calyx 4-parted, without bractlets. Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Pistils many, crowded on an elevated receptacle, becoming drupelets which are united to each other and form the aggregate fruit called a blackberry or raspberry. . (Latin _ aggTes y poerry name, allied to ruber, red.) Fruif conical or hemispherical, concave beneath, the drupelets parting from the receptacle as a whole when ripe. Stems unarmed; leaves simple, palmately lobed: var. velutinus of .... 1. R. parviflorus. Stems prickly; leaflets 3-foliolate. Flowers red; leaves pubescent or silky beneath: var. Menziesiiof. ... 2. R. spectadilis. Flowers white; leaves white-tomentose beneath. . . .3. R. leucodermis. Fruit oblong, the drupelets persistent upon the receptacle; leaves mostly 3 to 5-foliolate, a few simple; stems and leaves very prickly. .... . 4, R. vitifolius. 1. R. parviflorus Nutt. var. velutinus (Brewer) Greene. THIMBLE Burry. Commonly 8 or 4 ft. high; herbage hispid, the pubescence of the petioles and stems more or less glandular; leaves palmately 5-lobed, circular in outline, 3 to 7 in. broad, mucronate- serrate; petioles shorter than the blade; stipules lanceolate, deciduous; flowers about 4 to 7 in terminal corymbs, white (rarely pinkish), 1 to 3 in. broad, very variable in the number of sepals and petals; lobes of sepals ovate, terminated by a tail-like or sometimes foliaceous appendage often of nearly the same length; petals elliptic. Common along caiion streams in the hill country near the coast: Monterey; Oakland Hills; Napa Mountains; Sonoma Co. and north- ward, May. 280 ROSACEA. 2. R. spectabilis Pursh var. Menziesii Wats. Satmon Berry, Three to 9 ft. high, the stems with reddish brown bark and sparingly armed, or the canes (sterile shoots) very prickly; prickles short, straight; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, doubly serrate, often more or less lobed, 1 to 2 in. long, lightly pubescent or silky beneath; flowers 1 to 8 in acluster; petals red, 6 to 7 lines long; fruit large, ovoid, red or yellow, glabrous. Margins of woods and along streams in the vicinity of the ocean: Marin Co. (common on Point Reyes) and northward. Apr. 3. R. leucodermis Dougl. RaspBerry. Plants with very long and straggling branches, these and the petioles freely armed with short recurved prickles; herbage glaucous; leaves 3-foliolate; stipules setaceous; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often unequal- sided at base, doubly serrate, 4 to 2 in. long, pubescent but green above, white with a dense close tomentum below; flowers few, corymbose, white, 6 lines broad; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate, exceeding the petals; fruit glaucous, of an agreeable flavor, either bluck or red. Rarely collected within our limits: Santa Cruz Mountains; Sonoma Co. Frequent in northern California. Sierra Nevada. _4. R.vitifolius C. & 5. Common BLackBeRRyY. Stems a few ft. high, and more or less erect, or 8 to 18 ft. long and trailing over the ground or climbing over other shrubs; leaves pubescent or almost glabrous, all pinnately 8 to 5-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, doubly serrate, } to 2} in. long, or sometimes a few upper leaves simple and ovate or palmately lobed; petals 8 or 9 lines, long; fruit black, oblong, sweet. Common along creeks and rivers in the valleys and among the hills of the Coast Range country and Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, 7. FRAGARIA L. SrrawBerry. Perennial acaulescent herbs propagating by runners. Leaves tufted, 3-foliolate, with membranous stipules and cuneate-obovate serrate leaflets. Flowers white, borne in cymes on a naked scape. Calyx persistent, bearing 5 bractlets alternate with the calyx-lobes. Petals obovate, short-clawed. Pistils numerous, distinct, borne on an elevated convex receptacle; styles lateral. Fruit berry-like, formed of the enlarged succulent receptacle which bears the minute seed-like achenes. (Name in reference to the fragrance of the berry.) Leaves thin, light green; achenes borne on the surface of the receptacle. . ss 1. F. Californica. Leaves thicker, dark green; achenes partly imbedded in the surface of the receptacle . ae oa wee A ye . .2. F. Chilensis. 1. F. CalifornicaC. &S. Woop Strawserry, Herbage pilose; leaflets thin, light green, 1 to 1} in. long; scapes 4 or 5 in. high, cymosely 2-flowered; sepals and bractlets laciniately 2 or 3-toothed or entire; petals orbicular with a small abruptly acute point at apex, or the margin near the apex slightly crimped, 8 to 4 lines long; fruit globose, about 4 lines in diameter, the achenes borne superficially. ROSE FAMILY. 281 Woods of the Coast Ranges, from upper Napa Valley southward. Not reported from the inner North Coast Ranges. Feb.—May. 2. F. Chilensis Duchesne. Sanp SrrawBerry. Runners rather stout; upper surface of leaves glabrous, the herbage otherwise densely pubescent with long weak hairs (especially the under surface of the leaves) and often, also, with a fine indument; leaves of firm texture, dark green, the leaflets 3 to 1 in. long; scapes several-flowered, 1 to 4 in. high; flowers 1 in. in diameter, said by Greene to be diccious; sepals entire; petals roundish, 4 to 6 lines long; receptacle with the achenes embedded in its surface. Sandbanks and hills near the sea from San Francisco northward. Mar.—May. 8. POTENTILLA L. Five Frycer. Perennial herbs (or some species of the High Sierras suffrutescent), with compound leaves and serrate or cleft leaflets. Flowers in ours white or yellow, in terminalcymes. Calyx saucer-shaped, campanu- late, or cup-shaped, cleft into 5 lobes, with as many alternate bractlets at the sinuses. Petals orbicular to linear. Stamens 10 to many, the filaments filiform or variously dilated. Pistils many or numerous, borne upon an elevated receptacle, becoming in fruit small turgid erustaceous achenes; styles lateral or nearly terminal, deciduous. (Diminutive of the Latin potens, powerful, some species used medici- nally.) Stamens 10 to many; filaments filiform; le yellow, obovate, not clawed. Stamens 10(?); leaves palmately 3-foliolate; stems erect or ascending... 2. P. millegrana. Stamens 20 to 25; leaves pinnate, White-silky beneath; creeping herb. ..... ...1. P. Anserina. Green on both faces; stems erect. ..........-.-. 3. P. glandulosa. Stamens 10 in 2 rows, alternately long and short; filaments dilated through- out or at base only; petals white, obovate or linear, often clawed. Cymes disposed to be lax; bractlets mostly as large as the calyx-lobes. Herbage glandular-pubescent and green; bractlets entire or toothed. Calyx short-campanulate; leaflets sharply toothed or sparingly incised; stems slender........ F i 4. P. multijuga. Calyx cup-shaped. Leaflets toothed or incised at apex; stems stout. . . 5. P. Californica. Leaflets incisely once or twice cleft; stems slender. . 6. P. elata. Herbage white-silky, glandless; bractlets entire... . . 7. P. Kelloggit. Cymes more condensed; bractlets smaller than the calyx-lobes; stems sparingly leafy, the leaves mostly in a radical tuft. Lobes of the leaflets obtuse; petals notched at apex. . .8. P. tenwiloba. Teeth or short lobes of the leaflets acute; petals entire .9. P. Bolanderi. 1. P. Anserina L. Gooss-crass. Root perennial, thick, bearing a tuft of leaves, stems and peduncles; stems slender, prostrate, rooting at each joint; flowers one to several, long-peduncled; leaves white- silky beneath, green above; leaflets 7 to 21, with smaller ones inter- posed, oblong, sharply serrate; bractlets about equaling the calyx- lobes; petals rounded, much exceeding the calyx; stamens 20 to 25; receptacle hairy. ; ; Marshy or springy places along the seacoast (San Francisco, Marin Co. and elsewhere). Sierra Nevada. Apr.-Aug. 282 ROSACE, 2. P. millegrana Engelm. Stems erect or ascending, leafy up to the inflorescence; leaves ternately 8-foliolate, the lower on long slender petioles; leaflets cuneate-obovate or roundish, serrate towards the apex, about 3 in. long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; flowers very numerous ‘in lax cymes; stamens about 10; achenes white.— (P. rivalis var. millegrana Wats.) Lower San Joaquin River. 8. P. glandulosa Lindl. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, glandular- pubescent above; radical leaves 4 to 8 or even 15 in. long; leaflets 5 or 7 (or those of the uppermost leaves 8), broadly ovate or obovate: with cuneate base, 1 to 3 in. long; cyme lax, leafy-bracted; flowers small, the pale yellow obovoid petals scarcely equaling the calyx; stamens 25, in one row on the margin of the thickened disk; style attached below the middle of the ovary. Wooded hills of the Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains; Napa Valley hills; Oakland Hills; San Francisco Peninsula. Not reported from the inner Coast Ranges. Apr.-May. The var. Nevadensis Wats. oceurs in the Sierras. 4. P. multijuga Lehm. MHerbage glandular; stems erect, 1 ft. high, the leaves mostly at base; leaflets 17 to 23, or the terminal ones more or less confluent, roundish to cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed except at the very base, 5 to 6 lines long; calyx short-campanulate, the bractlets entire, smaller than the lobes; petals narrowly oblong, white, spreading; filaments subulate-dilated, the alternate little shorter. Monterey to Santa Barbara; to be expected at Santa Cruz. Very doubtfully distinct from the next. 5. P. Californica (C. & 8.) Greene. Stems stoutish, 1 to 2 ft. high; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves mostly radical; leaflets thickish, 9 to 21 (or the upper leaves with fewer leaflets), cuneate-obovate to -oblong, toothed or incised at the apex, } to 1 in. or less long; flowers solitary, or commonly in dense clusters in a cymose-dichotomous inflorescence; calyx cup-shaped, 4 to 6 lines high, about equaling the spatulate petals; bractlets exceeding the sepals, sometimes 3-toothed at the broad apex.—(Horkelia Californica C. & S. Wooded slopes of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Oakland Hills. Var, Carmeliana. Stems slender, 1} to 23 ft. high, leafy; leaflets 9 to 17, thin, ovate, incised-serrate, mostly about 4 in. long; calyx- tube becoming purplish in age.—Carmel River, Jepson, Aug. 1896; a form as to habit intermediate between P. Californica on the one hand, and P. elata and P. tenuiloba on the other. The following is a closely allied species not seen by us:—P. FRon- poss Greene. Erect or decumbent, 1} to 3 ft. high, leafy through- out, viscidly hirsute and heavy scented; leaflets 5 to 9, doubly incised; stipules ovate-lanceolate, coarsely incised; cyme widely spreading, loose and leafy; calyx short-campanulate, the spreading bractlets exceeding the calyx-lobes, 3-toothed at apex; petals ligulate; stamens very unequal.—Near Martinez and Santa Cruz. ROSE FAMILY. 283 6. P. elata Greene. One and one-half to 2 ft. high; herbage glandular, pilose-pubescent; radical leaves 6 to 12 in. long, the leaflets 15 to 19, thin, cuneate-obovate, } in. long or less, once or twice- incisely cleft; flowers solitary or in 8’s; bractlets of the calyx equal- ing the segments, lanceolate; petals spatulate, white; stamens 10, 5 short and with filiform filaments, the other 5 with filaments deltoid-- dilated at base. Middle North Coast Ranges from Howell Mountain and Calistoga northward to Elk Mountain, Lake Co. July. 7. P. Kelloggii Greene. Stems stout, ascending or reclining, 1 to- 2 ft. long; herbage glandless, white-silky with short dense hairs; radical leaves 4 to 10 in. long, the leaflets obovate, coarsely toothed, 3 to 1 in. long; calyx-tube cup-shaped, its lobes lanceolate, equaled by the oblong entire bractlets; petals white, spatulate-oblong, 3 lines. long.—(Horkelia Californica C. & S. var. sericea Gray.) Alameda to Pacific Grove. June. Fragrant acc. to Kellogg, scentless acc. to Greene. 8. P. tenuiloba (Gray) Greene. Stems about 1 ft. high; radical leaves + to 6 in. long, mostly villous with grayish hairs; leaflets 8 to 15 pairs, 2 or 8 lines long, cuneate-obovate, deeply 4 to 8-cleft into- linear lobes, the segments rather less than } line wide; upper leaves- with fewer leaflets, these narrow and few-lobed or linear and entire; flowers in close cymes; calyx 2 lines long, with linear lobes; petals. narrowly cuneate, notched at apex, exceeding the calyx.—(Horkelia. fusca var. tenuiloba Torr.) Laguna of Santa Rosa Creek, Bigelow, 1854. Very rarely collected. Var. Micheneri (P. Micheneri Greene). Leaves 8 in. long, glabrous when young, glabrate in age; leaflets crowded, the lobes. narrowly oblong, obtuse; cymes very much condensed; petals cuneate- obcordate; filaments broadly dilated, of nearly uniform breadth from base to apex.—Mt. Tamalpais, Michener, June 1, 1892. 9. P. Bolanderi (Gray) Greene. Leaves tufted from the branch- ing crown of a perennial root, hoary-pubescent, 1 to 2 in. long; leuf- lets cuneate-obovate, 2 or 8 lines long, toothed or cleft at apex, the teeth acute; flowering branches very sparingly leafy, 2 to 10 in. high, the flowers in a rather open cyme; calyx 2 lines long, about equaling the white oblong-spatulate petals; calyx-lobes and bractlets lanceolate; achenes minutely granular.—(Horkelia Bolanderi Gray.) Dry hills about the southern shores of Clear Lake; to be expected in northeastern Napa Co. July. 9. AGRIMONIA L. Agrimony. Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets. Flowers yellow, in racemes. Bracts 3-cleft. Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted at the throat and the upper part beset with a ring of hooked prickles, indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; calyx-limb 5-cleft, the: lobes closing over the throat after flowering. Stamens 5 to 15. Styles terminal. (Name a corruption of the Greek word argema, « disease of the eye, the plants reputed to be medicinal.) 284 ROSACEA. 1. A.gyrosepala Wallr. Common Aarimony, Stems erect, 2 to 8 ft, high; herbage glandular, and both hirsute and puberulent; leaflets 5 or 7, with interposed smaller ones, ovate or obovate, 3} in. long or less, coarsely toothed, entire at the base; terminal leaflet usually largest and cuneate at base; flowers 2} lines long.—(A. Eupatoria of Bot. Cal., ete.) Borders of woods in the mountains: Elk Mountain, Lake Co.; northern Sierra Nevada. 10. ACAENA L. Perennial herbs with u woody base, pinnate leaves and pinnatifid leaflets. Flowers in more or less crowded spikes. Calyx persistent, its tube oblong, contracted at the throat, at length armed with retrorsely barbed prickles; limb 38 to 7-parted, valvate, deciduous. Petals none. Stamens commonly 3 to 5, but varying from 1 to 10. Pistils 1 or 2, free and distinct; style terminal; ovule solitary, suspended. Achene enclosed in the indurated calyx. (Greek akaina, a thorn, in reference to the spines on the calyx.) 1. A. trifida R. & P. Flowering stems erect with decumbent base, 5 to 13 in. high, sometimes almost naked, the leaves borne mostly at base or tufted on the short woody branches crowning the perennial root; herbage villous, especially when young, and more or less silky on the under surface of the leaves; leaflets 11 to 17, nearly uniform, 8 to 4 lines long, pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments; flowers green, in a crowded spike, or the lower flowers remote; calyx- tube white-hirsute with short hairs and armed with slender prickles, in fruit 4-angled; stamens dark purple; achene round-oblong. Dry or rocky soil of hilltops in the Coast Ranges near the ocean from Marin Co. and the Oakland Hills to the Gabilan Range and Monterey. June. 11. ALCHEMILLA L. Lapy’s Mantz. Ours a diminutive annual herb with palmately lobed leaves and sheathing stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, pediceled and fas- cicled in the axils. Calyx persistent, its tube pitcher-shaped, i. ¢., enlarged above the base and somewhat contracted at the throat; limb 4 or 5-parted and bearing an equal number of alternate bractlets, -or these minute or obsolete. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4. Pistils 1 to 4 (in ours 1), distinct, the slender style lateral or arising from near the base. Achene ovate, slightly compressed, smooth, concealed in the tube of the persistent calyx. (So named because valued in alchemy.) 1. A. arvensis (L.) Scop. Simple or commonly branching from the base, 1 to 3 in. high or more, the branches slender and flower- bearing throughout; herbage scantily pubescent with soft hairs; leaves fan-shaped, 8-parted, the segments 2 or 8-cleft; calyx about } line long, the tube usually densely hirsute and much contracted ander the lobes. Hills and plains; common. Apr. A sheet of specimens (identical ROSE FAMILY. 285 in habit and aspect) collected by Bioletti at Byron, Apr. 8, 1892, exhibit on different individuals calyces densely hirsute and calyces, perfectly glabrous. 12. OSMARONIA Greene. Shrub with.simple entire deciduous leaves and caducous stipules. Flowers diccious, white, fragrant, in nodding racemes terminating leafy branchlets. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous. Petals erect in the pistillate flower, spreading in the staminate. Stamens of staminate flower 15, in 38 rows, 10 inserted with the petals, 5 inserted lower down upon the disk lining the calyx-tube; stamens of pistillate flower present but abortive. Pistils 5, simple, free and distinct, glabrous; styles short, lateral, jointed at base; ovules 2 to each ovary, pendulous. Fruit consisting of 1 to 4 ovoid drupes with a thin pulp and bony stone. Seed solitary; cotyledons convolute. (Osme, Greek adjective meaning fragrant, and Aronia, a genus founded by Persoon and now referred to Amelanchier.) 1. O. cerasiformis (T. & G.) Greene. Oso’ Berry. Three to 9 ft..high, the branchlets reddish; leaves glabrous, broadly oblong, narrowed to each end, mucronate, 14 to 24 in. long when mature, short-petioled; racemes with conspicuous bracts, several from leafy winter buds, rarely solitary; petals of staminate flower ovate, 3 lines long; petals of pistillate flower spatulate or obovate, 2 lines long; drupes blue-black, 5 to 7 lines long, the pulp bitter.—(Nuttallia cerasiformis T. & G.) Frequent in the outer (or seaward) Coast Ranges (Marin Co., San Francisco, Oakland Hills); rare in the inner Coast Ranges (Mt. Diablo; Tolenas Springs, Solano Co., Platt). Mar.-Apr., fruiting in July. Scales of the winter buds homologous with blades. 13, CERASUS L. CueErRry. Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, serrate, conduplicate in the bud. Flowers white, in corymbs or in racemes from lateral buds. Calyx 5-cleft, deciduous after flowering. Stamens 15 to 30. Pistil 1; style terminal, Drupe globose, without bloom; flesh in our species sweet or bitter; stone globose, not prominently margined. (Greek kerasos, the cherry tree, the name from Cerasus in Pontus.) Leaves deciduous, serrate or serrulate. Flowers in corymbs; leaves commonly with 1 or 2 glands near base of 151s (ee aera ea Se Cr eee . 1. C._emarginata. Flowers in racemes, the pedunele leafy; petiole with 1 or 2 glands below UO: DIBA E: varias. ee cas hogs | opel yor hance Gat alah © a day arlene 2. C. demissa. Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, spinose-toothed; flowers in racemes, the peduncie leafless... ....-0 we eeae 3. C. tlicifolia. 1. C. emarginata Dcug]l. Rep Cuerry. Shrub 3 to 8 ft. high, with smooth dull red bark; leaves ovate or more commonly oblong- obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrulate, $ to 14 in. long, on petioles 1 to 8 lines long; blade with 1 or 2 glands just above junction with petiole; flowers in short corymbs; fruit 4 or 5 lines long, bright red, the pulp intensely bitter, 286 ROSACE. Frequent in the Sierra Nevada; rare in the region of San + Francisco Bay (Oakland Hills; Mt. Tamalpais). 2. C. demissa Nutt. Western Cuoky-cHerry.. Erect slender -deciduous shrub, 2 to 10 ft. high; leaves oblong-ovate or more commonly oblong-obovate, acute at apex or abruptly short-pointed, finely serrate, 1 to 8 in. long; petioles 4 in. long, with 1 or 2 glands just below its summit; racemes 2 to 4 in. long, terminating more or less leafy peduncles; drupe red or dark purple, 3} lines long, astringent. Common: Sierra Nevada Mountains; middle North Coast Ranges (Napa Mountains); Oakland Hills; Mt. Hamilton, Greene. Rare on the seaboard or altogether absent. Last of Apr.—June. 3. C. ilicifolia Nutt. Istay. Evergreen, 8 to 18 ft. high; leaves coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, acute or obtuse, spinose-toothed, 1 to 2 in. long, short-petioled; racemes 1 to 24 in. long, on axillary leafless peduncles; flowers 2 lines long; drupe red or dark purple, 6 to 8 lines thick, slightly obcompressed, apiculate; flesh thin, sweetish when ripe. Oakland Hills; San Francisco Peninsula; Loma Prieta and south- ward to.Santa Barbara. May-June. 14. PRUNUS L. Puvum. Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple, serrate, convolute in the bud; stipules free, small or minute. Flowers in umbels borne on the wood of the previous season, appearing before or with the leaves. Calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil as in Cerasus. Fruit an ovoid drupe with fleshy sarcocarp of an acid taste and bony stone. Stone smooth, compressed, acutely edged on one margin and grooved on the other. (Classical name of the Plum.) 1. P. subcordata Benth. Srerra Pium. Shrub 5 to7 ft. high or sometimes arborescent and 10 ft. high, with crooked and rough gray-brown branches, and more or less spinescent branchlets; leaves ovate, elliptic to almost round, obtuse or truncate at base, rarely subcordate, 2 in. long or less, on petioles 2 or 8 lines long; flowers appearing with the leaves, 2 to 4 in a cluster, on pedicels } in. long; sepals linear or slightly acute, 1} lines long; petals obovate, somewhat concave, 4 lines long; stamens 25 or 30; drupe red, 3 to nearly 1 in. long, the pulp rather hard but more or less edible. Sierra Foothills, more abundant northward. Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains; Napa Mountains; Oakland Hills. Apr. 15. HETEROMELES Rem. Evergreen shrub with simple coriaceous serrate leaves. Flowers white, small, numerous, in terminal corymbose panicles. Calyx turbinate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 10, in pairs oppo- site the calyx-teeth; filaments dilated at base and somewhat connate. Pistils 2, lightly united, tomentose above, and only half-adherent to the fleshy calyx-tube, the thickened persistent calyx-teeth closed ROSE FAMILY. 287 ‘over them. Fruit bright red, berry-like, ovoid. Seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. (Greek heteros, different, and melon, an apple.) 1. H. arbutifolia Rem. Curistmas Berry. Toyon. Shrub, Tarely a small tree, 5 to 15 or 20 ft. high; leaves oblong, acute at base and apex, dark green, lighter benratls sharply serrate, 2 to 4 in. long, on petioles } to ¢ in. long; panicle in anthesis rather dense, 2 or 3 in. high; corolla 24 lines in diameter; fruit 3 or 4 lines long, the seeds obovate, flat on one side, convex on the other, } as long. Common on mountain sides and along streams everywhere in the Coast Ranges, flowering in July. It is one of the showiest of Cali- fornian shrubs when covered from Nov. to Jan. with its fine clusters -of crimson berries. 16. CRATAEGUS L. TuHorn. Thorny shrubs with simple toothed or lobed leaves. Flowers mostly white, heavy-scented, corymbose. Calyx-tube urn-shaped. Petals rounded. Stamens 5 to 20. Ovary inferior, or its summit free, 2 to 5-celled, or the carpels merely contiguous and not united; styles distinct. Pome more or less drupe-like, red or purple, con- taining 2 to 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets, these united or separable; calyx- teeth persistent. (Greek kratos, strength, in reference to the wood.) 1. C. rivularis Nutt. Shrub 9 to 14 ft. high; thorns stout, 23 in. long; leaves elliptic to obovate, doubly serrate, entire towards the base and often cuneate, shortly petioled, 1} to 22 in. long; fruit reddish-brown (or nearly black?), 3 or 4 lines long. Common in Oregon and northwestern California but rare within our limits: forming thickets in Sonoma Oo., Davy, Baker. 17. MALUS Juss. APPLE. Trees or shrubs with simple deciduous leaves and stipules which ‘disappear early. Flowers white or pink, in corymbs. Calyx-tube urn-shaped. Petals rounded, with claws. Styles usually 5, united at base; ovules 2 in each cell of the inferior ovary, the carpels more or less coriaceous. Fruit a pome, commonly depressed-globose and sunken at each end. (Latin name of the apple.) 1. M. rivularis (oer Rem. OrrGon CRAB APPLE. Shrub -or small tree, 12 to 20 ft. high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, less than 1 to 4 in. long, on petioles } or } as long; pedicels mostly less than 1 in. long; petals white, broadly elliptic, 3 or 4 lines long; fruit variable in color, yellow or partly or wholly red, obovate-oblong, not sunken at base, 4 to 3 in. long; calyx-lobes at length deciduous (acc. to Watson).—(Pyrus rivularis Dougl. North Coast Ranges: Sonoma Co.; ‘‘Soda Springs, Napa Valley, tree 25 to 30 ft. high, 8 in. [in diameter] at base, 6 in. at 6 ft. where it branches with the beauty of an elm.’’ Kellogg; Mendocino Co. and northward to Oregon. May. 18. AMELANCHIER Medic. Junz Berry. Shrubs or small trees with simple serrate leaves. Flowers white in 288 LEGUMINOS. racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate, more or less adnate to the ovary, the limb 5-parted, the lobes narrow, retlexed, and persistent. Petals 5, ascending. Stamens indefinite, about 20, the outer row with longer filaments. Pistil 1; styles 5, united below; ovary partly or wholly inferior, 5-celled, each cell in fruit divided into 2 by a par- tition from the back. Fruit berry-like, globose, the cells 1-seeded. (Savoy name of the Medlar.) 1. A. alnifolia Nutt. Shrub 8 to 15 ft. high; leaves mostly clliptic, sharply serrate near the apex or less commonly entire, $ to 14 in. long; petioles 4 to 6 lines long; racemes short and rather dense; petals broadly oblong, or somewhat cuneate at base, 5 lines long; fruit purplish, 2} or 8 lines in diameter. Hillsides of the Coast Ranges: Napa Valley; Oakland Hills, ete. Sierra Nevada. Very showy and beautiful in Apr. 64. LEGUMINOSZ.. -Pea Famtity. Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate stipulate leaves, in ours com- pound (except in Cercis). Leaflets 1 to many, usually entire. Calyx synsepalous, 5-toothed or -cleft, or in Lupinus bilabiate, mostly per- sistent. Corolla with 5 petals, in nearly all of ours papilionaceous, i. e., highly irregular and butterfly-like: the upper petal is called the banner; the lateral petals are called the wings; the two lower petals are joined by their edges to form the keel; the banner in the bud enfolds the wings which in turn cover the keel-petals; the claws of all the petals are free from one another. Stamens 10; united into a sheath around the ovary (monadelphous), or the upper stamen distinct from the others (diadelphous) or sometimes all distinct. Pistil 1, 1-celled. Fruit a legume (2-valved pod), with 1 row of seeds on the ventral side, commonly opening by both the dorsal and ventral sutures, the valves twisting in eypont directions, or sometimes indehiscent. Seeds mostly kidney-shaped, without endosperm. The corolla of Cercis is nearly regular. Amorpha has but one petal. The excep- tions to the ordinal diagnosis are many but only those which con- cern our flora are here noted. This is one of the largest of the natural orders, many species yielding important products. Leaves simple; corolla obscurely papilionaceous, only slightly irregular; SHTUDS' . a a eee te SO Re Se 1, CERCIS. Leaves compound; corolla papilionaceous, except no. 6. Stamens distinct; leaves palmately 8-foliolate. Flowers yellow, in racemes; stipules conspicuous; herbs Seer ae 2. THERMOPSIS. Flowers purple, solitary; stipules none; very spiny shrub........ : 3. XYLOTHERMIA. Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous. Calyx 5-toothed. Leaves unequally pinnate, leaflets many; fiowers in racemes or spikes. Herbage not glandular; stamens diadelphous; pod commonly inflated OP LUTBIG: ese sna ead ote a BG Nhe OO 4. ASTRAGALUS. Herbage glutinous or glandular-dotted. Pod prickly; herb. ............ . 5. GLYCYRRHIZA. Pod small, smooth, 1 or 2-seeded; shrub ..... 6. AMORPHA. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, glandular and aromatic; flowers in axillary spikes; pod indehiscent, 1-seeded; herbs. 7. PSORALEA. PEA FAMILY. 289 Leaves equally pinnate, the rachis produced into a branched tendril, rarely terminating in a bristle or imperfect leaflet. Style hairy all around at summit. a 8. Vicia. Style hairy on the upperside ............ 9. LATHYRUS, Leaves equally or apenas pinnate, the leaflets commonly 3 to many, sometimes 1 or 2; flowers in umbels, sometimes solitary ... ri 10. Lorus. Leaves 8-foliolate. Flowers in a head or head-like inflorescence, rarely in a capitate umbel or short spike; corolla withering-persistent after flower- ing; leaves palmately 3, sometimes 4 or 5-foliolate ....... 11. TRIFOLIUM. Flowers in a raceme or spike; corolla deciduous after flowering; leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. : Pod small, globose; style filiform. ..... . .12. MELILOTUS, Pod curved or spirally coiled; style subulate. . . 13. MEDICAGO. Calyx deeply bilabiate; stamens 5 long and 5 short, their filaments monadelphous but free at apex; flowers racemose, mostly in whorls; leaves palmate, of 4 to many leaflets . . 14. Lupinus. 1. CERCIS L. Jupas Tree. Shrubs. Flowers red-purple, in umbel-like fascicles, appearing from winter buds in advance of the simple leaves. Stipules caducous. _ Calyx in anthesis broader than long, with 5 broad obtuse teeth. Corolla obscurely papilionaceous; banner smaller than the wings and enclosed by them in the bud; keel-petals larger than the wing-petals and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined, the filaments clavate- dilated towards the base. Pod oblong, very flat, the upper suture with a winged margin. Embryo straight. 1, C. occidentalis Torr. WaxsTerN Rep-sup. Eight to 10 ft. high, the branches rather widely spreading; leaves round, cordate at base with nearly closed sinus, 24 to 83 in. broad; pods about 2 in. long and 8 lines wide. Foothills of the Sierra Nevada and inner Coast Ranges. Mar.—Apr. 2. THERMOPSIS R. Br. Faust Lupixe. Perennial herbs with commonly erect clustered stems. Leaves palmately 3-foliolate, petioled, and with free leaf-like stipules. Flowers yellow, in a terminal raceme, the pedicels subtended by persistent bracts. Calyx campanulate, deeply toothed, the two upper teeth in ours almost completely united. Banner roundish, shorter than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed; keel nearly straight, obtuse, its petals very lightly joined, equaling the wings. Stamens distinct. Pod long, linear, flat, several-seeded. (Greek thermos, lupine, and opsis, resemblance. ) 1. T. macrophylla H. & A. Stems somewhat branched above, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves silky or whitish-pubescent when young, soon glabrate, at least above; leaflets broadly or narrowly obovate and often more or less rhomboidal, acute at each end, or some obtuse above (even on the same plant), 1} to 3 or 4 in. long; stipules strongly oblique or not at all oblique, even on the same plant, longer than the petioles; upper lip of calyx slightly notched; lower calyx-teeth shorter than or as long as tube; raceme rather dense, 3 to 6 in. long; pod straight, silky, 2 to 5-seeded.—(T. Californica Wats.) 21 290 LEGUMINOSA. Monterey, Brewer, no. 704; Glenwood, Santa Cruz Mountains; San Mateo Co.; Marin Co.; Sonoma Co.; Napa Valley, and north- ward to Mendocino Co. Not known from the inner North Coast Ranges nor from Contra Costa or Alameda Cos. Leaves and leaflets so variable in size, outline, and pubescence that Watson’s T. Cali- fornica (founded primarily on specimens from Corte Madera) is here readily included. The’ var. velutina Greene from Mt. Hamilton has small leaflets with a dense velvety pubescence. 38. XYLOTHERMIA Greene. Very rigid and spiny evergreen shrub. Leaves palmately 1 to 3-foliolate, nearly sessile and without stipules. Flowers large, purple, axillary, solitary and short-pediceled. Calyx campanulate turbinate or clavate at base), the border with 4 very low broad teeth. etals equal, the banner orbicular with reflexed sides, the wing- and keel-petals oblong, the latter distinct and straight. Stamens distinct. Pod linear, flat, stipitate, straight, several-seeded. (Greek xulon, _ wood, and thermos, lupine.) 1. X. montana (Nutt.) Greene. Pickerinera. Densely branched shrub, 8 to 5 ft. high, the branchlets very spinose; leaflets oblong-oblanceolate, acute at each end, entire, 2 to 6 lines long; flowers near the ends of the branchlets, rose-purple, ? in. long, on very short pedicels, bearing 2 minute subulate bractlets near the middle; stamens persistent; pod exserted on the stipe, about 2 in. long, 6 to 10-seeded, somewhat constricted between the seeds. Higher altitudes of the Coast Ranges: frequent on dry slopes from Mt. St. Helena, the Vaca Mountains and Mt. Tamalpais southward to Southern California. May-June. 4. ASTRAGALUS L. RartTLe-wEEp. Loco-weEEp. Herbs with odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers purple, pale yellow or white, in spikes, racemes or heads. Racemes mostly spike-like, either the pedicels very short or the flowers crowded. Calyx 5-toothed. Corolla usually long and narrow; keel obtuse, Stamens diadelphous; anthers all alike. Pod 2 to many-seeded, commonly turgid. or inflated and bladder-like, 1-celled or partly 2-celled by the intrusion of one or both sutures, tardily dehiscent. Seeds small, usually reniform on slender funiculi. (Ancient Greek name for some legu- minous plant.) Annuals. Pods didymous, wrinkled, 2-seeded. Spikes capitate or oblong; pods erect, little exserted from the calyx. . . : on 1. A, didymocarpus. Spikes cylindrical; pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx.,.... é ' 2, A. nigrescens. Pods not didymous, nor wrinkled, several-seeded ; inflorescence capitate. Pods narrowly oblong, not beaked.. ... . 3. A. tener. Pods with a stout body and long incurved beak. 4. A. Brewert. Perennials; pods 1-celled except no. 11. Pods inflated or bladder-like and Stipitate. Stipe long and filiform; leaflets 21 to 31. . .. 5. A. leucophylus. PEA FAMILY. 291 Flowers white; stipules distinct. .... . +. 7. A, Crotalariz. Flowers yellowish white or greenish; stipules mostly united opposite the petiole; raceme often long. ....... 8. A. Menziesit. Pods not inflated. Herbage pes raceme dense, 114 to 2in. long; pods crowded, retrorsely imbricated,4lineslong............ . 10. A. pycnostachys. Herbage nearly glabrous; racemes loose, 3 to6in. long; pods deflexed, 2% lines long. 4 & = we ane ~.. 11. A. Clevelandi. cell. Low hills: Antioch and Kirker Pass southeastward to the head of the San Joaquin Valley and westward to San Luis Obispo Co. Apr. 2. A. nigrescens Nutt. Smaller and more slender than the last and less pubescent; flowers dull and commonly minute but sometimes large; fruiting spikes cylindrical, much less dense, 8 to 10 lines long; pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx, hirsute-pubescent, wrinkled and strongly obcompressed. Vaca Mountains; Mt. St. Helena; Mt. Diablo; Berkeley; Marin Co. and southward to Southern California. Also in the Sierra Foot- hills. Apr. 3. A. tener Gray. Slender, 4 to 9 in. high, minutely pubescent; leaflets 9 to 15, linear or cuneate, either acute or emarginate at apex; inflorescence capitate, the head 5 to 9-flowered; flowers purple and white, 5 lines long; calyx with minute and short appressed brown hairs; pod silvery when young, glabrous when mature, coriaceous, narrowly oblong, 8 lines long, somewhat incurved, 2-celled, 5 to 10- seeded; fruiting peduncle 2 in. long, at length spreading, declined or even reflexed. ' Alkaline fields, mostly in moist places: Solano Co. to Alameda Co, May. 4. A. Breweri Gray. Much like the preceding but smaller, relatively stouter and the leaflets broader; heads 5 to 7-flawered; pods 1-celled or nearly so, the body short with a long incurved beak. _ First collected in Sonoma Valley by Brewer, California Geological Survey, no. 979, Apr. 18, 1862. 5. A. leucophyllus T. & G. Stem erect, stoutish, 2 or 3 ft, high, the growing parts silvery-canescent, glabrate and greenish in age; 292 LEGUMINOS#. leaflets 21 to 31, narrowly oblong or linear, 6 to 10 lines long; raceme densely flowered and long-peduncled; flowers 6 to 8 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, about 4 the length of the oblong tube; corolla yellowish white; pod obliquely oval, thin, 1} to 14 in. long, on a filiform pubescent stipe of almost equal length. Low dry hills: western side of the Lower Sacramento Valley; Mt. Diablo Range from Livermore Pass westward to Niles Cajion. 6. A. oxyphysus Gray. Habit of the preceding; growing parts canescent, becoming green but not glabrous; leaflets 9 to 21, oblong, 1} in. long or less, the lower as much as 5 lines wide; penduncle much exceeding the leaves, bearing an elongated densely flowered raceme; cvrolla greenish white, 8 lines long; pod 1} in. long, clavate- obovate, oblique, acuminate at apex, strongly contracted at base into the recurved stipe which exceeds the calyx. Dry hills of the Mt. Diablo Range; first collected near Arroyo del Puerto, western Stanislaus Co., by Brewer, no. 1259. 7. A. Crotalaria (Benth.) Gray. Glabrous, except the pubes- cent growing parts; stems stout, decumbent; leaflets 21 to 35, linear- oblong to broadly obovate, retuse or obtuse, thickish, 5 to 12 lines long; stipules triangular-subulate, distinct; racemes 4 to 10 in. long; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, one-half as long as the short-campanulate tube; corolla white, 6 lines long; pod almost papery, much inflated, ovoid, 1 to 14 in. in length. San Francisco to Southern California. May. 8. A. Menziesii Gray. Plant stout, erect, 2 to 4 ft. high; young herbage whitish pubescent, soon green, but hirsute-pubescent; leaflets 21 to 48, commonly crowded on the rachis, broadly oblong, less frequently cuneate-obovate or narrowly ovate, usually retuse at apex, 5 to 8 lines long; stipules broad, not pointed, all but the uppermost continuéd around the stem and nearly meeting or even united on the side opposite the leaf; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, yellowish white or greenish, the keel purple-tipped; raceme short and dense (13 in. long), or longer and loose; peduncles 3 to 6 in. long; pod thin-walled, 1 to 2 in, long, otherwise similar to the preceding. Sandy soils near the coast: San Francisco and Alameda to Monterey and southward. June-Aug. 9. A. Douglasii (T. & G.) Gray. Herbage cinereous when young, almost glabrous in age; stems ascending, 1 ft. high; leaflets numerous, linear to oblong, 4 to 9 lines long; stipules mostly subu- late; peduncle shorter than the leaves, bearing a dense 10 to 20- flowered raceme; calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the campanulate tube; corolla scarcely twice the length of the calyx, 4 lines long, yellow or creamish; pod thin-walled, obliquely ovoid, 13 to 2 in. long. Gravelly ‘stream-beds: San Benito River and southward in the Coast Ranges. 10. A. pycnostachys Gray. Herbage more or less villous-hoary; stems stoutish, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaflets numerous (about 18 or 19 pairs), linear to oblong; flowers numerous in a dense oblong or cylindrical PEA FAMILY. 293 spike-like raceme, 1} to 2 in. long; peduncle longer than raceme; corolla 5 to 6 lines long; pods crowded, retrorsely imbricated, ovate, narrowed at apex into the persistent and prominent style, somewhat flattened laterally and margined by the prominent sutures, 1-celled, He eel thin and reticulated; body of pod 8 to 4 lines long; seeds to 3. Salt marshes or about springy places in open cafions in Marin Co. near the sea: Bolinas Bay, Bolander, 1868; Miss M. E. Parsons, 1896; Drake’s Bay, Jepson, 1900; Point Reyes. June. 11. A. Clevelandi Greene. Herbage yellowish green and nearly glabrous; stems slender, erect, 2 to 8 ft. high; leaflets 15 to 21, 3 to7 lines long, narrowly oblong, broadest below the middle; peduncles very long, much exceeding the leaves, bearing « loose spike-like raceme 4 to 6 in. long; corolla white; pod coriaceous, oblong, acute, finely nerved on the sides, 24 lines long, deflexed, 2-celled. Local in the hilly region between the Mayacamas and inner Coast Ranges: Indian Valley, Lake Co., Daniel Cleveland, 1882; Butt’s Cafion, northern Napa Co., Jepson, 1897. June-July. 5. GLYCYRRHIZA L. Ligvoricr. Perennial herbs with glandular-viscid herbage, odd-pinnate leaves and minute stipules. Flowers yellowish white, in axillary peduncled spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with the 2 upper lobes shorter or partly united. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphbous, the alternate anthers smaller. Ovary 2 to many-ovuled; style short and rigid, curved at the tip. Pod short, flattened, prickly, few-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek glukus, sweet, and rhiza, root.) 1. G. lepidota Nutt. var. glutinosa Wats. More or less viscid- puberulent, or the peduncles with spreading glandular hairs; stems erect, 2 ft. high, sometimes scurfy or with minute scales; leafiets 11 to 15, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 1} in. long; stipules persistent; spikes broadly oblong, exceeding 1 in., the peduncles shorter, or more commonly longer and as much as 24 in. long; flowers yellowish white; calyx very glandular; pod oblong, 3 in. long, reddish-brown, bur- like, beset with hooked prickles, 2 to 6-seeded. Rich soil of low or moist lands in the valleys or on the plains: Solano and Sonoma Cos. to Alameda Co. and southward to Southern California. June. 6. AMORPHA L. Deciduous shrubs with pellucid-glandular heavy-scented herbage. Leaves odd-pinnate, with caducous stipules and stipels. Flowers small, violet or purple, in long and narrow terminal spikes, which are either solitary or clustered. Calyx obconic, 5-toothed, persistent. Petals wanting except the banner, this erect, concave, unguiculate. Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod short, but exceeding the calyx, 1 or 2-seeded, tardily dehiscent. (Greek amorphos, deformed, alluding to the corolla.) 1. A. hispidula Greene. Four to 7 ft. high; leaflets 11 to 27, 294 LEGUMINOS. oblong-elliptical, mucronulate at the retuse apex, shortly petioled, 7 to 12 lines long; rachis pubescent and with prickle-like glands scattered among the sessile ones, often becoming glabrous late in the season; stipules and bracts lanceolate, deciduous; racemes 2 to 4 in. long; calyx 1} lines long, its teeth silky, lanceolate, twice the length of the tube; corolla twice as long as the calyx; pod 2 lines long, with many low circular glands which are depressed or somewhat excavated in the center. Wooded cafions: Pope Valley, Bolander, and Calistoga to Mt. Tamalpais and southward near the coast. Muay. 7. PSORALEA L. Ours perennial herbs. Herbage heavy-scented, punctate with dark dots. Leaves 38-foliolate; stipules free from the petiole. Flowers purple or whitish in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes nearly equal. Keel broad, obtuse, joined to the wings. Stamens monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers uniform. Pod seldom exceed- ing the calyx, l-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek psoraleos, scurfy or rough, the glands wart-like in some species.) Two shrubby cultivated species of Psoralea are said to have been found wild in the Bay Region: P. eLanpuLosa L. has pinnately 3-foliolate leaves with ovate-lanceolate leaflets 2 in. long, the petioles 1 to 14 in. long; flowers bluish, more or less verticillate, in racemes. P. BRacTEATA L. (P. fruticosa Kellogg) has palmately trifoliolate leaves; leaflets } to $ in. long, oblong-obovate, mucronate; petioles 1 to 2 lines long; spikes short, dense, terminal, not peduncled.— “Streams of Mt. Tamalpais, F. P. McLean, 1873.” Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. Stem prostrate; leaves and peduncles erect; flowers racemose; stamens diadelphous. . ah einen lezapte ae we fs 1. P. orbteularis. Erect plants. Flowers in spikes, purple. Peduncles shorter than the leaves; stamens monadelphous. ..... 2. P. strobilina. Peduncles much surpassing the leaves; tenth stamen nearly free. More or less pubescent; calyx-teeth exceeding the petals. ..... 5. P. physodes. * Leaves palmately 5-foliolate...... — & «96: PB ba ifornica. acute, 8 lines long. Grassy vales or meadows: near the coast from Southern California PEA FAMILY. 295 and Monterey to Marin Co. and Point Arena; northward ranging towards the interior (Howell Mountain, Mt. Shasta), but only at considerable altitudes. June. Peduncles sometimes as much as 22 in. high. 5 2. P. strobilina H. & A. Erect, 2 or 8 ft. high, villous through- out and glandular-pubescent on the branches, peduncles and peti- oles; leaflets orbicular to rhombic-ovate, more glabrous above, 2 in. long; stipules large, membranous, acuminate; peduncles shorter than the leaves; spikes short-oblong, the bracts very large, deciduous; calyx 6 lines long or more, the lower tooth much the longest and equaling the purple corolla; stamens monadelphous; ovary pubescent. Hill country from Contra Costa Co. and Alameda Co. (Oakland Hills, Torrey, 1865) to Santa Cruz (Bolander, 1865). Seldom collected. ‘ 3. P. macrostachya DC. Nearly glabrous, villous-pubescent or tomentose; stems erect, 4 or 5 or even 8 or 10 ft. high; leaflets ovate- lanceolate, truncate to acute at base, 14 to 3 in. long; peduncles very much exceeding the leaves; spikes broadly cylindrical, silky-villous with white hairs; bracts broad, acuminate, as long as the flowers; calyx 3 to 5 lines long, the lower tooth a little the longest, exceeding the purple petals; tenth stamen nearly free; pod hairy. ovate-oblong, acute, flattened, 3 or + lines long. : Along rivers and larger streams in the valleys, following the cafion bottoms in the mountains, and abounding in the salt marshes. The most common and widely distributed species of the genus, occurring both in the Coast Ranges and Sicrra Foothills. The next is a very closely allied form. 4. P. Douglasii Greene. Habit of the preceding, but more slender, nearly glabrous, the stem, and often the petioles, sprinkled with elevated dot-like glands; leaflets rhombic-ovate, 1} to 2} in. long; racemes narrower than in the last, 2 to 8 in. long, on slender peduncles 8 or 4 in. long; bracts deltoid and long-acuminate, cadu- cous; rachis and calyx densely short-villous, the hairs often blackish, the segments of the latter just shorter than the violet corolla, Apparently not common. Santa Clara Co. to Marin Co, Aug.- Sept. 5. P. physodes Dougl. Low, mostly but 1 ft. high, nearly gla- brous; leaflets ovate, varying to orbicular, mostly acute, 1 to 2 in. long; peduncles shorter than the Jeaves or exceeding them; racemes short, dense, the bracts small; calyx cup-shaped, its teeth very short and subequal, slightly villous with usually dark hairs, rather more than }-as long as the corolla, at length much enlarged and inflated; corolla 5 to 6 lines long; petals greenish white, the keel purple-tipped; pod roundish, compressed, 3 lines long. j Common in open spots on bushy or wooded slopes of the higher hills or mountains: Monterey; Gabilan Mountains; Mt. Diablo Range; Wild-cat Caiion; Marin Co. and northward. Apr.—June. 6. P. Californica Wats. Low and tufted, the stems many from 296 LEGUMINOSAE. a woody often branched caudex; pubescence silky and appressed; leaves palmately compound; leaflets 5, orbicular-obovate and cuneate at base, 7 or 8 lines long; stipules scarious, lanceolate; racemes shorter than the leaves, dense, rather less than 1 in. long, on short peduncles; calyx silky-villous, 6 lines long, the linear-acuminate lobes a little exceeding the petals; pod oblong, narrowed to a lanceolate beak, thin-walled, villous; seed dark brown, 2 lines long or more. A rare plant: summit of Mt. Diablo (the only known locality within our limits); headwaters of the Salinas, Palmer. May-July. 8. VICIA L. Vetcu. Tare. Annual or perennial herbs with weak angular stems, often slightly climbing. Leaves pinnate, with several to many leaflets and semi- sagittate stipules, the rachis ending in a simple or branched tendril. Peduncles axillary. Flowers solitary or racemose. Calyx 5-toothed, the 3 lower teeth often longer. Banner oblong, or appearing so b the turning back of the edges; wings united to the middle of the keel. Stamens more or less diadelphous. Style filiform with a tuft of hairs below the stigma all around or sometimes only on the back. Pod flat, 2-valved, 2 to several-seeded. Seeds globose, the funiculus expanded above to cover the hilum, thus arillate. Cotyledons remaining under ground in germination. (Classical Latin name.) Annuals; flowers few. Flowers subsessile, lor 2in theaxils......... 1. V. sativa. Peduncles elongated, 144 to 144 in. long, 1 or 2-flowered. .2. V. exigua. Perennials; peduncles éfongated, several-flowered. Leaflets 8 to 12; peduncles 4 to 8-flowered . . . 8. Ve Americana. Leaflets 20 to 80; peduncles 7 to 18-flowered.. . .4. V. gigantea. 1. V. sativa L. Common Vercu. Tare. Stems slender, 2 ft. high; leaflets 6 to 14, glabrous, or the margins slightly ciliate, oblong or narrower, truncate or retuse, mucronate, # to over 1 in. long; stipules small, toothed; flowers solitary or geminate, nearly sessile, the pedicels 1 line long at most; corolla 8 lines long, little longer than the calyx; banner purple, wings red; calyx-teeth subulate- setaceous, exceeding the tube. Naturalized from the Old World: Santa Cruz, Anderson, 1878; Berkeley; Napa Valley, 1898; Sonoma, Brewer, 1862. 2. V. exigua Nutt. Caxirornia Vetcu. Very slender, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaflets 4 to 12, oblong to narrowly linear, acute or obtusish; peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, $ to 2 in. long, 1 or 2-flowered; flowers 2 or 3 lines long, white or purplish; pods glabrous, 4 or 5-seeded. Stony or sandy soil: Tracy; San Mateo Co.; more common in Southern California. Apr. Var. Hassei (V. Hassei Wats.). Stouter; leaflets deeply notched at apex, the notch mucronate; pod 5 to 8 or sometimes only 8-seeded. —Benicia, Bigelow, the upper leaves not notched; Livermore; to Southern California. Not common within our limits. 3. V. Americana Muhl. Nearly glabrous; stems 2 to 3 ft. long, PEA FAMILY. 297 trailing or climbing by branched tendrils, sharply 4-sided or -winged at the angles; leaflets mostly broadly oblong, often widest above the middle, usually obtuse, mucronulate, less than 1 in. long; peduncles shorter than the leaves, 4 to 7 or 8-flowered; ftowers at first purplish, changing to bluish, 9 lines long; calyx-tube 2 lines long, the lower teeth longer (1 line long), the upper approximate, incurved. Common in the hill country. Feb.—May. Very variable in foliage. The following leaf varieties may be distinguished: Var. linearis Wats., leaflets 1 to 14 in. long, 1} lines wide or less. War. truncata Brewer, leaflets truncate at apex and 3-denticulate. 4. V. gigantea Hook. Stout, somewhat pubescent, climbing several ft. high and often forming extensive tangles and draperies over shrubs; leaflets 20 to 30, narrowly oblong or tapering somewhat from the base to the obtuse mucronulate apex; peduncles 7 to 18- flowered; calyx short, lower teeth about equaling the tube; corolla 6 or 7 lines long, pale purple; pods oblong, 1} in. long, glabrous, 3 or 4-seeded. San Francisco and Oakland northward near the coast. Mar.—June. Herbage blackening in drying. 9. LATHYRUS L. Pza. Herbs, ours perennial. In technical character and in habit very similar to Vicia. Banner roundish or very broad. Upper teeth of calyx commonly shorter than the lower. Leaflets usually larger, in ours 8 to 5 pairs, mostly mucronate; rachis in some species not pro- longed into a tendril. Style flattish, hairy along the upper side only, i, e., next the free stamen. Seeds as in the preceding. (Old Greek name of the Pea.) Peduncle short, 1 or 2-flowered; stipulessmall...... .1. L. Torreyi. Peduncle longer than the leaves, 2 to 6-flowered; stipules larger than the VSBT CTS! gi xia ss. ves sas Gx aay Sy x gee Ia esis, cate ao te ce & Gee es L, littoralis. Herbage light green, glabrous; leaflets mostly exceeding 1lin., obtuse at base and apex; stipules large, broadly semi-sagittate, ovate, acumi- nate, the basal lobe broad, rounded and toothed; corolla rose-purple. 4. L. Bolanderi. Stems winged, the wing commonly herbaceous; stipules small, commonly entire. a Herbage puberulent but seemingly glaucous; leaflets elliptic- to narrowly- oblong, 114 to 2in.long, acute at both ends, with long straight nerves from or near the base; corolla white or yellowish white, purple- VOINOG ia. 50 05 3.5 Bute BaN eh te yee ee fel ase eS 5. L. Watsont. Herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaflets linear-lanceolate, about 1}, in. long; corolla rose-purple...... 2.2. 6. DL. Jepsonii. 1. L. Torreyi Gray. Herbage light green, sparingly villous; erect, very slender, 4 to 9 in. high; leaflets thin, elliptic to ovate or oblong, 5 to 7 lines long; leaves with a terminal leaflet or the rachis merely ending in a point; stipules small, semi-sagittate, lanceolate, the lower 298 LEGUMINOS 2. lobe very short; flowers purplish, 6 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, exceeding the tube, or the upper shorter and broader; pod linear- oblong, pubescent, 1 in. long, 3 to 5-seeded. Shady woods: Santa Clara Co., ace. to Greene, and upper Napa Valley, Jepson, northward to Humboldt Co. 2. L. littoralis (Nutt.) Endl. Stems many from creeping root- stocks, stout, decumbent; herbage densely silky-villous; leaflets 1 to 3 pairs with a usually smaller or imperfect terminal one, cuneate-oblong, 4 to 6 lines long; stipules ovate or somewhat hastate, 2 or 8 times as large as the leaflets; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers 6 to 8 lines long; calyx-teeth nearly equal, as long as the tube; banner purple, the keel and wings white or nearly so; pod oblong, 1 in. long, villous, 3 to 5-seeded. . Maritime: seashore of Marin Co. and northward. 3. L. vestitus Nutt. var. puberulus. Low and herbaceous, or climbing several feet high on shrubs and woody below; stems angled; leaflets puberulent under a lens, dark green, lighter on the under sur- face, 1 in. long, 2 to 4 lines wide, tapering to both ends from the middle, usually more acute at apex than at base, mucronulate; raceme many-flowered on a rather short peduncle; flowers 8 or 9 lines long, purplish or purplish-tinged; lowest calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly equaling or exceeding tube; seed with a small aril.—(L. puberulus White. ) The most common species: Napa Walley; Oakland Hills, ete. Mar.-Apr., but often flowering at all seasons. 4. L. Bolanderi Wats. Herbage rather light colored, perfectly glabrous; stem angled; leaflets mostly exceeding 1 in., elliptic-ovate, obtuse at base and apex, mucronulate; stipules large, ovate, acumi- nate or ovate-lanceolate, dilated below into a rounded toothed lobe, often 5 lines broad; lower calyx-teeth distinctly longer than tube; corolla rose-purple, fading yellowish. © Type specimens in Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, collected by Bolander in the Oakland Hills; Berkeley, Tidestrom; San Mateo Co.; Angel Island, Vasey. Apr. This may prove to be but a sea- board form of L. Watsoni. 5. L. Watsoni White. Stems stoutish, erect, 14 to 23 ft. high, with zigzag branches; herbage light green, commonly glaucous, finely pubescent; leaves 1} to 2 in. long, 6 to 8 lines wide, tapering from the middle to each end, acute, mucronate, strongly several-nerved from the base, the nerves branching little and almost parallel; stipules semi-sagittate, narrow, the upper lobe lanceolate, the lower lobe little dilated, commonly entire; raceme few (5 to 11)-flowered, ona pedun- cle 8 to 7 in. long; flowers 10 lines long, white, veined with purple; lower calyx-teeth lanceolate, subequal, longer than tube; pod 2 in. long, 4 lines broad; seed with a small aril._(L. Californicus Wats.) Foothills of the inner Coast Ranges and sandy ridges of the Sacra- mento Valley bordering them; Sierra Foothills; also Mendocino Co., Sonoma, and Carmel Mission acc. to Watson in Gray Herbarium. PEA FAMILY. 299 Mar. Distinguished from L. Bolanderi by its much smaller and narrower stipules, by its leaflets which are acute at both apex and base, and by the strong straight nerves from or near the base, which proceed much above the middle of the leaflet. 6. L. Jepsonii Greene. Herbage glabrous; stems 4 to 6 ft. high, strongly winged along the angles, the wings herbaceous but often callous-margined; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-lanceolate, mostly 1} in. long, markedly venulose; stipules semi-sagittate, both the apical and basal lobes lanceolate; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; corolla rose-purple, 9 lines long; lower calyx-teeth unequal, the middle one equaling the tube. Suisun Marshes, Aug.—Sept. 10. LOTUS L. Annual or perennial herbs, some slightly suffrutescent. Leaves pinnate, of 1 to many leaflets, with foliaceous, scarious, or gland-like stipules. Flowers in terminal or axillary umbels, or solitary and axillary. Corolla yellow, reddish or whitish, sometimes pink-tinged or marked with purple. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Stamens diadel- phous, free from the petals; anthers all alike. Style incurved. Pod flattened or terete, sessile, 2 to commonly several-seeded, often septate between the seeds, dehiscent or indehiscent. (A Greek name.) A. Pods dehiscent. Flowers and pods erect or somewhat diverging, at least not reflexed. Stipules large, foliaceous or scarious; leaflets mostly equally distributed on the opposite sides of the rachis; pods linear-elongated and straight, tardily dehiscent; perennials. Stoutish; bract borne somewhat below the umbel; claws of the petals sometimes obviously exserted from the calyx. Gat Glandular-hispidulous and viscid; leaflets 11 to 21, thinnish... . 1. L. stipularis. Nearly glabrous, glaucous, not viscid; leaflets 9to1l, thick... . 2. L. crassifolius. Slender; bracts borne at the umbel; claws of the petal conspicuously exserted from the calyx; banner yellow. Puberulent; wings white.....-. ...... 3. L. Torreyt. Glabrous; wings pink or rose-color ........ 4. L. formosissimus. Stipules gland-like; leaflets commonly unequally distributed on the oppo- y dehiscent. Ted=purple «<- < swe Soa RL LS eS ee 6. L. leucophzus. Flowers 1 to several, on an elongated bracted peduncle; rachis (except Peduncle 1 or 2-flowered; keel obtuse; leaflets 5 to9....... 8. L. strigosus. Peduncle 1-flowered; keel acute; leaflets 1 to 5. id Corolla twice as long as the calyx; pods constricted between the seeds; leaflets mostly 3 or 4; herbage glabrous ....... 9. L. micranthus. Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; pods not constricted; leaflets 1 to 4, mostly 3; herbage villous-pubescent .10. L. Americanus. Flowers solitary, short-pediceled, not bracted; keel acutely beaked; corolla much exceeding the calyx; annuals. 300 LEGUMINOSZE. Sseeded 26.2 6 se ee a = Bo aacsens vata wey Oa icisy 11. L. humistratus. €alyx-teeth equaling the tube; pods linear, 5 to 7-seeded: var. Wran- gelianusof . .. ae a a ob . 12. L. subpinnatus. B. Pods indehiscent. Flowers and pods reflexed; umbels short-peduncled or sessile; leaflets 3 to 5, rarely 6; stipules gland-like; pods long-pointed and often arcuate, 1 or 2-seeded; claws of the petals sometimes obviously exserted from the calyx-tube. Annuals, mostly prostrate; leaflets 5 to 7; Calyx densely tawny-villous; stems simple. .... 14. L. eriophorus. Calyx hirsute with whitish hairs; stems much branched. ...... 13. L. Heermanni. Perennials. Umbels sessile; calyx-teeth subulate, erect; leaflets mostly 3; tufted and reedy-looking plant, the foliage scant., . .. .15. L. glaber. Umbels peduncled. aoe Calyx-teeth subulate, recurved; habit and leaves similar to the last. . 16. LZ. Benthami. Calyx-teeth triangular, blunt; leaflets usually 4. . 17. L. Biolettii. 1. L. stipularis (Benth.) Greene. Erect, 1} to 2 ft. high; the herbage glandular-hispidulous and glutinous; leaflets 11 to 21, obovate- or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, mucronate, $ to 1 in. long; stipules large, ovate-acuminate; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 5 to 10-flowered, with 3-foliolate petioled leaf-bract near the umbel; corolla whitish or yellowish, with purple marks, 5 lines long, the calyx rather more than 4 as long, its teeth broadly subulate, 4 as long as the tube; pod not known to us.—(Hosackia stipularis Benth. Hosackia balsamifera Kell.) Sonoma to Alameda Cos. and Monterey; first collected by Douglas, The type of Kellogg’s Hosackia balsamifera was collected on ‘‘sum- mits back of Oakland,” July 31, 1866, by Kellogg, who described it as glandular-fragrant. 2. L. crassifolius (Benth.) Greene. Erect, stout, glaucous (or seemingly so) and somewhat pubescent; stems often clustered, 2 to 3 or 5 ft. high; branches comparatively few, often flexuous; leaves 4 in. long or more; leaflets 9 to 11, occasionally 8 or 12, sometimes Inequilaterally distributed, elliptic or slightly rhomboidal, almost coriaceous, 10 to 12 lines long, on petiolules often 1 line long; stipules ovate or roundish, scarious; peduncles shorter than the leaves, bracted above the middle with a 3-foliolate petioled leaf and bearing an umbel of 7 to 12 flowers on slender pedicels; calyx 23 lines long, with very short acute teeth; corolla greenish yellow or whitish, marked with purplish spots, twice as long as the calyx, which is scarious in fruit; pods terete, 2 to 24 in. long, 2 to 8 lines in diameter, 7 to 12-seeded; seeds nearly 2 lines long.—(Hosackia crassifolia Benth. ) Mountainous country, in dry places. Coast Ranges, towards the interior: Mt. Diablo, Vaca Mountains, ete. Mt. Shasta. Sierras. June-July. First collected by Douglas in California. 3. L. Torreyi (Gray) Greene. Stems erect, slender, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaves with a fine indument; leaflets 7 to 9, obovate or oblong, 9 to 12 lines long; stipules triangular-lanceolate; peduncles longer PEA FAMILY. 301 than the leaves, 2 to 6 in. long; umbels 7 to 9-flowered, the 1-folio- late bract 8 to 6 lines long; flowers nearly } in. long; claws of the petals exserted from the calyx (as also in ‘the next); keel and wings white; keel obliquely incurved at apex; calyx-tube a line long, the subulate teeth nearly as long; pod slender, 1 to 1} in. long.— (Hosackia Torreyi Gray.) lgng see at and in low moist meadows of the Coast Ranges: Howell Mountain. Also in the Sierras. June. 4. L. formosissimus Greene. Herbage glabrous and light reen; stems several from u soft and much thickened taproot, ecumbent, 5 to 12 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7 (or 8), the lower deltoid- obovate and truncate or retuse, the upper obovate-oblong, + to 6 lines long; peduncles 1 to 14 in, long; umbels 4 to 6-flowered, the bract 3-foliolate and petioled; flowers exceeding } in. long; calyx 3 lines long, its teeth triangular-acuminate, } as long as the tube; banner yellow, with an obvious upturned thickened process at base of blade on each side; wings pink-tinged or rose-red; keel yellow, purple- tipped; pod straight, 1} in. long, scarcely more than 1 line broad.— (Hosackia gracilis Benth.) Common in moist ground along the seaboard: Monterey, Brewer; Lake San Andreas, Davy; Crystal Springs, Eastwood; Bolinas, Ches- nut and Drew; Mendocino, Bolander. A beautiful species, flowering in Apr. First collected by Menzies in California. : 5. L. grandiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Tall and stout, 1 to 8 ft. high, appressed silky-pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaflets 5 to 7 or 8, on an elongated rachis, obovate to oblanceolate, acute, 6 to 9 lines long; peduncles elongated, bearing a 3 to 8flowered umbel commonly subtended by a 1-foliolate bract; flowers nearly sessile, bright yellow, turning orange, 7 to 9 lines long; banner 4 lines broad; calyx-teeth broadly subulate; pod slender, 1} in. long, reddish brown, the margin of the valves with « whitish or callous line.— (Hosackia grandiflora Benth.) Coast Range ridges from Mendocino Co. to Santa Monica. First collected by Douglas. 6. L. leucophzeus Greene. Perennial, with pubescent or even velvety herbage, the stems from a woody subterranean base, diffusely spreading or ascending, 10 to 15 or 18 in. long; internodes short; leaves ample; leaflets mostly 6, elliptic and obtuse or for the most part obovate and shortly acute, 6 to 8 lines long; peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves; umbel with a 1-foliolate bract, 5 to 8-flowered; flowers exceeding 4 in., yellowish white, changing to red-purple; banner 3 lines broad: calyx 4 lines long, its lobes subulate-lanceolate, nearly as long as the tube; pod 1 in. long and 1 line wide. . High dry ridges: Mt. Diablo Range acc. to Greene; inner North Coast Range (Vaca Mountains), Jepson. June. Seemingly of no more than varietal value. 7. L. salsuginosus Greene. Muinutely strigose-pubescent; stems ascending or prostrate, somewhat succulent, commonly much branched, 3802 LEGUMINOSE. 9 to 16 or often 24 in. long; leaflets 5 to mostly 7, elliptic- or more commonly oblong-obovate, 3 to 7 lines long; peduncles 1 in. long or less, 2 to 5-flowered, bractless or with a conspicuous 1 to 8-foliolate bract; corolla yellow, 3 lines long, the banner sometimes shorter than the wings and obliquely obtuse keel; calyx-tube } to % as long as the linear-lanceolate teeth; pod 1 in. long, 10 to 12-seeded; seeds obliquely oval, smooth.—(Hosackia maritima Benth.) Alkaline flats: San Jose, acc. to Greene; Santa Cruz, A. E. Jones, and southward to Monterey, Santa Barbara, Torrey, and Santa Monica. ‘“Mar.—May. 8. L. strigosus (Nutt.) Greene. Appressed-hirsutulous; stems branched at the base and decumbent or prostrate; leaflets 7 to 10, oblong or narrowly obovate, 2 to 5 lines long; early peduncles shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered, bractless; later peduncles often longer than the leaves, frequently 2-flowered and bracted; flowers 8 or 4 lines long, yellow; calyx } as long, its teeth triangular-acuminate; pod 1 in. long or somewhat less, 9 to 14-seeded; seeds quadrate, deeply notched at the hilum, minutely granulate, 4 line long.— (Hosackia rubella Nutt.) Alameda, San Francisco and southward. Apr.-Nov. The var. NuDIFLORUS (Hosackia nudiflora Nutt.), with pods 14 times as broad and slightly curved upward at apex and flowers 5 lines long, occurs in the Mt. Diablo Range. Lotus hirtellus Greene, ‘‘canescently- hirsutulous,’’ ‘‘ peduncles 2-flowered,’’ Mt. Diablo Range near Liver- more, is, doubtless, of no value specifically. : 9. L. micranthus Benth. Annual, glabrous and glaucous, the stems very slender, 1 or 2 from the base and erect, or rarely with many diffuse or ascending branches; leaflets 3 to 5, mostly 4 with one leaflet terminal and two on one side of the rachis and one on the other, obovate to oblong, 2 to 5 lines long; peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, 1-flowered, bracted, 1 to 6 lines long, or in fruit as much as 1 in. long; flowers minute, pale salmon, turning red; corolla twice us long as the calyx, the teeth of the latter commonly shorter than the tube; pod 7 to 10 lines long, linear, compressed, constricted Berth) the oval or roundish smooth seeds. —(Hosackia parviflora enth, Common in the Coast Ranges on grassy hills, the plants, where found, numerous and growing closely together: Napa Co.; Sonoma Co.; Mt. Tamalpais; Mt. Diablo and southward to Monterey. Apr.-May. 10. L. Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Spanish Crover. Annual, more or less silky-villous or pilose-pubescent, strictly erect and nearly simple, or more commonly very diffusely branched with straggling or ascending stems 2 or 8 ft. long; leaflets 1 to mostly 8, ovate to oblong, acute or obtusish, 8 to 10 lines or the lower 1 in. or more long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, the solitary whitish or pinkish flower subtended by a bract 2 to 4 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate- linear, longer than the short tube, almost equaling the (2 to 3 lines PEA FAMILY. 3038 long) corolla; pod narrowly linear, glabrous, about 1 in. long, 5 to ar seeds oblong, smooth, dark colored.—(Hosackia Purshiana enth. Banks of streams, dry hillsides, or on the level lands of the valleys and plains; very common and widely distributed, conspicuous in the late summer and fall months. 11. L. humistratus Greene. Herbage soft-villous, branches from the base decumbent, or ascending, or more often prostrate and forming mats 5 to 9 in. broad; leaflets 4, narrowly oblong or cuneate- obovate, 38 to 5 lines long, the rachis over 4 line broad; flowers sessile, or nearly so, yellow, 8 or 4 lines long; calyx-teeth linear, much longer than the tube; wings at base of blade joined above ovary as in the next; pod oblong, pilose, 4 lines long, 2 or 3-seeded.— (Hosackia brachycarpa Benth.) Abrupt sunny hillsides in clayey soil; Coast Ranges and Sierras. Less common than the next. 12. L. subpinnatus Lag. var. Wrangelianus. Annual, low, diffusely branched, 4 to 7 in. high; herbage sparsely pubescent with short hairs, canescently villous, or nearly glabrous, especially on the upper surface of the leaflets; foliage similar to the preceding; flowers distinctly pediceled, bright yellow, 4 to 4} lines long; calyx-teeth broadly subulate, as long as the tube; wings joined on the upper side of the ovary by the lobes or processes at the base of the blade, their tips meeting above the keel, but not enfolding it; pod pubescent, linear, 7 to 9 lines long, 5 to 7-seeded.—(L. Wrangelianus F. & M.) Common in the hill country from the outer (or seaward) to the inner Coast Ranges. Apr.-May. Probably ours is not even varietally distinct from the type, which is Chilian and exhibits variations similar to the plant of California, 13. L. Heermanni (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene. Very near the next, less pubescent, the pubescence whitish, the herbage of a light green; stems prostrate, several from the root, 2 to 3 ft. long, with long branches throughout their length; leaflets somewhat broader and more acute; flowers one-half as large; calyx hirsute with whitish hairs; corolla yellow turning to deep red.—(Hosackia Heermanni Dur. & Hilg. ; se hel Cafion, Santa Cruz Mountains, Jepson, June, 1891; first collected in Tejon Pass at the head of the San Joaquin Valley by Williamson’s Expedition, Pacific Railroad Survey. 14. L. eriophorus Greene. Annual, villous-pubescent or some- what tomentose; stems numerous from the base, simple, often pros- trate and almost matting the ground, about 1 ft. long, leaflets 5 to 7, obovate and often cuneate to cuneate-oblong, mostly acutish and mucronulate, 3 to 5 lines long; umbels 5 to 7-flowered, nearly sessile; flowers yellow, turning brownish, 3} lines-long; calyx } as long, very densely villous and tawny, the filiform teeth about equaling the tube; body of pod 2 or 8 lines long, the long-pointed portion as long.— (Hosackia tomentosa H. & A., and H. Heermanni Brew. & Wats. Bot. Cal. as to San Francisco Co.) 304 LEGUMINOS. San Francisco and southward along the coast. Apr.-Sept. Stem covered with spreading hairs, whereas in the next, the stems are comparatively glabrous. 15. L. glaber (Vogel) Greene. DrER-wEED. Very nearly gla- brous, the calyx and young leaves often somewhat appressed-silky; stems woody at base, tufted and reed-like on account of the sparse foliage, 2 to 5 ft. high, erect with straggling branches, or sometimes decumbent; leaflets mostly 3, on young shoots 4 to 6, oblong to linear-oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, obtuse or acute; umbels numerous, sessile; flowers 3 or 4 lines long, yellow, turning red; calyx about 2 lines long, its teeth subulate, erect, about 4 as long as the tube.— (Hosackia glabra Torr.) Common everywhere in the Coast Ranges in the hill country: Solano and Napa Cos. southward to San Diego. June-Sept. 16. L. Benthami Greene. Similar to the preceding; umbels on peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, usually 1 to 8-foliolate bracted; calyx-teeth subulate, sometimes recurved.—(Hosackia cyti- soides Benth.) San Francisco, Barclay, and southward to Monterey and the Salinas Valley. First collected by Douglas. 17. L. Biolettii Greene. Herbage ashy or whitish with short appressed hairs; branches slender, wiry and prostrate, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate, obtuse, 2 to 5 lines long; pedun- cles scarcely surpassing the leaves, the umbel 6 to 10-flowered and 1-foliolate bracted; calyx u line long or less, the triangular blunt teeth erect; corolla 2 lines long, yellow, changing to dark red; pod strongly arcuate, slender beaked. Dry ridges, Marin Co. 11. TRIFOLIUM L. Cuover. Herbs with palmately (sometimes pinnately) 3-foliolate leaves. Stipules united with the petioles and leaflets toothed or entire. Flowers white, yellow, red or purplish, in heads or very short spikes. Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft. Petals more or less united below by their claws with the stamen-tube, mostly withering and persistent. Stamens diadelphous, the teeth more or less separate. Pod often included in the calyx, 1 to 6-seeded, indehiscent or opening by one suture only. (Latin tres, three, and folium, leaf.) A. Heads not subtended by an involucre. Flowers nearly or quite sessile; calyx-teeth plumose or at least hairy. ery i eadssessile....... ees 9 we De Re Mocne: Heads peduncled and Few and large, commonly 1 to 8; plants stout and simple or with1 or 2 forks at summit; interior plains . i T. amenum. Several to many. Calyx-segments shorter than the corolla or often somewhat surpass- ing it; flowers purplish. Heads cylindrical, 8 to 10 lines long, mostly with turbinate base . | 3. T. dichotomum. Heads ovate, 3to8lineshigh. .. ... 4. 7. albopurpurewmn. PEA FAMILY. 305 Calyx-segments very much longer than the corolla and often so plumose as to quite conceal it; heads dove-colored or olive-green, ovate, with broad truncate base or more hemispherical in the VADSeoe ieee sos ee BL) Re oe a} ea Wa aw . .d5. T. columbinum. Perennial; calyx-teeth sparingly hairy; flowers red. ...... : . 6. T. pratense. Flowers pedicellate, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulute or setaceous, Calyx-teeth rigid-ciliolate; pod1-seeded. . . 7. T. ciliolatum. B. Heads subtended by an involucre, or by a mere ring in no. 21. Corolla not becoming inflated. Involucre cup-shaped, not deeply lobed, membranous at least at base; flowers developing equally all around. Lobes of the involucre toothed; teeth of the calyx much shorter than HHO UDE. eo si- ice a, gira ese eos ee eee eae ae 10. T. microdon. Lobes of the involucre entire; teeth of calyx longer than the tube. . . ll. 7. microcephalum. Involucre flat, rather deeply lobed, the lobes laciniately toothed; flowers omen: blooming first on one side and the heads therefore one- sided. Annuals. Herbage mostly glabrous. Calyx-teeth entire. Stems decumbent or ascending; leaves oboyate or oblong-oblan- eceolate; heads mostly 3 to6 lines broad .12. T. variegatum. Stems erect, these and the peduncles almost filiform; leaves linear; heads 2 to 8 lines broad. . . . 13. LT. oliganthum. Calyx-teeth notentire, 11 2s eee se ee ag 14. T. tridentatum. Herbage soft-pubescent and clammy; flowers whitish. 15. T. obtusifiorum. Perennial; herbage glabrous; flowers rose-color in banner elliptical, smooth... 2... eee ee ee 19. T. fucatum. Invyolucral.lobes 2 lines ene er less; heads small, 4 in. in diameter or less; flowers purple, reddi ing; 3 laciniate-toothed in one of the vars.) .. . ring; leaflets serrate (or laciniate-toothed 1n on ees ei eecian: 1. T. Macrei H. & A. Plant much branched, the branches decumbent or almost prostrate, 4 to 6 in. long; herbage villous- pubescent; leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate above the middle, 8 to 5 lines long; heads nearly or quite sessile, solitary or often occurring as a terminal pair, ovate, 4 or 5 lines high; calyx- 22 306 LEGUMINOS. teeth longer than the tube, densely plumose-hairy, nearly equaling the small purplish corolla; pod 1-seeded. ; : San Francisco; Pacific Grove, H. P. Chandler; also in Chile, whence perhaps introduced. Nearly related to T. albopurpureum. 2. T. amcenum Greene. Stout, simple and 1-headed, or once or twice forked above and bearing 2 to several terminal or subterminal heads; herbage soft-pubescent; leaflets broadly obovate, obtuse or retuse at apex and often cuneate at base, less than 1 in. long; stipules ovate, acuminate, the uppermost broader, some unequally notched at apex and with a long setaceous acumination borne in the notch; heads globose, exceeding 1 in. in breadth; calyx-teeth shorter than the purple and white corolla, densely clothed with dull brownish hairs. Solano Co. plains between Suisun and Elmira. May-June. 3. T. dichotomum H. & A. Stems dichotomously branching or the branches mostly from the base, 10 to 16 in. high, the internodes very long; herbage almost glabrous or appressed-pubescent, the leaves more pubescent than the stems; leaflets elliptic- or cuneate-obovate, denticulate towards the apex, 8 to 8 lines long, on petioles 2 in. long; stipules ovate, with a short subulate point; peduncles elongated, 7 in. long or less; inflorescence a short cylindrical spike, turbinate at base, 8 to 10 lines long or more; flowers showy, purple and white, 5 lines long; calyx-teeth silky, long and slender, nearly or quite as long as the corolla; pod 1-seeded. Coast Ranges, rare in typical form but more frequent on the higher than on the lower hills: Ukiah; Calistoga; Conn Valley near St. Helena; upper Vaca Valley. Apr. Passes into the next species. Var. turbinatum. Erect, commonly simple, 4 to 6 in. high; heads narrowly or broadly turbinate, about 4 in. high.—-Hillsides at Ross Valley. 4. T. albopurpureum T. & G. Ascending or erect, 4 to 14 in. high; leaflets oblong-obovate, less frequently broadly obovate, dentic- ulate towards the apex, obtuse or emarginate, 6 to 10 lines long; heads ovate-conical, 8 to 8 lines high, solitary at the ends of very long slender peduncles; calyx-teeth slender, delicately plumose, equaling or exceeding the white-tipped purple corolla, which is far less showy than in the last,—(T. Macrei H. & A. var. albopur- pureum Greene.) Everywhere commen in the Coast Range region, especially on the lower hills. Variable. 5. T. columbinum Greene, One ft. high, sparingly branched; leaflets cuneate-oblong, 1 in. long or less; heads ovate with « broad and often truncate base, 1 in, high, dove-color; calyx-tube 1 line long, the filiform segments 5 lines long, silky-plumose throughout, some- times partly concealing the small purple corolla; pod striate, villous at apex. Rare in the typical form: low hills of northwestern Solano Co. Apr.-May. Appearance suggestive of the Rabbit’s Foot Clover, T. agrarium L., of the eastern United States. PEA FAMILY. 307 Var. argillorum. Depauperate; heads about 4 in. high, the teeth less silky and relatively shorter.—Hills and mountain slopes of the North Coast Ranges, seemingly joining with no. 4. Var. olivaceum (T. olivaceum Greene). Mostly erect, 1 to 13 ft. high, slightly pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, often exceeding 1 in.; heads globose, } in. high, of an olive-green color, long- peduncled; calyx-tube 1 in. long, its teeth long-setaceous and short- silky, the rigid point almost naked; corolla violet-purple, small and in the robust forms almost concealed; pods glabrous.—Formerly abundant on the plains and valleys of northwestern Solano Co., forming an important part of the hay crop in some localities; now selon seen or only in depauperate form. Possibly of hybrid origin. way. 6. T. pratense L. Rep CLover. Glabrous below, pubescent above, » ft. high or less, branching; leaflets elliptic or obovate, 1 in. long; stipules entire, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, 1 in. high or nearly so, sessile; calyx-teeth setaceous, exceeding the red flowers, sparingly hairy. Well-known cultivated species from Europe: naturalized in the moister parts of northern California and seemingly spontaneous on the islands of the Lower Sacramento. July—Oct. 7. T. ciliolatum Benth. Erect, 8 to 18 in. (rarely 2} ft.) high, glabrous; leaflets narrowly or cuneate-oblong to obovate, obtuse or retuse, serrulate, 5 to 12 lines long; stipules broadly linear, acumi- nate; flowers whitish or purplish, 3 lines long; calyx-teeth lanceolate, very acute, rigidly ciliolate, often purplish; pod 1-seeded, oblong- elliptic. Plaine and valleys throughout California: Coast Ranges; Sacra- mento and San Joaquin Valleys; Sierra Nevada to about 5,000 ft. altitude (Amador Co., Knight’s Ferry, F. WW". Bancroft, Sequoia National Park). Rachis sometimes prolonged through the head as a sterile filament, Apr.—May. 8. T. bifidum Gray. Erect, very slender, 7 to 12 in. high, pale green and glaucous, wholly glabrous or the petioles and peduncles hairy; leaflets linear, oblong, or obovate, more or less cuneate. serru- late, the teeth often remote as compared with the preceding, apex bifid and mucronulate, 6 to 8 lines long; stipules lanceolate, the upper ovate-lanceolate, setaceously acuminate; heads 6 to 15-flowered; calyx deeply 5-parted, the subulate-setaceous teeth rather shorter than the pale pink corolla; pod included, 1-seeded; seeds obovate-oblong. New Almaden, northward to Berkeley, Mt. Diablo, Vacaville and Ukiah. Apr. Infrequent in the typical form. Var. decipiens Greene. Stouter, with the leaflets less deeply notched and the calyces and peduncles often hairy.—Common: Santa Clara Co.; Berkeley; Sacramento Valley and elsewhere. 9. T. gracilentum T. & G. Erect, 10 to 16 in. high, wholly glabrous; leaflets obcordate, spinulose-serrulate, 5 to 7 lines long; stipules linear, or those of leaves subtending peduncles, ovate, acumi- 3808 LEGUMINOS. nate; rachis prolonged through the head as steraile point about 3 lines long; flowers 3 or 8} lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, three times as long as the tube; corolla reddish or deep purple, the ends of the petals more or less definitely white-tipped; pod exserted, 2-seeded; seed obliquely oval, straw-colored. : Common on low hills and in valleys: Los Angeles and San Luis Obispo Cos. northward through the Coast Range region (Alameda, San Francisco, Napa Valley, Solano Co., etc.), ranging beyond the northern boundary of California. Apr.-May. 10. T. microdon H. & A. Stems erect or decumbent, stoutish. 8 to 16 in. long, faintly pubescent; leaflets broadly obcordate, serru- late, 6 lines long; heads 4 lines broad; involucre 12 to 15-lobed, the lobes 8 to several-toothed and spreading abruptly from the head after anthesis; calyx-teeth short, 4 or } the length of the tube; corolla white, fading pinkish. ‘ Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento; valleys of the Coast Ranges (Alameda Co., Mt. Tamalpais, Napa Valley and north- ward). Apr. 11. T. microcephalum Pursh. Stems slender, erect or decum- bent, 8 in. to even 2 ft. long; herbage soft-pubescent; leaflets obovate, serrulate, notched at apex, stipules ovate, acuminate; heads 3 lines broad; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes erect, acuminate, cuspidate, entire, 8-nerved; calyx-teeth longer than the tube, spinulose at apex, murgined at base with a broad often denticulate or scarious border which is more or less protruded; corolla white or light rose-color, scarcely exceeding the calyx-teeth; pod globose, 1-seeded. Hillsides and valleys: North Coast Ranges (Vacaville and St. Helena) southward to San Francisco, Pacific Grove and Southern California. Apr. 12. T. variegatum Nutt. Glabrous annual; stems slender, decum- bent or ascending; leaflets obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, spinulose-serrulate, 4 to 10 lines long; stipules oblong- or ovate-lanceolate, sharply toothed or laciniate; peduncles slender, longer than the leaves; involucre laciniate, shorter than the heads; heads small (3 to 15-flowered and } in. broad or less); calyx-tube 15-nerved, its teeth subulate-setaceous, entire, shorter than the deep purple or whitish corolla but longer than the tube; pod 2-seeded. Common in low moist ground, throughout California. Apr.—May. Greene has a var. melananthum, the calyx-teeth more triangular and only pungently acute or acuminate and of a dark purple almost to the base; and also a var. major, very large, stout and fistulous, with cuneate-oblong leaflets, heads 1 in. broad, and petals purple with white tips. 18. T. oliganthum Steud. Pale green, glabrous annual; stems erect, very slender, simple or with a few ascending branches, 7 to 15 in. high; upper leaflets linear, acute, $ to 1 in. long, spinulose- serrate or nearly entire; lower leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate, 2 or 3 lines long; petioles very slender; stipules lanceolate, laciniate; PEA FAMILY 309 peduncles filiform, 2 to 8 in. long, exceeding the leaves; heads ver small, 2 or 8 lines broad, 5 to 11-flowered; involucre reduced, lacini- ately divided; flowers pale purple and white, 2 to 8 lines long; calyx often purplish; calyx-teeth oblong-lanceolate, pungent, entire, shorter than. the 10-nerved tube. Brush-covered or wooded cajion sides or edges of thickets in the Coast Range hills: Berkeley; San Pablo Creek; near St. Helena. Apr. Greene has a var. Sonomense, found in Knight’s Valley, Sonoma Co., with broader cuneate-oblong truncate cuspidate leaflets and subulate-aristate calyx-teeth equaling or exceeding the tube. Also a var. triflorum, found in the Mt. Diablo region, with broader retuse leaflets, fewer flowers and triangular-acuminate calyx-teeth 3 as long as the tube. 14. T. tridentatum Lindl. GJabrous annual; stems usually erect or with decumbent base, 9 to 16 in. or even 2 ft. high; leaflets linear or lanceolate, sharply serrate; heads 1 in. broad or more; involucre laciniate, much shorter than the flowers; corolla bright purple, often tipped with white; calyx-tube strongly 10-nerved, longer than the teeth; these broad at base and abruptly narrowed into a subulate spine, usually with a stout tooth on each side. Very common on hills and plains from the Sierra Foothills and the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys westward to the seaboard and southward to Southern California. The following is a little-known plant whose exact status has not been determined: T. APPENDICULATUM Loja. Branches almost prostrate, 1} to 24 ft. long, sometimes forming a very broad mat; leaflets broadly obovate and truncate, or obcordate, cuneate at base, 7 to 12 lines long; peduncles about 3 in. long, twice exceeding the leaves (but the lower leaves as long); heads large and involucre comparatively small; ealyx-teeth subulate-aristate, entire, twice as long as the tube; banner deeply emarginate, keel abruptly contracted at apex into a slender tip. (Not T. appendiculatum Greene).—Moist fields, Napa Valley. May 12, 1895, Greene. 15. T. obtusiflorum Hook. Diffusely branching, the stems stout, purplish, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage soft-pubescent throughout and very clammy; leaflets linear or oblong-lanceolate, pectinately serrate, } to 1} in. long; heads 1 in. or more broad, on long (often 4% in.) peduncles; calyx minutely roughish puberulent, its tube oblong-campanulate, with 10 primary and'as many intervening lesser nerves, the latter vanishing above or forming reticulations; teeth subulate-spinose, entire or sometimes slightly toothed, nearly equaling the tube or scarcely } as long; corolla white, with a dark purple spot at the center.—(T. roscidum Greene. ) Sandy stream beds in cafions: Horse Mountain, Lake Co.; Vaca Mountains, Solano Co., where it is a very rare plant; Mt. Tamalpais; Mt. Diablo Range; and southward to Southern California. Easily recognized by its clamminess, the whole plant on the driest summer day seeming to the touch as if wet with dew. 16. T. Wormskjoldii Lehm, Perennial by spreading root-stocks; 310 LEGUMINOS. herbage glabrous and flaccid; stems decumbent, stout, sometimes fistulous, 5 to 17 in. long; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, pectinate- denticulate, 3 to 1 in. long; heads hemispherical, 1 in. broad; involu- cre 6 to 9 lines broad, laciniately cleft, the tooth-like segments aristate; flowers rose-color; calyx-tube scarious, 10-nerved, the alter- nate nerves less prominent; teeth gradually attenuate, longer than the tube, all entire, or some of them setaceously divided; banner elliptical, deeply emarginate. Rather frequent along streams or about springy places or bordering the edges of salt-marshes: Howell Mountain; Denverton; San Fran- cisco. May-June. 17. T. barbigerum Torr. -Prostrate or ascending, the branches 2 to 4 in. long; petioles and peduncles pubescent; leaflets elliptic- obovate to obovate-oblong, retuse or obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules scarious, broadly ovate, laciniate; involucre as broad as heads, shortly lobed and setaceously many-toothed; heads 4 to 5 lines wide; pedun- cles long (14 to 23 in.); calyx-tube short, thin and at length scarious; teeth setaceous-awned from a short triangular base, plumose, some- times 2 to 8-parted, the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla; pod 2-seeded. San Francisco southward to Santa Cruz. Not common. May. 18. T. Grayi Loja. Erect or ascending, 8 to 16 in. high, villous with spreading hairs; leaflets obovate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or acute, sharply serrate, 9 to 12 lines long; heads long-peduncled, nearly or fully 1 in. broad; involucre as broad as heads, deeply lobed and seta- ceously toothed; calyx-tube villous, 10-nerved; teeth linear-subulate from a triangular base, plumose, frequently reddish, equaling the dark red-purple corolla. Near the coast but infrequent: San Bruno Hills and northward. 19. T. fucatum Lindl. Sour CLover. Diffuse or decumbent, glabrous, somewhat scabrous above, very stout and succulent, much branched, the branches 3 to 2 ft. long; leaflets obovate to inversely deltoid, mostly cuneate at base, pectinate or spinulose-serrate or nearly éntire, 3 to 1 in. long; heads very large, 1 to 1% in. in diameter, about 12 to 20-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, 1 to 1} lines long, not longer than the teeth, the two upper teeth very short; corolla cream-color, fading pinkish, 7 to 10 lines long; keel-petals frequently with a dark purple spot; legume with a rather long stipe; seeds nearly smooth. Common in low and often alkaline fields: Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Coast Ranges (Napa Valley, Oakland, Santa Cruz and Hollister, Setchell, and elsewhere). May-June. The calyx is very variable in the relative length of the teeth and tube, and an attempt has been made to separate as species, various dwarf and robust soil forms, the species being obliged for their diagnoses to the calyx character and to the habit. These forms are here named as ecological varieties. Var. FLAvULUM (T. flavulum Greene). As large as the species but somewhat. more slender; heads smaller; calyx-teeth slender- PEA FAMILY. 311 subulate, exceeding the tube, the lower much longer; legume sub- sessile.—Higher ground than the species. Var. virescens (T. virescens Greene). Smaller plant in every way; two upper calyx- teeth shorter than the tube, the lower twice longer.—Hill country in dry or substerile soil. Var. Gampeniu (T. Gambellii Nutt.). Lower calyx-teeth cleft into setaceous segments.—Inner South Coast Ranges. 20. T. amplectens T. & G. Branches several to many from the base, mostly diffuse with decumbent or ascending slender branches, 8 to 12 or 15 in. long, glabrous throughout; leaflets oblong-obovate, obtuse, truncate or retuse, cuneate at base, serrulate (mostly towards the apex) and mucronulate, 5 to 8 (or the lowest 2 to 4) lines long; heads 2 to 4 (in fruit 4 to 6) lines in diameter; peduncles longer than the leaves, mostly twice longer; bracts of the involucre 5 to 7, ovate or oblong, § to 13 lines long, commonly entire, but sometimes toothed, strongly nerved; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla red-purple or whitish, in age inflated and ovate or obpyramidal; pod eually 2-seeded; seeds 3% to % line long, emarginate at the hilum, sinuose-rugose.—(T. Franciscanum Greene.) iz A frequent species from the plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin (especially common in low or alkaline areas), westward through the Coast Range hills to the coast. Apr. Doubtless several worthy varieties could well be named and described, but this species is far less variable than might be supposed from the number of invalid species which have been separated from it. When inhabiting dry, especially adobe soil, the plants are often semi-dwarf, and correspond to the type; on high ground the stems are more commonly wiry and prostrate, in low grounds flaccid and not so slender. Even the rank forms of low ground sometimes show scarious-margined involucres and toothed lobes as in the type. Var. HYDROPHILUM (T. hydro- philum Greene). Lower leaves narrower than the upper; involucral lobes only 4 line long; calyx-teeth aristiform; inflated corolla oblong. —A rank form found near marshes and ponds, Alameda, ete. The number of involucral lobes and seeds is not peculiar. Connects with the next. 21. T. depauperatum Desv. Slender, ascending, 3 to 6 in. high, glabrous; stipules ovate, acuminate, entire; Icaflets cuneate-oblong, acute or obtuse or emarginate, 4 in. long or less, denticulate; heads 8 to 10-flowered, long-stalked; involucre greatly reduced to very small truncate lobes or a minute ring; calyx short with narrowly subulate teeth; corolla white or purple, inflated, oblong, 2 to 8 lines long; ovules 2 to 6; pod 1 or 2-seeded, rugose. Not very common: hills and plateaus of the Mayacamas Range bounding Napa Valley-on the east; Alameda. May. ‘i Var. ANGUSTATUM (Greene under T. laciniatum). Leaves «all linear, often truncate, entire or nearly so, 4 in. long; involucre reduced to a mere ring.—Sonoma; Upper Napa Valley. Var. LACINIATUM (T. laciniatum Greene). Lower leaflets narrowly cuneate, denticulate, the upper broad, truncate, 3-dentate at apex, 812 LEGUMINOSAE. laciniately toothed or pinnatifid; involucre obsolete; flowers 3 to 5.— Alkaline plains: Byron and Bethany in the Lower San Joaquin; Colusa Junction in the Sacramento Valley, Brandegee (the foliage curiously diverse, the leaves linear and entire or extravagantly toothed or laciniate). 12, MELILOTUS Juss. SwerEet CLovEr. Annual or biennial herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves and toothed leaflets. Flowers small, yellow or white, in spike-like racemes on axillary peduncles, in bud erect, soon deflexed and not again becoming erect. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth subulate. Petals falling after flowering, free from the stamen tube. Stamens dia- delphous, the upper one entirely free. Pod ovoid, coriaceous, straight, in ours wrinkled, scarcely dehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. (Greek meli, honey, and lotos, the ancient name of some plant belonging to this family.) Flowers white; plants 3to6ft.high,. .. . + 9» way aE alba. Flowers yellow; plants 1}g to 3ft. high. . rs . 2 M. Indica. 1, M. alba Lam. Wuirr Metitor. Erect, simple below, branching above, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaflets broadly or narrowly oblong, tapering to both ends, or widest above the middle, serrate except at the very base, over 4 to 1} in. long; flowers white, 2 lines long, in racemes 1 to 2 in. long; standard slightly longer than the wings. Rare in the Bay Region, occurring only in river beds: San Leandro Creek, Dury; Napa River, near St. Helena; common in moist valleys northward. Naturalized from the Old World as also the next. 2. M. Indica All. YtLtLtow Mexiztot. Main stem erect, 1} to 3 ft. high, with many rather spreading branches from above the base; leaflets broadly or narrowly cuneate-obovate, or dentate or serrate but entire below the middle, retuse at apex, 1 in. long or more, those of the lateral branchlets or at the summit smaller; racemes 1} to 2 in. long, longer than the peduncles; flowers yellow, 1} lines long; wing and keel petals oblong, the latter slightly broader. Very common. Apr.—May. 18. MEDICAGO L. Mepicx. Herbs with pinnately 8-foliolate leaves and usually toothed leaflets. Flowers small, in short spikes or loose heads on axillary peduncles. Corolla falling after flowering. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel obtuse. Stamens diadelphous, the upper one entirely free. Pod small, 1 to several-seeded, incurved or coiled or spirally twisted, and indehiscent. (From the Greek Medike, name given by Diocorides to a plant from Media, perhaps Lucern. All the species have been naturalized from Europe. The Bur Clover damages the fleeces of sheep.) Perennial; flowers blue... 2... 1... 00 fee ee ee 1. M, sativa. Annuals; flowers yellow. Pod l-seeded, reniform, smooth. ............ 2. M. lupulina. Pod several-seeded, spirally coiled, margined with prickles. PEA FAMILY. 313 splotched .. 2... ee eee ee ee 2 8. ML, denticulata. Edge of the pod furrowed between the prickles; leaflets with a large inky splotch on the upper face....... .4. M. maculata. Pod several-seaded, spirally coiled, unarmed... . .5. Mf. apiculata. 1. M. sativa L. Axratra. Lucrry. Perennial from an elon- gated taproot, erect and smooth; leaflets oblong-obovate or linear- oblong, 8 to 10 lines long; flowers blue (5 lines long), in racemes; pod spirally twisted so as to form 2 or 8 complete rings or coils. Borders of fields, not common beyond cultivation. 2. M.lupulina L. Nonesuch. Biack Mepicx. Branching from the base into spreading procumbent stems 9 to 18 in. long; leaflets orbicular and more or less deltoid to cuneate-obovate, 4 to 6 lines long; peduncles longer than the leaves (1 to 14 in. long), bearing a short dense spike of bright yellow flowers; pods reniform, 1-seeded, black when ripe. Uncommon: Santa Clara Co.; Berkeley. Apr.—May. 3. M. denticulata Willd. Bur Ciover. Branches spreading or procumbent, from a few in, to 2 ft. long; herbage nearly glabrous; leaflets obovate or obcordate; stipules finely toothed; peduncles 3 to 5-flowered, rather longer than the leaves; pods twisted into a spiral of 2 or 8 turns, compressed, reticulated, the thin keeled edge bordered by a double row of more or less hooked or curved prickles. Very common throughout California, especially on the plains, low hills and in the valleys. Mar.—June, but flowering in moist places at nearly all seasons. 4. M. maculata Willd. Sporrep MepicK. Very similar to the last species, but the petioles with spreading hairs, the leaflets usually much larger (1 in. long) and with a conspicuous dark splotch in the center; pod compactly spiral with thicker margin more or less furrowed between the prickles. Known only from a few localities in the Bay Region: Oakland; Berkeley; Ross Valley, Marin Co.; but in San Francisco Co. almost as common as no. 3 acc. to Mrs. K. Brandegee. 5. M. apiculata Willd. Stems spreading, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaflets deltoid, denticulate, except at the base, usually retuse and mucronate at apex, 5 or 6 lines long; pod unarmed, the sides strongly reticulated, the reticulations running to the edge and appearing as a row of tuber- -- cles on either side of the margin. Seldom collected: Santa Clara Co.; San Francisco; Point Isabel; and in the Sacramento Valley at Redding. Mar.—Apr. 14. LUPINUS L. Lupine. Herbs or low shrubs with palmately 4 to 15-foliolate leaves. Stipules adnate to the base of the petiole, seldom conspicuous. Flowers showy, blue, pinkish, yellow or white, in terminal racemes or spikes. Calyx deeply bilabiate. Banner roundish, the sides mostly reflexed; wings commonly connivent by their edges in front of and thus enclosing the mostly faleate pointed keel. Stamens 314 LEGUMINOS#. monadelphous, dimorphous, 5 with longer and basifixed anthers, the alternate 5 with shorter and versatile ones. Pod somewhat flattened, often constricted between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy. (Latin lupus a wolf, these plants thought to rob .the soil of its fertility.) : A. Pods linear or oblong. Bracts deciduous; ovules several; cotyledons of the seedling petioled. Low oe or at least suffrutescent, silky pubescent; petioles mostly short. Flowers sulphur-yellow; raceme often 1 ft. long. . 1. L. arboreus. Flowers not yellow, mostly blue. Herbage greenish; flowers blue or white; keel ciliate for its whole length; low, the stems merely suffrutescent.. . 2. L. varticolor. Herbage silky. Flowers bluish or lavender, the banner with a yellow spot; keel glabrous; no distinct trunk. .......... 3. L. Chamissonis. Flowers blue; keel ciliate; shrub with a distinct trunk... ... 4. L. albifrons. Perennial herbs. Leaflets 5 to 7, more or less ciliate or ciliolate. Herbage canescently silky. Leafiets oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong; roots large, yellow; seashore SPCClOS ss co's AP Re eS L. littoralis. Leaflets spatulate-oblong; root not yellow; montane oe a 6. L. sericatus. Herbage greenish, comparatively glabrous; montane or of the hills. 7. L. latifolius. Leaflets 7 to 9, linear-lanceolate, 1 to 14g in. long; keel glabrous; plants mostly decumbent, with silky herbage... ... . 8. L. formosus. Leaflets 9 to 16, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3 to6in. long; petioles 4 ft. long or more; plants erect, 3 to 5 ft. high, sparingly villous. ..... : 9. L. polyphyllus. Annual herbs. Flowers mostly 4 to 7 lines long; upper calyx-lip cleft or bifid. Lower calyx-lip 3-toothed or entire; leaflets cuneate-obovate, obtuse or emarginate; plants very stout and succulent. .10. L. affinis. Lower calyx-lip 3-dentate; leaflets oblanceolate, acute, plant slender, notsucculent.......... . .1l. L. nanus. Flowers mostly 1% to 3 lines long. Slender plants; upper calyx-lip with divergent lobes. Lower calyx-lip long, entire. . = E . 12, L. micranthus. Lower calyx-lip deeply 3-cleft............ 13. L. trifidus. Stoutish plants; upper calyx-lip bifid, the ovate segments short and parallel; lower calyx-lip entire or slightly dentate... ....... 14. L. polycarpus. B. Pods short and roundish or ovate. Bracts persistent; ovules 2; cotyledons of the seedling broad and united by their bases; annuals. Upper lip of calyx herbaceous and entire; flowers pale yellow; stems simple below, widely branching above........ 15. L. luteolus. Upper lip of calyx more or less scarious, emarginate or cleft. Flowers commonly white or yellow; stem simple below, branching at GU THONG 3. 5 504 tg Ce aac ete 19. ADENOSTEGIA. Calyx narrowly campanulate, 2 to 5-toothed, the orifice often oblique; corolla with narrow tube, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) long, arched; lower lip of 3 small lobes; bracts purple or with foliaceous (green) tips; perennials . gt OP ae ees 20. PEDICULARIS. 1. VERBASCUM L. MULLEIN. Usually biennial herbs with tall virgate stems and alternate leaves. Flowers ephemeral, in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla rotate, with 5 nearly equal segments, ours commonly yellow. Sta- mens 5, all with anthers; all or the three posterior filaments woolly- bearded. Stigma undivided or 2-lamellate. Capsule septicidally 2-valved, the valves cleft at apex and the septa parting from the persistent axis, many-seeded. Seeds pitted or roughened. (Cor- rupted from Barbascum, the old Latin name.) Plants very woolly; flowers sessile... ... -1l. V. Thapesus. Plants with green herbage; flowers pediceled . . .2. V. Blattaria. 1. V. Thapsus L. Common MULLEIN. Stout, densely woolly, 8 to 6 ft. high; radical leaves 6 to 12 in. long, obovate-lanceolate or -oblong; cauline leaves oblong, entire or crenate, crowded, the stem winged by their very decurrent bases; flowers in a very long dense simple spike; spike 1 ft. long or more, and 1} in. thick, sometimes with one to several short spikes at base; lower filaments mostly naked. Stream beds of interior water courses, or waste places about old dwellings: North Coast Ranges; very common in the Sierra Nevada. Flowering in summer. 2. V. Blattaria L. Morn MuLuern. Slender, 2 to + ft. high; 396 SCROPHULARIACES. herbage green and glabrous, or the inflorescence glandular-pubescent; leaves not decurrent, 4 in. long or less; upper leaves ovate or ovate- lanceolate, dentate, cordate-clasping; lower leaves oblong, more coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, the basal ones narrowed to a short winged petiole; flowers yellow or white, 1 in. broad, in a Jong loose simple raceme; pedicels longer than the calyx; filaments all bearded with violet woolly hairs. Introduced from the Old World: St. Helena, Mrs. O. D. Hint; Redwood Peak; Lower San Joaquin; Lake Co.; and Sierra Foothills opposite Sacramento, acc. to Brandegee. V.vircatum With. may be found; its pedicels are in 2’s and 3's and not longer than the calyx- lobes. 2. ANTIRRHINUM L. Syappragon. Annual or perennial herbs with the lower leaves opposite and the upper leaves alternate. Corolla gibbous or saccate at base on lower side; palate closing the throat. Capsule dehiscing by pores at the base of the style; style (in our species) persistent and often de- flexed. (Greek anti, like, and rhinon, nose, because of the snout- like flowers.) Perennials; no tendril-like branches. Leaves linear; sepals 4 the length of the corolla. . . .1. A. virga. Leaves lanceolate; sepals equaling or shorter than the corolla. -.... . 2. A. glandulosum. _1. A. virga Gray. Glabrous, erect, with many virgate stems from a perennial base, 23 to 5 ft. high; leaves linear, 2 to 84 in. long, sessile; flowers red-purple in « mostly secund raceme, with subulate bracts; sepals ovate, acute, moderately unequal, scarcely half the length of the corolla; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the sac at base mam- meform; lower pair of filaments dilated at apex, all geniculate at the very base and all hairy, especially at the geniculation or knee; cap- sule dehiscing by pores at the base of the style; seeds with the longi- tudinal wing-like ridges fimbrillate. But few stations known: Howell Mountain; Mt. St. Helena and northward to Lake and Mendocino Cos. June. 2. A. glandulosum Lindl. Stem stout, branching, 8 to 5 ft. high, very leafy; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves lanceolate, sessile, gradually diminishing into the bracts of the inflorescence; bracts equaling or shorter than the oblong tube of the corolla; sep- als oblong-lanceolate, unequal; ‘‘filaments all moderately dilated upwards,” ; Mt. Hamilton (acc. to Greene); Santa Cruz, and southward. 3. A. vagans Gray. At first simple and erect, at length branch- ing and very diffuse, the branches 6 to 18 in. long; slender or filiform branchlets more or less twisting and disposed to be prehensile; leaves ovate, mostly 3 to 5 lines long, or oblong to lanceolate and mostly } FIGWORT FAMILY. 397 to 1 in, long, petioled, the uppermost (especially those of the prehen- sile branchlets) reduced and 1 line long or less; calyx-segments very unequal, linear, except the large uppermost one; this oblong or elliptic-oblong, nearly equaling the tube of the light purple corolla; corolla 5 to 6 lines long; filaments dilated at apéx; style slender, as long as the capsule; seeds muriculate-roughened. Dry open wooded hills or in cafions of the Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamilton; Niles; Mt. Diablo; Waca Mountains; Kenwood, etc. July-Aug. Passes into the ar. Breweri (A. Breweri Gray). Slender and less diffuse, with smaller corolla (3 lines long) considerably exceeding the less unequal sepals.—Napa Valley to Clear Lake and northward. Var. Bolanderi Gray. Rather widely spreading, the branches 14 to 20 in. long, sparsely hispid with gland-tipped hairs; leaf-blade 13 in. long or less, ovate (those of the filiform branchlets orbicular), the lower on petioles 8 lines long, the upper on petioles about 14 lines long; upper sepal very large, elliptic-oblong, nearly as long or dis- tinctly shorter than the tube of the 4 in. long corollu.—Redwood region, Marin Co. Herbage thought to be glaucous. 4. A. strictum (H. & A.) Gray. Erect nearly simple glabrous annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, often climbing by tortile filiform peduncles; lowest leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper becoming linear or the floral ones filiform and much shorter than the peduncles; calyx-segments linear-lanceolate, little unequal; corolla violet-purple, 5 lines long, the hairy prominent palate nearly closing the throat; fruiting calyx about equaling the crustaceous capsule, this tipped with a straight (not deflexed) style of equal length. South Coast Ranges (Santa Inez Mountains northward to Arroyo Grande, Monterey Co.). Reported from Mt. Tamalpais by Greene. Apr.-May. ~ 3. LINARIA Juss. Annual or perennial herbs. Lower leaves opposite and the upper alternate, entire in ours. Flowers in bracteate racemes, or solitary and axillary. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate, more or less tubular, personate and with a spur at base on the lower side; upper lip erect, middle lobe of lower smallest. Stamens 4. Capsule dehiscing below the summit by 1 or 2 simple or lacerate perforations or chinks, many- seeded. (Name derived from Linum, Flax.) Annual or biennial; flowers blue . ~ 4% 1. L. Canadensis. Perennial; flowers yellow. p 2. L. vulgaris. 1. L. Canadensis Dum. Toap Frax. Annual or biennial; flowering stems one or several, erect, 6 to 18 in. high, with linear mostly alternate leaves, those of the procumbent radical shoots broader and oftener opposite or whorled; flowers in a raceme; pedicels erect, not longer than the slender curved spur of the blue corolla, ; Sandy soil, rather uncommon: Alameda; hillside above Mill Vallev, H. P. Chandler. 2. L. vulgaris L. Burrer-anp-kees. Perennial, erect, 1 to 2} 398 SCROPHULARIACE. ft. high; leaves linear, very numerous; flowers yellow in a terminal dense raceme; corolla (including the slender spur) 1 in. long or more. Berkeley, Davy; Point Reyes, Miss Alice Eastwood; Valley Ford, Mrs. K. Brandegee. 4. COLLINSIA Nutt. Annuals with simple opposite leaves. Flowers whorled, forming a raceme, or axillary and scattered. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft. Corolla declined (the proper tube very short and the abruptly expanded or gibbous throat forming an angle with it), deeply bilabi- ate; upper lip 2-cleft, with erect lobes; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the middle lobe conduplicate or keel-shaped and enclosing the 4 declined stamens and style. Filaments long and filiform, the lower pair inserted higher on the corolla than the others; the gland at base of corolla represents the fifth stamen. Capsule septicidal, the valves soon 2-cleft. (Named for Zaccheus Collins, American botanist, of Philadelphia, 1764-1831. Species variable. The corolla is a striking imitation of the papilionaceous type.) er pair of filaments bearded, the lower glabrous. Up Flowers long-pediceled (some or all the pedicels much longer than the flowers), solitary, or the upper in whorls of two or three... ... . 1. C. sparsitflora. Flowers short-pediceled or almost sessile, crowded in whorl-like clusters, the lowest subtended by leaves, the others by bracts. 3 Herbage staining brown; upper lip of corolla commonly destitute of crests or transverse ridge; flowers yellowish or whitish, usually with purple marking# J. 6 44 4 saw 44 8 woe 4 wo X 2. C. tinctoria. Herbage not staining; upper lip of corolla with a low transverse ridge at its junction with the throat. Corolla rose-purple or violet, the upper lip paler or whitish; calyx- lobes commonly lanceolate, acute... ....... 3. C. bicolor. Corolla white or nearly white, the lower lip lilac or purple tinged; : calyx-lobes oblong,obtuse ... ........ 4. C. bartsixfolia. Filaments all glabrous; upper lip of corolla with a jagged wing-like crest at base of lobes or with a pair of pros ae ae callous teeth on each side; flowers in whorls of 2 to 4, the pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx . E 5. C. Greenel. 1. C. sparsiflora F. & M. Slender, branched from near the base, commonly about 6 in. high; herbage reddish; lowest leaves elliptical, 8 lines long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side, on petioles nearly as long, the upper oblong to linear, twice as long or more and becoming gradually sessile; corolla 4 to 6 lines long; upper lip bluish or sometimes yellowish at base, purple-dotted at throat, hardly shorter than the lower lip; lateral lobes of lower lip purple; upper lip with an evident transverse ridge or crest; keel sometimes yellowish exter- nally, more or less pilose-pubescent; upper pair of filaments pubes- cent on the upper side; gland conical or somewhat elongated; seeds concave on one side and convex on the other, acutely margined, about 2 in each cell. Common in low fields or in wet places on hillsides. Apr.-May. Var. arvensis (C. arvensis Greene). Commonly with several nearly erect branches from the base, 1 to 1} ft. high; lowest leaves often shallowly sinuate; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, twice the FIGWORT FAMILY. 399 length of the tube; flowers larger (6 lines long).—Napa Valley, Los Guiliocos Valley, and Knight’s Valley. Apr. Var. Franciscana (C. Franciscana Bioletti). Stout, } to 14 ft. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper sessile; flowers sometimes 3 to 5 ina whorl; corolla } in. long; glands subulate, bearing a rudi- ment of an anther; seeds 2 to 12 in each cell.—Mission Hills (San Francisco Co.) to Millbrae (San Mateo Co.). Apr.-May. Verging in habit and character towards C. bicolor. 2. C. tinctoria Hartweg. Stoutish and often diffusely branching; herbage glandular-viscid above, at least on the branches, and impart- ing a brownish stain; lower leaves oblong to lanceolate, with short petioles, the upper ovate or triangular-lanceolate, sessile by a broad or subcordate base, serrate or entire; corolla yellowish, or cream-color varying to white, marked with purple lines and dots; throat very strongly saccate-ventricose, forming a right angle with the tube; upper lip and its lobes very short; seeds small, smoothish. Wooded hillsides: rare in the Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain, Kenwood, Mt. Diablo); common in the Sierra Foothills (where first collected by Hartweg in 1846). June. Examination of fresh mate- rial may show in some cases as obvious a transverse ridge at base of upper lip as in next. 8. C. bicolor Benth. CHingsE Houses. Simple or branching from the middle, } to 1} ft. high, glabrous or finely pubescent and often viscid above; leaves broadly oblong, or the upper narrowed from the broad base to the apex, serrulate, 2 in. long or less; pedicels shorter than the oblong-acute or lanceolate calyx-lobes; corolla rather less than 1 in. long, with lower lip violet or rose-purple, the upper lilac or white, a little shorter than the lower, the Jobes recurved- spreading and with low but distinct crests at the point of junction with the tube; saccate throat very oblique to the tube, bristly within, usually with 8 longitudinal purple lines beneath each lobe of the upper lip; whole corolla sometimes varying to white; gland conical; seeds reticulate-rugose, about 6 in each cell. Very common in the edges of woods: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Southern California. Also ‘‘alkaline plain, Tulare,’’ Davy. Apr.— June. 4. C. bartsiefolia Benth. Nine in. high or less, finely puberu- lent and often glandular; leaves thickish or even fleshy, ovate or ovate- oblong to linear, about 1 in. long; fluwer-clusters 2 to 5; calyx usually white-villous, its lobes broad and obtuse; corolla whitish, the lower lip tinged with lilac or purple, less declined than in no. 38, the upper lip with few purple lines or dots above, about the length of the curved gibbous throat, with a transverse callous crest or ridge at its origin; lateral lobes of the lower lip often emarginate or obcordate; upper portion of throat of corolla pubescent inside; upper pair of filaments bearded on the upper side to the middle or above; anthers with divergent lobes; gland sessile and elongated; seeds only 2 in each cell. Sands near the seashore: Ft. Bragg, acc. to Davy; San Francisco 400 SCROPHULARIACEA. and southward to Southern California. Also on the Antioch sand- hills. Apr.—June. . : 5. C. Greenei Gray. Slender, diffusely branched, 6 to 8 in. high, glandular-puberulent; leaves linear, or tapering to apex, entire or obscurely dentate; pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx; corolla deep azure-blue; upper lip much shorter than the oblong throat, about half the length of the lower, and very prominently wing- crested or toothed at its origin; lateral lobes of lower lip small; gland small. Crevices of high rocks near the Geysers, Sonoma Co, Greene, June 19, 1874; Black Butte, Mendocino Co., 1884, Rattan; stony bed of winter rivulet, Blue Lakes grade from Ukiah, Dary, May 80, 1900. 5. TONELLA Nutt. Slender branching annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, dentate or ternately divided. Flowers small, almost like those of Collinsia. Corolla scarcely declined, only slightly bilabiate, the lobes subrotately spreading and not obviously dissimilar. Fifth stamen represented by asmall gland. Seeds 1 to 4in each cell. (Origin of name unknown.) 1. T. tenella (Benth.). Very slender (with almost filiform branches), 6 in. high; leaves heteromorphic, the lowest rotund to ovate, entire or with deep notch on each side near the apex, 2 to 4 lines long, on petioles longer than the blade; the upper palmately 3-parted or -divided into oblong segments, the middle segment longest; bracts entire, shorter than the pedicels; pedicels in 2’s or 3’s, as much as Lin. long; corolla minute, little exceeding the calyx, white or very pale blue, the lobes or some of them purple-dotted; capsule exceeding the calyx; seeds 1 to each cell.—_(T.. collinsioides Nutt.) Seemingly uncommon within our limits, but easily overlooked: Los Gatos, Bioletti; Sonoma; Humboldt Co. and northward to Oregon. 6. SCROPHULARIA L. Fiaworr. Rank perennial herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers small, dull reddish, cymose, the cymes disposed in a narrow terminal panicle. Calyx 5-parted into broad rounded lobes. Corolla with « somewhat. globular tube, the two upper lobes longer than the two lateral, all erect except the short deflexed lower one. Stamens with anthers 4, the fifth sterile and adnate to the tube of the corolla, appearing like a scale under the upper lip. Capsule septicidal, many-seeded. (From the Latin scrofulz, the plant a one-time remedy for scrofula.) 1. S. Californica Cham. Three to 6 ft. high, glabrous except the finely glandular-pubescent inflorescence; leaves ovate, cordate at base, serrate or incised-serrate; flowers about 4 lines long. Common in moist places, mostly along gulches in the hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Southern California. May-June. The var. floribunda Greene has the panicle with very flexuous branches, and grows along rock outcroppings: Pellejo Hills (Solano Co.) and elsewhere. FIGWORT FAMILY. 401 7. PENTSTEMON Mitch. Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants. Leaves opposite, the upper sessile. Flowers mostly showy, in racemes, panicles, or cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and often inflated, the limb either slightly or strongly bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed, the lower 3-cleft. Stamens with anthers 4, declined at base, ascending above; fifth stamen represented by a conspicuous sterile filament which is often dilated or bearded. Capsule septicidal (the valves cleft at apex through the persistent base of the style), many-seeded. Seeds angled. (Greek pente, five, and stemon, stamen.) Anthers densely woolly; corolla red: var. Sonomensis of.1. P. Newberryi. Anthers glabrous. Sterile filament bearded. Corolla scarlet, 1 in. long; sterile filament bearded its whole length. . F Z ; 2. P. corymbosus. Corolla purplish and yellowish, 44 in. long; sterile filament bearded at apex only. ... . 3. P. Lemmont. Sterile filament naked. Corolla bright vermilion, tubular-cylindric. .... 4. P. centranthifolius. Corolla blue or purple, tubular at base, ventricose-funnelform above. . 5. P. heterophyllus. 1. P. Newberryi Gray var. Sonomensis. Stems 8 to 12 in. high from a woody base; leaves coriaceous, orbicular to round-ovate, about 7 lines long, serrulaie, rarely inclined to be entire; racemes sessile; sepals narrowly lanceolate; corolla bright red, 1 to 14 in. long, with nearly equal and not widely spreading segments; lower lip with two densely bearded folds; anthers slightly exserted, densely woolly; sterile filament bearded at apex.—(P. Sonomensis Greene, Pitt. ii. 218, where the leaves are described as obcordate.) Among rocks of the North Coast Ranges: Hood’s Peak; Mt. St. Helena. May. The species is found in the High Sierras. 2. P. corymbosus Benth. Suffrutescent, 12 to 16 in. high, glabrous except the glandular-pubescent inflorescence; leaves oblong, acute at both ends, $ to 14 in. long, denticulate or entire, short- petioled; flowers in terminal corymbs; sepals linear or somewhat narrowed above; corolla tubular, 1 in. long, scarlet, bilabiate; lower lip abruptly spreading, 8-parted into oblong lobes; upper erect, 2cleft; filaments all pubescent at the very base, the sterile one bearded its whole length on one side. Rocky ledges and cliffs of the higher Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamilton; Mt. Diablo; Santa Cruz, acc. to Gray, and northward to Mt. Shasta. July—Aug. 3. P. Lemmoni Gray. Bush Brearp’s-roneve. Of erect bushy habit, 2 to 4 ft. high, with vigorous herbaceous stems from a woody base, rather remotely leaved; leaves light green, ovate, or ovate- lanceolate, acute, 1} in. long or less, sparsely serrulate; sepals nar- rowly ovate, acuminate; corolla purplish and dull yellow, small (4 in. long), with short tube, campanulate dilated throat and spread- ing lips; sterile filament strongly bearded on one side of the curved apex; capsule 2 lines long. 28 402 SCROPHULARIACEE. Coast Range cafions along streams: Vaca Mountains, Solano Co. and northwestward. Also in the Sierra Nevada: Bear Valley (Placer Co.) and northward. Aug.—Sept. Stems of the season glaucous. 4. P. centranthifolius Benth. Scarter BuatzEr. Herbaceous, glaucous, 1 to 8 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1} to 2} in. long, with subcordate clasping base; pedicels slender, } in. long or less; sepals round-ovate; corolla about 1 in. long, bright ver- milion, tubular, hardly bilabiate, the segments nearly equal, except that the two upper are united higher; sterile filament naked; capsule 6 or 7 lines long, including the persistent portion of the style. Coast Range cliffs: Dunn’s Peak, Sulano Co.; Monterey Co., Alice King, and southward to Southern California; also found on the Antioch sandhills, Davy. Apr. ‘ 5. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Minutely puberulent; of bushy or tufted habit, the stems erect or ascending, many from the base, 1 to 13 ft. high; leaves linear to lanceolate or broader, 1} in. long or less; sepals ovate, acuminate; corolla rather abruptly ventricose-dilated above the narrowly tubular base, 1 to 1} in. long, blue or purple; upper lip short, more or less reflexed, lower longer, spreading; sterile filament naked. Open places in the Coast Range hills, or even in stream beds. May-June. Mostly with reddish stems. Also distinguishable by its sagittate or horseshoe-shaped and ciliate anthers which dehisce from the apex only to the middle (subgenus Saccanthera), the pre- ceding species with divaricate or divergent anther cells, which dehisce their whole length or nearly (subgenus Eupentstemon). 8. DIPLACUS Nutt. Evergreen glutinous shrubs with branching pubescence and oppo- site leaves which are revolute in the bud. Flowers red, orange or salmon-colored, solitary in the axils. Calyx tubular, 5-angled, §-toothed. Corolla with funnelform tube and rather broad bilabiate limb. Stamens 4. Stigma of two flat lobes, closing together when irritated. Capsule firm-coriaceous, linear-oblong, included in the calyx, with a woody enlargement at the pointed apex, opening down the upper suture only or mainly, the valves spreading out nearly flat and bearing the placente on their middle. 1. D. glutinosus Nutt. Busa Monxery-rLower. Low shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, revolute, denticulate, gla- brous and deep green above, pubescent beneath with branching hairs; corolla buff or salmon-color, 14 in. long or more, the throat narrow- funnelform, the lobes emarginate, with more or less irregular margin. P Common on cafion sides everywhere in the Coast Ranges. May- i ept. 9. MIMULUS L. Monxry-FLowEr. Herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers mostly showy, yellow or red, solitary and axillary, or in terminal racemes. Calyx prismatic, 5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla from tubular to funnelform, with FIGWORT FAMILY. 403 strongly bilabiate limb or with merely slight inequality of lobes, a pair of bearded or naked ridges running down the lower side of the throat. Stamens 4. Stigma mostly of 2 flat lobes closing together when irritated. Capsule dehiscent by both sutures, dehiscent on one side only, or cartilaginous and indehiscent. Seeds many. (Diminutive of the Latin mimus, a comic actor, on account of the gaping or grinning corolla.) A. Flowers red, crimson, or scarlet. Acaulescent or short-caulescent dwarf annuals, glabrous or nearly so; corolla red, very large for the size of the plant, with long and often filiform tube; capsule cartilaginous, indehiscent. Corolla-limb broad; upper lip exceeding the lower; tube filiform, 4 to 6” times the length of the funnelform throat... .. 1. VM. angustatus. Lower lip of the corolla almost none; Upper lip conspicuous, erect; throat narrowly campanulate or urn-shaped........ 2. M. subunijorus. Corolla-limb not very irregular; throat open-funnelform, about % the length of the tube; branches (when manifestly eunlee decumbent. . Mf. tricolor. Caulescent (as all the following) and erect. Pedicels 1 or 2 lines long or less; corolla red; capsule dehiscent down the upper suture and a little past the apex (rarely to the base) on the lower suture; herbage more or less glandular- or viscid-pubescent. Corolla-lips strongly unequal. Calyx narrowly cylindrical, scarcely plicate, orifice very oblique; lower lip of corolla 14 as long as upper. .... 4. M. Kelloggii. Similar but smaller; corolla limb 14 to2linesin diameter... . 5. M. Congdoni. Corolla-lips little unequal. Corolla-tube exserted from calyx. Calyx strongly plicate, the orifice very oblique ane the broad teeth Pedicels 1 to 234 in. long; capsule dehiscent by both sutures (as in all the following). hes, : Robust perennial; corolla bright scarlet, strongly halepiee 1'y to 2 in. long... Side & ot as RAR 4 3 Slender annual; corolla crimson, scarcely bilabiate. . 10. . androsaceus. B. Flowers yellow or white. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, at least not viscid-slimy; stems erect; flowers yellow or white. Corolla small, subregular and Straw-yellow; dwarf annual. ........ lL. MW. rubellus. Nearly white or slightly yellowish; annual. .... 12. M. latidens. _ Corolla large, golden yellow, purple-dotted or splotched, strongly bila- biate; annual or perennial: vars.of....... . 13. M. Langsdorffit. Slimy viscid-pubescent herbs, with mostly weak and decumbent stems and light yellow subregular corollas. . Annual; corolla l4 in. or less long; calyx-teeth short, }4 line long; leaves petioled ...... SS .... ...14. M. floribundus. Perennial; corolla about 1 in. long; calyx-teeth 144 length of the tube; leaves mostly sessile... .. .. . .15. M. moschatus. 1. M. angustatus Grav. Acaulescent, glabrous; leaves linear, 3 to 1 in. long; calyx 2 to 8 lines long; the teeth little unequal; the corolla crimson, purple and yellow-dotted, with filiform tube 1 to 13 in, long, 4 to 6 times the length of the short funnelform throat; limb broad, upper lip exceeding the lower; capsule short-ovate, not flat- tened, almost as long as thick; seeds favose-pitted. 404 SCROPHULARIACEA. Borders of surface streams in the mountains north of San Fran- cisco Bay (Mt. George, Howell Mt); also in the Sierra Nevada. Apr.-May 15. 2. M. subuniflorus Greene. Acaulescent or nearly so, about 13 in, high; leaves rhombic-ovate to oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, entire or crenate-toothed; corolla crimson or red-purple, 13 in. long, the slender tube twice or thrice the length of the calyx; the throat oblong-urnshaped or campanulate; upper lip conspicuous, erect; lower lip reduced to a narrow 2 or 3-crenate border or consisting of a more prominent tooth-like middle lobe and the lateral lobe obsolete; capsule } in. long, very gibbous. ‘Wet hillsides: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. 3. M. tricolor Hartweg. Short-caulescent and erect or the branches 3 to 4 in. long and decumbent; leaves lanceolate to oblan- ceolate-oblong, # to 1 in. long, entire or remotely toothed; corolla rose-purple, 1} to 2 in. long, with little unequal lips and broadly funnelform throat bearing markings of crimson and yellow; cap- sule slightly gibbous, compressed. Edges of vernal pools, plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Apr. 15-May. The original description is by Lindley (Journ. Lond. Hort. Soc. iv, 222), but the name is credited to Hartweg. 4. M. Kelloggii Curran. Erect, simple, 2 to 5 in. high, or occa- sionally 7 or 8 in. with several branches from the base, viscid- pubescent; leaves broadly ovate to oblong (the lowest elliptic-ovate), mostly attenuate at base to a petiole, 4 to lin, long, generally dull purple beneath; calyx narrowly cylindrical (6 lines long and 1 line broad), very oblique, the teeth very short and obtuse; corolla-tube very long and slender, twice as long as the calyx, expanding into the short funnelform throat and broad limb, the lower lip only 4 as long as the upper and more spreading; capsule 4 to 5 lines long, slender, bisulcate, slightly curved outwardly (with the calyx), or sometimes contorted, simulating that of (inothera micrantha, Mountain slopes: North Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada (El Dorado Co.). Apr. Var. parviflorus (Greene), Much smaller; corolla scarcely } in. long, its tube little exserted.—Vaca Mountains. 5. M. Congdoni Robinson. Very similar to the preceding, but usually smaller; corolla rose-purple, about 8 lines long, throat narrow, limb only 1} to 2 lines in diameter; capsule 2 to 3 lines long, acute, compressed, , Sierra Nevada; Mt. Tamalpais; collected but once within our imits. 6. M. Bolanderi Gray. Simple or much branched with erect branches, 5 to 16 in. high, glandular-pubescent and very viscid; leaves lanceolate or oblong, sometimes obovate, sometimes sparingly denticulate at apex, 1 to 1} in. long, sessile; calyx 2 to 8 lines broad, 5 to 6 lines long, strongly plicate-angled, somewhat contracted at the FIGWORT FAMILY. 405 very oblique orifice, its teeth acute, the upper much the longest; corolla dark red, 6 to 9 lines long, the tube not slender, moderately exserted; limb about 4 lines broad, the lips of nearly equal length; capsule not exceeding the calyx-teeth, slender, and narrowed to the pointed apex, about 5 lines long, 1 line broad. Hood’s Peak (Sonoma Co.), Lake Co. and northward in the Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Santa Lucia Mountains, acc. to Brandegee. Aug. With the odor of Nicotiana, and in some localities called ‘Wild Tobacco.’’ 7. M. Layne Greene. Much branched with mostly spreading branches, 4 to 7 in. high, viscid-pubescent and somewhat nigrescent; leaves narrowly ovate to oblong, acute at base and apex, about 6 or 7 lines long; calyx 4 lines long; calyx-teeth sharply acute, slender, exceeding } line; corolla red, tubular-funnelform, over 3 in. long, much exserted; capsule acute, exserted. Coast Ranges: Howell Mountain (but capsule not curved upwards at apex as in type plant from Bartlett Mt., Lake Co.); ‘‘ Geysers to Highland Springs.’’ Also about Mt. Shasta. Rarely collected. 8. M. Rattani Gray. Erect, branched from the base, 4 to 5 in. high; herbage glandular-viscid with a nigrescent indument; leaves obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly tapering above and below, 6 lines long or less; flowers solitary in the axils and condensed at the ends of the branches in somewhat capitate clusters of 2, 3, or 4; corolla-tube scarcely exserted from the narrowly campanulate or in age somewhat urn-shaped calyx; calyx-teeth little unequal; apex of capsule narrow, somewhat curved, exserted. First collected in Colusa Co., Rattan, June, 1884; since then only by Mrs. Brandegee on Bartlett Mt., Lake Co. and on Mt. Tamalpais. The calyx is rather broad, as in M. Bolanderi, not narrow as in M. Kelloggii. 9. M. cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high, branched from the base with ascending branches; herbage villous-puberulent, especially on the stems; leaves elliptic-ovate, 2 in. long or more, dentate, scarcely sessile; pedicels in the upper axils, longer than the flowers, commonly longer than the leaves, $ to 23 in. long; calyx strongly prismatic, with equal triangular teeth; corolla bright scar- let, 14 to 2 in. long, the throat yellowish with crimson lines, the tube little exserted from the calyx; upper lip of corolla erect, deeply 2-lobed, the sides turned back until they meet or overlap; lower lip deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes reflexed, the middle lobe spreading; capsule chartaceous. Stream beds, rivulets, or springs of the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Summer and autumn. The strongly prismatic angles of the calyx follow out into the teeth in such wise that the teeth are conduplicate; each lobe of the corolla is rather strongly emarginate; anthers mostly densely hispid-ciliate; filaments dilated at insertion. 10. M.androsaceus Curran. Slender erect branching plant, 1} to 6 in. high; herbage slightly viscid-glandular; leaves obovate- 406 SCROPHULARIACES. oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; pedicels nearly 1 to 1} in. long; calyx 3 lines long, in flower cylindric, broadening in age; teeth short, equal, triangular; corolla crimson, little bilabiate, 6 lines long or rather less. First known from Tehachapi and since discovered at localities southward. Known in western middle California only from a fruit- ing specimen collected on Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Co.), Mrs. K. Brandegee, Apr. 28, 1890. 11. M. rubellus Gray. Dwarf annual, 1 to 14 in. high; stem filiform, solitary from the rosulate tuft of radical leaves, or with one or two smaller stems, all naked below the somewhat corymbose inflorescence of two or three flowers; leaves ovate, 2 to 24 lines long; calyx 2 lines long } as long as the funnelform corolla; corolla yellow, only slightly irregular. On triturated rock amidst chaparral, La Jota Plateau, Howell Mountain, May 8, 1898; collected in western middle California only by the author; not uncommon in the Sierra Nevada, but usually much larger. 12. M. latidens Greene. Annual, glabrous, slender, erect and simple, or commonly with several ascending branches from the base, the internodes below the inflorescence very long; leaves sessile, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, remotely denticulate or entire, } to 1 in. long; pedicels surpassing, often much surpassing the leaves, or the upper- most leaves reduced to bracts and the inflorescence subracemose; flowering calyx cylindric, 3 lines long or less; fruiting calyx ovate- campanulate; corolla nearly white or slightly yellowish, little exserted, the narrow limb almost regular; capsule oblong.—(M. inconspicuous Gray var. latidens Gray.) Low wet fields: Sacramento Valley; Napa Valley; Antioch. Apr.—May. Basal leaves often subrosulate and petiolate. Herbage sometimes slightly viscid-puberulent. 18. M. Langsdorffii Donn var. guttatus. Annual, or perhaps sometimes perennial by the production of stolon-like stems at base; stems simple or sometimes branching, one to several from the base, about 1 to 2 ft. high; herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves more or less elliptical, thinnish, irregularly serrate or dentate, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; petioles mostly shorter than the blades; flowers in a terminal raceme; pedicels shorter than or equal- ing the flower; calyx in anthesis 3 to 5 lines long, in fruit somewhat longer and nearly or quite twice as broad; upper tooth of calyx the longer, often disposed to be approximate or connivent in age; corolla yellow, with purple or brown dots in throat, $ to 1 in. long.—(M. guttatus DC. M. luteus of Bot. Cal., etc.) Sierra Nevada Mountains and high North Coast Ranges. Calyx often nodding in fruit, or borne on a pedicel recurving at apex. June-Aug. The type of M. Langsdorffi was collected on Unalaska, one of the Aleutian Islands. Forms of this species, in addition to the variety above described, abound in all parts of California and are highly interesting, exhibiting as they do great diversity within a FIGWORT FAMILY. 407 limited geographical area. The extremes of these forms are often very striking and some of these very pronounced varieties have been described as distinct species. Their continuance as such, however, can only be had by rigidly ignoring the equally interesting and multitudinous array of intermediate forms which, in their season, crowd the valley floors, hillsides, and cafions. A long series of inter- grading specimens may be collected in favorable localities, such as Napa and Sonoma Valleys and the foothills and mountains adjacent. But it must be said, indeed, that a thorough examination of these forms has scarcely been begun. They have yet to receive that careful and prolonged study in the laboratory and field which their impor- tance and biological interest alike demand. The following named varieties are wholly provisional but will be of some service to the field student. Var, Californicum. Annual; 4 in. to 2 ft. high, simple or branch- ing, stoutish; leaves round or roundish, often broader than long (as in all the following varieties, especially the sessile upper ones), dentate or sharply serrate, often with narrow salient lobes at base; flowers 1 to 1} in. long.—Common in the Sacramento and Coast Range Valleys. Apr.-May. Var. grandis Greene. Similar to the preceding but said to be perennial; stems fistulous, 2 to 8 ft. high; leaves ample (as much as 84 in. long), on short petioles; flowers 1} to 2 in. long.—Rank form found along ditches and slow streamlets in the Bay Region. May- July. Var: insignis Greene. Annual (as all the following), 6 to 20 in. high; foliage very scanty; lowest petioles long; corollas 1 to 13 in. long, with a large purple splotch and several small purple dots on the lower lip.—Napa and Sonoma Valleys. Apr. One of the most showy plants of the genus. Var. arvensis (M. arvensis Greene). Size of the preceding or larger; lower leaves often with several pairs of small leaflets near the main blade; floral leaves sometimes soft-villous; orifice of the mature calyx broad-campanulate, commonly truncate.—Wet fields: Howell Mountain and elsewhere. Var. nasutus (M. nasutus and glareosus Greene). Teeth of the calyx in mature fruit often very strongly turned towards the upper one which is thrice the length of the others; corolla large or little surpassing the calyx.—Mountain rivulets and springs of the North Coast Ranges and doubtless elsewhere, Apr.-May. 14, M. floribundus Dougl. Annual; stems slender, at first erect, later diffuse,.5 to 15in. long; herbage more or less slimy-viscid and musk-scented; leaves ovate, } to 1 in. long, dentate, short-petioled; pedicels mainly longer, sometimes shorter than the leaves; calyx narrowly campanulate (in fruit ovate), 2 to 3 lines long, the teeth 3 line long, hardly unequal; corolla light yellow, exceeding the calyx, mostly twice as long; capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. ; Springy places and stream shores in the mountains: Sierra Nevada; Coast Ranges (but not reported from the Bay Region), May-June. There are dwarf forms 2 to 8 in. high, 408 SCROPHULARIACE&. 15. M. moschatus Dougl. var. sessilifolius Gray. More or less villous, the whole plant wet as if with slimy dew, strongly musk- scented; stems weak, reclining, sometimes slender with long inter- nodes, rooting at the nodes, 1 to 2 ft. long, from perennial creeping rootstocks; leaves sessile or shortly petioled, ovate, remotely dentate, about 2 in. long; flowers only in the upper axils; pedicels 1 to 2 in. long or more; calyx-teeth lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long, nearly or quite 4 the length of the tube, moderately unequal; corolla yellow, much exceeding the calyx, 1 in. long; capsule ovate, acute.—(M. inodorous Greene. ) Along streams and about springs in the mountains: seaward Coast Ranges (Santa Cruz Mountains; Marin Co,; and north and south along the coast); middle North Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain; Horse Mountain, Lake Co.); not reported from the inner Coast Ranges, June-Aug. 10. MIMETANTHE Greene. Erect branching annual with long villous white hairs. Flowers small, yellow. Calyx short-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube slightly 5-sulcate, not prismatic-angled or even carinate. Corolla obscurely bilabiate, its lobes plane. Stamens 4, 2 fertile. Capsule pointed, loculicidal, dehiscent the whole length of the upper side and on the lower side along the apical attenuation; placente tardily separating, borne on the shortly 2-cleft valves. (Greek mimetes, an imitator, and anthos, blossom, on account of the resemblance to Mimulus.) 1. M. pilosa (Benth.) Greene. At length much branched, leafy, flowering from near the base, mostly about 8 to 10 in. high; herbage glandular-viscid and with disagreeable solanaceous odor; leaves lanceo- late or narrowly oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; flowers on slender pedi- cels, the lower pedicels surpassing the leaves; upper tooth of calyx much longer than the others, equaling the tube; corolla bright yellow, its lower lobe usually with brown spots, slightly exceeding the calyx, 8 to 4 lines long; capsule oblong-ovate, attenuate.— (Mimulus exilis Durand.) Moist stream and river beds: North Coast Ranges (Putah Creek, Lake Co., Russian River, etc.); South Coast Ranges; Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys and southward. July-Sept. 11. LIMOSELLA L. Mupworr. Diminutive tufted annuals. Stems creeping in the mud (never ascending), bearing at intervals clusters of leaves and scapes. Leaves narrow, entire, fleshy. Scapes naked, 1-flowered. Calyx- 5-toothed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, 5-cleft. Sta- mens 4, all fertile. Style short. Capsule globose, 2-celled only at base, many-seeded. (Latin limus, mud, and sella, seat, the species growing in moist localities. ) 1. L. aquatica L. Tufts 1 to 14 in. high; leaves exceeding the FIGWORT FAMILY. 409 Scapes, narrowly oblong, 8 to 6 lines long, on long petioles (5 to 12 lines); corolla very small (less than 1 line long), white or purplish. Muddy shores of ponds and lakes: San Mateo Co.; San Francisco; Point Reyes. June—July. 12. MONNIERA P. Br. Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers. Calyx of 5 almost distinct imbricated sepals, the upper’ broadest. Upper lip of the campanulate corolla emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Capsule thin, 2-valved, the valves 2-parted. Placente remaining united in the axis, the valves of the capsule separating from them. (L. G. C. Monnier, 1713-1799, Pro- fessor of Botany at Paris.) 1. M. rotundifolia Pursh var. Eiseni. Stems succulent, creeping, 10 to 14 in. long, villous-pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves rotund, sessile, flabellately many-nerved from the base, } in. long; pedicels 1 or 2 in the axils, longer than the white flowers; corolla little irregular. —(Herpestis Eiseni Greene. ) Aquatic or in muddy situations: San Joaquin Valley (Stockton, Sanford, to Fresno, Eisen). 18. GRATIOLA L. Low herbs with opposite sessile leaves and axillary 1-flowered peduncles. Calyx of 5 almost distinct nearly equal sepals. Corolla tubular; upper lip entire or bifid, the lower 3-cleft. Anther-bearing stamens 2, posterior; anterior pair consisting of sterile rudiments or wanting. Stigma dilated or with two flat lobes. Capsule 4-valved, the valves separating from the placenta-bearing axis. (Latin gratia, grace or esteem, in reference to its medicinal virtues. ) 1. G. ebracteata Benth. Stems somewhat succulent, ascending, 2 to 3 in. high; herbage obscurely pubescent; leaves lanceolate, entire, 3 in. long or less; peduncles longer than the flowers; sepals lanceolate, 4 lines long or less, equaling the yellow corolla and surpassing the globular and somewhat 4-angled capsule; sterile stamens wanting or represented by minute rudiments. Wet soil in the north Coast Range valleys: Napa City, Jepson; Sonoma Valley, Bioletti (the only recorded localities within our limits), and far northward into Oregon. 14. ILYSANTHES Raf. Small annuals with opposite sessile leaves. Flowers small, axillary, on filiform naked peduncles (or the upper becoming racemose). Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals. Corolla tubular; upper lip short, erect, 2-cleft; lower lip larger, spreading, 8-cleft. Fertile stamens 2, posterior, inserted low down; anterior stamens sterile, inserted high in the throat, forked, one of the divisions glandular and obtuse, the other acute and sometimes bearing the rudiment of an anther. Stigma 2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded, septicidal or septifragal. (Greek ilus, mud, and anthos, flower, the species a denizen of wet places.) 410 SCROPHULARIACES. 1. |. gratioloides Benth. Diffusely branching, 3 or 4 in. high, the stems and branches very slender; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate or oblong, 4 to 8 lines long, sparingly denticulate or entire; peduncles long and slender, several times longer than the flowers, solitary in the axils or subracemose above by the reduction of the subtending leaves to bracts; calyx 1 line long; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, bluish. Muddy shores of the lower San Joaquin. Aug.—Sept. 15. SYNTHYRIS Benth. Perennial herbs with the rounded petioled leaves in a radical tuft. Flowers racemose. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with very short tube and 4-lobed rotate-campanulate limb. Stamens 2, inserted close to the upper sinuses, exserted. Anther cells parallel, not confluent. Cap- sule compressed, loculicidal. (Greek sun, together, and thuris, a little door, referring to the continued adherence of the base of the valves to the placentze. ) 1. S. rotundifolia Gray. Plants 24 to 5 in. high; herbage appressed-scabrulose; leaves ovate-cordate, doubly crenate, 2 in. long, shorter than the petioles; peduncles scarcely longer than the leaves; inflorescence loosely corymbose-racemose; the bracts small and the pedicels, at least the lower, several times longer than the flowers; corolla white, 2 lines long; capsule scarcely known. Cataract Gulch, east slope of Bolinas Ridge, Chesnut and Drew, Apr. 17, 1891; Cazadero, J. Burtt Davy, Mar., 1895; hills near Mad River, Marshall, Jan., 1887. Nearly related to S. reniformis Benth. of Oregon and Washington state; but that species is nearly glabrous, with reniform leaves shorter than the scapes, the pedicels very much shorter than the bluish flowers (which are disposed in a short dense raceme), and the capsule emarginate. 16. VERONICA L. SprEpweEtt. Ours herbs with opposite leaves and flowers in axillary or terminal racemes, or solitary. Pedicels without bractlets. Calyx in ours 4-parted. Corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, the upper lobe commonly broader than the lateral lobes or the lower one. Stamens 2, one on each side of the upper corolla-lobe, exserted. Stigma entire. Cap- sule flattened, often obcordate. Seeds few to many. (Name thought to be in memory of St. Veronica.) Flowers solitary in the axils, the leaves alternate or the lowest opposite; annuals. 1. V. Buxbaumii Tenore. Stems branched from the base, $ to 1 ft. or more long, diffuse or procumbent; herbage pubescent with spreading hairs; leaves roundish or oval, often broader than long, 5 to 7 lines long, on petioles 1 line long, rather deeply toothed above the FIGWORT FAMILY. A411 base; flowers blue with a small white center, 2} to 3 lines broad; calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, 1 to 1} lines long; upper and lateral petals subequal, larger than the lower petal; capsule 4 lines broad, with two strongly divergent lubes, appearing as if twin; seeds about 9 in each cell, oblong or roundish, wrinkled, with a fissure on one side, 1 line long. Escaped from gardens: abundant in alfalfa fields near Newark, Miss Crocker; Woodland, acc. to Brandegee. Apr. Another garden annual, V arvensis L., Corn Speedwell, is sometimes met with as an escape: pedicels shorter than the flowers; corolla blue, smaller; capsule notched at apex, the lobes not divergent. 2. V. peregrina L. NEckwexp. Annual, erect, 4 to 9 or 12 in. high, simple or branched from the base; herbage finely puberulent; leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, oblong, $ to 1 in. long, entire or dentate, only the lowest petioled; flowers solitary in the axils of the alternate leaves, sometimes in one of the axils of the opposite leaves, appearing racemose above by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts; pedicels shorter than the small white flowers or obcordate capsules. Common in low places in valley fields: Humboldt Co.; Ukiah; Napa Valley; South Coast Ranges; plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin; Southern California. May. 8. V. Americana Schwein. Brooxitime. Glabrous perennial; stems erect or ascending, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves oblong-ovate, serrate, 1} to 8 in. long, short-petioled, bearing peduncled racemes in their axils; pedicels filiform, exceeding the linear-oblong bracts and much longer than the rotund capsule; corolla blue. Springs and rivulets in the hills and mountains: Coast Ranges Howell Mountain, Berkeley, San Francisco, Pajaro Hills); Sierra evada, June. 17, CASTILLEIA Mutis. Root-parasitic herbs or sometimes suffrutescent plants. Leaves alternate, sessile, entire or more commonly laciniate. Flowers dull yellowish or greenish, in terminal spikes (rarely pediceled), the bracts and calyx-lobes commonly more showy than the corolla. Calyx tubu- lar, flattened laterally, cleft before and usually behind, the divisions entire, emarginate or 2-cleft. Upper lip (galea) of the corolla long and narrow, flattened laterally (or conduplicate) and enclosing the style and the 4 unequal stamens. Lower lip very short, 3-lobed or -toothed. Anther cells unequal, the outer versatile, the inner pendu- lous. Capsule many-seeded. (D. Castillejo, Spanish botanist.) Annual; calyx about equally cleft before and behind, wholly green; corolla straight, exserted from the calyx-tube and exposing the short scarlet lower lip. . . se ES, we ae : .. Ll. C. spiralis. Perennials. Calyx much more deeply cleft before than behind; corolla falcate, the alea well eamerted from lower side of calyx and be egg Le lower ADs, «As see igeta) ce Stee StS ga ec a AY fer oe cela tea eit gan wee fan affinis. lee cleft before and behind; galea included or little exserted {the lower lip never exposed). 412 SCROPHULARIACE. Calyx-lobes mostly 2-cleft to middle; herbage villous-hirsute; leaves HGS: os ke ke Ae Be. Se ee BS & . 8. C. parviflora. Calyx-lobes entire or with slightly 2-lobed summit. ae ee Herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves oval or obovate... .4. C. latifolia. Herbage white-woolly throughout; leaves linear. . 5. C. foliolosa. 1. C. spiralis. Annual, erect, virgate, 1} to 23 ft. high, the whole plant glandular-pubescent and wet as if with dew; leaves ascending, linear-lanceolate, 14 to 8 in. long, all entire; lower leaves with long linear tips, these coiling spirally when wilting; bracts entire, the uppermost with scarlet tips; lower flowers pedicellate; calyx equally cleft or cleft slightly deeper behind; calyx-lobes incisely 2-cleft at apex; corolla wholly green (except the lower lip) or sometimes slightly yellowish, straight, well-exserted from calyx-tube, exposing the bright scarlet teeth of the lower lip; corolla-tube longer than alea. = Moist rivulets, Butt’s Cafion, northern Napa Co., July 13, 1897. C. stenantha Gray, to which this is closely allied, occurs from Mon- terey to San Diego and in the southern Sierra Nevada, and is the only other annual species in the state; it was first collected by Hartweg on the Carmel River. : 2. C. affinis H. & A. Scartet Cur. One to 2 ft. high, with few virgate branches from the base, rather leafy below; herbage nearly glabrous, somewhat villous, or slightly scabrous-puberulent; leaves linear, entire, 4 in. long or less; raceme loose below; bracts scarlet, 3-parted, the middle lobe largest and 8-cleft at apex; flowers pedi- celed, 1} in. long; calyx-lobes notched or 2-cleft at apex, the teeth acute; corolla yellowish, falecate, much exserted from the anterior cleft of the scarlet or scarlet-tipped calyx, and exposing the lower ae about as long as tube, villous, bearded towards apex on the ack. Borders of woods in the Coast Ranges about San Francisco Bay: Oakland Hills; San Francisco; etc. Mar.-May. The large lower leaves have three strong callous nerves. Bracts very Icng, the lobes rather narrow, not brouder above. Difficult to discriminate from the next; best known by its bright scarlet pediceled flowers, callous- nerved leaves, and the at length rather loose raceme. 3. C. parviflora Bong. var. Douglasii. Inp1an Paint Brusa. Stems from base rather few; herbage villous-hirsute; leaves linear, varying to linear-lanceolate or -oblong, entire or with a few linear- laciniate lobes, 1} to 23 (or the lower even 83) in. long; bracts petal-like above, equally 8-parted or the middle lobe somewhat larger and 8-cleft at summit; spikes lax below; calyx-lobes colored red, rarely yellow, laciniately 2-cleft at summit or to below the middle; corolla straight, the galea about as long as tube, little or not at all exserted.— (C. Douglasii Benth.) ‘Wooded cafions: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Common and variable. Bracts variable in color, tipped with red, yellow, or white. The bracts of the yellow form from the Oakland Hills are not cleft to the middle. 4. C. latifolia H. & A. Szasrpz Parntep Cup. One-half to FIGWORT FAMILY. 413 1} ft. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves thick, oval or obovate, mostly less than 1 in. long, or the upper larger and 3-lobed at apex; bracts very short and broad (about 9 lines long and 5 lines wide) with oblong lobes, the middle lobe twice as large as the lateral; calyx- lobes broad, entire or notched at apex, almost equaling the corolla; corolla small, about 8 lines long; lower lip very short. Sea cliffs and rocky headlands along the coast: San Francisco; Monterey, ete. Aug. 5. C. foliolosa H. & A. Wootty Parnrep Cur. Suffrutescent, with many stems from the base, mostly 10 to 18 in. high, white- woolly throughout; leaves linear and entire, rather crowded below and fascicled in the lower axils, about 1 in. long or less, the upper cauline and bracts 8-parted into linear Jobes; bracts with lobes spatulate-dilated at apex, the middle lobe largest and shallowly 3-lobed; spikes dense; flower about 9 lines long, only slightly curved; galea protruding from calyx only 1 or 2 lines, shorter than or as long as tube of corolla; calyx-lobes truncate or merely retuse; capsule 7 lines long; seeds bluish green. Dry Coast Range hills, mostly in rocky situations or on gravelly soil, in some places exceedingly abundant, occupying many acres of open hillside. Apr.—May. 18. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Owt’s Clover. Annual herbs, or a few perennial species extra-limital. Leaves alternate, incised or laciniate, the floral sometimes colored. Calyx tubular or short-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft before and behind and the divisions 2-lobed. Corolla tubular, the upper lip (‘‘galea’’) similar to that of Castilleia, but not so greatly (or not at all) exceeding the lower one. Lower lip 8-saccate, inflated, often very conspicuous. Stamens 4; anthers in some species with but one cell. (Greek orthos, upright, and karpos, fruit.) Corolla with moderately 3-saccate lower lip, the teeth or lobes conspicuous; bracts with colored sk Filaments glabrous; galea nearly straight, glabrous. Flowers whitish; spike slender, 3 in. long or more, lax below... . . 1. O. attenuatus. Flowers dull white with purple marks; spike short and dense, 2 in. long OF 168824 a tut =e iS 8 3 . 2. O. castilleioides. Flowers purple; spikes dense, cylindric. . ... .3. 0. densiflorus. Filaments hairy; galea hooked at apex, bearded; flowerscrimson. . . . . O. purpurascens. Corolla with conspicuously 3-saccate lower lip, much larger than the slender and straight (but often longer) galea; bracts wholly herbaceous. haat es in ae esis exserted from the slightly folded galea; flowers 6 lines ong or less. Hiants small and weak; flowers scattered, inconspicuous, cae red . . O. pusillus. Plants larger and more vigorous; flowers in mostly dense spikes, white OY CYOAM-COlON se se a Be Ee wh IS eG, 6. O. foribundus. Stamens not exserted from the involute-subulate galea; flowers exceeding Win. Leaves dissected into linear segments; tube of corolla filiform. Herbage greenish; corolla yellow or pinkish white throughout... . 7. O. faucibarbatus. 414 SCROPHULARIACEZ. Herbage somewhat reddish; galea purple. Corolla deep sulphur-yellow....... . 8. O. erianthus. Corolla white or rose-color: vars. of... . . .8. 0. erianthus. Leaves broader, entire or with few segments; corolla-tube broader and dilated upwards; herbage somewhat yellowish; corolla cream-color throughout... ..... z 2 . 9. O. lithospermoides. 1. O. attenuatus Gray. Slender, strict or more rarely with a few branches, 5 to 12 in. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, entire or the upper with one or two filiform lobes above the middle, 3 in. long or less, mostly 1 line wide or less; spikes slender, loose below, denser above; bracts with white tips or almost wholly herbaceous; calyx-lobes 4, filiform, the divisions of nearly equal depth; corolla dull white. not deeply bilabiate, the lanceolate teeth of the upper lip large for the size of the corolla, almost as Jong as the lower lp and nearly equaling the galea; lower lip shallowly saccate, purple-dotted. Fields: Coast Ranges; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Foothills. Apr.- May. 2. O. castilleioides Benth. Corymbosely branched from the base, commonly 6 to 10 in. high, somewhat hirsute-pubescent; leaves broader than in the preceding, 4 lines wide or less, entire or with laciniate linear divisions; spikes short and dense, or even subcapitate, the bracts with white or yellowish tips; culyx-segments linear; corolla 6 to 10 lines long, dull white with purple marks; galea plainly longer than the bright crimson teeth. Marshy ground about San Francisco Bay (Alameda, West Berke- ley) and northward to Napa Vulley and Sonoma Co. June. 3. O. densiflorus Benth. Common Escosita. Strict or strictly branched, 5 to 15 in. high, finely pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, with mainly # pair of filiform divisions; spike dense, 4 in. long or less; bracts 3-cleft with purple and white tips; calyx-sezments spatulate dilated, purple; corclla 8 to 10 lines long, purple and white; lower lip with large crimson dots, the teeth nearly as long as the galea. Catistoga; San Rafael; Mill Valley; Newark, etc., and southward along the cvast to San Luis Obispo. May. 4. O. purpurascens Benth. Purpite Escopira. Erect or fre- quently much branched from the base with ascending branches, 4 to 15 in. high, villous-pubescent; leaves parted into many filiform divisions; bracts palmately cleft and somewhat dilated, the upper with crimson or purple tips, as also the calyx-lubes; corolla crimson or purplish, 1 to 1} in. long; lower lip white-tipped, with yellow and purple dots or markings; gulea densely purple-bearded on the back, incurved at tip. Sierra Foothills; Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Napa Val- ley; Antioch; Los Gatos; Monterey and southward to Southern Cal- ifornia. Apr.—May 15. 5. O. pusillus Benth. Slender and weak. 2 to 4 in. high; herbage ae gat sparingly hispidulous-pubescent; leaves pinnately cleft into inear or filiform divisions; bracts longer than the scattered incon- spicuous dark red flowers; corolla 2 to 8 lines long. FIGWORT FAMILY. 415 Hillsides and fields, coloring moist spots with a dull red hue: Oak- land Hills; Marin Co.; Humboldt Co. and northward. Mar.—Apr. 6. O. floribundus Benth, Erect, somewhat corymbosely branched from near the base or the middle, 5 to 12 in. high, nearly glabrous; leaves (especially the upper) pinnately parted into linear-filiform di- visions, some again parted; spikes short and dense, the upper bracts not surpassing the calyx; corolla white or cream-color, 6 lines long, its tube much exceeding the calyx; lower lip with 2 hairy lines within. Hillsides near the coast: Millbrae, Davy; San Francisco, Jepson. 7. O. faucibarbatus Gray. Herbage greenish, glabrous, or puber- ulent above; 7 to 14 in. high, with ascending branches from the middle; leaves oblong or ligulate at base, pinnately cleft above into several linear divisions; spikes at length elongated and lax; bracts shorter than the flowers, palmately cleft or parted into lanceolate segments; corolla yellow or pinkish «white throughout, 9 to 10 lines long, its tube very slender, pubescent, twice the length of the calyx; sacs of lower lip nearly 2 lines deep, deeper than high. Low fields in the Coast Range valleys from Monterey Co., Chandler, Santa Cruz, Setchell, to Napa Valley, Jepson, Sonoma Co., and Mendocino Co. Apr.—May. 8. O. erianthus Benth. OwL’s Crovrer. Herbage, particularly the bracts and stems, reddish; plants 5 to 8 in. high; leaves pinnately divided into filifurm divisions; spikes slender; bracts much shorter than the flowers; corolla about 10 lines long and sulphur-yellow except the dark purple subulate galea, its filiform tube at least twice the length of the calyx; sacs of the lip 2 lines deep, deeper than high, each sac commonly with 2 greenish yellow spots at the base of the tooth; folds of the throat densely bearded. Very abundant on the plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin and on the low hills of the Coast Ranges, often coloring wide stretches in Apr. and May. Var. versicolor (O. versicolor Greene). WHITE OwL’s CLovER. Corolla white, excepting the purple galea, often with a transverse purple band across the throat below the sacs; otherwise like the pre- ceding.—Lake Merced. Var. roseus Gray. Corolla rose-color.—San Francisco sand hills. 9. O.lithospermoides Benth. Cream Sacs. Herbage hirsute- pubescent above, less so below, erect and strict, or with few branches above the base; lower leaves lanceolate, entire; upper oblong, with a few slender lobes; spike very dense and thick; bracts nearly equaling the flowers, the upper dilated at the base, palmatifid into 7 or more narrow lobes; corolla 1 in. long or more, of a rich cream-color, strongly 8-saccate, the tube dilated upwards. Plains and low hills: Contra Costa and Marin Cos. northward through the Coast Ranges to Mendocino; Sacramento Valley. Last of Apr. to first of June. Upper bracts large, almost as broad as long, concealing the calyx; in the two preceding species the upper bracts are small, little or not at all longer than the calyx, only 3 to 5-cleft and not so broad. 416 SCROPHULARIACEZ. 19. ADENOSTEGIA Benth. Branching annuals. ‘Leaves alternate, narrow, either entire or 8 to 5-parted into linear divisions. Bracts and calyx never colored. Flowers scattered along the branches or in terminal clusters or heads. Calyx spathe-like, consisting of an anterior and a posterior leaf-like division or the anterior division wanting. Corolla tubular, enlarged a little upwards, the lips of nearly equal length; lower lip obtusely 3-toothed. Stamens 4 or 2; anther-cells unequal, ciliate or minutely bearded. Capsule flattened; seeds with a loose coat, pointed at one end. (Greek aden, gland, and stege, covering, some species glandular. ) Calyx diphyllous (i. e., with anterior and posterior leaf-like divisions); stamens 4, filaments villous; bracts and floral leaves gland-tipped. Flowers crowded into terminal heads; bracts hirsute-ciliate..... 1. A. rigida. Flowers 2 or 3 together at the ends of the branchlets, or only one. _ Herbage pubescent a ‘ . 2. A. pilosa. Herbage glabrous . Bias Bh seh wie era de of age es _ «8. A. Pringle. Calyx monophyllous (i. e., with a single posterior leaf-like division); fila- ments glabrous; bracts and floral leaves not gland-tipped. Leaves entire; stamens 4......... oe .4. A, maritima. Some of the leaves pinnatifid; stamens 2. . .5. A. mollis. 1. A. rigida Benth. Erect, paniculately branched, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. high; herbage finely puberulent, the 3-parted bracts hispid-ciliate; lower leaves entire, upper 8 to 5-parted into linear divisions, their tips dilated and retuse; flowers crowded in terminal heads; corolla yellowish and purplish, over } in. long. Throughout Southern California; recorded as within our limits only from Mt. Hamilton, Greene. 2. A. pilosa (Gray) Greene. Paniculately branched, 2 to 8 ft. high, glandular, soft-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, entire, some- what fascicled below, 4 to 4 in. long, the upper and floral with 3 callous-glandular teeth at the dilated tip; flowers 2 or 3 together at the end of the branchlets, or only 1; calyx-lobes exceeding the corolla; corolla } in. long, dull white with some yellow markings; lower lip rather broad below, scarcely shorter than the upper; stamens 4; anthers 2-celled; filaments villous.—(Cordylanthus pilosus Gray.) Very common on dry hills throughout northern California: Los Gatos; Moraga Valley; Napa Valley; Vaca Mountains and north- ward. Sept. 3. A. Pringlei (Gray) Greene. About 1} ft. high, diffusely and subdivaricately branched, the branches slender and very wiry; plants glabrous below, the inflorescence sparsely sprinkled with minute glandular-hispid hairs; leaves filiform, 6 lines long, the floral some- what callous-tipped; flowers few, solitary, terminating the stem and branches; upper calyx-division narrow, bifid; corolla 5 to 6 lines long, white or greenish white, marked with purple at the middle; capsule oblique at summit, with a very distinct beak. Mt. St. Helena, 3,700 to 3,900 ft.; first collected in Lake Co., by Pringle. The plant in anthesis is almost or quite leafless, and the rigid wiry branches of a deep brown or mahogany color are quite FIGWORT FAMILY. 417 characteristic. This and the preceding species belong to the subgenus Adenostegia proper, characterized by a diphyllous calyx; it is to be noted, however, that the lower sepalin A. Pringlei and A. pilosa is deciduous, and that only the upper sepal persists in extreme age! The next two species are of the section Hemidtagia, the calyx of which is monophyllous, only the upper sepal being present! 4. A. maritima (Nutt.) Greene. Corymbosely branched, 5 to 12 in. high; herbage glaucous and more or less hoary-pubescent; leaves linear to oblong, 1 in. long, entire; flowers in short rather thick spikes, about as long as the loosely imbricated bracts; corolla purplish; stumens 4, in very unequal pairs; anthers of the longer pair 2-celled, of the shorter pair with only the lower smaller cell; filaments gla- brous.—(Cordylanthus maritimus Nutt.) Salt marshes near the coast from San Francisco Bay southward to Southern California. July. 5, A. mollis (Gray) Greene. Simple or branched, 3 to 1 ft. high, villous-pubescent, the bracts densely villous-hirsute; leaves linear or oblong, entire, or the upper saliently few-toothed or pinnatifid; flowers spicate; corolla % in. logg; stamens 2; anthers 2-celled; fila- ments glabrous.—(Cordylanthus mollis Gray.) Interior salt marshes: Vallejo; Suisun Marshes. Aug. 20. PEDICULARIS L. Lovusreworr, Perennial herbs with alternate pinnatifid leaves. Flowers in a bracteate spike. Calyx 2 to 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, strongly bilab- iate; upper lip galeate, arched and compressed; lower lip of 3 small rounded lobes or teeth. Stamens 4, under the galea; anthers trans- verse, with equal cells. Capsule flattened, oblique at apex, loculi- cidally 2-valved. (From Latin pediculus, a louse; of uncertain application. ) 1. P. densiflora Benth. Inpian Warrivr. Stems simple and erect, 9 to 12 in. high, commonly several from the scaly caudex; herbage soft-pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves pinnately divided or parted, the segments oblong and doubly serrate-toothed or incised; flowers in a terminal dense (or in age loose) spike; bracts linear, ciliate or serrulate towards the apex, mostly shorter than the flowers; calyx 5-angled, the anterior and lateral angles soft-pubescent, equally or unequally 5-toothed, 3 to 4 lines long; corolla crimson, 1 in. long or more; galea large, slightly broader upwards, strongly arched; lower lip small, of 3 rounded teeth; anther-cells acute at base; seeds few. Wooded hills throughout western Culifornia. Feb.—Mar. BeLiarpia Trrxago (L.) is an escape near Martinez, acc. to Greene, Man., 284. It is an annual with crenate-serrate lanceolate leaves, red and white flowers in a dense terminal spike, 4-lobed calyx, and the lip of the corolla equaling or exceeding the galea. 418 PLANTAGINACE. 87. PLANTAGINACEZ. Prantaco Famity. Acaulescent herbs with 1 to several-ribbed or -nerved radical leaves Flowers regular, 4-merous, the scarious and veinless corolla commonly withering-persistent. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, superior; style long- stigmatose, simple and filiform. 1. PLANTAGO L. Puanrain. Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, each subtended by a bract, disposed in spikes or heads which are raised on a leafless scape. Sepals 4. Corolla small, salverform, with a short tube, or nearly rotate. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, alternating with the lobes of the corolla and borne on its tube. Ovary 2 or falsely 4-celled, with 1 or more ovules in each cell. Capsule circumscissile, the seeds attached to the face of the loose partition which falls away with the lid. Seed-coat mucilaginous. (Latin name of the Plantain.) Corolla closed over the mature capsule, forming a sort of beak; perennial; stamens 4; spike 6 to 12 in. long; leaves oblong: lamceors yt a says Corolla remaining expanded, not closed over the mature capsules. Perennials; stamens 4. - Leaves lanceolate. . . 2. P. lanceolata. Leaves ovate. . c . 8. P. major. eaves TMe ars iiss hess create en ba a .4, P. maritima. Annuals; leaves linear or oblanceolate. Stamens 4; capsule 2-seeded, spike oblong: vars. of. . .5. P. Patagonica. Stamens 2; capsule 4-seeded, spike narrowly linear. .6. P. Bigelovii. 1. P. hirtella HBK. Root thick; herbage roughish pubescent, especially the scapes and leaf-ribs; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to nar- rowly oblong, tapering to apex and below into a broad petiole, 3 to 12 in. long and 3 to 33 in. wide; spikes 6 to 12 in. long, dense except at the base; corolla persistent, its lobes closed over the capsule, forming a sort of beak; seeds 3. Clay banks along the coast: Santa Cruz (?); San Francisco; Berke- ley; Tennessee Bay, Marin Co.; Bolinas; Dillons Beach, acc. to Setchell. 2. P. lanceolata L. Risworv. EncaiisH PLANTAIN. Perennial; herbage somewhat villous with short hairs, often rusty-pilose; leaves erect or spreading, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base into a slender petiole, strongly 8 to 5-ribbed, 33 to 6 in. long; scape longer than the leaves, sulcate and angular, erect; spike short-cylindrical, $ to 2 in. long; corolla nearly rotate; sepals scarious, the two lower often com- bined into one; stamens twice as long as the corolla, with slender fila- ments; capsule 2-seeded. Common about San Francisco Bay, flowering from Apr. until late summer. 3. P. major L. Common Pianrarin, Glabrous perennial; root- stock short and thick; leaf-blades round-ovate, 8 to 6 in. long, entire or toothed, marked with 5 to 7 prominent ribs, these converging at the base into a broad petiole 4 or 5 in. long; peduncles not as long as the leaves, rarely longer, bearing an elongated spike often 8 in. UTRICULARIACE.E. 419 long; sepals green in the middle, with scarious edges; capsule 2-celled with 4 to 8 seeds in each cell, circumscissile near the middle. Not uncommon in low fields and waste places. The species is prob- ably introduced from Europe. Called by the Indians ‘‘ White Man’s Foot,”” since it has closely followed the advance of civilization, springing up about the earliest frontier settlements. It has repute in rustic medicine for the cure of certain cutaneous disorders. Var. Asiatica Dec. Leaves in a rosette-like cluster, the petiole about 1 in. long or less; peduncles surpassing the leaves; spike below less dense; capsule circumscissile near the base and well within the calyx.—Stockton; Sierra Nevada. 4. P. maritima L. Sra Prantarn. Low stout maritime peren- nials with many thick and fleshy linear or narrowly linear leaves; peduncles ascending, 3 to 4, rarely 6 to 7 in. long, equaling or exceed- ing the leaves; spike cylindrical, 1} to 2 or 3 in. long; sepals some- what carinate; corolla-tube pubescent externally; capsules 2 to 4-seeded. Cliffs and rocks near the sea: Santa Cruz; San Francisco; West Berkeley. 5. P. Patagonica Jacq. var. Californica Greene. Annual, silky- pubescent, 4 to 5 in. high; leaves narrowly linear to oblanceolate, about 3 the length of the scapes, rarely equaling them, less than 1 to nearly 3 lines wide; spike dense and short, oblong, or even almost capitate, 4 to 6 lines long; sepals obtuse, with a firm and broadly linear central portion, this scariously margined; capsule 2-seeded; seeds oblong-oval with a pronounced ventral sulcus, and tough leathery testa. Very common on hillsides everywhere. Apr.-May. Fr. June. Var. rosulata (Plantago Californica Greene). Rosulate leaves mostly depressed, the scapes somewhat decumbent at base, twice the length of the leaves.—Contra Costa Co. southward in the Mt. Diablo Range. 6. P. Bigelovii Gray. Slender annual, 8 to 5 in. high; leaves linear or filiform, commonly shorter than the scapes, less than 2 lines broad, both scapes and leaves erect; fruiting spike } to 14 in. long, about 14 lines wide; stamens 2; capsule ovoid-oblong, 1 to 1} lines long, circumscissile much below the middle (well within the calyx), 4-seeded, occasionally a fifth seed; seeds winged at oneend. ~ Alkaline fields of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys west- ward to the Potrero San Pablo, Dary, and Hollister, Setchell. Apr.-May. 88. UTRICULARIACEAE. Buapperwort Famity. Aquatic insectivorous plants. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla deeply bilabiate, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spurred at the base in front. Stamens 2, anterior. Ovary l-celled, with free central placenta bear- ing several ovules. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seed with a straight embryo and no endosperm. 420 OROBANCHACE. 1. UTRICULARIA L. BiappEeRwort. Leaves capillary divided and bearing little bladders which possess a kind of valve-like opening. Scapes 1 to few-flowered. Calyx-lips entire. Corolla with a projecting palate on the lower lip, often clos- ing the throat; upper lip erect. (Latin utriculus, a little skin or leathern bottle.) 1. U. vulgaris L. Common BiappERwort. Immersed stems 1 ft. long or more, crowded with bi- or tri-pinnately parted leaves bearing many bladders; scapes 5 to 12-flowered; pedicels recurved in fruit; corolla 6 to 9 lines broad, with conical spur somewhat shorter than the lower lip. Olema, Mrs. WK. Brandegee; Suisun Marshes(?); Lower San Joaquin, Mrs. K. Brandegee. The bladders have an entrance closed by a valve opening inwards, so that small aquatic animals having entered are unable to escape. 89. OROBANCHACEZ. Broom-Rare FAmMILy. Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green color, with alternate scales in place of leaves. Calyx persistent. Corolla tubular, more or less bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens 4, didynamous, inserted on the tube, of the corolla. Ovary free, 1-celled, pointed with a long style which is curved at the apex. Capsule ovoid, 2 to 4-valved, each valve bearing on its face 1 or 2 placentz. Seeds numerous, very small, with endosperm; embryo minute. Calyx 5-cleft; anther-cells separated from below upward, mucronate at bese; capsule Qeyvalved ov aegee 4.8 4 4 9 O48 4 . 1, APHYLLON. Calyx truncate behind and before, or with 1 to 4 teeth in front; anther- cells parallel, blunt; capsule 4-valved. . .... «2. BOSCHNIAKIA. 1. APHYLLON Mitch. Broom-rare. Low commonly viscid-pubescent plants, with violet-purple or yellow flowers. Calyx 5-cleft into acute or acuminate lobes. Corolla tubular, curved, obscurely or manifestly bilabiate; upper lip erect or arching inwards, in ours 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Sta- mens included. Style deciduous; stigma peltate or with anterior and posterior lobes. Placenta 4, 2 on each valve of the capsule. (Greek prefix a, without, and phullon, leaf.) Flowers on long slender peduncles from a short more or less subterranean caudex, without bractlets; corolla obscurely bilabiate; placente not closely approximate in pairs. Peduncles few or one; corolla bluish or purplish; calyx-lobes subulate . 1. A. unifiorum. Peduncles many; corolla commonly yellow; calyx-lobes broader... . . Z : 2. A. fasciculatum. Flowers in a raceme, or subspicate, or thyrsoid; flowers with 2 bractlets; corolla manifestly bilabiate; placente in contiguous pairs. Herbage light colored or somewhat purplish; flowers pedicellate; calyx equally cleft. Calyx-lobes nearly as long as tube of corolla. . . 8. A. comosum. Calyx-lobes scarcely half as long as corolla. . .4. A. Californicum. BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 421 Herbage dark reddish brown; flowers subsessile or short pediceled; calyx unequally cleft; stems with a thickened tuber-like base... ... 5. A. tuberosum. 1. A. uniflorum fs) Gray. Naxzrp Broom-Rare. Peduncles few or one, slender, 1} to 5$ in. high, from a short scaly nearly sub- terranean stem; calyx-lobes subulate, often attenuate, longer than the tube; corolla violet-tinged or blue-purple, 1 in. long or less (twice the length of the calyx or more), the lobes obovate and rather large. Widely distributed but not common: Lafayette, Contra Costa Cu.; Milliken Cafion near Napa. Apr.-May. 2. A. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Gray. Scaly stem emerging from the ground 1 or 2 in. and bearing numerous fascicled peduncles 8 to 4 in. long; plants more pubescent and glandular than in no. 1; calyx-lobes broadly or triangular-subulate, usually shorter than but often exceed- ing the tube; corolla yellow, sometimes purple or reddish-tinted, 1 to 1} in. long. Higher mountain slopes and ridges, rather common: Coast Ranges (Vaca Mountains, Mt. Tamalpais, Mt. Diablo, Mt. Oso, etc.); Sierra Nevada; Southern California. June. Parasitic on Eriogonum, Phacelia, Artemisia, etc. 3. A. comosum (Hook.) Gray. Branching close to the surface of the ground, 3 to 4 in. high, puberulent; flowers racemose or some- what corymbose; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; bractlets on the pedicels or at the base of the flowers; calyx parted into long linear-attenuate lobes $ as long as or nearly equaling the corolla; corolla pinkish or purplish, 1 to 1} in. long, upper lip notched or bifid, lower 3-parted into rather narrow lobes; anthers woolly. Dry hills, parasitic on Artemisia and other shrubs, not common. Mohave Desert northward to Washington: Mt. Oso, Stanislaus Co., Brewer; Livermore, on Sambucus glauca, Dr. W. A. Hammond, the specimens nearly a foot long and the main stem 1 in. thick; bractlets somewhat remote from the calyx; very abundant in ‘‘ the low over- flowed lands between the San Joaquin River and Paradise Cut,’’ Brandegee. Aug.—Sept. 4. A. Californicum (C. & 8.) Gray. Viscid-pubescent, with usually simple stems 2 to 6 in. high; flowers crowded in a dense raceme; pedicels 1 to 2 (or the lower sometimes 6) lines long; calyx- segments linear-lanceolate, half as long as the corolla; corolla yellow- ish or purplish, $ to 1 in. long, its lobes shorter and less spreading than in no. 3; anthers glabrous or slightly hairy. Open hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. Corolla rather more slender and less membranaceous than in A. comosum; lips about 2 lines long, in A. comosum about 3 to 4 lines long. 5. A. tuberosum Gray. Low, stout, pruinose-puberulent, the thickened base of the stem with imbricated scales; inflorescence a dense pyramidal (or more or less globose) cluster of short racemes; calyx unequally cleft, the lobes about as long as the tube of the corolla; corolla yellowish or dark purple or brown, 5 to 7 lines long, 422 POLEMONIACES. the lobes a line long, scarcely spreading; anthers after dehiscence somewhat hairy. . Summits of the Coast Range peaks and ridges: Gabilan Mountains, Brewer; Mt. Hamilton, Greene; Mt. Diablo, Kellogg; Mt. Tamalpais, Miss Eastwood; Vaca Mountains, Jepson, parasitic on Adenostoma fasciculatum, the dark red or dark brown thyrsoid-congested inflo- rescences 2 in. thick or more, looking at first glance not unlike small burnt stumps where fire has passed through the Chamisal; Snow Mt., Lake Co., Brandegee. May. 2. BOSCHNIAKIA C. A. Mey. Stems thick, simple, arising from rather large globose tubers which are developed at the point of attachment of the parasite to the root of the host plant. Flowers without bractlets, sessile or pedicellate, more or less concealed by scaly subtending bracts, the whole forming a dense spike. Calyx short, cup-shaped, truncate behind and with teeth in front, or entirely truncate. Corolla ventricose; upper lip erect or fornicate, entire or bifid; lower 3-parted. Stamens slightly exserted. Stigma bilamellar, the lobes right and left, or 4-lobed. Capsule 4-valved, each valve with 1 placenta. (Boschniaki, a Russian botanist. ) 1. B. strobilacea Gray. Tubers 2 to 3 in. in diameter, bearing 1 to 6 spikes; spikes deep red-brown in age; scales much imbricated, very broad and obtuse; calyces truncate or with 1 to 4 teeth anteriorly and laterally disposed; upper lip of corolla entire, emarginate or bifid; filaments densely bearded at base. Higher Coast Range ridges (Santa Cruz Mountains, Oakland Hills, Mt. Tamalpais, Mt. St. Helena), northward to British Columbia; commonly parasitic on the roots of Manzanita. May. The oblong spikes in many cases bear a marked resemblance to Sugar Pine cones; in other cases the inflorescence is more open and the specific name less applicable. Lower flowers rarely with bractlets. For a detailed account of this peculiar parasite see Erythea, v. 63, pl. 1 & 2. 90. POLEMONIACEZ. Guinia Famity. Herbs or a few species slightly suffrutescent. Leaves alternate or opposite, entire, lobed or divided. Flowers complete, 5-merous except that the superior ovary is 3-celled, either solitary, in loose clus- ters, capitate, racemose, corymbose or paniculate. Calyx persistent, in one subgenus irregular. Corolla regular, convolute in the bud. Stamens inserted on corolla, alternate with its lobes, often unequal in length. Style 3-cleft. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. One species of Gilia has a 4-merous corolla and some exceptions as to the capsule are noted under that genus. GILIA FAMILY, 423 1, POLEMONIUM L. Jacop’s Lappsr. Perennials, Leaves alternate, pinnate, the leaflets sessile. Flow- ers showy, blue or white, in racemes, thyrses or panicles. Calyx herbaceous throughout, not scarious below the sinuses, accrescent. Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate. Filaments more or less declined and hairy at base. Seeds few or several in each cell. (Greek name used by Dioscorides, from polemos, war, the application not obvious. ) 1. P. carneum Gray. Lightly pubescent, 1 to 2 ft. high, the stems lax or diffusely branching; leaflets thin, 7 to 17, ovate to ovate- lanceolate, 1 to 1} in. long, all but the terminal distinct, these some- times confluent; flowers corymbose-paniculate on rather slender pedi- cels; calyx about 4 lines long, accrescent in age and twice as long; corolla broadly funnelform, salmon-color to purple, 8 to 12 lines long, the limb nearly as broad when expanded; lobes obovate and either acute or obtuse; stamens and style included; seeds 3 or 4 in each cell. Rare but handsome species of mountain woods: Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co.; Marin Co.; northward to Siskivou Co., where first collected by Greene. Apr.—May. 2, COLLOMIA Nutt. Herbs, ours annual, with alternate leaves. Flowers in ours in dense clusters with foliaceous bracts. Calyx turbinate, in age ob- pyramidal or cup-shaped, its teeth or lobes equal, entire, erect, the sinuses in age distended into a recurved lobe. Corolla narrowly funnelform or salverform, salmon-yellow, reddish, purple, or white. Stamens unequal and unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla, mostly straight. Seed 1 in each cell, the seed-coat developing spiral threads when wet. Capsule oval to obovoid. (Greek kolla, glue, on account of the mucilaginous seeds. ) Corolla narrowly funnelform, pale salmon-color; leaves entire... ... 1. C. grandiflora. Corolla salverform, red-purple; leaves more or less bipinnatifid or simply toothed or entire ‘ ‘ 2. C. heterophylla. 1. C. grandiflora Dougl. Erect, simple, } to 2 ft. high; leaves alternate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile; flowers crowded in head-like clusters at the ends of the stems and leafy-bracted, or some often borne below, either singly in the axils or in small clusters on short branchlets; calyx-tube obconical, its lobes broad and obtuse; corolla pale salmon-color, narrowly funnelform, 1 in. long, its tube thrice as long as the calyx, its lobes broadly oblong; valves of the capsule after dehiscence with the sides strongly reflexed. 424 POLEMONIACES. Common in the Sierra Nevada at middle altitudes; occurring in the Coast Ranges, at the higher altitudes, but rarely collected (Mt. Hamilton, acc. to Davy). July. 2. C. heterophylla Hook. Plants low and erect, or diffusely branching and the stems 1 ft. long; herbage more or less viscid- pubescent; leaves thin, the upper entire or toothed, the lower pin- nately cleft or pinnately divided and the broad segments laciniately cleft; flowers in small bracted clusters at the ends of the branches; corolla red-purple, small, 4 to 5 lines long, the limb 1 line broad; capsule ellipsoid; seeds 2 or 8 in each cell. Shady places in the mountains: Coast Ranges (Marin Co., Napa Co.); Sierra Nevada. Mar.—Apr. 3. GILIA R. & P. Herbs, ours annuals except G. densifolia. Leaves alternate (except G. gracilis), entire or pinnately toothed, lobed, or divided. Calyx- tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla funnelform to salverform, blue, yellow, or white, the stamens equally inserted on its throat except a few species. Capsule 8-celled and 8-valved, or (in 2 species of the subgenus Navarretia) 1-celled and 4-valved. (Felipe Luis Gil, Spanish botanist of the latter half of the 18t century.) Calyx-segments equal, entire; flowers solitary, in loose or capitate clusters, or paniculate, bracted or bractless; stamens equally or unequally in- serted on throat of corolla; leaves in ours mostly flaccid, not pungent or prickly._Subgenus EvGILIA. Leaves opposite and entire; corolla salverform, its tube little surpassing calyx, its throat yellow and limb purple : 1. G. gracilis. Stamens included; flowers few in mostly loose clusters. Flowers blue or purple; proper tube of corolla much shorter than calyx; leaves pinnately parted into entire or toothed lobes. 3. G. multicaulis, Flowers 8-colored, blue, purple, and yellow; leaves laciniately bipinnatifid ..... 2... . 00. ~ 1... 4 G. tricolor. Stamens more or less obviously exserted; flowers in capitate clusters terminating long peduncles. Corolla segments obovate or oblong .. .. 5. G@ achillexfolia. Corolla segments nearly linear. ......... 6. G. capitata. Leaves or their simple divisions linear or filiform and rigid; flowers crowded into capitate leafy-bracted clusters, the calyces and the bracts densely woolly-matted; corolla salverform; stamens exserted. Annual or biennial, not woody; var. floribunda of . 7. G. virgata. Woody-based perennial; corolla 6 to 8 lines long . 8. G. densifolia. Calyx-segments mostly unequal, entire or some toothed or cleft; flowers in terminal capitate bracted clusters; corolla tubular-funnelform or salver- form, the stamens equally inserted upon it; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest subentire, the segments mostly rigid and subulate or cuspidate. —Subgenus NAVARRETIA. Capsule not regularly dehiscent, the walls thin and transparent and closely covering the seeds which are agglutinated into a mass; flowers white (pale blueinno.1)). Stems erect or spreading. GILIA FAMILY. 425 Bracts densely white-tomentouse; leaves bipinnatifid ; ; 9. G. intertexta. Sinuses of the calyx white-hairy; leaves once pinnatifid....... . 10. G. leucocephala. Primary flower-cluster on a very short stem or almost none, the branches radiating from beneath it and prostrate; calyx-segments trifid...... Pe ere ee ee ee 11. G. prostrata. Capsule peu dehiscent by valves and releasing the seeds which are free from eac . 12. G. cotulefolia. Leaves with pungent teeth, the terminal leaflet spatulate-dilated; capsule I-seeded . . . 13, G, pubescens. Stamens not exserted. Seeds 8 to 12 in each cell; herbage strongly mephitic-scented . . ld. G. squarrosa, the inner ones, lanceolate-cleft at apex .. .18. (7. viscidula. 1. G. gracilis Hook. Three to 8 in. high, either simple or branched above; herbage pilose-pubescent, the hairs often gland- tipped; leaves opposite, oblong to lanceolate, entire; inflorescence ceymose and terminal; calyx cylindrical, 3 or 4 lines long, much dis- tended in fruit by the globose capsule, the short teeth accrescent; tube of corolla yellow, surpassing the calyx, the limb 1 to 14 lines broad, its lobes roundish, emarginate; stamens unequally inserted; seeds 1 in each cell, with a rather broad thin margin.—(Cvllomia gracilis Dougl. Microsteris Californica Greene.) Inconspicuous but rather common on low hills of the Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Foothills. Mar.—Apr. 2. G. gilioides (Benth.) Greene. Loosely branching, erect or diffuse, 8 to 20 in. high; radical and lower leaves pinnately parted into narrowly oblong or lanceolate divisions, or all so divided, or the upper palmately divided into 3 to 5 obovate or lanceolate divisions; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, salverform, blue-purple; stamens unequally inserted; capsule globose; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.—(Collomia gilioides Benth.) Mostly at higher altitudes in the mountains: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Southern California. June. Leaves exceedingly variable. 3. G. multicaulis Benth. Branching from the base, 9 to 14 in. high, glabrous; leaves pinnately parted into 5 to 9 linear and entire or toothed lobes; flowers subsessile or the clusters loose, in either case few-flowered, the pedicels 1 to 4 lines (rarely 1 in.) long; calyx-teeth erect or recurved in fruit; corolla deep or pale blue, its proper tube shorter than the calyx, the funnelform throat longer than the obovate lobes; stamens unequally inserted; capsule ovoid. 426 POLEMONIACES. Hills and valleys from Marin Co. and the Vaca Mountains south- ward through the Coast Ranges to Southern California. ; ‘ G. LariFLorA Gray is a similar species of Southern California; glabrous except the loosely paniculate inflorescence; radical leaves pinnatifid, the cauline few, narrow and entire; pedicels shorter than the flowers or lin. or more long; corolla dilated-funnelform, abruptly contracted below into a narrow tube which slightly exceeds the calyx; calyx less than 2 lines long, with subulate or acute teeth.—Specimens seemingly referable to this come from Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co. 4. G. tricolor Benth. Brrp’s Eyes. Erect, usually branching somewhat above the base, commonly 4 to 7 in. or sometimes 1 ft. “high; herbage more or less pubescent with gland-tipped hairs; leaves laciniately bipinnatifid into narrowly linear divisions; calyx 8 lines long, its lobes acuminate; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the roundish lobes azure or whitish, the throat with 2 oblong purple areas beneath each lobe bounded below by yellow; stamens inserted at the sinuses. Common on low hills: Coast Ranges (Los Gatos, northward to Humboldt Co., but especially common toward the interior); Sierra Foothills. Apr. 5. G. achilleefolia Benth. Very similar to the next in habit but very frequently simple, generally more pubescent, and the capitate flower-clusters larger and less compact; calyx more or less woolly, the teeth triangular, acute, with short recurved tips or connivent over the young fruit; corolla funnelform with ample throat, deep or pale blue, its lobes obovate or oblong. Sandy soils: Coast Ranges; Sierra Foothills; Southern California. May. 6. G. capitata Doug]. Erect, simple or mu.e commonly branch- ing above, 2 or 8 ft. high, pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves several times palmately dissected into linear or filiform lobes, or the uppermost merely pinnately divided; ultimate segments often curved or faleate; peduncles long, slender and naked, terminating in a densely capitate or globose cluster; calyx nearly or quite glabrous, its teeth lanceolate, in anthesis approximating the tube in length; corolla light blue, its lobes nearly linear; stamens inserted in the very sinuses of the corolla. Coast Range hills and ridges from Marin and Napa Cos. northward; Sierra Nevada. May. 7. G. virgata Steud. var. floribunda Gray. Stems simple or branching at the base; leaves pinnately parted into 3 to 7 filiform lobes, the middle (or terminal) lobe commonly much longer than the others; flowers numerous in head-like clusters terminating the corym- bose branches, the bracts and calyx very densely woolly; corolla salverform, the tube 6 to 8 lines long and surpassing the acerose calyx-lobes; filaments filiform and exserted. Sandy soils of the valleys: Lower San Joaquin and Santa Clara Co., southward to Southern California. June-July. Grira vrreara has the lower leaves entire, the upper rarely more than 3-parted, with the clusters virgately disposed.— Monterey and southward. GILIA FAMILY. 427 8. G. densifolia Benth. Perennial; stems numerous from a tufted woody base, 8 to 14 in. high; herbage lanate-tomentose when young, glabrate in age; leaves narrowly linear and entire or with 1 or 2 pairs of short-subulate spinulose lobes at the middle or toward the base; flower-clusters terminal, dense, the foliaceous bracts and the calyces implexed-woolly; four of the calyx-teeth short, the fifth as long as the tube; corolla deep blue, the tube 6 lines long, 2 or 3 times the length of the calyx, its lobes oblong, about 2 lines long. Mountains of Santa Clara Co. and southward to Southern Cali- fornia. June-Sept. 9. G. intertexta Steud. Stems simple or often branching from the base, 2 or 8 to 7 in. high, white-puberulent but not glandular; leaves bipinnatifid and the segments spinescent-tipped; body of bracts and exterior of calyx-tube densely white-villous or woolly-tomentose; corolla white or pale blue, equaled by the calyx-teeth. Valleys and low hills: North Coast Ranges (Humboldt Co., Healds- burg, Conn Valley, Calistoga, ete.); Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. May-June. 10. G. leucocephala Benth. Stems simple or branching from the base, 3 to 5in. high, whitish-puberulent; leaves pinnately parted, the divisions filiform and entire, sparingly toothed, the rachis broad and often prolonged into an elongated terminal entire division; flowers clear white, 4 lines long; calyx with a tuft of hairs at each sinus, the teeth mostly entire and nearly equal. Low places in fields and beds of pools where water has stood in winter or early spring, the plants often growing very densely: Sac- ramento Valley; Vacaville; Winters; first collected on plains near the Feather River by Hartweg. May-June. 1l. G. prostrata Gray. Plants glabrous; primary flower-cluster sessile, the branches radiating from beneath it, simple or once forked, terminating in the head-like clusters; leaves pinnatifid, the rachis broad and slender, the segments remote; heads-dense, surrounded by foliaceous bracts 1 to 14 in. long; bractlets not exceeding the white flowers; corolla-lobes oblong; calyx with unequal teeth, the two longer tridentate; calyx-teeth in fruit contracted over the 2-celled capsule; seeds 9 to 11, small; embryo short-cylindrical, the cotyledons about equaling the caulicle in length. Plains of central California southward to Los Angeles. 12. G. cotulefolia Steud. Erect, 7 to 18 in. high, finely pubes- cent; leaves bipinnatifid, the segments innocuous; bracts and calyx slightly hairy or glabrous at the base; flowers creamy-white, com- monly 4-merous; calyx-lobes varying from nearly equal and entire to unequal, with the longer variously toothed; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved, dehiscing from the base, 2-seeded; embryo with entire cotyledons. Valley fields: Newark, Alameda Co.; North Coast Ranges; Sac- ramento Valley. Scentless acc. to Greene. Navarretia nigelleformis Greene, with multifid bracts, is said by Mrs. K. Brandegee to be « vellow-flowered form of this species; it is found at Antioch. 428 POLEMONIACEAS. 13. G. pubescens H. & A. Erect, usually branching above, 8 to 18 in. high, puberulent; leaves pinnately divided with the divisions laciniately lobed; terminal portion of the leaf less deeply divided or merely laciniate-toothed, so that the rachis appears as if spatulate- dilated; 8 calyx-teeth small and entire, 2 longer and toothed; corolla deep blue, 7 or 8 lines long, the throat funnelform; stamens exserted; capsule l1-celled, 4-valved as in G. cotulfolia; cotyledons of the embryo parted into 8 lobes, the divisions so deep as to give the appear- ance of 6 cotyledons. Coast Ranges (Calistoga, Vacaville, ete.); very common in the Sierra Foothills. Herbage with a strong hircine odor ace. to Greene. 14. G. squarrosa H. & A. SxkunKweExep. Erect and simple or with many branches from the base, 8 to.14 in. high, pubescent and noxiously glandular; leaves once or twice pinnatifid, the segments lanceolate and often crowded; calyx 6 lines long, very scarious below, the teeth lanceolate and pungent; corolla blue, its tube little or scarcely at all exceeding the teeth; stamens included; seeds many, small; embryo thick. Common in the Bay Region (Monterey Co., San Francisco, Oak- land, Berkeley, Napa Valley, etc.), ranging northward to Oregon. Not seen by us in the inner Coast Ranges or Sierra Nevada. 15. G. mellita Greene. Diffusely branching from the base, 3 to 6 in. high, the stems very slender, brownish, glandular-puberulent with somewhat whitish hairs; leaves pinnately parted into linear- subulate entire or toothed segments; bracts dilated and laciniately toothed or cleft into narrow divisions, or the middle division ovate, abruptly cuspidate and often entire; heads small, } in. broad or less; calyx unequally 5-toothed; corolla minute, not exceeding the calyx, very pale blue; stamens not exserted. Seemingly very local plant in the region immediately north and south of the Bay; Belmont; Calistoga; Vacaville. Honey-scented ace. to Greene. NAVARRETIA PARVULA Greene from Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., has w corolla about 4 lines long with the 2 posterior stamens included and the 3 anterior exserted. 16. G. heterodoxa Greene. Stems very slender, erect, branch- ing, slightly pubescent, 5 to 11 in. high; internodes long; lower leaves with narrowly linear rachis and many pinnate short-subulate segments; uppermost leaves lanceolate and entire except at the lacini- ately cleft base; bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, laciniate-toothed towards the base; calyx-segments entire, nearly equal; corolla blue, i aaa declined stamens; capsule 8 to 14-seeded, the seeds small. Coast Range hills: Napa and Sonoma Cos. to Santa Clara Co. June. Subspecies of the next. Mephitic-scented acc. to Greene. The valves of the capsule show a tendency to dehisce frorn the base. _ 17. G. atractyloides H. & A. Stems stoutish, low and spread- ing or procumbent, somewhat purplish and villous-pubescent, 2 or 3 GILIA FAMILY. 429 to 6 in. long; leaves and bracts rigidly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate to ovate, 2 to 4 lines broad, the margin armed with subulate or aris- tate teeth; segments of the calyx moderately or very unequal, ovate to lanceolate, entire, setaceous at apex; corolla narrowly funnelform, purple, 7 to 9 lines long; seeds about 10 in each cell. Dry hills of the Coast Ranges: Clear Lake southward to Southern California. July. Habit suggesting certain species of Chorizanthe. 18. G. viscidula H. & A. Erect, 2or3in. high, viscid-pubescent; leaves 1} in. long or less, narrow, with broad rachis and remote short- subulate lobes; bracts little dilated; corolla rather large, blue-purple, the tube exserted, the limb 2 lines broad, its lobes elliptic; ovules 1 tu 4 in each cell. Plains and bases of low hills, in sandy soil: San Rafael; Walnut Creek; Sonoma; Napa Valley; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Foothills. June. While commonly very dwarfish, it sometimes becomes larger and makes a spreading or subprostrate plant 1 ft. broad. +. LINANTHUS Benth. Ours low or slender annuals. Leaves opposite, palmuately divided to the base into narrowly linear or filiform divisions (almost seeming as if in whorls in some species), rarely entire, rarely with some upper- most alternate. Flowers scattered or in terminal capitate clusters. Calyx-tube scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth equal. Corolla subrotate, funnelform, or short-salverform. Stamens equally inserted on the corolla. Capsule with few to many seeds in each cell. (Greek linon, flax, and anthos, flower.) Corolla nearly rotate, funnelform, or salverform; flowers solitary, on fili- form pedicels (except in the first); stems dichotomously branching. Corolla short salverform, white or nearly so, its lobes Soe con- volute in the bud; stamens inserted below the middle, included; flowers terminal or in the forks, on short stout pedicels or subsessile; calyx cylindrical, white-scarious between the ribs.—Subgenus EULI- NANTHUS. Corolla.l im, broad... 6 6.4 2,2 6 eo a 8 se 1. L. dichotomus. Corolla various; stamens inserted at the throat; flowers on slender or capillary pedicels._Subgenus DacTYLOPHYLLUM. . : Calyx disposed to be turbinate; flowers white, 4% to 3% in. broad, in a oose panicle; corolla nearly rotate, its tube scarcely any. .... 2. L. linifiorus. Calyx cylindrical; corolla with distinct tube. Corolla white, narrowly funnelform, 2 lines broad.. 3. L. pusillus. Corolla purplish or bluish, 3 to 5 lines broad. Corolla funnelform; herbage not glandular. .. 4. L. ambiguus. Corolla nearly salverform; glandular-hirsutulous ov Hee Sam : . L. Rattant. Corolla salyerform; flowers crowded into leafy-bracted capitate clusters at the ends of the stems or branches; calyx-teeth equal; corolla salver- form.—Subgenus LEPTOSIPHON, Corolla-tube little, if at all, exceeding the lobes. .... 6. L. densijiorus. Corolla salverform, its tube filiform and elongated, several times the length of the limb. Corolla much exceeding the bracts. Corolla twice or scarcely twice the length of the bracts, its lobes 3 to 4 lines long: relatively stout plants. ........ 7. L. androsaceus. Corolla usually more than twice the length of the bracts. _ Lobes of the corolla 2 to 8 lines long; flowers purple, pink or pale * yellow. .. ar ee ee . 8. LE. parviflorus. 430 _ POLEMONIACK.E, Lobes of the corolla 1 line long; flowers golden yellow. ....... 9. L. acicularis. Lobes of the corolla 1 to 1% lines long; flowers pimp oo pee - Corolla commonly not exceeding the bracts; bractlets conspicuously hirsute-ciliate; rigid plant. . ... 11 L. ciliatus. 1. L. dichotomus Benth. Evenine Snow. Erect, simple or branching from near the base, 5 to’9 in, high; nodes few and inter- nodes very long, twice to many times as long as the leaves; flowers terminal or sessile in the forks; ribs of the calyx prolonged into linear- acerose teeth; corolla salverform, white or nearly so, its tube equal- ing the calyx-tube, its lobes strongly convolute in the bud, broadly obovate, erose, the limb 1 in. broad; filaments at the very base enlarged, somewhat winged and more or less hairy; cells of capsule many-seeded; seeds not mucilaginous when wet.—(Gilia dichotoma Benth. ae on open slopes, mostly on high hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra Fovthills; San Joaquin plains; Southern California. Mar.—May. 2. L. liniflorus (Benth.) Greene. One ft. high or somewhat more, mostly branching above; leaf-segments 3 to 1 in. long; flowers white, on slender pedicels } to 14 in. long, in a diffuse panicle; corolla with nearly obsolete tube; limb rotate, 4 to 3 in. broad, the obovate lobes naked, with several blue longitudinal lines or veinlets; stamens 4 as long as corolla-lobes; filaments with a densely pilose ring just above the base, the corolla pubescent at their insertion; ovules 6 to 8 in each cell.—(Gilia liniflora Benth.) Plains and foothills: Solano Co.; Stockton; San Mateo Co.; Loma Prieta and southward to Southern California. May-June. 8. L. pusillus (Benth.) Greene. Very slender, 3 to 6 in. high; calyx cylindraceous, 1 to 1} lines long, its teeth as long as the tube; corolla narrowly funnelform or subsalverform, its tube dilated some- what above the middle, not exserted from the calyx or very slightly, the lobes seldom exceeding the calyx-lobes, the limb 2 lines broad.— (Gilia pusilla Benth.) Dry hillsides in Chamisal, Napa Valley, June 2, 1896. The corolla after flowering is promptly pushed up by the rapidly growing capsule and the tube contracts in withering, so that the corolla in age fre- quently has the appearance of being salverform and somewhat exserted. Distinct from L. filipes Greene, common in the Sierra Foothills, which has a turbinate calyx and a short-funnelform corolla with broad limb. L. BotanpEri Greene is, perhaps, but a variety. It was first collected at Ukiah by Bolander. Gray’s herbarium seems to indicate that his attributing the plant to Sonoma Co. was an inad- vertence; however, it is not unlikely that it may be found south of Mendocino Co. 4. L. ambiguus (Rattan) Greene. Mostly 8 or 4 in. high; pedicels about 6 lines long; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, nearly 3 times the length of the calyx, not strictly salverform, its tube somewhat or not at all exserted, its brown-purple obconic throat scarcely exceeded by the t GILIA FAMILY. 431 spreading lobes; limb bluish purple, 4 lines broad; ovules 2 in each cell.—(Gilia ambigua Rattan. ) Low hills: Santa Clara Valley and near Livermore. May. Some of the flowers show a glandular black band 4 line in breadth midway of the calyx-tube. 5. L. Rattani (Gray) Greene. Ten to 12 in. high, glandular- hirsutulous at the nodes and even the flowers with gland-tipped hairs; pedicels 1g in. long or less; calyx cylindraceous, in anthesis 1 line long, accrescent in fruit to 2 lines long; corolla nearly salverform, with a long slender tube and short funnelform throat, the tube 8 to 5 lines long, exserted barely 1 line to exceeding 38 lines, the throat yellow, the limb blue and 38 to 5 lines broad; seeds small, very rugu- lose, one to each cell or the third cell empty.—(G. Rattani Gray.) Santa Cruz Mountains, 1896; first collected by Volney Rattan north of Clear Lake, 1884. June. Remarkable for the variable exsertion of the corolla-tube, even on the same plant. 6. L. densiflorus Benth. Erect, simple, 5in. to 2 ft. high; divi- sions of the palmately divided leaves 5 to 11, linear-filiform and rigid, ciliate towards the base and somewhat scabrous on the margins; corolla lilac or white, 1 in. long or less, its tube only equaling or little exceeding the obovate lobes, little if at all exserted beyond the calyx- teeth, its limb } in. broad, more or less; seeds 3 in each cell, strongly wrinkled.—(Linanthus grandiflorus Greene.) Coast Range valleys or higher hills, infrequent: Point Reyes; Ala- meda; Santa Cruz Mountains; Monterey Co. and southward. June. 7, L. androsaceus (Benth.) Steud. Stoutish, usually simple, 7 to 11 or 15 in. high, finely tomentose or glabrate; lowest leaves spatu- late; bracts ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous; flowers usually many; corolla lilac, lavender, pink or white, 1 in. long, much exceeding the bracts, the lobes 3 to 4 lines long; the throat dark purple with yellow border, 1 line long; stamens little surpassing the throat of the corolla. Common everywhere in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada on low hills and at middle altitudes. Apr. 8. L. parviflorus (Benth.) Greene. Simple or with few branches from the base, erect, commonly 8 to 6 or 11 in. high, almost glabrous; bracts scabrous or hirsutulous, not ciliate or scarcely so, commonly 3 or 4 lines long; segments of the leaves obovate- or linear-spatulate; corolla purple, pinkish or pale yellow, $ to 1} in. long, the lobes oval, 2 to 8 lines long or less, tinged with red or brown on the outside, the throat yellow; stamens half or commonly more than half as long as the corolla-limb.—(Gilia micrantha Benth.) The most common species, abundant in open ground in the hill country. It is one of the annuals which figure in the vernal land- scape color effects in the Coast Ranges, often occupying extensive slopes of the lower or higher hills to the exclusion either partially or wholly of other species. Var. rosaceus Regrrteel rosaceus Greene). Much branched from the base; corolla rose-color or white, larger than in the type.— San Francisco sand hills. 432 HYDROPHYLLACE. 9. L. acicularis Greene. But 1 to 4in. high, very slender, soime- what rigid, less pubescent than L. parviflorus, leaf-segments linear- acerose; corolla golden-yellow throughout, its tube slenderly filiform, about 6 lines long, the obovate lobes not exceeding 1 line. Not common: Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Napa Valley; Hoopa Valley. Apr.-May. 10. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene. Very near L. parviflorus but dwarf, 1 to 3 in. high; leaves and bracts hispidulous-ciliate; limb of corolla very short (1 to 14 lines long) in proportion to the tube which is 6 to 9 lines long, dull purple or pink with yellow throat,— (Gilia tenella Benth.) Rarely collected, but doubtless overlooked for L. parviflorus: Hoopa Valley; near Suisun; Marin Co.; Mt. Diablo Range; Loma Prieta and southward to Southern California. 11. L. ciliatus (Benth.) Greene. Rigid, 4 or 5 in. (rarely 1 ft.) high; stems finely tomentose, the internodes long; leaves scabrous and hirsute; flowers comparatively few; corolla 6 to 9 lines long, not exceeding or often much exceeding the conspicuously hirsute-ciliate bracts, deep rose-red, often fading white, the lobes 1 line long, seldom more; calyx-lobes acerose.—(Gilia ciliata Benth.) Hills and mountain slopes, among Oaks and other trees: Coast Ranges (Napa Co., Mt. Diablo); Sierra Nevada; Southern California. 91. HYDROPHYLLACEA. PuHaceria Fanmity. Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers reg- ular, 5-merous (except the superior ovary which is 1 or 2-celled), in racemes or spikes (often scorpioid), or capitate, or solitary. Stamens near the base of the corolla, alternate with its lobes. Styles 2, dis- tinct, or more or less completely united even to the stigmas. Fruita 1-celled capsule or partly or quite 2-celled by the intrusion of the placentie or their union in the axis; valves 2, rarely 4. Seed-coat pitted, the cavities regular and honeycomb-like. Leaves (at least the lower) opposite, or alternate or radical in no.1; ovary and capsule 1-celled; placentae expanded and forming a sac-like lin- ing to the pericarp; style 2-cleft; ovary more or less hispid. Stamens longer than corolla; flowers in head-like clusters; perennials, . . 1. HYDROPHYLLUM-. Stamens shorter than corolla; flowers solitary or in racemes; annuals. Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus; seeds carunculate. . .. 2, NEMOPHIIA. Calyx naked at the sinuses; seeds not carunculate. . 3, ELLISIA. Leaves alternate or ey, radical in no. 6; calyx appendages none. Ovary and capsule 1-celled, or incompletely or completely 2-celled by the approximation or union of the linear or lanceolate placents (borne on semisepta) in the axis; annual or perennial herbs. bs Style 2-cleft, at least at apex; ovary more or less pubescent; flowers in scorpioid racemes or spikes. Corolla blue, purple, or white, deciduous. . . . 4, PHACELIA, Corolla yellow or cream-color, persistent. ..... 5. EMMENANTHE. Style and stigma entire; ovary glabrous; corolla white; flowers TACOMOSC er oi) ice te yk ak. Wd Se BC HLH Bal, Sg 6. ROMANZOFFIA. PHACELLA FAMILY. 433 1. HYDROPHYLLUM L. Waver-Lear. Perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves alternate or mainly radical, pinnate or pinnately parted, long-petioled. Flowers in capitate cymes. Calyx without appendages. Corolla campanu- late, 5-lobed, the tube with a nectar-bearing grooved appendage oppo- site each lobe. Stamens exserted, the filaments hairy at the middle. Style filiform, exserted. Ovary hispid. Capsule 2-valved, 1 to 4- seeded. (Greek hudor, water, and phullon, leaf.) 1. H. occidentale Gray. Twelve to 17 in. high; leaves 7 to 12 in. long; leaflets 9 to 15, incised, the terminal ones not distinct; peduncles generally exceeding the leaves, bearing 1 or 2 cupitate clusters of bluish flowers. Summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, no. 1176; Sherwood Valley, Men- docino Co., Davy, no. 5195; Sierra Nevada. H. caprratum Dougl. var. aLprnum. Wats. Almost stemless plant; rootstock with clusters of fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves roundish or ovate in outline, pinnately lobed or divided, 2 to 8 in. long, much shorter than the petiole; flowers in a loose cyme on a short peduncle, surpassed by the leaves.—Sierra Nevada. : 2, NEMOPHILA Nutt. Delicate low annuals, Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alter- nate, more or less pinnate. Flowers mostly showy, solitary or in- clined to be racemose. Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each sinus, accrescent. Corolla rotate 10 broadly campanulate, in all our species longer than the calyx, with 10 internal appendages at base. Stamens shorter than the corolla, inserted near its base. Anthers usually sagittate-oblong. Styles more or less 2-cleft. Ovules 4 to 20. Seeds carunculate, the caruncle later deciduous. (Greek nemos, a grove, and phileo, to love.) Flowers small; corolla white or whitish, 2 to 5 lines broad; leaves opposite or the upper often alternate, mostly longer than the peduncles, slender- petioled es Pa = .1l. N. parviflora. Flowers large. Leaves all opposite, not auricled, shorter than the peduncles. Corolla bright blue (or pale blue or white in the vars.) .2. N. insignis. Corolla with velvet-purple center, the upper portion white with purple MOTUS” (xe th otk oie Th te GE Rae, By Shy he a 3. NV. venosa. Leaves mostly alternate, auricled at base, shorter than or equaling the peduncles ee 7 F 3 N. aurita. 1. N. parviflora Doug]. Stems slender and weak, trailing or pro- cumbent; leaves pinnately lobed, parted, or divided into 3 to 5 lobes, but exceedingly diverse as to outline and segmentation; calyx- appendages rather conspicuous, or sometimes almost none; corolla white or whitish, 2 to 5 lines in diaméter, narrowly campanulate to almost rotate, the lobes longer than the tube; scales adherent by one edge; filaments filiform, inserted on the very base of the corolla; seeds 1 to 4, often deeply pitted. ; Common throughout California in shady places in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Mar.—Apr. The studies of Mr. H. P. Chandler on this species show that the corolla-scales are remarkably inconstant in 30 434 HYDROPHYLLACEZ. shape and size, not only on plants which are very much unlike in habit, etc., but that a wide range of variation is also found in series of specimens which agree in habit, leaves, and shape of corolla. 2. N. insignis Dougl. Basy Biue Eyes. Diffusely spreading, the stems 2 or 3 in. to 1 ft. long; herbage pubescent with subappressed hairs; leaves mostly # to 14 or 2 in. long, pinnately lobed, the lobes elliptic-ovate with narrow deeply incurved sinuses; peduncles 1 to 23 (rarely 5) in. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; corolla bright blue or the center white or the whole corolla pale, often dotted towards the center; scales 2 to each stamen, each pair consisting of vertical lamelle beginning at the base of the filament, thence slightly di- vergent, slightly free at apex, very hairy; anthers short-sagittate; styles cleft 4 the way down; ovary very hirsute. Low and moist places on the plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin, westward through the Coast Range valleys to sandy fields in the vicinity of the sea. Mar.-—Apr. Var. intermedia (N. intermedia Bioletti). Corolla 3 to 1 in. wide, bright blue to white, distinctly blue-veined, more or less punc- tate with dull purple dots; scales extending nearly to the sinuses.— North Coast Ranges; Contra Costa and Alameda Cos. Var. atomaria (N. atomaria F. & M.). Corolla white, closely dark-spotted nearly to the edge; scales narrow and long-hairy.— Springy places among the hills. 3. N. venosa. Stems 4 or 6 in. long, diffusely branching; herbage sparsely hairy; leaves pinnately parted into ovate divisions which are entire or cleft and mucronate at apex; corolla 8 to 10 lines broad, its lower half of velvet-purple color, the upper portion white with many nearly parallel longitudinal purple veins which are more or less branched and confluent within the margin; scales of the corolla con- spicuously long-hairy. Known only from specimens collected by Mrs. Peckinpah in the mountains west of Yountville, 1898. It is to be noted that there are garden forms which are very suggestive of this species. N. macunata Benth. is a strikingly handsome species of the foot- hills and middle altitudes of the Sierra Nevada, the white petals with a large deep violet blotch at the summit. ’ 4. N.aurita Lindl Purpre Nemopuina. Stems 4angled, 1} to 4 ft. long, succulent, weak, pubescent, the angles armed with scat- tered short reflexed bristles and the whole herbage pubescent and rough-hispidulous; leaves 2 to 8 in. long, deeply pinnatifid into several oblong or lanceolate, mostly retrorse lobes, with broad auricled bases; flowers in the axils of leaves or above in a leafless raceme; calyx-appendages rather small; corolla dark violet, 8 to 11 lines broad; scales partly free, in pairs at the base of each stamen and partly encircling the filament, truncate at summit and finely denticulate; ovules 4; seeds globose, reticulate, the spaces pit-like. In shady places, disposed to climb by aid of its somewhat hooked prickles and forming tangles among low shrubs or brush wood. Common southward: Santa Monica Cation, Barber, 1898; near PHACELIA FAMILY. 435 Gaviote Pass, Santa Barbara Co., Brewer, 1861; Monterey, McLean, 1875. Infrequent northward: Oakland Hills. Also in the Sierra Nevada. Not recorded from the region north of San Francisco Bay. 8. ELLISIA L. Similar to Nemophila, but the leaves pinnately parted or bi- or tri- pinnately dissected and the bractless flowers in axillary peduncled racemes. Calyx without appendages at the sinuses, and usually much enlarged under the fruit. Corolla white, campanulate, shorter or little longer than the calyx, the internal appendages minute or none. Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds not carunculate. (John Ellis, English botanist of the 18th century, whom Linnzus called a ‘‘ bright star of natural history.’’) Leaves once pinnately parted; ovules 4, borne on the front of the placente. 1. E. membranacea. Leaves twice to thrice pinnatifid; ovules 8, 2 on the front and 2 on the back of each placenta. ... . . ... . . .2. BE. chrysanthemifolia. 1. E. membranacea Benth. Stems procumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage glaucous, the leaves with a few short scattered stiff hairs, the stems with minute prickles on the angles; leaves pinnately divided into 8 to 5 (or sometimes as many as 9) entire mostly broad divisions. which are obtuse at apex and broadest at base; petiole wing-margined; flowers racemose, few or many on the peduncles; calyx without appendages, its lobes ciliate-bristly; corolla white with a small lance- shaped purple spot in the center of each lobe, 2 lines broad, no scales in the throat but with 10 glandular elevations; capsule with several muricate prickles, 1 or 2-seeded; seed globose, reticulated. Shady places in the foothills: Antioch and Evergreen, Santa Clara Co., southward to Southern California. Mar.-Apr. In vegetative habit strikingly similar to Nemophila aurita. 2. E. chrysanthemifolia Benth. Stem erect, freely branching, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves tri-pinnatifid; flowers loosely racemose; corolla open-campanulate, surpassing the oval calyx-lobes; the placente line and exactly conform to the valves; two roughened seeds are borne on the front of each placenta, and smooth ones are concealed behind each placenta, that is, between the placenta and the valve. Shady ground: San Francisco Bay southward to Southern Cali- fornia, Mar.—Apr. 4. PHACELIA Juss. Perennial or annual herbs of marked aspect, with alternate leaves. Flowers blue or white, in scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx chori- sepalous or nearly so, commonly accrescent. Corolla from nearly rotate to campanulate, tubular or funnelform, promptly deciduous, the tube commonly with internal lamellate projections or appendages. Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style 2-cleft. Capsule I-celled, 2-valved, the thin septa-like placente adherent. Seeds reticulate-pitted or favose. (Greek phakelos, a cluster, many species with crowded flowets. ) P. naMatTorpEs Gray has mainly opposite leaves.—Sierra Nevada. 436 HYDROPHYLLACES. Ovules 4 or more on each placenta; capsule not less than 6-seeded; stamens shorter than (rarely equaling) the corolla; annuals. Corolla-tube with internal scales or appendages. . Leaves pinnatifid; corolla open-campanulate, twice the length | of the CBIR: of derek 8 a ese « = ls 1. P. Douglasit. Leaves entire or mostly so. Corolla narrow, 2 lines long or less, little larger than the calyx... . 2. P. circinatiformis. Corolla rotate-campanulate, 6 to 9 lines broad, much longer than the CADDY op cepts cae oe Nendo hemes Ton Ser PE Perth de, Redes 3. P. divaricata. Corolla-tube without appendages; leaves coarsely toothed; corolla nar- rowly funnelform, limb 8linesbroad...... 4. P. suaveolens. Ovules 2 to each placenta; capsule 1 to 4-seeded; stamens exserted or included; corolla-tube with appendages. Reig Euinaiely parted or divided, the divisions pinnately toothed or incised. Fruiting sepals chartaceous, oblong to broadly ovate; stamens not exserted;annual.... . : 7 . P. ciliata. Fruiting sepals herbaceous. Leaf-divisions rather coarse; speed sepals linear-spatulate to obo- yate; stamens exserted; perennial (?) 6. P. ramosissima. Leaf-divisions fine; annuais. Fruiting sepals linear-spatulate to obovate; appendages with free pointed apex; stamens little or not at allexserted. ... 7. P. distans. Fruiting sepals linear; appendages entirely adnate; stamens con- spicuously exserted . . 2: & 6 bs t.. 3 . 8. P. tanacetifolia. Leaves with shallow lobes, not parted or divided; annuals. Stamens exserted . 9 P. malvefolia. Stamems included ................ -10. P. Rattant. Leaves entire or pinnately parted or divided into 3 to 7 entire lobes, the terminal frequently largest. Stamens conspicuously exserted, bearded at the middle; perennials or biennials. Herbage pubescent and hirsute........ - 11. P. Californica. Herbage hispid-bristly with stinging hairs . .12. P. nemoralis. Stamens glabrous, included; annual 13. P. Breweri. 1. P. Douglasii (Benth.) Torr. Branched from the base with ascending or decumbent stems 4 to 8 in. long, or dwarf and but 14 in. high; herbage puberulent and hirsute’ with mostly spreading hairs; leaves elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately parted into several or many lobes, the terminal not larger; flowers loosely racemose; pedicels slender, frequently longer than the flowers; sepals spatulate, 1 to 3 lines long, } to 4 the length of the open- campanulate light blue corolla; internal appendages semi-oblanceo- late; style 2-cleft above the middle; ovules to each dilated placenta 12 to 14; capsule ovate, mucronate; seeds scrobiculate. Sandy soils near the ocean: Lake Merced to Monterey and south- ward. Antioch (ovary especially hairy on each side near base of style; ovules as many as 24 to each placenta; stamens dilated toward the base and sparsely hairy). Mar.-Apr. In habit suggestive of Nemophila insignis. 2. P. circinatiformis Gray. Diffusely branching from the base, 5 in. high, puberulent and hispid; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate, parallel-veined, entire, strigose-hispid; flowers short-pediceled or at first nearly sessile in dense racemes or spikes; sepals in fruit linear- PHACELIA FAMILY. 437 spatulate, nearly or quite 6 lines long, twice or thrice the length of the capsule, hirsute or hispid with long spreading hair, especially toward the base; corolla dull white (7), narrowly funnelform, 2} to 3 lines long; capsule ovate, acute or mucronate, 6 to 16-seeded; seeds scrobiculate. Mt. Hamilton; near the summit of Mt. Diablo; Mariposa Co., acc. to Brandegee; the only reported stations. 8. P. divaricata (Benth.) Gray. Diffusely branched from the base, the branches 3 to 10 in. long or more; herbage both pubes- cent and hirsute; leaves from ovate to broadly oblong, 1 to 2 in. long, equaling or exceeding the petioles, entire or rarely with a pair of supplementary lobes at summit of the petiole; pedicels about a line long; sepals in fruit linear, 4 to 64 lines long, sparsely hispid- ciliate, with somewhat thickened margins and prominent midnerve and cross-veins; corolla blue, broadly open-campanulate, 6 to 9 lines broad; style 2-cleft at apex; seeds 7 to 10, somewhat pitted. Common on open hillsides in’ the Coast Ranges of middle Califor- nia: Mt. Diablo, Brewer, MeLean; Oakland Hills, Setehell, Davy; Crystal Springs, Bolander; Sausalito, MNellogg and Harford; Mt. Tamalpais. Mar.—Apr. 4. P. suaveolens Greene. Branched at the base, the branches erect or ascending, 12 to 15 in. high; herbage pubescent and glandu- lar, very sweet-scented; leaves elliptic to oblong, coarsely and some- times doubly toothed, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles nearly as long; racemes solitary or in pairs, dense; sepals spatulate, entire, in fruit much exceeding the capsules; corolla pale blue, 3 lines broad, the tube yellowish, 4 lines long, devoid of scales or crests; stamens un- equal and unequally coherent with tube; capsule 12 to 16-seeded; seed oval, the coat pitted like a honeycomb. North Coast Ranges, uncommon: Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson, 1891; Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co., Greene, 1888; Vaca Mountains, Platé, 1898. June. Closely allied to the southern P. brachyloba Gray, ace. to Mrs. K. Brandegee. 5. P. ciliata Benth. Branched from the base with rather simple ascending branches, 9 to 14 in. high; herbage scabrous, otherwise glabrous; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions oblong, toothed or Incised; spikes in terminal clusters or geminate or solitary; sepals in fruit oblong to broadly ovate, chartaceous, 8 to 4 lines long, with thickened margins and prominent midrib and reticulations, sparsely bristly-ciliate; corolla blue; capsule ovate, mucronate; sepals in fruit twice as long, arched over the capsule, their tips meeting; seeds broadly oblong, over 1 line long, the surface with regular or honey- comb-like pits. Plains and valleys: Willows; Solano Co.; Antioch and southward; abundant on grain farms near Newark, imparting a blue color to the fields, the odor very noticeable, JJiss Crocker; Belmont, Apr.—May. 6. P. ramosissima Dougl. Perennial (?), somewhat diffuse; herbage somewhat glandular; hispid throughout and soft-pubescent 438 HYDROPHYLLACE. (or only the leaves hispid); leaves pinnately divided into 5 to 9 oblong and serrate or incised divisions, the lower distinct, the upper more or less confluent; stamens and style somewhat exserted; corolla ochroleucous or bluish; calyx-lobes linear-spatulate to obovate, twice the length of the capsule or longer; seeds oblong, 1 line long. Colusa and Lake Cos. southward to Santa Cruz; Sierra Nevada. June-July. ; 7. P. distans Benth. Hitt Vervenia. Erect and strict, or branching and diffuse, 8 to 13 in. high; herbage with scattered hispid hairs and close fine pubescence; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions commonly linear, once or twice pinnately and (for the most part) finely dissected; spikes scattered, solitary or geminate; sepals unequal, narrowly obovate to spatulate, rarely linear; corolla 8 to 4 lines long, rotate-campanulate, sordid white or violet; internal appendages semi- ovate with free tips; stamens little or not at all surpassing the corolla- lobes; capsule globose. Higher hills of the Coast Ranges from Napa Valley to Mt. Tamal- pais, the ocean at Bodega (where first collected), and southward. Apr. 8. P. tanacetifolia Benth. VALLEY VERVENIA. Stouter than P. distans, erect, less frequently branching, the leaves similar but commonly less finely dissected; racemes 3 or 4 in. long, ascending and approximate; sepals linear, beset with rigid bristles, in fruit little exceeding the oval capsule; corolla open-campanulate, 3 to 4 lines long, lavender-color or bluish; internal appendages entirely adnate by the inner margins; stamens much exserted. Plains and valleys: Marysville Buttes; Sacramento Valley; Vallejo, Greene, 1874; Tracy. Apr. 9. P. malvefolia Cham. Srinernc Puacetra. About 14 ft. high, hispid-bristly throughout, the bristles with a conspicuous pustu- late base; leaves simple, petiolate, round- or elliptic-ovate with broad and frequently truncate or cordate base, slightly 5 to 9-lobed, toothed, 1 to 8 in. long; spikes solitary or geminate; corolla longer than the unequal linear-spatulate sepals; stamens exserted; capsule 2-seeded; seeds pitted. gs the coast: Oakland; Angel Island; San Francisco and south- ward. 10. P. Rattani Gray. Similar but the spikes more slender and elongated; four of the sepals spatulate, one obovate and longer; corolla but 2 lines long. Russian River, near Ukiah, Rattan, June, 1884; northern Sonoma acc. to Greene. 11. P. Californica Cham. Erect, stout, 1} to 2 ft. high, from a branched but depressed leafy woody caudex; stems and petioles with scattered hispid hairs; the foliage strigose, either green or canescent; leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, the large terminal lobe elliptic to lanceolate, with 1 to several pairs of smaller or much reduced leaflets or lobes below, or entire; petioles commonly long; spikes dense, PHACELIA FAMILY. 439 ascending or erect, 1 to 2 in. long, mostly rather short-peduncled, usually in a paniculate cluster at the end of the stem; sepals oblong; corolla purple or white, 3 lines long; filaments exserted, long-hairy at the middle. Very common throughout our district on rocky points and ledges, in typical form on the San Francisco Peninsula and in Marin Co. May-June. Remarkable in its variability. Var. imbricata i imbricata Greene). Taller, often 23 ft. high; racemes 2 to 4 in. long, scattered in a looser panicle, less commonly in 2’s and 3’s, and mostly on longer peduncles; corolla dingy white; fruiting calyces ovate, conspicuously imbricated.—St. Helena; foot- hills of the Vaca Mountains. 12. P. nemoralis Greene. Stems 1 or few, simple below, panicu- lately branched above, 1} to 3 ft. high, very bristly with stinging hairs; herbage light green; leaves elliptical to oblong, 1 to 4 in. long, simple and entire or with a pair of small leaflets at base; radical and lower leaves on petioles 2 to 3 in. long, uppermost short-petioled or sessile; fully developed spikes 2 in. long or more, slender, in twos or threes, terminating the stems or lateral branches; corolla whitish, 2 lines long, the flower otherwise asin no. 11, to which it is very closely related; capsute 2-seeded. Shade of open woods: Forest Grove; Oakland; Berkeley; Petaluma. June. 138. P. Breweri Gray. Four to 7 in. high, diffusely branching at the base, the stems slender and with rather long internodes; herbage harshly pubescent with rather short hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate, entire, cleft towards the base, or the lowermost and radical pinnately divided; racemes slender and lax, 2 or 3 in, long, often geminate at the ends of the branches; sepals linear; corolla 2 to 24 lines long; filaments glabrous, not exserted; capsule ovate, mostly 1-seeded. Confined to the Mt. Diablo Range: high dry slopes of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, Parry, Jepson; Mt. Hamilton, Miss Holden. May-June. 5. EMMENANTHE Benth. Annuals. Corolla cream-color or yellow, campanulate, persistent; not otherwise differing in technical character from Phacelia. (Greek emmeno, to abide, and anthos, flower, the corolla not deciduous.) 1. E. penduliflora Benth. Wuusprrine Betis. Erect, usually much branched from the base, 8 to 14 in. high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid; lobes of the pinnatifid leaves numerous, short, toothed or incised; racemes loose, straight, ascending, panicled at summit of the stem; pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, these soon pendulous; calyx with ample ovate divisions; corolla broadly campanulate, 4 to 5 lines long, the filaments adnate to the very base; style deciduous; placente conspicuously dilated in the axis; seeds conspicuously pitted in somewhat regular lines. _ ; Higher slopes of the Coast Range Mountains in open places or in the chaparral: Lower Lake Grade to Kelseyville; Vaca Mountains; 440 BORAGINACES. Santa Cruz Mountains; Monterey Co., and southward to Southern California. Also in the Sierra Nevada. June-July. 6. ROMANZOFFIA Cham. Low and delicate perennial herbs with the aspect of some species of Saxifraga. Leaves mostly radical (the cauline alternate), round- cordate, crenately-lobed, long-petioled. Flowers white. Inflorescence loosely racemose. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly funnelform, destitute of appendages, deciduous. Stamens unequal, inserted on the base of the corolla-tube. Style filiform, entire; stigma small. Capsule 2-celled or nearly so, with narrow placente. Seeds numer- ous. (Dedicated to Count Romanzoff, promoter of the Russian voyage of Kotzebue, by Chamisso, the German poet, who accompanied the expedition as botanist.) 1. R. Sitchensis Bong. Filiform rootstock bearing tubers; stems slender, 4 to 9 in. high; pedicels spreading, much longer than the flowers; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, not more than 4 as long as the corolla and exceeded by the capsule. On moist stones in shady places near the coast: Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., Bolander; Ross Valley trail to the summit of Mt. Tamalpais, Jepsen; and northward. Rare within our limits. 7. ERIODICTYON Benth. Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, firiely reticulated, coriaceous, dentate, and petiolate. Inflorescence a terminal, usually naked, panicle of scorpioid cymes. Sepals narrow, not dilated above. Corolla funnelform to campanulate. Filaments more or less adnate to the tube of the corolla, little or not at all exserted, sparsely hirsute. Ovary nearly or quite 2-celled by the meeting of the dilated placente in the axis. Capsule 2 lines long or less, first loculicidal, then septi- cidal, thus 4-valved, each valve with a short beak or acumination and closed on one side by the adherent dissepiment or half-partition. (Greek erion, wool, and diktuon, a net, by reason of the netted woolly under surface of the leaves.) 1. E. Californicum (H. & A.) Greene. YrERBA Santa. Movy- TAIN Baim. Shrub, commonly 3 to 4 ft, high; leaves oblong tv oblanceolate, tapering below and frequently above; dentate except at base or below the middle, very glutinous, the areas between the veins and cross-veinlets on the under surface with a close dense felt; calyx 1 line long with linear lobes; corolla white or pale blue, tubular- funnelform, 4 to 6 lines long; stamens and styles included.—( Eriodic- tyon glutinosum Benth.) Highest mountain slopes and dry ridges, common or even abundant everywhere through the Coast Ranges, and at middle altitudes in the Sierra Nevada, often associated with the Chamisal. 92. BORAGINACEZ. Borace Famity. Herbs, usually rough with coarse hairs. Leaves simple, commonly BORAGE FAMILY. 441 entire and alternate. Flowers complete, hypoyynous. in one-sided spikes or racemes, coiled spirally when young. Calyx with commonly 5 divisions or teeth. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, with 5 stamens inserted on its tube and alternating with its divisions. Ovary superior, deeply 4-lobed (except in Heliotropium), with a simple style inserted between the lobes, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Nutlets inserted on a short thick prolongation of the receptacle, here sometimes referred to as the gynobase. Endosperm none, except in Helio- tropium. Myosotis syLvatica Hoftm., Forget-me-not, is an escape from the gardens in Berkeley and Marin Co. Leaves mostly oblong, the lower petioled, the upper sessile; raceme bractless; pedicels as long as ealyx; calyx with hooked hairs; corolla blue, 8 lines broad, with a crown of 5 yellow scales in the throat; stamens inserted on the tube, included; nutlets small, smooth and shining. LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE L., Corn Gromwell, a minutely canes- cent annual with whitish flowers and wrinkled and pitted stony nutlets, has been found at San Francisco, acc. toGreene. It is native of Europe. Ovary not lobed, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded closed cells; anthers connivent; glabrous glaucous succulent perennial . .1. HELIOTROPIUM. Ovary deeply 4-lobed, when ripe splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Nutlets erect; ours annuals. Corolla white. Calyx persistent; lowest leaves opposite. ...... 2, ALLOCARYA. Calyx and short pedicel at length deciduous; leaves alternate. . . 3. CRYPTANTHE, Calyx persistent or circumscissile near the base; leaves mostly in a radical rosette, the cauline alternate. 4. PLAGIOBOTHRYS. Corolla yeloWss seek oes RSME Ree Re 5, AMSINCKIA. Nutlets flattish, divergent, margined all around or at apex with bristles; corolla minute, white; smallannuals........ 6. PECTOCARYA. Nutlets broad, depressed, covered all over with short barbed prickles; corolla blue with a ring of appendages or crests at the throat; perennials. .. . 7. CYNOGLOSSUM. 1. HELICTROPIUM L. HELiorrope. Ours a prostrate perennial with white flowers in dense one-sided spikes. Corolla salverform, short, with open throat; sinuses more or less plaited in the bud. Anthers connivent, nearly sessile. Style short. Ovary not lobed but separating when ripe into 4 one-seeded closed cells. (Greek helios, sun, and trope, a turning, ‘‘ the flowers beginning to appear at the summer solstice.’’) 1. H. Curassavicum L. Fleshy, glabrous, glaucous, the stems 4 to several ft. long; leaves obovate to broadly oblanceolate; spikes mostly in pairs; corolla white with yellow eye. Common along the seashore, in stream beds, and in low moist or alkaline lands throughout California. June-Nov. 2. ALLOCARYA Greene. Low herbs, ours annuals, mostly in low wet ground, Leaves linear or narrow, entire, the lowest always opposite. Corollas white, 442 BORAGINACER. with yellow throat; pedicels more or less 5-angled under the flowers, persistent. Calyx 5-parted to the base, indurated and somewhat accrescent in fruit. Corollasalverform, with short tube; processes or crests in the throat none (?) or not obvious. Nutlets ovate or lanceolate-ovate, smooth, rugose, tuberculate or even with barbed or prickly points, often carinate on one or both sides. Scar.of the nutlet basal or above the base, concave or sometimes raised and stipe-like. (Greek allos, diverse, and karua, nut, the plants separated from Cryptanthe on account of the different fruits. ) Herbage densely pubescent, the hairs long and rather soft; var. vestita of . . 1, A. mollis. Herbage hispid or rough-pubescent. Nutlets rugose or tuberculate. Pedicels about3 lines long... . . j . 2. A. Chorisiana. Pedicels 1 line long to almost none. : Rachis of the spike fistulous-enlarged . . 3. A. salina. Rachis of the spike not fistulous. . Pedicels turbinate-thickened beneath the flower; corolla 2 to 8 lines broad; nutlet rather slender, stipitate..... 4. A. stipitata. Pedicels not thickened; corolla 1 to 114 lines broad; nutlet ovate. Nutlet carinate ventrally and a little past the apex dorsally... 5. A. Californica. Nutlet carinate ventrally and dorsally, the dorsal ruge dentate- interrupted... ...... ; . 6. A. trachycarpa. Nutlets with barbed or hispid prickles. . 7. A. Greenet. 1. A. mollis (Gray) var. vestita. A rather rank plant with many ascending branches 12 to 18 in. long or more; herbage very densely and conspicuously hairy throughout even to the very calyces; spikes 3 to 6 in. long, bractless; flowers about 2 lines broad; fruit not scattered; nutlets either light or dark colored, exceeding } line, regularly reticulate on the back, carinate from the apex to below the middle (the carina there vanishing in the meshes of the reticula- tion) or not carinate, strongly ridged ventrally down to the roundish sear, which is bounded toward the base by a horseshoe-shaped ridge. —(Allocarya vestita Greene.) Petaluma, J. W. Congdon, July 25, 1880; not since collected. 2. A. Chorisiana (Cham.) Greene. Diffuse (or at first erect) with reclining branches 7 to 16 in. long, strigose throughout; radical leaves linear-elongated, often 4 in. long; racemes elongated, at length very loose, leafy below; fruiting pedicels about 8 lines long, seldom or never less than 1 line long; calyx little accrescent, about 1 line long, the segments at length spreading; corolla 8 to 4 lines wide; nutlets ovate, } line long or a trifle more, dark brown, carinate ventrally only, or also dorsally toward the apex, rugose and minutely granulate; scar linear. Low ground about San Francisco Bay: Vallejo, Greene; Belmont. Apr.—June, 3. A. salina. Branched from the base, strictly erect and simple, 5 to 6 in. high; rachis of the spikes fistulous-enlarged, the flowers rather dense, but strictly unilateral in 2 rather marked rows; calyx- segments spatulate or ovate, very strongly callous-thickened toward the base, the sinus next the axis much deeper than the others, some BORAGE FAMILY. 443 of the outer sepals united nearly to the summit in some cases; nutlets roughish papillate, with rather sharp lateral angles, carinate dorsally, Alvarado, margin of salt marshes, June, 1896. 4. A. stipitata Greene. Branched from the base and somewhat spreading, the branches mostly simple, slender, commonly 9 to 12 in. long; leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 8 in. long, or the radical obovate or oblong, attenuate into a long petiole; corolla 2 to 8 lines broad, white with yellow eye or the eye claneiae to white; sepals at length brownish and often spreading; nutlets somewhat dutened on the back, rugose and papillate, strongly carinate at apex, the dorsal carina continuous to the base or obsolete below the middle; scar short- stipitate; sepals at length brownish and often spreading. Very common on the plains of the Lower Sacramento and eastern Contra Costa, Co. to Hollister. Apr.-May. Very robust specimens. frequently show strictly virgate branches nearly or quite 2 ft. long, flower-bearing throughout their entire length. The very short stipe is evident only as a narrow constriction between the elevated scar and the body of the nutlet. 5. A. Californica (F. & M.) Greene. Similar in habit to A. one flowers 1 to 14 lines broad; nutlet ovate, carinate ventrally and a little past the apex dorsally, usually grayish; scar not raised; Tugee mostly oblique and branched. Coast Range and interior valleys: Russian River; Solano Co. and southward to Hollister. Var. stricta (A. stricta Greene). Slender, strictly erect, almost simple, 5 to 7 in. high, somewhat succulent; spikes very dense.— Calistoga. Var. subglochidiata Gray. Branches succulent, often prostrate; calyx-lobes accrescent; nutlet with minute muriculations and sharp- edged transverse rugule commonly tipped with a tuft of penicillate bristles.—(A. humistrata Greene. ) Colusa Co. to the San Joaquin Valley. 6. A. trachycarpa (Gray) Greene. More or less diffuse or decum- bent; racemes leafy throughout or nearly so; calyx-segments spread- ing; corolla small, 1 to 14 lines broad; nutlet broadly ovate, trans- versely rugose and papillate or muricate, carinate ventrally and dorsally; dorsal rugosities commonly simple, and keel mostly dentate- interrupted. : . Sonoma Co., southward to Hollister and the San Joaquin plains. Papille of the nutlet sometimes slender and rough, apparently passing into less bristly forms of A. Greenei. . A. piFFUSA Greene.—Nutlets similar, rugose in the same fashion but not so strongly, carinate dorsally but obscurely. 7. A. Greenei (Gray) Greene. Diffusely branched from the base, the straggling branches commonly 1 ft. long or more, strigulose- pubescent; leaves linear-oblanceolate; racemes simple, leafy or brac- teate below, the flowers scattered; nutlet 1 line long, ovate, rather densely covered with slender barbed prickles; prickles } to 3 line long, quite distinct at base. d44 BORAGINACE.LE, Abundant in fields of the Upper Sacramento Valley; first collected at Yreka; plains of the Lower Sacramento near Elmira (prickles short and rather sparse as compared with the type); plants from the Lower San Joaquin with the prickles (mostly sparse and much reduced) confluent at base into quite regular walled reticulations are referred here provisionally. 8. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. NIEVITAs. Annuals with the white flowers nearly always sessile and scorpicid- spicate. Calyx 5-parted to the base. as long as the corella-tube; segments more or less hispid or with hooked bristles, in fruit usually closely embracing the nutlets, eventually deciduous. Nutlets 4. sometimes 3. 2 or 1, smooth. papillate, or muriculate, never rugose: face of nutlet with a ventral groove from the apex to the scar near the base, usually continued beyond the scar as a fork and either open (areolate) or closed. Nutlet attached to the subulate gynobase from the sear half way or wholly to the apex along the groove. (Greek kruptos, hidden, and anthos, flower, perhups on account of the minute flowers In some species. ) Nutlets papillate or muricate, 4 (or 3). Fruiting calyx at least twice as long as the nutlets, these with obtuse lateral. angles 4.6406 La awe ee ew 1. G. ambigua. Fruiting calyx surpassing a little and somewhat connivent over the acutely angled nutlets. Plants erect, commonly branching; nutlets aboutllinelong ..... 2. C. muriculate. Plants erect, branching but very strict; nutlets smaller .... ; 3. C. Jonesti. Plants diffuse, very slender; nutlets 14 line long . 4. C. micromercs. Nutlets smooth. Nutlet 1, much Sete s the short gynobase. Corolla very small (24 line broad or less); branches commonly diffuse . ; 5. C. microstachys. Corolla larger (nearly or quite 1 line broad); stem rigidly erect... . ‘ 6. C. ee Nutlets 4 (or 3); gynobase subulate, 14 to as long as the nutlets. Groove simple, sometimes not closed at base, But notforked..... 7. C. letocarpa. Groove forked at base, but no open areola . 8. C. Torreyana. 1. C. ambigua (Gray) Greene. Much branched from the base. % to 1} ft. high, rough-hirsute throughout; leaves linear, 1 to 1} in. long; spikes 1 to 23 in. long, commonly very loose below, ternate or geminate, often pedunculate; calyx exceeding 1 line in length; sepals linear, more densely hispid-bristly towards the base; corolla 2} to 3 lines broad; nutlets gray, 4 or 3, narrowly ovate, papillate but not pointed or prickly, the lateral angle obtuse and the groove more or less closed, with the basal bifurcation open-areolate (or sometimes closed ?). Hills and mountains: St. Helena, June 2, 1896; throughout northern California, 2. C. muriculata (A. DC.) Greene. Robust, branching, rough- hirsute or hispid, } to 1} ft. high, with well-developed rather dense spikes mostly in 2’s and 3’s at the end of the branches: calyx 14 lines BORAGE FAMILY. 445 long; corolla 2 or 3 lines broad; nutlets 1 line long, muricate- papillose, and somewhat rugose on the back; ventral gtoove and its basal bifurcation mostly closed; lateral angles acutish, distinct, Mt. Diablo Range, from near Antioch southward. Apr. 8. C. Jonesii (Gray) Greene. Erect, strict, 7 to 14 in. high, leafy below; lateral spikes from near the base or above the middle short, often sessile, the terminal spikes longer in u rather close panicle; corolla less than 1 line broad in dried specimens; sepals linear, obscurely unicostate, bristly-hispid, in fruit about 1 line long, slightly surpassing the rough-papillate ovate nutlets which are acutely~angled laterally and little more than } line long; ventral groove mostly closed and forked below. Sonoma; Mt. Tamalpais; Santa Cruz, July 1, 1881, und Soledad, May 20, 1882, 1. E. Jones, who first collected it. Nutlets some- times smooth and concave on either side of the ventral groove. 4, C. micromeres (Gray) Greene. Slender, rather widely branched above the base, 7 to 9 in. high, rough-hirsute almost throughout; spikes mostly terminal or subterminal, not dense, 2 to 4 in. long; nutlets similar to the preceding,-little more than } line long, slender papillate (or on either side of the ventral groove concave and either papillate or smooth). Santa Cruz, Jones; Sierra Foothills at Mokelumne Hill, Rattan, the spikes after the fall of the flowers obscurely flexuous. 5. C. microstachys Greene. At first erect and 3 or 4 in. high, later diffuse with ascending or reclining branches } to 2 ft. long, bristly throughout; spikes slender, 4 to 6 in. long, rather densely flowered; sepals less than 1 line long, very hispid-bristly; nutlet 1, brown, smooth, ovate, with long and slightly contracted apex, slightly compressed but not angled laterally, % to 1 line long; groove closed, with a minute fork at base. Santa Cruz Mts., June 20, 1896, Setchell and Jepson; Vaca Mountains, May, 1892. 6. C. flaccida (Dougl.) Greené. Strictly and rigidly erect, with few ascending branches at the top, } to 1} ft. high; leaves linear; spikes 2 to 4 in. long, at length not crowded; corolla nearly or quite 1 line broad; fruiting calyx 1} lines long, appressed to the rachis, its narrowly linear segments thickish ut base, connivent above, nearly twice as long as the nutlet, hispid and bearing toward the base a defiexed tuft of bristles; nutlet rostellate-acuminate at apex, the groove enlarged below but not forked. Common on low dry gravelly hills of the inner Coast Ranges: Sierra Nevada. Apr.—May. 7. C. leiocarpa (F. & M.) Greene. Commonly branched from the base, with many erect or ascending branches, 5 to 13 in. long; ‘branches mostly simple below, branching above, and bearing many spikes which are often more or less congested; spikes leafy-bracted, rarely bractless, the terminal longer and interrupted, the lateral short and glomerate; sepals short-linear, hispid-bristly; nutlets usually 4, 446 BORAGINACES. rarely 1, narrowly ovate, acute, # line long, the ventral groove not forked, or scafcely so. Sandy lands near the coast, San Francisco, northward and south- ward. June. Stems sometimes short and cespitose, nearly always from a rather strong taproot. Bristles often pustulate-dilated at base. Nutlets mottled transversely on the ventral side and longitudinally on the back. 8. C. Torreyana (Gray) Greene. Erect, branched from the middle and sometimes from the base; spikes commonly elongated, loose below, frequently geminate; nutlet ovate, acute, the groove forked at base, the fork sometimes minute. Napa Valley, Torrey in 1865, specimen seen in the Gray Herba- rium; common in the Sierra Nevada, at least northward. 4. PLAGIOBOTHRYS F. & M. Pop-corn FLower. Rather slender annuals with mostly soft pubescence, the hairs often rusty when young, especially on the calyx. Leaves mostly in a radical tuft, those of the stem alternate. Racemes spike-like, elon- gated, loose and sometimes leafy. Pedicels very short or almost none, filiform, persistent. Corolla short, white, with crests or processes at the mouth of the throat (or the crests absent?). Nutlets ovate, cari- nate on both sides towards the apex and often also laterally margined, on the back rugose or roughened. Insertion above the base or median, the scar raised and rounded and leaving a corresponding depression on the receptacle or gynobase. (Greek plagios, on the side, and bothrus, pit or excavation, the first species having a hollow scar.) Scar of nutlet raised and rounded with a distinct hole or excavation in the middle of it; erect plants: var. campestris of... . 1. P. rufescens. Scar of nutlet solid. Nutlets glassy, either papillate-scabrous or almost smooth; very slender GQCGE DIGI so coca coe on Suid dens A od es oe we . 2. P. tenellus. Nutlets grayish or brownish, rugose or granulate. Calyx in fruit circumscissile below the middle, the upper portion falling away; erect plants....... Pie ae cal Be eh 8. P. nothofulvus. Calyx persistent, not circumscissile; plants with diffuse, straggling or prostrate branches. . .4. P. canescens. _1. P. rufescens F. & M. var. campestris. Branching, 1 to 2 ft. high, hispid-hirsute; leaves linear or lanceolate; racemes very loose, leafless and spike-like but the flowers distinctly pediceled; fruiting calyx 2 to 8 lines long, the segments nearly distinct, lanceolate, per- sistent, more or less reddish even in age; nutlets 1} lines long, nearly 1 line wide in the middle, abruptly beaked, the transverse ruge more or less pes eelnee and often dot-like or granulate; scar raised and ring-like, bordering a deep circular excavation.—(P. campestris Greene.) Low foothills of the Coast Ranges in Solano Co., and northward. Apr.-May. 2. P. tenellus Gray. Three to 7 in high, branching from or near the base, the branches erect or ascending; herbage puberulent BORAGE FAMILY. 447 or the leaves hispidulous; leaves of the radical tuft oblong, acute or obtuse, 4 to lin. long; cauline leaves few, ovate or ovate-oblong, 2 to 8 or 4 lines long; spikes 1 to 8 in. long, comparatively few- flowered; calyx deeply cleft, at first rusty yellowish, at length pale, sometimes imperfectly circumscissile; nutlets minute (} line long), shining and enamel-like on the back, smooth but papillate-scabrous on the lateral angles and often also on the rug; rug transverse, straight, smooth and low, separated by very fine lines. Kaweah River, southern Sierra Nevada, Hustwood; Napa Moun- tains, Jepson; northern California. Uncommon in our region. 3. P. nothofulvus Gray. Plants erect or suberect, 1 to 23 ft. high; stems 1 to several from the depressed rosulate tuft of leaves, branching mostly above, the branches widely spreading or erect; herbage silky-villous, the hairs very reddish only when young, espe- cially on the calyx and sometimes on the leaves; leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, those of the radical tuft oblong-ovate or oblanceolate; spikes leafless; calyx cleft only to the middle, 1} lines long, in fruit circumscissile below the middle, the upper part falling away and leaving the persistent base about the nutlets; corolla 2 to 3 lines broad. Hill and mountain sides: St. Helena, Napa Co.; Vaca Mountains; Sierra Foothills. Mar.—May. 4. P. canescens Benth. Branches long and straggling, nearly or quite simple, 3 to 1} ft. long, loosely flower-bearing and leafy nearly throughout, or the spike nearly or quite leafless;’ pubescence pale, soft-villous; leaves oblong to linear or lanceolate; calyx cleft to below the middle, the segments broadly lanceolate, in fruit 2 to 8 lines long; nutlets 1 line long, incurved-connivent, rugose-reticulate, the areola longer transversely, and the lateral angles very distinct. Livermore Mallen: English Hills, Solano Co.; French Camp, Sierra Foothills; Marysville Buttes; first collected by Hartweg in the Upper Sacramento Valley. Apr. Calyx in fruit circular-depressed (the tips of the segments connivent over the nutlets), in age deciduous, the very short stubby pedicel persistent. Plants sometimes erect. 5. AMSINCKIA Lebm. Annuals with rough-hairy herbage, the hairs commonly with pustulate-dilated base, often conspicuously hardened or granular. Flowers yellow, in elongated spikes. Sepals 5, or 4 or 3 through the more or less complete union of two into one. Corolla salverform, the throat somewhat funnelform and with more or less distinct folds, but destitute of crests or processes. Style filiform. Nutlets crusta- ceous, triquetrous or ovate-triangular, smooth or rough. Cotyledons deeply 2-parted. (Wm. Amsinck of Hamburg, patron of the Botanic Garden in that city.) Nutlets much flattened on the back, with coarse granulations. .... . i 1. A. tesselata. Nutlets beset with prickly projections. .. . 2. 4. echinata. Nutlets not prickly. Nutlets carinate on the back, granulate and rugose. 448 BORAGINACEE, Corolla 6 lines long or more; nutlet somewhat compressed laterally. 7 3. dl. spectabilis. Corolla 5 lines long or less; nutlets much incurved, 1!4 lines long. . . 4. A. intermedia. Corolla 6 lines long or less; nutlets 14 line long, scarcely more. ..... . A. lycopsoides. Nutlets smooth and polished . .6. A. grandijfiora. 1. A. tesselata Gray. Coarsely hispid, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves linear to oblong-lanceolate; developed spikes 5 to 6 in. long, loose; calyx of 8 or 4 sepals, 1 narrow and 2 broad, or 3 narrow and 1 broad, rusty-hispid, accrescent in fruit with the broadly-ovate foliaceous seg- ments about twice the length of the nutlets; corolla small, orange- yellow; nutlets broadly ovate, abruptly acute, not carinate but flattish on the back, which is surrounded by a dentate border and filled in with a few short transverse rug and many wart-like projections fitted closely together, and so resembling a somewhat uneven cobble- stone pavement.—(A. collina Greene.) Near Mt. Diablo, Bremer; San Joaquin plains. 2. A. echinata Gray. Erect, 14 to 23} ft. high, very hispid with white spreading bristles; sepals very narrow, yellow-hispid; corolla light yellow, about twice as long, little dilated at the throat, the limb 2 or 3 lines broad; nutlets muricate with slender points or almost prickly, not rugose. : Plant of the Mohave Region, credited to Antioch. 3. A. spectabilis F. & M. Erect, branching above, 1 to 23 ft. high, with mostly linear or linear-lanceolate leaves; spikes 3 to 7 in. long; calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate, reddish-hispid, 3 to 4 the length of the corolla-tube; corolla orange-yellow, 6 to 7 lines long with slightly unequal lobes; nutlets somewhat flattened laterally, earinate dorsally and ventrally, reticulate-rugulose and granulate. Towards the interior. 4. A. intermedia F. & M. Erect, frequently widely branched, 13 to 8 ft. high; stems and branches with scattered white bristles, the foliage densely hispid-bristly with rather shorter bristles; inflorescence hispid and with a short curly pubescence; leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear, thickish, entire; racemes more or less crowded at the top of the stem or branches and leafy-bracteate; developed racemes 5 to 10: in. long, peduncled; calyx-segments rusty-hispid, linear-acuminate, + as long as the narrow orange-yellow corollas, in fruit twice as long at least as the nutlets; nutlets incurved, carinate dorsally, scabrous- rugose and granulate, exceeding 1 line in length. Throughout our district, mostly towards the interior; frequently very abundant on grain fields of the Sacramento Valley, forming rank thickets 3 to 4 ft. high and sometimes called by the country people ‘ Buckthorn.’’ 5. A. lycopsoides Lehm. Stems erect, branching, the branches. at length decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage of a light yellowish green, setose-hispid; leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with erose-sinuate or entire margins; racemes rather short, frequently BORAGE FAMILY. 449 leafy-bracteate; peduncles short or none; calyx sparsely setose-hispid, the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2 or 8 of the lobes often united; corolla pale yellow, very slender; nutlets brown or blackish, muriculate and rugulose, scarcely more than 3 line long. Sandy soil along the seaboard: San Francisco, Apr.-May. 6. A. grandiflora Kleeb. Robust, hispid, 14 ft. high; fully developed spikes. 5 to 7 in. long; calyx-segments fulvous-hirsute, often partly or wholly confluent so as to appear as 8 or 4, in fruit 5 to 6 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, deep yellow, with ample limb; anthers nearly sessile, inserted very low in the corolla; nutlets perfectly smooth, polished, light gray, carinate ventrally from the apex to the nearly median oblong scar; lateral angles sharp, back concave, Antioch, Kellogg. The nearly related A. vernicosa H. & A. may be expected within our limits southward; it has smaller flowers and sharply triquetrous nutlets (resembling a grain of buckwheat) with very obscure scar. 6. PECTOCARYA DC. Low slender obscure annuals with strigose pubescence and narrowly linear leaves. Flowers minute, white, on very short pedicels, scat- tered along the stems or branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, spreading or reflexed in fruit. Corolla with a circle of processes or crests which almost close the throat. Stamens included. Nutlets flat, thin, radiately divergent, bordered at apex or all around with a row of bristles hooked at tip. (Greek pectos, combed, and karua, nut, on account of the row of bristles on the nutlet.) Nutlet not winged, the acute margin bordered all around by bristles. . 1. P. pusilla. Nutlet bordered by a wing which bears hooked bristles only at the apex. . 2. P. penicillata. 1. P. pusilla Gray. Erect, somewhat flexuous, simple or spar- ingly branched, 8 to 5 in. high, strigulose-canescent; nutlets 4 and equably divergent (or sometimes but 2), 1 line long, cuneate-obovate or somewhat rhomboidal, carinately nerved on the upper face, not winged, the margin bearing a row of slender bristles hooked at the tip. Shady north slopes in the hills near St. Helena; common about Yreka acc. to Gray. Mar.—Apr. 2. P. penicillata (H. & A.) A. DC. Branching at the base, the branches diffuse, 1 to 4 in. long; nutlets divergent in pairs, oblong, 1 line long, surrounded by a wing which is incurved along the middle in age and bears at the rounded apex a series of slender bristles hooked at the tip. Napa Valley, Jepson, the only known locality in our region. 7. CYNOGLOSSUM L. Ours a coarse perennial herb with broad petioled leaves. Flowers blue, in a panicled bractless raceme raised on a naked terminal 31 450 VERBENACEE. peduncle. Corolla with a ring of conspicuous appendages or crests at the throat. Nutlets large, depressed, covered all over with short barbed prickles and thus bur-like. (Combined of the Greek kuno, dog, and glossa, tongue, on account of the shape and texture of the leaves in some species.) 1. C. grande Doug]. Hounn’s Tonauz. Erect, 1 to 8 ft. high; leaves mostly radical or subradical, hoary-pubescent beneath, ovate, varying to ovate-oblong or elliptic, rounded at base or truncate, acute or acuminate, 3 to 7 in. long, on petioles often as long; sepals narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the tube often purple, the lobes elliptic; stamens inserted at the throat, on very short filaments. Coast Range woods: Monterey; Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Vaca Mountains, and northward. Feb.-Mar. 93. VERBENACEA. Verpena Famity, Ours herbs with opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers complete. Corolla bilabiate or almost regular. Calyx persistent. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs. Ovary superior, undivided, 2 to 4-celled, separating at maturity into as many 1-seeded nutlets; style single, entire; stigmas 2or1. Endosperm in our genera scanty or none, Calyx 5-toothed; nutlets4; diffuse or erect herbs. . . . 1. VERBENA. Calyx 2-cleft; nutlets 2; creeping herbs ee . 2. LIPPra. 1. VERBENA L. Vervarn. Perennial herbs with simple leaves. Flowers in terminal densely- flowered bractless spikes. Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled, 5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit. Corolla salverform with a rather unequally 5-lobed limb. Anthers ovate. Stigmas mostly 2-lobed, the anterior lobe larger, the posterior smooth and sterile. Fruit separating into 4 one-celled one-seeded achene-like nutlets. (Latin name of a certain sacred plant.) Bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers. Stem erect, strict and tall; spikes dense, more or less peduncled; petioles GLU CC ie ir sate, el Ga teeta eee awlie ane Gh gee kA 1. V. hastata. Diffusely branching; spikes not dense below, sessile or leafy bracted at base; petioles cuneately margined. ...........2. V. prostrata. 3. V. bracteosa. 1. V. hastata L. Brue Vervary. Erect, strict, 2 to 4 ft. high; pubescence short-hispid; leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acumi- nate, rather finely serrate, 4 in. long or less, on petioles } in. long; some of the lower leaves commonly hastately lobed at base; spikes numerous; naked at base or more or less peduncled, densely flowered, 2 to 3 in. long, in a close panicle; corolla deep blue. Banks of the lower Sacramento River: Wilkes Expedition, 1841; Rio Vista, Grand Island and Ryer Island, Jepson, 1892. 2. V. prostrata R. Br. Common Veryarn. Stems diffusely VERBENA FAMILY, 451 branched or spreading; herbage mostly soft-pubescent; leaves oblong- ovate, coarsely serrate, and often laciniately lobed, especially toward the base which is contracted into the cuneately winged petiole; spikes 2 or 3 in. to 1 ft. long, solitary or more commonly loosely paniculate; bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet or blue, 2 lines long; nutlets oblong. Dry open hill country throughout western California: Humboldt Co.; Sonoma and Vacaville, southward to Alameda Co., Santa Clara Co. and Southern California. July—Sept. 3. V. bracteosa Michx. Diffusely much branched, } to 1 ft. high or more; leaves pinnately incised or 3-cleft with coarsely serrate lobes, narrowed at base into a winged petiole; spikescommonly dense, sessile; bracts lanceolate, rigid, conspicuously exceeding the flowers, mostly entire or the lowest incised; corolla small, blue. Lower San Joaquin; probably introduced. 2. LIPPIA L. Lemon VERBENA. Ours prostrate perennial herbs with simple leaves. Flowers small, similar to those of Verbena, disposed in short spikes or heads sub- tended by broad closely imbricated bracts. Pubescence fine, the hairs fixed by the middle and both ends acute. Peduncles slender, axillary. Calyx small and short, in ours 2-cleft, the lobes entire and lateral. Corolla-limb manifestly bilabiate, 4-lobed, the upper lip retuse or emarginate. Style mostly short; stigma thickish, oblique, Pericarp more or less corky, not readily separating into the 2 nutlets. (In memory of Dr. A. Lippi, a French naturalist, killed in Abyssinia, in 1703.) Leaves thickish, oblanceolate or obovate... . ...... 1. L. nodifiora. Leaves thinnish, ovate bil Bens Se See 8 2. L. lanceolata. 1. L. nodiflora Michx. Stems extensively creeping from a lignescent perennial base; herbage minutely canescefit throughout; leaves thickish, cuneate-oblanceolate or -obovate, sessile, } to nearly 1 in. long, sharply serrate towards the apex; peduncles filiform, 1 to 4 in. long, much exceeding the leaves; heads cylindraceous in age, 3 lines thick; calyx with 2 low triangular teeth, these laterally disposed and entire or notched; corolla white, 1} lines broad, the lower lobe transversely oblong; fruit globose or didymous. Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin, especially on river banks. Esteemed as a plant covering for the soil on levees for the purpose of resisting erosion. July—Sept. 2. L. lanceolata Michx. Similar to the preceding but greener; leaves thinner, 1 to 24 in. long, ovate, sharply serrate except at the broadly cuneate base which is abruptly narrowed to a short petiole, pinnately straight-veined; peduncles often shorter than the leaves; corolla bluish white. Common on muddy banks of the islands lying near the confluence of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers: Grand Island; Bouldin Island, etc. 452 LABIAT.E. 94. LABIATA.. Mruyt Famiry. Aromatic herbs or low shrubs with square stems and always oppo- site simple leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils or more commonly in small cymes; cymes sessile in the axils of the opposite leaves (rarely peduncled), commonly dense and having the appearance of a whorl, and thus denominated in the descriptions. Subtending leaves of the whorls frequently bract-like and the internodes short, the inflorescence thus becoming spike-like, or the whorl sometimes termi- nal and head-like: Calyx always synsepalous, frequently bilabiate, usually 5-toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube, bilabiate, commonly with 2 lobes in the upper lip and 8 lobes in the lower lip. Stamens 4, in 2 pairs, or the superior (upper) pair of stamens wanting or repre- sented by sterile filaments. Ovary superior, 4-lobed (or 4-parted in Trichostema), separating when ripe into 4 small 1-seeded nutlets. Style single, situated in the depression among the lobes of the ovary cleft at apex. Nutlets attached by the base (or by the side in Trichostema). A. Flowers solitary in the axils; stamens 4. Calyx with entire lips, a gibbous protuberance on the upper side... . . . SCUTELLARIA, Calyx not gibbous on the upper side (nor in any of the following). Trailing herb; flowers verysmall.,. . . 12. MICROMERIA. Shrub; flowers large. 2 ® . 18. SPHACELE. B. Flowers in whorls or terminal heads or axillary cymes. 1. Calyx regular, or its teeth nearly equal (except some species of Mentha). Stamens with the exserted portion of filaments as long or longer than the corolla, conspicuously curved; tube of corolla slender, abruptly curved below throat; ovary 4-lobed; nutlets attached by the side. ..... 1. TRICHOSTEMA. Stamens moderately exserted or included; ovary 4-parted; nutlets attached by the base. Corolla little irregular. Flower-whorls axillary. Stamens 4; stems obtusely quadrangular; herbage aromatic . 17. MENTHA. Stamens 2; stems acutely quadrangular; herbage little aromatic. ; : 16. Lycopus. Flowers in terminal bracted heads; segments of the corolla narrow and very similar; stamens4. ... » os. .14. MoNARDELLA. Corolla plainly bilabiates stamens 4. Stamens included in the tube of the corolla; calyx-teeth 10, subulate, hooked at tip; flowers in whorls. . 3 8, MARRUBIUM. Stamens projecting beyond the tube. Inferior (lower) pair of stamens longer than the superior; calyx tubular-campanulate, its teeth triangular, cuspidate; corolla-tube with a hairy ring within; flowersin whorls. . 7. STACHYS. Stamens nearly equal; calyx tubular, its teeth very short, densely woolly; flower-whorls remote, mostly leafy-bracted........ . ‘ 15, KOELLIA. - Superior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the inferior; calyx-teeth lanceolate, cuspidate, often pinkish; flowers in a dense spike... . 5, LOPHANTHUS. 2. Calyx bilabiate or its teeth wnequal. Superior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the inferior; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate.. . 0... ee 4, NEPETA, Inferior (lower) pair of stamens longer than the superior or latter wanting. MINT FAMILY. 453 Flowers in a dense terminal spike, with roundish bracts; upper calyx-lip truncate with 3 cusps on the margin; stamens4, . 6. 'BRUNELLA. Flowers in whorls in a close spike or some of the lower whorls distinct; bracts narrow, obspatulate or linear; lower calyx-lip of 2 lanceolate- subulate teeth’ longer than the 3 MPEEE | teeth; stamens 4 (or 2); style bearded above; annuals........ . . 10. POGOGYNE. Flower-whorls distinct, commonly remote. Stamens with anthers 4; flowers in axillary clusters; calyx in fruit GeNexed 5 ye At vee ees ne, TSP i Re Gee Me oe, ot 11. MELISsaA. Stamens with perfect anthers 23 upper pair of stamens none, rudi- mentary, or with imperfect anthers. Anther-cells without filament-like connective; bracts roundish, the margins armed with long needle-like spines. . 9. ‘ACANTHOMINTHA. Anther-cells one at each end of a or versatile connective or cross-bar which is attached near the middle to the filament proper, a perfect anther-cell at the upper end, the anther-cell at the lower end imperfect or none, or even the lower peeiten of the connective obsolete. . 8. SALVIA. ‘1. TRICHOSTEMA L. BLUE CURLS. Ours ill-scented annuals with entire leaves and blue (occasionally pinkish or whitish) flowers in axillary cymes or becoming raceme- like in age. Calyx equally or almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with oblique limb, the oblong lobes nearly alike; tube in ours slender, far exceeding the calyx and abruptly geniculate or curved into an arc of acircle just below the limb. Stamens with the anther-cells divari- cate; filaments capillary, blue or violet, spirally coiled in the bud, in anthesis very much exserted, ascending between the deeply parted upper lobes of the corolla and curved outward and downward. Nut- lets rugose-reticulate. (Greek trichos, hair, and stemon, stumen.) Stems densely leafy; leavessessile. ..... .. .1. 7. lanceolatum. Stems sparsely leafy; leaves petioled.. .. . .2. T.laxum. 1. T. lanceolatum Benth. Vixecar. WeEp. Annual, simple or branching from near the base, 6 to 11 in. high, very leafy; herbage cinereous or villous-pubescent and minutely glandular; leaves lan- cevlate, acuminate, sessile, or the lowest subsessile, with 3 to 5 strong almost "parallel nerves or ribs, 1 in. long; cymes short-peduncled or nearly sessile; calyx villous; corolla almost filiform. somewhat pubescent. Dry plains and low hills throughout the Coast Ranges: Southern California to Saratoga, Los Gatos, Alvarado, Lafayette, Vacaville, Winters, Healdsburg and northward. Sierra Foothills. |A bee p: Fant in Fresno Co., where it abounds in many localities and ‘‘yields a white honey that granulates remarkably quick,’’ O. DL. Abbott. Aug.-Sept. 2. T. laxum Gray. BLuEe Curis. Simple or branching, 1 ft. high or less, minutely pubescent, sparsely leafy; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate but obtusish, pinnately veined, 1 to 1} in. long, on slender petioles; cymes peduncled, rather loose; corolla almost ‘glabrous. Stream beds or low summer fields of the North Coast Ranges: Sonoma Co.; Pope Valley, Napa Co.: Putah Creek and northward. Also inner South Coast Ranges ace. to Greene. Aug.—Sept. 454 LABIATA. T. ranarum Benth. is a shrub with purple-woolly spikes.—Monte- rey Co. and southward. T. opLonaum Gray has sessile flowers, the corolla hardly surpassing the calyx.—Sierra Nevada at middle altitudes. 2. SCUTELLARIA L. SKULL-CAP. : Ours perennial herbs, the flowers always solitary and either in axillary pairs or, when the leaves are reduced, forming terminal spikes or racemes. Calyx bilabiate, both lips entire, the upper with a sceale-like or crest-like projection on the back, in anthesis campanu- late, after anthesis closed, and in fruit splitting to the base. Corolla with a long-exserted tube naked within; upper lip galeate, entire or barely notched, the lateral lobes of the lower lip more or less attached to it so that it appears 3-lobed, the middle lobe seeming to constitute the whole lower lip. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Upper fork of style short or none. Nutlets rarely wing-margined. Embryo curved; caulicle short, incumbent. (Latin scutella, a dish, on account of the conspicuous protuberance on the fruiting calyx.) Rootstocks filiform, bearing tubers; flowers violet-purple. .1. S. tuberosa. Rootstocks not tuber bearing; flowers whitish. . . «2.8. Californica. 1. S. tuberosa Benth. BLue SKULL-cap. Stems 3 to 5 in. high, from tuberous rootstocks, the tubers oblong, 3 to 8 lines long; herbage pubescent; leaves thin, few-toothed; radical and lower leaves oval, purplish beneath (as also the lower cauline), on petioles as long as the blade; upper cauline ovate, the petioles commonly short; corolla violet-purple, 7 to 9 lines long; middle lobe of lower lip somewhat spreading, much larger than the galeate upper lip; nutlets muricate. Loamy soil of shady woods in the hills or in sandy valleys: Napa Valley; Marin Co.; San Francisco; West Berkeley; Alameda; Wal- nut Creek; Mt. Diablo; Loma Prieta; Southern California. Apr.- May. Not reported from the inner North Coast Ranges, nor from the inner South Coast Ranges south of Mt. Diablo. The var. sIMILIS has a very densely-villous calyx.—Pope Valley grade from Calistoga. 2. S. Californica Gray. Sxuxu-cap. Stems clustered, com- monly simple, ? to 1} ft. high, from horizontal branching rootstocks; herbage puberulent; leaves $ to 1 in. long, oval-ovate or oblong- lanceolate, the lower disposed to be crenate and purplish beneath, the upper narrower and entire, those subtending the flowers much reduced; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; corolla nearly white or slightly yellowish, the throat ampliate-inflated, and the lips not very unequal; lower lip villous-bearded within; nutlets rugulose. Open woods and borders of thickets, on hillsides and in ravines: a Ranges (Berkeley; Ukiah; Anderson Valley); Sierra Nevada. une. 8. BoLanperr Gray and 8. aNausTIFoLi1A Pursh are of the Sierra Nevada: the former has oval leaves, little reduced above, sessile by a cordate base and very veiny, and whitish flowers; the latter has linear or lanceolate entire leaves (or the lowermost broader and serrate) and violet-purple flowers. MINT FAMILY. 455 38. MARRUBIUM L. HoreHotnp. Perennial tomentose herbs with much wrinkled leaves and rather small flowers in whorls. Calyx with cylindraceous tube, 10 ribs and as many equal subulate or spinulose teeth, which are recurved at tip. Corolla white, with short tube included in the calyx, the upper li erect, 2-cleft, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, include within the tube of the corolla, all the anthers 2-celled. Nutlets rounded at the top. (From Hebrew, meaning bitter.) 1. M. vulgare L. Common Horenounp. Stems tufted, erect, white-woolly, # to 2} ft. high; leaves roundish, crenate, except at the cuneate or truncate base, petioled, white-woolly beneath and green above, or somewhat tomentose on both faces; middle lobe of lower lip of corolla transversely oblong, much larger than the lateral lobes. Common weed of old fields and waste places about farms and villages everywhere in the Coast Ranges, Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys, Sierra Foothills and Southern California. Ever- green with us. July—Sept. 4. NEPETA L. Perennial herbs. Calyx tubular, obliquely 5-toothed, the upper teeth longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, distinctly bilabiate; upper lip erect, lower spreading, the middle lobe larger than the Jateral. Stamens 4, not exserted, ascending under the upper lip, the lower pair the shorter, all anther-bearing, with the anthers approximate in pairs. Nutlets ovoid, flattened, smooth. (Old Latin name used by Pliny, perhaps from the city Nepete in Tuscany.) 1. N. cataria L. Carnep. Stems 2 or 3 ft. high; herbage canes- cent with fine hairs, except the green upper surface of the leaves; leaves triangular-ovate, truncate or cordate at base, coarsely crenate, ~ 2 or 3 in. long or the upper reduced, greener above than below, steiee. spikes 1 to 8 in, long, dense or with 1 or 2 accessory whorls elow; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate; corolla white. 4 or 5 lines long, dotted with purple. Common in the North Coast Ranges but mostly beyond our limits: Russian River Valley; Scott Valley and Uncle Sam Mt., Lake Co. July. 56. LOPHANTHUS Benth. Tall perennial herbs. Leaves ovate, serrate, petioled. Flowers violet-purple or whitish, crowded in a terminal spike. Calyx tubular- campanulate, rather oblique, almost equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of corolla 2-lobed, nearly erect; lower lip spreading, its middle lobe crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the anthers not approximate in pairs. (Greek lophos, crest, and anthos, flower.) 1. L. urticifolius Benth. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 or 4 ft. high; calyx-lobes membranaceous, pinkish or whitish; corolla light violet-. purple. : Common in the Sierra Nevada and in the Yallo Bally Mountains 456 LABIATAE. of the North Coast Ranges. Rare within our limits: Caux’s Knob, west of St. Helena; Russian River Station; Skaggs’ Springs. 6. BRUNELLA L. Serr Heat. Low perennials, the nearly simple stems terminated by a short- spicate or subcapitate inflorescence, each whorl ae of six sub- sessile flowers and subtended by broad floral bracts. Calyx reticulate- veiny, membranaceous or chartaceous, bilabiate; upper lip truncate with 8 cusps; lower 2-cleft; lips closed in fruit. Corolla-throat inflated and tube more or less exserted; upper lip erect, galeate, entire; lower lip 38-lobed, the middle lobe hanging downward. Stamens 4, in pairs under the upper lip, each filament or those of the upper with a small tooth below the anthers. Nutlets smooth and glabrous. (Derived from the Old German Breune or Braune, an affection of the throat, which Self Heal was used to cure.) 1. B. vulgaris L. Four to 10 in. high, green and nearly gla- brous; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, 1 to 3 in. long, petioled; corolla violet, pinkish or rarely white, exceeding the purplish calyx. Woods of low hills and valleys near the coast: Marin Co.; Knight’s Valley. June. 7. STACHYS L. Hepcr Netrie. Ours hispid or soft-pubescent herbs with the flowers few in the axils of the floral leaves, usually forming an interrupted spicate inflo- rescence. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5 to 10-nerved or -ribbed, with 5 nearly erect or spreading pointed equal teeth, sometimes the upper larger and more or less united. Corolla with cylindrical tube, not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or slightly turned backward, over-arched or concave, entire or notched; lower lip longer, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, the lateral lobes often deflexed. Stamens 4, in pairs, ascending under the upper lip of the corolla, or one or both pairs sometimes deflexed to the sides of the throat and contorted after anthesis. Nutlets obtuse at the apex. (Greek stachus, an ear of corn, hence a spike; given to these plants on account of their spicate inflorescence. ) Corolla-tube little or not at all exceeding the calyx. ‘ Flowers whitish. Whorls forming a dense spike; herbage very hirsute .1. 8. pycnantha. Whorls distinct or indistinct, the inflorescence 3 to9 in. long; herbage White-woOolly 2s 4.2. @ 8 we ara Sea ce Sot . 2. S. albens. angles. Hairy ring at middle of corolla-tube very oblique . .4. S. bullata. Hairy ring near base of corolla-tube horizontal . . . .5. 8. Californica. Corolla-tube much longer than the calyx, the corolla red . 6. S. Chamissonis. 1. S. pycnantha Benth. Erect, } to 1} ft. high; herbage mostly green but hirsute, the surface of the leaves somewhat granulate- glandular; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 1 to 4 in. long, obtuse or MINT FAMILY. 457 subcordate at base, mostly petioled; flowers in u dense cylindraceous bractless or nearly bractless spike, 1 to 2 in. long; lowest whorls rarely separate; calyx-teeth deltoid, mucronate, commonly equaling the tube. Rather uncommon: West Berkeley; Tiburon, and southward to Monterey. ‘ 2. S. albens Gray. Stems erect, strict, 2 to 5 ft. high, white- tomentose; leaves ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at base, mostly the very lowest short-petioled; whorls many-flowered, mostly indistinct and spicate, only the lowest whorls, if any, somewhat remote, the inflorescence 3 to 9 in. long; calyces wften somewhat yellow-green, the teeth awn-pointed. Along rivulets or near springs in the dry inner Coust Ranves: Knoxville Grade to Lower Lake; Livermore Pass; Pacheco Pass. July-Aug. 3. S. ajugoides Benth. Stems mostly erect, simple.» to 24 in. tall; herbage densely soft-pubescent, sometimes glahrate; leaves oblong, 1 to 2} in. long, acute or obtuse below, petioled, the upper sessile; one or two flower clusters below rather remote and in the axils of upper ordinary leaves, the leaves above becoming bract-like and the clusters less remote; calyx short-campanulate or turbinate, very silky-villous, often concealing the teeth; hairy ring below middle of corolla-tube very oblique, the tube slightly constricted below. Everywhere common in low lands in the Coast Ranges and Sacra- mento and San Jouquin Valleys. May—Aug. Var. stricta (S. stricta Greene). Small resin-glands abundant beneath the short pubescence on the leaves; leaves thinnish, ovate- lanceolate or oblong, 3 to 33 in. long, only the uppermost sessile; calyx-teeth erect or somewhat connivent around the tube of the corolla; upper lip of corolla very short.—In the original diagnosis, the lateral lobes of the lower lip are described as reduced to mere teeth. In specimens from Knight’s Valley, the original locality, collected June 18, 1894, by Mr. Davy, the corolla is small but the lateral lobes are not any smaller relatively tu the middle lobes of the lower lip than in the species. We discover, however. that the corolla tube has no evident constriction and the ring of hairs is horizontal, not oblique. Var. velutina (S. velutina Greene). Pubescence short and close; leaves cordate-ovate; spike elongated, interrupted.—Suisun Marshes. Oct. This variety forms a transition to the preceding species. 4. S. bullata Benth. Stems simple from the base or branched above, erect or ascending, 10 to 22 in. long; foliage densely or sparsely hispid, the stems retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles; leaves oblong-ovate, sometimes varying to elliptic, coarsely crenate, trun- cate or subcordate at base, 1 to 2 or even 5} in. long, the lower on petioles 1 to 2 in. long; flowers about 6 in a whorl, the whorls rather remote (mostly 6 to 12 lines apart); calyx turbinate or campanulate- 458 LABIATAE. turbinate, the teeth triangular, cuspidate, in age spreading, somewhat. indurated; corolla-tube 4 lines long, exserted about 1 line, bearing within at its middle an oblique ring of hairs interrupted on the upper side opposite the style and indicated exteriorly by a distinct although only partial constriction; filaments densely pubescent at the middle. The most common species, found everywhere among the low hills of the Coast Ranges. Mar.-Apr. 5. S. Californica Benth. Slender, 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves ovate- oblong, ample, subcordate at base, sparsely villous-hispid; corolla- tube exceeding the calyx, nearly twice as long; hairy ring at base of tube horizontal. Santa Cruz Mountains, in shady woods. June. We are not sure that this plant is identical with that of Bentham; our specimens do not answer in every particular to Bentham’s diagnosis and the original description is not altogether satisfactory. 6. S. Chamissonis Benth. Several ft. high, the angles-of the stems retrorsely scabrous, the hairs pustulate; leaves soft-pubescent, ovate, 3 or 4 in. long; calyx 4 in. long, clavate-tubular, much shorter than the tube of the red corolla; hairy ring near base of corolla-tube. Near the coast: Sausalito, Kellogg; Bolinas Bay; Point Reyes Peninsula and northward; formerly at San Francisco, Bolander. LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE L. Henbit. Low annual, decumbent at base; internodes below the inflorescence very long; leaves rounded, toothed or lobed, the lowest petiolate, the floral sessile; calyx with 5 nearly equal awn-pointed teeth, much surpassed by the elongated corolla-tube; upper lip of corolla bearded, lower spotted.—Sonoma Co., Bioletti, 1892. 8. SALVIA L. Sage. Herbaceous or low-shrubby plants with the flowers usually in whorls, forming terminal racemes or spikes, the floral leaves mostly reduced to bracts. Calyx bilabiate, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed, the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with the upper lip erect, straight, concave or faleate, sometimes obsolete; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe often emarginate, cleft or fringed. Stamens inserted in the throat of the corolla; anterior pair fertile; the posterior pair obsolete or represented by sterile filaments or vestiges; anther-cells widely separated on a long filament-like connective longer than the filament itself and jointed to it by the middle or near one end; con- nective at its upper end (under the upper lip of the corolla) bearing a perfect anther-cell, at its lower end a deformed anther-cell or the anther-cell obsolete. In some species the filament is seemingly sim- ple, but is really jointed, indicating the presence of the connective, the lower end of which sometimes projects as a subulate point but never bears a trace of an anther-cell. (From the Latin, salveo, to save, some of the species being officinal. ) Lower end of connective bearing a deformed anther-cell or a rudiment; flower-whorls few; annuals. MINT FAMILY. 459 Herbage white-woolly; bracts much surpassing the flowers; upper calyx- lip 3-toothed, the lateral distant from the middle one. ....... 1, 8. carduacea, Herbage green; bracts not exceeding the flowers; teeth of upper calyx-lip 2,awned, partly connate............, . 2 8. Columbariz. Lower end of connective reduced to a subulate point or slender thread, the filament apparently simple; flower whorls several; perennials. Corolla white, whitish, or violet-tinged. Low shrub; middle lobe of lower lip of corolla emarginate, otherwise entire; upper lip present ............6-- 3. S. mellifera. Low matted herb, only the senate flowering stems ascending; middle lobe of lower lip of corolla denticulate or fringed; upper lip obsolete. 4. S. Sonomensis. Corolla crimson, 114 in. long or more; herbaceous, stemserect ..... 5. S. spathacea. 1. S. carduacea Benth. TuisrLe-sace. Herbage white-woolly, particularly in the flower whorls, the wool more or less deciduous; stems 1, 2 or 3 from a rosette of radical leaves, naked and scape-like, bearing 1 to 4 whorls of flowers, 4 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong in outline, pinnatifid, with spinulose-dentate margin, the radical 6 in. long or less; bracts ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pectinate-spinescent, surpassing the flowers; calyx long-woolly, its upper lip strongly 3-toothed, the middle tooth larger, the lateral distant, much sur- passing the lower lip; corolla light blue, deeply 2-lipped, 1 in. long; upper lip 2-cleft, the segments laciniate or denticulate at the end; lower lip with small erose lateral lobes and an exceedingly large fan-shaped and laciniately fringed middle lobe; proper filament very short. Inner South Coast Range valleys (Contra Costa Co. and south- ward) and throughout the San Joaquin Valley; Southern California. June. : 2. S. Columbarie Benth. Cars. Herbage finely pubescent, dark green; stems usually several from the base, commonly simple and bearing 1 or 2 pairs of leaves and 1 or 2 whorls of flowers, occa- sionally branching; leaves mostly radical or subradical, bipinnatifid, very rugose, petioled; bracts ovate or more commonly orbicular and broader than long, abruptly acuminate and cuspidate-tipped, not exceeding the flowers, often purple; fruiting calyx 5 lines long, oblique at the throat; upper lip arched, crowned with a pair of needle-like prickles, the pare representing the middle tooth want- ing; lower lip very much shorter, the teeth represented by 2 shorter prickles; corolla blue, little exceeding the calyx; upper lip emargi- nate; lower lip with small lateral lobes and a larger somewhat 2-lobed middle one. . Throughout the Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada, and Southern Cali- fornia, on hill and mountain slopes. Apr.—May. 8. S. mellifera Greene. Buack SacE. Shrubby, 3 to 6 ft. high, with herbaceous flowering branches very leafy at the base; leaves narrowly oblong, petioled, 1} to 3 in. long, crenulate, green and rugulose above, cinereous-tomentulose beneath; flowering branches with about 5 rather small flower-whorls; leafy bracts oblong or ovate, those subtending the upper whorls much reduced; proper bracts ovate or 460 LABIAT. oblong, cuspidate; lower lip of calyx very short, the 2 teeth prickly; upper lip arched, crowned by 8 short sharp teeth; style and stamens little exserted; lower portion of connective in fertile stamens manifest at the joint as a subulate rudiment; upper pair of stamens represented by short sterile filaments, their tips approximate; corolla white or slightly lilac-tinged and rather small, exserted; upper lip notched; middle lobe of lower lip transversely oblong or orbicular, emarginate and slightly denticulate, joined to the main part of the lip by a narrow constriction.—(Audibertia stachyoides Benth.) Mount Diablo; Las Trampas Ridge; near Haywards; San Mateo Co.; Glenwood and Loma Prieta, southward to Southern California. Apr.-May. Q CattrorNica (Audibertia polystachya Benth.), White Sage, is a shrubby species, often 8 ft. high, occurring from Santa Barbara to San Diego, and distinguished by its open paniculate inflorescence. 4. S. Sonomensis Greene. Ramona. Plants more or less matted, the flowering stems almost leafless and scape-like, 4 to 8 in. high, ascending from a leafy decumbent or prostrate base; leaves green and rugulose above, whitish with a close dense tomentum beneath, oblong- or obovate-spatulate, crenulate, petioled, 1} to 8} in. long; calyx like that of S. mellifera but the prickly teeth of the larger upper lip short; corolla light violet; upper lip short, of two erect or somewhat retrocurved lanceolate lobes; lower lip large, much prolonged in the direction of the tube, its lateral lobes acute, short, the middle with its orbicular-dilated terminal portion turned abruptly downward, its margin denticulate or somewhat fringed; upper (sterile) stamens inserted at orifice of tube, bristle-like, diver- gent; two lower (fertile) stamens inserted on lower lip without the orifice, ascending, straight (nearly as long as the corolla); style long exserted.—(Audibertia humilis Benth. Ramona humilis Greene.) Montane species at middle altitudes: Sonoma; mountains west of co Mt. Shasta; Calaveras and Mariposa Cos.; San Diego Co. uy. 5. S. spathacea Greene. Crimson Sace. Coarse strictly herba- ceous plant, very viscid and glandular-pubescent or -villous; upper surface of leaves dark green, under surface whitened with a close short tufted tomentum; stems erect, simple, 14 to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly oblong-ovate, with broadly triangular-cordate base, more or less doubly crenate or crenulate, upper surface rugulose,4 to 8 in. long, on petioles 2 or 3 in. long or some of the cauline sessile; whorls of flowers 5 or 6 or more, subtended by broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate mem- branaceous purplish bracts; calyx strongly veined, laterally com- pressed but somewhat inflated, 1 in. long or over, } in. wide at the broadest part, spathe-like, deeply slit in front between the two cuspi- date-tipped teeth, the upper concave lip much larger, 3-dentate with the middle tooth largest; corolla crimson, 1} to 1} in. long; upper lip short, nearly erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, the lateral lobes short, triangular, acute, the middle lobe much developed, broadly obcordate, 4 lines broad; stamens much exserted; lower fork of the MINT FAMILY. 461 connective capillary, 1 line long; rudiments of sterile stamens obvious. —(Audibertia grandiflora Benth.) Soast Ranges from the Vaca Mountains, Mt. Diablo and San Francisco southward to Santa Monica. Apr.-May. 7 9. ACANTHOMINTHA Gray. Annuals with dentate leaves and flowers in distinct or at length remote whorls, each whorl subtended by a pair of leaves and a circle of broad callous-margined bracts armed with needle-like prickles. Calyx bilabiate; upper lip 3-toothed, the teeth aristate; lower lip short, 2-cleft into oblong acute lobes. Corolla-tube exceeding the calyx, naked within; upper lip entire, oblong; lower lip 3-lobed, the middle lobe deeply and the lateral slightly emarginate. Stamens 4, inserted high in the ample throat; lower pair fertile; upper pair shorter with imperfect anthers. Nutlets smooth. (Greek acantha, thorn, and Mentha, Mint.) 1. A. lanceolata Curran. Stoutish, branching from the base, soft-pubescent, oily and ill-scented, 7 to 12 in. high; leaves oblanceo- late or oblong, sparingly dentate, tapering at base into a slender petiole; bracts elliptic-ovate, 5 lines long, the aristate prickles 3 or 4 lines long; upper lip of corolla somewhat falcate-incurved, cleft at apex; lower with oblong entire lobes. Alameda Co. (first collected in Calaveras Valley), southward in the Caast Ranges. June. 10. POGOGYNE Benth. Low sweet-aromatic annuals with obovate or oblanceolate leaves narrowed into a petiole. Whorls crowded into dense spikes or the lower whorls distinct. Bracts and calyx hirsute. Calyx unequally and deeply 5-cleft, the two lower teeth longer; tube mostly 15-nerved; throat naked. Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, blue or purplish; upper lip erect, entire; lower spreading, with 8 similar oval lobes. Stamens 4, with anthers, or the upper shorter pair sterile. Stvle somewhat exserted, in some (perhaps all) species flattened above and always bearded. (Greek pogon, beard, and gune, female, on account of the hairy style.) All 4 stamens anther-bearing; corolla large, much longer than calyx ; bracts conspicuously ciliate with white hairs. a Bracts linear, acute. . a «1. P. Douglasii. Bracts obtuse... 2.0 we ee _..2 P. parvifiora, _ Lower pair of stamens anther-bearing, the upper with mere rudiments oi painers or none; corolla about equaling (scarcely longer than) calyx; bracts sparsely hairy. adie Plants very slender, diffuse. . . ‘ . 8. P. serpylloidcs. Plants stoutish, erect. .... . .4. P. ziziphoroides. 1. P. Douglasii Benth. Commonly low (4 to 6 in. high) and branched from the base, ofttimes simple and as much as 2 ft. high; leaves oblanceolate or obovate and narrowed to x petiole, ¢ to 1} in. long; whorls forming a dense terminal spike, often with a single accessory whorl in the adjacent axil below, or sometimes several of the lower axils with flowers; bracts cuspidate. the margin ciliate with 462 LABIATA, white hairs; lower divisions of calyx twice longer than tube; corolla blue, the palate white, dotted with purple, bristly, 7 to 9 lines long; stigmas subequal; nutlets smooth, often mottled, minutely hispid at the apex. Low fields: near Pajaro, H. P. Chandler; Mt. Diablo region;. Berkeley; very abundant in the dry valleys of the North Coast Ranges, flowering in May or as late as July, often coloring large areas that were overflowed in the winter season. Style flattened above and hirsute-ciliate on the margins, as also in P. ziziphoroides. 2. P. parviflora Benth. More slender than the preceding; bracts mostly obtuse; calyx-teeth rather broad, the lower barely longer than the tube; corolla scarcely 4 in. long. About San Francisco Bay. . H. Heermanni. 36 530 COMPOSITA, 1. H. congesta DC. Soft-hirsute or villous, the inflorescence slightly glandular; lowest leaves commonly opposite, oblanceolate, sparsely serrulate, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate and entire; heads terminating paniculate or corymbose branches; bracts of the involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips, which are little surpassed by the rays; outer bracts of the receptacle either lightly connate or nearly distinet; achenes with conspicuous inflexed stipe. First collected by Douglas ‘‘in California,’ doubtless between Monterey and Sonoma; not known to us; attributed by Greene to Marin Co., ete. 2. H. luzulefolia DC. Hay-riz~tp TArwezxep. Whole plant excepting the lowest leaves very glandular and ill-scented; stems erect, 1 to 2 ft. high, corymbosely or paniculately branched at summit, or branching more freely and diffuse; lower leaves crowded and more or less tufted, narrowly linear, mostly tapering somewhat to the apex, 3 to 5 in, long, 1 or 3-nerved, canescent with appressed soft silky hairs which are more or less floccose-deciduous; upper leaves much reduced; heads numerous, on short peduncles, which are nearly naked or bear very much reduced leaves; tips of the involucral bracts acute or obtuse; outer bracts of the receptacle united into a cup; rays 6 to 10, white or pink-tinged; achenes with very short stipe. Abundant in mowed hay fields and pasture lands: Sacramento and’ san Joaquin Valleys and westward through the Coast Range hills and valleys to the ocean. July—Oct. Var. lutescens Greene. Flowers yellow.—Fields near the Bay, in Contra Costa, Napa, and Marin Cos. Var. citrina (H. citrina Greene). Lowest leaves glandular-pubes- cent, without appressed woolly hairs; flowers lemon-yellow.— Northern Marin Co. Apr.-May. 3. H. Clevelandi Greene. General habit of the preceding, but the herbage much less glandular; involucres white-hairy toward the base; heads disposed to be racemose on the branches as well as terminal. Lake Co.; to be expected in eastern Napa Co.; rarely collected. 4. H. corymbosa(DC.)T. & G. Coast TarwerxEp. Corymbosely and widely branching, 1 to 1} ft. high, hirsute-pubescent and glandu- lar; radical and often some lower leaves pinnately divided into linear lobes, the upper and those of the flowering branches linear and entire; heads 4 in. high, 7 to 10 lines broad; rays 12 to 25, oblong- cuneate, 2 to 4 lines long, 8 or 4-toothed; pappus of the sterile disk- achenes of minute fimbriate-bristly scales, or of entire scales, or none; ray-achenes with a short upturned beak on the inner side at apex.— (H. angustifolia DC.) : Abundant in valley fields and on hillsides: Berkeley to Santa Cruz and Monterey Co. June-July. 5. H. Kelloggii Greene. Erect, paniculately branching, 1} to 23 ft. high, the heads on slender pedicels; herbage mostly hispid below and glandular above; leaves linear and entire, those of the SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 531 filiform flowering branchlets very short; lower leaves pinnately parted; heads narrow; disk-flowers about 6 or 7; ray-flowers 5, the ligules 2 to 23 lines long; ray-achenes slightly curved, roughened on the beak and sides, and with a curved or upturned beak at the summit on the inner side; pappus of about 9 linear palee which are irregularly lacerate at summit and almost or quite as long as the tube of the corolla, united only at base or almost to the summit. Antioch to the San Joaquin Valley where it is abundant in low grain fields near the river. July—Aug. 6. H. fasciculata (DC.) T. &G. Paniculately branched above the base, } to 2 ft. high, sparsely hirsute and hispid, or disposed to be nearly glabrous above; radical leaves pinnately parted; stem leaves linear, either laciniate-pinnatifid, few-toothed or entire, those of the branchlets shorter and mostly entire; heads usually fascicled in rather dense small clusters; bracts of the involucre glabrous or glandular- hispidulous, those of the involucre slightly united; disk-achenes with a pappus of 6 to 10 linear palez lacerate at tip; ray-achenes smoothish or transversely rugose, with a very short beak. Mt. Diablo Range southward to Monterey Co. and Southern California. 7. H. virgata Gray. Stem commonly branching at the middle into several virgate branches bearing numerous racemosely disposed heads on short lateral branchlets; herbage glabrous or nearly so; branchlets crowded with linear leaves about 1 line long, those (partic- ularly of the flowering branchlets) ending in a truncate or somewhat saucer-shaped gland; involucre oblong, its bracts 5, with involute tip ending in a truncate gland and stipitate-glandular on the back; ray- flowers 4 or 5; disk-flowers 7 to 10. Common on the plains of the Sacramento Valley (Suisun, Vanden, Galt, etc.) and the San Joaquin Valley and in the valleys of the inner South Coast Ranges. Aug.—Oct. 8. H. Heermanni Greene. Stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 ft. high; herbage viscid, pubescent, heavy-scented; leaves of the flower- ing branchlets minute, scattered; involucre hemispherical, its bracts - beset with stalked glands; ray-flowers 5 to 8, disk-flowers 10 to 15; ray-achenes with a somewhat conspicuous beak and stipe. Mt. Diablo Range southward to Kern Co. and Southern California. 48. HOLOCARPHA Greene. Corymbosely branching annual with very viscid-glandular herbage. Leaves of the axillary fascicles and those about the heads narrowly linear, beset with stipitate glands and tipped with a truncate gland. Heads solitary or commonly glomerate at the ends of the branches. Bracts of the convex receptacle each subtending a flower, the outer and those of the involucre abundantly covered with slender or clavate colorless gland-tipped processes. Ray-flowers many, with short yellow ligules; achenes 4-ridged on back, the ventral angle ending in a beak. Disk-flowers with sterile achenes. Pappus none. (Greek holos, whole, and karphos, chaff, the whole receptacle chaffy.) 532 COMPOSITE. 1. H. macradenia (DC.) Greene. ADELINE TARWEED. Branch- ing from above the base, about 1 ft. high; herbage unpleasantly odorous; lower leaves linear-oblong, laciniate; heads } in. broad. Low dry fields about San Francisco Bay. Aug.-Sept. Connects Hemizonia with Centromadia too intimately. 49. CENTROMADIA Greene. SPIKEWEED. Rigidly branching annuals with alternate spinescent leaves and involucral bracts, the lower pinnatifid, the upper entire. Herbage more or less glandular and scented. Flowers yellow, with 25 to 40 small bifid rays. Receptacle with chaffy bracts throughout, none of the outer united or connate. Disk-achenes chiefly sterile, with or without narrowly linear or bristle-like palew. | Ray-achenes more or less triangular, smooth or roughish on the back, the inner terminated by an erect beak-like apiculation. (Greek kentron, a prickle, and Madia, an allied genus.) Herbage yellowish green, sparsely hirsute, sweet- or honey-scented; floral leaves little or not at all surpassing the heads........ 1. C. pungens. Herbage dark, rather densely villous-hirsute, ill-scented; floral leaves often conspicuously surpassing the heads. ae 48: Sas78 .2. C. Fitthii. 1. GC. pungens (H. & A.) Greene. Common SPIKEWEED. Herb- age sparsely hirsute or hispid with spreading hairs, hardly viscid or glandular; stems rigidly and freely branching, commonly from near the base, sometimes only above, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves (especially of the flowering branches) linear-subulate, spinose, entire, the lower and lowest pinnately parted into oblong lobes, or pinnatifid, the lobes or teeth spinosely or pungently tipped; bracts of the receptacle cus- pidate; pappus of disk none; ray-achenes roughish, somewhat laterally 2-nerved on back.—(Hemizonia pungens T. & G.) Abundant on the plains of the Lower San Joaquin, southward to Southern California and westward to Walnut Creek and Alameda (whence Greene’s C. maritima). On the alkaline plains of the Upper San Joaquin this species covers tens of thousands of acres and often forms thickets 4 or 5 ft. high. It is a valued bee plant; ‘‘car-loads of * Spikeweed honey are shipped annually from Fresno Co.; the honey is of amber color, good quality and granulates quickly,’’ O. L. Abbott. Var. Parryi (C. Parryi Greene). Minutely, glandular; bracts of receptacle thin, not pungent; disk-achenes with 8 to 5 slender almost bristle-like palew as long as the corolla; ray-achenes semi-obcordate in outline.—Calistoga; Vacaville (=C. rudis Greene, the achenes either smooth or rough warty). It is abundant in low more or less alkaline lands on the plains of Solano Co. and forms extensive colonies in summer fields; extermination is often accomplished by means of bands of sheep which leave the fields perfectly clean and destitute of this Spikeweed pest. 2. C. Fitchii (Gray) Greene. Fircu’s SPIKEWEED. Diffusely branched from above or at the base, 9 to 16 in. high, the herbage hirsute or villous with spreading hairs; leaves of the radical tuft pinnately parted into remote narrowly linear pungent lobes; cauline SUNFLOWER FAMILY, 533 leaves linear and entire, tapering into a subulate or pungent tip, those about the head spreading and star-like, mostly all bearing stipitate glands; bracts of the involucre subulate, those of the receptacle pointless, soft, hairy; ray-achenes flattened laterally, nearly semi- circular in outline, smooth; pappus of disk-achenes of 9 to 11 linear pales as long as the corolla and me or fimbriate at the tip.—(Hemi- zonia Fitchii Gray.) High sandy land in the valleys and foothills: Sierra Foothills and the Lower San Joaquin northward through the Sacramento Valley and westward to Napa and Sonoma Cos. Aug.-—Sept. 50. CALYCADENIA DC. Rostx Weep. Erect annuals, hirsute or hispid or almost glabrous. Stems simple, or with virgate branches, or repeatedly branched. Leaves all entire, narrowly linear, becoming filiform by revolution of the margins, at least those near the heads and those of the fascicles in the axils bearing at apex tack-shaped or saucer-shaped glands. Heads oblony or narrow. Flowers white or yellow. Ray-flowers few (1 to 5 or 8), the ligules broad and palmately 3-lobed or -parted; ray-achenes obovoid-triangular, the areola at summit quite or nearly in the center; pappus none. Disk-flowers surrounded by a circle of bracts connate into a cup, or at length separating; disk-achenes with conspicuous paleacevuus pappus. (Greek kalux, covering, and adenos, a gland, on account of the glands on the involucre.) Rays 5 to8; flowers yellow; plants for the most part very glabrous. . 1. C. truncata. Rays 1 to 5. Flowers white or reddish-tinged. Stems repeatedly branched; branches filiform. .2. C. paucifora. Stems simple or with virgate branches. Pappus-palez unequal; floral leaves not truncate.3. C. multiglandulosa. Pappus-palez subequal; floral leaves truncate. .4. C. spieata. Flowers yellow; stems simple... .. .o C hispida. 1. C. truncata DC. Rosts WeEEp. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high, reddish brown, simple below, branching above into a panicle of long straight slender branches along which the heads are scattered; herbage glabrous or the linear and entire leaves somewhat hirsute-ciliate; smaller leaves with subsessile glands at apex; heads oval, 4 or 5 lines long; rays 5 to 8, broad, 4 to 5 lines long; ray-achenes glabrous, tri- angular, roughish and enclosed in boat-shaped bracts; bracts of the receptacle lightly cohering to the top into a cup, separating in age; disk-flowers 10 to 20; pappus of 7 to 10 unequal oblong fimbriate palee shorter than the achene, or rarely obsolete.—(Hemizonia truncata Gray.) Dry hills in the North Coast Ranges: Napa Valley; Senoma and northward. Sept. 2. C. pauciflora Gray. Branching freely, 10 to 18 in. high, the branches diverging or zigzag and filiform; herbage sparingly hairy and leaves (particularly about the heads or of the axillary fascicles) stipitate-glandular; heads oblong. scattered along the branches (sub- 534 COMPOSIT As, sessile in the axils or forks, as well as terminal), always solitary; flowers white or rose-tinged; rays 1 or 2, 3-parted; disk-flowers 3, contained in a 8-lobed cup; pappus of 5 subulate-awned palee and 5 small truncate pales; ray-achene glabrous.—(Hemizonia pauciflora Gray.) : Mountain sides of the inner North Coast Ranges from the Vaca Mountains northward to the Clear Lake region. July.-Aug. 3. C. multiglandulosa DC. Sparingly hirsute or hispid, espe- cially toward the base of the leaves, 6 to 11 (or 16) in. high; herbage with a pleasant balsamic odor, the floral leaves and involucre gland- ular with stipitate glands; leaves filiform-linear, mostly straight and rigid but brittle, the upper somewhat divaricately spreading and mostly 2 or 8 times longer than the heads and floral leaves in the axils; heads solitary in the axils or crowded towards or near the summit and spicate .or capitate; pappus-palee commonly 10, some (commonly 5) subulate, others (commonly 5) shorter and blunt.—(C. cephalotes Greene.) Dry hills and mountain slopes: Marin Co., southward to the Santa Cruz Mountains. July-Sept. 4. C. spicata Greene. Slender, simple, rigidly erect, about 1 ft. high; floral leaves terete, truncate at apex and tipped with a stipitate gland, ciliate with white hairs; heads subsessile in the axils of all the leaves from below the middle and thus spicate; ray-flowers 1 or 2; achenes canescent with appressed hairs, those of the ray scarcely angled; pappus brownish, the palez 10 or 11, subulate, 14 times as long as the achene; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers hispidulous. Common on the plains of the San Joaquin Valley between Oak- dale and La Grange. June. 5. C. hispida Greene. Erect, simple, 2 ft. high; leaves 2 to 23 in. long, or the fascicled ones much shorter, all hispid, at least towards the base; heads rather large (4 in. long) on short axillary branchlets; flowers yellow; rays about 4; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers densely covered on the outside with many short glandular processes or slender papille; achenes hispid with short brownish appressed hairs; pappus of about 11 subequal palez tapering to a point. Lower San Joaquin Valley near Lathrop. June. 51. BLEPHARIZONIA Gray. Stout somewhat coarse and hirsute annuals with glandular-viscid ill-scented herbage. Cauline leaves linear and entire, those of the branches oblong to oval. Flowers yellow, the heads arranged in panicles. Ray-flowers 7 to 10, with 3-lobed ligules; disk-flowers 10 to 25, the outer ones subtended by 1 or 2 series of linear bracts. Achenes silky-hirsute, 10-striate; those of the disk more or less fertile, crowned by a pappus of about 20 short and stout densely plumose awns; those of the ray fertile, elongated-turbinate, the pappus like that of the disk or dissimilar and minute. (Greek blepharis, an eye- lash, and zonia, a girdle, in reference to the circle of pappus-awns. ) SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 535 Pappus of disk and ray unlike. .... aa .. .1. B. plumosa. Pappus of disk and ray similar... .. -2. B. laxa. 1. B. plumosa (Kell.) Greene. Two to 8 ft. high, copiously beset above with tack-shaped glands; leaves on the branchlets small and bract-like; heads 15 to 20-flowered, racemosely disposed on the branches; bracts of the involucre short and very glandular; ray- achenes with a minute crown of short scales; disk-achenes with nearly ye oor bristles as long as the achene.—(Hemizonia plumosa ray. Antioch and Stockton. 2. B. laxa Greene. Three to 6 ft. high; heads larger, borne singly at the ends of the branches, 20 to 25-flowered; pappus of disk-achenes short and spreading, less plumose than in the preceding, only } as long as the achene; ray-achenes similar.—(Hemizonia plumosa var. subplumosa Gray.) Stockton to Stanislaus Co. Perhaps not specifically distinct from the preceding. 52. BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hook. Layia. Vernal annuals with alternate leaves (or the lowest opposite in one species) and usually showy heads of flowers terminating the branches. Disk-corollas yellow. Ray-flowers 8 to 20, yellow, white, or yellow tipped with white. Bracts herbaceous, the thin margins at base enfolding the achene and usually deciduous with it. Receptacle broad and flat, with a row of thin bracts between ray- and disk-flowers, and sometimes with additional ones among the disk-flowers. Ray-achenes flattened, without pappus, almost always glabrous. Disk-achenes commonly pubescent, with a pappus of 5 to 20 pale or bristles or rarely none. (Greek blepharis, eye-lash, and pappos, the modified calyx being likened to the fringe of hairs on an eye-lid.) ‘We have here in this West American genus series of forms simu- lating each other exactly in habit, foliage, and heads of flowers, differing only in technical character of the pappus or color of the ray. This situation is paralleled in Cryptanthe of the Borraginacee and in other genera. The acquisition of more abundant material and of field notes will be valuable aids to a more satisfying study of the forms here tentatively listed. A. Pappus-bristles hairy or long-plumose below. Bracts of the involucre hirsute or hispid (the basal margin where folded around the achene not denticulate-ciliate). Inner hairs of BAe uerbeatlee woolly and interlaced. Rays white an Inconspicuous; leaves allentire. . . 1. B. hispidus. Showy; lower leaves incised or toothed. . 2. B. glandulosus. Rays yellow (rarely white-edged)..... +. 8. B. elegans. Hairs of pa pre brates straight (no woolly inner ones). Rays who y white. 4 ‘ : ‘ J Rays conspicuous, much exceeding the disk; interior plaius: var. heterotrichus Of... 6-00 6 ese eee ee 2. B. glandulosus. Rays inconspicuous, scarcely exceeding the disk; seashore . . 4. B. carnosus. 536 COMPOSIT A. Rays yellow, or yellow and white (herbage hispid, the stems brown- spotted at the base of the bristles). : ‘i Rays short (lto2or3lines long)... .. 5. B. hieracioides. Rays showy (5 lines long or more) and . Yellow; pappus-bristles twice as long as the soft basal hairs. . . 6. B. gaillardioides. White, yellow below the middle; pappus-bristles scarcely exceeding the soft hairs. i a . 7, B. nemorosus. B. Pappus consisting of naked bristles. Bracts of involucre denticulate-ciliate on the margin at base; rays yellow, white-tipped eee é . 8. B. platyglossus. C. Pappus, when present, consisting of flattened awns or palez instead of bristles. Bracts of the involucre denticulate or ciliate on the basal margins where folded around the achene. . Heads erect; rays yellow, white or whitish at summit. Achenes of both disk and ray glabrous; pappusmone........... 9. B. chrysanthemoides. Achenes of disk pubescent or hairy; pappus present. Leaves ciliate; pappus-palee unequal...... 10. B. Douglasti. Leaves not ciliate; pappus-palez about equal.11. B. Fremonti. Heads nodding in bud and fruit; rays yellow. .12. B. nutans. 1. B. hispidus Greene. Diffusely branched from the base, 1 ft. high or less; herbage densely hispidulous throughout; leaves narrow, all entire; heads small; rays white, inconspicuous; pappus bristles 10, slender, bearing copious short interlaced hairs. Mt. Diablo and Kern Co., uce. to Greene. Possibly no more than a variety of the next. 2. B. glandulosus Hook. Commonly branching from the base, 8 to 12 or 14 in, high; leaves and stems (particularly near the heads) with scattered or abundant stipitate dark glands; leaves lanceolate or linear, the lower pinnatifid or toothed, the upper entire; involucre 4} lines broad; rays 8 to 10, pure white, 6 or 7 lines long; pappus bright white, the bristles 10 to 12, with straight hairs towards the base out- side and woolly tangled hairs inside; achenes 1} to 23 lines long.— (Layia glandulosa H. & A.) Antioch; Southern California. Apr. Var. heterotrichus (Layia heterotricha H. & A.). Often rough- hispid; rays 10 to 18; inner woolly hairs of pappus wanting.—Sandy fields: Lake Co. (ace. to Greene); San Joaquin Valley. 3. B. elegans (Nutt.) Greene. Simple or diffuse, 8 to 11 in. high; herbage short-hispid, the stems often brown-dotted; stipitate glands small and scattered; leaves linear, the lower pinnately toothed or parted; rays yellow, 6 to 8 lines long, sometimes white-edged; pappus white, the villous hairs copious but much shorter than the awn-like bristles. —(Layia elegans T. & G.) Ukiah, ace. to Gray; mountain summits east of Calistoga; Southern California. 4. B. carnosus (T. & G.) Greene. BEacn Layia. Five to 9 in. high, diffusely branched from the base, somewhat pubescent, scarcely at all glandular; leaves succulent, spatulate to linear-oblong, SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 537 rarely tuothed, about 4 in. long; pappus-bristles 23 to 28, sparsel plumose with straight soft hairs; disk-achenes thickly covered wit short hairs. Seabeach sands from Humboldt Co. to Monterey and southward. Ray-achenes pubssnens, ace. to Gray; glabrous in Point Reyes speci- mens collected by Parry. 5. B. hieracioides (DC.) Greene. Coarse erect plant, 2 to 3 ft. high; stem mostly simple below and branching above, hispid with hairs arising from dark spots; lower leaves oblong, 2 to 4 in. long, 3 to 9 lines wide, laciniate-dentate, usually somewhat narrowed at base; upper leaves broadest at the sessile base, the teeth fewer and mostly towards the apex; heads 4 in. broad or rather less; rays yellow, short, little exceeding the disk; pappus-bristles about 15.—(Layia hieracioides H. & A.) Oakland Hills, on wooded slopes. 6. B. gaillardioides (H. & A.) Greene. Rather freely branch- ing, 8 in. high or more, hispid, the stems dark-dotted; leaves more or less laciniate-pinnatifid, or the upper entire; heads larger than in B. hieracioides; rays orange-yellow, 5 to 9 lines long; pappus dull white or rusty, the bristles 15 to 20. Mendocino Co. to the upper San Joaquin Valley. 7. B. nemorosus Greene. Slender, usually sparingly branched above, 1 to 2 ft. high, hispidulous; leaves narrowly or broadly linear, entire or sparingly dentate; heads the size of the preceding; rays white, pale yellow below the middle; pappus-bristles short, little or not at all surpassing the abundant soft brown hairs. Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo. May-June. 8. B. platyglossus (Gray) Greene. Trpy Tips. Stem simple or more commonly branching below, erect or sometimes diffuse, 9 to 16 in. high; herbage short-hirsute and stipitate-glandular; leaves linear and nearly all entire or the lower commonly pinnatitid into short linear or oblong lobes; peduncles turbinate-thickened beneath the head; involucral bracts linear, denticulate-ciliate on the lower half; rays 13, 5 to 6 lines long, sulphur-yellow, the tips white; disk- achenes somewhat flattened, 1} lines long, densely clothed with upwardly pointing silky hairs; pappus-bristles 15 to 20, nearly as long as the corolla.—(Layia platyglossa Gray.) Valleys and plains, common in the Coast Ranges and in the Sac- ramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Apr.—May. : : B. pestacwetcs (Gray) Greene. The only other species with naked bristles; rays golden yellow; bristles 5, sometimes fewer.— Sierra Foothills. 9. B. chrysanthemoides (DC.) Greene. Habit and aspect of B. platyglossus or of B. Douglasii; flowers and heads the same; achenes entirely glabrous, broader, without a disk at summit, the corolla covering the top of the ovary; pappus none. —(Layia chrysan- themoides Gray.) Common about San Francisco Bay. 538 COMPOSIT A. 10. B. Douglasii (H. & A.) Greene. Comparatively glabrous, the stems for the most part puberulent only above and the leaves merely finely ciliate; lower leaves pinnately parted or lobed, upper entire; achenes villous-pubescent or partly glabrate; chaffy bracts to most of the disk-flowers as also in the next; pappus of about 10 to 18 unequal and rigid subulate awns, which are somewhat scabrous or slightly hirsute near the dilated base, the marginal ones rather shorter than the corolla, the smaller hardly half as long.—(Layia calli- glossa Gray.) Common around San Francisco Bay. Var. oligochatus (Gray). Leaves less lobed; pappus of only 2 slender (and often short) marginal awns or with some intervening rudiments.—Conn Valley, Napa Co.; Santa Rosa. May. 11. B. Fremonti (T. & G.) Greene. About 1 ft. high, minutely pubescent; leaves mostly pinnately parted, not ciliate; pappus-palex ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate awn, nearly equaling the corolla, the margin entire, accompanied by some long- villous free hairs.—(Layia Fremonti Gray.) Upper Sacramento Valley southward to the San Joaquin. 12. B. nutans Greene. Low, 5 to 7 in. high, the branches slender and divergent; herbage hirsute, especially the leaves, the stems reddish brown; leaves linear, all entire, the lower pairs opposite; peduncles somewhat stipitate-glandular; heads erect in flower, nod- ding in bud and fruit; rays 5 to 7, yellow, 24 to 84 lines long; achenes 1} lines long, hispidulous; pappus-bristles narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 8 to 10, unequal, with barbellate margins.—(Callichroa nutans Greene. ) Higher mountain slopes on the east side of Napa Valley; Hood’s Peak, Sonoma Co. May. Excellent species. 58. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt. Soft-villous or hirsute annuals with rigid and brittle stems, in ours usually becoming naked below by the early falling of the lower leaves, Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, mostly entire. Flowers pale yellow. Heads small, subtended by foliaceous bracts. Bracts of the involucre 5, thin-herbaceous; flat on the back, with margins at base infolded and completely enclosing an obeompressed achene, with which it is deciduous. Receptacle small and flat, bear- ing about 5 perfect disk-flowers, these surrounded by a single row of distinct chaffy bracts. Rays cuneate, palmately 3-cleft. Ray- achenes obcompressed, obovate-oblong, smooth, nearly straight, pointless; disk-achenes slender, sterile. Pappus none. ‘Bracts and glabrous achenes all deciduous at maturity. (Greek lagos, a hare, and phullon, leaf, the upper leaves sometimes copiously villous on the margin.) 1. L. ramosissima Nutt. Stem simple, at length paniculately very much branched; leaves (especially the upper) silky-hirsute with soft hairs, the short ones subtending the heads densely villous-ciliate; SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 539 lower leaves oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, often narrowed at base to a slender petiole, 1 to 2} in. long, often becoming concave or involute when dry; heads almost sessile, crowded on the leafy branch- lets; rays barely exserted,. pale yellow; fertile achenes carinately 1-nerved down the inner face. Common on dry hills and plains in the Coast Ranges (Solano Co., Napa Valley, Healdsburg, Alameda Co.), and Sierra Foothills. Var. congesta (L. congesta Greene). Robust, nearly simple, with short branches, 1 told ft. high or much branched and nearly 3 ft. high; heads larger, in thick glomerules—North Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais, collected ‘“‘by that most diligent gatherer of rare Californian plants, Mrs. Kate Curran,’’ Greene; Pleasant Valley, Solano Co.; Lake Co. 54. HOLOZONIA H. & A. Perennial by creeping rootstocks. Stems slender and branches almost filiform. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. Heads soli- tary, on slender or filiform peduncles, without leafy bracts. Flowers white or rose-tinged; rays 5. Bracts of the involucre 5, completely enclosing and deciduous with the obcompressed ray-achenes. Bracts of the receptacle 9 to 12, connate into a cup surrounding the few disk- flowers. Ray-achenes crowned with a small saucer-shaped pappus; disk-achenes with « pappus of 2 slender deciduous palew. (Greek holos, whole, -and zonia, zone, the bracts completely enclosing the ray-achenes. ) 1. H. filipes (H. & A.) Greene. Stems often paniculately branch- ing, 14 to 2% ft. high; leaves linear, canescent or villous, those of the filiform branchlets oblong with marginal short-stipitate glands; inyo- lucre loosely villous; bracts of receptacle chaffy.—(Lagophylla filipes Gray. Nth Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais; Sonoma Co.; Napa Soda Springs; Howell Mt. Sierra Nevada: Mariposa Co.; Calaveras Co.; El Dorado Co. July-Aug. Lowest leaves linear or somewhat lan- ceolate, commonly with 1 to 8 small teeth on each side, 1 to 4 in. long; upper entire, glabrate in age. 55. ACHYRACHAZENA Schauer. Soft-pubescent annual with narrow leaves, the lower opposite. Involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, each enfolding a ray-achene. Bracts of the receptacle membranous, in a single outer series. Receptacle low-convex, naked. Flowers reddish brown. Ray-flowers 5 to 8, little exceeding the disk, their ligules short and broad, palmately 3-cleft. Achenes linear-clavate, all the ribs or the alternate scabrous. Disk-achenes with u pappus of about 10 silvery scales, the outer as long as the achene, the inner nearly twice as long. (Greek achuron, chaff, and Latin achenium, an achene, on account of the very chaffy pappus borne on the fruit.) 1. A. mollis Schauer. Erect, simple or branching, 9 to 18 in. 540 COMPOSITE. high, pilose-pubescent; branches more or less peduncle-like, each 1-headed; leaves linear, entire or serrulate, 5 in. long or less; heads in flower $ in. high, in fruit expanding and forming a globose cluster 14 in. broad; palez of the achenes also expanding or diverging rotately. Abundant in adobe soil of the plains and valleys: Sierra Foothills Amador Co., Knights Ferry); San Joaquin Valley; Sacramento alley; North Coast Ranges; South Coast Ranges (Contra Costa Co., Berkeley, Livermore, San Francisco, Santa Clara Valley and southward to Arroyo Grande and Southern California), Readily rec- ognized in fruit by its expanded heads of black achenes with their silvery pappus. Mr. Geo. B. Grant sends us specimens from Sunol Glen in which the ray-flowers are entirely absent. TrIBE 7. Heliantheze. SunrLowER TRIBE. 56. ECLIPTA L. Low weak riparian herb with opposite leaves and white flowers. Heads solitary in the upper axils, the peduncles long or very short. Involucre broad, its bracts herbaceous and in about 2 series. Bracts of the receptacle awn-like. Rays short. Disk-flowers perfect and fertile, their corollas 4-toothed. Achenes thick, those of the ray 3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none or of a few short teeth. (Greek ekleipta, wanting, on account of the absence of the pappus. ) = 1. E. alba Hassk. Ecripra. Decumbent, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sparingly serrulate, sessile or the lower short-petioled, roughish with a strigose pubescence; disk- achenes at length corky-margined. Shores of islands in the lower Sacramento River. Sept. 57. BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. Batsam Root. Low perennials with thick terebinthine-scented roots, crowned by a tuft of radical leaves and several naked or few-leaved stems, bearing solitary heads of yellow flowers. Outer bracts of the broad involucre foliaceous. Ligules with a distinct tube. Achenes destitute of pappus, those of the disk 4-sided. (Greek balsamon, balsam, and rhiza, root.) 1. B. Hookeri Nutt. Herbage canescent with fine short hairs; leaves 7 to 10 in. long, pinnately divided, the divisions serrate or again pinnately divided; scapes equaling or exceeding the leaves, bearing solitary heads; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate; bracts of the receptacle linear, acuminate, the outer with green tips; heads 2 to 2} in. broad, including the ample rays. A rare plant of the hilly districts from the Oakland Hills north- ward through the Coast Ranges to Tehama Co. May. Two other species of the Sierra Nevada have entire or merely serrate leaves, the radical ones cordate: B. DELTOIDEA Nutt. Flowering stems with small lanceolate leaves. B. BoLANDERT Gray. Flowering stems with 2 or 3 large subcordate leaves. SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 541 58. WYETHIA Nutt. Perennial herbs. Root very stout, crowned by a short caudex which bears a tuft of ample leaves and several simple 1-headed stems. Leaves mostly entire, the cauline mostly few and smaller. Heads large. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, its bracts in 2 or 3 series, the outermost often foliaceous and much enlarged, the inner- most small and bract-like. Receptacle flat or nearly so, its bracts rigid, linear or lanceolate, either fiattish or partially folded around the achenes. Flowers yellow, both ray and disk fertile, the latter perfect; ligule of ray-corollas elongated and very conspicuous. Branches of the style in perfect flowers produced into subulate- filiform hispid appendages. Achene prismatic-quadrangular. Pappus firm and persistent, consisting of a crown of unequal scales, or with rigid awns at the angles. (In honor of Capt. Nath. J. Wyeth, with whom Nuttall crossed the continent in the early part of the 19tb Century.) Leaves elongated-lanceolate, the cauline sessile; outer bracts of the involu- cre not foliaceous, little or not at all surpassing the disk ........ : 1. W. angustifolia. Leaves elongated-oblong or ovate, the cauline short-petioled; involucre foliaceous, the outer bracts spreading and commonly much surpassing the disk. Herbage minutely or even floccose tomentose. ..... 2. W. helenioides. Herbage perfectly glabrous, glandular-pubescent and sar a nos 3. W. glabra. 1. W. angustifolia Nutt. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, hirsute; herbage green; leaves elongated-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, occa- sionally serrulate, the radical and lower ones } to 1 ft. long, the upper sessile and smaller; heads naked, 7. ¢., not leafy at the base, the bracts of the involucre numerous, broadly linear or lanceolate, loose, ciliate with villous or hirsute hairs; achenes minutely pubescent at summit, 3 lines long, bearing 1 or 2 (or those of the ray 8 or 4) stout minutely hirsute awns, with some very short intervening chaffy scales, all more or less united at base, rarely awnless. Common on the plains and low hills: Monterey Co.; San Mateo Co.; San Francisco Co.; Oakland Hills; .Mt. Diablo; Solano Co. and northward to Shasta Co. 2. W. helenioides Nutt. One to 2 ft. high, soft-tomentose, almost glabrous in age; radical leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, 4 to 6 in. wide, acute at base and apex, often undulate, long-petioled; cauline leaves much smaller, more commonly oblong-ovate; heads 3 in. broad, including rays, mostly leafy at base; outer scales of the involucre ovate-lanceolate or ovate, sometimes toothed; pappus and upper por- tion of achenes slightly pubescent, at least when young. Common in the Coast Range hills: San Luis Obispo Co.; Oakland Hills; Antioch; Vaca Mountains, ete. Apr.-May. 8. W. glabra Gray. MuLze’s Ears. Green and glabrous throughout, minutely resinous-glandular or viscid, and scabrous, at least when dry; leaves as in the preceding, or broader and obtuse, sometimes toothed, rarely undulate; achenes and pappus glabrous. 542 COMPOSIT.A. Marin Co.; San Mateo; Antioch; San Joaquin Valley. Less common than no. 2 and scarcely differing except in surface character of the leaves and stems. 59. HELIANTHUS L. SunFLtoweEr. Stout coarse herbs with petioled simple leaves, yellow mostly entire rays and brownish or purplish disk. Leaves (all but the lower or lowest) alternate. Heads large, solitary on the ends of the branches orin terminal corymbs. Bracts of the involucre imbricated. Recep- tacle flat or convex, its bracts persistent and embracing the 4-sided achenes. Pappus of pointed palez borne at the angle of the achene, often with very small intervening scales, all caducous. (Greek helios, sun, and anthos, flower, the heads turning toward the sun.) Annuals; heads terminal on the branches. Bracts of the involucre ovate ..........-..-.- 1. H. annuus. Bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. _ Stems scabrous; awn of the chaffy bract equaling the disk-flowers . 2. H. Bolanderi. Stems often hirsute, particularly near the heads; awn of the chaffy bract surpassing the disk-flowers........... sa Se dd. eptlis, Perennial; heads corymbose-paniculate at the summit of the simple stem; bracts with long spreading tail-like tips . .. .4, H. Californicus. 1. H. annuus L. Common SunFrLlower. Stems erect and simple or more or less branching, 2 to 5 ft. high; herbage rough-hispid; leaves deltoid-ovate, serrate, the uppermost narrow and often entire; bracts of the involucre ovate, slenderly acuminate; disk 1 in. in diameter, more or less; rays 1 to 1} in. long. Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valley, first appearing in low places along country roads. July—Sept. 2: H. Bolanderi Gray. Stems erect or diffusely branching, 1 to 3 ft. high, scabrous-hispid; leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, serrate or entire; rays 8 lines long, toothed at apex; disk purple, 9 or 10 lines broad; bracts of the involucre hirsute, oblong-lanceolate, atten- uate or acuminate; bracts of receptacle chaffy, 8-toothed, the middle tooth much longer and awn-like. Abundant in low grain fields of the Sacramento Valley, thence westward to the coast. Atg.—Sept. First collected at Bodega by Hinds, botanist of the British exploring ship Sulphur. 8. H. exilis Gray. Slender, often unbranched, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; peduncles often hirsute- villous beneath the heads; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, hairy on the lower half; rays 6 or 7 lines long; awn-tip of the chaffy bract surpassing the disk-flowers.” Common in valleys about Clear Lake (where first collected by Bolander); Sacramento Valley plains (acc. to Greene). Aug. Per. haps better a variety of the preceding. Z 4. H. Californicus DC. Stems from somewhat tuber-like roots, 4 to 11 ft. high; leaves from oblong to narrowly lanceolate, some ot the lower ovate, minutely hispidulous, 5 to 9 in, long including the petiole, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, the larger 3-ribbed: SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 548 heads @ in. high, in a terminal corymbose panicle; chaffy bracts of the receptacle obtuse bracts of the involucre lanceolate, tapering into long spreading tail-like tips; rays about 15 to 20, 1 in. long or er achenes flattish, glabrous; pappus of 2 or 8 lanceolate chafty alez. E Stream beds and banks: Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain, Vaca Valley, Suisun Marshes, Alameda, San Jose); Sierra Nevada. Sept. 60. HELIANTHELLA T. & G. Low nearly acaulescent perennial herbs, Leaves entire, chiefly radical, the cauline mostly opposite, Flowers yellow. Heads large, solitary, long-peduncled. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts linear-lanceolate and loosely imbricated, the outer mostly foliaceous and attenuate-acuminate, the innermost shorter and chaff-like. Receptacle flat or convex, its bracts embracing the achenes, Achenes commonly compressed, with thin or margined edges and emarginate summit, Pappus an awn or chaffy tooth from each margin, and usually with very small intermediate scales, (Diminutive of Helianthus. ) 1. H. Californica Gray. Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, occasion- ally branched; herbage minutely scabrous; leaves ovate to oblong- lanceolate, tapering into petioles; rays little or not at all longer than the involucre; bracts of receptacle obtuse; achenes obovate, smooth, glabrous and narrowly margined, minutely ciliate when young only near the summit; pappus of two short triangular or subulate teeth, and a crown of minute scales nearly obsolete at maturity. Higher mountain ridges: Coast Ranges (Contra Costa, Marin, Napa and Solano Cos. and northward to Mt. Shasta); Sierra Nevada. May. H. castanea Greene. Stems less than 1 ft. high, hispid with short spreading hairs; achenes cuneate-obovate, not strongly compressed or thin-edged, dull black at base, chestnut-brown above the middle, the apical notch short and deep.—Mt. Diablo. Fruiting heads not seen by us. : 61. BIDENS L. Bur Mariao.p. Herbs (ours annuals), with opposite leaves and yellow flowers. Heads many-flowered; rays 3 to 9, neutral. Involucre double, the outer bracts linear-oblong, foliaceous, the inner elliptic to ovate, membranous. Achenes sumewhat flattened parallel with the scales of the involucre or slender and 4-sided, those of the disk crowned with 2, 8, or 4 rigid persistent retrorsely barbed awns. (Latin bidens, 2-toothed.) Leaves simple; rays 3 to 9, conspicuous; achenes downwardly barbed on the margin; rays showy. . : Outer involucre little or not at all surpassing the disk; rays very showy, olden Yellows. ace ee se ew ee ts 1. B. chrysanthemotides. Outer involucre foliaceous and surpassing the disk; rays usually light yellow, smaller........... 2. B. cernua. Leaves pinnately 3 to 5-divided; rays I to 5, inconspicuous; achenes upwardly barbed . ees .. «3. B. frondosa. 544 COMPOSIT A. 1. B. chrysanthemoides Michx. Bur Marivotp. Often de- cumbent at base, 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high, glabrous; leaves lanceolate, usually tapering at the base, evenly serrate, more or less connate at base, 7 in. long or less; outer involucre rather longer than the inner, much surpassed by the oval golden brown rays, these 1 in. long or more; disk brownish; heads in fruit erect, seldom slightly nodding; achenes flat or flattish, cuneate, distinctly carinate on the sides and retrorsely hispid on the marginal angles; awns 2 or 3, retrorsely barbed.—(B. levis B.S. P.) : Low wet ground: Alvarado marshes; lower Sacramento River. Sept.—Oct. Var. Nashii (B. Nashii Small). Leaves minutely serrate or almost entire, somewhat fleshy, some of the upper often very broad at base but rarely clasping; achenes slightly contracted at summit.—San Francisco, acc. to Wiegand. 2. B.cernua L. Smarter Bur Maricotp. Stems 8 to 20 in, high, glabrous or setulose-hispid; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather irregularly serrate, mostly not connate; outer involucral bracts exceeding the disk, spreading, foliaceous; rays 6 to 10, mostly light yellow, 3 to 6 lines long, sometimes none; heads strongly nodding in fruit; achenes 4-angled and usually 4-awned. Less common than the last. 3. B. frondosa L. Bracar-ricxs. Erect, 3 or 4 ft. high, gla- brous or slightly pubescent; leaves 3 to 5-divided, the divisions or leaflets petiolulate, lanceolate, coarsely toothed; rays 1 to 5, incon- spicuous, usually shorter than the greenish yellow disk; achenes very flat, cuneate-oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, dentate on the margin with barbs upwardly pointed (except at the summit), 2-awned; heads erect in fruit, surpassed by the outer foliaceous bracts. Lower Sacramento River; very common. Sept. 62. LEPTOSYNE DC. Perennials with thickened fleshy stems or ours annuals and almost acaulescent. Leaves dissected into narrowly linear or filiform lobes. Fowers yellow, in showy heads on long naked peduncles. Rays several or numerous, oblong or obovate, 3-toothed at apex. Involu- ere double; bracts of the inner series 8 to 12, erect, membranous; bracts of the outer series 5 to 8, narrow, loose and foliaceous. Recep- tacle nearly flat, its bracts thin, scarious, linear or lanceolate, falling with the fruit. Achenes flattened, more or less wing-margined, alike in disk and ray. Pappus a minute ring or cup, or consisting of linear palew. (Greek leptosune, slenderness.) Achenes alike in ray and disk; pappus cup-shaped; corolla-tube without a HAY TING: ss ah Hh aOR Aya SS 1. L. Stillmani. Achenes of 2 different shapes, those of the disk long-villous; pappus palea- ceous; corolla-tube with a hairy ring towards the summit. ...... 2, L. calliopsidea. 1. L. Stillmani Gray. Nine to 12 in. high, stoutish, leafy below and with manifest branches; leaf-divisions 1 line broad; involucre SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 545 commonly somewhat hairy at base; disk-corollas beardless; achenes surrounded by a thick and corky rugose wing, smooth and glabrous on the back, the inner face sparsely papillose, or with a row of tubercles on the median ridge; pappus-cup either entire or 2-lobed. Sacramento Valley. 2. L. calliopsidea Gray. Leafy, with less scape-like peduncles, 1 to 2 ft. high; bracts of the outer series of the involucre broadly ovate, a little shorter than the narrowly ovate inner ones, commonly 1 in. long, 2 in. wide and 15 to 20-nerved; ring of the disk-corolla pubescent; achenes of the ray- and outer disk-flowers oval, flat and . glabrous; disk-achenes cuneate-oblong, long-villous on the margins and inner face; pappus-palez 2, linear.—(Pugiopappus calliopsideus Gray.) Moist hillsides in the South Coast Ranges. Trine 8. Ambrosiezw. RacweEep TRIBE. 63. IVA L. Ours coarse herbs with thickish alternate (or the lower opposite) leaves and small nodding heads of greenish white flowers. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts few and rounded. Receptacle with chaff- like linear or spatulate bracts. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate, 1to 5 in number, their corollas tubular or none. Disk-flowers per- fect, with 5-lobed funnelform corolla and undivided style. Anthers almost distinct. Achenes flattened, glabrous. Pappus none. (Said to be named after Ajuga Iva of the Mint Family, on account of the similar odor.) 1. 1. axillaris Pursh. Povrerry WrEp. Stems many, erect from a decumbent or prostrate base, 6 to 10 in. high; leaves narrowly obovate, varying to lanceolate or linear, entire, sessile; heads solitary in the axils, short-peduncled, surpassed by the leaves; bracts of the involucre united into a lobed or merely toothed cup. Alkaline plains and borders of salt marshes: Sacramento Valley; San Joaquin Valley; Livermore Valley and southward. Aug.-Sept. 64. AMBROSIA L. RacgweEerp. ‘Ours a coarse homely but aromatic perennial herb with alternate Ponte leaves and inconspicuous greenish unisexual flowers. eads of staminate flowers disposed in erect ament-like racemes:— involucres broadly turbinate; receptacle of at least the outer flowers with slender bracts; corollas funnelform, 5-lobed. Heads of pistillate flowers in the axils of the upper leaves at the base of the staminate racemes:—involucres oblong or turbinate, closed, containing but a single flower; corolla none; pappus none; fruit an achene-like bur which is beaked or pointed and is armed near the top with a single row of prickles. (Ancient Greek name.) 1. A. psilostachya DC. Western Racwerep. Stems simple, erect, 1, 2 or more ft. high, from slender running rootstocks; herbage 37 546 COMPOSIT. pubescent and somewhat strigose; leaves once or the lower twice pinnatifid; fruit an obovoid turgid bur, mostly solitary in the axils, bearing 4 protuberances or sometimes unarmed. Uncultivated lands in the Sacramento Valley and southward; common about San Francisco Bay. Sept.-Oct. 65. FRANSERIA Cav. Branching herbs, ours perennial, sometimes woody at. the base. Leaves chiefly alternate. Habit, flowers and inflorescence as in , Ambrosia. Involucre of the pistillate heads closed, 1 to 4-celled, 1 to 4-beaked or pointed, armed with several rows of prickles and in fruit becoming a bur. (Named for Ant. Franser, Spanish botanist.) Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid or pinnately parted. . .1. F. bipinnatifida. Leaves (at least the upper) undivided and merely serrate . 2. F. Chamissonis. 1. F. bipinnatifida Nutt. Herbaceous; stems procumbent, 2 or 3 ft. long, somewhat hirsute; leaves twice or thrice pinnately parted into oblong lobes, canescent or almost silky; spikes dense; bur nar- rowly ovate, armed with thick somewhat flattened spines, some of which are curved at the tip. Common on sandy seabeaches along the coast, and also at Alameda and West Berkeley. Aug.—Oct. 2. F. Chamissonis Less. Habit of the preceding; leaves nar- rowly ovate or obovate, with cuneate base, serrate, or the lower laciniate or incised; bur thicker, sparsely hirsute, the spines broader and channeled. Seabeaches along the coast; less common. 66. XANTHIUM L. Coarse (by some called vile) annual weeds with widely branching and very stout stems, Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, petioled. Heads unisexual, composed of greenish flowers. Staminate heads subglobose, in a terminal cluster:—involucre of several distinct nar- row bracts in # single row; receptacle cylindrical; flowers many, separated by the bracts of the receptacle; corolla tubular. Pistillate heads axillary, below the staminate:—involucre closed, forming in fruit an ovoid or oblong indurated bur covered all over with hooked prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-celled, each cell containing 1 flower; corolla none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted through the beaks. (Greek xanthion, yellow, from its yielding « hair-dye of that color.) Leaves deltoid-ovate; stems notspiny........-..... 1. X. Canadense. Leaves lanceolate; stems bearing spines by the sides of the leaves. ... . 2. X. spinosum. 1. X. Canadense Mill. Cockiz Bur. Stems about 2 ft. high, not prickly; leaves deltoid-ovate or somewhat cordate, irregularly serrate, or somewhat incised, often distinctly 3-lobed, rough, hispidu- lous and green both sides, 3 to 4 in. long, on petioles nearly as long; bur ? to Lin. long, thick, pubescent or glandular between and on the SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 5AT lower part of the crowded prickles and bearing at apex a pair of strong beaks hooked or incurved at tip. Naturalized weed, native of the Hastern U.8., exceedingly abun- dant in low lands, often covering hundreds or thousands of acres. Flowering in summer and fruiting in autumn. 2. X. spinosum L. Sprxy CLorsur. Stems puberulent, much branched; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 2 or 3-lobed or -cut, or the upper entire, narrowed at base into a short petiole, green above, white-pubescent beneath, 2 to 5 in. long; by the sides of the leaves are borne yellowish 8-pronged spines 1 in. long; corolla pubescent with short rusty hairs; bur narrowly oblong, 3 in. long, sparsely prickly; beaks inconspicuous, only one spinose. Naturalized European weed, a common summer tenant of barn- yards and neglected fields: Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Coast Range valleys and Sierra Foothills. TRIBE 9. Inuleze. EveErR.LAstTinc TRIBE. 67. MICROPUS L. Small floccose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and scattered several-flowered discoid heads. Bracts of the involucre open, scari- ous, surrounding the flower-bearing bracts of the receptacle. Bracts of the receptacle conduplicate, tipped with a scarious appendage and almost concealed by the clothing of long loose wool, each one en- closing a pistillate flower; sterile flowers in the center mostly naked. Achenes gibbous, the corolla and style borne laterally, without pappus, remaining enclosed in the cucullate bracts which finally fall away from the receptacle. (Greek micros, small, and pous, foot, in allusion to the soft-woolly heads.) Beak-like tip to the fruiting bract largely scarious, erect,short ....... 1. M. Californicus. Beak of the fruiting bract wholly hyaline, in anthesis as long as the body. 2. M. amphibolus. 1. M. Californicus F. & M. Slender, erect, 4 to 8 in. high, commonly branched only at the very summit; leaves linear-oblong, acuminate; receptacle low, with several scale-like processes; fruit- bearing bracts 4 to 6, at length indurated, the surrounding bracts of the involucre commonly 5; these orbicular or ovate, scarious, with a green spot in the center; staminate flowers about 8, the corolla filiform, but expanding somewhat toward the throat. Very common on low hills or valley land through the Coast Ranges and Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys to Southern California. Last of Apr.—May. 2. M. amphibolus Gray. Resembling the preceding but the fruiting bracts 9 or 10 and comparatively thin and soft; receptacle elevated or oblong; staminate flowers subtended by linear thin chaff- like bracts and with a pappus of few bristles. Walnut Creek, Brewer, no. 1015, 1862; too little known species. 548 COMPOSIT . 68. STYLOCLINE Nutt. Low floecose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and terminal discoid heads in small clusters. Pistillate flowers with filiform corolla, their bracts ovate, boat-shaped, borne on a slender column-like receptacle, with erect hyaline tip and the conduplicate body loosely enclosing the achene; pappus none. Sterile flowers few in the center, their bracts plane or barely concave and their pappus caducous or none. (Greek stulos, a column, and kline, a bed, on account of the form of the receptacle. ) Bracts of the sterile flowers inconspicuous, oblanceolate, acute; pappus [ee i a ee ne ae ee ee 1. S. gnaphalioides. Bracts about sterile flowers ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a conspicuous rigid hooked cusp; pappus none .. .. .2. 8. filaginea. o 1. S. gnaphalioides Nutt. Loosely white-woolly, diffusely branched, the stems 4 to 9 in. long; leaves broadly linear or the upper oblong, obtuse, barely 8 lines long; pistillate (or fertile) flowers numerous, their bracts ovate, nearly plane on the upper sur- face, a central portion at the base produced on the lower side into a sac enclosing the achene, this portion firm, the remainder hyaline; sterile flowers little shorter than their bracts, with rudimentary ovary and a pappus of few caducous bristles. Stanislaus Co. to Monterey, doubtless within our limits. Sac woolly on lower side. Sterile flowers little shorter than their bracts. 2. S. filaginea Gray. Erect, branched from the base, 2 to 8 in. high, canescent with fine appressed wool which is later flocculent; cauline leaves narrowly linear (4 line wide), those involucrate to the heads much broader; fertile flowers 5 to 9, their bracts boat-shaped, firm except at the hyaline tip, smaller than the 5 empty bracts which surround the sterile flowers in the center; empty bracts somewhat coriaceous, tapering into a rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent, and at length stellately spreading. Mendocino Co. (first coll. by Bolander in Round Valley); Tehama Co., Jepson; Mt. St. Helena, Greene; southward to Southern Cali- fornia. Last of Apr.-May. Very suggestive in aspect of Filago Gallica. 69. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt. Depressed or prostrate white-woolly annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, the uppermost involucrate around the small sessile globose heads, which are solitary in the forks or at the ends of the branches, or some clustered. Heads discoid. Bracts clothed with soft wool, crowded on the low receptacle and forming a globose head; each bract sac-like, half-obcordate or obovate in side view, hooded and rounded at the top with the apex introrse (turned downward and inward) and beaked by a hyaline appendage or scale. Flowers unisexual; pistil- late flowers loosely enclosed in the sac-like bracts, with filiform corollas; staminate flowers few, occupying the center of the head and naked, 7. e,, destitute of enclosing or other bracts. Achenes straight ed es curved. Pappus none. (Greek psilos, bare, and karphos, chaff. SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 549 Involucrate leaves obspatulate, 3 or 4 times longer than the head... . . 1. P. tenellus. Involucrate leaves oblong to lanceolate, 1 to 2 times as long as the head: var. brevissimus of ‘ Wee) a age ne. P. Oreganus. 1. P. tenellus Nutt. Prostrate, the forking stems forming a dense mat 8 to 10 in. broad; leaves obspatulate, mucronate, 4 to lines long; heads numerous, 2 lines wide; achene about } line long. oblong or slightly broader toward the summit. Valleys and low hills: Coast Ranges; Sacramento Valley; San Joaquin Valley(?). June. 2. P. Oreganus Nutt. var. brevissimus. Dwarfish, the stems prostrate, several to many from the base but mostly simple, 1 to 5 in. long; leaves oblong or some obspatulate, obtuse or merely acute, the involucrate ones partly concealing the heads; heads comparatively few, 4 to 5 lines broad, more loosely woolly than in the preceding; staminate flowers about 7 or 8; achene cylindrical or slightly clavate, less than 1 line long.—(P. brevissimus Nutt.) Drv beds of vernal pools: Elmira (Solano Co.) to Madrone (Santa Clara Co.). May-June. 70. EVAX Grrtn. Dwarf rigid densely woolly annuals with entire leaves. Heads with disk-flowers only; pistillate flowers at base of slender columnar receptacle, the male flowers above, all subtended but not enclosed by bracts. Bracts of the pistillate flowers and bracts of the involucre becoming hardened, persistent. Heads mostly scattered . . . -1. E. sparsiflora. Heads in terminal clusters ‘i - .2. EB. cauleseens. 1. E. sparsiflora. Erect, 1 to 4 in. high, sometimes simple. commonly branching from the base, the heads in the axils, scattered along the branches or slightly glomerate at the ends of the branches; leaves spatulate, narrowed to a very slender petiole, 4 to 7 lines long; bracts of the receptacle woolly on back and rather densely long- hirsute at base, especially the upper; staminate flowers in center about 4.—(Hesperevax sparsiflora Greene.) Dry sterile soil: Healdsburg; Napa Valley. 2. E. caulescens Benth. Stem simple or with few long branches from the base, 2 to 8 in. high; heads all in a terminal hemispherical cluster, 2 in. broad and surrounded by a whorl of many leaves; leaves spatulate-obovate, 1 to 1} in. long, the cauline similar but smaller. Sacramento Valley. Var. humilis (Hesperevax humilis Greene. Evax acaulis Greene.) One or 2 in. high, the heads crowded on the short central stem or at the ends of the very short horizontal branches (none in the axils). the close clusters subtended by rosulately arranged leaves.—Antioch. 71. FILAGO L. Low woolly annuals with entire leaves and small discoid heads in 550 COMPOSITE. capitate clusters. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, its summit or center bearing a cluster of fertile and sterile flowers with rather copious capillary pappus and surrounded by a series of scarious or chaff-like bracts. Base of receptacle bearing several pistillate flowers with filiform tubular corollas, the achenes of each enfolded in a con- cave or boat-shaped bract, and destitute of pappus. (Latin flum, a thread, in allusion to the cottony pubescence. ) Leaves oblong, tapering toward the base, abruptly acute at apex, the upper- most subtending and often not surpassing the heads. 1. F. Californica. Leaves subulate with broadish base, the uppermost subtending and conspic- uously surpassing the heads Diep 2... 2. #. Gallica. 1. F. Californica Nutt. Erect, 4 to 9 (or sometimes 15) in. high, leafy throughout, the leaves } to ? in. long; heads ovate, 2 lines long; receptacle convex, rough or somewhat bur-like; marginal bracts 8 to 10, very woolly, deeply boat-shaped and somewhat incurved at apex, spreading stellately at maturity; inner bracts oblong, plane or merely concave; marginal achenes smooth; central achenes dotted with shining papille. Dry hills: St. Helena; Mt. Tamalpais and elsewhere in the western part of the state. May-June. 2. F. Gallica L. Five or 6 in. high; leaves mostly exceeding 4 in., those involucrate to the heads soft but straight and, in appear- ance, rigid; receptacle nearly flat; heads conical and somewhat 5-angled; marginal achenes completely enclosed in the at length indurated base of the bract. St. Helena, Jepson, June, 1896. Introduced from Europe. 72. GNAPHALIUM L. CuDWEED. Woolly herbs with entire sessile or decurrent leaves. Heads dis- coid, white, yellowish, or rose-tinted, disposed in panicles, corymbs, or spikes. Receptacle flat or convex, not chaffy. Bracts of involucre scarious, imbricated. Pistillate flowers in several series with filiform corollas. Central flowers perfect, with tubular 5-lobed corollas. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. (Greek gnaphalon, a lock of wool, these plants floccose-woolly.) A. Pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring. Inflorescence spike-like; leaves white-woolly beneath, green above. . . 1. G. purpureum. B. Pappus-bristles not united at base, falling separately. Involucre imbedded in loose wool, its scarious-tipped bracts rather incon- spicuous and dull colored; low branching annual . 2. G. palustre. Inyolucre woollv only at base, its bracts mainly scarious or silvery. Herbage in age becoming green (at least the upper surface of the leaves), more or less glandular. Inflorescence corymbose; bracts pearly white; herbage balsamic- scented: var Californicum of... 0. . +. 3,38. G, decurrens. Inflorescence paniculate; bracts white or rose-tinged; herbage sweet- Ps inate oh a 5 eae day be ae a AB wl -8 eS 4. G. ramosissimum. Herbage persistently woolly, not glandular or scarcely so. Involucre bright white; inflorescence paniculate . .5. @. microcephalum. Involucre greenish-yellowish, becoming rusty; heads in capitate clus- ters or the clusters somewhat open-paniculate . 6. @. Chilense. SUNFLOWER FAMILY. dd5L 1. G. purpureum L. PurrLe CupweED. Stems commonly simple and erect from a slightly decumbent base, 4 to 12 in. high; herbage canescent with a close dense coating of white wool, the upper surface of the leaves usually early glabrate; leaves broadly spatulate, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long and 7 lines wide or less; heads crowded in a spike-like inflorescence which is dense and oblong, or more elongated and more or less interrupted; heads 2 lines long; involucre brownish or purplish; achenes sparsely scabrous. Open ground, frequent: Napa City; Sausalito; Fish Ranch, Contra Costa Co.; Berkeley; San Francisco; Sierra Nevada. 2. G. palustre Nutt. Lowzranp Cupwrep. Annual, branching from the base, 3 to 8 in. high, erect or ascending; herbage loosely floccose with long wool, more or less deciduous from the leaves; leaves nearly all spatulate, or a few about the clusters of heads oblong or lanceolate, less than 3 in. to 1 in. long; heads in small clusters at the ends of the branches, 1 to 14 lines high; bracts of the involucre linear, with white obtuse often denticulate tips. Common in stream beds and low lands: Lake Co.; Russian River; Sonoma; Napa River; Howell Mountain; San Francisco; Oakland; Mt. Diablo; Sacramento Valley; San Joaquin Valley, Sierra Nevada; Southern California. Var. nanum. Dwarf, 1 to 23 in. high; bracts acute.—Dry wooded hills, in open places: St. Helena, June 2, 1896. 3. G. decurrens Ives var. Californicum Gray. CALIFORNIA EVERLASTING. Biennial; stem stoutish, 2 or 3 ft. high, corymbosely branched at summit, the branches bearing glomerules of large heads and forming a broad and somewhat flat-topped inflorescence; herbage soon becoming green and more or less glabrate (except on the under surface of the leaves), at maturity glandular and balsamic-scented; lower leaves oblong (3 to 1 in. broad, and 2 to 5in. long), diminishing in size upwards and becoming lanceolate, all obviously decurrent; heads roundish or broad, 3 lines high or slightly more, the involu- cral bracts white or in age rusty-tinged. Dry wooded hills of the Coast Ranges: Lake Co.; Howell Moun- tain; Oakland Hills and southward to Southern California. May-— July. 4. G. ramosissimum Nutt. Pink Everziastixe. Biennial, 2 to 5 ft. high, the stems one to several from the base, ending above in a much branched panicle which is often narrow and sometimes virgate and frequently more than 1 ft. long; herbage glandular and very sweet-scented; leaves at length green on both faces, the stem more or less arachnoid; heads narrowly ovate or turbinate, 2 lines high, reddish or pinkish. Wooded hills near the coast: Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland Hills and southward to Southern California, also in the Sierra Nevada. July- Sept. 5. G. microcephalum Nutt. SMmaLL-HEADED EVERLASTING. Stems often several from the base (1} to 2} feet high) branching above 552 COMPOSITE. into an elongated or sometimes broad panicle; herbage very bright white woolly, especially when young, the wool persistent; panicle often 1 ft. long; heads small, narrow, 2 lines long, disposed in rather small glomerules or clusters at the ends of the branches of the panicle; bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong and obtuse at apex, or the very innermost linear, bright white. Wooded mountain slopes: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. Aug.— Sept. 6. G. Chilense Spreng. Corron-parrinc Pian. Annual or biennial; stems several, erect from a decumbent base (or single and wholly erect), stout, $ to 24 ft. high, often densely clothed with leaves; leaves narrowly spatulate (2 to 6 lines broad) or the upper- most linear or lanceolate, the short decurrent bases rather broad and somewhat auricle-like; heads 3 lines wide and high, numerous in a large close glomerule terminating the main stem, or in several glomerules at the ends of the branches of the more or less open panicle; involucres with a greenish-yellowish tinge.—(G. Sprengelii H. G&A. Open ae in valleys or on low hills: San Francisco; Monterey and southward to Southern California. 73. ANAPHALIS DC. EveER.astine. Perennial herbs with simple erect equably leafy stems. Leaves green -above, closely woolly beneath. Heads disposed in a com- pound corymb. Bracts of the involucre numerous, pearly white and scarious, imbricated in several series, radiating in age. Flowers yellow, dicecious:—staminate flowers with slender corolla and undi- vided style; pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla and 2-cleft style. Pappus as in Gnaphalium. (Ancient Greek name of some ‘ Everlasting.’’) 1. A. margaritacea (L.) B. © H. Prarry Everiasrine. Stems several from the base, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, sessile, with revolute margin, 3 to 5 in. long; corymb 1} to 6 in. broad. Fields and open woods: Coast Ranges (Monterey, Mt. Tamalpais and northward); Sierra Nevada. July-Sept. Var. occIDENTALIS Greene. Leaves sessile by a broad auriculate-clasping base. —Oakland Hills; San Francisco, ete. 74. PLUCHEA Cass. Leafy herbs with a strong odor of camphor. Heads numerous, clustered in corymb-like cymes, consisting of many purplish disk- flowers and no ray-flowers, Marginal flowers of the head pistillate and perfect, with tubular-filiform truncate corollas; central flowers few, perfect, but sterile, with tubular 5-cleft corollas. Involucre imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes grooved. Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. (Named for the Abbe N. A. Pluche, amateur naturalist, of Paris.) SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 503 1. P. camphorata (L.) DC. Satt-mMarsy FLEABANE. Annual; stems stoutish, erect, branching above, 1} to 24 ft. high; herbage ghndularpubem leat leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, glandular- entate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, the larger 3 to 5 in. long; heads 24 lines high, rarely leafy-bracted, in corymb-like cymes; bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate; achenes pubescent. Common in the salt marshes about Suisun (Brewer, Jepson) and San Francisco Bays, southward to Kern Lake (Dary) and Southern California. 75. ADENOCAULON Hook. Perennial herbs. Stems slender, leafy only at the base, bearing above a panicle of small and few heads of whitish flowers, the upper portion of the stem and the panicle beset with small glands. Leaves alternate, broad, petioled, green and glabrous above, white-woolly beneath. Heads of few disk-flowers; ray-flowers none. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate and fertile, the central perfect, sterile and with undivided style; corollas of both sorts, tubular and alike. Bracts of the involucre 5, equal, inasingle row, not scarious, reflexed in fruit, at length’ deciduous. Receptacle flat, naked. Mature achenes much elongated and clavate, covered above with stalked glands. Pappus none. (Greek adenos, a gland, and kaulon, a stem. ) 1. A. bicolor Hook. Stems 1} to 2} ft. high, the lower portion floccose-woolly; leaves deltoid-ovate, cordate at the base, sinuate- dentate, 13 to mostly 3 or 4 in. long and as broad or broader; petioles margined; achenes 3 to 34 lines long, much longer than bracts of the involucre. Woods of the seaward and middle Coast Ranges and of the Sierra Nevada. June. Tribe 10. Astereae. AsreR TRIBE. 76. GUTIERREZIA Lag. Herbaceous or suffrutescent, the herbage resin-bearing, nearly glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, alternate. Heads very small, turbinate-oblong to campanulate, numerous and corymbosely arranged at the summit of the stems and branches. Bracts of the involucre coriaceous, the outer shorter. Receptacle in ours flat. Flowers yellow; rays short, in ours 8 to 10. Achenes angled or striate, mostly silky. Pappus paleaceous. (Name of a noble Spanish family.) 1. G. Californica(DC.) T. & G. Plants 1 to 1} ft. high, the woody base much branched; leaves scabrous; heads fastigiately corymbose, 2 to 8 lines high; rays 8 to 10; disk-flowers 6 to 11; achenes densely silky; pappus of about 12 unequal palez. — Dry hills of the South Coast Ranges towards the coast. 554 COMPOSIT A. 77. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum PLanr. Coarse perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants. Leaves obovate or spatulate to oblong-lanceolate, commonly serrate. Heads gummy, medium-sized or large, solitary on the branches, ours with rays. Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, the bracts many-ranked, firm-herbaceous, often with attenuate squarrose points. Achenes short, truncate, compressed or turgid, glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8 very readily deciduous awns or small scales. Involucral cups of the budding heads completely filled with the white or cream-like gummy exudation. (Hieronymus Grindel, Russian botanist, professor at Riga and Dorpat.) Species of the Coast Range hills and valleys and interior plains; rays light orange or yellow. : . Involucre mostly hemispherical, about 4% to 34 in. in diameter. Its bracts linear-lanceolate, closely compacted, as in all the following except the next, and with few or several accessory foliaceous bracts; these unequal and often deflexed: var. maritima of . 1. G. robusta. Involucre wholly or largely foliaceous, of loose broad erect subequal bracts, not glutinous-compacted: var. patens of. . .1. G. robusta. Involucre without accessory foliaceous bracts, very glutinous, the bracts with spreading tips: var. Davyiof....... .1. G, robusta. Involucre urnshaped-campanulate, about 1g in. in diameter; bracts linear-lanceolate or subulate, outer or all squarrose. .2. G. camporum. Involucre small; bracts lanceolate, erect... ....... 3. G. rubricaulis. Species of salt marshes; rays golden yellow. . . ...4. G. cuneifolia. 1. G. robusta Nutt. var. maritima. Stems ascending or erect, about 1to 1} ft. high; herbage lightly pubescent; leaves narrowly or broadly oblong, in a few cases wider above, obtuse, or mostly acute, more or less serrulate; involucre } in. broad or more, the broadly lanceolate bracts with erect or spreading tips; foliaceous bracts ovate to lanceolate or linear. Along the seaboard: Olema; San Francisco; Pilarcitos. June— July. Foliaceous bracts very variable in shape and size, even on the same plant, always more numerous on the head terminating the main axis, few or sometimes none on the heads terminating branches. Includes G. rubricaulis DC. var. maritima Greene. There are tran- sition forms to the next variety from the Santa Cruz Mountains and elsewhere. Var. patens (G. patens Greene). Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, mostly simple or with few strict 1-headed branches; herbage glabrous or finely puberulent; leaves oblong, the radical narrowed to a petiole, 83 in. long or less, the cauline sessile, narrowed toward the base, serrate or often entire below the middle; bracts of the involucre wholly foliaceous, erect, nearly equal, linear or lanceolate, 1 or 2 lines broad, sometimes with an inner involucre of subulate or fili- form bracts which are glutinous-compacted.—Hill tops, not common: Wild Cat Hills (near Berkeley) to the Santa Cruz Mountains west of Gilroy. There are many transitional forms to the next, but in its typical state this is an exceedingly well marked variety. Var. Davyi, Stems commonly clustered, erect, 2 ft. high, rarely simple, mostly with long one-headed branches; herbage glabrous, SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 595 rarely puberulent; darker green than in the next species; radical leaves oblong or even obovate, narrowed to a rather long, often winged petiole, serrate or coarsely and saliently toothed, 2 to 8 in. long, the cauline similar or sessile; heads naked; involucre 3 to 1 in. broad, very gummy, its lanceolate bracts with subulate or filiform squarrose tips; achenes with 2 awns or in the periphery of the disk with 3:(2 at the exterior angle and closely approximate).—Valley lands about San Francisco Bay. Peduncles commonly less leafy than in the preceding variety. Heads typically naked, but frequently with a few loose outer and slightly larger bracts simulating the folia- ceous bracts in the var. patens; or again, we may have still more pronounced intermediate forms closely connecting these two varieties, which in their typical states are very clearly marked. On the other hand, the var. Davyi presents perfectly naked (non-foliaceous) heads in such diversity that a complete chain may be had showing every gradation to G. camporum. G. robusta and its varieties in their extreme forms are more unlike each other than are the species G. camporum and G. rubricaulis. This is an excellent illustration of the principle that, in a highly variable group, varieties of a species may be more unlike than a species is unlike another species. 2. G. camporum Greene. Plants commonly 13 or 2 ft. high, glabrous, the foliage light green; leaves mostly oblong, serrulate or denticulate, 1 to 2 in. long; heads paniculate-corymbose, never soli- tary; involucre urnshaped-campanulate, the short outer bracts linear- subulate, squarrose-deflexed, the inner lanceolate-subulate, with spreading tips or erect. Abundant on the plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys and the dry inner Coast Ranges; also (apparently) Knoxville grade to Lower Lake. June-Aug. or continuing into the winter. Stems usually white, in no. 1 darker or reddish. G. PRocERA Greene. Five ft. high; rays very short.—Flooded lands of the Lower San Joaquin; Greene also refers to this no. 2426, Bolander, of the State Survey, probably collected in marshes about San Francisco Bay, the citation, ‘‘ Oakland Hills,’’ in the State Survey Field Book doubtless an error. 3. G. rubricaulis DC. Stems commonly 2 ft. high, tufted, reddish or brownish, ending in a small-corymb of about 3 or 4 heads or one-headed; herbage scantily soft-pubescent when young, in age mostly glabrous; leaves 2 to 5% in. long, oblong, serrate and sessile especially toward the apex, or disposed to be entire, attenuate into a petiole as long as the blade, the cauline similar or sessile; heads small, } in. in diameter (not including the rays); involucral scales lanceolate, not squarrose, very slightly or not at all glutinous, sometimes tomentose. Ridges and hillsides of the Coast Ranges, in openly wooded coun- try: near Mt. Tamalpais, Setchell; Sonoma, Bioletti; St. Helena, Greene; Howell Mountain, Jepson. 4. G. cuneifolia Nutt. Stems 2 to 3} ft. high (commonly with a 556 COMPOSITA. foot or so woody at base), ending in a corymbose panicle of several heads or the simple sterile shoots densely leafy at summit; leaves thick, oblong or cuneate-oblong, 2 to 5 in. long, with broadly sessile or clasping base, those of the flowering branches much reduced, oblong-ovate, entire or serrulate; involucral bracts lanceolate without spreading tips. Salt marshes about San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun Bays. Aug.-Nov. Stems sometimes flexuous. Var. paludosa (G. paludosa Greene). Five ft. high, with suffru- tescent stems 1 to 2 ft. high lasting through the winter; cauline leaves sometimes triangular-oblong, with subauriculate clasping base.—Heart of the Suisun Marshes. -~ 78. PENTACHAETA Nutt. Low and very slender annuals with narrowly linear and entire alternate leaves. Heads small, solitary, or somewhat clustered at the ends of more or less naked branches, nodding in the bud. Recep- tacle convex. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts in 2 series, narrowly oblong, thin or membranous, scarious-margined, mucronu- late, appressed. Disk-corollas yellow or rose-red, very slender; rays white, pink or yellow, or none. Achenes oblong, flattened, hirsute- pubescent. Pappus of 5 slender bristles, often with 2 reduced or wanting, or all obsolete. (Greek pente, five, and chaite, a bristle, in allusion to the pappus.) Simple or with simple branches from the base, erect; peduncles white- villous beneath the beat, , 2-244 ©4444 4 we. + 1. P. extlis. Dichotomous, and disposed to be diffuse; peduncles with scattered hairs . : 2. P. alsinoides. 1. P. exilis Gray. Simple or mostly branched from the base, erect, commonly 8 or 4 in. high; herbage purplish; branches or stems terminated by a single head (1} to 2 lines high); involucre broadly campanulate; rays 8 to 14, 2 lines long; outer disk-corollas rose-red, widening upward, the throat abruptly contracted beneath the minute teeth; achenes oblong-turbinate, villous; pappus-bristles 3 or 5, sometimes abortive. Coast Range hillsides: San Mateo Co., Oakland Hills; Marin Co., Napa Valley. Apr.-May. | 2. P. alsinoides Greene. Dichotomously branching, 2 to 5 in. high; involucres narrowly or broadly turbinate, its bracts 5 to 7 or 9 and containing 3 to 7 flowers; disk-corollas filiform, with minute aes rays none; achenes obovate-clavate; pappus-bristles 3; very slender. Coast Ranges: Berkeley Hills, Greene; Vallejo; Sonoma. Also in the Sierra Nevada acc. to Gray. Apr.—May. 79. HETEROTHECA Cass. _ Tall hairy herbs with alternate leaves and heads of yellow flowers in a terminal corymbose panicle. Involucre hemispherical or broadly campanulate, its narrow bracts closely imbricated in many series, SUNFLOWER FAMILY, 557 without spreading tips. Both ray- and disk-flowers numerous and fertile. Kay-achenes triangular-compressed; pappus none or cadu- cous, Disk-achenes compressed, silky-hirsute; pappus double, the copious inner bristles long, capillary and scabrous, the outer of short and stout bristles or scales. (Greek heteros, different, and theke, a cease or ovary, the achenes of disk and ray dissimilar.) 1. H. grandiflora Nutt. Mostly simple below, 2 to 5 ft. high; peduncles with gland-tipped hairs; leaves ovate, varying to elliptic or oblong, serrate, the lower and radical long-petioled, the upper sessile by a rather broad base; heads rather large (4 or 5 lines high); rays about 30; pappus as long or longer than the achene, in age brick-red; outer pappus of disk-flowers inconspicuous. Immigrant from Southern California: San Jose, etc. Aug.—Oct. 80. CHRYSOPSIS El. Perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, with entire leaves. Heads medium-sized, solitary or paniculate. Rays present or none. Involucre campanulate to hemispherical, its bracts narrow and regu- larly imbricated. Flowers yellow. Style-appendages linear-filiform to subulate. Achenes compressed or turgid. Pappus brownish or ferruginous, of numerous capillary bristles, with or without a short outer row of little scales. 3 (Greek chrusos, golden, and opsis, aspect, from the color of the blossom.) Heads with rays; corolla glabrous; outer pappus linear-squamellate: vars. eee eat a ae a ree re eee Cee ee ee 1. C. villosa. Heads rayless; corolla sparingly hirsute; outer pappus none. 2. C. Oregana. 1. C. villosa Nutt. var. Bolanderi Gray. Stems low, 3 to 12 in. high, rather stout, several from the woody base; herbage villous- pubescent and often scabrous, greenish or sometimes silky; leaves oblong-spatulate, mucronate, narrowed below to a distinct petiole or the upper sessile and less spatulate, or widest at the middle and tapering to both ends, mostly 1 in. long; heads 5 to 7 lines high, leafy-bracted, solitary or few in a corymbose cluster; involucre cam- panulate or cylindric-campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or subulate, villous-pubescent, in few ranks; rays 4 to 6 lines long; pappus- bristles minutely scabrous, in a single row; outer pappus of little seales; achene silky, } line long. Dry hillsides or rocky hilltops near the coast: San Bruno Hills; San Francisco; hills above Wild Cat Creek and northward to the ocean bluffs of Mendocino Co., where it occurs in typical form. Sept. Var. echioides Gray (C. echioides Benth.). Stems rigid, erect, 10 to 16 in. or even 23 ft. high, usually suffrutescent at base; herbage dense, hirsute-canescent; leaves rigidulous, 4 in. long, the lowermost longer; involucral bracts hispid-pubescent, the foliose bracts often hispid-ciliolate; pappus-bristles in a single row; outer pappus consist- ing of very short little scales, not concealed by the pubescence of the achene.—Dry ground: Weldon Cafion (Vaca Mountains), Jepson, 558 : COMPOSIT A. 1887, and southward through the San Joaquin Valley and inner South Coast Ranges to San Diego Co.; also west to Saratoga (Santa Clara Co.), Davy, 1893. Sept. Var. sessiliflora Gray (C. sessiliflora Nutt.). Stems few or several from a woody root, 14 to 2 ft. high, freely branching above, the heads 4 to 5 lines high and solitary, or 2 or 3 together at the ends of long branchlets; herbage hispid or villous-canescent or greenish, somewhat viscid; bracts sparsely hirsute, granulose-glandular; rays 8 or 4 lines long, corolla-tube 4-angled toward the base; slender little scales of the outer pappus often concealed by the densely villous hairs clothing the achene.—South Coast Ranges: Saratoga, Davy; rare within our limits, common southward. 2. C. Oregana Gray. About 2 ft. high, of low bushy habit, branching freely but the branchlets often long; herbage hirsute with spreading white hairs but the aspect green; leaves oblong to lanceo- late, ascending, 3? in. long, the netted veins purple under a lens; heads few or numerous, naked, the peduncles with 1 or 2 subulate bracts; bracts linear-lanceolate, in several series; corolla very slender, sparingly hirsute about the middle or on the lobes only; outer pappus none; achenes oblong. Gravelly beds of streams in the Coast Ranges: Los Gatos, East- wood; Sonoma, Bioletti; Putah Creek, Woolsey and Jepson, the plants hispid-scabrous, more densely branched, leaves on the branchlets mostly 3 lines long (doubtless var. scaberrima Gray); South Fork of Eel River, Lake Co. (in typical form), and northward, the northern plants typical. Aug.—Sept. Var. rudis. (C, rudis Greene). Stems 8 to 12 in. high, arising from a stolon-like rootstock, simple below and bearing above a sub- corymbose or paniculate cluster of heads; herbage hispid-pubescent or even canescent; leaves narrowly oblong, varying to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, cuspidate, the lower more often widest above the middle, # in. long; involucre nearly or quite equaling the flowers, its bracts somewhat carinate or 1-nerved.—Sandstone beds of dry streams: Sulphur Spring Creek, Napa Valley. Sept.—Oct. 81. STENOTUS Nutt. Suffruticose or shrubby plants with glabrous herbage and evergreen foliage. Leaves alternate, narrow and entire. Heads large and broad, on solitary peduncles. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts little imbricated (in 2 or 8 series), membranous with scarious margins, closely appressed. Flowers yellow; rays several to many. Achenes oblong, somewhat compressed, densely villous. Pappus of slender bristles, permanently white. (Greek stenotes, narrowness, in refer- ence to the leaves.) 1. S. linearifolius (DC.) Greene. Shrub 2 to 4 ft. high, with sticky herbage and stout woody branches; branchlets more or less fastigiate, leafy below, nearly naked above and bearing solitary heads; heads hemispherical, 1} to 2 in. broad, including the rays; leaves much crowded or fascicled, linear, narrowed toward the base, SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 5d9 2 to 1} in. long, 1 to 14 lines wide; bracts of the involucre in 2 or 3 rows, all nearly equaling the disk, oblong, acute, greenish, the inner with broad scarious fimbriolate margins; rays 13 to 18, oblong- lanceolate; disk-flowers numerous; achenes white-silky; pappus white, soft and deciduous.—(Aplopappus linearifolius DC.) Mountain peaks and slopes: South Coast Ranges (Mt. Diablo southward to San Diego Co.); Sierra Nevada. Mar.—-May. PyRROCOMA ELATA Greene. Rigid perennial, with mostly radical leaves; heads in an interrupted spike or narrow panicle; bracts of the hemispherical involucre with squarrose green tips; achenes closely costate.—Saline soils, Calistoga and San Jose. Not seen by us. 82. ERICAMERIA Nutt. Ours low evergreen shrubs or bush-like plants with narrowly linear or terete often heath-like leaves. Foliage punctate, resin- bearing. Flowers yellow, the heads in terminal corymbose or cymose clusters. Rays present or none. Involucre turbinate, its bracts chartaceous or-coriaceous, regularly imbricated. Achenes more or less prismatic. Pappus-bristles slender, seabrous, dull white or yel- lowish, in age reddish. (Name from the resemblance of the minute evergreen leaves of the first species to Erica.) Leaves terete, not viscid, imbricated on the short axillary branchlets; rays ‘Dy COMSE PURI ae Sg iets ac ga sey ciel acta tata) thy S) Sag Saris fos @ 1. E. ericoides. Leaves narrowly linear, becoming filiform; rays none; montane plant. . . 2. E. arborescens. 1, E. ericoides (Less.) Nutt. Low heather-like shrub (1 to 2 ft. high) with decumbent or ascending main stems and numerous erect branchlets; leaves linear-terete, 1 to 2 lines long, crowded or fascicled; heads 3 to 4 lines high, numerous, corymbose-paniculate; bracts of involucre tomentose-ciliolate, the inner narrowly oblong, acute, the outermost lanceolate, acuminate; corolla with dilated throat; rays about 5, 2 lines long; achenes cylindric, striate, glabrous; pappus dull white, aging slightly brownish.—(Aplopappus ericoides H. & A.) Sand dunes along the coast: Bolinas Bay; San Francisco; Santa Cruz and southward. Aug.—Sept. 2. E. arborescens (Gray) Greene. Erect, with fastigiate branches, 8 to 5 ft. high; leaves numerous on the branches, narrowly linear, or closely revolute and becoming filiform, resinous-punctate, 1} to 2 in. long; heads 23 to 33 lines high; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long or less; rays none or rarely present; achenes canescent, somewhat quadrangular; pappus permanently dull white, its bristles unequal.—(Bigelovia arborescens Gray.) Higher Coast Range hills, mostly from 1,000 to 2,000 ft. altitude, often occurring in chaparral or chamisal: Napa, Sonoma, Marin, and Contra Costa Ces southward to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Also in the Sierra Nevada. Sept.—Nov. 83. ISOCOMA Nutt. Rigid plants, somewhat woody at base, with thickish leaves. 560 COMPOSIT A. Heads rayless, in a terminal corymbose cluster. Involucral bracts coriaceous, closely imbricated, the tips herbaceous, but appressed. Flowers yellow. Corolla-tube slender, the throat ventricose or obliquely dilated, its segments erect or more or less connivent about the style. Achenes longitudinally striate or ribbed, the intervals silky-pubescent or -hirsute. Pappus of numerous unequal bristles, the inner longest and often distinctly flattened. (Greek isos, equal, and koma, a tuft, the florets equal, not unequal as in Lessingia. ) 1. I. veneta (Gray) var. arguta. Herbage with a rather close and somewhat glandular indument, the stems villous-tomentose below, tufted, erect and suffrutescent, 7 to 15 in. high; leaves broadly oblong in outline, serrate at apex, more deeply toothed at base, sessile, 1. in. long or less; heads in a dense terminal corymb, 4 to 5 lines high; bracts of the involucre obtusely acute; achenes 3-angled or somewhat flattened, pointed at base, rather less than 2 lines long; pappus of rather rigid and unequal bristles.—(I. arguta Greene. Bigelovia veneta Gray.) Subsaline plains of the Lower Sacramento: Morning Light and base of the Pellejo Hills, Solano Co. Var. vernonioides (I. vernonioides Nutt). Leaves entire, or serrulate at apex, and commonly with fascicled ones in the axils: Southern California; Upper San Joaquin Valley; introduced at Black Point, San Francisco. 84. SOLIDAGO L. Go.LpEn Rop. Perennial herbs with alternate leaves. Heads small, the raceme- like clusters aggregated in a pyramidal or spike-like panicle or thyrsus, or in one of our species the heads corymbose. Bracts of the involucre narrow, thin or chartaceous, imbricated in 2 or more series. Both ray- and disk-flowers yellow. Pappus a single series of scabrous and mostly equal capillary bristles, usually dull white. Achenes terete or angular, 5 to 10-nerved. (Latin solidus and ago, to unite firmly, certain species reputed to have wound-healing properties.) Stems freely branching, the flower-clusters more or less distinctly corym- bose; leaves linear, entire, . ox vss 3 meee ee Es 1. S. occidentalis. Stems simple; the flowers cuspored in a terminal panicle. Heads small (14 to 3 lines high). Panicle mostly pyramidal; leaves serrate or entire. Herbage grayish. . .. .. ee eee ee .2. 8. Californica. Herbage nearly glabrous... .......-....4 3. S. elongata. Panicle narrow and virgate; herbage glabrous; leaves entire. ..... 4. S. sempervirens. Heads larger (4 lines high); heads in a spike-like thyrsus; lower leaves spatulate, serrate towards the apex .. . .. .5. S. spathulata. 1. S. occidentalis Nutt. Waesrern GoLpEN Rop. Stems 3 to 5 ft. high, very leafy, freely and paniculately branching, the branches terminated by more or less distinctly corymbose clusters of small heads; herbage glabrous; leaves linear or nearly so, entire, sprinkled with clear dots; heads 2 to 2} lines high; bracts of involucre charta- ceous, linear-lanceolate; rays 16 to 20; disk-flowers 8 to 14; achenes turbinate.—(Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. ) SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 561 Marshes, stream beds and river banks: Sierra Nevada; Sacra- mento and San Joaquin Valley; Coast Ranges; Southern California. Aug.-Oct. 2, S. Californica Nutt. Common GoLtpen Rop. Stem simple below the terminal panicle, 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage grayish with a minute rough pubescence; leaves oblong, acute at apex and tapering below into a short petiole, the lower varying to oblong-obovate and serrate, the upper smaller, narrow and entire; panicle usually com- pact, dense, not leafy, 4 to 13 in. long, made up of raceme-like clus- ters (or when elongated, secund), seldom recurved at tip, sometimes spreading in age; heads 2} to 34 lines long; bracts of the involucre oblong-linear or lanceolate, somewhat pubescent; rays 7 to 12, pale yellow, about as many as the disk-flowers; achenes pubescent. Common on dry plains and hillsides or in the mountains through- out California. Sept.-Nov. ‘‘Orojo de Leabre’’ of the Spanish- Californians. 3. S. elongata Nutt. Stem about 3 ft. high; very leafy; leaves almost or quite glabrous, often bright green, oblanceolate, narrowed to a distinct petiole, broadly oblanceolate, sharply serrate, except at base, or entire; panicle dense, thyrse-like, the heads little if at all secund in the raceme-like clusters; heads small, 2 lines high or less; bracts of the involucre thin, linear; rays 10 to 16, narrow, usually more numerous than the disk-flowers. San Francisco, Monterey, and doubtless elsewhere near the coast; Sierra Nevada. July-Aug. 4. S. sempervirens L. One to 3 ft. high or more, leafy to the top; herbage bright green, completely glabrous; leaves lanceolate or linear, somewhat firm and fleshy, the lowest varying to oblong- spatulate, all entire; heads 2 to 3 lines high, the raceme-like clusters collected in a dense narrow virgate panicle; bracts of involucre lan- ceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, scabrous-ciliolate; rays 7 to 10, large; achenes minutely pubescent. Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay, Bolander. Rarely collected. 5. S. spathulata DC. Coast GotpEN Rop. Stems 15 to 18 in. high, branched at base, decumbent, thickly clothed with broad leaf bases; herbage glabrous, slightly glutinous; leaves mostly basal, spatulate, rounded at apex, narrowed to a long marginal petiole, more or less serrate above the middle; heads 4 lines high, almost or quite as broad, the clusters aggregated in a single spike-like thyrsus ter- minating the simple stems; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong to oblong; rays about 7 or 8, inconspicuous, shorter than the disk; disk- flowers about 14 to 16. a Sandy hills near the coast: Point Reyes; Point Lobos; Mission Hills; Pajaro Hills and southward to Monterey where first collected by Henke in 1791. 85. LESSINGIA Cham. Annuals with alternate leaves, branching stems and commonly 88 562 COMPOSIT As. panicled heads of yellow, purplish, lilac or white flowers. Heads rather small, campanulate to turbinate, usually narrow, 5 to 25- flowered. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several appressed ranks. Receptacle flat. Flowers perfect. Oorollas with linear lobes, or those of the marginal rows enlarged, more deeply cleft on the inside, and simulating a palmately lobed ligule. Achenes all fertile, turbinate or cuneate, more or less flattened, silky-villous. Pappus commonly of numerous unequal scabrous bristles, usually turning reddish brown. (Named for the Lessings, German family of scientists and authors.) A. Flowers yellow; marginal corollas conspicuously larger; achenes flattened, 2 to 3-nerved. Leaves of the branchlets scattered, not gland-bearing; seaboard species. . 1. L. Germanorum. Leaves of the branchlets small and crowded, the margin gland-bearing; mainly interior species, as all the following . .2. L. glandulifera. B. Flowers purplish, lilac or white; corollas all alike or nearly so; achenes less flattened, 4 to 5-nerved. Erect slender freely branching plants. Eapuus of slender bristles. ool deciduous in age. Corollas short. Heads terminating slender branchlets. . .3. L. ramulosa. Heads more or less spicately sessile. . .4. L. virgata. Corollas conspicuously exserted . . 5. L. leptoclada. Wool more persistent in age.......... (16) L. hololeuca. nappue of paleaceous bristles, some commonly more or less united; upper eaves Ciliate-glandular........-....-+.. 7. L. adenophora. Depressed dwarfish plants; inner bracts of involucre pearly white and conspicuously awn-pointed.. .. . 8 L. nana. 1. L. Germanorum Cham. Low, diffusely branched, 4 to 8 in. high; herbage with appressed white tomentum, wholly glabrate in age, at least on the branches; lowest leaves pinnatifid, those of the branchlets scattered, oblanceolate or linear and mostly entire; heads 21 to 25-flowered; involucre hemispherical, its bracts not glandular, with greenish tips or the outer wholly greenish; pappus-bristles about 35, 1 to 1} times as long as the achene. Sandy hills along the coast: San Francisco, etc. Sept.—Oct. 2. L. glandulifera Gray. Stem erect, stoutish, paniculately very much branched, 1} to 3 ft. high; leaves ovate or oblanceolate, toothed or cleft, persistently woolly, those of the branchlets numerous and even crowded, green, minute, with the margin bearing yellowish glands; involucre campanulate, its bracts more or less gland-bearing; heads 18 to 38-flowered; pappus-bristles of disk-flowers as long as corolla, about 35; pappus-bristles of ray shorter than corolla. Plains of the lower San Joaquin Valley (Lathrop) to Southern California. Aug.—Sept. 8. L. ramulosa Gray. Stems slender, 1 to 1} ft. high, loosely branching, granulose-glandular above or with minute tack-shaped glands; lowest leaves spatulate or oblong, denticulate or entire; upper lanceolute, mostly entire, those of the branchlets with partly clasp- SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 563 ing base; heads 7 to 8-flowered, 8 or 4 lines long, terminating diffuse slender branchlets; involucre turbinate or campanulate, 10 to 20 or 25-flowered; corollas short, purple; pappus-bristles longer than the achene, 20 or more, sometimes more or less coalescent at base into sets. Dry hills of the North Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais; Cordelia; Howell Mountain and northward. Sept. 4. L. virgata Gray. Stem and virgate branches rigid; herbage more densely woolly; upper leaves appressed, concave, carinately nerved; heads solitary and sessile in the axil of a leaf of nearly the same length, thus forming a somewhat spicate inflorescence; involucre cylindrical, woolly, 5 to 7-flowered. Plains of the Sacramento. 5. L. leptoclada Gray. Simple below, branching above, 2 ft. high; lower leaves denticulate, those of the branchlets ovate or lanceolate with somewhat sagittately adnate base; branchlets virgate and almost filiform, bearing few or solitary heads; involucre turbinate; bracts in many ranks, greenish at tip and cuspidate; corollas con- spicuously exserted. San Mateo Co., and northward. 6. L. holoteuca Greene. Stem erect, with rigidly ascending branches, nearly 2 ft. high, the whole plant even to the involucres white-tomentose; leaves all entire, the basal ones spatulate and narrowed to a long petiole; cauline leaves oblong or ovate, sessile and almost cordately clasping; rameal ones small; all the leaves and the bracts of the involucre ending in a short spinescent tip; heads turbinate; corollas red-purple; pappus-bristles rufous. Low hills of Sonoma Co., Greene. Too near L. ramulosa. 7. L. adenophora Greene. Repeatedly branched from the base, forming a densely bushy plant 1 ft. high or a little more; lower leaves round-ovate to obiong, somewhat cordately sessile, densely woolly above, glabrate beneath; margins of the leaves (particularly of the upper) densely beset with small stipitate glands; heads numer- ous, 7 to 10-flowered, on filiform branchlets; bracts of the narrowly campanulate or almost cylindrical involucres very acute, suberect, more or less glandular like the leaves, the inner chartaceous, purplish, bristle-pointed; corollas red-purple; pappus-bristles united into 4 to 7 paleaceous sets, each set composed of a single stout bristle or of 2 or 3 bristles, united for nearly their whole length, or only at base. Mountains of the North Coast Ranges: northern Napa Co.; Lake Co.; Colusa Co., acc. to Gray. July—Aug. 8. L. nana Gray. Depressed, dwarfish, the whole plant densely tomentose with thick wool; stems 2 to 4 in. long, flowering from near the ground; heads 10 to 12-flowered and nearly 3 in. long, subtended by oblong or lanceolate leaves; outer bracts of involucre linear- lanceolate, somewhat herbaceous; inner bracts pearly white, tapering into a long awn which conspicuously equals or exceeds the flowers and the dark red pappus; achenes very short and turgid. Sandy plains and foothills on the eastern side of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Aug. 564 COMPOSITAE. 86. BELLIS L. Daisy. Low herbs with (in ours) radical leaves and solitary heads on scape- like peduncles. Disk yellow. Rays white, or tinged with pink. In- volucre hemispherical, its bracts wholly herbaceous and green, equal, in 2 rows. Receptacle conical, destitute of bracts. Achenes flat- tened, without pappus. (Latin bellus, pretty.) 1. B. perennis L. Tufted perennial; leaves obovate, sparingly toothed, narrowed at base to a margined petiole, 1 to 1} in. long; peduncle about 4 in. high; rays about 50, An occasional escape from gardens: Berkeley; Mill Valley. 87. CORETHROGYNE DC. Perennial herbs, some resembling Lessingia, others Aster, but flowering in late spring orsummer. Herbage whitened when young with a cotton-like tomentum, which is often deciduous in age. Heads solitary or corymbose or paniculate. Involucre hemispherical to turbinate, imbricated. Receptacle pitted. Ray-corollas ligulate, neutral. Style-appendages comose or with a bearded tuft. Achenes silky or pubescent. Pappus reddish brown, of rigid capillary bristles, present in the disk, reduced or none in the ray. (Greek korethron, besom, and gune, style, on account of the brush-like tuft of hairs on the style tips.) Stem erect or ascending. Head sin. a. PaNiclens s. 6 4 ok A eo ak pe 1. C. filaginifolia. Heads on long corymbosely disposed peduncles. . . . 2. C. viscidula. Stems decumbent or prostrate; heads mostly solitary. . .3. C. Californica. 1. C. filaginifolia Nutt. Two ft. high or more; tomentum floccose-deciduous; lower leaves 2} in. long, oblong-spatulate, nar- rowed to a slender petiole, passing into the upper small bract-like sessile ones, sparingly serrate towards the apex; heads turbinate- campanulate, 4 lines high, solitary and terminal on the branches or more numerous and loosely paniculate; rays violet. Common at Monterey. C. LEUCOPHYLLA Menzies. Small depressed persistently white- woolly plant; leaves numerous on the stems, 4 in. long or less.— Sand dunes at Monterey. 2. C. viscidula Greene. Slender, loosely corymbose-panicled, 18 to 17 in. high; herbage hoary when young, becoming green and more or less glabrate; stems and both surfaces of the leaves glandular- scabrous; leaves oblanceolate, acute, serrulate, reticulate-venulose; heads 5 or 6 lines high, on rather long corymbosely disposed pedun- cles, these with short-stipitate glands; involucre hemispherical, its bracts rather strongly imbricated and also viscid-glandular; pappus light brown. Monterey, Parry, 1888; Corallitos (Santa Cruz Co.), Jepson, 1896. Var. Greenei (C. Californica Greene not DC.). Lanate or floccose tomentose, in age more or less glabrate, the peduncles and involucres glandular, the former with some stipitate glands as in the type; stems SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 565 tufted, erect or ascending, 1 ft. high; leaves spatulate-oblong or above linear, entire or serrate towards the apex, 1 to 1} in. long; rays violet-purple; pappus rusty-brown. ; Dry cafions of Contra Costa and Alameda Cos.: Niles, etc. June— Aug. The species is greener and more obviously ‘glandular- scabrous.’’ The ‘‘reticulate-venulose’’ character assigned to the species can be made out beneath the tomentum in some specimens of the variety. 3. C. Californica DC. Plant white-woolly, with solitary heads on scape-like peduncles from prostrate or decumbent almost matted stems; involucre and summit of peduncle yiscidulous-glandular; leaves spatulate or obovate, narrowed to a distinct petiole, entire or serrate towards the apex, 2 in. long or less; heads 4 or 5 lines high, 6 or 7 lines broad; rays deep purple; involucres and rays similar to the last.—(C. cespitosa Greene.) Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., the only locality known to us. Apr. 15-June. Var. obovata (C. obovata Benth.). Stems decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage tomentose; leaves obovate-spatulate, toothed near the apex; heads 6 to 7 lines high, sometimes nearly 1 in. broad, inclined to be solitary; involucres glandular; rays purple; pappus of ray of 1 or 2 to 6 bristles; pappus of disk-flowers about 85 bristles, the longest 3} lines long.—Near the sea from Pt. Reyes and Bodega (Marin Co.) to Mendocino. July—Aug. 88. ASTER L. Aster. Late-estival or autumnal herbs, with paniculate, corymbose, or racemose heads. Heads usually numerous. Involucres turbinate or campanulate to hemispherical, the bracts imbricated in several ranks, with green tips. Disk-flowers yellow, changing to purple or brown. Receptacle flat, pitted. Pappus copious, of simple capillary bristles. (Greek astere, a star, from the star-like heads of flowers.) Perennial; rays conspicuous. Inflorescence corymbose; leaves (at least some) elliptic-obovate. .... . 1, A. radulinus. Inflorescence paniculate or racemose; leaves linear to lanceolate. Inflorescence mostly condensed, the heads on very short branchlets; herbage cinerous (and the pubescence harsher than in the next) or almost glabrous; leaves purple-veined beneath. . .2. A. Menziesii. Inflorescence mostly loose, the heads or clusters of heads on long branchlets; herbage hirsute or villous-pubescent, or glabrous. . . F ‘i Fi ; 3 3. A. Chilensis. Annual or biennial; inflorescence paniculate; rays inconspicuous. . 4. . A: exilis. 1. A. radulinus Gray. Broap-LEAVED ASTER. Five to 18in., seldom 2 ft. high, seabrous-pubescent; leaves oval-obovate to oblong, 4 in. long or less, sharply serrate above the entire (often attenuate) base; heads mostly numerous (sometimes very few), corymbose, 5 to 6 lines high; involucre turbinate; bracts imbricated, the outer shorter, villous-puberulent; rays whitish, 3 to 5 lines long. Dry hills, rather common: Monterey, acc. to Gray; Saratoga; Oak- 566 COMPOSIT. land Hills; Petrified Forest; Vaca Mountains; Blue Lakes, Lake Co.; Sierra Nevada. July-Sept. 2. A. Menziesii Lindl. Purpie Aster. Stems simple, com- monly several from the woody root, 14 to 2 ft. high; herbage cinerous or almost glabrous, the foliage rough-pubescent; leaves linear to lanceolate, 1 to 23 in. long, purple-veined beneath, remotely serrate or entire, sessile, subcordate at base, those of the raceme or thyrsoid panicle much reduced, so that the inflorescence seems almost naked; heads 3 to 5 lines high on rigid erect branchlets; involucre hemis- pherical or broadly turbinate, the bracts linear-spatulate in several closely imbricated ranks, the green tips obtuse; rays violet or purple. Low dry ground: Vacaville and southward to Southern California. Sept.-Nov. Apparently rare in our region. 3. A. Chilensis Nees. Common Aster. Two to 34 ft. high, villous-pubescent or more or less glabrous; leaves lanceolate, sessile, 5 in. long or less, entire, above passing gradually into the bract-like ones of the inflorescence, the radical oblong-spatulate, remotely serrate and attenuate into a petiole, all commonly with scabrous- ciliolate margins; panicle of loose leafy racemes 6 in. long or more; heads 4 to 5 lines high; involucral bracts in several series, somewhat carinate, with green tips; rays white, lavender, or bluish, 4 to 6 lines long. Wooded hillsides, dry banks of gulches or streams, or in moist situations in fields: the most common species of the Bay Region. Sept._Nov. Passing on the one hand into the Var. lentus (A. lentus Greene). Slender, 4 to 6 ft. high, slightly succulent, mostly glabrous; heads few and large; rays 7 to 9 lines long.—Very common and conspicuous in the Suisun Marshes. A form abundant on the Lower Sacramento River has linear-falcate leaves (9 in. long or less), and mostly solitary rather large heads. Referred provisionally to A. Douglasii Lindl. in Erythea, i. 244. On the other hand the following varieties have smaller and fewer (some- times solitary) heads with shorter rays than in the type, with the inflorescence disposed to be more cymose; leaves of the inflorescence mainly much reduced and the transition to the ordinary leaves more abrupt. Var. media. Branchlets of the inflorescence rather divaricate, with many spatulate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate spreading leaves 2 to 8 lines long; heads few, those on the same branchlets maturing at very unequal periods.—Lower Sacramento, Jepson, and Saratoga, Davy. A, form from Evergreen, Santa Clara Co., Davy, Sept. 26, 1893, in fl., doubtfully referred here, has a very. leafy stem, similar branchlets, leaves 6 to 7 in. long, large solitary heads, and the bracts of the involucre in few ranks. Var. invenustus (A. invenustus Greene). Herbage cinereous- pubescent; upper leaves and those of the inflorescence small; involu- cral bracts spatulate-linear, thickish, obtuse, in rather few ranks, almost wholly herbaceous; rays dull purplish.—Local form at Calis- toga, Greene. SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 567 Var. Sonomensis (A. Sonomensis Greene). Scarcely distinct from the preceding variety; slender, 1 ft. high, more glabrous; leaves mainly radical, oblong-spatulate, attenuate into a petiole 4 to as long as the blade, remotely serrate; cauline much reduced, sometimes petioled, linear to lanceolate, those of the cymose panicle subulate- lanceolate and closely ascending; heads solitary or few at the ends of the strict branchlets; rays light pink to bright purple.—Subsaline lands: Petaluma, Davy; Napa, Jepson. 4. A. exilis Ell. SLteyper Aster. Erect, slender, glabrous, mostly with a rather narrow panicle; leaves linear, 2 to 4 in. long and 1 to 2 lines wide, or rarely some of the lower oblanceolate or oblong and 2 to 4 lines wide, entire, rarely serrate, those of the inflo- rescence lanceolate-subulate; heads 2 to 3 lines high; bracts linear, acute, herbaceous, scarious-margined; rays light pinkish purple, 2 lines long; pappus fine and soft. Saline soil, not common: Tyler Island and New Town Landing (Lower Sacramento); Stockton; Alvarado. Sept.—Oct. 89. ERIGERON L, FLeapane. Perennial or biennial herbs with entire or toothed generally sessile leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads. Disk-flowers yellow; ray- flowers exceedingly numerous, pistillate, white or purple, the ligules almost filiform, or in some species wholly destitute of rays. Involu- cral bracts narrow, equal, little imbricated, seldom coriaceous or green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened, usually pubescent and nerved. Pappus more scanty and fragile than in Aster, often with a distinct short outer series. (Greek eri, early, and geron, an old man, ‘‘old man in spring.’’) A. Rays present. Annual; heads with inconspicuous rays not surpassing the disk. .... 1, E. Canadensis. Perennials. Rays numerous, often 100 or more. Leaves mostly entire; stem very leafy at base, the cauline leaves much reduced; maritime.........., r .2. E. sa Leaves serrate, the cauline less reduced........ 3. E. Philadelphicus. Rays conspicuous, about 30 to 40; stems very leafy; leaves linear or nar- rowly oblanceolate... .......... s... 4 #. foliosus. Rays filiform, comparatively few and inconspicuous; spares y leafy; leaves filiform: 0 ine . 3 . do E, Setchellii. B. Rays none. Perennials; leaves parrow and less than 1 (or 2) in. long. Stems decumbent; heads large, 6 to 8linesbroad.. .6: EL. supplex. Stems erect; heads smaller, 4 to6 lines broad. P Herbage glabrous; leaves filiform or narrowly linear. ....... 7. E. angustatus. Herbage yellowish green; leaves linear ..... . .8. E. inornatus. Herbage canescent or rough-pubescent; leaves linear to oblong, often narrowed at base. ey 5 . 9. EB. miser. 1. E. Canadensis L. HorsewerEp. Stems simple, erect, 2 to 5 ft. high; herbage hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous, 568 COMPOSIT. especially above; leaves linear to lanceolate, the lowest spatulate or narrowed to a petiole, 2 to 3 in. long; heads small (1} to 2 lines high), very numerous in a dense panicle; rays very short and inconspicuous, white. A naturalized weed very common in waste or half-cultivated lands, in late summer or autumn: North Coast Ranges and the Sacramento Valley southward to Southern California. 2. E. glaucus Ker. Srasrpe Daisy. Flowering stems erect, 4 to 8 (or 10) in. high, commonly one-headed, arising from a radical tuft of leaves crowning the fleshy caudex and often, also, from rosulate offsets terminating prostrate woody branches; stems pilose- pubescent, leaves finely puberulent, heads somewhat tomentose; leaves spatulate, obovate, entire, rarely with a small tooth on either side below the apex, 1 to 4 in. long; upper cauline small and scat- tered; heads large, 14 in. in diameter including the numerous rather broad lilac and violet rays. Common on cliffs or sandy shores, near the sea only: coast of Cali- fornia. July-Aug. 3. E. Philadelphicus L. Skevish. Stem simple, 2 to 3 ft. high, branched only at or near the summit; herbage hispidly pubescent; leaves spatulate or obovate, serrate or coarsely few-toothed, the radical (including the long margined petioles) 5 to 11 in. long, the cauline with auriculate clasping base, 3 in. long, more or less; heads corym- bose, commonly on rather long peduncles, 3 to 1 in. in diameter; ravs white or pink, numerous, narrow. Along streamlets and by springy places in the hills and valleys: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Apr.—May. 4. E. foliosus Nutt. Stems many from the base, erect, simple, corymbosely branching above, 1 to 12 ft. high; leaves crowded on the stems, conspicuously reduced only on the branches of the inflores- cence, scabrous-hispidulous, linear or lanceolate, 3 to 1} in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide; heads rather few in an open terminal corymb, hemis- pherical, 10 to 11 lines broad, including the violet rays; rays about 30 to 40, 1 line wide; pappus coarse and rather short. Common in the hill country: Marin Co. to the San Francisco a Leona (Alameda Co.), Mt. Diablo and southward. June- ug. 5. E. Setchellii. Stems smooth, 1} to 2 ft. high; herbage bright green, very brittle; leaves filiform, less than 1 in. long, muriculate- scabrous; heads hemispherical, 4 lines high, disposed in a rather broad proliferous corymb with a few subulate bracts at base; involucre inconspicuous, the subulate or lanceolate bracts unequal, the outer rough-hispid; rays light blue, about 25, filiform, 2 lines long; achenes glabrous. Arid plains of the Lower San Joaquin, June 27, 1896, Setc/ell and Jepson. 6. E. supplex Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending, 4 to 8 in. high, terminated by a single broad short-peduncled head 4 to 6 lines SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 569 high; herbage sparingly hirsute-pubescent or almost glabrous, the involucre canescently hirsute; leaves oblong-spatulate to linear- lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts of involucre equal, linear-lanceolate. North Coast Ranges, rarely collected and apparently maritime: Gualala, Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Mendocino City, Bolander, no. 6484. 7. E. angustatus Greene. Stems several or many from a woody crown, 13 to 18 in. high; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves nar- rowly linear or filiform; heads solitary or in a corymbose panicle, subtended by a few subulate bracts; involucres turbinate, slightly glandular; achenes somewhat pubescent, much compressed and with areddish thickened callous-margin.—(E. inornatus Gray var. angus- tatus Gray.) Dry hills of the Coast Ranges: Mt. St. Helena (whence Greene’s type); Epperson’s, Lake Co.; first collected by Harford in Calaveras Valley, Alameda Co., 1878; depauperate forms 4 to 6 in. high with one-headed stems occur in Marin Co. on Mt. Tamalpais and at El Campo. 8. E. inornatus Gray. Prye Ericeron. Stems simple, more or less clustered, 2 ft. high; herbage yellowish green, hispidly pubescent or glabrous; leaves’ linear, 1 to 2} in. long; heads 3 to 4 lines high, 10 to 20 in a depressed corymb; involucre campanulate; bracts une- qual and somewhat imbricated. Mountain ridges, common under Yellow Pine: North Coast Ranges Cobb Mt., Lake Co., within a few miles of the Sonoma line); Sierra evada. July-Aug. Var. viscipuULUs Gray. Lower, minutely and densely viscid-glandular; heads large and few.—Specimens from Gualala, Sonoma Co., are said to be this. Var. Biolettii. Two ft. high, scabrous-puberulent; leaves oblan- ceolate, the margins obscurely hispid-ciliate.—E. Biolettii Greene, as to plants of Howell Mt.; the Hood’s Peak plant not seen by us. Forms grading into the next are to be expected. 9. E. miser Gray. Stems in a rather close tuft on a short woody caudex, very leafy; herbage canescently hirsute; leaves linear-oblong, or cuneately narrowed towards the base, less than 1 in. long; heads 4 lines high, few in a rather close corymb; involucre campanulate, the bracts imbricated. Rocky summits of the Coast Ranges from Mt. Hamilton and Wild Cat Creek to Mt. Tamalpais and Mt. St. Helena. July—Aug. 90. BACCHARIS L. Perennials, ours shrubs excepting one, commonly resinous or gluti- nous. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Flowers whitish or yellowish, diccious. Staminate flowers with tubular corolla slightly dilated at the throat, the limb cleft into 5 linear lobes; ovary abortive; style present. Corolla of the pistillate flowers very slender and thread-like, obscurely toothed at apex, the teeth erect, not spreading. Pappus of capillary bristles in the sterile plant scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious. (The god Bacchus. ) 570 COMPOSITE. Evergreen shrubs. Leaves obovate or cuneiform... + oa ee ee 1. B. pilularis. Leaves lanceolate, willow-like........ - 4 « 2, B. viminea. Herbaceous perennial; herbage very glutinous . ....3. B. Douglasit. 1. B. pilularis DC. Shrub, 2 to 5 ft. high; branchlets angular; leaves sessile; obovate or cuneiform, 4 to 1 in. long, coarsely or sinuately few-toothed, or occasionally entire; heads 2 or 38 in the axils or several in a terminal cluster, short-cylindrical or ovoid, 2 or 3 lines long, the outer bracts broadly, the inner narrowly oblong, some- times denticulate at apex; pappus of the pistillate flowers becoming 4 or 5 lines long, that of the staminate flowers dilated at apex into a lanceolate appendage. : Common in the Coast Ranges on low hills, high mountain slopes, or on the coast sand dunes (especially in a prostrate form), frequently gregarious: Southern California; Monterey; San Francisco; Alameda; Oakland Hills; Vaca Mountains. 2. B. viminea DC. Muuz Far. Distinctly shrubby, the stems loosely branching, very leafy, 5 to 7 ft. high; branches striate-angled; herbage scarcely glutinous; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends, entire or sparingly denticulate, 1 to 3 in. long, very willow-like; heads 2 to 8 lines high, rather numerous in terminal corymbs or the clusters on short lateral branches and somewhat racemose; bracts of the involucre very thin, chartaceous, broadly lanceolate or the outer ones ovate, with scarious margins, erose and mostly villous-ciliate; receptacle flat; pappus of the fertile flowers of smooth bristles. Stream-beds from the Feather River and Putah Creek to Napa Valley and southward through the Coast Ranges. July—Aug. 8. B. Douglasii DC. Stems suffrutescent at base, 4 to 5 ft. high, simple up to the terminal corymb; herbage very glutinous; leaves lanceolate and very acute, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, 8 to 4 in. long, serrulate, almost entire; heads numerous in a terminal com- pound almost naked corymb; bracts of the involucre linear or lanceo- late-linear with greenish center, the scarious margins erose-ciliate; receptacle broadly conical; pappus of pistillate flower short and soft, of the staminate clavellate at summit. Moist lowlands: abundant in the salt marshes about San Francisco Bay, thence southward to Southern California. Tripe 11. Eupatorieze. Euparory TRIBE. 91. TRICHOCORONIS Gray. Slender herb, the stems branching, weak or at base creeping. Leaves opposite, sessile. Flowers flesh-color, in slender peduncled heads terminating the branches. Receptacle convex, naked. Bracts of the involucre herbaceous or somewhat membranous, equal and nerveless, 12 to 18. Corolla abruptly much dilated above the narrow tube. Pappus of many small or minute palez and awns, forming a sort of crown. (Greek trichos, hair, and koronis, top.) SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 571 1. T. Wrightii Gray. Annual; stems assurgent, 6 to 9 in. high; leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, remotely serrate or entire, auricled at base, # in. Pat or less; heads 2 to 23 lines broad; achenes 4-angled, the angles hispidulous toward the summit; pappus of 4 barbellate bristles with an equal number of intervening but very small fimbriate paleze.—(Biolettia riparia Greene. ) Lower San Joaquin River. Sept. 92. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. BrickELuia. Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate petioled leaves and white or whitish flowers in terminal or subterminal clusters of narrow heads. Involucre imbricated, its bracts striately- nerved. Receptacle naked. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes with 10 nerves or ribs. Pappus of numerous scabrous or barbellate capillary bristles mostly in a single series. (Greek koleos, sheath, and anthos, flower.) 1. C. Californicus (T. & G.) O. Ktze. Stems many from the shrubby base, virgate or paniculately branching, 2 to 3 ft. high; leaves roundish or triangular-ovate, 3-ribbed and roughish, somewhat irregularly serrate, 24 in. long or less; heads spicate or racemose along the leafy branches, 5 or 6 lines long, 10 to 15-flowered, often more or less nodding; bracts of the involucre, especially the inner, with thin obtuse straight tips.—(Brickellia Californica T. & G.) Gravelly stream beds of the Coast Ranges, especially toward the interior: Mendocino Co.; Calistoga; Vaca Mountains and southward to Southern California. GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL, TOPOGRAPH- ICAL, AND ECOLOGICAL TERMS. Acaulescent, apparently stemless, the leaves borne at the surface of the ground and the flowers sessile or borne on a scape. (See Caulescent.) Accessory, something additional. Acerescent, increasing in size or length with age, as the calyx or pedicel after flowering. Acerose, needle-shaped, like Pine leaves. Achene, a dry indehiscent 1-seeded fruit. Acorn, nut of the Oak. Acuminate, tapering gradually to the apex. Acute, with a sharp point. Adherent, growing fast to or united with another body. Adnate, growing fast to; literally, born united to another body. Alternate leaves or branches, only one from each node. Ament, a catkin or scaly spike, as in the Oaks or Alders. Amplexicaul leaf, a sessile leaf with the base of the blade clasp- ing the stem. Anastomosing, said of veins, nerves or similar structures which run into each other or branch and tend to form a net- work. Andro-diecious, having flowers on one plant staminate, on another perfect. Andrecium, name for the whorl of stamens of a flower. Androgynous, having both stami- nate and pistillate flowers in the same cluster. (572) Andro-monecious, having perfect and staminate flowers on the same plant. Annual, flowering and fruiting in the first year or season and then dying. Anterior, the side in front; in an axillary flower, the side away from the axis; inferior. «nther, the sac or sacs containing the pollen, the essential part of the stamen. Antheroid, having something of the nature of an anther. Anthesis, the period during which a flower is expanded, the stigma receptive and the an- thers shedding pollen. Apetalous, without petals. Apiculate, ending in a short- pointed tip. Appendage, any supplementary or superadded part. Appressed, flattened or pressed against another body but not united with it; hairs lying flat on leaves are appressed. Aquatic, living or growing in water; an ‘‘aquatic plant’’ may be wholly submersed or with only the base in water. Areola, an area with a distinct or raised boundary, the spaces be- tween the reticulations or veins: in Composite the disk or circle at the summit of the achene where sat the corolla. Aril, an appendage of a seed growing at or about the hilum or summit of the funiculus. Arillate, furnished with an aril. GLOSSARY. Avistate, farnished with an arista or awn, like the beard or bristle of Barley. Articulated, jointed or furnished with joints, where the stem separates or is inclined to do so. Ascending, rising gradually up- wards. Auriculate, with ear-like lobes at the base. Awn, bristle or beard of Barley. Awned, provided with a Barley- like bristle. Acil, the angle between a leaf and stem. Avile placenta, a placenta borne on the axis of the ovary or fruit. Avillary, borne or oceurring in an axil. Awis, the stem or longitudinal or central support on which parts or organs are arranged; a cen- tral line. Baccate, of the nature of a berry, berry-like or pulpy. Banner, the upper petal in a papilionaceous, or pea, flower. Barbellate, bearing minute barb- like protuberances. Bay Region, the area embraced by the counties bordering on San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun Bays. Berry, a fleshy indehiscent fruit, formed from u single superior or inferior ovary. Bi-, a prefix to Latin words, two or twice. Bifid, 2-cleft to the middle or thereabouts. Bilabiate, a synsepalous calyx or sympetalous corolla cleft into two divisions: an upper (superior or posterior) lip; and a lower (inferior or anterior) lip; 2-lipped as the corolla of Sage or of Mimulus. Bipinnate, twice pinnate. 573 Bladdery, thin and inflated. Blade, the flat expanded portion of a leaf; said also of the broad portion of a petal, especially when it possesses a petiole-like base or claw. Bloom, said when leaves and fruit are whitened with a fine powder or dust. Bract, the modified leaves of a flower-cluster; in Graminez, the modified leaves subtending a spikelet; leafy-bracted, in Com- posite, with accessory or foliose bracts to the head outside the involucre. Bracteal, of the nature of a bract. Bracteate, possessing or bearing bracts. Bractlet, the small modified leaf subtending a flower or inserted on the pedicel; in Graminez the lower of the two modified leaves subtending an individ- ual flower. Caducous, dropping off very early as compared with other parts; the calyx in the California Poppy falls when the flower opens. Cespitose, said of stems when borne on the same stock in a close tuft. Calicine, simulating a calyx or whorl of sepals. Calyculate, said of the short bracts at the base of the proper bracts of the involucre in Com- posite imitating an exterior in- volucre. Calyx, the outer, usually green, whorl of the flower. Campanulate, bell-shaped. Canescent, grayish white or hoary, the surface covered with fine white hairs. Capillary, like a hair. 574 Capitate, gathered or collected into a head, or head-like. Capsule, a dry dehiscent seed- vessel composed of more than one carpel. Carpel,-a simple pistil (which is typically 1-celled, with one placenta, one style, and one stigma), or one of the elements of a compound pistil; also ap- plied to a simple pistil when mature or to one of the parts of a compound pistil which splits up when it is ripe. Carpophore, the slender prolonga- tion of the receptacle between the carpels in the Parsley Family. Cartilaginous, firm and tough like cartilage. Catkin, a scaly spike or ament, as in the Willow. Caudate, bearing a slender tail- like body or appendage. Caulescent, having a distinct stem above ground; plants with rad- ical leaves and flowers on a scape are not called caulescent. Cauline leaves, leaves borne on a stem. Chamisal, or Chamiso_ (pro- nounced Shdmeéz), collective term, including the gregarious individuals of Adenostoma and (strictly speaking) only Ade- nostoma. Chaparral, collective term refer- ring to the low shrubs which cover mountain slopes, pla- teaus, ridges or cafion sides, including particularly the Manzanitas, various species of Ceanothus, Scrub Oak and other species with rigid or thorny branches. See Cham- isal. Chartaceous, having the thickness or texture of writing paper; most leaves are chartaceous. GLOSSARY. Choripetalous, petals distinct and free from each other; not united even at base. Chorisepalous, sepals distinct and free from each other. Ciliate, having the margin bor- dered with a row or rows of hairs. Circiniate, rolled into a coil from the tip. Circumscissile, splitting at the middle with the upper part falling away like a lid. Claw, the narrow or petiole-like base of a petal, as in the Pinks. Cleft, with sharp lobes. Coast Ranges, the chains of mountains with north and south trend lying between the Pacific Ocean and the Sacra- mento and San Joaquin Val- leys; North Coast Ranges, the ranges lying north of San Francisco Bay; South Coast Ranges, the ranges lying south of San Francisco Bay; inner Coast Ranges, the ranges bounding the great valleys on the west; inner North Coast Range, the Vaca Mountains and their northerly prolonga- tion; inner South Coast Ranges, Mt. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton Ranges and southward; outer Coast Ranges, the ranges lying next to the Pacific Ocean; middle North Coast Ranges, the ranges lying between the inner and outer ranges, partic- ularly the Napa Mountains and their northerly prolonga- tion, the Mayacamas Range. Cochleate, shell-shaped or spiral. Commissure, the plane by which the flattened faces of the two carpels in Umbellifere cohere. Commonly, a species commonly has a certain character when the great majority of the indi- GLOSSARY. viduals met with display such acharacter. See Mostly. Complete flower, one which has all the four circles, sepals, petals, stamens, and pistils. Compressed, flattened on the sides or laterally: compressed pod in Cruciferae, flattened parallel to the partition; com- pressed achenes in Composite, flattened contrary to the plane of the bract; compressed fruit in Umbelliferx, flattened par- allel to the plane of the com- missure. See Obcompressed. Concolorous, of one color. Conduplicate, folded flat, so that the folds or sides lie face to face. Convolute, rolled inwards from one side to the other. Cordate, heart-shaped with the notch at the base. Coriaceous, leathery in texture and stiffness. Corolla, the circle of petals in a flower, found outside the sta- mens and within the calyx. Corymb, pedicels of unequal length, the lower longer so as to form a flat cluster. Cremocarp, the fruit of Umbellif- ere, composed of two achene- like carpels joined together by their flattened faces but which at maturity separate. Crenate, with rounded or blunt teeth. Cuspidate, tipped with a cusp or short hard point. Deciduous, falling when ripe or after the function has been performed; a corolla is decidu- ous when it falls after anthe- sis; deciduous trees shed their leaves in autumn. Decompound, several times com- pounded. Decumbent, lying on the ground 575 but tending to rise at the summit. Decurrent, where the edge of the leaf runs down on the stem forming lines or wings. Decussate leaves or branches, op- posite but each pair placed at right angles or over the inter- vals of the pair above or below. Dentate, toothed with the teeth standing directly outward. Denticulate, dentate with fine teeth. Di-, a prefix to Greek words, two or twice. Diadelphous, stamens united into two sets. Dichotomous, branching or fork- ing with the two divisions nearly equal. Dilated, widened or broadened, applied to flattened or wing- like structures. Dimorphic, of two kinds differ- ing in structure. Dicecious, with stamens and pis- tils in different flowers on dif- ferent plants. Dissected, several times cleft into small segments. Distichous, in 2 ranks or rows. Distinct, parts in the same circle, not united; as ‘‘stamens dis- tinct,’’ separate from each other. Divided, cleft quite to the base, or to midrib. Dorsal, relating to or borne along the back. Emarginate, with a sharp notch. Emersed, growing up out of or raised above the water. Endosperm, starch or other re- served food stored with the embryo in the seed. Entire, margin not toothed or indented. Equilateral, equal sided, or with the same number of parts on 576 aside; « pinnate leaf is equilat- eral when it has the same number of leaflets on each side of the rachis. dequitant, astride, as if riding, like the leaves of Iris. Evanescent, disappearing or fall- ing away very early. Evserted, protruding beyond the surrounding organ; exserted stamens protrude beyond the corolla. Eutrorse, turned outward. Falcate, sickle-shaped. Fascicle, a close cluster or bun- dle of roots, stems, leaves or flowers. Fenestrate, areas ings. Fertile flower, one which sets fruit containing good seed; fertile stamen, the anther con- taining pollen. Fid or fidus, terminations mean- ing cleft or lobed, as 38-fid= 3-cleft. Filament, a thread, in case of a stamen the stalk supporting the anther. Fimbriate, fringed. Fimbriliate, diminutive of fim- briate. Fistulous, hollow. Flabellate, fan-shaped. rlexruous, more or less zigzag. Floccose, bearing locks or tufts of hair or wool. Foliaceous, leat-like. Foliolate, having leaflets; 3-foli- olate, with 3 leaflets, ete. Follicle, » dehiscent seed-vessel derived from a single carpel, as a pod of the Larkspur. Free, not united to another organ, especially when one circle of the flower is not united to another circle. Fruit, the matured or ripened with transparent or window-like open- GLOSSARY. ovary with all its appendages or accessory parts as well as contents. Fugacious, very promptly falling off or lasting but a short time. Funiculus, the stalk on which the ovule is borne in the ovary. Fusiform, thickest at or above or below the middle and tapering more. or less to each end. Galea, the long or helmet-like upper lip in the Mint and Fig- wort Families. Galeate, having a galea. Geminate, twin, ‘in pairs, two side by side. Geniculate, bent abruptly, like a knee. Gibbous, swollen or distended on one side. Glabrate, becoming glabrous. Glabrous, bald, not hairy. Glandular, bearing glands, or having a surface which ex- udes a sticky or viscid liquid. Glaucescent, somewhat glaucous or becoming so. Glaucous, whitened with a bloom. Glochidiate, bearing bristles barbed at the tip. Glomerate, compacted into a close cluster. Glomerule, a compacted or con- densed head-like cyme. Glumaceons, like the glume (bract) of grasses. Glutinous, with a sticky exuda- tion. Granulate, bearing granules or grain-like bodies. Great Valley, local name of the central Californian valley, in- cluding the Sacramento and San Joaquin. Gyno-diecious, having flowers on one plant pistillate, on another perfect. Gyneecinm, the name for a pistil or whorl of pistils of a flower. GLOSSARY, Gyno-monecious, having perfect and pistillate flowers on the same plant. ‘Habit, general aspect or hue of a plant, mode of growth. Halophyte, a plant growing in salty soils or alkaline soils, mostly succulent plants with thick or small leaves; the Pickleweed, Atriplex and Kern Greasewood are typical halophytes. Head of flowers, flowers in a glo- bose cluster, being sessile and collected at the same point on the peduncle. Herb, a plant without woody stem or parts, at least above- ground, Herbaceous, like an herb in ap- pearance or habit, or in tex- ture or color, as herbaceous sepals, meaning green and leaf- like. : Herbage, the vegetative parts (stems and leaves) produced in the season, not including the flowers or fruit. Hermaphrodite, having both pis- tils and stamens in the same flower. Heteromorphic, of 2 or more different kinds. : ; Hispid, with stiff or rigid hairs. Hispidulous, minutely hispid. Hooded, said of an organ which is curved or concave at the top like a hood. Hyaline, transparent, cent. Hydrophyte, a plant adapted to live in water or very wet soil, chiefly characterized by a thin epidermis, reduction or ab- sence of roots and reduction of the vascular system as in the Pond Lilies, Pond Weeds and Duck Weeds, or by succulence as in Arrow Head, or by tall translu- 39 577 unbranched stems with nar- rowly linear leaves, or leafless as inthe Bulrushes and Sedges. Hypogynous, with the parts of the flower under or free from the ge inserted on the recepta- cle. Imbricate, overlapping like the shingles on a roof so as to cover or break joints. Immersed, growing wholly under water. Incised, cleft or cut irregularly and sharply. Included, not protruding beyond the surrounding organ; in- cluded stamens do not protrude beyond the corolla. Incomplete flower, one which has not all of the four circles. Indefinite (number), variable or uncertain in number, or nu- merous. Indehiscent, said of fruits or pods which do not split by valves or pores. Indigenous, native to the region. Indument, with a close pubes- cece or coat of hairs. Indurated, hardened or becoming tough. Inequilateral, not equilateral. Inequilaterally distributed leaflets, the number on the two sides of the rachis not equal. Inferior, growing or placed be- low; inferior ovary, one more or less attached to or united with the calyx; inferior sta- mens or lip of corolla, i.e. with the stamens or lip on the lower side of the flower. Inflated, distended or bladdery. Inflexed, bent or turned abruptly inward. Inflorescence, a flower-cluster, or in particular the mode of ar- rangement of the flowers. 578 Innovations, in Graminez, barren shoots. Inserted, attached to or growing upon. Interior, the region of the Great Californian Valley (Sacramento and San Joaquin); interior plains, the plains of the Sac- ramento and San Joaquin Val- leys; interior hills, the foothills on the eastern and western sides of the Great Valley. Interior plants, found away from the sea; usually meaning the great Californian Valley or further inland, or at least the inner Coast Ranges. Inter-node, the portion of the stem between two nodes. Interrupted, not continuous and regular. Introrse, turned inward. Involucel, a secondary involucre, as that of an umbellet; a circle of bractlets. Involucrate, provided with an involucre. Involucre, a circle of bracts sub- tending a flower cluster. Incolute, rolled inwards both sides. Irregular, the parts not of the same size and shape. Keel, a longitudinal central ridge on the back of an organ, like the keel of a boat; the two lower petals of a pea-like flower which are joined into a keel-like body. Lacerated, irregularly but not necessarily deeply cleft or torn. Laciniate, cut or slashed into narrow divisions. Lamellate, composed of plates. Laz, loose. from thin Leaflet, one of the divisions of . a compound leaf. Legume, a 1-celled seed vessel, GLOSSARY. composed of a single carpel, which dehisces by both the ventral and dorsal suture into two valves. Lenticels, roundish spots on young bark which function as stomata. Lenticular, shaped like a lens. Ligneous, hard and woody. Tigule, strap-shaped body such as the ray in the Sunflower Fam- ily; in Graminez the exserted portion of the hyaline mem- brane lining the sheath. Limb, a border, the spreading part of a sympetalous corolla. Line, #5 of an inch. Linear, very narrow, with par- allel sides; 4 or 5 times as long as bruvad, or more. Lip, one of the two divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx. See Bilabiate. Littoral, growing near or under the influence of the sea. Lobe, a division of an organ, especially one which is rounded; leaf lobes are usually not deep; leaves may be lobed, parted or divided depending upon the depth of division. See Parted and Divided. Loculicidal, a capsule splitting longitudinally into the backs of the cells. Lodicules in Graminee, minute hyaline scale-like organs at the base of the stamens, whose function is the opening of the floral envelope at anthesis. Lyrate, shaped like « lyre, the terminal lobe of the leaf large and rounded with the .lower pairs smaller. Mammeform, breast-shaped or bearing breast-shaped promi- nences. Marcescent, withering but per- sistent, not falling off. GLOSSARY. Maritime, growing on the sea- coast. Mealy, as if covered with a fine ‘meal. Membranous or membranaceous, thin, soft, and more or less liuble like an animal mem- rane. Mericarp, one of the carpels or achene-like hulves of a cremo- carp, the fruit of the Parsley Family. Merous, parts or members, used in compounds; as 5-merous, having 5 parts. Mesophyte, a common type of plant growing under the most favorable conditions of soil and moisture, characterized as a whole by a lack of special adaptations and by a great and diverse development of the leaf surface; Maples, Al- ders, Oaks, Thorn Apples and Mustards are typical meso- pbytes. Monadelphous, into one set. Moniliform, like a necklace or string of beads. Monocephalous, bearing a single head; said of a stem or pedun- cle, especially a naked one. Monecious, with stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same plant. Montane, of or growing in the mountains. Mostly, used in describing char- acteristics of species in the sense of usually, but variable as to the individual; ‘‘ leaflets mostly 5,’? i. ¢., mostly 5 on the individual, but there may be more or less. “See Com- monly. Mucronate, tipped with a mucro or sharp but rather soft point. stamens united 579 Muricate, bearing rough and rather sharp excrescences. Muriculate, diminutive of muri- cate. Naked heads, without foliaceous or other bracts surrounding or concealing the involucre or head; naked stems or scapes, leafless. Nate, termination meaning di- vided, as 2-nute, 3-nate. Nerve, simple or unbranched vein, or a slender rib. Neutral, said of a flower having neither stamens nor pistils or at least without functional ones. Nigrescent, becoming blackened. Node, the place on a stem where a leaf is borne. Nut, an indehiscent fruit with a hard firm wall, resulting from a compound ovary. Nutlet, a diminutive nut, applied to a fruit derived from a simple ovary or to a compound ovary which splits up at maturity. Obcompressed, flattened on the anterior and posterior sides or fore and aft, instead of laterally or sidewise; obcompressed pod in COrucifere, flattened con- trary to the partition. Obcordate, inverted heart-shaped, with the notch at the apex. Oblique, unequal sided, as in leaves which are larger on one side than the other. Oblong, two or three times longer than broad and with nearly paral'el sides, or somewhat tapering to each end from the middle. Obsolete, imperfectly or scarcely at all developed, or abortive; é. g., the lower lip of a calyx is obsolete when it is obscure or not very distinctly devel- oped. 580 Obtuse, blunt or rounded. One-sided raceme, with the flow- ers all turned to one side; one- sided fruit, unequal-sided, etc. Opposite leaves or branches, two from each node, proceeding from opposite sides of the stem; ‘‘stamens opposite pet- als,’’? when the stamen is set before the petal. Orbicular, round or roundish. Orthotropous ovule, a straight ovule, one not inverted on its stalk. Palea, chaff-like pappus borne on the achenes of the Sunflower Family; in the Grass Family the upper of the two modified leaves subtending an individual flower. Paimate leaf, with the leaflets all borne at the apex of the common petiole, or with the divisions or sinuses of the leaf pointing to the petiole. Palmatifid, cleft so as to re- semble the outstretched fingers of the hand. Palustrine. living in a marsh or swamp. Panicle, a compound flower clus- ter, a raceme or corymb which is compounded by branching. Papillate, bearing minute nipple- shaped protuberances. Pappus, the modified calyx-limb borne on the achenes of the Sunflower Family, usually oc- curring as bristles, naked or plumose hairs, scales or chaff. Parietal placenta, a placenta borne on the wall of the ovary or fruit. Parted, cleft nearly but not quite to the base, or to the midrib. Pectinate, cleft into closely set divisions like the teeth of a comb. Pedate, palmately divided with GLOSSARY. the lateral divisions 2-cleft, thus resembling a bird’s foot. Pedicel, stalk or stem of a flower in a flower-cluster. : Pedicellate, having or possessing a small or short pedicel. Peduncle, stalk or stem of a flower or flower-cluster. Pedunculate, having a peduncle. Peltate, round, with stalk or peti- ole attached on the under side at the middle. Penicillate, with a tip or cluster of fine hairs or bristles. Perfect, having both stamens and pistils in the same flower. Perfoliate, where a stem seems to pass through or pierce a leaf. Perianth, the floral envelopes consisting of calyx or corolla or both; applied here chiefly to those flowers in which there is no marked differentia- tion into calyx and corolla. Perigynous, inserted on the calyx. Persistent, falling away very tardily or not at all. Personate, when the bilabiate corolla has a very prominent palate or elevation in the throat. Petal, one of the parts or di- visions of aw corolla, usually colored. Petiole, the stalk of a leaf. Petiolule, the stalk of a leaflet. Pinnate, with the leaflets ar- ranged along each side of a common petiole. Pinnatifid, cleft in a pinnate manner. Pistillate, provided with a pistil or pistils. Placenta, that particular portion of the ovary wall which bears the ovules; it is sometimes strongly differentiated. Plane, fat and even, without elevations or depressions; here GLOSSARY. used especially as opposed to concave, convex, revolute, etc. Plumose, finely and abundantly branched, like a plume. Polygamous, having perfect, pis- tillate and staminate flowers on the same _ individuals ees ee or on ifferent individuals (polyg- amo-dicecious). Posterior, the side bebind, in an axillary flower the side next to the axis; superior. Prickly, armed with prickles or short sharp hard outgrowths of the epiderms of leaves or stems. Prismatic, shaped like a prism, with flat faces separated by angles. Proliferous, bearing supplemen- tary flowering branches or shoots from or near the sum- mit or from the inflorescence, which surpass the stem or in- floresence. Prostrate, lying close along the ground. Puberulent, minutely pubescent. Pubescent, clothed with hairs, especially soft or downy hairs. Pungent, terminating in a rigid, sharp or prickly point. Pustulate, dilated. Quinate, borne in or divided into fives. Raceme, a flower cluster in which the flowers are borne along the peduncle on pedicels of nearly equal length. Racemose, like a raceme. Rachilla, in Graminew, the axis of a spikelet, on which the bractlets and pale, with their enclosed flowers,are borne. See Rachis. Rachis, the axis of a spike or raceme, the prolongation of the peduncle through the flower cluster; the axis or midrib of a 581 compound leaf or prolongation of the petiole; in Graminez the main axis and branches of an inflorescene, on which the spikelets are borne. See Ra- chilla. Radiate, in the Sunflower Family, the heads with ray-flowers or ligulate corollas. Radical, leaves are called radical when inserted so closely to the base of the stem as to appear to come from the root; or when arising from a rootstock or other underground organ. Rameal leaves, leaves borne on the branches. Ranks, successive rows. Ray, in the Parsley Family, one of the primary branches of an umbel; ray in the Sunflower Family, one of the marginal flowers bearing a ligulate corolla. Receptacle, in a flower, that por- tion of the stem on which the sepals, petals, stamens and pistils are borne; receptacle of the inflorescence is the axis of such a dense cluster as a head in the Sunflower Family. Refleced, bent or turned down- ward. Refracted, bent abruptly down- ward or backward from the base, as if broken, as a pedicel on its stem or peduncle. _ Regular, the parts in circle hav- ing the same size and shape. Reniform, kidney-shaped. Repand, witb slightly uneven margin. Reticulated, with a netted. Retuse, notch. Revolute, rolled backward from each side. Rib, a primary vein of a leaf. network; with a broad shallow 582 Rigidulous, somewhat rigid or stiff. Rootstock, prostrate or under- ground root-like stem, sending up from season to season herba- ceous shoots and bearing roots on the underside. Rostrate, with a beak or spur; narrowed into a slender pro- cess. Rosulate leaves, radical leaves spreading in a circle or rosette on the ground. Rotate, wheel-shaped; spreading flat or horizontally and circular in outline, Rudiment, an imperfectly devel- oped organ, a vestige. Rugose, having wrinkles. Runcinate, sharply incised with the teeth or incisions turned downward. Sagittate, shaped like an arrow- head. Samara, an indehiscent winged fruit like the key of a maple. Scabrid, slightly scabrous. Scabrous, rough to the touch. Scale, a small thin body, not at all or little green, commonly scabrous; in Graminex minute, hyaline, scale-like organs at the base of the stamens, whose function is the opening of the floral envelope at anthesis. Scape, a leafless flower-bearing stem arising from the ground. Scarious, thin, dry and _ not green, Scorpoid, said of a 1-sided in- florescence which is circinately coiled in the bud. Seurf, small, bran-like scales on the stem or leaves. Secund leaves or flowers, inserted on (or turned to) one side of the stem. Sepal, « leaf or division of the calyx. GLOSSARY. Septal, relating to a septum. Septicidal, a capsule splitting be- tween the partitions of the cells. Septum, a partition in an ovary or fruit. Sericeous, silky with straight soft hairs. Series, successive rows. Serrate, toothed or saw-like, with the teeth turned forward or up- ward. Sessile leaf, leaf without a petiole and the blade seated directly on the stem; sessile ovary, one without a stipe. : Set, a cluster or collection of organs of the same kind; stamens may be disposed in several clusters or sets. Setaceous, bristle-like. Setose, beset with bristles. Sheath, in Graminez, the basal portion of the Jeaf, which usualy enwraps the stem. Sheathing, where the base of the blade or expanded petiole com- pletely encloses or sheathes the stem for some distance above the node. Sierras, short phrase for Sierra Nevada Mountains, used not only in western botanical liter- ature but also in the general literature and poetry of Cali- fornia. Silicle, a short silique not much longer than wide. Siligue, a 2-celled capsule, several times longer than wide, the valves splitting from the bot- tom. Simple, unbranched or without branches; leaves are simple when the blade is composed of one piece; simple pistil, of one carpel. Sinuate, with a recessed margin. GLOSSARY. Sinus, with a recess or indenta- tion, literally a bay. Smooth, not rough, opposed to scabrous, echinate, etc. Sordid, of 2 dull or dirty hue. Spadiz, a spike with a fleshy axis, Spathaceous, spathe-like. Spathe, a bract enclosing a flower cluster. Spicate, in the form of a spike. Spike, a flower cluster in which the flowers are sessile and more or less densely arranged along the peduncle. Spikelet, a secondary spike; the flower-cluster of Grasses. Spine, a sharp-pointed hard woody organ. Spinescent, ending in a spine or sharp rigid point. Spinose, furnished with spines, as the involucral bracts in the head of a Thistle. Spur, a slender and hollow ex- tension or prolongation of some part of a flower, as the petal of au Columbine or calyx of a Larkspur. Squamella, » diminutive scale. Stalk of a leaf, the petiole. Stamen, one of the male organs of the flower. Staminate, provided with or con- taining stamens but no pistils; said of a flower or plant. Staminodium. a sterile stamen, usually one in which the anther is wholly obsolete and the fila- ment much developed or di- lated. Stellate, with rays like those of a star, star-shaped. Sterile, barren; a stamen without anther or an anther without pollen; « flower without a pistil or with imperfect pistil; ovary without good ovules. Stigma, the receptive part of the 583 style which secretes « sticky or viscid substance. Stipe, stalk by which the ovary or fruit is raised above the receptacle. Stipels, stipules of the leaflet. Stipules, small supplementary or- gans or appendages of the leaf, borne in pairs at the base of the petiole. Stoloneferous, bearing stolons. Stoma, mouth-like opening, like the partly opened lips. Stramineous, straw-like or straw- colored. Striate, marked with longitudi- nal lines, grooves or ridges. Strict, close or narrow, closely upright and straight, not spreading. Strigose, with straight appressed hairs or bristles. Strophiole, an appendage near the hilum of seeds, as in the Bean. Style, the contracted or slender portion of a pistil between the ovary and stigma, Stylopodium, the enlargement or disk-like expansion at the base of the style, as in Umbellif- ere. Nub-, prefix, meaning somewhat, or nearly or below, depending upon the context. Submerged or submersed, grow- ing under water. Subulate, awl-shaped. Suceulent, juicy or fleshy. Suffrutescent, somewhat woody at ase, with a persistent woody portion above ground. Suffruticosc, somewhat shrubby or shrub-like. Superior, growing or placed above; superior ovary, one free from the calyx; superior sta- mens or superior lip of corolla, 584 the stamen or lip on the upper side. Symmetrical, with the same num- ber of parts in each circle of the flower throughout. Sympetalous, petals more or less united into one piece, so that one can not be taken away from the rest without tearing. Synsepalous, sepals more or less united. Taproot, asingle and often strong root descending perpendicu- larly into the earth. Teratological, relating to mon- strosities or malformations. Terete, round. : Ternate, occurring or divided into threes. Throat, the upper expanded por- tion or orifice of the corolla- tube. Thyrse, a close or contracted ovate panicle. Thyrsoid, resembling a thyrse. Tomentose, covered with soft or woolly hairs. Trichotomous, forking, with the three divisions from the same point and nearly equal. Trifid, 3-cleft to the middle or somewhat more or less, Tripinnate, thrice piniate. Triquetrous, 3-sided. Truncate, cut off squarely at the end. Tuber, a very much thickened fleshy and more or less rounded underground stem. Tuberous root, when the root or its branches are thickened and fleshy. GLOSSARY. Tubular, shaped like a tube or hollow cylinder. Tufted stems, short, close, and several or many together from the same stock. | Turbinate, top-shaped. Turgid, distended or inflated. Umbel, branches nearly equal and proceeding from the same point, so as to form a flat- topped cluster. Umbellet, one of the secondary “umbels of a compound umbel. Umbilicate, depressed in the cen- ter. Undulate, with strongly wavy margin, so that the leaf is not flat. Unguiculate, furnished with a claw. Unisexual, flowers containing pistils only, or stamens only. Vein, in a leaf,a branch of a secondary rib or nerve. Ventral, relating to or borne on the face. Ventricose, distended or swollen on one side and not on an- other. Versatile, swinging, turning freely on its support. Vitiform leaves, grape-vine-like. Xerophyte, a plant adapted to live in dry soil, on the desert, in sand or on rocky ridges, chiefly characterized by great thickening of the epidermis, condensation of the plant body, or reduction of the leaf surface. Cactus, Nuttall’s Ceanothus, Manzanita, and Pickeringia are typical xerophytes. INDEX ADEGHIB: -8.3 Gf “ae hel ose 183 latifolia. 2. 2... . 1838 umbellata 4-4 ws 183 Acena .... pom . 284 trifida eae . 284 Acanthomintha . . 461 lanceolata. ... ... 461 Acer. ...... , 251 circinatum . .. . 252 glabrum i . 252 macrophyllum. ..... 252 Negundo var. Californicum 252 Aceracee ... . . 251 Achillea . . 2... . 514 millefolium ..... 514 Achyrachena .... . 539 mollis... ate . 539 Achyrodes aur eum... 65 ACtBA ge ele a . 202 spicata var. arguta. . . . 203 Adenocaulon . . 553 bicolor . . 658 Adenostegia . . 416 maritima . .. 417 mollis 417 pilosa : . 416 Pringlei .. 416 rigida . 416 Adenostoma . Peat fasciculatum i we et Adenostyles Nar dosmia , . . 510 Aisculus . . . . 251 Californica , 251 Agoseris 499 apargioides . . 500 grandiflora . . . 500 var. intermedium. 500 heterophylla. . 500 hirsuta . .-. . . 500 intermedia . 500 major. 499 plebeia 500 Tetrorsd:. se x 4 ee we a 500 Agrimonia . - . . 283 Eupatoria, ©... gyrosepala. . . . Agrimony..... Agropyron.., . 2... ! arenicolum. , ,.... repens var. tenerum Richardsoni. . . . tenerum. scabrum. Agrostemma. Githago. Agrostidez. Agrostis, . 2... ah ae alba var. stolonifera. asperifolia. densiflora. .. 1... densiflora var. arenaria . Diegoensis Carat «sc a x stolonifera verticillata eapillaris . . . . caryophyllea danthonioides elongata holciformis Alchemilla arvensis. Alder Red . White Alfalfa . aeage Alfilerila. |... ANSON. ie. gS) og Plantago Alismacer ....... Allenrolfea . 7 occidentalis . . . . Allium var. monospermum Bolunderi. ...... 585 586 INDEX. Breweri. .. 2... . 120 | Ambrosiee, . .. . 488, falcifollum ..... .119 | Amelanchier ,.. lacunosum ., ..... 120 alnifolia . .. ow... monospermum .,... 120 |) Ammannia ...... serratum ,.... . 120 coccinea ,. 1... unifolium . . . 119 humilis, ,.... Allocarya . . . 441 | Ammi ..... Californica ....... 448 majus .. .. var. stricta . . , 448 | Ammophila. ... var. subglochidiata . 443 arenaria Chorisiana . . 442 arundinacea . . diffusa . . 443 |; Amole ..... 1... Greenei. . . 448 | Amorpha, .... humistrata . 2... 448 hispidula . . . . . mollis var. vestita . . 442 ; Amsinckia salina ., . . 442 collina stipitata . 448 echinata . 2... SPICER: nk ee we . 448 grandiflora trachycarpa . . . 448 intermedia WOSTIEG! 8g. sg. Gy, a> 442 lycopsoides Allotropa virgata . 367 spectubilis. . . ANUS eg. 4 ay ee 139 tesselata .. 2... Oregana .. 1... 189 | Anacardiacee . . , rhombifolia 189 | Anagallis., . 2... rubra. 2. 189 arvensis ...4.., tenuifolia , 140 | Anaphalis . 2... Alopecurus . . 40 Margaritacea saa & Californicus , 4] var. occidentalis . . , 5 geniculatus . . . 41 | Andropogon ..,..... var. aristulatus 41 Sorghum 5 var. fulvus 41 var. Halepensis var. robustus 41 | Andropogonez pratensis . 40 | Androsace 2 Alum Root . . . 271 septentrionalis , Alyssum. . 226 | Anemone ealycinum 226 GHAYt ee es cw maritimum .... . 226 nemorosa var. Grayi . a4 Alyssum, Small... 226 quinquefolia var. Grayi . Amapola ....... . 207 | Anemopsis hea Amarantacee . , 172 Californica ..... Amaranth ..... 178 | Angelica . . Amaranth Family . . 172 Californica » 2. kk, Amaranthus ,....., 178 Hendersoni albus 2 he ves 178 tomentosa, . . Californicus, ..,.., 1738 var. Californica : deflexus . 178 var. elata - retroflexus 173 | Angiospermz wa Ambrosia, ....., 545 | Anthemidesx . 485, psilostachya., . 2 1... 545 | Anthemis e 645 . 287 . 288 . 824 INDEX 587 Cotula . 2... 0.0; 514 Andersoni. ....... 871 Anthoxanthum ...,., 36 PlAuCa: 2 aoe cla ek ce 372 odoratum Shee Ee ey oy Dae 386 Manzanita ....... 871 Antirrhinum . .. 896 nummularia, . .. . 370 Brewert . 2.0.44. 897 Stanfordiana 871 glandulosum ... 2... 396 tomentosa, . . . 371 strictum 2... 397 | Arenaria 167 vagams .... 2... 896 Californica 168 var. Bolanderi, . . 897 Douglasii . 2... 1. 168 var. Breweri 897 macrophylla ...... 168 A :<: re 396 paludicola 168 Aphyllon. 2... 420 palustris . 2... 168 Californicam 421 | Aristolochia , 364 comosum ....,., 421 Californica . 364 fasciculatum 421 | Aristolochiacer , , . 868 tuberosum 421 | Armeria 377 uniflorum 421 vulgaris 378 Apiastrum 848 | Arnica... : 511 angustifollum , ,.. . . 849 discoidea . . . 511 pias ee ee ee. 350 latifolia |. 511 -graveolens .. . . . . 850 | Arnica, Coast . . 2... 511 Aplopappus ericoides . . 559 | Arrhenatherum 54 lineartfolius . . . . 559 avenaceum ....,., 54 Apocynaces ......., 380 elatius ...... 54 Apocynum ...., . 8380 | Arrow-grass, Common 103 androsemifolium var. pumi- Slender. 108 IO. ga ee . 880 | Arrow-grass Family 102 cannabinum. . . . 381 | Arrow-head , 104 pumilwin o< es a eS 381 Common 105 vestitum . 881 Sanford , 105 Apple . 2... 287 Stockton 105 Aquilegia . 194 | Artemisia... 2... ., 516 truncata 195 BISNIS oo ce ds CS a 516 Arabis : ote . 218 Californica . . . . . 517 blepharophylla . 219 dracunculoides 517 Brewerl . « g0% 4.4 Ee @ 220 heterophylla . . 516 glabra... . 219 pycnocephala 517 Birsutay Ge eo as a 219 | Artichoke . 504 Lwdovieand. . 4.5.44 219 | Arundo, a % < & ROA 58 perfoliata... «a 219 Donaxe. © «| te'gt te 8. Vie b 59 Virginica .. . . 219 | Asarum aim 363 Aralia 7 Es . 889 caudatum ,.. 863 Californica ....... 339 Hartwegi . . . . 364 Aralia Family... . . . 339 Lemmoni. . 364 Araliacew. oo... . 389 | Asclepias . 2... . 382 ‘Arbutus: e:s3- °. ae eee £4 B72 Californica 384 Menziesii. 2... 1... 372 cordifolia . . 384 Arceuthobium occidentalis . . 366 eriocarpa ...... 383 370 Fremonti . ... 383 Arctostaphylos 588 INDEX Mexicana... ... 382 Californica ..... speciosa. . . . . . 883 cordulata . .. vestita . 2... 2s 383 coronata Asclepiadacez . . . 881 var, verna BX) | ae ar er a 385 depressa ee Oregon . oo 385 expansa. ...... Ash Family. . 2... 884 fruticulosa Asparagus ...... 128 hastata . 2... officinalis... ... 128 leucophylla . . . . Aspen ...., wee» 189 nodosa Asperella. .. 2... 81 patula Californica ..... 81 spicata - s Asprella Californica 82 var. Lagunita . 7 Wt |) re aN 565 trinervata, . . Chilensis ... ... 566 wernad. . 2. ‘ var. invenustus 566 | Atropis Californica var. lentus 566 Fendleriana. ... var. media 566 | Audibertia grandiflora . var. Sonomensis . 567 humilis, ...... exilis:. 6 4 ¢ 2. #5 567 polystachya .. . invenustus ..... 566 stachyoides lentus . ... . 566 | Avena Menziesii . . aos 566 barbata . radulinus . .. . 565 elatior Sonomensis . . . 667 fatua ..... ABER ya gra 565 var. glabrescens . Broad-leaved . 565 sativa Common ....... . 566 | Avenee. , Purple... . 566 | Avicularia ..... Slender. |. 567 | Azalea... 2... Aster Tribe 553 Western ..... TASteree: ca ee eee 558 | Agulea. . ... Astragalus Sea 290 | Baby Blue Eyes . Breweri. ..... . 291 | Baccharis., . . . . Clevelandi eraGh depres 293 Douglasii . “Crotalarie .... 292 pilularis didymocarpus .... 291 viminea . 2... Douglasii . . . . 292 | Beria .,.... f leucophyllus . 291 CATING 4 y-y os 4-4 & Menziesii . . . . 292 chrysostoma. . . . nigrescens . 291 Fremonti . . . oxyphysus 292 gracilis. . 2... pyenostachys .. . . 292 hirsutula . tener... 2. . 291 macrantha Athysanus ......, 224 maritima ...... pusillus, .... 0... 224 microglossa ,...... unilateralis . .. . . 224 platyearpha, . 2... ACTIPICK 4 5G a ka oe we 177 tenella .... 0. bracteosa » . lw ww 180 uliginosa . 2) Te INDEX, Balm... 462 | Berberidacex , a xt Balsam Root ...... 2, 540 | Berberis |... 1... Balsamea. . 2. 1... 327 dictyota . 2... Balsamorrhiza. . . 2... 540 nervosa - ste Bolanderi, ..... 540 pinnata, . www, deltoidea . 540 | Bergia Hookeri . 540 Texana.... Baneberry 202 Bermuda-grass Barbarea .. . . . 220 | Berula ... ...... vulgaris 220 CPCCEM (35 Jo caas Sots apa Baeberrye 5.086 ccs cae eo cay Sie 203; Beta ........ California, . . . . 204 vulgaris 2... 1 a a Barberry Family . . 203 | Betula Barley-grass . 82, 83 glandulosa ~Gussoni’s. . . . . 88 occidentalis Meadow 82 | Betulaces. . Seaside . . . 83 | Bidens Barley Tribe 72 CONUS 2 ee a Barnyard-grass 31 chrysanthemoides Bartonia 823 var. Nashii . Bastard Oats 58 frondosa ..... Bay Berry ........ 146 levis . Bay, Sweet... 2... 146 Nashii Bay Tree. 5 ¢ «2 ae 191 | Big Root . Beach-grass . . . . 47 | Big Pree 4s sda & Se Bear Brush . 863 | Bigelovia arborescens. Bear Grass... 2... 38, 123 veneta . 2... Beard-grass ........ 41 | Bilberry ....... Tawny ....... 42 | Bindweed... "WAGERS sree Sid: Oe 42 Black Beard’s-tongue, Bush 401 Common Beckmannia ...... 57 Hedge ..... eruceformis. ...... 57 | Biolettia riparia... ... Bedstraw ... 1... 467 | Birch. . 2... Sweet-scented ..... 468 | Birch Family ote Beet. a ec a GS eS 175 | Bird’s Eyes . . Beggar-ticks. . . . . . 544 | Birthwort Family . eee ee Bellardia Trixago . . 417 | Bitter-cress . . Bell-flower ........ 477 | Bitter Dock... Bell-flower si A 476 | Bitter Root ..... Bellis 564 | Blackberry, Common perennis A 564 | Bladder Campion Bent, Creeping . 43 | Bladderwort ....... Sea. .... ot. 43 | Bladderwort Family... . Bent-grass 42 Blazing Star . _ Reed... . .. 45 | Bleeding Heart San Diego... . 44 | Blennosperma..... Whorled 43 Californicum Bent-grass Tribe . 37 | Blepharipappus ...... 590 INDEX. carmosus . ww we ee 586 | Borage Family ...... 440 chrysanthemoides 5387 | Boraginaces 440 Douglasii. ...... . 588 | Boscbniakia, ....... 422 var. oligochetus . . . . 538 strobilacea .. 1... 422 elegans»... . 7 ew 586 | Bottle-brush, California 81 Fremonti. .... 538 | Bottle-brush-grass . .. . 81 gaillardiocides ...... 587 | Bowlesia .. 2... 2. 842 glandulosus . . . . 586 lobata: gue we es ko 342 var. heterotrichus . 586 | Box Elder ..... . 252 hieracivides . . . 2... 5387 | Boykinia .... 2.2... 269 hispidus 536 elata. . 269 nemorosus ..,..... 587 major . 269 TUULADS echo yvile ad WG 588 | Brassica ......... 216 pentachwtus, ...... 587 alba oo. 0. kes 217 platyglossus. . 2... 537 arvensis ..... 217 Blepharizonia. . . . £34 campestris ....... 216 lake: bee 8 eR ee ae 8 5385 mipTa. 4 ee 217 plumosa ........ 535 Sinapistrum., .. 2... 217 Blessed Thistle ..... 503 | Brevoortia ....... 114 Blite, Coast. ....... 176 Ida-Maia. . 1 ww 114 ICR a dam las Std Cat ay ae be 182 | Brickellia. .. 2... 2... 571 Blood-root . ..... 336 | Brickellia Californica. 571 Bloomeria ...... 118 | Bristly Ox-tongue ..... 492 AUTO oak ance hig » Geve, eh Ta 118 | Briza, 22 1 ee ew 64 Bloomeria, Golden . 118 maxima ........ 64 Blue Curls ..... 453 media gs 4s Woe & 64 Blue Dicks ..... 117 MINOP oe we 64 Blue-eyed Grass . . . 129 | Brodiwa capitata, ..... 117 Blue-grass, Kentucky 66 congesta 117 Bog Asphodel. ...... 124 grandiflora 117 Boisduvalia. 2... 1. 329 wwioides. . . . 117 bipartita 2... 2. 329 lactea, ,... 118 campestris ....... 830 LOO i ie ee tency ce 117 cleistogama . . 330 minor z 116 densiflora. ....... 829 peduncularis 118 var. imbricata . 330 terrestris .... 115 var. montanus. .... 330 volubllis 2... 116 glabella , 830 | Brodiwa ......... 114 BENICLOS ec, Rg ee 330 Golden... ... 0A. 117 Bolelia.. ..... 480 Harvest... ... 048. 116 concolor ........ 481 Twining: «<5. «6 4 4 as 116 var. tricolor. , . 481 White ..... 118 cuspidata ..... 481 | Brome, Nodding. ..... 71 elegans... . , ‘ ABO TF ROD ge sgossl ae ae cataa? ae aysss 71 humilis... 2... 482 Bot hk be a 71 insignis... 480 | Brome-grass. ....... 70 ormatissima ......., 481 | Bromus, .. ...... 70 pulchella .. 2... 0. 481 barbatoides ..... 52 CILCOLOT to oa, aks As Ge 481 carinatus 72 INDEX. 591 hordeaceus ....... 71 ) Calabazilla 319 var. glabrescens . 72 | Calais Kelloggit 494 LBVIpe’ og eek we 71 | Calamagrostis 45 marginatus . . . 72 Aleutica 46 maximus ..... 71 angusta. ......4. 46 Oa a a 72 fasciculata . 2... 47 rigdus ©. ...., 71 purpurascens 45 tubens 2.4602 ken a 71 rubescens . . .. . 47 Broncho-grass . . . .... 71 subflexuosa . 46 Brooklime 411 sylvatica 46 Brook weed .874 | Calandrinia ...... 185 Broom-rape , . . 420 Brewerl. .. 2.2... 185 Naked 2 ee 68a Gin 421 caulescens var. Menziesii . 185 Broom-rape Family . 420 Menziesi . 2... . 185 Brunella ........ 456 | Callichroa nutans . 538 vulgaris 5 wf 456 | Calliprora ixioides 117 Buck-bean .......2. 878 | Callitrichacer ... 2... 263 BUCKEYE 0 o Ce Ug Valeo te yang 251 | Callitriche 264 Buckeye Family. 251 marginata. . .. . 264 Buckthorn .......2. 253 palustris 264 Buckthorn Family... .. 253 | Calochortus... . . 110 Buckwheat Family 148 albus... .. 118 Bulrush, . ........ 86 amabilis 113 Olney’s yo ere: collinus . . 112 Panicled see eh ig OS lilacinus . 2... 1 ae 112 Salt-marsh .... . 87 luteus ..... 112 Bunch-berry .. . 361 Maweanus ....... 112 Panett, Feather 39 pulchellus, . . 2... . 113 Bunch-grasses dic (AmB aS taps 38 var. amabilis 113 Bur Clover ........ 318 splendens , 111 Bur Marigold . 543, 544 umbellatus 112 Smaller... .. . . 544 uniflorus .112 Bur-reed _...... us 96 venustus ........ 111 Broad-fruited ...... 96 | Calyecadenia. ....... 533 Greene’s ..... . 96 cephalotes. ... 1... 534 Simple . 2.44. 6 4 as 97 hispida... ... 534 Burning Bush, .. 1... 258 multiglandulosa. . . . . 584 Butter-and-eggs ...... 897 pauciflora . . 533 Buttercup . . 199 spicata. 4 aa 534 Common, ...... 200 truncata ...... 533 Lobb’s ...... 202 | Calycanthacese 190 Water ......... 202 | Calycanthus ..... 190 Buttercup Family . 198 occidentalis .. 2... . 190 Button Bush ....... 470 | Calypso ....... 138, 1384 Button Snakeroot 342 borealis. 2s wt es 184 Cacaiopsis . 2... 1. 510 Calyptridium ely hokeo we 187 Nardosmia 510 quadripetalum. ..... 188 Cakile (yp ew ee oso’ 216 umbellatuum...... 188 Americana .......- 216 | Camass Plant... .. 121 592 INDEX. Camassia 120 Deweyana 3 fe 92 Leichtlinii pee ae var. Bolanderi , Oe 92 Camelina ,... . 224 echinata 92 sativa . 224 festiva rs 92 Campanula... 477 globosa, . 91 angustiflora . . . . 478 glomerata. ... 91 exigua .. 0... wee 478 marcida, ........ 91 linneifolia ; 477 muricata var. gracilis 92 prenanthoides . . . . 477 nudata.. 2... 91 Scouleri 477 obnupta 91 Campanulacez 476 paniculata... ... 91 Campion 164 Pseudo-cyperus var. comosa 90 Canary-grass 88, 84 Sitchensis. .. 2... 91 Gnawed ..... 35 vesicaria ....... 90 Lemmon’s 35 | Carpet Weed ..... . 188 Purple? aise we 2% 36 | Carpet-weed Pe op a ABB Reed 36 | Carrot ‘ 848 SMAlE oa) glee ee ee 384 | Carthamus ...... 503 Southern... 2... 34 lanatum ..... 504 Canary-grass Tribe . 88 | Carum ....,. ... . 852 Canchalagua . , 879 Gairdneri. . . . 352 Candy-grass. . . . . 60 Kelloggii. .. 2... 352 Caper Family ......, 229 | Caryophyllacer ..... 168 Caper Spurge ..... 263 | Cascara Sagrada , . 264 Capparidacese . .229 | Castanea .. 2... 1. 145 Caprifoliaceze 470 chrysophylla ...... 145 Capriola Dactylon . 1... 56 | Castanopsis ee . . 145 Capsella , 228 | Castilleia . . . . , 411 Bursa-pastoris . 228 affinis’ 2 ssa wea 8 412 divaricata . 224 Douglasii . , 412 elliptica . . 224 foliolosa . 2... 2... 413 procumbens 224 Tatitolies 5g ot ae aca eS 412 Caraway 352 parviflora var, Douglasii 412 Cardamine . . . 222 BPlPAliS. oy Yeh we 412 cardiophylla . 222 stenantha . sa ~ 412 oligosperma . . . . 222 | Catch-fly ......., 164 Carduus callilepis 508 Sleepy se aw aoe & 165. candidissimus 509 | Catnep 455 crassicaulis . 2 ow, 606 | Cat’sHars, . 2... 2, 113 cymosus . 507 | Cat-tail —. 96 ‘fontinalis .. . . . 505 | Cat-tail Family SL iy da Se oe 95 hydrophilus . . . 507 | Caucalis . 848 occidentalis . 509 microcarpa 348 venustus 507 nodosa. 0 ge ee 348 Carex . 88 | Ceanothus ........ 254 aquatilis . 2... 91 erassifolius ...... 258: bifida 2... ...., 90 cuneatus 257 Brongniartii 91 dentatus 257 var. densa , 91 divergens . . 259: INDEX. 593 foliosus. . . . . . . . . 256 glabriuscula. . 2... . 525 TNCADUS 9. fie Seog a ke og 257 gracilenta, .... 526 integerrimus ..... . 256 heterocarpha ..... . 525 Jepsonii . 2... . . 258 Vamos og ag es sos 525 papillosus, . 2... 257 Nevadensis ... 0...) (525 Parryi ...... = ©. . 256 | Chetochloa, .... 32 prostratus. . 2... 258 sauces os ses wa. 6188 var. divergens . . .258 | Chamisal .. 2 2... 277 purpurea ....... .258 | Chamiso ..... oe, SUT TIGIQUS ok gta ue ea oN 258 | Chamomile ......, . 514 sorediatus. ..... 257 | Charlock . . 2... 0... 217 thyrsiforus ....... 256 Jointed. ........ 218 velutinus ........, 255 Checker-bloom, Wild . . . 240 var. levigatus, . . 255 Chenopodiacexr eae alls Ceanothus, Nuttall’s . . 257 | Chenopodium ...... 175 Cedar .. ge) 1a 2F album 2... 0... (15 Celastracexr | . - *. 252 ambrosioides ..... .176 Celery, Common, . . . 850 anthelminticum . . . 176 Centaurea, . . . . wee ag DOZ Botrys ....... 176 Calcitrapa ee OU) Californicum.., . .) . .177 Melitensis, . 2... 502 multifidum .. . TT Salmantica . 2. 3. . . 508 murale ..... eee UG solstitialis. 2... 1. 503° rubrum. ; 2.522. 176 Centromadia ....... 692! | sCherty: 20 ee we as see 285 Hiteh 6 os eae a 532 Red Bok! Bae ray ee ae PORTPYU se we oe = 0 OBZ Chestnut Se eeuis erg, aa 145 pungens ..... ge OO | MONT: ong fe ia. B2 ack ee oa 459 var. Parryi . . . . . .5382 | Chickweed .... 2... 167 Cephalanthus ....... 470 Common, 2. ea hw 167 occidentalis . . ... . . 470 Wield. is. i: ge sa es . . 166 Cerastium, ........ 166 Mouse-ear. 2... 0... 166 arvense . ....... 166.) ‘Chicory. gee ws bom Ss 490 var.maximum .. . .166 | Chicory Tribe. .... 483, 490 pilosum. .. ....166 | Chimaphila . ... . 367 viscosum oe sw wy , 166 Menziesii Side: de as ee BOS Cerasus . wee. 285 umbellata, . 2... 2... 368 demissa . . . . . . . 286 | Chinese Houses ...... 399 emarginata . . . . 285 | Chinook Liquorice .. . . 316 ilicifolia 2. Lk, 286 | Chinquapin. ..... 145 Ceratochloa breviaristata , . 72 | Chloridee .. .,... 55 Ceratophyllacew .... . 191 | Chlorogalum . yey a 220 Ceratophyllum ... . . 192 angustifolium ... . 121 demersum. ...... 192 pomeridianum. .. . 121 Ceres: oy A ae ee 289 | Choke-Cherry, Western . . 286 occidentalis ...... 289 | Choripetale . se Sn a ba: ww LBS Gercocarpus. . ... .277 | Chorizanthe...... . 149 betulefolius. . . .. . 278 Clevelandi ... . -2l Chenactis .. . . . 624 cuspidata . -.. 261 Douglasti 2... 2... 525 | diffusa 2 ee 151 40 594 Douglasii., ..... 150 var. diffusa... .. . 151 membranacea ...... 150 pungens .,...... 151 robusta. .... . . . 150 uniaristata .. 0... 151 valida 22. 68 8 6 Ha 150 Christmas Berry. .... . 287 Chrysanthemum. , 515 Leucanthemum ..... 515 segetum .,.... 515 Chrysanthemum, Corn . 515 Chrysopsis ........ 557 echioudes »..... 557 Oregana ........ 558 Var. Ud ae vk gw 558 GUONS se cg BR ea A 558 sessiliflora . 558 WillOsae - sous: ese ge 557 var. Bolanderi, . .. . 557 var. echioides ..... 557 var. sessiliflora, . , . 558 Cichories, . . , . . . 483, 490 Cichorium ........ 490 Intybuas 3k aa ws 490 Cicuta inlets Ae) haan ane . 851 Bolanderi. . ...., . 851 Californica . . 1. 851 virosa var. Californica . , 351 Cirewa 2, 2 838 Pacifica. ke ee a a 838 Cirsium ...... 1. 504 Andrewsii ...... . 506 Breweri 2... 1. 507 Californicum ...... 508 callilepe 2... ..... 507 Coulteri . 2... 508 erassicaule » ... 1... 506 edule. . a te 506 fontinale . 2... . . 505 hydrophilum . ue 507 lanceolatum . ...... 505 occidentale . . 509 quereetorum . . . . . . 507 remotifolium .... . . 508 Cistaceew 2... 1... 238 Clarkia. , 2. 00 J 331 Breweri . see ee , 882 concinna 832 elegans .,.... grandifiora rhomboidea . .. . Xantiana ..... 1. . 882 Claytonia diffusa, . . . . . 187 gypsophiloides . ..... 186 nubigenad 2... ee 186 perfoliata... 7 2... 186 UUUTIED 5. gs ag OS de ek 186 spathulata»... a. 187 Cleavers Se 463, bees ee Gee 467 Clematis ...., 7 . 197 lasiantha ..... . 197 ligusticifolia, . ..... 198 Clematis, Hill. 198 Large-flowered. ..... 197 Cleomella. ....... . 229 obtusifolia. . 2... 1. 229 Clintonia. ...... « 125 Andrewsiana, .... . .125 uniflora, . . . , . 126 Clot bur, Spiny... .... 547 AQIOVERS. 4.4 eign ee we 304 Reds s- j-we e ie ela 307 Sour Ae Gee a . . 310 Sweets .u6 ee % a wv 812 Club-rush, ........ 86 D Watts si ec ca la De 87 SIGNGER a. gg seve ve ay ae 86 Cnicus.. . 2... 5038 benedictus. ....... 503 Cnicus Andrewstt . . . . . 506 Brewer. ge 4 eR Oe 507 Californicus. . 2... 508 edulis. 2.2... 506 quercetorum.,...... 507 remotifolius .... . . 508 Cockle Bur... .. 2... 546 Coffee Berry... ..... 254 Coleosanthus, ,.. 1... 571 Californicus , , . 671 Collinsias goa, Go ao eta ee 398 rr re 398 bartsiefolia . . 2... 899 BIGOION. se oS ee 4 399 Franciscana , . 899 Greenel., nce wae ss 400 sparsiflora, . . . . . . 898 var, arvensis... ... 898 INDEX 595 var. Franciscana, . . .899 | Cornel ......, 360 tinctoria. . 2... 399 | Cornus... 1. 360 Mollomia, . 2. . 423 Californica . 2... 361 gilioides, 2... 425 Canadensis . .... . . 861 gracilis... , 425 labrata . 2... 0, 361 grandiflora, . . 2... 428 Cites: et yet Aa ote, Be 861 heterophylla. . . . . . , 424 Greeneti. ...... . . 862 Coltsfoot, Sweet... . 509 Nuttallii 2... 2. 361 Columbine. . 2... 2. 195 pubescens var. Californica. 361 Composita, .... 2.4 482 sessilis . ......, , » eel Conifere. . . . 1... sag 18 ROPRCWI: i Ger oko dn 862 Conium, . . 1, 849 | Coronopus ...... , 228 maculatum a Gee og OO didymus Sts fe 229 Convolvulacess. . . . 885 Ruet a go -5 ae es hd he 229 Convolvulus. .. 2. 1, 886 ; Corylaceee ..,.....«: 140 ARVENSIS eS BiG a vb 888 | Corylus.........., 140 limnophilus ...... 387 rostrata var. Californica 140 luteolus 2... 2... 387 | Cotton-batting Plant. . . . 552 var. purpurascens , , 388 | Cotton-sedge. .... 2... 88 var. Solanensis. 388 Slender. 24463 ss i 88 pentapetaloides . . . . . 888 | Cottonwood. ....... 138 sepium ..... : . 887 Balsam . . . . . . 189 Soldanella, . 2... 886 Blake oi ee . 188 subacaulis. . . . . . 887 Common fe = 138 Villostisc.. 2-25 25 Gh es 887 | Cotula seeiey ay es 517 Copade Oro, ...... 207 australis . 2... 08. 517 Corallorhizaa, ...... 184 coronopifolia ...... 518 Bigelovii ......2. 184 | Cotyledon. ... 2... 266 multiflora, . 2... 134 cxspitosa .. ... 267 Coral-root. ....... 134 var. paniculata . . . . 267 Cord-grass. .... 2... 56 farinosa. 2. 2... . 266 Cordylanthus maritimus 417 1) <: aa ne eee ener! 267 mollis. ....... 417 var. Setchellii . . 2... 267 pilosus . 2... 416 Plattiana . 2... 267 Corethrogyne ......, 568 | CowHerb.......... 164 cespitosa ...... . .565 | Cow Parsnip ...... . 360 Californica . ... . 565 | Crab Apple, Oregon . . 287 var.obovata. .... .565 | Crabgrass ........ 81 Californica . . . . . . 665 | Cranesbill. 2. 2... 2. 246 filaginifolia , 2... 664 | Crantzia eee ee 2 858 leucophylla ...... 564 lineata ........ . 858 obovata ........ 565 | Crassulaceo, ..... 264 viscidula , ..... . .664 | Crategus..... 0.0 287 var.Greenei, . .. . . 564 rivularié: . 5 gk a 8 287 Corn Cockle, . . ... . . 166 | Cream-cups........ 205 Corn Gromwell . ... . 441 | CreamSacs..... . 415 Corn Speedwell .. ... .411 | Crepis .. 2... 2... 499 Corn Spurrey ..... beat occidentalis Beis) ee AIO. Cornacez 360 VITEDS go koe eA Aw 4S 499 596 INDEX. Oressiy ons Sgud el aig 888 | Cypress. ..... 25 Oretica ss, 33.6. sof oe we & 888 GOWel (oe a owe ae 25 Cress, Hoary ....... 226 McNab......... 25. Croton: <2 3 ee ee eB 261 Monterey. ...... 26 Californicus., . ..... 261 | Cypripedium ,..... 180 Crucifers .......4. 210 Californicum ,..... 181 Cryptanthe ..... am we montanum ....... 131 ambigua ...... 444 | OCypselea Raprerre (1!) flaccida. .... 7 . 445 humifusa........ 189 Jonesii . . 2. : .445 | Dactylis 2... 0... 64 leiocarpa . . . . 445 glomerata. ..... 65 micromeres ...... 445) | Daisy 3 i.e ee 6 564 microstachys ..... . 445 Seaside eae 568 muriculata 444 | Danthonia ........ 55 Torreyana ..... . 446 Californica . 2... 55 Cucurbita . i heaps: aeacrar Oe” | Daal, ao @ ae cee Se-Goal. 42 us 75 foetidissima ..... 319 Poison... ...... 75 palmata ......4.. 819 | Datisea. . 2... . . a21 Cucurbitacew .... 2. 319 glomerata. ....... 321 Cudweed ...... . . . 550 | Datisca Family . . . . . . 821 Lowland ..... . 551 | Datisea, . 2 1, w 821 PUPDIC: fe ye ee ey ae Se ws 551 | Datura... ...., 391 Cupressus. 2... we, 25 meteloides ......., 892 Goveniana ....... 25 Stramonium. , 892 Macnabiana. ...... 25 Pata ose sag Val hs 892 macrocarpa ......., 26) Daucus. . 3 bake ees 347 Cupulifere ... 1... 141 Carota .. 1... a6 848 Currant... 2... . 272 pusillus, .. . . 847 Flowering ....... 278 | Deer-weed ........, 804 Guscuta : ss Se ee eS 888 | Delphintum. ....... 195 arvensis. ....... 389 Californicum ...... 195 Californica . ..... . 889 decorum .,,...... 196 Salin@: 2 6. kw ew . 889 hesperium. ....... 196 subinclusa . . » . , 889 Menziesii . .. . . 197 Cycladenia . .. . a we 4 BSL nudicaule. ....... 197 humilis, 2... , ». . . 881 recurvatum ,...... 196 Cynara. 2.6 sk ws ‘ , 504 variegatum ...... . 196 Scolymus . . , 604 var, apiculatum . . . . 196 Cynareze 484, 502 | Dendromecon ....... 206 Cynodon ......., . . 56 rigidum . tad we & = 206 Dactylon Seg . 56 | Dentaria Wiens 221 Cynoglossum 449 Californicea » 2... 6, 222 PANIC! > 2) <8 ox) eh cay ses Ger cs 450 ceardiophylla ....., , 222 Cyperaces ....... . 88 integrifolia . 2... 221 Cyperus ..... P . 84 var. Californica , 222 aristatus. . . . . . . . . 84 | Deschampsia ...... 50 diandrus var. castaneus , , 84 ealycina ......4.. 51 erythrorhizos ....., 85 elongata ........ 51 serrulatus 84 var. ciliata 51 INDEX. 597 var. tenuis: ... 61) Duckweed . 2.0.2.2... 97 holeiformis .. 2... . 50 Gibbous, ....... 98 Deweya Hartwegi . . . , . 350 Ivy-leaved ....... 98 Kelloggt .. 2... 350 Smaller... 2... 98 Dicentra ..... . .. .209 | Duckweed Family... .. 97 chrysantha ...... .210 | DuneTansy...... 516 formosa, . . . ... . . 210 | Durango Root. . .... . 821 Dichondra. . .... . .386 | Duravia ..... . . . 158 TRPOOS. ica ee ee 386 | Dutchman’s Breeches . . 209 Dicotyledons ..... ..185 | Dutchman’s Pipe . . . . 364 Diplacus ..... 1... 402 | Dyer’s Weed ....... 280 glutinous ,...... 402 | Echinocystis ...... 319 Dipsacew .......2.. 475 fabacea. 2 2... 320 Dipsacus 24 5 2b ek we 476 var. agrestis. . . . . 320 fullonum .... . .476 macrocarpa ..... . 820 sylvestris... .. . 476 Mare eo vee ee es . 320 DARGA, oo ae sas ee ge w 209 Watson. Le Se 321 occidentalis ....... 260 | Hclipta. ........ 540 Disporum . 6 6 ks ee VT iN ie BUD aos ag tay cd ae el PS 540 Hookerl «= 6 es sa 3 127 | Hel-grass ........- 101 Menziesii. 2... 1. 127 Pacific ... ... . 102 Distichlis . . 1... oa 63 Torrey'S: ee ke & 102 maritima... wee 63 | Elatinacee ........ 234 spicata... we 68 | Elatine. 2... 2. . 234 Ditch-grass . . . . . . 100 brachysperma ...... 234 Dock. i sy ww eek s x 166 Californicea . . 2... 234 Bitter gee sts ne 157 | Hider. 2 2. nk es 470 Curly . 286 64 .157 | Eleocharis ... 0... . 85 Fiddle ....... «157 acicularis ... 0...) . 85 Golden... 1... . 158 palustris . 2... . 85 Greets egies 157 | -Ellisia. 2 sa ca ew 3 435 Wrertern 2.6 4 «6 « « 4 156 chrysanthemifolia . . 485 Willow-leaved .... 157 membranacea .. . . . 485 Dodder : 6 si ees 388 | Elymus. ........ 76 Dodecatheon ...... B76 angustifolius . . a an 80) Henderson ,. , ss « 4 876 var. cespitosus . . . 81 patulum .......- 877 arenarius ...... 77 var. gracile... ... 377 condensatus. ..... 78 var. Bernalium ... . 377 divergens. ...... 80 Dogbane Family... . . 380 plaueus. 6k ay 78 Dog-fennel ... .., . 514 var. breviaristatus . . 79 Dog’s-tooth grass sp ee 8 var. Jepsonii ..... 79 Dog Violet... 2.0.4. 231 var.maximus ,... 79 Dogwood ........- 360 var.tenuis ...... 79 Nuttall’s 2... 2.04: 361 hispidulus .......- 79 Dogwood Family .. . - 860 pubescens... ...--. 78 Dormidera .......-- 207 Sibiricus .. 2... es 80 Downingia elegans»... 480 Sitanion 2... 81 pulchella ... 25s . . 481 triticoides., . 2... aa 18 598 Emex australis . .... . 156 Emmenanthe ..... . 489 penduliflora., .. . 2. 439 Enchanter’s Nightshade . 888 Encina ........ . 148 Epilobium ........ 327 adenocaulon var. occiden- tale en 827 Californicum ,..... 827 Franciscanum , . .. 328 holosericeum ,..... 828 minutum..... 04. 828 var. Biolettii ..... 828 var. foliosum . ... 328 obcordatum ..... 329 paniculatum ..,.... 828 spicatum ae BSS Watsoni ....... . 828 Epipactis 2... ..... 182 gigantea... 2... 132 Eragrostis ....... 59 hypnoides, .... 2... 60 MOOT i ie ee ee ee 60 MINOT” a. He BeBe ees 60 var, megastachya . . . 60 pocoides var, megastachya , 60 reptams »« 2... ee ewe 60 Eremocarpus ....... 260 setigerus . 2... . 8, 260 Ericaces 2... 1. 867 Ericameria... . 0... 559 arborescens ...... 559 ericoides . 2... 559 Erigeron ........., 567 angustatus ...... . 569 Canadensis ..... 567 foliosus . . . 568 glaucus... 2... 568 inornatus,...., . . 569 var. Bioletti. . . . . 569 var. viscidulus, . . . , 569 inornatus var. angustatus , 569 miser . , 569 Philadelphicus a de Ae 568 Detehelii x. se wow, ie 568 supplex.. 2 a yg ee ae 568 Eriodictyon. » 2... 440 Californicum 440 glutinosum ». ow... 440 INDEX, Eriogonum .... angulosum ,..,... compositum. ... 2... 153 dasyanthemum .,.. . 155 var. Jepsoni ..... 155 SPACE 9 ioe, SS aa et A 154 hirtiflorum ..,... . 161 latifolilum, ...... . 158 Nortont .6 oe we we . 155 NUGUM 22 kee ee 153 var. oblongifolium , . . 153 BAKAtHG cg Gos ae oe 154 stellatum ,......., 152 trachygonum 154 truncatum ..... 154 vimineum .,...... 154 var.caninum ,.,.,., 155 virgatum , 2... 155 Wrightii var. Reena 154 Eriophorum , 88 STAGIE 3s ou Sas te a Give 88 Eriophyllum ,...... 522 arachnoideum ,,... 528 confertiflorum , . . . , 528 idoneum ,..... . 624 Jepsonii ........ 523 lanatum var. grandiflorum. 524 stechadifollum ,.... 523 Erodium ,........ 247 BotrySy ys & © . 247 Californicum . ow... 247 cicutarlum ....... 248 macrophyllum .... . 247 var. Californicum , , . moschatum ne fe , Giryngium ». ei... armatum ,.,, articulatum . . «i i i « Californicum ...... 343 Harknessi . . . . . . , 844 petiolatum ..... 343 Vaseyi . 2... 343 Eryngo, Point Reyes | . 848 ViasCy Sion dk -aj oe 3 3438 Erysimum .,....... 218 asperume yoga eRe 218 Californicum . .. . . . 218 capitatum., . 2... . 218 grandiflorum —, . 218 Erythrea. . . Mublenbergii tricantha . Erythronium ....... grandiflorum ... Eschscholtzia . . . se 8 we a ee ambigua ..... ceespitosa . . 1 we. Californica . . 2... var.ambigua ..... var. compacta , var. crocea var. Douglasii . . . compacta . .... erocea . lk Douglasit . . rhombipetala Escobilla ........, Escobita, Common, . . Purple: ou a a ee Eucharidum ....... Brewert . . wwe ee cincinnum .. 1. Euclarkia. 2... Euonymus ‘occidentalis ...... Eupatories .. . Eupatory Tribe Euphorbia dictyosperma exigua ... hypericifolia Lathyris OCellata’ x 4a ee ey occidentalis ...... Peplus rugulosa ..... serpyllifolia. . 2... var. consanguinea . . . var. occidentalis . . . . var. rugulosa . Euphorbiacez Eusidaleea ...... Euthamia occidentalis Evax... acaulis caulescens var. humilis. . . . INDEX, 879 sparsiflora. ....... 379 | Evening-Primrose Family 879 | Evening Snow ...... 110 | Everlasting... .. : 110 California, . . 2... . 206 Réarly 4 we sss 208 Pink ook ¥% 44% 208 Small-headed ...... 207 | Everlasting Tribe . . . 488, 208 | Faculty Onions ... . 208 | Fairy Bells... . 207 | Fairy Lantern 208 | False Alum Root 208 | Fale Flax ........ 207 | False Hellebore .. . . 208 | False Loose-strife ‘ 208 | False Lupine ....... 503 | False Mallow ....... 414 | False Mitre-wort ..... 414 | False Pimpernel. . .. . . 831 | FalseSolomon’s Seal... . 382 | Fennel, Sweet, ...... 332 | Fescue, California... . . 831 Re ceases Sa) eM 253 Squirrel-tail. . 2... . 253 Western 570 | Fescue-grass 570 | Fescue Tribe 261 Festuca. 2... 2638 | Californica 263 5 denticulata . . . 262 microstachys 268 | var. ciliata . 263 | var. pauciflora . 262 MIYUPOS... eg ew 262 var. cilitia : 262 | var. sciuroides, . . . 263. ovina var.rubra . ww we 262 | rubra... ... 262 scabrella aes 262 sciuroides. . . 1... 262 | Festucewe .. ..... 262 | Ficoideew ........-- 260 | Field Chickweed ..... . 289 | Field Madder .. . 560 | Fig Marigold .. . 549 | Fig, Sea 549 | Figwort ia & 549 | Figwort Family. ..... 649 ' Filago .. 1... 600 INDEX. Californica . . 2... . 550 | Fringe-pod ........ 225 Galliea . . we 550 | Fritillaria, 2... 0... 107 Filaree..... 1. . 247 agrestis... & * © a es 109 Red-stemmed ...... 248 biflora . 108 Fimbristylis. ... . . . 86 coccinea... 1... . 108 OPUS. yk wh Ge eo es 86 lanceolata. . 2... . 108 miliaceh , « 6 4 a & bs 86 lanceolata var. gracilis . . 108 Finger-grass Tribe... . . 55 liliacea . .......2. 109 ibe tas ae eee ae | mutica, . .. 108, 377 FROG Psy o> eae cae? seincncee 20 var. gracilis, ..... 108 Fire-crackers, Ida May’s . . 114 plurifora; ae ees 107 - Fire-weed. . 2... . , 829 | Fritillaria Five Finger, .... . . 281 Pink: a ws . 107 Flag 5 ow ef wea ee . . 128 Scarlet a. x. sodas ge are 108 Blk 5 Sk BR we 243 White .. 2... =. 109 Blue . . ME AE Scene 243 | Fuller’s Teasel . ..... 476 Flax Family . ..... 248 | Fumariacew. . ... 2... 209 Fleabane ...... . 567 | Fumitory Family 209 Salt Marsh . .. 553 | Galingale 84 Flerkea ......., .248 | Gallum........, . 467 Douglasii : . 248 Andrewsii , 469 Flowering Fern... . =. 204 anglicum ow wk, 468 Foeeniculum ..... 354 Aparine . 468 vulgare... , 355 Bolanderi. ..... . 469 Forget-me-not. .... 441 Californicum ...... 469 Four-o’clock Family. . . . 183 Nuttallii . 2. 469 Foxtail, ...... . . 40, 838 Parisiense, . . . . 468 Bristly ao a wee a ee 33 CHICOINE 5 ee we ke we 468 California, . 2... 41 trifidum ...., . 468 Meadéw , 4s. 4 40 trilorum ,.... . 468 Wrater’ gs: os ac i 41 | Galium, California . . 469 Fragaria 280 Corn Pe Ne Hey Se . 468 Californica . 280 Wall 2 3G ws . 468 Chilensis ........ 281 | Garden Balm 462 Frmkeiiag .. . 2 4 4 ws 162.) Garrya . 2... 862 grandifolia . ......, 163 buxifolia rl . 863 Frankenia Family... . . 162 elliptica ae antaeneresy 362 Frankeniaces . .. . 162 | Fremonti , .., 363 Franseria . . , .. 546 | Garryacem . . .. ll, 362 bipinnatifida 546 | Gastridium . .... 44 Chamissonis , . , 546 owsivale, . . 6 a « 45 Frasera , . . 378 lendigerum ... 45 nitida 378 | Gaultheria 373 speciosa. . . . . 378 Shallon, . ..., 873 Fraxinus . . . 385 | Gayophytum 325 dipetala _385 | Gentian . . ., 2 378 Oregana 385 | Gentian Family . . . 378 Fremontia 236 | Gentiana ~ . 378 Californica 236 Oregana 379 INDEX. 601 Gentianaces eee 6 B78 | Glyceria pauciflora 68 Geraniacew . . . . . . . . 245 | Glycyrrhiza . . 298 Geranium, . , .. . 246 lepidota var. glutinosa . , 293 Carolinianum ...,.., 246 | Gnaphalium 550 dissectum. ..... . . 246 Chilense ...,...., 552 molle. ......., . 246 decurrens var. Californi- parviforum..,..... 246 CUNT My ay Sek 551 pilosum . 2... . . 246 microcephalum 551 Geranium, Carolina . » « 286 palustre .,.,. . 651 Common Nd . . 246 var.nmanum ,..... 551 Geranium Family : . 245 purpureum . . 661 Gilla.. . ge we ee a 424 ramosissimum 4 bb achillesfolia , 426 Sprengelti . . . -, 552 ambigua 2... . 480 | Godetia, 2 7 2, 332 atractyloides 428 albescens bea Bw BOF capitata. 2... . 426 var. micropetala . . . . 334 ciliata . 482 AMONM a ee 338 cotulzfolia . 427 var. concolor . 884 densifolia = ..... 427 biloba ..... 0... 383 dichotoma......, . 480 epilobioides . . 338 gilioides 2... 2... 425 lepida .. 1... . 885 pracilisy. 2 0k bw 425 var. Arnotti . 885 heterodoxa . 428 micropetala .... . . 834 intertexta . 427 quadrivulnera . 334 latiflora, .......4. 426 var. tenella . 384 -leucocephala ...... 427 tenella . . . as 334 linifora ... 1... , 480 | Gold Fields... . : oe . 619 melita oS Gliese ae 428 | GoldenEges ..... 336 micrantha ..... 4. 431 | Golden-eyed Grass . . 130 multicaulis . . sw % 425 | Golden Lily Bell 113 prostrata . . 2... 427 | Golden Rod... . . 560 pubescens, . 1.2... 428 Coast... .. . 561 pusilla . ...... 430 Common , ...... 561 Rattani . 481 Western . 560 squarrosa . 428 | Golden Thistle . 490 tenella . ..... , 482 | Golden-top 65 trieolor.. 3. <... . 409 helix . . Pugh aS 277 | Hedge Mustard 181 | Hedge Nettle . . 554 | Hedge Parsley, Knotted 555 | Helenee ...... , 555 | Helenium, . 4... 556 Bigelovii . . . 556 puberulum 554 | Helianthee . .. . . 555 | Helianthella 554 Californica 654 castanea 2... 554 | Helianthemum 554 scoparium., .... . 555 | Helianthus 129 annuus . . 511 Bolanderi . , 502 Californicus, ...... 509 C40) 554 | Heliotrope ... 553 | Heliotropium 553 Curassavicum . . . 7 | Hemitomes congestum 82 | Hemizonella . 131 minima, . 131 parvula . 132 | Hemizonia 182 angustifolia . ay Lod citrina .. 49 Clevelandi 54 cangesta 50 corymbosa 49 fasciculata 51 Fitehii 888 Heermanni 73 Kelloggii . . . . . 73 luzulefolia 73 var. citrina ; 477 var. lutescens . . R28 pauciflora 486, 487, plumosa var. subplumosa me Break pungens , truncata virgata Hemlock Western F Sa Henbite es, ig ae on. 4 Heracleum lanatum Herald of Summer . Herniaria cinerea oo anne Herpestis Hiseni . ... Hesperalcea. . . 1. Hesperevax humilis sparsifiora Hesperocnide tenella Ba ae Heterocodon .... rariflorum , , . Heterodraba ‘unilater alis Heterogaura ...... Californica Heteromeles . . i : , A arbutifolia ...,. Heterotheca . . grandiflora, Heuchera . , . micrantha, ......, pilosissima . .. rubescens . . Hibiscus . .. 1. Californicus . . . Hieracium albiflorum ra Hierochle ....... macrophylla ..... Hill Brush fw ww. , Hippuris . 2... vulgaris. Hog’s Potato Holeus . . 2 lanatus . . . Holocarpha .... aes macradenia ...... Holodiseus ....... discolor var. ariefolius . . Holozonia ..... INDEX 585 filipes . . 585 | Honeysuckle .,..... 532 California , Bet cnnday a 533 Chaparral. . , 531 | Honeysuckle ‘Family . 851 |} Hookera ..,... 19 capitata, oo... . 458 congesta < 360 coronaria. ......., 360 hyacinthina. ...... 833 var. lactea 2. 2... 171 ixioides, 2. 2... : 172 var. lugemns ..... 409 VARS ee ae ae ayy 239 MINOE 2a ka a 549 peduncularis .... 549 terrestris ........ 148 volubilis . 00. 2 nk eS 148 | Hop Tree... 2 4 2 « ATO) Mord eee. oss a we ee 479 | Hordeum ,..... 224 Gussonianum 825 maratimum . . . : . 825 var. Gussonianum he ahs 286 murinum , , 287 nodosum .,....... 556 pratense 557 | Horehound 271 | Horkelia 271 Bolander . , by eats 271 Californica . . . — , 282, 271 var. sericea » ww we 237 Jusca var. tenuiloba . 237 | Horned Pond weed 498 | Hornwort . <4 % 498 | Hornwort Family ia eas 87 | Horse Chestnut ..... 87 | Horseweed ........ 517 | Hosackia balsamifera .. . 338 brachyearpa, » ..... 3388 crassifolia, . . .. . 122 cytisoides ane 48 glabra ms 49 graclis ...... 531 grandiflora 532 Heermanni 277 maritima .... 277 nudi oe 589 parviflora . , 604 INDEX Purshiana .. 1 we 308 var. -vernonioides rubella. .... 802 vernontoides , ... . stipularis . 2... a . 3800 | Isopyrum..... tomentosa... . . 803 occidentale ro LOT TOU i oh kgs ge Meg, I 301 |} Iva ..... Bay Hound’s Tongue. . . - 450 axillaris : Howellia , 2... .... 482 VY he ek a eS limosa . . 0... . 482 | Jacob’s Ladder ; Huckleberry 3738 | Jaumea. ...... Hydrocotyle 342 carmnosa , . ... prolifera 342 | Jerusalem Oak a3 ranunculoides ......, 342 | Jewel Flower... . . Hydrophyllacew . . 432 | Johnson-grass . . . . Hydrophyllum en 433 | Jointed Charlock capitatum var. alpinum . 433 | Judas Tree . . . occidentale , 433 | Juglandacez Hy pericacez 7 235 | Juglans Hypericum , 2 : , 285 Californica anagalloides . . . 285 | Juncaces . .. concinnum ..,.. 2385 | Juncaginacee . . . formosum var, Scouleri. . 235 | Juncordes comosum mutilum ..... 235 | Juncus... 2... Hypocheris, .... . ) . 498 bufonius glabra... ... 493 effusus ....... radicata . 498 var. Brunneus, . Tlysanthes 409 falcatus. 2 2. 2. gratioloides . . .. 410 var. paniculatus . . Incense Cedar... . 24 Leseurli . . . Indian Chick-weed . 188 patens eae Indian Hemp . 880 pheocephalus , . Common . 881 tenuis ne aS) ene Indian Lettuce 185 var. congestus . . Indian Paint Brush 413 uncialis. . , Indian Pink... . 165 xiphioides . .... Indian Pond Lily 193 var. auratus Indian Warrior . .417 | June Berry ...... Inside-out Flower . . 204 | Juniper Bog. hs ns Inules . 488, 547 California. . . 2... Tridacez 128 Sierra 2 ow LL. Tris i ae 128 | Juniperus, ...... Douglasiana. . . 129 Californica longipetala 129 occidentalis macrosiphon ... . 129 | Jussiwa, . . .. Iris Family . . 128 Californica . . . Islay . 286 | Kern Greasewood lsocoma 559 | Knot-grass ...... arguta 560 | Knotweed, Common veneta 560 | Koeler-grass, . .. .. var. arguta . 560 Crested... . Keeleria cristata. | var. longifolia var. pubescens Koellia . . , Californica Labiata Labrador Tea Lace-pod .. .. Lactuca sativa Scariola. . Lady’s Mantle Lady’s Slipper Lady’s Thumb Lagophylla . congesta . . Jfilipes ramosissima . var. congesta Lamarckia aurea Lamium amplexicaule . . . Larkspur... .... Coast Red Sacramento .... Western Lastarriva Chilensis . ee Lasthenia. . 2... Californica chrysantha conjugens. . . . glaberrima glabrata var. Lathyrus Californica : : ae Bolanderi. . .... Californicus . Jepsonii littoralis Lauraces , . Laure] Family Eavatera . INDEX. 605 60 assurgentifolia . 237 61 | Layia 585 61 Beach . . 536 61 | Layia callighossa . ., 5388 465 chrysauthemoides BT 465 elegans 586 . 452 Fremonti . , 588 869 glandulosa 536 225 heterotricha 586 501 hieracivides 537 601 platyglossa 5387 501 | Leatherwood : 259 284 Western .... 260 180 | Ledum .. . 369 161 glandulosum 369 §88 | Legouzia bifloru 478 539 | Leguminosae 288 589 | Lemna ..... 97 538 cyclostasa . 98 539 gibba. . 98 65 minima, ... 98 65 minor 98 458 trisulea, 2 2. 98 195 | Lemnacew .. 1... 97 195 | Lemon Verbena. ... . 451 197 | Leontodon hirsutum . . . . 500 "196 | Lepidium. .. . . 226 196 bipinnatifidum 227 149 dictyotum' ... 228 149 Draba = 5 ww, . 226 519 latipes . 227 519 medium . 227 519 nitidum . 227 519 Oreganum ..... 228 519 oxycarpum 228 519 strictum 228 519 | Leptosyne 544 297 calliopsidea . 545 298 Stillmani ew ex 544 298 | Leptotenia ... 356 299 Californica 356 298 var. platycarpa 357 298 dissecta. . . . 357 297 | Lepturus. ...... 73 298 Bolanderi. . 1... 74 298 eylindrieus .. 1... 73 191 incurvatus ..... 73 191 | Ressingia. . 2.2... 561 237 adenophora ..... 563 606 INDEX Germanorum .,.... 562 var. rosaceus 431 glandulifera. . .. 2... 562 PUSHING. secu ds ee eS 430 hololeuca, . 2... 0.0. 563 RRAttaUL 6. a coir ads eR ea 431 leptoclada ....... 563 TOSUCEUS 2 1. ee 431 HONS. « G « % % . . 568 | Linaria. ..... 397 ramulosa ........ 562 Canadensis . . . . 897 virgata . . 563 Vulgaris? ye @ eos yes 397 Lettuce, ... .501 | Linum... .. 248 Common ........ 501 adenophyllum. ... . 244 Prickly) as aoe a le 4 501 Breweri . 2... 2... 245 Lewisia. . ... . 184 Californicum . 244 rediviva 185 congestum ......., 244 Libocedrus ........ 24 Lewisii. . . . , 248 decurrens,....... 24 micranthum....... 244 Lilac spergulinum ......, 244 California. .... . .256 | Lippia. ..... . 451 PBTEY’ Boosey cee eS . 256 lanceolata. ......., 451 Dep 8hse 067 og) aban in oe a ee 108 nodiflora . .....,. 451 subulata . . ... 104 | Liquorice. . 2... 298 Liliaceew ........ 106 | Lithospermum arvense, , . 441 DAMM oe tees ER GE 109 | Lizard Tail . 2. 2... 523 maritimum ...,. 110 | Lizard-tail Family... .. 162 pardalinum ...,.... 109 | LoasaFamily ....... 321 rubescens, =. ww. 110 | Loasacew . .... 5 . 821 DAY oss to es Be ge ae Ta 109 | Lobelia Family ...... 479 Black ....... . 108 | Lobeliacew . . . . . 479 Chaparral . ..... .110 | Loco-weed ........, 290 Checker .. 2... . 108 | Leflingia. . .. . 171 Coast Bro tS as axes 110 squarros# . 1 1 ww 171 Easter... ook 110 | Lolium, . . 74 Redwood ........ 110 Italicum 2 2. ow 75 Riceroot « 2 2 44 3 #4 108 multiflorum . 75 Wiger. koe aoe ee ee 109 perenne... . 75 Lily Family oes . 106 var. Italicum ..... 75 Limosella, .. 2... . . 408 var. multifiorum, . . . 75 aquatica... 2... 408 var.tenue. .. 76 Linacee ...... 243 temulentum , 75 Linanthus we ee 429 var, arvense, . . . 75 acicularis . . 4... : 432 LONE co fel oe oer is. ee eg 45 75 ambiguus... ..... 480 | Lonicera ..... . 472 androsaceus. .... , . 481 Californica . 2 ww, 473 bICOlOr: ge eee cS a 4382 hispidula var. Californica . 473 Bolanderi, ....... 480 hispidula var. interrupta , 478 ciliatus. ) 482 interrupta . 2 . 478 densiflorus ....... 481 var. subspicata 474 dichotomus ....... 480 involucrata 2... 0... 472 grandifiorus . . . . 431 | Loose-strife . . . 323 liniflorus . 430 | Loose-strife Family . 823 parviflorus ....... 431 | Lophanthus ..... . . 455 INDEX 607 urticifolius . ... . . . 455 var. pachylobus . . . . 318 Lophochlena Californica . | 63 microcurpus. ...... 319 Loranthaces be ae 1 BOD Manus . m Pett Lotus ge 6 ye ee 299 pachylobus an ea eh caais 318 Americanus, ..... 3U2 polyearpus ....... $18 Benthami begs 804 polyphyllus. ... 816 Biolettay. os; a sew? ecg 304 sericatus .. 1... 316 erassifolius . 300 tidus) sn eS ws ey OLB: eriophorus : 308 variicolor . . . . 315 formosissimus . . . .. .3801 | Luzula,.,........ 95 plaber 2 ce, ag : 804 COMOSA es git “ls ts ks 95 grandiflorus. . . . 301 var. congesta ..... 95 Heermanni........ 308 var. subsessilis. . . . . 95 hirtellus ... 0... . 802 | Lycopus ........ 465 humistratus. ...... 802 Americanus,,..... 466 leucopheus ...,... . 301 Wucidus. 40 eas. a 466 micranthus . .... » « B02 sinuatus ...... 466 salsuginosus, . . . . . . 301 | Lythracem 2... . 2... 223 stipularis ee | Ger tea ig a 300 | Lythrum..,....... 823 strigosus . 2... ee 302 adsurgens. ....... 324 var. nudiflorus . 802 Californicum ...... 324 subpinnatus var. Wrangel- Hyssopifolia . . 324 ianus, . .... . .3808 | Madder Family ...... 467 WORTEyL: ig eae A S000 | Madia; 2. 6. ee ec 527 Wrangelianus ...... 303 QnomMala 2 wv ke 527 Louse wort . 417 capitata, ..... ou7 DUCED: 4. ea eK OR 313 var. anomala 527 Ludwigia, . . ww. 826 densifolia, ... 1.5. 528 palustris . 2... .... 326 dissitiflora . .... . . 528 DRUID) i si lve eas 510 elegans . 2: sb bw 528 hypoleuca ..... 511 var. densifolia. . . . . 528 Lupine . a ale Plime as al sore tents, eee 529 Lupinus ......... 313 madioides. ....... 528 aiinis es sa ee 817 Nuttallit . A Ma elt Oee var. carnosulus 817 FACIAGR ee ae. eo 528 albifrons ........ 315 sativa ..... . 527 arboreus ..... 814 | Madia, Common. ..... 528 bicolor . 2... 317 Woodland ...... 528 carnosulus ..... 817 | Madiew ....... 486, 527 Chamissonis. ...... 815 | Madrofia ........ 372 densiflorus ....... 818 | Mahala Mats ....... 258 eminens .......4-. 815 | Mahonia ... ..... 204 formosus a eye Be dente 316 | Maianthemum ..*. .. 126 jucundus ........- 315 | - bifolium var. dilatatum . 126 Twtifolile . . « « «2% 3 816 | Malacothrix. .......- 497 littoralis . on 6 es ee 316 Californicea ....... 498 luteolus. . 318 Clevelandi ...... 498 Mmicranthus .......- 317 Coulteri ww we ee 498 var. bicolor . . .... 817 Obtuse 2G Se a we He eee 497 ° 608 parviflora, . . . Mallow. ... Dwarf ..... Large-flowered Small-flowered Mallow Family Malus? 2 co ca Ya rivularis .. Malva borealis . parviflora . . rotundifolia Malvacee... 2... Malvastrum arcuatum ,... exile... fasciculatum Fremonti. .... var. cercophorum Parry) 3.5 3 4 4.3 Malveopsis arcuata Manna-grass Smooth. .... Man Root, Common Hill . . Manzanita Large-leaved Sierra Vine... . Maple Family. . Mare’s Tail . Mariposa Lily White. Yellow . Marrubium vulgare . . Marsh Dodder Marsh Mallow Marsh Penny wort Marsh Rosefnary Matricaria discoidea occidentalis Mayweed . ..... Mayweed Tribe Meadow Foam INDEX. . .498 | Meadow-grass. ...... 66 . 238 Creeping .......-. 60 288 | Meadow Rue ....... 202 238 | Meadow Sweet, California . 277 238 | Meconopsis crassifolia 209 236 heterophylla. . 2. ee 209 287 | Medicago. .... ‘ 812 287 apiculata . . e% 313 238 denticulata ..... 313 . 238 lupulina . 818 238 maculata... . 818 238 SatIVa: ne ee eA 313 . . . 286 | Medick. .... 312 241 Black. .xows & Ge a8 813 242 leds Go ee ae 313 242 | Megarrhiza Califo nica . 820 . 242 Marah»... 2.4. 820 . . .242 | Melica . 2.2... 61 242 bulbosa. 2 a, se ee 62 oe qa Californica ..... 62 242 imperfecta... . 61 67 Torreyana .... 62 68 | Melic-grass . . 2. . 61 320 California, . . .. 62 320 Slender. ...... 61 370 Torrey’s 62 371 | Melilot 871 White 3.6 2 4 8 as 312 251 Yellow 312 252 | Melilotus 312 . . . 262 BIDE ga Agana Al aves oats 312 252 Indica , 312 251 | Melissa... 1... 462 . . 338 officinalis... ..... 462 120,111 | Mentha. 2 6 34s ww es 466 111 Canadensis 466 112 citrata = eee. @ BT . 455 piperita:. 2 0 2 ee en a 467 455 Pulesiumy . coe cae a 466 . 889 spicata... 1 1. . 467 . 237 UR a se we OE 467 _ 842 | Mentzelia. ... 2... . 822 . +878 affinis 822 . , 615 dispersa ear OS 822 . +b15 gracilenta, .. .. . 828 . . b15 Tevicaulis, . . 2. . . 828 . . 614 Lindleyi .. 2... . 328 485, 514 micrantha ....... 322 . .248 | Menyanthes, ...... 878 INDEX. trifoliata 2.) 2. 378 Mesembryanthemum 190 equilaterale , , 2 2... 190 Mesquit-grass . 2... 49 Mexican Tea . .... 176 Mezereum Family... . . 259 Microcala. ..... 379 quadrangularis 380 Micromeria . ..... 463 Chamissonis . . 463 Douglasii 463 purpurea no 466 Micropus . . . 547 amphibolus 547 Californicus . . 547 Microseris . 494 acuminata 496 aphantocarpha ; . 495 var. indivisa S 495 var. tenella . . 495 attenuata... . 495 Bigelovii: 2% 4.4% 495 Bolanderi. .... . 497 Douglasii . . 495 elegans... 1... 495 indwisa, 2... 6). . 495 intermedia , ... 2 a 496 Lindleyi .. .... . 494 linearifolia . 494 macrocheta 494 procera... , 497 sylvatica. -. . . £96 var. Stillmani ate . 496 Microsteris Californica, — . 425 Mignonette . . 230 Common 2 2380 White * 05-3 eo ees: 230 Mignonette vee 230 Milfoil — . i 514 Milk-maids . 2... 221 Milk Thistle 509 Milkweed. . . . 882 Milkweed Family . . 881 Milkwort . .. . 248 Sea. a ws 375 Millet... ; . 381 Millet Tribe. . . 29 Mimetanthe.. ..... 408 ‘pilosa... . 408 41 9 | 609 Mimulus . . 202 androsaceus . 405 angustatus - 403 arvensis. . 2... 407 Bolanderi. . .. . . 404 eardinalis, .... . 405 Congdoni . . 404 2) ea ee . 408 floribundus ....... 407 glareosus sp tg 4g SOT guttatus Or weer . 406 inconspicuus Var. latidens . 406 inodorus ... 21 eee 408 Kelloggii . . . . 404 var. parviflorus 404 Langsdorfifii , . 406 var. arvensis . 407 var. Californicum . 407 var. grandis , - 407 var. guttatus .. . . 406 var. insignis. . . . 407 var. nasutus 407 latidens, . . e 406 Layne 405 MEELIS 36 «Sep Gaol bec 406 moschatus var. sessilifolius.408 nasutus 407 Rattani. .. . 405 rubellus . 406 subuniflorus . . 404 tricolor... . 404 Miner’s Lettuce 186 Mint... 466 Mint Family 452 Mission Bells . 108 Mistletoe... . 365 Common 365 Pine .. meat . 366 Yellow .. 365 Mistletoe Family 365 Mock Orange . 319 Mohavea . . 394 Mollugo . . 188 verticillata . 188 Monardella 463 Breweri 464 eandicans 464 _Douglasii 464 lanceolata . 464 610 leucocephala undulata villosa . . 2... var. interior. . .. viridis . . Monkey-flower Monniera , rotundifolia var. Eiseni. Monocotyledons Monolopia gracilens major Montia Chamissonis. . . diffusa... 2... fontana . . eypsophiloides parvifolia perfoliata... var, nubigena Sibirica . . spathulata ~ Morning-glory Shore... Morning- glory Henly Moronel . Mosquito Bills Moth Mullein , Mountain Balm Mountain Laurel Mountain Leatherwood Mountain Lilac . . Mountain Mahogany Mountain Mint . . Mountain Rose Mourning Bride Mouse-ear Chick weed Mouse Tail . . . . Antioch ‘ Mud Purslane. . Mudwort ..... Mugwort, California . Muilla maritima . . . Mule Fat. . Mule’s Ears. . . S83 Mullein ......, Common INDEX. . 464 Moth. .... 464 | Musk Clover 465 | Mustard 465 Black . 465 Common Yellow , 402 Tansy 402 Tower .. 409 | Mustard. Family . 409 | Myosotis sylvatica : 26 | Myosurus... . 522 alopecuroides 522 minimus 522 | Myrica . 185 Californica 187 Hartwegi 2... .187 | Myricacew ...... 187 | Myriophyllum 186 hippurioides . 187 spicatum . 186 | Myrtle 186 | Naiad . . 186 Holly-leaved 186 Slender , 386 | Naiadaceze 886 | Naias: 385 flexilis 474 marina . 376 | Napa Thistle 395 | Narthecium , 440 Californicum .191 | Nasturtium , 236 curvisiliqua 254 dictyotum . 278 officinale 465 palustris 2... 2... 279 | Navarretia nigellwformis. . 476 parvula , 166 | Neckweed 198 | Negundo Californ: micum 198 | Neva capitata . . . 234 | Nemophila 408 atomaria. 616 aurita 118 insignis, . 2... 118 var. atomaria , 570 var. intermedia 541 intermedia . 895 maculata 395 parviflora . . . venosa .,. Nemophila, Purple Nemoseris Californica Nepeta . cataria Nettle Creek Small Nettle Family. . . New Zealand Spinach Nicotiana . attenuata Bigelovii glauca Nievitas . . . Nigger-babies . . Nightshade... . Black ... Nightshade Family Nine Bark Nitrophila occidentalis Nonsuch Nuphar advena . . polysepalum . seat Nit-grass . 2... Nutmeg, California Nuttallia cerasiformis : Nyctaginaces . nie aacess Mountain White Pacific Post . Serub Tanbark Valley . Oak Family Oat-grass . 2... . - Brome-like Nodding Silvery... Be Tall 42 INDEX. . 484 | Oats . obs 434 Barbed bee £ 493 Bastard... . 455 Common ... 455 Waldo sg ae? Ate be 147 | Oats Tribe a 147 | Odontostomum . 147 Hartwegi . . . 1446; GEnanthe . , 189 Californica 3890 sarmentosa 3891 | (Ginothera, ...... 390 | biennis var. grandiflora 3891 ; Californica 444 campestris . 129 | cheiranthifolia , , Bee dentata . . . , 892 var. cruciata . 390 | graciliflora . 276 hirtella . . 174 micrantha : 174 OVER ag a ae 813 strigulosa . 192 trichocalyx ..... 192 | Old Alan. . 2 x «a 4 193 | Old Man in the Ground 45 | Old-witch-grass . . . 18 | Oleaces , 285 | Olney’s Bulrush . . 183 | Onagracez 192 | Onion . 141 | Ookow . 144 | Opulaster . . , 142 opulifolius . . . . 143 var. capitatus 144 Orchard-grass . 144 | Orchidaces ._ . one 143 | Orchid Family 142 | Orchis, Stream 142 | Orobanchacews. . . . 148 | Orthocarpus. . . 144 attenuatus 142 castilleioides 141 densiflorus 51 erianthus . . . 52 var. roseus . . . 52 var. versicolor 52 faucibarbatus , . . 54 floribundus . . . 612 lithospermoides purpurascens pusillus, . . versicolor . . Osmaronia. cerasiformis . . Osmorrhiza brachypoda . nuda. ss occidentalis . . Oso Berry. . Owl’s Clover... . White Oxalis corniculata Oregana . Wrightii . Ox-eye Daisy Oxytheca . hirtiflora PROMS ooo 6 we Brownii ...... Painted Cup, Seaside . Woolly soy Panic, Branched . Panicezs Panic-grass . Panicularia paucifiora . Panicum capillare Crus-galli . dichotomum. miliaceum . sanguinale Pansy, Yellow . Papaver 3 Californicum heterophyllum var. crassifolium . , Papaveracea : Parietaria debilis Parnassia palustris var. Californica . Paronychia . . Chilensis . pusilla INDEX. 415 | Parsley ee . 840 414 | Parsnip. 360 414 | Paspalum . , 30 ~All distichum ee 380 , 285 | Pastinaca. . .. . 859 . 285 sativa. . 860 BAG! | PC oie ae as gh a Bog . 297 . 847 | Pea Family . or eee , 288 . 847 | Pear, California | | 251 , 847 Pearl Wort.... 168 285 | Pectocarya 449 415 penicillata 449 . 415 pusilla 449 _ 245 | Pedicularis 417 . 245 densiflora . 417 . 246 | Pennyroyal . . 466 . 245 | Pennywort 342 . 515 | Pentacena ; : 172 _ 151 ramosissima. ..... 172 151 | Pentacheta . 556 152 alsinoides . 556 253 exilis, ... 556 194 | Pentstemon..... 401 194 centranthifolius . . . 402 , 412 corymbosus . . . 401 . 418 heterophyllus . . . . 402 82 Lemmoni....... 401 29 Newberryi var. Sonomensis. 401 30 Sonomensis .... . . 401 67 | Peony .. 194 68 Pepper-grass. : . . 226 30 Common .... .. . 227 32 Long- mee a, eg 227 31 Tall. . 227 32 Wayside . 227 31 | Peppermint 467 31 | Pepperwood . . 191 . 232 | Periwinkle ~ »«. 880 208 | Persicaria. . . . . . 159 209 | Petasites ge. “ates . 609 209 palmata. . . » . . 10 209 | Petty Spurge. . .. . . 268 . 205 | Peucedanum . 857 148 caruifolium . 2... 359 271 dasycarpum . . . . . 858 271 Hassel. «1 6 = . 358 172 leiocarpum . . . 857 172 macrocarpum . 858 172 parvifolium . . 358 INDEX. 613 robustum . , 357 | Pigweed os . 175 utriculatum . . 359 Rough... . 178 Vuseyi .. 2 2. 859 | Pimpernel ‘ 875 Phavelia 2. we es 485 | Pimpinel 2... . 353 Breweri 439 | Pimpinella . . . . 852 Califurnica 438 apiedora. . gw, 853 var. imbricata 4389 | Pin Clover... 2... 248 ciliata Bs 437 | Pin Grass, .. . 248 circinatiformis . 436 | Pincushion ... , . 476 distans 4880 | SPIN: oe Ge ae ee Rx 20 divaricata . . & 3 437 Beach 23 Douglasii , 2. 436 Big-cone 21 imbricata... . 439 Bishop 23 malvzefolia 438 Biel. Gevicih Sinss feng Gt, 21 namatoides . 435 Bull . , A 21 nemoralis . 489 Digger... .. 22 ramosissima . 437 Gray-leaf .. 2... 22 Rattani. . 2... 438 Knob-cone 22 suaveolens 4387 Lodgepole ...... 23 tanacetifolia . . 438 Monterey . . 22 Phacelia Family . 2. . 482 Oregon . . 20 Phacelia, Stinging . . 438 Serubr 2 6. % ss % gee 28 Phalarides . . . 383 SUPA se cece ee 20 Phalaris 2 33 VC1OW so. 5 Jeiseleso ae 21 amethystina, . . . 86 | Pine Drops ........ 367 Arundinacea ..... 86 | Pine Erigeron. . .... 569 Canariensis . 2... 84 | Pine Family 18 Caroliniana , 84 | Pink Family . 2... .. 163 Lemmoni . 85 | Pink, Sea... . 878 minor 4 66 so 4 ws 84 Gndian: so! ye yd ae ae Se 165 paradoxa .... 2... SO: || ANUS! 1. ae a we es x es 20 Phleum. . . 39 attenuata... . 22 alpinum . ...... 40 econtorta ..... 2. 23 pratense... 39 var. Murrayana .. . 23 Phoradendron. . . 365 Coulteri . 2... . 2i Bolleanum ..... . 866 insignis... 1 wee 22 flavescens. ...... 365 Lambertiana ..... 20 villosum . 865 muricata ... 2... 28 Phragmites . 59 ponderosa . 21 communis. . .... 59 radiata... 2. 22 Phragmites... . 59 Sabiniana. . .... 22 vulgaris 2... 59 tuberculata . 1... 22 Phyllospadix. . . . 101 | Pipe-stem. ....... 197 Scouleri 102 | Pipe Vine ........ 864 -Torreyi. ...... 102 | Pipsissewa ........ 367 Pickeringia . 290 _ Menzies . 2. ..... 368 Pickle-weed. . 182 | PiteherSage ....... 463 Picris bt ea ate en Ry 491 | Plagiobothrys. ...... 446 echioides . 492 | campestris ... . . 446 614 canescens , nothofulvus . . tenellus. . ... Plane Tree Plane-tree Family . Plantaginacese Plantago - Bigelovii . Californica hirtella . . lanceolata . major. , var. Asiatica maritima . Patagonica var. Californica var. rosulata . Plantago gees Plantain Common English . Sea.’ . Platanacez Platanus racemosa Platystemon Californicus . Torreyi. .. Platystigma . Californicum lineare . . Plectritis . Davyana glabra Jepsonii macrocera . var. ciliosa magna samolifolia Pleuricospora fimbriolata . Pleuropogon Californicum Pluchea . . . camphorata Plum... .. Plumbaginacez . . Poa i rufescens var. campestris * "475 INDEX. 447 annua 447 Douglasii . 446 pratensis 446 secunda,. . 275 unilateralis . 274 | Pogogyne . 418 Douglasii . 418 parviflora . . 419 serpylloides . . 419 ziziphoroides 418 | Poison Hemlock . . 418 | Poison Oak .. . 418 | Polemoniaceew . . . , 419 | Polemonium . 419 carneum . 419 | Polyearpon . . 419 depressum. 419 tetraphyllum . . 418 | Polygala .... 418 Californica 418 cornuta . . ‘ 418 | Polygala Family 419 | Polygalacez 274 | Polygonaces . 275 | Polygonum . . 275 acre 205 amphibium . 205 aviculare , . 206 Bolanderi . 205 Californicum . 206 coarctatum . 206 Convolvulus . 474 Hartwrightii . 475 lapathifolium . Muhlenbergii . . 475 nodosum 2 475 Paronychia . . 476 Parryi . 475 Persicaria . . 475 punctatum . 867 spergularizforme 62 | Polypogon . 63 littoralis . . , « 552 Monspeliensis . . 558 | Pond Lily . 286 Yellow . 286 | Pondweed F oo Pondweed Family . Poor Man’s Weather-glass ‘ Pop-corn Flower Poplar Poppy, aa a. 06 : California, . . . Tree Western ...... Poppy Family . Populus .... Fremonti . . trerouloides . trichocarpa Portulaca , oleracea . Portulacacese Potamogeton . . lonchites . . lucens pauciflorus pectinatus pusillus. . Potatoes ae as 4 Potentilla. . Anserina ... Bolanderi . Californica ; var. Carmeliana elata .. frondosa . : glandulosa... . . var. Nevadensis . Kelloggii . . . Micheneri. . . millegrana ‘ multijuga, ..... : rivalis var. millegrana tenuiloba ...... var. Micheneri Poverty-grass . . 2... Poverty Weed... ... Primrose, Sierra . Primrose Family Primulacew .. . Primula suffrutescens .. . Prince’s Pine . Prunus... subcordata Pseudotsuga . Douglas . taxifolia INDEX. 446 | Psilocarphus .... . 188 brevigeingus 2 a a 4 ib x 208 Oreganus var. brevissimus. 207 tenellus . . 206 | Psoralea . 209 bracteata . 205 Californica 138 Douglasii . 138 Sruticosa . 139 glandulosa . 138 macrostachys 184 orbicularis . 184 physodes . 184 strobilina . 99 | Ptelea BS oy 99 Baldwinii var. crenulata . 100 crenulata . 2... 100 | Pterospora andromeda . 100 | Pterostegia . . 100 dry marioides 393 | Ptiloria. . . 281 canescens . . 281 virgata . 283 | Pugiopappus . 282 calliopsideus. . . . 282 | Purslane, Common . 283 Lowland ... . 282 ‘Water , 282 | Purslane Family 282 | Pussy’s Ears 283 | Pussy’s Paws ....... 283 | Pycnanthemum Californicum. 282 | Pyrola . . 282 aphylla . 292 picta. . 1... irokesaes . 283 rotundifolia var. bracteata. . 283 secunda, . . és 72 | Pyrrocoma elata. 545 | Pyrus rivularis 377 | Quaking-grass . 374 Annual. . 374 Perennial 3877 | Quamash . . 368 | Quercus. . 286 agrifolia 286 .Californica 19 chrysolepis 19 densiflora . -19 Douglasii 549 549 . 549 . . 294 . 294 . 295 295 . 294 . 294 295 . . 294 . . 295 . . 295 . 249 249 . 249 367 149 149 491 491 491 . 545 184 189 . 826 184 112 188 465 . 868 368 368 368 368 616 INDEX. dumosa . . : . 148 var. bullata . ‘ 143 Garryana .. 142 Kelloggii . . . . . 144 lobata . 2... . 142 Wislizenii . . : . 144 Rabbit’s Foot Clover a . 806 Racine d’Amere. . ‘ . 185 Radish ..... eedenee ROAM Rafinesquia . . . 492 Californica .... 492 Ragweed Sire tani soasieli, % 545 Western ... ... 545 ‘Ragweed Tribe . 488, 545 Ramona. . . F . . 460 Ramona humilis . Feo 460 Rancheria-grass . . . 77 Ranuncu'acess . , 193 Ranunculus, . i 199 aquatilis 2... . 202 Biolettii . . 200 Bloomeri . : 200 Californicus . . . 200 var.letus. .... . 201 var. gratug . 2... 201 canus var. hesperoxys. 200 Flammulus var. inter- medius ... sw 4199 hebecarpus . . . . 201 hesperoxys oc J) 4 200 Lobbii . . oo oe 202 macimus ... , . . 200 muricatus . «4 2 6 4 @ 4 201 occidentalis var. Rattani , 201 orthorhyncus var. maximus. 200 pusillus, . .. . .199 Raphanus... . . 217 Raphanistrum a¢ y 218 sativus . . , . 217 Raspberry ...... 280 Rattlesnake-grass . . . . 64 Rattlesnake Plantain. . 188 Rattlesnake Weed . . 847 Rattle-weed . . . . . 290 Ray-grass. 2... ia cs 04 Annual Italian... . 75 English Perennial . . , 75 Pacey’s. . . ‘ . 76 Porecaial Ttalian - aos 00: Razoumofskya ... 366 Douglasii var. abietina . 366 occidentalis 4% 366 Red Larkspur. . . 197 Redbud , . . 289 Western ; 289 Red Maids ..... 185 Red-top, Northern . 44 Redwood ... 23 Coast. . 1... 23 Reed, Common . 59 Giant . re 59 Reed Grass, ‘Aleutian 46 Flexuous oe 46 Narrow. 46 Purple . 45 - Rein-orchis 181 Sierra 182 Wood. 1381 Reseda . . 230 alba a 230 odorata. ...... 230 Resedacezs : ae 230 Rhagadiolus .... 490 Hedy pnois 491 Rhamnaces . . 258 Rhamnus... 258 Californica 254 var. tomentella 254 crocea 254 var. ilicifolia 254 tlicifolia 254 Purshiana. . 254 Rhododendron . 869 Californicum 869 occidentale 869 Rhus... . 250 diversiloba . 250 trilobata var. quinata 250 Ribesyn ce wg 3 272 aureum var. tenuifloram . 278 Californicum 274 divaricatum . 273 glutinosum 278 malvaceum . . 273 Menziesii . . . . 274 sanguineum var. elutino- sum nee 2738 subvestitum . 274 tenuiflorum Victoris Ribwort Rigiopappus leptocladus » . ) . River Buall-flower Tree . Roble . . Rock Cress Brewer . Hairy Rock-rose Family Romanzoffia Sitchensis . Rosa... .. Californica gymnocarpa . Sonomensis spithamea ... . var. Sonomensis Rosace Rose Mountain , ‘Sonoma . Wood Rose Family Rose-Mallow Rosilla . . . Rosin Weed Roubieva . multifida Rubiacee . Rubus leucodermis. . . . parviflorus var. velutinus . spectabilis var. Menziesii . vitifolius . Rue Family. . . Rumex. . Acetosella conglomeratus . crispus obtusifolius occidentalis . persicarioides pulcher. . . salicifolius Ruppia . California Wild. Rose Bay, California . | | 978 : | 218 " 230 "278 " | 249 |. 156 "157 INDEX. 617 . 278 maritima . 101 MS Deco aak Sebi Went 93 418 BOG aa) Galan acsencn one 94 524 Common 94 . 624 Dwarf 98 470 Marsh 94 . 142 Salt 93 Toad. . 93 Rush Family 92 219 | Rutacez 249 233 | Rye. 76, 440 | Sage . 458 440 Black 459 Crimson 460 . 278 ‘White .. ae 460 . 278 | Sage Brush... . . 28 516 .279 | Sugina . 2 1: . 168 . 279 apetala 169 229 erassicaulis . . 169 .275 | — occidentalis 169 278 | Sagittaria 104 . 278 Greggii . . . = 105 270 latifolia. 2). 105 279 ; Montevidensis . 105 , 278 Sanfordii . . . 105 369 | Sailors’ Caps . 3876 . 275 | St. John’s Wort. . . . . 285 . 237 | St. John’s Wort Parally 2 9 285" 526 | Salal . . . . 878 583 | Salicacex : . . 185 .177 | Salicornia . 181 vi} ambigua . 182 .467 | Salix... 135 279 Jlavescens : . 187 . 280° fluviatilis, var. argyro- QT phyla 137 280 | levigata 136 . 280 , — lasiandra. 136 | lasiolepis 187 156 | longifolia 137 | nigra. . gy «is a L8G | Nuttallii var. brachys- 157 | tachya 137 157 | — sessilifolia. . 137 156 ; —Sitchensis . 137 158 | Salmon Berry . 280 157 | Salsify. . 492 157 | Salt-grass . thal nd 63 100 © Salvia. 458 618 INDEX. Californica. , . . . 460 Americanus . carduacea. . 459 Californicus . Columbarie . . 459 cdrinatus , . mellifera. . 459 lacustris var. occidentalis Sonomensis . 460 maritimus . spathacea, . . 460 microcarpus . Sambucus. . . . 470 Olneyi. . callicarpa. . ‘ . 471 pungens . PIBUCA. 3 ee a 471 riparius , racemosa var. callicarpa, . 471 robustus .. .. 2... Bamolus, , «6 & » sews 874 var. compactus. . ... Valerandi var. Americanus 374 Samphire . : 181 Sand Mat. . 172 Sand Spurrey . 169 Sand Strawberry 281 Sand-grass . : 66 Sand-Verbena, Common 183 Yellow 183 Sandwort . 167 Sanicula. . 344 arctopoides . 344 bipinnata . . 346 bipinnatifida. 345 laciniata. 346 maritima , 345 Menziesii . 345 tuberosa. 346 Sapindacew. . . . 261 Sarcodes sanguinea . 367 Saururaces.. .. . . 162 Savastana macrophylla . 37 Saxifraga. . . . 268 bryophora . 269 Californica, . 268 Mertensiana . . 268 peltata. . 269 Polmiel . 4 5 & ew 48 269 Virginiensis var Californica268 Saxifragaces. . . . 267 Saxifrage Family. 267 Scabiosa. . 2... 476 atropurpurea, . 476 Seandix, ..... 346 Pecten-Veneris, 346 Scarlet Bugler . 402 Scarlet Cup... ..... 412 Schizonotus purpurascens. . 884 Scirpus . 86 sylvaticus var. digynus. Tatora. . . i Scoliopus. . Bigelovii . Seorzonella. . Bolanderi . maxima. . paludosa. procera . ‘ sylvatica. . . . Scorzonera . Hispanica . Scolymus . 2 Hispanicus. . . . Scribneria. . Bolanderi . . Serophularia. Californica. . . Scrophulariaces . Scutellaria. . . angustifolia . . Bolanderi. . . Californica. . tuberosa. : var. similis. . Sea Fig. . . Sea Milk wort. Sedge. .... Sedge Family. Sedum. pumilum . radiatum . . spathulifolium . Self Heal . Selinum. capitellatum . Paciticum . Senebiera Coronopus . didyma. . Senecio, . . aphanactis. . aronicoides. Clevelandi. Douglasii. . eurycephalus. Greenei . hydrophilus mikanioides . sylvaticus . vulgaris. Senecio Ivy . Senecionez Sequoia . gigantea. . . sempervirens. Sesuvium . sessile. Setaria glauca. . Shepherd’s Needle . Shepherd’s Purse. Sherardia. . arvensis. .... . Shin-leaf, White-veined Shooting Star . Sida. . . hederacea . Sidulcea. . calycosa. . delphinifolia . diploscypha . var. minor. Hartwegi . humilis... malachroides. malveflora. . Oregana. . secundiflora sulcata . Side-beard . California . Silene. ... antirrhina . Californica. . conoidea. . 376, INDEX, 619 355 Cucubalus 165 dichotoma . 165 229 Gallica.. . 165 229 multinervia . 164 511 verecunda. . . 165 512 | Silk-tassel Family . 362 513 | Silk-tassel Tree. 362 513 | Silybum. . 509 513 Marianum . . 509 512 | Sisymbrium 215 512 canescens, 216 513 officinale. . 215 514 pinnatum . 215 512 | Sisyrinchium. 129 512 bellum. . P . 129 514 Californicum. . . 1380 509 | Sitanion elymoides. . 81 23 | Sium.... ae 353 24 angustifolium.. .. . . . 354 23 cicutefolium var. heterophyl- 189 Wi ee . 853 189 heterophyllum. 358 33 | Skull-cap 454 346 Blue. . 454 . 228 | Skunkweed. . 428 469 | Slough-grass. . . 57 470 | Smartweed, Dotted. 161 368 | Smilacing. . . . 126 377 amplexicaulis. . 127 . 243 sessilifolia . 126 243 | Snake Root. . 344 288 | Snake’s Head . 498 240 | Snapdragon . . 396 240 | Sneezeweed. . 525 289 Bigelow’s. . . . . . 626 239 | Sneezeweed Tribe . 486, 518 239 | Snow Berry 472 240 | Snow Brush . . 255 241 | Snow Plant . 867 240 | Soap Plant 121, 177 . 240 | Solanacez . 390 239: Solanoa. ... 384 240 | _ purpurascens. 384 62 | Solanum... . 392 63, cupuliferum.,.... . 393 .164 : nigrum var. Douglasii . . 392 165 | tuberosum. . ‘ . 893 165 umbelliferum . . 893 164 villosum. 393 620 Xanti. . Solidago. .. Calitornica . . elongata... . occidentalis . sempervirens. spathulata. . Soliva. . sessilis. Sonchus. asper. . Hae oleraceus. . Sorghum ... Sorghum Halepense : Sorghum Tribe. Sorrel. Redwood . Wood . Yellow . : ate Sow-Thistle . 2... Common , Prickly. . ow. Spanish Clover. Sparganium . Californicum. eurycarpum Greenei . simplex . Spartina . stricta var. glabra. , Spearmint . Spearwort. . Specularia. pbiflora. Speedwell . Spergula. arvensis. . Sphacele. calycina . Spice Tree. Spike-rush. Common... Slender . Spikeweed. Common. Fitch’s. . Spinach, New Zealand Spirea aricfolia. Spiranthes. . _ 156, INDEX. . 893 porrifolia . . . 560 Romanzoffiana. . . . 561 | Spirostachys occidentalis. , 661 | Spruce, Douglas . 560 False... . 561 | Spurge Family. . . 561 | Spurge. . 618 Caper. 518 Larger 601 Petty. . 502 Spotted. . 501 Thyme-leaved . 29 | Spurrey. . . . 29 | Squaw Bush. 28 | Stachys. . . 245 | ajugoides. . . 246 var. stricta. . 245 var. velutina. 245 albens. . . . 501 bullata. . . 501 Californica. 502 Chamissonis . 802 pyenantha. . 96 stricta... . 96 velutina. . . 96 | Staff-tree Family. 96 | Star Flower. 5 97 | Star of Bethlehem . 56 | Star Thistle . 56 Purple . . 467 Yellow . 199 | Star Zygadene . 476 | Statice. . ‘ . A478 Armeria. 5 410 Limonium var. *Californica, 170 | Stellaria. 171 littoralis. 4638 media. 463 nitens. 191 | Stenotus. 85 linearifolius , 85 | Stephanomeria virgata. 85 | Sterculia Family. 532 | Sterculiaces, 582 | Stink Bells . 582 | Stink-grass. . . 189 | Stink-weed. . 277 | Stipa, . 2... 133 ' Stipa, Anderson’s, . 188 183 . 181 19 19 . 260 . . 261 . . 268 . 262 . 268 . 262 . , 262 . 170 . 250 456 . 457 . 457 . 457 457 . 467 458 . . 458 . 466 457 457 . 252 , 875 . 270 _ 502 503 . 508 122 . 878 . 878 378 167 . 167 167 167 558 eminens var. Andersoni. . setigera aa viridula . Stone-crop. : Stone-crop Family Storksbill. ; Stramonium . Strawberry . Sand... Wood. . nae Streptanthus. albidus. . barbiger . Biolettii. . Breweri. Jlavescens. . glandulosus . hispidus. . . , Mildrede . niger... orbiculatus. pulchellus , secundus, . suffrutescens . Stylocline . filaginea. . . gnaphalioides. . Sueda. . . Californica. . Torreyana. . Sumach Family. Sun Cups... Sunflower . Common. Sunflower Family Sunflower Tribe . Sweet Alyssum Sweet Bay Sweet Cicely Common Sierra é Sweet Clover. . Sweet Coltsfoot Sweet Fennel Sweet-gale Family . oe 487, | 312 Eee eens Shrub, West- Bwsetstral Family Swine-cress INDEX. 38 | Sycamore . 38 | Sympetala 39 | Symphoricarpos . 265 mollis bi 264 oreophilus. 247 Tacemosus . 892 | Synthyris . . 280 rotundifolia 281 | Tamarack , . 280 | Tanacetum , . f 213 camphoratum . 215 | Tansy Mustard 214 | Tare. 215 | Tarweed . . 214 Adeline. 212 Chile . 214 Coast. 215 Hayfield. 215 | Tarweed Tribe 214 | Taxaceze 214 | Taxus 215 brevifolia . 215 | Teasel Family 213 | Tellima. . 548 affinis 548 Bolanderi 548 grandiflora 182 heterophylla 4 182 var. Bolanderi, . 183 | Tetragonia 250 expansa . 836 | Thalictrum . 542 hesperium. 542 polycarpum . . 482 var. hesperium 540 | Thelypodium . 226 flavescens , 146 flavescens , 346 Greenei. . 847 Hookeri. . 347 lasiophyllum var. inalienum . 509 var. rigidum. . . B55 procerum , . 146 | Thermopsis . Californica . 190 macrophylla , . 190 var. velutina Thimble Berry . 229 621 . 275 . . 866 . 471 . 472 . 472 . . 472 . 410 410 23 . . 515 . 516 . 215 . 296 527, 529 . 582 527 "5380 " 530 486, 527 17 17 Wi . 475 . 269 . 270 . 270 . . 270 . 270 . . 270 . 189 . 189 . 202 . 202 . 202 . 202 . 211 . 212 . 212 . 212 213 . 212 . 212 . . 212 . 212 . 289 . 289 . 289 . 290 209 622 INDEX. Thistle . 504 | Toothwort Bull... 504 | Torosa Thistle-sage . . , 459 | Torreya : Thistle Tribe 484, 502 | Tower Mustard Thorn-apple .891 | Toyon .... Purple . . . 892 ; Tragopogon , . . Three Square 87 porrifolius. Thrift... 377 | Tree Poppy . Thrift Family . 877 | Trichocoronis Thymelewacezs 259 Wrightii . . Thysanocarpus 225 | Trichostema curvipes . 225 lanatum elegans . . . 225 lanceolatum . emarginatus . . 225 laxum : radians . . . 225 oblongum , , var. montanus . 226 | Trientalis. . 2... . Tiarella. . . 270 Europea var. latifolia unifoliata . 270 | Trifolium . Tickle-grass . 61 agrarium . . Tidy Tips 5387 albopurpureum Tillea 264 amcenum Bolanderi . . 265 amplectens ; Drummondii 265 » var. hydrophilum var. Bolanderi . 265 appendiculatum . minima. 265 appendiculatum Timothy 39 barbigerum Mountain , 40 bifidum. . . .. Tiniaria 159 var. decipiens , Tissa . . , 169 ciliolatum , . Clevelandi - 170 columbinum leucantha . . , 170 var. argillorum macrotheca ... 169 var. olivaceum var. leucantha , 170 depauperatum . . _ var. scariosa . 170 var. angustatum . pallida. .... . 170 var. laciniatum rubra var. perennans , 170 dichotomum Pe) 170 var. turbinatum var. involucrata . 170 Havulum var. tenuis 170 Franciscanum . , tenuis 170 fucatum Toad Flax 397 var. flavulum Tobacco 390 var. Gambellii Tree , 391 var. virescens Wild. . 405 Gambellii . Tocalote . 502 gracilentum . Tolguacha 392 Grayi . . Tonella. . . 400 hydrophitum collinsioides 400 laciniatum tenella 400 Macrei . Macrei var. wlbupurpureum.806 | . 808 . 808 microcephalum microdon , obtusiflorum oliganthum olivaceum , pratense roscidum tridentatum variegatum virescens . , Wormskjoldii Triglochin concinna maritima Trillium ovatum......., sessile var. Californicum Trillium, Coast Trisetum . . canescens cernuum barbatum . Triteleia laxa lugens hak Tropidocarpum capparideum dubium. . gracile Troximon apargoides grandiflorum heterophyllum retrorsum . Tsuga . heterophylla -Mertensiana . Pattoniana Dulles Tule-mint . Tumble Weed . Tumion. Californicum Turkey Mullein . Twin-berry, Black Typha latifolia . ‘ iv ; pee : ‘ Typhacez . Umbelliferee Umbellularia . INDEX, 309 308 . 807 307 . 809 . 809 . 808 . 811 623 Californica 191 Uropappus . 498 Clevelandi . 494 Lindleyi . 494 var. Clevelandi 494 linearifolius . . 493 macrocheetus . 494 var. Kelloggii . 494 Utica ones oo 4 . 147 Catlifornica 147 holosericea . . . . . 147 Lyallii var. Californica . . 147 urens , 147 Urticaces. . 146 Utricularia | , 420 vulgaris 420 Utriculariacez 419 Vacearia . 164 vulgaris . . 164 Vaccinium Aly wey GA" se DIOD myrtillus var. microphyl- lum .. . 874 occidentale 874 ovatum 373 parvifolium . 373 Valerian Family. . 474 Valeriana sylvatica’ 474 Valerianaces . . 474 Valerianella ciliosa 475 magna 475 samolifolia 475 Vancouveria 204 chrysantha var. parviflora. 204 parvifiora . 204 Vanilla-grass. . 37 Large-leaved 37 Velxa 349 Hartwegi . 350 Kelloggii . 350 Velvet-grass . 48 Venus’ Looking- lass .. 478 Veratrum. . e 122 Californicum 128 fimbriatum 128 Verbascum 395 Blattaria 895 Thapsus Z 895 virgatum . 396 Verbena 450 624 bracteosa hastata , prostrata . . Verbena Family Verbenacew. . . ... Vernal-grass, Sweet . Veronica ... Americana arvensis . ate Buxbaumii peregrina . . Vervain — Blue... . Common . Vervenia, Hill Valley Vetch ‘ California . Common Vieila, 2... Americana , var. linearis . var. truncata exigua . , : var. Hassei ee gigantea ‘Hassei . sativa Villela Vinca major Vine Family Vine Maple... a) Vinegar Weed WiGlais. oe. eta, & canina var. adunca chrysantha Douglasii glabella lobate . . «was ocellata, . . . pedunculata. . . purpurea , sarmentosa . Violacess . Violet Dog . A Mountain . 451 "| 450 450 450 INDEX. Pine . Ye ek Wood .... Violet Family. . Viper’s Grass . . Virgin’s Bower Vitacez Vitis... Californica Wake Robin Common : Walk-grass . . . Wall Flower . Western : Walnut ... . California. . . Walnut Family . Wart-cress Water-cress . . . Water Fennel. . Water Hemlock... California . . Water Horehound Water-leaf . .. Water-lily Family . Water-Milfoil. |... Water-Milfoil Family .. . Water Montia Water Parsnip Water Pennywort . i“ e % Water Persicaria Water Plantain .. . Water-Plantain Family Water Purs'ane . . Water Starwort Family Water-weed, California. Water-wort. ...... Water-wort Family Wax Myrtle Wheat-grass Australian Dane... Richardson’s. Slender Whipplea modesta .. Whispering Bells White Man’s Foot . Whitlow-wort. . Wild Ginger Wi'd Grape, California . Wild Onion... Wild Radish . .. , Wild Rose, California Wild Rye California . Divergent Glaucous Hispid m4 “Narrow leaved Pubescent Slender . Tufted . Willow . Arroyo Bebb . Seo ee Black River. . Sandbar . Spotted-leaf . Velvet... Western Black Willow Family Willow Herb . Wind-flower Wind Poppy Winter-cress Wintergreen Wire Grass . Wislizenia tefracta . : Wolffia. . . lingulata Wood-rush . Common Wormseed Wyethia .. INDEX. 259 angustifolia . 119 glabra... : 217 helenioides . 2 278 | Xanthium A 76 Cunudense . - 78 spinosum , , ‘ 80 | Xerophyllum ¥ 78 tenax ; 7 79 | Xylothermia ‘ 80. montana yi Yard Grass 78 | Yard Rush . SLi Marrow: oe aids (od 135 | Yellow-cress, Marsh 137 Western. . .. 136 | Yerba Buena ae 186 | Yerba del Pescado . 186 | Yerba del Vibora. . . 187 | Yerba Mansa. ..... 136 | Yerba Reuma., . . 137 | Yerba Santa 436: | Yew 2 sa co aos 135 | Yew Family . 327 | Zannichellia , 198 palustris ... . 209 | Zauschneria. . . 220 Californica .... ‘| ce var. latifolia . 7 229 a 0 5 i a marina . Zygadene . 99 95 Zygadenus ek ee ee ES 95 Fremonti . . . .176 var. minor , 541 venenosus,, . FLORA Western Middle California BY WILLIS. L. JEPSON A descriptive account of the seed plants of the region lying west of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, south of the counties of Mendocino and Colusa, and north of the Pajaro River and Pacheco Pass. Many hundred extra-limital species are described, however, so that the volume will be almost if not quite as useful in the upper Sacramento Valley and upper San Joaquin Valley as in the region proper. The diagnoses are accompanied by numerous notes concerning distribution, range, behavior in the dry or wet season, and observations of a like char- acter. Common names for the species have been inserted whenever available, and it is hoped that these will be of service and interest to the novice. Price, by mail, post-paid, $2.50 ADDRESS Encina Publishing Company Berkeley, California The Trees of California BY WILLIS L. JEPSON (In advanced preparation) A popular account of the trees of California, con- taining descriptions of all the native species of the state, accompanied by two hundred pen-and-ink drawings and figures, mainly the work of Miss M. H. Swift, and by numerous illustrations from a very fine series of photographs. This book is expressly written for the use of the tourist, mountaineer, and botanical amateur who may have no technical knowledge of botany. The key to the species is very carefully worked out and is based upon characters of the leaves or other easily recognized parts. Encina Publishing Company Berkeley, California ERYTHEA EDITED BY WILLIS L. JEPSON A journal of Botany, West American and general, devoted to problems of general and special morphology, papers upon the geographical distribution and classification of West American plants, and historical and descriptive articles. Seven volumes, 1893 to 1899. The following are some of the contributors: Prof. L. H. Bailey, Cornell University; Dr. H. H. Behr, College of Pharmacy, Univer- sity of California; Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee, San Diego; Dr. N. L. Britton, Director of the New York Botanical Gardens; Prof. D. H. Campbell, Stanford University; Mr. F. S. Collins, Malden, Mass.; Mr. J. B. Davy, University of California; Dr. A. Davidson, Los Angeles; Dr. P. Dietel, Leipzig, Germany; Mr. J. B. Ellis, Newfield, N. J.; Miss Alice Eastwood, California Academy of Sciences; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Harvard University; Mr. M. L. Fernald, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; Prof. E. L. Greene, Catholic University of America; Mr. J. M. Greenman, Gray Her- barium, Harvard University; Karl E. Hirn, Magister Phil., Jyriis- kyli, Finland; Dr. M. A. Howe, Columbia University; Dr. Otto Kuntze, San Remo, Italy; Mr. J. G. Lemmon, Oakland; Mr. John Macoun, Canadian Botanical Survey; Baron Ferdinand von Mueller, late Government Botanist, Melbourne, Australia; Prof. Aven Nelson, University of Wyoming; Mr. S. B..Parish, San Bernardino; Prof. C. V. Piper, College of Agriculture, Pullman, Wash.; Prof. B. L. Robinson, Harvard University; Dr. J. N. Rose, Smithsonian In- stitution; Prof. W. A. Setchell, University of California; Dr. E. Stitzenberger, Germany, and many others. Complete sets, single volumes or numbers may be had by addressing Encina Publishing Company Berkeley, California is ih Nhs ue