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There are no known copyright restrictions in
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http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003259391
FLORA
Western Middle Calitornia -
JEPSON
Gornell University Library
Sthaca, New York
GEORGE FRANCIS ATKINSON
BOTANICAL LIBRARY
1920
FLORA
OF
Western Middle California
BY
WILLIS LINN JEPSON, Pu.D.
Assistant Professor of Botany in the University of California
IssuED APRIL 16, 1901
ENCINA PUBLISHING COMPANY
BERKELEY, CALIFORNIA
CopPYRIGHT
1901
By Wiis L. Jepson
HISTORICAL NOTE.
From 1789 to 1876 the botanical literature relating to California
was confined chiefly to the descriptions of new species or annotated
catalogues of collections made by various expeditions or by local
collectors. :
The first systematic treatise upon the plants of California was pre-
sented in the Botany of California, the first volume of which
appeared in 1876, the second being published four years later. In
these two volumes we have the first general account of the California
flora. The work was based primarily upon a study of the plant
collections of the California Geological Survey made by W. H.
Brewer from 1860 to 1865 and later by H. N. Bolander, and also upon
the rather considerable collections of the Pacific Railroad Surveys
from 1851 to 1857. This material was supplemented by collections,
some small, some considerable, made by resident collectors. The
manuscript of the Polypetale was produced by the combined labors
of W. H. Brewer and Sereno Watson; the Gamopetale were done by
Asa Gray, while the second volume from the Apetale to the Crypta-
gams was elaborated by Watson with the assistance of specialists in
various groups.
The two volumes made a pretentious work. As we are now able to
perceive, there were many omissions, there were errors of judgment,
and little is suggested of the amount of variation which is prevalent
in so many Californian genera and species. But if one note the
exceedingly inadequate material at the disposal of these authors, oft-
times extremely meager, then we may well wonder that the work
was so capably done, that it has stood so well the test of two decades
of constant use. At this time our judgment is qualified by experi-
ence with its merits and demerits, and it is u secure judgment that
although progression has left the Botany of California behind, it
will always occupy the position of a classic.
In 1878 and in 1884 Asa Gray gave to the botanical world two
parts of the Synoptical Flora of North America, in which were, of
course, very considerable additions to the knowledge of the Califor-
nian flora. This work, so widely used, still remains as the only gen-
eral revision of the North American Gamopetale.
From 1885 to 1895 the most active contributor to Californian
botanical literature was E. LL. Greene. His papers upon plant
(iti)
iv HISTORICAL NOTE.
nomenclature have, doubtless, made him most widely known, since
in America no other writer has so pronounced and extreme views
upon this subject. Nearly all of his many writings, whatever the
title or topic, are colored by the ideas of nomenclature which have
brought him into prominence. The particular contributioris which
are most available to the Californian student are the Flora Frandis-
cana, still incomplete, and the Manual of Botany of the Region of
San Francisco Bay, in both of which his principles of nomenclature
are exemplified. He has what is termed a keen eye for specific differ-
ences, has published a very large number of new species, and is the
author of larger number of new names and new combinations than
any other American botanist or zoologist. He has also an apprecia-
tion of natural relationships which has led him to propose new
arrangements for many genera and species. It should be added that
many of these changes have found wide acceptance.
During this long period there have been many other resident
workers on the flora of western middle California. Of these mention
should be made of Dr. Albert Kellogg, one of the founders of the
California Academy of Sciences; Dr. Hermann H. Behr, author of a
Flora of the Vicinity of San Francisco; Mrs. Katherine Brandegee,
formerly Mrs. Curran, who has studied very thoroughly the local
flora for many years and published revisions of genera and of species;
Mr. Volney Rattan, Miss Alice Eastwood, and many others whose
names find mention in the following pages.
PREFATORY NOTE.
The present volume embodies the results of a prolonged and
studious examination into the flora of western middle California. It
is, in brief, un attempt to present in book form an account of the
seed plants of the region by descriptions of the living plants—of the
plants as they actually exist. It is as little as may be at the present
time a revision of what hus been written about plants of the region,
or of plants or of species ascribed to it. The author has enlarged his
laboratory and herbarium experience by innumerable excursions and
expeditions into the vafions and mountuains, through the valleys and
along the water-courses of California. The diagnoses have been
derived mainly from fresh specimens collected by the author or by
his colleagues in the Department of Botany, and from simiiar abun-
dant material supplied by many helpful correspondents resident in
various parts of the state.
~As to the recognition of species, that is the determination of the
number of species present in our region und the working out of their
relationships, field studies played an important part. In the larger
or more variable genera resort was had to the following method: The
material of a given genus was segregated into a certain number of
forms (regarded as distinct) or varieties of these forms, the judgment
passed being in large measure controlled by field studies. The
descriptions of such forms were drawn up from fresh material or
herbarium material. The results of these studies could not in all
cases, however, be correlated with the existing literature, but to the
descriptions such names were applied as were available in the litera-
ture and with all cure and caution. Therefore, a particular descrip-
tion stands for a natural type (that is to say the usual or dominating
or most marked form), while the name may belong to a form of the
species which is unusual or abnormal, or may, indeed, belong toa
very different plant since the original description by which such a
name was published may be so vagu”, so loose. or so broad that exact
determination is difficult or impossible. Difficulties of this nature
may only be settled by a study of the original or type specimens, but
these are, to us, largely inaccessible. Moreover, type specimens are
not infrequently so poor or so fragmentary that nothing can be made
of them. It shou!d be understood, therefore, that the author’s con-
ception of the species here yiven place is expressed by the descriptions
rather than by the names; that there is here an account of the plants
of the region rather than a list of species gleaned from the literature.
One other course was open. Instead of presenting a fresh account
of the plants known to us as occurring in our region it would have
been quite possible to list the species attributed to middle Ca ‘ifornia
and copy the paraphrased descriptions which we have inherited,
adding more or less new matter and emending where it seemed neces-
sary. To one, however, whose facilities as to type-specimens are
limited but whose advantages as to the study of the living flora arein
(1)
2 PREFATORY NOTE.
many ways unlimited, surely there could be but one choice as to what
his task should be. .
Nevertheless, it is not in the least the intention to deny to the liter-
ature a debt which is plain, but the obligation to some of the more
recent ‘‘systematic’’ literature must be said to be dubious when one
remembers the paucity of monographic work and contrasts the long
list of ‘(new species.’’ It is not too much to say that a considerable
proportion of these ‘‘new species’’ consists of isolated descriptions,
that there is a lack of coordination with species already known, and
that as to many of them even their nearest relatives are not acknowl-
edged. It has not been possible to investigate all such. Some are
obviously to be rejected—in any event they have not been included
here by merit of publication merely. Many others, on the contrary,
it has been possible to study more or less fully; of these a surprising
number reveal most excellent characters which are not in the least
suggested in their often unsatisfactory diagnoses. :
Supplementing the account of structures the student will find
numerous records of physiological peculiarities of various species,
details of habit or of aspect—features which lure the eye of the expert
in the field but which are obscured or lost in the dried specimen.
Observations of this character have been eagerly sought, as well as
notes concerning associated species, modes of vegetative reproduction,
behavior in the dry season and similar data.
Another well defined aim has been held constantly in view as the
work progressed. It was deemed to be in the highest degree desira-
ble, on account of the very interesting and instructive variation
which exists among Californian plants, that the flora should, in so far
as possible, reflect something of this phenomenon. In many cases,
indeed whenever opportunity offered, detailed accounts of marked
variations have been recorded in the field. Distinctions between
variable and invariable types have been rendered far easier of analysis
and made in a great degree more certain by a close study of fresh
material, which has not infrequently been available in large quantity.
Variation ascribable to difference in soil, exposure, dryness and so on
is often noted and varieties are here described which may properly be
called ecological varieties.
A very great amount of time and effort has been expended upon
the construction of keys; » general key to the families, keys to the
genera under the families, keys to the species under the genera,
and in some cases even keys to the varieties. The key to the
families is a wholly artificial key; it is not intended in the least
to indicate natural relationships, but simply to guide the stu-
dent, by a path as direct and as sure as possible, to the family.
Hence no exceptions are allowed. Since there are, of course, excep-
tions in a great many families, genera or even species of the same
family may be divided in the key. Moreover, the keys apply only to
the species listed. While the specific keys have been carefully made,
nevertheless, this is the first descriptive flora in Western America to
present such keys and the student should use them to secure a
PREFATORY NOTE. 3
suggestion of the species, controlling his final decision by a rigid
comparison with all the terms of the diagnosis.
The beginner should never forget that the same spécies may be of
quite different appearance in different localities. Soil, exposure, alti-
tude, humidity, distance from the ocean, influence very greatly the
habit and aspect of the plant. Vegetative characters (that is charac-
ters of the root, stem, foliage, size of the plant or of its various parts,
amount of pubescence) vary endlessly in many plants. Hence it is
well to rely chiefly upon the reproductive characters, that is charac-
ters of the reproductive organs, namely the flower and the fruit,
rather than upon merely vegetative characters.
The variation of the plant from its normal appearance may often be
correlated with its situation, at least as to the vegetative features.
The following classes of localities may be noted under this head:—
1. Near the ocean a species is often more depressed or condensed
than in the interior, and more fleshy.
2. In swamps or wet soils the plant tends to become succulent and
of ranker growth, and also glabrous.
8. In valley soils the growth is commonly much more rank than
elsewhere.
4. On hilltops plants tend to become dwarf and acaulescent; often
far more pubescent also.
5. In saline or subsaline soil the stems and foliage in many species
ure far more vigorous and the flowers larger than on stiff clays or
adobes.
6. In shady woods leaves become thinner and larger, often con-
spicuously so. :
7. At high altitudes the flowers are larger in proportion to stature
and brighter in color.
In the matter of terminology the number of terms here employed
has been considerably reduced. The term bract (as an example) has
been applied to all bracteal organs and special designations have not
been applied to modifications of bracts peculiar to certain families.
Local common names have been sedulously noted in all parts of the
state and such as were appropriate will be found appended to the
proper species. The coining of so-called common names from the
Latin binomial has been avoided and we have also seen fit to reject
common names of Old World and Eastern species which have been
applied to different plants in California.
By Western Middle California is meant that portion of California
lying west of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers, south of the
counties of Mendocino, Lake and Colusa and north of the Pajaro
River and Pacheco Pass. Very many extra-limital species are
described or noticed, however, so that the volume will be almost if
not quite as useful as far north as Red Bluff and as far south as
Bakersfield.
The author now has opportunity to make acknowledgments for
services rendered by his colleagues and correspondents. Prof. W. A.
Setchell has, by his unfailing encouragement and constant advice,
4 PREFATORY NOTE.
promoted very materially the progress of this work; he has, more-
over, collected several hundred phxnogamic plants of pronounced
value, expressly for the author’s use. Mr. J. B. Davy has provided
a competent and much needed revision of the grasses for which the
author is especially grateful; he has also furnished several thousand
specimens, muny of which were accompanied by field notes. For the
rivileges of a research student at the Gray Herbarium of Harvard
niversity cordial thanks are returned to Prof. B. L. Robinson.
Frequent use has been made of the Herbarium of the California
Academy of Sciences and kindly acknowledgments are due to its
curator, Miss Alice Eastwood. For contributions of valuable
specimens it is a pleasure to name Mr. S. B. Parish of San
Bernardino, Mr. R. H. Platt of Vacaville, Mr. M.S. Baker of the
Sacramento High School, Mr. P. 8. Woolsey of the Visalia High
School, Mr. J. H. Barber of Paso Robles, and Mr. H. M. Wall,
Mr. H. P. Chandler, and Mr. J. P. Tracy, students of the Uni-
versity of California. Finally there is to be mentioned the valuable
assistance in proof-reading given by Mr. P. E. Goddard, Mrs. E. J.
C. Gilbert and Miss K. D. Jones.
Many a valley and mountain peak of California, numerous
chaparral slopes and leagues wide plains have not to this day been
explored botanically. ‘There must yet be numerous additions to the
knowledge of our flora before such knowledge can be considered in
anywise complete. Emendations and notes of omission will, there-
fore, be most gratefully received.
Wiis Linn JEPson.
Mt. Whitney Trail,
Aug. 6, 1900.
KEY TO: THE
SEED PLANTS OF WESTERN MIDDLE
CALIFORNIA
GYMNOSPERM-.
Ovules borne naked on a scale; cotyledons 8 to 15, sometimes 2; flowers
moneecious or dicecious; leaves needle-like, scale-like or linear;
trees or shrubs, ours evergreen.
Flowers solitary; ovule 1 to each cup-shaped disk or fleshy envelope,
becoming abony seed... ..... . . TAXACEA, p. 17.
Flowers in cone-like aments, the pistillate ament becoming a scaly
cone. rarely a berry; ovules 2 or more at the base of each scale.
ConiFER#, p. 18.
ANGIOSPERM FE.
Ovules borne in a closed sac or ovary, which becomes the fruit;
cotyledons 1 or 2.
CLASS 1.—MONOCOTYLEDONS.
Leaves with parallel veins (except Trillium); parts of the flowers
usually in 3’s, never in 4’s or 5’s; vascular bundles scattered
irregularly through the pithy tissue, not in rings or annual layers;
embryo with 1 cotyledon; all ours herbs, when perennial mostly
with rootstocks or bulbs.
A. Flowers without perianth and enveloped by chaffy bracts, or
the perianth dry and scarious.
Flowers (in gurs) sessile, in dense spikelets, with imbricate bract-
lets; spikelets borne in spikes, racemes, panicles or umbels;
perianth none or reduced to bristles; fruit an achene.
Stems mostly terete and hollow; leaves in 2 rows; sheaths mostly
split open opposite the blade; ligule mostly conspicuous;
bractlets 2 subtending cach flower, or the upper (the palea)
rarely obsolete; anthers mostly versatile; seed (in ours)
adnate to the pericarp . . . . GRAMINER, p. 26. —
Stems mostly triangular, solid; leaves in 3 rows; sheaths entire;
ligule obsolete or minute; bractlet only 1 subtending each
flower; anthers erect; seed free from the pericarp... . . .
CYPERACEA, p. 83.
(5)
6 KEY TO SEED PLANTS.
Flowers (in ours) pedicellate, in paniculate clusters, or subsessile
in dense capitate heads; perianth of 6 distinct dry segments;
leaves terete or flat; fruit capsule. . Juncacna, p. 92.
B. Flowers on a spadix or spike, the whole cluster often enclosed by
aspathe or foliaceous or membranaceous bract; perianth none or
not petal-like. Sh
Subaquatic reed-like plants; flowers unisexual, borne in a dense
cylindrical spike or globose head, without distinct perianth ,
TYPHACEM, p. 95.
Small or minute leafless aquatics, the stems represented by leaf-like
floating fronds. . . . . 3. . . . LEMNACES, p. 97.
Aquatic plants; flowers naked or with a very small calyx, perfect
or unisexual; stamens]to4, .. ,NAIADACES, p. 99. _
Marsh or subaquatic plants; flowers perfect, with or without
perianth; stamens 6 or 1... . . . JUNCAGINACEA, p. 102.
GC. Flowers with a more or less corolla-like perianth.
Ovaries several, distinct, becoming achenes in fruit; perianth of 3
sepals and 3 petals. . . . ALISMACER, p. 104.
Ovary 1 and ;
Superior; perianth regular, petal-like; stamens 6, sometimes
Bor4. : ... , LILiacea, p. 106.
Inferior.
Perianth regular; stamens 3. . . . . In1pacem, p. 128.
Perianth irregular; stamens 1, rarely 2.0RCcHIDACEA, p. 180.
CLASS 2.—DICOTYLEDONS.
Leaves netted-veined; parts of the flower mostly in 4’s or 5’s; vascu-
lar bundles in a ring around a central pith, the stem when
perennial increasing in girth hy annual layers; embryo with 2
cotyledons, é
1. APETALOUS DIVISION. Corolla none; calyx present, some-
times petal-like, rarely none.
A. FLOWERS MONGCIOUS OR DIGCIOUS, ONE OR BOTH KINDS IN
AMENTS; TREES OR SHRUBS.
Leaves simple and
Opposite; flower dicecious, 1 to 3 in each axil of the connate bracts;
sepals of staminate flowers 4, of pistillate flower 2or none ,
GARRYACEA, p. 362.
Alternate.
Both kinds of flowers in uments.
Flowers 1 to each scale or bract; perianth none.
Fruit a 1-celled many-seeded capsule; seeds with a coma;
flowers divcious.. . . SALICACE.E, p. 135.
Fruit a waxy-coated berry; flowers monccious or diwcious.
Myricaces, p. 146.
Flowers 2 or 8 to each scale or bract; staminate ament long
pendulous; pistillate small, maturing into a woody cone
containing margined achenes, . . BuTuLacnksm, p. 139,
WESTERN MLDDLE CALIFORNIA. 7
Only the staminate (rarely the pistillate) in aments.
Fruit a nut enclosed in a leafy tubular involucre. . .
CoryLAcEas, p. 140.
Fruit a nut set in a scaly cup or bur (acorn or chestnut)
CUPULIFERA, p. 141.
Leaves pinnate; only the staminate flowers in aments; fruit » nut
with a fibrous coat. . . ... . . SUGLANDACEM, p. 145.
B. FLowERS NOT IN AMENTs.
1. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers.
Leaves opposite.
Flowers diccious. .
Ovary inferior; fruit u berry; leaves simple and foliaceous or
reduced to scales; parasitic on trees. LORANTHACEA, p. 365.
Ovary superior; leaves pinnate.
Stamens 4 or 5; fruit a double samara; var. of. . . ee
Acer Negundo, p. 252.
Stamens commonly 2; fruit a simple samara . iD thcch ag lat
Fraxinus Oregana, p.385.
Flowers dicwcious or polygamo-diccious; sepals 4, petal-like; sta-
mens numerous; fruit a tailed achene; climbing plants .
Clematis, p. 197.
Leaves alternate and simple.
Flowers monecious, in head-like clusters scattered on a slender axis;
calyx none... .. 2... . . . PLATANACEA, p. 274.
Flowers perfect or unisexual; sepals and stamens 4 or 5; fruit berry-
like . eG F . Rhamnus. p. 253.
Flowers perfect.
Stamens 6 to numerous,
Erect trees or shrubs.
Calyx of 6 petal-like sepals; stamens 9, the anthers vpening
hy uplifted valves; fruit a drupe; evergreen. . .
AURACES, p. 191.
Calyx 5-lobed; stamens numerous, 25 to 60, inserted on the
calyx; fruit a tailed achene . . Cercocarpus, p. 277.
Calyx 4-cleft, corolla-like; low shrub with tough leathery
stems. . ... 2... . . THYMELEACES, p. 259.
Climbing plant; calyx tubular; stamens 6, anthers sessile;
capsule 6-celled. . . - . . Aristolochia, p. 364,
Stamens 5, monadelphous; calyx 5-cleft; showy; capsule com-
monly 5-celled . . . . . . . . . Fremontia, p. 286.
Stamens 1 or 2; calyx of 4 or 5 sepals; leaves much reduced and
seale-like. .. ... . Allenrolfea, p. 181.
2. Herbs.
* OVARY SUPERIOR, 7. ¢., FREE FROM THE CALYX.
Calyx present; corolla none.
Pistils more than 1 and distinct, becoming achenes; sepals com-
monly 5, distinct, often petal-like; stamensmany. .. . .
RANUNCULACES, p. 198.
KEY TO SEED PLANTS.
Pistils 1 or 2, distinct; calyx-tube armed with barbed prickles, its
limb 3 to 7-parted; leaflets pinnatifid. . ..... ..++s
Acena, p. 284.
Pistil 1, 1-celled; stigmas or styles often more than one.
Stipules present.
Leaves alternate; fruit an achene.
Stipules sheathing, scarious; calyx 5 to 6-cleft or -parted, or
of distinct sepals, often petal-like; stamens 4 to 9; fruit
a 8-sided or lenticular achene. . fends Casini
POLYGONACES, p. 148.
Stipules not sheathing; calyx greenish; stamens 1 to 4.
Flowers monecivus, very small, in ament-like inflo-
rescences; plants with stinging herbage . A
Unricacem®, p. 146.
Flowers perfect, fascicled; diminutive annual. .
Alchemilla, p. 284.
Leaves opposite; small or prostrate herbs.
Calyx of 5 distinct sepals; stamens 8 to 5.
Fruit an achene or utricle; stipules scarious: genera nos.
Wtol4of.... . . , CaryorHyLLaceg, p. 168.
Fruit a 8-valved capsule; stipules setaceous, :
; Leflingia, p. 171.
Calyx 5-cleft; capsule circumscissile; stipules laciniate; sta-
mens 1to3. ,.. . . . Cypselea, p. 189.
Stipules none.
Fruit an achene or utricle.
Leaves opposite or whorled.
Calyx tubular, corolla-like, the base of the tube hardening
and enclosing the achene; prostrate maritime herbs ,
NycraGInaceg, p. 188.
Calyx of 6 (rarely 5) distinct often petal-like sepals; fruit
a 3-sided or lenticular achene; leaves whorled or op-
posite. . . 2... . . Potyeonacr, p. 148.
Leaves alternate or opposite; calyx of 5 or fewer sepals.
Sepals herbaceous or, in unisexual flowers, the pistillate
without calyx and enclosed by two bracts; bractlets
none; mostly seurfy plants of alkaline or maritime
habitat. . SF . CHENOPODIACER, p. 174.
Sepals membranous or scarious; flowers with bractlets .
AMARANTACES, p. 172.
Fruit a capsule; leaves opposite.
Stamens numerous; capsule cireumscissile; calyx of 5 purple
segments; perennial herb . Sesuvium, p. 189.
Stamens 5 or fewer; capsule opening by valves.
Calyx of 5 distinct sepals, white inside; prostrate annual ,
; Mollugo, p. 188.
Calyx 6-lobed, the lobes petal-like; erect. perennial herb
maritime or of salt marshes. . : :
Glaux, p. 374.
WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 9
Calyx 4-parted; diminutive annual with filiform leaves, .
Sagina apetala, p. 169.
Calyx and corolla both wanting; pistil 1.
‘Flowers perfect, borne in a spike, each flower subtended by “a
colored bract, the spike subtended by a conspicuous colored
involucre; herb of saline habitat , Anemopsis, p. 162.
Flowers monecious.
Terrestrial plants; flower-clusters often surrounded by a petal-
like involucre resembling » perianth; stamens 1 to many;
capsule 1 or commonly 8-celled; juice often milky. . .
EUPHORBIACES, p. 260.
Aquatic plants; leaves opposite; stamens 1.
Leaves dissected; ovary 1-celled, in fruit a spinose or tubercu-
late achene. . . . . . . CERATOPHYLLACEA, p. 191.
Leaves entire; ovary 4-celled, splitting when ripe into 4 parts.
CALLITRICHACEA, p. 268,
** OVARY INFERIOR, t. ¢., MORE OR LESS ADHERENT TO THE CALYX.
Flowers diccious or the pistillate with stamens; stamens many; cap-
sule 1-celled; leaves alternate, divided. . . . . . eh -
DaTISCACE, p. 821.
Flowers pertect.
Leaves reniform or cordate; calyx-lobes 8, caudate; capsule 6-celled;
nearly acaulescent perennial. . . Asarum, p. 363.
Leaves not reniform or cordate.
Calyx-lobes 4.
Leaves alternate; fruit a 3 to 9-celled bony nut with herbaceous
covering; succulent herb , , Tetragonia, p. 189.
Leaves opposite; fruit a 4-celled capsule; stems creeping in
mud or floating in water . . Ludwigia, p. 326.
Calyx entire; stamens 1; fruit nut-like, 1-celled, 1-seeded;
aquatics with simple entire leaves in whorls. .
Hippuris, p. 338.
Il. CHORIPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla present,
the latter of distinct petals.
A. OVARY SUPERIOR, (. ¢., FREE FROM THE CALYX.
1. Stamens hypogynous, more than 10.
Pistils several to many.
Pistils simple and distinct.
Leaves not peltate.
Pistils becoming achenes or follicles SAO Soi
i RaNUNCULACEA, p. 198.
Pistils at first united, later distinct as torulose pods... .
Platystemon, p. 205.
Leaves peltate; aquatic plant. . . Brasenia, p. 192.
Pistils cohering in a ring around a central axis; stamens monadel-
phous. .. MALvVaces, p. 286.
10 KEY TO SEED PLANTS.
Pistil 1 and
One-celled, the styles or stigmas often more than one.
Sepals caducous; petals 4 or 6, twice as many as the sepals .
PAPAVERACES, p. 205.
Sepals persistent or at least not caducous.
Acaulescent plants; petals 8 to 16; sepals 4 to 8.
Lewisia, p. 184.
Caulescent plants. : ;
Petals 5; fruit a capsule; leaves simple, entire.
Sepals 2; styles3. . . . . . Calandrinia, p. 185.
Sepals 5, the 2 outer smaller and bract-like; style 1
CISTACES, p. 238.
Petals 1 or 2; sepals about 4; fruit a berry; leaves compound.
Actea, 202,
More than 1-celled.
Petals 5; sepals or calyx-lobes 5.
Stamens monadelphous, jointed to the base of the petal»; sepals
not distinct, valvate; leaves alternate... . . me
MALVACEA, p. 236.
Stamens disposed in 8 to 5 indistinct bunches; sepals distinct,
imbricate; leaves opposite, . HyPERICACEs, p. 235.
Petals 10 to 20; sepals 5 to 12; aquatic herbs... . . .
Nuphar, p. 192.
2. Stamens hypogynous, IO or fewer.
Pistils more than 1, distinct, and
Exceeding in number the sepals or petals. . 2... 0.
RaNUNCULACES, p. 193.
Of the same number as the sepals or petals. . . 2...
CRASSULACES, p. 264.
Pistils more or less united around a central axis, elastically separating
when ripe as l-seeded carpels; petals 5. ©. .....
GERANIACEM, p. 245.
Pistil 1, the styles or stigmas sometimes more than one.
Corolla irregular,
Papilionaceous; stamens 10, di- or mon-adelphous, rarely dis-
tinct; fruita legume... . . LEGUMINOSA, p. 288.
Petals 5, one with a spur; sepals 5, auricled; stamens 5; fruit a
L-celled capsule 2.) we « WIOLACEX, p. 280.
Petals 4; stamens 6.
Sepals 4; fruit a silique; annual; some species of .
Streptanthus, p. 213.
Sepals 2; petals in 2 dissimilar pairs; perennial. .
Dicentra, p. 209.
Petal 1; calyx 5-toothed; stamens 10; leaves pinnate; shrub ,
Amorpha, p. 203,
Corolla regular.
Ovary I-celled,
Anthers opening by uplifted valves; petals 6, in whorls of 3;
stamens 6; fruit 1 berry or capsule , a hoe on. ee
BERBERIDACE.E, p. 208.
WISTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 11
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; herbs.
Fruit a capsule opening from the apex hy valves or teeth;
petals 5 or 4. ©
Calyx tubular or of 5 (or 4) distinct sepals; stamens 3 to
10, eommonly 5 or 10; capsule 8 to 10-valved or
-toothed; placente central; styles2 to5. .
CarvoruyLiac EE, Pp. 163.
Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; stamens 5 (or 3 to many);
capsule 3-valved; placentas central or basal; styles 2
to8 . . . Portcriacace.e. p. 184.
Calyx tubular; stamens 4 to 7; capsule 2 to 4-valved;
placenta parietal; style 3-cleft '
FRANKE NIACEE, p. 162.
Fruit indehiscent.
Style 1 or none; sepals and petals 4; stamens tetradyna-
mous . . : _ CRUCIFERS, p. 210.
Styles, sepals, petals and stamens 5
PLUMBAGINACES, p. 877.
Ovary more than I-celled.
Anthers opening by pores at the summit; sepals and petals 5
or 4, the stamens as many or twice as many; capsule
Becelled . . . Ericacks, p. 367.
Anthers opening by longitudinal “slits.
Herbs.
Leaves alternate or basal.
Sepals and petals 4; stamens 6.
Ovary not stipitate; stamens commonly 4 long and 2
short (tetradynamous); sepals and petals 4; fruit
a 2-celled capsule (silique or silicle) . ia
CRUCIFERS, p. 210.
Ovary raised on a stipe; stamens not tetradynamous;
leaves 3-foliolate . . CAPPARIDACE.#, p. 229.
Sepals and petals 5; fruit a 5-celled capsule.
Stamens 10, more or less united at base; leaves
8-foliolate . . . Oxalis, p. 245.
Stamens 5; leaves simple. Ltnace4, p. 243.
Leaves opposite; annuals.
Calyx of 2 distinct sepals; flowers 2 to 5-merous; fruit
a 2 to 5-celled capsule . ELaTinacE#, p. 234.
Calyz tubular; stamens 10 and petals 5, the latter
clawed; fruit an imperfectly 3-celled capsule .
Silene Gallica, p. 165.
Shrub; fruit a simple samara; stamens and petals 2 each:
leaves opposite, pinnate. . Fraxinus dipetala, p. 385.
3. Stamens perigynous, i. e., on the calyx or on a more or less evident disk.
Stamens on a hypogynous disk or on a disk lining the base of the
calyx.
12 KEY TO SEED PLANTS.
Trees or shrubs.
Stamens twice as many as the petals and alternate with them.
Leaves alternate, trifvliolate.
Styles or stigmas 8; fruit drupe-like . . .
ANACARDIACES, p. 250.
Style 1; fruit a 2-celled, 2-seeded samara. . bets
RUTACEA, p. “949.
Leaves opposite, simple; style 1 or none; fruit a 3 to 5-celled
capsule; seeds with an aril. CELASTRACES, p. 252.
Stamens 4 or 5, as many as the petals and opposite them.
Shrubs; petals often hooded, commonly with claws; ovary
commonly 3-celled, splitting when ripe into 3 one-seeded
DaEiS oe eye AeAg ny ped RHAMNACES, p. 253.
Woody vine, climbing by tendrils; petals early deciduous,
cohering’ by their tips; fruita berry. . 2 je as
VitAcea, p. 259.
Stamens 7 to 9; petals 5, equal; fruit a double samara; leaves
BIMPles on se ew ke eS Acer macrophyllum, p. 252.
Stamens 5 to 8; petals 4 or 5, clawed, slightly irregular; fruit a
1-seeded capsule; leaves pulmately compound
SaPINDACEA, p. 251.
Herbs; stamens 8 to 30; petals 4 to 7, laciniate; disk 1-sided
RESEDACEA, p. 230.
Stamens on the calyx.
Corolla regular.
Stipules - present; pistils one to several, sometimes partly united
to the disk; petals 5; stamens 10 to numerous; leaves
alternate, often compound. . Rosacex, p. 275.
Stipules none; leaves simple.
Pistils many, concealed in a hollow receptacle; leaves opposite,
BUM PLO. oa, 56 sat aoe ee He CALYCANTHACER, p. 190.
Pistil 1; petals 5; stamens 5 or 10
SAXIVRAGACER, p 267.
Pistil 1, becoming a capsule enclosed by, but free from, the
tubular calyx; stamens 4 to 12; leaves simple, entire
LYTHRACEA, p. 323.
Corolla irregular, papilionaceous; stamens monadelphous, or dia-
delphous, rarely distinct; fruit a legume; leaves commonly
compound . a4 .... , LEGUMINOSS, p. 288.
B. Ovary INFERIOR, I. E., MORE OR LESS ADHERENT TO THE CALYX.
1. Trees and Shrubs.
Stamens more numerous than the petals; petals 5.
é
Leaves alternate; fruita pome. . . , Rosacea, p. 275
Leaves opposite; "fruit a capsule; trailing undershrub . . . .
Whipplea, p. 272.
Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them; petuls 5, hooded;
fruit 3-celled, 1 seed in each cell . . Ceanothus, p. 254.
WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 13
Stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them.
Petals 4; style 1; flowers small, in cymes, or if in a head, sur-
rounded by a conspicuous corolla-like involucre; fruit drupe-
like; leaves opposite .. . . . . CoRNACEA, p. 360.
Petals (in ours) 5; styles 2, more or less distinct; flowers in racemes
or solitary; fruit a smooth or prickly berry; leaves alternate.
Ribes, p, 272.
2. Herbs.
Petals and stamens numerous; fruit 10 to 12-celled, dehiscing at
summit; succulent maritime herb . Mesembryanthemum, p. 190.
Petals 5 or fewer.
Styles 4 or 5; flowers in panicled umbels; fruit berry-like
ARALIACEA, p. 839.
Styles 2; flowers in simple or compound umbels, sometimes capi-
tate; fruit splitting into 2 one-seeded carpels ......
UMBELLIFERA, p. 340.
Style 1.
Sepals and petals 4 (rarely 5 or 2), the stamens commonly twice
as many; fruit commonly a 4-celled capsule .... .
ONAGRACES, p. 325.
Sepals and petals 5; stamens numerous; fruit a 1-celled capsule
opening at the top; rough-hairy herbs. .........
Loasace&, p. 321.
Sepals 2; petals 5; stamens 7 to 20; style mostly 3 to 8-parted;
fleshy herb. .. ... . . . Portulaca, p. 184.
Style none; stigmas 4; leaves in whorls; aquatic plants . .
HaLoraGE#, p. 338.
Ill, SYMPETALOUS DIVISION. Calyx and corolla both pres-
ent, the latter with the petals united, at least at base.
A. STAMENS MORE THAN 5.
Anthers opening by a hole at the top; stamens 8 or 10; ovary superior
or inferior; leaves simple; trees, shrubs or parasitic plants .
ERicace&, p. 867.
Anthers opening by longitudinal slits; ovary superior.
Petals 5. :
Pistils 4 or 5, distinct; stamens 10....... oe
CRASSULACEA, p. 264.
either splitting into as many carpels when ripe or capsular.
MALVACEA, p. 236.
14 KEY TO SEED PLANTS.
Petals less than 5.
Leaves entire; petals 38; sepals 5, 2 petal-like; stamens 6 to 8;
ovary 2-celled; flower imitating the papilionaceous .
POLYGALACEA, p. 248.
Leaves divided; petals 4 in two dissimilar pairs; sepals 2; sta-
mens 6, . . . . Dicentra formosa, p. 210.
B. Stamens 5 OR LESs.
1. Ovary superior, i. e., free from the calyx.
Corolla regular.
Stamens free from the corolla; ovary several-celled; shrubs
ERICACES, p. 367.
Stamens adnate to the corolla.
Pistil 1.
Stamens as many as the lobes of the corolla and opposite them.
Style 1; frnitacapsule, . , PRIMULACEA, p. 374.
Styles 5; fruit a utricle orachene. ........ 2.
: PLUMBAGINACES, p. 877.
Stamens as many as or fewer than the lobes of the corolla and
alternate with its lobes; fruit a capsule (or in Solanum a
berry). :
Ovary 1 or 2-celled.
Styles 2, more or less distinct; flowers 5-merous; ovary 1
or 2-celled; leaves mostly alternate, usually toothed,
lobed or compound , . HYDROPHYLLACES, p. 482.
Style 1 or none.
Ovary and capsule l-celled; flowers 4 or 5-merous;
leaves simple and opposite or 3-foliolate and alter-
MALE oe ey vas se "| GENTIANACES, p. 878.
Ovary 2-celled; fruit commonly 2-celled; stamens 5;
leaves alternate.
Leafless parasitic twining plant. . .
Cuscuta, p. 388.
Leafy plants.
Corolla plaited in the bud; calyx of 5 distinct
sepals. . . . CONVOLVULACES, p. 385.
Corolla valvate or plicate in the bud; calyx
5-toothed. . . . SOLANACE., p. 390.
Ovary 2 to 4-celled; capsule circumscissile; corolla scarious;
stamens 2 or 4; style 1; acaulescent herbs. Peer
PLANTAGINES, p. 418.
Ovary 8-celled, the flower otherwise 5-merous; style 8-cleft;
capsule 8-valved. . . . . PoLEMONIACE®, p, 422.
Ovary 4-celled and commonly 4-lobed, splitting at maturity
into as many nutlets; stamens 5; styles 2, distinct;
leaves alternate (at least the upper); flowers in coiled
racemes or spikes. . . . BoRAGINACH.#, p. 440.
Pistils 2 (the ovaries distinct but the styles or stigmas united),
becoming follicles; leaves opposite or whorled; plants with
milky juice.
WESTERN MIDDLE CALIFORNIA. 15
Stamens and stigmas united, the polis bearing hood-like
appendages. . . . . ASCLEPIADACER, p. 381.
Stamens and stigmas not united; no hoods .
APOCYNACER, p- 380.
Corolla from strongly bilabiate to slightly irregular.
Stamens 4 or 2
Fruit a 1-celled capsule.
Stamens 2; corolla spurred; aquatic plants with finely divided
leaves, some bearing bladders . .
Ur RICULARIACE&, P: ‘419.
Stamens 4; root-parasite- without green foliage .
OROBANCHACEX, p- 420.
Fruit a 2-celled capsule; leaves alternate or opposite .
SCROPHULARIACES, p. 394.
Fruit of 2 to 4 nutlets; leaves opposite.
Ovary not lobed, 2 ‘to 4. celled, splitting into as many sa bs
stamens 4 or 2; style 1, entire. ,
VERBENACEA, P. 450.
Ovary 4-lobed, splitting into as many nutlets; stamens 4 or 2;
style 1-cleft; stems square; herbage with the odor of mint.
Lapiata, p. 452.
Stamens 5, some or all woolly Verbascum, p. 395.
2. Ovary inferior, i. c., adherent to the calyx-tube.
Stamens distinct.
Leaves alternate; flowers regular; stamens 5; ovary and capsule
2.to 5-celled; herbs. . . CAMPANULACEM, p. 476.
Leaves opposite or whorled.
Stamens 1 to 8; flowers irregular; fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded; herbs.
V ALERTANACER, p- 474,
Stamens 4 or 5, rarely 2.
Ovary 1-celled; flowers in involucrate heads or short spikes;
fruit an achene; herbs. . . Dipsace.x, p. 475.
Ovary in ours 2- celled; flowers regular; fruit berry-like or dry,
commonly separating into 2 one-seeded achene-like por-
tions; leaves simple; herbs or shrubs . es
RvuBiacEs, p. 467.
Ovary 2 to 5-celled; flowers regular or irregular; leaves simple
or compound; erect or twining shrubs . z
CAPRIFOLIACER, ?. 470.
Stamens united into a tube around the style.
Flowers not in heads; leaves alternate.
Stamens 8; leaves palmately lobed; tendril-bearing herbs .
CuUCURBITACEA, p. 319.
Stamens 5; leaves narrow; annual herbs .
LoBELIACER, p. 479.
Flowers collected into a head which is furnished with a calyx-
like involucre, the whole to the novice seeming like a single
flower; stamens 5, rarely 4; fruit an achene. .
CoMPoSsIT&, p. 482.
Flora of Western Middle California.
GYMNOSPERMA.
Ovules borne naked upon the surface of a scale or bract, the ovules
und seeds therefore without pericarp. Cotyledons 3 to 15, sometimes
2. Trees or shrubs, ours all evergreen, with needle-like, scale-like
or linear leaves, mostly bearing cones or some with a berry-like fruit.
l. TAXACEA. Yew Famntty.
Evergreen trees with linear leaves spreading in 2 ranks. Flowers
diecious. Staminate flowers consisting of a cluster of stamens, the
filaments monadelphous in a column, Pistillate flower solitary,
terminating short axillary branchlets, consisting of u single ovule,
which in fruit becomes a seed with a bony coat set in a fleshy disk or
enclosed by a fleshy covering. Embryo surrounded by endosperm;
cotyledons 2.
Branches alternate; leaves carinate on the upper surface; seed borne in «a
berrylike: Gap. je 565s Bla aoe ae we dew ee mes dew Ge tg 1. Taxus.
Branches mostly ope or whorled; leaves flat, the under surface with a
longitudinal channel or suleus on either side of the midrib; fruit plum-
like, the seed enclosed ina fleshy covering . . 2. TUMIoN.
1. TAXUS Tourn.
Ours a tree with a scaly bark. Flowers scaly-bracted. Stamens +
to 10 in a cluster, the 5 to 9 anther cells formed under a shield-like
connective, _Ovule seated upon a circular disk, which in fruit
becomes cup-shaped, fleshy and red, surrounding the bony seed, the
whole berry-like.
1. T. brevifolia Nutt. Yew. Tree 18 to 30 ft. high; leaves with
carinate midnerve, somewhat revolute, cuspidate, short petioled;
clusters of stamens 2 lines long; fruit about 3 lines long.
Sierra Nevada; Mt. Shasta; and southward in the Coast Ranges
to southern Mendocino Co.; to be expected in northern Sonoma.
2. TUMION Raf. Torreya.
Branches mostly in whorls or opposite, spreading or drooping.
Leaves nearly fiat, decurrent, not carinate, the under surface with u
longitudinal channel or furrow on either side of the midrib. Stamens
w
18 CONIFER.
in a cluster 24 to 32, each stamen with 4 naked anther cells. Ovule
enclosed in a fleshy sac, the whole becoming drupe-like in fruit.
(Greek tumion, name of Dioscorides for a species of Yew tree.)
1. T. Californicum (Torr.) Greene. Carirrornta NUTMEG.
Adult trees 45 to 80 ft. high; leaves mostly 14 to 24 inches long,
1} lines broad, tapering slightly to the pungent apex, nearly flat,
shortly petioled; staminate clusters 4 or 5 lines long; fruit plum-like,
1 to 1} in, long.
Coast Ranges from Marin and Napa Cos. northward (towards the
coast the trees are very tall, towards the interior often only 5 or 6
ft. high); Sierra Nevada. May to July.
2. CONIFERA. Prye Famitny.
"Trees or shrubs, ours evergreen, with resinous juice, needle-shaped,
awl-shaped, or linear leaves, the flowers in cone-like aments without
perianth. Male flowers consisting of stamens only, the anthers situ-
ated on the under side of a shield-like scale; cones deciduous. Fertile
ament with 2 or more ovules at the base of each scale, the scales few
or many, spirally imbricated and becoming in fruit a dry cone or the
scales sometimes coalescent and succulent. Seed large and nut-like
and winged, or small and bony. Embryo straight in the axis of the
endosperm.
Leaves scattered or fascicled, linear to needle-shaped; flowers monececious ;
pistillate ament of numerous spirally imbricated carpels in the form of
scales, each scale in the axil of a thin persistent bract,in fruit forming a
dry woody cone; scales of staminate ament also spirally arranged, herba-
ceous, colored yellow ; ovules 2 at the base of each scale on the inner face,
inverted.
Cones maturing the first year, their scales remaining thin; leaves solitary.
Branchlets rough from the prominent raised leaf-scars, bracts of the fertile
cones smaller than the scales. ............ 1. TsuGa.
Branchlets smooth, the leaf-scars not raised; bracts of the fertile cone much
longer than the scales . ......... . ... .2, PSEUDOTSUGA.
Cones maturing in the-second year, their scales becoming corky or woody
and thickened ; leaves in clusters of 2 to 5, surrounded at base by a sheath
of scarious bud-seales. 2... 2. ee ee ee 3. PINUS.
Leaves not fascicled, linear or ovate-lanceolate; flowers moncecious.
Leaves alternate ; scales of the fertile ament about 20 to 80, spirally arranged,
in fruit forming a woody cone; bracts none; seeds not winged. . . ¢
4 SEQUOIA.
Leaves opposite; scales of the fertile ament 6, in fruit an oblong cone com-
posed of imbricated oblong scales, seed unequally 2-winged......
5. LIBOCEDRUS,
J.eaves opposite or ternate, scale-like or subulate; scales of the fertile ament
few, decussately opposite, becoming a small closed cone or berry-like.
Dicecious ; fruit berry-like with bony ovate seeds; leaves ternate or opposite.
. 6. JUNIPERUS.
Moncecious ; fruit a globose cone; leaves opposite. . . 7. CUPRESSUS.
1. TSUGA Carriere. Hurmuock.
Leaves appearing 2-ranked, with a single dorsal resin-duct, con-
spicuously petioled, jointed near the base, the lower portion persistent
and at length ligneous, forming a raised scar. Staminate flower a
subglobose cluster of stamens, from the axils of last year’s leaves, the
PINE FAMILY. 19
long stipe surrounded by numerous bud-seales; connective of the
anthers terminating in a short spur or knob. Fertile flowers on the
end of last year’s branchlets; bract a little shorter than the scale.
Cones maturing the first year, pendulous, their thin scales and bracts
persistent.
1. T. heterophylla Sarg. Wesrern Hemiock. A tree 60 to 75
ft. high, 2 ft. in diameter or less, with usually thin reddish-brown
bark; ultimate branchlets when young long hairy; leaves 4 to 10
lines long; staminate flowers 2 to 3 lines in diameter, raised out of
the bud-scales on a slender stipe 43 lines long; cones oblong-cylindrical,
pointed; bracts closely attached to the back of cach scale, obtusely
3-lobed; scales longer than wide; seeds 1 to 14 lines long, the wing
ae longer, widest below; cotyledons 3 to 4.—(T: Mertensiana
arr.
ae sparingly in Marin Co.; from northern California to Alaska
it is abundant, forming vast forests, the trees 100 to 200 ft. high and
2 to even & ft. in diameter. The cones are pendent from the tips of
very numerous slender hairy branchlets. The Alpine Hemlock,
T. Mertensiana Bong. (T. Pattoniana of Bot. Cal.) is found at
timber line in the High Sierras.
2. PSEUDOTSUGA Carriere. FALsze Spruce.
Leaves fiat, distinctly petioled, somewhat 2-ranked by a twist at
the base, leaving transversely oval scars on the smooth branchlets.
Male flowers un oblong or cylindrical stamineal column, partly
enclosed by conspicuous bud-scales; connective of the anthers ending
in a short spur, Cones pendulous, maturing in the first year; bracts
broadly linear, acutely 2-lobed and long-pointed or aristate, exserted;
scales persistent; seeds with the wing at last breaking off; cotyledons
6 to 12.
1. P. taxifolia Britton. Doucias Spruce. A straight, tall,
slender tree 30 to 150 ft. high and 2 to 5 ft. in diameter, the bark
fissured; leaves flat, linear, petioled, § to 14 in. long; male flower 5
to 10 lines ‘long; cones oblong, pendulous, 4 in. long or less, remain-
ing on the trees some time after the seeds have fallen; seeds triangular,
the upper side convex and reddish-brown, the under side flat and
white.—(P. Douglasii Carr.)
The Douglas Spruce, the most abundant and widely distributed
forest tree in Western North America, is not uncommon in the sea-
ward and middle Coast Ranges within our limits. In the South
Coast Ranges it is frequent in the Santa Cruz Mountains but it is not
known from the Mt, Hamilton and Mt. Diablo ranges or the Oakland
Hills. In the north Coast Ranges it is very common in Marin and
Sonoma Counties and is only less abundant in Napa Valley where it
gives a decided character to the landscape. It is found on both the
west and east slopes of the Mayacamas Range bounding Napa Valley
on the east but is not found in the Vaca Mountains of the Inner
Coast Range. Northward in Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Norte
20 CONIFER A,
Cos. the Douglas Spruce forms extensive forests. The trees are often
gigantic, being 15 ft. in diameter and in crowded forests attaining a
height of 300 feet., the perfectly straight columns without a branch
for 100 to 200 ft. The bark on the older trees is thick and dark-
brown, with deep longitudinal fissures. In Oregon it is known to
woodsmen and lumbermen as ‘‘Oregon Pine’’ and in California is
commonly called ‘‘Fir’’ or ‘‘Red Fir.’’ This tree ranges also
through the Sierras southward to the head waters of Stevenson Creek,
a branch of the San Joaquin River, at an elevation of 3,000 to
5,500 ft.
3. PINUS Tourn. PINE.
Primary leaves thin and chaff-like, bearing in their axils the needle-
shaped evergreen leaves, in fascicles of 2 to 5, from slender buds,
some of the thin scarious bud-scales sheathing the base of the cluster.
Staminate flower an oblong cylindrical stamineal column, crowded in
a whorl at the base of the shoot of the same spring, consisting of
numerous stamens spirally inserted on the axis, with very short fila-
ments and a scale-like connective, this ending in a mere knob or
rather large semi-circular crest. Pistillate inflorescences solitary or
clustered below the terminal bud, or lateral on the growing shoot,
consisting of imbricated carpellary scales in the axils of ge much
larger than) the persistent bracts, bearing a pair of inverted ovules at
base. Cones maturing in the second year, spreading or reflexed;
scales woody and thickened and at the apex, upon the exposed surface
(or apophysis), bearing a more or less thickened protuberance or
umbo; umbo unarmed or provided with a prickle or spine. Seeds
2, nut-like, partly sunk at the base of each scale and in separating
carrying away a part of the scale as a thin wing. Cotyledons 8 to
16, linear.
Cones subterminal, i. ¢., near the ends of the branches.
Leaves in fives, their sheath loose and deciduous; cones cylindrical, 10 to 18
in. long, subterminal, the apophysis thin with a terminal unarmed
WANIIO) seer he Seta Srila fb AEE OD oe, Sees - .1. P. Lambertiana.
Leaves in threes, serrulate, sheaths persistent; cones oval, 4 to 6 in. long,
in falling breaking near the base, some of the lower scales persistent on
ANS PEGWNC oc. e 5 cc ie kee ate cee ae . . 2. P. ponderosa.
Cones lateral, borne along the sides of the branches.
Cones long-oval, 12 to 15 in. long; scales ending in thick incurved spur-like
sSpimess leaves:erect . 6.03 eA RR ERR 2, P. Coultert.
Cones short-peduncled, short-oval, 6 to10 in. long; leaves drooping
. 4. P. Sabiniana.
Leaves in threes; cones short-peduncled, remaining closed and persistent for
many years, less than 6 in. long.
Cones short-oval, very oblique, 3 to 5% in.long..... 5. P. radiata.
Cones conic-cylindrical, oblique at base, 3 to5 in. long; all the scales with
sharp prickles es . . .6. P. attenuata.
Leaves in pairs.
Cones ovate, oblique, prickly, 1% to 2% in. long. .... .7. P. muricata.
1. P. Lambertiana Dougl. Svcar Pinu. Trees 100 ft. high or
more, and 6 to 10 ft, in diameter, with light-brown bark irregularly
PINE FAMILY. ai
fissured; leaves in clusters of 5, 84 to 4 in. long; cones 10 to 18 in.
long, 2 to 3 or, when expanded, 4 to 5 in. thick, pendent from the
ends of the horizontally-spreading branches; scales 1 to 14 in. wide,
widest at apex, apophysis not thickened, umbo terminal, blunt; seeds
obovate, 5 to 6 lines long, with a thin oblong obliquely truncate
wing 10 to 12 lines long; cotyledons 18 to 15.
The most conspicuous tree of the Sierra coniferous belt, growing
120 to 200 ft. high, with a trunk diameter of 6 to 10 or even 12 ft.
The tree is uncommon in western California and is of restricted dis-
tribution. In the South Coast Ranges it has not been reported from
the mountains in the neighborhood of San Francisco Bay, although
further southward it occurs in the Santa Lucia Mountains. In the
high Coast Ranges north of Clear Lake the Sugar Pine frequently
forms considerable forests, particularly in the region of the Yallo
Bally, where there are magnificent specimens 22 ft. in circumference
and 150t0 175 ft. high. From this region the Sugar Pine marches
southward along the Mayacamas Mountains (which is the dividing
ridge of the Coast Ranges) into Lake Co., and is not uncommon
about Glenbrook and on Cobb Mountain. The most southerly station
in the North Coast Ranges is the Sutro Ranch between Mt. St. Helena
and the Oathill Mine, Napa Co., where there are said to be several
hundred trees. In early days there were a few trees on Pope Moun-
tain and on Howell Mountain, but they have long since been
destroyed for their valuable timber. A locality on Austin Creel:
in Sonoma Co, has been reported in EHrythea, 1V. 152, but needs
confirmation.
2. P. ponderosa Dougl. YELLow Pine. A tree 60 to 100 ft-
- high or more with yellowish or somewhat whitish bark, very thick
and deeply fissured into large plates but the aspect of the trunk
notoriously variable; leaves 5 to 13 in. long; male flowers long and
flexuous, crowded into rosettes 3 to 5 in. in diameter, on the ends of
the branchlets; cones oval, 4 to 6 in. long, 23 to 8 in. thick;
apophysis rather short, terminating in a short thick prickly incurved
umbo; seeds 34 lines long, 3 lines wide, obliquely sub-rhombic; wing
10 lines long, chartaceous; cotyledons 6 to 9.
Abundant in the Sierras at or above 5,000 feet, where the trees are
100 to 200 ft. high and 15 to 20 ft. in circumference. In the Coast
Ranges the Yellow Pine is more common than the Sugar Pine and
oceurs sparingly in Sonoma Co., and is to be seen frequently in Napa
Co.; notably, there is a fine forest on the Howell Mountain plateau,
south of Angwin’s. There are no trees known in the Inner Coast
Ranges bounding Solano and Yolo Counties. In the South Coast
Ranges, the tree has not been recorded from the Bay Region, except
from the Mt. Hamilton ridges. About Glenbrook, in Lake Co., the
woodsmen have three varieties of P. ponderosa, viz.:—Black Pine,
Bull Pine and Yellow Pine, which they distinguish by the color and
fissuring of the bark. *
3. P. Coulteri Don. Bic-conre Prye. Trees 60 to 80 ft. high or
more and 1 to 2 ft. in diameter, with thick, rough, almost black bark;
22 CONIFER.
leaves crowded at the ends of the thick branchlets, 8 to 12 in. long
and nearly a line wide; male flowers cylindric, 1 to 1} in, long; cones
shortly peduncled, long oval, pointed, 12 to 15 in. long; scales 1} to
14 in, wide, terminating in a long spur-like umbo 2 in. long; seeds
oval, slightly ridged, black, 6 to 7 lines long; wing 10 to 15 lines
long; cotyledons 11 to 14.
Mount Diablo Range, southward to the Santa Lucia and San
Bernardino Mountains. While the trees in Pine Cafion, Mt. Diablo,
are clearly of this species, the trees in Mitchell Canon grade very
closely to P. Sabiniana in the characters of cones and foliage.
4. P. Sabiniana Doug]. Diccer Pine. GRay-LEAF PINE.
Trees usually 20 to 45 ft. high, freely branching and round topped,
with rough ash-gray bark, slender glaucous branchlets and sparse
grayish foliage; leaves 8 to 12 in. long and } line wide; male
flowers, oblong, about 10 lines long, in an elongated spike; crest of
anthers semi-orbicular; cones short-oval, 6 to 10 in. long, 4 to 53 in.
in diameter; apophyses stout, projecting, the points incurved, 1 in.
long; seed oblong, acutely margined below the middle; seed subcyl-
indric, about 10 lines long, dark; wing 44 lines long; cotyledons 15
to 16.
Hot dry hills of the Inner Coast Ranges north of San Francisco
Bay, ranging westward to Napa Valley and the hills near Healdsburg
and Skaggs Springs. South of the bay it is common in the Mt.
Diablo region, and is found far to the southward. It is, in addition,
the most characteristic tree of the low foothills of the Sierras. The
nuts were in former days an important article of food to the Indians,
whence the widely-diffused common name, ‘ Digger Pine.”’
5. P. radiata Don. Monterey Pine. Trees 25 to 40 or even 80
to 100 ft. high, with black, very hard bark, 2 to 3 in. thick; foliage
bright green, leaves 4 to 6 in. long; male flowers oblong, 6 lines long,
in a spike 1 to 1} in. in length; anthers small, crested; cones in whorls
about the trunk and branches, shortly peduncled, strongly declined,
obliquely short or long-oval, 3 to 54 in. long, 2 to 4 in. in diameter;
scales on the outside, towards the base of the cone, developed into
hemispherical tubercles or knobs, 8 to 6 lines high, becoming devoid
of the minute incurved prickles; seeds 8 to 4 lines long, the wing 7
to 9 lines long.—(P. insignis Dougl.)
Very restricted in its distribution: Pescadero, southward to Mon-
terey and Pacific Grove, where it is a common and striking object in
the landscape.
6. P. attenuata Lemmon. Kwon-cons Pine, Small trees 2 to 25
ft. or sometimes 40 ft. high, with thin, light brown bark; leaves 3 to
7 in. long, distantly serrulate; male flowers cylindrical, 7 to 9 lines
long, disposed in an elongated spike; cones clustered, 24 to 5 in, long,
somewhat oblique, the scales equal all around or frequently developed
on the outside into very stout, strong, conical tubercles, all with
slender, sharp, but not persistent prickles; seeds nearly 3 lines long,
the wing 10 lines long, 2} to 8 lines wide, the width sub-equal
throughout.—(P. tuberculata Gordon. )
PINE FAMILY. 33
Throughout the entire length of the Coast Ranges, and occasional
in the Sierras. Mt. St. Helena, Jepson; Moraga Valley, Davy; and the
Santa Cruz Mountains. The cones persist for very many years, form-
ing circles on the trunks from near the base to the summit; even
young trees only a few feet high are often full of cones. The seeds
are seldom liberated except when the cones are partially burned in a
forest fire. It is very interesting that a burned forest of the Knob-
Cone Pine is promptly resown with its own seed.
7. P. muricata Don. BisHop Pinz. Middle-sized tree, 25 to 40
ft. high, with the trunk 1 to 2 ft. in diameter; leaves with serrulate
edges, 3 to 4 in. long; sheaths 6 lines, or at least only 2 lines long;
cones 1$ to commonly 24 or even 8 in. long, the length not greatly in
excess of the diameter; scales oblong, scarcely or not at all widened
ubove; prickles short and stout, 1 line long, or the scales terminating
in very stout, straight, somewhat incurved spurs, 4 lines long; seeds
23 to 3 lines long, black; wing 6 lines long, 24 lines wide, widest
above the middle; cotyledons 4 or 5.
Swamps or wind-beaten hills, near the sea; Santa Lucia Mountains
northward to Sonoma and Mendocino Cos. A very fine forest may
be found on Point Reyes, within a few miles of Olema. In the
peat-bogs of Sonoma Oo., the species reaches its most vigorous devel-
opment, the trees in that locality attaining a height of 80 to 150 ft.
The cones persist for a very lengthened period,—often 20 to 40 years,
not releasing the seeds for many seasons, thus providing a most
effective system of storage. A patulous or flattened crown is very
characteristic of this pine and it has, also, the smallest cones of any
species within our limits.
P. conrorta Loud., Beach Pine or Scrub Pine, is frequent on the
Mendocino Coast from Pt. Arena northward, as a low tree, 5 to 20 ft.
high. It may be readily distinguished from P. muricata by its
shorter leaves (1 to 1} in. long, but also in pairs), and its much
narrower cones of about the same length. The var. Murrayana is the
Tamarack or Lodge-pole Pine of the High Sierras.
4, SEQUOIA Endl. Repweop.
Tall trees, with linear to ovate-lanceolate or triangular-acute alter-
nate leaves. Stamens numerous, anther cells 2 to 5. Scales of the
fertile ament more numerous than those of the staminate, spirally
arranged with 3 to 7 ovules at the base of each scale, in fruit forming
a woody cone which matures the second year; scales divergent at right
angles to the axis, thick and cuneate, with a rhomboidal rugose
umbilicate apex. (Said to be named for a celebrated Cherokee
Indian, who invented an alphabet for his tribe.)
1. S. sempervirens Endl. Coast Repwoop. Trees 50 to 300
ft. in height and 38 to 12 ft. in diameter; leaves bright green, spread-
ing in 2 ranks, petiolate, acute, and often pungent, 4 to 9 lines long
and 1 line wide; staminate flowers 1} to 3 lines long; cones elliptic-
globose, 9 to 12 lines long; scales abruptly widened and thickened
24 CONIFER.
above the middle, with a rhomboidal apex and depressed umbo; seeds
brown, 2 lines long or less.
The redwood is the most characteristic and abundant forest tree of
the coast region. It is seldom found 30 miles from the ocean, never
ranging inland beyond the influence of the sea-fogs, and forms a
narrow belt along the coast, from southern Monterey Co. to the
Oregon line. It is x common tree in the Santa Cruz Mountains,
where there is an especially fine grove, famous as the “Santa Cruz
Big Trees.’ In the Mt. Diablo Range, the redwood is not known,
except in one limited locality on Redwood Peak, in the Oakland
Hills, directly opposite the Golden Gate, In Napa Valley it is rather
common and passes over the summit of Howell Mountain and
descends the slope towards Pope Valley. It thus crosses at one point.
the divide of the North Coast Ranges, and this locality is the farthest
of any from the ocean.. The redwood belt has here, consequently, its
greatest width. It is the tallest tree on the American continent. In
the forests near Scotia, a tree 662 years old, measured in September,
1896, by C. S. Sargent, had a trunk diameter of 10 ft. 5in., at 6 ft.
above the ground, and was 340 ft.in height. Trunks from 15 to 20
ft. in diameter are not uncommon in that region, and trees 20 to 25
ft. in diameter, can be found. The wood is exceedingly valuable for
all sorts of building purposes and in manufactures and the arts,
wherefore the demand for it is constantly growing. The region of
this great coniferous forest is a very attractive one, regarded from
almost any point of view, and delights the eye and mind of the
tourist, as well as the botanical traveler.
8. eigayrea Lindl. is the ‘‘ Big Tree’’ of the Sierras.
5. LIBOCEDRUS Endl. Incense CEDAR.
Aromatic tree with flattened branchlets disposed in one horizontal
plane, and scale-like opposite leaves, imbricated in four ranks.
Flowers monecious. Stamens 12 to 16, in many ranks, decussately
opposite. Scales of the pistillate ament 6, thick, coriaceous and
valvate, only the middle pair fertile; ovules 2. Cone oblong, of
imbricated or valvate.oblong scales; seeds 2 to each scale, unequally
2-winged, maturing in one season. (Greek libas, relating to a
fragrant resin, and cedrus, cedar.)
1. L. decurrens Torr. Incense Cepar. A tree with bright
cinnamon-red bark and with spreading branches; leaves in two
decussate pairs at each joint, 2 to 4 lines long, closely coherent, except
the short acute tip; cones 10 lines long; seed 5 lines long, winged on
both sides toward the apex, one wing very short, the other nearly as
long as the scale.
Coast Ranges (Mendocino Co. and Mt. St. Helena, southward to
the San Jacinto Mountains); Sierra Nevada.
6. JUNIPERUS L. Juniper.
Trees or shrubs with scale-like and awl-shaped leaves. Flowers in
ours dicecious in small cores. Anther-cells 3 to 6, attached to the
PINE FAMILY. 25
lower edge of the scale. Fertile cones ovoid, of 3 to 6 succulent,
coalescent scales, each bearing one ovule, in fruit becoming berry-like,
bluish-black or reddish with white bloom, ripening the second year.
(Said to mean youth-renewing, from its evergreen appearance. )
1. J. Californica Carr. Catirornta Juniper. Usually a large
shrub, 6 to 20 ft. high; leaves crowded on the ultimate branches,
scale-like and acute, occasionally free and subulate, with a dorsal,
glandular pit toward the base; berries reddish or brownish, oblong-
ovate, 4 to 5 lines long, of four to six reduced scales; seed usually
only one, brown, 3 to 4 lines long, with a thick, smooth, bony shell;
cotyledons 4 to 6.
Moraga Pass, Mt. Diablo and southward; also in the Sierras. No
definite station has ever been reported from the North Coast Ranges.
Heart-wood reddish brown, sap-wood clear white.
J. OCCIDENTALIS Hook., Sierra Juniper, is at high elevations (6,000
to 10,000 ft.) in the Sierras; the fruit is smaller and blue-black;
cotyledons 2.
7. CUPRESSUS Tourn. Cypress.
Shrubs or trees with the leaves small, scale-like and appressed,
those on the ultimate branchlets in four ranks, Flowers monecious,
Staminate cones erect, small, 14 to 2 lines long; anthers borne on the
under side of the sub-peltate scales, 3 to 5 to each seale. Pistillate
cones erect, upon short lateral branchlets, of 6 to 10 very thick,
roundish and peltate scales fitting closely together and forming in
fruit a globose or sub-globose ligneous cone, which matures the
second year. Ovules numerous, in several rows at the base of the
scales, erect. Seeds acutely angled or margined. Cotyledons 2 to 4.
Scales with strong conical umbos; leaves with a conspicuous dorsal pit... .
1. C. Macnabiana.
Scales with small low umbos; leaves without dorsal pits . .2. C. Goveniana.
1. C. Macnabiana Murr. McNas Cypress. Shrub or tree 5 to
10 ft. high or more; leaves } line long, with a conspicuous, usually
resin-bearing pit or white gland on the back toward the apex, often
slightly glaucous; cones 6 to 8 lines in diameter, globose, clustered,
short-peduncled; scales 6 to 8, with strong conical umbos, the upper-
most very prominent or horn-like and incurved; seeds 1} or mostly 2
lines long, brown.
Common in the hill country of eastern Napa Co. from Samuel’s
Springs to Pope Valley and northward into Lake Co. Shasta Co.,
F. M. Anderson, 1900. First collected in 1854, by Murray and
Beardsley, near Mt. Shasta; named in honor of James McNab, of the
Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh. Young cones reddish-brown.
29. C. Goveniana Gordon. Gowen Cypress. . .8. A. barbata.
1. A. fatua L. Witp Oats. Stems stoutish, 2 to 33 ft, high;
ligule short, lacerate; blades long and broad, seabrid; panicle 6 to 14
in. long; branches few at a node, very unequal, long and _ filiform;
spikelets drooping, 2 to 3 (rarely only 1)-flowered, broad; bracts
subequal, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 10 to 12 lines long excluding the
awn, 9 to 11-nerved; bractlet less than 10 lines long, acute, 2-fid, 3}
lines wide, firm, thinly hairy with usually yellowish hairs, especially
below, brown, 9-nerved; that of the uppermost flower sub-glabrous;
awn from near the middle of the bractlet, stout, 10 to 20 lines long,
geniculate; palea about 7 lines long, and 14 wide, with short diver-
gent hairs on the nerves. ‘
Not uncommon in the Bay Region: San Jose; Mt. Hamilton;
Danville and Livermore. May-Aug. oe
Var. glabrescens Coss. Bastarp Oats, is distinguished by
having the bractlet naked except for a few short hairs at the base, and
sometimes a thin pubescence along the margins, in which it approaches
‘A. sativa; from the latter it may always be distinguished by the
longer and geniculate awn and the wider 9-nerved bractlet. Intro-
duced at San Bernardino and San Jose acc. to Dewey; Berkeley,
Davy.
54 GRAMINEA.
2. A. sativa L. Common Oars. Near to A. fatua, but distin-
guished by its usually shorter stature, by the 7-nerved bractlet being
glabrous (or bearing a few long hairs at the base), and by the often
short, straight awn which is sometimes obsolete.
Frequently found as an escape in the borders of fields and by the
roadside: Berkeley; Briones Hills.
3. A. barbata Brot. BarsBep Oars. Stems slender, erect, 2 to
84 ft, high; uppermost ligule 1 to 14 lines long, broad, obtuse, trun-
cate, irregularly notched; blades 1 to 8} lines broad, scabrous on both
surfaces; panicle usually 6 to 12 in. long, shorter in dry localities and
seasons; branches few at a node, very unequal, long and filiform;
spikelets 2 to several-flowered, narrow and slender; bracts subequal,
oval-lanceolute, setaceous-pointed, 10 to 12 lines long, with 7, 9 or 11
broadly green-margined nerves; margins scarious, shining; bractlet
10 to 12 lines long, including the long, slender, awn-pointed teeth,
24 lines wide, lanceolate, membranaceous, clothed with soft, silky,
usually white hairs, 7-nerved; awn from near the middle of the
bractlet, stout, geniculate, 11 to 20 lines long; palea 64 lines long, 1
line wide, with short, divergent hairs on the nerves; anthers 1} lines
long; ovary densely hairy with long, white, silky, erect hairs.
A montane species, native of S. Europe and naturalized extensively
in California in the Coast Range hills, and Southern California: San
Jose, Brainard, Lake Merced, Olema, Angel Island, Point Isabel,
Livermore, Berkeley. Mar.-Aug, Often mistaken for A. fatua,
from which it may be distinguished without difficulty, when once
known, by its more slender inflorescence and spikelets.
21. ARRHENATHERUM Beauv.
Perennial, usually tall grasses. Leaf-blades flat. Spikelets terete,
strictly 2-flowered; rachilla jointed between the flowers, often hairy,
prolonged beyond the insertion of the uppermost bractlet as a short
point or bristle; lower flower staminate, upper pistillate or perfect.
Bracts persistent, scarious (in ours), very unequal, shortly acuminate,
keeled. Bractlets rigid, 5 t6 7-nerved, 2-toothed, that of the lower
flower with a long, basal, bent and twisted awn, that of the upper with
a short, dorsal awn; palea 2-nerved. Scales lanceolate, laterally
toothed. Stamens 3. (Greek arrhen, masculine, ather, awn; only
the male flower is conspicuously awned. ) :
1. A. elatius (L.) Beauv. Tarn Oar-arass. Rootstock peren-
nial, widely creeping; stems 2 to 4 ft. high, erect, slender, smooth,
leafy, often densely tufted; lowest internode sometimes developed into
a corm; leaves bright green; sheaths smooth; ligule broad, obtuse,
about 1 line long; blades soft, minutely scabrid, 24 to 34 lines wide;
ear narrow, pale green, shining, 6 to 8 in. long, drooping;
ranches short, erect, scabrid, spreading in flower, densely whorled,
bearing few spikelets; spikelets 8 to 4 lines long; upper bract enclos-
ing the 2 flowers, acute; lower much smaller; bractlet hairy below
about half as long as the twisted, hent awn.—(A. avenaceum Beauy.:
Avena elatior L.)
GRASS FAMILY. 55
: Sparingly naturalized in California: reported from the vicinity of
San Francisco, Behr; Berkeley hills, Dary. June-Sept.
22. DANTHONIA DC.
Inflorescence in ours consisting of a paniculate raceme or simple
panicle or the spikelets solitary and terminal. Spikelets about
7-flowered. Bracts persistent, nearly equal, keeled, awnless, equalin
the whole spikelet, 8 to 9 (rarely only 1)-nerved. Rachilla jointed ana
pilose between the flowers, prolonged beyond the insertion of the
uppermost bractlet. Flowers all perfect, or the uppermost staminate.
Bractlet 7 to 13-nerved, terminating in 2 sharp, usually rigidly awn-
pointed teeth, between which is a geniculate, spreading awn, flattened
at the base and spirally twisted, formed from the three middle nerves;
palea hyaline, broadly 2-nerved, equaling or exceeding the entire
portion of the bractlet, obtuse or 2-toothed. Stamens 8. Scales 2,
entire. Ovary smooth, stipitate. (Named in honor of Etienne
Danthoine, a French botanist of the 18th century. )
1. D. Californica Boland. Danrnonra. Tufted perennial; stems
14 to 3 ft. high, slender, usually sub-erect; sheaths bearded at the
throat, densely or sparsely villous, or smooth, the hairs arising from
minute, white papilla; ligule obscure; blades mostly convolute-
setaceous; spikelets 1 to 5, rarely 10, terminal, 74 to 12 lines long,
usually purplish; pedicels long, slender, minutely and densely
hirsute, spreading; bracts enclosing the rest of the spikelet, acumi-
nate, 8 to 10 lines long; flowers about 7; bractlet broad, coriaceous
below, about 4 lines long excluding the awn, with tufts of white hairs
on the callus and on the margins from about the middle downwards;
its teeth about 2 lines long; awn spreading, barely exserted, brownish
below, with short, spreading hairs on the nerves; palea ciliate, notched
above; achene about 2 lines long.
Coast Ranges from San Francisco Bay northward and southward;
the prevalent grass on dry hills, especially along the coast: Berkeley;
San Francisco; Crystal Springs Lake; Olema; Point Reyes. Type
locality ‘‘on borders of cultivated fields near the bay at Oakland;
hills near Mission Dolores, San Francisco.’’
Trips 6. Chlorides. Fincer-arass TRIBE.
Inflorescence a simple panicle of spikes which are usually digitate
at the end of, or scattered along, its main axis, or, rarely, solitary and
terminal. Rachis not jointed or notched as in Horde. Spikelets
sessile in 2 rows, which form unilateral spikes; in ours all perfect and
1 or rarely 2-flowered; lowest flower always perfect. Rachilla usually
prolonged beyond the insertion of the terminal flower, and (except in
Spartina) jointed above the bracts so that these persist after the
flowers have fallen. Bractlet usually keeled, entire and unawned,
or toothed and with 1 or 3 terminal straight awns. The inflorescence
closely resembles that of Paspalum, but the spikelets resemble those
of Festucez.
56 GRAMINES.
Spikes digitate; prostrate, running grass, rooting at the nodes 23. CYNODON.
Spikes scattered along the main axis of the panicle; erect plants. -
Bracts very unequal; long, narrow, acuminate; tidal creeks and marshes .
24. SPARTINA.
Bracts equal,’short, broad and boat-shaped, abruptly acute; sloughs and
banks of rivers and streams . ,25, BECKMANNIA.
23. CYNODON Rich. Doe’s-TooTH-GRaAss,
Perennial. Leaf-blades narrow, usually flat, often short. Panicle
branches 2 to 6, digitate at the apex of the peduncle, erect or radially’
spreading. Spikelets alternate, sessile (in ours) on one side of the
rachis, 1-flowered. Bracts 2, persistent, often narrow, keeled; rachilla
jointed above the bracts and often prolonged beyond the base
of the bractlet as a bristle. Bractlet boat-shaped, distinctly keeled;
palea often shorter and narrower, hyaline, 2-nerved. Stamens 3.
Achene glabrous, not channeled. (Greek kuon, a dog, odous, a
tooth.)
1, C. Dactylon (L.) Pers. Brrmupa-cRass. Stems prostrate,
creeping, often several feet in length, clothed with undeveloped
sheaths, producing roots and tufts of leaves at the nodes and often
one or more prostrate, barren branches; flowering stems 4 to 24 in.
high, leafy; sheaths much crowded, loose, strongly striate; ligule
short, ciliate with long hairs; blades about an inch long and a line
wide, stiff and sometimes involute, glaucous; panicle-branches 3 to 6,
lor 2 in. long, concavo-convex; spikelets about 1 line long, appressed,
closely imbricate; bracts shorter than the bractlet, ovate-lanceolate,
nearly equal, usually spreading, rough on the keel or not; bractlet
smooth, keel and margins ciliate; palea narrow.—(Capriola Dactylon
Ktze.)
Tropical species naturalized in California and frequently occurring
as a roadside weed on the outskirts of towns, especially in the warm
interior valleys; in the Coast Ranges at San Rafael, Pacheco, Berke-
ley and Alameda; Bolander records having seen it in the vicinity of
San Francisco in 1862. Avpr.-Oct,
24. SPARTINA Schreb. Corp-arass.
Mostly maritime perennials, Stems simple, erect, reed-like but.
short. Leaf-blades long, tough. Panicle narrow, erect, dense, com-
posed of several erect, approximate spikes; spikelets large, compressed,
more or less imbricate, in rows on two sides of the triangular panicle-
branches, 1-flowered. Bracts unequal, keeled, acute, or bristle-
pointed, about as long as the whole spikelet; rachilla sometimes pro-
longed beyond the insertion of the flower. Bractlet sub-hyaline,
faintly 2-neryed; palea equaling it or longer. Scales short, obtuse.
Stamens 3. Style-branches long, slender, (Greek spartine, a rope or
cord made of spartos, Spartium junceum and Stipa tenacissima. )
1. S. stricta var. glabra Muhl. Corp-crass. Rootstock creep-
ing, scaly; stems very stout, 1} 10 4 ft. high; leaf-blades long, flat,.
smooth, tapering from about 3 lines wide near the middle to long,
slender points; panicle 6 to 9 in. long; branches 2 to 3 in. long;
GRASS FAMILY. 57
spikelets } in. long; bracts varying from glabrous to strongly ciliate
on the keels; anthers yellow, 2 lines long.
Common along the borders of salt-marshes around San Francisco
and San Pablo Bays, usually, if not always, within reach of tidal
water: near Sausalito; San Rafael; Alameda; West Berkeley; ete.
- Aug —Dec.
25. BECKMANNIA Host.
Leaf-blades flat. Panicle long, narrow, erect, dense, composed of
several approximate, erect, racemed spikes. Spikelets crowded in 2
rows, on the 2 lower sides of the sub-triangular panicle-branches,
imbricate, compressed, 2 (or by abortion) 1-flowered, 1 to 1} lines
long. Bracts broadly inflated and somewhat boat-shaped, laterally
compressed, sub-equal, obtuse or abruptly pointed; margins scarious,
Bractlet narrow, concave-keeled, membranaceous, 5-nerved; palea
hyaline, 2-keeled, nearly as long as the bractlet. Stamens 3. (In
honor of J. Beckmann, 1789-1811, the author of a ‘Lexicon
Botanicum.’’)
1. B. eruceformis (L.) Host. Stovau-erass, Stems 2 to 3
ft. high, stoutish, strict, solitary or somewhat tufted, erect from a
slightly decumbent base, leafy; sheaths slightly rough; ligule elon-
gated; blades 4 to 8 in. long, 3 to 4 lines wide, roughish; panicle 8
to 12 in. long; branches solitary or in twos or threes, sometimes again
shortly branched, densely clothed with spikelets in 2 rows; spikelets
about 13 lines long, nearly orbicular or broadly obovate; bracts with
3 principal nerves, and some transverse ones, dark green on the keel,
paler and somewhat wrinkled transversely; bractlet pointed, the point
often exserted.
Somewhat resembling a Panicum. Sloughs, borders of streams
and wet bottom lands in mountain regions from Santa Clara Co.
northward: between Bolinas and Olema; Kenwood; Conn Valley;
near Willits. Apr.—July.
Trise 7. Festuceee. Frscur TRIBE.
Inflorescence paniculate or racemose, the racemes sometimes almost
spicate on account of the very short pedicels of the spikelets. Spike-
lets 2 to many-flowered (rarely I-flowered in Melica, Keeleria,
Festuca and Lamarckia); flowers perfect or the uppermost imperfect
(the lowest imperfect in Phragmites); in Lamarckia one spikelet at
each node is perfect, the others being sterile; in Distichlis, some
species of Poa and sometimes in Phragmites the flowers are diccious
or polygamo-diecious. Bracts rarely reaching the apex of the nearest
bractlet. Bractlet in ours entire or 2-toothed or 2-cleft, awnless or
with 1 (in ours never 2 to 5) awns; awn straight, terminal at the
apex or from between the teeth, never dorsal nor bent and twisted as
in Avenee and Agrostidex. Palea 2-keeled.
A. Rachilla or bractlet, at least that of the perfect flower, clothed with long,
erect hairs which envelop the latter; bractlet (in ours) thin-membranaceous or
hyaline, 3-nerved; tall, reed-like grasses. :
6
58 ‘ GRAMINE.
Bractlet hairy; rachilla naked. . Be aad ae par sa . . 26. ARUNDO.
Bractlet naked; rachillahairy.. .......... .., .27. PHRAGMITES.
B. Rachilla and bractlet naked, orif hairy the hairs much shorter than the
bracts and bractlet; stigmas (in ours) plumose, comparatively short, either
sessile or raised on a short style, protruding from the sides of the bractlet.
Spikelets of two kinds at each node, very dissimilar in form, one perfect and
1 to 3-floweied; the others sterile and composed of many empty bractlets.
Perfect spikelets 1-flowered, the sterile consisting of about 10 empty bractlets
which are obtuse .........-..-.. . 85. LAMARCKIA.
Spikelets alike in form though sometimes diccious.
Flowers dicecious; rootstock perennia). .
Spikelets 8 to 16-flowered; rootstock very stout and creeping, scaly; panicle
dense, ovoid; grasses of salt-marshes oralkalisoils . . 32. DISTICHLIS.
Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered; rootstock tufted or if aie a long and
. Poa.
Bractlet 1 to 3-nerved. :
Annuals; panicle more or less lax; spikelets many (sometimes 70)-
flowered, the flowers densely imbricate; palea persistent after the
bractlet and achene have fallen ......... 28, ERAGROSTIS.
Perennials; panicle contracted and spikelike, dense or slightly inter-
rupted, silvery shining; spikelets 2 to 7 (rarely only 1)-flowered.
29. K@LERIA.
Bractlet 3 to 5-nerved.
Perennials; uppermost flower-enclosing bractlet enwrapping 1 to 3
smaller empty bractlets, which in ours are truncate-clavate. ...
80. MELICcA.
Bractlet 5 to many-nerved.
Spikelets large, flaltened, ovate, somewhat cordate at base; bractlet very
obtuse, concave, becoming ventricose; annuals. . 33. BRIZA.
Spikelets not cordate, mostly smaller.
Bractlet laterally compressed, mostly keeled, the margins or nerves
below clothed with cobwebby hairs, or pubescent, its lateral nerves
arched, converging above toward the mid-nerve. 36. Poa.
Bractlet rounded on the back, at least below, naked at the base, its
lateral nerves nearly parallel, scarcely or not at all converging.
37, PANICULARIA.
Either bracts or bractlets awned, awn-pointed or mucronate (in Keleria).
Palea with conspicuously toothed marginal wings on the keels; bractlet
with a straight, rigid awn; annuals of wet meadows, with weak
stems, and pale greenish-yellow foliage... . . 31. PLEUROPOGON.
Palea without marginal wings on the keel.
Panicle contracted and spikelike, dense or slightly interrupted, silvery-
SETI? esate as YE ie tatisat ose oak Jes spi ayant die caletan Go eS 29, KOLERIA.
Panicle 1-sided, glomerate or interrupted; spikelets in dense, 1-sided
TASCICIOS!. ay 5 oi ay or jotrs. 6 ao re ee . . 84. DACTYLIs.’
Panicle roore or less lax; not dense and spikelike.
Stigmas plainly arising at or near the apex of the ovary; ovary and
achene in most cases smooth; bractlet not notched or 2-lobed,
usually awned or awn-pointed ......... 88. FESTUCA.
Stigmas plainly arising below the apex of the ovary, oh the anterior
portion; ovary and achene crowned by a little appendage or tuft
of short hairs; achene always adnate to the palea; bractlet usually
distinctly notched or shortly 2-lobed at the apex, with an awn
between the notches . ad aed | (yang eae ve 39. BROMus.
26. ARUNDO L.
Perennial reeds; stems tall, stout, erect. Leaf-blades broad, flat.
Spikelets 2 to 6-flowered, in a dense and somewhat spreading panicle.
Bracts somewhat unequal, keeled, 8-nerved. Rachilla naked, jointed
above the bracts and between the flowers. Flowers crowded, all
perfect or the upper staminate, Bractlet slender, 2-toothed and with
GRASS FAMILY. 59
an awn or cuspidate point between the teeth, clothed with long, silky
hairs. Palea shorter, hyaline, pubescent on the keels, Stamens 3.
Ovary naked. (Latin arundo, a reed or cane.)
1. A. Donax L. Grant Rerp. Rootstock very stout, creeping,
tufted; roots stout, fibrous; stems in dense clumps, 10 to-20 ft. high,
mostly with short, slender branches from the upper nodes, leafy
throughout; leaves pale green; sheath striate, bearded and somewhat
auricled at the throat; ligule about 1 line long, barely exserted,
truncate, entire, uniform in width all around; blade striate, mostly
2 to 8 in. wide, the uppermost 13 to 2 ft. long; spikelets 5 to 7 lines
long, 2 to 3-flowered; bracts equaling the whole spikelet, lanceolate-
acuminate, entire, awnless, glabrous; bractlet acuminate; awn often
twice the length of the teeth,
Introduced as an ornamental cultural plant and occasionally met
with as an escape from gardens. It is not known to flower with us,
Alameda Marshes, 1898, Davy.
27. PHRAGMITES Trin.
Perennial water-reed. Stems tall, stout. Leaf-blades flat. Panicle
large, much branched, feathery. Spikelets sub-terete. Bracts short,
unequal, membranaceous, keeled. Rachilla terminating in a rudi-
mentary bractlet or point, elongated and jointed between the flowers,
the joints clothed, except below the lowest flower, with long, silky
hairs which surround the bractlets. Bractlets 3 to 6, very long-
acuminate, 8-nerved, entire; the lowest empty or bearing a staminate
flower with 1 to 3 stamens, the upper bearing perfect flowers with 3
stamens; palea very much shorter than its bractlet, hyaline, 2-
tibbed. Scales large, obtuse. Ovary glabrous. (A Greek name
used by Dioscorides for some plant; from phragmites, of or for a
fence, growing in hedges; perhaps originally applied to Arundo
Donax, which is still used in Latin and Spanish-American countries
for living hedges.)
1. P. vulgaris -(Lam.) B. S. P. Common Reep. Rootstock
creeping, jointed; stems 5 to 12 ft. high, leafy throughout; sheaths
smooth; ligule reduced to a minute ring of hairs; blades smooth-
surfaced, rough-margined, 12 to 16 in. long or more, often 1
in. broad, rigid, attenuate-pointed, glaucescent below; panicle 10
to 18 in. long, ovoid, dense, soft, usually dull purple, nodding;
branches glabrous; spikelets } to % in. long; bracts lanceolate, not
equaling the nearest bractlet; bractlets very narrow, subulate, the
tip of the lowest sometimes twisted.—(P. communis Trin.; P.
Phragmites Karst.)
Borders of rivers, lakes and marshes: tule marshes at Upper Lake;
Benicia; Suisun Marshes; Lower Sacramento. Aug.—Oct.
28. ERAGROSTIS Beauy.
Ours low tufted or creeping annuals. Panicle sometimes spike-like
and clustered, often loose and spreading. Spikelets much like those
of species of Poa; usually densely many (sometimes 70)-flowered.
60 GRAMINEA.
Bracts usually not equaling the nearest bractlet, unequal, keeled;
lower 1-nerved, upper 1 to 8-nerved. Rachilla in ours not jointed
between the flowers. Flowers all perfect or variously unisexual, or
the uppermost (rarely the lowest) reduced to its bractlet and palea.
Bractlet membranaceous, awnless, keeled, 3-nerved; lateral nerves
sometimes obscure; palea shorter, 2-nerved or 2-keeled, often incurved,
frequently persistent after the bracts and bractlet have fallen. Sta-
mens 2 or 3; anther-lobes notched along the edges. Scales 2, sub-
cuneate. Styles distinct, elongated. (Greek era, earth, agrostis, a
kind of grass, from the low stature of some species.)
1. E. hypnoides (Lam.) B. 8. P. Crerzpine Mrapow-crass.
Stems slender, creeping, 2 to 12 in. long, branching freely at the
nodes; nodes with a ring of short, spreading hairs, leafy; sheaths
3 in. or less long; blades 4 to 2 in. long, $ to 1 line wide, sparingly
hairy; panicle ovoid or densely pyramidal-capitate, $ to 2 in. long;
spikelets very shortly pedicellate, oblong to elliptical or ovate,
laterally flattened, 2 to 7 or even 14 lines long, 10 to 40-flowered;
bracts less than 4} as long as the nearest bractlet; bractlet lanceolate,
acute, compressed-keeled, 5-nerved; keel scabrous-ciliate.—(E. reptans
Nees.) ;
‘Wet places in the San Joaquin and Coast Range Valleys, perhaps
not indigenous within our limits: Lathrop; moist sand-banks and
beaches along the Russian River above Duncan’s Mills. Mar.—Oct.
2. E. minor Host. Canpy-erass. Stems tufted, 4 to 24 in.
high; ligule reduced to a hairy ring; blades 1 to 6 in. long, 1 to 8
lines wide, flat or involute, margins and mid-nerve glandular
below; panicle open or rather dense, oblong or ovate, 3 to 5
in. long, olive-green or tinged with lead-color when young,
whitish when old; spikelets oblong or lance-oblong, 8 to 10 lines
long, 8 to 20-flowered, pedicels glandular; bracts sub-equal, a little
shorter than the nearest bractlet, acute, keel glandular; bract-
let about 1 line long, oval or elliptical, obtuse or mucronulate,
concave, 5-nerved, glandular on the mid-nerve; achene ovoid, light
brown, mottled.
Native of S. Europe; reported by Dr. Behr as occurring at
San Francisco,
Var. megastachya (Gray), (E. major Host; E. pomoides var.
megastachya Gray). STinK-arass. Differs in having denser pan-
icles and usually larger and more numerously (10 to 50)-flowered
spikelets.—Introduced in the San Joaquin Valley at Tulare, and
reported also from San Francisco and Monterey.
29. KCELERIA Pers. Ka.Ler-crass.
Panicle contracted, cylindrical, spike-like. Spikelets oblong, com-
pressed, 2 to 5 or 7 (rarely only 1)-flowered. Bracts scarcely equaling
the bractlet, unequal, narrow, compressed, acute or produced into
short, straight awns or points, keeled, membranaceous and broadly
scarious-margined; lower 1, upper 8-nerved with rather faint nerves.
Bractlets secund, imbricate, membranaceous, acuminate, obscurely
GRASS FAMILY. 61
keeled, 3 to 5-nerved; palea hyaline, 2-fid. Scales 2, oblique. Sta-
mens 8. Ovary glabrous; styles short. Achene almost linear, plano-
convex. (Named in honor of Prof. G. L. Keler, a German
Agrostologist, author of ‘‘ Descriptio Graminum,’’ published in 1802.
A genus for which it is hard to assign any absolutely distinctive
character. The bracts are more scarious and more faintly nerved
than in related genera.)
1. K. cristata (L.) Pers. Cresrep K@uer-crass. Tufted pale
green pubescent or silky perennial; rootstock stoloniferous; stems 1 to
3 ft. high, slender; sheaths striate; ligule very short; blades narrow,
obliquely auriculate at the base; panicle narrow, more or less inter-
rupted or lobed, 1 to 5 in. long; rachis pubescent; branches very
short, pubescent; primary ones distichous, usually branched again
at the base, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets shortly pedicellate,
2 to 3 lines long, shining, pale green; bracts oblong-lanceolate, keel
scabrid; bractlet linear-lanceolate, scabrid, mucronate; palea minutely
ciliate and scabrid on the keels; anthers 1 line long, pale purple.
Exceedingly variable species, common on dry foothills and sandy
tracts: Montezuma Hills, Napa Co.; Vaca Ridge, Solano Co., Jepson;
San Francisco; Berkeley Hills; Antioch. Apr.-June. Var. PUBES-
cENS Vasey, a very pubescent form, has been collected near San
Francisco, Michener and Bioletti. Var. LoncIFoLt1a Vasey, a long-
leaved form, is reported from Santa Cruz Co. by Dr. Anderson.
80. MELICA LL. Me tic-crass.
Stems often forming corms at the base by the thickening of 1 or 2
of the lowest internodes. Panicle sparingly branched, often narrow,
rarely racemose and secund. Spikelets 2 to 8 (rarely 1)-flowered,
terminated by 1 to 8 much smaller, convolute, empty bractlets which
enfold one another, the innermost often truncate-clavate. Bracts
awnless, unequal, convex, mostly obtuse; upper 5 to 9-nerved, lateral
nerves often vanishing in the broad, scarious margin and united by
delicate cross-veins. Bractlets somewhat distant, awnless, convex or
flattish on the back, 5 to many-nerved; apex scarious, mostly blunt,
entire or 2-toothed; central nerves sometimes slightly excurrent;
palea 2-nerved, ciliate above, emarginate or 2-toothed. Scales fleshy,
mostly united. Styles distinct; stigmas plumose. (An old Greek
name for some sweet grass, perhaps Sorghum, from meli, honey,
and -ika, a Greek suffix.) :
Spikelets of 1 (rarely 2) flowers; bractlet herbaceo-coriaceous, with a narrow
scarious margin above, strongly 7 to 9-nerved; stems not corm-like at the
base.
Bracts obtuse, shorter than the whole spikelet; bractlet glabrous or scabrid;
rudiment shortly pedicellate.............. 1. M. imperfecta.
Upper bract acute, equaling the whole spikelet; bractlet hairy above the
middle; rudiment long-pedicellate.......... .2. M. Torreyana.
Spikelets of 2 to 3 perfect flowers; bractlet apparently many-nerved below (at
least when dry), with a broad, scarious margin above; -lowest internodes
swollen and corm-like; ligule brown and pubescent or scabrid below;
practlet 3 to 3% lines long, obtuse, emarginate..... 3. M. Californica.
1. M. imperfecta Trin. SLENDER MeLic-crass. Stems slender,
62 GRAMINE,
erect or drooping, 1 to 3 ft. high; lowest internodes not corm-like;
leaf-blades 1 line wide; panicle slender, linear, 6 to 12 in. long;
branches in distant whorls, several at a node, erect or sometimes in
anthesis spreading, very unequal, the longest mostly equaling or
exceeding the internodes, spikelet-bearing from about the middle
upwards; spikelets 14 to 2 lines long, 1-flowered with 1 or 2 empty
bractlets above it, rarely 2-flowered; bracts nearly ovate, shorter than
the nearest bractlet, obtuse, lower 8, upper 5-nerved; margins broadly
searious; bractlet acute; rudiment short-pedicellate.
Commonly met with on shaded hillsides in the Coast Ranges: Mt.
Tamalpais; San Francisco; Loma Prieta; Oakland; Berkeley and
northward and southward. Apr.
2, M. Torreyana Scribn. Torrey’s Mexric-arass. Stems
slender, erect or drooping, 1 to 3 ft. high; lowest internodes not
corm-like; blades about 14 lines wide; panicle slender, linear, 3 to 7
in. long; branches few at a node, very unequal, slender, erect,
flexuous, often long and naked below, bearing few spikelets near
the ends; spikelets 2 to 3 lines long; bracts acute, the upper exceed-
ing or equaling the bractlets; bractlets hairy; rudiment long-
pedicellate.
Apparently peculiar to California in the Coast Ranges and Sierra
Nevada foothills: Red Ridge, opposite mouth of Conn Valley, Napa
River Basin, Jepson; Ukiah, Apr.—May.
3. M. Californica Scribn. Catirornia Merric-crass. Stems
erect, 1} to 4 ft. high; lower internodes corm-like; ligule brownish
and pubescent or scabrid on the outside below; panicle 6 to 9 in. long,
strict; branches few at a node, usually equaling or exceeding the
internode, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets 4 to 5 lines long, of
2 to 38 perfect flowers; bracts thin, obtuse; bractlet 8 to 34 lines long,
apparently many-nerved below at least when dry, margin above
scarious, broad, obtuse, emarginate-—(M. bulbosa Thurb. in Bot.
Cal., not of Geyer.)
Dry hillsides, often with a western exposure; foothills of the Sierra
Nevada and Coast Ranges from Santa Inez northward: Oakland
Hills; Berkeley. Apr.—June.
31. PLEUROPOGON R.Br. Srp£-BEarp.
Slender annuals. Leaf-blades flat, together with the sheaths thin
and characterized by cross-veins which unite the longitudinal ones
and with them form narrow, rectangular spaces. Inflorescence a
simple, elongated, secund raceme; spikelets distant, shortly pedicellate,
long, narrow, 8 to 14-flowered, compressed. Bracts not reaching to the
apex of the nearest bractlet, unequal, membranaceous, awnless; lower
l1-nerved, upper larger, 3-nerved, the lateral nerves faint. Rachilla
jointed between the flowers and breaking up at maturity, undulate,
smooth, its internodes less than } the length of the bractlets. Bractlet
at first herbaceous becoming chartaceo-coriaceous, scarious and promi-
nently 5 to 7-nerved, narrowed below to a rounded, smooth callus,
apex 2-toothed or truncate, the mid-nerve prolonged into a mucro or
GRASS FAMILY. 63
short, straight, rigid awn; palea 2-nerved and with two winged
toothed keels; margins infolded. Stamens 8. Scales short, fleshy,
connate. Ovary smooth, ovoid, stipitate. Achene somewhat com-
pressed, strongly furrowed, hard; pericarp loose, 2-horned with the
remains of the style-bases. (Greek pleuron, side, pogon, beard, from
the arrangement of the awns at the sides of the spikelets.)
1. P. Californicum (Nees) Vasey. CairoRNia SIDE-BEARD.
Stems stoutish but weak, 1} to 8 ft. long, tufted, simple, smooth;
lower nodes rooting; leaves pale yellowish-green; sheaths smooth,
striate; ligule prominent, thin, about 8 lines long; lowest blades 6 to
7 in. long, 1} to 2 lines wide, linear, acute, minutely scabrid above;
raceme 6 to 9-in. long; spikelets 6 to 12, sub-erect or spreading, soli-
tary, } to 2 in. apart, 1 in. long, yellowish, 11 to 14-flowered; pedicels
flattened, 1 to 3 lines long; tips of the bracts and bractlets shining
with a silvery luster; bracts 2 to 3 lines long; apex irregularly dentic-
ulate; nerves prominent; upper bract the longer; bractlets 24 to 3
lines long, rough-scabrous, the three central nerves united above to
form the awn; awn 1} to 5 lines long; palea rough on the herba-
ceous parts; appendages to the keel with 1 prominent stout, acuminate
tooth and several irregular smaller ones.—(Lophochlena Californica
Nees.
per are restricted to California, in wet meadows and marshy
round, rare: Mt. Eden; Oakland Hills; Walnut Creek; Ross Valley;
an Francisco. May-June.
32. DISTICHLIS Raf. Saxrr-crass.
Diccious perennial. Panicle densely spike-like; branches erect,
often bearing 2 to 3 spikelets. Spikelets many-flowered, laterally
compressed, shortly pedicellate. Bracts narrow, keeled, faintly
many-nerved, awnless. Bractlet obscurely many-nerved, awnless;
palea with enfolded margins, keeled; keels narrowly winged or
prominent, ciliate. Scales broad. Staminate flowers with 8 stamens,
their ovaries rudimentary or obsolete; pistillate occasionally with
imperfect stamens. Ovary glabrous, stipitate, tapering into 2 rather
long styles. (Greek distichlia, a double row, probably having refer-
ence to the leaf arrangement.)
1. D. spicata (L.) Greene. Saxt-crass. Rootstock stout,
creeping, scaly; stems stout, rigid, erect, 4 to 18 in, high, often
branched below, leafy throughout; leaves pale green, strictly 2-ranked;
sheaths glabrous, slightly bearded at the throat; ligule reduced to a
mere ring; blade 1} to 4, rarely 7, in. long, 13 lines wide at the base,
spreading, rigid, margins minutely ciliate; panicle 1 to 3 in. long,
pale green; branches appressed, spikelet-bearing to the base; spikelets
4 to6 lines long, 5 to 12-flowered, keeled; bracts shorter than the
lowest bractlet, unequal, obtuse; bractlets keeled, obtuse, green,
purplish or straw-colored; anthers purplish.—(D. maritima Raf.)
Common throughout the State, usually near salt water. Salt-
marshes at San Francisco; Belmont; West Berkeley; Oakland;
Alameda; Agnews; Martinez; Tomales Bay; Drake’s Estero. Alkali
64 GRAMINEAE,
soils of the interior from Glenn Co. to Southern California: Little
Oak and Davis Hills, Solano Co., Jepson; Livermore Valley. Apr.—
Aug. Varying much in aspect according to habitat, in some situa-
tions being much shorter and more rigid, with shorter, stiffer, and
more distinctly distichous leaves. Its occurrence in abundance
appears to indicate the presence of brackish water near the surface.
Sometimes affected by Ergot.
38. BRIZA L. QuaKING-@RAss.
Leaf-blades narrow. Panicle effuse, branches slender, in } whorls.
Spikelets pendulous, large, ovate or somewhat cordate, flattish-
turgid, many-flowered; pedicels capillary. Bracts subequal, broad,
rounded on the back, 3 or 5 to 1l-nerved, awnless. Rachilla jointed
between the flowers. Bractlets imbricate, roundish, boat-shaped or
saccate, scarious-margined, many-nerved, in ours very obtuse; upper-
most often empty; palea small, ovate, flat, its nerves ciliate. Scales
2, ovate-lanceolate. Stamens 8. Ovary glabrous; styles short.
Achene strongly ob-compressed, broadly ovoid. (Ancient Greek
name, used by Galen for a kind of grain, ‘‘like rye,’? grown in
Thrace and Macedonia. )
Spikelets 14 in. or less long.
Perennial; ligule 44 to 1 line long; spikelets ovate; bracts not equaling the
nearest bractlet; leavessmooth.. ... 2... 1 we eee 1. B. media.
1. B. media L., PerENNIAL QUAKING-GRASS, has been reported
from San Francisco, Bolander, Santa Cruz, Anderson, and elsewhere,
but all the specimens we have seen under this name are referable to
B, minor.
2. B. minor L. AnnuaL QuAKING-GRASS. Annual; ligule 14
to 3 lines long; blades scabrous; spikelets deltoid, the bracts extend-
ing farther outward on each side than do the adjacent bractlets.
Naturalized at Mission Dolores, San Francisco, as early as 1866,
Bolander; Mt. Tamalpais; Lake San Andreas; Mill Valley; Olema,
and northward.
38. B. maxima L. RatrrLesnaKke-arass. Annual, 16 to 24 in.
high; spikelets } in. long and almost as broad at the base; bracts
dark brown, with broad, scarious margins; bractlets chestnut-brown.
Often cultivated as an ornamental grass; found as a garden escape
near Healdsburg in 1896, said to have been there several years, Miss
Alice King; near Monterey, Miss Eastwood.
34. DACTYLIS L.
Perennial. Panicle usually dense and branched, secund, glomerate
and_interrupted, bearing thick, crowded, secund fascicles of spikelets
at the ends of the short branches. Spikelets sessile, laterally much
compressed, somewhat concave on the inner side, 3 to 5 or rarely only
1-flowered, the terminal bractlet and palea empty. Bracts mucronate,
GRASS FAMILY. 65
sharply keeled; lower 1-nerved; upper larger, 1 to 3-nerved.
Rachilla glabrous, Bractlet larger than the bracts, sharply keeled
and fringed on the keel, the 5 nerves converging into an awn-like,
seabrid point; palea as long, 2-fid, 2-nerved, nerves ciliate. Scales 2,
with an acute, marginal tuoth. Stamens 3. Ovary glabrous. (The
ancient name for sume grass with finger-like spikes, from Greek
daktulos, a finger or finger’s breadth.)
1. D. glomerata L. Orcuarp-crass., Rootstock tufted and
somewhat creeping; stems at length forming large, dense tufts, erect
from a shortly decumbent, leafy base, 2 to 8 ft. high, stout; leaves
glaucescent; sheaths scabrid; ligule } to 3 in. long, laciniate; blades
2 to 33 lines wide, scabrous, soft; panicle 2 to 6 in. long, pinkish
when in flower; branches solitary, scabrous, sub-erect, the lowest 1
to 4 in. long, branching and spikelet-bearing only at the ends;
clusters of spikelets ovoid; spikelets about 4 lines long; bracts about
3 lines long, subequal, strongly ciliate on the keel; bractlet 2 to 4
lines long, lanceolate, scabrid; anthers 1 to 1} lines long, cream-
colored, apparently all in a spikelet maturing at the same time.
Native of Europe, naturalized near Berkeley, San Francisco,
Olema, Eureka, and Crescent City. June-Aug.
35, LAMARCKIA Meench.
Annual. Stems tufted, branching, Leaves flat. Panicle secund,
racemose, short, dense; lowest branches bearing 1 to 3, uppermost
only 1, spikelet. Spikelets spreading or drooping, fascicled, of two”
kinds; central spikelet, terminating the branch, bearing a perfect
flower; lateral spikelets of ten or more empty, obtuse, awnless
bractlets, denticulate above. Bracts narrow, slightly unequal.
Perfect flower stipitate; rachilla prolonged beyond it and bearing
a diminutive empty bractlet with a slender awn; flower-enclosing
bractlet acute with a long, straight, dorsal awn near the apex;
palea 2-keeled. Stamens 3. Styles short, distinct, barbellate almost,
throughout. (A monotypic genus, named in honor of La Marck,
1744-1829, celebrated French botanist.)
1. L. aurea (Dalech.) Mench. GoLpEN-rop. Stems erect from
a somewhat decumbent base, 4 to 14 in. high, smooth, leafy, some-
times branching below; sheaths inflated, smooth; ligule usually very
prominent, 4 to 6 lines long, decurrent as a broad, scarious margin to
the mouth of the sheath; blades thin, 1} to 4 in. long, 23 to 4 lines
wide, panicle dense, | to 3 in. long, } to 1 in. wide, shining, of a
golden color sometimes tinged with purple; branches close, erect,
short; pedicels fascicled, somewhat clavate, pubescent, spreading at
right angles, the fascicles with a tuft of long, whitish hairs at the
base; fertile spikelet about 1 line long; sterile 8 to 4 lines long; bracts
very narrow, almost hyaline, about 1 line long; awn from a little
below the apex of the bractlet, 3 to 4} lines long.—(Achyrodes
aureum Ktze.) .
A Mediterranean Region species, now abundant in the warm
interior southern portions of the State; within our limits it appears
7
66 GRAMINES,
to have been found only once, near Eden Vale railroad depot, Santa
Clara Co., in 1893, Davy. Mar.-June.
36. POA L. Merapow-arass.
Panicle usually open, sometimes dense and spikelike; branches in
pairs or 3 whorls. Spikelets compressed, ovate or lanceolate, 2 to 6
or 9-flowered, Bracts unequal, keeled, awnless; lower 1 to 3-nerved;
upper larger, 3-nerved, Rachilla jointed below each bractlet. Bract-
let compressed-keeled, herbaceous or membranaceous, with the rachiila
and callus often clothed below with webby hairs or pubescent, espe-
cially on the dorsal and marginal nerve; apex hyaline; nerves 5 to 7,
the intermediate ones often faint; palea 2-fid, nerves 2, ciliate. Scales
acute. Stamens 3 or (rarely) 2 only. Achene (in ours) mostly free
from the bractlet and palea, not furrowed, (Greek poe, grass or
herbage, especially that grown as forage for cattle, hence meadow-
grass. )
Panicle open.
Annual; stems 216 T2ipy high «you sau ee ee ow Oe G 1. P. annua.
Perennial; stems 12 to 86 in. high; rootstock distinctly stoloniferous and
UDMA END see a aah gna cs) ay yal ae aN bec spinmin a) Sak ANE Sok> diy Bete . P. pratensis.
Panicle contracted, more or less dense and spikelike; perennials; flowers often
dicecious or polygamo-dicecious.
Rootstock running, long and slender; coast and sand-dunes . 3. P. Douglasit.
Rootstock tufted, not running.
Paniec.e 3 to 444 in. lung; longest branches 1 to 2 in. long, spikelet-
bearing on the upper three-fourths; bracts and bractlets not ciliate on
the keels; bunch-grass of dry hillsides... ... . 4. P. secunda.
Panicle 2 to 3 in. long; longest branches less than 1 in. long, densely
spikelet-bearing almost to the base; bracts and bractlets scabrously
ciliate on the keels; moist sandy places on the coast cliffs.
5. P. unilateralis.
1. P.annua L. Warx-arass. Annual; stems compressed, weak,
geniculate below, 2 to 12 in, high; ligule 1 to 2 lines long; blades
bright green, glabrous, 1 to 2 lines wide; panicle often 1-sided, 13
to 3} in. long; branches single or in pairs, rarely in threes, 7 to 12
lines long; spikelets sessile or shortly pedicellate, 2 to 2} lines long,
3 to 7-flowered; bractlets somewhat pilose below. Naturalized and
widely distributed: Monterey, 1846-47, Hurtweg; Berkeley; ete. A
very troublesome weed on garden walks, hence the vernacular name;
our earliest-flowering grass. Nov.—Apr.
2. P. pratensis L. Kenrucky Buuez-crass. Perennial; root-
stock distinctly running and stoloniferous; stem and sheaths smooth;
panicle open-pyramidal, 8 to 4 in. long; spikelets crowded at the
ends of the branches, almost sessile, 3 to 5-flowered; bractlet distinctly
5-nerved, webbed at the base.
Introduced within our limits; frequently met with as an escape
from lawns: Berkeley. Apr.—May.
8. P. Douglasii Nees. Sanp-arass. Perennial; rootstock slen-
der, widely creeping; stems tufted, 8 in. high; panicle dense,
spike-like, ovoid, obtuse, 1 to 2 in, long; spikelets 3 to 6 lines long;
flowers dicecious.
GRASS FAMILY. 67
Apparently peculiar to California, common in drifting sands along
the seashore: Monterey; San Francisco; Tiburon; Point Reyes;
Bodega Point and northward, Apr.
4. P. secunda Presl. Tufted perennial; stems stout, rigid, erect,
about 1 ft. high; sheaths minutely scabrid above; ligule 14 to 2 lines
long, acute, glabrous or minutely pubescent on the back; blades
short, flat, } to 1 line wide; panicle 3 to 4} in. long, oblong, acute,
contracted, densish; branches scabrous, erect, overlapping, about 8 at a
node, the longest 1 to 2 in. long, spikelet-bearing on the upper three-
fourths; spikelets 24 to 33 lines long, lanceolate-acuminate, about
5-flowered; pedicels scabrous; bracts acute, scabrid, 3-nerved below,
the nerves evanescent in the broad, scarious margin; lower 13, upper
1} lines long; bractlet 2 lines long, obtuse when flattened out, scabrid
above, 5-nerved, pubescent on the nerves below, all but the mid-
nerve evanescent below the broadly-scarious apex; palea 1} lines long,
emarginate, ciliate on the keels; anthers purple, 1 line long; ovary +
line long, stigmas } line, achene a little over 1 line.—(Atropis Cali-
fornica Thurb. in Bot. Cal., in part; A. Fendleriana Beal, in part.)
One of the ‘‘ bunch-grasses’’ of dry hillsides, apparently quite
widely distributed, though perhaps often confused with other species.
Antioch; Angel Island, ete.
5. P. unilateralis Scribn, Tufted perennial; rootstock stout, not
creeping; stems stout, erect or ascending from a decumbent base,
6 to 10 in. high, freely branching below; sheaths smooth, inflated and
loose; ligule 1} to 3 lines long, acute; blades 1 to 3 in. long, flat or
conduplicate, # to 1} lines wide, abruptly acute; panicle stout, con-
tracted, dense and spike-like, 1 to 3 in. long, 4 in. broad, often
one-sided; branches densely spikelet-bearing almost to the base,
scabrous; spikelets almost sessile, 2 to 4 lines long; bracts acute,
14 lines long, 3-nerved, ciliately scabrous on the keel, minutely
ciliate on the margins; rachilla pubescent; flowers 4 to 7, imperfectly
diecious; bractlet 2 lines long, acute when flattened out, faintly
5-nerved, scabrously ciliate on the mid-nerve, not woolly below;
palea 2-fid, strongly ciliate on the keels; anthers yellow or purplish,
1 line long.
Moist, sandy places on the coast bluffs north and south of San
Francisco: Santa Cruz (type locality), Anderson; Point Reyes;
Bodega Point; Point Arena. Apr.-June.
37. PANICULARIA Fabr, Manna-Grass.
Tall grasses of wet places. Stems smooth. Panicle-branches in 3
whorls. Spikelets linear, sub-terete, many-flowered. Bracts not
equaling the nearest bractlet, unequal, membranaceous, convex,
awnless. Rachilla jointed below the bractlets. Bractlet caducous,
cartilaginous, convex or flattish, not keeled; tip obtuse or slightly
denticulate, usually scarious; nerves 3 to 9, conspicuous below,
evanescent upwards; palea 2-fid, 2-keeled, nerves ciliate. Scales
fleshy, united, truncate. Stamens 8. Ovary glabrous. (Latin
68 GRAMINE.
panicula, a tuft or panicle on plants, having reference to the
inflorescence. )
1. P. pauciflora (Presl.) Ktze. SmoorH Manna-arass, Stout
perennial of fresh-water marshes; rootstock stout, creeping; stems
2 to 4 ft. high, stout, sometimes 2} lines in diameter, erect from a
decumbent base, rooting at the lower nodes, leafy throughout; leaves
about 6; sheaths split to the base, loose, smooth, pale green; ligule
broad, obtuse, entire but soon becoming lacerate, 1 to 34 lines long;
blade 4 to 12 in. long, 3 to 74 lines wide, flat, scabrous; panicle
lax, narrow, 6 to 8 in. long, pale green; branches in 3 whorls of 2 to
5 below, capillary and flexuous, rough, erect, somewhat remote,
spikelet-bearing above the middle, the longest about 33 in. long;
pedicels short; spikelets oblong, 2 to 38 lines long, 4 to 6-flowered;
bracts less than 4 the length of the nearest bractlet; lower 1-nerved,
acute; upper rounded, 3-nerved; bractlet about 1 line long, promi-
nently 5-nerved, scabrous, with a purplish border below the scarious
truncate-obtuse serrulate apex.—(Glyceria pauciflora Presl.)
A common grass in fresh-water marshes of the Coast Ranges and
Sierra Nevada: Lake Pilarcitos; Olema; Guerneville and northward.
Apr.-Aug.
88. FESTUCA Tourn. FEscur-GRass.
Leaves and flowers often rather harsh to the touch. Panicle
various, loose and spreading or racemose and sometimes secund.
Leaf-blades often auricled at the base. Spikelets sub-terete, 2 to
many (rarely by abortion only 1)-flowered. Bracts 2 (rarely only 1);
not equaling the nearest bractlet, membranaceous, acute; lower
1-nerved; upper larger, 3-nerved. Rachilla jointed below the
bractlets. Bractlets not "webby, convex, not keeled, chartaceous or
nearly coriaceous, 8 to 5-nerved, mucronate or awned at or near the
ne uppermost sometimes empty; palea 2-toothed or 2-fid, nerves
hairy. Scales 2, notched or Qlobed. Stamens 1 to 3. Ovary
usually glabrous; styles short, terminal. (Latin festuca, a slender
shoot, or straw; also used by Latin writers to designate some
straw-like weed.)
Perennials.— Eu-Festuca.
Awns less than 2 lines long.
Stems slender, 44 to 3 ft. high; ligule and auricles glabrous; rootstock
tufted, sometimes stoloniferous; lowest bractlet 214 to 314 lines long.
heck *vubra.
Stems stout, 3 to 4 ft. high; ligule and auricles villous . 2. F. Californica.
Awns 4 to 6 lines TOMES BG rans? earch nha i Sede. nak Wok Ra, RE 3. F. denticulata,
Slender annuals; inflorescence a racemose panicle or raceme; awns 24 to 7
lines long.—VULPIA.
Branches and spikelcts mostly spreading; the latter 1 to 5-flowered; bracts
sub-equal, the lower 14% to 24 lines long . 4, FF. microstachys.
Branches and spikelets erect, ‘appressed; spikelets 5 to's (rarely only 3)-
flowered; bracts often very unequal, sometimes sub-equal . .
5. F Myuros.
1. F.rubra L. Rep Fescus. Rootstock perennial, tufted and
sometimes stoloniferous; stems slender, erect, 2 to 24 ft. high, often
GRASS FAMILY, 69
purplish; sheaths smooth; blades very narrow and slender, almost
setaceous, smooth, about } line wide, 4 to 10 in. long; ligule very
short; panicle 6 to 7 in, long, narrow, sparse or somewhat dense;
rachis and branchlets scabrid, the latter erect, in pairs below, the
longest about 3 in. long and bearing 3 to 5 spikelets on the upper 3;
pedicels about 3 lines long; spkielets 6 to 7 lines long, 6 to 8-flowered;
bracts awnless, the lower 2, upper 24 lines long; bractlets 24 to 33
lines long, glabrous or minutely scabrous above, with a slender awn
oh : lines long; anthers 1} to 2 lines long.—(F. ovina var. rubra
Tay.
Common in dry, exposed places: Vaca Mts., Jepson; Los Guilucos
Valley and Hood’s Peak, Bioletti; Point Isabel; Olema; Point Lobos,
San Francisco. Apr.—June.
2. F. Californica Vasey. Caztrornia Frscuz. Rootstock peren-
nial, forming large tufts; stems clothed with the dead sheaths below,
3 to 4 ft. high, stout; foliage glaucous; sheaths often lavender-colored
at the base when young, scabrous; ligule and auricles villous without
and within; panicle 6 to 9 in. long, drooping; rachis scabrid; branches
in pairs below, spikelet-bearing above the middle; spikelets about 4
in. long, 4 to 7-flowered; lower bract 2 to 33, upper 23 to 4 lines long;
bractlets cuspidate or with a short awn usually less than 1 line long,
occasionally nearly 2 lines long; anthers purplish, 2} to 3 lines long.—
(F. scabrella Thurb. in Bot. Cal., not of Hook.)
Forming large and ornamental tufts on the shady banks of cafions
in the Coast Ranges: Claremont Cafion; Redwood Peak; Olema;
Point Reyes, Apr.—June. ;
3. F. denticulata Beal, is described as a stout and rather handsome
grass, with loose and drooping panicle and conspicuous awns 4 to 6
lines long. The specimens on which the species was founded (as F.
ambigua Vasey, not of Le Gall) were collected in Oregon, Hovell;
“\Qalifornia,’’ Kellogg and Harford, no. 1116, and Santa Cruz,
Anderson.
4. F.microstachys (Munro) Nutt. Western Fsscur. Annual;
stems erect, 6 to 12, or in shady places, 24 in. high; panicle 1 to 4 in.
long; branches secund, usually divergent, remote, the longest 1} to 2
in. long; spikelets remote, 24 to 5 lines Jong, 1 to 5-flowered; bracts
glabrous or scabrous, awnless, sub-equal, lower 1} to 2} lines long;
bractlet 14 to 2 lines long, awn slender, 23 to 4 lines long.
Napa Valley; Conn Valley Ridge; near Highland Springs; Berke-
ley; Mt. Tamalpais; Cazadero. Apr.—July. Var. PAUCIFLORA
Scribn. Inflorescence often reduced to a spike; spikelets 1 to
2-flowered.—Berkeley Hills, Davy. Var. crnrata A. Gray. Bract-
lets, and sometimes the bracts also, densely hispid.—Not uncommon
in the foothills of the San Joaquin Valley and in Southern Cali-
fornia; apparently seldom met with in the Coast Range valleys: Napa
City, Jepson.
5. F. Myuros L. SqQuiRREL-TAIL Frescur. The form of this
variable annual species which is recognized in Europe and the eastern
70 GRAMINES.
States as typical, F. Pseudo-Myuros Soyer-Willemet, does not appear
to occur within our limits, if in California at all. It has the panicle
3 to 12 in. long, very slender and contracted; bracts unequal, the
upper 2 to 3 times as long as the lower and usually little more than 4
the length of the contiguous bractlet, exclusive of its awn; bractlet
not ciliate. Var. ciliata Coss. is readily distinguished by the promi-
nent marginal ciliation of the upper half of at least the uppermost
bractlets, the marginal hairs being long, spreading and well exserted;
bracts very unequal, the lower very short or minute, the upper
3 to 8 times longer, much as in var. ambigua Hook.; awn of the
bractlet 3 to 7 lines long.—(F. Myuros of Thurber in Bot. Cal. not
of L.
Wales of the Mediterranean Region, naturalized in California
from Mendocino Co. to San Bernardino: San Francisco, 1865,
Bolander; Little Oak, Jepson; Bodega Point, Eastwood; Berkeley
Hills; Briones Hills; Antioch; Angel Island. Apr.— June.
Var. sciuroides Coss. Upper portion of the stem usually well
exserted from the sheath; panicle shorter than in typical F. Myuros,
usually 2 to 4 in. long, less contracted; bracts less unequal (in which
it closely approaches ¥'. microstachys Nutt.), lower 2 to 8 lines long,
upper 4 lines long, nearly equaling the contiguous floret; bractlet
glabrous below, minutely scabrous near the apex, not ciliate.—(F.
sciuroides Roth.)—Closely related to the typical F. Myuros, but
differing from it in most of the above points and from F. microstachys
in the more numerous flowers to the spikelet and the erect branches
and spikelets. Native of Europe; now thoroughly naturalized and
common in middle California: Bodega Point, Hastwood; Berkeley;
Oakland; Point Isabel; Briones Hills; Lake Merced; Presidio, San
Francisco. Mar.—June.
389. BROMUS IL, Brome-arass.
Sheaths often closed; leaf-blades flat. Panicle usually open;
branches slender and at length spreading, rarely dense or racemed
with erect branches. Spikelets 5 to many-flowered, laterally com-
pressed or sub-terete, oval to lanceolate, erect or often drooping.
Bracts not reaching to the apex of the lowest bractlet, membranaceous,
acute, awnless; lower 1 to 5-nerved; upper 8 to 9-nerved. Rachilla
jointed below the bractlets. Bractlets rounded on the back below,
somewhat keeled above 5 to 9-nerved, awned or bristle-pointed; awn
mostly arising from a little below the usually shortly 2-fid, hyaline
apex. Palea nearly as long as the bractlet, 2-fid, with 2 prominent,
usually pectinate-ciliate keels. Ovary obovate or linear, crowned by
w 2 to 8-lobed, hairy, membranaceous appendage; styles very short,
more or less lateral, plainly arising below the apex of the ovary;
stigmas feathery. Achene oblong or linear, often more or less condu-
plicate, grooved, adhering to the palea or more or less to the base of
the bractlet. (Bromos, the ancient Greek name for a kind of oats,
derived from broma, food. Closely allied to Festuca.)
Lower bract 1 to 3-nerved.
Perennial; spikelets narrow, sub-terete, acuminate before anthesis; awns 144
to 2g lineslong.... $ BS OS ey at . ol. B. laxvipes,
GRASS FAMILY. 71
Annual.
Bractlets 6 to 10; panicle contracted; awns slender, about 84 in. long; ligule
lacerate; panicle dense, obovate-cuneate, 134 to 214 in. long; awns 6 to 9
Wines One i) sé oe aes a ee eer a eS ee 2. B. rubens.
Bractlets 4 to 6; panicle lax; awn stout, rigid, overlin.long.......
3.
Lower bract 5 to 9-nerved.
Annual; panicle-branches short, erect... ...... . .4, B. hordeaceus.
Perennial; panicle-branches long, drooping at maturity.
Stems 8 to 4 ft. high; panicle erect; awn 344 to 7 lines long; bracts unequal,
lower 4 to 6, npper 5 to 7 lines long: rachilla pubescent.5. B. carinatus.
Stems 114 to 3 tt. el tag panicle drooping; awn 2 (0 34% lines Jong; bracts sub-
equal, about 6 lines long; rachilla pubzrulent . . 6. B, marginatus.
1, B. levipes Shear, Noppinc Brome. Perennial; stems
slender, erect from an arcuate base, 2 to 3 ft. high; sheaths smooth or
scabrid; blades flat, scabrid, 2 to 3 lines wide; panicle lax, drooping,
5 to 8 in. long; branches bearing few spikelets; spikelets drooping,
narrow, subterete, acuminate before anthesis, 12 to 16 lines long, 5 to
9-flowered; bracts smooth, 1 to 8-nerved; internodes of rachilla 3 to
1 lines long; bractlets 5 to 7} lines long, 7-nerved, the alternate
nerves longer and more prominent, densely ciliate-pubescent on the
margin nearly to the apex, and also on the back near the base; apex
nearly flat, entire; awn 14 to 2} lines long.
San Pablo Ridge; Briones Hills; Hood’s Peak, and northward in
the Coast Ranges, in woodlands and among brush. May.
2. B. rubens L. Rep Brome. Soft, densely tufted, slender
annual, 8 to 16 in, high; ligule lacerate, 1 to 2 lines long; panicle
obovate-cuneate, 14 to 24 in. long, erect, dense, tinged with reddish-
brown, branches bearing 1 to 4 spikelets; spikelets 6 to 9-flowered;
lower bract 8 to 5 lines long, lanceolate, l-nerved, upper 5 to 7 lines
long, 8-nerved; bractlets 7-nerved, awn 6 to 9 lines long.
Naturalized from southern Europe: Miller Cafion, Solano Co.,
Jepson; Briones Hills; Antioch. Apr.—May.
3. B. maximus Desf. Broncuo-erass. Annual; stems 1 to 2 ft.
high; ligule 1} to 2 or 8 lines long, truncate, lacerate; blades 2 to 3
lines wide, flat, bright green, sparsely villous; panicle 5 to 8 in. long,
at first erect, then drooping; lowest whorls 4 to 5-branched; longest
branches less than twice the length of the spikelet; spikelets solitary
or in pairs, often 13 in, long excluding the awns, linear-lanceolate,
very scabrous, often purplish; bracts scarious except the nerves, very
narrow, awn-pointed, 1 to 3-nerved; lower 7 to 10 lines long; upper
11 to 14 lines long, long-acuminate; bractlets 4 to 6, thin, 7-nerved,
11 to 14 lines long with 2 long, hyaline teeth 2 to 3 lines long; awn
1} to 2 in. or more long, rigid, scabrous, arising from below the teeth;
anthers 3 line long, yellow.—(B. rigidus Beal, not of Roth.)
Native of the Mediterranean Region: naturalized ‘‘near the Mission
Dolores, in a field under cultivation,’ Bolander, about 1862; Berkeley.
San Francisco; Suisun Marshes; Briones Hills; San Jose; Tulare.
Apr.-May. Now one of our most abundant grasses.
4. B. hordeaceus L. Sorr Brome. Annual, erect, 1 to 1} ft.
high; whole plant excepting the stems and uppermost sheaths, softly
72 GRAMINES.
downy; ligule 4 to 1} lines long, truncate, serrate, blades 2 to 43 lines
wide; panicle 3 to 5 in. long, erect, rather dense; branches very
short, erect; spikelets lanceolate, turgid, about 6 lines long, 5 to
9-flowered; bracts acute, with broad scarious margins and tips; lower
8 to 5-nerved; upper 7-nerved; bractlets closely imbricate, broadly
oval, 7-nerved, margins and apex broadly scarious; awn from below
the apex, slender, 1 to 24 lines long; palea distinctly ciliate; anthers
yellow, $ line long.—(B. mollis L.)
Native of Europe, naturalized and very common by roadsides and
in waste places within our limits and northward and southward:
Berkeley; Oakland; Livermore; Evergreen; Brentwood; Antioch;
Santa Rosa; Point Reyes; Morleys Station. May. Apparently
introduced since the State Survey collections were made, as it is not
included among the species enumerated in the State Survey publica-
tions. Sometimes called ‘' Poverty-grass.’? Var. GLABRESCENS
(Coss.) Shear, differs from the type in having the bractlet glabrous
and shining or only scabrous. Common at Berkeley.
5. B. carinatus H. & A. Perennial; stems stout, strictly erect,
3 to 4 ft. high, the sheaths almost closed, the lower hirsute with
long, retrorsely spreading hairs or scabrid, upper sometimes glabrous;
ligule about 24 lines long; blades 4 to 6 lines wide near the base, often
hairy above; panicle 9 to 12 in long; lower branches 4 or 5, in half
whorls, long, scabrous, becoming drooping, shortly branched and
bearing their few spikelets only above the middle; spikelets com-
pressed, oblong, 12 to 15 lines long, 7 to 10-flowered; bracts unequal,
lower 4 to 6, upper 5 lines long, 8 to 7-nerved; rachilla pubescent;
bractlets 7 to 8 lines long, about 7-nerved, densely and minutely
pubescent and scabrous; awn 84 to 7 lines long; anthers bright
yellow.
Common in the Coast Ranges of middle California: near Guerne-
ville; Berkeley; Olema, ete. May.
6. B. marginatus Nees. Near to the preceding, but smaller in
every way; stems slender, 14 to 8 ft. high, often drooping; sheaths
more or less hirsute, prominently ciliate at the throat; panicle 4 to 9
in. long; spikelets more slender, 6 to 9 lines long, mostly 6 (rarely 10)-
flowered; bracts sub-equal, about 6 lines long; rachilla puberulent;
bractlets closely imbricate; awn 2 to 3} lines long,—(Ceratochloa
breviaristatu Hook.)
Common in the Coast Ranges from San Francisco and Berkeley to
Eureka. May.
Trirpe 8 Hordes. Barury TRIBE.
Inflorescence a simple, bilateral spike (rarely normally racemose or
paniculate in some species of Hordeum and Elymus, and abnormally
in monstrosities or luxuriant cultivated varieties of these and other
genera). Rachis often flexuous, more or less flattened and toothed or
deeply notched at the nodes; often, but not always, jointed at the
GRASS FAMILY. 73
nodes so that at maturity the internodes fall away with the attached
es when the rachis is not jointed the rachilla is jointed above
the bracts. Spikelets (in ours) in 2 opposite rows, solitary or 2 or
more side by side at each node, sessile or very rarely pedicellate, all
perfect or polygamous or when there are three at a node the central
perfect or polygamous the two lateral sometimes imperfect, 1 to
many-flowered, when many-flowered the uppermost flowers imperfect,
A. Spikelets sessile.
Spikelets solitary at the nodes of the rachis.
Flowers 1 or 2 in a spikelet; spike slender, the spikelets deeply sunk in
notches of the rachis.—Subtribe LEPTURES.
Bractlet awnless; callus naked . + «+... .40. LEPTURUS.
Bractlet awned; callus hairy....... ‘ . 41, SCRIBNERIA.
; 43. AGROPYRON.
Spikelets 2 or more side by side at the nodes of the rachis.—Subtribe ELYME.
Flowers 2 or more in each spikelet; rachis jointed at the nodes or not.
Bracts but little smaller than the bractlets. .. . . . 44, ELymus.
Bracts minute, or obsolete and leaving only scars. .... 45. ASPERELLA.
Flowers solitary in each spikelet; rachis. jointed at the nodes, each internode
at maturity falling away with the attached spikelet. . . 46, HoRDEUM.
B. Spikelets, at least the lateral ones, pedicellate,
Flowers 2 or more in each spikelet; rachis jointed at the nodes or not
44, ELYMUS.
Flowers solitary in each spikelet; rachis jointed at the nodes, each internode
at maturity falling away with the attached spikelet. .46. HorEDUM.
40. LEPTURUS R. Br. Harp-crass.
Ours slender, branching annuals. Inflorescence a simple, terminal,
slender, cylindrical, jointed spike, at maturity each internode sepa-
rating with the attached spikelet. Spikelets sessile, distichous, alter-
nate, solitary in the notches of the axis, their backs turned towards
the notches; uppermost spikelet terminal. Bracts 1 or 2, exceeding
the bractlet, approximate in the lower, opposite in the upper spikelet,
sub-equal, hard and rigid, narrow, 5-nerved, acute, awnless, one
spreading when in flower. Flowers 2, or 1 with an empty bractlet
above it. Bractlets sub-equal, hyaline, acute (in ours), awnless.
Palea 2-nerved. Scales entire, glabrous. Stamens 3 or fewer.
(Greek leptos, slender, oura, tail, referring to the slender, tail-like
spikes. )
1. L. cylindricus Trin, CyLinpricat Harp-crass. Stems 12
to 14 in. high; spike 3 to 6 in. long, stout, cylindrical, straight;
lateral spikelets with only 1 bract; bractlets acute.
Native of the Mediterranean Region; introduced along the coast
near San Francisco: Tiburon, 1886, Greene; Petaluma Marshes, 1896,
Leckenby; San Pablo and Pinole Cajions, in adobe soil, abundant,
1900, Davy. June-July.
2. L. incurvatus (L.) Trin. Curvep Harp-crass. Usually has
a more slender, incurved spike, with the lateral spikelets subtended
by 2 bracts. :
74 GRAMINEX.
An introduced weed, native of the Mediterranean Region: between
Bolinas and Olema, 1886, Greene; South San Francisco, 1891,
Brandegee; Martinez; Point Reyes, Davy; reported also from Tiburon,
Behr, June—July.
41. SCRIBNERIA Hackel,
A low, slender, erect, tufted annual. Inflorescence a strict, slender,
jointed spike, breaking up at maturity. Spikelets 1-flowered, sessile
and half embedded in the notches of the rachis, solitary or rarely in
pairs, alternate, long and slender. Bracts much exceeding the bract-
let, persistent, unequal, linear-lanceolate, acute, awnless, eccentrically
keeled, very rigid; upper 3 to 5-nerved, lower 2 to 3-nerved and
ribbed. Rachilla very short, jointed above the bracts, with a ring of
hairs surrounding, the base of the bractlet, prolonged as a minute
hairy point. Bractlet and palea sub-equal, keeled; bractlet charta-
ceous, l-nerved, toothed at apex and bearing a stout awn about its
own length from between the teeth; palea hyaline, 1-nerved, acumi-
nate and deeply 2-fid. Scales obsolete. Stamen 1. Ovary glabrous,
narrowly obovate; stigma short, sessile, feathery. Achene linear-
tapering, obtuse, free, slightly compressed laterally, not grooved;
embryo prominent, (In honor of F. Lamson-Scribner, A grostologist
to the United States Department of Agriculture.)
1. S. Bolanderi (Thurb.) Hackel. Scripneria. Stems 2 to 6
in. high, mostly simple, leafy; sheaths striate; ligule prominent,
1 to 2 lines long, acute; blades # to 8-in. long, narrow, involute,
acute; spike 3 to 2 or 4} in. long, erect, slightly flexuous or curved,
purplish; spikelets about 3 lines long, usually exserted, scabrid.—
(Lepturus Bolanderi Thurb.)
Found in dry gravelly soils on hillsides and roadsides from Lake
and Mendocino Cos. northward to Oregon, and in the Sierra Nevada:
Russian River Valley, Long Valley and Round Valley, Mendocino
Co., 1866, Bolander; Yreka; Lakeport; Mariposa Co. Apr.—May.
Not recorded from within our limits, but to be looked for in Sonoma
Co., in the upper Russian River Valley.
42. LOLIUM L. Ray-erass.
Leaf-blades flat. Spike simple, solitary; rachis not jointed at the
nodes. Spikelets in notches excavated alternately on opposite sides
of the rachis, with the backs of one row of bractlets turned towards it,
8 to several-flowered, flattened laterally. Bracts 2 in the terminal
spikelet, only 1 (the outermost) or 1 and a rudiment in the lateral
spikelets. Rachilla jointed. Bractlet firm, 5-nerved. Palea ciliate.
Stamens 8. Scales 2, mostly as long as the ovary. Ovary smooth or
slightly downy at top; styles very short; stigmas feathery. (Lolium,
the name used by ancient atin writers to decienute Darnel, Lolium
temulentum, and perhaps other grain-field weeds. At once distin-
guished from all other genera of the tribe Hordew by the solitary,
flat spikelets, arranged distichously with one edge towards the rachis.)
Bract shorter than the much flattened spikelet .... . .1. L. perenne.
Bract equaling or exceeding the turgid spikelet. . . . . 2. L, temulentum.
GRASS FAMILY. 75
1. L. perenne L. Eyoeuisn Perennran Ray-orass. Perennial;
stems 1 to 2 or even 8 ft. high, smooth; foliage dark-green; sheaths
smooth, slightly compressed; ligule short; edges and upper surface of
blade scabrid; spike 4 to 12 in. long, strict, stout, bearing 6 to 10
spikelets, or slender and bearing 3 to 4 spikelets; rachis smooth, chan-
neled; spikelets 4 to 4 in, long, quite smooth, shining, 7 to 11-
flowered; bracts strongly ribbed, linear-lanceolate; bractlet linear-
oblong, terete, obtuse or cuspidate or rarely very shortly awned,
ribbed; anthers purple. Introduced by roadsides and in waste places:
Berkeley; Point Reyes, ete. Feb.-Aug.
Var. tenue Kunth (L. tenue L.), Pacry’s Ray-arass. Peren-
nial; more slender than the species; spikelets 3 to 4-flowered; bractlet
acute, rarely very shortly awned.
Var. Italicum Hook, (L. Italicum R. Br.), Prrenwnran Iratian
Ray-arass. Biennial or perennial; stems taller, leaves broader; both
leaves and spikelets lighter green in color than in the species; spike-
lets 5 to 10-flowered; bractlets long- or short-awned. It isa cultivated
form not known in the wild state except as naturalized.
Var. multiflorum Auct. (L. multiflorum Lam.). ANNUAL
IraLtan Ray-crass. Annual (or at most only biennial); spikes very
handsome, often reddish-tinged and curved; spikelets 18 to 26-
flowered; bractlet of uppermost flowers awned; bractlet broader in
the middle, and therefore appearing more curved on the margins,
than in var. Italicum; rachis more scabrous.—Cloverdale; Berkeley.
2. L. temulentum LL. Darnev. Porisonxn-DaRNEL. Annual;
stem stout, 1 to 8 ft. high; spike rather stout; spikelets 5 to 7-
flowered; bract sharp-pointed, not ribbed, extending to the apex of or
beyond the uppermost bractlet; bractlet shorter, broader and more
turgid than in L. perenne, terminating in an awn as long as the
spikelet, or sometimes short-awned or awnless (var. arvense Syme. );
in other respects similar to L. perenne.
Naturalized from Europe: Berkeley; San Francisco; Antioch;
Briones Hills; Point Reyes and elsewhere; not uncommon as a weed
in waste places. May.
43. AGROPYRON J. Gaertn. WdHEAT-GRASS.
Ours perennials with very short ligule. Inflorescence a simple,
slender, stiff and erect spike. Spikelets 3 to many-flowered, large,
solitary, sessile, inserted broadside or somewhat obliquely to the
rachis, distichous, compressed. Bracts not equaling the nearest
bractlet, unequal, lanceolate or linear, many-nerved. Bractlet_cori-
aceous, 5 to 7-nerved. Palea hyaline, flattened, usually ciliate-
keeled. Scales ovate, entire, ciliate. Stamens 3. Ovary hairy at
the apex; styles very short, distinct; stigmas distant, feathery.
Achene hairy at apex. (The Greek name for some allied grass, from
agros, field, puros, wheat,—hence field- or wild-wheat.)
Bractlet long-awned.
Rracts awnless; awns of bractlet § to 18 lines long. . -1, A. scabrum. |
Bracts shortly awned; awn of bractlet6 to 7lineslong. . 2. A. Richardsoni.
76 GRAMINER,
Bractlet awnless or with a very short awn; bracts more than 3% the length of
the spikelet.
Rootstock tufted, not stoloniferous. ......... 3. A. tenerum.
Rootstock long, slender, running and stoloniferous. ... 4. A. arenicolum.
1. A. scabrum Beauv. AvsTRaALIan WHEAT-GRaAsS. Stems
stout, erect, 2 to 8 ft. high; blades short, involute, smooth below;
spike 8 to 16 in. long; spikelets 10 to 14 in number, 1 to 1} in. long
excluding awns, narrow, 6 to 10-flowered, the lowest ? to 14 in. apart;
bracts about 7 lines long, awnless, cartilaginous, pale green, with
broad, scarious margins, smooth or minutely and sparsely scabrid,
striate; bractlet chartaceous, with a broad, scarious margin, minutely
scabrid; awn 8 to 18 lines long, mostly flexuous and widely divergent.
A pale, glaucous, Australian species, sparingly introduced into
California: San Jose, 1879, Miss Norton; also reported by Bolander
from ‘‘very dry hillsides, south side of Eel Ridge, Mendocino Co.,
June 15, 1867,’ and ‘‘in gardens near San Francisco.’’
2. A. Richardsoni (Trin.) Schrad. Ricwarpson’s WHEAT-
GRASs. Stems stout, sub-solitary, erect, 3 to 84 ft. high; blades 2 to
6 in. long, 24 lines wide, setaceous-pointed, scabrous above, smooth
below; spike 5 to 7 in. long; lowest spikelets about 4 in. apart; spike-
lets 6 to 7 lines long without the awn, 3 to 4-flowered; bracts 5 to 7
lines long without the awn, scabrous on the many nerves, their awns
about 2} lines long; awn of the bractlet 6 to 7 lines long, erect.
Oakland, Bolander; probably introduced, apparently not since
collected. July.
3. A. tenerum Vasey. StenpeR Wueart-erass. Rootstock
tufted, not stoloniferous; stems slender, erect, from a slightly ascend-
ing, leafy base, 14 to 20 in. high; blades 1 to 6 in. long, 1 to 12 lines
wide, flat, rough; spike 84 to 5 in. long; spikelets 13 to 16; bracts
more than 3 the length of the spikelet, awnless or awn-pointed, gla-
brous, scabrously-ciliate, broadest below the middle.—(A. repens var.
tenerum Beal.)
San Mateo, Bolander.
4. A. arenicolum Davy, sp. nov. DunE Wueat-erass. Root-
stock long, slender, crecping and stoloniferous; stems 6 in. high, erect
or arcuate at base, clothed with dead sheaths below; branches intra-
vaginal; sheaths glabrous; ligule reduced to a ring 4 line long; blades
convolute, glabrous below, above clothed with a sparse pubescence
and deeply channeled. 6 to 10 in. long, 2 lines wide, auricled at base,
the auricle prolonged into a curved horn; spike 13 to 2 in. long;
rachis almost smooth; spikelets approximate, } in. long, 4 to 5-
flowered; bracts 5 to 53 lines long,.long-acuminate, subulate-pointed,
ciliate, 8 to 5-nerved, coriaceous; bractlets broad, subulate-pointed,
seabrid, coriaceous; palea ciliate.
A dwarf maritime species, apparently rare: type locality, sand-dunes
at Point Reyes, Davy, no. 6879; Bodega Point, Eastwood,
44. ELYMUS L. Witp Rvs.
Perennials; stems tall and rigid. Leaf-blades usually broad.
GRASS FAMILY. 77
Spikes stout, cylindrical, usually dense. Spikelets 2 to 6 (sometimes
only 1 above) at each node of the more or less flattened and notched
rachis, placed sidewise to the rachis, usually sessile, 2 to 7 (rarely
only 1)-flowered. Bracts persistent, placed side by side in front of
each spikelet so that those at a node together resemble an involucre,
rarely divided into several awns ae Sitanion), firm, 1 to 5-
nerved, linear or narrowly lanceolate-subulate. Rachilla jointed
below the bractlets, terminating in a perfect or staminate flower or an
empty bractlet. Bractlets usually coriaceous, rounded on the back.
Palea 2-keeled. Scales large, usually ciliate. Stamens 3; anthers
large. Ovary hairy; stigmas sessile or nearly so, distant. Achene
oblong, hairy at the apex, grooved on the inside, adherent to the
bractlet and palea. (Greek elumos, a kind of grain.)
Br: ctlet cuspidate or awn-pointed, but not long-awned.
Spikeleis % to 1 in. loug; lowest bractlet 7 to 10 lines long; lizule about 4 line
_ Jong; st: ut grass of maritime dunes and sandy beaches.1. E. arenarius.
Spikeicts 4 to % in. long; lowest bractlet 5 to 6 lines long.
Ligule about 1 jine long; spike stout, usually dense, contracted; spikelets
many; slout grass ol moist places among the hills. . . 2. E. condensatus.
Ligule about 4% li e long; spike slender; spikelets few; plant usually
glaucous «ith a bluish bloom; slender grass of bottom lands in the
wWaruier Valleys. «<5. 8 24s eee we ae eed 3. E. triticoides.
Bractlet with an awn mostly equaling or longer than itself.
Bracts entire, narrowly lauceolate-subulate, mostly acuminate or awn-
pointed but not long-awned.
Rootstock -toloniferous.
Awinis erect; sheaths glabrous or retrorsely pubescent.
Ligule less than ¥4 line long, regularly truncate.
Sheaths densely re ror-ely pubescent, . . .. .4. E. pubescens.
Sheaths smoothorseabrid.. . 2... eee ee 5. E. glaucus.
Ligule about | line long, rounded; bractlet hispidulous.6. E. hispidulus.
Awnus very diver ent when dry, straight and erect when moistened; lower
sheaths densely antrorscly pubescent... .. .7. E. divergens.
Rootstock ot stoloniferous; stems leafy and tufted... . 8. E. angustifolius.
Bracis divided into long, slender awns which surround the spikelets as with
an involuere . ar ‘ 7 .9. EB. Sitanion.
1. E. arenarius L. Rancuerra-crass. Glaucous; rootstock
stout, widely creeping, stoloniferous; stems stout, erect, 3 to 6 ft. high;
sheaths smooth, channeled; ligule a narrow truncate ring; blades 18
to 18 in. long, 4 to 6 lines wide, flat or with more- or less convolute
margins below, attenuate, rigid, auricled at the base, scabrous above,
smooth below; spike 6 to 12 in. long, dense, erect; rachis broadly
winged, pubescent and ciliate; spikelets large, in pairs or threes,
imbricate, mostly appressed, # to 1 in. long, about 6-flowered; bracts
sub-equal, 7 to 12 lines long, rather shorter than the nearest bractlet,
lanceolate-acuminate, 3 to 5-nerved, scabrous, sparingly ciliate with
long hairs on the mid-nerve especially above; bractlet about 9 lines
long including the long point, 1} lines wide, 8 to 9-nerved, glabrous
or scabrid or sparingly pubescent; palea about 6 lines long, ciliate on
the keels; anthers 3 lines long
Common on maritime sand dunes, sandy beaches, and coast bluffs:
Cliff House and South Beach, San Francisco; Alameda Marshes; Bay
Farm Island; West Berkeley; cliffs at mouth of Bear Valley; Point
Reyes. July-Aug.
78 GRAMINER.
2. E. condensatus Pres], CaLirornia WILD-RYxE. Rootstock
stout, creeping and stoloniferous; stems stout, erect, 3 to 6 ft. high;
sheaths smooth; ligule about 1 line long, rounded, fimbrillate; blades
about 12 in. long, 4 to 5 lines wide, flat with more or less involute
edges below, long-acuminate, smooth below, scabrous above; spike 5
to 8 in. long, compact, erect; rachis scabrous on the narrow wings;
spikelets imbricate, appressed, in pairs, threes, or rarely more, when
more than three then sometimes 1 or 2 are pedicellate, 4 to # in. long,
somewhat turgid, 4 to 5-flowered; bracts subulate, rather shorter than
the nearest bractlet, scabrid, about 6 lines long; bractlet scabrid at the
apex, pulverulent below, more ur less shining; lowest about 5} lines
long, including the very short point, less than 14 lines wide, 7-nerved;
palea 53 lines long; keels glabrous below, scabrous and ciliate above;
anthers 2 to 23 lines long; scales about 3 line long, ovate, ciliate.
Moist places among the hills of the Coast Ranges; not uncommon
within our limits: along the lower Sacramento River, Jepson; Oakland
Marshes, Bolander; Port Costa; Berkeley Hills; near Petaluma. Apr.—
Sept. Type locality, Monterey, Henke, 1791.
3. E. triticoides Buck]. Stenwper Witp-ryy, Usually glau-
cous throughout; rootstock slender, creeping; stems slender or
stoutish, erect, 2 to 34 ft. high; sheaths smooth; ligule reduced to a
narrow, truncate, fimbrillate ring; blades 6 to 12 in. long, 38} lines
wide, flat or involute, scabrous on the margins and nerves especially
above; spike about 6 in. long, erect, somewhat lax; rachis with a
narrow, ciliate wing, puberulent; spikelets distant above and below,
overlapping in the middle, somewhat divergent, in pairs or threes
below, solitary above, $ to 2 in. long, turgid, 4 to 6-flowered; bracts
sub-equal, 5 to 7 lines long, longer than, or equaling the nearest
bractlet, acuminately subulate, scabrous on the nerves above; bractlets
3 to 5 lines long including the point, 14 lines wide, 9-nerved, gla-
brous; palea 33 to 4 lines long, scabrous on the keels; anthers 24 lines
long. ‘
Apparently preferring bottom lands in the warmer valleys, some-
times in alkaline soils: Little Ouk, Jepson; San Jose; Princeton.
May-June.
4. E. pubescens Davy, sp. nov. PuBescent WILD-RYE. Erect
perennial; rootstock stoloniferous; stems 2 to 3 ft. high, erect, slender,
seabrid; sheaths densely retrorsely pubescent; ligule reduced to a
truncate ring about line long, fimbrillate in young leaves; blades 8 to
6} in. long, 2 to 8 lines wide, flat, auricled at base; spike 3 in. long;
rachis with a narrow, ciliate wing; spikelets in pairs or often solitary,
4 to 5 lines long, few-flowered; bracts broadly linear-lanceolate, 6
lines long, about 1 line wide, scabrid; lowest bractlet 4} lines long,
seabrid; awn scabrid, 13 lines long; palea 34 to 4 lines long; anthers
1 line long; scales less than } line long.
Type locality: Point Reyes, in a swale facing the ocean; apparently
rare. July.
5. E. glaucus Buckl. Guaucous WiLp-ryxz. Erect perennial;
rootstock stoloniferous; stems tufted, erect from a more or less arcuate
GRASS FAMILY, 79
base, 24 to 8 ft. high, smooth; branches 2 to 3 from the base of each
stem; sheaths smooth or minutely scabrid; ligule regularly truncate,
entire, less than 4 line long; blade flat, narrower than the sheath,
auricled at the base, seabrid on both surfaces or the lower glabrous,
3 to 5 or rarely in very luxuriant specimens 73 lines wide, acute;
uppermost 2} to 4 in. long, lowest about 8 in. long; spike linear,
erect, 24 to 5 or rarely 7 in. long, 24 to 4 lines wide; rachis scabrid on
the margins; spikelets in pairs, rarely threes, appressed, 4 to 6 lines
long excluding awns, 8 to 4-flowered; bracts lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines
long, acuminate or awn-pointed, with 2 to 4 prominent scabrid nerves;
bractlets scabrid above, 5-nerved, lowest 43 to 6 lines long, tapering
into a straight, erect, scabrid awn 8} to 7 lines long; palea 43 to 5
lines long, scabrid, slightly emarginate; scales 3 to 1 line long, lanceo-
late, acute, toothed on one side or the margins regularly curved,
sparingly ciliate; anthers nearly 1} lines long, purplish; achene 2% to
3 lines long.
Thickets on open hillsides along the coast, common within our
limits: San Francisco, Bolander; Point Reyes; Berkeley. June-
July. e
Var. breviaristatus Davy, var. nov. Bracts6 to 9 lines long; awn
of the bractlet 0 to3 lines long.—Type locality: Point Reyes, Davy,
among sedges and brambles in swales; Bodega Point, Eastwood,
June-July,
Var. Jepsoni Davy, var. nov. Lowest leaves retrorsely
pubescent.—Napa Valley, Jepsov.
Var. tenuis Vasey, is much more slender in every way; spikes 14
to 24 lines wide.— It is not definitely recorded from within our limits,
but occurs in the Sacramento Valley northward to Mt. Shasta, Palmer;
Princeton. May.
Var. maximus Davy, var. nov, Tall and stout; leaf-blades 53 to
83 lines wide, sometimes glabrous in age; spike 7 in, long, 4 lines
wide, slightly drooping above; spikelets mostly 6-flowered; bracts 7 to
9 lines long, often 5-nerved; awn of the bractlet very variable, 4 to
12 lines long.—Napa Valley, Jepson; Bodega Point, Hastwood.
6. E. hispidulus Davy, sp. nov. Hisprp Witp-ryx. Rootstock
stoloniferous; stem erect from a more or less arcuate base, about 8 ft.
high, rooting and branching from the lowest nodes; lowest sheaths
scabrid, uppermost retrorsely hispidulous; ligule of uppermost leaves
entire, rounded, about 1 line long; blades narrower than the sheath,
auricled at the base, scabrid on both surfaces and sparsely pubescent
below, 1} to 4 lines wide, 6 to 7 in. long; spike 4} in. long excluding
awns, 5 lines wide; spikelets in pairs, ascending, not closely appressed,
4 to 6-flowered, the longest 10 lines long excluding awns; lowest
internode of the rachilla about 1 line long, pubescent; bracts 54 lines
long, lanceolate-subulate, awn-pointed, 3-nerved, scabrous; lowest
bractlet 7 lines long with an awn its own length, hispidulous above,
5-nerved, palea 3 line shorter, pubescent and emarginate above,
scabrid on the keels; scales 2 to 1 line long, pubescent and ciliate,
unevenly lobed near the base on one side only; anthers 1} lines long.
80 GRAMINE.
Type locality: Olema, Marin Co., Aug. 1898, Davy, no. 4306b.
Near to E. glaucus var. pubescens, differing in the longer and rounded
ligule, the hispidulous clothing to the sheaths which is less abundant
on the lowest than on those above, and the hispidulous bractlets,
7. E. divergens Davy, sp. nov. DrvEr@ent WILD-RYE. Peren-
nial; rootstock short, very stout and woody, not stoloniferous; stems
stout, erect, 2 to 24 ft. high; sheaths densely, or the uppermost
sparsely, antrorsely pubescent; ligule 4 line long, regularly truncate;
blades flat or becoming involute, 24 to 3} lines wide, pubescent on
both surfaces or the uppermost glabrous on the lower surface; those
of the lowest cauline leaves about 12 in. long, those of the uppermost
23 to 4 in. long; peduncle glabrous; spike 4 to 6 in. long, slender;
rachis slender, continuous; spikelets in pairs, sessile, few-flowered;
bracts broad, acuminate-pointed, 4 in. long, and 4 line wide at the
middle, channeled; bractlet 5 lines long, excluding its awn, scabrid;
awn 6 to 12 lines long, scabrous, hygroscopic, very divergent when
dry, straight and erect when moist; palea 4 to 5 lines long, truncate,
scabrous on the margins; achene 3 lines long.
Type locality: on a dry bank by. the roadside near Petaluma,
Sonoma Co., Sept. 18, 1897, Davy, no. 4037; common on dry, brushy
hillsides, Point Reyes, July, 1900.
8. E. angustifolius Davy, sp. nov. NARRow-LEAVED WILD-
RYE. Slender, erect perennial, forming low, leafy tufts; rootstock
apparently not stoloniferous; stems erect from a more or less arcuate
base, 14 to 24 ft, high, smooth, rooting and branching freely at the
lowest nodes; uppermost sheaths glabrous, lowest and those of the
branches densely retrorsely scabrous and ciliate on the margins, or
glabrous; ligule regularly or somewhat obliquely truncate, }$ line long;
blades flat, or involute when dry, 14 or rarely 24 lines wide, sparingly
pubescent and scabrid on the upper surface, antrorsely scabrid on the
lower, much narrower at the base than the sheath and strongly auri-
cled; lowest cauline blades 7 to 8 in. long, uppermost about 4 in.
long; spike lanceolate-linear, 2} to 43 in. long, 8 to 5 lines wide;
rachis scabrous on the margins; spikelets in pairs, ascending or
appressed, 43 to 7 lines long excluding awns, and slightly exceeding
the internodes, 3 to 4-flowered, uppermost flower imperfect or sterile;
bracts narrow-lanceolate to linear, acute, 44 to 5 lines long, 3 to 4
nerved and ribbed, scabrid on the nerves; bractlet 4 to 5} lines long
excluding the awn, 5-nerved, scabrid; awn erect or somewhat spread-
ing, 1} to 4 lines long, strongly scabrid; palea 4 to 4} lines long,
slightly emarginate, ciliate, scabrous on the keels; stamens 3; scales
2, 2 line long, oblique or truncately notched or lobed on one side near
the base, obtuse; anthers 1} lines long; ovary clavate; stigmas 1 line
long, plumose.—(K. Sibiricus Thurb., in Bot. Cal. in part, not of L.)
Common _on dry hillsides in the Coast Ranges: San Francisco:
Berkeley; Point Isabel. Apr.—June, Near to E. glaucus var. tenuis
Vasey, but at once distinguishable by its more tufted and leafy habit,
by the usually narrower leaf-blades and by the shorter and relatively
stouter spikes.
GRASS FAMILY. 81
Var. cespitosus Davy, var. nov. TurrEp WILD-RYE. Densely
tufted perennial; rootstock not stoloniferous; stems slender, erect,
densely clothed below with dead sheaths, 8 to 14 in. high; branches
very numerous from the base, the longest about 6 in, long; all the
sheaths glabrous throughout, the lowest minutely punctate, prominently
striate; ligule reduced to a narrow truncate ring; blades short, flat,
or becoming somewhat involute when dry, 1 line wide at the base,
glabrous except on the scabrid margins; uppermost cauline 1 to 1} in,
long, lowest cauline 44 in. long; peduncle glabrous, spike well
exserted, 2 to 2} in. long, narrow; spikelets in pairs, sometimes one of
them rudimentary, 2-flowered; bracts acute, 3} lines long, 4 line wide,
glabrous; bractlet 34 lines long, terminating in an erect, minutely
scabrid awn 23 to 4 lines long; palea about equaling it in length;
achene 2} lines long.
Type locality: Berkeley Hills, Davy.
9. E. Sitanion R. & S. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high; sheaths smooth;
spikes 4 to 7 in. long including the long awns, jointed at the nodes of
the rachis and readily breaking up at maturity; spikelets mostly in
pairs; bracts mostly 2-parted to the base, rarely entire, the divisions
again unequally 2-cleft, passing insensibly into awns 1 to 3 in. long.
—(Sitanion elymoides Raf.)
A very variable grass, often resembling and sometimes mistaken
for Hordeum jubatum, but readily distinguishable by its divided
bracts.
45. ASPERELLA Humb. BorrLe-BRUSH-GRASS.
Leaf-blades broad, flat. Spike racemose, the spikelets resembling
short, fascicled branchlets owing to the exposure of the base of the
rachilla by the suppression of the bracts; spike at first cylindrical, in
-estivation loose. Spikelets 1 to 5 at each node of the more or less
flattened and notched rachis, 1 to 4-flowered. Bracts reduced to
scars, or small, deciduous spines. Rachilla jointed below each
bractlet, terminating in a perfect or staminate flower. Bractlet
coriaceous, rounded on’ the back, 5-nerved above, terminating in a
long, stout awn. Palea 2-keeled. Scales 2, large, distinct, shortly
and unequally toothed above, acute, ciliate. Stamens 3; anthers
large. Ovary hairy, especially above; stigmas 2 lines long, sessile or
nearly so, remote, feathery, Achene hairy at the apex. (Diminutive
of Latin asper, rough, prickly, referring to the rough, long-awned
spike of some species. )
1. A. Californica (Boland.) Beal. Caxirornia BorTLE-BRUSH.
Rootstock perennial, stout, creeping; stems stout, leafy, sub-solitary,
erect from a decumbent base, 34 to 6 ft. high; sheaths split to the
base, loose, scabrous, those below usually clothed with short, stiff,
spreading or reflexed hairs; ligule about 1 line long, obtuse, erose,
brown; blade 4 to 14 in. long, 3 to 1 in. wide, flat, antrorsely
scabrous, especially beneath, shining with a satiny luster; spike 5 to
10 in. long, dense and drooping above, interrupted below, purplish;
rachis with scabrous margins; spikelets 4 to } in. long, 1 to 3-flowered;
8
82 GRAMINES.
rachilla with a prominent callus below each bractlet; bractlet 6 to 7
lines long, 5-nerved, the nerves, especially the marginal ones, ciliate-
hispid with short, stiff, rather distant, white hairs; awn stout,
straight, rough, about 10 lines long; palea membranaceous, promi-
nently keeled, ciliate above; scales 1} lines long, ciliately fringed;
anthers 3 lines long, yellow.—(Gymnostichum californicum Boland.;
Asprella californica Benth.)
Apparently confined to moist woodlands and thickets in the
redwood belt immediately north and south of San Francisco: San
Gregorio redwoods, San Mateo Co., Kellogg and Brannan; Sausalito;
Santa Cruz Co.; Taylorsville; Olema; Inverness. Apr.-July. In
the young state the plant closely resembles an Elymus, and
entirely lacks the ‘‘ bottle-brush ”’ aspect of its mature state; it can
always be distinguished, however, by the short, pedicel-like rachilla-
base of the spikelets, and the absence of bracts.
46. HORDEUM L. Bar.Ley-arass.
Leaf-blades flat. Inflorescence a dense spike, jointed at the nodes
and breaking up at maturity, the spikelets remaining attached to the
hard, sharp, callus-like internode. Spikelets 1-flowered, in threes at
each joint of the rachis; the central sessile, perfect; the lateral, in
ours, pedicellate and usually sterile. Bracts often reduced to awns
and resembling an involucre around the spikelets, rigid. Rachilla
prolonged beyond the flower as wu bristle. Bractlets chartaceous in
age, rounded on the back, 5-nerved at the apex, that of the perfect
spikelet, and sometimes all, awned. Palea scarcely shorter than its
bractlet, 2-keeled. Stamens 8. Styles very short, distinct. Achene
hairy at the summit. (Hordeum the Latin name for Barley, the
typical plant of the genus.)
Perennial; spike slender; awns appressed; bracts of all the spikelets bristle-like;
bractlet of the central spikelet 8to4lineslong ..... 1. H. nodosum.
aur ee stout, broad; awns rigid, erect or spreading; bracts not all
Bracts of the central spikelet strongly pectinate-ciliate; spike 2 to 4in. long.
2. H. murinum.
Bracts of the central spikelet not pectinate-ciliate; spike 1 to 2 in. long.
3. H. maritimum.
1, H. nodosum L. Mrspow Bariry-arass. Erect perennial;
stems $ to 3 ft. high; sheaths glabrous, often glaucous; ligule
truncate, } to } line long; blades 23 to 4 lines wide, often deflexed,
flat, scabrous, or scabrid above only; spike 24 to 44 in. long, slender,
4 to 5 lines wide, compressed, usually nodding; awns appressed,
brown, tinting the whole spike; rachis very brittle; lateral spikelets
awnless, staminate or rudimentary, 2} lines long, or reduced to an
empty bractlet; bracts all awnlike, scabrous; bractlet of central
spikelet awned, 7 to 9 lines long including the awn; scales 2, ovate,
obtuse, hyaline, ciliate above, 3 line long; anthers yellow, } line
long.—(H. pratense Huds.)
Common by roadsides, in waste places and borders of fields, often
occurring in alkali soils. Common in Alameda, Contra Costa, San
SEDGE FAMILY. 83
Francisco, Marin, and Santa Cruz Cos. Mch.-May, or sometimes
even as early as December.
2. H. murinum L. BarLey-erass. Annual; stems 6 to 24 in.
high, decumbent at base, or in moist, shady places erect; upper
sheaths glabrous, light green, scarious-margined, often inflated; lower
pilose; ligule 3 to # line long, truncate; blade both softly pubescent
and seabrous, 1 to 53 lines wide; spikes 2 to 4 in. long, broad, stout,
compressed; awns erect; spikelets densely imbricate; bracts awned;
those of the central spikelet lanceolate, fiat, 3-nerved, ciliate, with
awns 9 to 12 lines long; those of the lateral spikelets similar,
excepting the inner which are awn-like and not ciliate; bractlet
scabrous at the apex, about 6 lines long, its awn % to 2 in. long;
bractlets of the lateral spikelets somewhat smaller, awn 34 to 2 in.
long; palea emarginate, somewhat webby within, keels distantly
ciliate; scales of the sterile spikelets very prominent, 1} lines long;
anthers broad, 4 line long, green.
Native of Europe; naturalized and now very common throughout
middle-.and southern California, and spreading northward: Spring
Valley, San Francisco, 1862, Bolander; Antioch; Berkeley; etc.
Apr.-May. Often miscalled Fox-tail.
8. H. maritimum With. SeasrpE—E Baruey-crass. A slender
glaucous annual of salt-marshes and alkali soils; inner bracts of the
lateral spikelets obliquely lanceolate, 3 line wide.
Reported as occurring along the coast of Washington, Oregon, and
California, but perhaps confused with var. Gussonianum.
Var. Gussonianum Husn, (H. Gussonianum Parl.) Gusson1’s
BaRLey-crass. Slender annual, 4 to 12 in. high; spike 1 to 1} in.
long, excluding the awns; lateral spikelets reduced to rudiments;
flower of central spikelet sessile; bracts of the central spikelet seta-
ceous, the inner one of the lateral spikelets slightly flattened, } line
wide, not at all ciliate ——Naturalized from 8, Europe and now very
common throughout the State: Berkeley; Olema; Bodega Point, and
elsewhere. Apr.—May.
4. CYPERACEA. Sence Famity.
Annual or perennial herbs of marshy or damp places. Stems solid,
arising from rootstocks, triangular or terete, the upper internode
below the inflorescence generally very long. Leaves often arranged
in 3 rows, sheathing at base, the sheath closed, seldom split; ligule
none or very small. Flowers in spikelets, solitary and sessile in the
axils of imbricated glume-like bractlets, and disposed in 2 or more
ranks; spikelets solitary or clustered, or arranged in spikes, racemes,
panicles or umbels, and subtended by leafy bracts, or naked. Perianth
none or represented by usually 4 to 6 bristles. Stamens 3. Pistil 1;
ovary 1-celled, the single style 2 or 3-cleft. Fruita lenticular or more
or less triangular achene. (The specific keys and descriptions in this
family have been done by. Mr. J. Burtt Davy.)
84 CYPERACE.
Flowers perfect (the stamens and pistils in the axil of the same bractlet).
Spikelets flattened, the bractlets arranged in 2 opposite rows .... .-
1. CYPERUS.
Spikelets cylindrical, the bractlets arranged around the axis in several rows.
Style enlarged at base,
Forming a persistent tubercle jointed on the apex of the achene; spikelet
solitary, terminal upon a leafless bractless scape . . 2, ELEOCHARIS.
Wholly deciduous at maturity; spikelets in an involucrate umbel.. .. .
3. FIMBRISTYLIS.
Style not enlarged at base, deciduous or only the base persistent
Stamens mostly 3; spikelets solitary or clustered or in a compound
SURV AM LOUIE a. ss soc Gi ge os se, csc a ie eae pre en Te 5. ERIOPHORUM.
Flowers moncecious or diccious, usually in separate spikelets; pistil and achene
enclosed in an inflated sac-like bractlet (perigynium) .6. CAREX.
1. CYPERUS L. GaLinecaLe.
Annuals or perennials. Stems triangular, leafy at the base, the
inflorescence subtended by 1 or more conspicuous, leafy bracts.
Spikelets solitary or clustered on the unequal rays of an umbel with
the central spikelet or cluster always sessile, or the whole contracted
into a dense head. Bractlets concave and more or less carinate,
arranged in 2 ranks in a flattened spikelet. Bristles in the flower
none. (Kuperos, an old Greek name applied by Herodotus to an
aromatic plant used by the Scythians for embalming.)
Style 2-cleft; achene lenticular; rachilla narrow, not winged . 1. C. diandrus
var. castaneus.
Style 3-cleft; achene triangular.
Rachilla not winged, naked or nearly so. i
Stems 4% to 6in-high. . . : . .2. C. aristatus.
Stems over 12:in. high... 20.454 88 284 4% ¥ Heys 3. C. serrulatus.
Rachilla clothed with the persistent, decurrent wings of the bractlets.
4. C. erythrorhizos.
1. C. diandrus Torr. var. castaneus Torr. Described as an
annual with stems } to 2 ft. high, slender, triangular; leaves elongate,
1 line or less wide; involucral bracts 2 to 8, foliaceous; spikelets
linear-oblong, acute, 8 to 6 lines long; rachilla not winged; bractlets
brown, 1 to 1} lines long; stamens 2 to 3; style 2-cleft to the middle;
achene lenticular,
“Swamps near San Francisco, Bolawder, and in the valley of the
Sacramento, Pickering.”’
2. C. aristatus Rottb. Annual; stems 4 to 6 in. high, barely
exceeding the leaves; leaves } line or less wide; involucral bracts
foliaceous, } to 2in. long; rays few, 3 tol in. long; spikelets sessile,
densely clustered, 1} to 3 lines long, flattened; rachilla not winged;
bractlets with strongly recurved setaceous tips, striate, chestnut-brown
or greenish, 1 line long; style 3-cleft; achene triangular.
Chico, Greene; Jackson, Hansen; perhaps not .occurring within
our limits. June.
3. C. serrulatus Wats. Perennial(?); stems 14 ft. or more high,
stout, triangular; involucral bracts 6 to 8, foliaceous, 3 to 18 in. long,
2 to 3% lines wide, flat (or conduplicate?); inflorescence irregularly
umbellate, with unequal rays; spikelets numerous, in dense umbels,
SEDGE FAMILY. 85
many-flowered, lanceolate, flattened, 4 to 8 lines long; rachilla not
winged, naked, or nearly so; bractlet 1 line long, amplexicaul,
broadly ovate, acute, 3-nerved, keeled, not winged at the base; keel
serrulate on the back at the apex; stamen 1; style 3-cleft; achene
triangular.
Healdsburg, Sept., 1896, Miss Alice King.
+ C. erythrorhizos Muhl. Annual; stems 1 to 13 ft. high,
stout, triangular; leaves flat or conduplicate, 6 to 14 in. long, 2 to 8
lines wide; involueral bracts 6 to 8, foliaceous, 4 to 12 in. long; rays
1} in. long or less, bearing umbels of spikes which are } to 1 in. long;
bracts of involucels shorter, foliaceous; spikelets usually 2 to 3 lines
long, narrowly linear, somewhat crowded, horizontally spreading,
nearly flat, bright chestnut-color; rachilla clothed with the persistent
wings of the bractlets; bractlet 14 lines long, oblong, obtuse, mucron-
ulate; keel smooth; style 3-cleft, achene triangular.
Along the Lower Sacramento, Solano Co., Jepson; Visalia,
Congdon.
2. ELEOCHARIS R.Br. Spikx-RUsH.
Annuals or perennials. Stems simple, terminating in a solitary
spikelet not subtended by an involucre. Leaves reduced to sheaths or
the lowest rarely blade-bearing; spikelets several to many-flowered.
Bractlets concave, imbricated all around. Stamens 2to3_ Bristles 3
to 9, commonly retrorsely barbed. Style usually 3-cleft and achene
3-angled, or 2-cleft and achene lenticular; base of the style enlarged
and persistent as a tubercle on the summit of the achene. (Greek
eleo-, marsh, charis, delight.)
Stems setaceous; a any 1 to 3 lines long; style 3-cleft; achene obscurely
triangular or almost obovoid...............- 1. E. aciewaris.
Stems stoutish; spikelet 3 to 12 lines long; style 2-cleft; achene plano-convex.
2. E. palustris.
1. E. acicularis R. Br. SLeypER SprKE-RUSH. Rootstock very
slender, creeping; stems 1 to 8 in. high, very slender; spikelet 1 to 3
lines long, few-flowered; bractlets ovate-oblong, 14 lines long,
reddish-brown with broad green mid-vein; style deeply 3-cleft; achene
34 line long, obscurely triangular, ribbed on the sides; tubercle broad,
short and blunt.
Moist places: Mountain Lake, San Francisco. Aug.
2. E. palustris R. Br. Common Sprkx-rtusH. Perennial; root-
stock stout, creeping, stoloniferous; stems 4 to 2 ft. high, slender,
mostly terete, sheathed at the base, leafless; sheaths sub-truncate;
spikelet many-flowered, 6 to 12 lines long, oblong-lanceolate to linear,
brown with broad whitish margin and greenish keel; style 2-cleft;
achene plano-convex, rounded but not at all angled on the back, 1
line long including the tubercle, which is constricted at the point of
junction. .
Common in marshes and shallow, slow-moving creeks: Glen Ellen,
Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Point Lobos, San Francisco; Lake San
Andreas, San Mateo Co.; Stege. May-June.
86 CYPERACEE.
8. FIMBRISTYLIS Vahl.
Annuals or perennials. Stems leafy below. Spikelets umbellate
or capitate, terete, subtended by a 1 to many-leaved involucre.
Stamens 1 to 3. Bristles none. Style 2 to 3-cleft, its base much
swollen, the whole falling away from the achene at maturity.
Achene lenticular or triangular. (Latin fimbri, thread-like, stylus,
style.)
Spikelets umbellate, solitary o bees eee a el. BF miliacea.
Spikelets clustered .. ... . ‘ i 4 .2. F. apus.
1. F. miliacea Vahl. Annual(?); umbel diffusely compound;
spikelets sub-globose, about 1 line long; style 3-cleft, achene acutely
triangular, muricate-tuberculate.
Reported as introduced at San Francisco,
2. F. apus (Gray) Wats. Annual; spikelets in nearly sessile
clusters, lanceolate, 2 lines long; style 2-cleft; achene lenticular,
obovate, faintly tuberculate.
Clear Lake, Bolander.
4. SCIRPUS L. Crun-rusH. BULRUSH.
Annuals or perennials. Stems leafy or the leaves reduced to mere
sheaths at base. Spikelets terete or somewhat flattened, solitary or in
heads spikes or umbels, subtended by an involuere of 1 to several
leaves or the involucre obsolete, Bristles 3 to 6, barbed, ciliate, or
obsolete. Stamens 2 to 8. Style 2 to 8-cleft, not swollen at the base,
deciduous or its base persistent on the achene. Achene triangular,
lenticular or obovoid. (Latin scirpus, bulrush.)
3 limes long. ......-. SA yances). nise qteods see qaase . S. riparius.
Stems 1 to 3 in. high; bractlets acute, shortly beaked, strongly keeled;
involucral bract 5 to 9 lines long.......... . S. carinatus.
? , var. occidentalis.
Stem triquetrous or wing-angled, leafless or with a single short leaf at
base; involucral bract 1 in. or less long; spikelets densely clustered.
: 4. S. Olneyi.
Stem triangular, somewhat leafy; involucral bract 1 to 4 in, long; spike-
lets densely clustered... .........00.. . S. Americanus.
dark brown. . .. 2... 2. ne eee ee 6. S. robustus.
Spikelets 114 to 2 lines long, numerous, in &@ compound or decompound
' -. .7. 8. microcarpus.
1. S. riparius Spreng. StenpER CiuB-RusuH. Annual; stems
tufted, very slender, 2 to 6 in. high, sheathed at base; upper sheath
often bearing a short slender leaf; involucral bract 1 to 3 lines long;
spikelet solitary, oblong-ovate, 14 to 2} lines long, mostly less than
SEDGE FAMILY. 87
1 line wide; bractlets obtuse or mucronate; bristles obsolete; achene
less than } line long, trigonous-obovoid with distinct angles, apiculate,
not striate nor ribbed, dark brown when mature.
Not uncommon in springy places: Point Lobos, Greene, Dary;
bluffs near Lake Merced, Greene; near Olema, Dary. June—Aug.
2. S. carinatus Gray. Dwarr Cius-rvsH. Annual; stems
slender, triangular, 1 to 4 in. high, with a short leaf at base; invo-
lucral bract 5 to 6 lines long; spikelet solitary, ovate, 2 to 3 lines
long, mostly 1} lines wide; Timetlek acute, shortly beaked, strongly
keeled; bristles obsolete.
Reported as abundant in swamps about San Francisco, Bolander;
Santa Rosa Creek, Bigelow.
8. S. lacustris L. var. occidentalis Wats. TuLe. Perennial;
rootstock stout, creeping; stems 3 to 9 ft. high, terete or very
obtusely trigonous above, leafless or with a short terete leaf from
the upper basal sheath; inflorescence apparently lateral, umbellate,
4 to 5in. long; involucral bract stout, shorter than the inflorescence;
spikelets 3 lines long, numerous, in an irregularly compressed umbel;
Tays unequal; bristles 4 to 6, slender, retrorsely barbellate, not
exserted; style 2-fid; achene gray, abruptly mucronate.
Common in brackish and fresh-water marshes’ throughout the
State: Lake Merced; Martinez; Suisun Marshes, etc. The closely
allied species 8. Californicus (C. A. Mey.) Britt., (S. Tatora’ Kunth),
having the bristles shortly plumose below and with a nearly white
achene, narrowed above, should be looked for.
4. S. Olneyi Gray. OxLnzy’s ButrusH. Perennial; stems 2 to 5
or more ft. high, stout, triquetrous, continued as an entire involucre
about lin. or less beyond the inflorescence, sheathed at base, leafless
or with a single short, triquetrous leaf; inflorescence apparently
lateral; spikelets 2 to many in a crowded sessile cluster, oblong-
ovate, about 2 lines long; bractlets brown.
Common in brackish marshes from Suisun Bay southward: Newark;
Suisun Marshes; reported also from San Francisco. May.
5. S. Americanus Pers. THREE Square. Perennial; stem 1 to
2 ft. high, slender, triangular, somewhat leafy, continued as an entire,
triangular, pungent involucre 1 to 4 in. beyond the inflorescence;
leaves short; inflorescence apparently lateral; spikelets 1 to 6, in a
crowded, sessile cluster, oblong-ovate, 8 to 4 lines long; bractlets
dark brown, usually conspicuously tipped with a stout, pale-colored
awn about a line long.—(S. pungens Vahl.)
Marshy places, often brackish: Point Lobos, San Francisco, south-
ward and eastward.
6. S. robustus Pursh. Satt-11aRsH BuLrvsH. Perennial; root-
stock stout, often forming hard woody tubers; stems 1 to 3 ft. high,
stout, trigonous; leaves equaling or exceeding the stem, keeled, flat
or deeply channeled, 2 to 4 lines wide, antrorsely scabrid on the
margins and keel; involucre of several unequal spreading foliaceous
bracts 1 to 8 in. long, one much the longer and more erect; inflores-
88 CYPERACER,
cence terminal, of few to many sparingly umbellate spikelets; spike-
lets oblong-ovate, acute, 6 to 8 lines long, 4 to 5 lines broad at base,
chestnut-colored or dark brown; bractlets thinly scarious, strongly
keeled, bifid, with a short soon recurved awn from between the teeth;
achene broadly obovate, plano-convex or with a low ridge on the
back, obtuse and slightly apiculate, dark brown, shining.—(S.
maritimus of Bot. Cal.)
Common in brackish marshes along the coast, and in moist alkaline
soils in the interior: Newark; Suisun Marshes; F]. May. Fr. Sept.
Var.compactus Davy, var. nov., has the spikelets congested into
dense heads:—Stege.
7. S. microcarpus Pres]. PanicLeED BuLrusy. Perennial;
rootstock stout, creeping; stem 2 to 8 ft. high, stout, leafy, tri-
angular; leaves flat, 6 to 12 lines wide; margins scabrid; involucre
of several sub-equal spreading foliaceous bracts, about equaling the
inflorescence; panicle decompound, large and open; rays 1 to 6 in.
long, the spikelets in terminal and axillary clusters; spikelets 14 to 2
lines long, oblong-ovate, greenish or lead-colored; bristles 4, barbed
to the base; stamens 2; style bifid; achene 3 line long, pale, plano-
convex, not angled on the back, abruptly short-beaked.—(S. syl-
vaticus L. var. digynus of Bot. Cal.)
Common along streams and in fresh-water marshes: Berkeley; San
Francisco; Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co.; Mt. Tamalpais; Guerne-
ville. May-Oct. :
5. ERIOPHORUM L. CorTon-sEDGE.
Bog perennials. Stems from creeping rootstocks, triangular or
subterete, leafy or naked. Leaves linear or the uppermost reduced
to sheaths. Spikelets terminal on the stem, solitary or clustered or
umbellate, subtended by an involucre of scale-like bracts or none.
Bractlets of the spikelet membranaceous. Bristles numerous, filiform,
silky, becoming greatly elongated in fruit. Stamens 1 to 8. Style
very slender and elongated, 3-cleft. Achene triangular. (Greek
erion, wool, phora, crop, referring to the woolly heads.)
1. E. gracile Koch, SLENDER Corron-sEpGE. Described by
Watson as having stems 1 to 2 ft. high, very slender, with one or
more erect, very narrow, triangular leaves; involucre of 2 to 8 erect,
brownish, ovate-lanceolate bracts, the lowest being sometimes par-
tially foliaceous; rays 4 in. or less long, slightly nodding, tomentose-
scabrous; spikelets 2 to 5, oblong, 8 to 4 lines long; bractlets ovate,
obtuse, slate-colored or brownish; achene 1 lines long, linear-oblong,
broadest above.
Reported as occurring in ‘‘swamps near Santa Rosa, Sonoma Oo.,
Bigelow.”
6. CAREX L. Srper,
Perennial. Stems from rootstocks, triangular and commonly more
or less scabrous on the angles, the leaves in 8 ranks. Spikelets termi-
nal and solitary, or with several below the terminal one in the axils
SEDGE FAMILY, 89
of leafy or scale-like bracts, either wholly pistillate and wholly
staminate or with both pistillate and staminate flowers which are
occasionally dicecious. lowers in the axils of seule-like bractlets.
Staminate flower of 3 stamens. _Pistillate flower consisting of a single
pistil; ovary enclosed in an inflated bract or sac (perigynium) con-
tracted at the top through which project the 2or 3 stigmas, Achene
triangular, lenticular or plano-convex, completely enclosed in the
perigynium. (Latin name used by Virgil for the sedge. The key
to our species of this critical and difficult genus has been adapted
from Prof. L. H. Bailey's ‘‘ Preliminary Synopsis of North American
Carices.’’ For the briefly described vegetative characters we have
drawn largely from Boott’s account of the Californian species, in the
absence of sufficient material; it is a matter for regret that so few
specimens of this interesting genus are brought in by local collectors.)
mostly nodding, comose in appearance . 2. C. Pseudo-cyperus
var. comosa.
Perigynium small, nearly or entirely beakless and mostly entire-mouthed,
thioner in texture; mostly paludose species with colored spikelets; often
growing in dense tufts or tussocks. ‘ 7
Spikelets sbort and erect, very closely flowered, the terminal strictly
staminate; pea ae Se purple or black auricles at base; stigmas 2 or 3;
mostly stiff and rigid species. ,
Stigmas 3. ... es os le ~aes 8. GC bifida.
Stigmas 2) 24 2.84 Se eee eet . 4. C. nudata.
Stems spongy at base; spikelets mostly sessile. . . . 6. C. aquatilis.
Spikelets a Ate, ceranoue or drooping, mostly dark-colored; stigmas 2;
bractlets very long and conspicuous; plants large. 7. C. Sitchensis.
Perigynium mostly short and rounded; beak straight and usnally 2-fid, firm
or hard in texture, not inflated, hairy or scabrous; st»minate spikelet 1;
pistillate spikelets 1 in. or less long, usually globular or short-oblong. more
or less sessile and approximate, or the longer oncs radical; bracts sheath-
less, short or obsolete; stigmas rarely 2; low species of dry ground, with
s all radical. :
spivelets 2 to several, the lowest occasionally long-pedicellate and radical;
perigynium abruptly rounded above, contracted above and below,
bearing a more or less prominent rib on each side. 8. C. globosa.
Spikelets androgynous (rarely dicecious or some of the spikelets unisexual);
staminate flowers usually borne at the base or apex of the pistillate spike-
lets, rarely the staminate and pistillate flowers irregularly situated; pistillate
flowers mostly in short and sessile spikelets (in some cases the spikelets
90 CYPERACEA.
single) which are commonly aggregated into heads or even panicled; cross-
section of the perigynium plano-convex in outline; styles 2; achene lenticu-
lar; the spikelets, especially the uppermost, usually have contracted bases
when the staminate flowers are borne below the pistillate ones, and empty
scales at the top when the staminate flowers are borne above.—Sub-genus
ViIGNE& Koch.
Flowers often dicecious or nearly so, or the staminate and pistillate flowers
poe es situated, or some of the spikelets occasionally wholly staminate
or pistillate.
Inflorescence a simple or nearly simple head; perigynium ovate, stipitate,
concealed by the bractlet, at length nearly black. 9. C. marcida.
Flowers moneecious; spikelets regularly androgynous, the staminate flowers
uniformly borne at the top.
Spikelets yellow or tawny when mature, short, rarely longer than broad;
perigyninm mostly small and short and nearly nerveless, or in some
species becoming nearly lanceolate and more or less prominently
nerved, firm in texture.
Inflorescence a simple or nearly simple head. . . .10. C. Brongniartii.
Spikelets green or nearly so when mature, aggregated or scattered, never in
compound heads; perigynium mostly short-ovate, in most cases not
conspicuously nerved.
Plants slender; spikelets more or less scattered. .11. C. muricata
var. gracilis.
Flowers moneecious; spikelets regularly androgynous, the staminate flowers
uniformly borne at the base.
Inflorescence silvery green or sometimes tawny when mature; spikelets
mostly small, distinct; perigynium not wing-margined nor conspicu-
ously broadened, mostly nearly flat on the inner surface.
Perigynium ovate, sharp-margined, firm, often thickened at the base,
spreading, in open, and at maturity stellate, spikelets... ......
12. C. echinata.
Perigynium ovate-lanceolate or nearly linear, mostly in loose spikelets. .
C. Deweyana.
Inflorescence tawny or dark; spikelets rather large, sometimes crowded;
perigynium with a more or less thin or winged margin, which is
mene at maturily, rendering the perigynium concave on the inner
surface.
Perigynium ovate or ovate-orbicular, thickened in the middle .....
ld. C. festiva.
1. C. vesicaria L. Rootstock creeping; stems 1 to 8} ft. high,
sharply angled, scabrous; leaves 2 to 3 lines wide, the upper exceeding
the stem; bracts exceeding the stem; perigynium conspicuously
turgid, ovoid or conical, ascending at maturity, smooth, shining.
Tomales Bay, Bolander, no. 2308, teste Boott.
2. C. Pseudo-cyperus L. var. comosa Boott. Stems 1} to 23 ft.
high, stout, sharply angled; leaves rigid, tapering to a long slender
triangular apex, 23 to 5 lines wide; spikelets densely flowered, upper-
most staminate; perigynia retrorsely spreading in fruit; beak very
long, deeply bifid.
Swamps near San Francisco, Bolander, no, 2301, teste Boott; over-
flow marshes of flats along Russian River, near Guerneville, Davy.
3. C. bifida Boott. Stems 2 to 8 ft. high, slender, acutely angled;
leaves 1 to 2 lines wide, pale, mostly shorter than the stem; lower
sheaths reddish, sparingly reticulate-fibrous; spikelets 4 to 9 lines
long, 8 lines wide, densely-flowered, purple and glaucous, the termi-
they ce bearing a few pistillate flowers above; perigynium shortly
eaked. :
Coast Ranges: in rather dry soil, Salinas Valley, Brewer, no, 574:
Pacheco Pass, Santa Clara Co., Bolander, no, 4887, teste Boott, ;
SEDGE FAMILY. | 91
_4. C. nudata Boott. Stems sharply angled, scabrous, 12 to 16 in.
high, slender, clothed at base with conspicuous dark brown leafless
reticulate-fibrous sheaths; leaves 1 to 23 lines wide, setaceously
pointed, shorter than the stem; bracts without sheaths, lowest rarely
equaling the stem; auricles purple, oblong; perigynium purple above,
straw-colored below, deciduous. 5
Coast Ranges from San Francisco to Ukiah: Marin Co., in a creek,
no. 2299; Sonoma Co., no. 8836; Mill Creek, Ukiah, no. 4638;
Oakland Slough, no. 6202; all Bolander, teste Boott. Apr.
5. C. obnupta Bailey. Rootstock creeping, stoloniferous; stems
2 to 4 ft. high, forming large, dense clumps, clothed with dead
sheaths below; leaves almost equaling the stems, 2 to 3 lines wide;
margins scabrous; bracts much exceeding the stem.
Common in moist cafions and on the borders of streams and swamps
in the Coast Ranges: type localities ‘‘San Mateo Co., Kellogg; Sierra
Nevada (Donner), Kellogg and Brannan; Fort Point, San Francisco,
Bolander ;?? Olema; Lorin, Dary.
6. C. aquatilis Wahl. Rootstock stoloniferous; stems 2 to 3 ft.
high, stout, obtusely angled, smooth, spongy at base; leaves pale,
1} to 3 lines wide, often exceeding the stem; bracts foliaceous, clasp-
ing, without sheaths, lower much exceeding the stem.
Santa Clara Valley, 12 miles from San Jose, Bolander’, teste Boott.
7. C. Sitchensis Presc. Stems 2 to 5 ft. high, stout, sharply
angled, scabrous, many-leaved at base; lower sheaths reticulate-
fibrous; leaves 3 to 4 lines wide, rigid, the cauline shorter, the radical
longer than the stem; bracts without sheaths, foliaceous, the lower far
exceeding the stem; auricles purple, clasping.
Salt-marshes about San Francisco Bay, Bolander, and northward
along the coast, teste Boott.
8. C. globosa Boott. Rootstock stoloniferous; stems 4 to 16 in.
high, very slender, scabrous, clothed at base with reddish-purple
sheaths that break up into thread-like fibers; leaves firm, 1 to 2 lines
wide, the lower longer than the stem; lower bracts short-sheathed,
longer than their spikelets.
Coast Ranges among redwoods: highest point of Oakland Hills,
Bolander, no. 2298, teste Boott.
9. C. marcida Boott. Stems 1 to 23 ft. high, slender, scabrous;
leaves 1 line wide, shorter than the stem; flowers often more or less
dicecious.
On the Lower Sacramento, Pickering; Santa Clara Marshes,
Peckham, teste Boott; Point Isabel, Davy. Apr.
10. C. Brongniartii Kunth. Rootstock creeping; stems 10 to 30
in. high, firm, slightly scabrous above; leaves shorter than the stem,
1 to 23 lines wide; bracts setaceous, exceeding the spikelets, the
lowest sometimes exceeding the stem.—_{©. glomerata of Bot. Cal.)
From about San Francisco Bay, Bigelow, Bolander, to Mendocino
City, Bolander, teste Bailey. Var. pENsa Bailey (C. paniculata of
Bot. Cal.), described as ‘‘densely cxspitose’’ and as having denser
92 JUNCACES,
heads, mostly thickest at the base, often nearly an inch in width,—
Salt-marshes near San Francisco, Bolander, no, 1568 in part, teste
Bailey.
11. C. muricata L. var gracilis Boott. Rootstock creeping,
clothed with imbricated strongly neryed purple scales; stems $ to 2
ft. high, very slender, sharply angled, scabrous; leaves shorter than
the stem, 1 line wide, tapering to a very slender, setaceous summit;
bracts ovate, awned, commonly exceeding the spikelets, the lowest
setaceous and often an inch or two long.
Near the coast, from about San Francisco Bay, Bigelow, Bolander,
to Fort Bragg, Bolander, no. 4765, teste Boott.
12. C. echinata Murr. Czspitose; stems 4 to 2 ft. high, few-
leaved, stiff; leaves fat and grass-like, 4 to 1 line wide, much shorter
than the stem; lower bract subulate from a lanceolate base, longer or
shorter than its spikelet.
Coast Ranges, Bolander; swamps near Santa Rosa, Bigelow, teste
Boott. Apr.—May.
18. C. Deweyana Schwein. Cespitose; stems 3 to 4 ft. high,
sharply angled, scabrous, slender, weak and often decumbent; leaves
flaccid, 1 to 2 lines wide, shorter than the stem; lowest bract seta-
ceous, seldom exceeding the stem, upper shorter or scale-like.
Shady hillsides, Napa Valley, Thurber, Bigelow, teste Boott. Var.
BoLanpDERI Boott. with a slender stem and broader leaves is reported
from Oakland, Bolander, teste Boott.
14. C. festiva Dewey. Cvwspitose; stems } to 2 ft. high, sharply
angled; leaves 3 to 5, the upper the longest, commonly shorter than
the stem, 2 to 24 lines wide.
Coast Ranges, in woods among grass, the stems sometimes rooting:
from Monterey, Brewer, no. 697, to Ukiah, Bolander, teste Boott.
5. JUNCACEA. Russ Famity.
Annual or perennial herbs. Stems simple, terete or ancipital,
hollow or spongy. Leaves alternate, sheathing, narrow, flat or
terete. Flowers lily-like in structure, sedge-like in aspect, small,
dry, perfect, disposed in terminal or apparently lateral heads, spikes,
sub-umbellate clusters or panicles. Perianth consisting of 6 distinct
similar glume-like segments. Stamens 6 or sometimes 3. Ovary
superior, 8 or sometimes 1-celled; stigmas 3, filiform; ovules 3 to
many. Fruit a loculicidally 3-valved capsule. Embryo minute,
enclosed in fleshy endosperm, In both the genera Luzula and
Juncus, individuals of the same species vary greatly in aspect
owing to the tendency of the inflorescence to become either capitately-
congested on the one hand or loosely paniculate on the other. (The
specific keys and descriptions in this family have been done by Mr.
. Burtt Davy.)
l-celled; seeds severalto Many... .........000 as . 1. Juncus.
Leaves soft, flat; stems hollow; capsule 1-celled; seeds 3 . «. 2. Luzuna.
RUSH FAMILY. 93
1, JUNCUS L. Rusu.
Plants of swamps or wet places; herbage glabrous. Stems usually
with spongy pith. Leaves stiff, terete, channeled or flat. Flowers
panicled, corymbose or in dense clusters, greenish or brownish.
Capsule 3-celled with central placente or I-celled with 8 parietal
placentz, many-seeded. For detecting the markings on the seeds of
most of the Junci, a 3 or 3 in. objective is necessary. (Classic name
for the rush, perhaps from Latin jungo, to join, the stems used for
binding.)
Annuals; roots fibrous.
Leaves cauline; stems branched; flowers cymosely arranged in twos or threes
and secund; testa finely striate and cross-lined, ... . 1. J. bufonius.
Leaves radical; stems scapiform; flowers solitary, terminal; testa reticulate.
2. J. uncialis.
Perennials; rhizomes mostly stout and creeping.
Lenves terete or wanting; panicle lateral, sessile.
Stamens 6.
Perianth 244 to3 lines long; anthers 1 line long; capsule oblong-ovate,
CULES oe fos sis ke ek eo SS Ow RE OS eS 3. J. Leseurit.
Perianth 11, lines long; anthers 44 line long; capsule sub-globose, slightly
angled, obtuse, apiculate. .. . .4. J. patens.
Stamens 3.
Perianth 1 line long; anthers % line long; capsule clavate-obovate, obtuse
Orretuse gx. sa $043 3 es & P a .5. J. effusus.
Leaves flat, channeled: panicle terminal.
Stems terete; leaves not equitant nor transversely ribbed.
Rootsiocks tufted; stems nuked above, leafy at base; leaves less than 14
line wide; flowers solitary in a diffuse or rarely compact panicle .
6. J. tenuis.
Rootstocks creeping; stems leafy throughout; leaves 1144 lines wide;
flowers clustered 2 2 2 2 cs He 7. J. faleatus.
Stems ancip tally compressed; leaves equitant, transversely ribbed by
internal septa. .
Leaves 2 to 4 lines wide; stems more or less winged below the nodes;
seeds reticulate « ces ss uw 4% EO Ben ___ 8. J. xiphioides.
Leaves 14 to 1 line wide; stems not winged; seeds with the longitudinal
lines closely crossed by prominent fine transverse ridges ......
9, J. phxocephalus.
1. J. bufonius L. Toap Russ. Annual; rvots fibrous; stems
1 to 12 in. high, terete, branching from the base, leafy; leaves narrow;
inflorescence a dichotomous cyme; flowers solitary and remote, to
closely secund or even sub-capitate; perianth lobes 3 lines long, long
acuminate, greenish with white scarious margins.
One of the commonest species, exceedingly variable in size and
aspect: Agnews, Wiss Cannon; Marin Co.; near the Montezuma
school, Solano Co., Jepson; Yountville, Clarke; Knights Valley,
Sonoma Co.; West Berkeley; Stege. May—Sept.
2. J. uncialis Greene. Dwarr Rusu. Depauperate annual 3? to
lin. high; leaves short, radical; stems scapiform, strictly 1-flowered;
perianth segments 1} to 2 lines long, acute, hyaline, with a prominent
mid-nerve; capsule obtuse, apiculate, equaling the perianth; testa
reticulate. . ;
Type locality: ‘“‘low moist places in fields near Suisun, California,
May, 1890,’’ Greene.
3. J. Leseurii Boland. Sait Rusu. Perennial; rootstock stout-
94 JUNCACER,
ish, creeping and widely spreading; stems 1 to 8 ft. high, stout, erect,
terete, leafless; panicle lateral, lax, many-flowered; flowers often
somewhat secund; perianth 2 to 8 lines long; stamens 6; anthers 1
line long; capsule oblong-ovate, acute. :
Salt-marshes and alkali soils, not uncommon: Little Oak, Solano
Co., Jepson; Suisun Marshes. June.
4. J. patens Mey. Common Rusu. Perennial, forming dense
clumps; rootstock creeping; stems slender, densely tufted, 1} to 2 ft.
high, erect, terete, leafless; panicle lateral, lax, many-flowered; peri-
anth 14 lines long; stamens 6; anthers } line long; capsule sub-
globose, slightly angled, obtuse, apiculate.
A very common species in marshy or springy ground: Lobos Creek,
Kellogg; Oakland Hills, Bolander; Suisun Marshes, Jepson; Mill
Valley; Berkeley. June-July.
5. J. effusus L. Bog Rusu. Perennial, forming dense clumps;
rootstock creeping; stems stout, tufted, 14 to 3 ft, high, erect, terete,
leafless; panicle lateral, lax, many-flowered; perianth 1 line long;
stamens 8; anthers 4 line long; capsule clavate-obovate, obtuse or
retuse.
Common in marshy ground: Angwins, Howell Mt., Jepson; Lorin.
June. Var. BRUNNEUS Engelm.; panicle shorter, more compact;
perianth dark brown.—Marin Co., Michener and Bioletti.
6. J. tenuis Willd. Yarp Rusn. Perennial, forming dense
clumps; rootstock tufted; stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, very leafy at
base, naked above, terete; leaves less than 4 line wide, grass-like, 9
in. long; panicle terminal, loose, spreading; spathe exceeding the
inflorescence, 8 to 16 lines long; perianth segments pale; stamens 6.
Var. conaEsTus, Engelm.; panicle contracted, somewhat capitate;
common near the coast.—Oakland Hills, Bolander; Marin Oo.,
Michener and Bioletti; West Berkeley; Point Isabel. Apr—June.
7. J. falcatus Mey. Perennial; rootstock slender, creeping;
stems 6 to 9 in. high, more or less leafy, terete; leaves usually equal-
ing or exceeding the stems, 1} lines wide, not ribbed by transverse
septa; flowers in dense many-flowered terminal heads, which are
solitary or in twos or threes; spathe about equaling the inflorescence;
perianth segments dark brown, concolorous or with a broad green
midvein.
Drift sand on Lone Mt., San Francisco, Bolander; Santa Cruz
Mts., Brewer. Mar. Var. panicuLarus Engelm. heads smaller,
3 to 5-flowered, in a more or less cymose panicle——swampy meadows
at Mendocino City, Bolander; Lake Co., Simonds; shoul be looked
for in northern Sonoma Co. June.
8. J. xiphioides Mey. Marsu Rusu. Perennial; rootstock
elongated, stout, nodes distant; stems 1} to 8 ft. high, erect, leafy,
ancipitally compressed, more or less distinctly winged below the
nodes; leaves 2 to 4 lines wide, compressed, equitant, the spaces
between the veins divided into segments by distinct transverse septa;
inflorescence usually much exceeding the leaves, terminal; flowers in
TYPHACES. 95
a cymosely-paniculate inflorescence of densely few or many-flowered
heads; perianth usually dark-colored, about 23 lines long; stamens 6;
anthers usually small; style very short; seeds elongate, reticulate,
with minute cross-lines within the reticulations.
A common species in salt-marshes and moist places: Cloverdale,
State Survey; Pajaro Hills, Chandler; Lorin; Belmont. June.
Var. AuRaTus, Engelm. is characterized by the lax cymosely-
penal inflorescence of usually pale-colored flowers.—Suisun
arshes, Jepson; Stege; Saratoga, Santa Clara Co, Sept.—Oct.
9. J. phzocephalus Engelm. Perennial; rootstock elongated,
stout; nodes somewhat distant; stems 3 to 1} ft. high, erect. leafy,
ancipitally compressed, not winged; leaves $ to 1 line wide, com-
pressed, equitant, more or less distinctly ribbed by transverse septa;
inflorescence usually barely exceeding the leaves, terminal; flowers in
densely many-flowered solitary or binate heads; perianth dark brown,
1} to 2 lines long; stamens 6; anthers large; style long; stigmas
exserted; seeds ovoid, the longitudinal lines closely crossed by promi-
nent fine transverse ridges.
Apparently less common than the preceding species: Lone Mt., San
Francisco, Bolander; Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co. June.
2. LUZULA DC. Woopn-rvsu.
Plants of dry or high ground in open or shady places. Stems
hollow, leafy, simple, slender. Leaves softer and flatter than in
Juncus, grass-like and often hairy or villous. Flowers solitary in
umbels or panicles or crowded in dense clusters or spikes. Capsule
l-celled; seeds 1 to 3. (Latin lucus, wood or grove, on account of
the habitat of certain species.)
1. L. comosa Mey. Common Woop-rusH. A sparsely villous
perennial; rootstocks sparsely tufted; stems erect, leafy, 12 in. high;
leaf-blades 3 to 6 in. long, 2 to 3 lines wide, flat, villous at the throat
and sparsely so on the margins; bract foliaceous, much exceeding the
inflorescence; inflorescence } to 1} in. long; flowers spicate; spikes
erect, simple or cymosely pedunculate; bractlets scarious, hyaline and
ciliate above; perianth lobes 14 lines long, tinged with dark-brown.—
(Juncoides comosum Sheldon.)
One of the earliest flowers of spring, frequenting partially shaded
spots: Berkeley; Olema. Mar.-Apr. Var. suBsESSILIs Wats. has
solitary or few nearly sessile loose pale-colored spikes.—Olema. Var.
concEsta Thuill. has several close sessile spikes forming « more or
less conical head.—Lake Merced.
6. TYPHACEZA. Cart-ram Famity.
Reed-like aquatic perennials, the solid cylindric stems from creeping
rootstocks and bearing long linear alternate leaves. Flowers mone-
cious, in dense spikes or heads, without perianth. Stamens and
ovaries with bristles or minute scales intermixed. Ovary 1-ovuled,
96 TYPHACER.
with a slender style, becoming in fruit a seed-like nut, Embryo
straight, embedded in copious endosperm.
Flowers in dense cylindrical spikes. ............ -1. TYPHA.
Flowers in globular heads, the lower with foliaceous bracts. . 2. SPARGANIUM.
1. TYPHA L. Cart-Tait.
Stems tall, simple, ending above in a long spike, the pistillate por-
tion below merely contiguous to or quite separated from the staminate
portion above. Stamens intermixed with hairs, their filaments con-
nate. Ovaries minute, surrounded by numerous hairs. Nuts very
small, usually splitting on one side, enveloped in a copious down.
(Ancient Greek name of the Cat-tail.)
1. T. latifolia L. Car-rari. Stout, 33 to 6 ft. high; leaves very
long, linear, sheathing at the base; flowers in a spike 7 to 18 in. long,
the pistillate portion below contiguous to the staminate portion above;
pistillate portion dark brown, at length 1 in, thick; staminate portion
yellow, rather thicker when in flower, but soon deciduous leaving a
bare spike.
Common in marshes and marshy places by creeks in the Coast
Ranges and Lower Sacramento and Lower San Joaquin.
2. SPARGANIUM L. Bur-reEeEp.
Stems simple or somewhat branched. Flowers in globose heads
seattered along the upper portion of the stem or its branches; lower
heads pistillate, with leaf-like bracts; upper heads staminate. Sta-
inens with minute scales interposed, their filaments slender and elon-
gated. Ovaries surrounded by 8 to 6 linear-subulate scales forming a
sort of perianth. (Sparganion the Greek name, diminutive of
sparganon, a'swaddling-band, on account of the narrow ribbon-like
leaves. )
Pistillate heads 2 on a branch, always sessile; nuts 2 lines wide or less. . aa 8
Pistillate heads 2 to 4 on a branch, peduncled or less einene oie. ‘huts
mostly 3 lines wide . es a . 2. 8. ewrycarpum.
1. S. Greenei Morong. GreEns’s Bur-REED. Stems 8 to 5 ft.
high; leaves triangular, channeled, partly clasping at base and flat-
tened towards the apex, 3 in. wide; inflorescence branching, 18 to 16
in. long; pistillate heads 2 on uw branch, sessile, in fruit 1 in. broad;
staminate heads 10 to 17 on a branch; nuts broadly cuneate, rounded
at summit and with a short beak, obviously but not sharply angular,
4 lines long, 2 (or rather less than 2) lines wide. ‘
Olema, Marin Co.; San Francisco Peninsula. Fruiting in Oct,
2. S. eurycarpum Engelin. Broap-rruirep Bur-REED. Erect,
rather slender, 3 to 8 ft. high, with branching inflorescence; leaves
flat and thin, slightly keeled beneath; pistillate heads 2 to 4 on the
stem or branch, sessile or more commonly peduneled; staminate heads
5 to 18; heads in fruit } to 1} in. in diameter; nuts obovate, many-
angled, with a broad rounded or hemispherical summit, tipped with
the short style, 3 (or nearly 8) lines broad, 4 lines long, including the
style—(S. Californicum Greene. ) 7
LEMNACE. 97
Calistoga, Lower Sacramento and southward to Santa Clara Co.
JuneJuly.
S. stmMPLEx Huds. SimpLe Bur-REED. Stems slender, simple,
erect, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves triangular or flattened, exceeding the
stem; heads 2 to 4 of each kind, sessile or the lower often on a pedun-
cle 4 to 2 in. long and above the axil; staminate heads very small;
nuts nearly terete, attenuate at each end, tipped with a linear style,
the whole 8 or 4 lines long.—Sierra Nevada: Placer Co., Carpenter;
Carson Pass, Brewer.
7. LEMNACEZ. Duckweep Famity.
Minute floating or submerged aquatic perennials, without leaves.
Plant body consisting of a leaf-like stem or ‘‘frond’’ which is densely
green, disk-shaped, elongated or irregular. Inflorescence a simple
cluster of 2 staminate flowers and 1 pistillate flower, contained in a
cleft or pouch on the margin of the frond. Staminate flower consist-
ing of a single stamen and the pistillate flower of a single ovary con-
taining 1 to 7 ovules, Perianth none. Flowers and fruit scarce, in 1
species unknown. Vegetative reproduction active and taking place
by lateral branching, the branches being attached by slender stalks
(stipes). These branches soon separate or remain connected for some
time; they may at certain seasons sink to the bottom of the pond or
ditch and undergo a resting period. The account of genera and
species here given has been adapted almost entirely from Mr. Chas.
H. Thompson’s Revision published in the 9th Report of the Missouri
Botanical Garden.
«Frond with 1 to several nerves and a zinele Toot; ovuleslto7. .1. LEMNA.
Frond without nerves; root none; ovule 1... . . 2. WOLFFIA.
1. LEMNA L. DuckweEep.
Fronds disk-shaped, usually with a central nerve and with or with-
out several lateral nerves, each with a single root which is commonly
provided with a root cap. Reproductive pouches 2, appearing as
clefts in either margin of the basal portion of the frond, each contain-
ing a cluster of 3 flowers surrounded by a spathe. Ovary with 1 to 7
ovules. Fruit ribbed. (Ancient Greek name.)
Frond with a long stipe, mostly submerged and forming large masses; papille
MONG: oii ese ye Bod a tas Sep) tr Be Be ae es - ++. 3. ZL, trisulca,
Frond with a short stipe, floating on the surface.
Symmetrical or nearly so, papillate along the median line.
Oblong-obovate; fruit more or less lenticular.
Upper surface uniformly green; margin of the fruit without appendages;
seed alWays lie ss cc wie AS we we 48 48 eH 2. L. minor.
Upper surface mottled with irregular brown streaks; margin of the fruit
with rounded wing lobes; seedsitoseveral. ..... 1. L. gibba.
Oblong to elliptical, small, green on both surfaces; with a row of papille
along the mid-nerve; fruit elongated. ..... . 5. ZL. minima.
Unsymmetrical, ~
Obliauely obovate; obscurely 3 to 7-nerved, papillate mone cane median
oe “oblong: thin, obscurely I-nerved; papille none. © is pilots
9
98 LEMNACEZ.
1. L. gibba L. Grssovs DuckwzeEp. Fronds 1 to 4 in a group,
commonly 2, orbicular to obovate, slightly to very unsymmetrical,
usually 8 to 5-nerved, 1 to 2 lines wide, 1 to 24 lines long, thick,
convex and slightly keeled above, flat to strongly gibbous beneath;
base usually acute and commonly with narrow wing margins; pistil
clavate; ovules 1 to 7; fruit symmetrical, purple-tinted, winged with
rounded lobes at the upper margin on either side of the stigma.
Abundant in ponds.
2. L. minor L. Smatiter Duckwrep. Fronds solitary or few
in a cluster, round to elliptic-obovate, green or purplish beneath,
uniformly bright-green above, convex on both sides, upper surface
sometimes slightly keeled and with a row of papille along the
mid-nerve, the apical one usually quite prominent; pistil clavate;
ovule 1; fruit not winged, projecting about 4 beyond the margin of
the frond.
Covering the surface of stagnant ponds. Variable.
8. L. trisulca L. Ivy-LtEavep Duckweep. Fronds forming
dense masses, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, slightly unsymmetrical and
frequently a little falcate, 24 to 5 lines long and 1} lines wide, the
long stipe attached to the basal margin; floating fronds with shorter
stipes and cavernous throughout the central portion; submerged fronds
with long twisted stipes; seed prominently 12 to 15-ribbed.
Cold springs and running water.
4. L. cyclostasa (Ell.) Chev. Fronds solitary or more commonly
2 to 8 cohering in a more or less curved chain, thin, oblong to
obovate-oblong, usually somewhat faleate, 4+ to $ lines wide by 1 to 1}
lines long, without papillae; base of the frond usually unsymmetrical,
tapering into a short stipe or frequently sessile; fruit long-ovate;
pointed by the long, straight or rarely curved style; seed 12 to
29-ribbed.
Springs at foot of Uncle Sam Mountain, Lake Co., Bolander.
5. L. minima Phil. Fronds cohering in twos, sometimes in fours,
or solitary, oblong to elliptical, symmetrical, 4 to 1} lines wide, 3 to
2 lines long, rather thick, with a row of papille along the mid-nerve;
lower surface flat or slightly convex, upper surface slightly to promi-
nently convex with thin margin entirely around the frond; frond
cavernous in the middle portion only, commonly nerveless; seed
oblong, pointed, about 16-ribbed.
Two growth stages; smaller fronds straw-yellow or pale green and
strikingly convex on the upper surface; larger fronds thinner and
green colored.
2. WOLFFIA Horkel.
Very minute plants. Fronds rootless, thin, unsymmetrical, curved
in the form of a segment of a band, abundantly punctate on both
surfaces with brown epidermal pigment cells. Stipe attached on the
margin of the single reproductive pouch which appears as a cleft in
the basal margin of the frond. Flowers and fruit unknown. (J, F.
Wolff, student of the genus Lemna.)
NAIADACES, 99
_ 1. W. lingulata Hegelm. Fronds at maturity solitary or rarely
in 2’s, broadly tongue-shaped, $ to 1} lines wide, 1} to 3} lines long,
cavernous throughout the Jower central portion; reproductive pouch
triangular.
Irrigation canals, Kern Co,, Thompson.
8. NAJADACEZ. Ponpweep Famity.
Aquatic plants entirely submerged or with floating leaves. Stems
jointed. Leaves linear and grass-like or some with broad floating
blades, sheathing at base or with sheathing stipules. Flowers incon-
spicuous, naked or with a very small ye, commonly borne on a
short spike or spadix, which bursts from an enclosing greenish bract
or spathe. Ovaries 1, or 2 to 4, distinct, free from the calyx if that be
present, 1-celled, 1-ovuled.
Flowers perfect.
Sepals4,distinct . ........ sotsctentenies 46 . 1, PoTaMOGETON.
Sepals none........... ae ee -.. 2. RUPPIA.
Flowers moncecious or dicecious.
Leaves entire.
Pistils about 4, borne in a cup-shaped involucre; fresh water ponds or
SETGAMB yo 4s i, 6 oe BUY oi ROR Mw a SL 3. ZANNICHELLIA.
Pistils many, borne on the side of a linear spadix; maritime.
Flowers monecious; fruit ovoid; leaves 2to4 lines broad ....
4. ZOSTERA.
Flowers dicecious; fruit sagittate-cordate; leaves 14 to 2 lines broad. . .
. 5. PHYLLOSPADIX.
Leaves with spiny-toothed margins; pistil solitary and aa ae <
. Nalas.
1. POTAMOGETON L. PonxpweEeED.
Perennial herbs, commonly growing in still fresh waters, with
mostly alternate leaves in 2 ranks and membranous stipules more or
less united and sheathing. Spikes sheathed by the stipules in the bud,
in flower mostly raised on a peduncle to the surface of the water.
Flowers small, perfect. Sepals 4, rounded, concave, valvate in the
bud, short-clawed. Stamens 4, inserted on the claws of the sepals,
the anthers nearly sessile. Ovaries 4, becoming ovoid or roundish
drupelets. (Greek potamos, a river, and geiton, a neighbor, on
account of the aquatic habit.)
Stipules axillary and free from the leaf. .
Floating leaves elliptical, submerged leaves lanceolate . . .1. P. lonchites.
Leaves all submerged, 7 -
Ovate or lanceolate, many-nerved; spike 2 to 2¥4in. long . 2. P. lucens.
Linear, 1to 3-nerved. °*
Spike subcapitate; stem flattened; leaves not glandular ..... ass
- - 3. P. pauciflorus.
Spike interrupted or subcapitate; stem filiform; leaves often bi-
glandular at. base... 25: i244 Re be ee Og 4. BEN Aad
Stipules adnate to the leaves or petioles; leaves all submerged, capillary .. .
5. P. pectinatus.
1. P. lonchites Tuckerm. Stems much branched, 3 to 6 ft.
long; floating leaves coriaceous, elliptieal, 2 to 3} in. long, less
than % to 1} in. wide, the petiole usually longer than the blade;
100 NAIADACEA
submerged leaves very thin, lanceolate, 4 to 12 in. long, rounded at
base or tapering into a petiole 1 to 4 in. long; stipules 1 to 4 in. long;
peduncles 2 to 3 in. long; spikes 1 to 2 in. long, densely fruited;
nutlets obliquely obovate, 14 to 2 lines long.
Streams: Russian River southward to Santa Cruz; Sierra Nevada,
2, P.lucens L. Stem branching below and often with masses of
short leafy branches at summit; leaves all submerged, thin, elliptical
to lanceolate or oblanceolate or the uppermost oval, rnany-nerved,
acute or acuminate, mucronate, often undulate-serrate, narrowed at
base to a short petiole or sessile, 2 to 7 in. long and 3 to 1} in. wide;
nerves 13 or fewer; stipules loose and spreading, sometimes very
broad; peduncles 3 to 6 in. long; spikes 2 to 23 in. long, very thick
cylindrical; nutlet 14 lines long, nearly as broad.
San Francisco Peninsula.
3. P. pauciflorus Pursh. Stems flattened, much branched, 1 to
3 ft. long; leaves all submerged, narrowly linear, 3-nerved or the
nerves obscure, 1 to 2 in. long, 4 to 1 line wide, narrowed at base;
stipules small, white, becoming setose; peduncles more or less clavate,
about 3 in. long; spike subcapitate, few-flowered; nutlet 1 line long,
roundish or obliquely obovate, with a broad more or less undulate-
dentate keel.
Still waters; near the coast,
4. P. pusillus L. Stems filiform, branching, 4 to 1 ft. long;
leaves all submérged, narrowly linear or often nearly setaceous,
obtuse and mucronate or acute at apex, 1 to 3-nerved, with 2 glands
at base or rarely glandless, 1 to 3 in, long, } to $ line wide, sessile;.
stipules obtuse, becoming setose; peduncles flattened, slender, 3 to 3
in. long; spikes interrupted or capitate; nutlet obliquely elliptical, 2
to 1 line long, curved and 2-grooved on the back, or sometimes with
3 distinct keels, beaked by a short style.
Pools and ditches. Coast Ranges.
5. P. pectinatus L. Stems slender from a running rootstock, the
branches repeatedly forking, 1 to 3 ft. long; leaves capillary or
setaceous, often 1-nerved, 1 to 6 in. long; stipules 4 to 1 in. long, free
for half their length; peduncles filiform, 2 to 12 in. long; flowers in
distinct whorls on a spike 4 to 2 in, long; nutlets roundish or
obliquely obovate, 14 to 2 lines long, no middle keel on the back but
with obscure lateral ridges.
Brackish water of tide sloughs or in ponds.
2, RUPPIA L. Drircu-arass.
Immersed aquatic herbs with long filiform forking stems, Leaves
almost capillary, with a rather broad sheathing base, Peduncle of
the spadix axillary, at first very short and enclosed in the sheathing
spathe-like base of the leaf. Spadices slender, each with two flowers
disposed near together, rising to the surface when in anthesis.
Flowers perfect, entirely destitute of perianth. Stamens 2, sessile,
each anther consisting of 2 large and separate anther-cells, Pistils
PONDWEED FAMILY. 101
4; stigmas depressed, sessile. Pistils after flowering becoming stalked.
(In honor of H. B. Ruppius, a German botanist.)
1. R. maritima L, Plants 2 to 3 ft. long; leaves 2 to 8 in. long;
pistils ripening into hard ovoid nuts, which at maturity are 3 to 1}
lines long, and raised on stipes 1 to 12 lines long; fruiting peduncle
3 to 6 lines long.
Alkaline or brackish water: tidal canal ditches near Petaluma,
Davy; Byron Springs, Hansen; southward to Southern California.
June—Sept.
3. ZANNICHELLIA Mich.
Immersed branching plants. Leaves alternate or mostly opposite,
filiform but flat. Flowers monecious, naked, sessile, usually both
kinds in the same axil. Staminate flower consisting of a single
stamen with a slender filament. Pistillate flowers 2 to 5 (usually 4),
borne in a cup-shaped involucre or spathe, the ovary flask-shaped
with broad hyaline stigma. Nutlet coriaceous, somewhat flattened,
beaked. (In honor of Zannichelli, a botanist of Venice.)
1. Z. palustris L. Hornep Ponxpwerp. Fruit somewhat
incurved, occasionally more or less toothed on the back.
Mt. Diablo region and southward.
4. ZOSTERA L.
Submerged maritime herbs with elongated and very narrow grass-
like radical leaves and inflorescences raised on peduncle-like stems.
Flowers monecious, borne in 2 rows on the face of a flattened spadix
with or without small lateral appendages covering them in the bud
and closely invested by a protecting foliaceous spathe until anthesis.
Staminate flower of 1 stamen. Pistillate flower of 1 pistil. Fruit
ovoid, l-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek zoster, a girdle or band, on
account of the ribbon-like leaves.)
1, Z. marina L. Ext-crass, Grass-wrack. Leaves with long
sheathing bases, 8 to 7-nerved, 1 to 2 or 8 ft. long, 2 to 5 lines broad;
fruiting leaves jointed at base of spathe, which terminates with a
more or less elongated leaf-like summit; spadix 2 to 4 in, long, 10 to
20-fruited.
Shoal waters of bays, especially on muddy bottoms, Tomales
Bay.
‘ 5, PHYLLOSPADIX Hook.
Maritime aquatics closely related to the preceding, with elongated
narrowly-linear radical leaves from much branched creeping root-
stocks, Flowers diccious, borne in 2 rows on the side of a flattened
spadix, with a lateral chartaceous appendage covering each flower in
the bud, the whole inflorescence enclosed by a spathe which is
produced beyond the spadix as a foliaceous prolongation, (Pistillate
spadices with rudimentary anther-cells.) Anthers sessile. Pistil
simple, with 2 stigmas; ovary sagittate-cordate, 7. e., with two down-
wardly-produced horns at base, which in fruit are strongly developed
and bear on the inside deflexed bristles which serve to attach the
102 NAIADACEA,
floating achenes to other plants on the beaches. (Greek phyllon, leaf,
and spadix, a kind of inflorescence.)
Flowering stems 1 ft. long or more, bearing 2 to 5 pistillatespadices .. ...
1. P. Torveyi.
Flowering stems 2 or 3 in. long, bearing 1 pistillate spadix or rarely 2: leaves
more obviousiy 3-nerved . Sars snag oe . . .2, P. Scouleri.
1. P. Torreyi Wats. Torrey’s Ext-arass, Rootstocks brittle,
leaves 13 to 2 ft. long, 4 to 1 line broad; flowering stems 1 ft. long
or more, bearing 2 to 5 pistillate spadices, each 1 to 1} in. long;
staminate spadices shorter and with shorter peduncles; mature fruit
23 lines long.
Low tide limits to two fathoms below, from San Diego, Cleveland,
and San Pedro northward to Monterey, Setchell; Land’s End, Giibds;
and Russian River, Dudley.
2. P. Scouleri Hook. Pactric Exi-crass, Very similar to the
preceding but the leaves rather broader, ? to 2 lines wide; flowering
stems short, but 2 or 8 in. long, bearing but 1 pistillate sapdix,
rarely 2; fruits larger.
Santa Barbara, Pacific Grove, and Russian River acc. to Dudley;
Dillon’s Beach, Baker, and northward to the mouth of the Columbia
River.
6. NAIAS L, Nartap.
Slender branching submerged plants with linear opposite spiny-
toothed leaves, which are seemingly whorled on account of the ones
crowded in the axils. Flowers unisexual, solitary in the axils.
Staminate flower consisting of a single stamen enclosed in the bud in
a little membranous spathe. Pistillate flower consisting of a single
ovary and short style bearing 2 to 4 stigmas. Fruit a seed-like
nutlet, (Greek Naias, a water-nymph.)
Sheathing base of the leaves entire or with few teeth . 1. N. marina.
Sheathing base of the leaves with many minute teeth ~ « 42. NL flexilis.
1. N. marina L. Horiy-Leavep Narap, Stems stout and
often armed with prickles twice as long as their breadth; leaves
broadly linear, with 6 to 10 spine-pointed teeth on each margin, the
broad sheathing base entire or with 1 or 2 teeth on each side; fruit 2
to 24 lines Jong, reticulated, tipped with a long persistent style; seed
reticulated, not shining.
Clear Lake, Bolander.
2. N. flexilis R. & 8. Stenper Narap. Stems slender; leaves
narrowly linear, with 25 to 30 minute teeth on each margin, the
broad sheathing base with 5 to 10 small teeth on each side; fruit 1 to
2 lines long, nearly smooth; seed reticulated, shining,
San Francisco Peninsula; Clear Lake.
9. JUNCAGINACEZ. Arrow-crass FamiIny.
Marsh or sub-aquatic acaulescent herbs with radical rush-like or
grass-like leaves, and small perfect flowers in racemes or spikes, or
e
JUNCAGINACER, 103
solitary. Perianth 4 to 6-parted, its segments in two series, sepal-like.
Stamens in ours 6 or 1. Ovaries either 3 to 6, or 1, when more
than 1 united around a central axis and separating at maturity into
l-seeded carpels. Seeds anatropous; embryo straight.
Flowers perfect, with perianth; stamens6............ 1. TRIGLOCHIN.
Flowers polygamous, the pistillate of 2 kinds; no perianth; aeese es ee
. LILHA.
1. TRIGLOCHIN L.
Perennials by means of short rootstocks; leaves fleshy with mem-
branous sheaths. Flowers small, in a spike-like, bractless raceme,
raised on a scape. Segments of the perianth concave, greenish,
deciduous, the three inner inserted higher. Stamens in ours 6;
anthers sessile or nearly so. Pistils in ours commonly 6 (rarely 3 to
5), their ovaries united around a central axis, splitting when ripe into
1-seeded carpels, which separate from the base upward, and leave a
slender persistent axis. Stigmas as many as the ovaries, plumose.
Carpels dehiscing by the ventral suture, (Greek tri, three, and
glochis, a point, referring to the fruit of the 3-carpeled species.)
Scapes stout; leaves 2 lines wide ormore. ...... 1. T. maritima,
Scapes slender, almost wiry, less than] line wide. .... .2. T. concinna.
1. T. maritima L. Common Arrow-erass. Terminal portion
of the rootstock covered with the sheaths of old leaves; scapes stout,
1 ft. long or somewhat more, bearing a raceme 10 to 15 in, long, the
whole surpassing the (2 to 3 lines wide) leaves; flowers 1 line long,
longer than the pedicels, these in fruit conspicuously decurrent;
carpels 3-angled, with the dorsal angles winged, making a broad
longitudinally-striate groove on the back, 2} lines long, the stigmas
persistent and recurved; seed narrowly linear, 1 line long.
Marshy shores of San Francisco and Suisun Bays,
2. T. concinna Davy. SLENDER ArRow-crass, Leaves usually
less than 1 line wide; scapes very slender and racemes looser than in
the preceding, 7 to 13 in. high; flowers about 4 line long; carpels
rather less than z lines long; fruiting pedicels less obviously decur-
rent,
With the preceding.
2. LILAEA HBE.
Aquatic or sub-aquatic herb with fibrous roots and radical grass-like
leaves, sheathing at base. Flowers polygamous, in 2 kinds of inflo-
rescence, one an axillary inflorescence, consisting of solitary pistillate
flowers borne in the axils of the radical leaves, the other a spicate
inflorescence, consisting of spikes raised on scapes shorter than the
leaves. Axillary inflorescence:—ovary naked, sessile, with elongated
filiform style and capitate stigma; fruit flattish, oblong-ovate, coria-
ceous, Jongitudinally ribbed, 1-seeded, indehiscent. Spicate inflo-
rescence:—pistillate flowers on the lower part of the spike, perfect
at the middle, staminate above; pistillate flowers similar to those
in the «xils of the radical leaves, but with a short style and with
104 ALISMACEA,
the ovary maturing into a more compressed fruit which is winged;
perfect flowers with the ovary behind (next to the axis of the spike)
and the stamens in front (next to the bract); staminate flowers
consisting of a single stamen in the axil of a bract.
1. L. subulata HBK. Leaves 6 to 8 in. long, 1 to 2 lines wide;
spikes dense, } in, long or less; pistillate flowers in the axils of the
radical leaves often with a style 1 to 3 in. long, their fruits 2} to 3
lines long,
Ponds and vernal pools almost throughout California: Sonoma;
Napa Valley; Solano Co.; San Francisco; Santa Clara Valley. Apr.
10. ALISMACEAE. Warer-Puantarin Faminy.
Marsh or aquatic herbs with radical leaves, scape-like flower stems
and perfect or unisexual flowers. Perianth of 3 outer herbaceous
persistent sepals, and 3 inner white deciduous petals. Stamens 6 or
more. Ovaries numerous, distinct, 1-celled, l-ovuled, becoming
achenes in fruit. Endosperm none; embryo strongly recurved or
folded.
Flowers perfect; stamens 6; achenes inasingle whorl. ..... 1. ALISMA.
Flowers unisexual; stamens numerous; acheies in a dense head . 2. SAGITTARIA.
1. ALISMA L.
Erect herbs, growing in shallow water or mud, with radical
long-petioled leaves. Inflorescence a panicle consisting of whorled
branches each bearing a simple or compound umbel of perfect flowers.
Perianth of 3 outer small herbaceous segments, and 3 much larger
inner ones, these petal-like and very delicate. Stamens 6, with short
filaments. Ovaries distinct on a disk-like receptacle. Achenes
numerous, channeled on the back, crowded in a whorl. (Alisma,
the Greek name, used by Dioscorides, )
1. A. Plantago L. Warrr Puantarin. Rootstock perennial,
becoming almost bulbous by the sheathing bases of the petioles;
leaves radical, the blades elliptic-oblong, acute, 2 in. long, varying to
8 in. long and 3 in. broad and tapering from the middle to each end,
on petioles twice as long; flowering stems from 1} to 2 ft. high, the
whorled branches unequal in length and forming a loose, pyramidal
panicle; flowers white, on pedicels 1 in. long or less; petals 1 line
long; achenes very strongly flattened, oblong, 1 line long, 17 to 25 in
each whorl.
Common along the margins of ponds, rivers, and marshy shores of
lakes: San Francisco; Alameda; Stockton; Lower Sacramento; Napa
Valley. The aquatic forms have very narrow leaves.
2. SAGITTARIA L. ARrow-HEap.
Marsh or aquatic herbs with fibrous roots and milky juice. Leaves
broadly sheathing, commonly sagittate or sometimes without basal
lobes or even without a blade. Stems scape-like, bearing one to sev-
eral whorls of flowers, usually in threes, with membranous bracts.
WATER-PLANTAIN FAMILY. 105
Flowers in ours monecious, the staminate above. Ovaries numer-
ous, crowded on a globose receptacle. Achenes fiat, more or less
winged and beaked by the short style. (From the Latin sagitta, an
arrow, referring to the shape of the leaves.)
Pedicels of pistillate flowers slender, ascending; leaves sagittate.
asal lobes much shorter than the upper one or equaling it; racemes with few
toiweveral: WHOTS. 5.7.06. eg: oes, ay geesl oe be ee Ss 1.1. S. latifolia.
Basal lobes less than twice as long as the upper one; racemes with numerous
whorls . Greggtt.
Pedicels of pistillate flowers much thickened and reflexed in fruit; leaves not
lobed at base; racemes with few whorls . . 8. 8. Sanfordit.
1. S. latifolia Willd. Common Arrow-HEApD. Leaves very
variable, the smallest but 2 or 3 in. in total length, the largest 7 or 8
in. long from the summit of the petiole to the obtuse or abruptly acute
apex; basal lobes lanceolate to broadly ovate, acuminate, divaricate,
15 in. or less from the tip of one to the other; scape simple or
branched, } to 3 ft. high; bracts scarious, 23 to 5 lines long, the pedi-
cels of the pistillate flowers very much longer; flowers monecious;
stamens 25 to 35; achene 1} lines long with somewhat swollen dorsal
wing and long horizontally oblique beak.
Common on the islands and river shores of the interior. The
tubers of this species are edible and are made much use of by the
Chinese of the Lower Sacramento. From these tubers a long root-
stock grows out in the Spring, which, at its upper end, gives rise to
leaves and scapes.
2. S. Greggii J. G: Smith. Sanrorp ARRow-HEApD. Stout,
erect; leaf-blades 8 to 18 in. long, the widely divergent lanceolate
basal lobes longer than the ovate and acuminate or lanceolate upper
lobe; scape erect, 5-angled below, branching at its summit into
several ascending, for the most part long racemes, with numerous
whorls of flowers; bracts lanceolate, acuminate, 7 to 14 lines long,
equaling or rather shorter than the pedicels; stamens 30 or more;
achenes 1 to 1} lines long, tumid, crested on both margins, circular or
the ventral margin almost straight, nearly beakless.
Stockton, Sanford, original and only known locality in California.
3. S. Sanfordii Greene. Stockton. ARRow-HEAD. Leaves 2 to
3 ft. long; petioles obtusely triquetrous, 4 to 1} in. thick at the base;
blades linear- to oblong-lanceolate, about 4in. long, tapering into the
spongy petiole or almost obsolete in submersed plants; scapes stout,
1} ft. high or more; bracts triangular, 2} to 3 lines long, connate at
base; whorls of flowers few, the pedicels of the pistillate ones reflexed
in fruit; sepals ovate, 2 to 3 lines long; stamens 20, the anther
longer than the filament; achenes 1 line long, rather markedly
winged on both the inner and outer margins, the sides reticulated;
beak oblique, short, triangular. — ee
Stockton, Sanford; not otherwise known. The sepals of the pistil-
late flower in this and the preceding species are reflexed or spreading.
S. Montevidensis C. & S. is (acc. to J. G. Smith) a ballast plant at
Stockton; it may be known by its erect accrescent sepals and by a
brownish-purple spot at the base of the petals.
106 LILIACER.
11. LILIACEAE. Liny Famtity.
Ours perennial herbs. Stems from bulbs, corms or rootstocks, either
scape-like and the leaves all radical, or more or less leafy and fre-
quently branching. Flowers regular and perfect; perianth with 6
segments or lobes, consisting of 8 sepals and 3 petals, usually colored
alike. Stames 6, sometimes 8 or 4. Ovary superior, 8-celled; style
or stigmas 3. Fruit a capsule or berry. Maianthemum has a
2-merous flower and Scoliopus a 1-celled ovary. The flowers in
Veratrum are polygamous. Trillium has netted-veined leaves.
A. Fruit a capsule.
2. LILIUM.
Stems from corms; leaves all at base and the stems either scapes or scape-like,
but with few or reduced cauline leaves in no. 5 and in Some species of
no. 4.
Flowers in racemes terminating the branches; bracts subulate; perianth
with a narrow tube and reflexed segments; stamens 6; staminodia 6.
5. ODONTOSTOMUM.
Flowers in umbels, always with 2 or more bracts; leaves all radical,
Perianth-segments united below into a tube.
Perianth-tube scarlet, the short segments chrome-green.
6, BREVOORTIA.
Perianth of one color, blue, purple, white, or yellow: stamens 6, often
with appendaged or winged filaments or 3 of the stamens replaced
by dilated sterile filaments or staminodia. . . . 7. HooKERA.
Perianth-segments distinct or nearly so.
Filaments arising from a cup-like appendage. . 8. BLOOMERIA.
Filaments not appendaged, sometimes dilated at base.
Leaves semi-terete; bracts4to6....... =... 9. MUILLA.
Leaves plane or convolute-filiform; bracts 2 or 3. . 10. ALLIUM.
Stems from tunicated bulbs; perianth segments distinct; leaves all or
mainly radical.
Style 3-cleft, at least slightly; capsule loculicidal, as in all the preceding.
Flowers in a simple raceme borne on a scape. . . . . 11. CAMASSIA,
Flowers racemose in a widely branching very ample panicle,
ve 12. CHLOROGALUM.
Styles 3, distinct; capsule deeply 3-lobed, septicidal; flowers in a raceme or
panicle, the perianth segments with green glands at base.
. 18, ZYGADENUS.
Plants with vertical rootstocks.
Stem simple, tall, and leafy; panicle pubescent; styles 3, distinct; capsule
3-lobed, septicidal.. .. 2... ... 2. ee 14. VERATRUM.
Stem simple; leaves numerous, sedge-like, mostly radical, those of the stem
reduced; stamens 6,
LILY FAMILY. 107
Flowers in a dense raceme; filaments glabrous; styles 3, distinct.
15. XEROPHYLLUM.
Flowers in loose racemes; filaments densely woolly; style one, undivided.
36. NARTHECIUM.
Acaulescent; leaves 2; stamens 3, opposite the sepals. . .17. SCOLIOPUS.
Stem simple, bearing at summit a whorl of 3 broad netted veined leaves and
asingle large flower; stamens6.. . ..... - 18, TRILLIUM,
B. Fruit a berry; plants with rootstocks.
Leaves broad.
Stem very short, the leaves arising from near the surface of the ground;
flowers red, in umbels, raised on a peduncle, « . 19. CLINTONIA. «
Stem simple, leafy; flowers very small, white.
Raceme short, simple, terminal; perianth-segments and stamens 4, leaves
1 to 3, cordate, petiolked. .. 2... .ee @ . . . 20. MAIANTHEMUM.
Raceme simple or coupound, terminal, composed of many small flowers;
leaves several] to many, sessile... ......... 21. SMILACINA.
Stems branching; flowers axillary at the ends of the leafy branches.
22. DISPORUM.
Leaves reduced to scales; branchlets filiform, clustered in the axils; bushy-
branching plant... . . . . 23, ASPARAGUS,
12 FRITILLARIA L.
Stems erect, simple, from a bulb of thick fleshy scales; radical
leaves large, ovate or elliptic; cauline sessile, alternate or whorled.
Flowers solitary or in racemes, dull purple, brownish, pink or
scarlet. Periunth campanulate to funnelform, deciduous, of 6 dis-
tinet segments, each segment with a shallow nectar-bearing area or
pit near the base. Stamens 6, inserted on the base of the segments,
included; filaments slender; anthers extrorse, more or less versatile.
Ovary sessile or nearly so. Capsule membranuceous, 6-angled or
winged, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell.
(From the Latin fritillus, a dice-box, the application uncertain. )
Styles united, stigma shortly 3-lobed; perianth pink, of a uniform color, z. e., not
spoited; glands obseure.. . . . 1 #4 «5% +s 6 es ose LF. plurijiora.
Styles 3-parted above; stigmas linear; glands mostly obvious,
Leaves in 2 to 8 whorls on the upper part of the stem or the uppermost alter
nate; capsule winged. ;
Perianth scarlet... 2. ee ee te ee 1 2 BF coccinea.
Perianth dark-purple, mottled or checkered with greenish-yellow.
Segments 34 t» 134 in. long, at least the inner with crisped or erosulate
Marginx; raceme commonly 4 to many-flowered. . . . 3. F. mutica,
Segments 1 to 1% in. long, the margin entire; racemes 1 to 4-flowered.
nor _— i 4 S sashaigms
aves mostly basal, not in distinct whorls; capsule obtusely angled.
oe many-flowered; perianth yellowish-green, not spotted, 1 to 134 in.
IONE kis! OE ESS SS . .6. F. agrestis.
i in. Jong ... .. |. . . 5. F. biflora.
edna iia Henle so, ¥%to%in.long .. Ws AE: ee.
1. F. pluriflora Torr. Pryk Fririttarta. Stems 6 to 10 in.
high, from a somewhat yellowish bulb of few (6 to 8) scales; leaves
few, oblong-lanceolate, 4 in. long, mostly basal; perianth uniform
pink-purple, the segments obovate-oblong, acutish, 1 in. long; glands
obscure; stamens 3 the length of the petals, the filaments slightly
dilated at base; capsule as broad as long, truncate at apex, narrowed
toward the base, strongly 3-lobed, each lobe with 2 longitudinal
dorsal ridges or wings with intervening depression.
108 LILIACE.
Adobe hills in upper Vaca Valley, Jepson, 1885; Sweeny Creek,
Solano Co., Platt, 1898; upper Sacramento Valley on the Sierran side,
Feb. The segments are usually deeper colored or longitudinally lined
at base and often also with a longitudinal and very narrow brown
band running from base to apex. Fleshy tap-like roots are often
formed below the bulb, similar to those occurring on Hookera capitata.
2. F. coccinea Greene. ScarLetT FRITILLARIA. Stems slender,
10 to 18 in. high; leaves 3 to 7, narrowly linear, 2} in. longi
flowers 1 to 4, campanulate-funnelform, scarlet, evidently mottled,
8 to 14 in. long; segments recurving at tip, gland near base of
segment small, narrowly oblong, 3 lines long.
Hood’s Peak, Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Mt. St. Helena, Jepson;
Ukiah, Purdy. Last of Apr. and first of May. There seem to be
forms identical with this, save that the color characters are those of
the next; hence this species may need to be made a variety.
3. F. mutica Lindl. Musston Betis. Ricr-roor Lity. Scales
few or none, the lower portion of the solid bulb covered with round-
ish bulblets like rice-grains; stems 1} to 24 ft. high, glaucous; radical
leaf 1 ft. long or less, 3 to 5 in. wide, usually not ‘present in the
second (flowering) season; stems leafy above the base only; leaves
2 to 6 in wu whorl (the whorls mostly 2 or 3), or the upper alternate,
lanceolate or linear, 4 in. long or less; bracts similar but smaller;
raceme 38 to 17-flowered; pedicels less than 1 or 2 in. long, often
recurved after anthesis; perianth campanulate, dark-purple or green-
ish, conspicuously spotted or checkered, 6 to 13 lines long; segments
broadly oblong or narrowly ovate, distinctly crisped or erosulate-
margined, usually concave-carinate towards the base, the outer often
broader; gland greenish, broadly lanceolate, extending from the base
3 or % the way to the apex; capsule with 8 broad wings at base and
apex, 6 to 8 lines long.
Shady woods of the Coast Ranges; the most common species:
Berkeley; Vacaville; Sonoma. Mar. The var. eRacruis (F. lanceo-
lata Pursh var. gracilis Wats.) has very small flowers and narrower
more acuminate segments; anthers scarcely longer than broad.—
Corte Madera (Marin Co.), northward to Ukiah, Purdy.
4. F. lanceolata Pursh. Curcker Lizty. Bulbs of few thick
scales 3 in. long; stem 1} to 2 ft. high; leaves 6 to 9 in 2 or 83 whorls
on the upper part of the stem, ovate-lanceolate, 2 to 4 in. long;
pedicels 1 in. long or less; perianth broadly campanulate, dark-purple
mottled with greenish-yellow, 1 or mostly 1} to 13 in. long; segments
ovate to oblong, deeply concave, with a very large ovate-lanceolate
gland in middle of concavity; gland deep-green, sharply defined,
often with minute black dots; stamens 6 to 8 lines long; anthers 1} to
2} lines long; capsule broadly winged, less than 1 in. long.
Vicinity of the ocean from Lake Pilarcitos, San Mateo Co., Davy;
ae Jepson; Mendocino Co., Bolander, and northward.
eb.—Mar.
5. F. biflora Lindl. Brack Lity. Stem stout, } to 14 ft. high,
LILY FAMILY, 109
2 to 8 (rarely 1)-flowered; leaves 2 to 6, mostly near the base, scattered
or somewhat whorled, broadly to narrowly oblong, 2 to 4 in. long;
perianth campanulate, more or less greenish but mostly dark purplish
or purple-lined, 8 to 12 lines long; segments oblong, tapering to each
end, or. the inner segments elliptic-obovate, all with a longitudinal
greenish glandular band running from the base nearly to the apex.
Ukiah, southward near the coast to Riverside (H. M. Hall) and
San Diego. Imperfectly known species.
6. F. agrestis Greene. Sivink BELis. Stems 1 to 13 ft. high,
leaves 8 to 12, oblong-oblanceolate to linear-lanceolate, 4 to 5 in. long;
raceme 8 to 8-flowered, the flowers nodding on the pedicels which are
abruptly recurved at summit; perianth yellowish-green, the mid-
nerve prominent; segments 1 to 1} in. long, 4 to 5 lines wide.
Antioch, Davy, where it occupies wide acres of the grain fields,
flowering in Apr.; bulbs very deep-seated, not turned up by gang
plows. Mr. Davy describes the odor as very obnoxious,
. 7. F. litiacea Lindl. Waite Fritittarta. Stems 3 to 8 in.
high, often somewhat stout and succulent, 1 to 5-flowered; leaves of
the radical tuft narrowly or broadly oblong, 1} to 14 in. long; cauline
leaves few, linear-oblong or linear; flowers dull white; perianth
segments oblong-ovate to obovate, 6 to 9 lines long, with a greenish
purple-dotted gland at base, the greenish area sometimes extended
. upwards along the mid-vein nearly or quite to the apex; stamens 4
lines long, shorter than the styles; anthers 1 to 14 lines long; capsule
stipitate, truncate at each end, 3 in. long and as broad. ;
Bleak hilltops at San Francisco; flats near Point Richmond; rocky
summits of Mare Island. Feb.-Mar.
2. LILIUM L. Lity.
Stems simple, tall and leafy, from a scaly. bulb. Leaves narrow,
sessile. Flowers large and showy, solitary or 2 to several in a termi-
nal raceme. Perianth campanulate or funnel-form; its segments 6,
yellow, red or white, often dotted or spotted with brown, distinct,
equal, spreading or recurved, with a nectar-bearing groove toward
the base. Stamens 6, hypogynous, included; anthers versatile. Style
one, long, deciduous; stigma 3-lobed. Capsule loculicidal; seeds
numerous, flat, horizontal, in 2 rows in each cell. (Greek Iilion,
the classical name of these plants.)
is nodding; leaves lanceola
Flo a Foon cots and altamate above and below’... . a1. 4. pardakran.
Flowers horizontal; leaves narrowly oblanceolate or linear, rarely whorled .
Haianea dis eae,
arly white, becoming reddish, somewhat dotted, erect or ascending .
Flowers nearly ’ ea es ;
1. L. pardalinum Kell. Trieer Lity. Rootstock thick and
fleshy, closely covered with few or several jointed closely over-
lapping scales, branching and eventually forming large mat-like
clusters; stems 2} to 6 ft. high; leaves in 3 or 4 whorls, alternate
above and below, the whorls with 9 to 15 leaves in each; flowers 1 to
110 LILIACER.
many, racemose or the lower in whorls, on long spreading pedicels;
segments 2 to 3 in. long, 6 to 9 lines wide, strongly revolute, bright
orange-red with a lighter orange center and large purple spots on the
lower half; capsule narrowly oblong, acutely angled, 14 in. long.
Stream banks and wet meadows of the Coast Ranges toward the
sea and in the Sierra Nevada. June-Aug.
2. L. maritimum Kell. Coast Lity. Bulb conical, 1 to 1} in.
in diameter; stems 1 to 4 ft. high with alternate or rarely whorled
leaves; these narrowly oblanceolate or linear, 1 to 5 in. long and 8 to
7 lines wide; flowers 1 to 5, horizontal on long pedicels; segments
deep reddish-orange, spotted within with purple, 1} to 1% in. long,
the upper $ somewhat recurved; stamens less than 1 in. long, exceed-
ing the style; capsule said to be long and narrow.
Low meadows near the coast from Marin Co., northward to
Humboldt Co.
8. L. rubescens Wats. Bulbs rhizomatous, 2 in. in diameter;
stem 2 to 5 ft. high; lower leaves scattered, the upper in 3 to 7
whorls; flowers several on ascending pedicels 1 to 3 in. long, nearly
white, somewhat dotted with brown, ageing to rose-purple; segments
1} or 2 in. long, the upper 4 revolute; capsule obovoid with sub-
truncate apex and abruptly short attenuate base, wing-angled, 13 in.
long.
Wooded slopes in the mountains from Marin Co., to Howell.
Mountain, Napa Co., and northward. Near the coast called Red-
wood Lily; towards the interior Chaparral Lily.
3. ERYTHRONIUM L.
Low herbs from deep-seated membranous-coated corms and simple
stems with the leaves radical or borne below the middle, or in plants
flowerless in u given season there is but one broad long-petioled
leaf. Flowers large, solitary or several and racemose; perianth seg-
ments distinct with longitudinal nectar-bearing groove and 2 or 4
scale-like processes at base, or only the inner segments so provided.
Stamens 6, hypogynous, shorter than the perianth. Style 3-lobed or
-cleft; stigmas 3. Capsule somewhat 3-angled, loculicidal. (Derived
from the Greek eruthros, red, in allusion to the color of the flowers
in some species. )
1. E. grandiflorum Pursh. Scapes 5 to 9 in. high, 1 to 8 or even
4 or 5 flowered; leaves mostly 2, oblong, obtuse, 4 to 6 in. long, 1 to
1} in. wide; flowers nodding, from white to pale lemon-yellow, the
bases of the segments orange; segments broadly oblong, tapering from
the middle or below the middle to base and apex, 1} in. to 1} in.
long, 5 to 7 lines wide; inner segments longitudinally 2-channeled on
back; stamens 5 lines long; capsule obovoid, 1 in. long.
Cloverdale (where it is very abundant and called “Easter Lily,’’
Setchell) and northward. Mar.
4. CALOCHORTUS Pursh. Mariposa Lizy.
Stems from membranous-coated corms, with few narrow radical or
LILY FAMILY. 111
cauline leaves and showy white, yellow, lilac or bluish-tinged flowers
borne terminally on the stem or branches or in an umbellate fascicle.
Perianth deciduous, the segments distinct and more or less concave.
Sepals lanceolate, greenish or sometimes colored. Petals for the most
part broadly cuneate-obovate and usually with a conspicuous gland
or pit near the base. Stamens 6, on the base of the segments. Ovary
triquetrous; stigmas sessile, recurved, persistent. Capsule elliptical or
oblong, membranaceous, 3-angled or -winged, commonly septicidally
dehiscent. Seeds numerous, in 2 rows in each cell, somewhat flat-
tened. (Greek kalos, beautiful, and chortos, grass, in allusion to the
flowers and grass-like leaves.)
Flowers and capsule erect, the former open campanulate; gland densely hairy;
stem bearing bulblets at base; radical leaves usually a pair, channeled,
linear.— MABIPOSA LILIES.
TiDCGR se sz, 5 Oe SCO ee a ee ee ee Ces . splendens,
Petals yellow, usually without eye-spot; gland lunate; capsule attenuate from
@ broad DASE. eos oak Bs oe Be tap rh ase ee Sed, ae 3. C. luteus.
Flowers erect or ascending, campanulate; petals with a transverse scale cover-
ing upper portion of gland; capsule nodding; stem low, bulblet-bearing in
none of the following except the first; the radical leaf long and conspicuous,
surpassing the inflorescence.—STaR TULIPS.
Petals lilac, glabrous or nearly so; stem bulblet-bearing at base; open wet
meadows. ..... 4. C. un?florus.
ants). cb
5. C.
Petals white or purplish-blue, covered with long erect hairs. .6. C. Maweanus.
Flowers and capsules nodding; petals strongly incurved or arched, the gland
transver-ely crested or hairy; capsule elliptical or broadly oblong, deeply
triquetrous, the lobes thin, acute or winged. GLoBE TULIPs.
Pe white; gland lunate, with 4 transverse imbricate scales fringed with
short glandular hairs... ........-..40.-.-- 7. C, deus.
Petals light yellow; gland bordered with stiff hair. which cross each other. .
8. €. pulchellus.
1. C. venustus Doug]. Waite Mariposa Lity. Stem erect,
stiff, usually branching, 4 to 10 in. high, 1 to 4-flowered; bulblet at
base usually 1; radical leaves 1 or 2, linear, 1 to 8 lines wide, very
glaucous; pedicels 2 to 8 in. long; sepals oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
1 to 1} in, long; petals broadly obovate-cuneate, 1 to 1} in. broad,
1 to 2 in. long, white to lilac with an eye-spot in the middle,
frequently penciled toward the base, and often with a transversely
oblong rose-colored blotch near the apex; gland roundish, lunate, or
oblong, densely matted with short bairs; filaments dilated, shorter
than or a little exceeding the anthers; capsule linear or linear-clavate,
2 to 3} in. long, the sides obliquely and rather closely veined. __
Light sandy soil or in alkaline fields: Vacaville to the Mt. Diablo
region and southward in the Coast Ranges; Napa Mountains, varying
into bright yellow, Tracy. Also in the Sierras, in a modified color
form. Petals mostly roundish, or even somewhat acute at apex,
rarely truncate.
2. C. splendens Dougl. Marrposa Lity. Stems often bulblet-
bearing at base, 1 to 1} ft. high, slender; sepals ovate, acuminate,
112 LILIACEA,
about equaling the petals; these broadly fan-shaped, clear-lilac, with
long scattered hairs below the middle, 1 to 1} in, long, about as broad
as long; gland small and round, covered by a dense mass of short
hairs, or absent; filaments 3 times as long as the anthers; capsule
linear.
Eastern Lakeand Colusa Cos, to Monterey and southward.
8. C. luteus Dougl. YrtLow Mariposa Lity, Stem erect,
slender, often branching, 7 to 10 in, high; bulblets enclosed within
radical sheath of stem; radical leaves linear, 1 to 3 lines wide; sepals
narrowly ovate-lanceolate, acute, yellowish within; petals fan-shaped,
as long as broad, with a rather obvious claw, yellow or orange
without a central blotch but with penciled lines radiating from gland
to center of petal; gland broad, lunate, densely hairy, with ascending
matted yellow hairs; above this to middle of petal the hairs few and
scattering; stamens about equaling style, the filaments not dilated or
slightly toward the base, a little longer than the. anthers; capsule
attenuate from a broad triangular base, 1} to 2 in. long.
Coast Ranges, foothills, and low rolling gravelly or dry Jand.
May. There are named varieties which have a large purple splotch
on the center of each petal and often also on each sepal. Petals 3 to
1} or 2 in. long, commonly truncate at apex, rarely roundish.
4. C. uniflorus H. & A. Stem low, flexuous, 4 to 8 in. high,
with 1 to 4 bulblets beneath the surface; radical leaves 4 to 6 lines
broad, exceeding the stem; bracts linear-lanceolate, long, and con-
spicuous; flowers 2 to 10 in 1 to 3 umbels, on long flexuous pedicels
which are 3 to 10 in, long; sepals ovate-lanceolate, greenish-lilac;
petals lilac, cuneate, somewhat truncate, denticulate, 10 to 12 lines
long, naked above, sparingly hairy immediately above the gland;
this shallow, not pitted, with a narrow triangular appressed scale.
—(C, lilacinus Kellogg.)
Calistoga to Monterey in low wet lands. Apr.—May.
5. C. umbellatus Wood. Herbage glaucous, stems 8 to 10 in.
high, from a bulb, not bulblet-bearing, simple or branching; radical
leaf solitary, exceeding the inflorescence; flowers 2 to 6; sepals
oblong, acuminate, greenish-white, or slightly tinged with lilac;
petals white or slightly lilac-tinged, obovate, or fan-shaped, slightly
concave, 6 to 9 lines long; gland covered by an ascendjng appressed
scale, which on its upper (free) margin is lightly fringed; on each
side of the gland is a hairy area (with a purple spot below it), the
petals otherwise naked; stamens } the length of the petals.—(C.
collinus Lemmon.)
Low wooded hills: Marin Co,; Oakland Hills; Walnut Creek,
Brewer, Apr.
6. C. Maweanus Leicht. Pussy’s Ears. Stem mostly simple, 3
to 5 in. high, bearing an umbel of 2 to 4 flowers and with mostly 1
radical leaf (1 ft. long or less and 8 to 8 lines wide) which much
surpasses the inflorescence; sepals oblong or elliptical and acute, or
ovate-lanceolate, equaling or much shorter than the petals; these
LILY FAMILY. 113
orbicular, obovate or somewhat rhomboidal, with a broadly or
abruptly acute apex, 6 to 10 lines long, the upper surface covered
with long white or bluish hairs; gland covered above with a narrow
transverse scale, the petal densely hairy above the scale and naked
below the pit.
San Francisco Bay northward in the Coast Ranges. Inverness,
J. N. LeConte. Apr.
7. C. albus Dougl. Ware Giope TuLip. Stem stout, glau-
cous, branching, 1 to 2 ft. high; radical leaves elongated lanceolate,
acuminate, 1 to 14 ft. long, 4 to 1 in, wide; bracts foliaceous, 3 to 5
in. long; sepals shorter than the petals, ovate, acuminate, greenish-
white; petals white, purplish at base, with scattering long silky
yellow hairs above gland, ovate-orbicular, acutish, 1 to 1} in. long;
gland lunate, shallow, with 4 transverse upwardly-imbricate scales,
fringed with close short yellow or white glandular hairs; anthers
oblong, mucronate; capsule 1 to 2 in. long, $ to 1 in. broad, abruptly
short-beaked; seeds brown, pitted.
Woods of the Coast Ranges near the coast from Ukiah, Sonoma,
and Niles, to the Santa Cruz Mountains and Monterey,.southward
to Southern California.
8. C. pulchellus Dougl. About 1 ft. high, much branched, each
branch terminating in an umbel of 2 or 3 pendulous flowers, the bract
surpassing the peduncle; sepals greenish, ovate-lanceolate, shorter
than the light yellow petals, which above the gland are covered with
scattered hairs, below it smooth and with the margins ciliate; gland
placed a little below the center of the petal, the margin of the pit
clothed with long and thick hairs.
Occurring on Mt. Diablo; collected in early days by Douglas and
little known since.
Var. amabilis (C. amabilis Purdy). Gotpex Lity BELL. Stem
flexuous, dichotomously branching, varying in height from a few ~
in. (and 2 or 3-flowered) to 13 ft. high (and 10 to 12-flowered);
radical leaves $ to 2 in. wide, elongated, green and glossy, equaling
or exceeding the stem; bracts linear-lanceolate, exceeding or equaling
the flowers, diminishing upward, the lowest 43 in. long; flowers on
nodding pedicels, sub-globose, golden-yellow; sepals sometimes green-
ish, elliptic-ovate, abruptly acute, 12 to 15 lines long, a trifle shorter
than the suborbicular petals which are conspicuously ciliate on the
raargin and strongly arched or incurved, their apices overlapping;
gland a deeply-set pit (visible from the outside as a ridge or con-
vexity) and covered by a: dense fringe of appressed yellow hairs
- growing from the upper margin and which cross each other over the
pit; petals otherwise glabrous; anthers oblong, 2 lines long, rather
shorter than the filament; capsule elliptical, 14 in. long.—North
Coast Ranges, northward to Ukiah; Sonoma; Green Valley (Selano
Co.); Vaca Mountains. Apr. Also called Cat’s Ears and Fairy
ntern.
ae 5. ODONTOSTOMUM Torr.
Stems flexuous, branching, from acorm. Leaves mostly radical,
10
114 LILIACEZ.
sheathing the stem. Flowers in bracted racemes terminating the
branches. Perianth with a narrow tube and with the limb divided
into 6 soon reflexed segments, the outer 3 slightly longer and
cucullate at tip; stamens 6, inserted on the throat and alternating
with as many short staminodia, those opposite the outer segments
longer; the stamen opposite the lower outer segment stands alone and
faces the remaining 5, which approximate each other by their
filaments on the upper side of the flower. Ovules 2 in each cell but
only 1 maturing. Capsule obovate, 3-lobed, loculicidal. (Greek
odous, tooth, and stoma, mouth, on account of the erect subulate
filaments at the throat of the flower.)
1. O. Hartwegi Torr. Plants erect with somewhat spreading
branches, 5 to 10 in. high; corm about 1 in. broad, 5 to 7 in. below the
surface of the ground; radical leaves 3 to 9 in. long, 2 to 8 lines wide
with caudate-attenuate apex; racemes 2 to 5 in. long; bracts and
bractlets subulate; perianth-tube 8 lines long; reflexed segments
nearly or quite as long, narrowly oblong, 5 or 6-nerved, 1} to 24 lines
long.
Ory hard soil in the middle North Coast Range (Napa Valley
foothills, Jepson); hill country west of Red Bluff, Jepson; Sierra
Foothills, upper Sacramento Valley, Hartweg; Mariposa Co., Congdon.
May.
: 6. BREVOORTIA Wood.
Seape erect from a corm, bearing a few-flowered umbel with
jointed pedicels. Leaves linear. Perianth-tube scarlet, persistent,
broadly tubular, slightly 6-saceate at the truncate base, slightly
constricted above; segments chrome-green, short, erect or sometimes
reflexed. Stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner seg-
ments, their filaments very short; anthers emarginate or bifid at each
end and innate; staminodia 3, alternating with the stamens, broad,
truncate, corona-like. Capsule triangular-ovate, acuminate, stipitate.
(Dedicated to J. Carson Brevoort of Brooklyn, New York, naturalist
and patron of science.)
1. B. Ida-Maia Wood. Ipa May’s Fire Crackers. Seape
slender, erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, bearing an umbel of 6 to 13 flowers;
pedicels 13 in. long, or less; perianth-tube 1 to 1} in. long, the
segments broadly ovate, obtuse, 2 or 8 lines long; staminodia white;
stipe of the capsule 2 or 8 lines long; seeds angular, black.
Wooded foothills from Marin Co. northward. Common in Men-
docino and Humboldt, but the plants scattered, not in masses as is
often the case with Brodiwa. May—July.-
7. HOOKERA Salisb. Broprama.
Scapes from corms, erect and straight, or sometimes clongated and
twining. Leaves mostly few and grass-like. Umbels loose or
capitate. Pedicels jointed beneath the perianth. Perianth-tube
various. Stamens 6, or the alternate stamens replaced by dilated
sterile filaments or staminodia. Filaments slender or more frequently
LILY FAMILY. 115
winged and produced heyond the anther in the form of thin append-
ages. Ovary on a short stipe or sessile. Capsule loculicidal,
beaked by the style which splits with the valves. (William Hooker,
1779-1882, botanical artist of London.)
Umbel loose, mostly few-flowered, borne on a short rigidly erect scape;
pedicels firm; perianth-tube turbinute or urn-shaped, the segments equalit g
or exceeding the tube; stamens inserted high on the perianth, those with
anthers 3; those opposite outer segments changed to siaminodia and
bearing white petal-l:ke plates; inthers innate; corms not flattened.
Scapes almost wholly subterranean, the umbel sessile on the ground;
stauminodia yellowish ........ ‘ . 1. H. terrestris.
Scapes 3 to 18 in. high; staminodia white.
Perianth turbinate-cammpanulate; staminodia commonly retuse, longer than
Che AAMOENSe 3 og eng sh Seek A to He Se pc « «2 2 L. minor,
Perianth-tube oblong with rotate or recurving segments; staminodia acute,
mostly shurter than thestamens. ..........3 . coronaria.
Flowers rose-red or pinkish; filaments and staminodia emarginate; scapes
very much e ongated, common) twining. ... .4. H. volubilis.
Flowers blue-purple; anthers bifid at each end, sessile; staminodia deeply
Clefb. ow bie ke Ra ue ge AOS 6 ae aw Ges . H. cungesta.
than the segments; stamens 6; anthers versatile; filaments slender or
winged; ovary on slender stipe or rarely. subsessile; corms somewhat
flattened.
Flowers yellow: filaments dilated, forke.l at apex, the anther borne on a cusp
inthe middJe of thenotch. .......- 02.04. 7. H. ixioides.
Flowers commonly biue or purple, sometimes pale or nearly white; filaments
mainly coulescent with the perianth, the short free p irtion slender, not
winged; anthers versati e. hi Aes
Perianth violet-purple; anthers 2-lobed at base, all with distinct filaments.
Perianth pale rose-purple or nearly white; ‘anthers retuse at apex.” those
opposite the outer segments se-sile . 2. 1... . 9. H. peduncularis.
Flowers white; filaments with broadly triangular and slightly united bases.
10. H. hyacinthina.
1. H. terrestris (Kell.) Greene. Scape very short, scarcely rising
above the surface of the ground, or altogether subterranean; umbels
2 to 10 or 20-flowered, the slender pedicels 8 to 4 in. long; perianth
purple, 8 to 10 lines long, the limb rotate; anthers oblong, sagittate,
13 lines long, slightly longer than the filaments and shorter than the
staminodia, these yellowish, emarginate and with revolute edges.—
(Brodiza terrestris Kell.) : :
Near the coast from Monterey and Watsonville to Mendocino;
common in the sandy soil in the region about San Francisco. June-
July.
2. H. minor (Wats.) Britten. Scapes slender, 3 to 6 in. high,
bearing an umbel of 2 to 5 blue flowers on pedicels 1 to 23 in. long;
116 LILIACER.
perianth 8 to 12 lines long, its tube oblong or even slightly inflated,
the segments rotately spreading or often strongly recurved, each with
a mid-vein, green on back and running down to base of perianth;
outer perianth segments narrowed towards the apex, mucronulate;
inner segments broadly oblong, obtuse; anthers 2 lines long, sagittate
at base, deeply bifid at apex; staminodia broadly ligulate or with
somewhat involute margins, at apex commonly retuse and mucronu-
late, somewhat (often much) exceeding the anthers.—(Brodixa minor
Wats.
Be and often gravelly soil of the plains and low hills of the
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Vacaville (the anthers and
staminodia incurved and closely approximate, closing the mouth of
the tube).
8. H. coronaria Sulisb, Harvest Broprma. Scape stout, 7 to
18 in. high; leaves 1 line broad, thick or somewhat terete, about
equaling the scape; umbels 3 to 11-flowered; pedicels unequal, 1 to
33 in. long; perianth violet-purple, 1} to 1$ in. long; segments
narrowly oblong, longer than the tube, in age withering and becom-
ing caudate; anthers 4 or 5 lines long, sagittate at base, entire at apex
or nearly so, exceeding or at least equaling the oblong-lanceolate
mostly acute staminodia; capsule stipitate, the body about 5 lines
long.—(Brodiwa grandiflora Smith.)
The most common species in the Bay Region, flowering in May
and early June at the time of the hay harvest when the hills and
fields are turning brown. Napa Valley; Niles; Santa Clara Co.;
Vacaville (anthers approximate, but staminodia erect, not closing the
tube). The flowers close before sunset (?).
4. H. volubilis (Baker). Twrxine Bropi#a. Scape roughish,
2or 8 ft. high and lax or twining over bushes and attaining a height
of 7 or 8 ft.; corm nearly 1 in. broad; leaves 1 ft. long or more, 4 to
6 lines broad, carinate; umbels short and dense, 18 to 30-flowered;
pedicels } to 1 in. long; perianth rose-red or pinkish, 6 to 8 lines
long; tube 8 to 4 lines long and broad, 6-angled, the angles produced
into sacs somewhat above the middle; segments rotate, their tips
recurved; stamens 3, inserted on the throat opposite the inner seg-
ments, their filaments short, winged, emarginate; staminodia 3,
opposite the outer segments, ligulate, emarginate; capsule ovate,
acuminate, on a short stipe; seeds angled, black, usually 1 in each
cell.—(Brodiwa volubilis Baker.
Hill country of the Coast Ranges and foothills of the Sierra Nevada.
5. H. congesta (Smith). Ooxow. Scape 2 to 3} (or even 5) ft.
high, often flexuous; heads short-racemose, 6 to 16-flowered, subtended
by 8 to 5 ovate sub-acuminate bracts 4 lines long; leaves as long or
nearly as long as the scape, 2 to 6 lines wide; flowers blue or purplish,
7 to 8 lines long, in a dense head; perianth-segments spreading,
oblong, shorter or longer than the tube, which is slightly constricted
at apex; stamens opposite inner perianth lobes with anthers less than
3 as large as the others; outer perianth segments with deeply cleft
LILY FAMILY. 117
staminodia with no trace of anther-cells, surpassing the stamens;
capsule sessile, 5 lines long.—(Brodisa congesta Smith.)
Open hills in the Coast Ranges from the Oakland Hills northward.
Apr.—May.
6. H. capitata (Benth.) Bru Dicks. Scapes erect, 7 to 14 in.
high, ending in a head-like umbel of 7 to 8 flowers, with about 4
dark purple or metallic bracts; these round-ovate or elliptic-oblong,
5 lines long; flowers blue, 7 lines long; perianth lobes elliptic-ovate,
obtuse, 4 lines long; stamens with anthers 6; filaments opposite the
inner peu segments with a broad membranaceous wing extended
beyond the anthers as two lanceolate appendages; alternate stamens
with filaments dilated toward the base only, their anthers less than 4
the size of those of the other set; appendages convergent or connivent,
forming a corona and more or less concealing the anthers.—(Brodiza
capitata Benth.)
Very common on hillsides in the Bay Region and southward to
Southern California. Feb.-May.
7. H.ixioides (Ait, f.). GoLpEN Bropirma. Scape 4 to 1} ft. high,
usually scabrous; leaves 2, 14 in. long or less; umbels 16 to 26-flowered;
pedicels 1} in. long or less; flowers about 10 lines long, salmon-yellow,
with a conspicuous black-purpl¢ vein on the outside running from the
apex to the base of each segment; stamens alternately long and
short, the filaments dilated and bifurcate at the winged summit, the
oblong anthers on a cusp in the notch.—(Brodixa ixioides Wats.
Calliprora ixioides Greene.
Common in the foothills of the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada.
May.
Vat. lugens (Tritelia lugens Greene). Broad appendages of the
filaments rounded at apex, not forked; entire tube exteriorly dark
brown, approaching black.—Vaca Mountains, Greene.
8. H.laxa (Benth.). Grass Nuts. Scape 1 to 2 ft. high, rigid and
stoutish, from a usually deep-seated edible corm; umbel 10 to
25-flowered; pedicels 1 in. long, more or less; perianth-tube funnel-
\form, 14 to 1$ in. long, violet-purple, rarely white, cleft nearly to
‘the middle; stamens 6, all anther-bearing; filaments inserted on the
upper portion of the perianth-tube, free for 2 lines length above the
insertion, those opposite the inner segments longer, below coalescent
with the perianth-tube and reappearing near the base in the form of
low longitudinal crests; anthers ovate-lanceolate with a 2-lobed base,
erect though fixed above the base, 1} lines long; ovary on a slender
stipe 3 to ¢ in. deus peeeae laxa Benth. Brodiza laxa Wats.)
Showy and beautifu species, common in adobe fields or on adobe
hillsides. May.
9. H. peduncularis (Lindl.). Scapes erect, slender, 1} to 8 ft.
high; umbel 3 to 15-flowered, the pedicels slender, 2} to 4 or even 6
or 10 in. long; perianth pale rose-purple or nearly white, 6 to 10 lines
long, cleft below the middle, the lobes widely-spreading; stamens
opposite inner segments with short filaments, inserted higher than the
118 LILIACEA.
other 3 which are sessile on the tube; stipe of capsule 1 to 2 lines
long.—(Brodiza peduncularis Wats.)
Very wet ground close to water. ‘‘Clear Lake Region, Torrey; ’’
Point Reyes, Davy (but anthers opposite outer segments not sessile).
10. H. hyacinthina (Lindl.) var. lactea (Baker). WHuitTs
Bropir#a. Scapes | to 13 ft. high; umbels 20-flowered, more or less;
pedicels rather over 1 in. long; perianth open-campanulate, cleft below
the middle, white or bluish white with green mid-veins, 5 to 7 lines
long; filaments with broadly triangular and slightly united bases,
attenuate above and tipped with an anther } line long; ovary with 3
glandular pits towards the summit; capsule short-stipitate.—( Brodiza
lactea Wats. )
Common in low moist ground: North Coast Ranges; Monterey Co,
May-June.
8. BLOOMERIA Kell.
Scape from a fibrous-coated corm. Leaves linear, carinate. Umbel
with many yellow flowers; pedicels jointed at the summit and sub-
tended by membranaceous bracts. Perianth persistent, of 6 nearly
equal distinct linear-oblong segments. Stamens 6, inserted on the
base of and rather shorter than the segments; filaments filiform,
surrounded at base by acup-like appendage which is free from the
perianth. Capsule subglobose; seeds 4 to 8 in each cell, angular and
wrinkled; style persistent and splitting with the loculicidal capsule.
(In honor of H. G. Bloomer, a pioneer botanist of San Francisco.)
1. B. aurea Kell. GotpEN BLoomerra. Scapes 6 to 9 in. high,
minutely scabrous; bulb deeply seated, 6 to 8 lines in diameter; leaves
2, one of them very long, as long as the scape; pedicels 80 to 45, 14
to 2 in. long; bracts several, subulate-lanceolate; perianth-segments
narrowly oblong, subrotate when in full anthesis, 5 to 6 lines
long; appendages minutely papillose; capsule nearly 3 lines long,
South Coast Ranges: Pacheco Pass, Brewer; southeastward and
southwestward to New Idria, Veatch (who first collected it); Kern
Co.; and Monterey. June.
9. MUILLA Wats.
Herbage without the taste or odor of onions. Scape from a fibrous-
coated corm and_ bearing an umbel subtended by several small
scarious bracts. Leaves very narrow, almost terete. Bracts 4 to 6,
broadly or narrowly lanceolate. Perianth subrotate, persistent, of 6
nearly equal slightly united oblong-lanceolate segments, greenish or
yellowish white with a dark 2-nerved mid-rib. Stamens inserted
near the base; filaments’ filiform, slightly thicker below; anthers
versatile. Ovules 8 to 10 in each cell; style clavate, persistent and
at length splitting. Capsule globose, scarcely lobed, loculicidal.
Seeds compressed and angled. (Anagram of Allium.)
1. M. maritima Wats. Corm 4 to 5 lines in diameter; scapes 3 to
9 in. high, equaled by the narrow (3 to 1 line wide) leaves; umbels
4 to 12-flowered, the pedicels unequal, 2 to 10 lines long; bracts 4 to
LILY FAMILY. 119
6, lanceolate to linear; perianth-segments 2 or 3 lines long; capsule 3
lines long, beaked by the short stout style.
Low alkaline fields, from Elmira ‘and. Marin Co. to Monterey.
Flowers with a faint perfume.
10. ALLIUM L. WILp Onton.
Herbage with the characteristic taste and odor of onions. Scape
from a tunicated or sometimes rhizome-like bulb or from a corm, with
radical leaves, and bearing an umbel or head of flowers subtended by
2 or 3 thin whitish or scarious bracts. Leaves narrow and plane or
convolute-filiform. Perianth of 6 distinct or nearly distinct equal
segments, campanulate or spreading, Stamens inserted on the base
of the segments; filaments often dilated below; anthers versatile.
Style filiform, persistent. Capsule obovate or globose, obtusely
3-lobed, often crested; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell, black, wrinkled.
(Ancient Latin name of garlic.)
eis terete, arising laterally from a corm which propagates by bulb-bearing
offshoots.
Scape 3 or 4 in. high (?); perianth-segments twice longer than the stamens .
1. A. Bolanderi.
Scape 1 to 2 ft, high; perianth-segments 44 longer than thestamens ... .
2. A. unifolium.
Scape setae arising vertically from a tunicated bulb; leaves narrowly linear,
several.
Perianth rose-color. ‘
Ovary-cells with an obscure thickened ridge on each side toward the
summit; montane ...... 0 J... ep ee eee 5. A. lacunosum.
Ovary-cells with 2 very narrow central crests; low hills . 6. A. serratum.
Perianth white or light pink, leaves convolute-filiform . .7. A. attenuifolium.
Scape much flattened and 2-edged, from a tunicated bulb; leaves 2, broadly
eee Nanas spreading at tip, nearly twice as long as thestamens .
3. A. falcifolium.
Perianth segments nearly erect, only 4 longerthan the stamens. ... .
4, A, Breweri.
1. A. Bolanderi Wats. Corms sometimes clustered, oblique, the
coats with an obscure delicate close undulate-serrate reticulation;
scape lateral, very slender; pedicels 10 to 17, slender, 5 to 10 lines
long; bracts 2, 7 or 8 lines long, ovate lanceolate, acuminate; flowers
rose-color or pinkish, the very narrowly acuminate segments nearly
straight, 4 or 5 lines long, twice longer than the stamens and style;
filaments filiform, adnate to the middle.
Humboldt Co., first collected by Bolander.
2. A. unifolium Kell. Corm deeply seated, bearing a short, hori-
zontal rootstock which gives rise to an erect scape; leaves 2 to 4,
sheathing the scape below the ground, flattish, 2 to 4 lines wide,
shorter than the scape; bracts 2, large, acuminate; umbels 10 to 30-
flowered, the pedicels 1 to 1} in. long; flowers rose-color; segments
broadly oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 7 lines long, $ longer than the stamens
and styles. : .
Coast Ranges: Mt. Diablo; Napa Mountains. May.
8. A. falcifolium H. & A. Bulb-coats not reticulated; scape 2 to
120 LILIACE.
3 or 4in. high, 1 to 8 lines broad; leaves 8 to 5 lines broad; flowers
rose-color, the lanceolate segments attenuate and spreading above,
very minutely glandular-serrate, 4 to 7 lines long, nearly twice longer
than the stamens and style; capsule acute, with 3 short narrow central
crests.
Mayacamas Range from near St. Helena to the Middleton (Lake
Co.) Grade. May.
4. A. Breweri Wats. Bulbs large, 6 to 9 lines in diameter, the
coats without reticulation; scapes 1 or 2 in. high; leaves 3 to 5 lines
broad; bracts acute; pedicels 4 lines long; flowers deep rose-color, the
lanceolate acute segments nearly erect, 5 to 6 lines long, a third
longer than the stamens; ovary and capsule with a thick, slightly
lobed crest upon each cell.
Summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, no. 1060.
5. A. lacunosum Wats. Scape 8 to 6 in. high; bulb-coats light
colored, thick and distinctly pitted by the quadrate or transversely
oblong reticulation, the outline of the cells very minutely sinuous;
umbels 10 to 20-flowered, the pedicels 8 to 5 lines long; bracts broadly
ovate, tipped with a slender-subulate point; flowers small (3 lines
long); perianth-segments oblong-lanceolate, or oblong, acute, a Httle
exceeding the stamens; filaments narrowly deltoid below; ovary-cells
with an obtuse thickened ridge toward the summit on each side.
Collected by Brewer on Mariposa Peak, Santa Clara Co., 1862, no.
1284; (?) Mt. Diablo, Greene.
6. A. serratum Wats. Bulb-coats with a distinct close hori-
zontally serrate denticulation; bracts narrowly acuminate; perianth-
segments pink, broadly ovate-lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines long, acute or
somewhat acuminate, nearly straight and rather rigid, the inner
narrower, somewhat shorter and rarely serrulate; filaments tall with a
narrowly deltoid base; crests very narrow, central.
Low hills. Description chiefly from the Botany of California.
7. A. attenuifolium Kell. Bulb-coats commonly reddish, with a
delicate transversely sinuate or serrate reticulation, the vertical lines
especially also minutely sinuous; scape slender, 6 to 18 in. high,
leaves narrow and becoming convolute-filiform above the sheathing
base; bracts 2, short, abruptly acute; umbel erect, usually dense;
pedicels 25 to 35, 8 to 8 lines long; flowers white or nearly so, the
oblanceolate acuminate segments 3 or 4 lines long, more or less
exceeding the stamens and style.
From San Francisco Bay and Mariposa Co. northward in both
ranges of mountains.
Var. monospermum (A. monospermum Jepson). Scapes in
clusters of 2 to 4; bracts 8; capsule by abortion 1-celled and 1-seeded.
—Vaca Mountains.
11. CAMASSIA Lindl,
Acaulescent plants with linear leaves, slender scapes from a tuni-
cated bulb, and dark blue or nearly white flowers in a simple raceme.
LILY FAMILY. 121
Bracts scarious. Pedicels jointed at the summit. Perianth-segments
6, distinct, oblanceolate, somewhat spreading, persistent. Stamens 6,
on the base of the perianth, shorter than the segments; anthers versa-
tile. Style filiform, slightly 3-cleft at apex, the lower part persistent.
Capsule 3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved. Seeds several in each cell.
(Quamash or camass, the name of the northwest Indians. )
_1. CG. Leichtlinii Baker. Camass PLanr, Bulb globose, 7 to 10
lines in diameter; scape 1 to 2 ft. high; racemes loosely 7 to 18-
flowered, the pedicels chortar than the narrow bracts; perianth dark
blue to white, 8 to 14 lines long, nearly regular, the segments 5 to 9
(usually 7)-nerved, commonly connivent and somewhat twisted above
the ovary when withering, at length deciduous; capsule oblong-
setae slightly notched at apex, 8 to 10 lines long, obliquely
veined. :
Meadows and marshes near the coast, rare within our limits: Point
Reyes, Bigelow; and northward to British Columbia, where it was
first collected by John Jeffrey in 1851.
12. CHLOROGALUM Kunth.
Stem from a tunicated bulb, tall, almost leafiess, branching above
into a spreading panicle, the branches racemose and sparingly
branched or simple. Leaves of the radical tuft long-linear, those of
the stems very much reduced. Bracts small and scarious. Pedicels
jointed at the summit. Perianth white or pinkish, persistent and at
length twisted over the ovary; segments 6, distinct, spreading, ribbon-
like, with 3 distinct but closely approximate nerves down the middle.
Stamens 6, rather shorter than the segments and inserted on their
pases; anthers versatile. Style long-filiform, slightly 3-cleft at apex.
Capsule broadly: turbinate, 3-lobed, loculicidal, with 1 or 2 seeds in
each cell. (Greek chloros, green, and gala, milk or juice.)
Perianth-segments rotate-spreading in anthesis; pedicels 3 lines long or more;
bulb with a thick coat of coarse fibers... ....... 1. C. pomeridianum.
Perianth-segments somewhat spreading from above the base; pedicels 1 line
long; bulb with a membranouscoat. . .. . 2. C. angustifolium,
1. C. pomeridianum Kunth. Soap Prant. Amore. Plants
2to 5 ft. high; bulbs 4 in. long and 2 in. thick with a very dense coat
of coarse brown fibers; radical leaves numerous, 3 to 2} ft. long, 3 to
1} in. broad, carinate and with strongly undulate margin; cauline
leaves few, short and long-attenuate; pedicels slender, about 3 lines
long; perianth-segments 8 to 10 lines long, white, purple-veined;
capsule 8 lines long, the valves pinnately nerved; seeds 1} to 2 lines
long. -
Dev open low hills and plains throughout California. July—Aug.
The flowers open only in the afternoon, whence the specific name.
2. C. angustifolium Kell. Bulb with a membranous coat; leaves
4 to 7 in, long, 2 or 8 lines broad, becoming revolute; plant 14 to 22
in. high, the panicle with few ascending branches; flowers white with
yellowish-green lines, 5 lines long, on pedicels 1 line long or less,
equaling the bracts or a trifle shorter; perianth funnel-form-campanu-
late, its segments narrowly oblong; ovary on a short stipe.
122 LILIACE.
Milton (San Joaquin Valley) and northward to the upper Sacra-
mento. May.
13. ZYGADENUS Michx. ZyGapDENE.
Stem simple, scape-like, in ours from a tunicated bulb. Herbage
glabrous and somewhat glaucous. Leaves linear, mostly radical.
Flowers erect, greenish-white, rather large, in a raceme or panicle.
Perianth nearly rotate, withering-persistent; segments ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, with a green glandular spot at the narrow but
scarcely clawed base, Stamens free from the segments and about
equaling them. Styles distinct, persistent. Capsule deeply 3-lobed.
(Greek zugon, a yoke, and aden, a gland.)
Stamens 14 as long as the periauth; only inner segments contracted to a broad
i Mr ae ee eee Oe a een ek eee +. . 1. Z, Fremonti.
Stamens equaling the perianth; segments all contracted toashort claw... .
2. Z. venenosus.
1. Z. Fremonti Torr. Srar Zya@apEenr, Bulb globose or
broadly oblong, $ to 1} in. long, with dark coats; stem glabrous or
rarely somewhat pubescent, commonly 1} to 23 ft. high; radical
leaves 8 to 20 in. long, 5 to 9 lines broad, usually somewhat faleate-
curving; cauline leaves few, the lower 1 or 2 mostly 5 or 6 in. long
and usually shortly sheathed at base; flowers few to many in a raceme
or panicle, with mostly green bracts; lower pedicels 1 to 13 in. long;
segments 8 to 7 lines long, the outer not clawed, the inner contracted
to a broad claw; gland greenish-yellow, toothed on its upper margin;
stamens about half as long as the segments; styles short; ovules 10 to
20 or more in each cell; capsule oblong, 6 to 10 lines long.
Variable species common among bushes in the Coast Ranges.
Apr.-June. The var. minor H. & A. is an early dwarf form, 4 or 5
in. high, with few flowers, and is found in open wet ground near the
coast.
2. Z. venenosus Wats. Hoa@’s Poraro. Bulb oblong-ovate,
about 4 to 6 lines in diameter; plants 4 to 2 ft. high; leaves narrowly
linear, 1 to 2} lines broad, carinate and usually folded, scabrous on
the margin; raceme commonly simple and narrow, 8 to 5 or 10 in.
long, the bracts setaceous-acuminate; perianth segments triangular-
ovate to elliptical, 2 or 3 lines long, all abruptly contracted to a short
claw; gland irregular on its upper side but not toothed; stamens
nearly equaling the segments; capsules on erect pedicels, often
contracted at apex.
Common in meadows near the coast from Monterey northward and
in the Sierra Nevada from Yosemite northward.
14. VERATRUM L. Fatse HELiepore,
Stems tall and leafy from short thick rootstocks, bearing coarse
fibrous roots. Leaves broad, plaited, coarsely nerved. Stem and
inflorescence pubescent. Flowers polygamous, greenish or cream-
color, in a terminal panicle. Perianth of 6 distinct obovate-oblong
segments, somewhat contracted at the base, adnate to the base of the
LILY FAMILY. 123
ovary. Stamens opposite the perianth-segments and free from them,
shorter by half and recurving; filaments subulate; anthers with con-
fluent cells, cordate. Styles 8, persistent, mostly curved. Capsule
3-celled, 3-lobed. (Latin vere, truly, and ater, black, in reference
to the color of the roots. )
Periath segments oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, entire or merely denticulate
near the apex; capsule oblong-ovoid. about | in. long. .1. V. Californicum.
Periantb segments rhombic-ovate, deeply fringed except at the base; capsule
depr: ssed-zlobose with notched apex, 4 lines long . . 2. V. jimbriatum.
1. V. Californicum Durand. Stem very stout and leafy, suggest-
ing a corn-stalk, 3 to 5 or 6 ft, high; leaves ovate or elliptic-oblong,
sheathing at base, 6 to 12 in. long or the uppermost lanceolate and
shorter; panicle 1 to 1} ft. long, the lower portion often sterile;
pedicels 1 to 4 lines long; perianth-segments 7 or 8-nerved, 4 to 9
lines long, with a thickened greenish margin toward the base, the
margin near the apex often somewhat denticulate or erose; stamens 3
or 4 lines long; capsule nearly 1 in. to 1} in. long.
Common in wet meadows and about springs at 5,000 to 6,000 ft.
altitude in the Sierra Nevada and Yallo Bally Mountains, Jepson.
2. V. fimbriatum Gray. Similar in habit to the preceding;
leaves very long and narrow, 7 to 19 in. long and about 2 in. wide;
panicle 7 to 12 in. long, its branches widely spreading; pedicels +4
lines long; perianth segments rhombic-ovate, 2 to 5 lines long, the
margin cleft into filiform segments, except at the broad base which
bears two oblong more or less glandular spots reaching to the middle
of the segment and separated by a furrow; filaments 2 lines long;
stvles long and slender; capsule depressed or globose and somewhat
notched at apex, + lines long, the walls membranaceous; seed scarcely
margined.
Common on the so-called plains of Mendocino Co. Mr. Davy
reports a Veratrum as occurring at Stewart's Point, Sonoma Co.,
which may be this species.
15, XEROPHYLLUM Michx.
Perennials with a thick and short woody rootstock bearing cord-
like roots. Radical leaves sedge-like in a dense tuft, numerous,
elongated and very narrowly linear, dry, serrulate. Stem simple,
stout and leafy, bearing a many-flowered raceme; pedicels slender,
white. Perianth white or cream-colored of 6 distinct, several-nerved
persistent segments. Stamens with rounded extrorse anthers. Ovary
sessile, ovate, 3-lobed. Capsule chartaceous, loculicidal, or in some
eases also septicidal. Seeds 2 to 4 in each cell. (Greek xeros, dry,
and phullon, leaf, the foliage very bard and dry.)
1. X tenax (Pursh) Nutt. Bear Grass. Stem 2} to 3 ft. high,
exceeding the radical leaves which are 1 to 3 lines wide; raceme
dense, % to 1 ft. long or more; pedicels 1 to 2 in. long, each with a
scarious bract at base 4 as long, or the lowermost bracts foliaceous and
exceeding the pedicels; perianth-segments linear-oblong, 4 lines long,
124 LILIACES.
the filaments a little longer; capsule broadly ovate, acute, almost 3
lines long, loculicidally 3-valved.
Monterey, ace. to Bot. Cal.; Mt. Tamalpais, where it seems to
bloom only once in seven years; Howell Mountain, Napa Co., where
it is said to fruit only once’ in five years; northward to Mendocino
Co., Bolander; Sierras from Placer Co., northward. Sonoma Co.
plants show an irregular perianth; the (apparently) upper perianth
segment is keeled, the two adjoining ones auricled or strongly oblique
on the upper side at base; leaves somewhat revolute-concave as if
channeled.
16. NARTHECIUM Meh. Boa AsPHODEL.
Leaves narrowly linear and equitant, mostly radical, borne on a
creeping rootstock. Stems rather scape-like with few radical leaves,
bearing a terminal raceme of yellowish-green flowers. Pedicels with
a bractlet at the middle. Perianth with 6 distinct segments. Stamens
6, the filaments densely woolly, except at the very base. Style one,
attenuate upward to the stigma which is scarcely or very slightly
lobed. Capsule loculicidal, with thin-chartaceous walls. Seeds
numerous with a long bristle-like point at each end. (Narthex, Greek
name of Ferula, the stems of which were used as rods; applied here
on account of the seapose or rod-like flower stems. )
1, N. Californicum Baker. Leaves iris-like, 4 to 8 in. long, 14 to
2 lines wide; cauline leaves 2 or 3, 1 to 14 in, long; stems 18 or 20 in.
high; raceme loose, 8} to 43 in. long; pedicels 3 to 4 lines long;
perianth segments oblong-linear, acute, 3 or 4 lines long, the inner
with scarious margins; ripe capsules salmon-color; seeds, including
the points or tails, 5 lines long.
Sherwood Valley (Mendocino Co.) and northward, and in the
northern Sierras.
17. SCOLIOPUS Torr.
Acaulescent, the very short subterranean stem bearing a pair of
broad leaves and an umbel of greenish-purple flowers, the peduncle of
which is almost obsolete, the sharply angular pedicels (which look
like scapes) alone appearing above ground. Root a cluster of coarse
fibers. Sepals ovate-lanceolate, purple-veined, somewhat carinate
toward the base, the upper $ abruptly spreading or recurved. Petals
linear-subulate. Stamens 3, opposite the sepals, short, with greenish
extrorse anthers. Style short, its three long branches abruptly spread-
ing horizontally, or the tip recurving. Capsule with a membranous
wall which bursts irregularly. (Greek skolios, crooked, and pous,
foot, in allusion to the tortuous pedicels.)
1. S. Bigelovii Torr. Leaves elliptic to oblong, commonly
mottled with dark splotches, 4 to 8 in. long, sheathing at base; flowers
with a fetid odor and having something the appearance of orchids;
pedicels 4 to 9 in. long, 8-angled, slightly winged, erect in fruit,
tortuous recurving or procumbent, the maturing capsule more or less
hidden by leaves or forest litter; sepals 7 to 9 lines long with 10 or 12
black or purple veins; petals as long as the sepals, hardly 1 line wide,
LILY FAMILY, 125
ascending at. base and with their long points convergent, forming an
arch above the pistil; stamens 2} or 8 lines long.
Shade of redwood trees from Marin Co. to Humboldt Co.
Jan.—Mar.
18, TRILLIUM L. Waxe Roni.
Low herbs with a tuberous rootstock and a simple stem which is
naked below and beurs at the summit a whorl of 3 round-ovate netted-
veined leaves, and a single large flower. Perianth of 3 lanceolate,
herbaceous, persistent sepals, and 3 larger marcescent petals.
Stamens 6, much shorter than the segments; anthers linear, on short
filaments, adnate. Ovary 3 to 6-angled, 8-celled or 1-celled at. surn-
mit. Stigma sessile, elongated, stigmatic down the inside. Fruita
fleshy reddish capsule. Seeds ovate. (Name from triplum, triple, on
account of the 3-merous flowers.)
Flower sessile. . 2... 00. es ae oe . 1. T. sessile.
Flower raised ona peduncle. ... 3 ae w «2s Tovatum.
1. T. sessile L. var. Californicum Wats. ComMon WAxkE
Roxsin. Stems stout, sometimes more than one from the same root;
1 to 1} ft. high; leaves round-ovate, 84 to 5 in. long, commonly
broader than long; sepals shorter than the petals; these narrowly
_ obovate, 23 in. long, maroon-purple, with white base or varying
wholly to white; stamens 10 to 12 lines long.
Woods of the Coast Ranges; but not in the inner Coast Range.
Feb.-May. The flowers are mostly white in the Napa River Basin,
especially on Howell Mountain; in the Oakland Hills mostly purple.
The var. chloropetalum Torr., with greenish petals, is common on
the peninsula of Pt. Reyes in Marin Co.
2. T. ovatum Pursh. Coast Tritium. Plants 8 or 10 in. high;
leaves ovate to round, sometimes disposed to be rhombic, abruptly
acute, 2 to 54 in. long; peduncle erect; petals oblong-lanceolate
to ovate, 1 to 1} in. long, white changing to deep rose-color; sepals of
about the same shape and size or narrower; stamens 3 to 6 lines long;
capsule broadly ovate, somewhat winged. ‘
‘Woods near the coast from Santa Cruz, Mt. Tamalpais and Olema
northward. Muar.-Apr.
19. CLINTONIA Rat.
Apparently acaulescent, the stem from a creeping rootstock, very
theta hens at or from beneath the ground few broad leaves and
ascape-like peduncle. Flowers few to many in a terminal umbel or
with 1 to several small supplementary clusters scattered along the
peduncle. Perianth resembling a very small lily flower, campanulate,
of 6 distinct deciduous segments. Stamens 6, with filiform filaments,
inserted on the base of the segments; anthers fixed just above the
base, extrorse. Ovary 2 to 3-celled; ovules 2 to 3 in each cell; style
slender, slightly 2 to 8-lobed, deciduous. Fruit a smooth ovoid dark-
blue berry. (In memory of De Witt Clinton of New York.)
1. C. Andrewsiana Torr. Leaves commonly 5, sometimes 6,
126 LILIACE.
narrowly or broadly oblong, rather abruptly short pointed, 7 to 13 in.
long, 2 to 44 in. broad; peduncle 15 to 20 in. high, bearing a termi-
nal umbel of 16 to 19 flowers and with 2 to 4 scattered clusters borne
laterally, the lateral clusters 1 to 4-flowered or rarely none; flowers 5
to 8 lines long, rose-red or pink; filaments thickened toward the base
and pubescent below the middle.
Shade of woods near the coast from the Santa Cruz Mountains to
Marin Co., and northward to Humboldt Co. May-June. Said to
occur in the ravines abuut Redwood Peak, Oakland ‘Hills. CO. uNr-
FLORA Kunth, of the Sierras, has 1 or 2 white flowers.
20. MAIANTHEMUM Wigg.
Stem low from a horizontal rootstock, bearing 2 or 3 broad leaves
and white flowers in a terminal raceme, the pedicels solitary or 2 or 3
in a cluster. Perianth-segments 4. Stamens 4, with filiform fila-
ments. Ovary 2-celled; stigma 2-lobed. Fruit a red globose berry.
(Greek maios, May, and anthemon, flower, in allusion to the flowering
period.)
1, M. bifolium DC. var. dilatatum Wood. Stems simple, erect,
4 to 14 in. high, bearing 2 or 3 ovate or triangular-cordate leaves,
23 to 4} in, long, the petiole of the lower one sometimes longer than
the blade; radical leaf very long-petioled, almost as tall as the flower-
ing stem; raceme peduncled, } to 2 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 lines
long; perianth-segments oblong-obovate, 1 to 14 lines long, becoming
deflexed; berry 3 lines in diameter.
Swampy places near the coast from Marin Co., northward.
21. SMILACINA Desf. Fautse Sotomon’s SEAL.
Stems simple and leafy, from horizontal rootstocks, bearing a termi-
nal raceme or panicle of small white flowers with minute bracts.
Leaves alternate, sessile, many-nerved. Pedicels jointed at the sum-
mit. Perianth persistent, the segments distinct and spreading.
Stamens with subulate filaments inserted at the base of the segments;
anthers versatile. Ovary sessile, ovate, 3-celled; style short and thick,
8-lobed at the summit, persistent; ovules 2 in each cell. Fruita
globose, 1 to 8-seeded berry. Seeds subglobose, with thin testa and
horny albumen. (Diminutive of smilax.)
Flowers in a simple raceme; perianth segments twice as long as the stamens.
; : 1. S. sessilifolia.
Flowers in a panicle; filaments broad and much longer than the perianth
segments. . é 2. S. amplexicaulis.
1. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Rootstock slender; stem 1 to 2 ft. high,
usually flexuous above; leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 2 to 6
in. long, acute or acuminate, sessile and clasping, more or less pube-
rulent; raceme open, sessile or shortly peduncled, the spreading
solitary pedicels 2 to 7 lines long; perianth-segments 1} to 4 lines
long, lanceolate, the stamens half as long; style nearly equaling the
ovary; berry red-purple or nearly black, globose, 8 to 5 lines in
diameter, 1 to 4-seeded; seeds whitish, subovoid, 2 lines long.
LILY FAMILY. 127
Shady woods of the Coast Ranges from Monterey Co. to Oakland,
the Napa Mountains and westward to the ocean, and northward.
Mar.-A pr,
2. S.amplexicaulis Nutt. Rootstock stout, elongated; stem 1 to
3 ft. high, this and the under surface of the leaves with a minute
fuzzy pubescence or rarely glabrous; leaves oblong-ovate to lanceo-
late, 8 to 7 in. long, acute at apex, sessile by a broad clasping base;
panicle usually short peduncled, oblong, 2 to 4 in. long; pedicels
solitary, 1 line long or less; perianth segments less than 1 line long;
filaments lanceolate or broadly subulate, much longer and often
broader than the segments; style very short; berry light red, very
finely sprinkled with dark red dots, 2 to 2} lines in diameter, usually
1-seeded; seed whitish, 14 lines broad.
Shades of woods. Range of the preceding, but also in the Sierras.
Apr.
22. DISPORUM Salisb. Farry BELLs.
Rootstocks short, horizontal, bearing fibrous roots and giving rise
each yeur by a terminal bud to an erect stem, which is branched
above and leafy. Leaves alternate, ovate, thin, transversely-veined
between the primary nerves. Flowers greenish or white, drooping
on a terminal peduncle, sulitary or few in an umbel. Perianth nar-
rowly campanulaté, deciduous. Filaments attached within the
anthers, above the base. Fruita berry. (Greek di, two, and spora,
seed, some species with two seeds in each cell of the ovary.)
Flowers green sh, % in. long; style glabrous, entire; leaves mostly cordate at
oe ees ees eee ee oe eee 1. D. Hookeri.
Flowers whitish, 34 to 1 in. long; style dunsely short-hairy, slightly 3-cleft at
- .2. D. Menziesti.
1. D. Hookeri (Torr.) Britton. Roughish pubescent, 1 to 2} ft,
high; leaves ovate, sessile by the cordate base, abruptly acute or
attenuate, 1} to 8 in. long, the uppermost somewhat oblique; perianth
green, narrowly campanulate, 5 to 6 lines long, the tips of the seg-
ments spreading; stamens equaling or exceeding the perianth; anthers
much Jonger than the filaments; style glabrous, entire; berry obovate,
obtuse, scarlet. . fi
Shades of woods: Santa Cruz Co.; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo;
north of San Francisco Bay (Marin Co. to Napa Valley) but not
reported from the inner North Coast Ranges. Mar -May.
2.D. Menziesii (Don.) Britton. Soft-pubescent or almost
glabrous; stems 1 to 3 ft. high; leaves ovate, or sometimes round-ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, rounded or subcordate (and often a little oblique)
at base, at apex acuminate-attenuate, 2 to 4 in. long; perianth
whitish, broad and cup-shaped at base, } to 1 in. long, the tips of the
seoments erect; stamens shorter than the perianth; style densely
short-hairy, except at the very base, slightly 8-cleft at apex; fruit
oblong-obovate. attenuate above into a short beak, } in. long, salmon-
color.
128 IRIDACEA.
Along stream banks in the outer Coast Range woods: San Mateo
Co., northward to Ross Valley; Olema; Big River and Long Valley
(Mendocino Co.). Mar.-Apr.
23. ASPARAGUS L.
Stems from rootstocks, very much branched and_with filiform
branchlets clustered in the axils of the scaly leaves, Flowers small,
solitary or in umbels or racemes. Perianth-segments alike, distinct
or slightly united, the stamens inserted on their bases. Ovary
3-celled, with 2 ovules in each cell; style short, stigmas 3, recurved,
Fruit a globose berry. (Ancient Greek name.)
1. A. officinalis L. Asparagus. Rootstock much branched;
stems tall and branching, 8 to 5 ft. high, when young stout, succulent
and edible; clustered branchlets 4 to 8 lines long; flowers green,
pendulous on jointed peduncles; perianth campanulate, 3 lines long,
with included stamens; berry red, 4 lines in diameter.
An escape from the gardens. Abundant in low lands about
Alameda and Bay Farm Island.
12. IRIDACEAE. Iris Famity.
Perennial herbs, ours low, with stout stems and 2-ranked sword-
like and sheathing leaves. Inflorescence terminal. Flowers perfect,
with petal-like perianth of 6 divisions in 2 whorls. Stamens on the
base of the outer whorl, with extrorse anthers. Ovary 3-lobed,
becoming a 8-celled capsule.
Stems terete; divisions of the perianth in two unlike whorls.’. 1. IRIs.
Stems 2-edged or - winged; divisions of the perianth alike. . .2. SIsyRINCHIUM.
1. IRIS L. Fraga.
Stems terete, from creeping stout rootstocks. Flowers in the axils
of spathaceous bracts. Perianth-tube prolonged beyond the ovary;
outer segments or sepals obovate above the claw, spreading or
recurved; inner segments or petals narrower, erect. Style divided
into 8 petal-like branches, each branch with 2 lobes or appendages at
summit; stigma a small projecting shelf (stigmatic only on the upper
surface) situated on the lower surface of the branch just below the
lobes or appendages. Stamens with linear anthers lying close beneath
the branches of the style, 4. ¢., opposite them. Capsule oblong,
3-angled. Seeds flattened or turgid, in 2 rows in each cell. (Greek
iris, the rainbow, the Greek species of the genus being celebrated for
its brilliant colors. I. Hartwegi Baker, of the Sierras in the Sugar
Pine belt, may be known by its separate often distinct bracts, leafy
stems and India-yellow flowers; the following species have the bracts
of the spathe closely approximate.)
Flowers 3 to 5in a cluster, pale violet or the sepals white, veined with purple;
perianth tube 3 lines long. ........ 0 ....... 1. I. longipetala.
Flowers 2 or 3 in a cluster, cream-color or azure; perianth-tube 6 to 12 lines
ONG ta erga een oh, a BE Be He WD BOR ak ds ag, dh tae ae dee on 2. 1. Douglasiana.
Flowers 1 or 2 in a cluster, violet; perianth-tube 134 to 244 in. long a ay abt
3. I, macrosiphon.
IRIS FAMILY. 129
1. |. longipetala Herbert. Leaves 10 to 22 in. long, 4 to 6 lines
broad, equaling or rather exceeding the flower-peduncles; pedicels
{ to 1} in. long; bracts scarious at apex, 2} to 4 in. long, $ to 1g in.
broad (when spread out); sepals white, veined with violet or violet
above, 3 in. long, 1} to 14 in. broad, narrowed to a short claw, the
claw with a very prominent ventral ridge which disappears in the
middle of the blade; petals light violet, 2} in. long, 6 or ’7 lines wide;
anthers 8 lines long; lubes above the stigma broader and more obtuse
than in no. 8, more evidently overlapping; capsule narrowed at each
end, 2 in. long.
Point Isabel (Contra Costa Co.) and about San- Francisco, where it
is very common; thence southward to Monterey.
2. 1. Douglasiana Herbert. Stem 1} to 2 ft. high, much exceeded
by the (4 to 64 lines wide) radical leaves; bracts broader and less
acuminate than in the next; flowers 2 or 8 in a pair of bracts,
mostly cream-color or azure; the pedicels 1 in. long; perianth-tube
6 to 12 lines long; sepals 2 in. long or more; capsule narrowly
oblong, 1} to 2 in. long.
Common in the Coast Ranges from the Vaca Mountains and
Howell Mountain southward to San Mateo Co. May-June, The
coler of the flowers is exceedingly variable, but the species may be
known from the next by its long pedicels, shorter perianth-tube and
stouter habit.
8. 1. macrosiphon Torr. Grounp Ir1s. Stems low and slender,
much shorter than the leaves which are 5 to 10 in. long and 2 lines
broad; bracts lanceolate, long acuminate, 24 to 8} in. long; flowers
1 or 2, very shortly pediceled, with slender tube 1} to 2} in. long;
perianth violet-purple; sepals oblong-obovate, their lower or middle
portion blotched or veined with white, the margin above often
undulate, about 1} in. long; shay oblanceolate, of a uniform celor;
anthers 6 lines long; capsule about 1 in. long.
San Mateo and Marin Cos. northward. Apr.
2. SISYRINCHIUM L. BLUE-EYED GRass.
Glabrous plants. Stems slender, 2-edged or -winged, often genicu-
late, from fibrous roots, with grass-like or lanceolate leaves and
fugacious, relatively small flowers in umbels enclosed by 2 sheathing
herbaceous bracts, with scarious bractlet subtending each pedicel.
Perianth 6-parted, the divisions alike, spreading. Stamens mona-
delphous, their anthers alternate with the branches of the style;
stigmas thread-like. (Name of Theophrastus for a bulbous plant
allied to Iris.)
Flowers purplish-blue; filaments united to the top.
.1, &. bellum.
Flowers yellow; filaments united only at base... 222.085
Californicum.
1. S. bellum Wats. BLUE-EYED GRAss. NIGGER-BABIEs. Erect,
10 to 15 in. high, the stems somewhat branching; leaves shorter than
the stem, 1 to 2} lines wide; bracts 1 in. long, enclosing about 7
flowers; perianth purplish-blue, segments oblong-obovate, conspicu-
i1
130 ORCHIDACE,
ously 4 to 6-nerved, emarginate at apex, with a slender tooth in the
notch, 7 lines long, the inner narrower; anthers short-sagittate; style
terminated by an abruptly thickened or obclavate structure, the
attenuate portion being divided into 8 short stigmas; capsule globose,
2 to 8 lines long; seed obscurely pitted.
Very common throughout California, Mar.—Apr. Called ‘‘Azulea’’
and ‘‘Villela’’ by Spanish-Californians.
2. S. Californicum Ker. GoLpDEN-EYED Grass. About the size
of the last but the stems unbranched and the leaves somewhat
broader; bracts rather unequal, enclosing 3 to 7 flowers; perianth
bright yellow; segments 4 to 6 lines long, 5 to 7-nerved, obtuse or
acutish; anthers 1} lines long, about equaling the filaments; style
cleft below the middle; capsule obovate-oblong, 4 lines long.
Wet places near the coast from San Diego northward beyond
California. Apr.
13. ORCHIDACEA. Orcurip Famity.
Perennial herbs with corms, bulbs, tuberous roots or rootstocks and
sheathing leaves often reduced to scales. Flowers perfect, irregular,
bracted, either solitary or in spikes or racemes. Sepals 3, alike.
Petals 3, 2 alike; the third petal called the ‘‘lip’’ commonly
dissimilar in color, size and shape, often enlarged, sac-like or spurred,
in our genera most frequently brought into an inferior position (i. e.,
on the lower side of the flower), by twisting of the ovary. Filaments
united with the single style forming a column, anther 1 (in
Cypripedium 2), situated on the apex of the column and just above
or behind the stigma, which is a viscid surface facing the lip.
Pollen agglutinated into 2 to 8 pear-shaped masses. Ovary inferior,
commonly long and twisted, l-celled. Fruit a 3-valved capsule.
Seeds innumerable, minute.
Plants with green herbage.
Flowers few and showy; lip an inflated sac; stem leafy. . 1. CYPRIPEDIUM.
Flowers in spikes or racemes.
Perianth with a spur. a ae ere . 2. HABENARIA.
Perianth spurless.
Stem leafy.
Raceme loose with foliaceous bracts; flowers greenish or rose-color. .
3. EPIPACTIS.
Spike dense and twisted; flowers white... ..... 4, SPIRANTHES,
Stem scape-like, the leaves in a radical cluster; flowers white. . .
Flower solitary, showy; lip sac-like; leaf 1, basal... . . 6. LYPSO.
Plants reddish-brown, destitute of green herbage and the leaves reduced and
seale-like . . ce a ee CORALLORHIZA.
Stems leafy from tufted fibrous roots. Leaves large. Flowers few
or solitary, large and showy, leafy bracted. Sepals spreading, in ours
seeming as if only 2, the lateral completely or almost completely
united into one under the lip, which is an inflated sac with the
incurved margin auricled near the base. Column very short,
ORCHID FAMILY. 131
incurved, terminating in a disk-like stigma. Fertile anthers 2, on
short filaments, one on each side of the column below the stigma;
sterile anther conspicuous, roundish or ovate, situated on the upper
side and over-arching the stigma. (Latin Cypris, Venus, and pes, a
foot, the saccate lip a fit buskin for the goddess. )
1. C. montanum Dougl. Rough-pubescent with short glandular
hairs, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves elliptic- to narrowly-ovate, the largest
5 or 6 in. long and 3 in. broad; flowers 1 to 3, shortly pediceled;
sepals and wavy-twisted petals linear-lanceolate, 1} to 2 in. long;
lower sepals united almost to the apex, only the lanceolate-subulate
tips free; lip 1 in. long, dull white, veined with purple; sterile anther
ovate, 4 lines long, on aslender filament; capsule erect or nearly so,
oblong, 10 lines long.
Woods, rare in our district and only near the coast from the Santa
Cruz Mountains northward: Marin Co.; Skaggs Springs; Mendocino
Co. (from the coast to Round Valley); Humboldt Co,; Sierra Nevada.
C, CaLirornicum Gray of Mendocino Co. and the northern Sierras
has 8 to 6 flowers; sepals oblong, 6 to 7 lines long, the lower united
to the apex; sterile anther rounded, nearly sessile.
2. HABENARIA Willd. Rerrn-orcuts.
Stems erect, leafy at least at base, solitary from fleshy tuber-like
roots Flowers greenish, yellowish, or white, in a terminal spike or
raceme. Sepals equal, the lateral mostly spreading, the petals a trifle
smaller. Lip spreading or drooping, in ours entire, produced at base
into a long slender spur, Column very short. Anther-sacs more or
less divergent. (Name from the Latin habena, a thong or rein of a
horse, on account of the shape of the spur in some species.)
sn; .
wip Hediste: ae aTeUaEe: naked, with 2 leaves at base. .1. H. elegans. _
Lip tria.gular-ovate; stems cylindrical, leafy at base and with scale-like
leaves abuve. . H. Michaeli.
Flowers white or whitish, fragrant. ; ;
Stem leafy; lip slender-lanceolate above the roundish ee exceeding
the sepals and petals; moist places... ...... .3 HH. leucostachys.
Stem leafy at base, scaly above; lip narrowly ovate, not exceeding the sepals
or petals . ee eS eee oe .4. H. maritima.
1. H. elegans Bolander. Woop Rztn-orcuis. Stem slender, 10
to 20 in. high, with 2 (or sometimes 37) leaves at base; leaves lan-
ceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, 4 to 6 in, long, drying up or
quite gone by flowering time; spike slender, rather dense but not
crowded, 4 to 7 in. long; flowers small, light-green; bracts broadly
subulate, acuminate, equaling the ovary; perianth segments 14 to 2
lines long; sepals oblong; petals and lip ligulate; spur filiform, 4 or
5 lines long, equaling or exceeding the ovary; capsule oblong, nearly
sessi or 4 lines long.
ce hillsides cores oaks and other trees. Coast Ranges from
Monterey to Berkeley; Marin Co.; Napa Co.; the Vaca Mountains;
and Mt. Shasta. June. —
2. H. Michaeli Greene. Stem very thick and cylindrical, 1 ft.
132 ORCHIDACEA.
high or less, leafy at base; cauline leaves triangular-ovate, thin,
appressed, 4 to 9 lines long; spike rather dense, 24 to 8 in. long;
sepals and petals similar, 14 to 2 lines long; lip triangular-ovate, of
about the same length; spur fully } longer than the ovary. |
Under oaks in the hills south of Livermore, acc. to Greene; San
Luis Obispo Co., G. W. Michael.
8. H. leucostachys Wats. Sierra Rzrn-orcuis. Stem leafy,
16 to 22 in. high; leaves linear or lanceolate, 8 to 8 lines broad;
flowers white, rather large, in a dense or open spike which is 4 to 8
in. long; bracts linear-subulate, exceeding the ovary; sepals oblong
or oblong-ovate, 8 or 4-nerved, thin, 2 or 38 lines long; petals
lanceolate; lip slender-lanceolate from a roundish-dilated base, much
exceeding the sepals and petals; spur slender, 4 to 6 lines long; beak
of the stigma prominent, ovate, more than half the length of the
connective; capsule oblong, sessile, 6 to 9 lines long.
Common about springs and in moist meadows of the Sierra Nevada;
Shasta region; Point Arena; attributed to the San Francisco Peninsula.
4. H. maritima Greene. Low and stout, 6 to 10 or 14 in. high;
basal leaves oblong, acute, 3 to 6 in. long, 4 to 1 in. wide, the lowest
narrowed to a broad petiole; upper cauline leaves reduced, appressed,
lanceolate-subulate; spike 14 to 4 in. long, slightly conical, 7 to 13
lines broad, the flowers white, with a heavy fragrance, closely
crowded; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, with a green midvein, a little
exceeding 2 lines; petals 2 lines long, broadest at the base, ligulate-
attenuate above; lip narrowly ovate, with a prominent ridge toward
the base; spur slender, longer than the ovary; column short and
almost beakless,
Sea cliffs of the San Francisco Peninsula (Fort Point and Point
Lobos). July-Oct.
3. EPIPACTIS Haller.
Stem leafy from creeping rootstocks. Flowers in racemes with
foliaceous bracts. Sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; lip
strongly constricted at the middle, the lower portion deeply concave,
the upper portion dilated. Anther 2-celled, sessile behind the
broad truncate stigma, on a slender jointed base; the pollen-masses
become attached above to the gland capping the small rounded beak
of the stigma. Ovaries reflexed at maturity.
1. E. gigantea Doug]. Srream Orcuis. Stout, 1 to 2 ft. high,
nearly glabrous; leaves ovate below, lanceolate above, acute or
acuminate, 8 to 7 in. long; raceme minutely pubescent; flowers 3 to
10, greenish or rose-color, on pedicels 2 lines long; sepals 7 lines long
(exceeding the petals), the upper concave and somewhat carinate;
petals rose-color, purple-veined, particularly the lip; lower portion of
lip with short erect lobes or wings and with many callous tubercles
near the base; upper portion ovate-lanceolate, crested or ridged
towards the base; capsule oblong.
Moist stream banks from Santa Barbara to Mt. Diablo, Marin Co.
(Nicasio, Taylorville), Cazadero, the Napa Mountains and northward.
May 15-June.
ORCHID FAMILY. 183
4. SPIRANTHES Rich.
Stems from a cluster of tuberous roots, erect, leafy. Flowers white,
spurless, in 1 to 3 rows in a twisted spike. Sepals and petals all
narrow, erect, or more or less connivent. Lip sessile or with a short
claw, the lower portion embracing the column and bearing a minute-
callose protuberance on each side, the upper portion spreading and
wavy-crisped. Column short, obliquely inserted on the ovary, bear-
ing the stigma on the front and the sessile or short-stalked erect
anther on the back. Capsule erect. (Greek speira, spiral, and
anthos, flower, in allusion to the twisted inflorescence. )
Perianth 4 to 6 lines long; callosities at base of lip minute
1. 8. Romanzogiana,
Perianth 3 lines long; callosities at base of lip nipple-like and pointing
downward ae aes fae eo 8 «+ a 2 SS pornifolia.
1. S. Romanzoffiana Cham. Glabrous, 5 to 16 in. high; leaves
oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 7 in. long, 4 to 8 lines wide; spike dense, 3 in.
long, the flowers in 3 ranks; bracts conspicuous, ovate, abruptly
subulate-pointed, 5 or 6 lines long; perianth 4 to 6 lines long, curved,
the ib and petals connivent; lip recurved, broader at base, con-
tracted below the narrower rounded summit; callosities smooth, often
not obvious.
‘Wet meadows or marshy places in the mountains: Marin and
Sonoma Cos. northward to Mt. Shasta; high Sierra Nevada. July-
Aug.
2. S. porrifolia Lindl. Similar in habit to the preceding; stems
1 ft. high or more; flowers smaller and spike narrower; perianth 3
lines long; callous protuberances at base of lip nipple-like and
pointing downward.
Little known species: Marin Co., acc. to Behr; upper Sacramento
Valley on the eastern side, Hartweg. :
5. GOODYERA R. Br. RAtTTLE-SNAKE PLANTAIN.
Scapes erect, bearing a few sheathing scale-like leaves, a terminal
spike, and at base a cluster of petioled white-reticulated leaves.
Rootstock creeping, with fleshy roots. Flowers white, similar to
Spiranthes. Lateral sepals free, the upper one united with the
petals into an erect galea. Lip sac-shaped, sessile, entire and without
callous thickenings at base. Anther without a lid. (John Goodyer,
British botanist.)
1. G. Menziesii Lindl. Plants 11 to 15 in. high, glandular-
pubescent, especially the scapes and inflorescence; leaves thickish,
rosulate, oblong-ovate, acute at both ends, reticulated with white or
light-colored veins or markings, 1} to 2} in. long, on petioles } to }
in. long; flowers 3 or 4 lines long; spike about 5 in. long.
Woods near the coast from Marin Co. (Lagunitas Creek and Bear
Valley near Olema) northward; Shasta Springs; Sierra Nevada.
July-Aug. ;
6. CALYPSO Salisb.
Low herb with a corm and coral-like roots. Stem scape-like,
134 ORCHIDACES.
1-flowered, sheathed by a few scale-like leaves and with a single
petioled leaf at base. Flowers large, showy, terminal, bracted.
Sepals and petals similar and equal; lip sac-like, with 2 short spurs
below the expanded apex. Column broadly winged, almost oval,
concave, and petal-like; anther hemispherical, borne just below the
summit, opening by a lid. (Named for the nymph Calypso in
Hower. )
1. CG. borealis Salisb. Catypso. Stem 4 or 5 in. high, the
sheathing scales 1 to 2 in. long; leaf ovate, cordate or truncate at
base, 1} to 2} in. long; petioles } to 1} in. long; flower on a drooping
pedicel; sepals and petals rose-purple, sometimes pale, linear-
lanceolate, 9 lines long; lip as long or slightly longer, ovate-inflated,
reddish-brown and mottled, the terminal expanded portion with 3
hairy ridges at base running towards the spurs. .
Bogs or in leaf-mold in the redwood forests from Mt. Tamalpais
and Cazadero to Mendocino Co. and northward along the coast.
Mar, Flowers resembling those of the Lady’s Slipper.
7. CORALLORHIZA R. Br. Corat-Roor.
Brownish or yellowish saprophytes or parasites, destitute of green
herbage, and with branching toothed coral-like roots. Stem scape-
like, the leaves reduced to scales, and bearing the flowers in u
terminal raceme. Perianth segments oblong or lanceolate, nearly
alike, ours 8-nerved. Lateral sepals united at base with the foot of
the column, forming a short spur which is adnate to the summit of
the ovary. Lip 1 to 3-ridged. Column 2-edged, slightly incurved.
Anther terminal, opening by a lid. Pollen-masses 4, soft-waxy.
Capsules reflexed. (Greek korallion, coral, and rhiza, root.)
Perianth 3 or 4 lines long, the lateral sepals spurred at base; lip 3-lobed, the
middle lobe largest ...* "°° 2... ‘ .1. C. multifiora.
Perianth 6 lines long; spur none; lip entire . 2. C. Bigelovit.
1. C. multiflora Nutt. Stems 8 to 13 in. high; raceme 2 to 4 in.
long; flowers whitish, tinged or veined with purple; sepals and petals
3-nerved, 3 or 4 lines long; lateral sepals united at base with the fvot
of the column forming a short (1 line long) spur which is adnate to
the ovary; lip mostly purple, broadly ovate and somewhat convex,
3-lobed by a deep cleft on each side; lateral lobes narrow and acutish;
middle lobe large and rounded or notched with involute or denticu-
late margin; raceme loose, 3 to 10 in. long; capsules % in. long.
Shade of woods in the seaward or middle Coast Ranges: Oakland
Hills; Mt. Tamalpais; Mt. St. Helena.
2. C. Bigelovii Wats. Stems 12 to 15 in. high, with 3 or 4
sheathing leaves; sepals and petals somewhat flesh-colored, striately
3-nerved with purple or Poddih Grane lines, about 6 lines long;
lateral sepals oblique; lip quite entire; base of the column (opposite
lip) prominently gibbous over the ovary; capsule 6 to 9 lines long.
Mountain woods of the Sierras and along the coast.
SALICACEA, 135
DICOTYLEDONS,
Vascular bundles arranged in a circle around a central pith, the
stem when perennial increasing in size by means of a cambium ring.
Leaves with netted veins. Parts of the flower commonly in fours or
fives. Embryo with 2 cotyledons.
CHORIPETALA.
re present or absent; when present consisting of distinct
petals,
14. SALICACEZE. Wittow Famtty.
Trees and shrubs with simple alternate stipulate leaves. Flowers
dicecious, arranged in aments (catkins), these falling off as a whole,
the staminate after anthesis, the pistillate after the ripening of the
fruit and dispersion of the seeds. Bracts of the ament scale-like.
Perianth none. Stamens 1 to several. Ovary I-celled; stigmas 2.
Fruit a 2-valved capsule, enclosing many seeds furnished with a tuft
of hairs at base.
Bracts entire or merely denticulate; flowers without disk; stamens in ours 1 to
5; stigmasshort ............ era far tea ae Abe bes Was RE a ig 1. SALIX.
Bracts fimbriate or lacerate; flowers with a broad disk; stamens numerous;
stigmas elongated, conspicuously dilated. .......... 2, POPULUS.
1. SALIX L. Wuttiow.
Leaves mostly narrow, short-petioled. Buds covered by u single
scale. Aments (catkins) mostly erect, appearing before or with the
leaves; bracts entire or merely denticulate. Stamens (in our species)
1 to 5, accompanied by 1 or 2 little aan Pistillate flowers with a
gland at the base of the ovary. Stigmas short. (Classical Latin
name of the Willow.)
Stamens 3 or more; aments terminal on leafy branches; bracts of the pistillate
ament pallid or greenish, falling before the fruit matures; bark of trunks
rough and fissured; leayes serrulate; trees.
Petioles not glandular.
Leaves narrowly lauceolate, long pointed, green on both surfaces; stipules
semi-curdate, acuminate, sometimes deciduous. .. I. S. nigra.
» Leaves lanceolate or oblong-lanceclate, acute or acuminate, pale or
glaucous beneath; stipules commonly none... .. . 2. S. levigata.
'Petioles glandular near the blade; leaves lancevlate, long-pointed, often pale
or glaucous beneath; stipules semi-orbicular, mostly conspicuous ... .
38. S. lasiandra,
Stamens 2, rarely 1; bark smooth. ‘ i
Aments terminal on short leafy branchle's; bracts pallid, often falling before
the ament matures: leaves linear to linear-lanceolate, entire or serrulate;
occurring mostly as shrubs in our district. | :
Leaves silky pubescent on both surfaces; stigmas large, sessile... ....
4. S. fluviatilis
var. argyrophylia.
Leaves green on both surfaces and more or less glabrous; style short but
obvious; stigmas linear... ........ ......5 S. sessilifolia,
Aments terminating very short leafless lateral hranchlets: bracts dark-colored
at apex, persistent in fruit; bark smooth; leaves entire; small trees or
shrubs.
136 SALICACEA.
Leaves oblong to oblanceolate, pale or gray-pubescent beneath; ovary and
capsule glabrous . . POA ge Be te fee Beh ek wl 6. S. lastolepis.
var. bruchystachys.
Lustrous-silky beneath; pistillate aments slender, 2 in. long; stigmas
oblong, entire or nearly so . .8. S. Sitchensis.
1. S. nigra Marsh. Biack Wittow. River WILLow. Tree
20 to 80 ft. high; bark rough and dark; branchlets brittle at the base;
mature leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, long-pointed, often
faleate, serrulate, 4 to 6 in. long, on petioles 3 in. long, green on both
surfaces; stipules semi-cordate, acuminate or minute or early decidu-
ous; aments (catkins) becoming rather lax; bracts obovate, yellow,
more or less villous below the middle, sometimes slightly dentate;
stamens 3 to 5; ovary ovate; capsule reddish-brown,
River and slough banks of the Sacramento and San Joaquin.
2. S. laevigata Bebb. Bzse Wittow. Tree 30 to 40 ft. high;
branchlets one winter old reddish-brown, young leaves mostly oblong,
disposed to be broadest above the middle, but very variable, entire,
soon becoming serrulate; stipules small and caducous or represented
by minute glands; mature leaves lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate,
serrulate, green and shining above, pale or conspicuously glaucous
beneath, 4 in. long, nearly 1 in. to 14 in. broad, on petioles 4 lines
long, the smaller oblong, 1} in. long, all mucronate; staminate
aments erect or pendulous, commonly flexuous, 24 to 3} in. long;
bracts closely imbricated, more or less elliptic, woolly at base,
glabrous and pallid towards the apex, 2 to 4-toothed at apex; stamens
5 or 6, elongating after dehiscence begins, less than twice the length
of the bracts when fully grown; anthers chrome-yellow; filaments
hairy below; capsule brown, 2 to 2} lines long.
Coast Ranges: Berkeley; York Creek, St. Helena; Howell Mt.
Sierra Nevada, Mar. 15-Apr. Dr. Anderson of Santa Cruz calls
this ‘‘Spotted-leaf Willow.’’
3. S. lasiandra Benth. Western BLack WILLow. Tree 80 to
45 ft. high, the trunk with brown roughly fissured bark; branchlets
one winter old yellowish; young leaves mostly lanceolate, glandular-
serrulate with suborbicular stipules; petioles glandular at the upper
end; mature leaves lanceolate with long tapering point, 4 to 7 in.
long, } in, wide; stipules on vigorous shoots conspicuous, 5 to 12
lines broad; aments (catkins) on leafy peduncles; staminate aments
1} to 8 in. long, straight; bracts thin, oblong, nearly or quite glabrous
on the back, hairy at base, entire or often minutely toothed at the
acute apex, 1} lines long; stamens 5 or 4, anthers pale-yellow; pistil-
late aments 1} to 2} in. long; bracts acute, mostly minutely toothed;
pistil pedicellate; capsule reddish-yellow, 3 lines long.
A common tree on river banks and along creeks and ravines, com-
monly associated with S. lasivlepis but, unlike that, rarely deserting
living streams. Mar. Staminate bracts often reddish-brown on the
back at apex; stamens varying from 5 to 9 acc. to Sargent.
WILLOW FAMILY. 137
4. S. fluviatilis Nutt. var. argyrophylla (Sarg.). Sanp-Bar
WItLow. Shrub, 4to 8 ft. high; leaves linear, ncute or acuminate,
2 to 3 in, long and 1 to 2 lines wide, sessile vr nearly so, lustrous-
silky when young, more or less glabrate in age, entire or obscurely
denticulate; stipules early deciduous; aments reget linear, borne
on lateral leafy branchlets of the season, often clustered; bracts
yellowish, villous, deciduous; capsule shortly pediceled, usually
tomentose; stigma large, sessile.—(S. longifolia Muhl. of Bot. Cal.)
Very common in beds of arroyos and rivers, forming dense clumps
on sand and gravel bars. Lower Sacramento; Alameda Co., ete.
5. S. sessilifolia Nutt. Very similar to the last; leaves narruwly
lanceolate, green on both surfaces, pubescent or more or less glabrous;
stipules acute; bracts oblanceolate, villous; capsules mostly tapering
to a beak, sessile or nearly so, densely pilose when young; style short
but distinct; stigmas deeply bifid with linear lobes. ;
Very common along rivers and in stream beds, in the Coast Ranges
and Sacramento Valley.
6. S. lasiolepis Benth. Arroyo Wriitow. Shrub or tree, 10 to
18 ft. high; mature leaves oblong or slightly broadest above the
middle, obscurely serrulate, dull green above, gray pubescent beneath,
4 to } in. broad, 2 to 3 in, long on petioles 2 to 5 lines long; aments
appearing before the leaves, densely silky tomentose in the bud,
suberect; staminate aments } to 14 in. long, stamens 2; pistillate
aments 1 in. long or less, in fruit 2 in. long or somewhat more.
Coust Ranges and Lower Sierras: the most common willow, filling
river and creek beds and following dry gulches to their sources in the
hills, Feb.
7. S. Nuttallii Sarg. var. brachystachys Sarg. Tree 25 ft. high
with a trunk $ to 14 ft. in diameter or a shrub only 4 to 8 ft. high;
the branchlets commonly with very dark bark; leaves broadly obovate
or oblong-obovate, 1 to 14 in, long; staminate aments } to 14 in, long,
its bracts obovate, rounded, black or black-tipped, hairy-pubescent,
those of the female flower similar; stamens 2, long exserted; pistillate
aments oblong, 3 to } in. long or in fruit 1} in. long; ovary short-
silky; stigmas divided into linear lobes, seeming as if 4; capsule less
silky than the ovary.—(S. flavescens Nutt.)
Coast Ranges near the coast, on mountain sides. Flowering in
winter. Inthe Oakland Hills it grows in clumps about springs or in
moist hollows on north slopes, and is very straggling and ancient
looking. The author is indebted to Mr. Harry A. Dutton of Stanford
University for a note on its occurrence as a tree in the Santa Cruz
Mountains.
8. S. Sitchensis Sanson. VeLveT Wititow. Arborescent or
shrubby, 15 to 25 ft, high; leaves oblong-ovate to oblanceolate, acute
or rounded at apex, cuneate at base, densely tomentose and lustrous-
silky beneath, dark-oreen and almost glabrous above, 2 to 4 in. long,
sometimes, especially toward the south, very thick and leathery;
staminate aments slender, white or silky with very long hairs which
138 SALICACEA,
at first quite conceal the body of the ament; stamens 1 or 2; bracts
spatulate, rounded at apex, yellowish or pallid; pistillate aments very
slender as compared with the last species, 2 in. long or in fruit 3 in.
long; bracts somewhat shorter and broader than in the staminate,
more acute; stigmas short-oblong, entire or nearly so.
Along stream banks, from Santa Barbara to Wright’s, Santa Cruz
Mountains; Lagunitas Creek, Marin Co. and northward. Mar.
2, POPULUS L. Porrar.
Trees with scaly buds and caducous stipules; leaves long-petioled,
broad. Aments (catkins) appearing before the leaves, in ours pendu-
lous, sessile or nearly so; bracts fimbriate or lacerate, caducous.
Stamens inserted on the surface of a concave, often oblique, disk.
Ovary more or less surrounded by a disk; style short, stigmas 2 to 4,
narrow and elongated or in ours conspicuously dilated. Capsule 2 to
4-valved. Coma of the seeds usually very long and conspicuous.
(Classical Latin name of the Poplar.)
Leaves deltoid-orbicular, broader than long, green or yellowish-green, alike on
Poke an ee ee er er ere eo ee 1. P. Fremonti.
Leaves longer than broad, ovate, green above, rusty or silvery beneath... .
2. P. trichocarpa.
1. P. Fremonti Wats. Common Corronwoop. Tree 80 to 50
ft. high with a broad crown of wide-spreading branches; young twigs
straw-colored; leaves deltoid-orbicular, broader than long, the margin
crenate or sinuate-crenate but entire at the abruptly short-pointed (or
rarely obtuse) apex and at the truncate or subcordate base, 2 to 4 in.
broad, 13 to 8 in. long, green or yellowish-green on both surfaces;
staminate aments 1 to 14 in. long, densely flowered, stamens on an
entire disk, 60 to 80, with dark red anthers; pistillate aments 2 in. long,
loosely flowered; ovary crowned with three roundish stigmas and sur-
rounded at base by a membranaceous disk which is persistent under the
capsule; fruiting aments 4 or 5 in. long; capsules on pedicels 2 lines
long, ovate, obtuse, minutely rough-tuberculate or transversely ridged,
4 to 5 lines long, 3 or 4-valved; seeds 1 line long, with an abundance of
long white hairs which cover the mature ament with a dense soft
cottony mass.
Common in interior valleys, along creeks and rivers, throughout
California; not seen in the seaward or middle North Coast Ranges
within our limits.
2. P. trichocarpa Hook. Biack Corronwoop. Tree 20 to 30
ft. high with a rather broad head of upright branches; leaves ovate or
broadly oblong-ovate, round at base, acute at apex, serrulate, dark-
green and shining above, rusty or silvery beneath, 2 to 8} in. long on
petioles 1 or 1} in. long or less; staminate aments 1 to 1} in. long,
stamens on an oblique disk 40 to 60, with light-purple anthers;
pistillate aments loosely flowered, 24 to 8 in. long; ovary crowned by
three dilated deeply lobed stigmas; fruiting ament 4 to 5 in. long;
capsule nearly sessile, 3-valved; seed 1 line long, with long lustrous
white hairs,
BETULACE.E. 139
Sierras at considerable elevations. An infrequent tree in the Coast
Ranges of middle California: Mitchell Cafion, Mt. Diablo; San
Leandro Creek; Carnadero Creek, near Gilroy, Jepson; no other
localities in the Bay Region hitherto recorded; noted near the Moun-
tain House on the Round Valley road from Ukiah and at occasional
stations northward but rarely. Winter buds over } in. long, very
slender and long-pointed. Sometimes called ‘‘ Balsam Cottonwood.”’
P. TREMULOIDES Michx., the Aspen of the High Sierras, has
round-ovate leaves, crenulate or almost entire, abruptly acuminate,
1 to 1} or 2 in. long; 7 to 10 stamens; and linear stigmas.
15. BETULACEA. Brecu Famiry.
Trees or shrubs with alternate petioled simple leaves, caducous
stipules. and small flowers in linear or elongated clustered aments.
Staminate aments pendulous, the flowers in clusters of 3 in the axil of
each bract, consisting of a membranous 4-parted calyx and 2 to +
stamens. Pistillate aments much smaller, erect, spike-like, the
flowers 2 in the axil of each bract, without perianth, consisting of a
pistil with two styles and a 2-celled ovary with 1 ovule in each cell;
fruit a small compressed 1-seeded nut which is margined or winged.
1. ALNUS L. AvprEr.
Our trees with toothed leaves and aments which appear in the
autumn of the year previous to their flowering and pass the winter
naked. Bracts of the staminate ament dilated above with the apex
abruptly upturned, each covering +4 bractlets. Pistillate aments
woody and cone-like when mature, the bracts and bractlets united
and persistent. (So called on account of the tree: growing along
streams, the name derived from the Celtic through the Latin.)
Bracts of staminate ament acute; stamens4. . . . .1. 4. Oregana.
Bracts of staminate ament obtuse; stamens 2 to4. ‘ . 2. 4. rhombtfolia.
1. A. Oregana Nutt. Rep Arper. Tree 30 to 45 ft. high, the
limbs long and straight and the ultimate branchlets mainly few;
trunk usually 3} to 13 ft. in diameter, gray or almost white and often
mottled; leaves broadly ovate, 2 to 6 in. long, more or less pubescent
and often rusty beneath; the margin irregularly serrulate and some-
times more or less fevolute, the teeth callous-tipped and mostly
triangular or blunt; staminate aments 3 to 5 in. long; bracts acute;
stamens 4, filaments less than 1 line long, the anthers brick-red;
pistillate aments 6 lines long; cones oblong-ovate, } to 1 in. long;
bracts with the apices turned abruptly upward and, therefore, slightly
tabular at summit; nutlets winged, 1 line long —(A. rubra Bong.)
Bottoms of eafions along streams in the Coast Ranges throughout
the State. Feb.—Mar. ;
2. A. rhombifolia Nutt. Wire ALpEr. Tree 20 to 35 ft.
high with trunk of a light-gray or ashy color, mottled with large -
blotches. the limbs often ultimately much branched and becoming
140 CORYLACEA.
finely twiggy; leaves narrowly or broadly ovate to elliptic, 1 to 4 in.
long, serrulate as in the last, but the teeth narrower and often salient,
or else very low; staminate aments 8 to 4 in. long, more slender than
in the preceding; bracts obtuse; filaments often more than 1 line long;
pistillate aments 2 or 8 lines long; cones broadly oblong, $ to } in.
long, the bracts with a straight or only slightly upturned point; seeds
slightly larger that in the last, acutely margined.
Sierra Nevada, and from the banks of the Sacramento River west-
ward through the Coast Ranges to the ocean. Jan.—Feb. Our only
other species, A. tenuifolia Nutt., forms shrubby thickets at 6,000 to
7,000 ft. altitude in the Sierras.
In the genus Betula, the stamens are 2 with forked filaments (each
fork bearing an anther cell); the bracts in the pistillate ament fall
from the axis when the cone is ripe, and the nutlet is broadly winged.
B. occipENTALIS Hook., Western Birch; leaves 4 to 14 in. long.—
High Sierras and Humboldt Co. northward to Siskiyou Co.
B. eLanpuLosa Michx.; a low bush with leaves 4 to 1 in. long.—
Plumas Co. and northward.
16. CORYLACEA. Haze. Famiy.
Shrubs or bushes with alternate simple leaves. Staminate flowers
jn aments without perianth. Pistillate flowers in a short spike, 2 to
each bract and with small bractlets which become much enlarged and
foliaceous, forming a tubular involucre enclosing the nut.
1. CORYLUS L. Hazen.
Leaves broad, thin, serrulate or incised. Staminate aments (cat-
kins) pendent, cylindrical, single or fascicled, from scaly lateral buds,
the pistillate clusters of flowers terminal and lateral on the same
branchlets. Flowers appearing before the leaves. Staminate flower
consisting of 4 (seemingly 8) stamens with forked filaments, each fork
bearing one cell of an anther, the undivided portion of the filament
cohering more or less with the inner face of the scale or bract of the
ament. Pistillate flowers several in a scaly bud, two to each bract,
each flower with a posterior and anterior bractlet, these very small
but conspicuously laciniate-fringed; perianth minute, adnate to the
ovary and without limb; style short; stigmas elongated and slender.
Nut ovoid or oblong, large, bony, enclosed in a leaf-like involucre
formed of the enlarged bractlets. (Name said to be from korus, a
helmet, in reference to the involucre.)
1. C. rostrata Ait. var. Californica A.DC, Caxirornia HazeEt.
Commonly 6 to 10 ft. high; leaves broadly obovate, ovate or oval,
aceite a trogen villous, 14 to 2} in. long; bract or scale of the
ament with its terminal portion abruptly turned upward; filaments,
save for the forked portion, obsolete or not evident, so that the stamens
are apparently 8 instead of 4; anthers with a sparse tuft of hairs at
apex; involucre densely hispid, prolonged beyond the nut into a
laciniately-fringed beak 1 in, long; nut 6 lines long,
CUPULIFERE. 141
Common in the hills, especially along streams. Feb.-Mar. The
So aments appear as early as Sept. of the year preceding
anthesis.
17. CUPULIFERA. Oax Famtty.
‘Trees or shrubs with alternate and simple leaves and promptly
deciduous stipules. Flowers monecious, apetalous, appearing with
the leaves in deciduous species. Staminate flowers in aments (cat-
kins); stamens 4 to 12 in the 4 to 6-parted calyx. Pistillate flowers
solitary or spicate; calyx adherent to the 8-celled 6-ovuled ovary, the.
minute teeth crowning the summit; ovary or ovaries surrounded by an
involucre which forms a cup furnished externally with scales or spines,
Fruit a l-celled 1-seeded nut or acorn, only one ovule maturing, the
remaining ovules and the other two cells abortive.
Involucre 1-flowered, becoming a scaly cup.. . ae . 1. QUERCUS.
Involucre 1 to 8-flowered, becoming‘a spiny bur. . » . « .2, CASTANEA.
1, QUERCUS L. Oak.
Trees, or sometimes low shrubs, with greenish or yellowish flowers.
Staminate aments slender and naked, pendulous (in one species erect),
one or several froma scaly bud of the previous season; bracts cadu-
cous; calyx 2 to 8-parted or lobed; stamens variable, 3 to 12. Pistil-
late flowers solitary or somewhat scattered, borne on shoots of the
season, consisting of an ovary with 3 (4 or 5) styles or sessile stigmas,
surrounded by a scaly involucre which becomes the woody cup of the
fruit. Seed with thick fleshy cotyledons; rudiments of the 5 remain-
ing ovules often discernible at the base or top of the nut. (Latin
name of the Oak.)
Staminate aments pendulous, borne below the pistillate; filaments not longer
than the anthers; stigmas dilated.
Bark pale, wood nearly white; stamens mostly 6 to 9; stigmas sessile or nearly
so; abortive ovules mostly basul.—WHITE Oaks.
Acorns maturing the first year, the nut glabrous on the inner surface.
Trees; leaves deeply or shallowly sinuate-pinnatifid, falling in the autumn,
their lobes or teeth obtuse, rarely bristle-pointed.
Calyx-lobes ovate, acule; nut conical, elongated, 144 to2in. long...
1. Q. lobata.
Calyx-lobes laciniately cut.
Nut oval or oblong, 1 to 134 in. long; leaves mostly 4 to 6 in. long.. .
. Q. Garryana.
Nut broadly oblong, 34 to 1% in. long; leaves mostly 2 to 3 in. long.
3. Q. Douglasit.
Shrub; leaves not lobed, persisting until after the appearance of those of
the following year... 2. 6 ee eee ee es 4, Q. dumosa.
Acorns maturing the second year, the nut tomentose on the inner surface;
evergreen trees or shrubs; leaves oblong, entire, or spinose-dentate.
5. Q. chrysolepis.
Bark dark, wood reddish; stamens 4 to 6; stigmas on long styles; inner surface
of nut silky-tomentose; abortive ovules toward the top of the fruit.—
BLACK Oaks. RAE ;
Acorns maturing the first year, ovate, elongated; leaves persisting until the
appearance of those of the following yearin Mar.and Apr........
6. Q. agrifolia.
Acorns maturing the second year.
Leaves mostly oblong, dentate or entire, persistent until the second sum-
mer or autumn; nut slender, tapering. . . . 7. Q. Wislizenit.
142 CUPULIFER A.
Leaves sinuate-pinnatifid, the teeth bristle-pointed, falling in the autumn;
nut oblong, obtuse... 2... 1 we eee wee ee 8. Q. Californica.
Aments erect and androgynous (with the pistillate flowers at base and the
staminate flowers above), or wholly staminate; filaments several times
longer than the small anthers; stigmas linear; fruits maturing in the second
year; evergreen tree... .....5--6 we a - . 9 Q. densiflora,
1. Q. lobata Née. Vatiey Oak, A graceful tree commonly 40
to 60 ft, high, in typical form broader than tall, with long pendulous
branches sometimes sweeping the ground; leaves oblong or obovate,
shallowly or deeply sinuate-pinnatifid with entire or toothed lobes,
green and nearly glabrous above, pale beneath with a fine close
indument and conspicuously yellow-veined, 24 to 4 in. long; staminate
aments 2 to 3 in. long, the calyx-lobes 6 to 8, externally pubescent,
stamens 8 or 9; pistillate flowers mostly solitary and sessile; acorns
sessile or subsessile; mature nut long-conical, 1} to 2in. in length, at
first bright-green, later chestnut-brown; cup deep-hemispherical,
strongly tuberculate. .
The largest and most beautiful West-American oak, sometimes 80
to 100 ft. high and 8 to 20 ft. in trunk diameter, The main stem
commonly divides into several wide-spreading branches, which form a
broad head with graceful drooping sprays. The bark is dark brown to
ashen-gray and is very deeply fissured into narrow plates. This tree,
which won the unreserved admiration of all early travelers, is the most
characteristic oak in the fields and along the water courses of ‘the
Coast Range and interior valleys. ‘‘Roble’’ of the Spanish-Califor-
nians. Apr. Fr. Oct.
2. Q. Garryana Hook, Pacrric Post OaK. Tree 30 to 70 ft, high;
branches not drooping but rigid and more tomentose-pubescent;
leaves oblong-obovate 4 to 6 in. long, cuneate or rounded at base,
shallowly sinuate-pinnatifid, the lobes coarser than in the last; calyx-
lobes of the staminate flowers laciniately cut, slightly ciliate; acorns
sessile or short-pedunculate; nut oval or slightly obovate, often
ventricose, 1 to 1} in. in length; cup shallow, cup-shaped or turbinate,
its scales thin and free or at base thickened and united.
In the mountains at lower or middle elevations from Santa Cruz
and Sonoma Cos. northward; a rare tree within our limits, but .abun-
dant in northwestern California,
3. Q. Douglasii H. & A. Bruz Oax. Mountain WHITE Oak.
Tree usually 20 to 30 ft. high with round-topped head; leaves obovate
to oblong or oval, bluish-green above, mostly yellowish and pubescent
beneath, with deep or shallow sinuses, the lobes commonly increasing
in size from the base upwards or nearly entire, or sometimes with
spinescent margin, cuneate or rounded at base, mostly 2 to 3, rarely
5 in. long; staminate aments about 1 in. long, the calyx yellow or
green, the segments laciniately cut, stamens about 9; acorns sessile or
short-peduncled; nut broadly oval, often ventricose, $ to 1 or 14 in.
long, or ovate-acute, 1 to 14 in, long and very narrow; cup very
shallow, thin, with flat or tubercled scales.
Throughout middle California; most abundant on the dry foothills
of the Coast Ranges, especially towards the interior, rarely found on
OAK FAMILY. 1438
the higher mountain slopes or in the valleys. It is exceedingly vari-
able in the size, outline and lobation of the leaflets, but may be
recognized even at a distance by the characteristic blue color of the
foliage whence the common name by which it is most generally
known. The species was first collected by David Douglas, a success-
ful and indefatigable Scotch botanist and explorer who visited Cali-
fornia in 1832. «
4, Q. dumosa Nutt. Scrus Oax. Shrub 5 to 6 ft, high with
pale gray bark and tomentose branchlets; leaves coriaceous, broadly
or narrowly oblong, 1 in. long more or less, spinose-serrate and some-
times sinuate or irregularly incised; staminate aments 3 in. long;
acorns 2 together or solitary; nut oval, mostly pointed, 4 to 14 in.
long; cup hemispherical, strongly tuberculate at base, scales free
above with minute hairy tips.
Common in the higher Coast Ranges south of San Francisco Bay.
One of the shrubs of the ‘‘chaparral.’’ First collected by Nuttall
near manta Barbara,
Var. bullata Engelm. Mostly 3 to 4 ft. high; leaves thicker,
rounder, spinescent, but often entire with strongly revolute margins;
nuts obtuse, cups shallower.—North Coast Range (Knoxville grade;
upper Conn Valley, Napa River Basin, and elsewhere), rare south
of San Francisco Bay.
5. Q. chrysolepis Liebmann. Maur Oax. Tree 30 to 40 ft.
high, or on exposed mountain summits a shrub 4 to 10 ft. high (in
such situations often gregarious); leaves oblong or narrowly-ovate to
elliptical, cordate to cuneate at base, acute or cuspidate at apex,
mostly entire on old trees, spinose-dentate on young ones or on
vigorous shoots, pale and glaucous above, fulvous-tomentose or gray-
pubescent below, at length glabrate; staminate aments 2 to 4 in. long,
the calyx with 4 to 7 ovate, acute lobes; acorn usually solitary; nut
oval or ovate, } to 2 in. long; cup shallow, the tubercles and scales
almost completely concealed by a close dense tomentum.
High ridges and cafion-walls of the Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada.
Sometimes called ‘‘Gold Leaf Oak,’’ from the color of the tomentum
on the under surface of the leaves. First collected by Hartweg near
Monterey in 1846.
6. Q. agrifolia Née. Frerp Osx. Encina. Tree with very
broad low top, 20 to 40 ft. high; on exposed hilltops a small shrub a
few ft. high, with dark-brown bark; leaves oblong to oval or orbicu-
lar, entire or sinuate-dentate with spinose teeth, 2 to 2} in. long;
staminate aments with the calyx deep-red, at length fading; styles 3,
4 or 5; nut ovate, elongated, # to 1} in. long; cup turbinate, scales
thin and membranaceous,
From Mendocino Co, southward; very common about San Fran-
cisco Bay. The trunk usually divides a few feet above the ground
into very wide-spreading branches, which at their extremities often
rest on the ground, Sargent says of this species, ‘‘The valleys and
low hills of the California coast owe their greatest charm to this oak
tree, which dotting their covering of vernal green or their brown
144 CUPULIFER 2.
summer surface with its low, broad heads of pale contorted branches
and dense dark foliage, gives them the appearance of incomparably
beautiful parks.’’ The leaves fall in Mar, and Apr. The flowers
appear in late March or early Apr. First collected by one of the
ship’s officers of the Malaspina Expedition, which visited Monterey in
1791.
7. Q. Wislizenii A. DC. Lrvz Oak. A tree 25 to 40 ft, high,
in the mountains a mere shrub 4 or 5 ft. high; leaves broadly oblong,
mostly acute at apex, varying to lanceolate, mostly 1 to 1} in. long,
entire, or serrate with spinulose teeth; calyx of staminate ament with
about 5 shallow lobes, these glabrous, except ‘the ciliate margins;
stamens 6, sometimes 7 or 5; nut slender, oblong, or elongated-
conical, somewhat acute, 1 to 14 in. long; cup turbinate or nearly
tubular, 6 lines deep; scales of the cup thin, with free tips, oblong, or
ovate, closely imbricated, mostly pubescent, or glabrous and the
innermost ciliate.
Coast Range valleys and foothills, more particularly away from the
sea, usually reaching its best development along streams, in the
higher mountains reduced to a low shrub, and sometimes a half-
hearted associate of the shrubs of the chaparral. The aments from a
terminal bud or a cluster of buds are often so numerous and in such
profusion as to transform the appearance of the tree in April or May,
imparting to the crowna singularly soft and half-billowy yellow-green
appearance. First discovered by Fremont in the Sierra Nevada, but
described from specimens collected by Dr. F. A. Wislizenius, on the
American River.
8. Q. Californica Cooper, Brack Osx, KeELLoge Oax. Tree
18 to 80 ft. high, taller than broad, the trunk dividing into
mostly erect branches; leaves when young white-tomentose be-
neath, more or less pubescent above, in age glabrate, dark-green
and shining above, yellowish-green below, or the tomentum on the
lower surface persisting, oblong or elliptic to broadly obovate in
outline, parted by sinuses into 5 to 7 lobes, these repand-dentate at
apex, with bristle-pointed teeth, or entire, 24 to 4 or 7 in, long;
staminate aments 2 to 3 in, long, the calyx 5 (or 4)-lobed with the
lobes hairy-pubescent on the outside; stamens 5 to 7, anthers at first
bright-red, on dehiscence yellow; pistillate flowers in the upper axils
of the young shoots, 2 flowers in a cluster; acorn solitary; nut
broadly oblong, obtuse, 1 in. long; cup deeply hemispherical with
lanceolate or broadly-ovate thin nearly glabrous scales,—(Q, Kelloggii
Newberry.)
A common tree in the foothills and valleys of western middle
California or occasionally met with (and usually in a small form) on
high montane ridges, Mar, First discovered by Hartweg near
Sonoma in 1846. The leaves in some cases are sparingly-lobed or
toothed or almost entire. The young leaves are often conspicuously
dark-red or purple. In some instances the scales at base of cup are
tuberculate.
9. Q. densiflora H. & A. Tan-Bark Oak, Becoming a large
JUGLANDACE. 145
tree, 20 to 60 ft. high, the trunk 2 to 5 ft, in diameter; leaves oblong
to elliptic-oblong, 2 to 4 or 5 in. long, 1 to 1} in. wide, serrate or
entire, rather densely tomentose when young; nerves conspicuous,
parallel; aments 8 to 5 in, long, tomentose; stamens about 10; cup
shallow, & to 13 lines wide, covered with linear or subulate spreading
or recurved scales; nut oval, % to 1} in, long, densely tomentose
within, at first tomentose without,
South Coast Ranges near the sea; North Coast Ranges from the
coast eastward to the Napa Mountains.
2. CASTANEA L. CuEstyorT.
Low stout shrubs or tall trees, ours with evergreen leaves, alternate.
Flowers monecious, in erect, unisexual or androgynous aments,
Staminate calyx 5 to 6-parted, the lobes imbricated in xstivation; and
the stamens mostly twice as many. Pistillate flowers 1 to 3 in a scaly
involucre; calyx adherent to the 3-celled ovary; styles 3. Nuts 1 to
8, enclosed in an involucre which is covered with stout branched
spines. (Greek castanea, the Chestnut.)
1. C. chrysophylla Doug]. Caixgrapin, Shrubby, 4 to 8 ft.
high; leaves lanceolate or oblong, mostly narrow at both ends,
entire, 2 to 6 in. long; aments staminate and androgynous, 2 to 23
in. in Iength, crowded at the ends of the branchlets; staminate
flowers 3 in the axils of the ovate bracts; pistillate clusters 1, 2 or 3,
at the base of some of the lower aments; staminate calyx with a
minute abortive ovary, 5 or 6-lobed, the lobes shorter than the
stamens; pistillate calyx oblong-campanulate, shortly lobed and with
minute abortive stamens; fruit ripening the second season; involucres
irregularly 4-valved; seed edible.—(Castanopsis chrysophylla A.DC.)
A low shrub in the Sierra Nevada and on the Coast Ranges about
San Francisco Bay (Mt. Tamalpais, Oakland Hills, Mt. St. Helena),
often forming thickets; in northwestern California, near the coast,
becoming a massive tree 150 ft. high.
18. JUGLANDACEA. Watynur Famiry.
Trees with alternate pinnate leaves, no stipules and monecious
apetalous flowers. Staminate flowers in lateral pendulous aments
with an irregular calyx, and several to many stamens, Pistillate
flowers terminal, 1 to several in a cluster, the 3 to 5-lobed calyx
adherent to the ovary; styles 2, stigmatic along the inside. Nut of
the fruit incompletely partitioned, containing a single oily seed, its
exterior covered with a green and fleshy or at length dry and brown
husk, Endosperm none,
1, JUGLANS L. Watyvrt.
Bark aromatic and strong-scented, the branchlets hollow, cham-
bered by pithy plates; buds nearly naked, axillary and superposed.
Leaves odd-pinnate with numerous leaflets, deciduous. Staminate
flowers from wood of the preceding season; calyx irregularly 3 to
12
146 MYRICACE.E,
6-lobed; stamens 3 to 40, Pistillate aments on terminal peduncle of
the same season; calyx 4-lobed; ovary inferior, 1-celled. Nut divided
internally by one true and several false partitions into several incom-
plete compartments, the seed so lobed as to fit the irregularities of
the cavity. (From Jovis and glans, the nut of Jove.)
1. J. Californica Wats. Canirornra Warntr, Tree 30 to 50
ft. high; leaves 6 to 9 in, long; leaflets 11 to 15, oblong-lanceolate,
serrate; staminate aments often in pairs, 3 to 5in, long; stamens 80
to 40, anthers yellow, the connective bifid at the apex; fruit globose,
#to 1 in, in diameter,
Region of the. Lower Sacramento and of the valleys about the
northwestern base of Mt. Diablo, southward to the Sierra Santa
Monica.
19. MYRICACEA. Sweerr-catr Famiry.
Shrubs with fragrant alternate simple leaves, witbout stipules,
and moneecious or diwcious flowers in oblong or cylindrical aments,
Flowers solitary and sessile in the axils of scaly bracts; perianth none.
Staminate flower with 4 to 16 stamens. Pistillate flower with a
1-celled, 1-ovuled ovary with 2 sessile filiform stigmas, surrounded at
base by 2 to 4 small scales or bractlets, Cotyledons flesliy.
1. MYRICA L. Bay Berry.
The only genus. (Name from the Greek murike, the ancient name
of the Tamarisk.)
1. M. Californica Cham. Wax Myrruir, Thickly-branched
evergreen shrub, or small tree, 8 to 14 ft. high; leaves thick, glabrous,
oblong, or oblanceolate-oblong, tapering above to an acute apex, nar-
rowed below to a petiole, 23 to 5 in. long, remotely serrate, or almost
entire; flowers monecious; pistillate aments in the axils of the upper
leaves, 8 to 5 lines long; staminate aments below, sometimes as much
as 1 in. long; androgynous aments often oceur between, with the
staminate flowers at the base; stauminate flower consisting of 7 or
10 to 16 stamens, united by their filaments into a cluster longer than
the scale of the ament; bractlets 2, one on each side of the cluster at
base, narrowly oblong, hairy at apex; ovary ovate with 2 brieht-red
exserted styles; fruit globose, brownish-purple, covered with a coat
of whitish wax, 2 lines in diameter, the bractlets at the base minute.
Sand-dunes, moist hillsides, or rocky declivities near the ocean,
from Santa Monica northward, along the entire California coast:
San Francisco, where first collected by Chamisso; Oakland Hills;
Tiburon; Bolinas Bay.
Myrica Hartwear Wats., Sweet Bay, is a deciduous shrub of
the Sierra Nevada, with dicmcious flowers; stamens 8 or 4, shorter
than the bract; bractlets exceeding the sub-compressed naked fruit.
20. URTICACEZE. Nerrie Famity.
Ours herbs with stinging hairs and stipulate simple leaves, Flowers
URTICACE.E, 147
small, greenish, unisexual, arranged in ament-like inflorescences.
Petals none. Calyx in ours 2 to 4-toothed or -cleft, or of nearly
distinct segments with as many stamens opposite the lobes, the fila-
ments coiled or bent inward in the bud so that when released, they
fly upwards like a spring, scattering the pollen. Ovary superior,
1-celled, 1-ovuled; style and stigma 1. Fruit an achene. Embryo
straight.
Calyx 4-parted, the segments almost distinct, the inner ones largest in the fertile
flower and enclosing theachene .. ...... 1. URTICA.
Pistillaie calyx sac-like, unequally 2 to 4-toothed, enclosing the achene;
stuminute calyx 4-parted , . . 2. HESPEROCNIDE.
1. URTICA L. Nerrue.
Annual or perennial herbs with stinging hairs, opposite petioled
3 to 7-nerved serrate leaves and distinct lateral stipules. Flowers
in ours moneecious, clustered in axillary geminate racemes or heads,
Staminate flowers of 4 sepals and 4 stamens. Pistillate calyx with
the sepals unequal, the exterior smaller than the inner and at length
enclosing the flattened achene; ovury with sessile tufted or almost
feathery stigma, and erect orthotropvus ovule. Endosperm scanty.
(Ancient Latin name.)
Annua!; inflorescence »ndrogynous; stipules very small . .1. U. urens.
Perennial; inflonescence unisexual; stipules large.
Herbage dark-green; upper leaves narrowly- to round-ovate, mostly cordate
at base; stipules broadly oblong to elliptical; nearthe coast, rare . .
2. 0. Lyallit
var. Californica.
Herbage gray; "upper leaves ovate-lanceolate, obtuse to truncate at ba-e;
stipules narrowly oblong: common every where .. .3. U. holosericea.
1. U. urens L. Smart Nerrie. Erect and simple or branching
from the base, 1 to 1} ft. high, leafy to the top; leaves elliptic or
ovate, coarsely laciniate-serrate, 8 to 5-nerved, 1 to 2 in. long, slender
petioled; stipules short, about 1 line long; inflorescence oblong, rather
dense, mostly shorter than the petioles; flowers androgynous, that is,
staminate and pistillate mixed in the same cluster.
Introduced weed. Berkeley.
2, U. Lyallii Wats. var. Californica. Often branched from the
base, 2 to 3 ft. high; herbage dark green, the stems and foliage some-
what pubescent; leaves broadly ovate, cordate at base, coarsely serrate,
8 to 5 in. long, stipules broadly oblong to elliptical, obtuse, 3 to 6%
lines long; flowers in spreading panicles; sepals broadly ovate or
rounded, obtuse, shorter than the broadly ovate achene, which is #
line long.—(U. Californica Greene.)
Point Reyes Peninsula, Greene and Jepson; marshes near Tennessee
Bay, Marin Co., Eastwood; Pilarcitos, Davy. Mar. The species is
far northern.
3 U. holosericea Nutt. Creek NetTie. Herbage gray; stems
strict, unbranched, 4 to 6 or even 10 ft. high; leaves ovate to lanceo-
late, 8 to 5} in. long, on petioles } to 1 or 2 in. long, more or less
pubescent on beth faces or the upper surface green and with scattered
bristles and the lower surface gray; stipules narrowly oblong, acute
148 POLYGONACEX.
or obtuse, 2 to 5 or 6 lines long; flowers in somewhat dense clusters,
these disposed in mostly geminate (or somewhat paniculately branched)
axillary racemes 34 in. long or less, the pistillate inflorescences some-
what shorter and in the axils above the staminate; stamens twice as
long as the calyx, their filaments dilated at base; sepals of pistillate
flower enclosing but scarcely exceeding the achene.
Very common along streams in the valleys throughout the state.
Aug.—Sept.
2. HESPEROCNIDE Torr.
Annual herbs similar to the last genus, but the pistillate calyx con-
sisting of a membranous flattened oblong-ovate sac with a minutely
2 to 4-toothed orifice. (Greek hespera, west or western, and knide,
a nettle.)
1. H. tenella Torr. Slender, erect or straggling, 1 or 2 ft. high;
stems and petioles bristly with scattered hairs, the blades very
sparsely hispid; leaves thin, ovate, serrately incised, 4 to 1} in. long
on slender petioles; flowers densely glomerate in the axils, the clusters
shorter than the petioles; calyx thin, hispid with hooked hairs, in
fruit 3 to less than 1 line long; achene with minutely roughened
pericarp.
Napa Co.; Bushy, Knob (southeast of Mt. Diablo); and southward.
PaRIETARIA DEBILIS Forster is unarmed and has alternate entire
leaves without stipules and a tubular pistillate calyx.—Santa Barbara
southward.
21. POLYGONACEA. Buckxwueat Famity.
Ours herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate or opposite simple
leaves and small regular apetalous mostly perfect flowers. Stamens
4 to 9, slightly perigynous. Calyx 3 to 6-cleft. Ovary 1-celled,
bearing 2 or 3 styles or stigmas and a single erect orthotropous ovule.
Fruit an achene, triangular in all ours except some species of
Polygonum and Eriogonum.
Leaves without stipules.
Involucre bract-like, 1-flowered, enlarged in fruit, 2-lobed, 2-saccate on the
back; leaves opposite, broad... 2... 2... 0 fe 1, PTEROSTEGIA.
Involucre none; calyx involucre-like; leaves linear,in whorls......
. 2, LASTARRIEA.|
Involucre tubular, campanulate or turbinate; leaves alternate or in whorls
or radical.
Involucre one-flowered; teeth of the involucre 3 to 6, cuspidate or awned,
often hooked... ........ Hae le we 3. CHORIZANTHE.
Involucre two to many-flowered and
Deeply 4 (3 to 5) -cleft, the lobes bearing bristles or awns, or awnless.. . .
Sepals 6, the outer 3 reflexed in fruit, the inner 3 erect and enlarging; calyx
closing about the fruit and persisting as a hardened covering to the
achene; flowers mostly green .............4, 6. RUMEX,
7. POLYGONUM.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 149
1. PTEROSTEGIA F. & M.
Very slender weak diffused annuals, dichotomous from the base,
with opposite leaves. Involucres nearly sessile in the forks and
terminal, consisting of a single bract, subtending and shorter than
the solitary sessile flower, rounded and more or less 2-lobed or dentate
on the margin, in fruit enlarged, scarious and reticulated, loosely
enclosing the achene and with 2 sac-like gibbosities on the back.
Calyx 6, rarely 5-parted; stamens 8 or 6. (Greek pteron, a wing,
and stegia, a covering, in reference to the involucre.)
1. P. drymarioides F. & M. Stems commonly several from
the base usually with a branch at each node, diffuse or straggling,
from a few in. to 1 ft. long; leaves roundish or broader than long and
notched once or twice at apex or even cleft, or distinctly fan-shaped
or obcordate, 3 to 6 lines broad, narrowed at base to a slender but
mostly short petiole; flower reddish, less than 1 line long; perianth
segments lanceolate.
Open woods under Oaks or in the shade of rocky outcroppings:
Berkeley; Mt. Diablo and southward to Southern California. Sierra
Nevada, Last of Apr.-May.
2. LASTARRIAEA Remy.
Small fragile annual, diffusely branched from the base. Leaves
linear, in cauline whorls and in a radical tuft which disappears early.
Floral bracts in whorls, with hooked awns. Involucrenone. Flowers
sessile in the forks and terminal. Calyx simulating an involucre,
tubular, 5 to 6-cleft to the middle, the teeth with recurved hooked
awns. Stamens 8, inserted on the throat, with a small membranous
tooth on each side of the filaments. (Jose Victorino Lastarria, 1817—
1888, Chilean publicist and writer on the constitutional history of
Chile.)
1. L. Chilensis Remy. Branches 2 to 4 or 8 in. long; floral
bracts concealing the flowers; perianth 1 to 14 lines long.
Introduced from Chile. Antioch; southward to Fresno and Mon-
terey Cos. and Southern California. May-June.
8. CHORIZANTHE R. Br.
Low dichotomously branched annual herbs of summer, with
rosulate radical leaves (which disappear early in the dry season).
Cauline leaves opposite or ternate, frequently reduced and bracteate,
the bracts sometimes unilateral. Involucres (in ours) 1-flowered;°
tubular or funnel-form, always sessile, 3 to 6-angled or -costate, and 3
to 6-toothed or -cleft; teeth divaricate, cuspidate or awned, the awns
very frequently with a hooked tip. Flowers pedicellate or nearly
sessile, ebracteolate, included within the involucre or the segments
protruding, Calyx 6-parted or -cleft, often colored, never herbaceous.
Stamens usually 9 (seldom 8 or 6), adnate to the base of the tube.
Ovary glabrous. Embryo with inflexed or straight radicle. (Greek
chorizo, to divide, and anthos, flower, on account of the parted
perianth.)
150 POLYGONACE.
Involucral teeth equal or the three alternate shorter.
Erect plants. , "
Calyx-segments equal, nearly distinct; involucre with broad scarious margin
. C. membranacea.
Calyx-segments very unequal, the alternate shorter; involucial margin
TONG) i oen ies ak tore GRE OY eG cae te Se ge Em et ew 2. C. valida.
Calyx shortly cleft, segments equal; involucral margin none or scanty. .
3._C. robusta.
Erect or diffuse plants; involucral margins pink or white; calyx shortly cleft;
segments equal... ......... 452% Pea 4 4. U. Douglasii.
Prostrate plants; calyx segments equal.
Involucre usually margined; stamens9 . .5. C. pungens.
Involuere not margined; stamens3........... 6. C. Clevelandi.
Involucral teeth very unequal, 1 long and 5 very short; prostrate Sa ey an
7. C. uniaristata,
1. C. membranacea Benth.. Erect, 6 to 12 or 14 in. high,
unbranched, or once or twice dichotomous at the summit of the stem;
herbage lanate throughout, floccose in age, the upper surface of the
leaves glabrate; internodes about 2 in. long; leaves 3 to 1} in. long,
linear, sessile, or gradually narrowed into a short petiole; involucres
condensed into dense head-like cymes, these solitary in the upper
axils and terminating the branches; margin of the involucre wholly
scarious between the awned teeth; awns slender, uncinate, and
strongly divergent; flowers 2 to 8, of these 1 or 2 undeveloped or
nearly obsolete; calyx-segments distinct, broadly obspatulate with
long narrow claw.
Inner Coast Ranges from the Vaca Mountains to Mt. Diablo.
2. C. valida Wats. Erect, 4 to 6 in. high, once or twice di- or
tri-chotomously branched; leaves spatulate; involucral teeth or lobes
not margined but awned; awns mostly straight; inflorescence similar:
to the preceding; flowers pedicellate, partly exserted; calyx segments
oblong, erose-denticulate, hirsute along the back on the midvein,
very unequal (the alternate only 3 as long).
Sonoma, Samuels; Petaluma; Russian River. Rarely collected.
3. C. robusta Parry. Stout, 6 to 24 in. high, ternately and
dichotomously branched above, the stem below bearing two or three
whorls of spatulate leaves, 2 in. long or less; heads large, dense,
mostly terminal or sub-terminal; involucres with narrow margins or
none, teeth mostly uncinate, the alternate shorter; calyx cleft 4 the
way down, slightly exserted or not at all; segments equal, oblong,
apiculate.
Sandy soil at Alameda and near Santa Cruz. Apparently a good
species but not well marked save by its erect habit and regular
branching.
4. C. Douglasii Benth. Erect, with slender diffuse branches from
the base or more commonly simple below the first or second nodes, 3
to 10 in. high, pubescent throughout; radical leaves oblanceolate;
cauline similar but reduced, above, 3 to 6 lines long; involucres
in small loose clusters, each 14 lines long, densely hairy in the
furrows, with. pink scarious margins und straight or uncinate awns;
calyx segments apiculate, the alternate often emarginate; hairy on
the back,
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 154
Santa Cruz Mountains. The var. pIFFUsA Parry (C, diffusa Benth. )
has the cauline leaves all reduced to narrow or very small bracts and
the margins of the involucre usually white.
5. C. pungens Benth. Somewhat slender, villous-pubescent, the
branches prostrate or at first erect, 2 to 12 or 15 in. long, sub-
dichotomous; leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, } to 1} in. long, oppo-
site petioles of the cauline leaves 3 lines long, those of the radical 9
lines or less; bracts linear or subulate acerose; involucres clustered on
short lateral branchlets 2 to 3 lines long, unequally toothed, the
alternate shorter; teeth of the involucre scarious margined, strongly
uncinate; calyx narrowed at base, cleft about $ the way down; seg-
ments equal, oblong, erose-denticulate at summit, mucronulate;
stamens '), unequal, filaments plainly adnate to the lower part of the
tube; styles slender, equaling the stamens. :
Sand hills, San Francisco Peninsula southward to Monterey. ©.
cuspidata Wats. is plainly a synonym.
6. C. Clevelandi Parry. Plants prostrate, branched from the
base, 4 to 16 in. broad, hairy pubescent; radical leaves ovate-spatulate,
eauline leaves narrow and pungent; involucre with unequal divergent
uncinate teeth; outer calyx segments shortly cleft, broadly ovate,
erose; inner narrow and laciniate; stamens 3.
Coast Ranges north of, San Francisco Bay, toward the interior:
Napa and Lake Cos.
7. C. uniaristata T. & G. Stems prostrate, 2 to 6 in. long, with a
short soft pubescence; leaves broadly spatulate, the bracts oblanceo-
late, cuspidate; involucres numerous but rather loosely cymose on
the branches or sometimes densely clustered; involucral teeth not
margined but awned; one awn long and straight, the others very
short and hooked; flowers cream-colored; outer segments of the calyx
entire, obovate, the inner 4 as long, oblong; stamens 3.
Base of Mt. Diablo, June, 1884, M. K. Curran (the inner calyx
segments not entire); more common southward: Salinas, Palirer.
4. OXYTHECA Nutt.
Slender annuals with the internodes more or less covered with
stipitate glands and a repeatedly dichotomous inflorescence. Leaves
in a rosette at base. Bracts foliaceous and more or less connate, often
in 8’s. Involucres few-flowered, more or less distinctly pedicellate,
campanulate or turbinate, 3 to 5-cleft, the teeth bearing a bristle or
awn, or awnless. Flowers mostly exserted. Calyx segments equal,
glandular-pubescent on the outside. Stamens 9. Achene commonly
lenticular. (Greek oxus, sharp, and theke, case, in allusion to the
spiny involucre.) . :
1. O. hirtiflora (Gray) Greene. About 6 in. high, glandular-
puberulent; leaves oblong-spatulate, with scabrous ciliate margins
and a broad red mid-vein; bracts hispid; involucres awnless, turbinate,
3 line long, deeply and unequally 4-lobed, on erect or nodding pedi-
cels 1 to 8 lines long; flowers 3 to 5, yellowish, tinged with red, } line
long; achenes triangular, exserted.—(Eriogonum hirtiflorum Gray.)
152 POLYGONACER.
Mt. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton, acc, to Greene; Sierra Nevada.
O. INERMIS Wats. has been doubtfully credited to Mt. Diublo.—
Bracts 2 or 8 lines long; involucres shortly pediceled, 4-cleft nearly
to the base, awnless; flowers rose-color, 4 line long; inner segments
smaller and retuse.
‘6
5, ERIOGONUM Michx.
Annuals or perennials with radical or alternate or whorled leaves
without stipules, the upper bract-like. Flowers perfect, involucrate.
Involucre 4 to 8-toothed or -lobed, several to many-flowered; pedicels
more or less exserted, intermixed with narrow scarious bracts, Calyx
6-parted or -cleft, colored, persistent about the achene. Stamens 9,
inserted on the base of the calyx. Styles 3; stigmas capitate.
Achene triangular, except in a few species. Embryo straight, in the
axis of scanty endosperm; cotyledons foliaceous. (Greek erion, wool,
and gonu, knee or joint, the nodes hairy in some species. )
Involucres turbinate, deeply lobed, the lobes becoming reflexed, disposed in a
simple or compound umbel. raised on a scape-like peduncle from a leafy
perennial and more or less woody base; calyx narrowed to a stipe-like base;
filaments hairy below.
Woody base much branched; leaves obovate to oblanceolate; acute, 44 to 1
LM LON 2s gy is. i set ads Fie Pah Seat eee Gs 8) White Bae ge 1. £, stellatum.
Woody base very short and simple; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate at base, 114
to 2 iy, JON a yi ow als 4 Bae So Re ee 2. E. compositum.
Involucres eylindric-turbinate or prismatic, 5 to 6-nerved, with erect teeth,
always sessile, either disposed in heads in a cymose panicle or umbel-like
inflorescence or solitary and scattered along the virgate branches; calyx not
attenuate at base; filaments usually glabrous.
Peduncles scape-like; involucres capitate-clustered; perennials,
Heads 1 to 3 or 4, large and terminal, or the peduncle forked and umbel-
like; bractlets densely villous-tomentose. .... 3. E. latifolium.
Heads scattered in an amplecymose panicle; bractlets pare. Bs te Sei oh Se
. nudum.
Stems parted from the base or above the base into mostly elongated flowering
branches, along which the solitary involucres are scattered, rarely 2 to
several in a cluster.
Perennials, with short woody stems which are densely leafy.
Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, acute; bracts all small] and triangular. .
5. EB. Wrightii
" : var. trachygonum,
Leaves roundish; lower bracts subfoliaceous. .. 6. E. sazatile.
Annuals; leaves mostly in a rosette at base.
Infloresceuce somewhat umbel-like, the 2 to 4 rays once or twice di- or tri-
chotomous, or lor2simple..........02 7. E. truncatum.
Plants for the most part di- or tri-chotomously parted from the base or
the middle, with the flowering branches much elongated and the
involueres s attered along them.
Involucres narrow or turbinate, 1 to 134 lines long; flowers glabrous;
often diffusely branched.
Stems and inflorescence glabrous; teeth of the involucre inconspicuous
i 9. E. vimineum.
White-woolly throughout; teeth of the involucre prominent. .
8. E. gracive.
sometimes very diffuse... 2... -.. .11. E. dasyanthemum.
Involucres turbinate, on filiform pedicels; panicle repeatedly dichotomous, com-
monly leafy at the modes; . 5 6 a ik ce ee ee eG . 12. E. angulosum.
1. E. stellatum Benth. Somewhat tomentose, the leaves densely
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 153
tomentose on both sides or glabrate above; peduncles naked from a
diffusely branched woody base, the branches leafy, especially at the
ends; leaves obovate to oblanceolate, acute, } to 1 in. long; peduncle
naked, 6 to 10 in. high, bearing an umbel of 2 to 4 usually elongated
and cymosely-divided rays; nodes and lateral rays all leafy-bracted;
lobes of the involucre nearly as long as the turbinate tube; flowers
yellow or yellowish, slightly tinged with red on the outside, 2 or 8
lines long.
Sierra Nevada. Of infrequent occurrence in the Coast Ranges;
summits of Mt, Diablo, Mt. Hamilton, and Mt. San Carlos, south-
ward to Southern California.
2. E. compositum Dougl. Peduncles stout, 6 to 16 in. high
from a simple short caudex; leaves oblong-ovate, cordate at base, 1}
to 2in. long, white-tomentose on the under side, the upper surface
green and merely woolly-flocculent; petioles long (1} to 4in.); umbel
either simple or compound, the rays 6 to 9, } to 2 in. long, each
bearing a short several-rayed umbellet, subtended by whorls of linear-
oblanceolate leaves; lobes of involucre short; flowers 2 to 4 lines
long, cream-colored or yellow.
Mountains of Napa and Sonoma Cos, acc. to Greene; voleanic
rocks near Long Valley, Mendocino Co., Bolander, and northward.
Rays often with a blackish band at middle.
3. E. latifolium Smith. Stout, tomentose throughout, the indu-
rated caudex with short leafy branches; leaves 1 to 2 in. long,
oblong to ovate, obtuse or acute at apex, rounded or cordate at base,
rarely cuneate, the margin often undulate and upper surface glabrate ©
with under surface very densely woolly; petiole often margined;
peduncles erect or ascending, 5 to 12 in. high, very stout, not
fistulous; bracts triangular; involucres very many-flowered, crowded
into large heads which are either solitary and terminal or few in a
simple or nearly simple umbel; involucres tomentose, 2 lines long;
flowers glabrous, light rose-color, 1} lines long; bractlets densely
villous-tomentose.
Rocky or sandy places along the sea-coast from Humboldt Co. to
Southern California. June-July.
4. E. nudum Dougl. Tall and slender, sparingly leafy at base,
mostly glabrous above; leaves broadly ovate or oblong, obtuse, 3 to 2
in. long, cordate or abruptly cuneate at base, on slender petioles,
undulate, densely tomentose beneath, becoming glabrate above;
peduncle (fistulous and sometimes inflated) and the sparingly-
branched panicle a foot or two high, smooth; involucres 2 or 3 lines
long, glabrous or nearly. so, usually 3 to 6 in each cluster; flowers
glabrous or sometimes more or less villous, 1 to 1} lines long, white or
reddish, sometimes sulphur-yellow.
Common in both the Coast Ranges and Sierras, in the dry foothills
and at middle elevations.
Var. oblongifolium Wats. Leaves broadly oblong, 1 to 23 in.
long, abruptly contracted to slender petioles 3 in. long; perianth
154 POLYGON ACES.
usually somewhat pubescent on the inner lobes. —Napa Co., and
northward. ;
5. E. Wrightii Torr. var. trachygonum. Woody base much
branched, the branches erect, very leafy and 6 to 11 in. high; leaves
obovate or oblanceolate, acute, white-tomentose on both faces, short-
petioled, 3 to 6 lines long, often with smaller ones fascicled in the
axils, or the lowermost twice as long with longer petioles; inflores-
cence short-peduncled, once or twice dichotomous, the branches erect;
lower involucres scattered, the upper approximate, campanulate-
tubular, prominently but obtusely angled and woolly between the
angles; flowers 2} lines broad; sepals white with a green midrib, the
inner longer than the outer.—(E. trachygonum Torr.)
Dry gravel beds of interior streams from Putah Creek, Jepson,
southward to the Mt. Diablo range, Brewer, and about Mt. Hamilton,
Greene. Sept.—Oct.
6. E. saxatile Wats. Tomentose throughout, becoming floceu-
lent, 8 to 16 in. high, the base of the peduncles or caudex densely
leafy; leaves roundish, both sides with a dense, often felt-like
tomentum, 8 to 8 lines broad, short-petioled; peduncle 3 to 5 in. high,
the branches of the inflorescence short and spreading; bracts (espe-
cially the lower) subfoliaceous, triangular or oblong, acute; involucre
14 to 2 lines long, its teeth acute; flowers yellowish or rose-tinted, 2.
lines long; sepals all spatulate-oblong and carinate, about equal.
Southern California northward to Mt. Hamilton, ace. to Greene.
July.
7. E.truncatum T. & G. Slender thinly tomentose annual 1 ft.
high, with many stems from the base; leaves obovate or oblong-
oblanceolate, with undulate margin, 1 in. long, attenuate to a
slender petiole usually quite as Jong; peduncle short, bearing a leafy-
bracted umbel-like inflorescence of 4 to 6 elongated rays, which are
loosely once or twicedi- or tri-chotomous; bracts nearly minute; in-
volucres solitary or 2 to 4 in a cluster, tomentose, oblong-turbinate,
2 lines long; flowers light rose-color, 1 line long.
Dry foothills east of Mt. Diablo, where first collected by Brewer,
May 29, 1862. ‘
8. E. gracile Benth. Floccose-tomentose throughout, somewhat
strict and narrowly panicled, or more diffuse, 5 to 11 in. high; leaves
oblanceolate or broadly oblong, attenuate to a slender petiole, 1 to 13
in. long or less, tomentose on both sides or less so above; bracts more
or less elongated or somewhat fuliaceous; involucres 1 line long or
less, broader above, with rigid acute, and rather prominent teeth,
se dark brown; flowers white, rose-color or yellowish, % line
ong.
Dry plains or valleys; Solano Co., and southward.
9. E. vimineum Dougl. Glabrous or at least not tomentose,
unless at the very base, erect, 9 to 18 in. high, much branched from
near the base, the branches elongated and virgate, with the lower
commonly in whorls of 4 or 5; lower forks often leafy; leaves orbic-
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 155
ular to broadly ovate, 8 to 10 lines broad, greenish, reddish, or
yellowish, white tomentose below; margin undulate, at least in age;
the petioles as long or longer; involucres very narrow, 1 line long;
flowers rather few, rose-color, or yellowish, 1 line long; outer sepals
obovate, inner oblong.
' Common in the Coast Ranges, especially towards the interior,
ept.
Var, caninum Greene (E, Nortoni Greene as to plant of Bay
Region). Stems numerous from the base, repeatedly di- or at first
tri-chotomous, procumbent or very diffuse, sometimes erect and
branching only above the base; inflorescence and stems reddish;
involueres mostly at the ends of the short branches or sessile in the
forks.—Oakland Hills; Tiburon. July-Oct.
10. E. virgatum Benth. Tomentose throughout, stem slender,
erect, simple, or the few branches strict, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves
rosulate at the base, oblanceolate, an inch or two long, on slender
petioles, the margin usually undulate; involucres rather remote,
tomentose, cylindric, 2 lines long; bracts lancevlate, shorter than the
involucres; flowers 1 line long, buff or sulphur-yellow,
Stream beds of Coast *Range rivers and creeks: Putah Creek;
Kelseyville, Lake Co.; Russian River near Cloverdale; Walnut
Creek; also in the Sierras. Aug.—Nept.
11. E. dasyanthemum T. & G. Plants clothed with a thin coat
of tomentum which is soon deciduous, 1 to 2 ft. high, more or less
umbellately branching from or near the base, and often very bushy in
habit; leaves roundish, plane, tomentose below, less so above, 3 to 1}
in. long, abruptly contracted to a slender petivle as long or half as
long; involucres rather remote, cylindric, 2 lines long, tomentose
between the callous ribs; flowers few, scarcely exserted, white or
rose-color, densely villous on the outside.
North Coast Range country towards the interior; Vaca Mountains
to Clear Lake, where first collected by Bolander and later by Torrey.
Sept.
ae Jepsonii Greene. Lower branches in whorls of 8 to 5; lower
leaves 2 in. long; panicle ample; flowers deep red.—Gates’ Cajion,
Vaca Mountains,
12. E.angulosum Benth. Gray tomentose or nearly green, 3 to
14 in. high, diffusely branching from near the base, and repeatedly
dichotomous, the plants frequently broader than Ingh; branches 4 to
6-angled; radical leaves roundish to broadly obiong or lanceolate,
commonly undulate, 4 to 1 in. long, on rather short petioles; upper
leaves oblong to lanceolate or oblanceolate, sessile or nearly so; invo-
lucres on filiform pedicels 8 to 8 lines long, mostly in the forks or
terminal, hemispherical, 1 to 2 lines broad, many-flowered, glabrous
or minutely glandular, bractlets mostly firm and dilated; calyx seg-
ments pink with a red-purple midvein running nearly to the apex,
3 line long, nearly glabrous; outer segments ovate, concave, the
inner oblong-lanceolate.
Common in Southern California and in the Upper San Joaquin
156 POLYGONACER.
Valley northwestward to Monterey; Corral Hollow, Brewer; Tracy,
Benj. Cobb; Stockton, Parry. Apr.
6. RUMEX L.
Weed-like perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, the petioles with
entire somewhat sheathing stipules. Flowers greenish, reddish or
yellowish, crowded and commonly whorled in panicled racemes.
Catyx of 6 sepals, nearly distinct, the 3 inner larger, petal-like,
accrescent in fruit and connivent over the achene, 1 or more of them
usually bearing a callous grain or tubercle on the back; the 38 outer
spreading or reflexed. Stamens 6. Styles 3, short; stigmas tufted.
Achene triangular. Embryo lateral. (Old Latin name used by
Puiny.)
EmMeExX AUSTRALIS Steinh., native of South Africa and Australia, is
adventive on our sea-beaches, acc. to Greene; flowers unisexual;
pistillate calyx in fruit thick and almost woody and the outer lobes
thorn-like.
Flowers dicecious; inner sepals without callous grains, not reticulated and not
louger than the achene; leaves hastate.—SoRREIS. . . 1. R. Acetosella.
Flowers perfect or andro-monecious; inner sepals commonly reticulated; in
fruit becoming much onger than the achene; leaves never hastate.—Docks.
Inner fruiting sepals entire (or only low-denticulate) and
Not grain-bearing, 3 tu6 lines long. .......... 2. R. occidentalis.
All grain-bearing, or 1 or 2 nak: d, 1 to 2% lines long; pedicels jointed near
the base, reeurved or geniculate.
Leaves strongly undulate, elliptical to oblong-lanceolate .... .
3. R. crispus.
Leaves slightly undulate, mostly oblong orovate. .4. R. conglomeratus.
Leaves plane, Janceolate ..........-.22004 5. R. salte:folius.
Tange fruiting sepals with very prominent slender teeth or bristles, grain-
earing.
Perennial; flowers in dense whorls, the whorls remote.
Flowering branches divaricate; pedicels jointed in the middle .....
6. R. pulcher.
Flowering branches sub-erect; pedicels jointed near the base ......
7. R. obtusifolius.
Annual; whorls mostly spicate-crowded; pedicels jointed near the base.
8. R. persicarioides.
1. R.Acetosella L. Sorrer. Stems tufted, commonly 9in. high;
radical and lower leaves hastate, the upper reduced or the branches
leafless and ending in the reddish (pistillate) or yellowish (staminate)
panicle; pedicels capillary, as long or twice as long as the flowers;
staminate flowers 1 line long or less, the pistillate } as long.
Introduced. Very common in the seaward Coast Range region,
Prepageang freely by creeping roots and often hard to exterminate,
ay.
2. R. occidentalis Wats. Wxsrern Dock. Erect, glabrous,
stout, and nearly simple, commonly 8 or 4 ft. high; leaves somewhat
fleshy, oblong-ovate or ovate, truncate or subcordate at base, mostly
narrowed toward the apex, the blade 16 in. long or less, the petioles
of the radical leaves longer than the blade; panicle strict, mostly very
dense, 1 ft. long or more, leafless or with a few small leaves below,
rosy in fruit; pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, obscurely jointed below the
middle; inner fruiting sepals broadly ovate, subcordate.
Marshes bordering the bays.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 157
8. R.crispus L. Curzy Dock. Stoutish, commonly 2 ft. high;
leaves bluish-green, very wavy-margined or crisped, elliptical to
oblong-lanceolate, the base often somewhat decurrent upon the petiole,
10 in. long or less; flowering branches strict, with few leaves, the
whorls dense and mostly crowded; pedicels twice as long as the fruit,
tumidly jointed near the base; inner fruiting sepals broadly ovate,
scarcely cordate, 2 to 23 lines long, all with smooth callous grains.
Very common naturalized weed in neglected lands. May-June.
4. R. conglomeratus Murr. Grezn Dock. Stems slender,
mostly clustered, 3 to 4 ft. high; leaves ovate or mostly oblong,
slightly undulate, 4 in. long, reduced above; flowering branches
slender, the whorls remote, with a lanceolate or ovate leaf subtending
every whorl or almost naked; pedicels slender about as long as the
fruit, tumidly jointed near the base and geniculate; inner fruiting
sepals oblong, $ to 14 lines long, callous grains mostly 3 and smooth.
aturalized. Very abundant in low lands about San Francisco
Bay, sometimes exclusively occupying several acres. June—Aug.
The grain is very large, nearly covering the fruiting sepal, leavin
only a narrow wing; in R. crispus the grain is relatively small and
the fruiting sepal large. In both of these species the blade is more or
less decurrent upon the petiole; in R. occidentalis not decurrent.
R. conglomeratus is a much more slender and a taller plant than
R. crispus.
5. R. salicifolius Weinm. WiILLow-LEavep Dock. Com-
monly tufted, 2 ft. high; leaves plane, glaucous, lanceolate, acute at
both ends, petiolate, 14 to 4 in. long, including the short petiole;
flowering branchlets short, about 2 in. long and the lateral mostly
divaricate; whorls dense, crowded, leafless, or 1 or 2 lower whorls
remote and leafy; pedicels rather shorter than the fruit, jointed near
the base and recurved but not geniculate; inner fruiting sepals
triangular-ovate, 1 to 2 lines long, the callous grains variable in
number, smooth or pitted. :
Not so common as R. crispus but found throughout California in
valley lands. May easily be recognized by its glaucous willow-like
foliage.
6. R. pulcher L. Frppre Dock. Stem slender but rigid,
widely branched above, the branches zigzag; leaves oblong or fiddle-
shaped, 8 to 5} in. long, petiolate; flowering branches simple, divari-
cate, sparsely leafy, the dense whorls remote; pedicels stout, about
equaling the fruit, tumidly jointed in the middle; inner fruiting sepals
with 5 to 10 awn-like teeth on each side, one sepal often larger than
others; callous grain often solitary.
Common naturalized wayside weed, readily recognized by its zig-
zag branches. ‘June.
7. R. obtusifolius L. Brrrer Dock. Tall, slender, 3 ft. high
or more; leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, somewhat undulate,
acute or obtuse, truncate or cordate at base, 6 in. long or less, long-
158 POLYGONACE®.
petioled; flowering branches in a rather strict panicle, leafless or with
a few little-reduced leaves at the base; whorls loose, not crowded, the
lower remote, pedicels slender, 1 to 2 times as long as tlie fruit,
tumidly jointed toward the base; inner fruiting sepals ovate-deltoid,
13 to 8 lines long, with 8 to 5 thin triangular or subulate teeth on
each side; grain 1 only or with 2 other small ones.
Introduced species in low lands, rarely collected, perhaps mistaken
for R. conglomeratus. Lagunitas, Marin Co.; Presidio, San Fran-
cisco; and Alameda Co. July.-Sept. Inflorescence sometimes deep-
red,
8. R. persicarioides L. Gotpen Dock. Stems prostrate or
erect, seldom more than 1 ft. high, soft, mostly fistulous; herbage
vellowish-green, minutely pubescent; leaves oblong or lanceolate,
truncate or subcordate at base, acute at apex, a little undulate, the
blade 2 to 4 in. long, rather short-petioled; inflorescence spicate-
compacted with scattered sub-equal leaves, or the lower whorls remote;
pedicels capillary, very unequal, tumidly jointed at base; inner fruit-
ing sepals # to 1} lines long, acutely produced at apex, with 2 or 3
awn-like teeth on each side; callous grains 8.
Shores of lakes or in marshy lands. Mountain Lake, San Francisco;
Alvarado. July-Aug.
7. POLYGONUM L.
Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants. Leaves entire, alternate, with
searious sheathing stipules (‘‘sheaths’’\, these entire, ciliate or lacerate.
Flowers white, red, or greenish, on jointed pedicels. Calyx red,
white, or sometimes greenish, in all ours 5-cleft or -parted, the divi-
sions erect in fruit. Stamens4to9. Styles 2 or 3. Achene lentic-
ular or triangular, enclosed in the fruiting calyx, Embryo curved,
lying in a groove at an angle of the endosperm. (Greek polus, many,
and gonu, knee, on account of the nodose zigzag stem of many
species. )
Flowers in axillary clusters, either widely separated or crowded into a terminal
raceme, with foliaccous bracts; stamens mostly &, the filaments or some of
them often dilated at base; achene triangular: leaves mostly narrow aud
lanceolate or linear, jointed upon a very short peticle adnate to the short
sheath of the scarious si:ipules.—Subgenus AVICULARIA.
Perennial and more or le-s snffrntescent.
Flowers several in a cluster, crowded at the ends of the branches; stipules
conspicuously lacerate: lerves revolute; stems ascending or prostrate,
from large woody rootstocks.. 2 6... ee 1. P. Paronychia.
Flowers 1 or 2 in each axil, less crowded; stipules 2-lobed, the lower lobe
lacerate; leaves p:ane; flowering stems strictly erect Irom horizon al or
prostrate woody branches or froin the woody crown of a very strong
taproot... see Oe ge es Ve Pe Bolanderi:
Annuals.
Prostrate; branches leafy tothe ends... ...... 8. P. aviculare.
Erect; leaves diminishing upwards and hecoming brac'-like, the branches
terminatiny in more or lessloose spikes... . . .4. P. spergularixforme.
Flowers spicate, solitary in the axils, the internodes very short; stamens 8;
achene triangular; leaves very narrow, not jointed to the lacerate stipule;
ours slender wiry brittle annuals.—Subgenus Duravia.
Plants 3 to7 in. high; flowers in terminal or axillary spikes... ....
5. P. Californicum.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 159
Plants 1 to 2 in. high, flowering even from the base; leaves] to 2 lines long
6. P. Parryi. >
Flowers in dense spicate racemes (osually geminate or panienlate), with small
scarious bracts; calyx 5-parted, appressed to the triangular or lenticular
achene; stamens 4 to &, filaments filiform; leaves ample, not jointed to the
petiole.—Subgenus PERSICARI4.
Racemes solitary or sometimes 2; flowers red; stamens 5, exserted; achene
lenticular; mostly aquatic perennials.
Sheathing stipules neither fringed at summit nor with a spreading margin.
Leaves mostly elliptical or oblung; spikes oblong or ovate, 4% to 1 in. long
7. P. amphibium.,
Leaves ovate-lanceolate; spikes more elongated, 1to3in.long. .....
; 8. P. Muhlenbergii.
Sheathing stipules ciliate-fringed at summit and with aspreading foliaceous
DORKS soe wm to od RR aR SR 9. P. Hartwrightii.
Racemes several to many, geminate or more or less paniculate; stamens 6 to
8, included; achene either lenticular or triangular. :
Sheathing stipules waked in age; racemes often drooping; sepals white or
flesh-color; stamens 6; annual... .. 2.0... 10. P. lapathifolium.
Sheathiig stipules fringed with bristles; racemes erect.
Sepals pink, red ur gieenish; racemes not interrupted; stamens generally
GF ANNUAL se ee es oe Gls A HER eG 11. P. Persicaita.
Sepals greenish and glandular-dotted; racemes interru:-ted; stamens 8;
perennial of marshy places... .. . » . 12. P. punetatum.
Flowers in loose panicled racemes; stamens 8; achene triangular; leaves
cordate; twining plants.—Subgenus TINIARIA.
Annual, . i . 13. P. Convolvulus.
1, P. Paronychia C. & 8S. Stems suffrutescent, prostrate or
ascending, 1 to 3 ft. long; branches leafy above, below clothed with
old sheaths; sheaths large, 4 to 6 lines long, brown and 5-nerved, the
margin freely lacerate above, persistent, the segments becoming hair-
like in age; leaves linear-lanceolate, 5 to 8 or 11 lines long, acute, the
margin revolute; flowers about 3 in an axil, on short pedicels, densely
crowded at the ends of the branches in short more or less leafy spikes;
sepals rose-color, veined with green or brown, 8 lines long, oblong-
obovate; stamens 8; styles as long as the ovary; achene smooth and
shining, 2 lines long or more.
Sandy hil!s near the coast: San Francisco and northward.
2. P. Bolanderi Brewer. Taproot woody and strong, either with
& conspicuous crown or with horizontally spreading or prostrate
suffrutescent branches 4 or 5 in. long; stems of the season numerous
and erect, either arising from the woody crown or from _ the suffrutes-
cent branches, 5 to 10 in. high, slender, simple, with short strict
leafy branchlets towards the top; sheathing stipules scarious, 2-lobed;
the lower lobe finely Jacerate, persistent; leaves narrowly linear to
subulate, acute or cuspidate, 2 or 3 lines long, not revolute; flowers 1
or 2 in the axils on the branchlets, involucrate with a sheaf-like
scarious bract on the joint of the very short pedicel, 1} lines long;
calyx 5-parted; sepals white or rose-color, with a green midrib, oblong-
ovate, slightly spreading; stamens 8 or 9, included; styles 3-parted;
achene triangu'ar. ;
On rocky outeroppings, mostly in the lowest foothills; known only
from the Mayacamas Range and parallel chains: Suscol Hills; Hood’s
Peak; east of Napa City, and northward to the La Jota Plateau on
Howell Mountain, July—Sept.
160 POLYGONACES.
8. P. aviculare L. Wire Grass. Yarp Grass. Glabrous
and green; stems wiry, minutely striate, prostrate, often several ft.
long, flowering from the base; leaves oblong, acute, 3 to 6 lines long;
flowers on very short pedicels, 2 lines broad when expanded; calyx
cleft into oblong lobes which are white with a green center; stamens
8, the 3 inner with dilated bases; styles 3, very short; achene ovoid,
dark brown, minutely granular.
Naturalized: common in hard, especially beaten soils, and some-
-times in cultivated lands; flowering through the summer into early
winter.
4. P. spergularieforme Meisn. Annual, much branched and
somewhat diffuse, or sparingly branched and more strictly erect, 4 to
13 in. high; sheaths with a short mostly scarious base and lacerate
summit; leaves linear or oblanceolate, at least narrow, 1-nerved,
acute, 6 to 18 lines long; spikes 4 in. long or less, very slender, the
flowers much scattered below, crowded above; calyx rose-color or
white; stamens 8, included, the filaments hardly dilated at base;
style as long as the ovary, 8-parted.—(P. coarctatum Dougl.)
Dry hills. Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co., ace. to Greene; lower
slopes of Mt. St. Helena on the Middleton grade, Davy; and north-
ward to the Mt. Shasta Region. Oct.
5. P. Californicum Meisn. Annual, 3 to 7 in. high; diffusely
branched just above the base, the stems slender and wiry, the ulti-
mate branches elongated and floriferous; herbage glabrous, but the
brownish stems striate and minutely scabrous; leaves linear to filiform,
cuspidate, 8 to 6 lines long, not jointed to the sheathing stipules which
are deeply lacerate-fringed:and imbricated on the upper portion of the
very slender and elongated spikes; bracts subulate, 1 or 2 lines long;
flowers solitary and sessile in each axil; sepals white with rose-colored
midvein; achene narrowly lanceolate, slightly exserted; styles slightly
divergent.
Dry hills from Napa Valley and Lake Co. to northern California.
6. P. Parryi Greene. Dwarf compact annual, commonly branch-
ing from base, 1 to 2 in. high; stems rigid and brittle, bearing flowers
even to the base; leaves narrowly linear, acute, cuspidate, 1 to 2 lines
long; stipules so extremely lacerate as to appear cottony, and often
hiding the flowers; flowers solitary and sessile in the axils, the bract
broad, laciniate to the middle; stamens included; style 3-parted;
achene triangular. .
Sierra Nevada; Coast Ranges, Howell Mountain, acc. to Brandegee,
and (?) headwaters of the Eel in Lake Co., Jepson.
7. P. amphibium L. Water Prrsicarra. Aquatic glabrous
perennial with stout stems not branching above the rooting base;
leaves floating, elliptical to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, truncate or
rounded at base, 2 to 5 in. long on petioles nearly 1 to 24 in. long;
‘sheaths leaf-bearing at about the middle; spike terminal, dense, ovate
or oblong, % to 1 in. long, on a commonly short peduncle; calyx
bright rose-color, 1} to 8 lines long, the 5 stamens and 2-cleft style
exserted; achene lenticular, smooth.
BUCKWHEAT FAMILY. 161
Ponds and lakes in the mountains of the Coast Ranges and Sierra
Nevada and also in sloughs of the interior valleys.
8. P. Muhlenbergii Wats. Perennial, aquatic or in half dry
laces; leaves and upper portion of the simple stem appressed-
irsutulose or scabrous, the peduncle glandular with short hairs;
leaves thin, ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acuminate or even atten-
uate, usually rounded at base, 8 to 8 in. long, the petioles 1 to 3} in.
long; spikes 1 to 3 in. long, often in pairs; calyx rose-color or pink,
5-parted to-the middle; stamens 5, exserted; style 2-cleft; achene
lenticular.
Mountain Lake, San Francisco; Healdsburg, Alice King; ranging
: the interior (sloughs of the Lower Sacramento, Jepson). June—
ct.
9. P. Hartwrightii Gray. Perennial; closely allied to P.
amphibium but differing in its rough hairy sheaths, which are
ciliate and usually with an abruptly spreading herbaceous margin;
leaves mostly narrow, either lanceolate or oblong, 2 to 7 in. long, on
very short petioles, arising from the middle of the sheath.
Sierras; in the Bay Region, acc. to Greene.
10. P. lapathifolium L. Common Kyorwrsep. Annual, com-
monly stout, 1 to 4 ft. high, branching, glabrous except a very scanty
glandular pubescence on the peduncles and a scabrous pubescence on
the leaf-margins; leaves broadly lanceolate, attenuate upward from
near the base and mostly long-acuminate, cuneate at base and short-
petioled, 4 to 5 in. long; spikes axillary and terminal, oblong and
erect or linear and nodding, 1 in. long or more; calyx white or flesh-
color, 1 line long; stamens 6, included; styles 2 or 3-parted; achene
lenticular or rarely triangular.—(P. nodosum Pers.)
Common along streams or in low or marsh land, often whitening
great areas. Aug.—Sept.
11. P. Persicaria L. Lapy’s Tuums. Resembling P. lapathi-
folium but the sheaths and bracts conspicuously ciliate; leaves sub-
sessile; spikes shorter and erect; stamens generally 6, included; style
2 or 3-parted.
Rarely seen.
12. P. punctatum Ell. Dorrep SMart-wEED. Perennial, root-
ing and decumbent at base, erect and branching above, 2 to 5 ft. high,
glabrous or the margin of the leaves scabrous; leaves lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, attenuate to a very short petiole, about
3 in. long; sheaths and the short bracts bristly-ciliate; inflorescence a
panicle of spike-like racemes, these loose and filiform, 1 to 3 in. long,
erect on long peduncles; calyx greenish, conspicuously glandular,
5-parted, 1 line long; stamens 8, included; styles 2 or 8-parted to
the base; achene lenticular or triangular.—(P. acre HBK.)
Common in low and especially marshy ground or in moist mountain
meadows; Howell Mountain. Sept.
13. P. Convolvulus L. Biack BiInpwrEEpD. Twining or trail-
ing, the stems 1 to several ft. long; herbage glabrous, pale green;
13
162 SAURURACE.
leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ovate, sagittate at base, acuminate at apex;
flowers either in axillary clusters or disposed in a raceme; calyx
5-cleft, in fruit minutely scurfy and closely investing the black
achene which is 2 lines long.
Introduced: region of Mt. Shasta; about Berkeley-acc. to Greene.
22. SAURURACEA. Lizarp-Tar, Famity.
Ours perennial astringent herbs, with nodose scape-like stems and
alternate entire petioled leaves. Flowers perfect, bracteate, in a dense
terminal spike. Perianth none. Stamens generally 8 to 6. Ovary
l-celled, with 1 to 5 stigmas. Fruit a capsule or berry.
1. ANEMOPSIS Hook.
Stoloniferous herb with aromatic rootstock and astringent somewhat
spicy herbage. Leaves mostly radical. Spike conical, surrounded at
base by a persistent showy involucre of 5 to 8 bracts; each flower
(except the lowest) also subtended by a small white bract. Stamens
6 to 8. Ovary sunk in the rachis of the spike, 1-celled, with 3 to 4
stigmas. Capsule dehiscent at the apex. (Greek anemone, and opsis,
appearance, since the flowers resemble those of Anemone.)
1. A. Californica Hook. YERBA Mansa. Stems hollow, 3 to
2 ft. high, with a broadly-ovate or elliptic clasping leaf above the
middle and a fascicle of 1 to 3 small petioled leaves in the axil;
radical leaves elliptic-oblong, rounded above, often somewhat nar-
rowed toward the cordate base, 2 to 8 in. long, on petioles 5 to 8 in.
long or less; spikes $ to 1} in. long; involucral bracts white (or
reddish beneath), oblong, $ to 14 in. long; floral bracts obovate,
unguiculate, 23 to 8 lines long; ovules 6 to 10 on each placenta.
Saline and rather wet places: Collinsville (Sacramento Valley) and
southward; Walnut Creek; Alameda Marshes; San Jose. May-
July. Flowers protandrous.
23. FRANKENIACEA. Franxenra Famtty.
Ours low perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants, with
opposite entire leaves and no stipules, perfect flowers, a 1-celled
superior ovary with 2 to 4 parietal placenta, and seeds with a straight
embryo.
1. FRANKENIA L.
Leaves small, crowded and fascicled in the axils. Flowers sessile,
solitary, or by the reduction of the upper leaves to bracts becoming
somewhat cymose. Calyx tubular, furrowed or almost prismatic,
4 or 5-toothed. Petals 4 or 5, appendaged at the very base of the
blade, the appendage decurrent on the claw. Stamens in ours about
6 (4 to 7), hypogynous, exserted from the tube. Style in ours 3-cleft,
included. Capsule included in the persistent calyx, 2 to 4-valved,
the seeds attached by filiform funiculi to the margins of the valves.
(Named for I. Frankenius, Swedish Professor of Medicine.)
CARYOPHYLLACE.E. 163
J. F. grandifolia C. & S. Yerba Reuma. Erect or diffuse,
slightly woody at base, 8 to 13 in. high, smooth or somewhat pubes-
cent or short-hirsute, particularly at the nodes; leaves obovate to
linear-oblanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long, with revolute margins, sessile or
short-petiolate, the opposite pair mostly united by a somewhat mem-
branaceous sheathing base; calyx 8 lines long, narrow-cylindrical,
with acute teeth; petals slightly irregular, pinkish, exserted 1 to 14
lines, with oblong blade erose at summit; filaments sometimes slightly
dilated below the middle; capsule linear, angled, shorter than the
calyx; seeds numerous.
Commion along the seashore, in salt marshes, and on alkaline plains
of the interior. Flowering through the summer into autumn.
24. CARYOPHYLLACEA. Pink Famity.
Herbs of inert properties, with commonly swollen nodes, simple
and entire leaves always opposite, and regular perfect flowers. Calyx
persistent. Corolla white, red or pink. Sepals and petals 5 (or 4),
the stamens as many and alternate with the petals or twice as many,
rarely fewer. Ovary superior, l-celled (imperfectly 3-celled in some
Silenes), with 2 to 5 styles and 1 to many ovules on u free central
placenta. Fruit a few to many-seeded, 1-celled capsule dehiscent at
the summit by short valves or teeth (these as many or twice as many
as the carpels), or 1-seeded and indehiscent, thus becoming a nutlet or
utricle. Embryo in all ours curved around the periphery of the seed,
the endosperm oceupying the center.
A. Fruit a capsule.
Sepals united into a 5-toothed tubular or campanulate calyx; petals narrowed
below into a conspicuous claw; these with the (10) stamens and ovary
* frequently raised above the calyx on a stipe; stipules none; flowers mostly
large and showy. ¥ 3
Styles 2, capsule opening by 4 short teeth; calyx with 5 prominent angles;
petals not appendaged. . .......-+2.-50: 1, VaccaRia.
Styles 3; capsule opening by 8 or 6 teeth or valves; claw of the petals com-
monly bearing scales or appendages at its junction with the bade =
. SILENE.
Styles 5; capsule coriaceous, opening by 5 teeth; ealyx-teeth conspicuously
prolonged; exceeding the large petals, these without appendages. ... .
3. AGROSTEMMA.
Sepals distinct; petals spreading, without claws or appendages, or in a few
species wanting; stamens 10 or 5 or fewer; ovary not stipitate; fruit a
capsule; low herbs. 3
Stipules none. 7
Petals retuse or bifid; styles 5, opposite thesepals. .... 4. CERASTIUM.
Petals parted almost to the base into narrow segments; styles30r4....
5. STELLARIA.
Petals entire; en J aa x 6
Petals entire or slightly emarginate, or none; styles 5, opposite She sepals. .
7. SaGiIna.
Stipules present, scarious (setaceous in no. 11).
Petals entire; mostly conspicuous for the group.
Styles 3, distinct; leaves opposite. ...... #: “owls LISSA.
Styles 5, distinct; leaves apparently whorled. ... . , 9. SPERGULA.
Petals minute or none. . i!
Styles 3, short, united below; leaves opposite or in 4’s, oblong or obovate
10. PoLYCARPON.
Style short or none; leaves opposite, subulate, cuspidate. 11. L@FLINGiA.
164 CARYOPHYLLACE.
B. Fruit a utricle or nutlet.
Sepals distinct or slightly united at base; petals none or represented by mere
pristle-like organs; stipules present; very small or prostrate herbs.
Annual; stipules 4nd flowers minute ............ 12, HERNIARIA.
Perennial; supules conspicuous, silvery-scarious. _ 7
Leaves subulate; sepals very unequal, armed with a divergent spine...
18. PENTACENA.
Leaves oblanceolate; sepals equal, cuspidate . . . ..14, PARONYCHIA.
1. VACCARIA Medic.
Glabrous glaucous annual with sessile exstipulate leaves and showy
red flowers in a broad loose flat-topped corymb. Calyx synsepalous,
ovate, with 5 prominent angles. Petals 5, clawed, not appendaged.
Stamens 10. Styles 2. Ovary 1-celled but with rudimentary parti-
tions at base. Capsule ovate, dehiscent at apex by 4 short teeth.
(From the Latin vacca, cow, some species used for fodder.)
1. V. vulgaris Host. Cow Hers. Two to 8 ft. high, dichoto-
mously branching above but strictly erect; leaves ovate, 3 or 4 in.
long with cordate-clasping base; flowers 7 to 9 lines long; petals red,
the blade obcordate and claw linear.
European grainfield weed introduced into California: Livermore;
Berkeley; Scott River Valley in northern California.
2. SILENE L. Carcu-riy. Campron.
Annual or perennial herbs, more or less viscid and mostly large-
flowered. Calyx tubular or inflated, 5-toothed. Petals 5, with long
claws; summit of the claw commonly furnished with an entire or
cleft scale or appendage, sometimes called a crown; blades spreading,
entire or more commonly cleft or laciniate. Stamens 10. Styles 3,
rarely 4. Capsule opening by 3 or 6 teeth at apex. (Name derived
from sialon, saliva, the stems and other parts viscid.)
Annuals.
Flowers in cymes with unequal branches; pubescent throughout. .... .
7 1. S. multinervia.
Flowers in a compound cyme; middle of each of the upper internodes with a
viscid belt, otherwise glabrous. ...... oe. ee. . 2. S antirrhina,
Flowers in a one-sided raceme; stems hirsute. ...... .3. S. Gallica.
Perennials.
Flowers large, 1 in. broad or more, pie tis of petals deeply cleft, the
segments bifid with entire or toothed lobes. ...... 4, S. Californica.
Flowers smaller, rose-color; blade of petals bifid to the middle, the lobes entire
or bearing @ very small lateral tooth. ......... .5. S. verecunda.
1. S. multinervia Wats. Erect, about 1 ft. high; pubescent
throughout, viscid-glandular above; leaves linear-oblong; inflores-
cence cymose with unequal branches; calyx ovate in fruit, about 20-
ribbed, the ribs equally prominent; petals small, purplish, without
appendages, not exceeding the subulate spreading calyx-teeth.
Said to be an introduced plant; listed as an exotic by Californian
authors under the name of Silene conoidea, but not S. conoidea of L.
ace. to Dr. B. L. Robinson, the American authority on this family.
Behavior plainly that of an immigrant but its origin unknown. Mt,
Tamalpais, Brandegee. Frequent in Southern California.
PINK FAMILY. 165
2. S. antirrhina L. Steepy Carcuriy. Erect, slender, spar-
ingly branched, 1 to 1} ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear,
1 in. long; inflorescence paniculate; pedicels 1 in. long, more or less,
filiform; flowers small; petals pink or red, the blade emarginate, 1
line long; appendages minute; capsule ovoid, 8 lines long.
Distributed throughout California but nowhere common: Mt.
Shasta, Jepson; region of San Francisco Bay.
8. S. Gallica L. Erect, simple or sparingly branched, 10 to 15
in. high, hirsute or hispidulous with spreading hairs; leaves spatulate-
obovate, 1 to 14 in. long; flowers in a mostly 1-sided raceme on very
short (1 to 2 lines long) pedicels; petals white or flesh-color, the blades
obovate and entire and appendages small; ovary almost completely
38-celled.
Introduced from Europe, the most common species, found every-
where in fields and along roadsides. Apr.—May. The petals are
commonly twisted one-fourth round or nearly so, thus resembling the
fans of a turbine windmill. i
S. picHotoma Ehrh. Vespertine Old World annual with inflores-
cence dichotomous and racemose; flowers white, 4 in. broad.—Occa-
sional in fields about Berkeley, acc. to Greene. 8. Cucusatus Ur-
bel, the Bladder Campion, another Old World weed, is naturalized at
Vallejo, acc. to Greene. It is perennial with white flowers and an
inflated calyx.
4, S. Californica Durand. Inpran Pinx. Root thick and stout,
descending vertically to a depth of 1 or 2 ft.; herbage puberulent and
more or less glandular; stems several, procumbent or half erect, very
leafy; leaves elliptic-ovate or ovate to oblanceolate, more or less
abruptly acuminate, 1 to 3 in. long; pedicels § to 1} in. long; calyx
7 to 10 lines long; corolla scarlet, more than 1 in. broad; petals deeply
cleft, the segments bifid with the lobes 2 fo 3-toothed or the lateral
smaller and entire; appendages conspicuous, with 3 or 4 minute
notches; capsule ovoid, concealed until dehiscence by the broad calyx;
seeds regularly papillate, the pe with a depression in the center.
Open woods of cajions and hillsides both in the Sierras and Coast
Ranges. June. ;
5. S. verecunda Wats. Finely pubescent below, glandular-
viscid above; stems several, erect or decumbent, 1 to 14 ft. long, leafy
especially near the base; leaves mostly linear-lanceolate oe those
below broadly oblong), all acute; flowers terminal or borne in
8-flowered lateral cymes, the pedicels short and stout; calyx eylindrie,
4 in, long, or becoming clavate or obovate as the fruit develops;
calyx-teeth with membranous margins; petals 9 lines long, rose-
color, the limb cleft to the middle into entire or slightly toothed
oblong lobes; appendages oblong or lanceolate, obtuse and often
notched at the apex. ; :
Not common: Mt. Diablo; San Francisco Peninsula; Pt. Reyes,
ace. to Davy; southward to Southern California. May-July.
8. AGROSTEMMA L.
Tall annual, sparingly branched above, with linear ex-stipulate
166 CARYOPHYLLACES.
leaves and few long-peduncled purplish-red flowers. Calyx synsepa-
lous, ovoid, with 10 strong ribs, the 5 teeth conspicuously prolonged
into foliaceous lobes exceeding the five large entire unappendaged
petals. Stamens 10. Capsule coriaceous, dehiscent by 5 teeth.
(Latin, ager, a tield, and stemma, a wreath, the showy flowers in
ancient times made into garlands. )
1. A. Githago L. Corn Cocxiz. Plants 14 ft. high; hairs
long, ascending or somewhat appressed; leaves 2 to 4 in. long, 14
lines wide, acute; flowers solitary and long-peduncled; calyx-teeth 3
to 1 in. or more in length, as long as the tube, and deciduous from
the mature fruit; corolla nearly 1 to 14 in. in diameter; blade of the
petals obovate, black-dotted toward the claw, entire.
European grainfield weed, the occurrence of which in California is
occasionally reported. St. Helena.
4. CERASTIUM L. Movsr-EaR CHICKWEED,
Pubescent herbs with exstipulate leaves and white flowers. Cymes
dichotomous with herbaceous or scarious bracts. Sepals 6, distinct.
Petals as many, retuse or bifid. Stamens 10 or 5. Styles 5. Capsule
elongated, cylindric, often curved, usually exceeding the calyx,
dehiscent at apex by 10 teeth, these erect or spreading. Seeds rough,
more or less flattened. (Greek, keras, a horn, in- allusion to the
elongated curved capsules.)
Annual; petals about equaling the sepals... . ae ee ol. C viscosum.
Perennial; petals about twice as long as sepals... . a . .2. C arvense.
1. C. viscosum L. Movsz-EAR CHICKWEED. Erect, 3 to 4 in.
high, pilose-hirsute and somewhat glandular, especially on the calyx;
leaves ovate to elliptic-oblong, sessile, slightly connate, 7 to 12 lines
long; pedicels mostly shorter than the flowers; calyx divided nearly
to the base into 5 sepals; petals equaling or distinctly shorter than
the sepals, oblong, bifid at apex, 2 lines long; stamens 10, one or
more with reduced or abortive anthers, or sometimes only 5 with
anthers, the other 5 represented by mere scale-like filaments; capsule
tubular, the slightly curved apex contracted, much exceeding the
calyx, 34 lines long; seeds numerous, minutely muriculate.
Common in fields and by roadsides. Mar.-Apr. Native of
Europe.
2. C. arvense L. Fietp Cuickweep. Pubescent throughout;
stems several from a decumbent base, very leafy at base, nearly naked
above, 5 to 9 in. long; leaves linear, acute, the upper 1 to 1} in. long,
the lowermost often but half as long; cyme contracted, bearing
1 to 5 flowers; sepals 1} to 24 lines long, scarious-margined; petals
usually twice as long as the calyx, obcordate, deeply noe capsule
scarcely exceeding the calyx.
Near the coast: San Francisco Peninsula and Marin Co, Apr.—
May. Var. Maximum Hollick & Britton. (C. pilosum Brew. &
Wats. not Ledeb.) Stout, tall, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves elongated;
inflorescence very spreading; capsule equaling to nearly twice the
length of the calyx.—Point Reyes,
PINK FAMILY. 167
5. STELLARIA L. CuickweExp.
Low herbs, loving moist ground or shaded habitat, with exstipu-
late leaves. Flowers white, small, axillary and solitary, or terminal
and cymose. Sepals 5. Petals 5, parted almost to the base into
narrow segments. Stamens 3 to 10. Styles 3 or 4. Capsule ovoid
or oblong, relatively shorter than in Cerastium, dehiscent below the
middle into as many or twice as many valves as there are styles.
(From the Latin stella, a star, on account of the star-shaped flowers.)
Annual,
Stems weak, procumbent; bracts foliaceous.........- 1. S. media.
Stems filiform, erect; bracts scarious. . .. eu LR RB as 2. S. nitens.
Perennial; bracts foliaceous. .. 1.2... 0 fete eee eee 8. S. littoralis.
1. S. media Cyrill. Common Cuickwezp. Slightly succulent,
with weak procumbent stems, rooting at the lower nodes; lower leaves
ovate, acute, rather abruptly contracted into slender petioles, the
upper narrower, sessile; floral bracts foliaceous; pedicels slender,
deflexed in fruit; petals shorter than the pubescent sepals; stamens 3,
5 or 10; styles 3.
A common weed along fence lines and ditches and shaded half-
waste places generally. Feb.-May. Stems with « pubescent line,
and petioles of lower leaves hairy.
2. S. nitens Nutt. Erect, with very slender stems, branching
above, 8 to 7 in. high, glabrous or slightly hairy below; leaves linear,
acute, sessile, 2 to 7 lines long, or the lowest ovate, 1 to 3 lines long,
abruptly contracted into slender petioles nearly twice as long; inflo-
rescence strict, the pedicels erect, 3 in. long or less or some of the
flowers quite sessile; bracts scarious; sepals scarious-margined,,
subulate-lanceolate, 2 lines long; petals $ as long as the sepals, some-
times none; capsule oblong, nearly as long as the calyx. ;
Grassy hillsides and plains, a somewhat obscure plant, occurring
from Solano Co. southward to Southern California. Apr.—May.
3. S. littoralis Torr. Pubescent, ascending, stoutish, the stems 1
to 2 ft. long; leaves ovate, acute, rounded at the sessile base, 3 to } or
1 to 1} in. long; flowers in a terminal compound cyme; sepals lanceo-
late, acute, 2 lines long, slightly shorter than the petals; capsule
included within the calyx. ;
Boggy or marshy spots, seacoast only: Point Lobos; Point Reyes,
Davy, Dillon’s Beach. June.
6. ARENARIA L. Sanpworr,
Low branching annuals or tufted or prostrate perennials with mostly
lanceolate or subulate sessile often rigid leaves, without stipules.
Flowers white. Sepals 5. Petals 5, entire. Stamens 10. Styles
3. Capsule globose or short oblong, dehiscent into as many entire or
2-cleft valves as there are styles. (From the Latin arena, sand, in
which many species grow.)
Low annuals.
Leaves lanceolate, rather broad at the very base,2 lines long... . ...
. 1. A. Californica.
168 CARYOPHYLLACEA,
Leaves filiform, 3 to 5 lines long . Hip we. 2 A. Douglasii.
Perennials. a
Sepals 14 the length of the petals; palustrine . ‘ .8. A. paludicola. .
Sepals exceeding the petals; montane... .. . . . 4, A. macrophylla.
1. A. Californica Brewer. Glabrous annual, 1 to 4 in. high, dif-
fusely branching from the base, the stems delicate and filiform; leaves
very short, slightly fleshy, 1 to 2 lines in length, obtuse; corolla 3
lines in diameter; petals oblong, 1} times the length of the ovate-
oblong sepals; seeds small, finely roughened.
Gravelly hillslopes or disintegrating rock outcroppings in the Coast
Ranges from Mt, Hamilton to Napa Co. and northward; Marysville
Buttes, Apr. g
2. A. Douglasii Fenzl. Annual, nearly glabrous, sometimes
viscid-glandular; stems much branched, 2 to 6 in. high; leaves fili-
form, 3 to 5 lines long or the lowermost longer; peduncles filiform;
flowers numerous, 4 to 5 lines in diameter; sepals oblong-ovate,
narrowly thin-margined; petals obovate, conspicuous; capsule sub-
globose; valves rounded at the apex; seeds large, smooth, compressed-
reniform, acutely margined,
Sterile soil of hillsides both in the Coast Ranges and Sierras.
Apr.-May.
3. A. paludicola Robinson. Glabrous flaccid plant, the stems
several, procumbent, rooting at the lower joints, sulcate, shining,
leafy throughout; leaves linear-lanceolate, acute, 3 to 14 in. long,
somewhat connate, slightly scabrous upon the margins; peduncles
solitary in the axils, 1 to 2 in. long, spreading or somewhat deflexed;
sepals elliptic, nerveless, herbaceous, 14 to 2 lines long, about half
the length of the obovate petals; capsule oblong, shorter than the
calyx.—(A. palustris Wats. not of Gay.)
Swamps, Southern California to Washington. Formerly at Fort
Point, San Francisco. Rarely collected.
4. A. macrophylla Hook. Puberulent perennial, with running
rootstocks and ascending or erect stems, 3 to 4 in. high; leaves in 8
to 5 pairs, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute at each end, more or
less punctate, 1 to 3 in. long; peduncles slender, terminal or becoming
axillary, 1 to 5-flowered; sepals ovate, acute or acuminate, 1} to 2
ari long, exceeding the petals; capsule ovoid, nearly equaling the
calyx.
Shady slopes in the mountains, from Southern California to Mt.
Hamilton (ace. to Davy), Mt. Diablo, and northward.
7. SAGINA L. Prart Wort,
Diminutive herbs with subulate or filiform leaves without stipules.
Flowers minute, terminal, often long-pediceled, Sepals 5 or 4,
usually rotate-spreading in fruit. Petals white, entire or slightly
emarginate, or often none. Stamens usually 5. Styles as many as
the sepals and alternate with them. Capsule dehiscent to the base by
entire valves. (From the Latin sagina, fattening, some species
abundant in sheep-grazed country.)
PINK FAMILY. 169
Filiform annuals.
Sepals and petals 5; herbage nearly glabrous... ....... 1. S. occidentalis,
Sepals 4; petals commonly none; herbage glandular-pubescent......
7 2. S. apetala.
Succulent perennial; flowers5-merous... ......... 3. S. crassicaulis.
1. S. occidentalis Wats, Inconspicuous annual with almost
capillary stems, branching at the base, erect, 2 to 5 in. high; slightly
hispidulous-glandular on the calyx and upper portion of edie,
otherwise glabrous; upper leaves broadly subulate, acute, 2 to 8 lines
long, the lower filiform-linear, 3 to 6 lines long; pedicels 3 to 6 lines
long; calyx and corolla 5-merous; sepals line long, the petals nearly
as feng, aly rounded at the base; stamens 3 to 10; capsule 1} lines
in length.
Not uncommon but obscure and mostly in low ground: San Joaquin
and Sacramento Valleys; Napa Valley; southward to Southern Cali-
fornia. Apr.—May.
2. S.apetala Ard. Similar to the preceding but usually glandular-
pubescent; leaves linear-subulate, acute, 1} to 8 lines long; calyx
4parted; petals 4, minute and obovate, or commonly none.
Introduced. North Berkeley, Davy.
3 S. crassicaulis Wats. Smooth perennial, the stems stoutish
and succulent, branching, 14 to 5 in. long, decumbent; leaves linear,
thickish, 2 to 9 lines long, the basal forming a rosette, the cauline
connate by broad scarious membranes; flowers erect or nodding; petals
and sepals subequal, 1} lines in length; capsule ovate, little exserted
from the fruiting calyx.
Beaches along the coast from Monterey to Tomales Bay. Marin Co.
June, ;
8. TISSA Adans. Sanp Spurry,
Low herbs, usually of alkaline plains, borders of salt- marshes, or
maritime. Leaves linear or subulate-filiform, semi-terete, with scari-
ous stipules. Sepals 5. Petals 5, purplish or white, entire. Stamens
commonly 10. Styles 8, rarely 5. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds often
wing-margined. Embryo annular, (Origin of name not known.)
Erect or ascending, more or less succulent perennials with fusiform fleshy roots.
T. macrotheca.
Prostrate perennials.
Stems long and somewhat straggling, from a matted or tufted center, flowering
' from the middle to the ends of the branches ....... 2. T. rubra
var. perennans.
Plants matted; flowers mostly at the ends of the branches. .3. T. Clevelandi.
Nearly or quite erect annuals. ..-.. fae dg be eae & 4. T. salina.
1. T. macrotheca (Hornem.) Britt. Stems stout, 7 to 12 in, high,
erect or ascending from thé short, often branched, woody crown of a
very thick and fleshy taproot; herbage deep green and viscid-
pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, 1 to 1} in. long; pedicels 3 to 6
lines long; sepals 3 to 4 lines long, scarious-margined; petals as long,
pink; capsule about equaling calyx; seeds with or without a wing,
even in the same capsule. ‘
Sandy borders of salt marshes, common about San Francisco Bay.
170 CARYOPHYLLACER.
Var. leucantha (Robinson) (Tissa leucantha Greene). Glabrous
except a glandular pubescence on the looser inflorescence; flowers
commonly white.—Alkaline plains of the Sacramento southward to.
the Livermore Valley and the San Joaquin. May-June.
Var. scariosa Britton (T. pallida Greene). Herbage pale, glan-
dular-pubescent or almost glabrous; internodes short; stipules ovate,
acuminate, 4 to 5 lines long; flowers scattered and on pedicels 3 in..
long or less, or in reduced terminal cymes.—Sea-bluffs, San Francisco
to Monterey.
2. T. rubra (L.) Britt. var. perennans Greene. Stems 4 to 9
in, long, slender and wiry, many from a densely tufted base, branch-
ing little, flowering from about the middle; herbage comparatively
glabrous; leaves narrowly linear, 5 lines long or less; stipules ovate,
silvery-scarious, 2 lines long, very conspicuous; pedicels slender, 2 to
4 lines long; sepals oblong, acute, 2 lines long; oer reddish, about
equaling the sepals; capsule not exserted from the calyx; seeds with
a marginal elevation.
Beaten paths and by roadsides, infrequent: Sacramento Valley,
from Redding to the Montezuma Hills; Napa Valley; Healdsburg.
May. Introduced from Europe.
8. T. Clevelandi Greene. Perennial, viscid-glandular, the stems
prostrate, forming deep-green mats 5 to 13 in. broad; leaves filiform,
conspicuously fascicled in the axils, all longer than the internodes;
flowers in terminal cymes; corolla 3 to 4 lines broad, white.
Sandy soil. San Francisco; San Jose, ace. to Robinson; San
Diego.
4. T. salina (Presl.) Greene, Branching, erect or sometimes
diffuse and prostrate, the stems 3 to 8 in. long; leaves narrowly
linear, commonly shorter than the internodes; pedicels leafy-bracted
or the upper bractless, not exceeding the capsules; sepals oblong-
ovate, obtuse, scarious-margined, 2 lines long; capsule acute, longer
than the calyx.
Alkaline plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin westward to
the salt marshes near the coast. May-Aug.
Var. involucrata (Robinson). Heads of closely aggregated flowers
subtended by 2 to several foliaceous bracts.—Mt. Eden; Newark.
Var. tenuis (T. tenuis Greene). Dichotomously and copiously
branched, the branches slender and internodes long; flowers very
numerous, short-pediceled, the uppermost sessile in close groups;
stamens 2 to 5; capsule twice as long as the ovate-oblong sepals.—
Rarely collected: Alameda, Greene; Hollister, Setchell. Apr.
9. SPERGULA L. Sprurrey.
Annual. Leaves narrowly linear or subterete, apparently in whorls
but rarely opposite, several others of their own size being crowded in
the axils; stipules small and scarious. Flowers symmetrical. Sepals
5. Petals 5, white, entire. Stamens 10, occasionally 5, Styles 5,
alternate with the sepals. Capsule 5-valved, the entire valves oppo-
PINK FAMILY, 171
site to the sepals. Embryo spirally annular. (Name from the Latin
spargere, to scatter, in reference to the dispersion of the seeds.)
1. S. arvensis L. Corn Seurrey. Diffusely branching from
the base; the stems 1 to 4 ft. long; pubescence of short spreading
glandular hairs; leaves slightly fleshy, numerous in rather remote
whorls; flowers white, 4 lines broad in a cymose panicle with strongly
divergent branches; petals ovate, exceeding the sepals.
le and orchards, Berkeley to Monterey Co. Apr. Kuropean
weed.
10. POLYCARPON L.
Low much branched annual with numerous flat leaves, small
scarious stipules and very small flowers in cymes. Sepals 5, more or
less carinate, scarious-margined. Petals 5, hyaline, shorter than the
sepals. Stamens 8 to 5. Styles united below, very short, with 3
branches. Capsule 3-valved. Seeds several. Embryo little curved.
or polus, many, and karpos, fruit, in reference to the numerous
pods.)
Leaves in 4’s or opposite; inflorescence leafless . see .1. P. tetraphyllum.
Leaves oppogite; inflorescence more or less leafy. . . .2, P. depressum.
1. P. tetraphyllum L. Nearly glabrous, the stems prostrate 2 or
5 in. long; leaves in 4’s or opposite, oblong or obovate, short-petioled,
2 to 6 lines long; cyme leafless, many-flowered, dense, the flowers
nearly 1 line long or a trifle more, short pediceled; sepals green or
purplish; capsule nearly equaling the calyx.
Native of Europe; established along railway lines in Napa Valley
and at Vallejo. July-Aug.
2. P. depressum Nutt. Plants prostrate, 1 to 2} in. broad with
slender stems; leaves spatulate, varying to obovate, obtuse or acute,
} to 2 lines long; flowers } as large as in the preceding; sepals little
if at all keeled, about 3 line long; petals white, membranaceous, linear,
4 as long as the sepals.
Pajaro Hills, Monterey Co., collected within a few miles of the
Santa Cruz Co. line, June-July, 1899, H. P. Chandler; hitherto
known only from Southern California.
11. LCEFLINGIA L.
Low rigid annuals, dichotomously branched from the base, with
subulate leaves and setaceous stipules. Flowers small, sessile in the
axils. Sepals acuminate or awn-tipped, the outer with a tooth on
each side. Petals 3 to 5, minute or none. Stamens 8 to 5. Style
short or none. Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded. (Peter Lefling,
Swedish traveler of the 18th Century.)
1. L. squarrosa Nutt. Glandular-pubescent, diffusely branched
from base, 2 to 5 in, high; leaves subulate, cuspidate, squarrose-
spreading; 2 to 8 lines long; capsule shorter than the sepals.
Lower San Joaquin at Oakdale; to be expected within our limits.
12. HERNIARIA L.
Ours a very small annual, with minute scarious stipules. Flowers
172 AMARANTACER,
minute, green, in clusters, crowded, sessile. Sepals united at base.
Petals and stamens as in Paronychia. Fruit a l-seeded indehiscent
nutlet, with a thin pericarp, enclosed in the calyx. (From the Latin
hernia, a rupture, which one species was thought to cure.)
1. H. cinerea DC. Low, but erect plants, 1 to 2} in. high, with
hispidulous herbage, branched from base, the branches bearing
2-ranked branchlets; leaves oblong-oblanceolate, 14 to 2} lines long;
flowers in all the axils, even the lowest; calyx $ line long, very
hispid. —(Paronychia pusilla Greene.)
San Joaquin region at the edge of the foothills on either side of the
valley; naturalized from southern Europe. May-June.
138. PENTAC/ENA Bartl.
Tufted perennials with subulate pungent leaves and silvery-hyaline
stipules. Flowers sessile, clustered in the axils. Sepals 5, almost
distinct, very unequal, hooded, the 3 outer larger, and with a stout
divergent terminal spine, the 2 inner smaller and with a shorter
spine. Petals minute, scale-like. Stamens 3 to 5, inserted at the
base of the sepals. Style very short, bifid. Utricle enclosed in the
rigid persistent calyx. (Greek pente, five, and akaina, a thorn, the
five sepals spine-tipped. ) :
1. P. ramosissima H. & A. Sanp Mar. Stems prostrate,-
forming dense mats 5 to 18 in. broad, pubescent; leaves crowded on
the stems, 3 lines long, the stipules } or sometimes nearly as long;
calyx 14 to 2 lines long; sepals hairy or woolly below the divergent
spinose apex; utricle apiculate.
Along the entire Californian coast; common on the San Francisco
sand hills. Apr.-May.
14. PARONYCHIA L. WuitLow-wort.
Prostrate tufted perennial, with scarious stipules and clustered
flowers. Sepals 5, linear or oblong, concave or cucullate under the
apex, the very tip aristate or cuspidate. Petals filament-like, or
minute teeth, or none. Stamens 5, alternating with the petals
when these are present, inserted on the base of the sepals. Ovary
l-ovuled. Fruit a utricle enclosed in the persistent calyx, at length
bursting longitudinally. (Greek paronuchia, a whitlow, or felon, the
name applied to an herb used as a remedy for the disease. )
1. P. Chilensis DC. Stems long, tough, with short internodes
from a tufted crown, prostrate; leaves oblanceolate, acute, cuspidate,
2 to 4 lines long, much crowded on the branches and branchlets,
especially towards the ends; stipules hyaline; flowers obviously
pediceled, 3 or 4 in the axils.
Hilltops in western San Francisco; introduced from South America
where it is native. Apr.—June. :
25. AMARANTACEA. Amarantu Famtty.
Annual or perennial herbs with simple entire leaves with stipules.
AMARANTH FAMILY. 1738
Flowers small, usually greenish, inconspicuous, perfect or unisexual.
Calyx of 8 to 5 sepals, or sometimes only 1, always persistent and
more or less scarious. Corolla none. Stamens 6, sometimes fewer,
Ovary superior, I-celled, with 2 or 3 stigmas. Fruit a utricle or
bursting irregularly or circumscissile. Embryo curved.
AMARANTHUS lL. AmaAranvu.
Coarse annual weeds with petioled leaves and small green or some-
times purplish regular flowers, disposed in axillary or terminal spikes
or clusters. Flowers polygamous or monecious, with bracts at base,
staminate and pistillate flowers commonly in sanie cluster. (Greek a-,
not, and maraino, to fade, the spikes of certain species retaining their
color in drying.) ¢
Sepals 3; plant erect, bushy-bramched .............. 2. A. albus.
3. 4. Californicus.
Fruit indehiscent; sepals 3; plant prostrate. ...... 4, A. deflexus.
1. A. retroflexus L. Rovasa PiaweEeEp. Stoutish, slightly
puberulent with few erect or ascending branches from the base, I to 2
ft. long, simple or paniculately branched above; herbage dull green,
roughish or pubescent; leaves from rhombic to oblong-ovate, petioled;
flowers green, densely crowded in erect or slightly spreading axillary
and terminal spikes, 1 to 1} in. long; bracts lanceolate-subulate,
scarious, except the green carinate midrib, 1} to 8 lines long; sepals
5, oblong-lanceolate, cuspidate, 1 line long or less; fruit circum-
scissile; seed rather less than } line broad, black and shining.
Very common in uncultivated orchards, gardens and waste lands.
2. A. albus L. Tumpie Weep. Herbage light green; stems
freely and rigidly branching, 1 to 8 or 4 ft. high, commonly of bushy
outline; leaves oblong-spatulate or obovate-ovate; flowers in clusters
in short axillary spikelets; bracts subulate 1 to 2} lines long; sepals
3, oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the somewhat rugose utricle.
Summer weed; extremely abundant in cultivated fields. The plant
becomes rigid when dead and dry, and when loosened by Fall winds
is carried across the fields, the seeds being thus effectively dispersed.
8, A. Californicus Wats. Stems stoutish or rather fleshy, pros-
trate or ascending, branching at the base, with numerous short
branchlets; leaves obovate to oblong, often with white veins and mar-
gin, lin. long or less, including the petiole; flowers green or reddish
in many small axillary clusters; sepals 3, or in the pistillate or fertile
flower 1; bracts often inconspicuous, shorter than or a little exceeding
the utricle; utricle somewhat rugose, at length circumscissile.
Moist soils. South Coast Ranges.
4, A.deflexus L. Stems slender, prostrate, 1 to 1} ft. long; leaves
rhombic-ovate; flowers in shorter spikelets clustered in axils of leaves
or disposed in dense terminal spikes 1 in. long or more; sepals 3,
Introduced from southern Europe; gardens at Berkeley; Petaluma.
174 CHENOPODIACE.
26. CHENOPODIACEZ. Gooseroor Faminy.
Herbs or shrubs, very often succulent or scurfy, with alternate or
rarely opposite leaves, or leafless. Flowers perfect or unisexual,
with an herbaceous calyx of 5 or fewer sepals, or in the pistillate
flower the calyx sometimes absent. Stamens as many as the sepals,
and opposite them or fewer, distinct. Ovary superior, 1-celled,
containing a single ovule, becoming in fruit an achene or utricle;
embryo annular and surrounding the mealy endosperm, or spiral and
the endosperm lateral or wanting. Nitrophila has a scarious calyx
and stamens not distinct.
Stems leafy. :
Leaves all opposite; flowers perfect; stamens united at base into a perigynous
ISIE ae. a aap cee ce recy RRC seer eee eae are . 1. NITROPHILA.
Leaves all or mostly alternate.
Leaves plane, membranaceous, or fleshy.
Flowers perfect; calyx 5-cleft or -parted.
Ovary partly inferior . ...... swale @ eee 2s BETA,
Ovary superior. ........ ea Sep ha Meh act Hes as . 8. CHENOPODI1UM.
Flowers perfect or pistillate; calyx urceolate, 3 to5-toothed . . rae
4, ROUBIEVA.
Flowers unisexual; staminate calyx 4 or 5-parted; calyx of fertile flower
none, the pistil enclosed by 2bracts......... 5. ATRIPLEX.
Leaves subterete, linear; flowers perfect or pe aOR oe ee
. SUEDA.
Leaves reduced to mere scales; flowers perfect, {mmersed by 3’s in the
depressions of a fleshy cylindrical spike and
Decussately opposite; perianth bladder-like; herbaceous plant with stout
fleshy jointed stems .........,...+0.2005 7. SALICORNIA,
Spirally arranged; perianth 4 to 5-cleft; shrub with fleshy jointed alternate
branchlets) ohio .. .6. ALLENROLFEA.
1. NITROPHILA Wats.
A low perennial glabrous herb with fleshy opposite amplexicaul
leaves and axillary perfect flowers. Calyx of 5 (rarely 6 or 7) equal
erect concave and carinate sepals. Stamens equal in number, united
at base into a narrow yellowish disk. Style larger than the sub-
globose ovary; stigmas 2. Utricle 1-seeded, indehiscent, beaked by
the persistent style, included within the connivent sepals. (Greek
nitron, carbonate of soda, and philos, fond of, these plants loving
alkaline soils.)
1. N. occidentalis Wats. Stems decumbent, 4 to 11 in. long,
dichotomously branched, the internodes mostly very short; leaves
linear, sessile, the lower 1 in., the floral mostly 8 to 6 lines long,
triangular, mucronate; flowers solitary in the axils of the opposite
leaves and bibracteate, or often 2 to 8 with the central-one frequently
bractless and the lateral often pedicellate; sepals imbricated, pinkish
or whitish, chartaceous, 1 line long, carinate and concave, especially
the 2 inner; stamens 4 the length of the sepals and opposite them;
ovule attached to base of ovary on a long funiculus.
Rare in our limits; alkaline springs, base of the Pelejo Hills,
Solano Co., where it is nearly extinct; southward through the San
Joaquin Valley, where ft is common.
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 175
2. BETA L.
Robust glabrous biennials with large fleshy roots and alternate
leaves, the radical large and long-petioled, the floral reduced and
sessile. Inflorescence spicate. Flowers fascicled in the axils of the
leaves or bracts, perfect. Sepals 5, sometimes costate dorsally.
Stamens 5, opposite the sepals, perigynous; filaments frequently
connate at base. Ovary sunk in the succulent base of the periunth
and partly inferior; styles 2 or 8, short, stigmatose on the inside.
Fruit included in the at length much indurated calyx. Embryo
annular. (Name said to be from the Celtic, bett, red, on account of
the color of the root.)
1. B. vulgaris L. Brzr. Root biennial, 1} to 2 in. in diameter,
3 to 6 in. long, tapering downwards; stems stout, 2 to 4 ft. high,
paniculately branched above; leaves 6 to 9 in. long, oblong or oval,
undulate; cauline smaller, ovate-lanceolate; flowers greenish-white in
sessile clusters, forming slender spikes, these disposed in a leafy
panicle; seed rugose.
* Marshes near Alvarado; Petaluma. An escape from gardens.
une.
3. CHENOPODIUM L. GoosEFoot. PIGWEED.
Annual or perennial herbs, frequently white-mealy or glandular,
with alternate petioled leaves. Flowers perfect, greenish, bractless
and sessile, clustered in axillary or. terminal spikes. Spikes often
panicled. Calyx 5 (or 3 to 4)-parted, the lobes usually somewhat
carinate or in fruit crested, and commonly completely covering the
seed-like achene. Stamens 5 or fewer. Ovary depressed; styles 2,
rarely 3 to 4, slender. Pericarp membranous, closely investing the
seed. Embryo annular, sometimes incompletely so. (Greek chen,
goose, and pous, foot, on account of the shape of the leaves.)
Annual; calyx parted into lobes or segments.
Finely mealy, not pubescent or glandular; perianth dry, closely persistent on
the seed; embryo annular.
Erect, herbage light green. ....... ieee s ole O bum,
Diffuse, herbage dark green ..... Se Say ae PAN dep 2. C. murale.
Not mealy, glandular-pubescent and aromatic; fruit seed-like, small,
included in the dry perianth; embryo curved.
Leaves slender-petioled; fruit imperfectly enclosed; spikes cymose-diverg-
ing, leafless). 2 i668 ae ea a 8. C. Botrys.
Leaves slightly Poe eleds fruit perfectly enclosed. a
Spikes dense, leafy. ........- + eee «4 G ambrosioides.
Spikes more elongated, leafless ...-........ 5. C. anthelminticum.
Neither glabrous nor mealy; flowers in dense short axillary spikes; perianth
more or less fleshy in fruit, enclosing the utricle; embryo annular. .
6. C. rubrum.
Perennial; calyx merely toothed or cleft, more distinctly synsepalous, in fruit
dry; leaves broadly triangular; spike terminal, leafy only below; fruit
seed-like, exserted; embryo annular.......... 7. C. Californicum.
1. C. album L. Pigwrrp. WHITE GoosEroot. Commonly 2 to
4 ft. high, erect, usually paniculately branched; herbage more or less
light green or white-mealy; leaves rhombic-ovate, sinuate-dentate
below or about the middle, the uppermost varying to lanceolate, and
subentire, 1 to 2 in. long, whiter beneath than above; flowers densely
176° CHENOPODIACE.
clustered in close spikes, the panicle strict and close or somewhat
spreading; calyx about #% line wide in fruit, the lobes strongly
carinate.
A very common European weed in half cultivated lands, flowering
in late summer and early autumn,
2. C. murale L. NeErriz-LEAVED GoosEFooT. Rather stout
and succulent, the loose branches decumbent and ascending, 8 to 15
in. long; herbage dark green, the growing parts very finely mealy;
leaves rhombic-ovate, irregularly and sharply toothed above the
base, 1 to 1 in. long; flowers in rather dense axillary or terminal
spicate panicles; panicles leafless, or nearly so; fruiting calyx closed;
seed acutely margined.
Naturalized from Europe; a common weed in old yards and waste
places, flowering through the winter.
3. C. Botrys L. Jerusatem Oax. Glandular pubescent and
viscid throughout; leaves slender-petioled, ovate to oblong, } to 14
in. long, obtuse, truncate or cuneate at base, sinuately pinnatifid and
the lobes usually toothed; spikes cymose, diverging, loose, leafless;
perianth not completely enclosing the fruit.
Waste places near dwellings and in stream beds; naturalized from
Europe and widely distributed but not common. Stockton; Vaca-
ville; Winters; Kelseyville; Russian River; Coyote Creek, between
San Jose and Gilroy. July—Sept.
4. C. ambrosioides L. Mexican Tea. Glabrous, scarcely
glandular; when young sometimes tomentose-pubescent; 2 to 33 ft.
high, usually stout and branched; leaves slightly petioled, oblong or
lanceolate, 2 to 5 in. long, repand-toothed or nearly entire, the upper
tapering to both ends; flowers in dense, axillary clusters upon the
branches, forming a leafy spike; calyx-lobes obtuse, appressed; styles
3, sometimes 4; pericarp deciduous.
Common near salt marshes and abundant along interior streams;
mostly autumnal. Alameda; West Berkeley; Ross Walley; Napa
River; Suisun Marshes; Sacramento River.
5. C. anthelminticum L. Wormsrep. Resembling the pre-
ceding; sometimes perennial(?); herbage light green, glandular-
puberulent and highly aromatic; leaves sinuate-serrate or the lower
sometimes laciniate-pinnatifid, 23 or mostly 1 in. long, or less; inflo-
rescence a terminal mostly leafless panicle of dense but elongated
slender spikes; sepals not carinate, enclosing the fruit; seed smooth
and shining, obtusely margined. ~—
Not so common as the last, but appearing to hybridize with it.
Alameda; Benicia; Lower Sacramento; Lake Co.
6. C. rubrum L. Coast Brire. Stem angled, erect, 1 to 2 ft.
high; herbage green or nearly so; leaves lanceolate-oblong to broadly
ovate, coarsely sinuate, 1 to 2 in. long; flowers numerous in dense
short axillary spikes; calyx-lobes 2 to 4, rather fleshy; stamens 1 to 2;
seeds shining, the margin acute.
Sparingly naturalized from Europe. Andrus Island, Lower
Sacramento; Alvarado Marshes. Sept.
GOOSEFOOT FAMILY. 177
7. C. Californicum Wats. Soar Puanr. Stout, erect or de-
cumbent at base, 1} to 2} ft. high from a very large simple or
branched root; herbage green, scarcely at all mealy; leaves broadly
triangular, truncate or cordate at base, or subhastate, sharply and
unequally sinuate-dentate, 14 to 3} in. long, on petioles 1 to 4 in.
long; flowers in dense clusters of 8 or 9, the clusters disposed in a
simple terminal spike, leafless or leafy at the very base; calyx cam-
panulate, barely exceeding 1 line in length, 5-lobed; lobes broadly
oblong, obtuse, denticulate at apex; pericarp persistent; fruit seed-
like, large, subglobose, or somewhat compressed, exserted, 3 to 1 line
broad; embryo completely annular.
‘Wooden Valley Grade near Mt. George, Napa Co.; Loma Prieta,
Davy; Hollister, Setchell; Pacitic Grove, Tidestvom (whose specimens
show fruiting spikes over 1 ft. long); southward to Southern Cali-
fornia, where it is very common. Apr.-May. yi Bide eae .3. B. nervosa.
_ 1, B. dictyota Jepson. Erect, stout, scarcely branched, 8 to 4}
ft. high, sparsely leafy; leaflets 5 to 7, glaucescent on the upper
surface, little paler but very prominently reticulated on the under
surface, very strongly undulate, lowest pair close to base of petiole;
filaments with a recurved tooth on each side near the apex.
Denuded areas in the Pellejo Hills, Solano Co., growing in_the
crevices of rocks, the only known locality within our limits. First
collected at the Marysville Buttes. Mar. Leaflets strongly callous-
margined, glaucescent on the upper face, little paler beneath, so
204 BERBERIDACE.
strongly undulate that the few but stout spines are presented in nearly
every direction. Racemes fewer and not so dense as in B. pinnata;
pedicels 5 to 6 lines long. Wood not so yellow as in no. 2.
2. B. pinnata Lag. CaLirornia Barperry. A few in. to 4 or
5 ft. high; leaflets usually 5 to 9 but often 11 to 13 (or even as many
as 17 and rather crowded on the rachis), ovate-elliptical to oblong, 1
to 24 in. long, shining above, somewhat paler beneath, plane or
moderately undulate, shallowly repand and dentate, the mostly
numerous teeth prickly; lowest pair close to base of petiole; racemes
clustered, dense; filaments as in the last.
Rather common on hills, mostly along the edge of thickets.
Berkeley Hills and San Francisco southward to Monterey. Mar.-
Apr.
8. B. nervosa Pursh. Mauonra. Leaves in a tuft from a low
scaly caudex, 9 to 16 in. long, the rachis conspicuously nodose;
leaflets 11 to 17, bright green, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, spinulose-
serrate, and somewhat palmately nerved; scales of the strong terminal
bud about 1 in. long, coriaceous-glumaceous; racemes erect, elongated,
4 to 6 in. long; bracts oblong to lanceolate, membranaceous; filaments
not toothed.
‘Woods near the coast from Marin Co. northward to Oregon and
Washington.
2. VANCOUVERIA Morr. & Decsne.
Low perennial herbs with slender creeping rootstocks and bi- or
tri-ternately compound leaves, all radical or nearly so. Flowers
small, nodding, arranged in a panicle on slender scape-like peduncles.
Sepals 6 in two series, obovate, petal-like, reflexed, subtended by 6 to
9 small calycine bractlets. Petals 6, deflexed. Stamens 6, erect,
often closely appressed to the pistil, the anther connective produced
into a. pointed tip. Pistil 1, stigma scarious-cupulate. Fruit a
follicle, dehiscent by the dorsal suture. Seeds arillate. (Capt.
George Vancouver of the English exploring ship Discovery, who
visited San Francisco Bay in 1792.)
1. V. chrysantha Greene var. parviflora. InsipE-ouT FLow#R.
Stems from a branched rootstock, clustered, sparsely pubescent with
short spreading gland-tipped hairs, or at base rusty-pilose, 8 to 20 in.
high; foliage glabrous, or rusty-pilose on the petiole at the forks;
leaflets green above, paler or whitened beneath, roundish in outline,
broadly cordate at base, obscurely or evidently 3-lobed, narrowly
cartilaginous-margined and often crenulate or crisped, $ to 1} in.
long; frequently broader than long, petiolulate; panicle loose, 24 to 7
in. long, bearing 25 to 30 small white or lavender-tinged flowers;
petals 2 lines long; ovules 2 or 8.—(V. parviflora Greene.)
Coast Ranges, in the shade of forests from the Santa Cruz Moun-
tains northward; Oakland Hills, acc. to Greene; Marin Co., Chesnit
& Drew; near Calistoga, Jepson. May. Leaves said to persist
through the winter, but flowering specimens from Calistoga exhibit
leaves that are nearly half-perished. In some country districts called
“Plowering Fern.’
PAPAVERAUEA, 205
36. PAPAVERACEZE. Poppy Famty.
Herbaceous plants (Dendromecon is a shrub) with mostly colored
juice and regular perfect flowers. Sepals 2 or 3, the petals twice as
many. In Hschscholtzia the 2 sepals are united into a single piece
like a fool’s cap. Stamens numerous, rarely few. Carpels 2 to
several, united into a 1-celled superior ovary (in Platystemon the
lightly united carpels become distinct in fruit).
Sepals 3, petals 6; annuals; leaves opposite or radical.
Filameuts petal-like; carpels 6 to 20, in anthesis united into a compound
ovary, in fruit separating and through constrictions breaking up into
DesOOO JOG a 4 ek ke he Ae 1, PLATYSTEMON,
Filaments filiform or flattened; carpels 3, united into a 3-angled or terete
ovary, forming in fruit a 8-valved capsule ....... 2, PLATYSTIGMA.
Sepals 2 (in Eschscholtzia the calyx is a single mitre-like piece which is pushed
off by the expanding petals); petals 4; leaves alternate.
Leaves entire, coriaceous; capsule 2-valyed; shrubby . .3. DENDROMECON.
Leaves not entire.
Receptacle hollowed or cup-like; flowers erect in bud; capsule 2-valved;
leaves ternately dissected; annual or perennial herbs. .......
4, ESCHSCHOLTZIA.
Receptacle not excavated; flowers nodding in the bud; capsule opening
by holes just below the summit; leaves pinnately cleft, lobed or
divided; ours annuals % : . .5. PAPAVER.
1. PLATYSTEMON Benth.
Low annual with mainly opposite entire leaves. Sepals 3. Petals
6 in two series. Stamens numerous; filaments petal-like and obovate
or spatulate. Stigmas subulate-tiliform, one terminating each carpel;
carpels 6 to 17 or 20, each several-ovuled, connivent or coherent in a
circle, becoming torulose, at maturity separating, and breaking
transversely into indehiscent 1-seeded joints. Anthesis lasting for
more than one day. Petals tardily deciduous, withering and closing
over the forming fruit. (Greek platus, broad, and stemon, astamen.)
1. P. Californicus Benth. CreEam-cups. Conspicuously pilose;
branched from the base, widely spreading and more or less decumbent
or nearly acaulescent, 3 to 6 in. high; peduncles more or less scape-
like, 5 in. long; petals cream-yellow; stamens about 25.
Common almost throughout California, in the hills and on the
plains, in Apr. Free ovules are sometimes found opposite the con-
strictions in the carpels, having been forced through the thin suture
as the carpels become torulose. In plants from Ukiah the petals are
deeper colored at apex with this color repeated as a spot on the lower
portion of the petals.
2. PLATYSTIGMA Benth.
Annual herbs with the leaves, sepals and petals as in Platystemon,
the flowers rarely with 2 sepals and 4 petals. Petals deciduous.
Stamens 6 to 12. Carpels 3, combined into a single 1-celled ovary,
which is 8-lobed or nearly terete. Placentw as many as the carpels,
parietal, many-ovuled. Stigmuas ovate to subulate. Capsule com-
pletely 3-valved, dehiscent through the placentw. (Greek platus,
broad, and stigma, a stigma.)
206 PAPAVERACEAE.
Not acaulescent; peduncles glabrous; flowers light yellow; ovary linear; capsule
CWiSCOO. ar ek a ee GR, Re Be RS Dom See ER eae ge a 1. P. Californicum.
Acaulescent or nearly so; scapes hairy; flowers light yellow; ovary and capsule
BLOG, spe ee pe de Wen de Sei aks : i . 2. P, lineare.
1. P. Californicum (Torr.) B. & H. Very slender, erect, 4 to 7
in. high, paniculately or dichotomously branched above or even
from the base; glabrous throughout; radical and lower leaves elliptic
to obovate-spatulate, 5 to 11 lines long, often contracted into a
petiole, the upper cauline oblanceolate to linear; peduncles 2 to 3 in.
long, erect in anthesis, in fruit deflexed almost horizontally but the
capsule vertical or nearly so; sepals often reddish; petals white,
elliptic to oblong, often narrowed to a short claw, 3 to 5 lines long;
stamens 6 to 12, rarely 4, unequal, in two series, the outer shorter;
filaments filiform, slightly dilated upwards; capsule } to 1 (rarely 14)
in. long.—(Platystemon Torreyi Greene.)
San Francisco Peninsula and southward. Mar.-Apr.
2. P.lineare Benth. Acaulescent or nearly so; scapes commonly
4 to 8 in, high, hispid with spreading hairs; leaves linear, 1 to 2 in.
long, sessile; sepals brownish; petals light yellow cuneate-orbicular
or obovate, 4 to 9 lines long; stamens numerous, filaments conspicu-
ously dilated; body of capsule 5 to 7 lines long.
Clear Lake to Oakland, Holder; San Francisco, Bloomer, and south-
ward. Mar.-May. Leaves often with several parallel nerves
beneath,
3. DENDROMECON Benth.
Low branching shrub with alternate entire and coriaceous leaves
and yellow flowers. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, with
short filiform filaments and linear anthers. Ovary linear with 2
nerve-like placenta. Capsule linear. Seeds pitted, provided with a
caruncle. (Greek dendron, tree, and mecon, poppy.)
1. D. rigidum Benth. Trex Porry. Glabrous, 2 to 4 or even
7 ft. high; main stems one or several, somewhat trunk-like, often 1
in. thick and with very shreddy bark; branches white or light colored;
leaves reticulate-veiny, oblong or acute at each end, yellowish green
above, hispidulous on the margin, mucronate-acuminate, 3 in. long,
borne on very short petioles which, by a twist, bring the blade verti-
cal; upper leaves smaller and oblong-ovate or lanceolate; flowers
golden yellow, 1 to 23 in. in diameter, on pedicels 1 to 8 in. long;
sepals orbicular; capsules curved, 2 to 4 in. long, attenuate into a
short style bearing 2 oblong stigmas.
Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast Ranges at middle altitudes from
Lake Co, and Caux’s Knob (east of St. Helena) to Mt. Tamalpais
and Mt. Diablo; thence southward to San Diego; also in the Sierras.
Last of Apr.—June,
4. ESCHSCHOLTZIA Cham.
Annuals or perennials with watery juice, petioled ternately dis-
sected leaves and peduncled yellow flowers. Receptacle hollowed or
POPPY FAMILY. 207
excavated, surrounding the base of the pistil, the culyx and corolla in
consequence seeming as if perigynous; this receptacle in addition often
bears w spreading outer and an erect inner rim. Sepals completely
united into a calyptra or extinguisher-shaped body which parts from
the receptacle and is pushed off by the expanding petals. Stamens
numerous, mostly on the base of the petals; anthers commonly longer
than the filaments. Ovary linear; style very short; stigmas com-
monly 4, subulate-filiform unequal. Capsule 1-celled, many-seeded,
2-valved; dehiscence commonly occurs after the capsule parts from the
receptacle and before it reaches the ground, usually beginning at the
moment that the base of the capsule is réleased from the vise-like
hollowed receptacle, this action allowing the valves which are elas-
tically dehiscent from base to apex, to separate. (Collected at San
Francisco in 1816 by Adelbert von Chamisso, German poet and
naturalist, and named by him in honor of his college friend and
companion on a scientific vovage around the world, Dr. J. F.
Eschscholtz.)
Receptacle with broad rim, cotyledons 2-cleft; perennial (or some varieties
BUNUN AL) eee ata ah ioe pak ee PRR sag, Bee wa eh aang ala da 1. E. Californiea.
Receptacle destitute of rim or the rim represented by a mere herbaceous ring;
cotyledons entire; annuals.
Stems leafy; petals fan-shaped, longer than broad. .... 2. E. cxspitosa.
Acaulescent; petals rhomboidal, mostly broaderthanlong.. ........
3. E. rhombipetala.
1. E. Californica Cham. Cazirornrs Poppy. Suberect or
diffuse, with stems 1 to 2 ft. long; radical leaves ternately several
times dissected into linear or oblong segments, on long petioles, the
whole leaf 4 to 1 ft. long; cauline smaller on shorter petioles; pedun-
cles 2 or 3 to 6 in. long; petals fan-shaped, 3 to 2 in. long, varying
from deep orange to straw-color; outer spreading rim of the receptacle
4 to 2 lines wide; inner erect rim hyaline; capsule 1 to 3 or even 4
in. long.
One Se the most common, striking and widely diffused plants of the
Californian flora, abundant in the spring but in many portions of the
state found in flower in other or in all seasons. On account of its gor-
geous beauty it has been favored with an exceptional number of
poetic names mostly derived from Spanish sources, such as ‘‘Copa de
Oro,’’ ‘Torosa,’? ‘‘Amapola,’’ ‘\Dormidera.’’? The original speci-
mens, from which the species was first described, came from the San
Francisco sand hills; this form has small flowers and a very narrow
rim to the receptacle and is common everywhere in the immediate
vicinity of the ocean. The interior form, which is much more robust
and may be designated as var. crocEA (KE. crocea Benth.), has a very
conspicuous rim to the receptacle (often 2 lines wide), and very large
flowers, the petals as much as 2in. long. It is abundant everywhere
in the valleys, on the plains and among the foothills, frequently
covering large areas in Apr. and May with an extraordinary profusion
of golden or deep orange flowers. In the sunshine the sheen of the
petals is exceeding striking and brilliant. In the latter part of May
and in June the tips of the petals become yellow and by autumn the
208 PAPAVERACEA3.
species produces wholly straw-colored and comparatively small
flowers. This dry season form simulates very closely the form of the
sand hills which is exposed to adverse conditions near the sea,
Although the various large-flowered forms have been described as
distinct from the original seacoast’ form, there are in reality not the
slightest constant distinctions to be had; there are not only gradations
between the forms but the gradations are so numerous and moreover,
topographically considered, cover such extensive areas of country that.
they are almost or quite as likely to be found as the extremes. The
maintenance of such forms as artificial species on the grounds of con-
venience would in this case have no point whatsoever. Even in San
Francisco Co. large-flowered forms with a broad rim to the receptacle
arecommon. In addition the following varieties may be noted:
Var. AMBIaUA (E. ambigua Greene). Annual, glaucous, scabrous-
pubescent throughout.—Mt. Diablo, ace. to Greene, otherwise not.
known within our limits. Var. DouvaLasii1 (E, Douglasii H. & A.)
has the outer rim of the torus narrower than or not exceeding the
erect inner one and the petals yellow shading into orange at base.—
Plains of Solano and Contra Costa Co., acc. to Greene, War. com-
pacTa (E, compacta Walp.) is acaulescent.—From the Bay Region,
where it is perennial, to Fresno, where it is seemingly annual.
2. E. cespitosa Benth. Annual plants ? to 2 ft. high; stems
few or many, slender or rather stout, leafy and leafy tufted at base or
the subradical leaves few; leaves mostly twice ternately dissected;
peduncles 3 to even 8 in. Jong, much exceeding the leaves; calyx
oblong-conical, abruptly slender pointed; receptacle short-tubular,
1 to 2 lines deep; petals 3 to 1 in, long; capsule 1} ‘to 3 in. long;
seeds reticulate; embryo } of a line long, the cotyledons (as seen in
the seed) divergent.
Cafion sides of the higher Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains; Maya-
camas Range east of Napa City, and southward. Apr.—May.
3. E. rhombipetala Greene. Acaulescent, densely tufted; scapes
very many, stout, diffuse, 3 to 4in. high, twice as long or equaled or
exceeded by the thick tuft of nearly equal subradical leaves; these
laciniately cleft into 3 to 6 linear divisions, glaucous or glaucescent;
receptacle subcylindrical; spreading rim obsolete, likewise the scarious
inner margin or this very narrow and approximate to the trace of the
obsolete rim; petals rhombic-ovate or orbicular, 5 lines long, 6 lines
broad, fugacious; capsule 3 in. long or less, very large for the size of
the plant; seeds reticulate; embryo about 4 line long; cotyledons
very short, the embryo with scarcely more than a notch at the apex.
Plains and rolling country near the Coast Range foothills: Brown’s
Valley, Solano Co., Jepson; to Antioch, Brandegee, Mar.-Apr.
Scapes sparsely tuberculate-scabrous.
5. PAPAVER L. Poppy.
Ours annual herbs with narcotic juice. Leaves pinnately cleft,
lobed, or divided. Flowers showy, solitary on long peduncles, nod-
ding in bud. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens very many. Ovary and
FUMARIACEZ. 209
capsule obovoid to subglobose, with 4 to many intruded placenta.
Capsule dehiscent just below the stigmatic summit by pores or valve-
like openings.
Juice milky; stigmas sessile and radiate upon the summit of theovary. .. .
1
. P. Californicum.
Juice yellow; stigmas capitate upon the short slender style. 2. P, heterophyllum.
1. P. Californicum Gray. Western Porry, Two ft. high or
less; glabrous or sparsely pilose-pubescent; juice milky; leaves pin-
nately divided, the segments oblong or roundish, toothed or lobed or
entire; petals red with w green spot at base; stigmas sessile and
radiate upon the summit of the ovary, persistent in fruit; capsule 4
in. long or more, turbinate-obovate, 6 to 11-nerved; pores or valve-
like openings just beneath the stigmas, quadrate.
Mt. Tamalpais, M.A. Howe; otherwise of the southern part of the
State from the Santa Inez Mountains to Los Angeles. May.
2. P. heterophyllum (Benth.) Greene. Wunp Porry, One and
one-fourth to 2 ft. high, glabrous; juice yellow; leaves pinnate or
pinnately cleft, or pinnate with pinnately cleft lobes, the segments
exceedingly diverse in shape on the same plant or even on the same
leaf, varying from oval and entire or lobed to narrowly linear; petals
broadly cuneate-obovate, brick-red, with « dark spot at base, 1 in.
long or less; stigmas capitate at summit of a distinct and slender
style; capsule clavate-obovoid, 8 to 7 lines long; pores small with
rounded valves which separate from the stout parietal ribs.—(Mecon-
opsis heterophylla Benth.)
Middle California: Berkeley; Livermore; Stockton; San Mateo;
southward to Southern California. Thought to be rare north of San
Francisco Bay. May.
Var. crassifolium (Meconopsis crassifolia Benth.). Bioop Drors.
Plant smaller, more branching and with more numerous flowers;
leaves smaller and thicker; flowers small, erect.—Interior fields; with
the preceding at Sunol Glen, ace. to Geo. B. Grant, May, 1900.
37. FUMARIACEA. Fumrrory Famity.
Glabrous herbs with alternate compound dissected leaves and irreg-
ular perfect flowers borne in racemes. Sepals 2, small and scale-like.
Petals 4, in 2 dissimilar pairs, the outer larger, inner pair narrower,
carinate or crested on the back, cohering by the callous apex and
covering the anthers and stigma. Stamens in 2 sets of 3 each, placed
opposite the outer petals, the filaments of each set usually united;
middle anther of each set 2-celled, the lateral ones I-celled. Ovary
superior. Capsule 1-celled, with 2 parietal plucente from which the
valves separate, or indehiscent.
1. DICENTRA Bernh. DttcHMan’s BREECHES.
Perennial herbs with the stems and leaves from a. tuber-like, grain-
bearing or scaly crown. Flowers racemose or paniculate. Corolla
flattened and cordate at base. Filaments of each set dilated and
16
210 CRUCIFERA.
united, but distinct at the very base and slightly free above. (Greek
dis, twice, and kentron, a spur, some species 2-spurred. )
Stems leafy; flowers yellow, petals distinct. .......... 1 D. chrysantha.
Acaulescent; scape naked; flowers rose-purple, petals united . 2. D. formosa.
1. D. chrysantha H. & A. Glaucous plants with stiff coarse
leafy stems 2 to 3 ft. high; leaves bipinnate, 4 to 1 ft. long or more,
the divisions cleft into narrow lobes; flowers yellow, in a large
racemose panicle; corolla linear-oblong, only slightly cordate, $ in.
long; petals distinct; capsule ? to 1 in. long; style slender, persistent,
at dehiscence of the capsule splitting up to the stigma; seeds crestless.
High dry ridges of the inner Coast Ranges, but not common: Lake
Co.; Vaca Mountains; Mt. Diablo; Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co.,
Vasey, 1875; and southward. Sometimes called ‘‘Golden Ear-
drops.’’
2. D. formosa DC. Buirepine Heart. Acaulescent; root-
stock fleshy and spreading; leaves on very long petioles, biternately
compound, the divisions incisely cleft or pinnatifid; scapes slightly
exceeding the leaves, 2 ft. high, naked, terminated by a cluster of
short racemes with subulate bracts; corolla rose-purple, ovate-cordate;
petals all united to above the middle, the larger with short spreading
tips; stigma with a double pair of lobes; seeds crested.
Shady woods: Moraga Cafion near Oakland, Chas. Palache; com-
mon in Marin Co. and northward; also in the Sierras, Apr.—June.,
88. CRUCIFERAE. Mustarp FAmILy.
Herbs with alternate leaves, no stipules and the flowers in terminal
bractless racemes (or in Tropidocarpum with a leafy raceme). Sepals
and petals each 4, regular and distinct. Petals rarely none, commonly
with claws, the blades spreading in the form of a cross. Stamens 6,
commonly tetradynamous (4 long and 2 short), sometimes subequal,
sometimes 4 or 2. Ovary superior, 2-celled by a thin partition
stretched between the placentw. Fruit a capsule the 2 valves sepa-
rating from below upwards, leaving behind the placente and parti-
tion, or sometimes indehiscent, or breaking up transversely into
1-seeded joints. Capsule long and narrow (a silique) or short and
roundish (a silicle) commonly termed a ‘pod’? and either terete,
4-sided, compressed (flattened parallel to the partition) or obcom-
pressed (flattened contrary to the partition). Seeds in each cell
attached alternately to either placenta and occupying the center
of the cell (in 1 row) or disposed in 2 rows (the seeds from either
placenta not overlapping each other). Embryo always curved, the
caulicle folded upon the back of one of the cotyledons (incumbent)
or along the edge of the cotyledons (accumbent). Herbage always
with the characteristic mustard-like or pungent juice. Streptanthus
glandulosus has a somewhat irregular flower.
MUSTARD FAMILY. 211
A. Pod completely dehiscent by two valves.
|. Pod a silique, several times (or at least three syne longer than broad.
Seeds in 1 row in each cell (except Sisymbrium multifidum and Arabis glabra);
silique linear or uarrowly linear.
Racemes leafless.
Filaments with one or two pairs connate (except 1 or 2 species); silique
compressed; sepals colored, commonly purple; petals purple varying
to whitish, the limb narrow, commonly undulate-crisped
2. STREPTANTHUS.
Filaments all distinct. ,
Silique terete, pointed with a long conical beak prolonged much beyond
the valves; flowers large, yellow... 2... . BRASSICA.
Silique fetele, 4-sided or compressed, tipped with a short style or
ointless.
Silique narrowly linear, elongated, terete or nearly so.
Leaves aA toothed or some pinnatifid or entire; flowers
white or yellowish. ........ . .. 1, THELYPODIUM.
Leaves for the most part pinnatifid, or the lowest pinnately
parted; flowersyellow..... 2.1... 3. SISYMBRIUM.
Silique compressed; valves more or less 1-nerved; flowers purple,
white or nearly white. ........... 8. ARABIS.
Silique pointed, somewhat triangular, midrib of valve conspicuous;
owers rather small, bright yellow. .... 9. BARBAREA.
Silique 4-sided or flattened; valves 1-nerved; flowers large, pale
yellow or orange..... ....... . 7. ERYSIMUM.
Silique compressed, pointed.
Stems sparingly leafy from a perennial, tuberous rootstock;
flowers large, white to rose-tinted. .. ,11. DrnTaRtA.
Stems leafy; annual with fibrous roots and smaller flowers. . .
12, CARDAMINE.
Racemes leafy; silique obcompressed ,....... 13. TROPIDOCARPUM.
Seeds in 2 rows in each cell; silique terete, linear to oblong; flowers small
@ lines long or less), white or yellow. .... . 10. NASTURTIUM.
2. Pod a silicle, roundish or little longer than broad.
Silicle turgid, obovoid or pear-shaped; edges of the valves narrowly
margined; flowers yellowish. ........... 15. CAMELINA.
Silicle much flattened contrary to the narrow partition and
Obcordate or elliptical, several-seeded; flowers white or slightly
yellowish. . is .8 8% eRe BHA RR 14. CAPSELLA.
Didymous, the valves separating as closed 1-seeded nutlets; flowers
greenish-white. 2... 1 eee ee ee 20. CORONOPUS.
Orbicular or ovate, more or less emarginately winged at summit; flowers
white or apetalous ........-.....2+. 19. LEPIDIUM.
Silicle flattened parallel to the broad partition; flowers white. . . cae
18. ALYSSUM.
B. Pod indehiscent.
Pod elongated, breaking transversely into 1-seeded indehiscent joints.
Pod several-seeded, commonly with constrictions between the seeds;
MOwers SHOWS. = sc acd cara) & wwe “gn -e 2 aos aes 6. RAPHANUS.
Pod 2-jointed, breaking in the middle, each joint Pseeded flowers small.
é . CAKILE,
Pod broader than long, more or less didymous, the cells indehiscent but sep-
arating from the axis when ripe. ....... . 20. CORONOPUS.
Pod wholly indehiscent, roundish or obovate.
Pod 1 to several-seeded, wingless.. ..... .. .16. ATHYSANUS.
Pod l-seeded, margined with a wing. ... . .. .17. THYSANOCARPUS.
1. THELYPODIUM Endl.
Ours annual herbs. Flowers white or pale yellow (straw-colored),
in often dense racemes. Leaves mostly petioled, not auriculate or
clasping. Petals with narrow claw and linear or obovate exserted
limb. Stamens tetradynamous, exserted, with long and slender,
never united filaments. Anthers narrowly linear, sagittate, curved.
Stigina circular or obscurely 2-lobed, usually small. Pod elongated,
212 CRUCIFER.
terete, sessile or short-stipitate. Seeds oblong, somewhat flattened,
not winged. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek, thelus, female, and
pus, foot or support, the ovary more or less stipitate.)
Cauline leaves mostly petioled; flowers 144 to 2lines long. .1. T. lasiophyllum.
Cauline leaves sessile or the lower frequently petioled; flowers 4 or 5 lines long.
Ovary glabrous; petals conspicuously exceeding the acuminate sepals .
2. T. Greenei.
Ovary hairy; petals little exceeding the obtuse sepals. . .3. J. flavescens.
1. T. lasiophyllum Greene. Annual; erect, simple or branching
above, 1 to 3 ft. high, hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous
above; lower leaves sinuately pinnatifid with mostly acute denticulate
or entire segments, 2 to 5 in. long, the upper lanceolate, less lobed or
merely toothed, all petioled, or the upper rarely sessile; flowers 1} or
2 lines long, closely clustered, white or yellowish, on commonly
curved pedicels 1 line long; sepals oblong, scarcely more than half
the length of the narrow petals; pods ascending or strictly deflexed,
straight or somewhat curved, 2 to 4 in. long, } line wide or less,
obtuse at apex.
More frequent in the Coast Range region but also in the Sierras.
Apr. A variable species. Var. RiaipuM Robinson. Often branch-
ing from the base; pods 14 in. long, line broad, divaricately spread-
ing, sharply tipped with the short style, more or less torulose.—
Elmira to Antioch. Var. INALIENUM Robinson, Pods 13 to 23 in,
long, 1 line broad, erect or slightly spreading.—Collinsville, Brandegee.
Scarcely differing from the preceding variety.
2. T. Greenei. Glaucous and glabrous; erect, 3 to 4 ft. high, the
stem with several much elongated simple branches from below the
middle; leaves all sessile except the radical; lower cauline leaves
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, irregularly or somewhat erosely toothed or
laciniate, sometimes with two or three pairs of broad salient lobes
below the middle, 8 in. long or less; petiole about 1 in. long; upper-
most leaves linear-lanceolate, sharply serrate or denticulate, I to 4 in.
long, sessile; racemes in flower rather dense, in fruit much elongated
(even 2} ft. long); flowers 4 to 5 lines long, pale yellow; sepals
narrowly oblong, tapering to an acuminate apex, which often bears a
few hairs; petals much exceeding the sepals, the claw broad and the
undulate blade narrow; ovary glabrous; pods 2 to 3 in. long, rather
less than 1 line wide, beaked by the style.—(T. flavescens Greene,
not Streptanthus flavescens Hook.)
Brandegee’s Collinsville specimens are illustrative of the natural
type here described which is not infrequent from Main Prairie to the
Montezuma Hills and Antioch; thence southward through the Mt.
Diablo range, It is our present opinion that T. procerum (also
referred to Streptanthus and Caulanthus) of authors is the same; if it
be distinct the contrasting characters have yet to be discovered. A
satisfactory arrangement in this group can only be had, however,
when complete material (now lacking to herbaria) has been gathered
by field-students.
8. T. flavescens (Hook). One ft. high, perhaps more; stems,
MUSTARD FAMILY. 213
petioles, midribs and margins of leaves hispidulous; leaves coarsely
and unequally toothed, the lower petioled and sometimes pinnatifid,
the uppermost sharply denticulate or entire; flowers yellowish, 4
lines long; sepals oblong, broadest toward the acute apex; which
usually bears a few hairs; petals undulate, the claw as broad or
broader than the blade, little exceeding the sepals; ovary hairy; fruit
unknown to us.—(T. Hookeri Greene. )
Mt. Diablo region (Livermore, Greene, Mar. 10, 1889) to Mon-
terey, Douglas, about 1880. Description drawn from Greene’s speci-
mens which match fairly well the illustration of Douglas’ specimen
in Hooker’s Icones, figured under the name of Streptanthus flavescens
Hook. Very doubtfully distinct from the preceding.
2. STREPTANTHUS Nutt.
Annuals or a few biennials, often glaucous. Radical leaves com-
monly toothed or pinnatifid, the cauline similar or entire, often
sagittate-clasping. Sepals of the same color as the petals, two or all
saccate at base, the calyx thus ovoid or broad at base and contracted
above or by the spreading of the tips becoming somewhat flask-
shaped, rarely subcylindric. Petals purple or white, with a narrow
undulate or crisped limb and channeled claw, regular or somewhat
irregular asin no. 6. Stamens tetradynamous, or in 3 unequal pairs,
the 2 longer pairs with filaments connate below or the uppermost
pair with entirely united filaments. Silique oblong to narrowly
linear, flattened parallel to the partition, sometimes subterete; valves
l-nerved or rarely carinate. Seeds flat, margined or winged.
Cotyledons accumbent. Receptacle enlarged. (Greek streptas,
twisted, and anthos, flower, in reference to the petals.)
Upper leaves oval or orbicular and cordate-clasping. *
Filaments all distinct or one pair connate; biennial, the flowering stems
from an indurated stock . ir Sos ist 4 .. 1. S. suffrutescens.
Filaments distinct; annual. >...) 2/3225 2.000. 2. S. orbiculatus.
Upper leaves mostly narrow; filaments of longer stamens connate in pairs;
annuals.
Herbage glabrous; 2 pair of filaments connate.
Some lower leaves broadly ovate; flowers very short-pediceled; petals
urpleand white ......... es - .38. 8S. Brewert.
Cauline leaves all linear; petals white.
Flowers subsessile; sepals with whitish tips... .. 4. S. barbiger.
Flowers long-pediceled; sepals dark purple or black ......
. S. niger.
Herbage hispid-pubescent or hirsute; upper pair of filaments connate.
Leaves mostly narrow.
Flowers purple; raceme noti-sided . .. . ..6. 8. glandulosus.
Flowers pale; raceme l-sided............. 7. 8. secundus.
Some leaves obovate; petals purplish with white tips 8. S. hispidus.
1. S. suffrutescens Greene. Biennial (sometimes annual?),
herbage glabrous; branches 6 to 15 in. long from a stout indurated
trunk 6 to 9 in. high and nearly 3 lines thick; lower leaves broadly
oblong or cuneate, obovate, coarsely serrate-toothed, narrowed at
base into a winged petiole, 14 to 24 in. long; upper leaves orbicular
with cordate-clasping base, 3 to 1 in. broad; petals white, with purple
veins, 4 lines long; pods arcuate, 24 to 3 in. long, 1 line wide.
214 CRUCIFER.
Montane species of the Coast Ranges: Hood’s Peak, Sonoma Co.;
Humboldt Co., Chesnut and Drew. This may be merely a form of
8. orbiculatus but more abundant material is needed to settle the
problem of relationships in this group.
2. S. orbiculatus Greene. Annual; herbage glabrous; main stem
or ascending axis short, 1 to 3 in. long, bearing many ascending
branches, or the branches at base spreading horizontally, 8 to 5 in.
long; leaves rather small, lower spatulate-oblong, upper round,
cordate-clasping; sepals pink or purple, 2 to 3 lines long; filaments
distinct; pods falcate-recurved, mostly exceeding 2 in.
Summit of Mt. Diablo; Sierra Nevada from Mono Co. to Mt.
Shasta. ~
3. S. Breweri Gray. Herbage glabrous and glaucous; stems 1 to
2 ft. high, branching from near the base; leaves mostly sessile and
clasping, the lowermost broadly spatulate with a winged petiole,
toothed, the cauline broadly ovate and acute to narrowly lanceolate,
denticulate or entire; flowers 8 to 4 lines long, purplish; sepals
acuminate; 2 pairs of filaments connate; pods ascending, short-
pediceled, 13 to 23 in. long by } line broad, ascending, slightly
curved; stigma sessile or nearly so; seeds small, orbicular, wholly
marginless,
Inner South Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamilton, Arroyo del Puerto and
Mt. San Carlos. >
4. S. barbiger Greene. Glabrous, 1 to 2 ft. high, branched;
cauline leaves linear, entire; flowers white or purple, 3 lines long,
subsessile; calyx saccate; sepals connivent, with recurved whitish tips;
petals white, unequal; filaments dark purple, the upper pair connate
and at length exserted; fruit 1} to 2 in. long, $ line wide, recurved.
Colusa Co. to St. Helena. June.
5. S. niger Greene. Stout, 14 to 3 ft. high, much branched, the
herbage glabrous and glaucous; leaves linear, the lower with shallow
pinnate lobes or teeth, the upper entire and auriculate-clasping;
racemes loose, flexuous; flowers 4 to 5 lines long, long-pediceled;
calyx broad and saccate; sepals dark purple or black, obtuse; petals
white; pods ascending, 1 to 2 in. long, 1 line broad, on pedicels 6 to
12 lines long; stigma entire, sessile; seeds broadly elliptical, narrowly
winged.
Hills at Tiburon, Marin Co. Apr. Perhaps no more than a
robust glabrous form of 5S. glandulosus.
6. S. glandulosus Hook. Jews Flower. Nearly simple or
branched, 1 to 2 ft. high, the herbage more or less hispid; lower
leaves oblanceolate, coarsely and often saliently toothed, at least the
radical slender-petioled; upper lanceolate to linear, toothed or entire,
sessile and auriculate-clasping, the teeth callous-tipped; flowers 5 to 6
lines long; calyx commonly deep purple; petals purple, or white with
conspicuous purple veins; calyx broad and saccate; 8 sepals connivent
at tips, the lower free from the others and usually spreading; longest
pair of filaments often connate for their entire length and with
MUSTARD FAMILY. 215
reduced anthers; pods curved, more or less spreading on short
pedicels, glabrous or hispid, 2 to 8 in. long, 1 line wide; seeds
elliptical, narrowly winged.—(S., Bioletti, Mildred, albidus, and
pulchellus of Greene.)
Common in the mountains at middle altitudes, or at the highest
altitudes in the hills.
7. S.secundus Greene. Either simple or with slender branches
10 to 18 in. high, the foliage similar to that of S. glandulosus;
racemes rather dense, secund; flowers flesh-color, 4 lines long; remote
lower sepal distinctly, the uppermost obscurely, unguiculate, all
carinate and commonly hispid-ciliolate on the keel; petals with
ample purple-veined crisped limb; upper pair of filaments connate to
near their scarcely divergent tips, their anthers small but bearing
pollen; pods slender, 2 in. long, faleate-recurved; seeds wingless.
Near the coast from Marin Co. northward to Mendocino Co.
June. S. pulchellus Greene is intermediate between this and 8S.
glandulosus. ©
8. S. hispidus Gray. Dwarfish, hispid throughout, branching,
3 to 6 in. high; leaves obovate to connate-oblong, coarsely toothed,
all sessile except the very lowest; petals purplish with white tips, 3 or
4 lines long; sepals hispid with brownish hairs; pods erect or ascend-
ing, 1} to 2 in. long, 1 line wide, the pedicels short, about 1 line long;
style short and stigma broad; seeds elliptical, winged.
Summit of Mt. Diablo, Bremer, May 14, 1862, southward to
Fresno Co.
3. SISYMBRIUM L.
Erect annuals with pinnatifid or finely dissected leaves, the base
not clasping or auriculate. Flowers small, yellow. Sepals oblong
or linear, equaling or exceeding the claws of the petals. Silique
linear, terete or nearly so, the valves more or less distinctly 3-nerved;
stigma sessile or the style very short. Cotyvledons incumbent.
(Greek sisumbrion, the ancient name of some plant of the Mustard
Family.)
Leaves pinnatifid; seeds in one row . 3 . «1. S. officinale.
Leaves finely dissected; seeds in 2rows.... ... . . .2. 8. pinnatum.
1. S. officinale (L.) Scop. Hepere Mtsrarpv. A little rough-
hispid with scattered hairs; stem rigid, erect, 3 to 4 ft. high, with
divaricate branches above; leaves lvrately and often somewhat
runcinately pinnatifid or pinnately parted with dentate or coarsely
toothed segments, petioled, the lowest rosulate and 4 to 10 in. long;
flowers 1} to 2 lines in diameter; pods terete, 6 lines long, tapering
from base to summit, nearly sessile, closely appressed to the axis in
a long slender raceme.
Very common weed of waysides and waste places. Apr.—May.
2. S. pinnatum (Walt.). Tansy Musrarp. Cinerous-tomentu-
lose with short branching hairs, sometimes glabrate and green,
$ to 2 ft. high; leaves pinnately or bipinnately dissected, thinnish
216 CRUCIFER®.
and delicate; segments small, elliptical or in the upper leaves
linear-oblong; petals about 1 line long, equaling or exceeding the
sepals; capsule oblong to linear, acute at each end and beaked
with a very short style, 3 to 6 lines long, borne on slender spreading
pedicels of equal or greater length.—(S. canescens Nutt.)
Livermore (acc. to Greene), the upper San Joaquin Valley, and
southward to Southern California. Apr.
4. CAKILE L.
Maritime branching annual with fleshy leaves and rather small
purplish or white flowers. Pod fleshy, or when ripe, dry and
corky, l-celled, jointed in the middle, the 2 joints l-seeded, the
upper joint at length deciduous, the lower one persistent. Cotyledons
accumbent. (Arabic name.)
1.C. Americana Nutt. Sea Rocker. Stems decumbent, often
2 ft. long; leaves oblanceolate or narrowly obovate, crenate or
shallowly sinuate-toothed; pod 1 in. long or less, the lower segment
cylindrical, the upper ovoid and acuminately narrowed to a flattened
truncate often retuse beak.
Seashore about San Francisco and beaches of San Francisco Bay
at West Berkeley.
5. BRASSICA L. Musrarp.
Annuals, either glabrous or sparsely hispid with coarse hairs, the
lower leaves usually lyrately pinnatifid or pinnate, the upper disposed
to be more or less entire. Flowers large, yellow. ‘Lateral sepals
more or less gibbous at base. Petals with long claw and abruptly
spreading limb. Papilla-like glands 4, green, alternating with the
claws of the petals. Pod terete, terminating in a stout beak; valves
1 to several-nerved. Seeds in 1 row, globose. Cotyledons con-
duplicate, incumbent. (The Latin name for Cabbage.)
Pods terete, commonly 1 in. long or more, on ascending or spreading
pedicels.
Beak terete; stem-leaves auriculate-clasping..... .1. B. campestris.
Beak 2-edged, often l-seeded, much shorter than the body; stem-leaves
petioled, or the upper merely sessile, none auriculate-clasping . .
- A 2. B. arvensis.
Beak very much flattened, longer than the white-hispid body; leaves all
POOLED ees oe oe eG he ee x Sy oe A ae, Ge ge Bem e 4. B. alba.
Pods somewhat quadrangular, closely appressed to the axis of the raceme,
4g to % in. long; leaves all petioled. ...... . 3. B. nigra.
1. B. campestris L. ‘Common YELLow Mvsrarp.’’ Succu-
lent, glaucous and glabrous save for bristle-bearing pustules on the
upper surface of the lower leaves, erect, sparingly branched, 1 to 6 ft.
high; cauline leaves all sessile and clasping by an auricled base;
upper cauline lanceolate and entire; lower cauline irregularly serrate
or denticulate, and pinnatifid or pinnate with the terminal segment
very large and lateral segments sessile by a broad base and more or
less decurrent on the rachis; radical leaves similar to the lower
cauline, petioled; flowers 6 to 8 lines broad; sepals narrowly oblong,
MUSTARD FAMILY. 217
yellowish, ascending; petals with elliptic blade; pods terete, 1} to 1}
in. long, narrowed into a subulate beak, tipped with a flat stigma.
ae common. Feb.—Apr. It is the Turnip of the gardens run
wild.
2. B. arvensis (L.) B.S. P. Cuarzocn. Herbage light green,
hispid with scattered hairs; leaves pinnatifid with a large shallowly
lobed terminal segment and usually » pair of much smaller angular
segments on the rachis, or ovate or triangular-ovate and lobed or
denticulate; upper leaves deltoid-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled
or sessile by a narrow base, not clasping; petals 4 to 6 lines long; pods
ascending or erect, 1 to 14 in. long, with 8 to 8 seeds in each cell; beak
flattish, 4 as long as the body, often containing a seed; valves nerved.
—(B. Sinapistrum Boiss. )
Frequent in western Alameda Co. Apr.
8. B. nigra (L.) Koch. Brack Musrarp. Dark green (not
glaucous), nearly glabrous or with some scattered stiff hairs, 3 to 6
or even 12 ft. high; leaves all petiolate; lower lyrately pinnatifid or
divided; terminal segment very large, shallowly lobed and sharply
dentate; upper leaves less lobed or the uppermost linear and entire
and commonly drooping or pendulous; racemes long and dense;
petals 33 lines long, much larger than the sepals; pods closely
appressed to the axis of the raceme, torulose, indistinctly 4-sided,
beaked by the style; seeds nearly black, highly pungent.
Naturalized weed, everywhere common and very abundant in
interior grainfields. May—July.
4. B. alba Boiss. Stem 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves all pinnately lobed
or divided and rather long-petioled, or the upper lanceolate or oblong,
merely dentate and short-petioled; racemes 3 or 4 in. long, rather
dense; pedicels in fruit spreading horizontally; pod hispid with white
hairs, the body shorter than the long conspicuously flattened beak.
European weed, perhaps not yet naturalized: Byron, Bioletti.
6. RAPHANUS L. RapisuH.
Coarse much-branched annuals or biennials. Lower leaves lyrately
pinnate or pinnatifid, shortly petioled. Flowers large, purple or
vellow, or becoming white. Petals long-clawed. Pod thick, beaked
by the stout style, I-celled, filled with spongy or corky tissue, lightly
constricted between the seeds or even moniliform, indehiscent or
eventually breaking transversely into 1-seeded joints. Seeds sub-
globose, cotyledons conduplicate. (Greek raphanos, quick-appearing,
on account of the prompt germination of the seeds. )
1. R. sativus L. Writp RapisH. Nearly glabrous or hispid with
scattered hairs; stem branching widely, 2 to 5 ft. high; lower leaves
pinnately parted, all the segments crenate, the terminal segment
large and round, the lateral smaller, ovate or oblong, sessile with the
218 CRUCIFERAE.
upper side adherent to the midrib, the lower lobe free; upper leaves
mostly toothed, or with a few small lateral segments; flowers 8 or 9
lines broad, purple or white; pod thick, spongy at maturity, 3 to 4
lines broad, 1 to 3 in. long, with one to several constrictions, or the
body of the pod globose and 1-seeded.
Common weed of waste places in towns and villages about San
Francisco Bay; less frequent in the interior. Naturalized,
2. R. Raphanistrum L. Jornrep Cuariock. Plants 14 to 2
ft. high, almost glabrous throughout; lower leaves deeply lyrate-
pinnatifid, 4 to 7 in. long, the upper less lobed; flowers 6 to 9 lines
broad, yellow or white; pods 1 to 14 in. long, 6 to 10-seeded, strongly
constricted between the seeds, longitudinally grooved.
Introduced from Europe but very rare and scarcely established:
San Francisco; Berkeley.
7. ERYSIMUM L. Wat FLower.
Erect stoutish biennials or perennials, simple or with few branches.
Leaves narrow, entire, dentate or lobed- Flowers large, orange to
light yellow. Sepals narrow, equal at base or the lateral saccate.
Petals with slender claws and obovate blades. Pod linear, flattened,
with I-nerved valves, or quadrangular. Seeds in 1 row, numerous,
not margined. (Greek name of a garden plant.)
Flowers orange; pod 4-sided; montane species... .. .. .1. E. asperum.
Flowers cream-color or yellowish; pod flattened parallel to the partition;
littoral species. = 2... ... so ee » 6 oly H, Capitatum.
1. E. asperum DC. Wesrern WatLi-rLowER. Herbage sca-
brous-pubescent, hairs stellately 3-parted; stems erect, simple or
branching above, 1} to 2} ft. high, rather densely clothed with
leaves below; leaves narrow (2 to 6 lines wide and 8 to 6 in. long, or
the uppermost shorter), entire or sharply dentate, the lower slender-
petioled; flowers orange, 10 lines in diameter; blade of petal broadly
elliptic; sepals narrow, with a longitudinal dorsal ridge; pods
4-sided, ascending or widely spreading, commonly 8 to 4 in. long,
1 line wide, beaked with a stout style; seeds oblong, often slightly
winged at one end.—(E. Californicum Greene.)
Common on rocky hills in the mountains of the Coast Ranges and
Sierra Nevada. Mar.—Apr.
2. E. capitatum (Dougl.) Greene. Stout and low, erect, 4 to 14
ft. high, leafy, finely pubescent; leaves narrow, entire or repand-
dentate; flowers cream-color to yellowish, rarely white, at first sub-
capitate, the axis elongating in fruit and becoming a short raceme;
pods 1} to 2} in. long, 1} lines wide, abruptly short-pointed; valves
flattish, 1-nerved; seeds brown, sometimes margined but not winged—
(E. grandiflorum Nutt.)
Vicinity of the ocean along the California coast.
8. ARABIS L. Rock Orgss.
Ours erect and tall annuals or biennials, or cespitose perennials,
Flowers rose-purple, white or yellowish white. Sepals greenish or
MUSTARD FAMILY. 219
tae erect and equal, or the lateral pair slightly saccate at base.
etals obovate or spatulate, with narrow claw and flat blade, com-
monly much exceeding the sepals. Pod flattened parallel to the
partition, the valves more or less 1-nerved. Seeds more or less
winged; cotyledons accumbent, or in one species partially incumbent.
(Name from the land Arabia.)
Leaves all pinnately parted; plants decumbently branching from the base;
flowers small, white... ............2.. 1. A. Virginica.
5. A. Brewert.
1. A. Virginica (L.) Trelease. Annual or biennial, nearly gla-
brous; branched from the decumbent base, the branches 7 to 15 in.
high; leaves deeply pinnatifid with nearly uniform oblong or linear
few-toothed or entire segments; flowers small, white, on very short
pedicels; pods spreading, $ to 1 in. long, 1 line broad, borne on ped-
icels 1 to 2 lines long, beaked by a short pointed style; valves faintly
veined or obscurely 1-nerved at base; seeds in 1 row.—(A. Ludo-
viciana C. A. Mey.)
Lower San Joaquin River banks, Sanford; probably introduced
from Southern California.
2. A. glabra (L.) Bernh. Towrr Mustarp. Biennial, erect,
simple (very rarely branched), 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage glaucous, at
the base hispidulous, above glabrous; radical leaves broadly spatulate,
coarsely dentate or merely denticulate, 2 to 4} in. long, soon wither-
ing; cauline leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, entire, clasping by a
sagittate base; flowers dull white, 2 to 3 lines long, little exceeding
the sepals; pods strictly erect, even appressed to the stem, straight, 3
to 4 in. long, 4 to $ line wide, on pedicels 8 to 5 lines long; seeds in
2 rows, narrowly winged or wingless.—(A. perfoliata Lam. )
Throughout California: not rare, but the plants commonly solitary.
Apr.-May.
8. A. hirsuta Scop. Harry Rock Cress, Biennial, more or
less hirsute, deep green, not glaucous; stems erect, simple or strictly
branched, 1 to 3 ft. high; radical leaves oblanceolate, the petioles
winged, 1 to 2 in. long; cauline oblong to lanceolate, commonly
entire, sessile by a subcordate base; petals dull white, 15 to 3 lines
long; pods strictly erect on slender pedicels, 1 to 2 in. long, 3 line
wide; style scarcely any; valves faintly nerved below the middle and
more or less veined; seeds suborbicular, very narrowly margined.
Northern California: Marin, Co. (acc. to Greene).
4. A. blepharophylla H. & A. Biennial or perennial, branched
at base or simple, 4 to 12 in. high, deep green, glabrous, or somewhat
hirsute below; radical leaves broadly spatulate to obovate, obtuse,
220 CRUCIFER &.
ciliate with forked hairs; cauline oblong, sessile, dentate or entire;
flowers large, fragrant, purple, } in. long; sepals often colored, broad,
2 to 8 lines long; pods erect or ascending, nearly straight, } to 1 in.
long, 1 line wide, abruptly beaked by a short stout style; valves
yeined, l-nerved; seeds in 1 row, round-elliptical, narrowly winged
or scarcely margined.
Rocky hilltops from San Francisco to Monterey. Mar.—Apr.
5. A. Breweri Wats. Brewer Rock Cress. Stems many from
the much branched crown of a stout woody root, 2 to 6 in. high;
herbage stellately pubescent or canescent, especially below; lower
leaves broadly spatulate, entire, 3 to 9 lines long; upper leaves lanceo-
late to oblong, sessile by a subcordate base or obtusely auriculate;
flowers bright red-purple or nearly white, 2 to 3 lines long, the
pedicels and purplish calyx more or less villous; pods spreading and
arcuate, 1} to 2} in. long, 1 line broad; valves I-nerved, veined;
seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, somewhat in 2 rows.
Rocky summits of mountain peaks from borders of Lake Co. south-
ward to Mt. Diablo, Mt. Hamilton and Loma Prieta. Apr.
9. BARBAREA BR. Br.
Perennial herbs similar to the yellow-flowered Nasturtiums. Stem
angular. Leaves lyrate or pinnatifid. Stamens 6, distinctly tetra-
dynamous. Pods linear, somewhat quadrangular, abruptly termi-
nated by a pointed style, the valves strongly 1-nerved or carinate.
Seeds in 1 row in each cell, turgid, not margined. (Named after St.
Barbara.)
1. B. vulgaris R. Br. Whryrer-cress. Glabrous, rather stout,
10 to 16 in. high; radical leaves elliptic, sometimes cordate at base, ?
to 2 in. long, with or without small supplementary lobes borne along
the petiole; cauline similar, pinnatifid, with the terminal lobe largest
and often oblong-lanceolate; raceme terminal and solitary or with
several from the upper axils; petals narrowly obovate or oblanceolate,
the blade scarcely narrowed into a claw, about 8 lines long, twice as
long as the yellow sepals; pod 14 in. long.
Along streams in the mountains or among the hills: Coast Ranges
and Sierra Nevada. June-July.
10. NASTURTIUM L.
Nearly or quite glabrous annuals or perennials, sometimes growing
in water, mostly in wet places. Leaves toothed or pinnatifid or
pinnately divided. Flowers small, white or yellow. Sepals spread-
ing in anthesis. Petals scarcely clawed. Stigma capitate, nearly
sessile. Pod linear or oblong, terete or nearly so, valves mostly
1-nerved. Seeds minute, in 2 rows in each cell; cotyledons accum-
bent. (Nasus, nose, and tortus, twisting, the nostrils affected by the
pungent herbage.) ;
Flowers white; petals distinctly clawed, nearly twice the length of the
SEPA Bye: oat fe ey, ford (oes Buea otk By Bec 2 bhi 8S OS 1. N. officinale.
Flowers yellow; petals scarcely clawed, little longer than the sepals.
Pods linear, curved upward... .......20- 2. N. curvisiliqua.
Pods oblong, turgid, straight. . . » «23 NN. palustris.
MUSTARD FAMILY. Y2I
1. N. officinale R. Br. Warer-cress. Stems ascending or pros-
trate at base and rooting at the nodes, the herbage glabrous; leatlets
or segments 3 to 9, ovate or nearly round, the terminal always the
largest, or the lowest leaves without lateral leaflets; flowers white, 2
to 2} lines broad; petals nearly twice the length of the sepals;
a divaricately spreading, 4 to 1 in. long, the pedicels about as
ong. :
Common in slow-flowing creeks and about springs in the moun-
tains. Naturalized.
2. N. curvisiliqua Nutt. Wrstern YELLow-creEss. Stems
branching, erect or decumbent, $ to 1} ft. long; herbage sparsely
pubescent; leaves pinnatifid or pinnately parted (the segments varying
from linear and commonly entire to oblong or ovate and either entire,
toothed or pinnatifid), mostly } to 2 in. long, or the lowest or radical
much longer; pods linear, terete, more or less curved, 4 to 7 lines
long, the pedicel 4 to 1} lines long.
Frequent in stream beds, margins of pools and marshy erie from
San Mateo Co. and the Oakland Hills northward through the Coast
Ranges and the Sacramento Valiey. Exceedingly variable in foliage;
radical leaves of « robust plant from the Napa River near St. Helena
are bipinnatifid and 1 ft. long. The var. lyratum Wats. has coarsely
toothed leaves broad above and narrowed towards the base. .
8. N. palustris DC. Marsa Ye tiow-cress. Biennial, erect,
branching, 2 to 5 ft. high, usually glabrous; leaves oblong-lanceolate
in outline, coarsely toothed or deeply pinnatifid with the oblong lobes
dentate; pods oblong, turgid, 2 to 3 lines long, obtuse, the pedicels
nearly as long.
Lowlands of the Sacramento River.
N. picryotum Greene, collected on Grand Island, is teratological;
stems more or less fasciated; pods often 3 or 4-valved and placente
3 or 4; pods at intervals crowded.
11. DENTARIA L. Tootuwort.
Glabrous perennials. Stems and one or two long-petioled radical
leaves from tuberous rootstocks, the stems rarely branched and spar-
ingly leafy. Flowers large, white or rose-tinted, appearing in early
spring. Petals with slender claws and ovate spreading limb, much
longer than the sepals; ‘these equal at base, erect or nearly so. Pod
linear, flattened parallel to the partition, stout, attenuate above into
the slender style, the valves and partitions not nerved; seeds wing-
less. (From the Latin, dens, a tooth, the rootstocks toothed in some
species.)
Leaves (at least the cauline) trifoliate a ex 1. D. integrijolia.
Leaves all undivided ca : . .2. D.cardiophylla.
1. D. integrifolia Nutt. Mrrx-marps. Stems mostly one from
the rootstock, erect, 1 ft. high, the herbage rather fleshy; radical
leaves simple or trifoliolate, the leaves or leaflets mostly orbicular,
minutely dentate, and 4 to 1 in. long; cauline trifoliolate, ovate to
222 CRUCIFERZE.
lanceolate; raceme mostly single; corolla white, 6 lines broad; sepals
green or dull red; siliques with dull red valves. aa
Abundant in the valleys and on the plains, often whitening the
fields in Feb. and Mar. Propagating vegetatively by the production
of roots at the summit of the petiole of the radical compound leaf.
Exceedingly variable. The most marked variety is the following:
Var. Californica (Dentaria Californica Nutt.)—Taller and more
slender, leaves larger, comparatively thin, the radical often dull
reddish beneath and sometimes 5-foliolate; corolla white or pale
rose-color.—Shady woods. Mar.-May. Exceedingly variable in its
leaves, the cauline sometimes pinnately parted and the radical as
frequently simple, as in the species.
2. D. cardiophylla (Greene) Robinson. Erect, stoutish, 8 to 18
in. high; radical leaves undivided, broadly cordate, slightly and
somewhat angulately lobed and mucronately denticulate, 1 to 24 in.
wide; cauline similar, tapering from within the broad sinus to a
petiole 3 to 1 in. long; flowers white; siliques slender-beaked.—
(Cardamine cardiophylla Greene. )
Vaca Mountains at low altitudes, Jepson (1885), Platt (1898).
12. CARDAMINE L. Birrer-cress,
Ours annual with fibrous roots and leafy stems; leaves pinnate, the
radical in a rosette. Very near Dentaria and scarcely separable, but
the flowers smaller (in ours 1 to 1} lines long) and pods narrower.
(Ancient Greek name of some species of Cress.)
1. C. oligosperma Nutt. Erect, slender, unbranched or with
several very slender branches 8 to 14 in. high, hispidulous or nearly
glabrous; stems slender, commonly branching, 3 to 9 in. high; radi-
cal leaves in a rosette, these and the cauline leaves pinnate, 14 in.
long or less; leaflets 5 to 11, little unequal, with a notch in each side
toward the apex, 1 to 4 lines long, petiolulate; petals white, much
surpassing the sepals; silique 6 to 9 or 12 lines long; valves separating
and falling in a close coil while still green-herbaceous; pedicels 2
lines long, little accrescent in fruit.
Under Oaks and other trees in openly wooded country, Oakland
Hills and Marin Co. northward to Napa Valley and Mendocino Co.
13, TROPIDOCARPUM: Hook.
Erect or diffusely spreading annuals with pubescent herbage, pin-
natifid leaves and leafy racemes of rather small yellow flowers.
Sepals concave, ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals cuneate-obovate.
Stamens tetradynamous; anthers roundish. Style slender, sometimes
short. Pod completely or partially 2-celled, or 1-celled, strongly
flattened contrary to the narrow partition, or only the upper part
flattened, or somewhat inflated; valves 2 to 4, opening from above;
seeds in 2 to 4 rows. (Greek tropis, keel, and karpos, fruit,
in reference to the carinate valves of the capsule. For an interesting
study of the fruit of Tropidocarpum see Robinson in Erythea, iv. 109.)
MUSTARD FAMILY. 293
Plants, when robust, with mostly straggling branches; pods 2-valved and
TwoCelled ogc caray 6 ae hon ace ee Rcai mais) ade 1. T. gracile.
One-celled, but the partition persistent above. . _ . 2. 7. dubium.
Plants commonly erect; pods 4-valvyed and l-celled, | 13.7. capparideum.
1. T. gracile Hook. Erect or at last very diffuse; leaves pinnati-
fid, the segments commonly linear, acutish, cleft or entire; leaves of
the inflorescence similar but reduced; pedicels axillary, 3 to 10 lines
long, spied ne: Stamens very unequal; pods linear, strongly obecom-
pressed throughout, tardily dehiscent; style slender; seeds in 2 rows.
On or near low hills of the inner Coast Ranges from Tehama Co.
and the Marysville Buttes southwestward to Vacaville, Mt. Diablo
and Southern California.
2. T. dubium Davidson. Decumbent, the branches 6 to 12 in,
long; radical leaves regularly pinnatifid with 3-toothed segments,
petioled, 2 to 3 in. long; cauline leaves mostly sessile with linear seg-
ments; stamens tetradynamous, but not markedly unequal; pedicels
said to be arcuate; pods } to 1} in. long, 1 line wide, only the upper
portion obeompressed; partition not present, except in the upper }
or }.
Antioch (acc. to Robinson in Gray, Syn. Fl.) and Southern
California.
8. T. capparideum Greene. Stem stoutish, erect, mostly less
than 1 ft. high, simple or sparingly branched; foliage as in T.
gracile, the upper leaves somewhat more deeply parted and with
longer subentire segments; pods linear-oblong, 7 to 10 lines in length,
2 lines wide, somewhat inflated, 1-celled, conspicuously 6-nerved,
tipped with a slender style; valves 4, the dehiscence beginning at the
apex; seeds in 4 distinct rows.
Alkaline soil from Byron to Lathrop, Mr. C. D. Cobb sends us
from the Lower San Joaquin a box of 40 ripe fruits, each capsule hav-
ing an inner capsule containing a perfect seed.
14. CAPSELLA Medic.
Slender annuals with pinnatifid leaves and small white flowers.
Petals small, little exceeding the calyx. Pod obcordate or elliptical,
strongly or scarcely at all flattened, several-seeded; valves carinate.
Seeds not winged; cotyledons incumbent. (Capsella, a little box, in
allusion to the fruit.)
Pod obcordate, or cuneate-triangular in outline with retuse apex, strongly
PBGCOM CG is so sicnd “aj oo es aashy A oe ah YB eee Re ayy fe ot ds 1. C. Bursa-pastoris.
Pod elliptic-oblong, scarcely flattened, entire at the apex.2. C. procumbens.
1. CG. Bursa-pastoris Mcench. SHEPHERD’s PurRsE. Stems
erect, simple or branching, 3 to 10 or 15 in. high, sparsely hispid;
radical leaves in a spreading rosette; lower leaves petioled, pinnatifid,
rarely entire, the terminal lobe largest; upper leaves merely den-
tate, sessile-auriculate; petals white, less than 1 to 1} lines long,
slightly exceeding the sepals; pedicels elongating in fruit, 4 lines long;
pods obcordate, 2} to 3 lines broad, many-seeded, strongly flattened.
Common in pastures, orchards and by waysides; naturalized from
Europe.
224 CRUCIFERA.
2. C. procumbens (L.) Fries. Three to 6 in. high with as-
cending branches from the base; leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, or
the lower more or less pinnatifid; flowers minute, } line long or less;
sepals ‘ovate-elliptic, thin-margined, about equaled .by the white
petals; pods elliptic-oblong, entire at the apex, 1 to 1} lines long,
pedicels filiform, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long and divaricately spreading.
—(C. elliptica C. A. Mey. C. divaricata Walp.)
Alkaline soil from Alameda and Byron southward to Kern Co.
15. CAMELINA Crantz.
Erect annual with sagittate-clasping leaves. Flowers small, yellow,
in loose racemes, Pod obovate or pear-shaped, beaked with the
slender, persistent style; valves convex with the edges flattened, form-
ing a narrow margin around the pod; partition broad; seeds several
in each cell, oblong, marginless; cotyledons incumbent. (Greek
camai, dwarf, and linon, flax.)
1. C. sativa Crantz. Fatse Frax. Stem simple or branching
above, 14 to 2 ft. high, leafy, nearly glabrous; leaves oblong to lanceo-
late, entire or dentate; flowers rather small, light yellow; pedicels in
fruit ascending; pods 3} or 4 lines long, 2 to 24 lines broad.
Old World weed of grain fields. Rare in California.
16. ATHYSANUS. Greene.
Low annual, leafy below, the short stem divided at or near the
base into few or many simple elongated filiform branches or racemes
which are unilaterally flower-bearing throughout. Flowers minute,
promptly reflexed or recurved. Petals linear or none. Stamens 6,
nearly or quite equal; filaments slender. Pod small, orbicular, in-
dehiscent, 1-celled, or 2-celled by a thin partition, wingless; cotyle-
dons aceumbent. (Greek a-, without, and thusanos, fringe, the fruit
wingless, the species taken out of the genus Thysanocarpus, whose
fruit is broadly margined.)
Pods plane, numerous on theracemes. ...... » 2 al. A. pusillus.
Pods twisted at maturity; raceme lax, the pods often distant 1 in. or more.
2. A. unilateralis.
1. A. pusillus (Hook.) Greene. Herbage pubescent with simple or
branching hairs; racemes 8 to 9 in. long; leaves broadly oblong with
about 8 coarse teeth on each side, 8 to 5 lines long, rarely varying
from 2 to 9 lines; ovary 1-celled; ovules 2 to 4, only one maturing,
that attached at base of the pod; fruiting pedicels recurved, 1 to 8
lines long; pods orbicular, strongly flattened 3 to 1 line long, hispid
all over with hooked hairs.
Common everywhere on low hills and gravelly plains in the Coast
Ranges; also in the Sierra Foothills at Rough and Ready.
2. A. unilateralis (Jones). Habit of the preceding; racemes lax,
diffuse, or horizontal and trailing, in age rigid and wiry, 6 to 18 in.
long; pods round-oval, 1 to 14 lines broad, hispidulous, twisted when
mature, the pedicels thick, recurved, 3 to 1 line long; seeds 6 to 10.—
(Heterodraba unilateralis Greene. )
MUSTARD FAMILY. 225
Hillsides and valleys of the inner Coast Ranges from Colusa Co.
to Livermore Vulley and southward. Apr.
17. THYSANOCARPUS Hook.
Stender erect annuals, with the stems commonly sparingly
branched or often simple, and minute white or purplish flowers.
Sepals ovate, spreading. Petals spatulate. Stamens 6, subequal,
with slender filaments. Ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, becoming an in-
dehiscent fruit; this much flattened and winged, orbicular in outline,
the body disk-shaped or plane on one side and convex on the other,
the wing with small perforations or with radiating nerves or toothed.
(Greek thusanos, fringe, and karpos, fruit).
Fruiting pedicels more or less recurved their whole length.
Wing of the obovate fruit with radiating nerves, mostly TapeTORane ee
Wing of the commonly roundish fruit perforated... .. 2. T. tS ay
Wing of fruit scarious, not perforated, the radiating nerves none or very
BNOGL 4 ag kb ana ee eR ERE RK oe He 3. T. emarginatus.
Fruiting pedicels straight or recurved only at the very tip; wing broad with
CONSPICUOUSTAYS . 65 fe ee 4. T. radians.
1. T. curvipes Hook. Frincx-pop. More or less pubescent or
hirsute, 10 to 20 in. high; cauline leaves linear or lanceolate, sessile
and auricled at base, the upper entire, the lower dentate or denticu-
late; radical leaves often narrowed at base to a petiole, commonly
sinuate-pinnatifid, with triangular acute or acuminate lobes; fruit
obovate varying to round-obovate, pubescent or glabrous, 14 to 3 lines
long, often very convex on one side; wing narrow, rather crowded
with broad rays; pedicels recurved.
Frequent every where in the open hill country of California. Apr.-
May. Pods in the same raceme sometimes either pubescent or gla-
brous, indifferent of age. Passing into the next by numerous grada-
tions, of which T. hirtellus Greene is one.
2. T. elegans F.&M. Lacr-rop. Rather stout, with few
branches; lower leaves repand-toothed; fruit nearly orbicular, 3 to
+ lines long, the body densely tomentose; wing with large ovoid
perforations between the rays, the margin membranaceous and entire.
Middle North Coast Ranges; Antioch; Sierra Foothills.
3. T. emarginatus Greene. Freely branching from the base, 1}
ft. high; herbage ostensibly glabrous but the plant at the fruiting
stage hispidulous under a lens, at least on the lower parts; cauline
leaves linear, lanceolate, sessile, not auricled; flowers and radical
leaves unknown; fruit 2 to 23 lines long, glabrous; the wing scarious,
entire, destitute of radiating nerves or these very short, sometimes
deeply, always slightly emarginate at the apex.
Mt. Diablo, Jepson; Antioch, Miss Evstivood. Evidently passes
into T, curvipes.
4. T. radians Benth. Erect, commonly 1 to 14 ft. high and
rarely branching; radical leaves runcinate-pinnatifid; cauline ovate-
lanceolate, auriculate-clasping; fruit orbicular, 4 lines broad, glabrous
17
226 CRUCIFERZ.
or tomentose, the edge of the body divided into radiating spoke-like
nerves which disappear abruptly just within the margin of the white-
membranaceous wing; pedicels straight, abruptly recurved at the
very summit.
Low hills or rolling plains, infrequent: Healdsburg; Sonoma;
Vacaville; Antioch; and Linden (San Joaquin Co.). Apr.—May.
Var. montanus is a color form; branches several from the base,
ascending, 5 to 8 in. high; fruit 3 lines long, the wing bright purple.
—Plateau of the Napa Mountains, north of Mt. George, Jepson,
Apr. 28, 1893.
18. ALYSSUM L.
Low-branching herbs with undivided leaves. Flowers white or
yellowish, in ours 2 lines long or less. Filaments of the stamens
winged near the base or toothed. Pod orbicular, with convex veinless
valves and broad partition; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell. (A-, without,
and lussa, madness, the plant valued by the ancient Greeks as an
antidote for hydrophobia.) .
Petals yellowish white, scarcely exceeding the sepals; these persistent about
the base of the fruit. < ose ei ce se cee ewe oe ‘ _1. A. ealycinum.
Petals white, twice as long as the deciduous sepals . . 2. A. maritimum.
1. A. calycinum L. Smatit Atyssum. Annual; stems branch-
ing from the base, decumbent, 4 to 7 in. high; leaves linear-oblong
or spatulate; petals yellowish white, little exceeding the persistent
sepals; filaments of the shorter stamens toothed at the base; pod
notched at the apex, 14 lines broad; seeds 2 in each cell.
An escape from gardens; not common,
2. A. maritimum (L.) Lam. Sweer Atyssum. Perennial,
ostensibly glabrous, the stems procumbent or ascending, 4 to 12 in.
long; leaves narrowly lanceolate or linear; petals broad, white, twice
the length of the sepals; sepals falling off after flowering; filaments
without appendages; seeds 1 in each cell.
European species of the gardens, more or less naturalized in
California.
19. LEPIDIUM L. PrppEr-Grass.
Ours low annuals (commonly less than 3, seldom 2 ft. high) with
toothed pinnatifid leaves and very small flowers (1 line long or less),
Petals white or none. Stamens 6, 4 or 2, Pod a round, ovate, or
broadly oblong silicle, strongly obcompressed, and in ours notched or
lobed at the more or less winged apex; valves acutely carinate, the
cells 1-seeded. Style not persistent in fruit. Cotyledons incumbent.
(Greek lepidion, a little scale, in reference to the flattened pods.)
L. Drasa L., Hoary Cress, is occasionally found as an escape
from the gardens; leaves large, elliptic-obovate or -lanceolate; pod
somewhat cordate, neither notched nor winged, tipped with a stout
style.—Napa Valley.
Silicle notched at apex; not reticulated or only faintly.
Petals present; erect plants.
Leaves toothed; pedicels terete ....... . . 1. Le medium.
Lower leaves pinnatifid; pedicels flattened . . 2. L. nitidum.
MUSTARD FAMILY, 227
Petals none; plants diffuse or prostrate; leaves pinnatifid.........
3. L. bipinnatifidum.
stems; wings or teeth approximate or parallel and
. Baw ass | oso . 4, L. latipes.
VOT SHOT. soe Gos grain mde ace ar Re 5. L. dictyotum.
nent; sinustriangular .. 2... ..., ....6
Pedicels spreading or retrocurved; larger than the silicles; sinus broad
aoe . 7. LD. oxycarpum.
1. L. medium Greene. TaLt Peprer-arass. Stem erect, 1 to
2 ft. high, simple below, paniculately branching above and bearing
numerous racemes 2 to 8 or even 6 in. long; herbage ostensibly
glabrous; leaves oblanceolate (the radical oblong), narrowed at base
to a petiole, sharply serrate, 2 to 8 in. long; rameal leaves linear,
serrate only towards the apex, shorter; petals white; silicles round,
1} lines long, nearly as broad, notched at the very narrowly winged
apex; pedicels 2 lines long, widely (oreven horizontally) spreading.
Common in Scott Valley, Lake Co. and southward to Napa Valley.
Described by Greene as apetalous.
2. L. nitidum Nutt. Commoy PEpprr-erass. ToNGUE-GRASS.
Branching from or near the base, 1 to 6 or 10 in. high, the branches
mostly simple; herbage glabrous; leaves 4 in. long or less, the upper
almost or quite entire, the lower pinnatifid with the rachis ligulate
and bearing remote entire or laciniately toothed lobes; petals white,
less than 1 line long, obovate, with no distinct claw; stamens 6, but
the 2 shorter mere rudiments; silicles round, with a narrow margin,
abruptly notched at apex, 1} to 2 lines long, plane on the upper
face, convex on thé lower, often dark purple, glabrous and shining.
Common everywhere on the Californian plains, low hills and in
the valleys. Feb.-Apr.
3. L. bipinnatifidum Desv. Waystpe PrppEr-Grass. Stems
3 to 6 in. long, freely branching from the base, diffuse or even pros-
trate, the plants often closely matting the ground; herbage light
green, puberulent or glabrate; leaves pinnatifid or the lowest bipin-
natifid; racemes numerous, dense and rather narrow; petals none;
silicles round, nearly 1} lines long, glabrous, faintly reticulate, the
teeth at the apex short and obtuse; fruiting pedicels ascending,
scarcely exceeding } line.
Common in hard beaten soil, by paths and waysides, throughout
California.
4. L. latipes Hook. Lonc-wiNcep PEPPER-GRAsS. Stems sev-
eral from the base, very thick and stout, 1 to 2 in. long, recurved-
prostrate; herbage slightly pubescent; leaves pinnatifid with few
linear acute segments, 8 to 5 in. long, the rachis ligulate, 2 lines
broad, often dilated into a terminal lanceolate lobe; segments remote,
5 to 6 lines long; racemes very dense, } to 1} in. long; petals broadly
spatulate, greenish, rounded at the apex, 1 line long, much exceeding
the short sepals; silicles broadly oblong or oval, 3 lines long, 2 lines
228 CRUCIFERZ.
broad, strongly reticulated, sparingly pubescent, winged at apex with
two broad acute teeth nearly as long as the body, the sinus between
the teeth or wings a narrow cleft.
Beds or margins of winter pools on the plains or in alkaline flats.
Common in the Sacramento Valley and found in the Coast Ranges
from Round Valley (Mendocino Co.) to Napa Valley, Mt. Diablo
region, Hollister and southward to Southern California. Mar.—May,
fruiting June-July. -
5. L. dictyotum Gray. Branches several from the base, decum-
bent, or at length aseending, 1 to 2 in. long; leaves pinnatifid, the
segments few, linear and remote; petals little exceeding the sepals or
wanting; silicles 14 lines long, broadly elliptic, finely reticulated,
pubescent, with short obtuse wings or teeth at the summit, the sinus
narrow; pedicels ascending, flattened.
Alkaline soils from Alameda (ace. to Greene) and Livermore
southward to Southern California. Mar.—Apr. :
6. L. strictum Rattan. Branching from the base, the branches
comparatively simple, suberect or diffuse, 4 to 12 in. high; leaves
with few pinnate segments or entire; stamens 4; silicles glabrous,
lightly reticulated, 2 to 23 lines long, with 2 widely divergent
lanceolate wings or teeth at apex often 4 as long as the elliptic body;
pedicels flattened, in fruit rather shorter than the pod.—(L. Oreganum
Greene, Fl. Fr. in part.)
Lower San Joaquin and the Montezuma Hills. First collected by
Rattan in the ‘‘ Live Oaks of the Mokelumne River, 1878.”
7. L. oxycarpum T. & G. Very slender, branched from the base,
the branches elongated, erect or ascending, 4 to 6 in. long, bearing
flowers more than half their length; leaves narrow, linear and sub-
entire, or pinnatifid with a few acute linear segments; pedicels widely
spreading or deflexed, more slender than in the other members of the
group, 1} lines long; sepals very unequal, caducous, $ line long;
petals none; stamens 2; silicle roundish, glabrate, finely reticulated,
1} lines long, tipped with 2 very short and acute widely divergent
teeth; pedicels widely spreading or retrocurved, very slender, flattened,
longer than the pods.
Borders of salt marshes or in alkaline soils in middle California
toward the coast: Vallejo; Berkeley Hills; Alviso.
20. CORONOPUS Gartn.
Prostrate annuals (exhaling a heavy-scented odor), with pinnatifid
leaves and short racemes of minute greenish white flowers. Sepals
oval, equal at base, spreading. Stamens often only 2 or 4. Silicle
small, more or less didymous, flattened contrary to the narrow parti-
tion, the surface strongly wrinkled or tuberculate; valves of the pod
falling away at maturity from the persistent axis as closed or nearly
closed nutlets. Cotyledons incumbent. (Greek korono, crow, and
pous, foot, because of the shape of the leaves.)
CAPPARIDACE. 229
7 1. C. didymus.
Fruit not notched above, obscurely didymous, strongly roughened and
cristate-muricate,. . 0... eee ee ssn ad. OC, Buelit
1. ©. didymus (L) Smith. Warr-cress. Herbage heavy-scented,
sparsely hairy or almost glabrous; stems numerous, freely branching,
diffuse or prostrate, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves 1 in. long or less, pinnately
parted into entire or sharply toothed segments; flowers minute,
greenish white; pods small, about 1 line broad, notched both above
and below, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed or didymous, each
lobe turgid and finely wrinkled.—(Senebiera didyma Pers.)
Naturalized weed near dwellings: Montezuma Hills, Solano Co.
2. C. Ruellii All. Swine-cress. Stems stouter; leaves pinnately
parted (the segments mostly 4 in. long and deeply 2 or 38-toothed),
long-petioled, 2 to 23 in. long; pods flattened, 14 to 13 lines broad, not
notched at summit nor scarcely 2-lobed but strongly roughened, both
muricate and cristate.—(Senebiera Coronopus Poir.)
Naturalized weed: San Francisco.
39. CAPPARIDACEZA. Carer Faminy.
Ours annuals with palmately compound alternate leaves and
fugacious or deciduous stipules. Flowers complete, in bracted
racemes. Sepals 4, sometimes united at base. Petals 4. Stamens
in ours 6 (in other genera often many), more or less unequal, com-
monly inserted on the very base of the calyx, or hypogynous. Ovary
raised on a stipe, 1 or 2-celled, composed of 2 carpels. Valves in
fruit separating from the placente and releasing the many seeds, or
the valves 1-seeded and separating from the axis as nutlets.
Fruit notched at summit and at base, strongly didymous, wrinkled
Stipules fimbriate, 1 to 2 lines long; capsule 1-celled, the valves falling away
from the placente ci: 5.6 ¢ et hee ee ye 4 2G HS 1. CLEOMELLA.
Stipules consisting of minute bristles; capsule 2-celled, 2-seeded, each valve
closely investing its seed and falling away with it... .2, WISLIZENIA.
1. CLEOMELLA DC.
Branching annuals. Leaves with 3 leaflets and in ours with tufts
of bristles for stipules. Flowers yellow. Stamens 6, exserted.
Pods rhomboidal, few-seeded and small, pendent on spreading
pedicels, ours with the valves produced laterally into acute or
slender horns. (Diminutive of Cleome, ancient name of some
European plant.)
1. C. obtusifolia Torr. Branching from the base, 3 in. to 14 ft.
high, finely pubescent or hairy; leaflets broadly obovate to oblong,
shorter than the petioles; stipules deciduous; petals 2 lines long;
sepals ciliate or almost fimbriate, very much shorter than the petals;
pods 2 to 4 lines broad; stipe 3 lines long, reflexed upon the pedicel.
Sacramento, Fremont; said to have been re-collected in the same
locality in recent years.
2, WISLIZENIA Engelm.
Erect branching rank-scented annuals. Leaves with 3 leaflets and
230 RESEDACER.
with minute deciduous bristles for stipules. Flowers yellow. Sta-
mens with long filiform filaments, much exserted. Stipe in fruit
refracted upon the pedicel. Pod 2-seeded and didymous; each valve
closely contracted upon its seed and falling away with it, therefore
like a nutlet. (Dr. A. Wislizenius, who collected in early days in
California. )
1. W. refracta Engelm. StinK-wEEp. One to 2 or even 6 ft.
high; leaflets obovate to oblong, 4 to 9 lines long, rather longer than
the petiole; raceme dense, in age usually much elongated; petals 14
lines long; stamens and ovary exserted; pods 14 to 2 lines broad, the
lobes strongly divergent and crested or toothed at apex, the cells
separated by a partition with a single rather large perforation; stipe
in fruit 2 to 4 lines long; style persistent and bristle-like.
Sacramento to Lathrop and southward in the San Joaquin Valley.
Not abundant in the Lower San Joaquin twenty years ago as now
(Mrs. K. Brandegee). Grows on the white alkali at Travers and
Goshen, but appears only once in two years! Greedily visited by
bees when in flower.
40. RESEDACEZA. Micnonetre Famity.
Herbs with simple alternate leaves and gland-like stipules. Flowers
perfect, irregular, in racemes. Sepals and petals 4 to 7, the latter
laciniate. Stamens indefinite, borne on the inside of a fleshy disk,
which is enlarged on the upper side. Pistil superior, composed of 3
to 6 carpels, 1-celled, with 3 to 6 parietal placente, opening at the
top before the seeds are full grown. Stigmas 3 to 6, sessile, minute.
1. RESEDA L. Mraenonette. DyeEr’s WEED.
Stamens 8 to 80. Capsule 3 to 6-lobed, horned. (From the Latin
resedo, to calm, certain species used as a sedative.)
Petals deeply cleft into 5 to 8 spatulate segments; leaves entire. ....
1. R. odorata.
Petals 3-cleft at summit; leaves divided. ... » . 2 RK. alba.
1. R. odorata L. Common Micnonettre. Stems decumbent or
ascending, 4 to 7 in. high; leaves spatulate-oblong, entire; raceme
broad and rather open; flowers very fragrant, 2 lines broad, greenish
white; anthers large, brick-red.
An escape from the gardens. Spontaneous in Marin Co. Apr.
2. R.alba L. Wuire Micnonerre. Leaves pinnate or deeply
pinnatifid, the segments linear or oblong; raceme dense, spike-like;
flowers nearly or quite white, 2 to 3 lines broad.
Native of southern Europe: spontaneous acc. to Greene.
41. VIOLACEA. Vrorer Famnity.
Herbs with alternate leaves and complete flowers. Sepals 5.
Corolla irregular, consisting of 5 somewhat unequal petals, the
VIOLACE.E. 231
lowest spurred at base. Stamens 5, with short and broad filaments
bearing the anthers on their inner face and connivent over the ovary.
Ovary superior, 1-celled, maturing into a 3-valved capsule with valves
placenta-bearing along the middle. Seeds rather large, with a hard
coat and straight embryo in fleshy endosperm.
1. VIOLA L. VutoLer. F
Perennial herbs with foliaceous persistent stipules and 1-flowered
axillary peduncles. Sepals unequal, produced below the point of
insertion into auricles, persistent. Stamens with broad connectives
which are prolonged beyond the anthers, the two lower bearing
spurs which project into the spur of the corolla. The valves of the
capsule bear the seeds along the middle, and after dehiscence fold
together firmly lengthwise and eject the seeds with violence. (Old
Latin name used by Virgil.)
Leaves all undivided.
Flowers violet or purple; leaves broadly ovate, truncate or subcordate at
base, obtuse at apex: var.adunca of... .... 1. V. canina.
Flowers white, or white and yellow and purple; leaves cordate- or
triangular-ovate, more or less acute or pointed at apex. ... c
2. V. oceilata.
Flowers yellow.
Stems erect, short; leaves often oblong; high montane.3. V. purpurea.
Stems erect, longer; leaves round-ovate with truncate base; low open
MATA 5 asap pret ah Ber Sehclen om ssa’ Se ae Bf Serva Arian esa, Sellen B 4. V. pedunculata.
glandular-dotted; Redwood belt.......... 5. V. sarmentosa.
Stems erect, long; leaves reniform-cordate, 144 to 334 in. broad; wet
OS 42s Gk Ra OY YE eR e .6. V. glabella.
Caulescent; leaves cleft or divided into few to several lobes... .
8. V. lobata.
1. V. canina L. var. adunca Gray. Doe VioLer. Stems leafy,
2 to 4 in. high; leaves round-ovate to elliptic-ovate, the lower
inclining to be subcordate, obscurely crenate, $ to 14 in. long; stipules
more or less herbaceous and lacerate; petals violet, turning to red-
purple, 6 lines long or less, the lateral strongly bearded on the upper
side at base, the upper pair with a slight tuft in the middle at base;
spur much shorter or quite as long.
Hilltops in the vicinity of the coast. Feb.—Apr.
2. V. ocellataT. &G. Wesrery Heart's Ease. Caulescent,
the stems erect, 5 to 12 in. high, from creeping rootstocks; leaves
cordate- to triangular-ovate, crenate, acute or abruptly acuminate or
somewhat pointed at apex, 1 to 2} in. long, the radical long-, the
cauline short-petioled; stipules small and scarious; pedicels mostly
shorter than the leaves; petals 5 to 7 lines long; two upper petals
white, violet-purple on the outside; the other petals white or yellow,
the lateral with a deep purple spot at base, the lower purple-veined
at base.
Shady woods, Monterey and the Santa Cruz Mountains to Men-
docino Co.; not in the inner Coast Ranges. Mar.—June.
232 VIOLACE.
3. V. purpurea Kell. Mountain ViotzeT, Plants 3 to 6 in.
high; the stems very short and densely tufted, from a stout vertical
root, the young herbage hirsutulous-canescent; leaves rhombic-ovate
or oblong (1 or 2 frequently nearly round), dentate or crenate or
sometimes nearly entire, 2 to 1} in. long, on petioles 1 to 3 in. long;
peduncles surpassing the leaves, 2 to 4 in. long; petals yellow,
brownish on the outside.
Coast Range peaks and high mountain ridges: Loma Prieta, Davy;
Mt. Diablo, Brewer; Caux’s Knob (west of St. Helena), Jepson;
Howell Mountain (lower petal twice or almost twice as broad as the
others, truncate or slightly retuse, standing alone, the other 4
turned upward; lateral petals with u short bearded spot at base:
lateral and lower petals with purple lines at base). Mar.—Apr.
4. V. pedunculata T. & G. YELLow Pansy. Short-caulescent,
the stem 2 to 6 in. high and ascending, from a thick deep-seated
rootstock; leaves round-ovate, usually with truncate base, coarsely
crenate, 4 to 1} in. long; petioles 1 to 2 in. long; stipules foliaceous,
narrowly lanceolate, uppermost often sparingly incised; dowers large,
lin. broad, on erect peduncles (4 to 5 in. long) much surpassing the
leaves; petals golden yellow, the upper petals dark. brown on the
outside, the others purple-veined within; lateral petals bearded;
stigma bearded; ovary and capsule glabrous, the latter broadly
oblong, 5 lines long.
Open hills: Vacaville to Berkeley; Leona Heights; Lake Merced;
and southward in the Coast Ranges. Middle of Mar.-Apr. In the
foothills of the Sacramento Valley frequently known as ‘‘ Johnny
Jump-up.”’ :
5. V. sarmentosa Dougl. Woop VioLEet. Stems prostrate,
stolon-like, sparsely leafy; peduncles commonly longer than the
leaves, at first scape-like and arising from the cluster crowning the
stipular-scaly rootstock; stipules brown-scarious, ovate-subulate;
leaves round-cordate, } to 1} in. broad, rather shorter than the
peduncles, deep green above, often rusty beneath, finely crenate, in
age brown-punctate; petioles of the cauline 1 or 2 in. long or less,
of the radical 2 to 7 in. long; petals uniform light yellow, 4 lines
long; spur very short and broad.
‘Woods of the Coast Ranges, especially in the Redwood belt; multi-
plying vegetatively by filiform rootstocks.
6. V. glabella Nutt. Stems erect, mostly weak, naked below or
nearly so, 7 to 12 in. high; rootstock horizontal, often branching;
herbage glabrous or puberulent, bright green; radical leaves reniform-
cordate, 1} to 3% in. broad, on elongated (4 to 11 in.) petioles, the
cauline similar or cordate, on petioles 4 to 5 lines long; stipules small
and thin-membranaceous; peduncles about 1} in. long; petals bright
yellow, more or less purple-veined, 6 lines long, the lateral ones
bearded; spur short and saccate; stigma beardless; capsule oblong, 4
lines long, abruptly beaked.
Wet places in Coast Range woods: Monterey and northward.
Also Sierra Nevada. Mar.—May.
CISTACE.E. 2338
7. V. Douglasii Steud. Acaulescent, the cluster of stems sub-
terranean and from a rather deep and short caudex-like rootstock;
leaves bipinnatifid with long linear or oblong segments; stipules
lanceolate, entire or incised; flowers usually large, on peduncles (2 to
3 in. long) equaling or exceeding the leaves; petals about 6 lines
long, orange-yellow, the two upper brownish-purple externally, the
others purple-veined; lateral ones beardless; capsule 3 or 4 lines long,
acute.—(V. chrysantha Hook.)
Open hillsides in the Coast Ranges from Mendocino, Lake, and
Solano Cos, southward. Sierra Nevada, Penn Valley, Jepson. Modoc
Co., Baker, Readily recognized by its much dissected leaves.
8. V. lobata Benth. Prinz Vioter. Erect, 4 to 14 in. high,
the stems naked below; rootstock short, bearing’ many fleshy-fibrous
white roots; leaves 1 to 2 in. long, ovate or almost round in outline,
cordate or truncate at base, palmately 8 to 5-cleft or -divided, the
lobes entire or somewhat repandly toothed, and the lateral usually
larger; inflorescence somewhat umbellate; peduncles 1 to 2 in. long;
-petals yellow, purple on the outside; valves of the capsule deeply
concave-carinate.
Coast Ranges north of San Francisco Bay, often under Yellow
Pine: Sonoma, Brewer, no. 977; Franz Valley Grade, Jepson;
Geysers, McLean; Howell Mountain (lower petal truncate or more
commonly acute, always apiculate; lateral petals bearded at base;
lower and lateral petals longitudinally purple-lined at base). Mar.-
Apr. Var. INTEGRIFOLIA Wats. Leaves of similar outline, crenate
or with a few very coarse teeth, but not at all lobed.—Growing with
the species on Howell Mountain and otherwise exactly like it in every
feature and detail of flower and habit.
42. CISTACEZ.. Rock-rose Faminy.
Low shrubs or (ours) somewhat suffrutescent plants with complete
regular hypogynous flowers. Sepals 5, persistent (2 smaller, wholly
on the outside and bract-like). Petals 5, ephemeral. Stamens
indefinite. Ovary superior, l-celled with 3 parietal placentz; style
one; ovules orthotropus on slender funiculi. Capsule 3-valved.
1. HELIANTHEMUM Pers.
Leaves alternate, simple, entire. Petals yellow, opening but once.
Stamens usually numerous, with filiform filaments and short anthers.
Style very short or none; stigma capitate, 8-lobed. Capsule 1-celled
or nearly 3-celled by the intrusion of the placentz. (Greek helios,
sun, and anthemon, blossom.)
1. H. scoparium Nutt. Mostly suffrutescent at base, erect, 1 to 2
ft. high, corymbosely much branched, glabrous or nearly so; leaves
small, narrowly linear, sometimes very few; sepals minutely pubes-
cent, sometimes glandular, the inner 2 to 3 lines long, the two outer
minute and bract-like; corolla 5 to 7 lines in diameter; placentz
septiform; embryo slender and much coiled.
234 ELATINACES,
Dry slopes and ridges of the Coast Ranges from Lake Co. to Mt.
Tamalpais and southward; not common. Apr.-May. Branches
commonly clustered and very rush-like, owing to the sparseness, or to
the early deciduous character of the foliage.
43. ELATINACEA. Warer-wort Famiry.
Small annuals with opposite leaves and membranous stipules
between them. Flowers 2 to 5-merous, small, perfect, symmetrical,
solitary in the axils. Sepals, petals and stamens all distinct and
hypogynous. Ovary with as many cells as there are sepals; styles
distinct. Capsule 2 to 5-celled, septicidal or the partitions more or
less persisting with the axis; placentz central.
Flowers 2’to 4-merous; sepals obtuse, without midrib ...... 1, ELATINE.
Flowers 5-merous; sepals pointed or acute, with thickened midrib and
scarious margins ‘ Ans free . 2. BERGIA.
1, ELATINE L. Waterr-wort.
Glabrous dwarfs, somewhat succulent, growing in water or in wet
places, rooting at the nodes. Leaves entire. Flowers 2 to 4-merous.
Sepals submembranous, obtuse. Petals white or whitish. Capsule
globose, thin-membranous, 2 to 4-celled, several- or many-seeded.
Seeds striately sculptured.
Flowers sessile, mostly 2-merous ....... » . .1. E. brachysperma.
Flowers short-pediceled, mostly 4-merous .. .. .2. E. Californica.
1. E. brachysperma Gray. Mup Purs~ane. Mostly terres-
trial, the plants forming little nats (2 or 3 in. across) in wet places
or late vernal beds of winter pools; leaves obovate or oblong, nar-
rowed at base, 1 to 2 lines long; flowers sessile, mostly 2-merous;
capsule bursting irregularly; seed with 6 to 7 longitudinal lines and
10 to 12 cross-bars.
Walnut Creek and southwestward to the coast. May.
2. E. Californica Gray. Leaves obovate or oblanceolate, the
lower ones petioled; flowers on short pedicels; sepals and petals 3 or
4, the stamens twice as many; seeds curved, with 10 or 12 longitudi-
nal lines and several cross-lines. :
Suisun, ace. to Mrs. K. Brandegee; northern Sierra Nevada.
2. BERGIA L.
Branching annual, very leafy, with pubescent herbage. Flowers
pediceled and often fascicled, 5-merous. Sepals pointed or acute,
with strong midrib and scarious margins. Capsule ovoid, of firm
texture, more or less of the partitions remaining with the axis.
(Named for Dr. P. J. Bergius, Swedish naturalist of the 18th
century.)
1. B. Texana (Hook.) Seubert. Diffusely branched, 6 to 12 in.
high; stems glandular-pubescent; leaves obovate or oblanceolate,
tapering at base, serrulate at apex, 4 to 1} in. long; sepals 2 lines
long, equaling or exceeding the whitish petals; stamens 5 or 10.
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys.
HYPERICACEA. 235
44. HYPERICACEA. Sr. Joun’s Wort Famity.
Ours herbs or slightly suffrutescent plants. Leaves opposite, entire,
without stipules and with pellucid dots or dark glands. Flowers
perfect, regular and hypogynous. Sepals 4 or 5, herbaceous, persist-
ent. Petals 4 or 5, (in ours) yellow. Stamens usually numerous,
distinct or more or less united into 3 to 5 clusters. Ovary 1-celled, or
more or less completely 8 to 5-celled. Fruit a’ septicidal capsule.
Seed without endosperm.
1. HYPERICUM L. Sv. Jonn’s Worr.
Leaves sessile. Flowers cymose. Sepals 5, equal. Petals 5,
deciduous or marcescent. Styles in ours 3. Capsule conical to
globose or oblong. (Ancient Greek name.)
Annuals; sepals longer than the petals; styles short; capsule 1-celled.
Erect from the base, more or less branching; stamens6tol12........
. 1. H. mutilum.
Procumbent, forming mats with ascending or erect branches; stamens 15
Te cb ee dee ae tela Pak ae. > 4 ah oaks Bt .2. H. anagallordes.
Perennials; petals much longer than the sepals; styles long; capsule
Scouleri of... .. ee ee eee f . .8. H. formosum.
Suffrutescent; stems branching from the base. . , .4, H. concinnum.
1. H. mutilum L. Stem mostly simple below and branching
above, 10 to 17 in. high; leaves ovate, 5 to 10 lines long, 3 to 6 lines
broad, 5-nerved at base, sessile; flowers in leafy cymes at the ends of
the branches; stamens 6 to 12; sepals linear to lanceolate, mostly
shorter than the capsule; capsule ovate, 1} lines long.
Shores of the Sacramento at New Town Landing near Rio Vista.
Aug.—Sept.
2. H. anagalloides C. & S. Fase PIMPERNEL. Commonly
forming dense mats 6 to 15 in. broad, with ascending or erect
branches 2 to 5 in. high; leaves lanceolate to ovate or orbicular,
obtuse, 5 to 7-nerved at base, 2 to 6 lines long and almost as broad;
flowers in a leafy paniculate cyme, scarcely 2 lines long; sepals ovate
or linear-oblong, unequal, longer than the capsules; stamens 15 to 20.
Common about springy places and along streamlets in the moun-
tains: Santa Cruz Mountains; Lake Co.; Sierra Nevada. July-
Aug.
3. H. formosum HBK. var. Scouleri Coulter. Stems from
running rootstocks, slender, simple or branching at summit, 2 to 8 ft.
high, leaves ovate or oblong, obtuse, conspicuously black-dotted
along the margins, sessile by a more or less clasping base, 1 in. long
or less; flowers in more or less panicled cymes; sepals and petals
black-dotted similarly to the leaves; sepals 2 lines long or less; petals
6 lines long; stamens numerous, in 3 clusters.
Howell Mountain and northward in the Coast Ranges at the highest
altitudes, but rare; more common in the Sierra Nevada.
4. H.concinnum Benth. Stems wiry, numerous from the woody
crown, forming a bushy plant about 1 ft. high; leaves thickish,
236 STERCULIACES.
lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, inserted by a narrow base, usually
folded, black-dotted as in the preceding but more scantily, $ to 1} in.
long; flowers 1 in. or more broad, in rather close clusters at summit
of the stem; sepals ovate, mucronate-acuminate, longer than the
capsule; stamens numerous.
Dry bushy mountain slopes and ridges: North Coast Ranges (Vaca
Mountains, Knoxville, Howell Mountain, Ukiah); Sierra Nevada.
June-Sept.
45. STERCULIACEA.. Srrrcuuia Famizy.
Shrubs or trees with alternate leaves and perfect regular or nearly
regular 5-merous flowers. Stamens united at base into a tube. Fruit
a capsule.
1. FREMONTIA Torr.
Leaves small, often lobed. Pubescence stellate. Flowers showy,
short-pediceled, solitary and axillary on the branchlets. Stipules
caducous. Bractlets 8 to 5, small. Calyx yellow and corolla-like,
deeply 5-cleft into round-ovate lobes or sepals; these imbricated in the
bud, the three inner a little larger, all with a rounded and sharply
defined short-hairy glandular area at base. Corolla none. Stamens
5; filaments united to the middle. Style one, elongated, the acute
apex stigmatic. Fruit a 4 or 5-celled capsule, loculicidally dehiscent.
In honor of its discoverer, General John C. Fremont, the Path-
nder of the Rocky Mountains and Sierra Nevada, and first United
States Senator from California. )
1. F. Californica Torr. Mountain LeatuErwoop. Loosely
branching and bush-like, 6 to 10 ft. high or becoming a smal] tree as
much as 18 ft. high; branches tough and flexible, with many short
leaf- and flower-bearing branchlets or spurs; leaves green above,
covered beneath with a dense gray or whitish felt, } to 1 in. long, or
on sterile shoots somewhat larger; petioles short; calyx flannel-like,
1} to 2in. broad, persistent, the sepals commonly mucronate; capsule
ovate, covered with a dense brown felt and with short bristly hairs,
$ to 1} in. long, persistent.
Rare in our region: Hunt Valley, Lake Co., Bolander; Loma
Prieta, Santa Cruz Mountains, Behr; near Wright’s Station, acc. to
K. Brandegee. Abundant in the southern Sierras.
46. MALVACEZ. Matuiow Famtry.
Herbs or soft-woody shrubs with mucilaginous juice, tough fibrous
inner bark, and usually stellate pubescence. Leaves alternate, simple,
palmately veined and commonly lobed, stipulate. Flowers commonly
perfect, sometimes polygamous or dicecious, regular. Calyx with 5
lobes, valvate in the bud, often with an involucel of bractlets at base.
Petals 5, twisted in the bud. Stamens indefinite, hypogynous, mona-
delphous in a column or tube around the pistils, the petals inserted on
the base of the tube. Pistil 1, composed of several to many carpels,
MALVACE.E. 23h
the ovary commonly with as many cells as styles or stigmas. Fruit a
loculicidal capsule, or the carpels separating at maturity.
Anthers scattered along the outside of the tube of filaments; carpels or cells
of the ovary 5; fruit a loculicidal capsule... 2... .. 1, HIBISCUS.
Anthers borne in a cluster at the top of the tube of filaments; carpels
several, crowded and united around a central axis, separating at
maturity.
Styles stigmatic lengthwise on the inside.
Bractlets united at base into a 2 to 3-lobed involucel, free from the calyx;
SHTUDS:, 6.00) .4 eigen oe aya 8 eA hoe Bee ae . 2 LAVaTERA.
Bractlets 3, distinct, inserted on the calyx; herbs. . . .8. MALVA.
Bractlets none, or one and inserted at basé of calyx; herbs... ..
4. SIDALCEa.
Styles with terminal stigma; bractlets slender or even filiform.
Flowers roseate, rose-purple or white; mostly shrubs or suffrutescent
PIANES ee. co yd end Geers snow gira wm ea are . 5. MALVASTRUM.
Flowers cream-color; low decumbent herb. . 6. Sipa.
1. HIBISCUS L. Rosrt-Mattow.
Stout herbs. Flowers showy, in ours solitary on the subterminal
peduncles. Involucel consisting of numerous slender bractlets.
Stamen column with anthers scattered along the upper part but
naked at the truncate 5toothed summit. Ovary 5-celled with 2 to
many ovules in each cell. Capsule loculicidal. (Greek name for the
Marsh Mallow, used hy Dioscorides.)
1. H. Californicus Kell. Stems pubescent, cane-like, 3 to 7 ft.
high; leaves cordate, dentate, acuminate, 2} to 3 in. long from the
summit of petiole to apex of leaf, and about as broad; petioles 1} or
2 in. long; bractlets and valves of capsule ciliate; peduncles 2 or 3 in.
long, jointed near the middle, united with the petiole at base; calyx
campanulate, cleft to the middle, conspicuously nerved at maturity
and filled by the capsule; corolla white or roseate, with deep crimson
center, 3 to 4 in. long; capsule exceeding 1 in. long; seed minutely
papillate.
Low marshy places along the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers,
z. LAVATERA L.
Ours shrubs with ample maple-like leaves and small caducous
stipules. Flowers showy. axillary, subtended by a 2 to 3-lnbed
involucel. Pedicels jointed above the middle. Calyx with 5 triangu-
lar acute lobes. Petals reflexed after anthesis, truncate or retuse,
long-clawed. Stamen-column elongated. Styles 5 to 8. Fruit a
depressed whorl of smooth carpels. (Two brothers Lavater, Swiss
physicians and naturalists.)
1. L. assurgentiflora Kell. Branching shrub 4 to 10 ft. high,
the herbage canescent or nearly green; leaves palmately 5-lobed and
dentately toothed; corolla 2 in. broad, the petals rese-color with
darker veins; claws bearded at base; axis of the fruit below the
flattened or low conical summit with as many longitudinal wings or
ridges as carpels, these inserted in the intervals or depressions.
Region of San Francisco Buy, commonly cultivated and said to be
naturalized; flowering at nearly all seasons.
238 MALYVACE,
8. MALVA L. Mattrow.
Ours annual or biennial weeds of waste places. Involucre of 8 dis-
tinct bractlets, inserted on the base of the calyx. Calyx cleft to the
middle into 5 broad lobes. Petals whitish or rose-color, obcordate or
emarginate. Style-branches 10 or more, subulate. Fruit a de-
pressed whorl of carpels, separating from the central axis when ripe as
1-seeded achene-like nutlets, which are round-reniform and completely
filled by the seed. (From the Greek malache, soft, on account of the
emollient properties.)
Petals much surpassing the calyx.
Carpels uot reticulate, puberulent on back. ...... 1. M. rotundifolia.
Carpels glabrate at maturity, rugose-reticulate on back, the margin entire
or obscurely denticulate; calyx-lobes mostly closed over the mature
LE) ar a ee en eee ee 2. M. borealis.
Petals slightly longer than the calyx; carpels rugose-reticulate on back, the
margin winged and denticulate; calyx-lobes spreading orerect.....
3. M. parviflora.
1. M. rotundifolia L. Dwarr Matiow. Sparsely hispidulous
or hirsute; stems slender, Diese uae 1 to 2 ft. long, from a large
deep root; leaves rounded, crenate, slightly or scarcely at all 5 to
7-lobed; corolla surpassing the calyx, pale blue; carpels 14 or 15,
puberulent, not reticulated on the back or at least not obviously so.
Waysides and old gardens at Berkeley. Summer and autumn.
2. M. borealis Wallm. Larcs-rLowERED Matitow. Habit
and foliage like the preceding, but herbage often more hairy; pedicels
tending to be reflexed in fruit; bractlets ovate or lanceolate; calyx-
lobes mostly closed over the mature fruit; corolla pinkish, 5 to 6
-lines long, surpassing the calyx; carpels dorsally rugose-reticulate or
even somewhat favose, the margin entire or obscurely denticulate.
Common at Berkeley and other Bay towns, flowering during the
summer into early winter.
3. M. parviflora L. SMALL-FLOWERED Matitow. Widely
branching, 14 to 3 ft. high; petioles and ascending branches stellate-
hairy on the upper side, glabrous below; leaves roundish in outline,
with a red spot at base of blade, shallowly 7-lobed, 5 in. broad or less,
on petioles twice as long as the blade; flowers in rather close axillary
clusters; bractlets linear; corolla pinkish with notched petals, 2} lines
long, slightly longer than the calyx; calyx commonly spreading
under or about the mature fruit; carpels about 11, glabrous, sharply
rugose-reticulate and pubescent on the back, the margin winged and
denticulate.
Very common in waste places, especially near dwellings in the
interior valleys; flowering in spring and early summer. All of our
species are naturalized and all called ‘Cheeses’’ by children on
account of the peculiar fruit.
4. SIDALCEA Gray.
Herbs. Leaves rounded and either crenate, crenately incised,
parted or divided, or palmately lobed. Flowers in terminal spikes or
racemes, either perfect, gynodiccious (i. ¢., with perfect and pistillate
MALLOW FAMILY. 239
flowers on separate plants, the pistillate flowers being smaller) or
dicecious. Corolla purple, rose-pink or white. Bractlets in ours
none, rarely 1. Petals emarginate or truncate. Stamen-tube double,
the terminal free portion of the filaments of the outer series often
distinctly below the filaments of the inner series; free portion of fila-
ments (7. ¢., the terminal portion, or portion above the tube) more or
less united into sets. Fruit consisting of 5 to 9 carpels, commonly
beaked. (Sida, a genus of this family, and Alkea, ancient name for a
mallow, alluding to the appearance and relationship of these plants.)
Leaves round in outline, at least some (usually the upper) pedately parted
or divided; flowers in ours rose-pink or purple.—EUSIDALCEA.
Petals truncate or merely retuse; annuals except no. 4.
Carpels rugose-reticulate on back and
Beakless; pubescence both stellate and pant eilore, especially on
ealyx; bracts foliaceous, palmately divided into filiform segments
. 1. S. diploscypha.
Tipped with a soft and hairy, at length deciduous beak; Agwers
minutely bracteate; herbage mainly stellate-pubescent. .. .
ae Hartwegi.
earpels slightly rugulose-reticulate........ . malvefiora.
Stem commonly branching, the terminal spikes dense; flowers perfect;
achenes smooth on back .... ........ 6. S. Oregana.
Flowers dicecious or subdicecious; spikes short and dense, panicled;
earpels smooth . a ‘ Wo & S. malachroides.
1, S. diploscypha (T. & G.) Gray, Annual, erect and simple,
or more robust and branching, 7 to 20 in. high, pilose-hispid, and
also with a minute stellate pubescence; radical leaves more or less
deeply crenate, the cauline parted and 2 to 8-cleft, the bracteal fili-
form divided; flowers on short pedicels in umbellate clusters at the
ends of the branches; calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate; petals nearly 1
to 1} in. long, minutely erose-denticulate; filaments of the outer
. series united nearly to the summit into sets of 5 to 10; carpels nearly
orbicular, dorsally reticulated; receptacle at separation of the achenes
marked by as many obtuse longitudinal processes as there are carpels.
Open fields or low hills: Sacramento Valley; Coast Range valleys
from Humboldt and Sonoma Cos. southward to Mt. Diablo and
Newark, Alameda Co. May.
Var. minor Gray (S. secundiflora Greene). Flowers tending to be
disposed in lax spicate racemes; corolla with a dark purple center,
about 3 in. long; carpels rugose.—Montezuma Hills (Solano Co.) and
northward in the Sacramento Valley.
2. S. Hartwegi Gray. Slender annual, sparingly branched, about
1 ft. high, sparsely stellate-pubescent or almost glabrous below, but
searcely or not at all hispid; leaves pedately 5 to 7-divided into linear
entire divisions or the lower with broader trifid divisions; flowers few
in a short spike; filaments of the outer series closely gi ae tees
the inner, more or less united in pairs or sets as in the perennial
240 MALVACES.
species; corolla rose-purple, 6 to 8 lines long; carpels strongly
incurved, favosely rugose-reticulated.
Sierra Foothills: Butte Co. to Calaveras Co. (and Mariposa Co.
ace, to Syn. Fl.). Coast Ranges: hills west of Rutherford, Napa
Valley. May.
3. S. sulcata Curran. Annual, slender, unbranched, or sparingly
branched, 11 to 14 in. high; leaves small (mostly $ in. long or less),
the lower crenate, the upper divided into about 6 often narrowly
linear divisions; stipules 1 to 2 lines long; raceme spike-like or loose,
few-flowered; calyx purplish, sparingly hairy; sepals narrowly ovate,
acuminate; corolla 8 or 9 lines long.
Petaluma, J. W’. Congdon; northern Sierra Foothills. May-June.
4. S. calycosa M.E. Jones. Perennial; rootstocks creeping,
branched; stems green or purplish, very succulent, decumbent and
rooting freely below, 14 to 23 ft. high; herbage glabrous below or
sparingly hirsute above; radical leaves 3 to 4 in. broad, crenately but
shallowly incised; cauline leaves divided into about 8 or 9 broadly
cuneate divisions; stipules round or ovate, acuminate, or obtuse and
toothed, green or purple, 8 to 6 lines long; Howers in terminal short
spikes; calyx rather densely covered with sandy-brown hairs, its
lobes ovate, acuminate, 3 to 6 lines long; corolla 1 in. long, lilac;
carpels grooved in the back or with the grooves sparingly interrupted
transversely, minutely reticulate on the sides, the slender beak weak
but persistent.
Point Reyes; Sonoma Co. acc. to Syn. Fl.; rarely collected.
5. S. malveflora (Moc. & Sesse) Gray. Stems erect (half
decumbent at the very base), 1} to 24 ft. high, several from a woody
perennial root, simple or rarely branched, retrorsely-hispid below with
scattered hairs, above slightly stellate-pubescent; basal leaves crenate
or crenately incised or cleft into cuneate-obovate 2 to 4-toothed lobes;
upper leaves palmately twice cleft into linear or narrowly oblong
divisions; raceme rather loose, 8 or 4 in. to 1 ft. long; bracts ovate,
herbaceous, often notched at apex; flowers of two sorts:—one perfect
with large corollas, the other pistillate with small corollas; corolla of
perfect flowers 8 to 12 lines long, the outer series of filaments united
for about half their length into sets of 4 or 2, the inner filaments
mostly distinct; corolla of pistillate flowers 5 to 7 lines long, the fila-
- ments destitute of anthers; carpels rugulose-reticulate, at least on the
sides.—(S. delphinifolia Nutt. and 8. humilis Gray.)
High places of open fields in the valleys and on the plains, or ina
reduced form on hilltops. Last of Apr.-May. First collected by
Mocino, doubtless at Monterey as suggested by Gray. Sometimes
known to school-children as ‘* Wild Hollyhock,” or in Calaveras Co.
as ‘Wild Checker-bloom.”’
6. S. Oregana (Nutt.) Gray. Stems few from a stout thick root or
woody crown, erect, 1} to 3} ft. high, nearly naked above, and either
simple or paniculately branched; leaves round in outline, shallowly
cleft or toothed, the lobes obtuse; cauline leaves incisely parted with
MALLOW FAMILY. 241
the lobes toothed or cleft, or the uppermost pedately divided into 5 to
7 lanceolate or linear mostly entire divisions; spikes dense, oblong, 1
to 2 in. long, long-peduneled; bracts narrowly linear or subulate;
calyx-lobes ovate, acute, about as long as the tube; corolla rose-pink,
5 or 6 lines long; carpels semi-orbicular, slightly beaked, 1 line long,
eons and smooth, or slightly wrinkled on the sides near the dorsal
angle.
High mountains of Sonoma and Napa Cos. northward to Mt. Shasta.
July—Sept.
7. S. malachroides Gray. Herbage stellate-hispidulous; stems
stout, equably leafy to the summit, several from a perennial rovt,
simple below, ending above in « panicle of white flowers in short
dense spikes, or the panicle supplemented by some very slender
peduncle-like branches from the upper axils, each terminated by a
spike; leaves palmately but shallowly lobed, unequally dentate, 1 to
6 (mostly 2 to 8) in. broad; petioles of the basal leaves 6 in. long,
decreasing upward, those of the uppermost leaves shorter than the
blade; bracts linear or subulate; calyx lobes ovate, acuminate; fila-
ments of the outer series united for about 4 their length or less into
pairs, or two such pairs slightly united by their bases making a set of
4; carpels sometimes present but probably abortive; pistillate flowers
3 to 34 lines long, the tube of filaments short, more or less truncate
and without anthers; carpels 7 to 9, half dehiscent by a dorsal suture.
Seaboard species from tbe Santa Lucia Mountains and Santa Cruz
northward to Crescent City, bere described from abundant specimens
collected on Englewood Prairie, under Pinus ponderosa, Humboldt
Co., by Mr. J. B. Davy, June, 1899. This is the type’ of Greene’s
enus Hesperalcea, which rests mainly on the character of the cotyle-
ons, which are ovate and not cordate as in S. malveflora. S.
malachroides is, however, very like the California type of 8S, Oregana
in the form of its spikes and bractlets, and repeats in very many
features the structure and character of the gyno-dicecious flowers of
S. malveflora, The leaves are peculiar in that none of them are
divided; ‘but the lower ones (which are often small, round und séarcely
lobed) approach the lower leaves of the true Sidalceas,
5. MALVASTRUM Gray. Fatsz MatiLow.
Herbs or shrubs, ours mostly hoary-tomentose or canescent, with
commonly angular leaves. Flowers solitary or more commonly in
narrow subpaniculate racemes. Bractlets present (in ours), slender
and filiform. Carpels 5 or more, 1 to 3-seeded, the fruit often dehis-
cent and 2-valved. Seed ascending. (Malva, Mallow, and aster,
disparaging Latin suffix, not genuine or true. )
Flowers solitary on long slender peduncles; petals mone cela anna
. M. exile.
Flowers in subpaniculate racemes; petals yellow; perennials.
Herbage densely stellate-tomentose.
Leaves pentagonal or roundish; petals rose-color; suffrutescent
- 2. M. Fremonti.
Leaves ovate; petals yellow; shrub .......... 3. M. arcuatum.
Herbage finely stellate-canescent; petals rose-color; shrub... ....
4. M. fasciculatum.
18
242 MALVACE.
1. M. exile Gray. Herbage with a short stellate pubescence, and
often with some longer spreading hairs; stems branching from the
base, diffuse or decumbent, 4 or 5 in. to 14 ft. long; leaves palmately
8 to 5-cleft, the lobes commonly laciniately toothed; flowers of dif-
ferent plants of two intergrading sorts, one chiefly pistillate with
small white or rose-culured corollas (3 to 5 lines long), the other
perfect and with much larger rose-colored corollas (6 to 10 lines long);
calyx with an involucre of 3 slender bractlets; calyx-lobes ovate,
very slenderly acuminate or even subulate; carpels strongly rugose.
From the San Joaquin Valley (Merced plains, Bakersfield and
Buena Vista Hills), westward to Monterey Uo. and southward to
Southern California; not recorded as within our limits. Apr.-June.
The description of the partly gyno-dicecious flowers is taken from Dr.
Robinson’s clear characterization in the Synoptical Flora. M. Parryi
Greene from Monterey Co, and the San Joaquin Valley is determined
by the same authority to be the perfect-flowered fourm with large
corollas.
2. M. Fremonti Torr. Woody at base, stout, 2 to 3 ft. high,
‘densely white-tomentuse; leaves very thick, round-ovate, shallowly
5 to 7-lobed, crenate, 2 to 4 in. broad, on petioles 4 to 1 in. long;
flower-clusters sessile in the axils or short-peduncled, interrupted-
‘spicate at summit of stem; calvx ovate, densely and closely woolly,
only the tips of the lobes visible, almost equated by the 3 linear-
setaceous bractlets of the involucre; corolla rose-color, 7 or 8 lines
long; carpels thin, smooth, promptly dehiscent.
Mt. Diablo; Corral Hollow (‘‘ flowers fragrant like roses,’’? Brewer);
‘southward through the Mt. Diablo Range to San Bernardino Co.
June. Var. cERcopHORUM Robinson. Calyx 7 to 9 lines long, its
lobes lance-linear and caudate-attenuate, nearly or quite equaling the
petals.—Arroyo del Valle, Alameda Co., Greene. June.
8. M. arcuatum (Greene) Robinson. Shrub 6 to 8 ft..high, with
virgate terete branches covered with a dense or felt-like white tomen-
tum; leaves ovate to ovate-orbicular, little or not at all lobed, truncate
at base, more or less rugose, canescent-tomentose beneath, becoming
green abvuve, dentately toothed, } to 2 in. long, on petioles } to Z as
long; flower-clusters sessile in the upper axils and at the ends of the
branches, forming long interrupted unilateral spikes; bractlets linear-
filiform, equaling the tomentose calyx; petals rose-color, 7 to 9 lines
long.—(Malveopsis arcuata Greene. )
San Mateo Co., first collected by Greene on stream banks back of
Belmont; Crystal Springs, Hastwood, May, 1896; Los Gatos and
foothills near Evergreen (east side of the Santa Clara Valley), ace. to
Davy.
4. M. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Greene. Shrub 5 to 10 ft. high, with
long slender wand-like branches; pubescence short and close; leaves
round-ovate, irregularly or obscurely lobed, crenate, mostly truncate
or subcordate at base; flowers in sessile or short peduncled clusters,
which are loosely paniculate or disposed on short branches in a very
LINACER. 243
narrow panicle; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse or with a very short point;
petals rose-purple, 5 to 9 lines long; carpels smooth, promptly
dehiscent.
Dry inner South Coast Range hills: Mt. Diablo, acc. to Greene;
Pacheco Pass, Bolander, und southward to San Bernardino Co.
June-July.
6. SIDA L.
Ours low yellowish scurfy-tomentose perennial herbs. Pedicels
articulated. Invotucel of 1 to 8 slender deciduous bractlets. Flowers
eream-color. Qurpels 1-seeded, indehiscent or 2-valved. Seeds pendu-
lous. (Greek name used by Theuphrastus for a species of Water-lily.)
1. S. hederacea (Dougl.) Torr. Stems from deep-seated tap-
roots, decumbent, more or less branching, } to 1 ft. long; leaves
round-reniform or ovate, dentate or serrate, } to 2 in. broad, on
petioles 4 to 1 in. long; flowers pediceled, axillary, solitary or in
small clusters; calyx-lobes acuminate; petals } in. long; carpels 6 to
10, triangular, attached by a straight edge to the slender axis.
Abundant in subsaline soils throughout the Sacramento, San
Joaquin, and South Coust Range va.leys. May-—Sept.
47. LINACEZE. Frax Famity.
Annual or perennial herbs. Leaves alternate, or sometimes oppo-
site, small, entire, without stipules or these sometimes replaced by
a gland. Flowers mostly in cymose panicles, perfect, regular, in
ours 5-merous. Peta's distinct, very quickly falling. Stamens
slightly united at base. Styles 2 to 5, distinct. Cells of the
superior ovary as many as the styles, or twice as many by the
formation of a false division wall from the back of each cell. False
partitions frequently net complete. Fruit a capsule, splitting through
the false partitions and frequently also septicidal.
1. LINUM L. Frax.
Our only genus. (Ancient Latin name of these plants.)
Perennial; styles 5; flowers blue; petals without ventral appendages . .
1. DL. Lewisit.
Annual; styles 3; petals commonly with appendages. | :
Leaves closely margined with stipitate glands; pedicels long, solitary. .
2. L. adcenophyllum.
Leaves entire. . :
Pedicels elongated and flowers mostly solitary; stem diffusely panicu
late above. ‘ i
Flowers about 3 lines long, on straight pedicels. . 3. L. spergulinum.
Flowers about 2 lines long, on nodding pedicels. .4. L. micranthum.
Pedicels short and flowers in rather close clusters.
Flowers white, pink or rose-purple. ; :
Stem paniculately branched; sepals glabrous. .5. L. Californicum.
Stem shortly branched at top; sepals pubescent. .6. L. congestum.
Flowers yellow. ....0 2. ...-. ia a ge dae BrOwere:
1. L. Lewisii Pursh. Biuz Frax. Herbage glabrous; stems
severnl from a woody crown, erect, thickly clothed with leaves,
simple below the corymbosely branched summit; leaves linear-
244 LINACEZ.
lanceolate or linear, acute, 5 to 9 lines long; flowers in terminal
loose and somewhat corymbose clusters, or racemose on the branches;
corolla blue, 6 to 9 lines in diameter; pedicels 4 in. long or more;
sepals ovate, 3 to 5-nerved; cupsule globose, acute, 4 or 5 lines long,
eventually dehiscent by 10 valves, the valves often with a brown
midnerve.
Upper Salinas Valley, Brewer, and northward in the Coast Ranges
but rare; more common in the Sierra Nevada.
2. L. adenophyllum Gray. Stem 11 to 14 in. high, unbranched
below, repeatedly forked above and forming a widely branched
panicle; leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, lanceolate, $ in. lung
or less, the margin conspicuously glandular-ciliate; flowers yellow or
yellowish white, about 2 lines lung, on very s:ender pedicels 1 to 5
lines long; appendages of the petals broad and confluent, somewhat
pubescent; fi.aments abruptly dilated and 2-toothed at base; capsule
as long as the lanceolate sepa!s.
Lake and Mendocino Cos.; to be expected in northeastern Napa Co.
3. L. spergulinum Gray. Stems more or less dichotomous'y
paniculate, 11 to 18 in. high; leaves linear; pedicels filiform, rigid,
straight, 3 to 10 lines long; flowers pinkish white, 3 to 34 lines long;
sepals ovate, nearly 1 line long; petals 2-toothed, with 3 appendages,
the middle one ligu‘ate and the lateral often reduced; cupsuie ovoid,
acute, nearly twice as long as the sepals.
North Coast Ranges: Lake and Mendocino Cos.; credited to Marin
and Sonoma Cos. by Greene.
4, L. micranthum Gray. Five to 10 in. high, freely branched
above the base but the branches commonly rather closely ascending,
somewhat soft pubescent toward the base; leaves linear-oblong, obtuse,
3 to 6 lines long; flowers commonly 2 lines long, somewhat nodding
on filiform pedicels; fruiting pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; sepals ob ong-
lanceolate, the inner sparingly glandular-ci iate; petals commonly 1,
rarely 2} lines long, 2-toothed, mostly without appendages; capsule
ovoid, equal to the sepals.
Sierra Nevada; credited to the Bay Region by Trelease.
5. L. Californicum Benth. Glubrous and glaucous plants, 10 in.
to 2 ft. high, paniculately branched, with angled or striate branches;
leaves linear, 5 to 12 lines long, with prominent stipular glands;
flowers white or pinkish; sepals lanceolate, with sparingly glandular-
ciliate inner margins; petals 2 to 3 lines long, 8-appenduged, the
median appendage rounded and hairy; capsule ovoid, acute, a little
shorter than the sepals.
North Coast Ranges: Zem Zem, Napa Co. Credited to the Mt.
Diablo Region by Greene.
6. L. congestum Gray. Eight to 18 in. high, corymbosely
branched at top; leaves somewhat pubescent, 4 to 18 lines long, with
stipular glands; flowers rose-purple, 3 to 4 lines long, terminating the
branches in clusters; sepals pubescent; petals with 8 appendages, the
GERANIACEE. 245
middle one elongated and hairy; capsule short-ovoid, nearly as long
as the calyx.
Marin Co.
7. L. Breweri Gray. Glabrous and glaucous; stems 9 to 14 in.
high, with a few short branches at the top; leaves narrowly linear,
5 to 8 lines long; flowers yellow, 3 lines long; sepals ovate, some
slightly glandular on the margin; petals obovate, not emurginate,
more than 2 times as long, 3-appendaged at base.
Dry hill or cafion sides: Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains. June.
48. GERANIACEA. Geranium Famiy.
Ours herbs with perfect and generally symmetrical flowers. Sepals
and petals 3 or 5, the stamens as many or twice as many. Glands of
the receptacle as many as the sepals and usually opposite them.
Lobes or cells of the superior ovary as many as the sepals, the cells
1 to few-ovuled, the nxis of the fruit persisting.
Leaves 3-foliolate, alternate; fruitacapsule. .......... 1, OxaLis.
Leaves not 3-foliolate; fruit consisting of achene-like carpels which separate
at maturity from a central axis.
Stipules scarious; at least the lower leaves opposite; carpels separating
from an elongated central beak or axis and tailed by the persistent
coiled or twisted styles.
Stamens with anthers 10; leaves palmately parted ..... 2. GERANIUM.
Stamens with anthers 5; leaves pinnatifid or pinnate, or roundish-
cordate ...... . 38. ERoDIUM.
Stipules none; carpels subglobose, rugose, separating from a very short
axis, not tailed; leaves pinnately cleft. . 4, FLOERKEA.
1. OXALIS L. Woop Sorret.
Herbs with acid juice and radical or alternate compound exstipulate
leaves. Leaflets usual:y 3, obcordate, closing and drooping at night.
Peduncles axitary, cymosely or umbellately few to many-flowered.
Flowers regular, 5-merous. Sepa!s imbricated. Stamens 10, the
fi aments somewhut di:ated and united at base. Glands none. Cap-
sule oblong, membranaceous, 5-celled, more or less 5-lobed, the cells
opening on the dorsal sutures through which the seeds are ejected, the
valves remaining attached to the axis by the partitions. Sceds 2 to
several in each cell. (Derived from the Greek oxus, sour, the juice
containing oxalic acid.)
Caulescent; flowers yellow... .... 2.2... 0 .. -1. 0. corniculata.
Acaulescent; flowers pink, white or rose-color. . -2. O. Oregana.
1. O. corniculata L. YELtow Sorrer. Perennial by running
rvotstocks, vi lous-pubescent; stems herbaceous, slender, decumbent
or ascending, 3 to 6 in. long; leaflets mostly obcordate, 1} in. long, on
slender petioles with small villous stipules; peduncles axi lary, elon-
gated, bearing two or more flowers; petals yellow; capsuie erect in
fruit, linear, 4 in. long, many-seeded.
Behaving in the Bay Region after the manner of an introduced
plant; flowering through the spring, summer and autumn. Trelease
in Gray’s Syn. Fl. i, I. 365, credits O. Wrightii Gray to ‘‘ Central
246 GERANIACER,
California; ’’ it is a nearly related species with the leafy branches
from a stout erect woody caudex.
2. O. Oregana Nutt. Repwoop SorreL. Acaulescent, more or
less rusty-vi.Jous; leaflets broadly obcordate, broader than long, 1 to
14 in. long; scapes from creeping rootstocks equaling or exceeding
the leaves, 2-bracted near the top, commonly 1-flowered; petals.
oblong-obovate, 9 to 12 lines long, pink, white, or rose-color, often
veined with purple; capsule linear, 9 lines long; cells about 6-seeded.
Shady woods in the Redwood Region from Santa Cruz northward.
Mar.-Apr.
2. GERANIUM L. CRraneEsBILL.
Herbs (ours annual) with forking stems, swel’en nodes and stipu-
late palmately parted leaves. Peduncles axillary, umbellately 2 to
3-flowered, or 1-flowered. Flowers regular, 6-merous, the sepals
imbricate in the bud. Stamens 10, sometimes slightly connate at
pase, all with perfect anthers, the 5 longer alternate with the petals
and with glands at their base. Carpels 6, 2-ovuled, 1-seeded; styles
united around acentral elongated axis (prolongation of the receptac'e),
separating elastical’y from it when mature, and forming a coil which
is the ‘tail’? of the carpel and is nearly glabrous inside. Cotyledons
plicate, incumbent on the radicle. (Greek geranos, a crane, from the
elongated fruit-bearing beak.)
Flowers light pink . eee See ge ae .1. G. Carolinianum.
Flowers purple... . 5 Ao CoM IY Geeeat Si 6 2. G. dissectum.
1. G. Carolinianum L. Carottna GERANIUM. Hirsute-
pubescent and often somewhat glandular; smaller plants erect, the
larger ascending or decumbent, 7 to 14 in. high; leaves palmately
5 to 7-parted, the cuneate seements more or less incisely dissected or
toothed, the ultimate segments rather broad; peduncles commonly
shorter than the petioles; flowers about 3 lines long; petals light
pink; beak of fruit loosely villous or glandular; carpels hairy, usually
black; seed reticulately ridged or pitted.
Naturalized plant, at one time more common in the Bay Region
than now. Mar.-Apr.
2. G. dissectum L. Common Geranium. Differing little
from the last, but the primary lobes of the leaves very narrow, with
the ultimate divisions mostly slender, somewhat fulcate, and acute;
petals rose-purple.
An Old World species naturalized in California not many years
since and recently became more common than the preceding.
G. PiLosum Forst, of Australia and New Zealand, adventive at
Alameda and San Francisco, is a similar species but is perennial by a
thick rootstock and retrorselv canescent-pubescent but not glandular.
G. parviflorum Willd., collected at Mt. Tamalpais and Duncan’s
Mills, bas few points of difference with the precedi: ¢ or with G. dis-
sectum. G. molle L: has glabrous carpels, conspicuously wrinkled
transversely, and unpitted seeds; reported as occurring at San Fran-
cisco and at Olema.
GERANIUM FAMILY. 247
3. ERODIUM L’Her. SrorxsBiLv.
Annual herbs. Leaves opposite, often unequal, either simple or
pinnate, with one interpetiolur stipule on one side and two on the
other. In vegetative characters very similar to Geranium; the flower
and fruit nearly the same, but the stamens with anthers 5 only, the
alternate filaments sterile and scale-like. Styles in fruit twisting
spirally, bearded inside. Pedicels after anthesis commonly retro-
eurved. (Greek erodios, x heron.)
Leaves reniform-cordate, lobes*(if any) shallow... ... 1. E. macrophyllum.
Leaves oblong to oblong-ovate, pinnatifid or pinnate.
Leaves pinnatifid; sepals bristle-tipped. .
Leaves pinnute with serrate or merely incised leaflets; sete naked
claw; sepals not terminated by bristles... .... 3. E. moschatum.
Leaves pinnate with pinnatifid leaflets; claw of petals ciliate; sepals with
lor 2 terminal bristle-like hairs... a . 4. E. cicutarium.
1. E. macrophyllum H. & A. Acaulescent or subacaulescent,
tomentose, with interspersed spreading glandular hairs; leaves reni-
form-cordate, crenate and often with shilow crenate lobes, 1 tu 14 in.
broad; umbels mostly 2 to 8-flowered, on elongated (4 to 9 in.) pedun-
cles; petals white, 5 to 8 lines long, little exceeding the broad sepals;
filaments conspicuously orbicular-dilated at base; beak of fruit stout;
mature carpels densely silky-huiry, truncate at top, 4 lines long.
Willows, Jepson; Anderson Valley, Bolander, no. 4805; Kirker
Pass, Brewer; Stuckton, Fitch; Tracy, Bioletti, and southward.
Whole leaf blade sometimes undulate and with closed sinus.
Var. Californicum (E. Californicum Greene). Tall and branch-
ing, puberulent and beset with purple-tipped glandular hairs; leaves
larger, 2 in. broad; flowers frequently about 5 or 6 in a cluster; petals
deep rose-red or purple.—Oakland Hills, Blasdale.
2. E. Botrys Bertol. Caulescent, branching from the base and
commonly prostrate; coarsely white-pubescent, leaves 1 to 2 in. long
on petioles as long or twice as long, oblong-ovate, pinnatifid, the
lobes serrate, acute; sepals short-pointed and tipped witb 1 or 2 short
bristles; petals deep violet; glands greenish; filaments dilated nearly
to apex and toothed.
Naturalized plant, scarcely known in California ten years ago, but
within that time become common in many localities from Marin and
Solano Cos, to northern Catifornia, spreading with -especial rapidity
over low pastured hills and rolling gravelly plains.
3. E. moschatum L'Her. Finarer. Mtsk CLover. Hireute
with scattered spreading buairs, at first acaulescent, the radical leaves
often forming a close rosette upon the ground; later with stout fleshy
ascending stems } to 1 ft. high; leaves 2 or 3 in. to 1} ft. long;
leaflets ovate to elliptical, serrate and sparsely incised, short-petiolate,
& to 14 in. long, the terminal cuneately 3 to 5-parted; stipules large,
membranaceous; peduncles in the axil of the smaller of the unequal
opposite leaves, much elongated in fruit. 4 to 11 in, long; sepals not
bristle-bearing at tip; petals rose-purple, 3 lines long, with short
claws; beak of the fruit 14 to 1% in. long; filaments membranously
winged at base, with upwardly pointing teeth.
yp E,
248 POLYGALACE.E,
Abundant in rich lands of valley orchards and vineyards. Muar.—
Apr. Glands of the flowers reddish or brownish as in the next. The
term Filaree, a contraction of the Spanish Alfilerilla is, like the
names Pin Clover or Pin Grass, indifferently applied to either this
species or the next.
4. E. cicutarium (L.) L’Her, Rep-stemMxep FiLarge. Habit
of the preceding; leaflets subsessile, nearly oblong, incisely pinnatitid
with acute, often toothed lobes; stipules small, acute; flowers and
fruit as in the last, but the sepals terminated by 1 or 2 bristle-like
hairs and the filaments little dilated at base, not toothed.
Hillsides or barren or dry soil everywhere. Very common, begin-
ning to flower in Feb. or Mar., usually some weeks in advance of the
last, and in many places continuing through the summer. It is an
esteemed forage plant. Stems commonly reddish, in the last preceding
commonly with white stems.
4. FLCERKEA Willd.
Low slightly succulent annuals. Leaves alternate, pinnately cleft,
exstipulate. Flowers solitary, on axillary peduncles, ours 5-merous,
or exceptionally 4-merous. Sepals valvate in the bud, as many
hypogynous glands alternating with them. Stamens 10, distinct.
Carpels subglubose, nearly distinct, but with a common style which
is gynubasie, 7. ¢., arising from among them near the base, and 5-cleft
at apex, The fruit consists of roughish carpels separating from the
short axis. (Dedicated to Florke, a German botanist.)
1. F. Douglasii Ball. Mzapow Foam. Glabrous, the stems
and foliage yellowish green and succulent, branching at the base and
very spreading, the branches 6 to 14in. long; leaves pinnately divided;
divisions 3 to mostly 9 and incisely lobed or parted, the lobes linear,
acute; peduncles. at length 2 to 4 in. long; sepals lanceolate, 3 to 4
lines long, 3 the length of the petals; petals yellowish, white (or
occasionally roseate) ut tip, obovate-cuneate; nutlets smocth to
strongly tuberculate, about 2 lines in diameter.
Low ground, in or near shallow water, forming large patches which
color, in Apr., the valley levels in the Coast Ranges.
49. POLYGALACEZA. PotyGata Famity.
Ours perennial herbs or somewhat suffrutescent plants with alter-
nate simple leaves and nostipules. Flowers in terminal racemes, irreg-
ular and resembling the papillionaceous flowers of Leguminose, but
not like them in structure. Stamens (in ours) monadelphous. Ovary
simple, superior.
1. POLYGALA L. Mitxworr.
Stems often with milky juice. Sepals 5, thin, the two lower and the
upper keeled one of about the same size, the two lateral much larger,
colored, and projecting like the wings of a pea-flower. Petals 3,
united at base; middle petal hooded above and often beaked or
RUTACE.E. 249
crested, enclosing the stamens and style. Stamens 8, monadelphous,
the tube open on one side and adnate to the base of the petals. Ovary
2celled with one ovule in each cell; style long, curved. Capsule
with thin walls, flattened contrary to the partition, rounded and
often notched above, dehiscing loculicidally at the margin. Seeds
with a conspicuous caruncle. (Polus, much, and gala, milk, an
ancient Greek name for some shrub used as a stimulant.)
1. P. Californica Nutt. Stems many from the branching crown
of a cord-like deeply descending perennial root, mostly simple, 3 to 8
in. high; leaves oblong- or elliptic-ovate, 3 to 1} in, long, distinctly
petioled; flowers of two sorts:—those near the root apetalous and
developing most of the fruit; those of the terminal racemes with rose-
purple corolla 5 or 6 lines long, the petals more or less pubescent, at
least inside or on the margin, the sepals glabrous, with the shorter
ones 2 to 8 lines long; capsule broadly elliptical, glabrous, 3 lines
long; caruncle of the seed wrinkled and bladdery.
Wooded or brush-covered slopes in the mountains from Ukiah,
Howell Mountain, and Marin Co. southward to Santa Barbara. Not
reported from the inner Coast Ranges. May.
- CORNUTA Kell. of the Sierra Nevada, may be distinguished by
its greenish whit: flowers and densely tomentose sepals.
50. RUTACEA. Ree Fantty.
Herbaceous cr arboreus plants, ours shrubs or small trees, with
glandular-dotted or aromatic leaves and no stipules. Flowers regular
and symmetrical, or nearly symmetrical. Sepals and petals 4 or 5.
Stamens as many or twice as many, inserted outside of a hypogynous
disk encircling the base of the ovary.
1. PTELEA L.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, with sessile
leaflets. Flowers small, greenish white, in axillary paniculate cymes.
Flowers pulygamous. Sepals, petals, und stamens 4 or 5. Ovary
with a short thick stipe, 2-celled; cells 2-ovuled, the lower ovule
abortive; style short; stigmas 2. Fruit a 2-celled 2-seeded samara,
winged all around, broadly orbicular. Seeds oblong. (Greek name
of the Elm, the fruit of which is very similar.)
1. P. Baldwinii T. & G. var. crenulata. Hop Trex. Small tree
8 to 15 ft. high; glabrous or with a slight pubescence on the inflores-
cence and under surface of the leaves; leaves elliptic, obovate or
elongated-rhomboidal, rounded or acute at apex, often with abruptly
cuneate base, crenulate or almost entire, 1 to 2} in. long; buds
downy; sepals very small; petals 2} lines long; stamens hairy towards
the base; fruit 5 to 6 lines long, a trifle broader, tipped by the per-
sistent style.—(P. crenulata Greene.)
Coast Ranges, not infrequent in certain localities, but probably of
restricted range: Mt. Diablo, abundant in Mitchell Cation, the wing
emarginate at apex; Antioch, the wing abruptly acuminate at apex;
250 ANACARDIACE.
Edwards’ Cajion near Crockett; Lake Co. The shrub of the Sierra
Foothills is doubtless the same species. Apr.-May. Fruit maturing
in June, occasionally triquetrous and 3-seeded.
51. ANACARDIACEZ. Sumacu Famity.
Trees or shrubs with resinous or milky acrid juice. Leaves alter-
nate, usually compound, without stipules. Flowers regular, perfect
or polygamous. Calyx and corvlla 5-merous, the stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals. Pistil 1, ovary free from the calyx,
1-celled, 1-ovuled, styles or stigmas 8, A glandular ring or cup-like
disk lines the base of the calyx. An order containing the Poison
Sumachs and also many tropical trees of economic importance.
1. RHUS L. Sumacu.
Uurs deciduous shrubs with 8 (sometimes 5)-foliolate leaves and
very small flowers. Sepals and petals usually 5. Stamens inserted
under the edge of a perigynous disk which is quite free from the
ovary. Styles 8. Fruit a small compressed drupe with thin flesh
and bony stone. Seed erect; endosperm none. (Ancient name.)
Flowers greenish, in small panicles; drupe white. ..... 1. R. diversiloba.
Flowers yellow, in dense spikes; drupered ,.. ....2 R. trilobata.
1. R. diversiloba T. &G. Porson Oax. Erect and 4 to 5 ft.
high, or ascending the trunks of trees by the means of aerial rootlets to
the height of 15 to 20 ft.; leaflets orbicular to ovate or oblong-ovate,
undulate, entire or variously lobed, segmented, or toothed; panicles
axillary, appearing with the leaves, short-peduncled, more or less
pendulous; flowers 1} lines long; sepals often unequal and sometimes.
4; anthers yellow; fruit 3 lines broad, the stone striate.
Everywhere common throughout California. Flowering in Apr.
and May. ew persons, like the author, enjoy complete immunity
from the poisonous effects of this plant. Leaflets in size, outline and
segmentation singularly variable, even on the same shrub. Fruit-
clusters persisting on the nuked branches well into midwinter, the
thin skin of the drupes deciduous and exposing the dry whitish flesh
which is marked with several longitudinal depressed blackish nerves.
2. R. trilobata Nutt. var. quinata Jepson. Squaw BusH. Some-
what diffusely branching, 2 to 5 ft. high; leaves 3-foliate; terminal
leaflets 3-cleft, -parted or -divided, the divisions as also the lateral
leaflets crenate or crenately lobed towards the apex; spikes about 4
in. long, often clustered; flowers pale yellow, appearing before the
leaves, 1 line long; sepals scarious; petals elliptic; disk yellow,
5-lobed, the lobes opposite the leaves and somewhat emarginate;
fruit scarlet, viscidly pilose, the stone smooth.
Cafion bottoms or narrow mountain valleys, particularly along the
banks of arroyos, either solitary or forming circular thickets 3 or 4
ft. high and several yards across. Throughout Calfornia, but not
near the coast within our limits; middle and inner North Coast
SAPINDACHA 251
Ranges; Mt. Diablo Range. Mar.—May. Sometimes called Western
Sumach. ,
52. SAPINDACEA. Buckeye Fauiny.
Ours trees or shrubs with opposite compound leaves, no stipules,
and irregular polygamous flowers. Ovary superior, 3-celled with 2
ovules in each cell. Endosperm none.
1. ASCULUS L. Horse Cuesrnvur.
Leaves palmately compound; leaflets serrate, stipules none. Flow-
ers showy, on jointed pedicels, in a terminal thyrse, mostly sterile,
only one or two in each thyrse perfecting fruit. Calyx’ tubular,
unequally cleft. Petals 4 or 5, slightly unequal, clawed. Stamens
5 to 7, exserted and often unequal. Ovary 8-celled; ovules 2 in each
cell, commonly but one ovule in the ovary maturing; style elongated.
Fruit a large 8-valved capsule, loculicidally dehiscent. Seed with-
out endusperm; coat thick and polished, with a large round scar;
cotyledons very large and fleshy, somewhat coherent. (The ancient
name of the tallest Italian Oak, having edible acorns and sacred to
Jupiter.)
1. AE. Californica (Spach) Nutt. Buckryz. A low tree, com-
monly 10 to 15 ft. high, with the rounded or depressed crown of
greater breadth; inflorescence minutely pubescent, otherwise glabrous;
leaflets 5 to 7 on petiolules, oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, acute
or acuminate at apex, serrulate, 3 to 5 in. long; thyrse cylindrical, 4
to 6 in. long; flowers 4 or 5 lines long, ill-scented; calyx 2 to
3-lobed; corvlla white; petals 7 lines long, the limb elliptic or ovate,
rotately spreading, the claw on the back and margins minutely soft-
’ pubescent; stamens commonly 6, becoming much exserted by elonga-
tion after the opening of the corolla, at first declined, 2 or 3 (usually
the lower) elongating and becoming erect in advance of the others;
fruit smooth, 1-seeded; seed } in. in diameter.
Common throughout middle California, especially on the dry foot--
hills; a beautiful tree when laden in June with its profusion of white
flowers. Perfect flowers 2 or 3, sometimes 4 or 5, but always in the
upper portion of the thyrse. The thyrse usually produces but one
fruit; this is pendulous on the at length naked axis of the inflo-
rescence, and on account of its size, color and hanging -position
explains the name, ‘California Pear,’’ given it by the pioneers.
53. ACERACEAE. Map re Famiry.
Very closely allied to the preceding family, differing chiefly in the
regular flowers and 2-celled ovary. Leaves palmately lobed or
compound.
1. ACER L. Map re.
Trees or shrubs with palmately lobed leaves. Flowers polygamous
or dicecious, small, in terminal racemes, umbel-like corymbs or
252 CELASTRACE,
fascicles. Calyx cleft into mostly 5 segments. Petals as many or
none. Stamens 8 to 8 or 10, borne on the edge of a disk, or
hypogynous. Styles or stigmas 2, slender. Fruit a double samara,
the body of the carpels united at the base or inner face and long-
winged from the back or towards the apex. Samaras separable at
maturity, each I-seeded. Cotyledons large and thin. Endosperm
none. (Latin, acer, shurp or hard, the wood anciently used for
making pikes or lances.)
Flowers perfect; leaves simple, palmately lobed... . . 1. A. macrophyllum
Flowers dicecious; leaves trifoliolute; var. Californicum of. .....
2, A. Negundo.
1, A. macrophyllum Pursh. Large-LeavepD MapLe. Tree 15 to
25 ft. high; juice in young herbage milky; leaves simple, roundish in
outline, 7 in. broad or less, palmately parted into 5 broad mostly
8-lobed divisions; petioles about 3 in. long; racemes 23 to 4 in. lung;
flowers greenish or dull white; sepals elliptic, 2} lines long, equaled
by the oblong petals; stamens 7 to 9, the filaments villous below,
body of samaras densely hispid, the wing 1 to 14 in. long and 6 to 8
lines wide.
A not infrequent tree along Coast Range streams but solitary; it
also ascends ravines and climbs cajion sides, appearing on the steepest
north walls; in such cases it sometimes forms small clumps but the
individuals are scarcely more than shrubs. Also in the Sierra
Nevada. Mar. The wood is more valued than tiat of any other
deciduous tree of western America.
A. GLABRUM Torr., Sierra Maple, of the High Sierras, and A.
cIRCINATUM Pursh, Vine Maple, of northern California and north-
ward, have the flowers in loose umbel-like corymbs and the fruits
Seca in the former the filaments are glabrous, in the latter the
laments are hairy with the wings of the samaras spreading at right
angles to the peduncle.
2. A. Negundo L. var. Californicum Sargent. Box ELDER.
Tree 20 to 50 ft. high; leaves pinnately trifvliolate, the leaflets serrate,
incised, or 2 or 3-lobed or -divided, or the segments becoming distinct
and obviously petioled, the central leaflets thus replaced by 38, or the
lateral leaflets by 2 or 8; flowers dicecious; calyx minute, 4 to 5-cleft;
petals and disk none; staminate flowers clustered on capillary pedicels, _
the stamens 4 or 5 and hypogynous; pistillate flowers in drooping
slender racemes; fruit pubescent, 1 to 1} in. long; wing oblong,
crimson in young fruit.—{ Negundo Californicum T. &. G.)
Common along streams from San Bernardino northward: Contra
Costa Co.; Sonoma Co.; Sacramento River. Mar.-Apr.
54. CELASTRACEA. Svarr-rrere Famicy.
Shrubs with simple leaves (in ours opposite). Flowers sma!l, perfect,
regular, with jointed pedicels. Calyx 4 or 5-lobed or-parted. Petals
4 or 5. Stamens as many as the petals, alternate with them and
inserted on a very thick and conspicuous disk. Ovary 2 to 5-celled,
RHAMNACE.K, 299
immersed in or surrounded by the disk; ovules 2 in each cell; styles
united into one, or none; stigma 8 to 5-lobed. Fruit a loculicidal
capsule, free from the culyx. Seed ariled, with large embryo und
broad und thin cotyledons; endosperm fleshy.
1. EUONYMUS L. Buryine Busu,
Leaves opposite, petioled, deciduous. Flowers (in ours) 5-merous,
purplish, in cymes on axillary peduncles. Petuls inserted beneath
the 5-lobed disk. Stamens inserted on the disk. Style short or none.
Capsule 3 to 5-celled, 3 to 5-lobed, the cells 1 to 2-seeded. Seeds
covered with a fleshy red aril.
1. E. occidentalis Nutt. Burnina Busu. Erect, slender, 6 to
14 ft. high, the branches 4-angled; leaves thin, ovate or often broad-
est above the middle and abruptly acuminate, serrulate, 14 to 4 in.
long, on petioles 3 lines long; peduncles 1 to 1§ in. long, 3 to
6-flowered; tlowers 4 or 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes broad and obtuse;
petals roundish, brownish purple, finely dotted and with scarious
margins; capsule depressed, smooth, deeply 3-lobed, often 3 in. brvad.
Near the coast: Santa Cruz Mountains, J/eLean, 1878; Marin Co.;
Howards, Sonoma Co., J. J. Rivers; northward to Humboldt Co.,
Marshall. June.
Pacnystima MyrsinitEs Raf. Evergreen undershrub with cori-
aceous leaves $ tol in. long; flowers 1 line wide; ovary 2-celled.—
Yuba Ov. to Mt. Shasta.
55. RHAMNACEZ. Bucxrnory Famity.
Shrubs or small trees with simple leaves and mostly caducous
stipules. Flowers small, regular. Stamens and petals 4 or 5, the
lobes of the calyx as many. Petals perigynous, inserted with the
stumens on a disk lining the calyx-tube, sometimes wanting, com-
monly clawed. Stamens alternate with the lobes of the calyx, that
is, opposite the petals. Ovary mostly 3 (2 to 4)-celled, free or adnate
by the disk to the base of the calyx. Style simple or 3 (2 to 4)-cleft.
Fruit a berry or capsule.
oy free from the ovary; petals small or none, not hooded; fruit fleshy,
PIPING 65 kt ee te ee ee 1, RHAMNUS.
Calyx adnate to base of ovary; petals hooded by inflexion of the tip; fruit
dry, capsular... carer sn . 2. CEANOTHTS.
1. RHAMNUS L. BucxtrHory.
Shrubs with alternate leaves and small greenish perfect or polyga-
mous flowers in axillary clusters. Calyx with 4 or 5 short sepals or
teeth. Petals very small or none; claws short. Stamens 4 or 5;
filaments short. Ovary ovoid, free; style short, 3 to 4cleft. Fruit
berry-like, black, containing 2 to 4 separate seed-like nutlets of bony
orcartilaginous texture. (The ancient Greek name of these plints.)
Flowers complete; fruit black.
Leaves thickish, mostly 1 to 2 in. long R. Californica.
o> -& ovis
Leaves thinnish, 8to6 in. long ..... wei -4 .2. R. Purshiana.
Flowers apetalous, often polygamous; fruit red .8. R. erocca.
264 RHAMNACEE,
1. R. Californica Esch. Corres Berry. Shrub, commonly 4
or 5 ft. high, evergreen in our district; one-year-old branchlets reddish
-or brown; leaves oblong, obtuse or acute, mostly 1} to 2 in. long;
flowers mostly perfect, 4 to 5-merous, on short pedicels, in umbellate
.clusters, the clusters peduncled; calyx 2 to 2} lines broad; its lobes
triangular-lanceolate; petals minute, cucullate, deeply emarginate;
‘fruit a black berry, globose or oval, 3 to 4 lines in diameter.
Common everywhere in the Coust Ranges and at low altitudes in
the Sierras. June-July. Fr. Sept.-Oct.
Var. tomentella Brew. & Wats. Twigs tomentose, reddish;
leaves yellow- or white-tomentose beneath; peduncles commonly
-exceeding the petioles.—Santa Cruz Mountains; Mt. Hamilton;
Sierra Foothills and eastward.
2. R. Purshiana DC. Cascara Sacrapa. Small tree; leaves
thinnish, deciduous, elliptic-oblong, obtuse or slightly cordate at base,
obtuse or abruptly blunt-pointed at apex, serrulute, mostly 8 to 6 in.
‘long; petioles tomentulous; flowers 5-merous; carpels 3.
Point Reyes ace. to Davy; scarcely known in our region, more
‘common in northern California.
3. R. crocea Nutt. Evergreen and glabrous low shrub } to 2 or
3 ft. high, the branches and branchlets slender, flexible and rather
long; leaves often fascicled, rather narrowly elliptic, 1 to 4 lines long,
serrulate, green above, yellowish beneath, distinctly petioled but the
petioles often less than 4 line long; flowers apetalous, mostly pulyga-
‘mous; sepals and stamens 4; fruit 2 or 3 lines long, red.
Mayacamas Mountains (east of Napa Valley) and southward near
.the coast: Oakland, ete. Feb.—-May.
Var. ilicifolia Greene (R. ilicifolia Kellogg). Somewhat arbo-
irescent with a distinct trunk, or the stems several and clustered, 5 to
10 ft. high; branchlets short, rigid and rather stout; leaves oval,
firm-coriaceous, green above, yellowish brown or golden beneath,
larger than in the type (7 to 10 lines long), spinulose-dentate; sepals
and stamens frequently 5; fruit bright red, ovoid, 24 lines long.—
Inner Coast Ranges (Miller Cuafion, Vaca Mountains, but rare);
common in Mitchell Cation, Mt, Diablo; well known southward.
Fruiting in Sept.
2. CEANOTHUS L. Mountain Livac.
Shrubs or small trees, with petioled leaves, the branchlets often
divaricate and rigid, sometimes spinescent, and the small but showy
flowers in thyrses or cymes. Calyx 5-lobed, the lobes acute, incurved;
the lower part adnate with the thick disk to the lower part of the
3-celled ovary. Petals 5, hooded by the inflexion of the acuminate
apex, and with long cluws. Stamens 5, filaments filiform, long-
exserted. Style 8-cleft. Fruit subglobose, 8-lobed, becoming dry
and separating into.its 3 carpels, these elastically dehiscent along the
inner edge and dispersing the seeds. Seeds obovate, convex on the
back, (Greek Keanothus, name used by Dioseorides to designate
some spiny plant, applicd to this genus of American plants, which
BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 255
are chiefly of the Pacific United States. All of our species are ever-
green except C. integerrimus and C. Parryi. According to the field
investigutions of Mrs. K. Brandegee, the nearly related species give
rise to numerous hybrids. Cf. Proc. Cal. Acad., 2d Ser., iv. 173.)
A. Leaves alternate.
.Fruit smooth or at most crested, never with horns; stipules thin or mem-
branous, fugacious or deciduous.
Branches flexible, not spinescent.
Flowers white; leaves plane.
Inflorescence compound; leaves very strongly 3-nerved beneath, 114
to 3 in. long; fruit slightly crested. ...... 1. C. velutinus.
Inflorescence simple or compound; leaves entire, 4 to 1 in. long; fruit
CLEStICSS a ove og a) os a fo dn Bi Se ee 2. C. integerrimus.
Flowers blue (rarely varying to white) ;-inflorescence compound
Leaves plane, mostly 1 to 2!4 in. long, strongly 3-nerved, serrulate. .
ane > 3. C. thyrsifiorus.
Leaves similar, pinnately veined, but the margins revolute, seemingly
Ses . Parryt.
Flowers blue, the clusters in a simple raceme mostly 4 to 1 in. long;
leaves mostly rather small, usually not 3-nerved.
Leaves subcoriaceous, with smooth waxy surface, the margin very
glundular-serrate............ . .. 5. G. foliosus.
Leaves papillate near the revolute margin ..... 6. GC. dentatus
Leaves similar, but glandular-papillate on the entire i a surface. .
7. C. papillosus.
Branches more or less rigid and spinescent.
Leaves glandular-serrate; flowers deep or very light blue, in a simple
raceme; bramcblets stiff. .........-.-. 8. C. sorediatus.
Leaves entire; flowers white, in a simple or paniculately compound
raceme; branchlets thick and stout, spur-like, very glaucous; fruit
warty-roughened; leaves strongly 3-nerved. . .. 9. CU. incanus.
B. Leaves opposite.
. Fruit with conspicuous dorsal horns; stipule-bases warty or cork-like and
persistent.
Erect shrubs.
Flowers white; leavesentire ............. 10. C. cuneatus.
Flowers blue; leaves finely spinose-dentate on the upper half. ....
ll. C. rigidus.
Flowers blue (or white); leaves rather coarsely spinose-dentate.
Branchlets gray; pedicels2lineslong ....... 12. C. Jepsonii.
Branchlets reddish or brownish; pedicels 5to.7 lines long .....
Low-spreading shrub; flowers blue; leaves coarsely eon ponaul
the apex: var. divergens of . ys Se hag . 14. C. prostratus.
1. C. velutinus Doug]. Snow Brusu. Large shrub, 8 to 12 ft.
“high, the branches mostly ascending; odor very sweet and heavy;
leaves elliptic or ovatish, rounded or subcordate at base, finely
glundular-serrate, pale and strongly 3-nerved beneath, varnished
-above and frequently of a rich chocolate-brown, 14 to 3 in. long, on
petioles 3 in. long or less; panicle 2 to 3 in. high; flowers white, 2
lines broad; fruit smooth, lobed at top, nearly crestless, sticky-
- glandular. :
Mt. Shasta; Modoc Co.; and the northern Sierra Nevada
Var. levigatus T. & G. Subarborescent; leaves glabrous, light
-green; inflorescence more ample; fruit somewhat crested.—Mt. St.
Helena and northward in the Coast Ranges to Mendocino and Hum-
iboldt Cos.
256 RHAMNACE.
2. C. integerrimus H. & A. Tall shrub, 10 to 15 ft. high; twigs
green or at length purplish subangular when young; leaves deep
green above, paler beneath, oblong-elliptic, obtuse, mostly acute at
base, entire, 4 to 1 in. long; inflorescence simple and about 2 in. long,
or compound and about 4 in. long, or in fruit twice as long, equaled
by the leafy (or often nearly leafless) peduncles; flowers white; cap-
sules nearly globose, lobed, smouvth, crestless.
Seemingly very restricted in its range: Santa Cruz Mountains.
May. Fruiting in July.
8. C. thyrsiflorus Esch. CatrrorntA Lizac, Low shrub, 3
to 6 ft. high or becoming a small tree 12 to 18 ft. high, rather straight-
limbed, the branchlets mostly ascending; leaves green on both sur-
faces, elliptical or oblong-ovate, strongly 38-nerved beneath, the
margin mucronate-serrate or serrulate with somewhat impressed
teeth, 1 to 2} in. long, 6 to 10 lines broad; inflorescence a panicle
of somewhat corymbose racemes, 13 to 2% in. long, mostly long-
peduncled, with leaves subtending 1 or 2 of the lower racemes; bract-
lets ovate, acuminate, 23 lines long; flowers blue or sometimes varying
to white; capsule globose, smooth, little lobed, 2 lines in diameter.
Common near the coast from Monterey northward to Sonoma and
Mendocino Cos. Apr. Near Soquel, Setchell and Jepson discovered,
in 1896, a fine shapely tree 22 ft. high, with w girth of 2 ft. 5 in. at
20 in. from the ground.
4. C. Parryi Trelease. Parry’s Litac. Spreading shrub, 4 to
6 ft. high; branchlets angular and, when young, tomentose, the
l-yeur-old ones reddish; leaves pinnately veined, narrowly to broadly
oblong, # to 13 in. long, dark green above, loosely tomentose beneath,
the margin denticulate, seemingly entire because soon revolute and
thus concealing the teeth and also the lateral supplementary nerves;
petioles 2 lines long; panicle oblong or distinctly broader below, 1 to
3 in. long, on sparsely leafy peduncles twice as long; capsules globose,
smooth, 2 lines in diameter.
Local species of the mountain ranges on either side of Napa
Valley: Mt. George; Caux’s Knob; Rebecca Ranch grade, southwest
of Calistoga. A most handsome shrub when in full flower in Apr. or
early May; at other seasons of straggly and unattractive habit, the
individuals often seerning as if of great age. Sometimes found in
flower in the late fall and early winter. Margin of leaf variable,
sometimes serrate, more often rather obscurely denticulate or almost
entire.
5. C. foliosus Parry. Low shrub commonly dense at base, with
horizontally spreading or diffuse branches 2 or 8 ft. long; branchlets
rather long and straight and rather ascending; lightly pubescent,
especially on the branchlets; leaves undulate or somewhat infolded
longitudinally, mostly 3 or 4 or the larger 6 lines long, frequently
with smaller ones fascicled in their axils, broadly oblong, upper sur-
face dark green, lower lighter, the teeth of the margin bearing con-
spicuous glands; petiole distinct but very short; inflorescence globose
BUCKTHORN FAMILY. 257
to oblong, } to 1 in. long; flowers blue, 1 to 1} lines broad; capsules
14 lines broad, smooth, conspicuously lobed, crested.
Rather common in the seaward and middle Coast Ranges north of
San Francisco Bay: Mt. Tamalpais; Sonoia; Howell Mt.; Mt. St.
Helena, and northward to Westport, Mendocino Co. Apr.-May, or
flowering late in the season, the inflorescence then short-spicate and
interrupted below.
6. C. dentatus T. & G. Low densely branched shrub with
reddish brown branchlets, the young twigs tomentose; leaves elliptical
or narrower, rounded at both ends or appearing retuse or subtruncate
from the infolding of the apex, dark brown and waxen on the upper
surface, light colored and pubescent beneath, papillate on and near
the margin, 2 to 5 or 6 lines long; inflorescence subglobose, very
tomentose; flowers blue; capsule slightly crested, scarcely lobed, 2
lines in diameter.
Santa Cruz Mountains.
7. C. papillosus T. & G. Habit of the last and differing little
from it; leaves often slightly cordate at base, the whole upper surface
closely glandular-papillate, 1 in. long or less, sometimes as much as 2
in. long; inflorescence more oblong, about 1 in. long; peduncles naked,
solitary or clustered; capsules rather less than 2 lines in diameter.
Santa Cruz Mountains. May.
8. C. sorediatus H. & A. Erect shrub, 4 to 7 ft. high, with
rigid divaricate branchlets; branchlets sparingly villous, at length
olive-color or purplish; leaves ovate or elliptic-ovate, green above,
paler and slightly pubescent beneath with appressed hairs, glandular-
denticulate, 4 to 1 (or less commonly 13) in. long, on petioles a line
or two long; racemes 1 or 2 (terminal or subterminal) on each branch-
let, ovate or broadly oblong in outline, 4 to 1 in. long; flowers blue
or almost white; capsule lobed, crested, 2 to 24 lines in diameter.
Very common in the Coast Ranges, the individuals disposed to
associate, and, at flowering time, often coloring the north canon sides
in patches: Vaca Mountains; Caux’s Knob, west of St. Helena;
Howell Mountain; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo; and southward.
Mar.—Apr.
9. C. incanus T. & G. Tall shrub with very glaucous branchlets,
these thick and stout and almost spur-like; leaves elliptic to ovate,
acute or obtuse, rounded at base, dark brown above, strongly 3-nerved
and pale (with a fine close indument) beneath, 1 to 14 in. long; petioles
2 or 3 lines long; inflorescence finely velvety, 2 or 3 in. long or less;
flowers white; capsule thickly warty, shallowly lobed at top, 23 lines
in diameter.
Felton and Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Co.) to Mt. St. Helena;
Lake and Mendocino Cos.
10. C. cuneatus Nutt. Norrary’s Ceanoruus. Rigid divari-
eately branched shrub, 5 to 8 ft. high, with gray bark; branchlets stout
and short, those on a branch often very unequal and frequently inter-
tuptedly disposed; leaves oblong-obovate to broadly obovate, entire,
19
258 RHAMNACE.
green above, paler beneath, 4 to 6 or less commonly 11 lines long, on
very short petioles; umbels 4 to 3 in. broad; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long;
flowers white; capsules slightly oblong, 23 lines long, with three short
erect horns.
Very abundant in the higher Coast Ranges and in the Sierra Foot-
hills, either isolated, or gregurious and forming impenetrable and often
extensive thickets. Such thickets clothe densely the higher slopes
and mountain ridges, and whether made up purely of this species
or mixed with Manzanita, Pickeringia or similar shrubs, are known as
chaparral. Flowering in Mar.—Apr., the odor sweetish but slightly
offensive. R. H. Platt sends specimens from the Vaca Mountains
some of the leaves of which are 2 to 3-dentate at apex.
11. C. rigidus Nutt. Shrub about 6 ft. high, rigidly and intri-
cately branched; leaves opposite and crowded, cuneate-obovate, mostly
retuse, firm but rather thin, soon nearly glabrous on both surfaces,
the apical half finely spinose-dentate, 2 to 6 lines long, nearly sessile;
stipules conspicuously warty; flowers bright blue; capsules a little
larger than in no. 10.
Rare: Mt. Tamalpais and Bolinas Heights to Monterey, where first
collected by Nuttall.
12. C Jepsonii Greene. Rigid strictly erect shrub about 4 to 5
ft. high; branchlets short, stubby, gray; leaves elliptic-oblong, spiny-
toothed, undulate-margined or somewhat infolded longitudinally, 4 to
% in. long; stipules small; flower-clusters small, pedicels 2 or 3 lines
long; flowers white.
Abundant between Middleton and the Toll House on Mt. St.
Helena (type locality), flowers white; Howell Mt., flowers blue,
exhaling a musky odor, the air for some distance around a shrub or
thicket heavy with the fragrance; Marin Co. Feb.—May.
18. C. purpurea. Erect shrub, 4 or 5 ft. high with brownish or
reddish branchlets; leaves very thick, orbicular, 1 in. long or less,
glabrous, shining and light green above, paler beneath with a closely
appressed tomentum, coarsely and pungently toothed all around;
stipules very large; flowers large, purple; pedicels 5 to 7 lines long;
fruit unknown.
Gorges north of Mt. George near Napa. May. Nearly allied to
C. crassifoltius Torr. (San Diego Co. northward to the Santa Inez
Mountains) which has elliptic-obovate leaves with more finely toothed
or subentire revolute margin, the upper surface roughened, the lower
surface densely white tomentose; capsule subglobose, with 3 stout sub-
erect horns near the top, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. This species has
been found at Wright’s, Santa Cruz Mountains, acc. to Behr.
14. C. prostratus Benth. Manata Mats. Branches prostrate,
rooting, thickly matting the ground; branchlets often reddish, at first
pubescent; leaves green on both surfaces, glabrous or finely flocculent-
pubescent heneath, thick and firm, cuneate-obovate, coarsely and
pungently 3-toothed at the apex, and commonly with 1 or 2 similar
teeth at or above the middle; flowers blue; fruit globose, not lobed,
VITACEA, 259
with 3 large wrinkled horns on cach valve and 8 intermediate crests,
3 to 4 lines long.
Sierra Nevada, where it is common, often extensively covering the
ground in the Yellow Pine (Pinus ponderosa) woods; Mt. Shasta;
southward in the north Coast Ranges through the Yallo Bally Moun-
tains and Snow Mountain, Lake Co., to Cobb Mountain where it
passes into the following.
Var. divergens Brandegee (C. divergens Parry). Low scrambling
shrub with horizontally spreading, trailing or almost procumbent
branches; leaves more dentate-spinose than in the type, almost sessile,
$ to} in. long; flowers blue; capsules about 3 lines in diameter, with
the horns more lateral.—Mt. St. Helena; Sonoma; Marin Co.; Santa
Cruz Co. May.
56. VITACEAE. Vine Famity.
Woody plants, mostly climbing by tendrils. Leaves in ours simple,
alternate. Flowers small, regular, greenish or whitish, in a com-
ound thyrse. Calyx minute, the limb mostly obsolete and truncate.
etals 4 or 5, valvate, caducous or early deciduous, the stamens as
many and opposite them. -Fruit a 2-celled berry. Seeds with a thick
and bony testa. Embryo minute, in a tough endosperm.
1. VITIS L. Grape.
Leaves opposite the tendrils or flower clusters. Tendrils at least
once branched. Calyx-tube filled with the disk, which bears the
stamens and petals. Ovules 2 in each cell. (Classical Latin name.)
1. V. Californica Benth, Catirornia WiLpD Graps. Leaves
roundish, tomentose, especially beneath, the tomentum in age floccu-
lent, 2 to 5} in. broad, coarsely or minutely dentate, cordate at base
with open or closed sinus, slightly or not at all lobed, or frequently
with a sinuately 3 to 5-lobed leaf at the next node above or below an
unlobed one; fruit purple, with a bloom, 3 or 4 lines in diameter.
Along streams throughout the Coast Ranges, Sacramento and San
Joaquin Valleys, and Sierra Foothills. Climbing trees, especially Oaks
and Cottonwoods, and frequently killing such by covering them with
its drapery of leaves. Very fragrant at flowering time (May-June)
with a pleasant sweet odor.
57. THYMELAZEACEA. Mezereum Famity.
Ours shrubs with simple entire alternate leaves and no stipules.
Flowers perfect, with corolla-like 4-cleft calyx. Stamens inserted
upon the calyx, twice as many as its lobes. Corolla none. Ovary
superior, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous.
1. DIRCA L. LeatHERWwoop.
Deciduous shrubs with perfect flowers in fascicles from mixed buds,
i. e., buds containing flowers and leaves. Scales of the bud yellow-
260 EUPHORBIACEAE.
ish or whitish, silky, forming an involucre to the flowers, caducous.
Perianth slightly oblique, tubular below, expanded into a short throat
above. Stamens 8, 4 exserted, the alternate shorter, inserted at the
base of the throat. Style slender, exceeding the stamens. Fruit
drupe-like, reddish. (Classical Greek name of a celebrated fountain
in Beotia.)
1. D. occidentalis Gray. WersteERN LEATHERWOOD. An erect
shrub, 2 to 4 ft. high, with very tough stems and leathery bark;
flowers yellow, in clusters of 2 or 3 from lateral and terminal buds,
nodding; perianth-tube 2 or 3 lines long, greenish, expanding above
into a distinct throat about 1 line long, the limb 4-cleft; ovary
slightly oblique.
Northerly slopes in cafions. Nov.-Feb. The color of the mature
fruit has not been observed by the author.
58. EUPHORBIACEA. Spurce Famiry.
Ours herbs, or one species somewhat suffrutescent. Leaves simple,
stipulate or exstipulate. Flowers (in ours) moneecious, always apeta-
lous, often naked, 7. ¢., destitute of calyx as well, sometimes
exceedingly reduced and enclosed in acalyx-like involucre. Stamens
1 to many. Ovary superior, 3 or 1-celled, with one or two pendulous
ovules in each cell. Styles or stigmas as many or twice as many as
the cells of the ovary. Capsule commonly 8-lobed, 3 or 2-valved.
Embryo straight, the flat cotyledons almost as wide as the fleshy or
oily endosperm.
Flowers with a true calyx, not borne in an involucre; herbage densely
stellate-pubescent.
Upper leaves opposite; staminate flowers in corymbs; capsule l-celled. .
1, EREMOCARPUS.
Leaves all alternate; staminate flowers in racemes; sia ak ap per St des Be
. CROTON.
Flowers borne in a calyx-like involucre, which has 4 or 5 teeth and bears
more or less petal-like glands; true calyx none; capsule 3-celled. ....
3. EUPHORBIA.
1. EREMOCARPUS Benth.
A low annual with entire 3-nerved leaves without stipules. Stami-
nate flowers in corymbs; calyx 5 to 6-parted; stamens 6 or 7on a
hairy receptacle; filaments exserted. Pistillate flowers 1 or few in
the lower axils, without calyx; ovary 1-celled, with 4 or 5 small
glands at the base; style undivided, stigmatic at apex; capsule
2-valved, l-seeded. (Greek eremos, solitary, and karpos, fruit.)
1. E. setigerus Benth. Turkey Mutimr. Herbage gray
with an appressed stellate pubescence and rough with spreading
hispid hairs; stems dichotomously branched, procumbent or prostrate
and forming a close mat 1 to 2 ft. wide or more, rarely with ascending
branches; leaves alternate or the upper opposite, thick, ovate, the
smaller varying to almost round, 4 to 1} in. long, the petivles nearly
as long or longer; staminate flowers pediceled, the oblong segments
of the calyx | line long; pistillate flowers in clusters of 1 to 3, the
SPURGE FAMILY. 261
ovary and style densely pubescent; capsule 2 lines long; seed smooth
and shining, 1} lines long.
Very abundant towards the interior: plains of the Sacramento and
San Joaquin; Sierra Foothills; low hills and valley fields of the Coast
Ranges. The California Indians used the heavy-scented herbage of
this p'ant to stupefy fish in small streams in order that they might be
caught by hand, whence the Spanish-Californian name, Yerba del
Pescado. The seeds are sought by turkeys.
2, CROTON L.
Ours perennial herbs, suffrutescent at base, with alternate entire
leaves. Staminate flowers in racemes; calyx 5-parted; glands of the
disk as many as and alternate with the petals; stamens 5 to many.
Pistillate flowers mostly solitary; calyx 5-parted; ovary 8-celled, the
cells l-ovuled; styles twice forked. Capsule 3-lobed, globose in out-
line. Seeds smooth and shining, with a caruncle. (Kroton, a tick,
the Greek name of the Castor Plant, its seeds resembling that insect.)
1. C. Californicus Mull. Arg. Stems branching, erect or diffuse,
from « woody base; herbage hoary, except the upper side of the
leaves which is green and finely stellate-pubescent; leaves oblong,
} to 1} in. long, on petioles 4 lines to over 1 in. long; staminate
racemes at length 4 in. long, developing gradually, the flowers
soon deciduous after anthesis and leaving an elongated naked rachis;
staminate calyx about 1 line long; disk obscurely 5-lobed; stamens
9 to 11, with hairy filaments; pistillute flowers on short pedicels;
stvles twice forked; capsule scurfy, 3 lines in diameter.
Sandy hills near the ocean from the San Francisco peninsula south-
ward to Southern California; also near Antioch(!). A bitter tea is
made from the leaves and used for rheumatism by Spanish-Californians.
8. EUPHORBIA L. Spurce.
Ours herbs. Involucres solitary in the forks or in terminal umbels,
with 4 or 5 teeth alternating with as many glands; glands either
naked or appendaged (7. e., with a colored margin’. Flowers
monecivus, both pistillate and staminate naked and included in an
involucre which itself resembles a flower but really encloses a cluster
of flowers consisting of several staminate and 1 pistillate flower.
Staminate flower very much reduced, consisting of a single stamen;
filament jointed on a short pedicel like it, the pedicel often with a
minute scale or bract at base, showing that the stamen is a distinct
flower. Pistillate flower supported on a pedicel in the center of the
involucre and soon protruded from it, consisting of a 3-celled ovary
and 8 bifid styles. Capsule with 3 cells, each l-seeded. (Euphorbus,
King Juba’s physician.)
Stems prostrate; leaves small, all opposite and more or less unequal at base,
stipulate; glands of the involucre with a petal-like white or reddish
Hofhave | etaproui stems and leaves infrequently reddish.
Leaves obovate or oblong, minutely serrulate at apex.1. E. serpyllifolia.
Leaves deltoid to ovate-oblong, entire. . .. .4. E. ocellata.
262 EUPHORBIACES.
Herbage often hairy or puberulent; leaves commonly margined with a
red or with a central red spot.
Stipules lanceolate, fimbriate ..... » 4+. . 2. B. maculata. |
Stipules triangular, slightly lacerate......... 3. £. Cue rieaia
Stems erect; leaves larger, stipules none; no colored margins to the glands.
Stem-leaves alternate.
Glands disk-like, entire; capsule with warty lobes. ..5. E. dictyosperma.
Glands crescent-shaped, 2-horned; capsule smooth, . .6. E leptocera.
Stem-leaves in 4 ranks; glands crescent-shaped . 7. EB. Lathyris.
1. E.serpyllifolia Pers. TuymMr-LEAVED SpuRGE. Stems round,
or more or less angled, repeatedly branched, forming prostrate mats
1 to 8 ft. across; herbage glabrous and green; leaves oblong or obovate-
spatulate, unequal at base, more or less minutely serrate toward the
apex; stipules setaceous or lacerate; involucre 4 line long or less;
glands transversely oblong and more or less cupped in the center;
appendages narrow, crenately serrate or nearly entire; seeds sharply
quadrangular, slightly rugose or more manifestly so and thus appear-
ing shallow-pitted.
Stream beds and low grounds in the Coast Range region (Santa
Clara; Santa Rosa), and from Putah Creek and the Sacramento River
southward. Aug.—Oct.
Var. consanguinea Boiss. Herbage with more or less red colora-
tion; stems more erect; apex of leaves sharply serrate; lobes of the
involucre lacerate; seeds less sharply angled.—Upper Sacramento
Valley; Napa Valley.
Var. rugulosa Engelm. (E. rugulosa Greene). Plants more
thickly matted; leaves more serrate on the larger side of the unequal
leaf; seeds finely rugulose.—Suisun; Berkeley.
Var. occidentalis (E. occidentalis Drew). Herbage dull yellow-
ish green; appendages of the involucre crenately lobed; seeds sinuate-
rugose.—Humboldt Co. and Mt. St. Helena.
2. E. maculata L. Sporrep Spurce. Herbage hairy or puber-
ulent; stems radiately branching, prostrate; leaves oblong-linear,
usually with a red blotch in center, serrulate, subcordate at base;
stipules fimbriate; involucre with 4 cup-shaped glands; capsule
acutely angled; seeds transversely wrinkled and minutely pitted.
Occurring as an immigrant from the eastern U. S. acc. to Greene.
3. E. hypericifolia L. Larazr Spurer. Glabrous or sparingly
hairy, ascending or sometimes prostrate, the branches % to 1} ft. long;
leaves ovute-oblong to oblong-linear, 8-nerved, unequally serrate,
commonly with a red spot or. red margins; stipules triangular,
slightly lacerate; peduncles longer than the petioles; appendages
of the involucre white or red, entire; capsule glabrous, obtusely
angled; seeds with broken transverse ridges.
Introduced in Napa Valley along the railroad track. Specimens
determined by C. F. Millspaugh.
4. E. ocellata Dur. & Hilg. Annual, prostrate, the branches
5 to 9 in. long; leaves thickish, deltoid to ovate-oblong, often cordate
at base, entire, 2 to 4 lines long; involuere campanulate, nearly 1 line
long, its lobes fringed; glands 2 to 4, yellowish or purplish, short-
CALLITRICHACELE. 263
stipitate, circular and discoid, with or without a narrow inargin;
capsule 1 line long; seeds round-ovate, smooth or obscurely rugose.
Stockton, Sanford, and southward through the San Joaquin Valley
to Southern California.
5. E. dictyosperma F.& M. Annual, glabrous; stems erect,
5 to 15 in. high, simple or branching from the base, dichotomously
branched above; stem-leaves alternate, oblong- or obovate-spatulate,
serrulate, often retuse, $ to 11 in. long; upper and floral leaves oppo-
site, round-ovate to oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; inflorescence umbelli-
form, the rays 2 or 8 times forked; involucre and glands small;
capsule with warty lobes, 1 to 1} lines long.
Throughout California but much less common than no. 6. Sacra-
mento Valley.
E. Peptus L., Petty Spurge, is sometimes spontaneous within
inclosures at Berkeley; the involucres bear 4 crescent-shaped glands
with long slender horns, and a pair of wing-like crests on each lobe.
E. exieva L., reported as occurring in Santa Clara Co., has linear
cauline leaves and a smooth capsule.
6. E. leptocera Engelm. Annual or biennial, glabrous, pranch-
ing at base, 10 to 16 in. high; branches decumbent at base or
commonly erect, 2 or 3 times dichotomous above; leaves alternate,
obovate to spatulate, obtuse, sometimes mucronate, entire, 4 lines to
1} in. long; the floral opposite or ternate, deltoid or broadly rhombic-
ovate, sometimes cordate at base or connate, acute, 3 to 5 lines long;
involucre turbinate, its transversely oblong lobes denticulate; glands
large, crescent-shaped, the slender horns entire or cleft; capsule
smooth, 1} lines broad; seeds ash-colored, dark-pitted, 14 lines long,
with a prominent caruncle.
Common. Coast Ranges: Vacaville; Ukiah; San Francisco;
Sierra Nevada.
7. E. Lathyris L. Caper Spurer. Tall stout annual or biennial,
1 to 8 ft. high, very smooth and glaucous; stem-leaves linear or nar-
rowly oblong, thick, in £ vertical ranks, the floral oblong-ovate and
cordate; umbels of 3 or £ rays, once or twice forked; glands of the
involucre crescent-shaped, the horns short and blunt; capsule large
and smooth; seeds wrinkled.
Naturalized about the early settlements of Alta California: San
Francisco Co.
59. CALLITRICHACEA.. Warer Starworr Famiy.
Herbs growing in shallow water or in the mud of vernal pools from
which the water has disappeared. Leaves opposite, entire, exstipu-
late, often crowded and forming a rosette at the ends of the branches.
Flowers monecious, axillary and solitary, or 2 or 3 together in one
axil, without calyx or corolla but often with two membranous bracts.
Staminate flower consisting of 1 terminal stamen. Pistillate flower
consisting of a 4-celled ovary with 2 filiform stigmas. Fruit 4-lobed,
splitting at maturity into as many nutlets.
264 CRASSULACE.
1. CALLITRICHE. L.
The only genus. (Greek kallos, beautiful, and trichos, a hair, on
account of the slender stems.)
Fruit sessile; flowers 2-bracted; submerged leaves retuse or bifid at apex .
1. C. palustris.
Fruit on a pedicel 2 to 5 lines long; flowers bractless; leaves not notched at
apex. . os os » «2... 2. C. marginata.
1. C. palustris L. Water FEnneL. Aquatic; stems 5 to 10
in. long; submerged leaves narrowly linear, 1-nerved, notched at the
apex, 7 to 10 lines long; emersed or floating leaves obovate, narrowed
at base into a slender petiole, 2 to 6 lines long; fruit obovate,
flattened, notched at apex, 3 to 1 line long; each lobe sharply winged
on the back for its whole length, the proximate lobes with a groove
between them, :
Cold pools or slow streamlets. Napa Valley; Marin Co.; Gilroy.
Mar.-May.
2. C. marginata Torr. Stems 2 to 4 in. long, forming dense
mats in the moist beds of vernal pools from which the water has
disappeared; leaves oblanceolate, 2 or 3 lines long; plants sometimes
submersed and the leaves linear; bracts none; styles long, refiexed,
soon deciduous; fruit rather less than 4 line long, broader than long,
notehed both at apex and base, the lobes sharply winged; fruiting
pedicels 2 to 5 lines long.
Stanislaus and San Mateo Cos. (acc. to Bot. Cal.), northward to
Napa Valley and Sonoma Co.
60. CRASSULACEAZ. Srone-crorp Famity.
Succulent herbs with entire exstipulate leaves. Flowers in cymes,
small, perfect and regular. Sepals, petals and pistils of the same
number (in ours 4 or 5), and the stamens as many or twice as many.
Petals generally slightly perigynous, distinct or united at base.
Fruit a dry many-seeded follicle. Receptacle usually with nectar-
bearing scales on the receptacle, one behind each pistil.
Leaves opposite; the stamens as many as the petals; diminutive annuals.
1. TILLEa.
Leaves alternate, the basal in conspicuous rosettes; stamens twice as many
as the petals.
Perennials or annuals; petals distinct; follicles spreading when fully
UPC sc diy eos sa ee SIL Be doputees J ar ol Were itl oes gb eb ae sent ca cdera 2, SED
Perennials, coarser than the last; petals more or less united at base;
follicles erect or suberect ...
1. TILLAEA L.
Small and slender glabrous annuals with opposite leaves. Flowers
minute, axillary, white or pinkish. Sepals and petals 8 to 5 (in ours
4), distinct or united at base, the stamens as many. Pistils distinct
with almost obsolete styles. Follicles 1 to several-seeded, the seeds
striate longitudinally. (Michael Angelo Tilli, Italian botanist.)
STONE-CROP FAMILY. 265
Flowers clustered; petals broadly subulate; follicles 1 to2-seeded. . .
1, T. minima.
Flowers solitary; petals oblong; follicles several seeded .2. 7. Drummondii.
1. T. minima Miers. Simple or with several ascending or erect
branches, 3 to 8 in. high; herbage of the adult plants reddish; leaves
ovate or oblong, obtuse, 1 line long; flowers axillary, subsessile or
occasionally on pedicels 1 or 2 lines long; sepals, petals and stamens 4,
the sepals equaling the broadly subulate petals; follicles 1 to 2-seeded.
Common on finely disintegrated sandstone or other rock from
Vanden (Solano Co.) and Sonoma southward. Mar.-Apr.
2. T. Drummondii T. & G. Stems very slender, dichotomous,
decumbent at base and rooting at some of the lower nodes, 1 in. long
or more; leaves linear-oblong, acute, 1 to 2 lines long; pedicels at
length equaling or exceeding the leaves; petals oblong, red, 2 to 8
times the length of the calyx-lobes; carpels obtuse.
Moist places in the lower Sacramento Valley. May.
Var. Bolanderi Wats. (T. Bolanderi Greene.) Stems 3 in. long;
leaves 2 lines long; flowers on short pedicels; pedicels elongated
in fruit (6 lines long).—Presidio, San Francisco. May.
2. SEDUM L. Sroner Crop.
Fleshy glabrous herbs, erect or decumbent, with alternate leaves.
Flowers pale yellow or white, in terminal often 1-sided cymes.
Calyx divided nearly to the base into 4 or 5 sepals. Petals distinct.
Stamens perigynous, the alternate ones usually attached to the
petals. Pistils distinct, rarely united at the base, becoming few to
many-seeded follicles, spreading when ripe; styles usually short.
(From the Latin sedeo, to sit, on account of the lowly habit.)
Basal leaves in rosettes.
Leaves thick, mot nerved; perennial..-....... 1. S. spathulifolium.
Leaves comparatively thin, very obviously nerved when dry; perennial (?)
2. S. radiatum.
Leaves all scattered, 1 to 2 lines long; annual . . . .38. 8. pumilum.
1. S. spathulifolium Hook. Glaucous; leaves flat, obovate or
spatulate, obtuse, 5 to 9 lines long, either condensed in small some-
what depressed rosettes which are sessile on the caudex or on its
prostrate branches, or sessile on the flowering branches, the latter
rather smaller; flowering stems ascending, 4 tu 6 in. high; flowers on
short pedicels or sessile, 3 lines long, yellow; petals lanceolate, acute,
twice longer than the ovate acute sepals, scarcely exceeding the
stamens and style.
Common on rocky walls on the north or shady side of cajions:
Mt. Diablo; Oakland Hills and northward.
2. S. radiatum Wats. Perennial; stems several, simple or
branching, from a slender rootstock, 4 to 6 in. high; cauline leaves
oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, sessile by a rather broad base, 3 to 5 or
6 lines long, nearly or quite as long as those of the globose or oblong
rosettes at the base of the stem, all when dry delicately but rather
conspicuously nerved; sepals short, triangular, acute; petals yellow,
266 CRASSULACEAE.
narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, 8 lines long; follicles broad, abruptly
divergent from the united bases.
Summit of Gabilan Peak, Monterey Co., Brewer; Mt. Hamilton,
Greene; and northward to Marin Co., Congdon; Mendocino Co.,
Chesnut and Drew. Rarely collected. Annual, acc. to Greene, and
propagating by deciduous buds formed in the axils of the lowest
leaves.
3. S. pumilum Benth. Branching from just above the base, or
sometimes simple, 2 to 4 in. high, very slender; leaves 1 to 2 lines
long, ovate-oblong; flowers shortly pediceled or sessile, the branches
of the cyme mostly 2 or 3; sepals minute, triangular; petals linear-
oblong, acute, 1 to 13 lines long; follicles short, filled by the single
seed.
Upper Sacramento Valley (Sierra Foothills and the Marysville
Buttes); low hills bordering Napa Valley on the east, Jepson, Apr.,
1893, ;
3. COTYLEDON L.
Stout perennial herbs; leaves very thick and fleshy, the basal ones
in a conspicuous rosette; leaves of the flowering stems mostly bract-
like, narrowly lanceolate, or the upper broader and shorter, all com-
monly with inversely triangular clasping base. Flowers large for the
group, yellow or reddish, disposed in long racemes or secund cymes.
Petals more or less united at base. Follicles erect or suberect. In
appearance very similar to Sedum. Species difficult to elucidate,
the types not known to us and the existing diagnoses unsatisfactory,
The descriptions which follow have been derived from fresh material
and from herbarium specimens which have been segregated into
forms and the current names (with one exception) employed, with as
much judgment as was possible under the circumstances, for their
designation. (Greek kotule, a shallow cup, the leaves cup-like in
some species. )
Cyme more or less flat-topped; leaves broad.
Petals oblong-ovate or oblong, acute; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long.
1. C. farinosa.
4. C. laxa.
1. C. farinosa Baker. Acaulescent; usually densely mealy, 5 to
8 in. bigh; leaves oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, the larger ones of
the rosette 2 to 3 in. long; cauline leaves bract-like, broadly lanceo-
late, 1 in. long or less, the upper very short; cyme rather flat and
broad, or with several small supplementary branches below and thus
disposed to be somewhat paniculate; pedicels 1 or 2 lines long; petals
oblong-ovate or oblong, acute, 34 to 4 lines long. :
SAXIFRAGACE, 267
Summit of Pacheco Peak, Brewer. Very closely allied to the
next. Our descriptions of the two species, as well as those in the
Botany of California by Dr. Watson, are too nearly congruous.
More abundant material needed.
2. C. cespitosa Haw. Acuulescent, the short caudex 14 in.
thick or less, with reddish flesh; herbage glabrous, the younger leaves
in the center of rusette glaucous, the stems and inflorescence disposed
to become straw-yellow in age; rosulate leaves 2 to 54 in. long, either
narrowly oblong (6 to 9 lines broad) or strongly dilated above (14 in.
broad), all with conspicuously acuminate or lanceolate-acuminate
apex; cauline leaves narrowly lanceolate and bract-like, 14 in. long
or less; the upper very short and triangular; cyme compound, rather
loose and sometimes few-flowered, 1} to 8 in. high, the whole inflo-
rescence or one side frequently flexuous- or recurved-contorted; pedi-
cels 2 to 6 or even 12 lines sans calyx-lobes ovate, acute, nearly 2
lines long; petals orange or yellow, oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 6 lines
long, indistinctly winged on the back, fleshy in anthesis, afterwards
becoming thin and scarious. é
Rocky ridges of the Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains, Platt; Howell
Mountain, Jepson. Last of Apr.—June.
Var. paniculata. Cymes paniculate, the flowering stems bearing
several peduncled cymes from the middle.—Morrison Cafion near
Niles, collected by the author in 1897.
8. C. Plattiana. Acaulescent, 3 to 8in. high; leaves more or less
glaucous, the whole plant, including the inflorescence, becoming
reddish; rosulate leaves 1 to 8 in. long, much like those of the pre-
ceding; cyme with numerous flowers, very compact and flat-topped,
about 13 to 23 in. broad, about 1} to 1} in. high; pedicels 2 to 5 lines
long; sepals triangular, acute or shortly acuminate, 1} lines long;
petals broadly lanceolate, distinctly winged on the back, 4 lines long.
Inner Coast Range: Mt. Diablo; Vaca Mountains, R. H. Platt.
4. C. laxa Brew. & Wats. Nearly acaulescent, very glaucous;
flowering branches stout, 1 to 2 ft. high; rosulate leaves lanceolate,
sharply acuminate, 3 to 4 in. long or more; inflorescence of 2 to 4
simple secund racemes 8 to 5 in. long; pedicels 1 to 2 (or 8) lines
long; sepals ovate, acute, 2 to 23 lines long; petals orange-yellow
in early anthesis, oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, distinctly
keeled, 5 to 7 lines long.
Gabilan Range (San Juan), Brewer, thence southward to Southern
California. J
Var. Setchellii. Herbage merely glaucous, flowering branches
slender, 9 to 12 in. high; leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate and
long-acuminate; petals narrowly oblong, acute; racemes many,
elongated and paniculate.—Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co., 1806,
Setchell and Jepson.
61. SAXIFRAGACEA.. Saxirracr Famity.
Ours perennial herbs or shrubs with alternate leaves (opposite in
Whipple) and no stipules (except in Ribes). Flowers perfect, peri-
268 SAXIFRAGACEZ,
gynous. Calyx 5-lobed or -cleft. Petals 5. Stamens in ours definite,
5 or 10 (or sometimes variable in Whipplea). Ovary superior or
more or less adherent to the calyx, 2 to 5 (or 7)-celled, the stigmas
as many as the cells or placenta, the latter either parietal or axile.
Fruit a capsule, follicle, or berry.
Herbs; fruit a capsule or follicle; leaves alternate.
Ovary 2 (or 3)-celled with axile placente, or of 2 or 3 nearly distinct
carpels; petals 5.
Stamens10 .. .....2... RS . ... 1, SAKIFRAGA,
BEAMIENS Oye 5, 5: og cise desl teg got ae He 0a, Doe AS Ce age, BE 2. BOYKINIA.
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placente alternate with the styles or
stigmas.
Stamens 10, not exserted; petals mostly cleft or toothed; styles 2 or 3,
VOTH SHOW, «4546.5: asses os, a) awh BO Le, ww A Pl ee 3. TELLIMA.
Stamens 10, filiform, exserted, as also the 2 styles; petals inconspicuous,
GIMVOSENITEORIM, 55. 5:3) sora ae SS qa ea. a 4, TIARELLA.
Stamens 5; styles 2, little exserted; petals entire, small . . 5. HEUCHERA.
Ovary l-celled with 3 or 4 parietal placentze opposite as many sessile
stigmas; cluster of united sterile filaments alternate with the stamens,
i. €., at the base of the petals; sepals, petals and fertile stamens 5;
flower solitary on a scape-like penduncle, showy ... .6. PARNASSIA,
Low trailing shrub; leaves opposite; stamens mostly 10; ovary about %
free, 3 to 5-celled, becoming acapsule ........... 7. WHIPPLEA.
Shrubs; leaves alternate; stamens 5 or 4; ovary wholly inferior, 1-celled,
in fruit a berry. ae) di AE Sintec) ah ie he Ve et coe . 8. RIBES.
1. SAXIFRAGA L. SaxiIFrrace.
Perennial herbs, with the radical leaves clustered, either acaulescent
or short-stemmed. Calyx either free from or cohering with the base
of the ovary, 5-cleft or -parted. Petals 5, entire, deciduous. Sta-
mens 10. Styles 2. Capsule 2-beaked, 2-celled, opening down or
between the beaks, or sometimes the fruit consists of 2 nearly separate
follicles. Seeds numerous. (Latin saxum, a rock, and frango, to
break.)
Leaves not cordate, longer than petiole; filaments usually not dilated: var.
COMES ON TCO SOR 0 ey casa 2 at a a vo a NE eae Bis oe EG 1. S. Virginiensis.
Leaves cordate, the petiole commonly 1 to 8 times as long; filaments dilated
toward apex eee . 5
Ranges and Sierras. Mar.—Apr.
2. S. Mertensiana Bong. Acaulescent, villous-hirsute, the hairs
tipped with red glands; leaves orbicular-cordate, } to 8} in. broad,
crenately toothed or shallowly incised; petioles long (1 to 7 in.);
scape bearing a panicle of white flowers with lanceolate bracts; calyx
segments nearly distinct; petals ovate-oblung, 2 lines long; anthers
SAXIFRAGE FAMILY, 269
carmine-colored; filaments dilated toward the summit; ovary very
slightly united to the calyx, the carpels almost wholly united.
Woods of the Coast Ranges: Austin Creek, Sonoma Co,; Ukiah
and northward. Apr. Panicle often bearing bulblets along the sides
of its branches.
8. pettata Torr, is a remarkable species of the Sierras and Yallo
Bally Mountains, growing along swiftly owing mountain streams; it
has peltate leaves 1 to 34 ft. high and blades 1 to 2 ft. in diameter.
S. BRyopHoRA Gray, of the High Sierras, is 4 to 5 in. high,
with the scape branching into a very slender panicle; leaves linear-
oblong, acute, 3 to 7 lines long; petals 2-spotted toward the base.
The two preceding are acaulescent. 8. Tormier T. & G., of the High
Sierras, has short leafy stems thickly covered with small evergreen
sessile leaves, and a few-flowered scape-like peduncle.
2. BOYKINIA Nutt.
Perennial herbs with creeping rvotstocks. Stems simple, bearing
alternate leaves and paniculate or corymbose cymes of white flowers.
Calyx-tube turbinate or subglobose or ovate, adherent to the 2-celled
2-beaked capsule. Petals entire, with a short claw, deciduous.
Stamens 5, short. (In memory of Dr. Boykin of Georgia.)
1. B. elata (Nutt.) Greene. rect, 2 ft. high or less, commonly
glandular-pubescent, the bases of the slender stems often clothed
with rusty hairs; leaves thin-membranaceous, shallowly lobed or
incised and serrate, 2 to 4 in. broad; petioles long, exstipulate, bearing
at base some rusty bristles; inflorescence a panicle of secund racemes;
flowers slightly’ irregular; calyx-lobes lanceolate-triangular; petals
narrow. :
Woods of the Coast Ranges; Sierras of Placer Co., Carpenter.
B, Magor Gray, of the Sierras, may be distinguished by its con-
spicuous foliaceous stipules, corymbose-cymose flowers, regular corolla
and broad petals.
3. TELLIMA R. Br. Srar FLower.
Perennial herb with tuberous rootstocks. Stems simple, bearing a
simple terminal raceme of white, pink or red flowers. Leaves chiefly
radical, their petioles with stipule-like dilations at the base. Calyx
campanulate or turbinate; the lower part of the tube adherent to the
base or lower half of the ovary. Petals inserted in the sinuses of
the calyx, cleft or toothed, sometimes entire. Stamens 10, included,
Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or 3 parietal placentz and 2 or 3 very short
styles. Capsule conical. Seeds numerous. (Name an anagram of
Mitella.)
Styles and placente commonly 8; petals clawed, cleft or entire, usually
white, sometimes rose-tinted.
Calyx-tube turbinate, the lower half of the ovary adherent ....
. T. afin
Calyx truncate or rounded at base, the ovaryalmost wholly free .....
2. T. heterophylla.
Styles and placente commonly 2; petals greenish, changing to pink or red,
sessile by a broad base, laciniate-pinnatifid . 3. T. grandiflora.
270 SAXIFRAGACE.
1. T. affinis Gray Boland. ‘“‘Srar or BreTHLEnEM.’’ Stems 9
to 16 in. high, hispidulous, the hairs spreading and glandular, radical
leaves roundish in outline and crenately lobed, varying into the
ecauline; cauline mostly parted into 3 broad divisions which are deeply
incised or merely toothed; pedicels about equaling the turbinate
calyx; raceme 7 to 10-flowered; petals mostly 3-toothed at apex, the
central lobe rather Jarger; ovary half inferior, the styles and placentze
commonly 8, as also in the next.
Common in mostly open ground from San Bernardino northward
‘throughout the state. Mar.—Apr.
2. T. heterophylla H. & A. Herbage hirsute- or somewhat
scabrous-pubescent; stems 1 to 2 ft. high; radical leaves roundish,
crenately lobed, $ to 1} in. broad, the cauline very variable but
mostly 8-parted with the divisions incised or toothed; calyx campanu-
late, truncate or rounded at base; petals with a stout tooth on each
side.
Shady ground, rather common; Coast Ranges. Apr. Var.
BoLanveErRI (T. Bolanderi (Gray) Boland.); petals entire or rarely with
a small lateral tooth on each side.
8. T. grandiflora (Dougl.) Pursh. Fatsz Aum Root. Hirsute
with spreading hairs, especially the stems and petioles, 1} to 2} ft.
high; leaves roundish in outline, cordate at base, shallowly 3 to
5-lobed, serrate or crenate, 2 to 4in. broad, the radical on petioles 2
to 9 in. long; raceme elongated, many-flowered; pedicels shorter than
the (84 lines long) flowers; calyx 10-nerved, inflated-campanulate, 4 to
5 lines long, enclosing and adherent to the lower } of the capsule;
petals at first greenish white, changing to pink or red, the upper por-
tion laciniately cleft into subulate segments, the lower portion toothed;
filaments scarcely as long as the anthers; ovary with 2 parietal
placentze alternate with as many styles.
Woods from Santa Cruz, San Francisco, Oakland Hills, and Ala-
meda northward. One of the plants which follows very closely the
distribution of the Redwood. Apr._May. Sometimes called Fringe-
cups.
4. TIARELLA L. Fazse Mirre-wort.
Perennial herbs with white flowers in a terminal raceme or panicle.
Calyx almost free from the ovary, its lobes ovate, more or less colored.
Petals small, with short claws. Stamens 10, long and slender.
Ovary 1-celled, compressed, 2-horned, the horns tapering into the
long filiform styles. Capsule membranaceous, early dehiscent; valves
unequal, one becoming elongated, the other remaining short. Seeds
few at the base of each parietal placenta. (Diminutive of the Greek
tiara, a high cap, in allusion to the pistil.)
1. T. unifoliata Hook. Stems sparingly leafy, usually several
from the base, } to 2 ft. high; leaves roundish or somewhat ovate in
outline, 3 to 5-lobed, cordate at base, 14 to 4 in. broad, the lobes
crenate; cauline leaves 2 or 3; radicul leaves long -petioled (8 to 9 in.);
panicle 8 to9 in. long; petals almost filiform, inconspicuous.
SAXIPRAGE FAMILY. 271
Shaded ravines and cajions near the coast: Santa Cruz Mountains;
Mendocino Co. and northward.
5. HEUCHERA L. Axum Roor.
Perennial herbs with stout rootstocks. Leaves radical, rounded,
cordate and lobed. Flowering stems seape-like, or with 1 to 8 leaves,
bearing an open or condensed panicle of small flowers in cymose
clusters. Calyx campanulate or somewhat turbinate, its tube adnate
to the lower 3 of the ovary. Petals 5, very small or wanting, when
present inserted on the throat of the calyx, clawed and entire.
Stamens 5, ours with slender filaments. Capsule 1-celled with 2
parietal placentz, dehiscent between the 2 beaks. (J. H. Heucher,
1677-1747, German Professor of Medicine. )
‘Cymes loose, the pedicels longer than the flowers; calyx turbinate at base.
|. H. micrantha.
-Cymes close, the pedicels shorter than the flowers; calyx rounded at base .
2. H. pilosissima.
1. H. micrantha Doug]. Flowering stems 1 to 8 ft. high; peti-
oles and stems pilose-hirsute, the leaves hirsutulous and the inflores-
-cence glandular-puberulent; leaves round- or ovate-cordate, 2 to 4 in.
long, obtusely lobed and crenate-toothed, on petioles as much as 10
‘in. long; flowers in an ample loose panicle; calyx 1 line long, shorter
than the slender pedicels; petals, stamens and styles exserted; petals
narrowly oblenes rather shorter than the calyx.
Monterey and northward, common in the Bay Region, especially
toward the coast; not collected in the inner Coast Ranges. Found in
the Sierra Nevada. May-June.
2. H. pilosissima F. & M. Very glandular villous, 1 to 2 ft.
high; pedicels shorter than the flowers, these in close clusters and
panicle less ample than in the preceding; calyx globular, 1} to 2}
lines long; petals, filaments and style little exserted.
Near the coast from Monterey to Humboldt Co.
H. RUBESCENS Torr., of the Sierra Nevada, has leaves 1} or mostly
1 in. in diameter or less and an oblong-campanulate calyx commonly
tinged with rose-purple.
6. PARNASSIA L. -Grass oF PARNASSUS.
Glabrous perennial herbs with entire leaves in a radical tuft.
Flowers solitary, white, on scape-like stems, which commonly bear a
single small sessile leaf. Sepals slightly united at base. Petals
greenish- or yellowish-veined, each bearing at base a cluster of gland-
tipped sterile filaments. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals. Ovary
l-celled; stigmas 4 (or 3), sessile, opposite the same number of pla-
centz. Capsule 8 or 4-valved, the valves placenta-bearing along their
middle, Seed-coat loose, somewhat winged.
1, P. palustris L. var, Californica Gray. Scape 9 to 14 in.
high; leaves elliptic, 1 to 1} in. long, contracted at base into a petiole
which is short or twice as long as the blade; petals oval or obovate, 6
to 9 lines long; sterile filaments capillary, 20 to 24 in a set, united to
the middle, each tipped with an antheroid protuberance.
272 SAXIPRAGACER,
Rare in the Bay Region: Loma Prieta (Santa Cruz Mountains) and
Marin Co.; more common in the Sierra Nevada.
7. WHIPPLEA Torr.
Small and low under-shrub with opposite leaves and clusters of
small white flowers on a terminal naked peduncle. Calyx-tube wholly
adnate to the lower portion of the ovary which is about % free.
Stamens 10, rarely 8, 9, 11 or 12, those opposite the petals some-
what shorter, all dilated at the base or below the middle. Ovary 8 to
5-celled, with a single suspended ovule in each cell; styles distinct,
subulate; stigmas introrse. Capsule septicidally dehiscent into 8 to 5
cartilaginous 1-seeded portions which open down the ventral suture.
(Dedicated to Lieutenant A. W. Whipple, commander of the Pacific
ailroad Expedition from the Mississippi River to Los Angeles in
1853 and 1854.)
1. W. modesta Torr. Stems slender, diffuse or trailing; branch-
lets, peduncles and calyx-tube pubescent; calyx-lobes glabrous; foliage
with scattered hairs, on the older leaves often pustulate-dilated at
base; leaves } to 1} orrarely 13 in. long, ovate or oval-ovate, 3-nerved
from the base, crenate above the middle, short-petioled; clusters
mostly 4 to 9-flowered, the flowers soon becoming somewhat greenish;
petals oblong or ovate, contracted at base, exceeding 1 line, larger
than the linear calyx-lobes; capsule globular; styles deciduous.
Thickets or woods of the Coast Ranges from Monterey to Mendocino
Cos. and eastward to Mt. St. Helena, F. P. McLean, 1872, and Miller
Cajion of the Vaca Mountains, Jepson, 1885. Mar.—Apr. First col-
lected in Marin Co. by Dr. J. M. Bigelow, the botanist of Whipple’s
Expedition.
8. RIBES L. Gooseserry. CURRANT.
Shrubs, either unarmed or prickly. Leaves alternate, palmately
lobed, the stipules adnate or none. Flowers in racemes or solitary,
the pedicels bracteolate. Calyx-lobes, petals and stamens 5 in all the
Californian species except R. speciosum. Calyx-tube adnate to the
1-celled ovary and more or less produced beyond it. Petals inserted
on the throat of the calyx, the stamens alternating with them.
Placent 2, parietal. Styles 2, distinct or more or less united; stigma
terminal. Fruita berry. (Ancient Arabic name.)
Thorniless and without prickles; raceme many-flowered (except no. 1); berry
unarmed, rarely glendular-bristly.—CURRANTS.
Leaves convolute in the bud; flowers bright yellow; calyx-tube salver-
form: var. tenuiflorum of. 2... ee ee 1. R. aureum.
Leaves plaited in the bud; flowers rose-red varying to white.
Leaves thin, glabrous or nearly so; var. glutinosum of
- 2. R. sanguinewm.
Leaves thick, very rugulose, more or less white-tomentose beneath. .
: bi x: 5 . R. malvaceum.
Thorny and often prickly; leaves plaited in the bud; raceme 1 to 4-flowered.
— GOOSEBERRIES.
Petals plane, fan-shaped; anthers obtuse and pointless; styles long-
villous; berry glabrous..... ......... . R. divaricatum.
Petals involute; anthers sagittate, mucronate-tipped; styles glabrous;
y
Calyx greenish white. .... Si eS Sa hg 5. R. Victoris,
SAXIPRAGE FAMILY. 273
Calyx greenish, glabrous exteriorly; soft bristles of the ovary non-
lamers eg eset ioe He Soe eae fee al Sea Se 6. R. Californicum.
Calyx purplish, glandular-pubescent exteriorly; hairs of the ovary
capitate-glandular ~~ . . ot. R. Menziesit.
1. R. aureum Pursh var. tenuiflorum. Shrub 4 to 8 ft. high,
nearly glabrous, not glandular; leaves 3 to 5-lobed, obtuse or truncate
at base, the lobes few-toothed or incised; racemes about 1 in. long,
loose, with few to several flowers, the bracts foliaceous and conspicu-
ous; flowers golden yellow; calyx-tube salverform, 3 to 4 times the
length of the oval lobes; berry yellowish, 2 lines long.—(R. tenui-
florum Lindl.)
Wild-cat Creek, acc. to Behr, and southward in the Oakland Hills;
also in the Sierra Nevada. ‘
2. R. sanguineum Pursh var. glutinosum Brew. & Wats.
FLiowrrine Currant. Erect or spreading shrub, 5 to 8 or 9 ft.
high; bark brownish, shreddy; herbage glandular; leaves thin,
orbicular-cordate in outline, 1 to 1} in. broad, the lobes shallow and
rather finely serrate; petioles 1 to 14 in. long; racemes 1 to 2 in. long,
the bracts colored; flowers rose-color, 5 lines long; pedicels 3 lines
long, with 2 bractlets at apex; calyx reddish, the lobes elliptic,
spreading; petals obovaté, 1} lines long, white, changing to deep.
red; stamens and style not surpassing the petals; berries blue-black,
with bloom, 4 lines in diameter.—(R. glutinosum Benth.)
Common near the coast in cafions or on northward slopes.
Jan.-—Mar.
8. R. malvaceum Smith. Similar to the preceding but with
stouter branches and commonly more strictly erect and compact,
4 to 6 ft. high; leaves thick, conspicuously rugulose, slightly scabrous
above, more or less white-tomentose beneath; flowers rose-color or
very pale pink; berry glaucous, somewhat hispidulous or hairy, the
pulp soft and sweet. -
Open hills about Berkeley or in deep cations of the Vaca Mountains.
Dee.—Jan., fruiting as early as Mar. Mr. H. A. Dutton, of Stanford
University, notes that the racemes of this are usually erect, while
those of R. sanguineum are drooping.
4. R. divaricatum Dougl. SrraccLy GoosEBERRY. Four to 6
ft. high, with long straggling branches; bark dull gray; herbage
glandular when young; subaxillary spines 3 or more often 1; leaves
roundish, palmately 3 to 5-cleft, the divisions incised or crenately
toothed; petioles shorter or longer than the blades; racemes drooping;
pedicels slender, 3} in. long, with a small roundish bract at base;
flowers 5 lines long; sepals broadly oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long,
green without, dull purple within; petals white, fan-shaped, plane,
less than 1 line long; stamens and style long-exserted, the latter
deeply cleft, long-villous at the middle. .
Common in shaded caiions and flats from Southern California
northward, mostly near the coast: San Francisco; Oakland Hills;
Marin Co. Feb.
5. R. Victoris Greene. VicTor’s GoosEBERRY. Low bush,
20
274 PLATANACE,
14 to 2 ft. high, the branches of the season or preceding season
with soft prickles and weak spines, the older branches unarmed and
with gray-brown bark; young herbage hirsutulous and very. viscid-
glandular; leaves } to 1} in. long, crenately incised, distinctly
5-lobed, the lower pair much smaller; flowers 8 lines long, on long
(1 to 1} in.) slender pedicels which bear an ovate bract 1 line long
close below the flower, or the bracts 2 and the flowers as many;
sepals dull white; petals clear white, similar to no. 7; filaments
stoutish, much surpassing the petals; fruit golden yellow, 7 or 8
lines in diameter, densely covered with slender prickles.
Marin Co., Chesnut; near Sonoma; inner North Coast Ranges
(Vaca Mountains), where it is the only Gooseberry, so far as known.
Mar.
6. R. Californicum H. & A. HILLSIDE GoosEBERRY. Compact
shrub, with more or less flexuous branches, 2} to 4 ft. high; leaves
at flowering time mostly 4 to ? in. broad, the entire upper surface
glandular-shining; flowers solitary (sometimes 2), 5 lines long; pedicels
with a couple of shallowly lobed bracts at middle; calyx greenish,
purplish-tinged, glabrous; petals white, and convolute as in no. 7;
ovary covered with soft bristles intersperséd with short gland-tipped
hairs.
Dry exposed slopes of the Berkeley Hills. Feb.-Mar. To be
distinguished from the preceding by its greenish calyx which is
glabrous externally and by the soft non-glandular bristles of the
ovary. Doubtless not worthy of full specific rank.
7. R. Menziesii Pursh. Caton GoosrBErry. Tall openly
branched shrub, 4 to 8 ft. high; stems with mostly 3 strong spines
at the nodes and also more or less prickly, especially on the sterile
shoots; pedicels 1 or 2-flowered, the bractlet rather near the flower;
flowers } in. long; exterior of calyx more or less glandular-pubescent,
its lobes lurid-purple, 3 lines long, closely reflexed; petals white,
waxy, involute from each edge, truncate and often minutely crenulate-
toothed at apex, 2 lines long, the stamens nearly twice as long; style
exceeding the stamens, 2-cleft at apex; ovary covered with short
hairs, the hairs capitate-glandular.—(R. subvestitum H. & A.)
Outer Coast Ranges of Middle California. The flowers appear in
Jan, or Feb. from winter buds, the scales of which are homologous
to petioles.
62. PLATANACEA. Pianr-rrRee Famity.
Large trees with alternate ample palmately lobed leaves and
sheathing stipules; dilated base of petiole enclosing the bud of the
next season; bark falling away in thin plates. Inflorescence con-
sisting of spherical or head-like clusters distributed at intervals along
a terminal very slender axis and thus appearing moniliform. Flowers
moneecious, the staminate and the pistillate on separate axes. Calyx
and corolla none. Stamens with long anthers and very short fila-
ments densely crowded on a globose fleshy receptacle. Receptacle
ROSACEA. 275
«
of pistillate heads siiilar, the pistils with interspersed clavate trun-
cate bracts; ovary l-ovuled; style one, filiform, laterally stigmatic.
Fruit a coriaceous nutlet with tawny hairs about the base. Seed
orthotropous, pendulous.
1. PLATANUS L. Puane Trex.
The only genus. (Greek platus, broad, referring to the ample
leaves.)
1. P. racemosa Nutt. Sycamore. Widely branching, 50 to 80
ft. high; leaves stellate-pubescent when young, broader than long,
5 to 6 in. broad, mostly 5-lobed, at base truncate or subcordate;
lobes acute, the lower pair smaller; margin entire, save for the remote
small and blunt cusps terminating the main veins; pistillate heads
3 to 5; staminate heads several.
Common tree along all large interior streams, ranging from the
Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers westward through the Mt.
Diablo Range to the eastern slope of Bald Peak near Berkeley,
Alameda Creek near Niles, Los Gatos Creek, Carnadero Creek near
Gilroy and southward through the Coast Ranges to Southern Cali-
fornia. Not in the North Coast Ranges so far as known to us. Mar.
68. ROSACEA. Rose Famity.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees. Leaves alternate, toothed or divided, ours
with stipules. Flowers solitary or in spikes, racemes, or cymes.
Calyx 5 (or 4)-lobed. Petals 5, rarely none. Stamens 10 to numer-
ous, usually indefinite, inserted with the petals on the calyx below
its lobes. Pistils 1 to many, distinct and free from the calyx, or
united into a 2 to 5-celled ovary which is nearly or completely
inferior. Fruit a follicle, an achene, a drupe, a cluster of drupelets
(as in a blackberry), or a pome. Seeds with straight embryo; endo-
sperm usually none. Calyx in certain genera appearing double by
a row of bractlets borne at or near the sinuses.
A. Ovary superior.
Fruit dehiscent, consisting of 2 to 5 follicles; shrubs with simple leaves.—
SPIREE (Meadow Sweet Tribe). ;
Follicles dehiscent by both sutures, several-seeded; flowers in corymbs. .
z 1. OPULASTER.
Follicles dehiscent by the dorsal suture or indehiscent, 1-seeded; flowers
AD! PANICIES: igo ae elem vi lah Be apy ww Set ee ee A 2. HOLopIscvs.
Fruit indehiscent, consisting of 1 to many achenes or composed of drupelets
and styled a ‘ berry.”—ROsEz (Rose Tribe).
Shrubs. 4 .
Leaves simple; pistil 1, becoming an achene. in
Petals white; leaves linear and rigid; achene not tailed... ....
8. ADENOSTOMA.
Petals none; leaves broadly obovate; achene with long plumosé tail..
i a F sg reps
Leaves pinnately compound; pistils many, disposed on the inside of a
Lipbose or Geneshaped calyx-tube which -is lined by the receptacle
and in fruit termed’a “hip;”’ stems prickly... . 5. Rosa.
Leaves simple or compound; pistils many on a convex receptacle,
becoming drupelets which are coherent and form the fruit called
a “berry ’”’ & le a a a 8 . 6. Rubus.
276 ROSACEA.
Herbs.
Perennials. . 7
Pistils many on a convex receptacle, becoming achenes; calyx with a
row of bractlets alternating with the sepals.
Receptacle beehy,; leaves 3-foliolate. .. . 7. FRAGARIA.
Receptacle dry; leaves digitate or pinnate... 8. POTENTILLA.
Pistil1; leaves pinnate. :
Petals yellow; prickles of calyx hooked at tip .. 9, AGRIMONIA.
Petals none; prickles of calyx straight, but retrorsely barbed .
10. ACHNA.
Annuals; diminutive plants, with palmately divided leaves; petals
none; pistil (in ours) 1, becoming an achene. . . . 11. ALCHEMILLA.
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves and early-falling stipules; fruit a drupe.
—DRvupE& (Cherry Tribe).
Flowers dicecious; pistils 5; drupeslto4. » .. .12. OSMARONIA.
Flowers perfect; drupe solitary.
Leaves conduplicate in the bud; drupe without bloom; stone spherical.
13. CERASUS.
Leaves convolute in the bud; drupe with bloom; stone compressed. .
14, PRUNUS.
B. Ovary inferior.
Trees and shrubs with simple leaves and free stipules; -fruit a pome, con-
sisting of a2 to 5-celled ovary which is enclosed inand mostly adherent
to the fleshy calyx-tube.—PoME& (Apple Tribe).
Leaves evergreen, coriaceous; flowers small, numerous in a corymbose
panicle; fruit bright red, the 2 carpels enclosed in the berry-like
COLY Rips toca eens c F re . 15. HETEROMELES.
Leaves deciduous.
Flowers in corymbs; ovary 2 to 5-celled.
Pome drupe-like, containing 2 to 5 bony stones, either separable or
united into one; branches bearing thorns. . . .16. CRATHGUS.
Pome containing 2 to 5 papery or cartilaginous esepels, Sian 2-seeded .
. MALUS.
Flowers in racemes, showy; ovary 6-celled, each cell in fruit becoming
2-eelled by a partition from the back . . .18, AMELANCHIER.
1. OPULASTER Medic. Nine Bark.
Diffuse shrubs with reddish brown shreddy bark. Leaves simple;
stipules deciduous. Flowers white, in corymbs terminating lateral
leafy branchlets. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft, persistent. Petals 5,
rounded, equal. Stamens 20 to 24. Pistils 1 to 5, mostly 3, some-
what united toward the base, becoming as many inflated 2 to 4-seeded
follicles dehiscent along both sutures. Seeds crustaceous, shining,
with copious endosperm.—(Opulus, ancient Latin name of a kind of
maple tree, and aster, a suffix meaning wild.)
1. O. opulifolius (L.) Kuntze var. capitatus. Three to 5 ft.
high or often with sucker-like stems nearly twice as long, commonly
forming with other shrubs and with climbers w dense tangle; leaves
roundish or ovate, 3-lobed and irregularly serrate, glabrous or
scabrous above, stellate-pubescent beneath, 1 to 2 in. long, on peti-
oles 3 in. long or more; leaves of sterile shoots similar but larger;
eevee and calyx pubescent; corymbs hemispherical, $ to 1 in.
igh; petals 1} lines long; stamens alternately long and short; pods
divergent, commonly 3 to 4 lines long, splitting into 2 valves.—
(Neillia capitata Greene.) y
Common along streams in the hills, often. gregarious on steep north
hillsides: Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Napa Valley and northward;
apparently not occurring in the inner North Coast or Mt. Diablo
ROSE FAMILY. 277
Ranges, but found in the Sierra Nevada. Apr. Winter buds
narrowly oblong, acute, 3 in. long, the scales homologous with
petioles. The sucker-like growths of a single year sometimes attain
a length of 8 ft.
2. HOLODISCUS Maxim.
Deciduous shrubs with toothed or lobed leaves and no stipules.
Flowers creamy-white, small, numerous in terminal panicles.
Calyx persistent, 5-cleft. Stamens 20, on a ring-like perigynous
disk. Petals 5, rounded. Pistils 5, distinct, alternate with the
calyx-lobes. Follicles hairy, 1-seeded, tardily dehiscent or indehis-
cent. (Greek holo, whole or complete, and diskos, a disk.)
1. H. discolor (Pursh) Maxim. var. ariefolius (Wats). Cati-
FORNIA Meapow Sweet. Shrub, 8 to 6 ft. high; leaves ovate to
ovate-elliptic in outline, green above, whitish beneath with soft hairs,
cvarsely serrate or incised above the entire truncate or broadly cuneate
base, # to 8 in. long, on petioles 2 to 6 lines long; panicle ample, 8 to
8 in. long, often half drooping in anthesis; flowers 14 lines long;
follicles about 1 line long.—(Spirea ariefolia Smith.)
Common in wooded caiions of the Coast Range hills.
3. ADENOSTOMA H. & A.
Evergreen shrubs with somewhat resinous herbage, Leaves linear,
rigid, entire, small, numerous and mostly fascicled. Flowers small,
white, disposed in a terminal and rather close pyramidal panicle, the
branches of which are racemose. Calyx obconical, 5-lobed, 10-ribbed,
with small bracts at base, the orifice bearing 5 glands. Petals 5.
Stamens 10 to 15, inserted 2 or 8 together, alternate with the petals.
Pistil 1, simple; ovary obovoid, 1-celled; ovules 1 or 2, suspended;
style lateral, curved, with an obliquely dilated stigma. Fruit an
achene, covered by the indurated calyx-tube. (Greek aden, gland,
and stoma, mouth, in allusion to the calyx.)
1. A. fasciculatum H. & A. Cuamisat. Bush, 2 to 10 ft. high,
with virgate branches clothed with leaf-fascicles; leaves linear or
rather broader towards the apex, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules small,
acute; flowers crowded, sessile; calyx 1 line long; petals orbicular,
spreading.
The most abundant and characteristic bush of the higher Coast
Ranges, commonly gregarious and occupying (to the exclusion of
other shrubs) extensive slopes and mountain ridges, such vegetation
known to mountaineers as ‘‘ Chamisal,’’ ‘‘Chamiso’’ or ‘‘ Grease-
wood.’’ It often forms a distinct zone, as in the Sierras, between
the foothills and the Yellow Pine belt. June. The leaves of seed-
lings are pinnately dissected into 3 to 5 lobes.
4. CERCOCARPUS HBK.
Shrubs or low trees with simple leaves. Flowers from winter buds,
solitary or fascicled, terminal on the short branchlets. Calyx consisting
of « slender pedicel-like tube sarmounted by the low hemispherical
278 ROSACEA.
(or broadly campanulate) limb; limb with broad short triangular
teeth, the whole limb deciduous. Petals none. Stamens numerous,
borne in 2 or 3 rows on the calyx. Pistil one, with a single long
style and terminal stigma; ovule solitary, ascending. Fruit a terete
villous achene enclosed in the elongated calyx-tube and surmounted
by the very much elongated twisted soft-hairy style. (Greek kerkis,
a shuttle, and karpos, » fruit, in reference to the achene and its
twisted tail.)
1. C. betulefolius Nutt. Mounrary Manoaany. Shrub or
small tree, 6 to 14 ft. high, the stem with a gray thin flaky bark;
branches spreading or recurving; leaves subcoriaceous, broadly obo-
vate, serrate above the middle, cuneate and entire towards the base,
conspicuously feather-veined, dark green and shining above, pubes-
cent beneath; calyx-limb open campanulate, 3 lines broad, the tube
in fruit becoming 3 in. long, of a reddish brown color, somewhat
contracted above; stamens 25 to 60; achene coriaceous, the hairy style
3 in. long or less.
Common in the Coast Ranges, mostly at middle or high elevations,
from the Yallo Bally Mountains southward. Flowering in Mar., but
more conspicuous in late summer on account of the long feathery
tails of the fruit.
5. ROSA L. Rose.
Shrubby prickly plants with odd-pinnate leaves and adnate stipules.
Flowers large, ours mostly pink, solitary or corymbose. Calyx-tube
globose or urn-shaped, becoming fleshy in fruit; calyx-limb 5-parted.
Bractlets none. Petals 5 (rarely 6, 7 or 8), rounded, spreading,
inserted with the numerous stamens on the edge of the thin disk
which lines the calyx-tube and bears within and toward the base the
numerous distinct pistils. Ovaries hairy, becoming bony achenes.
Achenes enclosed in the globose or urn-shaped calyx-tube, which is
popularly termed a ‘“hip.’’? (The Latin name.)
Flowers solitary, or 2 or 8in a cluster; calyx-lobes ‘deciduous from the fruit.
. R. gymnocarpa.
Flowers few to many in a corymb; calyx-lobes persistent in fruit.
Calyx-lobes soft-pubescent outside; plants 3 to5 ft. high ormore ....
2. R. Californica.
Calyx-lobes glandular-hispid outside: var. Sonomensis of 3. R. spithamexa.
1. R. gymnocarpa Nutt. Woop Ros. Slender, 1 to 8 ft. high,
glabrous, the branchlets and rachis of the leaves armed with long
slender straight prickles, or sometimes nearly unarmed; leaves 2 or 3
in. long; leaflets 3 or commonly 5, elliptic or roundish, 3 to 9 lines
long, doubly serrate, the minute teeth yland-tipped; flowers generally
solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3; corolla 7 to 10 lines broad; pedicels
glabrous or more frequently clothed with gland-tipped hairs; calyx-
lobes at length deciduous; hips ovate or pear-shaped, red, 4 to 7
lines long.
Shady woods or among bushes on north slopes in the hills, or often
near streams.
2. R. Californica C. & S. Cartrornra Writp Ross. Erect,
ROSE FAMILY. 279
branching shrub 3 to 6 ft. high or more; prickles few, stout, recurved,
mostly in pairs below the leaves; leaves pubescent, especially on the
lower surface; leaflets 5 or commonly 7, ovate to elliptic, $ to 1} in.
long; flowers in terminal corymbs, 1 to 1} in. broad; pedicels glandu-
lar-pubescent; hips globose, 4 to 6 lines broad, somewhat constricted
below the calyx-lobes.
Common everywhere along river and creek banks throughout
California, often forming small thickets. Flowering most freely in
June, the hips ripe Aug.—Oct.
3. R. spithamza Wats. var. Sonomensis. Sonoma Ross.
Branches several from the base, erect, mostly simple, 9 to 12 in. high,
densely armed with stout straight or slightly recurved prickles;
leaflets 5, broadly ovate, 4 to 8 lines long, serrate, with the teeth
minutely glandular-denticulate; flowers small, several in a corymb;
hips globose, 8 to 5 lines broad; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, glandu-
lar-hispid, rather closely erect in fruit.—(R. Sonomensis Greene. )
Rare montane species, on high dry slopes: Sonoma Co., Greene;
Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson; Saratoga, Santa Clara Co., Dary. R.
SPITHAMEA Wats., Mountain Rose, is found in Trinity Co.
6. RUBUS L.
Ours shrubs, either erect or with long trailing or climbing prickly
or unarmed stems and branches. Leaves simple, or pinnately com-
pound with 8 to 5 leaflets. Calyx 4-parted, without bractlets.
Petals 5. Stamens numerous. Pistils many, crowded on an elevated
receptacle, becoming drupelets which are united to each other and
form the aggregate fruit called a blackberry or raspberry. . (Latin
_ aggTes y poerry
name, allied to ruber, red.)
Fruif conical or hemispherical, concave beneath, the drupelets parting
from the receptacle as a whole when ripe.
Stems unarmed; leaves simple, palmately lobed: var. velutinus of ....
1. R. parviflorus.
Stems prickly; leaflets 3-foliolate.
Flowers red; leaves pubescent or silky beneath: var. Menziesiiof. ...
2. R. spectadilis.
Flowers white; leaves white-tomentose beneath. . . .3. R. leucodermis.
Fruit oblong, the drupelets persistent upon the receptacle; leaves mostly 3
to 5-foliolate, a few simple; stems and leaves very prickly. .... .
4, R. vitifolius.
1. R. parviflorus Nutt. var. velutinus (Brewer) Greene.
THIMBLE Burry. Commonly 8 or 4 ft. high; herbage hispid, the
pubescence of the petioles and stems more or less glandular; leaves
palmately 5-lobed, circular in outline, 3 to 7 in. broad, mucronate-
serrate; petioles shorter than the blade; stipules lanceolate, deciduous;
flowers about 4 to 7 in terminal corymbs, white (rarely pinkish), 1 to
3 in. broad, very variable in the number of sepals and petals; lobes of
sepals ovate, terminated by a tail-like or sometimes foliaceous
appendage often of nearly the same length; petals elliptic.
Common along caiion streams in the hill country near the coast:
Monterey; Oakland Hills; Napa Mountains; Sonoma Co. and north-
ward, May.
280 ROSACEA.
2. R. spectabilis Pursh var. Menziesii Wats. Satmon Berry,
Three to 9 ft. high, the stems with reddish brown bark and sparingly
armed, or the canes (sterile shoots) very prickly; prickles short,
straight; leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, doubly serrate, often more
or less lobed, 1 to 2 in. long, lightly pubescent or silky beneath;
flowers 1 to 8 in acluster; petals red, 6 to 7 lines long; fruit large,
ovoid, red or yellow, glabrous.
Margins of woods and along streams in the vicinity of the ocean:
Marin Co. (common on Point Reyes) and northward. Apr.
3. R. leucodermis Dougl. RaspBerry. Plants with very
long and straggling branches, these and the petioles freely armed
with short recurved prickles; herbage glaucous; leaves 3-foliolate;
stipules setaceous; leaflets ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often unequal-
sided at base, doubly serrate, 4 to 2 in. long, pubescent but green
above, white with a dense close tomentum below; flowers few,
corymbose, white, 6 lines broad; sepals lanceolate, long-acuminate,
exceeding the petals; fruit glaucous, of an agreeable flavor, either
bluck or red.
Rarely collected within our limits: Santa Cruz Mountains; Sonoma
Co. Frequent in northern California. Sierra Nevada.
_4. R.vitifolius C. & 5. Common BLackBeRRyY. Stems a few
ft. high, and more or less erect, or 8 to 18 ft. long and trailing over
the ground or climbing over other shrubs; leaves pubescent or almost
glabrous, all pinnately 8 to 5-foliolate, the leaflets ovate, doubly
serrate, } to 2} in. long, or sometimes a few upper leaves simple and
ovate or palmately lobed; petals 8 or 9 lines, long; fruit black,
oblong, sweet.
Common along creeks and rivers in the valleys and among the hills
of the Coast Range country and Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys,
7. FRAGARIA L. SrrawBerry.
Perennial acaulescent herbs propagating by runners. Leaves
tufted, 3-foliolate, with membranous stipules and cuneate-obovate
serrate leaflets. Flowers white, borne in cymes on a naked scape.
Calyx persistent, bearing 5 bractlets alternate with the calyx-lobes.
Petals obovate, short-clawed. Pistils numerous, distinct, borne on
an elevated convex receptacle; styles lateral. Fruit berry-like,
formed of the enlarged succulent receptacle which bears the minute
seed-like achenes. (Name in reference to the fragrance of the berry.)
Leaves thin, light green; achenes borne on the surface of the receptacle. .
ss 1. F. Californica.
Leaves thicker, dark green; achenes partly imbedded in the surface of the
receptacle . ae oa wee A ye . .2. F. Chilensis.
1. F. CalifornicaC. &S. Woop Strawserry, Herbage pilose;
leaflets thin, light green, 1 to 1} in. long; scapes 4 or 5 in. high,
cymosely 2-flowered; sepals and bractlets laciniately 2 or 3-toothed
or entire; petals orbicular with a small abruptly acute point at apex,
or the margin near the apex slightly crimped, 8 to 4 lines long; fruit
globose, about 4 lines in diameter, the achenes borne superficially.
ROSE FAMILY. 281
Woods of the Coast Ranges, from upper Napa Valley southward.
Not reported from the inner North Coast Ranges. Feb.—May.
2. F. Chilensis Duchesne. Sanp SrrawBerry. Runners
rather stout; upper surface of leaves glabrous, the herbage otherwise
densely pubescent with long weak hairs (especially the under surface
of the leaves) and often, also, with a fine indument; leaves of firm
texture, dark green, the leaflets 3 to 1 in. long; scapes several-flowered,
1 to 4 in. high; flowers 1 in. in diameter, said by Greene to be
diccious; sepals entire; petals roundish, 4 to 6 lines long; receptacle
with the achenes embedded in its surface.
Sandbanks and hills near the sea from San Francisco northward.
Mar.—May.
8. POTENTILLA L. Five Frycer.
Perennial herbs (or some species of the High Sierras suffrutescent),
with compound leaves and serrate or cleft leaflets. Flowers in ours
white or yellow, in terminalcymes. Calyx saucer-shaped, campanu-
late, or cup-shaped, cleft into 5 lobes, with as many alternate bractlets
at the sinuses. Petals orbicular to linear. Stamens 10 to many, the
filaments filiform or variously dilated. Pistils many or numerous,
borne upon an elevated receptacle, becoming in fruit small turgid
erustaceous achenes; styles lateral or nearly terminal, deciduous.
(Diminutive of the Latin potens, powerful, some species used medici-
nally.)
Stamens 10 to many; filaments filiform; le yellow, obovate, not clawed.
Stamens 10(?); leaves palmately 3-foliolate; stems erect or ascending...
2. P. millegrana.
Stamens 20 to 25; leaves pinnate,
White-silky beneath; creeping herb. ..... ...1. P. Anserina.
Green on both faces; stems erect. ..........-.-. 3. P. glandulosa.
Stamens 10 in 2 rows, alternately long and short; filaments dilated through-
out or at base only; petals white, obovate or linear, often clawed.
Cymes disposed to be lax; bractlets mostly as large as the calyx-lobes.
Herbage glandular-pubescent and green; bractlets entire or toothed.
Calyx short-campanulate; leaflets sharply toothed or sparingly incised;
stems slender........ F i 4. P. multijuga.
Calyx cup-shaped.
Leaflets toothed or incised at apex; stems stout. . . 5. P. Californica.
Leaflets incisely once or twice cleft; stems slender. . 6. P. elata.
Herbage white-silky, glandless; bractlets entire... . . 7. P. Kelloggit.
Cymes more condensed; bractlets smaller than the calyx-lobes; stems
sparingly leafy, the leaves mostly in a radical tuft.
Lobes of the leaflets obtuse; petals notched at apex. . .8. P. tenwiloba.
Teeth or short lobes of the leaflets acute; petals entire .9. P. Bolanderi.
1. P. Anserina L. Gooss-crass. Root perennial, thick, bearing
a tuft of leaves, stems and peduncles; stems slender, prostrate, rooting
at each joint; flowers one to several, long-peduncled; leaves white-
silky beneath, green above; leaflets 7 to 21, with smaller ones inter-
posed, oblong, sharply serrate; bractlets about equaling the calyx-
lobes; petals rounded, much exceeding the calyx; stamens 20 to 25;
receptacle hairy. ; ;
Marshy or springy places along the seacoast (San Francisco, Marin
Co. and elsewhere). Sierra Nevada. Apr.-Aug.
282 ROSACE,
2. P. millegrana Engelm. Stems erect or ascending, leafy up to
the inflorescence; leaves ternately 8-foliolate, the lower on long
slender petioles; leaflets cuneate-obovate or roundish, serrate towards
the apex, about 3 in. long; stipules ovate-lanceolate, entire; flowers
very numerous ‘in lax cymes; stamens about 10; achenes white.—
(P. rivalis var. millegrana Wats.)
Lower San Joaquin River.
8. P. glandulosa Lindl. Erect, 1 to 3 ft. high, glandular-
pubescent above; radical leaves 4 to 8 or even 15 in. long; leaflets 5
or 7 (or those of the uppermost leaves 8), broadly ovate or obovate:
with cuneate base, 1 to 3 in. long; cyme lax, leafy-bracted; flowers
small, the pale yellow obovoid petals scarcely equaling the calyx;
stamens 25, in one row on the margin of the thickened disk; style
attached below the middle of the ovary.
Wooded hills of the Coast Ranges: Vaca Mountains; Napa Valley
hills; Oakland Hills; San Francisco Peninsula. Not reported from
the inner Coast Ranges. Apr.-May. The var. Nevadensis Wats.
oceurs in the Sierras.
4. P. multijuga Lehm. MHerbage glandular; stems erect, 1 ft.
high, the leaves mostly at base; leaflets 17 to 23, or the terminal ones
more or less confluent, roundish to cuneate-obovate, sharply toothed
except at the very base, 5 to 6 lines long; calyx short-campanulate,
the bractlets entire, smaller than the lobes; petals narrowly oblong,
white, spreading; filaments subulate-dilated, the alternate little shorter.
Monterey to Santa Barbara; to be expected at Santa Cruz. Very
doubtfully distinct from the next.
5. P. Californica (C. & 8.) Greene. Stems stoutish, 1 to 2 ft. high;
herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves mostly radical; leaflets thickish,
9 to 21 (or the upper leaves with fewer leaflets), cuneate-obovate to
-oblong, toothed or incised at the apex, } to 1 in. or less long; flowers
solitary, or commonly in dense clusters in a cymose-dichotomous
inflorescence; calyx cup-shaped, 4 to 6 lines high, about equaling the
spatulate petals; bractlets exceeding the sepals, sometimes 3-toothed
at the broad apex.—(Horkelia Californica C. & S.
Wooded slopes of the San Francisco Peninsula and the Oakland
Hills.
Var, Carmeliana. Stems slender, 1} to 23 ft. high, leafy; leaflets
9 to 17, thin, ovate, incised-serrate, mostly about 4 in. long; calyx-
tube becoming purplish in age.—Carmel River, Jepson, Aug. 1896;
a form as to habit intermediate between P. Californica on the one
hand, and P. elata and P. tenuiloba on the other.
The following is a closely allied species not seen by us:—P. FRon-
poss Greene. Erect or decumbent, 1} to 3 ft. high, leafy through-
out, viscidly hirsute and heavy scented; leaflets 5 to 9, doubly incised;
stipules ovate-lanceolate, coarsely incised; cyme widely spreading,
loose and leafy; calyx short-campanulate, the spreading bractlets
exceeding the calyx-lobes, 3-toothed at apex; petals ligulate; stamens
very unequal.—Near Martinez and Santa Cruz.
ROSE FAMILY. 283
6. P. elata Greene. One and one-half to 2 ft. high; herbage
glandular, pilose-pubescent; radical leaves 6 to 12 in. long, the leaflets
15 to 19, thin, cuneate-obovate, } in. long or less, once or twice-
incisely cleft; flowers solitary or in 8’s; bractlets of the calyx equal-
ing the segments, lanceolate; petals spatulate, white; stamens 10,
5 short and with filiform filaments, the other 5 with filaments deltoid--
dilated at base.
Middle North Coast Ranges from Howell Mountain and Calistoga
northward to Elk Mountain, Lake Co. July.
7. P. Kelloggii Greene. Stems stout, ascending or reclining, 1 to-
2 ft. long; herbage glandless, white-silky with short dense hairs;
radical leaves 4 to 10 in. long, the leaflets obovate, coarsely toothed,
3 to 1 in. long; calyx-tube cup-shaped, its lobes lanceolate, equaled
by the oblong entire bractlets; petals white, spatulate-oblong, 3 lines.
long.—(Horkelia Californica C. & S. var. sericea Gray.)
Alameda to Pacific Grove. June. Fragrant acc. to Kellogg,
scentless acc. to Greene.
8. P. tenuiloba (Gray) Greene. Stems about 1 ft. high; radical
leaves + to 6 in. long, mostly villous with grayish hairs; leaflets 8 to
15 pairs, 2 or 8 lines long, cuneate-obovate, deeply 4 to 8-cleft into-
linear lobes, the segments rather less than } line wide; upper leaves-
with fewer leaflets, these narrow and few-lobed or linear and entire;
flowers in close cymes; calyx 2 lines long, with linear lobes; petals.
narrowly cuneate, notched at apex, exceeding the calyx.—(Horkelia.
fusca var. tenuiloba Torr.)
Laguna of Santa Rosa Creek, Bigelow, 1854. Very rarely collected.
Var. Micheneri (P. Micheneri Greene). Leaves 8 in. long,
glabrous when young, glabrate in age; leaflets crowded, the lobes.
narrowly oblong, obtuse; cymes very much condensed; petals cuneate-
obcordate; filaments broadly dilated, of nearly uniform breadth from
base to apex.—Mt. Tamalpais, Michener, June 1, 1892.
9. P. Bolanderi (Gray) Greene. Leaves tufted from the branch-
ing crown of a perennial root, hoary-pubescent, 1 to 2 in. long; leuf-
lets cuneate-obovate, 2 or 8 lines long, toothed or cleft at apex, the
teeth acute; flowering branches very sparingly leafy, 2 to 10 in. high,
the flowers in a rather open cyme; calyx 2 lines long, about equaling
the white oblong-spatulate petals; calyx-lobes and bractlets lanceolate;
achenes minutely granular.—(Horkelia Bolanderi Gray.)
Dry hills about the southern shores of Clear Lake; to be expected
in northeastern Napa Co. July.
9. AGRIMONIA L. Agrimony.
Perennial herbs with pinnate leaves and serrate leaflets. Flowers
yellow, in racemes. Bracts 3-cleft. Calyx-tube turbinate, contracted
at the throat and the upper part beset with a ring of hooked prickles,
indurated in fruit and enclosing the 2 achenes; calyx-limb 5-cleft, the:
lobes closing over the throat after flowering. Stamens 5 to 15.
Styles terminal. (Name a corruption of the Greek word argema, «
disease of the eye, the plants reputed to be medicinal.)
284 ROSACEA.
1. A.gyrosepala Wallr. Common Aarimony, Stems erect, 2 to
8 ft, high; herbage glandular, and both hirsute and puberulent; leaflets
5 or 7, with interposed smaller ones, ovate or obovate, 3} in. long or
less, coarsely toothed, entire at the base; terminal leaflet usually
largest and cuneate at base; flowers 2} lines long.—(A. Eupatoria of
Bot. Cal., ete.)
Borders of woods in the mountains: Elk Mountain, Lake Co.;
northern Sierra Nevada.
10. ACAENA L.
Perennial herbs with u woody base, pinnate leaves and pinnatifid
leaflets. Flowers in more or less crowded spikes. Calyx persistent,
its tube oblong, contracted at the throat, at length armed with
retrorsely barbed prickles; limb 38 to 7-parted, valvate, deciduous.
Petals none. Stamens commonly 3 to 5, but varying from 1 to 10.
Pistils 1 or 2, free and distinct; style terminal; ovule solitary,
suspended. Achene enclosed in the indurated calyx. (Greek akaina,
a thorn, in reference to the spines on the calyx.)
1. A. trifida R. & P. Flowering stems erect with decumbent
base, 5 to 13 in. high, sometimes almost naked, the leaves borne
mostly at base or tufted on the short woody branches crowning the
perennial root; herbage villous, especially when young, and more or
less silky on the under surface of the leaves; leaflets 11 to 17, nearly
uniform, 8 to 4 lines long, pinnately cleft into 3 to 7 segments;
flowers green, in a crowded spike, or the lower flowers remote; calyx-
tube white-hirsute with short hairs and armed with slender prickles,
in fruit 4-angled; stamens dark purple; achene round-oblong.
Dry or rocky soil of hilltops in the Coast Ranges near the ocean
from Marin Co. and the Oakland Hills to the Gabilan Range and
Monterey. June.
11. ALCHEMILLA L. Lapy’s Mantz.
Ours a diminutive annual herb with palmately lobed leaves and
sheathing stipules. Flowers minute, greenish, pediceled and fas-
cicled in the axils. Calyx persistent, its tube pitcher-shaped, i. ¢.,
enlarged above the base and somewhat contracted at the throat;
limb 4 or 5-parted and bearing an equal number of alternate bractlets,
-or these minute or obsolete. Petals none. Stamens 1 to 4. Pistils
1 to 4 (in ours 1), distinct, the slender style lateral or arising from
near the base. Achene ovate, slightly compressed, smooth, concealed
in the tube of the persistent calyx. (So named because valued in
alchemy.)
1. A. arvensis (L.) Scop. Simple or commonly branching from
the base, 1 to 3 in. high or more, the branches slender and flower-
bearing throughout; herbage scantily pubescent with soft hairs;
leaves fan-shaped, 8-parted, the segments 2 or 8-cleft; calyx about }
line long, the tube usually densely hirsute and much contracted
ander the lobes.
Hills and plains; common. Apr. A sheet of specimens (identical
ROSE FAMILY. 285
in habit and aspect) collected by Bioletti at Byron, Apr. 8, 1892,
exhibit on different individuals calyces densely hirsute and calyces,
perfectly glabrous.
12. OSMARONIA Greene.
Shrub with.simple entire deciduous leaves and caducous stipules.
Flowers diccious, white, fragrant, in nodding racemes terminating
leafy branchlets. Calyx turbinate-campanulate, 5-lobed, deciduous.
Petals erect in the pistillate flower, spreading in the staminate.
Stamens of staminate flower 15, in 38 rows, 10 inserted with the
petals, 5 inserted lower down upon the disk lining the calyx-tube;
stamens of pistillate flower present but abortive. Pistils 5, simple,
free and distinct, glabrous; styles short, lateral, jointed at base;
ovules 2 to each ovary, pendulous. Fruit consisting of 1 to 4 ovoid
drupes with a thin pulp and bony stone. Seed solitary; cotyledons
convolute. (Osme, Greek adjective meaning fragrant, and Aronia, a
genus founded by Persoon and now referred to Amelanchier.)
1. O. cerasiformis (T. & G.) Greene. Oso’ Berry. Three to
9 ft..high, the branchlets reddish; leaves glabrous, broadly oblong,
narrowed to each end, mucronate, 14 to 24 in. long when mature,
short-petioled; racemes with conspicuous bracts, several from leafy
winter buds, rarely solitary; petals of staminate flower ovate, 3 lines
long; petals of pistillate flower spatulate or obovate, 2 lines long;
drupes blue-black, 5 to 7 lines long, the pulp bitter.—(Nuttallia
cerasiformis T. & G.)
Frequent in the outer (or seaward) Coast Ranges (Marin Co., San
Francisco, Oakland Hills); rare in the inner Coast Ranges (Mt.
Diablo; Tolenas Springs, Solano Co., Platt). Mar.-Apr., fruiting in
July. Scales of the winter buds homologous with blades.
13, CERASUS L. CueErRry.
Trees or shrubs. Leaves simple, serrate, conduplicate in the bud.
Flowers white, in corymbs or in racemes from lateral buds. Calyx
5-cleft, deciduous after flowering. Stamens 15 to 30. Pistil 1; style
terminal, Drupe globose, without bloom; flesh in our species sweet
or bitter; stone globose, not prominently margined. (Greek kerasos,
the cherry tree, the name from Cerasus in Pontus.)
Leaves deciduous, serrate or serrulate.
Flowers in corymbs; leaves commonly with 1 or 2 glands near base of
151s (ee aera ea Se Cr eee . 1. C._emarginata.
Flowers in racemes, the pedunele leafy; petiole with 1 or 2 glands below
UO: DIBA E: varias. ee cas hogs | opel yor hance Gat alah © a day arlene 2. C. demissa.
Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, spinose-toothed; flowers in racemes, the
peduncie leafless... ....-0 we eeae 3. C. tlicifolia.
1. C. emarginata Dcug]l. Rep Cuerry. Shrub 3 to 8 ft. high,
with smooth dull red bark; leaves ovate or more commonly oblong-
obovate, mostly obtuse, finely serrulate, $ to 14 in. long, on petioles
1 to 8 lines long; blade with 1 or 2 glands just above junction with
petiole; flowers in short corymbs; fruit 4 or 5 lines long, bright red,
the pulp intensely bitter,
286 ROSACE.
Frequent in the Sierra Nevada; rare in the region of San
+ Francisco Bay (Oakland Hills; Mt. Tamalpais).
2. C. demissa Nutt. Western Cuoky-cHerry.. Erect slender
-deciduous shrub, 2 to 10 ft. high; leaves oblong-ovate or more
commonly oblong-obovate, acute at apex or abruptly short-pointed,
finely serrate, 1 to 8 in. long; petioles 4 in. long, with 1 or 2 glands
just below its summit; racemes 2 to 4 in. long, terminating more or
less leafy peduncles; drupe red or dark purple, 3} lines long,
astringent.
Common: Sierra Nevada Mountains; middle North Coast Ranges
(Napa Mountains); Oakland Hills; Mt. Hamilton, Greene. Rare on
the seaboard or altogether absent. Last of Apr.—June.
3. C. ilicifolia Nutt. Istay. Evergreen, 8 to 18 ft. high; leaves
coriaceous, elliptic or ovate, acute or obtuse, spinose-toothed, 1 to 2
in. long, short-petioled; racemes 1 to 24 in. long, on axillary leafless
peduncles; flowers 2 lines long; drupe red or dark purple, 6 to 8
lines thick, slightly obcompressed, apiculate; flesh thin, sweetish
when ripe.
Oakland Hills; San Francisco Peninsula; Loma Prieta and south-
ward to.Santa Barbara. May-June.
14. PRUNUS L. Puvum.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves simple, serrate, convolute in the
bud; stipules free, small or minute. Flowers in umbels borne on the
wood of the previous season, appearing before or with the leaves.
Calyx, corolla, stamens and pistil as in Cerasus. Fruit an ovoid
drupe with fleshy sarcocarp of an acid taste and bony stone. Stone
smooth, compressed, acutely edged on one margin and grooved on the
other. (Classical name of the Plum.)
1. P. subcordata Benth. Srerra Pium. Shrub 5 to7 ft. high
or sometimes arborescent and 10 ft. high, with crooked and rough
gray-brown branches, and more or less spinescent branchlets; leaves
ovate, elliptic to almost round, obtuse or truncate at base, rarely
subcordate, 2 in. long or less, on petioles 2 or 8 lines long; flowers
appearing with the leaves, 2 to 4 in a cluster, on pedicels } in. long;
sepals linear or slightly acute, 1} lines long; petals obovate, somewhat
concave, 4 lines long; stamens 25 or 30; drupe red, 3 to nearly 1 in.
long, the pulp rather hard but more or less edible.
Sierra Foothills, more abundant northward. Coast Ranges: Vaca
Mountains; Napa Mountains; Oakland Hills. Apr.
15. HETEROMELES Rem.
Evergreen shrub with simple coriaceous serrate leaves. Flowers
white, small, numerous, in terminal corymbose panicles. Calyx
turbinate, 5-cleft. Petals 5, spreading. Stamens 10, in pairs oppo-
site the calyx-teeth; filaments dilated at base and somewhat connate.
Pistils 2, lightly united, tomentose above, and only half-adherent to
the fleshy calyx-tube, the thickened persistent calyx-teeth closed
ROSE FAMILY. 287
‘over them. Fruit bright red, berry-like, ovoid. Seeds 1 or 2 in each
cell. (Greek heteros, different, and melon, an apple.)
1. H. arbutifolia Rem. Curistmas Berry. Toyon. Shrub,
Tarely a small tree, 5 to 15 or 20 ft. high; leaves oblong, acute at
base and apex, dark green, lighter benratls sharply serrate, 2 to 4 in.
long, on petioles } to ¢ in. long; panicle in anthesis rather dense, 2
or 3 in. high; corolla 24 lines in diameter; fruit 3 or 4 lines long, the
seeds obovate, flat on one side, convex on the other, } as long.
Common on mountain sides and along streams everywhere in the
Coast Ranges, flowering in July. It is one of the showiest of Cali-
fornian shrubs when covered from Nov. to Jan. with its fine clusters
-of crimson berries.
16. CRATAEGUS L. TuHorn.
Thorny shrubs with simple toothed or lobed leaves. Flowers
mostly white, heavy-scented, corymbose. Calyx-tube urn-shaped.
Petals rounded. Stamens 5 to 20. Ovary inferior, or its summit
free, 2 to 5-celled, or the carpels merely contiguous and not united;
styles distinct. Pome more or less drupe-like, red or purple, con-
taining 2 to 5 bony 1-seeded nutlets, these united or separable; calyx-
teeth persistent. (Greek kratos, strength, in reference to the wood.)
1. C. rivularis Nutt. Shrub 9 to 14 ft. high; thorns stout, 23 in.
long; leaves elliptic to obovate, doubly serrate, entire towards the
base and often cuneate, shortly petioled, 1} to 22 in. long; fruit
reddish-brown (or nearly black?), 3 or 4 lines long.
Common in Oregon and northwestern California but rare within
our limits: forming thickets in Sonoma Oo., Davy, Baker.
17. MALUS Juss. APPLE.
Trees or shrubs with simple deciduous leaves and stipules which
‘disappear early. Flowers white or pink, in corymbs. Calyx-tube
urn-shaped. Petals rounded, with claws. Styles usually 5, united
at base; ovules 2 in each cell of the inferior ovary, the carpels more
or less coriaceous. Fruit a pome, commonly depressed-globose and
sunken at each end. (Latin name of the apple.)
1. M. rivularis (oer Rem. OrrGon CRAB APPLE. Shrub
-or small tree, 12 to 20 ft. high; leaves ovate to lanceolate, less than 1
to 4 in. long, on petioles } or } as long; pedicels mostly less than 1 in.
long; petals white, broadly elliptic, 3 or 4 lines long; fruit variable in
color, yellow or partly or wholly red, obovate-oblong, not sunken at
base, 4 to 3 in. long; calyx-lobes at length deciduous (acc. to
Watson).—(Pyrus rivularis Dougl.
North Coast Ranges: Sonoma Co.; ‘‘Soda Springs, Napa Valley,
tree 25 to 30 ft. high, 8 in. [in diameter] at base, 6 in. at 6 ft. where
it branches with the beauty of an elm.’’ Kellogg; Mendocino Co.
and northward to Oregon. May.
18. AMELANCHIER Medic. Junz Berry.
Shrubs or small trees with simple serrate leaves. Flowers white in
288 LEGUMINOS.
racemes. Calyx-tube campanulate, more or less adnate to the ovary,
the limb 5-parted, the lobes narrow, retlexed, and persistent. Petals
5, ascending. Stamens indefinite, about 20, the outer row with
longer filaments. Pistil 1; styles 5, united below; ovary partly or
wholly inferior, 5-celled, each cell in fruit divided into 2 by a par-
tition from the back. Fruit berry-like, globose, the cells 1-seeded.
(Savoy name of the Medlar.)
1. A. alnifolia Nutt. Shrub 8 to 15 ft. high; leaves mostly
clliptic, sharply serrate near the apex or less commonly entire, $ to 14
in. long; petioles 4 to 6 lines long; racemes short and rather dense;
petals broadly oblong, or somewhat cuneate at base, 5 lines long;
fruit purplish, 2} or 8 lines in diameter.
Hillsides of the Coast Ranges: Napa Valley; Oakland Hills, ete.
Sierra Nevada. Very showy and beautiful in Apr.
64. LEGUMINOSZ.. -Pea Famtity.
Herbs, shrubs, or trees with alternate stipulate leaves, in ours com-
pound (except in Cercis). Leaflets 1 to many, usually entire. Calyx
synsepalous, 5-toothed or -cleft, or in Lupinus bilabiate, mostly per-
sistent. Corolla with 5 petals, in nearly all of ours papilionaceous,
i. e., highly irregular and butterfly-like: the upper petal is called the
banner; the lateral petals are called the wings; the two lower petals
are joined by their edges to form the keel; the banner in the bud
enfolds the wings which in turn cover the keel-petals; the claws of all
the petals are free from one another. Stamens 10; united into a sheath
around the ovary (monadelphous), or the upper stamen distinct from
the others (diadelphous) or sometimes all distinct. Pistil 1, 1-celled.
Fruit a legume (2-valved pod), with 1 row of seeds on the ventral
side, commonly opening by both the dorsal and ventral sutures, the
valves twisting in eypont directions, or sometimes indehiscent.
Seeds mostly kidney-shaped, without endosperm. The corolla of
Cercis is nearly regular. Amorpha has but one petal. The excep-
tions to the ordinal diagnosis are many but only those which con-
cern our flora are here noted. This is one of the largest of the
natural orders, many species yielding important products.
Leaves simple; corolla obscurely papilionaceous, only slightly irregular;
SHTUDS' . a a eee te SO Re Se 1, CERCIS.
Leaves compound; corolla papilionaceous, except no. 6.
Stamens distinct; leaves palmately 8-foliolate.
Flowers yellow, in racemes; stipules conspicuous; herbs Seer ae
2. THERMOPSIS.
Flowers purple, solitary; stipules none; very spiny shrub........
: 3. XYLOTHERMIA.
Stamens diadelphous or monadelphous.
Calyx 5-toothed.
Leaves unequally pinnate, leaflets many; fiowers in racemes or spikes.
Herbage not glandular; stamens diadelphous; pod commonly inflated
OP LUTBIG: ese sna ead ote a BG Nhe OO 4. ASTRAGALUS.
Herbage glutinous or glandular-dotted.
Pod prickly; herb. ............ . 5. GLYCYRRHIZA.
Pod small, smooth, 1 or 2-seeded; shrub ..... 6. AMORPHA.
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate, glandular and aromatic; flowers in
axillary spikes; pod indehiscent, 1-seeded; herbs. 7. PSORALEA.
PEA FAMILY. 289
Leaves equally pinnate, the rachis produced into a branched tendril,
rarely terminating in a bristle or imperfect leaflet.
Style hairy all around at summit. a 8. Vicia.
Style hairy on the upperside ............ 9. LATHYRUS,
Leaves equally or apenas pinnate, the leaflets commonly 3 to many,
sometimes 1 or 2; flowers in umbels, sometimes solitary ... ri
10. Lorus.
Leaves 8-foliolate.
Flowers in a head or head-like inflorescence, rarely in a capitate
umbel or short spike; corolla withering-persistent after flower-
ing; leaves palmately 3, sometimes 4 or 5-foliolate .......
11. TRIFOLIUM.
Flowers in a raceme or spike; corolla deciduous after flowering;
leaves pinnately 3-foliolate. :
Pod small, globose; style filiform. ..... . .12. MELILOTUS,
Pod curved or spirally coiled; style subulate. . . 13. MEDICAGO.
Calyx deeply bilabiate; stamens 5 long and 5 short, their filaments
monadelphous but free at apex; flowers racemose, mostly in whorls;
leaves palmate, of 4 to many leaflets . . 14. Lupinus.
1. CERCIS L. Jupas Tree.
Shrubs. Flowers red-purple, in umbel-like fascicles, appearing
from winter buds in advance of the simple leaves. Stipules caducous. _
Calyx in anthesis broader than long, with 5 broad obtuse teeth.
Corolla obscurely papilionaceous; banner smaller than the wings and
enclosed by them in the bud; keel-petals larger than the wing-petals
and not united. Stamens 10, distinct, declined, the filaments clavate-
dilated towards the base. Pod oblong, very flat, the upper suture
with a winged margin. Embryo straight.
1, C. occidentalis Torr. WaxsTerN Rep-sup. Eight to 10 ft.
high, the branches rather widely spreading; leaves round, cordate at
base with nearly closed sinus, 24 to 83 in. broad; pods about 2 in.
long and 8 lines wide.
Foothills of the Sierra Nevada and inner Coast Ranges. Mar.—Apr.
2. THERMOPSIS R. Br. Faust Lupixe.
Perennial herbs with commonly erect clustered stems. Leaves
palmately 3-foliolate, petioled, and with free leaf-like stipules.
Flowers yellow, in a terminal raceme, the pedicels subtended by
persistent bracts. Calyx campanulate, deeply toothed, the two upper
teeth in ours almost completely united. Banner roundish, shorter
than the oblong wings, the sides reflexed; keel nearly straight, obtuse,
its petals very lightly joined, equaling the wings. Stamens distinct.
Pod long, linear, flat, several-seeded. (Greek thermos, lupine, and
opsis, resemblance. )
1. T. macrophylla H. & A. Stems somewhat branched above, 1
to 2 ft. high; leaves silky or whitish-pubescent when young, soon
glabrate, at least above; leaflets broadly or narrowly obovate and
often more or less rhomboidal, acute at each end, or some obtuse
above (even on the same plant), 1} to 3 or 4 in. long; stipules strongly
oblique or not at all oblique, even on the same plant, longer than the
petioles; upper lip of calyx slightly notched; lower calyx-teeth
shorter than or as long as tube; raceme rather dense, 3 to 6 in. long;
pod straight, silky, 2 to 5-seeded.—(T. Californica Wats.)
21
290 LEGUMINOSA.
Monterey, Brewer, no. 704; Glenwood, Santa Cruz Mountains;
San Mateo Co.; Marin Co.; Sonoma Co.; Napa Valley, and north-
ward to Mendocino Co. Not known from the inner North Coast
Ranges nor from Contra Costa or Alameda Cos. Leaves and leaflets
so variable in size, outline, and pubescence that Watson’s T. Cali-
fornica (founded primarily on specimens from Corte Madera) is here
readily included. The’ var. velutina Greene from Mt. Hamilton has
small leaflets with a dense velvety pubescence.
38. XYLOTHERMIA Greene.
Very rigid and spiny evergreen shrub. Leaves palmately 1 to
3-foliolate, nearly sessile and without stipules. Flowers large,
purple, axillary, solitary and short-pediceled. Calyx campanulate
turbinate or clavate at base), the border with 4 very low broad teeth.
etals equal, the banner orbicular with reflexed sides, the wing- and
keel-petals oblong, the latter distinct and straight. Stamens distinct.
Pod linear, flat, stipitate, straight, several-seeded. (Greek xulon,
_ wood, and thermos, lupine.)
1. X. montana (Nutt.) Greene. Pickerinera. Densely branched
shrub, 8 to 5 ft. high, the branchlets very spinose; leaflets
oblong-oblanceolate, acute at each end, entire, 2 to 6 lines long;
flowers near the ends of the branchlets, rose-purple, ? in. long, on
very short pedicels, bearing 2 minute subulate bractlets near the
middle; stamens persistent; pod exserted on the stipe, about 2 in.
long, 6 to 10-seeded, somewhat constricted between the seeds.
Higher altitudes of the Coast Ranges: frequent on dry slopes from
Mt. St. Helena, the Vaca Mountains and Mt. Tamalpais southward
to Southern California. May-June.
4. ASTRAGALUS L. RartTLe-wEEp. Loco-weEEp.
Herbs with odd-pinnate leaves. Flowers purple, pale yellow or
white, in spikes, racemes or heads. Racemes mostly spike-like, either
the pedicels very short or the flowers crowded. Calyx 5-toothed.
Corolla usually long and narrow; keel obtuse, Stamens diadelphous;
anthers all alike. Pod 2 to many-seeded, commonly turgid. or
inflated and bladder-like, 1-celled or partly 2-celled by the intrusion
of one or both sutures, tardily dehiscent. Seeds small, usually
reniform on slender funiculi. (Ancient Greek name for some legu-
minous plant.)
Annuals.
Pods didymous, wrinkled, 2-seeded.
Spikes capitate or oblong; pods erect, little exserted from the calyx. . .
: on 1. A, didymocarpus.
Spikes cylindrical; pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx.,....
é ' 2, A. nigrescens.
Pods not didymous, nor wrinkled, several-seeded ; inflorescence capitate.
Pods narrowly oblong, not beaked.. ... . 3. A. tener.
Pods with a stout body and long incurved beak. 4. A. Brewert.
Perennials; pods 1-celled except no. 11.
Pods inflated or bladder-like and
Stipitate.
Stipe long and filiform; leaflets 21 to 31. . .. 5. A. leucophylus.
PEA FAMILY. 291
Flowers white; stipules distinct. .... . +. 7. A, Crotalariz.
Flowers yellowish white or greenish; stipules mostly united opposite
the petiole; raceme often long. ....... 8. A. Menziesit.
Pods not inflated.
Herbage pes raceme dense, 114 to 2in. long; pods crowded, retrorsely
imbricated,4lineslong............ . 10. A. pycnostachys.
Herbage nearly glabrous; racemes loose, 3 to6in. long; pods deflexed,
2% lines long. 4 & = we ane ~.. 11. A. Clevelandi.
cell.
Low hills: Antioch and Kirker Pass southeastward to the head of
the San Joaquin Valley and westward to San Luis Obispo Co. Apr.
2. A. nigrescens Nutt. Smaller and more slender than the last
and less pubescent; flowers dull and commonly minute but sometimes
large; fruiting spikes cylindrical, much less dense, 8 to 10 lines long;
pods deflexed, well exserted from the calyx, hirsute-pubescent,
wrinkled and strongly obcompressed.
Vaca Mountains; Mt. St. Helena; Mt. Diablo; Berkeley; Marin
Co. and southward to Southern California. Also in the Sierra Foot-
hills. Apr.
3. A. tener Gray. Slender, 4 to 9 in. high, minutely pubescent;
leaflets 9 to 15, linear or cuneate, either acute or emarginate at apex;
inflorescence capitate, the head 5 to 9-flowered; flowers purple and
white, 5 lines long; calyx with minute and short appressed brown
hairs; pod silvery when young, glabrous when mature, coriaceous,
narrowly oblong, 8 lines long, somewhat incurved, 2-celled, 5 to 10-
seeded; fruiting peduncle 2 in. long, at length spreading, declined or
even reflexed. '
Alkaline fields, mostly in moist places: Solano Co. to Alameda Co,
May.
4. A. Breweri Gray. Much like the preceding but smaller,
relatively stouter and the leaflets broader; heads 5 to 7-flawered; pods
1-celled or nearly so, the body short with a long incurved beak. _
First collected in Sonoma Valley by Brewer, California Geological
Survey, no. 979, Apr. 18, 1862.
5. A. leucophyllus T. & G. Stem erect, stoutish, 2 or 3 ft, high,
the growing parts silvery-canescent, glabrate and greenish in age;
292 LEGUMINOS#.
leaflets 21 to 31, narrowly oblong or linear, 6 to 10 lines long; raceme
densely flowered and long-peduncled; flowers 6 to 8 lines long;
calyx-teeth subulate, about 4 the length of the oblong tube; corolla
yellowish white; pod obliquely oval, thin, 1} to 14 in. long, on a
filiform pubescent stipe of almost equal length.
Low dry hills: western side of the Lower Sacramento Valley; Mt.
Diablo Range from Livermore Pass westward to Niles Cajion.
6. A. oxyphysus Gray. Habit of the preceding; growing parts
canescent, becoming green but not glabrous; leaflets 9 to 21, oblong,
1} in. long or less, the lower as much as 5 lines wide; penduncle
much exceeding the leaves, bearing an elongated densely flowered
raceme; cvrolla greenish white, 8 lines long; pod 1} in. long, clavate-
obovate, oblique, acuminate at apex, strongly contracted at base into
the recurved stipe which exceeds the calyx.
Dry hills of the Mt. Diablo Range; first collected near Arroyo del
Puerto, western Stanislaus Co., by Brewer, no. 1259.
7. A. Crotalaria (Benth.) Gray. Glabrous, except the pubes-
cent growing parts; stems stout, decumbent; leaflets 21 to 35, linear-
oblong to broadly obovate, retuse or obtuse, thickish, 5 to 12 lines
long; stipules triangular-subulate, distinct; racemes 4 to 10 in. long;
calyx-teeth broadly subulate, one-half as long as the short-campanulate
tube; corolla white, 6 lines long; pod almost papery, much inflated,
ovoid, 1 to 14 in. in length.
San Francisco to Southern California. May.
8. A. Menziesii Gray. Plant stout, erect, 2 to 4 ft. high; young
herbage whitish pubescent, soon green, but hirsute-pubescent; leaflets
21 to 48, commonly crowded on the rachis, broadly oblong, less
frequently cuneate-obovate or narrowly ovate, usually retuse at apex,
5 to 8 lines long; stipules broad, not pointed, all but the uppermost
continuéd around the stem and nearly meeting or even united on the
side opposite the leaf; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, yellowish white or
greenish, the keel purple-tipped; raceme short and dense (13 in. long),
or longer and loose; peduncles 3 to 6 in. long; pod thin-walled, 1 to
2 in, long, otherwise similar to the preceding.
Sandy soils near the coast: San Francisco and Alameda to Monterey
and southward. June-Aug.
9. A. Douglasii (T. & G.) Gray. Herbage cinereous when
young, almost glabrous in age; stems ascending, 1 ft. high; leaflets
numerous, linear to oblong, 4 to 9 lines long; stipules mostly subu-
late; peduncle shorter than the leaves, bearing a dense 10 to 20-
flowered raceme; calyx-teeth subulate, shorter than the campanulate
tube; corolla scarcely twice the length of the calyx, 4 lines long,
yellow or creamish; pod thin-walled, obliquely ovoid, 13 to 2 in. long.
Gravelly ‘stream-beds: San Benito River and southward in the
Coast Ranges.
10. A. pycnostachys Gray. Herbage more or less villous-hoary;
stems stoutish, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaflets numerous (about 18 or 19 pairs),
linear to oblong; flowers numerous in a dense oblong or cylindrical
PEA FAMILY. 293
spike-like raceme, 1} to 2 in. long; peduncle longer than raceme;
corolla 5 to 6 lines long; pods crowded, retrorsely imbricated, ovate,
narrowed at apex into the persistent and prominent style, somewhat
flattened laterally and margined by the prominent sutures, 1-celled,
He eel thin and reticulated; body of pod 8 to 4 lines long; seeds
to 3.
Salt marshes or about springy places in open cafions in Marin Co.
near the sea: Bolinas Bay, Bolander, 1868; Miss M. E. Parsons, 1896;
Drake’s Bay, Jepson, 1900; Point Reyes. June.
11. A. Clevelandi Greene. Herbage yellowish green and nearly
glabrous; stems slender, erect, 2 to 8 ft. high; leaflets 15 to 21, 3 to7
lines long, narrowly oblong, broadest below the middle; peduncles
very long, much exceeding the leaves, bearing « loose spike-like
raceme 4 to 6 in. long; corolla white; pod coriaceous, oblong, acute,
finely nerved on the sides, 24 lines long, deflexed, 2-celled.
Local in the hilly region between the Mayacamas and inner Coast
Ranges: Indian Valley, Lake Co., Daniel Cleveland, 1882; Butt’s
Cafion, northern Napa Co., Jepson, 1897. June-July.
5. GLYCYRRHIZA L. Ligvoricr.
Perennial herbs with glandular-viscid herbage, odd-pinnate leaves
and minute stipules. Flowers yellowish white, in axillary peduncled
spikes. Calyx 5-cleft, with the 2 upper lobes shorter or partly united.
Stamens monadelphous or diadelphbous, the alternate anthers smaller.
Ovary 2 to many-ovuled; style short and rigid, curved at the tip.
Pod short, flattened, prickly, few-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek
glukus, sweet, and rhiza, root.)
1. G. lepidota Nutt. var. glutinosa Wats. More or less viscid-
puberulent, or the peduncles with spreading glandular hairs; stems
erect, 2 ft. high, sometimes scurfy or with minute scales; leafiets 11
to 15, oblong- to ovate-lanceolate, 1 to 1} in. long; stipules persistent;
spikes broadly oblong, exceeding 1 in., the peduncles shorter, or more
commonly longer and as much as 24 in. long; flowers yellowish white;
calyx very glandular; pod oblong, 3 in. long, reddish-brown, bur-
like, beset with hooked prickles, 2 to 6-seeded.
Rich soil of low or moist lands in the valleys or on the plains:
Solano and Sonoma Cos. to Alameda Co. and southward to Southern
California. June.
6. AMORPHA L.
Deciduous shrubs with pellucid-glandular heavy-scented herbage.
Leaves odd-pinnate, with caducous stipules and stipels. Flowers
small, violet or purple, in long and narrow terminal spikes, which
are either solitary or clustered. Calyx obconic, 5-toothed, persistent.
Petals wanting except the banner, this erect, concave, unguiculate.
Stamens 10, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise distinct. Pod
short, but exceeding the calyx, 1 or 2-seeded, tardily dehiscent.
(Greek amorphos, deformed, alluding to the corolla.)
1. A. hispidula Greene. Four to 7 ft. high; leaflets 11 to 27,
294 LEGUMINOS.
oblong-elliptical, mucronulate at the retuse apex, shortly petioled,
7 to 12 lines long; rachis pubescent and with prickle-like glands
scattered among the sessile ones, often becoming glabrous late in
the season; stipules and bracts lanceolate, deciduous; racemes 2 to
4 in. long; calyx 1} lines long, its teeth silky, lanceolate, twice the
length of the tube; corolla twice as long as the calyx; pod 2 lines
long, with many low circular glands which are depressed or somewhat
excavated in the center.
Wooded cafions: Pope Valley, Bolander, and Calistoga to Mt.
Tamalpais and southward near the coast. Muay.
7. PSORALEA L.
Ours perennial herbs. Herbage heavy-scented, punctate with dark
dots. Leaves 38-foliolate; stipules free from the petiole. Flowers
purple or whitish in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-cleft, its lobes
nearly equal. Keel broad, obtuse, joined to the wings. Stamens
monadelphous or diadelphous; anthers uniform. Pod seldom exceed-
ing the calyx, l-seeded, indehiscent. (Greek psoraleos, scurfy or
rough, the glands wart-like in some species.)
Two shrubby cultivated species of Psoralea are said to have been
found wild in the Bay Region: P. eLanpuLosa L. has pinnately
3-foliolate leaves with ovate-lanceolate leaflets 2 in. long, the petioles
1 to 14 in. long; flowers bluish, more or less verticillate, in racemes.
P. BRacTEATA L. (P. fruticosa Kellogg) has palmately trifoliolate
leaves; leaflets } to $ in. long, oblong-obovate, mucronate; petioles
1 to 2 lines long; spikes short, dense, terminal, not peduncled.—
“Streams of Mt. Tamalpais, F. P. McLean, 1873.”
Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate.
Stem prostrate; leaves and peduncles erect; flowers racemose; stamens
diadelphous. . ah einen lezapte ae we fs 1. P. orbteularis.
Erect plants.
Flowers in spikes, purple.
Peduncles shorter than the leaves; stamens monadelphous. .....
2. P. strobilina.
Peduncles much surpassing the leaves; tenth stamen nearly free.
More or less pubescent; calyx-teeth exceeding the petals. .....
5. P. physodes. *
Leaves palmately 5-foliolate...... — & «96: PB ba ifornica.
acute, 8 lines long.
Grassy vales or meadows: near the coast from Southern California
PEA FAMILY. 295
and Monterey to Marin Co. and Point Arena; northward ranging
towards the interior (Howell Mountain, Mt. Shasta), but only at
considerable altitudes. June. Peduncles sometimes as much as
22 in. high. 5
2. P. strobilina H. & A. Erect, 2 or 8 ft. high, villous through-
out and glandular-pubescent on the branches, peduncles and peti-
oles; leaflets orbicular to rhombic-ovate, more glabrous above, 2 in.
long; stipules large, membranous, acuminate; peduncles shorter than
the leaves; spikes short-oblong, the bracts very large, deciduous;
calyx 6 lines long or more, the lower tooth much the longest and
equaling the purple corolla; stamens monadelphous; ovary pubescent.
Hill country from Contra Costa Co. and Alameda Co. (Oakland
Hills, Torrey, 1865) to Santa Cruz (Bolander, 1865). Seldom
collected. ‘
3. P. macrostachya DC. Nearly glabrous, villous-pubescent or
tomentose; stems erect, 4 or 5 or even 8 or 10 ft. high; leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, truncate to acute at base, 14 to 3 in. long; peduncles very
much exceeding the leaves; spikes broadly cylindrical, silky-villous
with white hairs; bracts broad, acuminate, as long as the flowers;
calyx 3 to 5 lines long, the lower tooth a little the longest, exceeding
the purple petals; tenth stamen nearly free; pod hairy. ovate-oblong,
acute, flattened, 3 or + lines long. :
Along rivers and larger streams in the valleys, following the cafion
bottoms in the mountains, and abounding in the salt marshes. The
most common and widely distributed species of the genus, occurring
both in the Coast Ranges and Sicrra Foothills. The next is a very
closely allied form.
4. P. Douglasii Greene. Habit of the preceding, but more
slender, nearly glabrous, the stem, and often the petioles, sprinkled
with elevated dot-like glands; leaflets rhombic-ovate, 1} to 2} in.
long; racemes narrower than in the last, 2 to 8 in. long, on slender
peduncles 8 or 4 in. long; bracts deltoid and long-acuminate, cadu-
cous; rachis and calyx densely short-villous, the hairs often blackish,
the segments of the latter just shorter than the violet corolla,
Apparently not common. Santa Clara Co. to Marin Co, Aug.-
Sept.
5. P. physodes Dougl. Low, mostly but 1 ft. high, nearly gla-
brous; leaflets ovate, varying to orbicular, mostly acute, 1 to 2 in. long;
peduncles shorter than the Jeaves or exceeding them; racemes short,
dense, the bracts small; calyx cup-shaped, its teeth very short and
subequal, slightly villous with usually dark hairs, rather more than
}-as long as the corolla, at length much enlarged and inflated; corolla
5 to 6 lines long; petals greenish white, the keel purple-tipped; pod
roundish, compressed, 3 lines long. j
Common in open spots on bushy or wooded slopes of the higher
hills or mountains: Monterey; Gabilan Mountains; Mt. Diablo Range;
Wild-cat Caiion; Marin Co. and northward. Apr.—June.
6. P. Californica Wats. Low and tufted, the stems many from
296 LEGUMINOSAE.
a woody often branched caudex; pubescence silky and appressed;
leaves palmately compound; leaflets 5, orbicular-obovate and cuneate
at base, 7 or 8 lines long; stipules scarious, lanceolate; racemes shorter
than the leaves, dense, rather less than 1 in. long, on short peduncles;
calyx silky-villous, 6 lines long, the linear-acuminate lobes a little
exceeding the petals; pod oblong, narrowed to a lanceolate beak,
thin-walled, villous; seed dark brown, 2 lines long or more.
A rare plant: summit of Mt. Diablo (the only known locality
within our limits); headwaters of the Salinas, Palmer. May-July.
8. VICIA L. Vetcu. Tare.
Annual or perennial herbs with weak angular stems, often slightly
climbing. Leaves pinnate, with several to many leaflets and semi-
sagittate stipules, the rachis ending in a simple or branched tendril.
Peduncles axillary. Flowers solitary or racemose. Calyx 5-toothed,
the 3 lower teeth often longer. Banner oblong, or appearing so b
the turning back of the edges; wings united to the middle of the
keel. Stamens more or less diadelphous. Style filiform with a tuft
of hairs below the stigma all around or sometimes only on the back.
Pod flat, 2-valved, 2 to several-seeded. Seeds globose, the funiculus
expanded above to cover the hilum, thus arillate. Cotyledons
remaining under ground in germination. (Classical Latin name.)
Annuals; flowers few.
Flowers subsessile, lor 2in theaxils......... 1. V. sativa.
Peduncles elongated, 144 to 144 in. long, 1 or 2-flowered. .2. V. exigua.
Perennials; peduncles éfongated, several-flowered.
Leaflets 8 to 12; peduncles 4 to 8-flowered . . . 8. Ve Americana.
Leaflets 20 to 80; peduncles 7 to 18-flowered.. . .4. V. gigantea.
1. V. sativa L. Common Vercu. Tare. Stems slender, 2 ft.
high; leaflets 6 to 14, glabrous, or the margins slightly ciliate, oblong
or narrower, truncate or retuse, mucronate, # to over 1 in. long;
stipules small, toothed; flowers solitary or geminate, nearly sessile,
the pedicels 1 line long at most; corolla 8 lines long, little longer
than the calyx; banner purple, wings red; calyx-teeth subulate-
setaceous, exceeding the tube.
Naturalized from the Old World: Santa Cruz, Anderson, 1878;
Berkeley; Napa Valley, 1898; Sonoma, Brewer, 1862.
2. V. exigua Nutt. Caxirornia Vetcu. Very slender, 1 to 2
ft. high; leaflets 4 to 12, oblong to narrowly linear, acute or obtusish;
peduncles filiform, shorter than the leaves, $ to 2 in. long, 1 or
2-flowered; flowers 2 or 3 lines long, white or purplish; pods glabrous,
4 or 5-seeded.
Stony or sandy soil: Tracy; San Mateo Co.; more common in
Southern California. Apr.
Var. Hassei (V. Hassei Wats.). Stouter; leaflets deeply notched
at apex, the notch mucronate; pod 5 to 8 or sometimes only 8-seeded.
—Benicia, Bigelow, the upper leaves not notched; Livermore; to
Southern California. Not common within our limits.
3. V. Americana Muhl. Nearly glabrous; stems 2 to 3 ft. long,
PEA FAMILY. 297
trailing or climbing by branched tendrils, sharply 4-sided or -winged
at the angles; leaflets mostly broadly oblong, often widest above the
middle, usually obtuse, mucronulate, less than 1 in. long; peduncles
shorter than the leaves, 4 to 7 or 8-flowered; ftowers at first purplish,
changing to bluish, 9 lines long; calyx-tube 2 lines long, the lower
teeth longer (1 line long), the upper approximate, incurved.
Common in the hill country. Feb.—May. Very variable in
foliage. The following leaf varieties may be distinguished: Var.
linearis Wats., leaflets 1 to 14 in. long, 1} lines wide or less. War.
truncata Brewer, leaflets truncate at apex and 3-denticulate.
4. V. gigantea Hook. Stout, somewhat pubescent, climbing
several ft. high and often forming extensive tangles and draperies
over shrubs; leaflets 20 to 30, narrowly oblong or tapering somewhat
from the base to the obtuse mucronulate apex; peduncles 7 to 18-
flowered; calyx short, lower teeth about equaling the tube; corolla 6
or 7 lines long, pale purple; pods oblong, 1} in. long, glabrous, 3 or
4-seeded.
San Francisco and Oakland northward near the coast. Mar.—June.
Herbage blackening in drying.
9. LATHYRUS L. Pza.
Herbs, ours perennial. In technical character and in habit very
similar to Vicia. Banner roundish or very broad. Upper teeth of
calyx commonly shorter than the lower. Leaflets usually larger, in
ours 8 to 5 pairs, mostly mucronate; rachis in some species not pro-
longed into a tendril. Style flattish, hairy along the upper side only,
i, e., next the free stamen. Seeds as in the preceding. (Old Greek
name of the Pea.)
Peduncle short, 1 or 2-flowered; stipulessmall...... .1. L. Torreyi.
Peduncle longer than the leaves, 2 to 6-flowered; stipules larger than the
VSBT CTS! gi xia ss. ves sas Gx aay Sy x gee Ia esis, cate ao te ce & Gee es L, littoralis.
Herbage light green, glabrous; leaflets mostly exceeding 1lin., obtuse at
base and apex; stipules large, broadly semi-sagittate, ovate, acumi-
nate, the basal lobe broad, rounded and toothed; corolla rose-purple.
4. L. Bolanderi.
Stems winged, the wing commonly herbaceous; stipules small, commonly
entire. a
Herbage puberulent but seemingly glaucous; leaflets elliptic- to narrowly-
oblong, 114 to 2in.long, acute at both ends, with long straight nerves
from or near the base; corolla white or yellowish white, purple-
VOINOG ia. 50 05 3.5 Bute BaN eh te yee ee fel ase eS 5. L. Watsont.
Herbage glabrous or nearly so; leaflets linear-lanceolate, about 1}, in.
long; corolla rose-purple...... 2.2. 6. DL. Jepsonii.
1. L. Torreyi Gray. Herbage light green, sparingly villous; erect,
very slender, 4 to 9 in. high; leaflets thin, elliptic to ovate or oblong,
5 to 7 lines long; leaves with a terminal leaflet or the rachis merely
ending in a point; stipules small, semi-sagittate, lanceolate, the lower
298 LEGUMINOS 2.
lobe very short; flowers purplish, 6 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate,
exceeding the tube, or the upper shorter and broader; pod linear-
oblong, pubescent, 1 in. long, 3 to 5-seeded.
Shady woods: Santa Clara Co., ace. to Greene, and upper Napa
Valley, Jepson, northward to Humboldt Co.
2. L. littoralis (Nutt.) Endl. Stems many from creeping root-
stocks, stout, decumbent; herbage densely silky-villous; leaflets 1 to 3
pairs with a usually smaller or imperfect terminal one, cuneate-oblong,
4 to 6 lines long; stipules ovate or somewhat hastate, 2 or 8 times as
large as the leaflets; peduncles exceeding the leaves; flowers 6 to 8
lines long; calyx-teeth nearly equal, as long as the tube; banner
purple, the keel and wings white or nearly so; pod oblong, 1 in. long,
villous, 3 to 5-seeded. .
Maritime: seashore of Marin Co. and northward.
3. L. vestitus Nutt. var. puberulus. Low and herbaceous, or
climbing several feet high on shrubs and woody below; stems angled;
leaflets puberulent under a lens, dark green, lighter on the under sur-
face, 1 in. long, 2 to 4 lines wide, tapering to both ends from the
middle, usually more acute at apex than at base, mucronulate; raceme
many-flowered on a rather short peduncle; flowers 8 or 9 lines long,
purplish or purplish-tinged; lowest calyx-teeth lanceolate, nearly
equaling or exceeding tube; seed with a small aril.—(L. puberulus
White. )
The most common species: Napa Walley; Oakland Hills, ete.
Mar.-Apr., but often flowering at all seasons.
4. L. Bolanderi Wats. Herbage rather light colored, perfectly
glabrous; stem angled; leaflets mostly exceeding 1 in., elliptic-ovate,
obtuse at base and apex, mucronulate; stipules large, ovate, acumi-
nate or ovate-lanceolate, dilated below into a rounded toothed lobe,
often 5 lines broad; lower calyx-teeth distinctly longer than tube;
corolla rose-purple, fading yellowish. ©
Type specimens in Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, collected
by Bolander in the Oakland Hills; Berkeley, Tidestrom; San Mateo
Co.; Angel Island, Vasey. Apr. This may prove to be but a sea-
board form of L. Watsoni.
5. L. Watsoni White. Stems stoutish, erect, 14 to 23 ft. high,
with zigzag branches; herbage light green, commonly glaucous, finely
pubescent; leaves 1} to 2 in. long, 6 to 8 lines wide, tapering from
the middle to each end, acute, mucronate, strongly several-nerved
from the base, the nerves branching little and almost parallel; stipules
semi-sagittate, narrow, the upper lobe lanceolate, the lower lobe little
dilated, commonly entire; raceme few (5 to 11)-flowered, ona pedun-
cle 8 to 7 in. long; flowers 10 lines long, white, veined with purple;
lower calyx-teeth lanceolate, subequal, longer than tube; pod 2 in.
long, 4 lines broad; seed with a small aril._(L. Californicus Wats.)
Foothills of the inner Coast Ranges and sandy ridges of the Sacra-
mento Valley bordering them; Sierra Foothills; also Mendocino Co.,
Sonoma, and Carmel Mission acc. to Watson in Gray Herbarium.
PEA FAMILY. 299
Mar. Distinguished from L. Bolanderi by its much smaller and
narrower stipules, by its leaflets which are acute at both apex and
base, and by the strong straight nerves from or near the base, which
proceed much above the middle of the leaflet.
6. L. Jepsonii Greene. Herbage glabrous; stems 4 to 6 ft. high,
strongly winged along the angles, the wings herbaceous but often
callous-margined; leaflets 8 to 12, linear-lanceolate, mostly 1} in. long,
markedly venulose; stipules semi-sagittate, both the apical and basal
lobes lanceolate; peduncles mostly shorter than the leaves; corolla
rose-purple, 9 lines long; lower calyx-teeth unequal, the middle one
equaling the tube.
Suisun Marshes, Aug.—Sept.
10. LOTUS L.
Annual or perennial herbs, some slightly suffrutescent. Leaves
pinnate, of 1 to many leaflets, with foliaceous, scarious, or gland-like
stipules. Flowers in terminal or axillary umbels, or solitary and
axillary. Corolla yellow, reddish or whitish, sometimes pink-tinged
or marked with purple. Calyx-teeth nearly equal. Stamens diadel-
phous, free from the petals; anthers all alike. Style incurved. Pod
flattened or terete, sessile, 2 to commonly several-seeded, often septate
between the seeds, dehiscent or indehiscent. (A Greek name.)
A. Pods dehiscent.
Flowers and pods erect or somewhat diverging, at least not reflexed.
Stipules large, foliaceous or scarious; leaflets mostly equally distributed on
the opposite sides of the rachis; pods linear-elongated and straight,
tardily dehiscent; perennials.
Stoutish; bract borne somewhat below the umbel; claws of the petals
sometimes obviously exserted from the calyx. Gat
Glandular-hispidulous and viscid; leaflets 11 to 21, thinnish... .
1. L. stipularis.
Nearly glabrous, glaucous, not viscid; leaflets 9to1l, thick... .
2. L. crassifolius.
Slender; bracts borne at the umbel; claws of the petal conspicuously
exserted from the calyx; banner yellow.
Puberulent; wings white.....-. ...... 3. L. Torreyt.
Glabrous; wings pink or rose-color ........ 4. L. formosissimus.
Stipules gland-like; leaflets commonly unequally distributed on the oppo-
y dehiscent.
Ted=purple «<- < swe Soa RL LS eS ee 6. L. leucophzus.
Flowers 1 to several, on an elongated bracted peduncle; rachis (except
Peduncle 1 or 2-flowered; keel obtuse; leaflets 5 to9.......
8. L. strigosus.
Peduncle 1-flowered; keel acute; leaflets 1 to 5. id
Corolla twice as long as the calyx; pods constricted between the
seeds; leaflets mostly 3 or 4; herbage glabrous .......
9. L. micranthus.
Corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx; pods not constricted; leaflets
1 to 4, mostly 3; herbage villous-pubescent .10. L. Americanus.
Flowers solitary, short-pediceled, not bracted; keel acutely beaked;
corolla much exceeding the calyx; annuals.
300 LEGUMINOSZE.
Sseeded 26.2 6 se ee a = Bo aacsens vata wey Oa icisy 11. L. humistratus.
€alyx-teeth equaling the tube; pods linear, 5 to 7-seeded: var. Wran-
gelianusof . .. ae a a ob . 12. L. subpinnatus.
B. Pods indehiscent.
Flowers and pods reflexed; umbels short-peduncled or sessile; leaflets 3 to
5, rarely 6; stipules gland-like; pods long-pointed and often arcuate, 1 or
2-seeded; claws of the petals sometimes obviously exserted from the
calyx-tube.
Annuals, mostly prostrate; leaflets 5 to 7;
Calyx densely tawny-villous; stems simple. .... 14. L. eriophorus.
Calyx hirsute with whitish hairs; stems much branched. ......
13. L. Heermanni.
Perennials.
Umbels sessile; calyx-teeth subulate, erect; leaflets mostly 3; tufted and
reedy-looking plant, the foliage scant., . .. .15. L. glaber.
Umbels peduncled. aoe
Calyx-teeth subulate, recurved; habit and leaves similar to the last. .
16. LZ. Benthami.
Calyx-teeth triangular, blunt; leaflets usually 4. . 17. L. Biolettii.
1. L. stipularis (Benth.) Greene. Erect, 1} to 2 ft. high; the
herbage glandular-hispidulous and glutinous; leaflets 11 to 21, obovate-
or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or acute, mucronate, $ to 1 in. long; stipules
large, ovate-acuminate; peduncles much shorter than the leaves, 5 to
10-flowered, with 3-foliolate petioled leaf-bract near the umbel;
corolla whitish or yellowish, with purple marks, 5 lines long, the calyx
rather more than 4 as long, its teeth broadly subulate, 4 as long as the
tube; pod not known to us.—(Hosackia stipularis Benth. Hosackia
balsamifera Kell.)
Sonoma to Alameda Cos. and Monterey; first collected by Douglas,
The type of Kellogg’s Hosackia balsamifera was collected on ‘‘sum-
mits back of Oakland,” July 31, 1866, by Kellogg, who described it
as glandular-fragrant.
2. L. crassifolius (Benth.) Greene. Erect, stout, glaucous (or
seemingly so) and somewhat pubescent; stems often clustered, 2 to 3
or 5 ft. high; branches comparatively few, often flexuous; leaves 4
in. long or more; leaflets 9 to 11, occasionally 8 or 12, sometimes
Inequilaterally distributed, elliptic or slightly rhomboidal, almost
coriaceous, 10 to 12 lines long, on petiolules often 1 line long; stipules
ovate or roundish, scarious; peduncles shorter than the leaves, bracted
above the middle with a 3-foliolate petioled leaf and bearing an umbel
of 7 to 12 flowers on slender pedicels; calyx 23 lines long, with very
short acute teeth; corolla greenish yellow or whitish, marked with
purplish spots, twice as long as the calyx, which is scarious in fruit;
pods terete, 2 to 24 in. long, 2 to 8 lines in diameter, 7 to 12-seeded;
seeds nearly 2 lines long.—(Hosackia crassifolia Benth. )
Mountainous country, in dry places. Coast Ranges, towards the
interior: Mt. Diablo, Vaca Mountains, ete. Mt. Shasta. Sierras.
June-July. First collected by Douglas in California.
3. L. Torreyi (Gray) Greene. Stems erect, slender, 1 or 2 ft.
high; leaves with a fine indument; leaflets 7 to 9, obovate or oblong,
9 to 12 lines long; stipules triangular-lanceolate; peduncles longer
PEA FAMILY. 301
than the leaves, 2 to 6 in. long; umbels 7 to 9-flowered, the 1-folio-
late bract 8 to 6 lines long; flowers nearly } in. long; claws of the
petals exserted from the calyx (as also in ‘the next); keel and wings
white; keel obliquely incurved at apex; calyx-tube a line long, the
subulate teeth nearly as long; pod slender, 1 to 1} in. long.—
(Hosackia Torreyi Gray.)
lgng see at and in low moist meadows of the Coast Ranges:
Howell Mountain. Also in the Sierras. June.
4. L. formosissimus Greene. Herbage glabrous and light
reen; stems several from u soft and much thickened taproot,
ecumbent, 5 to 12 in. long; leaflets 5 to 7 (or 8), the lower deltoid-
obovate and truncate or retuse, the upper obovate-oblong, + to 6 lines
long; peduncles 1 to 14 in, long; umbels 4 to 6-flowered, the bract
3-foliolate and petioled; flowers exceeding } in. long; calyx 3 lines
long, its teeth triangular-acuminate, } as long as the tube; banner
yellow, with an obvious upturned thickened process at base of blade
on each side; wings pink-tinged or rose-red; keel yellow, purple-
tipped; pod straight, 1} in. long, scarcely more than 1 line broad.—
(Hosackia gracilis Benth.)
Common in moist ground along the seaboard: Monterey, Brewer;
Lake San Andreas, Davy; Crystal Springs, Eastwood; Bolinas, Ches-
nut and Drew; Mendocino, Bolander. A beautiful species, flowering
in Apr. First collected by Menzies in California. :
5. L. grandiflorus (Benth.) Greene. Tall and stout, 1 to 8
ft. high, appressed silky-pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaflets 5 to
7 or 8, on an elongated rachis, obovate to oblanceolate, acute, 6 to 9
lines long; peduncles elongated, bearing a 3 to 8flowered umbel
commonly subtended by a 1-foliolate bract; flowers nearly sessile,
bright yellow, turning orange, 7 to 9 lines long; banner 4 lines broad;
calyx-teeth broadly subulate; pod slender, 1} in. long, reddish
brown, the margin of the valves with « whitish or callous line.—
(Hosackia grandiflora Benth.)
Coast Range ridges from Mendocino Co. to Santa Monica. First
collected by Douglas.
6. L. leucophzeus Greene. Perennial, with pubescent or even
velvety herbage, the stems from a woody subterranean base, diffusely
spreading or ascending, 10 to 15 or 18 in. long; internodes short;
leaves ample; leaflets mostly 6, elliptic and obtuse or for the most
part obovate and shortly acute, 6 to 8 lines long; peduncles equaling
or exceeding the leaves; umbel with a 1-foliolate bract, 5 to 8-flowered;
flowers exceeding 4 in., yellowish white, changing to red-purple;
banner 3 lines broad: calyx 4 lines long, its lobes subulate-lanceolate,
nearly as long as the tube; pod 1 in. long and 1 line wide. .
High dry ridges: Mt. Diablo Range acc. to Greene; inner North
Coast Range (Vaca Mountains), Jepson. June. Seemingly of no
more than varietal value.
7. L. salsuginosus Greene. Muinutely strigose-pubescent; stems
ascending or prostrate, somewhat succulent, commonly much branched,
3802 LEGUMINOSE.
9 to 16 or often 24 in. long; leaflets 5 to mostly 7, elliptic- or more
commonly oblong-obovate, 3 to 7 lines long; peduncles 1 in. long or
less, 2 to 5-flowered, bractless or with a conspicuous 1 to 8-foliolate
bract; corolla yellow, 3 lines long, the banner sometimes shorter than
the wings and obliquely obtuse keel; calyx-tube } to % as long as the
linear-lanceolate teeth; pod 1 in. long, 10 to 12-seeded; seeds obliquely
oval, smooth.—(Hosackia maritima Benth.)
Alkaline flats: San Jose, acc. to Greene; Santa Cruz, A. E. Jones,
and southward to Monterey, Santa Barbara, Torrey, and Santa
Monica. ‘“Mar.—May.
8. L. strigosus (Nutt.) Greene. Appressed-hirsutulous; stems
branched at the base and decumbent or prostrate; leaflets 7 to 10,
oblong or narrowly obovate, 2 to 5 lines long; early peduncles shorter
than the leaves, 1-flowered, bractless; later peduncles often longer
than the leaves, frequently 2-flowered and bracted; flowers 8 or 4
lines long, yellow; calyx } as long, its teeth triangular-acuminate;
pod 1 in. long or somewhat less, 9 to 14-seeded; seeds quadrate,
deeply notched at the hilum, minutely granulate, 4 line long.—
(Hosackia rubella Nutt.)
Alameda, San Francisco and southward. Apr.-Nov. The var.
NuDIFLORUS (Hosackia nudiflora Nutt.), with pods 14 times as broad
and slightly curved upward at apex and flowers 5 lines long, occurs
in the Mt. Diablo Range. Lotus hirtellus Greene, ‘‘canescently-
hirsutulous,’’ ‘‘ peduncles 2-flowered,’’ Mt. Diablo Range near Liver-
more, is, doubtless, of no value specifically. :
9. L. micranthus Benth. Annual, glabrous and glaucous, the
stems very slender, 1 or 2 from the base and erect, or rarely with
many diffuse or ascending branches; leaflets 3 to 5, mostly 4 with one
leaflet terminal and two on one side of the rachis and one on the
other, obovate to oblong, 2 to 5 lines long; peduncles filiform, shorter
than the leaves, 1-flowered, bracted, 1 to 6 lines long, or in fruit as
much as 1 in. long; flowers minute, pale salmon, turning red; corolla
twice us long as the calyx, the teeth of the latter commonly shorter
than the tube; pod 7 to 10 lines long, linear, compressed, constricted
Berth) the oval or roundish smooth seeds. —(Hosackia parviflora
enth,
Common in the Coast Ranges on grassy hills, the plants, where
found, numerous and growing closely together: Napa Co.; Sonoma
Co.; Mt. Tamalpais; Mt. Diablo and southward to Monterey.
Apr.-May.
10. L. Americanus (Nutt.) Bisch. Spanish Crover. Annual,
more or less silky-villous or pilose-pubescent, strictly erect and nearly
simple, or more commonly very diffusely branched with straggling or
ascending stems 2 or 8 ft. long; leaflets 1 to mostly 8, ovate to
oblong, acute or obtusish, 8 to 10 lines or the lower 1 in. or more
long; peduncles exceeding the leaves, the solitary whitish or pinkish
flower subtended by a bract 2 to 4 lines long; calyx-teeth subulate-
linear, longer than the short tube, almost equaling the (2 to 3 lines
PEA FAMILY. 3038
long) corolla; pod narrowly linear, glabrous, about 1 in. long, 5 to
ar seeds oblong, smooth, dark colored.—(Hosackia Purshiana
enth.
Banks of streams, dry hillsides, or on the level lands of the valleys
and plains; very common and widely distributed, conspicuous in the
late summer and fall months.
11. L. humistratus Greene. Herbage soft-villous, branches from
the base decumbent, or ascending, or more often prostrate and
forming mats 5 to 9 in. broad; leaflets 4, narrowly oblong or cuneate-
obovate, 38 to 5 lines long, the rachis over 4 line broad; flowers
sessile, or nearly so, yellow, 8 or 4 lines long; calyx-teeth linear,
much longer than the tube; wings at base of blade joined above ovary
as in the next; pod oblong, pilose, 4 lines long, 2 or 3-seeded.—
(Hosackia brachycarpa Benth.)
Abrupt sunny hillsides in clayey soil; Coast Ranges and Sierras.
Less common than the next.
12. L. subpinnatus Lag. var. Wrangelianus. Annual, low,
diffusely branched, 4 to 7 in. high; herbage sparsely pubescent with
short hairs, canescently villous, or nearly glabrous, especially on the
upper surface of the leaflets; foliage similar to the preceding; flowers
distinctly pediceled, bright yellow, 4 to 4} lines long; calyx-teeth
broadly subulate, as long as the tube; wings joined on the upper side
of the ovary by the lobes or processes at the base of the blade, their
tips meeting above the keel, but not enfolding it; pod pubescent,
linear, 7 to 9 lines long, 5 to 7-seeded.—(L. Wrangelianus F. & M.)
Common in the hill country from the outer (or seaward) to the
inner Coast Ranges. Apr.-May. Probably ours is not even
varietally distinct from the type, which is Chilian and exhibits
variations similar to the plant of California,
13. L. Heermanni (Dur. & Hilg.) Greene. Very near the next,
less pubescent, the pubescence whitish, the herbage of a light green;
stems prostrate, several from the root, 2 to 3 ft. long, with long
branches throughout their length; leaflets somewhat broader and more
acute; flowers one-half as large; calyx hirsute with whitish hairs;
corolla yellow turning to deep red.—(Hosackia Heermanni Dur. &
Hilg. ;
se hel Cafion, Santa Cruz Mountains, Jepson, June, 1891; first
collected in Tejon Pass at the head of the San Joaquin Valley by
Williamson’s Expedition, Pacific Railroad Survey.
14. L. eriophorus Greene. Annual, villous-pubescent or some-
what tomentose; stems numerous from the base, simple, often pros-
trate and almost matting the ground, about 1 ft. long, leaflets 5 to 7,
obovate and often cuneate to cuneate-oblong, mostly acutish and
mucronulate, 3 to 5 lines long; umbels 5 to 7-flowered, nearly sessile;
flowers yellow, turning brownish, 3} lines-long; calyx } as long, very
densely villous and tawny, the filiform teeth about equaling the tube;
body of pod 2 or 8 lines long, the long-pointed portion as long.—
(Hosackia tomentosa H. & A., and H. Heermanni Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Cal. as to San Francisco Co.)
304 LEGUMINOS.
San Francisco and southward along the coast. Apr.-Sept. Stem
covered with spreading hairs, whereas in the next, the stems are
comparatively glabrous.
15. L. glaber (Vogel) Greene. DrER-wEED. Very nearly gla-
brous, the calyx and young leaves often somewhat appressed-silky;
stems woody at base, tufted and reed-like on account of the sparse
foliage, 2 to 5 ft. high, erect with straggling branches, or sometimes
decumbent; leaflets mostly 3, on young shoots 4 to 6, oblong to
linear-oblong, 3 to 6 lines long, obtuse or acute; umbels numerous,
sessile; flowers 3 or 4 lines long, yellow, turning red; calyx about 2
lines long, its teeth subulate, erect, about 4 as long as the tube.—
(Hosackia glabra Torr.)
Common everywhere in the Coast Ranges in the hill country:
Solano and Napa Cos. southward to San Diego. June-Sept.
16. L. Benthami Greene. Similar to the preceding; umbels on
peduncles equaling or exceeding the leaves, usually 1 to 8-foliolate
bracted; calyx-teeth subulate, sometimes recurved.—(Hosackia cyti-
soides Benth.)
San Francisco, Barclay, and southward to Monterey and the
Salinas Valley. First collected by Douglas.
17. L. Biolettii Greene. Herbage ashy or whitish with short
appressed hairs; branches slender, wiry and prostrate, 1 to 2 ft. long;
leaflets usually 4, cuneate-obovate, obtuse, 2 to 5 lines long; pedun-
cles scarcely surpassing the leaves, the umbel 6 to 10-flowered and
1-foliolate bracted; calyx u line long or less, the triangular blunt
teeth erect; corolla 2 lines long, yellow, changing to dark red; pod
strongly arcuate, slender beaked.
Dry ridges, Marin Co.
11. TRIFOLIUM L. Cuover.
Herbs with palmately (sometimes pinnately) 3-foliolate leaves.
Stipules united with the petioles and leaflets toothed or entire.
Flowers white, yellow, red or purplish, in heads or very short spikes.
Calyx 5-toothed or -cleft. Petals more or less united below by
their claws with the stamen-tube, mostly withering and persistent.
Stamens diadelphous, the teeth more or less separate. Pod often
included in the calyx, 1 to 6-seeded, indehiscent or opening by one
suture only. (Latin tres, three, and folium, leaf.)
A. Heads not subtended by an involucre.
Flowers nearly or quite sessile; calyx-teeth plumose or at least hairy.
ery i
eadssessile....... ees 9 we De Re Mocne:
Heads peduncled and
Few and large, commonly 1 to 8; plants stout and simple or with1 or
2 forks at summit; interior plains . i T. amenum.
Several to many.
Calyx-segments shorter than the corolla or often somewhat surpass-
ing it; flowers purplish.
Heads cylindrical, 8 to 10 lines long, mostly with turbinate base .
| 3. T. dichotomum.
Heads ovate, 3to8lineshigh. .. ... 4. 7. albopurpurewmn.
PEA FAMILY. 305
Calyx-segments very much longer than the corolla and often so
plumose as to quite conceal it; heads dove-colored or olive-green,
ovate, with broad truncate base or more hemispherical in the
VADSeoe ieee sos ee BL) Re oe a} ea Wa aw . .d5. T. columbinum.
Perennial; calyx-teeth sparingly hairy; flowers red. ...... :
. 6. T. pratense.
Flowers pedicellate, at length reflexed; calyx-teeth subulute or setaceous,
Calyx-teeth rigid-ciliolate; pod1-seeded. . . 7. T. ciliolatum.
B. Heads subtended by an involucre, or by a mere ring in no. 21.
Corolla not becoming inflated.
Involucre cup-shaped, not deeply lobed, membranous at least at base;
flowers developing equally all around.
Lobes of the involucre toothed; teeth of the calyx much shorter than
HHO UDE. eo si- ice a, gira ese eos ee eee eae ae 10. T. microdon.
Lobes of the involucre entire; teeth of calyx longer than the tube. .
. ll. 7. microcephalum.
Involucre flat, rather deeply lobed, the lobes laciniately toothed; flowers
omen: blooming first on one side and the heads therefore one-
sided.
Annuals.
Herbage mostly glabrous.
Calyx-teeth entire.
Stems decumbent or ascending; leaves oboyate or oblong-oblan-
eceolate; heads mostly 3 to6 lines broad .12. T. variegatum.
Stems erect, these and the peduncles almost filiform; leaves
linear; heads 2 to 8 lines broad. . . . 13. LT. oliganthum.
Calyx-teeth notentire, 11 2s eee se ee ag 14. T. tridentatum.
Herbage soft-pubescent and clammy; flowers whitish.
15. T. obtusifiorum.
Perennial; herbage glabrous; flowers rose-color in banner elliptical,
smooth... 2... eee ee ee 19. T. fucatum.
Invyolucral.lobes 2 lines ene er less; heads small, 4 in. in diameter or
less; flowers purple, reddi
ing; 3 laciniate-toothed in one of the vars.) .. .
ring; leaflets serrate (or laciniate-toothed 1n on ees ei eecian:
1. T. Macrei H. & A. Plant much branched, the branches
decumbent or almost prostrate, 4 to 6 in. long; herbage villous-
pubescent; leaflets cuneate-oblong, obtuse, denticulate above the
middle, 8 to 5 lines long; heads nearly or quite sessile, solitary or
often occurring as a terminal pair, ovate, 4 or 5 lines high; calyx-
22
306 LEGUMINOS.
teeth longer than the tube, densely plumose-hairy, nearly equaling
the small purplish corolla; pod 1-seeded. ; :
San Francisco; Pacific Grove, H. P. Chandler; also in Chile,
whence perhaps introduced. Nearly related to T. albopurpureum.
2. T. amcenum Greene. Stout, simple and 1-headed, or once or
twice forked above and bearing 2 to several terminal or subterminal
heads; herbage soft-pubescent; leaflets broadly obovate, obtuse or
retuse at apex and often cuneate at base, less than 1 in. long; stipules
ovate, acuminate, the uppermost broader, some unequally notched at
apex and with a long setaceous acumination borne in the notch;
heads globose, exceeding 1 in. in breadth; calyx-teeth shorter than
the purple and white corolla, densely clothed with dull brownish
hairs.
Solano Co. plains between Suisun and Elmira. May-June.
3. T. dichotomum H. & A. Stems dichotomously branching or
the branches mostly from the base, 10 to 16 in. high, the internodes
very long; herbage almost glabrous or appressed-pubescent, the leaves
more pubescent than the stems; leaflets elliptic- or cuneate-obovate,
denticulate towards the apex, 8 to 8 lines long, on petioles 2
in. long; stipules ovate, with a short subulate point; peduncles
elongated, 7 in. long or less; inflorescence a short cylindrical spike,
turbinate at base, 8 to 10 lines long or more; flowers showy, purple
and white, 5 lines long; calyx-teeth silky, long and slender, nearly
or quite as long as the corolla; pod 1-seeded.
Coast Ranges, rare in typical form but more frequent on the higher
than on the lower hills: Ukiah; Calistoga; Conn Valley near St.
Helena; upper Vaca Valley. Apr. Passes into the next species.
Var. turbinatum. Erect, commonly simple, 4 to 6 in. high; heads
narrowly or broadly turbinate, about 4 in. high.—-Hillsides at Ross
Valley.
4. T. albopurpureum T. & G. Ascending or erect, 4 to 14 in.
high; leaflets oblong-obovate, less frequently broadly obovate, dentic-
ulate towards the apex, obtuse or emarginate, 6 to 10 lines long;
heads ovate-conical, 8 to 8 lines high, solitary at the ends of very
long slender peduncles; calyx-teeth slender, delicately plumose,
equaling or exceeding the white-tipped purple corolla, which is far
less showy than in the last,—(T. Macrei H. & A. var. albopur-
pureum Greene.)
Everywhere commen in the Coast Range region, especially on the
lower hills. Variable.
5. T. columbinum Greene, One ft. high, sparingly branched;
leaflets cuneate-oblong, 1 in. long or less; heads ovate with « broad
and often truncate base, 1 in, high, dove-color; calyx-tube 1 line long,
the filiform segments 5 lines long, silky-plumose throughout, some-
times partly concealing the small purple corolla; pod striate, villous
at apex.
Rare in the typical form: low hills of northwestern Solano Co.
Apr.-May. Appearance suggestive of the Rabbit’s Foot Clover, T.
agrarium L., of the eastern United States.
PEA FAMILY. 307
Var. argillorum. Depauperate; heads about 4 in. high, the teeth
less silky and relatively shorter.—Hills and mountain slopes of the
North Coast Ranges, seemingly joining with no. 4.
Var. olivaceum (T. olivaceum Greene). Mostly erect, 1 to 13 ft.
high, slightly pubescent; leaflets cuneate-obovate, often exceeding 1
in.; heads globose, } in. high, of an olive-green color, long-
peduncled; calyx-tube 1 in. long, its teeth long-setaceous and short-
silky, the rigid point almost naked; corolla violet-purple, small and
in the robust forms almost concealed; pods glabrous.—Formerly
abundant on the plains and valleys of northwestern Solano Co.,
forming an important part of the hay crop in some localities; now
selon seen or only in depauperate form. Possibly of hybrid origin.
way.
6. T. pratense L. Rep CLover. Glabrous below, pubescent
above, » ft. high or less, branching; leaflets elliptic or obovate, 1 in.
long; stipules entire, bristle-pointed; heads ovate, 1 in. high or
nearly so, sessile; calyx-teeth setaceous, exceeding the red flowers,
sparingly hairy.
Well-known cultivated species from Europe: naturalized in the
moister parts of northern California and seemingly spontaneous on
the islands of the Lower Sacramento. July—Oct.
7. T. ciliolatum Benth. Erect, 8 to 18 in. (rarely 2} ft.) high,
glabrous; leaflets narrowly or cuneate-oblong to obovate, obtuse or
retuse, serrulate, 5 to 12 lines long; stipules broadly linear, acumi-
nate; flowers whitish or purplish, 3 lines long; calyx-teeth lanceolate,
very acute, rigidly ciliolate, often purplish; pod 1-seeded, oblong-
elliptic.
Plaine and valleys throughout California: Coast Ranges; Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin Valleys; Sierra Nevada to about 5,000 ft.
altitude (Amador Co., Knight’s Ferry, F. WW". Bancroft, Sequoia
National Park). Rachis sometimes prolonged through the head as a
sterile filament, Apr.—May.
8. T. bifidum Gray. Erect, very slender, 7 to 12 in. high, pale
green and glaucous, wholly glabrous or the petioles and peduncles
hairy; leaflets linear, oblong, or obovate, more or less cuneate. serru-
late, the teeth often remote as compared with the preceding, apex
bifid and mucronulate, 6 to 8 lines long; stipules lanceolate, the upper
ovate-lanceolate, setaceously acuminate; heads 6 to 15-flowered; calyx
deeply 5-parted, the subulate-setaceous teeth rather shorter than the
pale pink corolla; pod included, 1-seeded; seeds obovate-oblong.
New Almaden, northward to Berkeley, Mt. Diablo, Vacaville and
Ukiah. Apr. Infrequent in the typical form.
Var. decipiens Greene. Stouter, with the leaflets less deeply
notched and the calyces and peduncles often hairy.—Common: Santa
Clara Co.; Berkeley; Sacramento Valley and elsewhere.
9. T. gracilentum T. & G. Erect, 10 to 16 in. high, wholly
glabrous; leaflets obcordate, spinulose-serrulate, 5 to 7 lines long;
stipules linear, or those of leaves subtending peduncles, ovate, acumi-
3808 LEGUMINOS.
nate; rachis prolonged through the head as steraile point about 3 lines
long; flowers 3 or 8} lines long; calyx-teeth subulate, three times as
long as the tube; corolla reddish or deep purple, the ends of the petals
more or less definitely white-tipped; pod exserted, 2-seeded; seed
obliquely oval, straw-colored. :
Common on low hills and in valleys: Los Angeles and San Luis
Obispo Cos. northward through the Coast Range region (Alameda,
San Francisco, Napa Valley, Solano Co., etc.), ranging beyond the
northern boundary of California. Apr.-May.
10. T. microdon H. & A. Stems erect or decumbent, stoutish.
8 to 16 in. long, faintly pubescent; leaflets broadly obcordate, serru-
late, 6 lines long; heads 4 lines broad; involucre 12 to 15-lobed, the
lobes 8 to several-toothed and spreading abruptly from the head after
anthesis; calyx-teeth short, 4 or } the length of the tube; corolla
white, fading pinkish. ‘
Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento; valleys of the Coast
Ranges (Alameda Co., Mt. Tamalpais, Napa Valley and north-
ward). Apr.
11. T. microcephalum Pursh. Stems slender, erect or decum-
bent, 8 in. to even 2 ft. long; herbage soft-pubescent; leaflets obovate,
serrulate, notched at apex, stipules ovate, acuminate; heads 3 lines
broad; involucre about 9-lobed, the lobes erect, acuminate, cuspidate,
entire, 8-nerved; calyx-teeth longer than the tube, spinulose at apex,
murgined at base with a broad often denticulate or scarious border
which is more or less protruded; corolla white or light rose-color,
scarcely exceeding the calyx-teeth; pod globose, 1-seeded.
Hillsides and valleys: North Coast Ranges (Vacaville and St.
Helena) southward to San Francisco, Pacific Grove and Southern
California. Apr.
12. T. variegatum Nutt. Glabrous annual; stems slender, decum-
bent or ascending; leaflets obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or
retuse, spinulose-serrulate, 4 to 10 lines long; stipules oblong- or
ovate-lanceolate, sharply toothed or laciniate; peduncles slender,
longer than the leaves; involucre laciniate, shorter than the heads;
heads small (3 to 15-flowered and } in. broad or less); calyx-tube
15-nerved, its teeth subulate-setaceous, entire, shorter than the deep
purple or whitish corolla but longer than the tube; pod 2-seeded.
Common in low moist ground, throughout California. Apr.—May.
Greene has a var. melananthum, the calyx-teeth more triangular and
only pungently acute or acuminate and of a dark purple almost to
the base; and also a var. major, very large, stout and fistulous, with
cuneate-oblong leaflets, heads 1 in. broad, and petals purple with
white tips.
18. T. oliganthum Steud. Pale green, glabrous annual; stems
erect, very slender, simple or with a few ascending branches, 7 to 15
in. high; upper leaflets linear, acute, $ to 1 in. long, spinulose-
serrate or nearly entire; lower leaflets cuneate-oblong or -obovate, 2
or 3 lines long; petioles very slender; stipules lanceolate, laciniate;
PEA FAMILY 309
peduncles filiform, 2 to 8 in. long, exceeding the leaves; heads ver
small, 2 or 8 lines broad, 5 to 11-flowered; involucre reduced, lacini-
ately divided; flowers pale purple and white, 2 to 8 lines long; calyx
often purplish; calyx-teeth oblong-lanceolate, pungent, entire, shorter
than. the 10-nerved tube.
Brush-covered or wooded cajion sides or edges of thickets in the
Coast Range hills: Berkeley; San Pablo Creek; near St. Helena.
Apr. Greene has a var. Sonomense, found in Knight’s Valley,
Sonoma Co., with broader cuneate-oblong truncate cuspidate leaflets
and subulate-aristate calyx-teeth equaling or exceeding the tube.
Also a var. triflorum, found in the Mt. Diablo region, with broader
retuse leaflets, fewer flowers and triangular-acuminate calyx-teeth 3
as long as the tube.
14. T. tridentatum Lindl. GJabrous annual; stems usually erect
or with decumbent base, 9 to 16 in. or even 2 ft. high; leaflets linear
or lanceolate, sharply serrate; heads 1 in. broad or more; involucre
laciniate, much shorter than the flowers; corolla bright purple, often
tipped with white; calyx-tube strongly 10-nerved, longer than the
teeth; these broad at base and abruptly narrowed into a subulate
spine, usually with a stout tooth on each side.
Very common on hills and plains from the Sierra Foothills and the
Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys westward to the seaboard and
southward to Southern California. The following is a little-known
plant whose exact status has not been determined:
T. APPENDICULATUM Loja. Branches almost prostrate, 1} to 24 ft.
long, sometimes forming a very broad mat; leaflets broadly obovate
and truncate, or obcordate, cuneate at base, 7 to 12 lines long;
peduncles about 3 in. long, twice exceeding the leaves (but the lower
leaves as long); heads large and involucre comparatively small;
ealyx-teeth subulate-aristate, entire, twice as long as the tube; banner
deeply emarginate, keel abruptly contracted at apex into a slender
tip. (Not T. appendiculatum Greene).—Moist fields, Napa Valley.
May 12, 1895, Greene.
15. T. obtusiflorum Hook. Diffusely branching, the stems
stout, purplish, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage soft-pubescent throughout
and very clammy; leaflets linear or oblong-lanceolate, pectinately
serrate, } to 1} in. long; heads 1 in. or more broad, on long (often
4% in.) peduncles; calyx minutely roughish puberulent, its tube
oblong-campanulate, with 10 primary and'as many intervening lesser
nerves, the latter vanishing above or forming reticulations; teeth
subulate-spinose, entire or sometimes slightly toothed, nearly equaling
the tube or scarcely } as long; corolla white, with a dark purple spot
at the center.—(T. roscidum Greene. )
Sandy stream beds in cafions: Horse Mountain, Lake Co.; Vaca
Mountains, Solano Co., where it is a very rare plant; Mt. Tamalpais;
Mt. Diablo Range; and southward to Southern California. Easily
recognized by its clamminess, the whole plant on the driest summer
day seeming to the touch as if wet with dew.
16. T. Wormskjoldii Lehm, Perennial by spreading root-stocks;
310 LEGUMINOS.
herbage glabrous and flaccid; stems decumbent, stout, sometimes
fistulous, 5 to 17 in. long; leaflets obovate-oblong, obtuse, pectinate-
denticulate, 3 to 1 in. long; heads hemispherical, 1 in. broad; involu-
cre 6 to 9 lines broad, laciniately cleft, the tooth-like segments
aristate; flowers rose-color; calyx-tube scarious, 10-nerved, the alter-
nate nerves less prominent; teeth gradually attenuate, longer than
the tube, all entire, or some of them setaceously divided; banner
elliptical, deeply emarginate.
Rather frequent along streams or about springy places or bordering
the edges of salt-marshes: Howell Mountain; Denverton; San Fran-
cisco. May-June.
17. T. barbigerum Torr. -Prostrate or ascending, the branches
2 to 4 in. long; petioles and peduncles pubescent; leaflets elliptic-
obovate to obovate-oblong, retuse or obtuse, 3 to 5 lines long; stipules
scarious, broadly ovate, laciniate; involucre as broad as heads, shortly
lobed and setaceously many-toothed; heads 4 to 5 lines wide; pedun-
cles long (14 to 23 in.); calyx-tube short, thin and at length scarious;
teeth setaceous-awned from a short triangular base, plumose, some-
times 2 to 8-parted, the lower usually exceeding the purple corolla;
pod 2-seeded.
San Francisco southward to Santa Cruz. Not common. May.
18. T. Grayi Loja. Erect or ascending, 8 to 16 in. high, villous
with spreading hairs; leaflets obovate to cuneate-oblong, obtuse or
acute, sharply serrate, 9 to 12 lines long; heads long-peduncled, nearly
or fully 1 in. broad; involucre as broad as heads, deeply lobed and seta-
ceously toothed; calyx-tube villous, 10-nerved; teeth linear-subulate
from a triangular base, plumose, frequently reddish, equaling the
dark red-purple corolla.
Near the coast but infrequent: San Bruno Hills and northward.
19. T. fucatum Lindl. Sour CLover. Diffuse or decumbent,
glabrous, somewhat scabrous above, very stout and succulent, much
branched, the branches 3 to 2 ft. long; leaflets obovate to inversely
deltoid, mostly cuneate at base, pectinate or spinulose-serrate or
nearly éntire, 3 to 1 in. long; heads very large, 1 to 1% in. in
diameter, about 12 to 20-flowered; calyx-tube campanulate, 1 to 1}
lines long, not longer than the teeth, the two upper teeth very short;
corolla cream-color, fading pinkish, 7 to 10 lines long; keel-petals
frequently with a dark purple spot; legume with a rather long stipe;
seeds nearly smooth.
Common in low and often alkaline fields: Sacramento and San
Joaquin Valleys; Coast Ranges (Napa Valley, Oakland, Santa Cruz
and Hollister, Setchell, and elsewhere). May-June. The calyx is
very variable in the relative length of the teeth and tube, and an
attempt has been made to separate as species, various dwarf and
robust soil forms, the species being obliged for their diagnoses to the
calyx character and to the habit. These forms are here named as
ecological varieties.
Var. FLAvULUM (T. flavulum Greene). As large as the species
but somewhat. more slender; heads smaller; calyx-teeth slender-
PEA FAMILY. 311
subulate, exceeding the tube, the lower much longer; legume sub-
sessile.—Higher ground than the species. Var. virescens (T.
virescens Greene). Smaller plant in every way; two upper calyx-
teeth shorter than the tube, the lower twice longer.—Hill country
in dry or substerile soil. Var. Gampeniu (T. Gambellii Nutt.).
Lower calyx-teeth cleft into setaceous segments.—Inner South Coast
Ranges.
20. T. amplectens T. & G. Branches several to many from the
base, mostly diffuse with decumbent or ascending slender branches,
8 to 12 or 15 in. long, glabrous throughout; leaflets oblong-obovate,
obtuse, truncate or retuse, cuneate at base, serrulate (mostly towards
the apex) and mucronulate, 5 to 8 (or the lowest 2 to 4) lines long;
heads 2 to 4 (in fruit 4 to 6) lines in diameter; peduncles longer than
the leaves, mostly twice longer; bracts of the involucre 5 to 7, ovate
or oblong, § to 13 lines long, commonly entire, but sometimes toothed,
strongly nerved; calyx-teeth subulate; corolla red-purple or whitish,
in age inflated and ovate or obpyramidal; pod eually 2-seeded; seeds
3% to % line long, emarginate at the hilum, sinuose-rugose.—(T.
Franciscanum Greene.) iz
A frequent species from the plains of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin (especially common in low or alkaline areas), westward
through the Coast Range hills to the coast. Apr. Doubtless several
worthy varieties could well be named and described, but this species is
far less variable than might be supposed from the number of invalid
species which have been separated from it. When inhabiting dry,
especially adobe soil, the plants are often semi-dwarf, and correspond
to the type; on high ground the stems are more commonly wiry and
prostrate, in low grounds flaccid and not so slender. Even the rank
forms of low ground sometimes show scarious-margined involucres
and toothed lobes as in the type. Var. HYDROPHILUM (T. hydro-
philum Greene). Lower leaves narrower than the upper; involucral
lobes only 4 line long; calyx-teeth aristiform; inflated corolla oblong.
—A rank form found near marshes and ponds, Alameda, ete. The
number of involucral lobes and seeds is not peculiar. Connects
with the next.
21. T. depauperatum Desv. Slender, ascending, 3 to 6 in. high,
glabrous; stipules ovate, acuminate, entire; Icaflets cuneate-oblong,
acute or obtuse or emarginate, 4 in. long or less, denticulate; heads
8 to 10-flowered, long-stalked; involucre greatly reduced to very
small truncate lobes or a minute ring; calyx short with narrowly
subulate teeth; corolla white or purple, inflated, oblong, 2 to 8 lines
long; ovules 2 to 6; pod 1 or 2-seeded, rugose.
Not very common: hills and plateaus of the Mayacamas Range
bounding Napa Valley-on the east; Alameda. May. ‘i
Var. ANGUSTATUM (Greene under T. laciniatum). Leaves «all
linear, often truncate, entire or nearly so, 4 in. long; involucre
reduced to a mere ring.—Sonoma; Upper Napa Valley.
Var. LACINIATUM (T. laciniatum Greene). Lower leaflets narrowly
cuneate, denticulate, the upper broad, truncate, 3-dentate at apex,
812 LEGUMINOSAE.
laciniately toothed or pinnatifid; involucre obsolete; flowers 3 to 5.—
Alkaline plains: Byron and Bethany in the Lower San Joaquin;
Colusa Junction in the Sacramento Valley, Brandegee (the foliage
curiously diverse, the leaves linear and entire or extravagantly
toothed or laciniate).
12, MELILOTUS Juss. SwerEet CLovEr.
Annual or biennial herbs with pinnately 3-foliolate leaves and
toothed leaflets. Flowers small, yellow or white, in spike-like
racemes on axillary peduncles, in bud erect, soon deflexed and not
again becoming erect. Calyx 5-toothed, the teeth subulate. Petals
falling after flowering, free from the stamen tube. Stamens dia-
delphous, the upper one entirely free. Pod ovoid, coriaceous,
straight, in ours wrinkled, scarcely dehiscent, 1 to 2-seeded. (Greek
meli, honey, and lotos, the ancient name of some plant belonging to
this family.)
Flowers white; plants 3to6ft.high,. .. . + 9» way aE alba.
Flowers yellow; plants 1}g to 3ft. high. . rs . 2 M. Indica.
1, M. alba Lam. Wuirr Metitor. Erect, simple below,
branching above, 3 to 6 ft. high; leaflets broadly or narrowly
oblong, tapering to both ends, or widest above the middle, serrate
except at the very base, over 4 to 1} in. long; flowers white, 2 lines
long, in racemes 1 to 2 in. long; standard slightly longer than the
wings.
Rare in the Bay Region, occurring only in river beds: San Leandro
Creek, Dury; Napa River, near St. Helena; common in moist valleys
northward. Naturalized from the Old World as also the next.
2. M. Indica All. YtLtLtow Mexiztot. Main stem erect, 1} to
3 ft. high, with many rather spreading branches from above the base;
leaflets broadly or narrowly cuneate-obovate, or dentate or serrate but
entire below the middle, retuse at apex, 1 in. long or more, those of
the lateral branchlets or at the summit smaller; racemes 1} to 2 in.
long, longer than the peduncles; flowers yellow, 1} lines long; wing
and keel petals oblong, the latter slightly broader.
Very common. Apr.—May.
18. MEDICAGO L. Mepicx.
Herbs with pinnately 8-foliolate leaves and usually toothed leaflets.
Flowers small, in short spikes or loose heads on axillary peduncles.
Corolla falling after flowering. Calyx 5-toothed. Keel obtuse.
Stamens diadelphous, the upper one entirely free. Pod small, 1 to
several-seeded, incurved or coiled or spirally twisted, and indehiscent.
(From the Greek Medike, name given by Diocorides to a plant from
Media, perhaps Lucern. All the species have been naturalized from
Europe. The Bur Clover damages the fleeces of sheep.)
Perennial; flowers blue... 2... 1... 00 fee ee ee 1. M, sativa.
Annuals; flowers yellow.
Pod l-seeded, reniform, smooth. ............ 2. M. lupulina.
Pod several-seeded, spirally coiled, margined with prickles.
PEA FAMILY. 313
splotched .. 2... ee eee ee ee 2 8. ML, denticulata.
Edge of the pod furrowed between the prickles; leaflets with a large
inky splotch on the upper face....... .4. M. maculata.
Pod several-seaded, spirally coiled, unarmed... . .5. Mf. apiculata.
1. M. sativa L. Axratra. Lucrry. Perennial from an elon-
gated taproot, erect and smooth; leaflets oblong-obovate or linear-
oblong, 8 to 10 lines long; flowers blue (5 lines long), in racemes;
pod spirally twisted so as to form 2 or 8 complete rings or coils.
Borders of fields, not common beyond cultivation.
2. M.lupulina L. Nonesuch. Biack Mepicx. Branching from
the base into spreading procumbent stems 9 to 18 in. long; leaflets
orbicular and more or less deltoid to cuneate-obovate, 4 to 6 lines
long; peduncles longer than the leaves (1 to 14 in. long), bearing a
short dense spike of bright yellow flowers; pods reniform, 1-seeded,
black when ripe.
Uncommon: Santa Clara Co.; Berkeley. Apr.—May.
3. M. denticulata Willd. Bur Ciover. Branches spreading or
procumbent, from a few in, to 2 ft. long; herbage nearly glabrous;
leaflets obovate or obcordate; stipules finely toothed; peduncles 3 to
5-flowered, rather longer than the leaves; pods twisted into a spiral of
2 or 8 turns, compressed, reticulated, the thin keeled edge bordered
by a double row of more or less hooked or curved prickles.
Very common throughout California, especially on the plains, low
hills and in the valleys. Mar.—June, but flowering in moist places at
nearly all seasons.
4. M. maculata Willd. Sporrep MepicK. Very similar to the
last species, but the petioles with spreading hairs, the leaflets usually
much larger (1 in. long) and with a conspicuous dark splotch in the
center; pod compactly spiral with thicker margin more or less
furrowed between the prickles.
Known only from a few localities in the Bay Region: Oakland;
Berkeley; Ross Valley, Marin Co.; but in San Francisco Co. almost
as common as no. 3 acc. to Mrs. K. Brandegee.
5. M. apiculata Willd. Stems spreading, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaflets
deltoid, denticulate, except at the base, usually retuse and mucronate
at apex, 5 or 6 lines long; pod unarmed, the sides strongly reticulated,
the reticulations running to the edge and appearing as a row of tuber-
-- cles on either side of the margin.
Seldom collected: Santa Clara Co.; San Francisco; Point Isabel;
and in the Sacramento Valley at Redding. Mar.—Apr.
14. LUPINUS L. Lupine.
Herbs or low shrubs with palmately 4 to 15-foliolate leaves.
Stipules adnate to the base of the petiole, seldom conspicuous.
Flowers showy, blue, pinkish, yellow or white, in terminal racemes
or spikes. Calyx deeply bilabiate. Banner roundish, the sides
mostly reflexed; wings commonly connivent by their edges in front
of and thus enclosing the mostly faleate pointed keel. Stamens
314 LEGUMINOS#.
monadelphous, dimorphous, 5 with longer and basifixed anthers, the
alternate 5 with shorter and versatile ones. Pod somewhat flattened,
often constricted between the seeds. Cotyledons thick and fleshy.
(Latin lupus a wolf, these plants thought to rob .the soil of its
fertility.) :
A. Pods linear or oblong.
Bracts deciduous; ovules several; cotyledons of the seedling petioled.
Low oe or at least suffrutescent, silky pubescent; petioles mostly
short.
Flowers sulphur-yellow; raceme often 1 ft. long. . 1. L. arboreus.
Flowers not yellow, mostly blue.
Herbage greenish; flowers blue or white; keel ciliate for its whole
length; low, the stems merely suffrutescent.. . 2. L. varticolor.
Herbage silky.
Flowers bluish or lavender, the banner with a yellow spot; keel
glabrous; no distinct trunk. .......... 3. L. Chamissonis.
Flowers blue; keel ciliate; shrub with a distinct trunk... ...
4. L. albifrons.
Perennial herbs.
Leaflets 5 to 7, more or less ciliate or ciliolate.
Herbage canescently silky.
Leafiets oblanceolate or cuneate-oblong; roots large, yellow; seashore
SPCClOS ss co's AP Re eS L. littoralis.
Leaflets spatulate-oblong; root not yellow; montane oe a
6. L. sericatus.
Herbage greenish, comparatively glabrous; montane or of the hills.
7. L. latifolius.
Leaflets 7 to 9, linear-lanceolate, 1 to 14g in. long; keel glabrous; plants
mostly decumbent, with silky herbage... ... . 8. L. formosus.
Leaflets 9 to 16, lanceolate or oblanceolate, 3 to6in. long; petioles 4 ft.
long or more; plants erect, 3 to 5 ft. high, sparingly villous. .....
: 9. L. polyphyllus.
Annual herbs.
Flowers mostly 4 to 7 lines long; upper calyx-lip cleft or bifid.
Lower calyx-lip 3-toothed or entire; leaflets cuneate-obovate, obtuse or
emarginate; plants very stout and succulent. .10. L. affinis.
Lower calyx-lip 3-dentate; leaflets oblanceolate, acute, plant slender,
notsucculent.......... . .1l. L. nanus.
Flowers mostly 1% to 3 lines long.
Slender plants; upper calyx-lip with divergent lobes.
Lower calyx-lip long, entire. . = E . 12, L. micranthus.
Lower calyx-lip deeply 3-cleft............ 13. L. trifidus.
Stoutish plants; upper calyx-lip bifid, the ovate segments short and
parallel; lower calyx-lip entire or slightly dentate... .......
14. L. polycarpus.
B. Pods short and roundish or ovate.
Bracts persistent; ovules 2; cotyledons of the seedling broad and united by
their bases; annuals.
Upper lip of calyx herbaceous and entire; flowers pale yellow; stems
simple below, widely branching above........ 15. L. luteolus.
Upper lip of calyx more or less scarious, emarginate or cleft.
Flowers commonly white or yellow; stem simple below, branching at
GU THONG 3. 5 504 tg Ce aac ete 19. ADENOSTEGIA.
Calyx narrowly campanulate, 2 to 5-toothed, the orifice often oblique;
corolla with narrow tube, strongly bilabiate; upper lip (galea) long,
arched; lower lip of 3 small lobes; bracts purple or with foliaceous
(green) tips; perennials . gt OP ae ees 20. PEDICULARIS.
1. VERBASCUM L. MULLEIN.
Usually biennial herbs with tall virgate stems and alternate leaves.
Flowers ephemeral, in spikes or racemes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla
rotate, with 5 nearly equal segments, ours commonly yellow. Sta-
mens 5, all with anthers; all or the three posterior filaments woolly-
bearded. Stigma undivided or 2-lamellate. Capsule septicidally
2-valved, the valves cleft at apex and the septa parting from the
persistent axis, many-seeded. Seeds pitted or roughened. (Cor-
rupted from Barbascum, the old Latin name.)
Plants very woolly; flowers sessile... ... -1l. V. Thapesus.
Plants with green herbage; flowers pediceled . . .2. V. Blattaria.
1. V. Thapsus L. Common MULLEIN. Stout, densely woolly,
8 to 6 ft. high; radical leaves 6 to 12 in. long, obovate-lanceolate or
-oblong; cauline leaves oblong, entire or crenate, crowded, the stem
winged by their very decurrent bases; flowers in a very long dense
simple spike; spike 1 ft. long or more, and 1} in. thick, sometimes
with one to several short spikes at base; lower filaments mostly naked.
Stream beds of interior water courses, or waste places about old
dwellings: North Coast Ranges; very common in the Sierra Nevada.
Flowering in summer.
2. V. Blattaria L. Morn MuLuern. Slender, 2 to + ft. high;
396 SCROPHULARIACES.
herbage green and glabrous, or the inflorescence glandular-pubescent;
leaves not decurrent, 4 in. long or less; upper leaves ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, dentate, cordate-clasping; lower leaves oblong, more
coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, the basal ones narrowed to a short
winged petiole; flowers yellow or white, 1 in. broad, in a Jong loose
simple raceme; pedicels longer than the calyx; filaments all bearded
with violet woolly hairs.
Introduced from the Old World: St. Helena, Mrs. O. D. Hint;
Redwood Peak; Lower San Joaquin; Lake Co.; and Sierra Foothills
opposite Sacramento, acc. to Brandegee. V.vircatum With. may
be found; its pedicels are in 2’s and 3's and not longer than the calyx-
lobes.
2. ANTIRRHINUM L. Syappragon.
Annual or perennial herbs with the lower leaves opposite and the
upper leaves alternate. Corolla gibbous or saccate at base on lower
side; palate closing the throat. Capsule dehiscing by pores at the
base of the style; style (in our species) persistent and often de-
flexed. (Greek anti, like, and rhinon, nose, because of the snout-
like flowers.)
Perennials; no tendril-like branches.
Leaves linear; sepals 4 the length of the corolla. . . .1. A. virga.
Leaves lanceolate; sepals equaling or shorter than the corolla. -.... .
2. A. glandulosum.
_1. A. virga Gray. Glabrous, erect, with many virgate stems from
a perennial base, 23 to 5 ft. high; leaves linear, 2 to 84 in. long,
sessile; flowers red-purple in « mostly secund raceme, with subulate
bracts; sepals ovate, acute, moderately unequal, scarcely half the
length of the corolla; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the sac at base mam-
meform; lower pair of filaments dilated at apex, all geniculate at the
very base and all hairy, especially at the geniculation or knee; cap-
sule dehiscing by pores at the base of the style; seeds with the longi-
tudinal wing-like ridges fimbrillate.
But few stations known: Howell Mountain; Mt. St. Helena and
northward to Lake and Mendocino Cos. June.
2. A. glandulosum Lindl. Stem stout, branching, 8 to 5 ft.
high, very leafy; herbage glandular-pubescent; leaves lanceolate,
sessile, gradually diminishing into the bracts of the inflorescence;
bracts equaling or shorter than the oblong tube of the corolla; sep-
als oblong-lanceolate, unequal; ‘‘filaments all moderately dilated
upwards,” ;
Mt. Hamilton (acc. to Greene); Santa Cruz, and southward.
3. A. vagans Gray. At first simple and erect, at length branch-
ing and very diffuse, the branches 6 to 18 in. long; slender or filiform
branchlets more or less twisting and disposed to be prehensile; leaves
ovate, mostly 3 to 5 lines long, or oblong to lanceolate and mostly }
FIGWORT FAMILY. 397
to 1 in, long, petioled, the uppermost (especially those of the prehen-
sile branchlets) reduced and 1 line long or less; calyx-segments very
unequal, linear, except the large uppermost one; this oblong or
elliptic-oblong, nearly equaling the tube of the light purple corolla;
corolla 5 to 6 lines long; filaments dilated at apéx; style slender, as
long as the capsule; seeds muriculate-roughened.
Dry open wooded hills or in cafions of the Coast Ranges: Mt.
Hamilton; Niles; Mt. Diablo; Waca Mountains; Kenwood, etc.
July-Aug. Passes into the
ar. Breweri (A. Breweri Gray). Slender and less diffuse, with
smaller corolla (3 lines long) considerably exceeding the less unequal
sepals.—Napa Valley to Clear Lake and northward.
Var. Bolanderi Gray. Rather widely spreading, the branches 14
to 20 in. long, sparsely hispid with gland-tipped hairs; leaf-blade 13
in. long or less, ovate (those of the filiform branchlets orbicular), the
lower on petioles 8 lines long, the upper on petioles about 14 lines
long; upper sepal very large, elliptic-oblong, nearly as long or dis-
tinctly shorter than the tube of the 4 in. long corollu.—Redwood
region, Marin Co. Herbage thought to be glaucous.
4. A. strictum (H. & A.) Gray. Erect nearly simple glabrous
annual, 1 to 2 ft. high, often climbing by tortile filiform peduncles;
lowest leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper becoming linear or the floral
ones filiform and much shorter than the peduncles; calyx-segments
linear-lanceolate, little unequal; corolla violet-purple, 5 lines long,
the hairy prominent palate nearly closing the throat; fruiting calyx
about equaling the crustaceous capsule, this tipped with a straight
(not deflexed) style of equal length.
South Coast Ranges (Santa Inez Mountains northward to Arroyo
Grande, Monterey Co.). Reported from Mt. Tamalpais by Greene.
Apr.-May. ~
3. LINARIA Juss.
Annual or perennial herbs. Lower leaves opposite and the upper
alternate, entire in ours. Flowers in bracteate racemes, or solitary
and axillary. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla bilabiate, more or less tubular,
personate and with a spur at base on the lower side; upper lip erect,
middle lobe of lower smallest. Stamens 4. Capsule dehiscing below
the summit by 1 or 2 simple or lacerate perforations or chinks, many-
seeded. (Name derived from Linum, Flax.)
Annual or biennial; flowers blue . ~ 4% 1. L. Canadensis.
Perennial; flowers yellow. p 2. L. vulgaris.
1. L. Canadensis Dum. Toap Frax. Annual or biennial;
flowering stems one or several, erect, 6 to 18 in. high, with linear
mostly alternate leaves, those of the procumbent radical shoots broader
and oftener opposite or whorled; flowers in a raceme; pedicels erect,
not longer than the slender curved spur of the blue corolla, ;
Sandy soil, rather uncommon: Alameda; hillside above Mill
Vallev, H. P. Chandler.
2. L. vulgaris L. Burrer-anp-kees. Perennial, erect, 1 to 2}
398 SCROPHULARIACE.
ft. high; leaves linear, very numerous; flowers yellow in a terminal
dense raceme; corolla (including the slender spur) 1 in. long or more.
Berkeley, Davy; Point Reyes, Miss Alice Eastwood; Valley Ford,
Mrs. K. Brandegee.
4. COLLINSIA Nutt.
Annuals with simple opposite leaves. Flowers whorled, forming
a raceme, or axillary and scattered. Calyx campanulate, 5-cleft.
Corolla declined (the proper tube very short and the abruptly
expanded or gibbous throat forming an angle with it), deeply bilabi-
ate; upper lip 2-cleft, with erect lobes; lower lip larger, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe conduplicate or keel-shaped and enclosing the 4 declined
stamens and style. Filaments long and filiform, the lower pair
inserted higher on the corolla than the others; the gland at base of
corolla represents the fifth stamen. Capsule septicidal, the valves
soon 2-cleft. (Named for Zaccheus Collins, American botanist, of
Philadelphia, 1764-1831. Species variable. The corolla is a striking
imitation of the papilionaceous type.)
er pair of filaments bearded, the lower glabrous.
Up
Flowers long-pediceled (some or all the pedicels much longer than the
flowers), solitary, or the upper in whorls of two or three... ... .
1. C. sparsitflora.
Flowers short-pediceled or almost sessile, crowded in whorl-like clusters,
the lowest subtended by leaves, the others by bracts. 3
Herbage staining brown; upper lip of corolla commonly destitute of
crests or transverse ridge; flowers yellowish or whitish, usually with
purple marking# J. 6 44 4 saw 44 8 woe 4 wo X 2. C. tinctoria.
Herbage not staining; upper lip of corolla with a low transverse ridge
at its junction with the throat.
Corolla rose-purple or violet, the upper lip paler or whitish; calyx-
lobes commonly lanceolate, acute... ....... 3. C. bicolor.
Corolla white or nearly white, the lower lip lilac or purple tinged;
: calyx-lobes oblong,obtuse ... ........ 4. C. bartsixfolia.
Filaments all glabrous; upper lip of corolla with a jagged wing-like crest at
base of lobes or with a pair of pros ae ae callous teeth on each side;
flowers in whorls of 2 to 4, the pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx .
E 5. C. Greenel.
1. C. sparsiflora F. & M. Slender, branched from near the
base, commonly about 6 in. high; herbage reddish; lowest leaves
elliptical, 8 lines long, with 1 or 2 teeth on each side, on petioles
nearly as long, the upper oblong to linear, twice as long or more and
becoming gradually sessile; corolla 4 to 6 lines long; upper lip bluish
or sometimes yellowish at base, purple-dotted at throat, hardly shorter
than the lower lip; lateral lobes of lower lip purple; upper lip with
an evident transverse ridge or crest; keel sometimes yellowish exter-
nally, more or less pilose-pubescent; upper pair of filaments pubes-
cent on the upper side; gland conical or somewhat elongated; seeds
concave on one side and convex on the other, acutely margined, about
2 in each cell.
Common in low fields or in wet places on hillsides. Apr.-May.
Var. arvensis (C. arvensis Greene). Commonly with several
nearly erect branches from the base, 1 to 1} ft. high; lowest leaves
often shallowly sinuate; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate, twice the
FIGWORT FAMILY. 399
length of the tube; flowers larger (6 lines long).—Napa Valley, Los
Guiliocos Valley, and Knight’s Valley. Apr.
Var. Franciscana (C. Franciscana Bioletti). Stout, } to 14 ft.
high; leaves ovate-lanceolate, the upper sessile; flowers sometimes 3
to 5 ina whorl; corolla } in. long; glands subulate, bearing a rudi-
ment of an anther; seeds 2 to 12 in each cell.—Mission Hills (San
Francisco Co.) to Millbrae (San Mateo Co.). Apr.-May. Verging
in habit and character towards C. bicolor.
2. C. tinctoria Hartweg. Stoutish and often diffusely branching;
herbage glandular-viscid above, at least on the branches, and impart-
ing a brownish stain; lower leaves oblong to lanceolate, with short
petioles, the upper ovate or triangular-lanceolate, sessile by a broad or
subcordate base, serrate or entire; corolla yellowish, or cream-color
varying to white, marked with purple lines and dots; throat very
strongly saccate-ventricose, forming a right angle with the tube;
upper lip and its lobes very short; seeds small, smoothish.
Wooded hillsides: rare in the Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain,
Kenwood, Mt. Diablo); common in the Sierra Foothills (where first
collected by Hartweg in 1846). June. Examination of fresh mate-
rial may show in some cases as obvious a transverse ridge at base of
upper lip as in next.
8. C. bicolor Benth. CHingsE Houses. Simple or branching
from the middle, } to 1} ft. high, glabrous or finely pubescent and
often viscid above; leaves broadly oblong, or the upper narrowed
from the broad base to the apex, serrulate, 2 in. long or less; pedicels
shorter than the oblong-acute or lanceolate calyx-lobes; corolla rather
less than 1 in. long, with lower lip violet or rose-purple, the upper
lilac or white, a little shorter than the lower, the Jobes recurved-
spreading and with low but distinct crests at the point of junction
with the tube; saccate throat very oblique to the tube, bristly within,
usually with 8 longitudinal purple lines beneath each lobe of the
upper lip; whole corolla sometimes varying to white; gland conical;
seeds reticulate-rugose, about 6 in each cell.
Very common in the edges of woods: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada;
Southern California. Also ‘‘alkaline plain, Tulare,’’ Davy. Apr.—
June.
4. C. bartsiefolia Benth. Nine in. high or less, finely puberu-
lent and often glandular; leaves thickish or even fleshy, ovate or ovate-
oblong to linear, about 1 in. long; fluwer-clusters 2 to 5; calyx usually
white-villous, its lobes broad and obtuse; corolla whitish, the lower
lip tinged with lilac or purple, less declined than in no. 38, the
upper lip with few purple lines or dots above, about the length of
the curved gibbous throat, with a transverse callous crest or ridge at
its origin; lateral lobes of the lower lip often emarginate or obcordate;
upper portion of throat of corolla pubescent inside; upper pair of
filaments bearded on the upper side to the middle or above; anthers
with divergent lobes; gland sessile and elongated; seeds only 2 in
each cell.
Sands near the seashore: Ft. Bragg, acc. to Davy; San Francisco
400 SCROPHULARIACEA.
and southward to Southern California. Also on the Antioch sand-
hills. Apr.—June. . :
5. C. Greenei Gray. Slender, diffusely branched, 6 to 8 in. high,
glandular-puberulent; leaves linear, or tapering to apex, entire or
obscurely dentate; pedicels sometimes as long as the calyx; corolla
deep azure-blue; upper lip much shorter than the oblong throat,
about half the length of the lower, and very prominently wing-
crested or toothed at its origin; lateral lobes of lower lip small; gland
small.
Crevices of high rocks near the Geysers, Sonoma Co, Greene, June
19, 1874; Black Butte, Mendocino Co., 1884, Rattan; stony bed of
winter rivulet, Blue Lakes grade from Ukiah, Dary, May 80, 1900.
5. TONELLA Nutt.
Slender branching annuals. Leaves opposite, entire, dentate or
ternately divided. Flowers small, almost like those of Collinsia.
Corolla scarcely declined, only slightly bilabiate, the lobes subrotately
spreading and not obviously dissimilar. Fifth stamen represented by
asmall gland. Seeds 1 to 4in each cell. (Origin of name unknown.)
1. T. tenella (Benth.). Very slender (with almost filiform
branches), 6 in. high; leaves heteromorphic, the lowest rotund to
ovate, entire or with deep notch on each side near the apex, 2 to 4
lines long, on petioles longer than the blade; the upper palmately
3-parted or -divided into oblong segments, the middle segment longest;
bracts entire, shorter than the pedicels; pedicels in 2’s or 3’s, as much
as Lin. long; corolla minute, little exceeding the calyx, white or very
pale blue, the lobes or some of them purple-dotted; capsule exceeding
the calyx; seeds 1 to each cell.—_(T.. collinsioides Nutt.)
Seemingly uncommon within our limits, but easily overlooked:
Los Gatos, Bioletti; Sonoma; Humboldt Co. and northward to
Oregon.
6. SCROPHULARIA L. Fiaworr.
Rank perennial herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers small, dull
reddish, cymose, the cymes disposed in a narrow terminal panicle.
Calyx 5-parted into broad rounded lobes. Corolla with « somewhat.
globular tube, the two upper lobes longer than the two lateral, all
erect except the short deflexed lower one. Stamens with anthers 4,
the fifth sterile and adnate to the tube of the corolla, appearing like a
scale under the upper lip. Capsule septicidal, many-seeded. (From
the Latin scrofulz, the plant a one-time remedy for scrofula.)
1. S. Californica Cham. Three to 6 ft. high, glabrous except the
finely glandular-pubescent inflorescence; leaves ovate, cordate at base,
serrate or incised-serrate; flowers about 4 lines long.
Common in moist places, mostly along gulches in the hills: Coast
Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Southern California. May-June. The var.
floribunda Greene has the panicle with very flexuous branches,
and grows along rock outcroppings: Pellejo Hills (Solano Co.) and
elsewhere.
FIGWORT FAMILY. 401
7. PENTSTEMON Mitch.
Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants. Leaves opposite, the
upper sessile. Flowers mostly showy, in racemes, panicles, or
cymes. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla tubular and often inflated, the
limb either slightly or strongly bilabiate; upper lip 2-lobed, the
lower 3-cleft. Stamens with anthers 4, declined at base, ascending
above; fifth stamen represented by a conspicuous sterile filament
which is often dilated or bearded. Capsule septicidal (the valves
cleft at apex through the persistent base of the style), many-seeded.
Seeds angled. (Greek pente, five, and stemon, stamen.)
Anthers densely woolly; corolla red: var. Sonomensis of.1. P. Newberryi.
Anthers glabrous.
Sterile filament bearded.
Corolla scarlet, 1 in. long; sterile filament bearded its whole length. .
F Z ; 2. P. corymbosus.
Corolla purplish and yellowish, 44 in. long; sterile filament bearded at
apex only. ... . 3. P. Lemmont.
Sterile filament naked.
Corolla bright vermilion, tubular-cylindric. .... 4. P. centranthifolius.
Corolla blue or purple, tubular at base, ventricose-funnelform above. .
5. P. heterophyllus.
1. P. Newberryi Gray var. Sonomensis. Stems 8 to 12 in.
high from a woody base; leaves coriaceous, orbicular to round-ovate,
about 7 lines long, serrulaie, rarely inclined to be entire; racemes
sessile; sepals narrowly lanceolate; corolla bright red, 1 to 14 in.
long, with nearly equal and not widely spreading segments; lower
lip with two densely bearded folds; anthers slightly exserted, densely
woolly; sterile filament bearded at apex.—(P. Sonomensis Greene,
Pitt. ii. 218, where the leaves are described as obcordate.)
Among rocks of the North Coast Ranges: Hood’s Peak; Mt. St.
Helena. May. The species is found in the High Sierras.
2. P. corymbosus Benth. Suffrutescent, 12 to 16 in. high,
glabrous except the glandular-pubescent inflorescence; leaves oblong,
acute at both ends, $ to 14 in. long, denticulate or entire, short-
petioled; flowers in terminal corymbs; sepals linear or somewhat
narrowed above; corolla tubular, 1 in. long, scarlet, bilabiate; lower
lip abruptly spreading, 8-parted into oblong lobes; upper erect,
2cleft; filaments all pubescent at the very base, the sterile one
bearded its whole length on one side.
Rocky ledges and cliffs of the higher Coast Ranges: Mt. Hamilton;
Mt. Diablo; Santa Cruz, acc. to Gray, and northward to Mt. Shasta.
July—Aug.
3. P. Lemmoni Gray. Bush Brearp’s-roneve. Of erect bushy
habit, 2 to 4 ft. high, with vigorous herbaceous stems from a woody
base, rather remotely leaved; leaves light green, ovate, or ovate-
lanceolate, acute, 1} in. long or less, sparsely serrulate; sepals nar-
rowly ovate, acuminate; corolla purplish and dull yellow, small
(4 in. long), with short tube, campanulate dilated throat and spread-
ing lips; sterile filament strongly bearded on one side of the curved
apex; capsule 2 lines long.
28
402 SCROPHULARIACEE.
Coast Range cafions along streams: Vaca Mountains, Solano Co.
and northwestward. Also in the Sierra Nevada: Bear Valley (Placer
Co.) and northward. Aug.—Sept. Stems of the season glaucous.
4. P. centranthifolius Benth. Scarter BuatzEr. Herbaceous,
glaucous, 1 to 8 ft. high; leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 1} to 2}
in. long, with subcordate clasping base; pedicels slender, } in. long
or less; sepals round-ovate; corolla about 1 in. long, bright ver-
milion, tubular, hardly bilabiate, the segments nearly equal, except
that the two upper are united higher; sterile filament naked; capsule
6 or 7 lines long, including the persistent portion of the style.
Coast Range cliffs: Dunn’s Peak, Sulano Co.; Monterey Co., Alice
King, and southward to Southern California; also found on the
Antioch sandhills, Davy. Apr. ‘
5. P. heterophyllus Lindl. Minutely puberulent; of bushy or
tufted habit, the stems erect or ascending, many from the base, 1 to
13 ft. high; leaves linear to lanceolate or broader, 1} in. long or less;
sepals ovate, acuminate; corolla rather abruptly ventricose-dilated
above the narrowly tubular base, 1 to 1} in. long, blue or purple;
upper lip short, more or less reflexed, lower longer, spreading; sterile
filament naked.
Open places in the Coast Range hills, or even in stream beds.
May-June. Mostly with reddish stems. Also distinguishable by
its sagittate or horseshoe-shaped and ciliate anthers which dehisce
from the apex only to the middle (subgenus Saccanthera), the pre-
ceding species with divaricate or divergent anther cells, which dehisce
their whole length or nearly (subgenus Eupentstemon).
8. DIPLACUS Nutt.
Evergreen glutinous shrubs with branching pubescence and oppo-
site leaves which are revolute in the bud. Flowers red, orange or
salmon-colored, solitary in the axils. Calyx tubular, 5-angled,
§-toothed. Corolla with funnelform tube and rather broad bilabiate
limb. Stamens 4. Stigma of two flat lobes, closing together
when irritated. Capsule firm-coriaceous, linear-oblong, included
in the calyx, with a woody enlargement at the pointed apex, opening
down the upper suture only or mainly, the valves spreading out
nearly flat and bearing the placente on their middle.
1. D. glutinosus Nutt. Busa Monxery-rLower. Low shrub,
2 to 4 ft. high; leaves oblong-lanceolate, revolute, denticulate, gla-
brous and deep green above, pubescent beneath with branching hairs;
corolla buff or salmon-color, 14 in. long or more, the throat narrow-
funnelform, the lobes emarginate, with more or less irregular margin.
P Common on cafion sides everywhere in the Coast Ranges. May-
i ept.
9. MIMULUS L. Monxry-FLowEr.
Herbs with opposite leaves. Flowers mostly showy, yellow or
red, solitary and axillary, or in terminal racemes. Calyx prismatic,
5-angled, 5-toothed. Corolla from tubular to funnelform, with
FIGWORT FAMILY. 403
strongly bilabiate limb or with merely slight inequality of lobes, a
pair of bearded or naked ridges running down the lower side of the
throat. Stamens 4. Stigma mostly of 2 flat lobes closing together
when irritated. Capsule dehiscent by both sutures, dehiscent on
one side only, or cartilaginous and indehiscent. Seeds many.
(Diminutive of the Latin mimus, a comic actor, on account of the
gaping or grinning corolla.)
A. Flowers red, crimson, or scarlet.
Acaulescent or short-caulescent dwarf annuals, glabrous or nearly so;
corolla red, very large for the size of the plant, with long and often
filiform tube; capsule cartilaginous, indehiscent.
Corolla-limb broad; upper lip exceeding the lower; tube filiform, 4 to 6”
times the length of the funnelform throat... .. 1. VM. angustatus.
Lower lip of the corolla almost none; Upper lip conspicuous, erect; throat
narrowly campanulate or urn-shaped........ 2. M. subunijorus.
Corolla-limb not very irregular; throat open-funnelform, about % the
length of the tube; branches (when manifestly eunlee decumbent.
. Mf. tricolor.
Caulescent (as all the following) and erect.
Pedicels 1 or 2 lines long or less; corolla red; capsule dehiscent down the
upper suture and a little past the apex (rarely to the base) on the lower
suture; herbage more or less glandular- or viscid-pubescent.
Corolla-lips strongly unequal.
Calyx narrowly cylindrical, scarcely plicate, orifice very oblique;
lower lip of corolla 14 as long as upper. .... 4. M. Kelloggii.
Similar but smaller; corolla limb 14 to2linesin diameter... .
5. M. Congdoni.
Corolla-lips little unequal.
Corolla-tube exserted from calyx.
Calyx strongly plicate, the orifice very oblique ane the broad teeth
Pedicels 1 to 234 in. long; capsule dehiscent by both sutures (as in all the
following). hes, :
Robust perennial; corolla bright scarlet, strongly halepiee 1'y to 2 in.
long... Side & ot as RAR 4 3
Slender annual; corolla crimson, scarcely bilabiate. . 10. . androsaceus.
B. Flowers yellow or white.
Glabrous or somewhat pubescent, at least not viscid-slimy; stems erect;
flowers yellow or white.
Corolla small, subregular and
Straw-yellow; dwarf annual. ........ lL. MW. rubellus.
Nearly white or slightly yellowish; annual. .... 12. M. latidens. _
Corolla large, golden yellow, purple-dotted or splotched, strongly bila-
biate; annual or perennial: vars.of....... . 13. M. Langsdorffit.
Slimy viscid-pubescent herbs, with mostly weak and decumbent stems and
light yellow subregular corollas. .
Annual; corolla l4 in. or less long; calyx-teeth short, }4 line long; leaves
petioled ...... SS .... ...14. M. floribundus.
Perennial; corolla about 1 in. long; calyx-teeth 144 length of the tube;
leaves mostly sessile... .. .. . .15. M. moschatus.
1. M. angustatus Grav. Acaulescent, glabrous; leaves linear,
3 to 1 in. long; calyx 2 to 8 lines long; the teeth little unequal; the
corolla crimson, purple and yellow-dotted, with filiform tube 1 to 13
in, long, 4 to 6 times the length of the short funnelform throat; limb
broad, upper lip exceeding the lower; capsule short-ovate, not flat-
tened, almost as long as thick; seeds favose-pitted.
404 SCROPHULARIACEA.
Borders of surface streams in the mountains north of San Fran-
cisco Bay (Mt. George, Howell Mt); also in the Sierra Nevada.
Apr.-May 15.
2. M. subuniflorus Greene. Acaulescent or nearly so, about 13
in, high; leaves rhombic-ovate to oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, entire or
crenate-toothed; corolla crimson or red-purple, 13 in. long, the
slender tube twice or thrice the length of the calyx; the throat
oblong-urnshaped or campanulate; upper lip conspicuous, erect; lower
lip reduced to a narrow 2 or 3-crenate border or consisting of a
more prominent tooth-like middle lobe and the lateral lobe obsolete;
capsule } in. long, very gibbous.
‘Wet hillsides: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada.
3. M. tricolor Hartweg. Short-caulescent and erect or the
branches 3 to 4 in. long and decumbent; leaves lanceolate to oblan-
ceolate-oblong, # to 1 in. long, entire or remotely toothed; corolla
rose-purple, 1} to 2 in. long, with little unequal lips and broadly
funnelform throat bearing markings of crimson and yellow; cap-
sule slightly gibbous, compressed.
Edges of vernal pools, plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin
Valleys. Apr. 15-May. The original description is by Lindley
(Journ. Lond. Hort. Soc. iv, 222), but the name is credited to
Hartweg.
4. M. Kelloggii Curran. Erect, simple, 2 to 5 in. high, or occa-
sionally 7 or 8 in. with several branches from the base, viscid-
pubescent; leaves broadly ovate to oblong (the lowest elliptic-ovate),
mostly attenuate at base to a petiole, 4 to lin, long, generally dull
purple beneath; calyx narrowly cylindrical (6 lines long and 1 line
broad), very oblique, the teeth very short and obtuse; corolla-tube
very long and slender, twice as long as the calyx, expanding into the
short funnelform throat and broad limb, the lower lip only 4 as long
as the upper and more spreading; capsule 4 to 5 lines long, slender,
bisulcate, slightly curved outwardly (with the calyx), or sometimes
contorted, simulating that of (inothera micrantha,
Mountain slopes: North Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada (El Dorado
Co.). Apr.
Var. parviflorus (Greene), Much smaller; corolla scarcely } in.
long, its tube little exserted.—Vaca Mountains.
5. M. Congdoni Robinson. Very similar to the preceding, but
usually smaller; corolla rose-purple, about 8 lines long, throat narrow,
limb only 1} to 2 lines in diameter; capsule 2 to 3 lines long, acute,
compressed,
, Sierra Nevada; Mt. Tamalpais; collected but once within our
imits.
6. M. Bolanderi Gray. Simple or much branched with erect
branches, 5 to 16 in. high, glandular-pubescent and very viscid;
leaves lanceolate or oblong, sometimes obovate, sometimes sparingly
denticulate at apex, 1 to 1} in. long, sessile; calyx 2 to 8 lines broad,
5 to 6 lines long, strongly plicate-angled, somewhat contracted at the
FIGWORT FAMILY. 405
very oblique orifice, its teeth acute, the upper much the longest;
corolla dark red, 6 to 9 lines long, the tube not slender, moderately
exserted; limb about 4 lines broad, the lips of nearly equal length;
capsule not exceeding the calyx-teeth, slender, and narrowed to the
pointed apex, about 5 lines long, 1 line broad.
Hood’s Peak (Sonoma Co.), Lake Co. and northward in the Coast
Ranges; Sierra Nevada; Santa Lucia Mountains, acc. to Brandegee.
Aug. With the odor of Nicotiana, and in some localities called
‘Wild Tobacco.’’
7. M. Layne Greene. Much branched with mostly spreading
branches, 4 to 7 in. high, viscid-pubescent and somewhat nigrescent;
leaves narrowly ovate to oblong, acute at base and apex, about 6 or 7
lines long; calyx 4 lines long; calyx-teeth sharply acute, slender,
exceeding } line; corolla red, tubular-funnelform, over 3 in. long,
much exserted; capsule acute, exserted.
Coast Ranges: Howell Mountain (but capsule not curved upwards
at apex as in type plant from Bartlett Mt., Lake Co.); ‘‘ Geysers to
Highland Springs.’’ Also about Mt. Shasta. Rarely collected.
8. M. Rattani Gray. Erect, branched from the base, 4 to 5 in.
high; herbage glandular-viscid with a nigrescent indument; leaves
obovate, oblong or oblanceolate, mostly tapering above and below, 6
lines long or less; flowers solitary in the axils and condensed at the
ends of the branches in somewhat capitate clusters of 2, 3, or 4;
corolla-tube scarcely exserted from the narrowly campanulate or in
age somewhat urn-shaped calyx; calyx-teeth little unequal; apex of
capsule narrow, somewhat curved, exserted.
First collected in Colusa Co., Rattan, June, 1884; since then only
by Mrs. Brandegee on Bartlett Mt., Lake Co. and on Mt. Tamalpais.
The calyx is rather broad, as in M. Bolanderi, not narrow as in M.
Kelloggii.
9. M. cardinalis Dougl. Perennial, 1 to 3 ft. high, branched
from the base with ascending branches; herbage villous-puberulent,
especially on the stems; leaves elliptic-ovate, 2 in. long or more,
dentate, scarcely sessile; pedicels in the upper axils, longer than the
flowers, commonly longer than the leaves, $ to 23 in. long; calyx
strongly prismatic, with equal triangular teeth; corolla bright scar-
let, 14 to 2 in. long, the throat yellowish with crimson lines, the
tube little exserted from the calyx; upper lip of corolla erect, deeply
2-lobed, the sides turned back until they meet or overlap; lower lip
deeply 3-lobed, the lateral lobes reflexed, the middle lobe spreading;
capsule chartaceous.
Stream beds, rivulets, or springs of the Coast Ranges and Sierra
Nevada. Summer and autumn. The strongly prismatic angles of
the calyx follow out into the teeth in such wise that the teeth are
conduplicate; each lobe of the corolla is rather strongly emarginate;
anthers mostly densely hispid-ciliate; filaments dilated at insertion.
10. M.androsaceus Curran. Slender erect branching plant, 1}
to 6 in. high; herbage slightly viscid-glandular; leaves obovate-
406 SCROPHULARIACES.
oblong, 3 to 6 lines long; pedicels nearly 1 to 1} in. long; calyx 3
lines long, in flower cylindric, broadening in age; teeth short, equal,
triangular; corolla crimson, little bilabiate, 6 lines long or rather less.
First known from Tehachapi and since discovered at localities
southward. Known in western middle California only from a fruit-
ing specimen collected on Ben Lomond (Santa Cruz Co.), Mrs. K.
Brandegee, Apr. 28, 1890.
11. M. rubellus Gray. Dwarf annual, 1 to 14 in. high; stem
filiform, solitary from the rosulate tuft of radical leaves, or with one
or two smaller stems, all naked below the somewhat corymbose
inflorescence of two or three flowers; leaves ovate, 2 to 24 lines long;
calyx 2 lines long } as long as the funnelform corolla; corolla yellow,
only slightly irregular.
On triturated rock amidst chaparral, La Jota Plateau, Howell
Mountain, May 8, 1898; collected in western middle California only
by the author; not uncommon in the Sierra Nevada, but usually
much larger.
12. M. latidens Greene. Annual, glabrous, slender, erect and
simple, or commonly with several ascending branches from the base,
the internodes below the inflorescence very long; leaves sessile, ovate
to ovate-lanceolate, remotely denticulate or entire, } to 1 in. long;
pedicels surpassing, often much surpassing the leaves, or the upper-
most leaves reduced to bracts and the inflorescence subracemose;
flowering calyx cylindric, 3 lines long or less; fruiting calyx ovate-
campanulate; corolla nearly white or slightly yellowish, little
exserted, the narrow limb almost regular; capsule oblong.—(M.
inconspicuous Gray var. latidens Gray.)
Low wet fields: Sacramento Valley; Napa Valley; Antioch.
Apr.—May. Basal leaves often subrosulate and petiolate. Herbage
sometimes slightly viscid-puberulent.
18. M. Langsdorffii Donn var. guttatus. Annual, or perhaps
sometimes perennial by the production of stolon-like stems at base;
stems simple or sometimes branching, one to several from the base,
about 1 to 2 ft. high; herbage glabrous or slightly pubescent; leaves
more or less elliptical, thinnish, irregularly serrate or dentate, the
lower petioled, the upper sessile; petioles mostly shorter than the
blades; flowers in a terminal raceme; pedicels shorter than or equal-
ing the flower; calyx in anthesis 3 to 5 lines long, in fruit somewhat
longer and nearly or quite twice as broad; upper tooth of calyx the
longer, often disposed to be approximate or connivent in age; corolla
yellow, with purple or brown dots in throat, $ to 1 in. long.—(M.
guttatus DC. M. luteus of Bot. Cal., etc.)
Sierra Nevada Mountains and high North Coast Ranges. Calyx
often nodding in fruit, or borne on a pedicel recurving at apex.
June-Aug. The type of M. Langsdorffi was collected on Unalaska,
one of the Aleutian Islands. Forms of this species, in addition to
the variety above described, abound in all parts of California and are
highly interesting, exhibiting as they do great diversity within a
FIGWORT FAMILY. 407
limited geographical area. The extremes of these forms are often
very striking and some of these very pronounced varieties have been
described as distinct species. Their continuance as such, however,
can only be had by rigidly ignoring the equally interesting and
multitudinous array of intermediate forms which, in their season,
crowd the valley floors, hillsides, and cafions. A long series of inter-
grading specimens may be collected in favorable localities, such as
Napa and Sonoma Valleys and the foothills and mountains adjacent.
But it must be said, indeed, that a thorough examination of these
forms has scarcely been begun. They have yet to receive that careful
and prolonged study in the laboratory and field which their impor-
tance and biological interest alike demand. The following named
varieties are wholly provisional but will be of some service to the
field student.
Var, Californicum. Annual; 4 in. to 2 ft. high, simple or branch-
ing, stoutish; leaves round or roundish, often broader than long (as in
all the following varieties, especially the sessile upper ones), dentate or
sharply serrate, often with narrow salient lobes at base; flowers 1 to
1} in. long.—Common in the Sacramento and Coast Range Valleys.
Apr.-May.
Var. grandis Greene. Similar to the preceding but said to be
perennial; stems fistulous, 2 to 8 ft. high; leaves ample (as much as
84 in. long), on short petioles; flowers 1} to 2 in. long.—Rank form
found along ditches and slow streamlets in the Bay Region. May-
July.
Var: insignis Greene. Annual (as all the following), 6 to 20 in.
high; foliage very scanty; lowest petioles long; corollas 1 to 13 in.
long, with a large purple splotch and several small purple dots on
the lower lip.—Napa and Sonoma Valleys. Apr. One of the most
showy plants of the genus.
Var. arvensis (M. arvensis Greene). Size of the preceding or
larger; lower leaves often with several pairs of small leaflets near the
main blade; floral leaves sometimes soft-villous; orifice of the mature
calyx broad-campanulate, commonly truncate.—Wet fields: Howell
Mountain and elsewhere.
Var. nasutus (M. nasutus and glareosus Greene). Teeth of the
calyx in mature fruit often very strongly turned towards the upper
one which is thrice the length of the others; corolla large or little
surpassing the calyx.—Mountain rivulets and springs of the North
Coast Ranges and doubtless elsewhere, Apr.-May.
14, M. floribundus Dougl. Annual; stems slender, at first erect,
later diffuse,.5 to 15in. long; herbage more or less slimy-viscid and
musk-scented; leaves ovate, } to 1 in. long, dentate, short-petioled;
pedicels mainly longer, sometimes shorter than the leaves; calyx
narrowly campanulate (in fruit ovate), 2 to 3 lines long, the teeth 3
line long, hardly unequal; corolla light yellow, exceeding the calyx,
mostly twice as long; capsule globose-ovate, obtuse. ;
Springy places and stream shores in the mountains: Sierra Nevada;
Coast Ranges (but not reported from the Bay Region), May-June.
There are dwarf forms 2 to 8 in. high,
408 SCROPHULARIACE&.
15. M. moschatus Dougl. var. sessilifolius Gray. More or less
villous, the whole plant wet as if with slimy dew, strongly musk-
scented; stems weak, reclining, sometimes slender with long inter-
nodes, rooting at the nodes, 1 to 2 ft. long, from perennial creeping
rootstocks; leaves sessile or shortly petioled, ovate, remotely dentate,
about 2 in. long; flowers only in the upper axils; pedicels 1 to 2 in.
long or more; calyx-teeth lanceolate, 2 to 3 lines long, nearly or
quite 4 the length of the tube, moderately unequal; corolla yellow,
much exceeding the calyx, 1 in. long; capsule ovate, acute.—(M.
inodorous Greene. )
Along streams and about springs in the mountains: seaward Coast
Ranges (Santa Cruz Mountains; Marin Co,; and north and south
along the coast); middle North Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain;
Horse Mountain, Lake Co.); not reported from the inner Coast
Ranges, June-Aug.
10. MIMETANTHE Greene.
Erect branching annual with long villous white hairs. Flowers
small, yellow. Calyx short-campanulate, deeply 5-cleft, its tube
slightly 5-sulcate, not prismatic-angled or even carinate. Corolla
obscurely bilabiate, its lobes plane. Stamens 4, 2 fertile. Capsule
pointed, loculicidal, dehiscent the whole length of the upper side and
on the lower side along the apical attenuation; placente tardily
separating, borne on the shortly 2-cleft valves. (Greek mimetes, an
imitator, and anthos, blossom, on account of the resemblance to
Mimulus.)
1. M. pilosa (Benth.) Greene. At length much branched, leafy,
flowering from near the base, mostly about 8 to 10 in. high; herbage
glandular-viscid and with disagreeable solanaceous odor; leaves lanceo-
late or narrowly oblong-ovate, entire, sessile; flowers on slender pedi-
cels, the lower pedicels surpassing the leaves; upper tooth of calyx
much longer than the others, equaling the tube; corolla bright
yellow, its lower lobe usually with brown spots, slightly exceeding
the calyx, 8 to 4 lines long; capsule oblong-ovate, attenuate.—
(Mimulus exilis Durand.)
Moist stream and river beds: North Coast Ranges (Putah Creek,
Lake Co., Russian River, etc.); South Coast Ranges; Sacramento and
San Joaquin Valleys and southward. July-Sept.
11. LIMOSELLA L. Mupworr.
Diminutive tufted annuals. Stems creeping in the mud (never
ascending), bearing at intervals clusters of leaves and scapes.
Leaves narrow, entire, fleshy. Scapes naked, 1-flowered. Calyx-
5-toothed. Corolla nearly regular, open-campanulate, 5-cleft. Sta-
mens 4, all fertile. Style short. Capsule globose, 2-celled only at
base, many-seeded. (Latin limus, mud, and sella, seat, the species
growing in moist localities. )
1. L. aquatica L. Tufts 1 to 14 in. high; leaves exceeding the
FIGWORT FAMILY. 409
Scapes, narrowly oblong, 8 to 6 lines long, on long petioles (5 to 12
lines); corolla very small (less than 1 line long), white or purplish.
Muddy shores of ponds and lakes: San Mateo Co.; San Francisco;
Point Reyes. June—July.
12. MONNIERA P. Br.
Perennial herbs with opposite leaves and solitary axillary flowers.
Calyx of 5 almost distinct imbricated sepals, the upper’ broadest.
Upper lip of the campanulate corolla emarginate or 2-lobed, the lower
3-lobed. Stamens 4, all fertile. Capsule thin, 2-valved, the valves
2-parted. Placente remaining united in the axis, the valves of the
capsule separating from them. (L. G. C. Monnier, 1713-1799, Pro-
fessor of Botany at Paris.)
1. M. rotundifolia Pursh var. Eiseni. Stems succulent, creeping,
10 to 14 in. long, villous-pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves rotund,
sessile, flabellately many-nerved from the base, } in. long; pedicels
1 or 2 in the axils, longer than the white flowers; corolla little
irregular. —(Herpestis Eiseni Greene. )
Aquatic or in muddy situations: San Joaquin Valley (Stockton,
Sanford, to Fresno, Eisen).
18. GRATIOLA L.
Low herbs with opposite sessile leaves and axillary 1-flowered
peduncles. Calyx of 5 almost distinct nearly equal sepals. Corolla
tubular; upper lip entire or bifid, the lower 3-cleft. Anther-bearing
stamens 2, posterior; anterior pair consisting of sterile rudiments or
wanting. Stigma dilated or with two flat lobes. Capsule 4-valved,
the valves separating from the placenta-bearing axis. (Latin gratia,
grace or esteem, in reference to its medicinal virtues. )
1. G. ebracteata Benth. Stems somewhat succulent, ascending,
2 to 3 in. high; herbage obscurely pubescent; leaves lanceolate, entire,
3 in. long or less; peduncles longer than the flowers; sepals lanceolate,
4 lines long or less, equaling the yellow corolla and surpassing the
globular and somewhat 4-angled capsule; sterile stamens wanting or
represented by minute rudiments.
Wet soil in the north Coast Range valleys: Napa City, Jepson;
Sonoma Valley, Bioletti (the only recorded localities within our
limits), and far northward into Oregon.
14. ILYSANTHES Raf.
Small annuals with opposite sessile leaves. Flowers small, axillary,
on filiform naked peduncles (or the upper becoming racemose).
Calyx of 5 almost distinct sepals. Corolla tubular; upper lip short,
erect, 2-cleft; lower lip larger, spreading, 8-cleft. Fertile stamens 2,
posterior, inserted low down; anterior stamens sterile, inserted high in
the throat, forked, one of the divisions glandular and obtuse, the other
acute and sometimes bearing the rudiment of an anther. Stigma
2-lobed. Capsule many-seeded, septicidal or septifragal. (Greek
ilus, mud, and anthos, flower, the species a denizen of wet places.)
410 SCROPHULARIACES.
1. |. gratioloides Benth. Diffusely branching, 3 or 4 in. high,
the stems and branches very slender; herbage glabrous; leaves ovate
or oblong, 4 to 8 lines long, sparingly denticulate or entire; peduncles
long and slender, several times longer than the flowers, solitary in the
axils or subracemose above by the reduction of the subtending leaves
to bracts; calyx 1 line long; corolla 3 to 4 lines long, bluish.
Muddy shores of the lower San Joaquin. Aug.—Sept.
15. SYNTHYRIS Benth.
Perennial herbs with the rounded petioled leaves in a radical tuft.
Flowers racemose. Calyx 4-parted. Corolla with very short tube
and 4-lobed rotate-campanulate limb. Stamens 2, inserted close to the
upper sinuses, exserted. Anther cells parallel, not confluent. Cap-
sule compressed, loculicidal. (Greek sun, together, and thuris, a little
door, referring to the continued adherence of the base of the valves to
the placentze. )
1. S. rotundifolia Gray. Plants 24 to 5 in. high; herbage
appressed-scabrulose; leaves ovate-cordate, doubly crenate, 2 in. long,
shorter than the petioles; peduncles scarcely longer than the leaves;
inflorescence loosely corymbose-racemose; the bracts small and the
pedicels, at least the lower, several times longer than the flowers;
corolla white, 2 lines long; capsule scarcely known.
Cataract Gulch, east slope of Bolinas Ridge, Chesnut and Drew,
Apr. 17, 1891; Cazadero, J. Burtt Davy, Mar., 1895; hills near Mad
River, Marshall, Jan., 1887. Nearly related to S. reniformis Benth.
of Oregon and Washington state; but that species is nearly glabrous,
with reniform leaves shorter than the scapes, the pedicels very much
shorter than the bluish flowers (which are disposed in a short dense
raceme), and the capsule emarginate.
16. VERONICA L. SprEpweEtt.
Ours herbs with opposite leaves and flowers in axillary or terminal
racemes, or solitary. Pedicels without bractlets. Calyx in ours
4-parted. Corolla subrotate, deeply 4-cleft, the upper lobe commonly
broader than the lateral lobes or the lower one. Stamens 2, one on
each side of the upper corolla-lobe, exserted. Stigma entire. Cap-
sule flattened, often obcordate. Seeds few to many. (Name thought
to be in memory of St. Veronica.)
Flowers solitary in the axils, the leaves alternate or the lowest opposite;
annuals.
1. V. Buxbaumii Tenore. Stems branched from the base, $ to 1
ft. or more long, diffuse or procumbent; herbage pubescent with
spreading hairs; leaves roundish or oval, often broader than long, 5 to
7 lines long, on petioles 1 line long, rather deeply toothed above the
FIGWORT FAMILY. A411
base; flowers blue with a small white center, 2} to 3 lines broad;
calyx-lobes ovate or oblong, 1 to 1} lines long; upper and lateral
petals subequal, larger than the lower petal; capsule 4 lines broad,
with two strongly divergent lubes, appearing as if twin; seeds about
9 in each cell, oblong or roundish, wrinkled, with a fissure on one
side, 1 line long.
Escaped from gardens: abundant in alfalfa fields near Newark,
Miss Crocker; Woodland, acc. to Brandegee. Apr. Another garden
annual, V arvensis L., Corn Speedwell, is sometimes met with as
an escape: pedicels shorter than the flowers; corolla blue, smaller;
capsule notched at apex, the lobes not divergent.
2. V. peregrina L. NEckwexp. Annual, erect, 4 to 9 or 12 in.
high, simple or branched from the base; herbage finely puberulent;
leaves alternate or the lowest opposite, oblong, $ to 1 in. long, entire
or dentate, only the lowest petioled; flowers solitary in the axils of
the alternate leaves, sometimes in one of the axils of the opposite
leaves, appearing racemose above by the reduction of the upper leaves
to bracts; pedicels shorter than the small white flowers or obcordate
capsules.
Common in low places in valley fields: Humboldt Co.; Ukiah;
Napa Valley; South Coast Ranges; plains of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin; Southern California. May.
8. V. Americana Schwein. Brooxitime. Glabrous perennial;
stems erect or ascending, 1 to 2 ft. long; leaves oblong-ovate, serrate,
1} to 8 in. long, short-petioled, bearing peduncled racemes in their
axils; pedicels filiform, exceeding the linear-oblong bracts and much
longer than the rotund capsule; corolla blue.
Springs and rivulets in the hills and mountains: Coast Ranges
Howell Mountain, Berkeley, San Francisco, Pajaro Hills); Sierra
evada, June.
17, CASTILLEIA Mutis.
Root-parasitic herbs or sometimes suffrutescent plants. Leaves
alternate, sessile, entire or more commonly laciniate. Flowers dull
yellowish or greenish, in terminal spikes (rarely pediceled), the bracts
and calyx-lobes commonly more showy than the corolla. Calyx tubu-
lar, flattened laterally, cleft before and usually behind, the divisions
entire, emarginate or 2-cleft. Upper lip (galea) of the corolla long
and narrow, flattened laterally (or conduplicate) and enclosing the
style and the 4 unequal stamens. Lower lip very short, 3-lobed or
-toothed. Anther cells unequal, the outer versatile, the inner pendu-
lous. Capsule many-seeded. (D. Castillejo, Spanish botanist.)
Annual; calyx about equally cleft before and behind, wholly green; corolla
straight, exserted from the calyx-tube and exposing the short scarlet
lower lip. . . se ES, we ae : .. Ll. C. spiralis.
Perennials.
Calyx much more deeply cleft before than behind; corolla falcate, the
alea well eamerted from lower side of calyx and be egg Le lower
ADs, «As see igeta) ce Stee StS ga ec a AY fer oe cela tea eit gan wee fan affinis.
lee cleft before and behind; galea included or little exserted
{the lower lip never exposed).
412 SCROPHULARIACE.
Calyx-lobes mostly 2-cleft to middle; herbage villous-hirsute; leaves
HGS: os ke ke Ae Be. Se ee BS & . 8. C. parviflora.
Calyx-lobes entire or with slightly 2-lobed summit. ae ee
Herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves oval or obovate... .4. C. latifolia.
Herbage white-woolly throughout; leaves linear. . 5. C. foliolosa.
1. C. spiralis. Annual, erect, virgate, 1} to 23 ft. high, the whole
plant glandular-pubescent and wet as if with dew; leaves ascending,
linear-lanceolate, 14 to 8 in. long, all entire; lower leaves with long
linear tips, these coiling spirally when wilting; bracts entire, the
uppermost with scarlet tips; lower flowers pedicellate; calyx equally
cleft or cleft slightly deeper behind; calyx-lobes incisely 2-cleft at
apex; corolla wholly green (except the lower lip) or sometimes
slightly yellowish, straight, well-exserted from calyx-tube, exposing
the bright scarlet teeth of the lower lip; corolla-tube longer than
alea.
= Moist rivulets, Butt’s Cafion, northern Napa Co., July 13, 1897.
C. stenantha Gray, to which this is closely allied, occurs from Mon-
terey to San Diego and in the southern Sierra Nevada, and is the only
other annual species in the state; it was first collected by Hartweg on
the Carmel River. :
2. C. affinis H. & A. Scartet Cur. One to 2 ft. high, with few
virgate branches from the base, rather leafy below; herbage nearly
glabrous, somewhat villous, or slightly scabrous-puberulent; leaves
linear, entire, 4 in. long or less; raceme loose below; bracts scarlet,
3-parted, the middle lobe largest and 8-cleft at apex; flowers pedi-
celed, 1} in. long; calyx-lobes notched or 2-cleft at apex, the teeth
acute; corolla yellowish, falecate, much exserted from the anterior
cleft of the scarlet or scarlet-tipped calyx, and exposing the lower
ae about as long as tube, villous, bearded towards apex on the
ack.
Borders of woods in the Coast Ranges about San Francisco Bay:
Oakland Hills; San Francisco; etc. Mar.-May. The large lower
leaves have three strong callous nerves. Bracts very Icng, the lobes
rather narrow, not brouder above. Difficult to discriminate from
the next; best known by its bright scarlet pediceled flowers, callous-
nerved leaves, and the at length rather loose raceme.
3. C. parviflora Bong. var. Douglasii. Inp1an Paint Brusa.
Stems from base rather few; herbage villous-hirsute; leaves linear,
varying to linear-lanceolate or -oblong, entire or with a few linear-
laciniate lobes, 1} to 23 (or the lower even 83) in. long; bracts petal-like
above, equally 8-parted or the middle lobe somewhat larger and
8-cleft at summit; spikes lax below; calyx-lobes colored red, rarely
yellow, laciniately 2-cleft at summit or to below the middle; corolla
straight, the galea about as long as tube, little or not at all exserted.—
(C. Douglasii Benth.)
‘Wooded cafions: Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Common and
variable. Bracts variable in color, tipped with red, yellow, or white.
The bracts of the yellow form from the Oakland Hills are not cleft
to the middle.
4. C. latifolia H. & A. Szasrpz Parntep Cup. One-half to
FIGWORT FAMILY. 413
1} ft. high; herbage viscid-pubescent; leaves thick, oval or obovate,
mostly less than 1 in. long, or the upper larger and 3-lobed at apex;
bracts very short and broad (about 9 lines long and 5 lines wide) with
oblong lobes, the middle lobe twice as large as the lateral; calyx-
lobes broad, entire or notched at apex, almost equaling the corolla;
corolla small, about 8 lines long; lower lip very short.
Sea cliffs and rocky headlands along the coast: San Francisco;
Monterey, ete. Aug.
5. C. foliolosa H. & A. Wootty Parnrep Cur. Suffrutescent,
with many stems from the base, mostly 10 to 18 in. high, white-
woolly throughout; leaves linear and entire, rather crowded below
and fascicled in the lower axils, about 1 in. long or less, the upper
cauline and bracts 8-parted into linear Jobes; bracts with lobes
spatulate-dilated at apex, the middle lobe largest and shallowly
3-lobed; spikes dense; flower about 9 lines long, only slightly curved;
galea protruding from calyx only 1 or 2 lines, shorter than or as long
as tube of corolla; calyx-lobes truncate or merely retuse; capsule 7
lines long; seeds bluish green.
Dry Coast Range hills, mostly in rocky situations or on gravelly
soil, in some places exceedingly abundant, occupying many acres of
open hillside. Apr.—May.
18. ORTHOCARPUS Nutt. Owt’s Clover.
Annual herbs, or a few perennial species extra-limital. Leaves
alternate, incised or laciniate, the floral sometimes colored. Calyx
tubular or short-campanulate, 4-cleft, or cleft before and behind and
the divisions 2-lobed. Corolla tubular, the upper lip (‘‘galea’’)
similar to that of Castilleia, but not so greatly (or not at all)
exceeding the lower one. Lower lip 8-saccate, inflated, often very
conspicuous. Stamens 4; anthers in some species with but one cell.
(Greek orthos, upright, and karpos, fruit.)
Corolla with moderately 3-saccate lower lip, the teeth or lobes conspicuous;
bracts with colored sk
Filaments glabrous; galea nearly straight, glabrous.
Flowers whitish; spike slender, 3 in. long or more, lax below... . .
1. O. attenuatus.
Flowers dull white with purple marks; spike short and dense, 2 in. long
OF 168824 a tut =e iS 8 3 . 2. O. castilleioides.
Flowers purple; spikes dense, cylindric. . ... .3. 0. densiflorus.
Filaments hairy; galea hooked at apex, bearded; flowerscrimson. . . .
. O. purpurascens.
Corolla with conspicuously 3-saccate lower lip, much larger than the slender
and straight (but often longer) galea; bracts wholly herbaceous.
haat es in ae esis exserted from the slightly folded galea; flowers 6 lines
ong or less.
Hiants small and weak; flowers scattered, inconspicuous, cae red .
. O. pusillus.
Plants larger and more vigorous; flowers in mostly dense spikes, white
OY CYOAM-COlON se se a Be Ee wh IS eG, 6. O. foribundus.
Stamens not exserted from the involute-subulate galea; flowers exceeding
Win.
Leaves dissected into linear segments; tube of corolla filiform.
Herbage greenish; corolla yellow or pinkish white throughout... .
7. O. faucibarbatus.
414 SCROPHULARIACEZ.
Herbage somewhat reddish; galea purple.
Corolla deep sulphur-yellow....... . 8. O. erianthus.
Corolla white or rose-color: vars. of... . . .8. 0. erianthus.
Leaves broader, entire or with few segments; corolla-tube broader and
dilated upwards; herbage somewhat yellowish; corolla cream-color
throughout... ..... z 2 . 9. O. lithospermoides.
1. O. attenuatus Gray. Slender, strict or more rarely with a few
branches, 5 to 12 in. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, attenuate, entire
or the upper with one or two filiform lobes above the middle, 3 in.
long or less, mostly 1 line wide or less; spikes slender, loose below,
denser above; bracts with white tips or almost wholly herbaceous;
calyx-lobes 4, filiform, the divisions of nearly equal depth; corolla
dull white. not deeply bilabiate, the lanceolate teeth of the upper lip
large for the size of the corolla, almost as Jong as the lower lp and
nearly equaling the galea; lower lip shallowly saccate, purple-dotted.
Fields: Coast Ranges; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Foothills. Apr.-
May.
2. O. castilleioides Benth. Corymbosely branched from the
base, commonly 6 to 10 in. high, somewhat hirsute-pubescent; leaves
broader than in the preceding, 4 lines wide or less, entire or with
laciniate linear divisions; spikes short and dense, or even subcapitate,
the bracts with white or yellowish tips; culyx-segments linear; corolla
6 to 10 lines long, dull white with purple marks; galea plainly longer
than the bright crimson teeth.
Marshy ground about San Francisco Bay (Alameda, West Berke-
ley) and northward to Napa Vulley and Sonoma Co. June.
3. O. densiflorus Benth. Common Escosita. Strict or strictly
branched, 5 to 15 in. high, finely pubescent; leaves oblong-lanceolate
to linear, with mainly # pair of filiform divisions; spike dense, 4 in.
long or less; bracts 3-cleft with purple and white tips; calyx-sezments
spatulate dilated, purple; corclla 8 to 10 lines long, purple and white;
lower lip with large crimson dots, the teeth nearly as long as the
galea.
Catistoga; San Rafael; Mill Valley; Newark, etc., and southward
along the cvast to San Luis Obispo. May.
4. O. purpurascens Benth. Purpite Escopira. Erect or fre-
quently much branched from the base with ascending branches, 4 to
15 in. high, villous-pubescent; leaves parted into many filiform
divisions; bracts palmately cleft and somewhat dilated, the upper
with crimson or purple tips, as also the calyx-lubes; corolla crimson
or purplish, 1 to 1} in. long; lower lip white-tipped, with yellow and
purple dots or markings; gulea densely purple-bearded on the back,
incurved at tip.
Sierra Foothills; Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys; Napa Val-
ley; Antioch; Los Gatos; Monterey and southward to Southern Cal-
ifornia. Apr.—May 15.
5. O. pusillus Benth. Slender and weak. 2 to 4 in. high; herbage
ae gat sparingly hispidulous-pubescent; leaves pinnately cleft into
inear or filiform divisions; bracts longer than the scattered incon-
spicuous dark red flowers; corolla 2 to 8 lines long.
FIGWORT FAMILY. 415
Hillsides and fields, coloring moist spots with a dull red hue: Oak-
land Hills; Marin Co.; Humboldt Co. and northward. Mar.—Apr.
6. O. floribundus Benth, Erect, somewhat corymbosely branched
from near the base or the middle, 5 to 12 in. high, nearly glabrous;
leaves (especially the upper) pinnately parted into linear-filiform di-
visions, some again parted; spikes short and dense, the upper bracts
not surpassing the calyx; corolla white or cream-color, 6 lines long,
its tube much exceeding the calyx; lower lip with 2 hairy lines within.
Hillsides near the coast: Millbrae, Davy; San Francisco, Jepson.
7. O. faucibarbatus Gray. Herbage greenish, glabrous, or puber-
ulent above; 7 to 14 in. high, with ascending branches from the
middle; leaves oblong or ligulate at base, pinnately cleft above into
several linear divisions; spikes at length elongated and lax; bracts
shorter than the flowers, palmately cleft or parted into lanceolate
segments; corolla yellow or pinkish «white throughout, 9 to 10 lines
long, its tube very slender, pubescent, twice the length of the calyx;
sacs of lower lip nearly 2 lines deep, deeper than high.
Low fields in the Coast Range valleys from Monterey Co., Chandler,
Santa Cruz, Setchell, to Napa Valley, Jepson, Sonoma Co., and
Mendocino Co. Apr.—May.
8. O. erianthus Benth. OwL’s Crovrer. Herbage, particularly
the bracts and stems, reddish; plants 5 to 8 in. high; leaves pinnately
divided into filifurm divisions; spikes slender; bracts much shorter
than the flowers; corolla about 10 lines long and sulphur-yellow
except the dark purple subulate galea, its filiform tube at least twice
the length of the calyx; sacs of the lip 2 lines deep, deeper than high,
each sac commonly with 2 greenish yellow spots at the base of the
tooth; folds of the throat densely bearded.
Very abundant on the plains of the Sacramento and San Joaquin
and on the low hills of the Coast Ranges, often coloring wide stretches
in Apr. and May.
Var. versicolor (O. versicolor Greene). WHITE OwL’s CLovER.
Corolla white, excepting the purple galea, often with a transverse
purple band across the throat below the sacs; otherwise like the pre-
ceding.—Lake Merced.
Var. roseus Gray. Corolla rose-color.—San Francisco sand hills.
9. O.lithospermoides Benth. Cream Sacs. Herbage hirsute-
pubescent above, less so below, erect and strict, or with few branches
above the base; lower leaves lanceolate, entire; upper oblong, with a
few slender lobes; spike very dense and thick; bracts nearly equaling
the flowers, the upper dilated at the base, palmatifid into 7 or more
narrow lobes; corolla 1 in. long or more, of a rich cream-color,
strongly 8-saccate, the tube dilated upwards.
Plains and low hills: Contra Costa and Marin Cos. northward
through the Coast Ranges to Mendocino; Sacramento Valley. Last
of Apr. to first of June. Upper bracts large, almost as broad as long,
concealing the calyx; in the two preceding species the upper bracts
are small, little or not at all longer than the calyx, only 3 to 5-cleft
and not so broad.
416 SCROPHULARIACEZ.
19. ADENOSTEGIA Benth.
Branching annuals. ‘Leaves alternate, narrow, either entire or 8 to
5-parted into linear divisions. Bracts and calyx never colored.
Flowers scattered along the branches or in terminal clusters or heads.
Calyx spathe-like, consisting of an anterior and a posterior leaf-like
division or the anterior division wanting. Corolla tubular, enlarged
a little upwards, the lips of nearly equal length; lower lip obtusely
3-toothed. Stamens 4 or 2; anther-cells unequal, ciliate or minutely
bearded. Capsule flattened; seeds with a loose coat, pointed at one
end. (Greek aden, gland, and stege, covering, some species glandular. )
Calyx diphyllous (i. e., with anterior and posterior leaf-like divisions);
stamens 4, filaments villous; bracts and floral leaves gland-tipped.
Flowers crowded into terminal heads; bracts hirsute-ciliate.....
1. A. rigida.
Flowers 2 or 3 together at the ends of the branchlets, or only one. _
Herbage pubescent a ‘ . 2. A. pilosa.
Herbage glabrous . Bias Bh seh wie era de of age es _ «8. A. Pringle.
Calyx monophyllous (i. e., with a single posterior leaf-like division); fila-
ments glabrous; bracts and floral leaves not gland-tipped.
Leaves entire; stamens 4......... oe .4. A, maritima.
Some of the leaves pinnatifid; stamens 2. . .5. A. mollis.
1. A. rigida Benth. Erect, paniculately branched, 1 to 2 or 3 ft.
high; herbage finely puberulent, the 3-parted bracts hispid-ciliate;
lower leaves entire, upper 8 to 5-parted into linear divisions, their
tips dilated and retuse; flowers crowded in terminal heads; corolla
yellowish and purplish, over } in. long.
Throughout Southern California; recorded as within our limits only
from Mt. Hamilton, Greene.
2. A. pilosa (Gray) Greene. Paniculately branched, 2 to 8 ft.
high, glandular, soft-pubescent; leaves narrowly linear, entire, some-
what fascicled below, 4 to 4 in. long, the upper and floral with 3
callous-glandular teeth at the dilated tip; flowers 2 or 3 together at
the end of the branchlets, or only 1; calyx-lobes exceeding the corolla;
corolla } in. long, dull white with some yellow markings; lower lip
rather broad below, scarcely shorter than the upper; stamens 4;
anthers 2-celled; filaments villous.—(Cordylanthus pilosus Gray.)
Very common on dry hills throughout northern California: Los
Gatos; Moraga Valley; Napa Valley; Vaca Mountains and north-
ward. Sept.
3. A. Pringlei (Gray) Greene. About 1} ft. high, diffusely and
subdivaricately branched, the branches slender and very wiry; plants
glabrous below, the inflorescence sparsely sprinkled with minute
glandular-hispid hairs; leaves filiform, 6 lines long, the floral some-
what callous-tipped; flowers few, solitary, terminating the stem and
branches; upper calyx-division narrow, bifid; corolla 5 to 6 lines
long, white or greenish white, marked with purple at the middle;
capsule oblique at summit, with a very distinct beak.
Mt. St. Helena, 3,700 to 3,900 ft.; first collected in Lake Co., by
Pringle. The plant in anthesis is almost or quite leafless, and the
rigid wiry branches of a deep brown or mahogany color are quite
FIGWORT FAMILY. 417
characteristic. This and the preceding species belong to the subgenus
Adenostegia proper, characterized by a diphyllous calyx; it is to be
noted, however, that the lower sepalin A. Pringlei and A. pilosa is
deciduous, and that only the upper sepal persists in extreme age!
The next two species are of the section Hemidtagia, the calyx of which
is monophyllous, only the upper sepal being present!
4. A. maritima (Nutt.) Greene. Corymbosely branched, 5 to 12 in.
high; herbage glaucous and more or less hoary-pubescent; leaves
linear to oblong, 1 in. long, entire; flowers in short rather thick
spikes, about as long as the loosely imbricated bracts; corolla purplish;
stumens 4, in very unequal pairs; anthers of the longer pair 2-celled,
of the shorter pair with only the lower smaller cell; filaments gla-
brous.—(Cordylanthus maritimus Nutt.)
Salt marshes near the coast from San Francisco Bay southward to
Southern California. July.
5, A. mollis (Gray) Greene. Simple or branched, 3 to 1 ft. high,
villous-pubescent, the bracts densely villous-hirsute; leaves linear or
oblong, entire, or the upper saliently few-toothed or pinnatifid;
flowers spicate; corolla % in. logg; stamens 2; anthers 2-celled; fila-
ments glabrous.—(Cordylanthus mollis Gray.)
Interior salt marshes: Vallejo; Suisun Marshes. Aug.
20. PEDICULARIS L. Lovusreworr,
Perennial herbs with alternate pinnatifid leaves. Flowers in a
bracteate spike. Calyx 2 to 5-cleft. Corolla tubular, strongly bilab-
iate; upper lip galeate, arched and compressed; lower lip of 3 small
rounded lobes or teeth. Stamens 4, under the galea; anthers trans-
verse, with equal cells. Capsule flattened, oblique at apex, loculi-
cidally 2-valved. (From Latin pediculus, a louse; of uncertain
application. )
1. P. densiflora Benth. Inpian Warrivr. Stems simple and
erect, 9 to 12 in. high, commonly several from the scaly caudex;
herbage soft-pubescent or nearly glabrous; leaves pinnately divided or
parted, the segments oblong and doubly serrate-toothed or incised;
flowers in a terminal dense (or in age loose) spike; bracts linear,
ciliate or serrulate towards the apex, mostly shorter than the flowers;
calyx 5-angled, the anterior and lateral angles soft-pubescent, equally
or unequally 5-toothed, 3 to 4 lines long; corolla crimson, 1 in. long
or more; galea large, slightly broader upwards, strongly arched;
lower lip small, of 3 rounded teeth; anther-cells acute at base;
seeds few.
Wooded hills throughout western Culifornia. Feb.—Mar.
BeLiarpia Trrxago (L.) is an escape near Martinez, acc. to
Greene, Man., 284. It is an annual with crenate-serrate lanceolate
leaves, red and white flowers in a dense terminal spike, 4-lobed calyx,
and the lip of the corolla equaling or exceeding the galea.
418 PLANTAGINACE.
87. PLANTAGINACEZ. Prantaco Famity.
Acaulescent herbs with 1 to several-ribbed or -nerved radical leaves
Flowers regular, 4-merous, the scarious and veinless corolla commonly
withering-persistent. Ovary 2 to 4-celled, superior; style long-
stigmatose, simple and filiform.
1. PLANTAGO L. Puanrain.
Flowers perfect or polygamo-dicecious, each subtended by a bract,
disposed in spikes or heads which are raised on a leafless scape.
Sepals 4. Corolla small, salverform, with a short tube, or nearly
rotate. Stamens 4, or sometimes 2, alternating with the lobes of the
corolla and borne on its tube. Ovary 2 or falsely 4-celled, with 1
or more ovules in each cell. Capsule circumscissile, the seeds
attached to the face of the loose partition which falls away with the
lid. Seed-coat mucilaginous. (Latin name of the Plantain.)
Corolla closed over the mature capsule, forming a sort of beak; perennial;
stamens 4; spike 6 to 12 in. long; leaves oblong: lamceors yt a says
Corolla remaining expanded, not closed over the mature capsules.
Perennials; stamens 4. -
Leaves lanceolate. . . 2. P. lanceolata.
Leaves ovate. . c . 8. P. major.
eaves TMe ars iiss hess create en ba a .4, P. maritima.
Annuals; leaves linear or oblanceolate.
Stamens 4; capsule 2-seeded, spike oblong: vars. of. . .5. P. Patagonica.
Stamens 2; capsule 4-seeded, spike narrowly linear. .6. P. Bigelovii.
1. P. hirtella HBK. Root thick; herbage roughish pubescent,
especially the scapes and leaf-ribs; leaves oblong-oblanceolate to nar-
rowly oblong, tapering to apex and below into a broad petiole, 3 to 12
in. long and 3 to 33 in. wide; spikes 6 to 12 in. long, dense except at
the base; corolla persistent, its lobes closed over the capsule, forming
a sort of beak; seeds 3.
Clay banks along the coast: Santa Cruz (?); San Francisco; Berke-
ley; Tennessee Bay, Marin Co.; Bolinas; Dillons Beach, acc. to
Setchell.
2. P. lanceolata L. Risworv. EncaiisH PLANTAIN. Perennial;
herbage somewhat villous with short hairs, often rusty-pilose; leaves
erect or spreading, oblong-lanceolate, tapering at base into a slender
petiole, strongly 8 to 5-ribbed, 33 to 6 in. long; scape longer than the
leaves, sulcate and angular, erect; spike short-cylindrical, $ to 2 in.
long; corolla nearly rotate; sepals scarious, the two lower often com-
bined into one; stamens twice as long as the corolla, with slender fila-
ments; capsule 2-seeded.
Common about San Francisco Bay, flowering from Apr. until late
summer.
3. P. major L. Common Pianrarin, Glabrous perennial; root-
stock short and thick; leaf-blades round-ovate, 8 to 6 in. long, entire
or toothed, marked with 5 to 7 prominent ribs, these converging at
the base into a broad petiole 4 or 5 in. long; peduncles not as long as
the leaves, rarely longer, bearing an elongated spike often 8 in.
UTRICULARIACE.E. 419
long; sepals green in the middle, with scarious edges; capsule 2-celled
with 4 to 8 seeds in each cell, circumscissile near the middle.
Not uncommon in low fields and waste places. The species is prob-
ably introduced from Europe. Called by the Indians ‘‘ White Man’s
Foot,”” since it has closely followed the advance of civilization,
springing up about the earliest frontier settlements. It has repute in
rustic medicine for the cure of certain cutaneous disorders.
Var. Asiatica Dec. Leaves in a rosette-like cluster, the petiole
about 1 in. long or less; peduncles surpassing the leaves; spike below
less dense; capsule circumscissile near the base and well within the
calyx.—Stockton; Sierra Nevada.
4. P. maritima L. Sra Prantarn. Low stout maritime peren-
nials with many thick and fleshy linear or narrowly linear leaves;
peduncles ascending, 3 to 4, rarely 6 to 7 in. long, equaling or exceed-
ing the leaves; spike cylindrical, 1} to 2 or 3 in. long; sepals some-
what carinate; corolla-tube pubescent externally; capsules 2 to
4-seeded.
Cliffs and rocks near the sea: Santa Cruz; San Francisco; West
Berkeley.
5. P. Patagonica Jacq. var. Californica Greene. Annual, silky-
pubescent, 4 to 5 in. high; leaves narrowly linear to oblanceolate,
about 3 the length of the scapes, rarely equaling them, less than 1 to
nearly 3 lines wide; spike dense and short, oblong, or even almost
capitate, 4 to 6 lines long; sepals obtuse, with a firm and broadly
linear central portion, this scariously margined; capsule 2-seeded;
seeds oblong-oval with a pronounced ventral sulcus, and tough
leathery testa.
Very common on hillsides everywhere. Apr.-May. Fr. June.
Var. rosulata (Plantago Californica Greene). Rosulate leaves
mostly depressed, the scapes somewhat decumbent at base, twice
the length of the leaves.—Contra Costa Co. southward in the Mt.
Diablo Range.
6. P. Bigelovii Gray. Slender annual, 8 to 5 in. high; leaves
linear or filiform, commonly shorter than the scapes, less than 2 lines
broad, both scapes and leaves erect; fruiting spike } to 14 in. long,
about 14 lines wide; stamens 2; capsule ovoid-oblong, 1 to 1} lines
long, circumscissile much below the middle (well within the calyx),
4-seeded, occasionally a fifth seed; seeds winged at oneend. ~
Alkaline fields of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys west-
ward to the Potrero San Pablo, Dary, and Hollister, Setchell.
Apr.-May.
88. UTRICULARIACEAE. Buapperwort Famity.
Aquatic insectivorous plants. Calyx bilabiate. Corolla deeply
bilabiate, the lower lip larger, 3-lobed, spurred at the base in front.
Stamens 2, anterior. Ovary l-celled, with free central placenta bear-
ing several ovules. Fruit a 2-valved capsule. Seed with a straight
embryo and no endosperm.
420 OROBANCHACE.
1. UTRICULARIA L. BiappEeRwort.
Leaves capillary divided and bearing little bladders which possess a
kind of valve-like opening. Scapes 1 to few-flowered. Calyx-lips
entire. Corolla with a projecting palate on the lower lip, often clos-
ing the throat; upper lip erect. (Latin utriculus, a little skin or
leathern bottle.)
1. U. vulgaris L. Common BiappERwort. Immersed stems
1 ft. long or more, crowded with bi- or tri-pinnately parted leaves
bearing many bladders; scapes 5 to 12-flowered; pedicels recurved in
fruit; corolla 6 to 9 lines broad, with conical spur somewhat shorter
than the lower lip.
Olema, Mrs. WK. Brandegee; Suisun Marshes(?); Lower San
Joaquin, Mrs. K. Brandegee. The bladders have an entrance closed
by a valve opening inwards, so that small aquatic animals having
entered are unable to escape.
89. OROBANCHACEZ. Broom-Rare FAmMILy.
Root-parasitic herbs, destitute of green color, with alternate scales
in place of leaves. Calyx persistent. Corolla tubular, more or less
bilabiate, the upper lip 2-lobed or entire, the lower 3-lobed. Stamens
4, didynamous, inserted on the tube, of the corolla. Ovary free,
1-celled, pointed with a long style which is curved at the apex.
Capsule ovoid, 2 to 4-valved, each valve bearing on its face 1 or 2
placentz. Seeds numerous, very small, with endosperm; embryo
minute.
Calyx 5-cleft; anther-cells separated from below upward, mucronate at
bese; capsule Qeyvalved ov aegee 4.8 4 4 9 O48 4 . 1, APHYLLON.
Calyx truncate behind and before, or with 1 to 4 teeth in front; anther-
cells parallel, blunt; capsule 4-valved. . .... «2. BOSCHNIAKIA.
1. APHYLLON Mitch. Broom-rare.
Low commonly viscid-pubescent plants, with violet-purple or
yellow flowers. Calyx 5-cleft into acute or acuminate lobes. Corolla
tubular, curved, obscurely or manifestly bilabiate; upper lip erect or
arching inwards, in ours 2-lobed; lower lip 3-lobed, spreading. Sta-
mens included. Style deciduous; stigma peltate or with anterior and
posterior lobes. Placenta 4, 2 on each valve of the capsule. (Greek
prefix a, without, and phullon, leaf.)
Flowers on long slender peduncles from a short more or less subterranean
caudex, without bractlets; corolla obscurely bilabiate; placente not
closely approximate in pairs.
Peduncles few or one; corolla bluish or purplish; calyx-lobes subulate .
1. A. unifiorum.
Peduncles many; corolla commonly yellow; calyx-lobes broader... . .
Z : 2. A. fasciculatum.
Flowers in a raceme, or subspicate, or thyrsoid; flowers with 2 bractlets;
corolla manifestly bilabiate; placente in contiguous pairs.
Herbage light colored or somewhat purplish; flowers pedicellate; calyx
equally cleft.
Calyx-lobes nearly as long as tube of corolla. . . 8. A. comosum.
Calyx-lobes scarcely half as long as corolla. . .4. A. Californicum.
BROOM-RAPE FAMILY. 421
Herbage dark reddish brown; flowers subsessile or short pediceled; calyx
unequally cleft; stems with a thickened tuber-like base... ...
5. A. tuberosum.
1. A. uniflorum fs) Gray. Naxzrp Broom-Rare. Peduncles
few or one, slender, 1} to 5$ in. high, from a short scaly nearly sub-
terranean stem; calyx-lobes subulate, often attenuate, longer than the
tube; corolla violet-tinged or blue-purple, 1 in. long or less (twice the
length of the calyx or more), the lobes obovate and rather large.
Widely distributed but not common: Lafayette, Contra Costa Cu.;
Milliken Cafion near Napa. Apr.-May.
2. A. fasciculatum (Nutt.) Gray. Scaly stem emerging from the
ground 1 or 2 in. and bearing numerous fascicled peduncles 8 to 4 in.
long; plants more pubescent and glandular than in no. 1; calyx-lobes
broadly or triangular-subulate, usually shorter than but often exceed-
ing the tube; corolla yellow, sometimes purple or reddish-tinted, 1 to
1} in. long.
Higher mountain slopes and ridges, rather common: Coast Ranges
(Vaca Mountains, Mt. Tamalpais, Mt. Diablo, Mt. Oso, etc.); Sierra
Nevada; Southern California. June. Parasitic on Eriogonum,
Phacelia, Artemisia, etc.
3. A. comosum (Hook.) Gray. Branching close to the surface of
the ground, 3 to 4 in. high, puberulent; flowers racemose or some-
what corymbose; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; bractlets on the pedicels
or at the base of the flowers; calyx parted into long linear-attenuate
lobes $ as long as or nearly equaling the corolla; corolla pinkish or
purplish, 1 to 1} in. long, upper lip notched or bifid, lower 3-parted
into rather narrow lobes; anthers woolly.
Dry hills, parasitic on Artemisia and other shrubs, not common.
Mohave Desert northward to Washington: Mt. Oso, Stanislaus Co.,
Brewer; Livermore, on Sambucus glauca, Dr. W. A. Hammond, the
specimens nearly a foot long and the main stem 1 in. thick; bractlets
somewhat remote from the calyx; very abundant in ‘‘ the low over-
flowed lands between the San Joaquin River and Paradise Cut,’’
Brandegee. Aug.—Sept.
4. A. Californicum (C. & 8.) Gray. Viscid-pubescent, with
usually simple stems 2 to 6 in. high; flowers crowded in a dense
raceme; pedicels 1 to 2 (or the lower sometimes 6) lines long; calyx-
segments linear-lanceolate, half as long as the corolla; corolla yellow-
ish or purplish, $ to 1 in. long, its lobes shorter and less spreading
than in no. 3; anthers glabrous or slightly hairy.
Open hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. Corolla rather more
slender and less membranaceous than in A. comosum; lips about 2
lines long, in A. comosum about 3 to 4 lines long.
5. A. tuberosum Gray. Low, stout, pruinose-puberulent, the
thickened base of the stem with imbricated scales; inflorescence a
dense pyramidal (or more or less globose) cluster of short racemes;
calyx unequally cleft, the lobes about as long as the tube of the
corolla; corolla yellowish or dark purple or brown, 5 to 7 lines long,
422 POLEMONIACES.
the lobes a line long, scarcely spreading; anthers after dehiscence
somewhat hairy. .
Summits of the Coast Range peaks and ridges: Gabilan Mountains,
Brewer; Mt. Hamilton, Greene; Mt. Diablo, Kellogg; Mt. Tamalpais,
Miss Eastwood; Vaca Mountains, Jepson, parasitic on Adenostoma
fasciculatum, the dark red or dark brown thyrsoid-congested inflo-
rescences 2 in. thick or more, looking at first glance not unlike small
burnt stumps where fire has passed through the Chamisal; Snow Mt.,
Lake Co., Brandegee. May.
2. BOSCHNIAKIA C. A. Mey.
Stems thick, simple, arising from rather large globose tubers which
are developed at the point of attachment of the parasite to the root of
the host plant. Flowers without bractlets, sessile or pedicellate, more
or less concealed by scaly subtending bracts, the whole forming a
dense spike. Calyx short, cup-shaped, truncate behind and with
teeth in front, or entirely truncate. Corolla ventricose; upper lip
erect or fornicate, entire or bifid; lower 3-parted. Stamens slightly
exserted. Stigma bilamellar, the lobes right and left, or 4-lobed.
Capsule 4-valved, each valve with 1 placenta. (Boschniaki, a Russian
botanist. )
1. B. strobilacea Gray. Tubers 2 to 3 in. in diameter, bearing
1 to 6 spikes; spikes deep red-brown in age; scales much imbricated,
very broad and obtuse; calyces truncate or with 1 to 4 teeth anteriorly
and laterally disposed; upper lip of corolla entire, emarginate or bifid;
filaments densely bearded at base.
Higher Coast Range ridges (Santa Cruz Mountains, Oakland Hills,
Mt. Tamalpais, Mt. St. Helena), northward to British Columbia;
commonly parasitic on the roots of Manzanita. May. The oblong
spikes in many cases bear a marked resemblance to Sugar Pine cones;
in other cases the inflorescence is more open and the specific name less
applicable. Lower flowers rarely with bractlets. For a detailed
account of this peculiar parasite see Erythea, v. 63, pl. 1 & 2.
90. POLEMONIACEZ. Guinia Famity.
Herbs or a few species slightly suffrutescent. Leaves alternate or
opposite, entire, lobed or divided. Flowers complete, 5-merous except
that the superior ovary is 3-celled, either solitary, in loose clus-
ters, capitate, racemose, corymbose or paniculate. Calyx persistent,
in one subgenus irregular. Corolla regular, convolute in the bud.
Stamens inserted on corolla, alternate with its lobes, often unequal in
length. Style 3-cleft. Capsule loculicidally 3-valved. One species
of Gilia has a 4-merous corolla and some exceptions as to the capsule
are noted under that genus.
GILIA FAMILY, 423
1, POLEMONIUM L. Jacop’s Lappsr.
Perennials, Leaves alternate, pinnate, the leaflets sessile. Flow-
ers showy, blue or white, in racemes, thyrses or panicles. Calyx
herbaceous throughout, not scarious below the sinuses, accrescent.
Corolla from funnelform to nearly rotate. Filaments more or less
declined and hairy at base. Seeds few or several in each cell.
(Greek name used by Dioscorides, from polemos, war, the application
not obvious. )
1. P. carneum Gray. Lightly pubescent, 1 to 2 ft. high, the
stems lax or diffusely branching; leaflets thin, 7 to 17, ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, 1 to 1} in. long, all but the terminal distinct, these some-
times confluent; flowers corymbose-paniculate on rather slender pedi-
cels; calyx about 4 lines long, accrescent in age and twice as long;
corolla broadly funnelform, salmon-color to purple, 8 to 12 lines
long, the limb nearly as broad when expanded; lobes obovate and
either acute or obtuse; stamens and style included; seeds 3 or 4 in
each cell.
Rare but handsome species of mountain woods: Pilarcitos, San
Mateo Co.; Marin Co.; northward to Siskivou Co., where first
collected by Greene. Apr.—May.
2, COLLOMIA Nutt.
Herbs, ours annual, with alternate leaves. Flowers in ours in
dense clusters with foliaceous bracts. Calyx turbinate, in age ob-
pyramidal or cup-shaped, its teeth or lobes equal, entire, erect, the
sinuses in age distended into a recurved lobe. Corolla narrowly
funnelform or salverform, salmon-yellow, reddish, purple, or white.
Stamens unequal and unequally inserted on the tube of the corolla,
mostly straight. Seed 1 in each cell, the seed-coat developing spiral
threads when wet. Capsule oval to obovoid. (Greek kolla, glue, on
account of the mucilaginous seeds. )
Corolla narrowly funnelform, pale salmon-color; leaves entire... ...
1. C. grandiflora.
Corolla salverform, red-purple; leaves more or less bipinnatifid or simply
toothed or entire ‘ ‘ 2. C. heterophylla.
1. C. grandiflora Dougl. Erect, simple, } to 2 ft. high; leaves
alternate, linear or oblong-lanceolate, entire, sessile; flowers crowded
in head-like clusters at the ends of the stems and leafy-bracted, or
some often borne below, either singly in the axils or in small clusters
on short branchlets; calyx-tube obconical, its lobes broad and obtuse;
corolla pale salmon-color, narrowly funnelform, 1 in. long, its tube
thrice as long as the calyx, its lobes broadly oblong; valves of the
capsule after dehiscence with the sides strongly reflexed.
424 POLEMONIACES.
Common in the Sierra Nevada at middle altitudes; occurring in the
Coast Ranges, at the higher altitudes, but rarely collected (Mt.
Hamilton, acc. to Davy). July.
2. C. heterophylla Hook. Plants low and erect, or diffusely
branching and the stems 1 ft. long; herbage more or less viscid-
pubescent; leaves thin, the upper entire or toothed, the lower pin-
nately cleft or pinnately divided and the broad segments laciniately
cleft; flowers in small bracted clusters at the ends of the branches;
corolla red-purple, small, 4 to 5 lines long, the limb 1 line broad;
capsule ellipsoid; seeds 2 or 8 in each cell.
Shady places in the mountains: Coast Ranges (Marin Co., Napa
Co.); Sierra Nevada. Mar.—Apr.
3. GILIA R. & P.
Herbs, ours annuals except G. densifolia. Leaves alternate (except
G. gracilis), entire or pinnately toothed, lobed, or divided. Calyx-
tube scarious below the sinuses. Corolla funnelform to salverform,
blue, yellow, or white, the stamens equally inserted on its throat
except a few species. Capsule 8-celled and 8-valved, or (in 2 species
of the subgenus Navarretia) 1-celled and 4-valved. (Felipe Luis Gil,
Spanish botanist of the latter half of the 18t century.)
Calyx-segments equal, entire; flowers solitary, in loose or capitate clusters,
or paniculate, bracted or bractless; stamens equally or unequally in-
serted on throat of corolla; leaves in ours mostly flaccid, not pungent or
prickly._Subgenus EvGILIA.
Leaves opposite and entire; corolla salverform, its tube little surpassing
calyx, its throat yellow and limb purple : 1. G. gracilis.
Stamens included; flowers few in mostly loose clusters.
Flowers blue or purple; proper tube of corolla much shorter than
calyx; leaves pinnately parted into entire or toothed lobes.
3. G. multicaulis,
Flowers 8-colored, blue, purple, and yellow; leaves laciniately
bipinnatifid ..... 2... . 00. ~ 1... 4 G. tricolor.
Stamens more or less obviously exserted; flowers in capitate clusters
terminating long peduncles.
Corolla segments obovate or oblong .. .. 5. G@ achillexfolia.
Corolla segments nearly linear. ......... 6. G. capitata.
Leaves or their simple divisions linear or filiform and rigid; flowers
crowded into capitate leafy-bracted clusters, the calyces and the
bracts densely woolly-matted; corolla salverform; stamens exserted.
Annual or biennial, not woody; var. floribunda of . 7. G. virgata.
Woody-based perennial; corolla 6 to 8 lines long . 8. G. densifolia.
Calyx-segments mostly unequal, entire or some toothed or cleft; flowers in
terminal capitate bracted clusters; corolla tubular-funnelform or salver-
form, the stamens equally inserted upon it; leaves pinnatifid or the
lowest subentire, the segments mostly rigid and subulate or cuspidate.
—Subgenus NAVARRETIA.
Capsule not regularly dehiscent, the walls thin and transparent and
closely covering the seeds which are agglutinated into a mass; flowers
white (pale blueinno.1)).
Stems erect or spreading.
GILIA FAMILY. 425
Bracts densely white-tomentouse; leaves bipinnatifid
; ; 9. G. intertexta.
Sinuses of the calyx white-hairy; leaves once pinnatifid.......
. 10. G. leucocephala.
Primary flower-cluster on a very short stem or almost none, the
branches radiating from beneath it and prostrate; calyx-segments
trifid...... Pe ere ee ee ee 11. G. prostrata.
Capsule peu dehiscent by valves and releasing the seeds which are
free from eac
. 12. G. cotulefolia.
Leaves with pungent teeth, the terminal leaflet spatulate-dilated;
capsule I-seeded . . . 13, G, pubescens.
Stamens not exserted.
Seeds 8 to 12 in each cell; herbage strongly mephitic-scented . .
ld. G. squarrosa,
the inner ones, lanceolate-cleft at apex .. .18. (7. viscidula.
1. G. gracilis Hook. Three to 8 in. high, either simple or
branched above; herbage pilose-pubescent, the hairs often gland-
tipped; leaves opposite, oblong to lanceolate, entire; inflorescence
ceymose and terminal; calyx cylindrical, 3 or 4 lines long, much dis-
tended in fruit by the globose capsule, the short teeth accrescent;
tube of corolla yellow, surpassing the calyx, the limb 1 to 14 lines
broad, its lobes roundish, emarginate; stamens unequally inserted;
seeds 1 in each cell, with a rather broad thin margin.—(Cvllomia
gracilis Dougl. Microsteris Californica Greene.)
Inconspicuous but rather common on low hills of the Coast Ranges
and in the Sierra Foothills. Mar.—Apr.
2. G. gilioides (Benth.) Greene. Loosely branching, erect or
diffuse, 8 to 20 in. high; radical and lower leaves pinnately parted
into narrowly oblong or lanceolate divisions, or all so divided, or the
upper palmately divided into 3 to 5 obovate or lanceolate divisions;
corolla 4 to 6 lines long, salverform, blue-purple; stamens unequally
inserted; capsule globose; seeds 1 or 2 in each cell.—(Collomia
gilioides Benth.)
Mostly at higher altitudes in the mountains: Coast Ranges; Sierra
Nevada; Southern California. June. Leaves exceedingly variable.
3. G. multicaulis Benth. Branching from the base, 9 to 14 in.
high, glabrous; leaves pinnately parted into 5 to 9 linear and entire
or toothed lobes; flowers subsessile or the clusters loose, in either case
few-flowered, the pedicels 1 to 4 lines (rarely 1 in.) long; calyx-teeth
erect or recurved in fruit; corolla deep or pale blue, its proper tube
shorter than the calyx, the funnelform throat longer than the obovate
lobes; stamens unequally inserted; capsule ovoid.
426 POLEMONIACES.
Hills and valleys from Marin Co. and the Vaca Mountains south-
ward through the Coast Ranges to Southern California. ; ‘
G. LariFLorA Gray is a similar species of Southern California;
glabrous except the loosely paniculate inflorescence; radical leaves
pinnatifid, the cauline few, narrow and entire; pedicels shorter than
the flowers or lin. or more long; corolla dilated-funnelform, abruptly
contracted below into a narrow tube which slightly exceeds the calyx;
calyx less than 2 lines long, with subulate or acute teeth.—Specimens
seemingly referable to this come from Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co.
4. G. tricolor Benth. Brrp’s Eyes. Erect, usually branching
somewhat above the base, commonly 4 to 7 in. or sometimes 1 ft.
“high; herbage more or less pubescent with gland-tipped hairs; leaves
laciniately bipinnatifid into narrowly linear divisions; calyx 8 lines
long, its lobes acuminate; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the roundish lobes
azure or whitish, the throat with 2 oblong purple areas beneath each
lobe bounded below by yellow; stamens inserted at the sinuses.
Common on low hills: Coast Ranges (Los Gatos, northward to
Humboldt Co., but especially common toward the interior); Sierra
Foothills. Apr.
5. G. achilleefolia Benth. Very similar to the next in habit but
very frequently simple, generally more pubescent, and the capitate
flower-clusters larger and less compact; calyx more or less woolly, the
teeth triangular, acute, with short recurved tips or connivent over
the young fruit; corolla funnelform with ample throat, deep or pale
blue, its lobes obovate or oblong.
Sandy soils: Coast Ranges; Sierra Foothills; Southern California.
May.
6. G. capitata Doug]. Erect, simple or mu.e commonly branch-
ing above, 2 or 8 ft. high, pubescent or almost glabrous; leaves
several times palmately dissected into linear or filiform lobes, or the
uppermost merely pinnately divided; ultimate segments often curved
or faleate; peduncles long, slender and naked, terminating in a densely
capitate or globose cluster; calyx nearly or quite glabrous, its teeth
lanceolate, in anthesis approximating the tube in length; corolla
light blue, its lobes nearly linear; stamens inserted in the very
sinuses of the corolla.
Coast Range hills and ridges from Marin and Napa Cos. northward;
Sierra Nevada. May.
7. G. virgata Steud. var. floribunda Gray. Stems simple or
branching at the base; leaves pinnately parted into 3 to 7 filiform
lobes, the middle (or terminal) lobe commonly much longer than the
others; flowers numerous in head-like clusters terminating the corym-
bose branches, the bracts and calyx very densely woolly; corolla
salverform, the tube 6 to 8 lines long and surpassing the acerose
calyx-lobes; filaments filiform and exserted.
Sandy soils of the valleys: Lower San Joaquin and Santa Clara Co.,
southward to Southern California. June-July. Grira vrreara has
the lower leaves entire, the upper rarely more than 3-parted, with the
clusters virgately disposed.— Monterey and southward.
GILIA FAMILY. 427
8. G. densifolia Benth. Perennial; stems numerous from a
tufted woody base, 8 to 14 in. high; herbage lanate-tomentose when
young, glabrate in age; leaves narrowly linear and entire or with 1 or
2 pairs of short-subulate spinulose lobes at the middle or toward the
base; flower-clusters terminal, dense, the foliaceous bracts and the
calyces implexed-woolly; four of the calyx-teeth short, the fifth as
long as the tube; corolla deep blue, the tube 6 lines long, 2 or 3 times
the length of the calyx, its lobes oblong, about 2 lines long.
Mountains of Santa Clara Co. and southward to Southern Cali-
fornia. June-Sept.
9. G. intertexta Steud. Stems simple or often branching from
the base, 2 or 8 to 7 in. high, white-puberulent but not glandular;
leaves bipinnatifid and the segments spinescent-tipped; body of bracts
and exterior of calyx-tube densely white-villous or woolly-tomentose;
corolla white or pale blue, equaled by the calyx-teeth.
Valleys and low hills: North Coast Ranges (Humboldt Co., Healds-
burg, Conn Valley, Calistoga, ete.); Sacramento and San Joaquin
Valleys. May-June.
10. G. leucocephala Benth. Stems simple or branching from
the base, 3 to 5in. high, whitish-puberulent; leaves pinnately parted,
the divisions filiform and entire, sparingly toothed, the rachis broad
and often prolonged into an elongated terminal entire division;
flowers clear white, 4 lines long; calyx with a tuft of hairs at each
sinus, the teeth mostly entire and nearly equal.
Low places in fields and beds of pools where water has stood in
winter or early spring, the plants often growing very densely: Sac-
ramento Valley; Vacaville; Winters; first collected on plains near
the Feather River by Hartweg. May-June.
1l. G. prostrata Gray. Plants glabrous; primary flower-cluster
sessile, the branches radiating from beneath it, simple or once forked,
terminating in the head-like clusters; leaves pinnatifid, the rachis
broad and slender, the segments remote; heads-dense, surrounded by
foliaceous bracts 1 to 14 in. long; bractlets not exceeding the white
flowers; corolla-lobes oblong; calyx with unequal teeth, the two
longer tridentate; calyx-teeth in fruit contracted over the 2-celled
capsule; seeds 9 to 11, small; embryo short-cylindrical, the cotyledons
about equaling the caulicle in length.
Plains of central California southward to Los Angeles.
12. G. cotulefolia Steud. Erect, 7 to 18 in. high, finely pubes-
cent; leaves bipinnatifid, the segments innocuous; bracts and calyx
slightly hairy or glabrous at the base; flowers creamy-white, com-
monly 4-merous; calyx-lobes varying from nearly equal and entire to
unequal, with the longer variously toothed; capsule 1-celled, 4-valved,
dehiscing from the base, 2-seeded; embryo with entire cotyledons.
Valley fields: Newark, Alameda Co.; North Coast Ranges; Sac-
ramento Valley. Scentless acc. to Greene. Navarretia nigelleformis
Greene, with multifid bracts, is said by Mrs. K. Brandegee to be «
vellow-flowered form of this species; it is found at Antioch.
428 POLEMONIACEAS.
13. G. pubescens H. & A. Erect, usually branching above, 8 to
18 in. high, puberulent; leaves pinnately divided with the divisions
laciniately lobed; terminal portion of the leaf less deeply divided or
merely laciniate-toothed, so that the rachis appears as if spatulate-
dilated; 8 calyx-teeth small and entire, 2 longer and toothed; corolla
deep blue, 7 or 8 lines long, the throat funnelform; stamens exserted;
capsule l1-celled, 4-valved as in G. cotulfolia; cotyledons of the
embryo parted into 8 lobes, the divisions so deep as to give the appear-
ance of 6 cotyledons.
Coast Ranges (Calistoga, Vacaville, ete.); very common in the
Sierra Foothills. Herbage with a strong hircine odor ace. to Greene.
14. G. squarrosa H. & A. SxkunKweExep. Erect and simple or
with many branches from the base, 8 to.14 in. high, pubescent and
noxiously glandular; leaves once or twice pinnatifid, the segments
lanceolate and often crowded; calyx 6 lines long, very scarious below,
the teeth lanceolate and pungent; corolla blue, its tube little or
scarcely at all exceeding the teeth; stamens included; seeds many,
small; embryo thick.
Common in the Bay Region (Monterey Co., San Francisco, Oak-
land, Berkeley, Napa Valley, etc.), ranging northward to Oregon.
Not seen by us in the inner Coast Ranges or Sierra Nevada.
15. G. mellita Greene. Diffusely branching from the base, 3 to
6 in. high, the stems very slender, brownish, glandular-puberulent
with somewhat whitish hairs; leaves pinnately parted into linear-
subulate entire or toothed segments; bracts dilated and laciniately
toothed or cleft into narrow divisions, or the middle division ovate,
abruptly cuspidate and often entire; heads small, } in. broad or less;
calyx unequally 5-toothed; corolla minute, not exceeding the calyx,
very pale blue; stamens not exserted.
Seemingly very local plant in the region immediately north and
south of the Bay; Belmont; Calistoga; Vacaville. Honey-scented
ace. to Greene.
NAVARRETIA PARVULA Greene from Crystal Springs, San Mateo
Co., has w corolla about 4 lines long with the 2 posterior stamens
included and the 3 anterior exserted.
16. G. heterodoxa Greene. Stems very slender, erect, branch-
ing, slightly pubescent, 5 to 11 in. high; internodes long; lower
leaves with narrowly linear rachis and many pinnate short-subulate
segments; uppermost leaves lanceolate and entire except at the lacini-
ately cleft base; bracts lanceolate to broadly ovate, laciniate-toothed
towards the base; calyx-segments entire, nearly equal; corolla blue,
i aaa declined stamens; capsule 8 to 14-seeded, the seeds
small.
Coast Range hills: Napa and Sonoma Cos. to Santa Clara Co.
June. Subspecies of the next. Mephitic-scented acc. to Greene.
The valves of the capsule show a tendency to dehisce frorn the base.
_ 17. G. atractyloides H. & A. Stems stoutish, low and spread-
ing or procumbent, somewhat purplish and villous-pubescent, 2 or 3
GILIA FAMILY. 429
to 6 in. long; leaves and bracts rigidly coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate
to ovate, 2 to 4 lines broad, the margin armed with subulate or aris-
tate teeth; segments of the calyx moderately or very unequal, ovate
to lanceolate, entire, setaceous at apex; corolla narrowly funnelform,
purple, 7 to 9 lines long; seeds about 10 in each cell.
Dry hills of the Coast Ranges: Clear Lake southward to Southern
California. July. Habit suggesting certain species of Chorizanthe.
18. G. viscidula H. & A. Erect, 2or3in. high, viscid-pubescent;
leaves 1} in. long or less, narrow, with broad rachis and remote short-
subulate lobes; bracts little dilated; corolla rather large, blue-purple,
the tube exserted, the limb 2 lines broad, its lobes elliptic; ovules 1 tu
4 in each cell.
Plains and bases of low hills, in sandy soil: San Rafael; Walnut
Creek; Sonoma; Napa Valley; Sacramento Valley; Sierra Foothills.
June. While commonly very dwarfish, it sometimes becomes larger
and makes a spreading or subprostrate plant 1 ft. broad.
+. LINANTHUS Benth.
Ours low or slender annuals. Leaves opposite, palmuately divided
to the base into narrowly linear or filiform divisions (almost seeming
as if in whorls in some species), rarely entire, rarely with some upper-
most alternate. Flowers scattered or in terminal capitate clusters.
Calyx-tube scarious between the ribs or angles, its teeth equal.
Corolla subrotate, funnelform, or short-salverform. Stamens equally
inserted on the corolla. Capsule with few to many seeds in each cell.
(Greek linon, flax, and anthos, flower.)
Corolla nearly rotate, funnelform, or salverform; flowers solitary, on fili-
form pedicels (except in the first); stems dichotomously branching.
Corolla short salverform, white or nearly so, its lobes Soe con-
volute in the bud; stamens inserted below the middle, included;
flowers terminal or in the forks, on short stout pedicels or subsessile;
calyx cylindrical, white-scarious between the ribs.—Subgenus EULI-
NANTHUS.
Corolla.l im, broad... 6 6.4 2,2 6 eo a 8 se 1. L. dichotomus.
Corolla various; stamens inserted at the throat; flowers on slender or
capillary pedicels._Subgenus DacTYLOPHYLLUM. . :
Calyx disposed to be turbinate; flowers white, 4% to 3% in. broad, in a
oose panicle; corolla nearly rotate, its tube scarcely any. ....
2. L. linifiorus.
Calyx cylindrical; corolla with distinct tube.
Corolla white, narrowly funnelform, 2 lines broad.. 3. L. pusillus.
Corolla purplish or bluish, 3 to 5 lines broad.
Corolla funnelform; herbage not glandular. .. 4. L. ambiguus.
Corolla nearly salverform; glandular-hirsutulous ov Hee Sam :
. L. Rattant.
Corolla salyerform; flowers crowded into leafy-bracted capitate clusters at
the ends of the stems or branches; calyx-teeth equal; corolla salver-
form.—Subgenus LEPTOSIPHON,
Corolla-tube little, if at all, exceeding the lobes. .... 6. L. densijiorus.
Corolla salverform, its tube filiform and elongated, several times the
length of the limb.
Corolla much exceeding the bracts.
Corolla twice or scarcely twice the length of the bracts, its lobes 3 to 4
lines long: relatively stout plants. ........ 7. L. androsaceus.
Corolla usually more than twice the length of the bracts. _
Lobes of the corolla 2 to 8 lines long; flowers purple, pink or pale
* yellow. .. ar ee ee . 8. LE. parviflorus.
430 _ POLEMONIACK.E,
Lobes of the corolla 1 line long; flowers golden yellow. .......
9. L. acicularis.
Lobes of the corolla 1 to 1% lines long; flowers pimp oo pee -
Corolla commonly not exceeding the bracts; bractlets conspicuously
hirsute-ciliate; rigid plant. . ... 11 L. ciliatus.
1. L. dichotomus Benth. Evenine Snow. Erect, simple or
branching from near the base, 5 to’9 in, high; nodes few and inter-
nodes very long, twice to many times as long as the leaves; flowers
terminal or sessile in the forks; ribs of the calyx prolonged into linear-
acerose teeth; corolla salverform, white or nearly so, its tube equal-
ing the calyx-tube, its lobes strongly convolute in the bud, broadly
obovate, erose, the limb 1 in. broad; filaments at the very base
enlarged, somewhat winged and more or less hairy; cells of capsule
many-seeded; seeds not mucilaginous when wet.—(Gilia dichotoma
Benth.
ae on open slopes, mostly on high hills: Coast Ranges; Sierra
Fovthills; San Joaquin plains; Southern California. Mar.—May.
2. L. liniflorus (Benth.) Greene. One ft. high or somewhat more,
mostly branching above; leaf-segments 3 to 1 in. long; flowers white,
on slender pedicels } to 14 in. long, in a diffuse panicle; corolla with
nearly obsolete tube; limb rotate, 4 to 3 in. broad, the obovate lobes
naked, with several blue longitudinal lines or veinlets; stamens 4 as
long as corolla-lobes; filaments with a densely pilose ring just above
the base, the corolla pubescent at their insertion; ovules 6 to 8 in
each cell.—(Gilia liniflora Benth.)
Plains and foothills: Solano Co.; Stockton; San Mateo Co.; Loma
Prieta and southward to Southern California. May-June.
8. L. pusillus (Benth.) Greene. Very slender, 3 to 6 in. high;
calyx cylindraceous, 1 to 1} lines long, its teeth as long as the tube;
corolla narrowly funnelform or subsalverform, its tube dilated some-
what above the middle, not exserted from the calyx or very slightly,
the lobes seldom exceeding the calyx-lobes, the limb 2 lines broad.—
(Gilia pusilla Benth.)
Dry hillsides in Chamisal, Napa Valley, June 2, 1896. The corolla
after flowering is promptly pushed up by the rapidly growing capsule
and the tube contracts in withering, so that the corolla in age fre-
quently has the appearance of being salverform and somewhat
exserted. Distinct from L. filipes Greene, common in the Sierra
Foothills, which has a turbinate calyx and a short-funnelform corolla
with broad limb. L. BotanpEri Greene is, perhaps, but a variety.
It was first collected at Ukiah by Bolander. Gray’s herbarium seems
to indicate that his attributing the plant to Sonoma Co. was an inad-
vertence; however, it is not unlikely that it may be found south of
Mendocino Co.
4. L. ambiguus (Rattan) Greene. Mostly 8 or 4 in. high; pedicels
about 6 lines long; corolla 4 to 6 lines long, nearly 3 times the length
of the calyx, not strictly salverform, its tube somewhat or not at all
exserted, its brown-purple obconic throat scarcely exceeded by the
t
GILIA FAMILY. 431
spreading lobes; limb bluish purple, 4 lines broad; ovules 2 in each
cell.—(Gilia ambigua Rattan. )
Low hills: Santa Clara Valley and near Livermore. May. Some
of the flowers show a glandular black band 4 line in breadth midway
of the calyx-tube.
5. L. Rattani (Gray) Greene. Ten to 12 in. high, glandular-
hirsutulous at the nodes and even the flowers with gland-tipped hairs;
pedicels 1g in. long or less; calyx cylindraceous, in anthesis 1 line
long, accrescent in fruit to 2 lines long; corolla nearly salverform,
with a long slender tube and short funnelform throat, the tube 8 to 5
lines long, exserted barely 1 line to exceeding 38 lines, the throat
yellow, the limb blue and 38 to 5 lines broad; seeds small, very rugu-
lose, one to each cell or the third cell empty.—(G. Rattani Gray.)
Santa Cruz Mountains, 1896; first collected by Volney Rattan
north of Clear Lake, 1884. June. Remarkable for the variable
exsertion of the corolla-tube, even on the same plant.
6. L. densiflorus Benth. Erect, simple, 5in. to 2 ft. high; divi-
sions of the palmately divided leaves 5 to 11, linear-filiform and rigid,
ciliate towards the base and somewhat scabrous on the margins;
corolla lilac or white, 1 in. long or less, its tube only equaling or little
exceeding the obovate lobes, little if at all exserted beyond the calyx-
teeth, its limb } in. broad, more or less; seeds 3 in each cell, strongly
wrinkled.—(Linanthus grandiflorus Greene.)
Coast Range valleys or higher hills, infrequent: Point Reyes; Ala-
meda; Santa Cruz Mountains; Monterey Co. and southward. June.
7, L. androsaceus (Benth.) Steud. Stoutish, usually simple, 7 to
11 or 15 in. high, finely tomentose or glabrate; lowest leaves spatu-
late; bracts ciliate, otherwise nearly glabrous; flowers usually many;
corolla lilac, lavender, pink or white, 1 in. long, much exceeding the
bracts, the lobes 3 to 4 lines long; the throat dark purple with yellow
border, 1 line long; stamens little surpassing the throat of the corolla.
Common everywhere in the Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada on
low hills and at middle altitudes. Apr.
8. L. parviflorus (Benth.) Greene. Simple or with few branches
from the base, erect, commonly 8 to 6 or 11 in. high, almost glabrous;
bracts scabrous or hirsutulous, not ciliate or scarcely so, commonly 3
or 4 lines long; segments of the leaves obovate- or linear-spatulate;
corolla purple, pinkish or pale yellow, $ to 1} in. long, the lobes oval,
2 to 8 lines long or less, tinged with red or brown on the outside, the
throat yellow; stamens half or commonly more than half as long as
the corolla-limb.—(Gilia micrantha Benth.)
The most common species, abundant in open ground in the hill
country. It is one of the annuals which figure in the vernal land-
scape color effects in the Coast Ranges, often occupying extensive
slopes of the lower or higher hills to the exclusion either partially or
wholly of other species.
Var. rosaceus Regrrteel rosaceus Greene). Much branched
from the base; corolla rose-color or white, larger than in the type.—
San Francisco sand hills.
432 HYDROPHYLLACE.
9. L. acicularis Greene. But 1 to 4in. high, very slender, soime-
what rigid, less pubescent than L. parviflorus, leaf-segments linear-
acerose; corolla golden-yellow throughout, its tube slenderly filiform,
about 6 lines long, the obovate lobes not exceeding 1 line.
Not common: Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Napa Valley; Hoopa
Valley. Apr.-May.
10. L. bicolor (Nutt.) Greene. Very near L. parviflorus but
dwarf, 1 to 3 in. high; leaves and bracts hispidulous-ciliate; limb
of corolla very short (1 to 14 lines long) in proportion to the tube
which is 6 to 9 lines long, dull purple or pink with yellow throat,—
(Gilia tenella Benth.)
Rarely collected, but doubtless overlooked for L. parviflorus: Hoopa
Valley; near Suisun; Marin Co.; Mt. Diablo Range; Loma Prieta
and southward to Southern California.
11. L. ciliatus (Benth.) Greene. Rigid, 4 or 5 in. (rarely 1 ft.)
high; stems finely tomentose, the internodes long; leaves scabrous
and hirsute; flowers comparatively few; corolla 6 to 9 lines long, not
exceeding or often much exceeding the conspicuously hirsute-ciliate
bracts, deep rose-red, often fading white, the lobes 1 line long, seldom
more; calyx-lobes acerose.—(Gilia ciliata Benth.)
Hills and mountain slopes, among Oaks and other trees: Coast
Ranges (Napa Co., Mt. Diablo); Sierra Nevada; Southern California.
91. HYDROPHYLLACEA. PuHaceria Fanmity.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite or alternate leaves. Flowers reg-
ular, 5-merous (except the superior ovary which is 1 or 2-celled), in
racemes or spikes (often scorpioid), or capitate, or solitary. Stamens
near the base of the corolla, alternate with its lobes. Styles 2, dis-
tinct, or more or less completely united even to the stigmas. Fruita
1-celled capsule or partly or quite 2-celled by the intrusion of the
placentie or their union in the axis; valves 2, rarely 4. Seed-coat
pitted, the cavities regular and honeycomb-like.
Leaves (at least the lower) opposite, or alternate or radical in no.1; ovary
and capsule 1-celled; placentae expanded and forming a sac-like lin-
ing to the pericarp; style 2-cleft; ovary more or less hispid.
Stamens longer than corolla; flowers in head-like clusters; perennials, . .
1. HYDROPHYLLUM-.
Stamens shorter than corolla; flowers solitary or in racemes; annuals.
Calyx with a reflexed appendage at each sinus; seeds carunculate. . ..
2, NEMOPHIIA.
Calyx naked at the sinuses; seeds not carunculate. . 3, ELLISIA.
Leaves alternate or ey, radical in no. 6; calyx appendages none.
Ovary and capsule 1-celled, or incompletely or completely 2-celled by the
approximation or union of the linear or lanceolate placents (borne on
semisepta) in the axis; annual or perennial herbs. bs
Style 2-cleft, at least at apex; ovary more or less pubescent; flowers in
scorpioid racemes or spikes.
Corolla blue, purple, or white, deciduous. . . . 4, PHACELIA,
Corolla yellow or cream-color, persistent. ..... 5. EMMENANTHE.
Style and stigma entire; ovary glabrous; corolla white; flowers
TACOMOSC er oi) ice te yk ak. Wd Se BC HLH Bal, Sg 6. ROMANZOFFIA.
PHACELLA FAMILY. 433
1. HYDROPHYLLUM L. Waver-Lear.
Perennial herbs with horizontal rootstocks. Leaves alternate or
mainly radical, pinnate or pinnately parted, long-petioled. Flowers
in capitate cymes. Calyx without appendages. Corolla campanu-
late, 5-lobed, the tube with a nectar-bearing grooved appendage oppo-
site each lobe. Stamens exserted, the filaments hairy at the middle.
Style filiform, exserted. Ovary hispid. Capsule 2-valved, 1 to 4-
seeded. (Greek hudor, water, and phullon, leaf.)
1. H. occidentale Gray. Twelve to 17 in. high; leaves 7 to 12
in. long; leaflets 9 to 15, incised, the terminal ones not distinct;
peduncles generally exceeding the leaves, bearing 1 or 2 cupitate
clusters of bluish flowers.
Summit of Mt. Diablo, Brewer, no. 1176; Sherwood Valley, Men-
docino Co., Davy, no. 5195; Sierra Nevada.
H. caprratum Dougl. var. aLprnum. Wats. Almost stemless
plant; rootstock with clusters of fleshy-fibrous roots; leaves roundish
or ovate in outline, pinnately lobed or divided, 2 to 8 in. long, much
shorter than the petiole; flowers in a loose cyme on a short peduncle,
surpassed by the leaves.—Sierra Nevada. :
2, NEMOPHILA Nutt.
Delicate low annuals, Leaves opposite, or the uppermost alter-
nate, more or less pinnate. Flowers mostly showy, solitary or in-
clined to be racemose. Calyx with a reflexed appendage in each
sinus, accrescent. Corolla rotate 10 broadly campanulate, in all our
species longer than the calyx, with 10 internal appendages at base.
Stamens shorter than the corolla, inserted near its base. Anthers
usually sagittate-oblong. Styles more or less 2-cleft. Ovules 4 to 20.
Seeds carunculate, the caruncle later deciduous. (Greek nemos, a
grove, and phileo, to love.)
Flowers small; corolla white or whitish, 2 to 5 lines broad; leaves opposite
or the upper often alternate, mostly longer than the peduncles, slender-
petioled es Pa = .1l. N. parviflora.
Flowers large.
Leaves all opposite, not auricled, shorter than the peduncles.
Corolla bright blue (or pale blue or white in the vars.) .2. N. insignis.
Corolla with velvet-purple center, the upper portion white with purple
MOTUS” (xe th otk oie Th te GE Rae, By Shy he a 3. NV. venosa.
Leaves mostly alternate, auricled at base, shorter than or equaling the
peduncles ee 7 F 3 N. aurita.
1. N. parviflora Doug]. Stems slender and weak, trailing or pro-
cumbent; leaves pinnately lobed, parted, or divided into 3 to 5 lobes,
but exceedingly diverse as to outline and segmentation; calyx-
appendages rather conspicuous, or sometimes almost none; corolla
white or whitish, 2 to 5 lines in diaméter, narrowly campanulate to
almost rotate, the lobes longer than the tube; scales adherent by one
edge; filaments filiform, inserted on the very base of the corolla; seeds
1 to 4, often deeply pitted. ;
Common throughout California in shady places in the Coast Ranges
and Sierra Nevada. Mar.—Apr. The studies of Mr. H. P. Chandler
on this species show that the corolla-scales are remarkably inconstant in
30
434 HYDROPHYLLACEZ.
shape and size, not only on plants which are very much unlike in
habit, etc., but that a wide range of variation is also found in series of
specimens which agree in habit, leaves, and shape of corolla.
2. N. insignis Dougl. Basy Biue Eyes. Diffusely spreading,
the stems 2 or 3 in. to 1 ft. long; herbage pubescent with subappressed
hairs; leaves mostly # to 14 or 2 in. long, pinnately lobed, the lobes
elliptic-ovate with narrow deeply incurved sinuses; peduncles 1 to 23
(rarely 5) in. long; calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate; corolla bright blue
or the center white or the whole corolla pale, often dotted towards
the center; scales 2 to each stamen, each pair consisting of vertical
lamelle beginning at the base of the filament, thence slightly di-
vergent, slightly free at apex, very hairy; anthers short-sagittate;
styles cleft 4 the way down; ovary very hirsute.
Low and moist places on the plains of the Sacramento and San
Joaquin, westward through the Coast Range valleys to sandy fields
in the vicinity of the sea. Mar.-—Apr.
Var. intermedia (N. intermedia Bioletti). Corolla 3 to 1 in.
wide, bright blue to white, distinctly blue-veined, more or less punc-
tate with dull purple dots; scales extending nearly to the sinuses.—
North Coast Ranges; Contra Costa and Alameda Cos.
Var. atomaria (N. atomaria F. & M.). Corolla white, closely
dark-spotted nearly to the edge; scales narrow and long-hairy.—
Springy places among the hills.
3. N. venosa. Stems 4 or 6 in. long, diffusely branching; herbage
sparsely hairy; leaves pinnately parted into ovate divisions which are
entire or cleft and mucronate at apex; corolla 8 to 10 lines broad, its
lower half of velvet-purple color, the upper portion white with many
nearly parallel longitudinal purple veins which are more or less
branched and confluent within the margin; scales of the corolla con-
spicuously long-hairy.
Known only from specimens collected by Mrs. Peckinpah in the
mountains west of Yountville, 1898. It is to be noted that there are
garden forms which are very suggestive of this species.
N. macunata Benth. is a strikingly handsome species of the foot-
hills and middle altitudes of the Sierra Nevada, the white petals with
a large deep violet blotch at the summit. ’
4. N.aurita Lindl Purpre Nemopuina. Stems 4angled, 1} to
4 ft. long, succulent, weak, pubescent, the angles armed with scat-
tered short reflexed bristles and the whole herbage pubescent and
rough-hispidulous; leaves 2 to 8 in. long, deeply pinnatifid into
several oblong or lanceolate, mostly retrorse lobes, with broad auricled
bases; flowers in the axils of leaves or above in a leafless raceme;
calyx-appendages rather small; corolla dark violet, 8 to 11 lines
broad; scales partly free, in pairs at the base of each stamen and partly
encircling the filament, truncate at summit and finely denticulate;
ovules 4; seeds globose, reticulate, the spaces pit-like.
In shady places, disposed to climb by aid of its somewhat
hooked prickles and forming tangles among low shrubs or brush wood.
Common southward: Santa Monica Cation, Barber, 1898; near
PHACELIA FAMILY. 435
Gaviote Pass, Santa Barbara Co., Brewer, 1861; Monterey, McLean,
1875. Infrequent northward: Oakland Hills. Also in the Sierra
Nevada. Not recorded from the region north of San Francisco Bay.
8. ELLISIA L.
Similar to Nemophila, but the leaves pinnately parted or bi- or tri-
pinnately dissected and the bractless flowers in axillary peduncled
racemes. Calyx without appendages at the sinuses, and usually much
enlarged under the fruit. Corolla white, campanulate, shorter or
little longer than the calyx, the internal appendages minute or none.
Anthers oval or oblong. Ovules 4 to 8. Seeds not carunculate.
(John Ellis, English botanist of the 18th century, whom Linnzus
called a ‘‘ bright star of natural history.’’)
Leaves once pinnately parted; ovules 4, borne on the front of the placente.
1. E. membranacea.
Leaves twice to thrice pinnatifid; ovules 8, 2 on the front and 2 on the back
of each placenta. ... . . ... . . .2. BE. chrysanthemifolia.
1. E. membranacea Benth. Stems procumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long;
herbage glaucous, the leaves with a few short scattered stiff hairs, the
stems with minute prickles on the angles; leaves pinnately divided
into 8 to 5 (or sometimes as many as 9) entire mostly broad divisions.
which are obtuse at apex and broadest at base; petiole wing-margined;
flowers racemose, few or many on the peduncles; calyx without
appendages, its lobes ciliate-bristly; corolla white with a small lance-
shaped purple spot in the center of each lobe, 2 lines broad, no scales
in the throat but with 10 glandular elevations; capsule with several
muricate prickles, 1 or 2-seeded; seed globose, reticulated.
Shady places in the foothills: Antioch and Evergreen, Santa Clara
Co., southward to Southern California. Mar.-Apr. In vegetative
habit strikingly similar to Nemophila aurita.
2. E. chrysanthemifolia Benth. Stem erect, freely branching, 1
to 2 ft. high; leaves tri-pinnatifid; flowers loosely racemose; corolla
open-campanulate, surpassing the oval calyx-lobes; the placente line
and exactly conform to the valves; two roughened seeds are borne on
the front of each placenta, and smooth ones are concealed behind
each placenta, that is, between the placenta and the valve.
Shady ground: San Francisco Bay southward to Southern Cali-
fornia, Mar.—Apr.
4. PHACELIA Juss.
Perennial or annual herbs of marked aspect, with alternate leaves.
Flowers blue or white, in scorpioid spikes or racemes. Calyx chori-
sepalous or nearly so, commonly accrescent. Corolla from nearly
rotate to campanulate, tubular or funnelform, promptly deciduous,
the tube commonly with internal lamellate projections or appendages.
Stamens inserted on the base of the corolla. Style 2-cleft. Capsule
I-celled, 2-valved, the thin septa-like placente adherent. Seeds
reticulate-pitted or favose. (Greek phakelos, a cluster, many species
with crowded flowets. )
P. naMatTorpEs Gray has mainly opposite leaves.—Sierra Nevada.
436 HYDROPHYLLACES.
Ovules 4 or more on each placenta; capsule not less than 6-seeded; stamens
shorter than (rarely equaling) the corolla; annuals.
Corolla-tube with internal scales or appendages. .
Leaves pinnatifid; corolla open-campanulate, twice the length | of the
CBIR: of derek 8 a ese « = ls 1. P. Douglasit.
Leaves entire or mostly so.
Corolla narrow, 2 lines long or less, little larger than the calyx... .
2. P. circinatiformis.
Corolla rotate-campanulate, 6 to 9 lines broad, much longer than the
CADDY op cepts cae oe Nendo hemes Ton Ser PE Perth de, Redes 3. P. divaricata.
Corolla-tube without appendages; leaves coarsely toothed; corolla nar-
rowly funnelform, limb 8linesbroad...... 4. P. suaveolens.
Ovules 2 to each placenta; capsule 1 to 4-seeded; stamens exserted or
included; corolla-tube with appendages.
Reig Euinaiely parted or divided, the divisions pinnately toothed or
incised.
Fruiting sepals chartaceous, oblong to broadly ovate; stamens not
exserted;annual.... . : 7 . P. ciliata.
Fruiting sepals herbaceous.
Leaf-divisions rather coarse; speed sepals linear-spatulate to obo-
yate; stamens exserted; perennial (?) 6. P. ramosissima.
Leaf-divisions fine; annuais.
Fruiting sepals linear-spatulate to obovate; appendages with free
pointed apex; stamens little or not at allexserted. ...
7. P. distans.
Fruiting sepals linear; appendages entirely adnate; stamens con-
spicuously exserted . . 2: & 6 bs t.. 3 . 8. P. tanacetifolia.
Leaves with shallow lobes, not parted or divided; annuals.
Stamens exserted . 9 P. malvefolia.
Stamems included ................ -10. P. Rattant.
Leaves entire or pinnately parted or divided into 3 to 7 entire lobes, the
terminal frequently largest.
Stamens conspicuously exserted, bearded at the middle; perennials or
biennials.
Herbage pubescent and hirsute........ - 11. P. Californica.
Herbage hispid-bristly with stinging hairs . .12. P. nemoralis.
Stamens glabrous, included; annual 13. P. Breweri.
1. P. Douglasii (Benth.) Torr. Branched from the base with
ascending or decumbent stems 4 to 8 in. long, or dwarf and but 14 in.
high; herbage puberulent and hirsute’ with mostly spreading hairs;
leaves elongated-oblong or linear in outline, pinnatifid or pinnately
parted into several or many lobes, the terminal not larger; flowers
loosely racemose; pedicels slender, frequently longer than the flowers;
sepals spatulate, 1 to 3 lines long, } to 4 the length of the open-
campanulate light blue corolla; internal appendages semi-oblanceo-
late; style 2-cleft above the middle; ovules to each dilated placenta
12 to 14; capsule ovate, mucronate; seeds scrobiculate.
Sandy soils near the ocean: Lake Merced to Monterey and south-
ward. Antioch (ovary especially hairy on each side near base of
style; ovules as many as 24 to each placenta; stamens dilated toward
the base and sparsely hairy). Mar.-Apr. In habit suggestive of
Nemophila insignis.
2. P. circinatiformis Gray. Diffusely branching from the base,
5 in. high, puberulent and hispid; leaves elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,
parallel-veined, entire, strigose-hispid; flowers short-pediceled or at
first nearly sessile in dense racemes or spikes; sepals in fruit linear-
PHACELIA FAMILY. 437
spatulate, nearly or quite 6 lines long, twice or thrice the length of
the capsule, hirsute or hispid with long spreading hair, especially
toward the base; corolla dull white (7), narrowly funnelform, 2} to
3 lines long; capsule ovate, acute or mucronate, 6 to 16-seeded; seeds
scrobiculate.
Mt. Hamilton; near the summit of Mt. Diablo; Mariposa Co., acc.
to Brandegee; the only reported stations.
8. P. divaricata (Benth.) Gray. Diffusely branched from the
base, the branches 3 to 10 in. long or more; herbage both pubes-
cent and hirsute; leaves from ovate to broadly oblong, 1 to 2 in.
long, equaling or exceeding the petioles, entire or rarely with a pair
of supplementary lobes at summit of the petiole; pedicels about a
line long; sepals in fruit linear, 4 to 64 lines long, sparsely hispid-
ciliate, with somewhat thickened margins and prominent midnerve
and cross-veins; corolla blue, broadly open-campanulate, 6 to 9 lines
broad; style 2-cleft at apex; seeds 7 to 10, somewhat pitted.
Common on open hillsides in’ the Coast Ranges of middle Califor-
nia: Mt. Diablo, Brewer, MeLean; Oakland Hills, Setehell, Davy;
Crystal Springs, Bolander; Sausalito, MNellogg and Harford; Mt.
Tamalpais. Mar.—Apr.
4. P. suaveolens Greene. Branched at the base, the branches
erect or ascending, 12 to 15 in. high; herbage pubescent and glandu-
lar, very sweet-scented; leaves elliptic to oblong, coarsely and some-
times doubly toothed, 1 to 2 in. long, on petioles nearly as long;
racemes solitary or in pairs, dense; sepals spatulate, entire, in fruit
much exceeding the capsules; corolla pale blue, 3 lines broad, the
tube yellowish, 4 lines long, devoid of scales or crests; stamens un-
equal and unequally coherent with tube; capsule 12 to 16-seeded;
seed oval, the coat pitted like a honeycomb.
North Coast Ranges, uncommon: Mt. Tamalpais, Jepson, 1891;
Petrified Forest, Sonoma Co., Greene, 1888; Vaca Mountains, Platé,
1898. June. Closely allied to the southern P. brachyloba Gray,
ace. to Mrs. K. Brandegee.
5. P. ciliata Benth. Branched from the base with rather simple
ascending branches, 9 to 14 in. high; herbage scabrous, otherwise
glabrous; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions oblong, toothed or
Incised; spikes in terminal clusters or geminate or solitary; sepals in
fruit oblong to broadly ovate, chartaceous, 8 to 4 lines long, with
thickened margins and prominent midrib and reticulations, sparsely
bristly-ciliate; corolla blue; capsule ovate, mucronate; sepals in fruit
twice as long, arched over the capsule, their tips meeting; seeds
broadly oblong, over 1 line long, the surface with regular or honey-
comb-like pits.
Plains and valleys: Willows; Solano Co.; Antioch and southward;
abundant on grain farms near Newark, imparting a blue color to the
fields, the odor very noticeable, JJiss Crocker; Belmont, Apr.—May.
6. P. ramosissima Dougl. Perennial (?), somewhat diffuse;
herbage somewhat glandular; hispid throughout and soft-pubescent
438 HYDROPHYLLACE.
(or only the leaves hispid); leaves pinnately divided into 5 to 9
oblong and serrate or incised divisions, the lower distinct, the upper
more or less confluent; stamens and style somewhat exserted; corolla
ochroleucous or bluish; calyx-lobes linear-spatulate to obovate, twice
the length of the capsule or longer; seeds oblong, 1 line long.
Colusa and Lake Cos. southward to Santa Cruz; Sierra Nevada.
June-July. ;
7. P. distans Benth. Hitt Vervenia. Erect and strict, or
branching and diffuse, 8 to 13 in. high; herbage with scattered hispid
hairs and close fine pubescence; leaves pinnately divided, the divisions
commonly linear, once or twice pinnately and (for the most part)
finely dissected; spikes scattered, solitary or geminate; sepals unequal,
narrowly obovate to spatulate, rarely linear; corolla 8 to 4 lines long,
rotate-campanulate, sordid white or violet; internal appendages semi-
ovate with free tips; stamens little or not at all surpassing the corolla-
lobes; capsule globose.
Higher hills of the Coast Ranges from Napa Valley to Mt. Tamal-
pais, the ocean at Bodega (where first collected), and southward.
Apr.
8. P. tanacetifolia Benth. VALLEY VERVENIA. Stouter than
P. distans, erect, less frequently branching, the leaves similar but
commonly less finely dissected; racemes 3 or 4 in. long, ascending and
approximate; sepals linear, beset with rigid bristles, in fruit little
exceeding the oval capsule; corolla open-campanulate, 3 to 4 lines
long, lavender-color or bluish; internal appendages entirely adnate
by the inner margins; stamens much exserted.
Plains and valleys: Marysville Buttes; Sacramento Valley; Vallejo,
Greene, 1874; Tracy. Apr.
9. P. malvefolia Cham. Srinernc Puacetra. About 14 ft.
high, hispid-bristly throughout, the bristles with a conspicuous pustu-
late base; leaves simple, petiolate, round- or elliptic-ovate with broad
and frequently truncate or cordate base, slightly 5 to 9-lobed, toothed,
1 to 8 in. long; spikes solitary or geminate; corolla longer than the
unequal linear-spatulate sepals; stamens exserted; capsule 2-seeded;
seeds pitted.
gs the coast: Oakland; Angel Island; San Francisco and south-
ward.
10. P. Rattani Gray. Similar but the spikes more slender and
elongated; four of the sepals spatulate, one obovate and longer;
corolla but 2 lines long.
Russian River, near Ukiah, Rattan, June, 1884; northern Sonoma
acc. to Greene.
11. P. Californica Cham. Erect, stout, 1} to 2 ft. high, from a
branched but depressed leafy woody caudex; stems and petioles with
scattered hispid hairs; the foliage strigose, either green or canescent;
leaves pinnate or pinnatifid, the large terminal lobe elliptic to
lanceolate, with 1 to several pairs of smaller or much reduced leaflets
or lobes below, or entire; petioles commonly long; spikes dense,
PHACELIA FAMILY. 439
ascending or erect, 1 to 2 in. long, mostly rather short-peduncled,
usually in a paniculate cluster at the end of the stem; sepals oblong;
corolla purple or white, 3 lines long; filaments exserted, long-hairy
at the middle.
Very common throughout our district on rocky points and ledges,
in typical form on the San Francisco Peninsula and in Marin Co.
May-June. Remarkable in its variability.
Var. imbricata i imbricata Greene). Taller, often 23 ft. high;
racemes 2 to 4 in. long, scattered in a looser panicle, less commonly
in 2’s and 3’s, and mostly on longer peduncles; corolla dingy white;
fruiting calyces ovate, conspicuously imbricated.—St. Helena; foot-
hills of the Vaca Mountains.
12. P. nemoralis Greene. Stems 1 or few, simple below, panicu-
lately branched above, 1} to 3 ft. high, very bristly with stinging
hairs; herbage light green; leaves elliptical to oblong, 1 to 4 in. long,
simple and entire or with a pair of small leaflets at base; radical and
lower leaves on petioles 2 to 3 in. long, uppermost short-petioled or
sessile; fully developed spikes 2 in. long or more, slender, in twos or
threes, terminating the stems or lateral branches; corolla whitish, 2
lines long, the flower otherwise asin no. 11, to which it is very closely
related; capsute 2-seeded.
Shade of open woods: Forest Grove; Oakland; Berkeley; Petaluma.
June.
138. P. Breweri Gray. Four to 7 in. high, diffusely branching at
the base, the stems slender and with rather long internodes; herbage
harshly pubescent with rather short hairs; leaves oblong-lanceolate,
entire, cleft towards the base, or the lowermost and radical pinnately
divided; racemes slender and lax, 2 or 3 in, long, often geminate
at the ends of the branches; sepals linear; corolla 2 to 24 lines long;
filaments glabrous, not exserted; capsule ovate, mostly 1-seeded.
Confined to the Mt. Diablo Range: high dry slopes of Mt. Diablo,
Brewer, Parry, Jepson; Mt. Hamilton, Miss Holden. May-June.
5. EMMENANTHE Benth.
Annuals. Corolla cream-color or yellow, campanulate, persistent;
not otherwise differing in technical character from Phacelia. (Greek
emmeno, to abide, and anthos, flower, the corolla not deciduous.)
1. E. penduliflora Benth. Wuusprrine Betis. Erect, usually
much branched from the base, 8 to 14 in. high, villous-pubescent and
somewhat viscid; lobes of the pinnatifid leaves numerous, short,
toothed or incised; racemes loose, straight, ascending, panicled at
summit of the stem; pedicels filiform, as long as the flowers, these
soon pendulous; calyx with ample ovate divisions; corolla broadly
campanulate, 4 to 5 lines long, the filaments adnate to the very base;
style deciduous; placente conspicuously dilated in the axis; seeds
conspicuously pitted in somewhat regular lines. _ ;
Higher slopes of the Coast Range Mountains in open places or in
the chaparral: Lower Lake Grade to Kelseyville; Vaca Mountains;
440 BORAGINACES.
Santa Cruz Mountains; Monterey Co., and southward to Southern
California. Also in the Sierra Nevada. June-July.
6. ROMANZOFFIA Cham.
Low and delicate perennial herbs with the aspect of some species
of Saxifraga. Leaves mostly radical (the cauline alternate), round-
cordate, crenately-lobed, long-petioled. Flowers white. Inflorescence
loosely racemose. Calyx 5-parted. Corolla broadly funnelform,
destitute of appendages, deciduous. Stamens unequal, inserted on
the base of the corolla-tube. Style filiform, entire; stigma small.
Capsule 2-celled or nearly so, with narrow placente. Seeds numer-
ous. (Dedicated to Count Romanzoff, promoter of the Russian voyage
of Kotzebue, by Chamisso, the German poet, who accompanied the
expedition as botanist.)
1. R. Sitchensis Bong. Filiform rootstock bearing tubers; stems
slender, 4 to 9 in. high; pedicels spreading, much longer than the
flowers; calyx-lobes linear or lanceolate, not more than 4 as long
as the corolla and exceeded by the capsule.
On moist stones in shady places near the coast: Crystal Springs,
San Mateo Co., Bolander; Ross Valley trail to the summit of Mt.
Tamalpais, Jepsen; and northward. Rare within our limits.
7. ERIODICTYON Benth.
Low shrubs. Leaves alternate, pinnately veined, firiely reticulated,
coriaceous, dentate, and petiolate. Inflorescence a terminal, usually
naked, panicle of scorpioid cymes. Sepals narrow, not dilated above.
Corolla funnelform to campanulate. Filaments more or less adnate
to the tube of the corolla, little or not at all exserted, sparsely hirsute.
Ovary nearly or quite 2-celled by the meeting of the dilated placente
in the axis. Capsule 2 lines long or less, first loculicidal, then septi-
cidal, thus 4-valved, each valve with a short beak or acumination and
closed on one side by the adherent dissepiment or half-partition.
(Greek erion, wool, and diktuon, a net, by reason of the netted woolly
under surface of the leaves.)
1. E. Californicum (H. & A.) Greene. YrERBA Santa. Movy-
TAIN Baim. Shrub, commonly 3 to 4 ft, high; leaves oblong tv
oblanceolate, tapering below and frequently above; dentate except at
base or below the middle, very glutinous, the areas between the veins
and cross-veinlets on the under surface with a close dense felt; calyx
1 line long with linear lobes; corolla white or pale blue, tubular-
funnelform, 4 to 6 lines long; stamens and styles included.—( Eriodic-
tyon glutinosum Benth.)
Highest mountain slopes and dry ridges, common or even abundant
everywhere through the Coast Ranges, and at middle altitudes in the
Sierra Nevada, often associated with the Chamisal.
92. BORAGINACEZ. Borace Famity.
Herbs, usually rough with coarse hairs. Leaves simple, commonly
BORAGE FAMILY. 441
entire and alternate. Flowers complete, hypoyynous. in one-sided
spikes or racemes, coiled spirally when young. Calyx with commonly
5 divisions or teeth. Corolla regular, 5-lobed, with 5 stamens inserted
on its tube and alternating with its divisions. Ovary superior, deeply
4-lobed (except in Heliotropium), with a simple style inserted between
the lobes, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets. Nutlets inserted
on a short thick prolongation of the receptacle, here sometimes
referred to as the gynobase. Endosperm none, except in Helio-
tropium.
Myosotis syLvatica Hoftm., Forget-me-not, is an escape from
the gardens in Berkeley and Marin Co. Leaves mostly oblong, the
lower petioled, the upper sessile; raceme bractless; pedicels as long as
ealyx; calyx with hooked hairs; corolla blue, 8 lines broad, with a
crown of 5 yellow scales in the throat; stamens inserted on the tube,
included; nutlets small, smooth and shining.
LITHOSPERMUM ARVENSE L., Corn Gromwell, a minutely canes-
cent annual with whitish flowers and wrinkled and pitted stony
nutlets, has been found at San Francisco, acc. toGreene. It is native
of Europe.
Ovary not lobed, in fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded closed cells; anthers
connivent; glabrous glaucous succulent perennial . .1. HELIOTROPIUM.
Ovary deeply 4-lobed, when ripe splitting into 4 one-seeded nutlets.
Nutlets erect; ours annuals.
Corolla white.
Calyx persistent; lowest leaves opposite. ...... 2, ALLOCARYA.
Calyx and short pedicel at length deciduous; leaves alternate. . .
3. CRYPTANTHE,
Calyx persistent or circumscissile near the base; leaves mostly in a
radical rosette, the cauline alternate. 4. PLAGIOBOTHRYS.
Corolla yeloWss seek oes RSME Ree Re 5, AMSINCKIA.
Nutlets flattish, divergent, margined all around or at apex with bristles;
corolla minute, white; smallannuals........ 6. PECTOCARYA.
Nutlets broad, depressed, covered all over with short barbed prickles;
corolla blue with a ring of appendages or crests at the throat;
perennials. .. . 7. CYNOGLOSSUM.
1. HELICTROPIUM L. HELiorrope.
Ours a prostrate perennial with white flowers in dense one-sided
spikes. Corolla salverform, short, with open throat; sinuses more or
less plaited in the bud. Anthers connivent, nearly sessile. Style
short. Ovary not lobed but separating when ripe into 4 one-seeded
closed cells. (Greek helios, sun, and trope, a turning, ‘‘ the flowers
beginning to appear at the summer solstice.’’)
1. H. Curassavicum L. Fleshy, glabrous, glaucous, the stems 4
to several ft. long; leaves obovate to broadly oblanceolate; spikes
mostly in pairs; corolla white with yellow eye.
Common along the seashore, in stream beds, and in low moist or
alkaline lands throughout California. June-Nov.
2. ALLOCARYA Greene.
Low herbs, ours annuals, mostly in low wet ground, Leaves
linear or narrow, entire, the lowest always opposite. Corollas white,
442 BORAGINACER.
with yellow throat; pedicels more or less 5-angled under the flowers,
persistent. Calyx 5-parted to the base, indurated and somewhat
accrescent in fruit. Corollasalverform, with short tube; processes or
crests in the throat none (?) or not obvious. Nutlets ovate or
lanceolate-ovate, smooth, rugose, tuberculate or even with barbed or
prickly points, often carinate on one or both sides. Scar.of the nutlet
basal or above the base, concave or sometimes raised and stipe-like.
(Greek allos, diverse, and karua, nut, the plants separated from
Cryptanthe on account of the different fruits. )
Herbage densely pubescent, the hairs long and rather soft; var. vestita of . .
1, A. mollis.
Herbage hispid or rough-pubescent.
Nutlets rugose or tuberculate.
Pedicels about3 lines long... . . j . 2. A. Chorisiana.
Pedicels 1 line long to almost none. :
Rachis of the spike fistulous-enlarged . . 3. A. salina.
Rachis of the spike not fistulous. .
Pedicels turbinate-thickened beneath the flower; corolla 2 to 8 lines
broad; nutlet rather slender, stipitate..... 4. A. stipitata.
Pedicels not thickened; corolla 1 to 114 lines broad; nutlet ovate.
Nutlet carinate ventrally and a little past the apex dorsally...
5. A. Californica.
Nutlet carinate ventrally and dorsally, the dorsal ruge dentate-
interrupted... ...... ; . 6. A. trachycarpa.
Nutlets with barbed or hispid prickles. . 7. A. Greenet.
1. A. mollis (Gray) var. vestita. A rather rank plant with
many ascending branches 12 to 18 in. long or more; herbage very
densely and conspicuously hairy throughout even to the very calyces;
spikes 3 to 6 in. long, bractless; flowers about 2 lines broad; fruit not
scattered; nutlets either light or dark colored, exceeding } line,
regularly reticulate on the back, carinate from the apex to below the
middle (the carina there vanishing in the meshes of the reticula-
tion) or not carinate, strongly ridged ventrally down to the roundish
sear, which is bounded toward the base by a horseshoe-shaped ridge.
—(Allocarya vestita Greene.)
Petaluma, J. W. Congdon, July 25, 1880; not since collected.
2. A. Chorisiana (Cham.) Greene. Diffuse (or at first erect) with
reclining branches 7 to 16 in. long, strigose throughout; radical
leaves linear-elongated, often 4 in. long; racemes elongated, at length
very loose, leafy below; fruiting pedicels about 8 lines long, seldom
or never less than 1 line long; calyx little accrescent, about 1 line
long, the segments at length spreading; corolla 8 to 4 lines wide;
nutlets ovate, } line long or a trifle more, dark brown, carinate
ventrally only, or also dorsally toward the apex, rugose and minutely
granulate; scar linear.
Low ground about San Francisco Bay: Vallejo, Greene; Belmont.
Apr.—June,
3. A. salina. Branched from the base, strictly erect and simple,
5 to 6 in. high; rachis of the spikes fistulous-enlarged, the flowers
rather dense, but strictly unilateral in 2 rather marked rows; calyx-
segments spatulate or ovate, very strongly callous-thickened toward
the base, the sinus next the axis much deeper than the others, some
BORAGE FAMILY. 443
of the outer sepals united nearly to the summit in some cases; nutlets
roughish papillate, with rather sharp lateral angles, carinate dorsally,
Alvarado, margin of salt marshes, June, 1896.
4. A. stipitata Greene. Branched from the base and somewhat
spreading, the branches mostly simple, slender, commonly 9 to 12 in.
long; leaves linear-oblanceolate, 1 to 8 in. long, or the radical obovate
or oblong, attenuate into a long petiole; corolla 2 to 8 lines broad,
white with yellow eye or the eye claneiae to white; sepals at length
brownish and often spreading; nutlets somewhat dutened on the back,
rugose and papillate, strongly carinate at apex, the dorsal carina
continuous to the base or obsolete below the middle; scar short-
stipitate; sepals at length brownish and often spreading.
Very common on the plains of the Lower Sacramento and eastern
Contra Costa, Co. to Hollister. Apr.-May. Very robust specimens.
frequently show strictly virgate branches nearly or quite 2 ft. long,
flower-bearing throughout their entire length. The very short stipe
is evident only as a narrow constriction between the elevated scar and
the body of the nutlet.
5. A. Californica (F. & M.) Greene. Similar in habit to A.
one flowers 1 to 14 lines broad; nutlet ovate, carinate ventrally
and a little past the apex dorsally, usually grayish; scar not raised;
Tugee mostly oblique and branched.
Coast Range and interior valleys: Russian River; Solano Co. and
southward to Hollister.
Var. stricta (A. stricta Greene). Slender, strictly erect, almost
simple, 5 to 7 in. high, somewhat succulent; spikes very dense.—
Calistoga.
Var. subglochidiata Gray. Branches succulent, often prostrate;
calyx-lobes accrescent; nutlet with minute muriculations and sharp-
edged transverse rugule commonly tipped with a tuft of penicillate
bristles.—(A. humistrata Greene. )
Colusa Co. to the San Joaquin Valley.
6. A. trachycarpa (Gray) Greene. More or less diffuse or decum-
bent; racemes leafy throughout or nearly so; calyx-segments spread-
ing; corolla small, 1 to 14 lines broad; nutlet broadly ovate, trans-
versely rugose and papillate or muricate, carinate ventrally and
dorsally; dorsal rugosities commonly simple, and keel mostly dentate-
interrupted. : .
Sonoma Co., southward to Hollister and the San Joaquin plains.
Papille of the nutlet sometimes slender and rough, apparently passing
into less bristly forms of A. Greenei. .
A. piFFUSA Greene.—Nutlets similar, rugose in the same fashion
but not so strongly, carinate dorsally but obscurely.
7. A. Greenei (Gray) Greene. Diffusely branched from the base,
the straggling branches commonly 1 ft. long or more, strigulose-
pubescent; leaves linear-oblanceolate; racemes simple, leafy or brac-
teate below, the flowers scattered; nutlet 1 line long, ovate, rather
densely covered with slender barbed prickles; prickles } to 3 line long,
quite distinct at base.
d44 BORAGINACE.LE,
Abundant in fields of the Upper Sacramento Valley; first collected
at Yreka; plains of the Lower Sacramento near Elmira (prickles short
and rather sparse as compared with the type); plants from the Lower
San Joaquin with the prickles (mostly sparse and much reduced)
confluent at base into quite regular walled reticulations are referred
here provisionally.
8. CRYPTANTHE Lehm. NIEVITAs.
Annuals with the white flowers nearly always sessile and scorpicid-
spicate. Calyx 5-parted to the base. as long as the corella-tube;
segments more or less hispid or with hooked bristles, in fruit usually
closely embracing the nutlets, eventually deciduous. Nutlets 4.
sometimes 3. 2 or 1, smooth. papillate, or muriculate, never rugose:
face of nutlet with a ventral groove from the apex to the scar near
the base, usually continued beyond the scar as a fork and either open
(areolate) or closed. Nutlet attached to the subulate gynobase from
the sear half way or wholly to the apex along the groove. (Greek
kruptos, hidden, and anthos, flower, perhups on account of the minute
flowers In some species. )
Nutlets papillate or muricate, 4 (or 3).
Fruiting calyx at least twice as long as the nutlets, these with obtuse
lateral. angles 4.6406 La awe ee ew 1. G. ambigua.
Fruiting calyx surpassing a little and somewhat connivent over the
acutely angled nutlets.
Plants erect, commonly branching; nutlets aboutllinelong .....
2. C. muriculate.
Plants erect, branching but very strict; nutlets smaller ....
; 3. C. Jonesti.
Plants diffuse, very slender; nutlets 14 line long . 4. C. micromercs.
Nutlets smooth.
Nutlet 1, much Sete s the short gynobase.
Corolla very small (24 line broad or less); branches commonly diffuse .
; 5. C. microstachys.
Corolla larger (nearly or quite 1 line broad); stem rigidly erect... .
‘ 6. C. ee
Nutlets 4 (or 3); gynobase subulate, 14 to as long as the nutlets.
Groove simple, sometimes not closed at base, But notforked.....
7. C. letocarpa.
Groove forked at base, but no open areola . 8. C. Torreyana.
1. C. ambigua (Gray) Greene. Much branched from the base.
% to 1} ft. high, rough-hirsute throughout; leaves linear, 1 to 1} in.
long; spikes 1 to 23 in. long, commonly very loose below, ternate or
geminate, often pedunculate; calyx exceeding 1 line in length; sepals
linear, more densely hispid-bristly towards the base; corolla 2} to 3
lines broad; nutlets gray, 4 or 3, narrowly ovate, papillate but not
pointed or prickly, the lateral angle obtuse and the groove more or
less closed, with the basal bifurcation open-areolate (or sometimes
closed ?).
Hills and mountains: St. Helena, June 2, 1896; throughout
northern California,
2. C. muriculata (A. DC.) Greene. Robust, branching, rough-
hirsute or hispid, } to 1} ft. high, with well-developed rather dense
spikes mostly in 2’s and 3’s at the end of the branches: calyx 14 lines
BORAGE FAMILY. 445
long; corolla 2 or 3 lines broad; nutlets 1 line long, muricate-
papillose, and somewhat rugose on the back; ventral gtoove and its
basal bifurcation mostly closed; lateral angles acutish, distinct,
Mt. Diablo Range, from near Antioch southward. Apr.
8. C. Jonesii (Gray) Greene. Erect, strict, 7 to 14 in. high, leafy
below; lateral spikes from near the base or above the middle short,
often sessile, the terminal spikes longer in u rather close panicle;
corolla less than 1 line broad in dried specimens; sepals linear,
obscurely unicostate, bristly-hispid, in fruit about 1 line long,
slightly surpassing the rough-papillate ovate nutlets which are
acutely~angled laterally and little more than } line long; ventral
groove mostly closed and forked below.
Sonoma; Mt. Tamalpais; Santa Cruz, July 1, 1881, und Soledad,
May 20, 1882, 1. E. Jones, who first collected it. Nutlets some-
times smooth and concave on either side of the ventral groove.
4, C. micromeres (Gray) Greene. Slender, rather widely
branched above the base, 7 to 9 in. high, rough-hirsute almost
throughout; spikes mostly terminal or subterminal, not dense, 2 to 4
in. long; nutlets similar to the preceding,-little more than } line
long, slender papillate (or on either side of the ventral groove concave
and either papillate or smooth).
Santa Cruz, Jones; Sierra Foothills at Mokelumne Hill, Rattan,
the spikes after the fall of the flowers obscurely flexuous.
5. C. microstachys Greene. At first erect and 3 or 4 in. high,
later diffuse with ascending or reclining branches } to 2 ft. long,
bristly throughout; spikes slender, 4 to 6 in. long, rather densely
flowered; sepals less than 1 line long, very hispid-bristly; nutlet 1,
brown, smooth, ovate, with long and slightly contracted apex,
slightly compressed but not angled laterally, % to 1 line long; groove
closed, with a minute fork at base.
Santa Cruz Mts., June 20, 1896, Setchell and Jepson; Vaca
Mountains, May, 1892.
6. C. flaccida (Dougl.) Greené. Strictly and rigidly erect, with
few ascending branches at the top, } to 1} ft. high; leaves linear;
spikes 2 to 4 in. long, at length not crowded; corolla nearly or quite
1 line broad; fruiting calyx 1} lines long, appressed to the rachis, its
narrowly linear segments thickish ut base, connivent above, nearly
twice as long as the nutlet, hispid and bearing toward the base a
defiexed tuft of bristles; nutlet rostellate-acuminate at apex, the
groove enlarged below but not forked.
Common on low dry gravelly hills of the inner Coast Ranges:
Sierra Nevada. Apr.—May.
7. C. leiocarpa (F. & M.) Greene. Commonly branched from
the base, with many erect or ascending branches, 5 to 13 in. long;
‘branches mostly simple below, branching above, and bearing many
spikes which are often more or less congested; spikes leafy-bracted,
rarely bractless, the terminal longer and interrupted, the lateral short
and glomerate; sepals short-linear, hispid-bristly; nutlets usually 4,
446 BORAGINACES.
rarely 1, narrowly ovate, acute, # line long, the ventral groove not
forked, or scafcely so.
Sandy lands near the coast, San Francisco, northward and south-
ward. June. Stems sometimes short and cespitose, nearly always
from a rather strong taproot. Bristles often pustulate-dilated at base.
Nutlets mottled transversely on the ventral side and longitudinally on
the back.
8. C. Torreyana (Gray) Greene. Erect, branched from the
middle and sometimes from the base; spikes commonly elongated,
loose below, frequently geminate; nutlet ovate, acute, the groove
forked at base, the fork sometimes minute.
Napa Valley, Torrey in 1865, specimen seen in the Gray Herba-
rium; common in the Sierra Nevada, at least northward.
4. PLAGIOBOTHRYS F. & M. Pop-corn FLower.
Rather slender annuals with mostly soft pubescence, the hairs often
rusty when young, especially on the calyx. Leaves mostly in a
radical tuft, those of the stem alternate. Racemes spike-like, elon-
gated, loose and sometimes leafy. Pedicels very short or almost none,
filiform, persistent. Corolla short, white, with crests or processes at
the mouth of the throat (or the crests absent?). Nutlets ovate, cari-
nate on both sides towards the apex and often also laterally margined,
on the back rugose or roughened. Insertion above the base or
median, the scar raised and rounded and leaving a corresponding
depression on the receptacle or gynobase. (Greek plagios, on the
side, and bothrus, pit or excavation, the first species having a hollow
scar.)
Scar of nutlet raised and rounded with a distinct hole or excavation in the
middle of it; erect plants: var. campestris of... . 1. P. rufescens.
Scar of nutlet solid.
Nutlets glassy, either papillate-scabrous or almost smooth; very slender
GQCGE DIGI so coca coe on Suid dens A od es oe we . 2. P. tenellus.
Nutlets grayish or brownish, rugose or granulate.
Calyx in fruit circumscissile below the middle, the upper portion falling
away; erect plants....... Pie ae cal Be eh 8. P. nothofulvus.
Calyx persistent, not circumscissile; plants with diffuse, straggling or
prostrate branches. . .4. P. canescens.
_1. P. rufescens F. & M. var. campestris. Branching, 1 to 2 ft.
high, hispid-hirsute; leaves linear or lanceolate; racemes very loose,
leafless and spike-like but the flowers distinctly pediceled; fruiting
calyx 2 to 8 lines long, the segments nearly distinct, lanceolate, per-
sistent, more or less reddish even in age; nutlets 1} lines long, nearly
1 line wide in the middle, abruptly beaked, the transverse ruge more
or less pes eelnee and often dot-like or granulate; scar raised and
ring-like, bordering a deep circular excavation.—(P. campestris
Greene.)
Low foothills of the Coast Ranges in Solano Co., and northward.
Apr.-May.
2. P. tenellus Gray. Three to 7 in high, branching from or
near the base, the branches erect or ascending; herbage puberulent
BORAGE FAMILY. 447
or the leaves hispidulous; leaves of the radical tuft oblong, acute
or obtuse, 4 to lin. long; cauline leaves few, ovate or ovate-oblong,
2 to 8 or 4 lines long; spikes 1 to 8 in. long, comparatively few-
flowered; calyx deeply cleft, at first rusty yellowish, at length pale,
sometimes imperfectly circumscissile; nutlets minute (} line long),
shining and enamel-like on the back, smooth but papillate-scabrous
on the lateral angles and often also on the rug; rug transverse,
straight, smooth and low, separated by very fine lines.
Kaweah River, southern Sierra Nevada, Hustwood; Napa Moun-
tains, Jepson; northern California. Uncommon in our region.
3. P. nothofulvus Gray. Plants erect or suberect, 1 to 23 ft.
high; stems 1 to several from the depressed rosulate tuft of leaves,
branching mostly above, the branches widely spreading or erect;
herbage silky-villous, the hairs very reddish only when young, espe-
cially on the calyx and sometimes on the leaves; leaves oblong-ovate
or lanceolate, those of the radical tuft oblong-ovate or oblanceolate;
spikes leafless; calyx cleft only to the middle, 1} lines long, in fruit
circumscissile below the middle, the upper part falling away and
leaving the persistent base about the nutlets; corolla 2 to 3 lines
broad.
Hill and mountain sides: St. Helena, Napa Co.; Vaca Mountains;
Sierra Foothills. Mar.—May.
4. P. canescens Benth. Branches long and straggling, nearly
or quite simple, 3 to 1} ft. long, loosely flower-bearing and leafy
nearly throughout, or the spike nearly or quite leafless;’ pubescence
pale, soft-villous; leaves oblong to linear or lanceolate; calyx cleft to
below the middle, the segments broadly lanceolate, in fruit 2 to 8
lines long; nutlets 1 line long, incurved-connivent, rugose-reticulate,
the areola longer transversely, and the lateral angles very distinct.
Livermore Mallen: English Hills, Solano Co.; French Camp, Sierra
Foothills; Marysville Buttes; first collected by Hartweg in the Upper
Sacramento Valley. Apr. Calyx in fruit circular-depressed (the
tips of the segments connivent over the nutlets), in age deciduous,
the very short stubby pedicel persistent. Plants sometimes erect.
5. AMSINCKIA Lebm.
Annuals with rough-hairy herbage, the hairs commonly with
pustulate-dilated base, often conspicuously hardened or granular.
Flowers yellow, in elongated spikes. Sepals 5, or 4 or 3 through the
more or less complete union of two into one. Corolla salverform,
the throat somewhat funnelform and with more or less distinct folds,
but destitute of crests or processes. Style filiform. Nutlets crusta-
ceous, triquetrous or ovate-triangular, smooth or rough. Cotyledons
deeply 2-parted. (Wm. Amsinck of Hamburg, patron of the
Botanic Garden in that city.)
Nutlets much flattened on the back, with coarse granulations. .... .
i 1. A. tesselata.
Nutlets beset with prickly projections. .. . 2. 4. echinata.
Nutlets not prickly.
Nutlets carinate on the back, granulate and rugose.
448 BORAGINACEE,
Corolla 6 lines long or more; nutlet somewhat compressed laterally. 7
3. dl. spectabilis.
Corolla 5 lines long or less; nutlets much incurved, 1!4 lines long. . .
4. A. intermedia.
Corolla 6 lines long or less; nutlets 14 line long, scarcely more. .....
. A. lycopsoides.
Nutlets smooth and polished . .6. A. grandijfiora.
1. A. tesselata Gray. Coarsely hispid, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves
linear to oblong-lanceolate; developed spikes 5 to 6 in. long, loose;
calyx of 8 or 4 sepals, 1 narrow and 2 broad, or 3 narrow and 1 broad,
rusty-hispid, accrescent in fruit with the broadly-ovate foliaceous seg-
ments about twice the length of the nutlets; corolla small, orange-
yellow; nutlets broadly ovate, abruptly acute, not carinate but flattish
on the back, which is surrounded by a dentate border and filled in
with a few short transverse rug and many wart-like projections
fitted closely together, and so resembling a somewhat uneven cobble-
stone pavement.—(A. collina Greene.)
Near Mt. Diablo, Bremer; San Joaquin plains.
2. A. echinata Gray. Erect, 14 to 23} ft. high, very hispid with
white spreading bristles; sepals very narrow, yellow-hispid; corolla
light yellow, about twice as long, little dilated at the throat, the
limb 2 or 3 lines broad; nutlets muricate with slender points or almost
prickly, not rugose. :
Plant of the Mohave Region, credited to Antioch.
3. A. spectabilis F. & M. Erect, branching above, 1 to 23 ft.
high, with mostly linear or linear-lanceolate leaves; spikes 3 to 7 in.
long; calyx-lobes narrowly linear-lanceolate, reddish-hispid, 3 to 4
the length of the corolla-tube; corolla orange-yellow, 6 to 7 lines long
with slightly unequal lobes; nutlets somewhat flattened laterally,
earinate dorsally and ventrally, reticulate-rugulose and granulate.
Towards the interior.
4. A. intermedia F. & M. Erect, frequently widely branched,
13 to 8 ft. high; stems and branches with scattered white bristles, the
foliage densely hispid-bristly with rather shorter bristles; inflorescence
hispid and with a short curly pubescence; leaves oblong-lanceolate
to linear, thickish, entire; racemes more or less crowded at the top of
the stem or branches and leafy-bracteate; developed racemes 5 to 10:
in. long, peduncled; calyx-segments rusty-hispid, linear-acuminate,
+ as long as the narrow orange-yellow corollas, in fruit twice as long
at least as the nutlets; nutlets incurved, carinate dorsally, scabrous-
rugose and granulate, exceeding 1 line in length.
Throughout our district, mostly towards the interior; frequently
very abundant on grain fields of the Sacramento Valley, forming
rank thickets 3 to 4 ft. high and sometimes called by the country
people ‘ Buckthorn.’’
5. A. lycopsoides Lehm. Stems erect, branching, the branches.
at length decumbent, 1 to 2 ft. long; herbage of a light yellowish
green, setose-hispid; leaves ovate-lanceolate or narrowly oblong, with
erose-sinuate or entire margins; racemes rather short, frequently
BORAGE FAMILY. 449
leafy-bracteate; peduncles short or none; calyx sparsely setose-hispid,
the lobes lanceolate or ovate-oblong, obtuse, 2 or 8 of the lobes often
united; corolla pale yellow, very slender; nutlets brown or blackish,
muriculate and rugulose, scarcely more than 3 line long.
Sandy soil along the seaboard: San Francisco, Apr.-May.
6. A. grandiflora Kleeb. Robust, hispid, 14 ft. high; fully
developed spikes. 5 to 7 in. long; calyx-segments fulvous-hirsute,
often partly or wholly confluent so as to appear as 8 or 4, in fruit 5
to 6 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, deep yellow, with ample
limb; anthers nearly sessile, inserted very low in the corolla; nutlets
perfectly smooth, polished, light gray, carinate ventrally from the
apex to the nearly median oblong scar; lateral angles sharp, back
concave,
Antioch, Kellogg. The nearly related A. vernicosa H. & A. may
be expected within our limits southward; it has smaller flowers and
sharply triquetrous nutlets (resembling a grain of buckwheat) with
very obscure scar.
6. PECTOCARYA DC.
Low slender obscure annuals with strigose pubescence and narrowly
linear leaves. Flowers minute, white, on very short pedicels, scat-
tered along the stems or branches. Calyx deeply 5-cleft, spreading
or reflexed in fruit. Corolla with a circle of processes or crests which
almost close the throat. Stamens included. Nutlets flat, thin,
radiately divergent, bordered at apex or all around with a row of
bristles hooked at tip. (Greek pectos, combed, and karua, nut, on
account of the row of bristles on the nutlet.)
Nutlet not winged, the acute margin bordered all around by bristles. .
1. P. pusilla.
Nutlet bordered by a wing which bears hooked bristles only at the apex. .
2. P. penicillata.
1. P. pusilla Gray. Erect, somewhat flexuous, simple or spar-
ingly branched, 8 to 5 in. high, strigulose-canescent; nutlets 4 and
equably divergent (or sometimes but 2), 1 line long, cuneate-obovate
or somewhat rhomboidal, carinately nerved on the upper face, not
winged, the margin bearing a row of slender bristles hooked at the
tip.
Shady north slopes in the hills near St. Helena; common about
Yreka acc. to Gray. Mar.—Apr.
2. P. penicillata (H. & A.) A. DC. Branching at the base, the
branches diffuse, 1 to 4 in. long; nutlets divergent in pairs, oblong, 1
line long, surrounded by a wing which is incurved along the middle
in age and bears at the rounded apex a series of slender bristles
hooked at the tip.
Napa Valley, Jepson, the only known locality in our region.
7. CYNOGLOSSUM L.
Ours a coarse perennial herb with broad petioled leaves. Flowers
blue, in a panicled bractless raceme raised on a naked terminal
31
450 VERBENACEE.
peduncle. Corolla with a ring of conspicuous appendages or crests at
the throat. Nutlets large, depressed, covered all over with short
barbed prickles and thus bur-like. (Combined of the Greek kuno, dog,
and glossa, tongue, on account of the shape and texture of the leaves
in some species.)
1. C. grande Doug]. Hounn’s Tonauz. Erect, 1 to 8 ft. high;
leaves mostly radical or subradical, hoary-pubescent beneath, ovate,
varying to ovate-oblong or elliptic, rounded at base or truncate, acute
or acuminate, 3 to 7 in. long, on petioles often as long; sepals
narrowly oblong, obtuse, 2 lines long; corolla 6 to 7 lines long, the
tube often purple, the lobes elliptic; stamens inserted at the throat,
on very short filaments.
Coast Range woods: Monterey; Oakland Hills; Marin Co.; Vaca
Mountains, and northward. Feb.-Mar.
93. VERBENACEA. Verpena Famity,
Ours herbs with opposite or whorled leaves. Flowers complete.
Corolla bilabiate or almost regular. Calyx persistent. Stamens 4, in
2 pairs. Ovary superior, undivided, 2 to 4-celled, separating at
maturity into as many 1-seeded nutlets; style single, entire; stigmas
2or1. Endosperm in our genera scanty or none,
Calyx 5-toothed; nutlets4; diffuse or erect herbs. . . . 1. VERBENA.
Calyx 2-cleft; nutlets 2; creeping herbs ee . 2. LIPPra.
1. VERBENA L. Vervarn.
Perennial herbs with simple leaves. Flowers in terminal densely-
flowered bractless spikes. Calyx narrow, tubular, plicately 5-angled,
5-toothed, mostly enclosing the dry fruit. Corolla salverform with a
rather unequally 5-lobed limb. Anthers ovate. Stigmas mostly
2-lobed, the anterior lobe larger, the posterior smooth and sterile.
Fruit separating into 4 one-celled one-seeded achene-like nutlets.
(Latin name of a certain sacred plant.)
Bracts inconspicuous, not exceeding the flowers.
Stem erect, strict and tall; spikes dense, more or less peduncled; petioles
GLU CC ie ir sate, el Ga teeta eee awlie ane Gh gee kA 1. V. hastata.
Diffusely branching; spikes not dense below, sessile or leafy bracted at
base; petioles cuneately margined. ...........2. V. prostrata.
3. V. bracteosa.
1. V. hastata L. Brue Vervary. Erect, strict, 2 to 4 ft. high;
pubescence short-hispid; leaves oblong-lanceolate, gradually acumi-
nate, rather finely serrate, 4 in. long or less, on petioles } in. long;
some of the lower leaves commonly hastately lobed at base; spikes
numerous; naked at base or more or less peduncled, densely flowered,
2 to 3 in. long, in a close panicle; corolla deep blue.
Banks of the lower Sacramento River: Wilkes Expedition, 1841;
Rio Vista, Grand Island and Ryer Island, Jepson, 1892.
2. V. prostrata R. Br. Common Veryarn. Stems diffusely
VERBENA FAMILY, 451
branched or spreading; herbage mostly soft-pubescent; leaves oblong-
ovate, coarsely serrate, and often laciniately lobed, especially toward
the base which is contracted into the cuneately winged petiole; spikes
2 or 3 in. to 1 ft. long, solitary or more commonly loosely paniculate;
bracts subulate, shorter than the calyx; corolla violet or blue, 2 lines
long; nutlets oblong.
Dry open hill country throughout western California: Humboldt
Co.; Sonoma and Vacaville, southward to Alameda Co., Santa Clara
Co. and Southern California. July—Sept.
3. V. bracteosa Michx. Diffusely much branched, } to 1 ft.
high or more; leaves pinnately incised or 3-cleft with coarsely serrate
lobes, narrowed at base into a winged petiole; spikescommonly dense,
sessile; bracts lanceolate, rigid, conspicuously exceeding the flowers,
mostly entire or the lowest incised; corolla small, blue.
Lower San Joaquin; probably introduced.
2. LIPPIA L. Lemon VERBENA.
Ours prostrate perennial herbs with simple leaves. Flowers small,
similar to those of Verbena, disposed in short spikes or heads sub-
tended by broad closely imbricated bracts. Pubescence fine, the
hairs fixed by the middle and both ends acute. Peduncles slender,
axillary. Calyx small and short, in ours 2-cleft, the lobes entire and
lateral. Corolla-limb manifestly bilabiate, 4-lobed, the upper lip
retuse or emarginate. Style mostly short; stigma thickish, oblique,
Pericarp more or less corky, not readily separating into the 2 nutlets.
(In memory of Dr. A. Lippi, a French naturalist, killed in
Abyssinia, in 1703.)
Leaves thickish, oblanceolate or obovate... . ...... 1. L. nodifiora.
Leaves thinnish, ovate bil Bens Se See 8 2. L. lanceolata.
1. L. nodiflora Michx. Stems extensively creeping from a
lignescent perennial base; herbage minutely canescefit throughout;
leaves thickish, cuneate-oblanceolate or -obovate, sessile, } to nearly 1
in. long, sharply serrate towards the apex; peduncles filiform, 1 to 4
in. long, much exceeding the leaves; heads cylindraceous in age, 3
lines thick; calyx with 2 low triangular teeth, these laterally disposed
and entire or notched; corolla white, 1} lines broad, the lower lobe
transversely oblong; fruit globose or didymous.
Lower Sacramento and San Joaquin, especially on river banks.
Esteemed as a plant covering for the soil on levees for the purpose of
resisting erosion. July—Sept.
2. L. lanceolata Michx. Similar to the preceding but greener;
leaves thinner, 1 to 24 in. long, ovate, sharply serrate except at the
broadly cuneate base which is abruptly narrowed to a short petiole,
pinnately straight-veined; peduncles often shorter than the leaves;
corolla bluish white.
Common on muddy banks of the islands lying near the confluence
of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers: Grand Island; Bouldin
Island, etc.
452 LABIAT.E.
94. LABIATA.. Mruyt Famiry.
Aromatic herbs or low shrubs with square stems and always oppo-
site simple leaves. Flowers solitary in the axils or more commonly
in small cymes; cymes sessile in the axils of the opposite leaves
(rarely peduncled), commonly dense and having the appearance of a
whorl, and thus denominated in the descriptions. Subtending leaves
of the whorls frequently bract-like and the internodes short, the
inflorescence thus becoming spike-like, or the whorl sometimes termi-
nal and head-like: Calyx always synsepalous, frequently bilabiate,
usually 5-toothed. Corolla with a distinct tube, bilabiate, commonly
with 2 lobes in the upper lip and 8 lobes in the lower lip. Stamens
4, in 2 pairs, or the superior (upper) pair of stamens wanting or repre-
sented by sterile filaments. Ovary superior, 4-lobed (or 4-parted in
Trichostema), separating when ripe into 4 small 1-seeded nutlets.
Style single, situated in the depression among the lobes of the
ovary cleft at apex. Nutlets attached by the base (or by the side
in Trichostema).
A. Flowers solitary in the axils; stamens 4.
Calyx with entire lips, a gibbous protuberance on the upper side... . .
. SCUTELLARIA,
Calyx not gibbous on the upper side (nor in any of the following).
Trailing herb; flowers verysmall.,. . . 12. MICROMERIA.
Shrub; flowers large. 2 ® . 18. SPHACELE.
B. Flowers in whorls or terminal heads or axillary cymes.
1. Calyx regular, or its teeth nearly equal (except some species of Mentha).
Stamens with the exserted portion of filaments as long or longer than the
corolla, conspicuously curved; tube of corolla slender, abruptly curved
below throat; ovary 4-lobed; nutlets attached by the side. .....
1. TRICHOSTEMA.
Stamens moderately exserted or included; ovary 4-parted; nutlets attached
by the base.
Corolla little irregular.
Flower-whorls axillary.
Stamens 4; stems obtusely quadrangular; herbage aromatic .
17. MENTHA.
Stamens 2; stems acutely quadrangular; herbage little aromatic.
; : 16. Lycopus.
Flowers in terminal bracted heads; segments of the corolla narrow and
very similar; stamens4. ... » os. .14. MoNARDELLA.
Corolla plainly bilabiates stamens 4.
Stamens included in the tube of the corolla; calyx-teeth 10, subulate,
hooked at tip; flowers in whorls. . 3 8, MARRUBIUM.
Stamens projecting beyond the tube.
Inferior (lower) pair of stamens longer than the superior; calyx
tubular-campanulate, its teeth triangular, cuspidate; corolla-tube
with a hairy ring within; flowersin whorls. . 7. STACHYS.
Stamens nearly equal; calyx tubular, its teeth very short, densely
woolly; flower-whorls remote, mostly leafy-bracted........
. ‘ 15, KOELLIA. -
Superior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the inferior; calyx-teeth
lanceolate, cuspidate, often pinkish; flowers in a dense spike... .
5, LOPHANTHUS.
2. Calyx bilabiate or its teeth wnequal.
Superior (upper) pair of stamens longer than the inferior; calyx-teeth
lanceolate-subulate.. . 0... ee 4, NEPETA,
Inferior (lower) pair of stamens longer than the superior or latter wanting.
MINT FAMILY. 453
Flowers in a dense terminal spike, with roundish bracts; upper calyx-lip
truncate with 3 cusps on the margin; stamens4, . 6. 'BRUNELLA.
Flowers in whorls in a close spike or some of the lower whorls distinct;
bracts narrow, obspatulate or linear; lower calyx-lip of 2 lanceolate-
subulate teeth’ longer than the 3 MPEEE | teeth; stamens 4 (or 2); style
bearded above; annuals........ . . 10. POGOGYNE.
Flower-whorls distinct, commonly remote.
Stamens with anthers 4; flowers in axillary clusters; calyx in fruit
GeNexed 5 ye At vee ees ne, TSP i Re Gee Me oe, ot 11. MELISsaA.
Stamens with perfect anthers 23 upper pair of stamens none, rudi-
mentary, or with imperfect anthers.
Anther-cells without filament-like connective; bracts roundish, the
margins armed with long needle-like spines. . 9. ‘ACANTHOMINTHA.
Anther-cells one at each end of a or versatile connective or cross-bar
which is attached near the middle to the filament proper, a perfect
anther-cell at the upper end, the anther-cell at the lower end
imperfect or none, or even the lower peeiten of the connective
obsolete. . 8. SALVIA.
‘1. TRICHOSTEMA L. BLUE CURLS.
Ours ill-scented annuals with entire leaves and blue (occasionally
pinkish or whitish) flowers in axillary cymes or becoming raceme-
like in age. Calyx equally or almost equally 5-cleft. Corolla with
oblique limb, the oblong lobes nearly alike; tube in ours slender, far
exceeding the calyx and abruptly geniculate or curved into an arc of
acircle just below the limb. Stamens with the anther-cells divari-
cate; filaments capillary, blue or violet, spirally coiled in the bud, in
anthesis very much exserted, ascending between the deeply parted
upper lobes of the corolla and curved outward and downward. Nut-
lets rugose-reticulate. (Greek trichos, hair, and stemon, stumen.)
Stems densely leafy; leavessessile. ..... .. .1. 7. lanceolatum.
Stems sparsely leafy; leaves petioled.. .. . .2. T.laxum.
1. T. lanceolatum Benth. Vixecar. WeEp. Annual, simple
or branching from near the base, 6 to 11 in. high, very leafy; herbage
cinereous or villous-pubescent and minutely glandular; leaves lan-
cevlate, acuminate, sessile, or the lowest subsessile, with 3 to 5 strong
almost "parallel nerves or ribs, 1 in. long; cymes short-peduncled or
nearly sessile; calyx villous; corolla almost filiform. somewhat
pubescent.
Dry plains and low hills throughout the Coast Ranges: Southern
California to Saratoga, Los Gatos, Alvarado, Lafayette, Vacaville,
Winters, Healdsburg and northward. Sierra Foothills. |A bee p: Fant
in Fresno Co., where it abounds in many localities and ‘‘yields a
white honey that granulates remarkably quick,’’ O. DL. Abbott.
Aug.-Sept.
2. T. laxum Gray. BLuEe Curis. Simple or branching, 1 ft.
high or less, minutely pubescent, sparsely leafy; leaves lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate but obtusish, pinnately veined, 1 to 1}
in. long, on slender petioles; cymes peduncled, rather loose; corolla
almost ‘glabrous.
Stream beds or low summer fields of the North Coast Ranges:
Sonoma Co.; Pope Valley, Napa Co.: Putah Creek and northward.
Also inner South Coast Ranges ace. to Greene. Aug.—Sept.
454 LABIATA.
T. ranarum Benth. is a shrub with purple-woolly spikes.—Monte-
rey Co. and southward. T. opLonaum Gray has sessile flowers, the
corolla hardly surpassing the calyx.—Sierra Nevada at middle
altitudes.
2. SCUTELLARIA L. SKULL-CAP. :
Ours perennial herbs, the flowers always solitary and either in
axillary pairs or, when the leaves are reduced, forming terminal
spikes or racemes. Calyx bilabiate, both lips entire, the upper with
a sceale-like or crest-like projection on the back, in anthesis campanu-
late, after anthesis closed, and in fruit splitting to the base. Corolla
with a long-exserted tube naked within; upper lip galeate, entire or
barely notched, the lateral lobes of the lower lip more or less attached
to it so that it appears 3-lobed, the middle lobe seeming to constitute
the whole lower lip. Anthers ciliate-pilose. Upper fork of style
short or none. Nutlets rarely wing-margined. Embryo curved;
caulicle short, incumbent. (Latin scutella, a dish, on account of the
conspicuous protuberance on the fruiting calyx.)
Rootstocks filiform, bearing tubers; flowers violet-purple. .1. S. tuberosa.
Rootstocks not tuber bearing; flowers whitish. . . «2.8. Californica.
1. S. tuberosa Benth. BLue SKULL-cap. Stems 3 to 5 in. high,
from tuberous rootstocks, the tubers oblong, 3 to 8 lines long; herbage
pubescent; leaves thin, few-toothed; radical and lower leaves oval,
purplish beneath (as also the lower cauline), on petioles as long as the
blade; upper cauline ovate, the petioles commonly short; corolla
violet-purple, 7 to 9 lines long; middle lobe of lower lip somewhat
spreading, much larger than the galeate upper lip; nutlets muricate.
Loamy soil of shady woods in the hills or in sandy valleys: Napa
Valley; Marin Co.; San Francisco; West Berkeley; Alameda; Wal-
nut Creek; Mt. Diablo; Loma Prieta; Southern California. Apr.-
May. Not reported from the inner North Coast Ranges, nor from
the inner South Coast Ranges south of Mt. Diablo. The var. sIMILIS
has a very densely-villous calyx.—Pope Valley grade from Calistoga.
2. S. Californica Gray. Sxuxu-cap. Stems clustered, com-
monly simple, ? to 1} ft. high, from horizontal branching rootstocks;
herbage puberulent; leaves $ to 1 in. long, oval-ovate or oblong-
lanceolate, the lower disposed to be crenate and purplish beneath, the
upper narrower and entire, those subtending the flowers much
reduced; petioles 1 to 3 lines long; corolla nearly white or slightly
yellowish, the throat ampliate-inflated, and the lips not very unequal;
lower lip villous-bearded within; nutlets rugulose.
Open woods and borders of thickets, on hillsides and in ravines:
a Ranges (Berkeley; Ukiah; Anderson Valley); Sierra Nevada.
une.
8. BoLanperr Gray and 8. aNausTIFoLi1A Pursh are of the Sierra
Nevada: the former has oval leaves, little reduced above, sessile by a
cordate base and very veiny, and whitish flowers; the latter has
linear or lanceolate entire leaves (or the lowermost broader and serrate)
and violet-purple flowers.
MINT FAMILY. 455
38. MARRUBIUM L. HoreHotnp.
Perennial tomentose herbs with much wrinkled leaves and rather
small flowers in whorls. Calyx with cylindraceous tube, 10 ribs and
as many equal subulate or spinulose teeth, which are recurved at tip.
Corolla white, with short tube included in the calyx, the upper li
erect, 2-cleft, the lower spreading, 3-cleft. Stamens 4, include
within the tube of the corolla, all the anthers 2-celled. Nutlets
rounded at the top. (From Hebrew, meaning bitter.)
1. M. vulgare L. Common Horenounp. Stems tufted, erect,
white-woolly, # to 2} ft. high; leaves roundish, crenate, except at the
cuneate or truncate base, petioled, white-woolly beneath and green
above, or somewhat tomentose on both faces; middle lobe of lower lip
of corolla transversely oblong, much larger than the lateral lobes.
Common weed of old fields and waste places about farms and
villages everywhere in the Coast Ranges, Sacramento and San
Joaquin Valleys, Sierra Foothills and Southern California. Ever-
green with us. July—Sept.
4. NEPETA L.
Perennial herbs. Calyx tubular, obliquely 5-toothed, the upper
teeth longer than the lower. Corolla-tube enlarged above, distinctly
bilabiate; upper lip erect, lower spreading, the middle lobe larger
than the Jateral. Stamens 4, not exserted, ascending under the upper
lip, the lower pair the shorter, all anther-bearing, with the anthers
approximate in pairs. Nutlets ovoid, flattened, smooth. (Old Latin
name used by Pliny, perhaps from the city Nepete in Tuscany.)
1. N. cataria L. Carnep. Stems 2 or 3 ft. high; herbage canes-
cent with fine hairs, except the green upper surface of the leaves;
leaves triangular-ovate, truncate or cordate at base, coarsely crenate, ~
2 or 3 in. long or the upper reduced, greener above than below,
steiee. spikes 1 to 8 in, long, dense or with 1 or 2 accessory whorls
elow; calyx-teeth lanceolate-subulate; corolla white. 4 or 5 lines
long, dotted with purple.
Common in the North Coast Ranges but mostly beyond our limits:
Russian River Valley; Scott Valley and Uncle Sam Mt., Lake Co.
July.
56. LOPHANTHUS Benth.
Tall perennial herbs. Leaves ovate, serrate, petioled. Flowers
violet-purple or whitish, crowded in a terminal spike. Calyx tubular-
campanulate, rather oblique, almost equally 5-toothed. Upper lip of
corolla 2-lobed, nearly erect; lower lip spreading, its middle lobe
crenate. Stamens 4, exserted, the anthers not approximate in pairs.
(Greek lophos, crest, and anthos, flower.)
1. L. urticifolius Benth. Glabrous or nearly so, 3 or 4 ft. high;
calyx-lobes membranaceous, pinkish or whitish; corolla light violet-.
purple. :
Common in the Sierra Nevada and in the Yallo Bally Mountains
456 LABIATAE.
of the North Coast Ranges. Rare within our limits: Caux’s Knob,
west of St. Helena; Russian River Station; Skaggs’ Springs.
6. BRUNELLA L. Serr Heat.
Low perennials, the nearly simple stems terminated by a short-
spicate or subcapitate inflorescence, each whorl ae of six sub-
sessile flowers and subtended by broad floral bracts. Calyx reticulate-
veiny, membranaceous or chartaceous, bilabiate; upper lip truncate
with 8 cusps; lower 2-cleft; lips closed in fruit. Corolla-throat
inflated and tube more or less exserted; upper lip erect, galeate,
entire; lower lip 38-lobed, the middle lobe hanging downward.
Stamens 4, in pairs under the upper lip, each filament or those of the
upper with a small tooth below the anthers. Nutlets smooth and
glabrous. (Derived from the Old German Breune or Braune, an
affection of the throat, which Self Heal was used to cure.)
1. B. vulgaris L. Four to 10 in. high, green and nearly gla-
brous; leaves oblong to ovate-lanceolate, obscurely serrate, 1 to 3 in.
long, petioled; corolla violet, pinkish or rarely white, exceeding the
purplish calyx.
Woods of low hills and valleys near the coast: Marin Co.;
Knight’s Valley. June.
7. STACHYS L. Hepcr Netrie.
Ours hispid or soft-pubescent herbs with the flowers few in the
axils of the floral leaves, usually forming an interrupted spicate inflo-
rescence. Calyx tubular-campanulate or turbinate, 5 to 10-nerved
or -ribbed, with 5 nearly erect or spreading pointed equal teeth,
sometimes the upper larger and more or less united. Corolla with
cylindrical tube, not dilated at the throat; upper lip erect or slightly
turned backward, over-arched or concave, entire or notched; lower
lip longer, spreading, 3-lobed, the middle lobe larger, the lateral
lobes often deflexed. Stamens 4, in pairs, ascending under the upper
lip of the corolla, or one or both pairs sometimes deflexed to the sides
of the throat and contorted after anthesis. Nutlets obtuse at the apex.
(Greek stachus, an ear of corn, hence a spike; given to these plants on
account of their spicate inflorescence. )
Corolla-tube little or not at all exceeding the calyx. ‘
Flowers whitish.
Whorls forming a dense spike; herbage very hirsute .1. 8. pycnantha.
Whorls distinct or indistinct, the inflorescence 3 to9 in. long; herbage
White-woOolly 2s 4.2. @ 8 we ara Sea ce Sot . 2. S. albens.
angles.
Hairy ring at middle of corolla-tube very oblique . .4. S. bullata.
Hairy ring near base of corolla-tube horizontal . . . .5. 8. Californica.
Corolla-tube much longer than the calyx, the corolla red . 6. S. Chamissonis.
1. S. pycnantha Benth. Erect, } to 1} ft. high; herbage mostly
green but hirsute, the surface of the leaves somewhat granulate-
glandular; leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, 1 to 4 in. long, obtuse or
MINT FAMILY. 457
subcordate at base, mostly petioled; flowers in u dense cylindraceous
bractless or nearly bractless spike, 1 to 2 in. long; lowest whorls
rarely separate; calyx-teeth deltoid, mucronate, commonly equaling
the tube.
Rather uncommon: West Berkeley; Tiburon, and southward to
Monterey. ‘
2. S. albens Gray. Stems erect, strict, 2 to 5 ft. high, white-
tomentose; leaves ovate to lanceolate, obtuse or cordate at base,
mostly the very lowest short-petioled; whorls many-flowered, mostly
indistinct and spicate, only the lowest whorls, if any, somewhat
remote, the inflorescence 3 to 9 in. long; calyces wften somewhat
yellow-green, the teeth awn-pointed.
Along rivulets or near springs in the dry inner Coust Ranves:
Knoxville Grade to Lower Lake; Livermore Pass; Pacheco Pass.
July-Aug.
3. S. ajugoides Benth. Stems mostly erect, simple.» to 24 in.
tall; herbage densely soft-pubescent, sometimes glahrate; leaves
oblong, 1 to 2} in. long, acute or obtuse below, petioled, the upper
sessile; one or two flower clusters below rather remote and in the
axils of upper ordinary leaves, the leaves above becoming bract-like
and the clusters less remote; calyx short-campanulate or turbinate,
very silky-villous, often concealing the teeth; hairy ring below
middle of corolla-tube very oblique, the tube slightly constricted
below.
Everywhere common in low lands in the Coast Ranges and Sacra-
mento and San Jouquin Valleys. May—Aug.
Var. stricta (S. stricta Greene). Small resin-glands abundant
beneath the short pubescence on the leaves; leaves thinnish, ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, 3 to 33 in. long, only the uppermost sessile;
calyx-teeth erect or somewhat connivent around the tube of the
corolla; upper lip of corolla very short.—In the original diagnosis,
the lateral lobes of the lower lip are described as reduced to mere
teeth. In specimens from Knight’s Valley, the original locality,
collected June 18, 1894, by Mr. Davy, the corolla is small but the
lateral lobes are not any smaller relatively tu the middle lobes of the
lower lip than in the species. We discover, however. that the corolla
tube has no evident constriction and the ring of hairs is horizontal,
not oblique.
Var. velutina (S. velutina Greene). Pubescence short and close;
leaves cordate-ovate; spike elongated, interrupted.—Suisun Marshes.
Oct. This variety forms a transition to the preceding species.
4. S. bullata Benth. Stems simple from the base or branched
above, erect or ascending, 10 to 22 in. long; foliage densely or sparsely
hispid, the stems retrorsely hispid, especially on the angles; leaves
oblong-ovate, sometimes varying to elliptic, coarsely crenate, trun-
cate or subcordate at base, 1 to 2 or even 5} in. long, the lower on
petioles 1 to 2 in. long; flowers about 6 in a whorl, the whorls rather
remote (mostly 6 to 12 lines apart); calyx turbinate or campanulate-
458 LABIATAE.
turbinate, the teeth triangular, cuspidate, in age spreading, somewhat.
indurated; corolla-tube 4 lines long, exserted about 1 line, bearing
within at its middle an oblique ring of hairs interrupted on the upper
side opposite the style and indicated exteriorly by a distinct although
only partial constriction; filaments densely pubescent at the middle.
The most common species, found everywhere among the low hills
of the Coast Ranges. Mar.-Apr.
5. S. Californica Benth. Slender, 2 to 4 ft. high; leaves ovate-
oblong, ample, subcordate at base, sparsely villous-hispid; corolla-
tube exceeding the calyx, nearly twice as long; hairy ring at base of
tube horizontal.
Santa Cruz Mountains, in shady woods. June. We are not
sure that this plant is identical with that of Bentham; our
specimens do not answer in every particular to Bentham’s diagnosis
and the original description is not altogether satisfactory.
6. S. Chamissonis Benth. Several ft. high, the angles-of the
stems retrorsely scabrous, the hairs pustulate; leaves soft-pubescent,
ovate, 3 or 4 in. long; calyx 4 in. long, clavate-tubular, much shorter
than the tube of the red corolla; hairy ring near base of corolla-tube.
Near the coast: Sausalito, Kellogg; Bolinas Bay; Point Reyes
Peninsula and northward; formerly at San Francisco, Bolander.
LAMIUM AMPLEXICAULE L. Henbit. Low annual, decumbent at
base; internodes below the inflorescence very long; leaves rounded,
toothed or lobed, the lowest petiolate, the floral sessile; calyx with 5
nearly equal awn-pointed teeth, much surpassed by the elongated
corolla-tube; upper lip of corolla bearded, lower spotted.—Sonoma
Co., Bioletti, 1892.
8. SALVIA L. Sage.
Herbaceous or low-shrubby plants with the flowers usually in
whorls, forming terminal racemes or spikes, the floral leaves mostly
reduced to bracts. Calyx bilabiate, the upper lip entire or 3-toothed,
the lower 2-cleft. Corolla with the upper lip erect, straight, concave
or faleate, sometimes obsolete; lower lip spreading, 3-lobed, the
middle lobe often emarginate, cleft or fringed. Stamens inserted in
the throat of the corolla; anterior pair fertile; the posterior pair
obsolete or represented by sterile filaments or vestiges; anther-cells
widely separated on a long filament-like connective longer than the
filament itself and jointed to it by the middle or near one end; con-
nective at its upper end (under the upper lip of the corolla) bearing a
perfect anther-cell, at its lower end a deformed anther-cell or the
anther-cell obsolete. In some species the filament is seemingly sim-
ple, but is really jointed, indicating the presence of the connective,
the lower end of which sometimes projects as a subulate point but
never bears a trace of an anther-cell. (From the Latin, salveo, to
save, some of the species being officinal. )
Lower end of connective bearing a deformed anther-cell or a rudiment;
flower-whorls few; annuals.
MINT FAMILY. 459
Herbage white-woolly; bracts much surpassing the flowers; upper calyx-
lip 3-toothed, the lateral distant from the middle one. .......
1, 8. carduacea,
Herbage green; bracts not exceeding the flowers; teeth of upper calyx-lip
2,awned, partly connate............, . 2 8. Columbariz.
Lower end of connective reduced to a subulate point or slender thread, the
filament apparently simple; flower whorls several; perennials.
Corolla white, whitish, or violet-tinged.
Low shrub; middle lobe of lower lip of corolla emarginate, otherwise
entire; upper lip present ............6-- 3. S. mellifera.
Low matted herb, only the senate flowering stems ascending; middle
lobe of lower lip of corolla denticulate or fringed; upper lip obsolete.
4. S. Sonomensis.
Corolla crimson, 114 in. long or more; herbaceous, stemserect .....
5. S. spathacea.
1. S. carduacea Benth. TuisrLe-sace. Herbage white-woolly,
particularly in the flower whorls, the wool more or less deciduous;
stems 1, 2 or 3 from a rosette of radical leaves, naked and scape-like,
bearing 1 to 4 whorls of flowers, 4 in. to 2 ft. high; leaves oblong in
outline, pinnatifid, with spinulose-dentate margin, the radical 6 in.
long or less; bracts ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, pectinate-spinescent,
surpassing the flowers; calyx long-woolly, its upper lip strongly
3-toothed, the middle tooth larger, the lateral distant, much sur-
passing the lower lip; corolla light blue, deeply 2-lipped, 1 in. long;
upper lip 2-cleft, the segments laciniate or denticulate at the end;
lower lip with small erose lateral lobes and an exceedingly large
fan-shaped and laciniately fringed middle lobe; proper filament very
short.
Inner South Coast Range valleys (Contra Costa Co. and south-
ward) and throughout the San Joaquin Valley; Southern California.
June. :
2. S. Columbarie Benth. Cars. Herbage finely pubescent,
dark green; stems usually several from the base, commonly simple
and bearing 1 or 2 pairs of leaves and 1 or 2 whorls of flowers, occa-
sionally branching; leaves mostly radical or subradical, bipinnatifid,
very rugose, petioled; bracts ovate or more commonly orbicular and
broader than long, abruptly acuminate and cuspidate-tipped, not
exceeding the flowers, often purple; fruiting calyx 5 lines long,
oblique at the throat; upper lip arched, crowned with a pair of
needle-like prickles, the pare representing the middle tooth want-
ing; lower lip very much shorter, the teeth represented by 2 shorter
prickles; corolla blue, little exceeding the calyx; upper lip emargi-
nate; lower lip with small lateral lobes and a larger somewhat 2-lobed
middle one. .
Throughout the Coast Ranges, Sierra Nevada, and Southern Cali-
fornia, on hill and mountain slopes. Apr.—May.
8. S. mellifera Greene. Buack SacE. Shrubby, 3 to 6 ft.
high, with herbaceous flowering branches very leafy at the base;
leaves narrowly oblong, petioled, 1} to 3 in. long, crenulate, green
and rugulose above, cinereous-tomentulose beneath; flowering branches
with about 5 rather small flower-whorls; leafy bracts oblong or ovate,
those subtending the upper whorls much reduced; proper bracts ovate or
460 LABIAT.
oblong, cuspidate; lower lip of calyx very short, the 2 teeth prickly;
upper lip arched, crowned by 8 short sharp teeth; style and stamens
little exserted; lower portion of connective in fertile stamens manifest
at the joint as a subulate rudiment; upper pair of stamens represented
by short sterile filaments, their tips approximate; corolla white or
slightly lilac-tinged and rather small, exserted; upper lip notched;
middle lobe of lower lip transversely oblong or orbicular, emarginate
and slightly denticulate, joined to the main part of the lip by a narrow
constriction.—(Audibertia stachyoides Benth.)
Mount Diablo; Las Trampas Ridge; near Haywards; San Mateo
Co.; Glenwood and Loma Prieta, southward to Southern California.
Apr.-May.
Q CattrorNica (Audibertia polystachya Benth.), White Sage,
is a shrubby species, often 8 ft. high, occurring from Santa Barbara
to San Diego, and distinguished by its open paniculate inflorescence.
4. S. Sonomensis Greene. Ramona. Plants more or less
matted, the flowering stems almost leafless and scape-like, 4 to 8
in. high, ascending from a leafy decumbent or prostrate base; leaves
green and rugulose above, whitish with a close dense tomentum
beneath, oblong- or obovate-spatulate, crenulate, petioled, 1} to 8} in.
long; calyx like that of S. mellifera but the prickly teeth of the
larger upper lip short; corolla light violet; upper lip short, of
two erect or somewhat retrocurved lanceolate lobes; lower lip large,
much prolonged in the direction of the tube, its lateral lobes acute,
short, the middle with its orbicular-dilated terminal portion turned
abruptly downward, its margin denticulate or somewhat fringed;
upper (sterile) stamens inserted at orifice of tube, bristle-like, diver-
gent; two lower (fertile) stamens inserted on lower lip without the
orifice, ascending, straight (nearly as long as the corolla); style long
exserted.—(Audibertia humilis Benth. Ramona humilis Greene.)
Montane species at middle altitudes: Sonoma; mountains west of
co Mt. Shasta; Calaveras and Mariposa Cos.; San Diego Co.
uy.
5. S. spathacea Greene. Crimson Sace. Coarse strictly herba-
ceous plant, very viscid and glandular-pubescent or -villous; upper
surface of leaves dark green, under surface whitened with a close short
tufted tomentum; stems erect, simple, 14 to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly
oblong-ovate, with broadly triangular-cordate base, more or less
doubly crenate or crenulate, upper surface rugulose,4 to 8 in. long, on
petioles 2 or 3 in. long or some of the cauline sessile; whorls of flowers
5 or 6 or more, subtended by broadly ovate or ovate-lanceolate mem-
branaceous purplish bracts; calyx strongly veined, laterally com-
pressed but somewhat inflated, 1 in. long or over, } in. wide at the
broadest part, spathe-like, deeply slit in front between the two cuspi-
date-tipped teeth, the upper concave lip much larger, 3-dentate with
the middle tooth largest; corolla crimson, 1} to 1} in. long; upper lip
short, nearly erect, emarginate; lower lip spreading, the lateral lobes
short, triangular, acute, the middle lobe much developed, broadly
obcordate, 4 lines broad; stamens much exserted; lower fork of the
MINT FAMILY. 461
connective capillary, 1 line long; rudiments of sterile stamens obvious.
—(Audibertia grandiflora Benth.)
Soast Ranges from the Vaca Mountains, Mt. Diablo and San
Francisco southward to Santa Monica. Apr.-May.
7 9. ACANTHOMINTHA Gray.
Annuals with dentate leaves and flowers in distinct or at length
remote whorls, each whorl subtended by a pair of leaves and a circle
of broad callous-margined bracts armed with needle-like prickles.
Calyx bilabiate; upper lip 3-toothed, the teeth aristate; lower lip
short, 2-cleft into oblong acute lobes. Corolla-tube exceeding the
calyx, naked within; upper lip entire, oblong; lower lip 3-lobed, the
middle lobe deeply and the lateral slightly emarginate. Stamens 4,
inserted high in the ample throat; lower pair fertile; upper pair
shorter with imperfect anthers. Nutlets smooth. (Greek acantha,
thorn, and Mentha, Mint.)
1. A. lanceolata Curran. Stoutish, branching from the base,
soft-pubescent, oily and ill-scented, 7 to 12 in. high; leaves oblanceo-
late or oblong, sparingly dentate, tapering at base into a slender
petiole; bracts elliptic-ovate, 5 lines long, the aristate prickles 3 or
4 lines long; upper lip of corolla somewhat falcate-incurved, cleft
at apex; lower with oblong entire lobes.
Alameda Co. (first collected in Calaveras Valley), southward in
the Caast Ranges. June.
10. POGOGYNE Benth.
Low sweet-aromatic annuals with obovate or oblanceolate leaves
narrowed into a petiole. Whorls crowded into dense spikes or the
lower whorls distinct. Bracts and calyx hirsute. Calyx unequally
and deeply 5-cleft, the two lower teeth longer; tube mostly 15-nerved;
throat naked. Corolla straight, tubular-funnelform, blue or purplish;
upper lip erect, entire; lower spreading, with 8 similar oval lobes.
Stamens 4, with anthers, or the upper shorter pair sterile. Stvle
somewhat exserted, in some (perhaps all) species flattened above and
always bearded. (Greek pogon, beard, and gune, female, on account
of the hairy style.)
All 4 stamens anther-bearing; corolla large, much longer than calyx ; bracts
conspicuously ciliate with white hairs. a
Bracts linear, acute. . a «1. P. Douglasii.
Bracts obtuse... 2.0 we ee _..2 P. parvifiora, _
Lower pair of stamens anther-bearing, the upper with mere rudiments oi
painers or none; corolla about equaling (scarcely longer than) calyx;
bracts sparsely hairy. adie
Plants very slender, diffuse. . . ‘ . 8. P. serpylloidcs.
Plants stoutish, erect. .... . .4. P. ziziphoroides.
1. P. Douglasii Benth. Commonly low (4 to 6 in. high) and
branched from the base, ofttimes simple and as much as 2 ft. high;
leaves oblanceolate or obovate and narrowed to x petiole, ¢ to 1} in.
long; whorls forming a dense terminal spike, often with a single
accessory whorl in the adjacent axil below, or sometimes several of the
lower axils with flowers; bracts cuspidate. the margin ciliate with
462 LABIATA,
white hairs; lower divisions of calyx twice longer than tube; corolla
blue, the palate white, dotted with purple, bristly, 7 to 9 lines long;
stigmas subequal; nutlets smooth, often mottled, minutely hispid at
the apex.
Low fields: near Pajaro, H. P. Chandler; Mt. Diablo region;.
Berkeley; very abundant in the dry valleys of the North Coast
Ranges, flowering in May or as late as July, often coloring large areas
that were overflowed in the winter season. Style flattened above and
hirsute-ciliate on the margins, as also in P. ziziphoroides.
2. P. parviflora Benth. More slender than the preceding; bracts
mostly obtuse; calyx-teeth rather broad, the lower barely longer than
the tube; corolla scarcely 4 in. long.
About San Francisco Bay. . H. Heermanni.
36
530 COMPOSITA,
1. H. congesta DC. Soft-hirsute or villous, the inflorescence
slightly glandular; lowest leaves commonly opposite, oblanceolate,
sparsely serrulate, the upper linear or linear-lanceolate and entire;
heads terminating paniculate or corymbose branches; bracts of the
involucre with lanceolate foliaceous tips, which are little surpassed by
the rays; outer bracts of the receptacle either lightly connate or nearly
distinet; achenes with conspicuous inflexed stipe.
First collected by Douglas ‘‘in California,’ doubtless between
Monterey and Sonoma; not known to us; attributed by Greene to
Marin Co., ete.
2. H. luzulefolia DC. Hay-riz~tp TArwezxep. Whole plant
excepting the lowest leaves very glandular and ill-scented; stems erect,
1 to 2 ft. high, corymbosely or paniculately branched at summit, or
branching more freely and diffuse; lower leaves crowded and more or
less tufted, narrowly linear, mostly tapering somewhat to the apex, 3
to 5 in, long, 1 or 3-nerved, canescent with appressed soft silky hairs
which are more or less floccose-deciduous; upper leaves much reduced;
heads numerous, on short peduncles, which are nearly naked or bear
very much reduced leaves; tips of the involucral bracts acute or
obtuse; outer bracts of the receptacle united into a cup; rays 6 to 10,
white or pink-tinged; achenes with very short stipe.
Abundant in mowed hay fields and pasture lands: Sacramento and’
san Joaquin Valleys and westward through the Coast Range hills
and valleys to the ocean. July—Oct.
Var. lutescens Greene. Flowers yellow.—Fields near the Bay,
in Contra Costa, Napa, and Marin Cos.
Var. citrina (H. citrina Greene). Lowest leaves glandular-pubes-
cent, without appressed woolly hairs; flowers lemon-yellow.—
Northern Marin Co. Apr.-May.
3. H. Clevelandi Greene. General habit of the preceding, but
the herbage much less glandular; involucres white-hairy toward the
base; heads disposed to be racemose on the branches as well as
terminal.
Lake Co.; to be expected in eastern Napa Co.; rarely collected.
4. H. corymbosa(DC.)T. & G. Coast TarwerxEp. Corymbosely
and widely branching, 1 to 1} ft. high, hirsute-pubescent and glandu-
lar; radical and often some lower leaves pinnately divided into
linear lobes, the upper and those of the flowering branches linear and
entire; heads 4 in. high, 7 to 10 lines broad; rays 12 to 25, oblong-
cuneate, 2 to 4 lines long, 8 or 4-toothed; pappus of the sterile disk-
achenes of minute fimbriate-bristly scales, or of entire scales, or none;
ray-achenes with a short upturned beak on the inner side at apex.—
(H. angustifolia DC.) :
Abundant in valley fields and on hillsides: Berkeley to Santa
Cruz and Monterey Co. June-July.
5. H. Kelloggii Greene. Erect, paniculately branching, 1} to
23 ft. high, the heads on slender pedicels; herbage mostly hispid
below and glandular above; leaves linear and entire, those of the
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 531
filiform flowering branchlets very short; lower leaves pinnately
parted; heads narrow; disk-flowers about 6 or 7; ray-flowers 5, the
ligules 2 to 23 lines long; ray-achenes slightly curved, roughened on
the beak and sides, and with a curved or upturned beak at the
summit on the inner side; pappus of about 9 linear palee which are
irregularly lacerate at summit and almost or quite as long as the tube
of the corolla, united only at base or almost to the summit.
Antioch to the San Joaquin Valley where it is abundant in low
grain fields near the river. July—Aug.
6. H. fasciculata (DC.) T. &G. Paniculately branched above the
base, } to 2 ft. high, sparsely hirsute and hispid, or disposed to be
nearly glabrous above; radical leaves pinnately parted; stem leaves
linear, either laciniate-pinnatifid, few-toothed or entire, those of the
branchlets shorter and mostly entire; heads usually fascicled in rather
dense small clusters; bracts of the involucre glabrous or glandular-
hispidulous, those of the involucre slightly united; disk-achenes with
a pappus of 6 to 10 linear palez lacerate at tip; ray-achenes smoothish
or transversely rugose, with a very short beak.
Mt. Diablo Range southward to Monterey Co. and Southern
California.
7. H. virgata Gray. Stem commonly branching at the middle
into several virgate branches bearing numerous racemosely disposed
heads on short lateral branchlets; herbage glabrous or nearly so;
branchlets crowded with linear leaves about 1 line long, those (partic-
ularly of the flowering branchlets) ending in a truncate or somewhat
saucer-shaped gland; involucre oblong, its bracts 5, with involute tip
ending in a truncate gland and stipitate-glandular on the back; ray-
flowers 4 or 5; disk-flowers 7 to 10.
Common on the plains of the Sacramento Valley (Suisun, Vanden,
Galt, etc.) and the San Joaquin Valley and in the valleys of the
inner South Coast Ranges. Aug.—Oct.
8. H. Heermanni Greene. Stems paniculately branched, 1 to 3 ft.
high; herbage viscid, pubescent, heavy-scented; leaves of the flower-
ing branchlets minute, scattered; involucre hemispherical, its bracts -
beset with stalked glands; ray-flowers 5 to 8, disk-flowers 10 to 15;
ray-achenes with a somewhat conspicuous beak and stipe.
Mt. Diablo Range southward to Kern Co. and Southern California.
48. HOLOCARPHA Greene.
Corymbosely branching annual with very viscid-glandular herbage.
Leaves of the axillary fascicles and those about the heads narrowly
linear, beset with stipitate glands and tipped with a truncate gland.
Heads solitary or commonly glomerate at the ends of the branches.
Bracts of the convex receptacle each subtending a flower, the outer
and those of the involucre abundantly covered with slender or clavate
colorless gland-tipped processes. Ray-flowers many, with short yellow
ligules; achenes 4-ridged on back, the ventral angle ending in a beak.
Disk-flowers with sterile achenes. Pappus none. (Greek holos,
whole, and karphos, chaff, the whole receptacle chaffy.)
532 COMPOSITE.
1. H. macradenia (DC.) Greene. ADELINE TARWEED. Branch-
ing from above the base, about 1 ft. high; herbage unpleasantly
odorous; lower leaves linear-oblong, laciniate; heads } in. broad.
Low dry fields about San Francisco Bay. Aug.-Sept. Connects
Hemizonia with Centromadia too intimately.
49. CENTROMADIA Greene. SPIKEWEED.
Rigidly branching annuals with alternate spinescent leaves and
involucral bracts, the lower pinnatifid, the upper entire. Herbage
more or less glandular and scented. Flowers yellow, with 25 to 40
small bifid rays. Receptacle with chaffy bracts throughout, none of
the outer united or connate. Disk-achenes chiefly sterile, with or
without narrowly linear or bristle-like palew. | Ray-achenes more or
less triangular, smooth or roughish on the back, the inner terminated
by an erect beak-like apiculation. (Greek kentron, a prickle, and
Madia, an allied genus.)
Herbage yellowish green, sparsely hirsute, sweet- or honey-scented; floral
leaves little or not at all surpassing the heads........ 1. C. pungens.
Herbage dark, rather densely villous-hirsute, ill-scented; floral leaves often
conspicuously surpassing the heads. ae 48: Sas78 .2. C. Fitthii.
1. GC. pungens (H. & A.) Greene. Common SPIKEWEED. Herb-
age sparsely hirsute or hispid with spreading hairs, hardly viscid or
glandular; stems rigidly and freely branching, commonly from near
the base, sometimes only above, 1 to 2 or 3 ft. high; leaves (especially
of the flowering branches) linear-subulate, spinose, entire, the lower
and lowest pinnately parted into oblong lobes, or pinnatifid, the lobes
or teeth spinosely or pungently tipped; bracts of the receptacle cus-
pidate; pappus of disk none; ray-achenes roughish, somewhat laterally
2-nerved on back.—(Hemizonia pungens T. & G.)
Abundant on the plains of the Lower San Joaquin, southward to
Southern California and westward to Walnut Creek and Alameda
(whence Greene’s C. maritima). On the alkaline plains of the Upper
San Joaquin this species covers tens of thousands of acres and often
forms thickets 4 or 5 ft. high. It is a valued bee plant; ‘‘car-loads of
* Spikeweed honey are shipped annually from Fresno Co.; the honey
is of amber color, good quality and granulates quickly,’’ O. L. Abbott.
Var. Parryi (C. Parryi Greene). Minutely, glandular; bracts of
receptacle thin, not pungent; disk-achenes with 8 to 5 slender almost
bristle-like palew as long as the corolla; ray-achenes semi-obcordate in
outline.—Calistoga; Vacaville (=C. rudis Greene, the achenes either
smooth or rough warty). It is abundant in low more or less alkaline
lands on the plains of Solano Co. and forms extensive colonies in
summer fields; extermination is often accomplished by means of
bands of sheep which leave the fields perfectly clean and destitute of
this Spikeweed pest.
2. C. Fitchii (Gray) Greene. Fircu’s SPIKEWEED. Diffusely
branched from above or at the base, 9 to 16 in. high, the herbage
hirsute or villous with spreading hairs; leaves of the radical tuft
pinnately parted into remote narrowly linear pungent lobes; cauline
SUNFLOWER FAMILY, 533
leaves linear and entire, tapering into a subulate or pungent tip, those
about the head spreading and star-like, mostly all bearing stipitate
glands; bracts of the involucre subulate, those of the receptacle
pointless, soft, hairy; ray-achenes flattened laterally, nearly semi-
circular in outline, smooth; pappus of disk-achenes of 9 to 11 linear
pales as long as the corolla and me or fimbriate at the tip.—(Hemi-
zonia Fitchii Gray.)
High sandy land in the valleys and foothills: Sierra Foothills and
the Lower San Joaquin northward through the Sacramento Valley
and westward to Napa and Sonoma Cos. Aug.-—Sept.
50. CALYCADENIA DC. Rostx Weep.
Erect annuals, hirsute or hispid or almost glabrous. Stems simple,
or with virgate branches, or repeatedly branched. Leaves all entire,
narrowly linear, becoming filiform by revolution of the margins, at
least those near the heads and those of the fascicles in the axils
bearing at apex tack-shaped or saucer-shaped glands. Heads oblony
or narrow. Flowers white or yellow. Ray-flowers few (1 to 5 or 8),
the ligules broad and palmately 3-lobed or -parted; ray-achenes
obovoid-triangular, the areola at summit quite or nearly in the center;
pappus none. Disk-flowers surrounded by a circle of bracts connate
into a cup, or at length separating; disk-achenes with conspicuous
paleacevuus pappus. (Greek kalux, covering, and adenos, a gland,
on account of the glands on the involucre.)
Rays 5 to8; flowers yellow; plants for the most part very glabrous. .
1. C. truncata.
Rays 1 to 5.
Flowers white or reddish-tinged.
Stems repeatedly branched; branches filiform. .2. C. paucifora.
Stems simple or with virgate branches.
Pappus-palez unequal; floral leaves not truncate.3. C. multiglandulosa.
Pappus-palez subequal; floral leaves truncate. .4. C. spieata.
Flowers yellow; stems simple... .. .o C hispida.
1. C. truncata DC. Rosts WeEEp. Stems 1 to 3 ft. high,
reddish brown, simple below, branching above into a panicle of long
straight slender branches along which the heads are scattered; herbage
glabrous or the linear and entire leaves somewhat hirsute-ciliate;
smaller leaves with subsessile glands at apex; heads oval, 4 or 5 lines
long; rays 5 to 8, broad, 4 to 5 lines long; ray-achenes glabrous, tri-
angular, roughish and enclosed in boat-shaped bracts; bracts of the
receptacle lightly cohering to the top into a cup, separating in age;
disk-flowers 10 to 20; pappus of 7 to 10 unequal oblong fimbriate
palee shorter than the achene, or rarely obsolete.—(Hemizonia
truncata Gray.)
Dry hills in the North Coast Ranges: Napa Valley; Senoma and
northward. Sept.
2. C. pauciflora Gray. Branching freely, 10 to 18 in. high, the
branches diverging or zigzag and filiform; herbage sparingly hairy
and leaves (particularly about the heads or of the axillary fascicles)
stipitate-glandular; heads oblong. scattered along the branches (sub-
534 COMPOSIT As,
sessile in the axils or forks, as well as terminal), always solitary;
flowers white or rose-tinged; rays 1 or 2, 3-parted; disk-flowers 3,
contained in a 8-lobed cup; pappus of 5 subulate-awned palee and 5
small truncate pales; ray-achene glabrous.—(Hemizonia pauciflora
Gray.) :
Mountain sides of the inner North Coast Ranges from the Vaca
Mountains northward to the Clear Lake region. July.-Aug.
3. C. multiglandulosa DC. Sparingly hirsute or hispid, espe-
cially toward the base of the leaves, 6 to 11 (or 16) in. high; herbage
with a pleasant balsamic odor, the floral leaves and involucre gland-
ular with stipitate glands; leaves filiform-linear, mostly straight and
rigid but brittle, the upper somewhat divaricately spreading and
mostly 2 or 8 times longer than the heads and floral leaves in the
axils; heads solitary in the axils or crowded towards or near the
summit and spicate .or capitate; pappus-palee commonly 10, some
(commonly 5) subulate, others (commonly 5) shorter and blunt.—(C.
cephalotes Greene.)
Dry hills and mountain slopes: Marin Co., southward to the Santa
Cruz Mountains. July-Sept.
4. C. spicata Greene. Slender, simple, rigidly erect, about 1 ft.
high; floral leaves terete, truncate at apex and tipped with a stipitate
gland, ciliate with white hairs; heads subsessile in the axils of all the
leaves from below the middle and thus spicate; ray-flowers 1 or 2;
achenes canescent with appressed hairs, those of the ray scarcely
angled; pappus brownish, the palez 10 or 11, subulate, 14 times as
long as the achene; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers hispidulous.
Common on the plains of the San Joaquin Valley between Oak-
dale and La Grange. June.
5. C. hispida Greene. Erect, simple, 2 ft. high; leaves 2 to 23
in. long, or the fascicled ones much shorter, all hispid, at least
towards the base; heads rather large (4 in. long) on short axillary
branchlets; flowers yellow; rays about 4; corolla-lobes of disk-flowers
densely covered on the outside with many short glandular processes
or slender papille; achenes hispid with short brownish appressed
hairs; pappus of about 11 subequal palez tapering to a point.
Lower San Joaquin Valley near Lathrop. June.
51. BLEPHARIZONIA Gray.
Stout somewhat coarse and hirsute annuals with glandular-viscid
ill-scented herbage. Cauline leaves linear and entire, those of the
branches oblong to oval. Flowers yellow, the heads arranged in
panicles. Ray-flowers 7 to 10, with 3-lobed ligules; disk-flowers 10
to 25, the outer ones subtended by 1 or 2 series of linear bracts.
Achenes silky-hirsute, 10-striate; those of the disk more or less fertile,
crowned by a pappus of about 20 short and stout densely plumose
awns; those of the ray fertile, elongated-turbinate, the pappus like
that of the disk or dissimilar and minute. (Greek blepharis, an eye-
lash, and zonia, a girdle, in reference to the circle of pappus-awns. )
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 535
Pappus of disk and ray unlike. .... aa .. .1. B. plumosa.
Pappus of disk and ray similar... .. -2. B. laxa.
1. B. plumosa (Kell.) Greene. Two to 8 ft. high, copiously beset
above with tack-shaped glands; leaves on the branchlets small and
bract-like; heads 15 to 20-flowered, racemosely disposed on the
branches; bracts of the involucre short and very glandular; ray-
achenes with a minute crown of short scales; disk-achenes with nearly
ye oor bristles as long as the achene.—(Hemizonia plumosa
ray.
Antioch and Stockton.
2. B. laxa Greene. Three to 6 ft. high; heads larger, borne singly
at the ends of the branches, 20 to 25-flowered; pappus of disk-achenes
short and spreading, less plumose than in the preceding, only } as
long as the achene; ray-achenes similar.—(Hemizonia plumosa var.
subplumosa Gray.)
Stockton to Stanislaus Co. Perhaps not specifically distinct from
the preceding.
52. BLEPHARIPAPPUS Hook. Layia.
Vernal annuals with alternate leaves (or the lowest opposite in one
species) and usually showy heads of flowers terminating the branches.
Disk-corollas yellow. Ray-flowers 8 to 20, yellow, white, or yellow
tipped with white. Bracts herbaceous, the thin margins at base
enfolding the achene and usually deciduous with it. Receptacle broad
and flat, with a row of thin bracts between ray- and disk-flowers, and
sometimes with additional ones among the disk-flowers. Ray-achenes
flattened, without pappus, almost always glabrous. Disk-achenes
commonly pubescent, with a pappus of 5 to 20 pale or bristles or
rarely none. (Greek blepharis, eye-lash, and pappos, the modified
calyx being likened to the fringe of hairs on an eye-lid.)
‘We have here in this West American genus series of forms simu-
lating each other exactly in habit, foliage, and heads of flowers,
differing only in technical character of the pappus or color of the
ray. This situation is paralleled in Cryptanthe of the Borraginacee
and in other genera. The acquisition of more abundant material and
of field notes will be valuable aids to a more satisfying study of the
forms here tentatively listed.
A. Pappus-bristles hairy or long-plumose below.
Bracts of the involucre hirsute or hispid (the basal margin where folded
around the achene not denticulate-ciliate).
Inner hairs of BAe uerbeatlee woolly and interlaced.
Rays white an
Inconspicuous; leaves allentire. . . 1. B. hispidus.
Showy; lower leaves incised or toothed. . 2. B. glandulosus.
Rays yellow (rarely white-edged)..... +. 8. B. elegans.
Hairs of pa pre brates straight (no woolly inner ones).
Rays who y white. 4 ‘ : ‘ J
Rays conspicuous, much exceeding the disk; interior plaius: var.
heterotrichus Of... 6-00 6 ese eee ee 2. B. glandulosus.
Rays inconspicuous, scarcely exceeding the disk; seashore . .
4. B. carnosus.
536 COMPOSIT A.
Rays yellow, or yellow and white (herbage hispid, the stems brown-
spotted at the base of the bristles). : ‘i
Rays short (lto2or3lines long)... .. 5. B. hieracioides.
Rays showy (5 lines long or more) and .
Yellow; pappus-bristles twice as long as the soft basal hairs. . .
6. B. gaillardioides.
White, yellow below the middle; pappus-bristles scarcely exceeding
the soft hairs. i a . 7, B. nemorosus.
B. Pappus consisting of naked bristles.
Bracts of involucre denticulate-ciliate on the margin at base; rays yellow,
white-tipped eee é . 8. B. platyglossus.
C. Pappus, when present, consisting of flattened awns or palez instead of
bristles.
Bracts of the involucre denticulate or ciliate on the basal margins where
folded around the achene. .
Heads erect; rays yellow, white or whitish at summit.
Achenes of both disk and ray glabrous; pappusmone...........
9. B. chrysanthemoides.
Achenes of disk pubescent or hairy; pappus present.
Leaves ciliate; pappus-palee unequal...... 10. B. Douglasti.
Leaves not ciliate; pappus-palez about equal.11. B. Fremonti.
Heads nodding in bud and fruit; rays yellow. .12. B. nutans.
1. B. hispidus Greene. Diffusely branched from the base, 1 ft.
high or less; herbage densely hispidulous throughout; leaves narrow,
all entire; heads small; rays white, inconspicuous; pappus bristles 10,
slender, bearing copious short interlaced hairs.
Mt. Diablo and Kern Co., uce. to Greene. Possibly no more than
a variety of the next.
2. B. glandulosus Hook. Commonly branching from the base,
8 to 12 or 14 in, high; leaves and stems (particularly near the heads)
with scattered or abundant stipitate dark glands; leaves lanceolate or
linear, the lower pinnatifid or toothed, the upper entire; involucre 4}
lines broad; rays 8 to 10, pure white, 6 or 7 lines long; pappus bright
white, the bristles 10 to 12, with straight hairs towards the base out-
side and woolly tangled hairs inside; achenes 1} to 23 lines long.—
(Layia glandulosa H. & A.)
Antioch; Southern California. Apr.
Var. heterotrichus (Layia heterotricha H. & A.). Often rough-
hispid; rays 10 to 18; inner woolly hairs of pappus wanting.—Sandy
fields: Lake Co. (ace. to Greene); San Joaquin Valley.
3. B. elegans (Nutt.) Greene. Simple or diffuse, 8 to 11 in. high;
herbage short-hispid, the stems often brown-dotted; stipitate glands
small and scattered; leaves linear, the lower pinnately toothed or
parted; rays yellow, 6 to 8 lines long, sometimes white-edged; pappus
white, the villous hairs copious but much shorter than the awn-like
bristles. —(Layia elegans T. & G.)
Ukiah, ace. to Gray; mountain summits east of Calistoga; Southern
California.
4. B. carnosus (T. & G.) Greene. BEacn Layia. Five to 9
in. high, diffusely branched from the base, somewhat pubescent,
scarcely at all glandular; leaves succulent, spatulate to linear-oblong,
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 537
rarely tuothed, about 4 in. long; pappus-bristles 23 to 28, sparsel
plumose with straight soft hairs; disk-achenes thickly covered wit
short hairs.
Seabeach sands from Humboldt Co. to Monterey and southward.
Ray-achenes pubssnens, ace. to Gray; glabrous in Point Reyes speci-
mens collected by Parry.
5. B. hieracioides (DC.) Greene. Coarse erect plant, 2 to 3 ft.
high; stem mostly simple below and branching above, hispid with
hairs arising from dark spots; lower leaves oblong, 2 to 4 in. long,
3 to 9 lines wide, laciniate-dentate, usually somewhat narrowed at
base; upper leaves broadest at the sessile base, the teeth fewer and
mostly towards the apex; heads 4 in. broad or rather less; rays yellow,
short, little exceeding the disk; pappus-bristles about 15.—(Layia
hieracioides H. & A.)
Oakland Hills, on wooded slopes.
6. B. gaillardioides (H. & A.) Greene. Rather freely branch-
ing, 8 in. high or more, hispid, the stems dark-dotted; leaves more or
less laciniate-pinnatifid, or the upper entire; heads larger than in
B. hieracioides; rays orange-yellow, 5 to 9 lines long; pappus dull
white or rusty, the bristles 15 to 20.
Mendocino Co. to the upper San Joaquin Valley.
7. B. nemorosus Greene. Slender, usually sparingly branched
above, 1 to 2 ft. high, hispidulous; leaves narrowly or broadly linear,
entire or sparingly dentate; heads the size of the preceding; rays
white, pale yellow below the middle; pappus-bristles short, little or
not at all surpassing the abundant soft brown hairs.
Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland Hills; Mt. Diablo. May-June.
8. B. platyglossus (Gray) Greene. Trpy Tips. Stem simple or
more commonly branching below, erect or sometimes diffuse, 9 to 16
in. high; herbage short-hirsute and stipitate-glandular; leaves linear
and nearly all entire or the lower commonly pinnatitid into short
linear or oblong lobes; peduncles turbinate-thickened beneath the
head; involucral bracts linear, denticulate-ciliate on the lower half;
rays 13, 5 to 6 lines long, sulphur-yellow, the tips white; disk-
achenes somewhat flattened, 1} lines long, densely clothed with
upwardly pointing silky hairs; pappus-bristles 15 to 20, nearly as
long as the corolla.—(Layia platyglossa Gray.)
Valleys and plains, common in the Coast Ranges and in the Sac-
ramento and San Joaquin Valleys. Apr.—May. : :
B. pestacwetcs (Gray) Greene. The only other species with
naked bristles; rays golden yellow; bristles 5, sometimes fewer.—
Sierra Foothills.
9. B. chrysanthemoides (DC.) Greene. Habit and aspect of
B. platyglossus or of B. Douglasii; flowers and heads the same;
achenes entirely glabrous, broader, without a disk at summit, the
corolla covering the top of the ovary; pappus none. —(Layia chrysan-
themoides Gray.)
Common about San Francisco Bay.
538 COMPOSIT A.
10. B. Douglasii (H. & A.) Greene. Comparatively glabrous,
the stems for the most part puberulent only above and the leaves
merely finely ciliate; lower leaves pinnately parted or lobed, upper
entire; achenes villous-pubescent or partly glabrate; chaffy bracts to
most of the disk-flowers as also in the next; pappus of about 10 to 18
unequal and rigid subulate awns, which are somewhat scabrous or
slightly hirsute near the dilated base, the marginal ones rather
shorter than the corolla, the smaller hardly half as long.—(Layia calli-
glossa Gray.)
Common around San Francisco Bay.
Var. oligochatus (Gray). Leaves less lobed; pappus of only 2
slender (and often short) marginal awns or with some intervening
rudiments.—Conn Valley, Napa Co.; Santa Rosa. May.
11. B. Fremonti (T. & G.) Greene. About 1 ft. high, minutely
pubescent; leaves mostly pinnately parted, not ciliate; pappus-palex
ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, tapering into a subulate awn, nearly
equaling the corolla, the margin entire, accompanied by some long-
villous free hairs.—(Layia Fremonti Gray.)
Upper Sacramento Valley southward to the San Joaquin.
12. B. nutans Greene. Low, 5 to 7 in. high, the branches slender
and divergent; herbage hirsute, especially the leaves, the stems
reddish brown; leaves linear, all entire, the lower pairs opposite;
peduncles somewhat stipitate-glandular; heads erect in flower, nod-
ding in bud and fruit; rays 5 to 7, yellow, 24 to 84 lines long; achenes
1} lines long, hispidulous; pappus-bristles narrowly lanceolate,
acuminate, 8 to 10, unequal, with barbellate margins.—(Callichroa
nutans Greene. )
Higher mountain slopes on the east side of Napa Valley; Hood’s
Peak, Sonoma Co. May. Excellent species.
58. LAGOPHYLLA Nutt.
Soft-villous or hirsute annuals with rigid and brittle stems, in ours
usually becoming naked below by the early falling of the lower
leaves, Leaves alternate or the lower opposite, mostly entire.
Flowers pale yellow. Heads small, subtended by foliaceous bracts.
Bracts of the involucre 5, thin-herbaceous; flat on the back, with
margins at base infolded and completely enclosing an obeompressed
achene, with which it is deciduous. Receptacle small and flat, bear-
ing about 5 perfect disk-flowers, these surrounded by a single row of
distinct chaffy bracts. Rays cuneate, palmately 3-cleft. Ray-
achenes obcompressed, obovate-oblong, smooth, nearly straight,
pointless; disk-achenes slender, sterile. Pappus none. ‘Bracts and
glabrous achenes all deciduous at maturity. (Greek lagos, a hare,
and phullon, leaf, the upper leaves sometimes copiously villous on the
margin.)
1. L. ramosissima Nutt. Stem simple, at length paniculately
very much branched; leaves (especially the upper) silky-hirsute with
soft hairs, the short ones subtending the heads densely villous-ciliate;
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 539
lower leaves oblanceolate or linear-lanceolate, often narrowed at base
to a slender petiole, 1 to 2} in. long, often becoming concave or
involute when dry; heads almost sessile, crowded on the leafy branch-
lets; rays barely exserted,. pale yellow; fertile achenes carinately
1-nerved down the inner face.
Common on dry hills and plains in the Coast Ranges (Solano Co.,
Napa Valley, Healdsburg, Alameda Co.), and Sierra Foothills.
Var. congesta (L. congesta Greene). Robust, nearly simple,
with short branches, 1 told ft. high or much branched and nearly
3 ft. high; heads larger, in thick glomerules—North Coast Ranges:
Mt. Tamalpais, collected ‘“‘by that most diligent gatherer of rare
Californian plants, Mrs. Kate Curran,’’ Greene; Pleasant Valley,
Solano Co.; Lake Co.
54. HOLOZONIA H. & A.
Perennial by creeping rootstocks. Stems slender and branches
almost filiform. Leaves opposite or the upper alternate. Heads soli-
tary, on slender or filiform peduncles, without leafy bracts. Flowers
white or rose-tinged; rays 5. Bracts of the involucre 5, completely
enclosing and deciduous with the obcompressed ray-achenes. Bracts
of the receptacle 9 to 12, connate into a cup surrounding the few disk-
flowers. Ray-achenes crowned with a small saucer-shaped pappus;
disk-achenes with « pappus of 2 slender deciduous palew. (Greek
holos, whole, -and zonia, zone, the bracts completely enclosing the
ray-achenes. )
1. H. filipes (H. & A.) Greene. Stems often paniculately branch-
ing, 14 to 2% ft. high; leaves linear, canescent or villous, those of the
filiform branchlets oblong with marginal short-stipitate glands; inyo-
lucre loosely villous; bracts of receptacle chaffy.—(Lagophylla filipes
Gray.
Nth Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais; Sonoma Co.; Napa Soda
Springs; Howell Mt. Sierra Nevada: Mariposa Co.; Calaveras Co.;
El Dorado Co. July-Aug. Lowest leaves linear or somewhat lan-
ceolate, commonly with 1 to 8 small teeth on each side, 1 to 4 in.
long; upper entire, glabrate in age.
55. ACHYRACHAZENA Schauer.
Soft-pubescent annual with narrow leaves, the lower opposite.
Involucre oblong-campanulate, its bracts lanceolate, herbaceous, each
enfolding a ray-achene. Bracts of the receptacle membranous, in a
single outer series. Receptacle low-convex, naked. Flowers reddish
brown. Ray-flowers 5 to 8, little exceeding the disk, their ligules
short and broad, palmately 3-cleft. Achenes linear-clavate, all the
ribs or the alternate scabrous. Disk-achenes with u pappus of
about 10 silvery scales, the outer as long as the achene, the inner
nearly twice as long. (Greek achuron, chaff, and Latin achenium,
an achene, on account of the very chaffy pappus borne on the fruit.)
1. A. mollis Schauer. Erect, simple or branching, 9 to 18 in.
540 COMPOSITE.
high, pilose-pubescent; branches more or less peduncle-like, each
1-headed; leaves linear, entire or serrulate, 5 in. long or less; heads in
flower $ in. high, in fruit expanding and forming a globose cluster 14
in. broad; palez of the achenes also expanding or diverging rotately.
Abundant in adobe soil of the plains and valleys: Sierra Foothills
Amador Co., Knights Ferry); San Joaquin Valley; Sacramento
alley; North Coast Ranges; South Coast Ranges (Contra Costa
Co., Berkeley, Livermore, San Francisco, Santa Clara Valley and
southward to Arroyo Grande and Southern California), Readily rec-
ognized in fruit by its expanded heads of black achenes with their
silvery pappus. Mr. Geo. B. Grant sends us specimens from Sunol
Glen in which the ray-flowers are entirely absent.
TrIBE 7. Heliantheze. SunrLowER TRIBE.
56. ECLIPTA L.
Low weak riparian herb with opposite leaves and white flowers.
Heads solitary in the upper axils, the peduncles long or very short.
Involucre broad, its bracts herbaceous and in about 2 series. Bracts
of the receptacle awn-like. Rays short. Disk-flowers perfect and
fertile, their corollas 4-toothed. Achenes thick, those of the ray
3-sided, those of the disk compressed. Pappus none or of a few short
teeth. (Greek ekleipta, wanting, on account of the absence of the
pappus. ) =
1. E. alba Hassk. Ecripra. Decumbent, 1 or 2 ft. high; leaves
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sparingly serrulate, sessile or the
lower short-petioled, roughish with a strigose pubescence; disk-
achenes at length corky-margined.
Shores of islands in the lower Sacramento River. Sept.
57. BALSAMORRHIZA Hook. Batsam Root.
Low perennials with thick terebinthine-scented roots, crowned by a
tuft of radical leaves and several naked or few-leaved stems, bearing
solitary heads of yellow flowers. Outer bracts of the broad involucre
foliaceous. Ligules with a distinct tube. Achenes destitute of
pappus, those of the disk 4-sided. (Greek balsamon, balsam, and
rhiza, root.)
1. B. Hookeri Nutt. Herbage canescent with fine short hairs;
leaves 7 to 10 in. long, pinnately divided, the divisions serrate or
again pinnately divided; scapes equaling or exceeding the leaves,
bearing solitary heads; bracts of the involucre oblong-lanceolate;
bracts of the receptacle linear, acuminate, the outer with green tips;
heads 2 to 2} in. broad, including the ample rays.
A rare plant of the hilly districts from the Oakland Hills north-
ward through the Coast Ranges to Tehama Co. May.
Two other species of the Sierra Nevada have entire or merely
serrate leaves, the radical ones cordate: B. DELTOIDEA Nutt.
Flowering stems with small lanceolate leaves. B. BoLANDERT Gray.
Flowering stems with 2 or 3 large subcordate leaves.
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 541
58. WYETHIA Nutt.
Perennial herbs. Root very stout, crowned by a short caudex
which bears a tuft of ample leaves and several simple 1-headed stems.
Leaves mostly entire, the cauline mostly few and smaller. Heads
large. Involucre hemispherical or campanulate, its bracts in 2 or 3
series, the outermost often foliaceous and much enlarged, the inner-
most small and bract-like. Receptacle flat or nearly so, its bracts
rigid, linear or lanceolate, either fiattish or partially folded around
the achenes. Flowers yellow, both ray and disk fertile, the latter
perfect; ligule of ray-corollas elongated and very conspicuous.
Branches of the style in perfect flowers produced into subulate-
filiform hispid appendages. Achene prismatic-quadrangular. Pappus
firm and persistent, consisting of a crown of unequal scales, or with
rigid awns at the angles. (In honor of Capt. Nath. J. Wyeth, with
whom Nuttall crossed the continent in the early part of the 19tb
Century.)
Leaves elongated-lanceolate, the cauline sessile; outer bracts of the involu-
cre not foliaceous, little or not at all surpassing the disk ........
: 1. W. angustifolia.
Leaves elongated-oblong or ovate, the cauline short-petioled; involucre
foliaceous, the outer bracts spreading and commonly much surpassing
the disk.
Herbage minutely or even floccose tomentose. ..... 2. W. helenioides.
Herbage perfectly glabrous, glandular-pubescent and sar a nos
3. W. glabra.
1. W. angustifolia Nutt. Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, hirsute; herbage
green; leaves elongated-lanceolate, acuminate at both ends, occa-
sionally serrulate, the radical and lower ones } to 1 ft. long, the upper
sessile and smaller; heads naked, 7. ¢., not leafy at the base, the bracts
of the involucre numerous, broadly linear or lanceolate, loose, ciliate
with villous or hirsute hairs; achenes minutely pubescent at summit,
3 lines long, bearing 1 or 2 (or those of the ray 8 or 4) stout minutely
hirsute awns, with some very short intervening chaffy scales, all more
or less united at base, rarely awnless.
Common on the plains and low hills: Monterey Co.; San Mateo
Co.; San Francisco Co.; Oakland Hills; .Mt. Diablo; Solano Co. and
northward to Shasta Co.
2. W. helenioides Nutt. One to 2 ft. high, soft-tomentose,
almost glabrous in age; radical leaves 1 to 2 ft. long, 4 to 6 in. wide,
acute at base and apex, often undulate, long-petioled; cauline leaves
much smaller, more commonly oblong-ovate; heads 3 in. broad,
including rays, mostly leafy at base; outer scales of the involucre
ovate-lanceolate or ovate, sometimes toothed; pappus and upper por-
tion of achenes slightly pubescent, at least when young.
Common in the Coast Range hills: San Luis Obispo Co.; Oakland
Hills; Antioch; Vaca Mountains, ete. Apr.-May.
8. W. glabra Gray. MuLze’s Ears. Green and glabrous
throughout, minutely resinous-glandular or viscid, and scabrous, at
least when dry; leaves as in the preceding, or broader and obtuse,
sometimes toothed, rarely undulate; achenes and pappus glabrous.
542 COMPOSIT.A.
Marin Co.; San Mateo; Antioch; San Joaquin Valley. Less
common than no. 2 and scarcely differing except in surface character
of the leaves and stems.
59. HELIANTHUS L. SunFLtoweEr.
Stout coarse herbs with petioled simple leaves, yellow mostly entire
rays and brownish or purplish disk. Leaves (all but the lower or
lowest) alternate. Heads large, solitary on the ends of the branches
orin terminal corymbs. Bracts of the involucre imbricated. Recep-
tacle flat or convex, its bracts persistent and embracing the 4-sided
achenes. Pappus of pointed palez borne at the angle of the achene,
often with very small intervening scales, all caducous. (Greek
helios, sun, and anthos, flower, the heads turning toward the sun.)
Annuals; heads terminal on the branches.
Bracts of the involucre ovate ..........-..-.- 1. H. annuus.
Bracts of the involucre lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate. _
Stems scabrous; awn of the chaffy bract equaling the disk-flowers .
2. H. Bolanderi.
Stems often hirsute, particularly near the heads; awn of the chaffy bract
surpassing the disk-flowers........... sa Se dd. eptlis,
Perennial; heads corymbose-paniculate at the summit of the simple stem;
bracts with long spreading tail-like tips . .. .4, H. Californicus.
1. H. annuus L. Common SunFrLlower. Stems erect and simple
or more or less branching, 2 to 5 ft. high; herbage rough-hispid;
leaves deltoid-ovate, serrate, the uppermost narrow and often entire;
bracts of the involucre ovate, slenderly acuminate; disk 1 in. in
diameter, more or less; rays 1 to 1} in. long.
Plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Valley, first appearing
in low places along country roads. July—Sept.
2: H. Bolanderi Gray. Stems erect or diffusely branching, 1 to
3 ft. high, scabrous-hispid; leaves ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, serrate
or entire; rays 8 lines long, toothed at apex; disk purple, 9 or 10
lines broad; bracts of the involucre hirsute, oblong-lanceolate, atten-
uate or acuminate; bracts of receptacle chaffy, 8-toothed, the middle
tooth much longer and awn-like.
Abundant in low grain fields of the Sacramento Valley, thence
westward to the coast. Atg.—Sept. First collected at Bodega by
Hinds, botanist of the British exploring ship Sulphur.
8. H. exilis Gray. Slender, often unbranched, 1 to 2 ft. high;
leaves ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate; peduncles often hirsute-
villous beneath the heads; bracts of the involucre lanceolate, hairy on
the lower half; rays 6 or 7 lines long; awn-tip of the chaffy bract
surpassing the disk-flowers.”
Common in valleys about Clear Lake (where first collected by
Bolander); Sacramento Valley plains (acc. to Greene). Aug. Per.
haps better a variety of the preceding. Z
4. H. Californicus DC. Stems from somewhat tuber-like roots,
4 to 11 ft. high; leaves from oblong to narrowly lanceolate, some ot
the lower ovate, minutely hispidulous, 5 to 9 in, long including the
petiole, the lower opposite, the upper alternate, the larger 3-ribbed:
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 548
heads @ in. high, in a terminal corymbose panicle; chaffy bracts of
the receptacle obtuse bracts of the involucre lanceolate, tapering
into long spreading tail-like tips; rays about 15 to 20, 1 in. long or
er achenes flattish, glabrous; pappus of 2 or 8 lanceolate chafty
alez.
E Stream beds and banks: Coast Ranges (Howell Mountain, Vaca
Valley, Suisun Marshes, Alameda, San Jose); Sierra Nevada. Sept.
60. HELIANTHELLA T. & G.
Low nearly acaulescent perennial herbs, Leaves entire, chiefly
radical, the cauline mostly opposite, Flowers yellow. Heads
large, solitary, long-peduncled. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts
linear-lanceolate and loosely imbricated, the outer mostly foliaceous
and attenuate-acuminate, the innermost shorter and chaff-like.
Receptacle flat or convex, its bracts embracing the achenes, Achenes
commonly compressed, with thin or margined edges and emarginate
summit, Pappus an awn or chaffy tooth from each margin, and
usually with very small intermediate scales, (Diminutive of
Helianthus. )
1. H. Californica Gray. Stems slender, 1 to 2 ft. high, occasion-
ally branched; herbage minutely scabrous; leaves ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, tapering into petioles; rays little or not at all longer than
the involucre; bracts of receptacle obtuse; achenes obovate, smooth,
glabrous and narrowly margined, minutely ciliate when young only
near the summit; pappus of two short triangular or subulate teeth,
and a crown of minute scales nearly obsolete at maturity.
Higher mountain ridges: Coast Ranges (Contra Costa, Marin, Napa
and Solano Cos. and northward to Mt. Shasta); Sierra Nevada. May.
H. castanea Greene. Stems less than 1 ft. high, hispid with short
spreading hairs; achenes cuneate-obovate, not strongly compressed or
thin-edged, dull black at base, chestnut-brown above the middle, the
apical notch short and deep.—Mt. Diablo. Fruiting heads not seen
by us. :
61. BIDENS L. Bur Mariao.p.
Herbs (ours annuals), with opposite leaves and yellow flowers.
Heads many-flowered; rays 3 to 9, neutral. Involucre double, the
outer bracts linear-oblong, foliaceous, the inner elliptic to ovate,
membranous. Achenes sumewhat flattened parallel with the scales
of the involucre or slender and 4-sided, those of the disk crowned
with 2, 8, or 4 rigid persistent retrorsely barbed awns. (Latin bidens,
2-toothed.)
Leaves simple; rays 3 to 9, conspicuous; achenes downwardly barbed on
the margin; rays showy. . :
Outer involucre little or not at all surpassing the disk; rays very showy,
olden Yellows. ace ee se ew ee ts 1. B. chrysanthemotides.
Outer involucre foliaceous and surpassing the disk; rays usually light
yellow, smaller........... 2. B. cernua.
Leaves pinnately 3 to 5-divided; rays I to 5, inconspicuous; achenes
upwardly barbed . ees .. «3. B. frondosa.
544 COMPOSIT A.
1. B. chrysanthemoides Michx. Bur Marivotp. Often de-
cumbent at base, 1 to 3 or even 4 ft. high, glabrous; leaves lanceolate,
usually tapering at the base, evenly serrate, more or less connate at
base, 7 in. long or less; outer involucre rather longer than the inner,
much surpassed by the oval golden brown rays, these 1 in. long or
more; disk brownish; heads in fruit erect, seldom slightly nodding;
achenes flat or flattish, cuneate, distinctly carinate on the sides and
retrorsely hispid on the marginal angles; awns 2 or 3, retrorsely
barbed.—(B. levis B.S. P.) :
Low wet ground: Alvarado marshes; lower Sacramento River.
Sept.—Oct.
Var. Nashii (B. Nashii Small). Leaves minutely serrate or almost
entire, somewhat fleshy, some of the upper often very broad at base
but rarely clasping; achenes slightly contracted at summit.—San
Francisco, acc. to Wiegand.
2. B.cernua L. Smarter Bur Maricotp. Stems 8 to 20 in,
high, glabrous or setulose-hispid; leaves oblong-lanceolate, rather
irregularly serrate, mostly not connate; outer involucral bracts
exceeding the disk, spreading, foliaceous; rays 6 to 10, mostly light
yellow, 3 to 6 lines long, sometimes none; heads strongly nodding in
fruit; achenes 4-angled and usually 4-awned.
Less common than the last.
3. B. frondosa L. Bracar-ricxs. Erect, 3 or 4 ft. high, gla-
brous or slightly pubescent; leaves 3 to 5-divided, the divisions or
leaflets petiolulate, lanceolate, coarsely toothed; rays 1 to 5, incon-
spicuous, usually shorter than the greenish yellow disk; achenes very
flat, cuneate-oblong, 4 to 6 lines long, dentate on the margin with
barbs upwardly pointed (except at the summit), 2-awned; heads erect
in fruit, surpassed by the outer foliaceous bracts.
Lower Sacramento River; very common. Sept.
62. LEPTOSYNE DC.
Perennials with thickened fleshy stems or ours annuals and almost
acaulescent. Leaves dissected into narrowly linear or filiform lobes.
Fowers yellow, in showy heads on long naked peduncles. Rays
several or numerous, oblong or obovate, 3-toothed at apex. Involu-
ere double; bracts of the inner series 8 to 12, erect, membranous;
bracts of the outer series 5 to 8, narrow, loose and foliaceous. Recep-
tacle nearly flat, its bracts thin, scarious, linear or lanceolate, falling
with the fruit. Achenes flattened, more or less wing-margined, alike
in disk and ray. Pappus a minute ring or cup, or consisting of
linear palew. (Greek leptosune, slenderness.)
Achenes alike in ray and disk; pappus cup-shaped; corolla-tube without a
HAY TING: ss ah Hh aOR Aya SS 1. L. Stillmani.
Achenes of 2 different shapes, those of the disk long-villous; pappus palea-
ceous; corolla-tube with a hairy ring towards the summit. ......
2, L. calliopsidea.
1. L. Stillmani Gray. Nine to 12 in. high, stoutish, leafy below
and with manifest branches; leaf-divisions 1 line broad; involucre
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 545
commonly somewhat hairy at base; disk-corollas beardless; achenes
surrounded by a thick and corky rugose wing, smooth and glabrous
on the back, the inner face sparsely papillose, or with a row of
tubercles on the median ridge; pappus-cup either entire or 2-lobed.
Sacramento Valley.
2. L. calliopsidea Gray. Leafy, with less scape-like peduncles,
1 to 2 ft. high; bracts of the outer series of the involucre broadly
ovate, a little shorter than the narrowly ovate inner ones, commonly
1 in. long, 2 in. wide and 15 to 20-nerved; ring of the disk-corolla
pubescent; achenes of the ray- and outer disk-flowers oval, flat and .
glabrous; disk-achenes cuneate-oblong, long-villous on the margins
and inner face; pappus-palez 2, linear.—(Pugiopappus calliopsideus
Gray.)
Moist hillsides in the South Coast Ranges.
Trine 8. Ambrosiezw. RacweEep TRIBE.
63. IVA L.
Ours coarse herbs with thickish alternate (or the lower opposite)
leaves and small nodding heads of greenish white flowers. Involucre
hemispherical, its bracts few and rounded. Receptacle with chaff-
like linear or spatulate bracts. Marginal flowers of the head pistillate,
1to 5 in number, their corollas tubular or none. Disk-flowers per-
fect, with 5-lobed funnelform corolla and undivided style. Anthers
almost distinct. Achenes flattened, glabrous. Pappus none. (Said
to be named after Ajuga Iva of the Mint Family, on account of the
similar odor.)
1. 1. axillaris Pursh. Povrerry WrEp. Stems many, erect
from a decumbent or prostrate base, 6 to 10 in. high; leaves narrowly
obovate, varying to lanceolate or linear, entire, sessile; heads solitary
in the axils, short-peduncled, surpassed by the leaves; bracts of the
involucre united into a lobed or merely toothed cup.
Alkaline plains and borders of salt marshes: Sacramento Valley;
San Joaquin Valley; Livermore Valley and southward. Aug.-Sept.
64. AMBROSIA L. RacgweEerp.
‘Ours a coarse homely but aromatic perennial herb with alternate
Ponte leaves and inconspicuous greenish unisexual flowers.
eads of staminate flowers disposed in erect ament-like racemes:—
involucres broadly turbinate; receptacle of at least the outer flowers
with slender bracts; corollas funnelform, 5-lobed. Heads of pistillate
flowers in the axils of the upper leaves at the base of the staminate
racemes:—involucres oblong or turbinate, closed, containing but a
single flower; corolla none; pappus none; fruit an achene-like bur
which is beaked or pointed and is armed near the top with a single
row of prickles. (Ancient Greek name.)
1. A. psilostachya DC. Western Racwerep. Stems simple,
erect, 1, 2 or more ft. high, from slender running rootstocks; herbage
37
546 COMPOSIT.
pubescent and somewhat strigose; leaves once or the lower twice
pinnatifid; fruit an obovoid turgid bur, mostly solitary in the axils,
bearing 4 protuberances or sometimes unarmed.
Uncultivated lands in the Sacramento Valley and southward;
common about San Francisco Bay. Sept.-Oct.
65. FRANSERIA Cav.
Branching herbs, ours perennial, sometimes woody at. the base.
Leaves chiefly alternate. Habit, flowers and inflorescence as in
, Ambrosia. Involucre of the pistillate heads closed, 1 to 4-celled, 1
to 4-beaked or pointed, armed with several rows of prickles and in
fruit becoming a bur. (Named for Ant. Franser, Spanish botanist.)
Leaves twice or thrice pinnatifid or pinnately parted. . .1. F. bipinnatifida.
Leaves (at least the upper) undivided and merely serrate . 2. F. Chamissonis.
1. F. bipinnatifida Nutt. Herbaceous; stems procumbent, 2 or
3 ft. long, somewhat hirsute; leaves twice or thrice pinnately parted
into oblong lobes, canescent or almost silky; spikes dense; bur nar-
rowly ovate, armed with thick somewhat flattened spines, some of
which are curved at the tip.
Common on sandy seabeaches along the coast, and also at Alameda
and West Berkeley. Aug.—Oct.
2. F. Chamissonis Less. Habit of the preceding; leaves nar-
rowly ovate or obovate, with cuneate base, serrate, or the lower
laciniate or incised; bur thicker, sparsely hirsute, the spines broader
and channeled.
Seabeaches along the coast; less common.
66. XANTHIUM L.
Coarse (by some called vile) annual weeds with widely branching
and very stout stems, Leaves alternate, toothed or lobed, petioled.
Heads unisexual, composed of greenish flowers. Staminate heads
subglobose, in a terminal cluster:—involucre of several distinct nar-
row bracts in # single row; receptacle cylindrical; flowers many,
separated by the bracts of the receptacle; corolla tubular. Pistillate
heads axillary, below the staminate:—involucre closed, forming in
fruit an ovoid or oblong indurated bur covered all over with hooked
prickles, 1 or 2-beaked, 2-celled, each cell containing 1 flower;
corolla none; pappus none; style 2-cleft, its branches exserted through
the beaks. (Greek xanthion, yellow, from its yielding « hair-dye of
that color.)
Leaves deltoid-ovate; stems notspiny........-..... 1. X. Canadense.
Leaves lanceolate; stems bearing spines by the sides of the leaves. ... .
2. X. spinosum.
1. X. Canadense Mill. Cockiz Bur. Stems about 2 ft. high,
not prickly; leaves deltoid-ovate or somewhat cordate, irregularly
serrate, or somewhat incised, often distinctly 3-lobed, rough, hispidu-
lous and green both sides, 3 to 4 in. long, on petioles nearly as long;
bur ? to Lin. long, thick, pubescent or glandular between and on the
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 5AT
lower part of the crowded prickles and bearing at apex a pair of
strong beaks hooked or incurved at tip.
Naturalized weed, native of the Hastern U.8., exceedingly abun-
dant in low lands, often covering hundreds or thousands of acres.
Flowering in summer and fruiting in autumn.
2. X. spinosum L. Sprxy CLorsur. Stems puberulent, much
branched; leaves lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
2 or 3-lobed or -cut, or the upper entire, narrowed at base into a short
petiole, green above, white-pubescent beneath, 2 to 5 in. long; by
the sides of the leaves are borne yellowish 8-pronged spines 1 in.
long; corolla pubescent with short rusty hairs; bur narrowly oblong,
3 in. long, sparsely prickly; beaks inconspicuous, only one spinose.
Naturalized European weed, a common summer tenant of barn-
yards and neglected fields: Sacramento, San Joaquin, and Coast
Range valleys and Sierra Foothills.
TRIBE 9. Inuleze. EveErR.LAstTinc TRIBE.
67. MICROPUS L.
Small floccose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and scattered
several-flowered discoid heads. Bracts of the involucre open, scari-
ous, surrounding the flower-bearing bracts of the receptacle. Bracts
of the receptacle conduplicate, tipped with a scarious appendage and
almost concealed by the clothing of long loose wool, each one en-
closing a pistillate flower; sterile flowers in the center mostly naked.
Achenes gibbous, the corolla and style borne laterally, without
pappus, remaining enclosed in the cucullate bracts which finally fall
away from the receptacle. (Greek micros, small, and pous, foot, in
allusion to the soft-woolly heads.)
Beak-like tip to the fruiting bract largely scarious, erect,short .......
1. M. Californicus.
Beak of the fruiting bract wholly hyaline, in anthesis as long as the body.
2. M. amphibolus.
1. M. Californicus F. & M. Slender, erect, 4 to 8 in. high,
commonly branched only at the very summit; leaves linear-oblong,
acuminate; receptacle low, with several scale-like processes; fruit-
bearing bracts 4 to 6, at length indurated, the surrounding bracts of
the involucre commonly 5; these orbicular or ovate, scarious, with a
green spot in the center; staminate flowers about 8, the corolla
filiform, but expanding somewhat toward the throat.
Very common on low hills or valley land through the Coast
Ranges and Sacramento and San Joaquin Valleys to Southern
California. Last of Apr.—May.
2. M. amphibolus Gray. Resembling the preceding but the
fruiting bracts 9 or 10 and comparatively thin and soft; receptacle
elevated or oblong; staminate flowers subtended by linear thin chaff-
like bracts and with a pappus of few bristles.
Walnut Creek, Brewer, no. 1015, 1862; too little known species.
548 COMPOSIT .
68. STYLOCLINE Nutt.
Low floecose-woolly annuals with entire leaves and terminal discoid
heads in small clusters. Pistillate flowers with filiform corolla, their
bracts ovate, boat-shaped, borne on a slender column-like receptacle,
with erect hyaline tip and the conduplicate body loosely enclosing
the achene; pappus none. Sterile flowers few in the center, their
bracts plane or barely concave and their pappus caducous or none.
(Greek stulos, a column, and kline, a bed, on account of the form of
the receptacle. )
Bracts of the sterile flowers inconspicuous, oblanceolate, acute; pappus
[ee i a ee ne ae ee ee 1. S. gnaphalioides.
Bracts about sterile flowers ovate-lanceolate, tapering into a conspicuous
rigid hooked cusp; pappus none .. .. .2. 8. filaginea.
o
1. S. gnaphalioides Nutt. Loosely white-woolly, diffusely
branched, the stems 4 to 9 in. long; leaves broadly linear or the
upper oblong, obtuse, barely 8 lines long; pistillate (or fertile)
flowers numerous, their bracts ovate, nearly plane on the upper sur-
face, a central portion at the base produced on the lower side into a
sac enclosing the achene, this portion firm, the remainder hyaline;
sterile flowers little shorter than their bracts, with rudimentary ovary
and a pappus of few caducous bristles.
Stanislaus Co. to Monterey, doubtless within our limits. Sac
woolly on lower side. Sterile flowers little shorter than their bracts.
2. S. filaginea Gray. Erect, branched from the base, 2 to 8 in.
high, canescent with fine appressed wool which is later flocculent;
cauline leaves narrowly linear (4 line wide), those involucrate to the
heads much broader; fertile flowers 5 to 9, their bracts boat-shaped,
firm except at the hyaline tip, smaller than the 5 empty bracts which
surround the sterile flowers in the center; empty bracts somewhat
coriaceous, tapering into a rigid incurved hooked cusp, persistent,
and at length stellately spreading.
Mendocino Co. (first coll. by Bolander in Round Valley); Tehama
Co., Jepson; Mt. St. Helena, Greene; southward to Southern Cali-
fornia. Last of Apr.-May. Very suggestive in aspect of Filago
Gallica.
69. PSILOCARPHUS Nutt.
Depressed or prostrate white-woolly annuals. Leaves opposite,
entire, the uppermost involucrate around the small sessile globose
heads, which are solitary in the forks or at the ends of the branches,
or some clustered. Heads discoid. Bracts clothed with soft wool,
crowded on the low receptacle and forming a globose head; each bract
sac-like, half-obcordate or obovate in side view, hooded and rounded
at the top with the apex introrse (turned downward and inward) and
beaked by a hyaline appendage or scale. Flowers unisexual; pistil-
late flowers loosely enclosed in the sac-like bracts, with filiform
corollas; staminate flowers few, occupying the center of the head and
naked, 7. e,, destitute of enclosing or other bracts. Achenes straight
ed es curved. Pappus none. (Greek psilos, bare, and karphos,
chaff.
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 549
Involucrate leaves obspatulate, 3 or 4 times longer than the head... . .
1. P. tenellus.
Involucrate leaves oblong to lanceolate, 1 to 2 times as long as the head:
var. brevissimus of ‘ Wee) a age ne. P. Oreganus.
1. P. tenellus Nutt. Prostrate, the forking stems forming a
dense mat 8 to 10 in. broad; leaves obspatulate, mucronate, 4 to
lines long; heads numerous, 2 lines wide; achene about } line long.
oblong or slightly broader toward the summit.
Valleys and low hills: Coast Ranges; Sacramento Valley; San
Joaquin Valley(?). June.
2. P. Oreganus Nutt. var. brevissimus. Dwarfish, the stems
prostrate, several to many from the base but mostly simple, 1 to 5 in.
long; leaves oblong or some obspatulate, obtuse or merely acute, the
involucrate ones partly concealing the heads; heads comparatively
few, 4 to 5 lines broad, more loosely woolly than in the preceding;
staminate flowers about 7 or 8; achene cylindrical or slightly clavate,
less than 1 line long.—(P. brevissimus Nutt.)
Drv beds of vernal pools: Elmira (Solano Co.) to Madrone (Santa
Clara Co.). May-June.
70. EVAX Grrtn.
Dwarf rigid densely woolly annuals with entire leaves. Heads
with disk-flowers only; pistillate flowers at base of slender columnar
receptacle, the male flowers above, all subtended but not enclosed by
bracts. Bracts of the pistillate flowers and bracts of the involucre
becoming hardened, persistent.
Heads mostly scattered . . . -1. E. sparsiflora.
Heads in terminal clusters ‘i - .2. EB. cauleseens.
1. E. sparsiflora. Erect, 1 to 4 in. high, sometimes simple.
commonly branching from the base, the heads in the axils, scattered
along the branches or slightly glomerate at the ends of the branches;
leaves spatulate, narrowed to a very slender petiole, 4 to 7 lines long;
bracts of the receptacle woolly on back and rather densely long-
hirsute at base, especially the upper; staminate flowers in center
about 4.—(Hesperevax sparsiflora Greene.)
Dry sterile soil: Healdsburg; Napa Valley.
2. E. caulescens Benth. Stem simple or with few long branches
from the base, 2 to 8 in. high; heads all in a terminal hemispherical
cluster, 2 in. broad and surrounded by a whorl of many leaves;
leaves spatulate-obovate, 1 to 1} in. long, the cauline similar but
smaller.
Sacramento Valley.
Var. humilis (Hesperevax humilis Greene. Evax acaulis Greene.)
One or 2 in. high, the heads crowded on the short central stem or at
the ends of the very short horizontal branches (none in the axils). the
close clusters subtended by rosulately arranged leaves.—Antioch.
71. FILAGO L.
Low woolly annuals with entire leaves and small discoid heads in
550 COMPOSITE.
capitate clusters. Receptacle hemispherical or conical, its summit or
center bearing a cluster of fertile and sterile flowers with rather
copious capillary pappus and surrounded by a series of scarious or
chaff-like bracts. Base of receptacle bearing several pistillate flowers
with filiform tubular corollas, the achenes of each enfolded in a con-
cave or boat-shaped bract, and destitute of pappus. (Latin flum, a
thread, in allusion to the cottony pubescence. )
Leaves oblong, tapering toward the base, abruptly acute at apex, the upper-
most subtending and often not surpassing the heads. 1. F. Californica.
Leaves subulate with broadish base, the uppermost subtending and conspic-
uously surpassing the heads Diep 2... 2. #. Gallica.
1. F. Californica Nutt. Erect, 4 to 9 (or sometimes 15) in. high,
leafy throughout, the leaves } to ? in. long; heads ovate, 2 lines
long; receptacle convex, rough or somewhat bur-like; marginal
bracts 8 to 10, very woolly, deeply boat-shaped and somewhat
incurved at apex, spreading stellately at maturity; inner bracts
oblong, plane or merely concave; marginal achenes smooth; central
achenes dotted with shining papille.
Dry hills: St. Helena; Mt. Tamalpais and elsewhere in the western
part of the state. May-June.
2. F. Gallica L. Five or 6 in. high; leaves mostly exceeding
4 in., those involucrate to the heads soft but straight and, in appear-
ance, rigid; receptacle nearly flat; heads conical and somewhat
5-angled; marginal achenes completely enclosed in the at length
indurated base of the bract.
St. Helena, Jepson, June, 1896. Introduced from Europe.
72. GNAPHALIUM L. CuDWEED.
Woolly herbs with entire sessile or decurrent leaves. Heads dis-
coid, white, yellowish, or rose-tinted, disposed in panicles, corymbs,
or spikes. Receptacle flat or convex, not chaffy. Bracts of involucre
scarious, imbricated. Pistillate flowers in several series with filiform
corollas. Central flowers perfect, with tubular 5-lobed corollas.
Pappus a single series of capillary bristles. (Greek gnaphalon, a
lock of wool, these plants floccose-woolly.)
A. Pappus-bristles united at base, falling away in a ring.
Inflorescence spike-like; leaves white-woolly beneath, green above. . .
1. G. purpureum.
B. Pappus-bristles not united at base, falling separately.
Involucre imbedded in loose wool, its scarious-tipped bracts rather incon-
spicuous and dull colored; low branching annual . 2. G. palustre.
Inyolucre woollv only at base, its bracts mainly scarious or silvery.
Herbage in age becoming green (at least the upper surface of the leaves),
more or less glandular.
Inflorescence corymbose; bracts pearly white; herbage balsamic-
scented: var Californicum of... 0. . +. 3,38. G, decurrens.
Inflorescence paniculate; bracts white or rose-tinged; herbage sweet-
Ps inate oh a 5 eae day be ae a AB wl -8 eS 4. G. ramosissimum.
Herbage persistently woolly, not glandular or scarcely so.
Involucre bright white; inflorescence paniculate . .5. @. microcephalum.
Involucre greenish-yellowish, becoming rusty; heads in capitate clus-
ters or the clusters somewhat open-paniculate . 6. @. Chilense.
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. dd5L
1. G. purpureum L. PurrLe CupweED. Stems commonly
simple and erect from a slightly decumbent base, 4 to 12 in. high;
herbage canescent with a close dense coating of white wool, the
upper surface of the leaves usually early glabrate; leaves broadly
spatulate, obtuse, 1 to 2 in. long and 7 lines wide or less; heads
crowded in a spike-like inflorescence which is dense and oblong, or
more elongated and more or less interrupted; heads 2 lines long;
involucre brownish or purplish; achenes sparsely scabrous.
Open ground, frequent: Napa City; Sausalito; Fish Ranch, Contra
Costa Co.; Berkeley; San Francisco; Sierra Nevada.
2. G. palustre Nutt. Lowzranp Cupwrep. Annual, branching
from the base, 3 to 8 in. high, erect or ascending; herbage loosely
floccose with long wool, more or less deciduous from the leaves; leaves
nearly all spatulate, or a few about the clusters of heads oblong or
lanceolate, less than 3 in. to 1 in. long; heads in small clusters at the
ends of the branches, 1 to 14 lines high; bracts of the involucre
linear, with white obtuse often denticulate tips.
Common in stream beds and low lands: Lake Co.; Russian River;
Sonoma; Napa River; Howell Mountain; San Francisco; Oakland;
Mt. Diablo; Sacramento Valley; San Joaquin Valley, Sierra Nevada;
Southern California.
Var. nanum. Dwarf, 1 to 23 in. high; bracts acute.—Dry wooded
hills, in open places: St. Helena, June 2, 1896.
3. G. decurrens Ives var. Californicum Gray. CALIFORNIA
EVERLASTING. Biennial; stem stoutish, 2 or 3 ft. high, corymbosely
branched at summit, the branches bearing glomerules of large heads
and forming a broad and somewhat flat-topped inflorescence; herbage
soon becoming green and more or less glabrate (except on the under
surface of the leaves), at maturity glandular and balsamic-scented;
lower leaves oblong (3 to 1 in. broad, and 2 to 5in. long), diminishing
in size upwards and becoming lanceolate, all obviously decurrent;
heads roundish or broad, 3 lines high or slightly more, the involu-
cral bracts white or in age rusty-tinged.
Dry wooded hills of the Coast Ranges: Lake Co.; Howell Moun-
tain; Oakland Hills and southward to Southern California. May-—
July.
4. G. ramosissimum Nutt. Pink Everziastixe. Biennial, 2
to 5 ft. high, the stems one to several from the base, ending above in
a much branched panicle which is often narrow and sometimes
virgate and frequently more than 1 ft. long; herbage glandular and
very sweet-scented; leaves at length green on both faces, the stem
more or less arachnoid; heads narrowly ovate or turbinate, 2 lines
high, reddish or pinkish.
Wooded hills near the coast: Mt. Tamalpais; Oakland Hills and
southward to Southern California, also in the Sierra Nevada. July-
Sept.
5. G. microcephalum Nutt. SMmaLL-HEADED EVERLASTING.
Stems often several from the base (1} to 2} feet high) branching above
552 COMPOSITE.
into an elongated or sometimes broad panicle; herbage very bright
white woolly, especially when young, the wool persistent; panicle
often 1 ft. long; heads small, narrow, 2 lines long, disposed in rather
small glomerules or clusters at the ends of the branches of the
panicle; bracts of the involucre ovate or oblong and obtuse at apex,
or the very innermost linear, bright white.
Wooded mountain slopes: Coast Ranges; Sierra Nevada. Aug.—
Sept.
6. G. Chilense Spreng. Corron-parrinc Pian. Annual or
biennial; stems several, erect from a decumbent base (or single and
wholly erect), stout, $ to 24 ft. high, often densely clothed with
leaves; leaves narrowly spatulate (2 to 6 lines broad) or the upper-
most linear or lanceolate, the short decurrent bases rather broad and
somewhat auricle-like; heads 3 lines wide and high, numerous in a
large close glomerule terminating the main stem, or in several
glomerules at the ends of the branches of the more or less open
panicle; involucres with a greenish-yellowish tinge.—(G. Sprengelii
H. G&A.
Open ae in valleys or on low hills: San Francisco; Monterey
and southward to Southern California.
73. ANAPHALIS DC. EveER.astine.
Perennial herbs with simple erect equably leafy stems. Leaves
green -above, closely woolly beneath. Heads disposed in a com-
pound corymb. Bracts of the involucre numerous, pearly white and
scarious, imbricated in several series, radiating in age. Flowers
yellow, dicecious:—staminate flowers with slender corolla and undi-
vided style; pistillate flowers with a tubular 5-toothed corolla and
2-cleft style. Pappus as in Gnaphalium. (Ancient Greek name of
some ‘ Everlasting.’’)
1. A. margaritacea (L.) B. © H. Prarry Everiasrine. Stems
several from the base, 1 to 2 ft. high; leaves broadly to narrowly
lanceolate, sessile, with revolute margin, 3 to 5 in. long; corymb 1}
to 6 in. broad.
Fields and open woods: Coast Ranges (Monterey, Mt. Tamalpais
and northward); Sierra Nevada. July-Sept. Var. occIDENTALIS
Greene. Leaves sessile by a broad auriculate-clasping base. —Oakland
Hills; San Francisco, ete.
74. PLUCHEA Cass.
Leafy herbs with a strong odor of camphor. Heads numerous,
clustered in corymb-like cymes, consisting of many purplish disk-
flowers and no ray-flowers, Marginal flowers of the head pistillate
and perfect, with tubular-filiform truncate corollas; central flowers
few, perfect, but sterile, with tubular 5-cleft corollas. Involucre
imbricated. Receptacle flat, naked. Achenes grooved. Pappus a
single series of capillary bristles. (Named for the Abbe N. A. Pluche,
amateur naturalist, of Paris.)
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 503
1. P. camphorata (L.) DC. Satt-mMarsy FLEABANE. Annual;
stems stoutish, erect, branching above, 1} to 24 ft. high; herbage
ghndularpubem leat leaves oblong-ovate or lanceolate, glandular-
entate, short-petioled or the upper sessile, the larger 3 to 5 in. long;
heads 24 lines high, rarely leafy-bracted, in corymb-like cymes;
bracts of the involucre ovate-lanceolate; achenes pubescent.
Common in the salt marshes about Suisun (Brewer, Jepson) and
San Francisco Bays, southward to Kern Lake (Dary) and Southern
California.
75. ADENOCAULON Hook.
Perennial herbs. Stems slender, leafy only at the base, bearing
above a panicle of small and few heads of whitish flowers, the upper
portion of the stem and the panicle beset with small glands. Leaves
alternate, broad, petioled, green and glabrous above, white-woolly
beneath. Heads of few disk-flowers; ray-flowers none. Marginal
flowers of the head pistillate and fertile, the central perfect, sterile
and with undivided style; corollas of both sorts, tubular and alike.
Bracts of the involucre 5, equal, inasingle row, not scarious, reflexed
in fruit, at length’ deciduous. Receptacle flat, naked. Mature
achenes much elongated and clavate, covered above with stalked
glands. Pappus none. (Greek adenos, a gland, and kaulon, a
stem. )
1. A. bicolor Hook. Stems 1} to 2} ft. high, the lower portion
floccose-woolly; leaves deltoid-ovate, cordate at the base, sinuate-
dentate, 13 to mostly 3 or 4 in. long and as broad or broader; petioles
margined; achenes 3 to 34 lines long, much longer than bracts of
the involucre.
Woods of the seaward and middle Coast Ranges and of the Sierra
Nevada. June.
Tribe 10. Astereae. AsreR TRIBE.
76. GUTIERREZIA Lag.
Herbaceous or suffrutescent, the herbage resin-bearing, nearly
glabrous. Leaves narrowly linear, entire, alternate. Heads very
small, turbinate-oblong to campanulate, numerous and corymbosely
arranged at the summit of the stems and branches. Bracts of the
involucre coriaceous, the outer shorter. Receptacle in ours flat.
Flowers yellow; rays short, in ours 8 to 10. Achenes angled or
striate, mostly silky. Pappus paleaceous. (Name of a noble
Spanish family.)
1. G. Californica(DC.) T. & G. Plants 1 to 1} ft. high, the woody
base much branched; leaves scabrous; heads fastigiately corymbose,
2 to 8 lines high; rays 8 to 10; disk-flowers 6 to 11; achenes densely
silky; pappus of about 12 unequal palez. —
Dry hills of the South Coast Ranges towards the coast.
554 COMPOSIT A.
77. GRINDELIA Willd. Gum PLanr.
Coarse perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants. Leaves obovate or
spatulate to oblong-lanceolate, commonly serrate. Heads gummy,
medium-sized or large, solitary on the branches, ours with rays.
Involucre campanulate or hemispherical, the bracts many-ranked,
firm-herbaceous, often with attenuate squarrose points. Achenes
short, truncate, compressed or turgid, glabrous. Pappus of 2 to 8
very readily deciduous awns or small scales. Involucral cups of the
budding heads completely filled with the white or cream-like gummy
exudation. (Hieronymus Grindel, Russian botanist, professor at
Riga and Dorpat.)
Species of the Coast Range hills and valleys and interior plains; rays light
orange or yellow. : .
Involucre mostly hemispherical, about 4% to 34 in. in diameter.
Its bracts linear-lanceolate, closely compacted, as in all the following
except the next, and with few or several accessory foliaceous bracts;
these unequal and often deflexed: var. maritima of . 1. G. robusta.
Involucre wholly or largely foliaceous, of loose broad erect subequal
bracts, not glutinous-compacted: var. patens of. . .1. G. robusta.
Involucre without accessory foliaceous bracts, very glutinous, the bracts
with spreading tips: var. Davyiof....... .1. G, robusta.
Involucre urnshaped-campanulate, about 1g in. in diameter; bracts
linear-lanceolate or subulate, outer or all squarrose. .2. G. camporum.
Involucre small; bracts lanceolate, erect... ....... 3. G. rubricaulis.
Species of salt marshes; rays golden yellow. . . ...4. G. cuneifolia.
1. G. robusta Nutt. var. maritima. Stems ascending or erect,
about 1to 1} ft. high; herbage lightly pubescent; leaves narrowly or
broadly oblong, in a few cases wider above, obtuse, or mostly acute,
more or less serrulate; involucre } in. broad or more, the broadly
lanceolate bracts with erect or spreading tips; foliaceous bracts ovate
to lanceolate or linear.
Along the seaboard: Olema; San Francisco; Pilarcitos. June—
July. Foliaceous bracts very variable in shape and size, even on the
same plant, always more numerous on the head terminating the main
axis, few or sometimes none on the heads terminating branches.
Includes G. rubricaulis DC. var. maritima Greene. There are tran-
sition forms to the next variety from the Santa Cruz Mountains and
elsewhere.
Var. patens (G. patens Greene). Stems 1 to 2 ft. high, mostly
simple or with few strict 1-headed branches; herbage glabrous or
finely puberulent; leaves oblong, the radical narrowed to a petiole,
83 in. long or less, the cauline sessile, narrowed toward the base,
serrate or often entire below the middle; bracts of the involucre
wholly foliaceous, erect, nearly equal, linear or lanceolate, 1 or 2
lines broad, sometimes with an inner involucre of subulate or fili-
form bracts which are glutinous-compacted.—Hill tops, not common:
Wild Cat Hills (near Berkeley) to the Santa Cruz Mountains west of
Gilroy. There are many transitional forms to the next, but in its
typical state this is an exceedingly well marked variety.
Var. Davyi, Stems commonly clustered, erect, 2 ft. high, rarely
simple, mostly with long one-headed branches; herbage glabrous,
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 595
rarely puberulent; darker green than in the next species; radical
leaves oblong or even obovate, narrowed to a rather long, often
winged petiole, serrate or coarsely and saliently toothed, 2 to 8 in.
long, the cauline similar or sessile; heads naked; involucre 3 to 1 in.
broad, very gummy, its lanceolate bracts with subulate or filiform
squarrose tips; achenes with 2 awns or in the periphery of the disk
with 3:(2 at the exterior angle and closely approximate).—Valley
lands about San Francisco Bay. Peduncles commonly less leafy
than in the preceding variety. Heads typically naked, but frequently
with a few loose outer and slightly larger bracts simulating the folia-
ceous bracts in the var. patens; or again, we may have still more
pronounced intermediate forms closely connecting these two varieties,
which in their typical states are very clearly marked. On the other
hand, the var. Davyi presents perfectly naked (non-foliaceous) heads
in such diversity that a complete chain may be had showing every
gradation to G. camporum. G. robusta and its varieties in their
extreme forms are more unlike each other than are the species G.
camporum and G. rubricaulis. This is an excellent illustration of
the principle that, in a highly variable group, varieties of a species
may be more unlike than a species is unlike another species.
2. G. camporum Greene. Plants commonly 13 or 2 ft. high,
glabrous, the foliage light green; leaves mostly oblong, serrulate or
denticulate, 1 to 2 in. long; heads paniculate-corymbose, never soli-
tary; involucre urnshaped-campanulate, the short outer bracts linear-
subulate, squarrose-deflexed, the inner lanceolate-subulate, with
spreading tips or erect.
Abundant on the plains of the San Joaquin and Sacramento
Valleys and the dry inner Coast Ranges; also (apparently) Knoxville
grade to Lower Lake. June-Aug. or continuing into the winter.
Stems usually white, in no. 1 darker or reddish.
G. PRocERA Greene. Five ft. high; rays very short.—Flooded
lands of the Lower San Joaquin; Greene also refers to this no. 2426,
Bolander, of the State Survey, probably collected in marshes about
San Francisco Bay, the citation, ‘‘ Oakland Hills,’’ in the State
Survey Field Book doubtless an error.
3. G. rubricaulis DC. Stems commonly 2 ft. high, tufted,
reddish or brownish, ending in a small-corymb of about 3 or 4 heads
or one-headed; herbage scantily soft-pubescent when young, in age
mostly glabrous; leaves 2 to 5% in. long, oblong, serrate and sessile
especially toward the apex, or disposed to be entire, attenuate into a
petiole as long as the blade, the cauline similar or sessile; heads small,
} in. in diameter (not including the rays); involucral scales lanceolate,
not squarrose, very slightly or not at all glutinous, sometimes
tomentose.
Ridges and hillsides of the Coast Ranges, in openly wooded coun-
try: near Mt. Tamalpais, Setchell; Sonoma, Bioletti; St. Helena,
Greene; Howell Mountain, Jepson.
4. G. cuneifolia Nutt. Stems 2 to 3} ft. high (commonly with a
556 COMPOSITA.
foot or so woody at base), ending in a corymbose panicle of several
heads or the simple sterile shoots densely leafy at summit; leaves
thick, oblong or cuneate-oblong, 2 to 5 in. long, with broadly sessile
or clasping base, those of the flowering branches much reduced,
oblong-ovate, entire or serrulate; involucral bracts lanceolate without
spreading tips.
Salt marshes about San Francisco, San Pablo and Suisun Bays.
Aug.-Nov. Stems sometimes flexuous.
Var. paludosa (G. paludosa Greene). Five ft. high, with suffru-
tescent stems 1 to 2 ft. high lasting through the winter; cauline
leaves sometimes triangular-oblong, with subauriculate clasping
base.—Heart of the Suisun Marshes. -~
78. PENTACHAETA Nutt.
Low and very slender annuals with narrowly linear and entire
alternate leaves. Heads small, solitary, or somewhat clustered at
the ends of more or less naked branches, nodding in the bud. Recep-
tacle convex. Involucre turbinate-campanulate, its bracts in 2 series,
narrowly oblong, thin or membranous, scarious-margined, mucronu-
late, appressed. Disk-corollas yellow or rose-red, very slender; rays
white, pink or yellow, or none. Achenes oblong, flattened, hirsute-
pubescent. Pappus of 5 slender bristles, often with 2 reduced or
wanting, or all obsolete. (Greek pente, five, and chaite, a bristle, in
allusion to the pappus.)
Simple or with simple branches from the base, erect; peduncles white-
villous beneath the beat, , 2-244 ©4444 4 we. + 1. P. extlis.
Dichotomous, and disposed to be diffuse; peduncles with scattered hairs .
: 2. P. alsinoides.
1. P. exilis Gray. Simple or mostly branched from the base,
erect, commonly 8 or 4 in. high; herbage purplish; branches or
stems terminated by a single head (1} to 2 lines high); involucre
broadly campanulate; rays 8 to 14, 2 lines long; outer disk-corollas
rose-red, widening upward, the throat abruptly contracted beneath
the minute teeth; achenes oblong-turbinate, villous; pappus-bristles
3 or 5, sometimes abortive.
Coast Range hillsides: San Mateo Co., Oakland Hills; Marin Co.,
Napa Valley. Apr.-May. |
2. P. alsinoides Greene. Dichotomously branching, 2 to 5 in.
high; involucres narrowly or broadly turbinate, its bracts 5 to 7 or 9
and containing 3 to 7 flowers; disk-corollas filiform, with minute
aes rays none; achenes obovate-clavate; pappus-bristles 3; very
slender.
Coast Ranges: Berkeley Hills, Greene; Vallejo; Sonoma. Also in
the Sierra Nevada acc. to Gray. Apr.—May.
79. HETEROTHECA Cass.
_ Tall hairy herbs with alternate leaves and heads of yellow flowers
in a terminal corymbose panicle. Involucre hemispherical or broadly
campanulate, its narrow bracts closely imbricated in many series,
SUNFLOWER FAMILY, 557
without spreading tips. Both ray- and disk-flowers numerous and
fertile. Kay-achenes triangular-compressed; pappus none or cadu-
cous, Disk-achenes compressed, silky-hirsute; pappus double, the
copious inner bristles long, capillary and scabrous, the outer of short
and stout bristles or scales. (Greek heteros, different, and theke, a
cease or ovary, the achenes of disk and ray dissimilar.)
1. H. grandiflora Nutt. Mostly simple below, 2 to 5 ft. high;
peduncles with gland-tipped hairs; leaves ovate, varying to elliptic
or oblong, serrate, the lower and radical long-petioled, the upper
sessile by a rather broad base; heads rather large (4 or 5 lines high);
rays about 30; pappus as long or longer than the achene, in age
brick-red; outer pappus of disk-flowers inconspicuous.
Immigrant from Southern California: San Jose, etc. Aug.—Oct.
80. CHRYSOPSIS El.
Perennial herbs, sometimes suffrutescent, with entire leaves.
Heads medium-sized, solitary or paniculate. Rays present or none.
Involucre campanulate to hemispherical, its bracts narrow and regu-
larly imbricated. Flowers yellow. Style-appendages linear-filiform
to subulate. Achenes compressed or turgid. Pappus brownish or
ferruginous, of numerous capillary bristles, with or without a short
outer row of little scales. 3 (Greek chrusos, golden, and opsis, aspect,
from the color of the blossom.)
Heads with rays; corolla glabrous; outer pappus linear-squamellate: vars.
eee eat a ae a ree re eee Cee ee ee 1. C. villosa.
Heads rayless; corolla sparingly hirsute; outer pappus none. 2. C. Oregana.
1. C. villosa Nutt. var. Bolanderi Gray. Stems low, 3 to 12
in. high, rather stout, several from the woody base; herbage villous-
pubescent and often scabrous, greenish or sometimes silky; leaves
oblong-spatulate, mucronate, narrowed below to a distinct petiole or
the upper sessile and less spatulate, or widest at the middle and
tapering to both ends, mostly 1 in. long; heads 5 to 7 lines high,
leafy-bracted, solitary or few in a corymbose cluster; involucre cam-
panulate or cylindric-campanulate, its bracts lanceolate or subulate,
villous-pubescent, in few ranks; rays 4 to 6 lines long; pappus-
bristles minutely scabrous, in a single row; outer pappus of little
seales; achene silky, } line long.
Dry hillsides or rocky hilltops near the coast: San Bruno Hills;
San Francisco; hills above Wild Cat Creek and northward to the
ocean bluffs of Mendocino Co., where it occurs in typical form.
Sept.
Var. echioides Gray (C. echioides Benth.). Stems rigid, erect, 10
to 16 in. or even 23 ft. high, usually suffrutescent at base; herbage
dense, hirsute-canescent; leaves rigidulous, 4 in. long, the lowermost
longer; involucral bracts hispid-pubescent, the foliose bracts often
hispid-ciliolate; pappus-bristles in a single row; outer pappus consist-
ing of very short little scales, not concealed by the pubescence of the
achene.—Dry ground: Weldon Cafion (Vaca Mountains), Jepson,
558 : COMPOSIT A.
1887, and southward through the San Joaquin Valley and inner
South Coast Ranges to San Diego Co.; also west to Saratoga (Santa
Clara Co.), Davy, 1893. Sept.
Var. sessiliflora Gray (C. sessiliflora Nutt.). Stems few or several
from a woody root, 14 to 2 ft. high, freely branching above, the
heads 4 to 5 lines high and solitary, or 2 or 3 together at the ends of
long branchlets; herbage hispid or villous-canescent or greenish,
somewhat viscid; bracts sparsely hirsute, granulose-glandular; rays 8
or 4 lines long, corolla-tube 4-angled toward the base; slender little
scales of the outer pappus often concealed by the densely villous
hairs clothing the achene.—South Coast Ranges: Saratoga, Davy;
rare within our limits, common southward.
2. C. Oregana Gray. About 2 ft. high, of low bushy habit,
branching freely but the branchlets often long; herbage hirsute with
spreading white hairs but the aspect green; leaves oblong to lanceo-
late, ascending, 3? in. long, the netted veins purple under a lens;
heads few or numerous, naked, the peduncles with 1 or 2 subulate
bracts; bracts linear-lanceolate, in several series; corolla very slender,
sparingly hirsute about the middle or on the lobes only; outer pappus
none; achenes oblong.
Gravelly beds of streams in the Coast Ranges: Los Gatos, East-
wood; Sonoma, Bioletti; Putah Creek, Woolsey and Jepson, the plants
hispid-scabrous, more densely branched, leaves on the branchlets
mostly 3 lines long (doubtless var. scaberrima Gray); South Fork of
Eel River, Lake Co. (in typical form), and northward, the northern
plants typical. Aug.—Sept.
Var. rudis. (C, rudis Greene). Stems 8 to 12 in. high, arising
from a stolon-like rootstock, simple below and bearing above a sub-
corymbose or paniculate cluster of heads; herbage hispid-pubescent
or even canescent; leaves narrowly oblong, varying to lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, cuspidate, the lower more often widest above the
middle, # in. long; involucre nearly or quite equaling the flowers, its
bracts somewhat carinate or 1-nerved.—Sandstone beds of dry
streams: Sulphur Spring Creek, Napa Valley. Sept.—Oct.
81. STENOTUS Nutt.
Suffruticose or shrubby plants with glabrous herbage and evergreen
foliage. Leaves alternate, narrow and entire. Heads large and
broad, on solitary peduncles. Involucre hemispherical, its bracts
little imbricated (in 2 or 8 series), membranous with scarious margins,
closely appressed. Flowers yellow; rays several to many. Achenes
oblong, somewhat compressed, densely villous. Pappus of slender
bristles, permanently white. (Greek stenotes, narrowness, in refer-
ence to the leaves.)
1. S. linearifolius (DC.) Greene. Shrub 2 to 4 ft. high, with
sticky herbage and stout woody branches; branchlets more or less
fastigiate, leafy below, nearly naked above and bearing solitary
heads; heads hemispherical, 1} to 2 in. broad, including the rays;
leaves much crowded or fascicled, linear, narrowed toward the base,
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 5d9
2 to 1} in. long, 1 to 14 lines wide; bracts of the involucre in 2 or
3 rows, all nearly equaling the disk, oblong, acute, greenish, the
inner with broad scarious fimbriolate margins; rays 13 to 18, oblong-
lanceolate; disk-flowers numerous; achenes white-silky; pappus white,
soft and deciduous.—(Aplopappus linearifolius DC.)
Mountain peaks and slopes: South Coast Ranges (Mt. Diablo
southward to San Diego Co.); Sierra Nevada. Mar.—-May.
PyRROCOMA ELATA Greene. Rigid perennial, with mostly radical
leaves; heads in an interrupted spike or narrow panicle; bracts of the
hemispherical involucre with squarrose green tips; achenes closely
costate.—Saline soils, Calistoga and San Jose. Not seen by us.
82. ERICAMERIA Nutt.
Ours low evergreen shrubs or bush-like plants with narrowly
linear or terete often heath-like leaves. Foliage punctate, resin-
bearing. Flowers yellow, the heads in terminal corymbose or cymose
clusters. Rays present or none. Involucre turbinate, its bracts
chartaceous or-coriaceous, regularly imbricated. Achenes more or
less prismatic. Pappus-bristles slender, seabrous, dull white or yel-
lowish, in age reddish. (Name from the resemblance of the minute
evergreen leaves of the first species to Erica.)
Leaves terete, not viscid, imbricated on the short axillary branchlets; rays
‘Dy COMSE PURI ae Sg iets ac ga sey ciel acta tata) thy S) Sag Saris fos @ 1. E. ericoides.
Leaves narrowly linear, becoming filiform; rays none; montane plant. . .
2. E. arborescens.
1, E. ericoides (Less.) Nutt. Low heather-like shrub (1 to 2 ft.
high) with decumbent or ascending main stems and numerous erect
branchlets; leaves linear-terete, 1 to 2 lines long, crowded or fascicled;
heads 3 to 4 lines high, numerous, corymbose-paniculate; bracts of
involucre tomentose-ciliolate, the inner narrowly oblong, acute, the
outermost lanceolate, acuminate; corolla with dilated throat; rays
about 5, 2 lines long; achenes cylindric, striate, glabrous; pappus
dull white, aging slightly brownish.—(Aplopappus ericoides H. & A.)
Sand dunes along the coast: Bolinas Bay; San Francisco; Santa
Cruz and southward. Aug.—Sept.
2. E. arborescens (Gray) Greene. Erect, with fastigiate
branches, 8 to 5 ft. high; leaves numerous on the branches, narrowly
linear, or closely revolute and becoming filiform, resinous-punctate,
1} to 2 in. long; heads 23 to 33 lines high; bracts of the involucre
lanceolate, acute, 2 lines long or less; rays none or rarely present;
achenes canescent, somewhat quadrangular; pappus permanently dull
white, its bristles unequal.—(Bigelovia arborescens Gray.)
Higher Coast Range hills, mostly from 1,000 to 2,000 ft. altitude,
often occurring in chaparral or chamisal: Napa, Sonoma, Marin, and
Contra Costa Ces southward to the Santa Cruz Mountains. Also in
the Sierra Nevada. Sept.—Nov.
83. ISOCOMA Nutt.
Rigid plants, somewhat woody at base, with thickish leaves.
560 COMPOSIT A.
Heads rayless, in a terminal corymbose cluster. Involucral bracts
coriaceous, closely imbricated, the tips herbaceous, but appressed.
Flowers yellow. Corolla-tube slender, the throat ventricose or
obliquely dilated, its segments erect or more or less connivent about
the style. Achenes longitudinally striate or ribbed, the intervals
silky-pubescent or -hirsute. Pappus of numerous unequal bristles,
the inner longest and often distinctly flattened. (Greek isos, equal,
and koma, a tuft, the florets equal, not unequal as in Lessingia. )
1. I. veneta (Gray) var. arguta. Herbage with a rather close and
somewhat glandular indument, the stems villous-tomentose below,
tufted, erect and suffrutescent, 7 to 15 in. high; leaves broadly oblong
in outline, serrate at apex, more deeply toothed at base, sessile, 1. in.
long or less; heads in a dense terminal corymb, 4 to 5 lines high;
bracts of the involucre obtusely acute; achenes 3-angled or somewhat
flattened, pointed at base, rather less than 2 lines long; pappus of
rather rigid and unequal bristles.—(I. arguta Greene. Bigelovia
veneta Gray.)
Subsaline plains of the Lower Sacramento: Morning Light and
base of the Pellejo Hills, Solano Co.
Var. vernonioides (I. vernonioides Nutt). Leaves entire, or
serrulate at apex, and commonly with fascicled ones in the axils:
Southern California; Upper San Joaquin Valley; introduced at
Black Point, San Francisco.
84. SOLIDAGO L. Go.LpEn Rop.
Perennial herbs with alternate leaves. Heads small, the raceme-
like clusters aggregated in a pyramidal or spike-like panicle or
thyrsus, or in one of our species the heads corymbose. Bracts of the
involucre narrow, thin or chartaceous, imbricated in 2 or more series.
Both ray- and disk-flowers yellow. Pappus a single series of scabrous
and mostly equal capillary bristles, usually dull white. Achenes
terete or angular, 5 to 10-nerved. (Latin solidus and ago, to unite
firmly, certain species reputed to have wound-healing properties.)
Stems freely branching, the flower-clusters more or less distinctly corym-
bose; leaves linear, entire, . ox vss 3 meee ee Es 1. S. occidentalis.
Stems simple; the flowers cuspored in a terminal panicle.
Heads small (14 to 3 lines high).
Panicle mostly pyramidal; leaves serrate or entire.
Herbage grayish. . .. .. ee eee ee .2. 8. Californica.
Herbage nearly glabrous... .......-....4 3. S. elongata.
Panicle narrow and virgate; herbage glabrous; leaves entire. .....
4. S. sempervirens.
Heads larger (4 lines high); heads in a spike-like thyrsus; lower leaves
spatulate, serrate towards the apex .. . .. .5. S. spathulata.
1. S. occidentalis Nutt. Waesrern GoLpEN Rop. Stems 3 to
5 ft. high, very leafy, freely and paniculately branching, the branches
terminated by more or less distinctly corymbose clusters of small
heads; herbage glabrous; leaves linear or nearly so, entire, sprinkled
with clear dots; heads 2 to 2} lines high; bracts of involucre charta-
ceous, linear-lanceolate; rays 16 to 20; disk-flowers 8 to 14; achenes
turbinate.—(Euthamia occidentalis Nutt. )
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 561
Marshes, stream beds and river banks: Sierra Nevada; Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin Valley; Coast Ranges; Southern California.
Aug.-Oct.
2, S. Californica Nutt. Common GoLtpen Rop. Stem simple
below the terminal panicle, 2 to 4 ft. high; herbage grayish with a
minute rough pubescence; leaves oblong, acute at apex and tapering
below into a short petiole, the lower varying to oblong-obovate and
serrate, the upper smaller, narrow and entire; panicle usually com-
pact, dense, not leafy, 4 to 13 in. long, made up of raceme-like clus-
ters (or when elongated, secund), seldom recurved at tip, sometimes
spreading in age; heads 2} to 34 lines long; bracts of the involucre
oblong-linear or lanceolate, somewhat pubescent; rays 7 to 12, pale
yellow, about as many as the disk-flowers; achenes pubescent.
Common on dry plains and hillsides or in the mountains through-
out California. Sept.-Nov. ‘‘Orojo de Leabre’’ of the Spanish-
Californians.
3. S. elongata Nutt. Stem about 3 ft. high; very leafy; leaves
almost or quite glabrous, often bright green, oblanceolate, narrowed
to a distinct petiole, broadly oblanceolate, sharply serrate, except at
base, or entire; panicle dense, thyrse-like, the heads little if at all
secund in the raceme-like clusters; heads small, 2 lines high or less;
bracts of the involucre thin, linear; rays 10 to 16, narrow, usually
more numerous than the disk-flowers.
San Francisco, Monterey, and doubtless elsewhere near the coast;
Sierra Nevada. July-Aug.
4. S. sempervirens L. One to 3 ft. high or more, leafy to the
top; herbage bright green, completely glabrous; leaves lanceolate or
linear, somewhat firm and fleshy, the lowest varying to oblong-
spatulate, all entire; heads 2 to 3 lines high, the raceme-like clusters
collected in a dense narrow virgate panicle; bracts of involucre lan-
ceolate or linear-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, scabrous-ciliolate; rays
7 to 10, large; achenes minutely pubescent.
Salt marshes, San Francisco Bay, Bolander. Rarely collected.
5. S. spathulata DC. Coast GotpEN Rop. Stems 15 to 18 in.
high, branched at base, decumbent, thickly clothed with broad leaf
bases; herbage glabrous, slightly glutinous; leaves mostly basal,
spatulate, rounded at apex, narrowed to a long marginal petiole, more
or less serrate above the middle; heads 4 lines high, almost or quite
as broad, the clusters aggregated in a single spike-like thyrsus ter-
minating the simple stems; bracts of the involucre linear-oblong to
oblong; rays about 7 or 8, inconspicuous, shorter than the disk; disk-
flowers about 14 to 16. a
Sandy hills near the coast: Point Reyes; Point Lobos; Mission
Hills; Pajaro Hills and southward to Monterey where first collected
by Henke in 1791.
85. LESSINGIA Cham.
Annuals with alternate leaves, branching stems and commonly
88
562 COMPOSIT As.
panicled heads of yellow, purplish, lilac or white flowers. Heads
rather small, campanulate to turbinate, usually narrow, 5 to 25-
flowered. Bracts of the involucre imbricated in several appressed
ranks. Receptacle flat. Flowers perfect. Oorollas with linear
lobes, or those of the marginal rows enlarged, more deeply cleft
on the inside, and simulating a palmately lobed ligule. Achenes
all fertile, turbinate or cuneate, more or less flattened, silky-villous.
Pappus commonly of numerous unequal scabrous bristles, usually
turning reddish brown. (Named for the Lessings, German family
of scientists and authors.)
A. Flowers yellow; marginal corollas conspicuously larger; achenes
flattened, 2 to 3-nerved.
Leaves of the branchlets scattered, not gland-bearing; seaboard species. .
1. L. Germanorum.
Leaves of the branchlets small and crowded, the margin gland-bearing;
mainly interior species, as all the following . .2. L. glandulifera.
B. Flowers purplish, lilac or white; corollas all alike or nearly so; achenes
less flattened, 4 to 5-nerved.
Erect slender freely branching plants.
Eapuus of slender bristles.
ool deciduous in age.
Corollas short.
Heads terminating slender branchlets. . .3. L. ramulosa.
Heads more or less spicately sessile. . .4. L. virgata.
Corollas conspicuously exserted . . 5. L. leptoclada.
Wool more persistent in age.......... (16) L. hololeuca.
nappue of paleaceous bristles, some commonly more or less united; upper
eaves Ciliate-glandular........-....-+.. 7. L. adenophora.
Depressed dwarfish plants; inner bracts of involucre pearly white and
conspicuously awn-pointed.. .. . 8 L. nana.
1. L. Germanorum Cham. Low, diffusely branched, 4 to 8 in.
high; herbage with appressed white tomentum, wholly glabrate in
age, at least on the branches; lowest leaves pinnatifid, those of the
branchlets scattered, oblanceolate or linear and mostly entire; heads
21 to 25-flowered; involucre hemispherical, its bracts not glandular,
with greenish tips or the outer wholly greenish; pappus-bristles about
35, 1 to 1} times as long as the achene.
Sandy hills along the coast: San Francisco, etc. Sept.—Oct.
2. L. glandulifera Gray. Stem erect, stoutish, paniculately very
much branched, 1} to 3 ft. high; leaves ovate or oblanceolate, toothed
or cleft, persistently woolly, those of the branchlets numerous and
even crowded, green, minute, with the margin bearing yellowish
glands; involucre campanulate, its bracts more or less gland-bearing;
heads 18 to 38-flowered; pappus-bristles of disk-flowers as long as
corolla, about 35; pappus-bristles of ray shorter than corolla.
Plains of the lower San Joaquin Valley (Lathrop) to Southern
California. Aug.—Sept.
8. L. ramulosa Gray. Stems slender, 1 to 1} ft. high, loosely
branching, granulose-glandular above or with minute tack-shaped
glands; lowest leaves spatulate or oblong, denticulate or entire; upper
lanceolute, mostly entire, those of the branchlets with partly clasp-
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 563
ing base; heads 7 to 8-flowered, 8 or 4 lines long, terminating diffuse
slender branchlets; involucre turbinate or campanulate, 10 to 20 or
25-flowered; corollas short, purple; pappus-bristles longer than the
achene, 20 or more, sometimes more or less coalescent at base into sets.
Dry hills of the North Coast Ranges: Mt. Tamalpais; Cordelia;
Howell Mountain and northward. Sept.
4. L. virgata Gray. Stem and virgate branches rigid; herbage
more densely woolly; upper leaves appressed, concave, carinately
nerved; heads solitary and sessile in the axil of a leaf of nearly the
same length, thus forming a somewhat spicate inflorescence; involucre
cylindrical, woolly, 5 to 7-flowered.
Plains of the Sacramento.
5. L. leptoclada Gray. Simple below, branching above, 2 ft.
high; lower leaves denticulate, those of the branchlets ovate or
lanceolate with somewhat sagittately adnate base; branchlets virgate
and almost filiform, bearing few or solitary heads; involucre turbinate;
bracts in many ranks, greenish at tip and cuspidate; corollas con-
spicuously exserted.
San Mateo Co., and northward.
6. L. holoteuca Greene. Stem erect, with rigidly ascending
branches, nearly 2 ft. high, the whole plant even to the involucres
white-tomentose; leaves all entire, the basal ones spatulate and
narrowed to a long petiole; cauline leaves oblong or ovate, sessile
and almost cordately clasping; rameal ones small; all the leaves and
the bracts of the involucre ending in a short spinescent tip; heads
turbinate; corollas red-purple; pappus-bristles rufous.
Low hills of Sonoma Co., Greene. Too near L. ramulosa.
7. L. adenophora Greene. Repeatedly branched from the base,
forming a densely bushy plant 1 ft. high or a little more; lower
leaves round-ovate to obiong, somewhat cordately sessile, densely
woolly above, glabrate beneath; margins of the leaves (particularly
of the upper) densely beset with small stipitate glands; heads numer-
ous, 7 to 10-flowered, on filiform branchlets; bracts of the narrowly
campanulate or almost cylindrical involucres very acute, suberect,
more or less glandular like the leaves, the inner chartaceous, purplish,
bristle-pointed; corollas red-purple; pappus-bristles united into 4 to 7
paleaceous sets, each set composed of a single stout bristle or of 2 or 3
bristles, united for nearly their whole length, or only at base.
Mountains of the North Coast Ranges: northern Napa Co.; Lake
Co.; Colusa Co., acc. to Gray. July—Aug.
8. L. nana Gray. Depressed, dwarfish, the whole plant densely
tomentose with thick wool; stems 2 to 4 in. long, flowering from near
the ground; heads 10 to 12-flowered and nearly 3 in. long, subtended
by oblong or lanceolate leaves; outer bracts of involucre linear-
lanceolate, somewhat herbaceous; inner bracts pearly white, tapering
into a long awn which conspicuously equals or exceeds the flowers
and the dark red pappus; achenes very short and turgid.
Sandy plains and foothills on the eastern side of the Sacramento
and San Joaquin Valleys. Aug.
564 COMPOSITAE.
86. BELLIS L. Daisy.
Low herbs with (in ours) radical leaves and solitary heads on scape-
like peduncles. Disk yellow. Rays white, or tinged with pink. In-
volucre hemispherical, its bracts wholly herbaceous and green, equal,
in 2 rows. Receptacle conical, destitute of bracts. Achenes flat-
tened, without pappus. (Latin bellus, pretty.)
1. B. perennis L. Tufted perennial; leaves obovate, sparingly
toothed, narrowed at base to a margined petiole, 1 to 1} in. long;
peduncle about 4 in. high; rays about 50,
An occasional escape from gardens: Berkeley; Mill Valley.
87. CORETHROGYNE DC.
Perennial herbs, some resembling Lessingia, others Aster, but
flowering in late spring orsummer. Herbage whitened when young
with a cotton-like tomentum, which is often deciduous in age.
Heads solitary or corymbose or paniculate. Involucre hemispherical
to turbinate, imbricated. Receptacle pitted. Ray-corollas ligulate,
neutral. Style-appendages comose or with a bearded tuft. Achenes
silky or pubescent. Pappus reddish brown, of rigid capillary bristles,
present in the disk, reduced or none in the ray. (Greek korethron,
besom, and gune, style, on account of the brush-like tuft of hairs on
the style tips.)
Stem erect or ascending.
Head sin. a. PaNiclens s. 6 4 ok A eo ak pe 1. C. filaginifolia.
Heads on long corymbosely disposed peduncles. . . . 2. C. viscidula.
Stems decumbent or prostrate; heads mostly solitary. . .3. C. Californica.
1. C. filaginifolia Nutt. Two ft. high or more; tomentum
floccose-deciduous; lower leaves 2} in. long, oblong-spatulate, nar-
rowed to a slender petiole, passing into the upper small bract-like
sessile ones, sparingly serrate towards the apex; heads turbinate-
campanulate, 4 lines high, solitary and terminal on the branches or
more numerous and loosely paniculate; rays violet.
Common at Monterey.
C. LEUCOPHYLLA Menzies. Small depressed persistently white-
woolly plant; leaves numerous on the stems, 4 in. long or less.—
Sand dunes at Monterey.
2. C. viscidula Greene. Slender, loosely corymbose-panicled,
18 to 17 in. high; herbage hoary when young, becoming green and
more or less glabrate; stems and both surfaces of the leaves glandular-
scabrous; leaves oblanceolate, acute, serrulate, reticulate-venulose;
heads 5 or 6 lines high, on rather long corymbosely disposed pedun-
cles, these with short-stipitate glands; involucre hemispherical, its
bracts rather strongly imbricated and also viscid-glandular; pappus
light brown.
Monterey, Parry, 1888; Corallitos (Santa Cruz Co.), Jepson, 1896.
Var. Greenei (C. Californica Greene not DC.). Lanate or floccose
tomentose, in age more or less glabrate, the peduncles and involucres
glandular, the former with some stipitate glands as in the type; stems
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 565
tufted, erect or ascending, 1 ft. high; leaves spatulate-oblong or above
linear, entire or serrate towards the apex, 1 to 1} in. long; rays
violet-purple; pappus rusty-brown. ;
Dry cafions of Contra Costa and Alameda Cos.: Niles, etc. June—
Aug. The species is greener and more obviously ‘glandular-
scabrous.’’ The ‘‘reticulate-venulose’’ character assigned to the
species can be made out beneath the tomentum in some specimens
of the variety.
3. C. Californica DC. Plant white-woolly, with solitary heads
on scape-like peduncles from prostrate or decumbent almost matted
stems; involucre and summit of peduncle yiscidulous-glandular;
leaves spatulate or obovate, narrowed to a distinct petiole, entire or
serrate towards the apex, 2 in. long or less; heads 4 or 5 lines high,
6 or 7 lines broad; rays deep purple; involucres and rays similar to
the last.—(C. cespitosa Greene.)
Crystal Springs, San Mateo Co., the only locality known to us.
Apr. 15-June.
Var. obovata (C. obovata Benth.). Stems decumbent, 1 to 2 ft.
long; herbage tomentose; leaves obovate-spatulate, toothed near the
apex; heads 6 to 7 lines high, sometimes nearly 1 in. broad, inclined
to be solitary; involucres glandular; rays purple; pappus of ray of
1 or 2 to 6 bristles; pappus of disk-flowers about 85 bristles, the
longest 3} lines long.—Near the sea from Pt. Reyes and Bodega
(Marin Co.) to Mendocino. July—Aug.
88. ASTER L. Aster.
Late-estival or autumnal herbs, with paniculate, corymbose, or
racemose heads. Heads usually numerous. Involucres turbinate or
campanulate to hemispherical, the bracts imbricated in several ranks,
with green tips. Disk-flowers yellow, changing to purple or brown.
Receptacle flat, pitted. Pappus copious, of simple capillary bristles.
(Greek astere, a star, from the star-like heads of flowers.)
Perennial; rays conspicuous.
Inflorescence corymbose; leaves (at least some) elliptic-obovate. .... .
1, A. radulinus.
Inflorescence paniculate or racemose; leaves linear to lanceolate.
Inflorescence mostly condensed, the heads on very short branchlets;
herbage cinerous (and the pubescence harsher than in the next) or
almost glabrous; leaves purple-veined beneath. . .2. A. Menziesii.
Inflorescence mostly loose, the heads or clusters of heads on long
branchlets; herbage hirsute or villous-pubescent, or glabrous. . .
F ‘i Fi ; 3 3. A. Chilensis.
Annual or biennial; inflorescence paniculate; rays inconspicuous. .
4.
. A: exilis.
1. A. radulinus Gray. Broap-LEAVED ASTER. Five to 18in.,
seldom 2 ft. high, seabrous-pubescent; leaves oval-obovate to oblong, 4
in. long or less, sharply serrate above the entire (often attenuate) base;
heads mostly numerous (sometimes very few), corymbose, 5 to 6 lines
high; involucre turbinate; bracts imbricated, the outer shorter,
villous-puberulent; rays whitish, 3 to 5 lines long.
Dry hills, rather common: Monterey, acc. to Gray; Saratoga; Oak-
566 COMPOSIT.
land Hills; Petrified Forest; Vaca Mountains; Blue Lakes, Lake Co.;
Sierra Nevada. July-Sept.
2. A. Menziesii Lindl. Purpie Aster. Stems simple, com-
monly several from the woody root, 14 to 2 ft. high; herbage cinerous
or almost glabrous, the foliage rough-pubescent; leaves linear to
lanceolate, 1 to 23 in. long, purple-veined beneath, remotely serrate
or entire, sessile, subcordate at base, those of the raceme or thyrsoid
panicle much reduced, so that the inflorescence seems almost naked;
heads 3 to 5 lines high on rigid erect branchlets; involucre hemis-
pherical or broadly turbinate, the bracts linear-spatulate in several
closely imbricated ranks, the green tips obtuse; rays violet or purple.
Low dry ground: Vacaville and southward to Southern California.
Sept.-Nov. Apparently rare in our region.
3. A. Chilensis Nees. Common Aster. Two to 34 ft. high,
villous-pubescent or more or less glabrous; leaves lanceolate, sessile,
5 in. long or less, entire, above passing gradually into the bract-like
ones of the inflorescence, the radical oblong-spatulate, remotely
serrate and attenuate into a petiole, all commonly with scabrous-
ciliolate margins; panicle of loose leafy racemes 6 in. long or more;
heads 4 to 5 lines high; involucral bracts in several series, somewhat
carinate, with green tips; rays white, lavender, or bluish, 4 to 6
lines long.
Wooded hillsides, dry banks of gulches or streams, or in moist
situations in fields: the most common species of the Bay Region.
Sept._Nov. Passing on the one hand into the
Var. lentus (A. lentus Greene). Slender, 4 to 6 ft. high, slightly
succulent, mostly glabrous; heads few and large; rays 7 to 9 lines
long.—Very common and conspicuous in the Suisun Marshes.
A form abundant on the Lower Sacramento River has linear-falcate
leaves (9 in. long or less), and mostly solitary rather large heads.
Referred provisionally to A. Douglasii Lindl. in Erythea, i. 244. On
the other hand the following varieties have smaller and fewer (some-
times solitary) heads with shorter rays than in the type, with the
inflorescence disposed to be more cymose; leaves of the inflorescence
mainly much reduced and the transition to the ordinary leaves more
abrupt.
Var. media. Branchlets of the inflorescence rather divaricate,
with many spatulate-oblong or oblong-lanceolate spreading leaves 2
to 8 lines long; heads few, those on the same branchlets maturing at
very unequal periods.—Lower Sacramento, Jepson, and Saratoga,
Davy. A, form from Evergreen, Santa Clara Co., Davy, Sept. 26,
1893, in fl., doubtfully referred here, has a very. leafy stem, similar
branchlets, leaves 6 to 7 in. long, large solitary heads, and the bracts
of the involucre in few ranks.
Var. invenustus (A. invenustus Greene). Herbage cinereous-
pubescent; upper leaves and those of the inflorescence small; involu-
cral bracts spatulate-linear, thickish, obtuse, in rather few ranks,
almost wholly herbaceous; rays dull purplish.—Local form at Calis-
toga, Greene.
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 567
Var. Sonomensis (A. Sonomensis Greene). Scarcely distinct
from the preceding variety; slender, 1 ft. high, more glabrous; leaves
mainly radical, oblong-spatulate, attenuate into a petiole 4 to as long
as the blade, remotely serrate; cauline much reduced, sometimes
petioled, linear to lanceolate, those of the cymose panicle subulate-
lanceolate and closely ascending; heads solitary or few at the ends of
the strict branchlets; rays light pink to bright purple.—Subsaline
lands: Petaluma, Davy; Napa, Jepson.
4. A. exilis Ell. SLteyper Aster. Erect, slender, glabrous,
mostly with a rather narrow panicle; leaves linear, 2 to 4 in. long
and 1 to 2 lines wide, or rarely some of the lower oblanceolate or
oblong and 2 to 4 lines wide, entire, rarely serrate, those of the inflo-
rescence lanceolate-subulate; heads 2 to 3 lines high; bracts linear,
acute, herbaceous, scarious-margined; rays light pinkish purple, 2
lines long; pappus fine and soft.
Saline soil, not common: Tyler Island and New Town Landing
(Lower Sacramento); Stockton; Alvarado. Sept.—Oct.
89. ERIGERON L, FLeapane.
Perennial or biennial herbs with entire or toothed generally sessile
leaves, and solitary or corymbose heads. Disk-flowers yellow; ray-
flowers exceedingly numerous, pistillate, white or purple, the ligules
almost filiform, or in some species wholly destitute of rays. Involu-
cral bracts narrow, equal, little imbricated, seldom coriaceous or
green-tipped. Receptacle flat or convex, naked. Achenes flattened,
usually pubescent and nerved. Pappus more scanty and fragile than
in Aster, often with a distinct short outer series. (Greek eri, early,
and geron, an old man, ‘‘old man in spring.’’)
A. Rays present.
Annual; heads with inconspicuous rays not surpassing the disk. ....
1, E. Canadensis.
Perennials.
Rays numerous, often 100 or more.
Leaves mostly entire; stem very leafy at base, the cauline leaves much
reduced; maritime.........., r .2. E. sa
Leaves serrate, the cauline less reduced........ 3. E. Philadelphicus.
Rays conspicuous, about 30 to 40; stems very leafy; leaves linear or nar-
rowly oblanceolate... .......... s... 4 #. foliosus.
Rays filiform, comparatively few and inconspicuous; spares y leafy; leaves
filiform: 0 ine . 3 . do E, Setchellii.
B. Rays none.
Perennials; leaves parrow and less than 1 (or 2) in. long.
Stems decumbent; heads large, 6 to 8linesbroad.. .6: EL. supplex.
Stems erect; heads smaller, 4 to6 lines broad. P
Herbage glabrous; leaves filiform or narrowly linear. .......
7. E. angustatus.
Herbage yellowish green; leaves linear ..... . .8. E. inornatus.
Herbage canescent or rough-pubescent; leaves linear to oblong, often
narrowed at base. ey 5 . 9. EB. miser.
1. E. Canadensis L. HorsewerEp. Stems simple, erect, 2 to 5
ft. high; herbage hispid with scattered hairs or nearly glabrous,
568 COMPOSIT.
especially above; leaves linear to lanceolate, the lowest spatulate or
narrowed to a petiole, 2 to 3 in. long; heads small (1} to 2 lines high),
very numerous in a dense panicle; rays very short and inconspicuous,
white.
A naturalized weed very common in waste or half-cultivated lands,
in late summer or autumn: North Coast Ranges and the Sacramento
Valley southward to Southern California.
2. E. glaucus Ker. Srasrpe Daisy. Flowering stems erect, 4
to 8 (or 10) in. high, commonly one-headed, arising from a radical
tuft of leaves crowning the fleshy caudex and often, also, from
rosulate offsets terminating prostrate woody branches; stems pilose-
pubescent, leaves finely puberulent, heads somewhat tomentose;
leaves spatulate, obovate, entire, rarely with a small tooth on either
side below the apex, 1 to 4 in. long; upper cauline small and scat-
tered; heads large, 14 in. in diameter including the numerous rather
broad lilac and violet rays.
Common on cliffs or sandy shores, near the sea only: coast of Cali-
fornia. July-Aug.
3. E. Philadelphicus L. Skevish. Stem simple, 2 to 3 ft. high,
branched only at or near the summit; herbage hispidly pubescent;
leaves spatulate or obovate, serrate or coarsely few-toothed, the radical
(including the long margined petioles) 5 to 11 in. long, the cauline
with auriculate clasping base, 3 in. long, more or less; heads corym-
bose, commonly on rather long peduncles, 3 to 1 in. in diameter; ravs
white or pink, numerous, narrow.
Along streamlets and by springy places in the hills and valleys:
Coast Ranges and Sierra Nevada. Apr.—May.
4. E. foliosus Nutt. Stems many from the base, erect, simple,
corymbosely branching above, 1 to 12 ft. high; leaves crowded on the
stems, conspicuously reduced only on the branches of the inflores-
cence, scabrous-hispidulous, linear or lanceolate, 3 to 1} in. long, 1 to
2 lines wide; heads rather few in an open terminal corymb, hemis-
pherical, 10 to 11 lines broad, including the violet rays; rays about
30 to 40, 1 line wide; pappus coarse and rather short.
Common in the hill country: Marin Co. to the San Francisco
a Leona (Alameda Co.), Mt. Diablo and southward. June-
ug.
5. E. Setchellii. Stems smooth, 1} to 2 ft. high; herbage bright
green, very brittle; leaves filiform, less than 1 in. long, muriculate-
scabrous; heads hemispherical, 4 lines high, disposed in a rather
broad proliferous corymb with a few subulate bracts at base; involucre
inconspicuous, the subulate or lanceolate bracts unequal, the outer
rough-hispid; rays light blue, about 25, filiform, 2 lines long; achenes
glabrous.
Arid plains of the Lower San Joaquin, June 27, 1896, Setc/ell and
Jepson.
6. E. supplex Gray. Stems decumbent or ascending, 4 to 8 in.
high, terminated by a single broad short-peduncled head 4 to 6 lines
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 569
high; herbage sparingly hirsute-pubescent or almost glabrous, the
involucre canescently hirsute; leaves oblong-spatulate to linear-
lanceolate, 1 to 2 in. long; bracts of involucre equal, linear-lanceolate.
North Coast Ranges, rarely collected and apparently maritime:
Gualala, Sonoma Co., Bioletti; Mendocino City, Bolander, no. 6484.
7. E. angustatus Greene. Stems several or many from a woody
crown, 13 to 18 in. high; herbage glabrous throughout; leaves nar-
rowly linear or filiform; heads solitary or in a corymbose panicle,
subtended by a few subulate bracts; involucres turbinate, slightly
glandular; achenes somewhat pubescent, much compressed and with
areddish thickened callous-margin.—(E. inornatus Gray var. angus-
tatus Gray.)
Dry hills of the Coast Ranges: Mt. St. Helena (whence Greene’s
type); Epperson’s, Lake Co.; first collected by Harford in Calaveras
Valley, Alameda Co., 1878; depauperate forms 4 to 6 in. high with
one-headed stems occur in Marin Co. on Mt. Tamalpais and at El
Campo.
8. E. inornatus Gray. Prye Ericeron. Stems simple, more or
less clustered, 2 ft. high; herbage yellowish green, hispidly pubescent
or glabrous; leaves’ linear, 1 to 2} in. long; heads 3 to 4 lines high,
10 to 20 in a depressed corymb; involucre campanulate; bracts une-
qual and somewhat imbricated.
Mountain ridges, common under Yellow Pine: North Coast Ranges
Cobb Mt., Lake Co., within a few miles of the Sonoma line); Sierra
evada. July-Aug. Var. viscipuULUs Gray. Lower, minutely
and densely viscid-glandular; heads large and few.—Specimens from
Gualala, Sonoma Co., are said to be this.
Var. Biolettii. Two ft. high, scabrous-puberulent; leaves oblan-
ceolate, the margins obscurely hispid-ciliate.—E. Biolettii Greene, as
to plants of Howell Mt.; the Hood’s Peak plant not seen by us.
Forms grading into the next are to be expected.
9. E. miser Gray. Stems in a rather close tuft on a short woody
caudex, very leafy; herbage canescently hirsute; leaves linear-oblong,
or cuneately narrowed towards the base, less than 1 in. long; heads 4
lines high, few in a rather close corymb; involucre campanulate, the
bracts imbricated.
Rocky summits of the Coast Ranges from Mt. Hamilton and Wild
Cat Creek to Mt. Tamalpais and Mt. St. Helena. July—Aug.
90. BACCHARIS L.
Perennials, ours shrubs excepting one, commonly resinous or gluti-
nous. Heads many-flowered. Involucre imbricated. Flowers
whitish or yellowish, diccious. Staminate flowers with tubular
corolla slightly dilated at the throat, the limb cleft into 5 linear
lobes; ovary abortive; style present. Corolla of the pistillate flowers
very slender and thread-like, obscurely toothed at apex, the teeth
erect, not spreading. Pappus of capillary bristles in the sterile plant
scanty and tortuous; in the fertile very long and copious. (The god
Bacchus. )
570 COMPOSITE.
Evergreen shrubs.
Leaves obovate or cuneiform... + oa ee ee 1. B. pilularis.
Leaves lanceolate, willow-like........ - 4 « 2, B. viminea.
Herbaceous perennial; herbage very glutinous . ....3. B. Douglasit.
1. B. pilularis DC. Shrub, 2 to 5 ft. high; branchlets angular;
leaves sessile; obovate or cuneiform, 4 to 1 in. long, coarsely or
sinuately few-toothed, or occasionally entire; heads 2 or 38 in the axils
or several in a terminal cluster, short-cylindrical or ovoid, 2 or 3
lines long, the outer bracts broadly, the inner narrowly oblong, some-
times denticulate at apex; pappus of the pistillate flowers becoming
4 or 5 lines long, that of the staminate flowers dilated at apex into a
lanceolate appendage. :
Common in the Coast Ranges on low hills, high mountain slopes, or
on the coast sand dunes (especially in a prostrate form), frequently
gregarious: Southern California; Monterey; San Francisco; Alameda;
Oakland Hills; Vaca Mountains.
2. B. viminea DC. Muuz Far. Distinctly shrubby, the stems
loosely branching, very leafy, 5 to 7 ft. high; branches striate-angled;
herbage scarcely glutinous; leaves lanceolate, acute at both ends,
entire or sparingly denticulate, 1 to 3 in. long, very willow-like;
heads 2 to 8 lines high, rather numerous in terminal corymbs or the
clusters on short lateral branches and somewhat racemose; bracts of
the involucre very thin, chartaceous, broadly lanceolate or the outer
ones ovate, with scarious margins, erose and mostly villous-ciliate;
receptacle flat; pappus of the fertile flowers of smooth bristles.
Stream-beds from the Feather River and Putah Creek to Napa
Valley and southward through the Coast Ranges. July—Aug.
8. B. Douglasii DC. Stems suffrutescent at base, 4 to 5 ft. high,
simple up to the terminal corymb; herbage very glutinous; leaves
lanceolate and very acute, or the lower ovate-lanceolate, 8 to 4 in.
long, serrulate, almost entire; heads numerous in a terminal com-
pound almost naked corymb; bracts of the involucre linear or lanceo-
late-linear with greenish center, the scarious margins erose-ciliate;
receptacle broadly conical; pappus of pistillate flower short and soft,
of the staminate clavellate at summit.
Moist lowlands: abundant in the salt marshes about San Francisco
Bay, thence southward to Southern California.
Tripe 11. Eupatorieze. Euparory TRIBE.
91. TRICHOCORONIS Gray.
Slender herb, the stems branching, weak or at base creeping.
Leaves opposite, sessile. Flowers flesh-color, in slender peduncled
heads terminating the branches. Receptacle convex, naked. Bracts
of the involucre herbaceous or somewhat membranous, equal and
nerveless, 12 to 18. Corolla abruptly much dilated above the narrow
tube. Pappus of many small or minute palez and awns, forming a
sort of crown. (Greek trichos, hair, and koronis, top.)
SUNFLOWER FAMILY. 571
1. T. Wrightii Gray. Annual; stems assurgent, 6 to 9 in. high;
leaves oblong or linear-lanceolate, remotely serrate or entire, auricled
at base, # in. Pat or less; heads 2 to 23 lines broad; achenes 4-angled,
the angles hispidulous toward the summit; pappus of 4 barbellate
bristles with an equal number of intervening but very small fimbriate
paleze.—(Biolettia riparia Greene. )
Lower San Joaquin River. Sept.
92. COLEOSANTHUS Cass. BrickELuia.
Perennial herbs or suffrutescent plants with alternate petioled
leaves and white or whitish flowers in terminal or subterminal
clusters of narrow heads. Involucre imbricated, its bracts striately-
nerved. Receptacle naked. Corolla slender, 5-toothed. Achenes
with 10 nerves or ribs. Pappus of numerous scabrous or barbellate
capillary bristles mostly in a single series. (Greek koleos, sheath,
and anthos, flower.)
1. C. Californicus (T. & G.) O. Ktze. Stems many from the
shrubby base, virgate or paniculately branching, 2 to 3 ft. high;
leaves roundish or triangular-ovate, 3-ribbed and roughish, somewhat
irregularly serrate, 24 in. long or less; heads spicate or racemose
along the leafy branches, 5 or 6 lines long, 10 to 15-flowered, often
more or less nodding; bracts of the involucre, especially the inner,
with thin obtuse straight tips.—(Brickellia Californica T. & G.)
Gravelly stream beds of the Coast Ranges, especially toward the
interior: Mendocino Co.; Calistoga; Vaca Mountains and southward
to Southern California.
GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL, TOPOGRAPH-
ICAL, AND ECOLOGICAL TERMS.
Acaulescent, apparently stemless,
the leaves borne at the surface
of the ground and the flowers
sessile or borne on a scape.
(See Caulescent.)
Accessory, something additional.
Acerescent, increasing in size or
length with age, as the calyx
or pedicel after flowering.
Acerose, needle-shaped, like Pine
leaves.
Achene, a dry indehiscent 1-seeded
fruit.
Acorn, nut of the Oak.
Acuminate, tapering gradually to
the apex.
Acute, with a sharp point.
Adherent, growing fast to or
united with another body.
Adnate, growing fast to; literally,
born united to another body.
Alternate leaves or branches, only
one from each node.
Ament, a catkin or scaly spike,
as in the Oaks or Alders.
Amplexicaul leaf, a sessile leaf
with the base of the blade clasp-
ing the stem.
Anastomosing, said of veins,
nerves or similar structures
which run into each other or
branch and tend to form a net-
work.
Andro-diecious, having flowers
on one plant staminate, on
another perfect.
Andrecium, name for the whorl
of stamens of a flower.
Androgynous, having both stami-
nate and pistillate flowers in
the same cluster.
(572)
Andro-monecious, having perfect
and staminate flowers on the
same plant.
Annual, flowering and fruiting in
the first year or season and
then dying.
Anterior, the side in front; in an
axillary flower, the side away
from the axis; inferior.
«nther, the sac or sacs containing
the pollen, the essential part of
the stamen.
Antheroid, having something of
the nature of an anther.
Anthesis, the period during which
a flower is expanded, the
stigma receptive and the an-
thers shedding pollen.
Apetalous, without petals.
Apiculate, ending in a short-
pointed tip.
Appendage, any supplementary
or superadded part.
Appressed, flattened or pressed
against another body but not
united with it; hairs lying
flat on leaves are appressed.
Aquatic, living or growing in
water; an ‘‘aquatic plant’’
may be wholly submersed or
with only the base in water.
Areola, an area with a distinct or
raised boundary, the spaces be-
tween the reticulations or veins:
in Composite the disk or circle
at the summit of the achene
where sat the corolla.
Aril, an appendage of a seed
growing at or about the hilum
or summit of the funiculus.
Arillate, furnished with an aril.
GLOSSARY.
Avistate, farnished with an arista
or awn, like the beard or
bristle of Barley.
Articulated, jointed or furnished
with joints, where the stem
separates or is inclined to do so.
Ascending, rising gradually up-
wards.
Auriculate, with ear-like lobes at
the base.
Awn, bristle or beard of Barley.
Awned, provided with a Barley-
like bristle.
Acil, the angle between a leaf
and stem.
Avile placenta, a placenta borne
on the axis of the ovary or
fruit.
Avillary, borne or oceurring in
an axil.
Awis, the stem or longitudinal or
central support on which parts
or organs are arranged; a cen-
tral line.
Baccate, of the nature of a berry,
berry-like or pulpy.
Banner, the upper petal in a
papilionaceous, or pea, flower.
Barbellate, bearing minute barb-
like protuberances.
Bay Region, the area embraced
by the counties bordering on
San Francisco, San Pablo and
Suisun Bays.
Berry, a fleshy indehiscent fruit,
formed from u single superior
or inferior ovary.
Bi-, a prefix to Latin words,
two or twice.
Bifid, 2-cleft to the middle or
thereabouts.
Bilabiate, a synsepalous calyx
or sympetalous corolla cleft
into two divisions: an upper
(superior or posterior) lip; and
a lower (inferior or anterior)
lip; 2-lipped as the corolla of
Sage or of Mimulus.
Bipinnate, twice pinnate.
573
Bladdery, thin and inflated.
Blade, the flat expanded portion
of a leaf; said also of the broad
portion of a petal, especially
when it possesses a petiole-like
base or claw.
Bloom, said when leaves and
fruit are whitened with a fine
powder or dust.
Bract, the modified leaves of a
flower-cluster; in Graminez, the
modified leaves subtending a
spikelet; leafy-bracted, in Com-
posite, with accessory or foliose
bracts to the head outside the
involucre.
Bracteal, of the nature of a
bract.
Bracteate, possessing or bearing
bracts.
Bractlet, the small modified leaf
subtending a flower or inserted
on the pedicel; in Graminez
the lower of the two modified
leaves subtending an individ-
ual flower.
Caducous, dropping off very early
as compared with other parts;
the calyx in the California
Poppy falls when the flower
opens.
Cespitose, said of stems when
borne on the same stock in a
close tuft.
Calicine, simulating a calyx or
whorl of sepals.
Calyculate, said of the short
bracts at the base of the proper
bracts of the involucre in Com-
posite imitating an exterior in-
volucre.
Calyx, the outer, usually green,
whorl of the flower.
Campanulate, bell-shaped.
Canescent, grayish white or hoary,
the surface covered with fine
white hairs.
Capillary, like a hair.
574
Capitate, gathered or collected
into a head, or head-like.
Capsule, a dry dehiscent seed-
vessel composed of more than
one carpel.
Carpel,-a simple pistil (which is
typically 1-celled, with one
placenta, one style, and one
stigma), or one of the elements
of a compound pistil; also ap-
plied to a simple pistil when
mature or to one of the parts of
a compound pistil which splits
up when it is ripe.
Carpophore, the slender prolonga-
tion of the receptacle between
the carpels in the Parsley
Family.
Cartilaginous, firm and tough
like cartilage.
Catkin, a scaly spike or ament,
as in the Willow.
Caudate, bearing a slender tail-
like body or appendage.
Caulescent, having a distinct stem
above ground; plants with rad-
ical leaves and flowers on a
scape are not called caulescent.
Cauline leaves, leaves borne on a
stem.
Chamisal, or Chamiso_ (pro-
nounced Shdmeéz), collective
term, including the gregarious
individuals of Adenostoma and
(strictly speaking) only Ade-
nostoma.
Chaparral, collective term refer-
ring to the low shrubs which
cover mountain slopes, pla-
teaus, ridges or cafion sides,
including particularly the
Manzanitas, various species of
Ceanothus, Scrub Oak and
other species with rigid or
thorny branches. See Cham-
isal.
Chartaceous, having the thickness
or texture of writing paper;
most leaves are chartaceous.
GLOSSARY.
Choripetalous, petals distinct and
free from each other; not
united even at base.
Chorisepalous, sepals distinct and
free from each other.
Ciliate, having the margin bor-
dered with a row or rows of
hairs.
Circiniate, rolled into a coil from
the tip.
Circumscissile, splitting at the
middle with the upper part
falling away like a lid.
Claw, the narrow or petiole-like
base of a petal, as in the Pinks.
Cleft, with sharp lobes.
Coast Ranges, the chains of
mountains with north and
south trend lying between the
Pacific Ocean and the Sacra-
mento and San Joaquin Val-
leys; North Coast Ranges, the
ranges lying north of San
Francisco Bay; South Coast
Ranges, the ranges lying south
of San Francisco Bay; inner
Coast Ranges, the ranges
bounding the great valleys on
the west; inner North Coast
Range, the Vaca Mountains
and their northerly prolonga-
tion; inner South Coast Ranges,
Mt. Diablo and Mt. Hamilton
Ranges and southward; outer
Coast Ranges, the ranges lying
next to the Pacific Ocean;
middle North Coast Ranges,
the ranges lying between the
inner and outer ranges, partic-
ularly the Napa Mountains
and their northerly prolonga-
tion, the Mayacamas Range.
Cochleate, shell-shaped or spiral.
Commissure, the plane by which
the flattened faces of the two
carpels in Umbellifere cohere.
Commonly, a species commonly
has a certain character when
the great majority of the indi-
GLOSSARY.
viduals met with display such
acharacter. See Mostly.
Complete flower, one which has
all the four circles, sepals,
petals, stamens, and pistils.
Compressed, flattened on the
sides or laterally: compressed
pod in Cruciferae, flattened
parallel to the partition; com-
pressed achenes in Composite,
flattened contrary to the plane
of the bract; compressed fruit
in Umbelliferx, flattened par-
allel to the plane of the com-
missure. See Obcompressed.
Concolorous, of one color.
Conduplicate, folded flat, so that
the folds or sides lie face to
face.
Convolute, rolled inwards from
one side to the other.
Cordate, heart-shaped with the
notch at the base.
Coriaceous, leathery in texture
and stiffness.
Corolla, the circle of petals in a
flower, found outside the sta-
mens and within the calyx.
Corymb, pedicels of unequal
length, the lower longer so as
to form a flat cluster.
Cremocarp, the fruit of Umbellif-
ere, composed of two achene-
like carpels joined together by
their flattened faces but which
at maturity separate.
Crenate, with rounded or blunt
teeth.
Cuspidate, tipped with a cusp or
short hard point.
Deciduous, falling when ripe or
after the function has been
performed; a corolla is decidu-
ous when it falls after anthe-
sis; deciduous trees shed their
leaves in autumn.
Decompound, several times com-
pounded.
Decumbent, lying on the ground
575
but tending to rise at the
summit.
Decurrent, where the edge of the
leaf runs down on the stem
forming lines or wings.
Decussate leaves or branches, op-
posite but each pair placed at
right angles or over the inter-
vals of the pair above or below.
Dentate, toothed with the teeth
standing directly outward.
Denticulate, dentate with fine
teeth.
Di-, a prefix to Greek words,
two or twice.
Diadelphous, stamens united into
two sets.
Dichotomous, branching or fork-
ing with the two divisions
nearly equal.
Dilated, widened or broadened,
applied to flattened or wing-
like structures.
Dimorphic, of two kinds differ-
ing in structure.
Dicecious, with stamens and pis-
tils in different flowers on dif-
ferent plants.
Dissected, several times cleft into
small segments.
Distichous, in 2 ranks or rows.
Distinct, parts in the same circle,
not united; as ‘‘stamens dis-
tinct,’’ separate from each
other.
Divided, cleft quite to the base,
or to midrib.
Dorsal, relating to or borne along
the back.
Emarginate, with a sharp notch.
Emersed, growing up out of or
raised above the water.
Endosperm, starch or other re-
served food stored with the
embryo in the seed.
Entire, margin not toothed or
indented.
Equilateral, equal sided, or with
the same number of parts on
576
aside; « pinnate leaf is equilat-
eral when it has the same
number of leaflets on each side
of the rachis.
dequitant, astride, as if riding,
like the leaves of Iris.
Evanescent, disappearing or fall-
ing away very early.
Evserted, protruding beyond the
surrounding organ; exserted
stamens protrude beyond the
corolla.
Eutrorse, turned outward.
Falcate, sickle-shaped.
Fascicle, a close cluster or bun-
dle of roots, stems, leaves or
flowers.
Fenestrate,
areas
ings.
Fertile flower, one which sets
fruit containing good seed;
fertile stamen, the anther con-
taining pollen.
Fid or fidus, terminations mean-
ing cleft or lobed, as 38-fid=
3-cleft.
Filament, a thread, in case of a
stamen the stalk supporting
the anther.
Fimbriate, fringed.
Fimbriliate, diminutive of fim-
briate.
Fistulous, hollow.
Flabellate, fan-shaped.
rlexruous, more or less zigzag.
Floccose, bearing locks or tufts of
hair or wool.
Foliaceous, leat-like.
Foliolate, having leaflets; 3-foli-
olate, with 3 leaflets, ete.
Follicle, » dehiscent seed-vessel
derived from a single carpel,
as a pod of the Larkspur.
Free, not united to another
organ, especially when one
circle of the flower is not
united to another circle.
Fruit, the matured or ripened
with transparent
or window-like open-
GLOSSARY.
ovary with all its appendages
or accessory parts as well as
contents.
Fugacious, very promptly falling
off or lasting but a short time.
Funiculus, the stalk on which the
ovule is borne in the ovary.
Fusiform, thickest at or above or
below the middle and tapering
more. or less to each end.
Galea, the long or helmet-like
upper lip in the Mint and Fig-
wort Families.
Galeate, having a galea.
Geminate, twin, ‘in pairs, two
side by side.
Geniculate, bent abruptly, like a
knee.
Gibbous, swollen or distended on
one side.
Glabrate, becoming glabrous.
Glabrous, bald, not hairy.
Glandular, bearing glands, or
having a surface which ex-
udes a sticky or viscid liquid.
Glaucescent, somewhat glaucous
or becoming so.
Glaucous, whitened with a bloom.
Glochidiate, bearing bristles
barbed at the tip.
Glomerate, compacted into a
close cluster.
Glomerule, a compacted or con-
densed head-like cyme.
Glumaceons, like the glume
(bract) of grasses.
Glutinous, with a sticky exuda-
tion.
Granulate, bearing granules or
grain-like bodies.
Great Valley, local name of the
central Californian valley, in-
cluding the Sacramento and
San Joaquin.
Gyno-diecious, having flowers on
one plant pistillate, on another
perfect.
Gyneecinm, the name for a pistil
or whorl of pistils of a flower.
GLOSSARY,
Gyno-monecious, having perfect
and pistillate flowers on the
same plant.
‘Habit, general aspect or hue of a
plant, mode of growth.
Halophyte, a plant growing in
salty soils or alkaline soils,
mostly succulent plants with
thick or small leaves; the
Pickleweed, Atriplex and
Kern Greasewood are typical
halophytes.
Head of flowers, flowers in a glo-
bose cluster, being sessile and
collected at the same point on
the peduncle.
Herb, a plant without woody
stem or parts, at least above-
ground,
Herbaceous, like an herb in ap-
pearance or habit, or in tex-
ture or color, as herbaceous
sepals, meaning green and leaf-
like. :
Herbage, the vegetative parts
(stems and leaves) produced in
the season, not including the
flowers or fruit.
Hermaphrodite, having both pis-
tils and stamens in the same
flower.
Heteromorphic, of 2 or more
different kinds. : ;
Hispid, with stiff or rigid hairs.
Hispidulous, minutely hispid.
Hooded, said of an organ which
is curved or concave at the
top like a hood.
Hyaline, transparent,
cent.
Hydrophyte, a plant adapted to
live in water or very wet soil,
chiefly characterized by a thin
epidermis, reduction or ab-
sence of roots and reduction of
the vascular system as in the
Pond Lilies, Pond Weeds and
Duck Weeds, or by succulence
as in Arrow Head, or by tall
translu-
39
577
unbranched stems with nar-
rowly linear leaves, or leafless
as inthe Bulrushes and Sedges.
Hypogynous, with the parts of the
flower under or free from the
ge inserted on the recepta-
cle.
Imbricate, overlapping like the
shingles on a roof so as to
cover or break joints.
Immersed, growing wholly under
water.
Incised, cleft or cut irregularly
and sharply.
Included, not protruding beyond
the surrounding organ; in-
cluded stamens do not protrude
beyond the corolla.
Incomplete flower, one which has
not all of the four circles.
Indefinite (number), variable or
uncertain in number, or nu-
merous.
Indehiscent, said of fruits or
pods which do not split by
valves or pores.
Indigenous, native to the region.
Indument, with a close pubes-
cece or coat of hairs.
Indurated, hardened or becoming
tough.
Inequilateral, not equilateral.
Inequilaterally distributed leaflets,
the number on the two sides of
the rachis not equal.
Inferior, growing or placed be-
low; inferior ovary, one more
or less attached to or united
with the calyx; inferior sta-
mens or lip of corolla, i.e. with
the stamens or lip on the
lower side of the flower.
Inflated, distended or bladdery.
Inflexed, bent or turned abruptly
inward.
Inflorescence, a flower-cluster, or
in particular the mode of ar-
rangement of the flowers.
578
Innovations, in Graminez, barren
shoots.
Inserted, attached to or growing
upon.
Interior, the region of the Great
Californian Valley (Sacramento
and San Joaquin); interior
plains, the plains of the Sac-
ramento and San Joaquin Val-
leys; interior hills, the foothills
on the eastern and western
sides of the Great Valley.
Interior plants, found away from
the sea; usually meaning the
great Californian Valley or
further inland, or at least the
inner Coast Ranges.
Inter-node, the portion of the
stem between two nodes.
Interrupted, not continuous and
regular.
Introrse, turned inward.
Involucel, a secondary involucre,
as that of an umbellet; a
circle of bractlets.
Involucrate, provided with an
involucre.
Involucre, a circle of bracts sub-
tending a flower cluster.
Incolute, rolled inwards
both sides.
Irregular, the parts not of the
same size and shape.
Keel, a longitudinal central ridge
on the back of an organ, like
the keel of a boat; the two
lower petals of a pea-like
flower which are joined into
a keel-like body.
Lacerated, irregularly but not
necessarily deeply cleft or torn.
Laciniate, cut or slashed into
narrow divisions.
Lamellate, composed of
plates.
Laz, loose.
from
thin
Leaflet, one of the divisions of .
a compound leaf.
Legume, a 1-celled seed vessel,
GLOSSARY.
composed of a single carpel,
which dehisces by both the
ventral and dorsal suture into
two valves.
Lenticels, roundish spots on young
bark which function as stomata.
Lenticular, shaped like a lens.
Ligneous, hard and woody.
Tigule, strap-shaped body such as
the ray in the Sunflower Fam-
ily; in Graminez the exserted
portion of the hyaline mem-
brane lining the sheath.
Limb, a border, the spreading
part of a sympetalous corolla.
Line, #5 of an inch.
Linear, very narrow, with par-
allel sides; 4 or 5 times as long
as bruvad, or more.
Lip, one of the two divisions of a
bilabiate corolla or calyx. See
Bilabiate.
Littoral, growing near or under
the influence of the sea.
Lobe, a division of an organ,
especially one which is rounded;
leaf lobes are usually not deep;
leaves may be lobed, parted or
divided depending upon the
depth of division. See Parted
and Divided.
Loculicidal, a capsule splitting
longitudinally into the backs
of the cells.
Lodicules in Graminee, minute
hyaline scale-like organs at the
base of the stamens, whose
function is the opening of the
floral envelope at anthesis.
Lyrate, shaped like « lyre, the
terminal lobe of the leaf large
and rounded with the .lower
pairs smaller.
Mammeform, breast-shaped or
bearing breast-shaped promi-
nences.
Marcescent, withering but per-
sistent, not falling off.
GLOSSARY.
Maritime, growing on the sea-
coast.
Mealy, as if covered with a fine
‘meal.
Membranous or membranaceous,
thin, soft, and more or less
liuble like an animal mem-
rane.
Mericarp, one of the carpels or
achene-like hulves of a cremo-
carp, the fruit of the Parsley
Family.
Merous, parts or members, used
in compounds; as 5-merous,
having 5 parts.
Mesophyte, a common type of
plant growing under the most
favorable conditions of soil and
moisture, characterized as a
whole by a lack of special
adaptations and by a great
and diverse development of
the leaf surface; Maples, Al-
ders, Oaks, Thorn Apples and
Mustards are typical meso-
pbytes.
Monadelphous,
into one set.
Moniliform, like a necklace or
string of beads.
Monocephalous, bearing a single
head; said of a stem or pedun-
cle, especially a naked one.
Monecious, with stamens and
pistils in separate flowers on
the same plant.
Montane, of or growing in the
mountains.
Mostly, used in describing char-
acteristics of species in the
sense of usually, but variable
as to the individual; ‘‘ leaflets
mostly 5,’? i. ¢., mostly 5 on
the individual, but there may
be more or less. “See Com-
monly.
Mucronate, tipped with a mucro
or sharp but rather soft point.
stamens united
579
Muricate, bearing rough and
rather sharp excrescences.
Muriculate, diminutive of muri-
cate.
Naked heads, without foliaceous
or other bracts surrounding or
concealing the involucre or
head; naked stems or scapes,
leafless.
Nate, termination meaning di-
vided, as 2-nute, 3-nate.
Nerve, simple or unbranched
vein, or a slender rib.
Neutral, said of a flower having
neither stamens nor pistils or
at least without functional
ones.
Nigrescent, becoming blackened.
Node, the place on a stem where
a leaf is borne.
Nut, an indehiscent fruit with a
hard firm wall, resulting from
a compound ovary.
Nutlet, a diminutive nut, applied
to a fruit derived from a simple
ovary or to a compound ovary
which splits up at maturity.
Obcompressed, flattened on the
anterior and posterior sides or
fore and aft, instead of laterally
or sidewise; obcompressed pod
in COrucifere, flattened con-
trary to the partition.
Obcordate, inverted heart-shaped,
with the notch at the apex.
Oblique, unequal sided, as in
leaves which are larger on
one side than the other.
Oblong, two or three times longer
than broad and with nearly
paral'el sides, or somewhat
tapering to each end from the
middle.
Obsolete, imperfectly or scarcely
at all developed, or abortive;
é. g., the lower lip of a calyx
is obsolete when it is obscure
or not very distinctly devel-
oped.
580
Obtuse, blunt or rounded.
One-sided raceme, with the flow-
ers all turned to one side; one-
sided fruit, unequal-sided, etc.
Opposite leaves or branches, two
from each node, proceeding
from opposite sides of the
stem; ‘‘stamens opposite pet-
als,’’? when the stamen is set
before the petal.
Orbicular, round or roundish.
Orthotropous ovule, a straight
ovule, one not inverted on its
stalk.
Palea, chaff-like pappus borne on
the achenes of the Sunflower
Family; in the Grass Family
the upper of the two modified
leaves subtending an individual
flower.
Paimate leaf, with the leaflets
all borne at the apex of the
common petiole, or with the
divisions or sinuses of the leaf
pointing to the petiole.
Palmatifid, cleft so as to re-
semble the outstretched fingers
of the hand.
Palustrine. living in a marsh or
swamp.
Panicle, a compound flower clus-
ter, a raceme or corymb which
is compounded by branching.
Papillate, bearing minute nipple-
shaped protuberances.
Pappus, the modified calyx-limb
borne on the achenes of the
Sunflower Family, usually oc-
curring as bristles, naked or
plumose hairs, scales or chaff.
Parietal placenta, a placenta
borne on the wall of the ovary
or fruit.
Parted, cleft nearly but not quite
to the base, or to the midrib.
Pectinate, cleft into closely set
divisions like the teeth of a
comb.
Pedate, palmately divided with
GLOSSARY.
the lateral divisions 2-cleft,
thus resembling a bird’s foot.
Pedicel, stalk or stem of a flower
in a flower-cluster. :
Pedicellate, having or possessing
a small or short pedicel.
Peduncle, stalk or stem of a
flower or flower-cluster.
Pedunculate, having a peduncle.
Peltate, round, with stalk or peti-
ole attached on the under side
at the middle.
Penicillate, with a tip or cluster
of fine hairs or bristles.
Perfect, having both stamens and
pistils in the same flower.
Perfoliate, where a stem seems to
pass through or pierce a leaf.
Perianth, the floral envelopes
consisting of calyx or corolla
or both; applied here chiefly
to those flowers in which
there is no marked differentia-
tion into calyx and corolla.
Perigynous, inserted on the calyx.
Persistent, falling away very
tardily or not at all.
Personate, when the bilabiate
corolla has a very prominent
palate or elevation in the
throat.
Petal, one of the parts or di-
visions of aw corolla, usually
colored.
Petiole, the stalk of a leaf.
Petiolule, the stalk of a leaflet.
Pinnate, with the leaflets ar-
ranged along each side of a
common petiole.
Pinnatifid, cleft in a pinnate
manner.
Pistillate, provided with a pistil
or pistils.
Placenta, that particular portion
of the ovary wall which bears
the ovules; it is sometimes
strongly differentiated.
Plane, fat and even, without
elevations or depressions; here
GLOSSARY.
used especially as opposed to
concave, convex, revolute, etc.
Plumose, finely and abundantly
branched, like a plume.
Polygamous, having perfect, pis-
tillate and staminate flowers
on the same _ individuals
ees ee or on
ifferent individuals (polyg-
amo-dicecious).
Posterior, the side bebind, in an
axillary flower the side next to
the axis; superior.
Prickly, armed with prickles or
short sharp hard outgrowths of
the epiderms of leaves or stems.
Prismatic, shaped like a prism,
with flat faces separated by
angles.
Proliferous, bearing supplemen-
tary flowering branches or
shoots from or near the sum-
mit or from the inflorescence,
which surpass the stem or in-
floresence.
Prostrate, lying close along the
ground.
Puberulent, minutely pubescent.
Pubescent, clothed with hairs,
especially soft or downy hairs.
Pungent, terminating in a rigid,
sharp or prickly point.
Pustulate, dilated.
Quinate, borne in or divided into
fives.
Raceme, a flower cluster in which
the flowers are borne along the
peduncle on pedicels of nearly
equal length.
Racemose, like a raceme.
Rachilla, in Graminew, the axis
of a spikelet, on which the
bractlets and pale, with their
enclosed flowers,are borne. See
Rachis.
Rachis, the axis of a spike or
raceme, the prolongation of the
peduncle through the flower
cluster; the axis or midrib of a
581
compound leaf or prolongation
of the petiole; in Graminez
the main axis and branches of
an inflorescene, on which the
spikelets are borne. See Ra-
chilla.
Radiate, in the Sunflower Family,
the heads with ray-flowers or
ligulate corollas.
Radical, leaves are called radical
when inserted so closely to the
base of the stem as to appear
to come from the root; or when
arising from a rootstock or
other underground organ.
Rameal leaves, leaves borne on
the branches.
Ranks, successive rows.
Ray, in the Parsley Family, one
of the primary branches of an
umbel; ray in the Sunflower
Family, one of the marginal
flowers bearing a ligulate
corolla.
Receptacle, in a flower, that por-
tion of the stem on which the
sepals, petals, stamens and
pistils are borne; receptacle of
the inflorescence is the axis of
such a dense cluster as a head
in the Sunflower Family.
Refleced, bent or turned down-
ward.
Refracted, bent abruptly down-
ward or backward from the
base, as if broken, as a pedicel
on its stem or peduncle. _
Regular, the parts in circle hav-
ing the same size and shape.
Reniform, kidney-shaped.
Repand, witb slightly uneven
margin.
Reticulated, with a
netted.
Retuse,
notch.
Revolute, rolled backward from
each side.
Rib, a primary vein of a leaf.
network;
with a broad shallow
582
Rigidulous, somewhat rigid or
stiff.
Rootstock, prostrate or under-
ground root-like stem, sending
up from season to season herba-
ceous shoots and bearing roots
on the underside.
Rostrate, with a beak or spur;
narrowed into a slender pro-
cess.
Rosulate leaves, radical leaves
spreading in a circle or rosette
on the ground.
Rotate, wheel-shaped; spreading
flat or horizontally and circular
in outline,
Rudiment, an imperfectly devel-
oped organ, a vestige.
Rugose, having wrinkles.
Runcinate, sharply incised with
the teeth or incisions turned
downward.
Sagittate, shaped like an arrow-
head.
Samara, an indehiscent winged
fruit like the key of a maple.
Scabrid, slightly scabrous.
Scabrous, rough to the touch.
Scale, a small thin body, not at
all or little green, commonly
scabrous; in Graminex minute,
hyaline, scale-like organs at
the base of the stamens, whose
function is the opening of the
floral envelope at anthesis.
Scape, a leafless flower-bearing
stem arising from the ground.
Scarious, thin, dry and _ not
green,
Scorpoid, said of a 1-sided in-
florescence which is circinately
coiled in the bud.
Seurf, small, bran-like scales on
the stem or leaves.
Secund leaves or flowers, inserted
on (or turned to) one side of
the stem.
Sepal, « leaf or division of the
calyx.
GLOSSARY.
Septal, relating to a septum.
Septicidal, a capsule splitting be-
tween the partitions of the
cells.
Septum, a partition in an ovary
or fruit.
Sericeous, silky with straight soft
hairs.
Series, successive rows.
Serrate, toothed or saw-like, with
the teeth turned forward or up-
ward.
Sessile leaf, leaf without a petiole
and the blade seated directly
on the stem; sessile ovary, one
without a stipe. :
Set, a cluster or collection of
organs of the same kind;
stamens may be disposed in
several clusters or sets.
Setaceous, bristle-like.
Setose, beset with bristles.
Sheath, in Graminez, the basal
portion of the Jeaf, which
usualy enwraps the stem.
Sheathing, where the base of the
blade or expanded petiole com-
pletely encloses or sheathes the
stem for some distance above
the node.
Sierras, short phrase for Sierra
Nevada Mountains, used not
only in western botanical liter-
ature but also in the general
literature and poetry of Cali-
fornia.
Silicle, a short silique not much
longer than wide.
Siligue, a 2-celled capsule, several
times longer than wide, the
valves splitting from the bot-
tom.
Simple, unbranched or without
branches; leaves are simple
when the blade is composed of
one piece; simple pistil, of one
carpel.
Sinuate, with a recessed margin.
GLOSSARY.
Sinus, with a recess or indenta-
tion, literally a bay.
Smooth, not rough, opposed to
scabrous, echinate, etc.
Sordid, of 2 dull or dirty hue.
Spadiz, a spike with a fleshy
axis,
Spathaceous, spathe-like.
Spathe, a bract enclosing a flower
cluster.
Spicate, in the form of a spike.
Spike, a flower cluster in which
the flowers are sessile and more
or less densely arranged along
the peduncle.
Spikelet, a secondary spike; the
flower-cluster of Grasses.
Spine, a sharp-pointed hard
woody organ.
Spinescent, ending in a spine or
sharp rigid point.
Spinose, furnished with spines, as
the involucral bracts in the
head of a Thistle.
Spur, a slender and hollow ex-
tension or prolongation of some
part of a flower, as the petal of
au Columbine or calyx of a
Larkspur.
Squamella, » diminutive scale.
Stalk of a leaf, the petiole.
Stamen, one of the male organs
of the flower.
Staminate, provided with or con-
taining stamens but no pistils;
said of a flower or plant.
Staminodium. a sterile stamen,
usually one in which the anther
is wholly obsolete and the fila-
ment much developed or di-
lated.
Stellate, with rays like those of a
star, star-shaped.
Sterile, barren; a stamen without
anther or an anther without
pollen; « flower without a
pistil or with imperfect pistil;
ovary without good ovules.
Stigma, the receptive part of the
583
style which secretes « sticky or
viscid substance.
Stipe, stalk by which the ovary
or fruit is raised above the
receptacle.
Stipels, stipules of the leaflet.
Stipules, small supplementary or-
gans or appendages of the leaf,
borne in pairs at the base of
the petiole.
Stoloneferous, bearing stolons.
Stoma, mouth-like opening, like
the partly opened lips.
Stramineous, straw-like or straw-
colored.
Striate, marked with longitudi-
nal lines, grooves or ridges.
Strict, close or narrow, closely
upright and straight, not
spreading.
Strigose, with straight appressed
hairs or bristles.
Strophiole, an appendage near
the hilum of seeds, as in the
Bean.
Style, the contracted or slender
portion of a pistil between the
ovary and stigma,
Stylopodium, the enlargement or
disk-like expansion at the base
of the style, as in Umbellif-
ere.
Nub-, prefix, meaning somewhat,
or nearly or below, depending
upon the context.
Submerged or submersed, grow-
ing under water.
Subulate, awl-shaped.
Suceulent, juicy or fleshy.
Suffrutescent, somewhat woody at
ase, with a persistent woody
portion above ground.
Suffruticosc, somewhat shrubby
or shrub-like.
Superior, growing or placed
above; superior ovary, one free
from the calyx; superior sta-
mens or superior lip of corolla,
584
the stamen or lip on the upper
side.
Symmetrical, with the same num-
ber of parts in each circle of
the flower throughout.
Sympetalous, petals more or less
united into one piece, so that
one can not be taken away
from the rest without tearing.
Synsepalous, sepals more or less
united.
Taproot, asingle and often strong
root descending perpendicu-
larly into the earth.
Teratological, relating to mon-
strosities or malformations.
Terete, round. :
Ternate, occurring or divided
into threes.
Throat, the upper expanded por-
tion or orifice of the corolla-
tube.
Thyrse, a close or contracted
ovate panicle.
Thyrsoid, resembling a thyrse.
Tomentose, covered with soft or
woolly hairs.
Trichotomous, forking, with the
three divisions from the same
point and nearly equal.
Trifid, 3-cleft to the middle or
somewhat more or less,
Tripinnate, thrice piniate.
Triquetrous, 3-sided.
Truncate, cut off squarely at the
end.
Tuber, a very much thickened
fleshy and more or less rounded
underground stem.
Tuberous root, when the root or
its branches are thickened and
fleshy.
GLOSSARY.
Tubular, shaped like a tube or
hollow cylinder.
Tufted stems, short, close, and
several or many together from
the same stock. |
Turbinate, top-shaped.
Turgid, distended or inflated.
Umbel, branches nearly equal
and proceeding from the same
point, so as to form a flat-
topped cluster.
Umbellet, one of the secondary
“umbels of a compound umbel.
Umbilicate, depressed in the cen-
ter.
Undulate, with strongly wavy
margin, so that the leaf is not
flat.
Unguiculate, furnished with a
claw.
Unisexual, flowers containing
pistils only, or stamens only.
Vein, in a leaf,a branch of a
secondary rib or nerve.
Ventral, relating to or borne on
the face.
Ventricose, distended or swollen
on one side and not on an-
other.
Versatile, swinging, turning
freely on its support.
Vitiform leaves, grape-vine-like.
Xerophyte, a plant adapted to
live in dry soil, on the desert,
in sand or on rocky ridges,
chiefly characterized by great
thickening of the epidermis,
condensation of the plant body,
or reduction of the leaf surface.
Cactus, Nuttall’s Ceanothus,
Manzanita, and Pickeringia
are typical xerophytes.
INDEX
ADEGHIB: -8.3 Gf “ae hel ose 183
latifolia. 2. 2... . 1838
umbellata 4-4 ws 183
Acena .... pom . 284
trifida eae . 284
Acanthomintha . . 461
lanceolata. ... ... 461
Acer. ...... , 251
circinatum . .. . 252
glabrum i . 252
macrophyllum. ..... 252
Negundo var. Californicum 252
Aceracee ... . . 251
Achillea . . 2... . 514
millefolium ..... 514
Achyrachena .... . 539
mollis... ate . 539
Achyrodes aur eum... 65
ACtBA ge ele a . 202
spicata var. arguta. . . . 203
Adenocaulon . . 553
bicolor . . 658
Adenostegia . . 416
maritima . .. 417
mollis 417
pilosa : . 416
Pringlei .. 416
rigida . 416
Adenostoma . Peat
fasciculatum i we et
Adenostyles Nar dosmia , . . 510
Aisculus . . . . 251
Californica , 251
Agoseris 499
apargioides . . 500
grandiflora . . . 500
var. intermedium. 500
heterophylla. . 500
hirsuta . .-. . . 500
intermedia . 500
major. 499
plebeia 500
Tetrorsd:. se x 4 ee we a 500
Agrimonia . - . . 283
Eupatoria, ©...
gyrosepala. . . .
Agrimony.....
Agropyron.., . 2... !
arenicolum. , ,....
repens var. tenerum
Richardsoni. . . .
tenerum.
scabrum.
Agrostemma.
Githago.
Agrostidez.
Agrostis, . 2... ah ae
alba var. stolonifera.
asperifolia.
densiflora. .. 1...
densiflora var. arenaria .
Diegoensis
Carat «sc a x
stolonifera
verticillata
eapillaris . . . .
caryophyllea
danthonioides
elongata
holciformis
Alchemilla
arvensis.
Alder
Red .
White
Alfalfa . aeage
Alfilerila. |...
ANSON. ie. gS) og
Plantago
Alismacer .......
Allenrolfea . 7
occidentalis . . . .
Allium
var. monospermum
Bolunderi. ......
585
586 INDEX.
Breweri. .. 2... . 120 | Ambrosiee, . .. . 488,
falcifollum ..... .119 | Amelanchier ,..
lacunosum ., ..... 120 alnifolia . .. ow...
monospermum .,... 120 |) Ammannia ......
serratum ,.... . 120 coccinea ,. 1...
unifolium . . . 119 humilis, ,....
Allocarya . . . 441 | Ammi .....
Californica ....... 448 majus .. ..
var. stricta . . , 448 | Ammophila. ...
var. subglochidiata . 443 arenaria
Chorisiana . . 442 arundinacea . .
diffusa . . 443 |; Amole ..... 1...
Greenei. . . 448 | Amorpha, ....
humistrata . 2... 448 hispidula . . . . .
mollis var. vestita . . 442 ; Amsinckia
salina ., . . 442 collina
stipitata . 448 echinata . 2...
SPICER: nk ee we . 448 grandiflora
trachycarpa . . . 448 intermedia
WOSTIEG! 8g. sg. Gy, a> 442 lycopsoides
Allotropa virgata . 367 spectubilis. . .
ANUS eg. 4 ay ee 139 tesselata .. 2...
Oregana .. 1... 189 | Anacardiacee . . ,
rhombifolia 189 | Anagallis., . 2...
rubra. 2. 189 arvensis ...4..,
tenuifolia , 140 | Anaphalis . 2...
Alopecurus . . 40 Margaritacea saa &
Californicus , 4] var. occidentalis . . , 5
geniculatus . . . 41 | Andropogon ..,.....
var. aristulatus 41 Sorghum 5
var. fulvus 41 var. Halepensis
var. robustus 41 | Andropogonez
pratensis . 40 | Androsace 2
Alum Root . . . 271 septentrionalis ,
Alyssum. . 226 | Anemone
ealycinum 226 GHAYt ee es cw
maritimum .... . 226 nemorosa var. Grayi . a4
Alyssum, Small... 226 quinquefolia var. Grayi .
Amapola ....... . 207 | Anemopsis hea
Amarantacee . , 172 Californica .....
Amaranth ..... 178 | Angelica . .
Amaranth Family . . 172 Californica » 2. kk,
Amaranthus ,....., 178 Hendersoni
albus 2 he ves 178 tomentosa, . .
Californicus, ..,.., 1738 var. Californica :
deflexus . 178 var. elata -
retroflexus 173 | Angiospermz wa
Ambrosia, ....., 545 | Anthemidesx . 485,
psilostachya., . 2 1... 545 | Anthemis e
645
. 287
. 288
. 824
INDEX 587
Cotula . 2... 0.0; 514 Andersoni. ....... 871
Anthoxanthum ...,., 36 PlAuCa: 2 aoe cla ek ce 372
odoratum Shee Ee ey oy Dae 386 Manzanita ....... 871
Antirrhinum . .. 896 nummularia, . .. . 370
Brewert . 2.0.44. 897 Stanfordiana 871
glandulosum ... 2... 396 tomentosa, . . . 371
strictum 2... 397 | Arenaria 167
vagams .... 2... 896 Californica 168
var. Bolanderi, . . 897 Douglasii . 2... 1. 168
var. Breweri 897 macrophylla ...... 168
A :<: re 396 paludicola 168
Aphyllon. 2... 420 palustris . 2... 168
Californicam 421 | Aristolochia , 364
comosum ....,., 421 Californica . 364
fasciculatum 421 | Aristolochiacer , , . 868
tuberosum 421 | Armeria 377
uniflorum 421 vulgaris 378
Apiastrum 848 | Arnica... : 511
angustifollum , ,.. . . 849 discoidea . . . 511
pias ee ee ee. 350 latifolia |. 511
-graveolens .. . . . . 850 | Arnica, Coast . . 2... 511
Aplopappus ericoides . . 559 | Arrhenatherum 54
lineartfolius . . . . 559 avenaceum ....,., 54
Apocynaces ......., 380 elatius ...... 54
Apocynum ...., . 8380 | Arrow-grass, Common 103
androsemifolium var. pumi- Slender. 108
IO. ga ee . 880 | Arrow-grass Family 102
cannabinum. . . . 381 | Arrow-head , 104
pumilwin o< es a eS 381 Common 105
vestitum . 881 Sanford , 105
Apple . 2... 287 Stockton 105
Aquilegia . 194 | Artemisia... 2... ., 516
truncata 195 BISNIS oo ce ds CS a 516
Arabis : ote . 218 Californica . . . . . 517
blepharophylla . 219 dracunculoides 517
Brewerl . « g0% 4.4 Ee @ 220 heterophylla . . 516
glabra... . 219 pycnocephala 517
Birsutay Ge eo as a 219 | Artichoke . 504
Lwdovieand. . 4.5.44 219 | Arundo, a % < & ROA 58
perfoliata... «a 219 Donaxe. © «| te'gt te 8. Vie b 59
Virginica .. . . 219 | Asarum aim 363
Aralia 7 Es . 889 caudatum ,.. 863
Californica ....... 339 Hartwegi . . . . 364
Aralia Family... . . . 339 Lemmoni. . 364
Araliacew. oo... . 389 | Asclepias . 2... . 382
‘Arbutus: e:s3- °. ae eee £4 B72 Californica 384
Menziesii. 2... 1... 372 cordifolia . . 384
Arceuthobium occidentalis . . 366 eriocarpa ...... 383
370 Fremonti . ... 383
Arctostaphylos
588 INDEX
Mexicana... ... 382 Californica .....
speciosa. . . . . . 883 cordulata . ..
vestita . 2... 2s 383 coronata
Asclepiadacez . . . 881 var, verna
BX) | ae ar er a 385 depressa ee
Oregon . oo 385 expansa. ......
Ash Family. . 2... 884 fruticulosa
Asparagus ...... 128 hastata . 2...
officinalis... ... 128 leucophylla . . . .
Aspen ...., wee» 189 nodosa
Asperella. .. 2... 81 patula
Californica ..... 81 spicata - s
Asprella Californica 82 var. Lagunita .
7 Wt |) re aN 565 trinervata, . .
Chilensis ... ... 566 wernad. . 2. ‘
var. invenustus 566 | Atropis Californica
var. lentus 566 Fendleriana. ...
var. media 566 | Audibertia grandiflora .
var. Sonomensis . 567 humilis, ......
exilis:. 6 4 ¢ 2. #5 567 polystachya .. .
invenustus ..... 566 stachyoides
lentus . ... . 566 | Avena
Menziesii . . aos 566 barbata .
radulinus . .. . 565 elatior
Sonomensis . . . 667 fatua .....
ABER ya gra 565 var. glabrescens .
Broad-leaved . 565 sativa
Common ....... . 566 | Avenee. ,
Purple... . 566 | Avicularia .....
Slender. |. 567 | Azalea... 2...
Aster Tribe 553 Western .....
TASteree: ca ee eee 558 | Agulea. . ...
Astragalus Sea 290 | Baby Blue Eyes .
Breweri. ..... . 291 | Baccharis., . . . .
Clevelandi eraGh depres 293 Douglasii .
“Crotalarie .... 292 pilularis
didymocarpus .... 291 viminea . 2...
Douglasii . . . . 292 | Beria .,.... f
leucophyllus . 291 CATING 4 y-y os 4-4 &
Menziesii . . . . 292 chrysostoma. . . .
nigrescens . 291 Fremonti . . .
oxyphysus 292 gracilis. . 2...
pyenostachys .. . . 292 hirsutula .
tener... 2. . 291 macrantha
Athysanus ......, 224 maritima ......
pusillus, .... 0... 224 microglossa ,......
unilateralis . .. . . 224 platyearpha, . 2...
ACTIPICK 4 5G a ka oe we 177 tenella .... 0.
bracteosa » . lw ww 180 uliginosa . 2) Te
INDEX,
Balm... 462 | Berberidacex , a xt
Balsam Root ...... 2, 540 | Berberis |... 1...
Balsamea. . 2. 1... 327 dictyota . 2...
Balsamorrhiza. . . 2... 540 nervosa - ste
Bolanderi, ..... 540 pinnata, . www,
deltoidea . 540 | Bergia
Hookeri . 540 Texana....
Baneberry 202 Bermuda-grass
Barbarea .. . . . 220 | Berula ... ......
vulgaris 220 CPCCEM (35 Jo caas Sots apa
Baeberrye 5.086 ccs cae eo cay Sie 203; Beta ........
California, . . . . 204 vulgaris 2... 1 a a
Barberry Family . . 203 | Betula
Barley-grass . 82, 83 glandulosa
~Gussoni’s. . . . . 88 occidentalis
Meadow 82 | Betulaces. .
Seaside . . . 83 | Bidens
Barley Tribe 72 CONUS 2 ee a
Barnyard-grass 31 chrysanthemoides
Bartonia 823 var. Nashii .
Bastard Oats 58 frondosa .....
Bay Berry ........ 146 levis .
Bay, Sweet... 2... 146 Nashii
Bay Tree. 5 ¢ «2 ae 191 | Big Root .
Beach-grass . . . . 47 | Big Pree 4s sda & Se
Bear Brush . 863 | Bigelovia arborescens.
Bear Grass... 2... 38, 123 veneta . 2...
Beard-grass ........ 41 | Bilberry .......
Tawny ....... 42 | Bindweed...
"WAGERS sree Sid: Oe 42 Black
Beard’s-tongue, Bush 401 Common
Beckmannia ...... 57 Hedge .....
eruceformis. ...... 57 | Biolettia riparia... ...
Bedstraw ... 1... 467 | Birch. . 2...
Sweet-scented ..... 468 | Birch Family ote
Beet. a ec a GS eS 175 | Bird’s Eyes . .
Beggar-ticks. . . . . . 544 | Birthwort Family . eee ee
Bellardia Trixago . . 417 | Bitter-cress . .
Bell-flower ........ 477 | Bitter Dock...
Bell-flower si A 476 | Bitter Root .....
Bellis 564 | Blackberry, Common
perennis A 564 | Bladder Campion
Bent, Creeping . 43 | Bladderwort .......
Sea. .... ot. 43 | Bladderwort Family... .
Bent-grass 42 Blazing Star . _
Reed... . .. 45 | Bleeding Heart
San Diego... . 44 | Blennosperma.....
Whorled 43 Californicum
Bent-grass Tribe . 37 | Blepharipappus ......
590 INDEX.
carmosus . ww we ee 586 | Borage Family ...... 440
chrysanthemoides 5387 | Boraginaces 440
Douglasii. ...... . 588 | Boscbniakia, ....... 422
var. oligochetus . . . . 538 strobilacea .. 1... 422
elegans»... . 7 ew 586 | Bottle-brush, California 81
Fremonti. .... 538 | Bottle-brush-grass . .. . 81
gaillardiocides ...... 587 | Bowlesia .. 2... 2. 842
glandulosus . . . . 586 lobata: gue we es ko 342
var. heterotrichus . 586 | Box Elder ..... . 252
hieracivides . . . 2... 5387 | Boykinia .... 2.2... 269
hispidus 536 elata. . 269
nemorosus ..,..... 587 major . 269
TUULADS echo yvile ad WG 588 | Brassica ......... 216
pentachwtus, ...... 587 alba oo. 0. kes 217
platyglossus. . 2... 537 arvensis ..... 217
Blepharizonia. . . . £34 campestris ....... 216
lake: bee 8 eR ee ae 8 5385 mipTa. 4 ee 217
plumosa ........ 535 Sinapistrum., .. 2... 217
Blessed Thistle ..... 503 | Brevoortia ....... 114
Blite, Coast. ....... 176 Ida-Maia. . 1 ww 114
ICR a dam las Std Cat ay ae be 182 | Brickellia. .. 2... 2... 571
Blood-root . ..... 336 | Brickellia Californica. 571
Bloomeria ...... 118 | Bristly Ox-tongue ..... 492
AUTO oak ance hig » Geve, eh Ta 118 | Briza, 22 1 ee ew 64
Bloomeria, Golden . 118 maxima ........ 64
Blue Curls ..... 453 media gs 4s Woe & 64
Blue Dicks ..... 117 MINOP oe we 64
Blue-eyed Grass . . . 129 | Brodiwa capitata, ..... 117
Blue-grass, Kentucky 66 congesta 117
Bog Asphodel. ...... 124 grandiflora 117
Boisduvalia. 2... 1. 329 wwioides. . . . 117
bipartita 2... 2. 329 lactea, ,... 118
campestris ....... 830 LOO i ie ee tency ce 117
cleistogama . . 330 minor z 116
densiflora. ....... 829 peduncularis 118
var. imbricata . 330 terrestris .... 115
var. montanus. .... 330 volubllis 2... 116
glabella , 830 | Brodiwa ......... 114
BENICLOS ec, Rg ee 330 Golden... ... 0A. 117
Bolelia.. ..... 480 Harvest... ... 048. 116
concolor ........ 481 Twining: «<5. «6 4 4 as 116
var. tricolor. , . 481 White ..... 118
cuspidata ..... 481 | Brome, Nodding. ..... 71
elegans... . , ‘ ABO TF ROD ge sgossl ae ae cataa? ae aysss 71
humilis... 2... 482 Bot hk be a 71
insignis... 480 | Brome-grass. ....... 70
ormatissima ......., 481 | Bromus, .. ...... 70
pulchella .. 2... 0. 481 barbatoides ..... 52
CILCOLOT to oa, aks As Ge 481 carinatus 72
INDEX. 591
hordeaceus ....... 71 ) Calabazilla 319
var. glabrescens . 72 | Calais Kelloggit 494
LBVIpe’ og eek we 71 | Calamagrostis 45
marginatus . . . 72 Aleutica 46
maximus ..... 71 angusta. ......4. 46
Oa a a 72 fasciculata . 2... 47
rigdus ©. ...., 71 purpurascens 45
tubens 2.4602 ken a 71 rubescens . . .. . 47
Broncho-grass . . . .... 71 subflexuosa . 46
Brooklime 411 sylvatica 46
Brook weed .874 | Calandrinia ...... 185
Broom-rape , . . 420 Brewerl. .. 2.2... 185
Naked 2 ee 68a Gin 421 caulescens var. Menziesii . 185
Broom-rape Family . 420 Menziesi . 2... . 185
Brunella ........ 456 | Callichroa nutans . 538
vulgaris 5 wf 456 | Calliprora ixioides 117
Buck-bean .......2. 878 | Callitrichacer ... 2... 263
BUCKEYE 0 o Ce Ug Valeo te yang 251 | Callitriche 264
Buckeye Family. 251 marginata. . .. . 264
Buckthorn .......2. 253 palustris 264
Buckthorn Family... .. 253 | Calochortus... . . 110
Buckwheat Family 148 albus... .. 118
Bulrush, . ........ 86 amabilis 113
Olney’s yo ere: collinus . . 112
Panicled see eh ig OS lilacinus . 2... 1 ae 112
Salt-marsh .... . 87 luteus ..... 112
Bunch-berry .. . 361 Maweanus ....... 112
Panett, Feather 39 pulchellus, . . 2... . 113
Bunch-grasses dic (AmB aS taps 38 var. amabilis 113
Bur Clover ........ 318 splendens , 111
Bur Marigold . 543, 544 umbellatus 112
Smaller... .. . . 544 uniflorus .112
Bur-reed _...... us 96 venustus ........ 111
Broad-fruited ...... 96 | Calyecadenia. ....... 533
Greene’s ..... . 96 cephalotes. ... 1... 534
Simple . 2.44. 6 4 as 97 hispida... ... 534
Burning Bush, .. 1... 258 multiglandulosa. . . . . 584
Butter-and-eggs ...... 897 pauciflora . . 533
Buttercup . . 199 spicata. 4 aa 534
Common, ...... 200 truncata ...... 533
Lobb’s ...... 202 | Calycanthacese 190
Water ......... 202 | Calycanthus ..... 190
Buttercup Family . 198 occidentalis .. 2... . 190
Button Bush ....... 470 | Calypso ....... 138, 1384
Button Snakeroot 342 borealis. 2s wt es 184
Cacaiopsis . 2... 1. 510 Calyptridium ely hokeo we 187
Nardosmia 510 quadripetalum. ..... 188
Cakile (yp ew ee oso’ 216 umbellatuum...... 188
Americana .......- 216 | Camass Plant... .. 121
592 INDEX.
Camassia 120 Deweyana 3 fe 92
Leichtlinii pee ae var. Bolanderi , Oe 92
Camelina ,... . 224 echinata 92
sativa . 224 festiva rs 92
Campanula... 477 globosa, . 91
angustiflora . . . . 478 glomerata. ... 91
exigua .. 0... wee 478 marcida, ........ 91
linneifolia ; 477 muricata var. gracilis 92
prenanthoides . . . . 477 nudata.. 2... 91
Scouleri 477 obnupta 91
Campanulacez 476 paniculata... ... 91
Campion 164 Pseudo-cyperus var. comosa 90
Canary-grass 88, 84 Sitchensis. .. 2... 91
Gnawed ..... 35 vesicaria ....... 90
Lemmon’s 35 | Carpet Weed ..... . 188
Purple? aise we 2% 36 | Carpet-weed Pe op a ABB
Reed 36 | Carrot ‘ 848
SMAlE oa) glee ee ee 384 | Carthamus ...... 503
Southern... 2... 34 lanatum ..... 504
Canary-grass Tribe . 88 | Carum ....,. ... . 852
Canchalagua . , 879 Gairdneri. . . . 352
Candy-grass. . . . . 60 Kelloggii. .. 2... 352
Caper Family ......, 229 | Caryophyllacer ..... 168
Caper Spurge ..... 263 | Cascara Sagrada , . 264
Capparidacese . .229 | Castanea .. 2... 1. 145
Caprifoliaceze 470 chrysophylla ...... 145
Capriola Dactylon . 1... 56 | Castanopsis ee . . 145
Capsella , 228 | Castilleia . . . . , 411
Bursa-pastoris . 228 affinis’ 2 ssa wea 8 412
divaricata . 224 Douglasii . , 412
elliptica . . 224 foliolosa . 2... 2... 413
procumbens 224 Tatitolies 5g ot ae aca eS 412
Caraway 352 parviflora var, Douglasii 412
Cardamine . . . 222 BPlPAliS. oy Yeh we 412
cardiophylla . 222 stenantha . sa ~ 412
oligosperma . . . . 222 | Catch-fly ......., 164
Carduus callilepis 508 Sleepy se aw aoe & 165.
candidissimus 509 | Catnep 455
crassicaulis . 2 ow, 606 | Cat’sHars, . 2... 2, 113
cymosus . 507 | Cat-tail —. 96
‘fontinalis .. . . . 505 | Cat-tail Family SL iy da Se oe 95
hydrophilus . . . 507 | Caucalis . 848
occidentalis . 509 microcarpa 348
venustus 507 nodosa. 0 ge ee 348
Carex . 88 | Ceanothus ........ 254
aquatilis . 2... 91 erassifolius ...... 258:
bifida 2... ...., 90 cuneatus 257
Brongniartii 91 dentatus 257
var. densa , 91 divergens . . 259:
INDEX. 593
foliosus. . . . . . . . . 256 glabriuscula. . 2... . 525
TNCADUS 9. fie Seog a ke og 257 gracilenta, .... 526
integerrimus ..... . 256 heterocarpha ..... . 525
Jepsonii . 2... . . 258 Vamos og ag es sos 525
papillosus, . 2... 257 Nevadensis ... 0...) (525
Parryi ...... = ©. . 256 | Chetochloa, .... 32
prostratus. . 2... 258 sauces os ses wa. 6188
var. divergens . . .258 | Chamisal .. 2 2... 277
purpurea ....... .258 | Chamiso ..... oe, SUT
TIGIQUS ok gta ue ea oN 258 | Chamomile ......, . 514
sorediatus. ..... 257 | Charlock . . 2... 0... 217
thyrsiforus ....... 256 Jointed. ........ 218
velutinus ........, 255 Checker-bloom, Wild . . . 240
var. levigatus, . . 255 Chenopodiacexr eae alls
Ceanothus, Nuttall’s . . 257 | Chenopodium ...... 175
Cedar .. ge) 1a 2F album 2... 0... (15
Celastracexr | . - *. 252 ambrosioides ..... .176
Celery, Common, . . . 850 anthelminticum . . . 176
Centaurea, . . . . wee ag DOZ Botrys ....... 176
Calcitrapa ee OU) Californicum.., . .) . .177
Melitensis, . 2... 502 multifidum .. . TT
Salmantica . 2. 3. . . 508 murale ..... eee UG
solstitialis. 2... 1. 503° rubrum. ; 2.522. 176
Centromadia ....... 692! | sCherty: 20 ee we as see 285
Hiteh 6 os eae a 532 Red Bok! Bae ray ee ae
PORTPYU se we oe = 0 OBZ Chestnut Se eeuis erg, aa 145
pungens ..... ge OO | MONT: ong fe ia. B2 ack ee oa 459
var. Parryi . . . . . .5382 | Chickweed .... 2... 167
Cephalanthus ....... 470 Common, 2. ea hw 167
occidentalis . . ... . . 470 Wield. is. i: ge sa es . . 166
Cerastium, ........ 166 Mouse-ear. 2... 0... 166
arvense . ....... 166.) ‘Chicory. gee ws bom Ss 490
var.maximum .. . .166 | Chicory Tribe. .... 483, 490
pilosum. .. ....166 | Chimaphila . ... . 367
viscosum oe sw wy , 166 Menziesii Side: de as ee BOS
Cerasus . wee. 285 umbellata, . 2... 2... 368
demissa . . . . . . . 286 | Chinese Houses ...... 399
emarginata . . . . 285 | Chinook Liquorice .. . . 316
ilicifolia 2. Lk, 286 | Chinquapin. ..... 145
Ceratochloa breviaristata , . 72 | Chloridee .. .,... 55
Ceratophyllacew .... . 191 | Chlorogalum . yey a 220
Ceratophyllum ... . . 192 angustifolium ... . 121
demersum. ...... 192 pomeridianum. .. . 121
Ceres: oy A ae ee 289 | Choke-Cherry, Western . . 286
occidentalis ...... 289 | Choripetale . se Sn a ba: ww LBS
Gercocarpus. . ... .277 | Chorizanthe...... . 149
betulefolius. . . .. . 278 Clevelandi ... . -2l
Chenactis .. . . . 624 cuspidata . -.. 261
Douglasti 2... 2... 525 | diffusa 2 ee 151
40
594
Douglasii., ..... 150
var. diffusa... .. . 151
membranacea ...... 150
pungens .,...... 151
robusta. .... . . . 150
uniaristata .. 0... 151
valida 22. 68 8 6 Ha 150
Christmas Berry. .... . 287
Chrysanthemum. , 515
Leucanthemum ..... 515
segetum .,.... 515
Chrysanthemum, Corn . 515
Chrysopsis ........ 557
echioudes »..... 557
Oregana ........ 558
Var. Ud ae vk gw 558
GUONS se cg BR ea A 558
sessiliflora . 558
WillOsae - sous: ese ge 557
var. Bolanderi, . .. . 557
var. echioides ..... 557
var. sessiliflora, . , . 558
Cichories, . . , . . . 483, 490
Cichorium ........ 490
Intybuas 3k aa ws 490
Cicuta inlets Ae) haan ane . 851
Bolanderi. . ...., . 851
Californica . . 1. 851
virosa var. Californica . , 351
Cirewa 2, 2 838
Pacifica. ke ee a a 838
Cirsium ...... 1. 504
Andrewsii ...... . 506
Breweri 2... 1. 507
Californicum ...... 508
callilepe 2... ..... 507
Coulteri . 2... 508
erassicaule » ... 1... 506
edule. . a te 506
fontinale . 2... . . 505
hydrophilum . ue 507
lanceolatum . ...... 505
occidentale . . 509
quereetorum . . . . . . 507
remotifolium .... . . 508
Cistaceew 2... 1... 238
Clarkia. , 2. 00 J 331
Breweri . see ee , 882
concinna 832
elegans .,....
grandifiora
rhomboidea . .. .
Xantiana ..... 1. . 882
Claytonia diffusa, . . . . . 187
gypsophiloides . ..... 186
nubigenad 2... ee 186
perfoliata... 7 2... 186
UUUTIED 5. gs ag OS de ek 186
spathulata»... a. 187
Cleavers Se 463, bees ee Gee 467
Clematis ...., 7 . 197
lasiantha ..... . 197
ligusticifolia, . ..... 198
Clematis, Hill. 198
Large-flowered. ..... 197
Cleomella. ....... . 229
obtusifolia. . 2... 1. 229
Clintonia. ...... « 125
Andrewsiana, .... . .125
uniflora, . . . , . 126
Clot bur, Spiny... .... 547
AQIOVERS. 4.4 eign ee we 304
Reds s- j-we e ie ela 307
Sour Ae Gee a . . 310
Sweets .u6 ee % a wv 812
Club-rush, ........ 86
D Watts si ec ca la De 87
SIGNGER a. gg seve ve ay ae 86
Cnicus.. . 2... 5038
benedictus. ....... 503
Cnicus Andrewstt . . . . . 506
Brewer. ge 4 eR Oe 507
Californicus. . 2... 508
edulis. 2.2... 506
quercetorum.,...... 507
remotifolius .... . . 508
Cockle Bur... .. 2... 546
Coffee Berry... ..... 254
Coleosanthus, ,.. 1... 571
Californicus , , . 671
Collinsias goa, Go ao eta ee 398
rr re 398
bartsiefolia . . 2... 899
BIGOION. se oS ee 4 399
Franciscana , . 899
Greenel., nce wae ss 400
sparsiflora, . . . . . . 898
var, arvensis... ... 898
INDEX 595
var. Franciscana, . . .899 | Cornel ......, 360
tinctoria. . 2... 399 | Cornus... 1. 360
Mollomia, . 2. . 423 Californica . 2... 361
gilioides, 2... 425 Canadensis . .... . . 861
gracilis... , 425 labrata . 2... 0, 361
grandiflora, . . 2... 428 Cites: et yet Aa ote, Be 861
heterophylla. . . . . . , 424 Greeneti. ...... . . 862
Coltsfoot, Sweet... . 509 Nuttallii 2... 2. 361
Columbine. . 2... 2. 195 pubescens var. Californica. 361
Composita, .... 2.4 482 sessilis . ......, , » eel
Conifere. . . . 1... sag 18 ROPRCWI: i Ger oko dn 862
Conium, . . 1, 849 | Coronopus ...... , 228
maculatum a Gee og OO didymus Sts fe 229
Convolvulacess. . . . 885 Ruet a go -5 ae es hd he 229
Convolvulus. .. 2. 1, 886 ; Corylaceee ..,.....«: 140
ARVENSIS eS BiG a vb 888 | Corylus.........., 140
limnophilus ...... 387 rostrata var. Californica 140
luteolus 2... 2... 387 | Cotton-batting Plant. . . . 552
var. purpurascens , , 388 | Cotton-sedge. .... 2... 88
var. Solanensis. 388 Slender. 24463 ss i 88
pentapetaloides . . . . . 888 | Cottonwood. ....... 138
sepium ..... : . 887 Balsam . . . . . . 189
Soldanella, . 2... 886 Blake oi ee . 188
subacaulis. . . . . . 887 Common fe = 138
Villostisc.. 2-25 25 Gh es 887 | Cotula seeiey ay es 517
Copade Oro, ...... 207 australis . 2... 08. 517
Corallorhizaa, ...... 184 coronopifolia ...... 518
Bigelovii ......2. 184 | Cotyledon. ... 2... 266
multiflora, . 2... 134 cxspitosa .. ... 267
Coral-root. ....... 134 var. paniculata . . . . 267
Cord-grass. .... 2... 56 farinosa. 2. 2... . 266
Cordylanthus maritimus 417 1) <: aa ne eee ener! 267
mollis. ....... 417 var. Setchellii . . 2... 267
pilosus . 2... 416 Plattiana . 2... 267
Corethrogyne ......, 568 | CowHerb.......... 164
cespitosa ...... . .565 | Cow Parsnip ...... . 360
Californica . ... . 565 | Crab Apple, Oregon . . 287
var.obovata. .... .565 | Crabgrass ........ 81
Californica . . . . . . 665 | Cranesbill. 2. 2... 2. 246
filaginifolia , 2... 664 | Crantzia eee ee 2 858
leucophylla ...... 564 lineata ........ . 858
obovata ........ 565 | Crassulaceo, ..... 264
viscidula , ..... . .664 | Crategus..... 0.0 287
var.Greenei, . .. . . 564 rivularié: . 5 gk a 8 287
Corn Cockle, . . ... . . 166 | Cream-cups........ 205
Corn Gromwell . ... . 441 | CreamSacs..... . 415
Corn Speedwell .. ... .411 | Crepis .. 2... 2... 499
Corn Spurrey ..... beat occidentalis Beis) ee AIO.
Cornacez 360 VITEDS go koe eA Aw 4S 499
596 INDEX.
Oressiy ons Sgud el aig 888 | Cypress. ..... 25
Oretica ss, 33.6. sof oe we & 888 GOWel (oe a owe ae 25
Cress, Hoary ....... 226 McNab......... 25.
Croton: <2 3 ee ee eB 261 Monterey. ...... 26
Californicus., . ..... 261 | Cypripedium ,..... 180
Crucifers .......4. 210 Californicum ,..... 181
Cryptanthe ..... am we montanum ....... 131
ambigua ...... 444 | OCypselea Raprerre (1!)
flaccida. .... 7 . 445 humifusa........ 189
Jonesii . . 2. : .445 | Dactylis 2... 0... 64
leiocarpa . . . . 445 glomerata. ..... 65
micromeres ...... 445) | Daisy 3 i.e ee 6 564
microstachys ..... . 445 Seaside eae 568
muriculata 444 | Danthonia ........ 55
Torreyana ..... . 446 Californica . 2... 55
Cucurbita . i heaps: aeacrar Oe” | Daal, ao @ ae cee Se-Goal. 42 us 75
foetidissima ..... 319 Poison... ...... 75
palmata ......4.. 819 | Datisea. . 2... . . a21
Cucurbitacew .... 2. 319 glomerata. ....... 321
Cudweed ...... . . . 550 | Datisca Family . . . . . . 821
Lowland ..... . 551 | Datisea, . 2 1, w 821
PUPDIC: fe ye ee ey ae Se ws 551 | Datura... ...., 391
Cupressus. 2... we, 25 meteloides ......., 892
Goveniana ....... 25 Stramonium. , 892
Macnabiana. ...... 25 Pata ose sag Val hs 892
macrocarpa ......., 26) Daucus. . 3 bake ees 347
Cupulifere ... 1... 141 Carota .. 1... a6 848
Currant... 2... . 272 pusillus, .. . . 847
Flowering ....... 278 | Deer-weed ........, 804
Guscuta : ss Se ee eS 888 | Delphintum. ....... 195
arvensis. ....... 389 Californicum ...... 195
Californica . ..... . 889 decorum .,,...... 196
Salin@: 2 6. kw ew . 889 hesperium. ....... 196
subinclusa . . » . , 889 Menziesii . .. . . 197
Cycladenia . .. . a we 4 BSL nudicaule. ....... 197
humilis, 2... , ». . . 881 recurvatum ,...... 196
Cynara. 2.6 sk ws ‘ , 504 variegatum ...... . 196
Scolymus . . , 604 var, apiculatum . . . . 196
Cynareze 484, 502 | Dendromecon ....... 206
Cynodon ......., . . 56 rigidum . tad we & = 206
Dactylon Seg . 56 | Dentaria Wiens 221
Cynoglossum 449 Californicea » 2... 6, 222
PANIC! > 2) <8 ox) eh cay ses Ger cs 450 ceardiophylla ....., , 222
Cyperaces ....... . 88 integrifolia . 2... 221
Cyperus ..... P . 84 var. Californica , 222
aristatus. . . . . . . . . 84 | Deschampsia ...... 50
diandrus var. castaneus , , 84 ealycina ......4.. 51
erythrorhizos ....., 85 elongata ........ 51
serrulatus 84 var. ciliata 51
INDEX. 597
var. tenuis: ... 61) Duckweed . 2.0.2.2... 97
holeiformis .. 2... . 50 Gibbous, ....... 98
Deweya Hartwegi . . . , . 350 Ivy-leaved ....... 98
Kelloggt .. 2... 350 Smaller... 2... 98
Dicentra ..... . .. .209 | Duckweed Family... .. 97
chrysantha ...... .210 | DuneTansy...... 516
formosa, . . . ... . . 210 | Durango Root. . .... . 821
Dichondra. . .... . .386 | Duravia ..... . . . 158
TRPOOS. ica ee ee 386 | Dutchman’s Breeches . . 209
Dicotyledons ..... ..185 | Dutchman’s Pipe . . . . 364
Diplacus ..... 1... 402 | Dyer’s Weed ....... 280
glutinous ,...... 402 | Echinocystis ...... 319
Dipsacew .......2.. 475 fabacea. 2 2... 320
Dipsacus 24 5 2b ek we 476 var. agrestis. . . . . 320
fullonum .... . .476 macrocarpa ..... . 820
sylvestris... .. . 476 Mare eo vee ee es . 320
DARGA, oo ae sas ee ge w 209 Watson. Le Se 321
occidentalis ....... 260 | Hclipta. ........ 540
Disporum . 6 6 ks ee VT iN ie BUD aos ag tay cd ae el PS 540
Hookerl «= 6 es sa 3 127 | Hel-grass ........- 101
Menziesii. 2... 1. 127 Pacific ... ... . 102
Distichlis . . 1... oa 63 Torrey'S: ee ke & 102
maritima... wee 63 | Elatinacee ........ 234
spicata... we 68 | Elatine. 2... 2. . 234
Ditch-grass . . . . . . 100 brachysperma ...... 234
Dock. i sy ww eek s x 166 Californicea . . 2... 234
Bitter gee sts ne 157 | Hider. 2 2. nk es 470
Curly . 286 64 .157 | Eleocharis ... 0... . 85
Fiddle ....... «157 acicularis ... 0...) . 85
Golden... 1... . 158 palustris . 2... . 85
Greets egies 157 | -Ellisia. 2 sa ca ew 3 435
Wrertern 2.6 4 «6 « « 4 156 chrysanthemifolia . . 485
Willow-leaved .... 157 membranacea .. . . . 485
Dodder : 6 si ees 388 | Elymus. ........ 76
Dodecatheon ...... B76 angustifolius . . a an 80)
Henderson ,. , ss « 4 876 var. cespitosus . . . 81
patulum .......- 877 arenarius ...... 77
var. gracile... ... 377 condensatus. ..... 78
var. Bernalium ... . 377 divergens. ...... 80
Dogbane Family... . . 380 plaueus. 6k ay 78
Dog-fennel ... .., . 514 var. breviaristatus . . 79
Dog’s-tooth grass sp ee 8 var. Jepsonii ..... 79
Dog Violet... 2.0.4. 231 var.maximus ,... 79
Dogwood ........- 360 var.tenuis ...... 79
Nuttall’s 2... 2.04: 361 hispidulus .......- 79
Dogwood Family .. . - 860 pubescens... ...--. 78
Dormidera .......-- 207 Sibiricus .. 2... es 80
Downingia elegans»... 480 Sitanion 2... 81
pulchella ... 25s . . 481 triticoides., . 2... aa 18
598
Emex australis . .... . 156
Emmenanthe ..... . 489
penduliflora., .. . 2. 439
Enchanter’s Nightshade . 888
Encina ........ . 148
Epilobium ........ 327
adenocaulon var. occiden-
tale en 827
Californicum ,..... 827
Franciscanum , . .. 328
holosericeum ,..... 828
minutum..... 04. 828
var. Biolettii ..... 828
var. foliosum . ... 328
obcordatum ..... 329
paniculatum ..,.... 828
spicatum ae BSS
Watsoni ....... . 828
Epipactis 2... ..... 182
gigantea... 2... 132
Eragrostis ....... 59
hypnoides, .... 2... 60
MOOT i ie ee ee ee 60
MINOT” a. He BeBe ees 60
var, megastachya . . . 60
pocoides var, megastachya , 60
reptams »« 2... ee ewe 60
Eremocarpus ....... 260
setigerus . 2... . 8, 260
Ericaces 2... 1. 867
Ericameria... . 0... 559
arborescens ...... 559
ericoides . 2... 559
Erigeron ........., 567
angustatus ...... . 569
Canadensis ..... 567
foliosus . . . 568
glaucus... 2... 568
inornatus,...., . . 569
var. Bioletti. . . . . 569
var. viscidulus, . . . , 569
inornatus var. angustatus , 569
miser . , 569
Philadelphicus a de Ae 568
Detehelii x. se wow, ie 568
supplex.. 2 a yg ee ae 568
Eriodictyon. » 2... 440
Californicum 440
glutinosum ». ow... 440
INDEX,
Eriogonum ....
angulosum ,..,...
compositum. ... 2... 153
dasyanthemum .,.. . 155
var. Jepsoni ..... 155
SPACE 9 ioe, SS aa et A 154
hirtiflorum ..,... . 161
latifolilum, ...... . 158
Nortont .6 oe we we . 155
NUGUM 22 kee ee 153
var. oblongifolium , . . 153
BAKAtHG cg Gos ae oe 154
stellatum ,......., 152
trachygonum 154
truncatum ..... 154
vimineum .,...... 154
var.caninum ,.,.,., 155
virgatum , 2... 155
Wrightii var. Reena 154
Eriophorum , 88
STAGIE 3s ou Sas te a Give 88
Eriophyllum ,...... 522
arachnoideum ,,... 528
confertiflorum , . . . , 528
idoneum ,..... . 624
Jepsonii ........ 523
lanatum var. grandiflorum. 524
stechadifollum ,.... 523
Erodium ,........ 247
BotrySy ys & © . 247
Californicum . ow... 247
cicutarlum ....... 248
macrophyllum .... . 247
var. Californicum , , .
moschatum ne fe ,
Giryngium ». ei...
armatum ,.,,
articulatum . . «i i i «
Californicum ...... 343
Harknessi . . . . . . , 844
petiolatum ..... 343
Vaseyi . 2... 343
Eryngo, Point Reyes | . 848
ViasCy Sion dk -aj oe 3 3438
Erysimum .,....... 218
asperume yoga eRe 218
Californicum . .. . . . 218
capitatum., . 2... . 218
grandiflorum —, . 218
Erythrea. . .
Mublenbergii
tricantha .
Erythronium .......
grandiflorum ...
Eschscholtzia . . .
se 8 we a ee
ambigua .....
ceespitosa . . 1 we.
Californica . . 2...
var.ambigua .....
var. compacta ,
var. crocea
var. Douglasii . . .
compacta . ....
erocea . lk
Douglasit . .
rhombipetala
Escobilla ........,
Escobita, Common, . .
Purple: ou a a ee
Eucharidum .......
Brewert . . wwe ee
cincinnum .. 1.
Euclarkia. 2...
Euonymus
‘occidentalis ......
Eupatories .. .
Eupatory Tribe
Euphorbia
dictyosperma
exigua ...
hypericifolia
Lathyris
OCellata’ x 4a ee ey
occidentalis ......
Peplus
rugulosa .....
serpyllifolia. . 2...
var. consanguinea . . .
var. occidentalis . . . .
var. rugulosa .
Euphorbiacez
Eusidaleea ......
Euthamia occidentalis
Evax...
acaulis
caulescens
var. humilis. . . .
INDEX,
879 sparsiflora. .......
379 | Evening-Primrose Family
879 | Evening Snow ......
110 | Everlasting... .. :
110 California, . . 2...
. 206 Réarly 4 we sss
208 Pink ook ¥% 44%
208 Small-headed ......
207 | Everlasting Tribe . . . 488,
208 | Faculty Onions ... .
208 | Fairy Bells... .
207 | Fairy Lantern
208 | False Alum Root
208 | Fale Flax ........
207 | False Hellebore .. . .
208 | False Loose-strife ‘
208 | False Lupine .......
503 | False Mallow .......
414 | False Mitre-wort .....
414 | False Pimpernel. . .. . .
831 | FalseSolomon’s Seal... .
382 | Fennel, Sweet, ......
332 | Fescue, California... .
. 831 Re ceases Sa) eM
253 Squirrel-tail. . 2... .
253 Western
570 | Fescue-grass
570 | Fescue Tribe
261 Festuca. 2...
2638 | Californica
263 5 denticulata . . .
262 microstachys
268 | var. ciliata
. 263 | var. pauciflora
. 262 MIYUPOS... eg ew
262 var. cilitia :
262 | var. sciuroides, . . .
263. ovina var.rubra . ww we
262 | rubra... ...
262 scabrella aes
262 sciuroides. . . 1...
262 | Festucewe .. .....
262 | Ficoideew ........--
260 | Field Chickweed .....
. 289 | Field Madder .. .
560 | Fig Marigold .. .
549 | Fig, Sea
549 | Figwort ia &
549 | Figwort Family. .....
649 ' Filago .. 1...
600 INDEX.
Californica . . 2... . 550 | Fringe-pod ........ 225
Galliea . . we 550 | Fritillaria, 2... 0... 107
Filaree..... 1. . 247 agrestis... & * © a es 109
Red-stemmed ...... 248 biflora . 108
Fimbristylis. ... . . . 86 coccinea... 1... . 108
OPUS. yk wh Ge eo es 86 lanceolata. . 2... . 108
miliaceh , « 6 4 a & bs 86 lanceolata var. gracilis . . 108
Finger-grass Tribe... . . 55 liliacea . .......2. 109
ibe tas ae eee ae | mutica, . .. 108, 377
FROG Psy o> eae cae? seincncee 20 var. gracilis, ..... 108
Fire-crackers, Ida May’s . . 114 plurifora; ae ees 107 -
Fire-weed. . 2... . , 829 | Fritillaria
Five Finger, .... . . 281 Pink: a ws . 107
Flag 5 ow ef wea ee . . 128 Scarlet a. x. sodas ge are 108
Blk 5 Sk BR we 243 White .. 2... =. 109
Blue . . ME AE Scene 243 | Fuller’s Teasel . ..... 476
Flax Family . ..... 248 | Fumariacew. . ... 2... 209
Fleabane ...... . 567 | Fumitory Family 209
Salt Marsh . .. 553 | Galingale 84
Flerkea ......., .248 | Gallum........, . 467
Douglasii : . 248 Andrewsii , 469
Flowering Fern... . =. 204 anglicum ow wk, 468
Foeeniculum ..... 354 Aparine . 468
vulgare... , 355 Bolanderi. ..... . 469
Forget-me-not. .... 441 Californicum ...... 469
Four-o’clock Family. . . . 183 Nuttallii . 2. 469
Foxtail, ...... . . 40, 838 Parisiense, . . . . 468
Bristly ao a wee a ee 33 CHICOINE 5 ee we ke we 468
California, . 2... 41 trifidum ...., . 468
Meadéw , 4s. 4 40 trilorum ,.... . 468
Wrater’ gs: os ac i 41 | Galium, California . . 469
Fragaria 280 Corn Pe Ne Hey Se . 468
Californica . 280 Wall 2 3G ws . 468
Chilensis ........ 281 | Garden Balm 462
Frmkeiiag .. . 2 4 4 ws 162.) Garrya . 2... 862
grandifolia . ......, 163 buxifolia rl . 863
Frankenia Family... . . 162 elliptica ae antaeneresy 362
Frankeniaces . .. . 162 | Fremonti , .., 363
Franseria . . , .. 546 | Garryacem . . .. ll, 362
bipinnatifida 546 | Gastridium . .... 44
Chamissonis , . , 546 owsivale, . . 6 a « 45
Frasera , . . 378 lendigerum ... 45
nitida 378 | Gaultheria 373
speciosa. . . . . 378 Shallon, . ..., 873
Fraxinus . . . 385 | Gayophytum 325
dipetala _385 | Gentian . . ., 2 378
Oregana 385 | Gentian Family . . . 378
Fremontia 236 | Gentiana ~ . 378
Californica 236 Oregana 379
INDEX. 601
Gentianaces eee 6 B78 | Glyceria pauciflora 68
Geraniacew . . . . . . . . 245 | Glycyrrhiza . . 298
Geranium, . , .. . 246 lepidota var. glutinosa . , 293
Carolinianum ...,.., 246 | Gnaphalium 550
dissectum. ..... . . 246 Chilense ...,...., 552
molle. ......., . 246 decurrens var. Californi-
parviforum..,..... 246 CUNT My ay Sek 551
pilosum . 2... . . 246 microcephalum 551
Geranium, Carolina . » « 286 palustre .,.,. . 651
Common Nd . . 246 var.nmanum ,..... 551
Geranium Family : . 245 purpureum . . 661
Gilla.. . ge we ee a 424 ramosissimum 4 bb
achillesfolia , 426 Sprengelti . . . -, 552
ambigua 2... . 480 | Godetia, 2 7 2, 332
atractyloides 428 albescens bea Bw BOF
capitata. 2... . 426 var. micropetala . . . . 334
ciliata . 482 AMONM a ee 338
cotulzfolia . 427 var. concolor . 884
densifolia = ..... 427 biloba ..... 0... 383
dichotoma......, . 480 epilobioides . . 338
gilioides 2... 2... 425 lepida .. 1... . 885
pracilisy. 2 0k bw 425 var. Arnotti . 885
heterodoxa . 428 micropetala .... . . 834
intertexta . 427 quadrivulnera . 334
latiflora, .......4. 426 var. tenella . 384
-leucocephala ...... 427 tenella . . . as 334
linifora ... 1... , 480 | Gold Fields... . : oe . 619
melita oS Gliese ae 428 | GoldenEges ..... 336
micrantha ..... 4. 431 | Golden-eyed Grass . . 130
multicaulis . . sw % 425 | Golden Lily Bell 113
prostrata . . 2... 427 | Golden Rod... . . 560
pubescens, . 1.2... 428 Coast... .. . 561
pusilla . ...... 430 Common , ...... 561
Rattani . 481 Western . 560
squarrosa . 428 | Golden Thistle . 490
tenella . ..... , 482 | Golden-top 65
trieolor.. 3. <... .
409 helix . . Pugh aS
277 | Hedge Mustard
181 | Hedge Nettle . .
554 | Hedge Parsley, Knotted
555 | Helenee ......
, 555 | Helenium, . 4...
556 Bigelovii . . .
556 puberulum
554 | Helianthee . .. .
. 555 | Helianthella
554 Californica
654 castanea 2...
554 | Helianthemum
554 scoparium., ....
. 555 | Helianthus
129 annuus . .
511 Bolanderi . ,
502 Californicus, ......
509 C40)
554 | Heliotrope ...
553 | Heliotropium
553 Curassavicum . . .
7 | Hemitomes congestum
82 | Hemizonella .
131 minima, .
131 parvula .
132 | Hemizonia
182 angustifolia .
ay Lod citrina ..
49 Clevelandi
54 cangesta
50 corymbosa
49 fasciculata
51 Fitehii
888 Heermanni
73 Kelloggii . . . . .
73 luzulefolia
73 var. citrina ;
477 var. lutescens . .
R28 pauciflora
486,
487,
plumosa
var. subplumosa me Break
pungens ,
truncata
virgata
Hemlock
Western F Sa
Henbite es, ig ae on. 4
Heracleum
lanatum
Herald of Summer .
Herniaria
cinerea oo anne
Herpestis Hiseni . ...
Hesperalcea. . . 1.
Hesperevax humilis
sparsifiora
Hesperocnide
tenella Ba ae
Heterocodon ....
rariflorum , , .
Heterodraba ‘unilater alis
Heterogaura ......
Californica
Heteromeles . . i : , A
arbutifolia ...,.
Heterotheca . .
grandiflora,
Heuchera . , .
micrantha, ......,
pilosissima . ..
rubescens . .
Hibiscus . .. 1.
Californicus . . .
Hieracium
albiflorum ra
Hierochle .......
macrophylla .....
Hill Brush fw ww. ,
Hippuris . 2...
vulgaris.
Hog’s Potato
Holeus . . 2
lanatus . . .
Holocarpha .... aes
macradenia ......
Holodiseus .......
discolor var. ariefolius . .
Holozonia .....
INDEX
585 filipes . .
585 | Honeysuckle .,.....
532 California , Bet cnnday a
533 Chaparral. . ,
531 | Honeysuckle ‘Family .
851 |} Hookera ..,...
19 capitata, oo... .
458 congesta <
360 coronaria. .......,
360 hyacinthina. ......
833 var. lactea 2. 2...
171 ixioides, 2. 2... :
172 var. lugemns .....
409 VARS ee ae ae ayy
239 MINOE 2a ka a
549 peduncularis ....
549 terrestris ........
148 volubilis . 00. 2 nk eS
148 | Hop Tree... 2 4 2 «
ATO) Mord eee. oss a we ee
479 | Hordeum ,.....
224 Gussonianum
825 maratimum . . . :
. 825 var. Gussonianum he ahs
286 murinum , ,
287 nodosum .,.......
556 pratense
557 | Horehound
271 | Horkelia
271 Bolander . , by eats
271 Californica . . . — , 282,
271 var. sericea » ww we
237 Jusca var. tenuiloba .
237 | Horned Pond weed
498 | Hornwort . <4 %
498 | Hornwort Family ia eas
87 | Horse Chestnut .....
87 | Horseweed ........
517 | Hosackia balsamifera .. .
338 brachyearpa, » .....
3388 crassifolia, . . ..
. 122 cytisoides ane
48 glabra ms
49 graclis ......
531 grandiflora
532 Heermanni
277 maritima ....
277 nudi oe
589 parviflora . ,
604 INDEX
Purshiana .. 1 we 308 var. -vernonioides
rubella. .... 802 vernontoides , ... .
stipularis . 2... a . 3800 | Isopyrum.....
tomentosa... . . 803 occidentale ro
LOT TOU i oh kgs ge Meg, I 301 |} Iva ..... Bay
Hound’s Tongue. . . - 450 axillaris :
Howellia , 2... .... 482 VY he ek a eS
limosa . . 0... . 482 | Jacob’s Ladder ;
Huckleberry 3738 | Jaumea. ......
Hydrocotyle 342 carmnosa , . ...
prolifera 342 | Jerusalem Oak a3
ranunculoides ......, 342 | Jewel Flower... . .
Hydrophyllacew . . 432 | Johnson-grass . . . .
Hydrophyllum en 433 | Jointed Charlock
capitatum var. alpinum . 433 | Judas Tree . . .
occidentale , 433 | Juglandacez
Hy pericacez 7 235 | Juglans
Hypericum , 2 : , 285 Californica
anagalloides . . . 285 | Juncaces . ..
concinnum ..,.. 2385 | Juncaginacee . . .
formosum var, Scouleri. . 235 | Juncordes comosum
mutilum ..... 235 | Juncus... 2...
Hypocheris, .... . ) . 498 bufonius
glabra... ... 493 effusus .......
radicata . 498 var. Brunneus, .
Tlysanthes 409 falcatus. 2 2. 2.
gratioloides . . .. 410 var. paniculatus . .
Incense Cedar... . 24 Leseurli . . .
Indian Chick-weed . 188 patens eae
Indian Hemp . 880 pheocephalus , .
Common . 881 tenuis ne aS) ene
Indian Lettuce 185 var. congestus . .
Indian Paint Brush 413 uncialis. . ,
Indian Pink... . 165 xiphioides . ....
Indian Pond Lily 193 var. auratus
Indian Warrior . .417 | June Berry ......
Inside-out Flower . . 204 | Juniper Bog. hs ns
Inules . 488, 547 California. . . 2...
Tridacez 128 Sierra 2 ow LL.
Tris i ae 128 | Juniperus, ......
Douglasiana. . . 129 Californica
longipetala 129 occidentalis
macrosiphon ... . 129 | Jussiwa, . . ..
Iris Family . . 128 Californica . . .
Islay . 286 | Kern Greasewood
lsocoma 559 | Knot-grass ......
arguta 560 | Knotweed, Common
veneta 560 | Koeler-grass, . .. ..
var. arguta . 560 Crested... .
Keeleria
cristata. |
var. longifolia
var.
pubescens
Koellia . . ,
Californica
Labiata
Labrador Tea
Lace-pod .. ..
Lactuca
sativa
Scariola. .
Lady’s Mantle
Lady’s Slipper
Lady’s Thumb
Lagophylla .
congesta . .
Jfilipes
ramosissima .
var. congesta
Lamarckia
aurea
Lamium amplexicaule . . .
Larkspur... ....
Coast
Red
Sacramento ....
Western
Lastarriva
Chilensis . ee
Lasthenia. . 2...
Californica
chrysantha
conjugens. . . .
glaberrima
glabrata
var.
Lathyrus
Californica : : ae
Bolanderi. . ....
Californicus .
Jepsonii
littoralis
Lauraces , .
Laure] Family
Eavatera .
INDEX. 605
60 assurgentifolia . 237
61 | Layia 585
61 Beach . . 536
61 | Layia callighossa . ., 5388
465 chrysauthemoides BT
465 elegans 586
. 452 Fremonti . , 588
869 glandulosa 536
225 heterotricha 586
501 hieracivides 537
601 platyglossa 5387
501 | Leatherwood : 259
284 Western .... 260
180 | Ledum .. . 369
161 glandulosum 369
§88 | Legouzia bifloru 478
539 | Leguminosae 288
589 | Lemna ..... 97
538 cyclostasa . 98
539 gibba. . 98
65 minima, ... 98
65 minor 98
458 trisulea, 2 2. 98
195 | Lemnacew .. 1... 97
195 | Lemon Verbena. ... . 451
197 | Leontodon hirsutum . . . . 500
"196 | Lepidium. .. . . 226
196 bipinnatifidum 227
149 dictyotum' ... 228
149 Draba = 5 ww, . 226
519 latipes . 227
519 medium . 227
519 nitidum . 227
519 Oreganum ..... 228
519 oxycarpum 228
519 strictum 228
519 | Leptosyne 544
297 calliopsidea . 545
298 Stillmani ew ex 544
298 | Leptotenia ... 356
299 Californica 356
298 var. platycarpa 357
298 dissecta. . . . 357
297 | Lepturus. ...... 73
298 Bolanderi. . 1... 74
298 eylindrieus .. 1... 73
191 incurvatus ..... 73
191 | Ressingia. . 2.2... 561
237 adenophora ..... 563
606 INDEX
Germanorum .,.... 562 var. rosaceus 431
glandulifera. . .. 2... 562 PUSHING. secu ds ee eS 430
hololeuca, . 2... 0.0. 563 RRAttaUL 6. a coir ads eR ea 431
leptoclada ....... 563 TOSUCEUS 2 1. ee 431
HONS. « G « % % . . 568 | Linaria. ..... 397
ramulosa ........ 562 Canadensis . . . . 897
virgata . . 563 Vulgaris? ye @ eos yes 397
Lettuce, ... .501 | Linum... .. 248
Common ........ 501 adenophyllum. ... . 244
Prickly) as aoe a le 4 501 Breweri . 2... 2... 245
Lewisia. . ... . 184 Californicum . 244
rediviva 185 congestum ......., 244
Libocedrus ........ 24 Lewisii. . . . , 248
decurrens,....... 24 micranthum....... 244
Lilac spergulinum ......, 244
California. .... . .256 | Lippia. ..... . 451
PBTEY’ Boosey cee eS . 256 lanceolata. ......., 451
Dep 8hse 067 og) aban in oe a ee 108 nodiflora . .....,. 451
subulata . . ... 104 | Liquorice. . 2... 298
Liliaceew ........ 106 | Lithospermum arvense, , . 441
DAMM oe tees ER GE 109 | Lizard Tail . 2. 2... 523
maritimum ...,. 110 | Lizard-tail Family... .. 162
pardalinum ...,.... 109 | LoasaFamily ....... 321
rubescens, =. ww. 110 | Loasacew . .... 5 . 821
DAY oss to es Be ge ae Ta 109 | Lobelia Family ...... 479
Black ....... . 108 | Lobeliacew . . . . . 479
Chaparral . ..... .110 | Loco-weed ........, 290
Checker .. 2... . 108 | Leflingia. . .. . 171
Coast Bro tS as axes 110 squarros# . 1 1 ww 171
Easter... ook 110 | Lolium, . . 74
Redwood ........ 110 Italicum 2 2. ow 75
Riceroot « 2 2 44 3 #4 108 multiflorum . 75
Wiger. koe aoe ee ee 109 perenne... . 75
Lily Family oes . 106 var. Italicum ..... 75
Limosella, .. 2... . . 408 var. multifiorum, . . . 75
aquatica... 2... 408 var.tenue. .. 76
Linacee ...... 243 temulentum , 75
Linanthus we ee 429 var, arvense, . . . 75
acicularis . . 4... : 432 LONE co fel oe oer is. ee eg 45 75
ambiguus... ..... 480 | Lonicera ..... . 472
androsaceus. .... , . 481 Californica . 2 ww, 473
bICOlOr: ge eee cS a 4382 hispidula var. Californica . 473
Bolanderi, ....... 480 hispidula var. interrupta , 478
ciliatus. ) 482 interrupta . 2 . 478
densiflorus ....... 481 var. subspicata 474
dichotomus ....... 480 involucrata 2... 0... 472
grandifiorus . . . . 431 | Loose-strife . . . 323
liniflorus . 430 | Loose-strife Family . 823
parviflorus ....... 431 | Lophanthus ..... . . 455
INDEX 607
urticifolius . ... . . . 455 var. pachylobus . . . . 318
Lophochlena Californica . | 63 microcurpus. ...... 319
Loranthaces be ae 1 BOD Manus . m Pett
Lotus ge 6 ye ee 299 pachylobus an ea eh caais 318
Americanus, ..... 3U2 polyearpus ....... $18
Benthami begs 804 polyphyllus. ... 816
Biolettay. os; a sew? ecg 304 sericatus .. 1... 316
erassifolius . 300 tidus) sn eS ws ey OLB:
eriophorus : 308 variicolor . . . . 315
formosissimus . . . .. .3801 | Luzula,.,........ 95
plaber 2 ce, ag : 804 COMOSA es git “ls ts ks 95
grandiflorus. . . . 301 var. congesta ..... 95
Heermanni........ 308 var. subsessilis. . . . . 95
hirtellus ... 0... . 802 | Lycopus ........ 465
humistratus. ...... 802 Americanus,,..... 466
leucopheus ...,... . 301 Wucidus. 40 eas. a 466
micranthus . .... » « B02 sinuatus ...... 466
salsuginosus, . . . . . . 301 | Lythracem 2... . 2... 223
stipularis ee | Ger tea ig a 300 | Lythrum..,....... 823
strigosus . 2... ee 302 adsurgens. ....... 324
var. nudiflorus . 802 Californicum ...... 324
subpinnatus var. Wrangel- Hyssopifolia . . 324
ianus, . .... . .3808 | Madder Family ...... 467
WORTEyL: ig eae A S000 | Madia; 2. 6. ee ec 527
Wrangelianus ...... 303 QnomMala 2 wv ke 527
Louse wort . 417 capitata, ..... ou7
DUCED: 4. ea eK OR 313 var. anomala 527
Ludwigia, . . ww. 826 densifolia, ... 1.5. 528
palustris . 2... .... 326 dissitiflora . .... . . 528
DRUID) i si lve eas 510 elegans . 2: sb bw 528
hypoleuca ..... 511 var. densifolia. . . . . 528
Lupine . a ale Plime as al sore tents, eee 529
Lupinus ......... 313 madioides. ....... 528
aiinis es sa ee 817 Nuttallit . A Ma elt Oee
var. carnosulus 817 FACIAGR ee ae. eo 528
albifrons ........ 315 sativa ..... . 527
arboreus ..... 814 | Madia, Common. ..... 528
bicolor . 2... 317 Woodland ...... 528
carnosulus ..... 817 | Madiew ....... 486, 527
Chamissonis. ...... 815 | Madrofia ........ 372
densiflorus ....... 818 | Mahala Mats ....... 258
eminens .......4-. 815 | Mahonia ... ..... 204
formosus a eye Be dente 316 | Maianthemum ..*. .. 126
jucundus ........- 315 | - bifolium var. dilatatum . 126
Twtifolile . . « « «2% 3 816 | Malacothrix. .......- 497
littoralis . on 6 es ee 316 Californicea ....... 498
luteolus. . 318 Clevelandi ...... 498
Mmicranthus .......- 317 Coulteri ww we ee 498
var. bicolor . . .... 817 Obtuse 2G Se a we He eee 497
°
608
parviflora, . . .
Mallow. ...
Dwarf .....
Large-flowered
Small-flowered
Mallow Family
Malus? 2 co ca Ya
rivularis ..
Malva
borealis .
parviflora . .
rotundifolia
Malvacee... 2...
Malvastrum
arcuatum ,...
exile...
fasciculatum
Fremonti. ....
var. cercophorum
Parry) 3.5 3 4 4.3
Malveopsis arcuata
Manna-grass
Smooth. ....
Man Root, Common
Hill . .
Manzanita
Large-leaved
Sierra
Vine... .
Maple Family. .
Mare’s Tail .
Mariposa Lily
White.
Yellow .
Marrubium
vulgare . .
Marsh Dodder
Marsh Mallow
Marsh Penny wort
Marsh Rosefnary
Matricaria
discoidea
occidentalis
Mayweed . .....
Mayweed Tribe
Meadow Foam
INDEX.
. .498 | Meadow-grass. ...... 66
. 238 Creeping .......-. 60
288 | Meadow Rue ....... 202
238 | Meadow Sweet, California . 277
238 | Meconopsis crassifolia 209
236 heterophylla. . 2. ee 209
287 | Medicago. .... ‘ 812
287 apiculata . . e% 313
238 denticulata ..... 313
. 238 lupulina . 818
238 maculata... . 818
238 SatIVa: ne ee eA 313
. . . 286 | Medick. .... 312
241 Black. .xows & Ge a8 813
242 leds Go ee ae 313
242 | Megarrhiza Califo nica . 820
. 242 Marah»... 2.4. 820
. . .242 | Melica . 2.2... 61
242 bulbosa. 2 a, se ee 62
oe qa Californica ..... 62
242 imperfecta... . 61
67 Torreyana .... 62
68 | Melic-grass . . 2. . 61
320 California, . . .. 62
320 Slender. ...... 61
370 Torrey’s 62
371 | Melilot
871 White 3.6 2 4 8 as 312
251 Yellow 312
252 | Melilotus 312
. . . 262 BIDE ga Agana Al aves oats 312
252 Indica , 312
251 | Melissa... 1... 462
. . 338 officinalis... ..... 462
120,111 | Mentha. 2 6 34s ww es 466
111 Canadensis 466
112 citrata = eee. @ BT
. 455 piperita:. 2 0 2 ee en a 467
455 Pulesiumy . coe cae a 466
. 889 spicata... 1 1. . 467
. 237 UR a se we OE 467
_ 842 | Mentzelia. ... 2... . 822
. +878 affinis 822
. , 615 dispersa ear OS 822
. +b15 gracilenta, .. .. . 828
. . b15 Tevicaulis, . . 2. . . 828
. . 614 Lindleyi .. 2... . 328
485, 514 micrantha ....... 322
. .248 | Menyanthes, ...... 878
INDEX.
trifoliata 2.) 2. 378
Mesembryanthemum 190
equilaterale , , 2 2... 190
Mesquit-grass . 2... 49
Mexican Tea . .... 176
Mezereum Family... . . 259
Microcala. ..... 379
quadrangularis 380
Micromeria . ..... 463
Chamissonis . . 463
Douglasii 463
purpurea no 466
Micropus . . . 547
amphibolus 547
Californicus . . 547
Microseris . 494
acuminata 496
aphantocarpha ; . 495
var. indivisa S 495
var. tenella . . 495
attenuata... . 495
Bigelovii: 2% 4.4% 495
Bolanderi. .... . 497
Douglasii . . 495
elegans... 1... 495
indwisa, 2... 6). . 495
intermedia , ... 2 a 496
Lindleyi .. .... . 494
linearifolia . 494
macrocheta 494
procera... , 497
sylvatica. -. . . £96
var. Stillmani ate . 496
Microsteris Californica, — . 425
Mignonette . . 230
Common 2 2380
White * 05-3 eo ees: 230
Mignonette vee 230
Milfoil — . i 514
Milk-maids . 2... 221
Milk Thistle 509
Milkweed. . . . 882
Milkweed Family . . 881
Milkwort . .. . 248
Sea. a ws 375
Millet... ; . 381
Millet Tribe. . . 29
Mimetanthe.. ..... 408
‘pilosa... . 408
41 9
|
609
Mimulus . . 202
androsaceus . 405
angustatus - 403
arvensis. . 2... 407
Bolanderi. . .. . . 404
eardinalis, .... . 405
Congdoni . . 404
2) ea ee . 408
floribundus ....... 407
glareosus sp tg 4g SOT
guttatus Or weer . 406
inconspicuus Var. latidens . 406
inodorus ... 21 eee 408
Kelloggii . . . . 404
var. parviflorus 404
Langsdorfifii , . 406
var. arvensis . 407
var. Californicum . 407
var. grandis , - 407
var. guttatus .. . . 406
var. insignis. . . . 407
var. nasutus 407
latidens, . . e 406
Layne 405
MEELIS 36 «Sep Gaol bec 406
moschatus var. sessilifolius.408
nasutus 407
Rattani. .. . 405
rubellus . 406
subuniflorus . . 404
tricolor... . 404
Miner’s Lettuce 186
Mint... 466
Mint Family 452
Mission Bells . 108
Mistletoe... . 365
Common 365
Pine .. meat . 366
Yellow .. 365
Mistletoe Family 365
Mock Orange . 319
Mohavea . . 394
Mollugo . . 188
verticillata . 188
Monardella 463
Breweri 464
eandicans 464
_Douglasii 464
lanceolata . 464
610
leucocephala
undulata
villosa . . 2...
var. interior. . ..
viridis . .
Monkey-flower
Monniera ,
rotundifolia var. Eiseni.
Monocotyledons
Monolopia
gracilens
major
Montia
Chamissonis. . .
diffusa... 2...
fontana . .
eypsophiloides
parvifolia
perfoliata...
var, nubigena
Sibirica . .
spathulata ~
Morning-glory
Shore...
Morning- glory Henly
Moronel .
Mosquito Bills
Moth Mullein ,
Mountain Balm
Mountain Laurel
Mountain Leatherwood
Mountain Lilac . .
Mountain Mahogany
Mountain Mint . .
Mountain Rose
Mourning Bride
Mouse-ear Chick weed
Mouse Tail . . . .
Antioch ‘
Mud Purslane. .
Mudwort .....
Mugwort, California .
Muilla
maritima . . .
Mule Fat. .
Mule’s Ears. . . S83
Mullein ......,
Common
INDEX.
. 464 Moth. ....
464 | Musk Clover
465 | Mustard
465 Black
. 465 Common Yellow ,
402 Tansy
402 Tower ..
409 | Mustard. Family .
409 | Myosotis sylvatica :
26 | Myosurus... .
522 alopecuroides
522 minimus
522 | Myrica .
185 Californica
187 Hartwegi 2...
.187 | Myricacew ......
187 | Myriophyllum
186 hippurioides
. 187 spicatum
. 186 | Myrtle
186 | Naiad . .
186 Holly-leaved
186 Slender ,
386 | Naiadaceze
886 | Naias:
385 flexilis
474 marina .
376 | Napa Thistle
395 | Narthecium ,
440 Californicum
.191 | Nasturtium ,
236 curvisiliqua
254 dictyotum
. 278 officinale
465 palustris 2... 2...
279 | Navarretia nigellwformis. .
476 parvula ,
166 | Neckweed
198 | Negundo Californ: micum
198 | Neva capitata . . .
234 | Nemophila
408 atomaria.
616 aurita
118 insignis, . 2...
118 var. atomaria ,
570 var. intermedia
541 intermedia
. 895 maculata
395 parviflora . . .
venosa .,.
Nemophila, Purple
Nemoseris Californica
Nepeta .
cataria
Nettle
Creek
Small
Nettle Family. . .
New Zealand Spinach
Nicotiana .
attenuata
Bigelovii
glauca
Nievitas . . .
Nigger-babies . .
Nightshade... .
Black ...
Nightshade Family
Nine Bark
Nitrophila
occidentalis
Nonsuch
Nuphar
advena . .
polysepalum . seat
Nit-grass . 2...
Nutmeg, California
Nuttallia cerasiformis :
Nyctaginaces .
nie aacess
Mountain White
Pacific Post .
Serub
Tanbark
Valley .
Oak Family
Oat-grass . 2... . -
Brome-like
Nodding
Silvery... Be
Tall
42
INDEX.
. 484 | Oats . obs
434 Barbed bee £
493 Bastard...
. 455 Common ...
455 Waldo sg ae? Ate be
147 | Oats Tribe a
147 | Odontostomum
. 147 Hartwegi . . .
1446; GEnanthe . ,
189 Californica
3890 sarmentosa
3891 | (Ginothera, ......
390 | biennis var. grandiflora
3891 ; Californica
444 campestris
. 129 | cheiranthifolia ,
, Bee dentata . . .
, 892 var. cruciata
. 390 | graciliflora
. 276 hirtella . .
174 micrantha :
174 OVER ag a ae
813 strigulosa .
192 trichocalyx .....
192 | Old Alan. . 2 x «a 4
193 | Old Man in the Ground
45 | Old-witch-grass . . .
18 | Oleaces ,
285 | Olney’s Bulrush .
. 183 | Onagracez
192 | Onion
. 141 | Ookow .
144 | Opulaster . . ,
142 opulifolius . . . .
143 var. capitatus
144 Orchard-grass .
144 | Orchidaces ._ . one
143 | Orchid Family
142 | Orchis, Stream
142 | Orobanchacews. . . .
148 | Orthocarpus. . .
144 attenuatus
142 castilleioides
141 densiflorus
51 erianthus . .
. 52 var. roseus . .
. 52 var. versicolor
52 faucibarbatus , . .
54 floribundus . . .
612
lithospermoides
purpurascens
pusillus, . .
versicolor . .
Osmaronia.
cerasiformis . .
Osmorrhiza
brachypoda .
nuda. ss
occidentalis . .
Oso Berry. .
Owl’s Clover... .
White
Oxalis
corniculata
Oregana .
Wrightii .
Ox-eye Daisy
Oxytheca .
hirtiflora
PROMS ooo 6 we
Brownii ......
Painted Cup, Seaside .
Woolly soy
Panic, Branched .
Panicezs
Panic-grass .
Panicularia
paucifiora .
Panicum
capillare
Crus-galli .
dichotomum.
miliaceum .
sanguinale
Pansy, Yellow .
Papaver 3
Californicum
heterophyllum
var. crassifolium . ,
Papaveracea :
Parietaria debilis
Parnassia
palustris var. Californica .
Paronychia . .
Chilensis .
pusilla
INDEX.
415 | Parsley ee . 840
414 | Parsnip. 360
414 | Paspalum . , 30
~All distichum ee 380
, 285 | Pastinaca. . .. . 859
. 285 sativa. . 860
BAG! | PC oie ae as gh a Bog . 297
. 847 | Pea Family . or eee , 288
. 847 | Pear, California | | 251
, 847 Pearl Wort.... 168
285 | Pectocarya 449
415 penicillata 449
. 415 pusilla 449
_ 245 | Pedicularis 417
. 245 densiflora . 417
. 246 | Pennyroyal . . 466
. 245 | Pennywort 342
. 515 | Pentacena ; : 172
_ 151 ramosissima. ..... 172
151 | Pentacheta . 556
152 alsinoides . 556
253 exilis, ... 556
194 | Pentstemon..... 401
194 centranthifolius . . . 402
, 412 corymbosus . . . 401
. 418 heterophyllus . . . . 402
82 Lemmoni....... 401
29 Newberryi var. Sonomensis. 401
30 Sonomensis .... . . 401
67 | Peony .. 194
68 Pepper-grass. : . . 226
30 Common .... .. . 227
32 Long- mee a, eg 227
31 Tall. . 227
32 Wayside . 227
31 | Peppermint 467
31 | Pepperwood . . 191
. 232 | Periwinkle ~ »«. 880
208 | Persicaria. . . . . . 159
209 | Petasites ge. “ates . 609
209 palmata. . . » . . 10
209 | Petty Spurge. . .. . . 268
. 205 | Peucedanum . 857
148 caruifolium . 2... 359
271 dasycarpum . . . . . 858
271 Hassel. «1 6 = . 358
172 leiocarpum . . . 857
172 macrocarpum . 858
172 parvifolium . . 358
INDEX. 613
robustum . , 357 | Pigweed os . 175
utriculatum . . 359 Rough... . 178
Vuseyi .. 2 2. 859 | Pimpernel ‘ 875
Phavelia 2. we es 485 | Pimpinel 2... . 353
Breweri 439 | Pimpinella . . . . 852
Califurnica 438 apiedora. . gw, 853
var. imbricata 4389 | Pin Clover... 2... 248
ciliata Bs 437 | Pin Grass, .. . 248
circinatiformis . 436 | Pincushion ... , . 476
distans 4880 | SPIN: oe Ge ae ee Rx 20
divaricata . . & 3 437 Beach 23
Douglasii , 2. 436 Big-cone 21
imbricata... . 439 Bishop 23
malvzefolia 438 Biel. Gevicih Sinss feng Gt, 21
namatoides . 435 Bull . , A 21
nemoralis . 489 Digger... .. 22
ramosissima . 437 Gray-leaf .. 2... 22
Rattani. . 2... 438 Knob-cone 22
suaveolens 4387 Lodgepole ...... 23
tanacetifolia . . 438 Monterey . . 22
Phacelia Family . 2. . 482 Oregon . . 20
Phacelia, Stinging . . 438 Serubr 2 6. % ss % gee 28
Phalarides . . . 383 SUPA se cece ee 20
Phalaris 2 33 VC1OW so. 5 Jeiseleso ae 21
amethystina, . . . 86 | Pine Drops ........ 367
Arundinacea ..... 86 | Pine Erigeron. . .... 569
Canariensis . 2... 84 | Pine Family 18
Caroliniana , 84 | Pink Family . 2... .. 163
Lemmoni . 85 | Pink, Sea... . 878
minor 4 66 so 4 ws 84 Gndian: so! ye yd ae ae Se 165
paradoxa .... 2... SO: || ANUS! 1. ae a we es x es 20
Phleum. . . 39 attenuata... . 22
alpinum . ...... 40 econtorta ..... 2. 23
pratense... 39 var. Murrayana .. . 23
Phoradendron. . . 365 Coulteri . 2... . 2i
Bolleanum ..... . 866 insignis... 1 wee 22
flavescens. ...... 365 Lambertiana ..... 20
villosum . 865 muricata ... 2... 28
Phragmites . 59 ponderosa . 21
communis. . .... 59 radiata... 2. 22
Phragmites... . 59 Sabiniana. . .... 22
vulgaris 2... 59 tuberculata . 1... 22
Phyllospadix. . . . 101 | Pipe-stem. ....... 197
Scouleri 102 | Pipe Vine ........ 864
-Torreyi. ...... 102 | Pipsissewa ........ 367
Pickeringia . 290 _ Menzies . 2. ..... 368
Pickle-weed. . 182 | PiteherSage ....... 463
Picris bt ea ate en Ry 491 | Plagiobothrys. ...... 446
echioides . 492 | campestris ... . . 446
614
canescens ,
nothofulvus . .
tenellus. . ...
Plane Tree
Plane-tree Family .
Plantaginacese
Plantago
- Bigelovii .
Californica
hirtella . .
lanceolata .
major. ,
var. Asiatica
maritima .
Patagonica
var. Californica
var. rosulata .
Plantago gees
Plantain
Common
English .
Sea.’ .
Platanacez
Platanus
racemosa
Platystemon
Californicus .
Torreyi. ..
Platystigma .
Californicum
lineare . .
Plectritis .
Davyana
glabra
Jepsonii
macrocera .
var. ciliosa
magna
samolifolia
Pleuricospora fimbriolata .
Pleuropogon
Californicum
Pluchea . . .
camphorata
Plum... ..
Plumbaginacez . .
Poa i
rufescens var. campestris
* "475
INDEX.
447 annua
447 Douglasii .
446 pratensis
446 secunda,. .
275 unilateralis
. 274 | Pogogyne .
418 Douglasii .
418 parviflora .
. 419 serpylloides .
. 419 ziziphoroides
418 | Poison Hemlock .
. 418 | Poison Oak .. .
418 | Polemoniaceew . . .
, 419 | Polemonium
. 419 carneum
. 419 | Polyearpon .
. 419 depressum.
419 tetraphyllum .
. 418 | Polygala ....
418 Californica
418 cornuta . . ‘
418 | Polygala Family
419 | Polygalacez
274 | Polygonaces
. 275 | Polygonum .
. 275 acre
205 amphibium
. 205 aviculare ,
. 206 Bolanderi .
205 Californicum
. 206 coarctatum
. 206 Convolvulus
. 474 Hartwrightii
. 475 lapathifolium .
Muhlenbergii .
. 475 nodosum 2
475 Paronychia .
. 476 Parryi
. 475 Persicaria .
. 475 punctatum
. 867 spergularizforme
62 | Polypogon
. 63 littoralis . . ,
« 552 Monspeliensis .
. 558 | Pond Lily
. 286 Yellow .
286 | Pondweed
F oo Pondweed Family .
Poor Man’s Weather-glass ‘
Pop-corn Flower
Poplar
Poppy, aa a. 06 :
California, . . .
Tree
Western ......
Poppy Family .
Populus ....
Fremonti . .
trerouloides .
trichocarpa
Portulaca ,
oleracea .
Portulacacese
Potamogeton . .
lonchites . .
lucens
pauciflorus
pectinatus
pusillus. .
Potatoes ae as 4
Potentilla. .
Anserina ...
Bolanderi .
Californica ;
var. Carmeliana
elata ..
frondosa . :
glandulosa... . .
var. Nevadensis .
Kelloggii . . .
Micheneri. . .
millegrana ‘
multijuga, ..... :
rivalis var. millegrana
tenuiloba ......
var. Micheneri
Poverty-grass . . 2...
Poverty Weed... ...
Primrose, Sierra .
Primrose Family
Primulacew .. .
Primula suffrutescens .. .
Prince’s Pine .
Prunus...
subcordata
Pseudotsuga .
Douglas .
taxifolia
INDEX.
446 | Psilocarphus .... .
188 brevigeingus 2 a a 4 ib x
208 Oreganus var. brevissimus.
207 tenellus .
. 206 | Psoralea
. 209 bracteata .
205 Californica
138 Douglasii .
138 Sruticosa
. 139 glandulosa
. 138 macrostachys
184 orbicularis
. 184 physodes .
184 strobilina .
99 | Ptelea BS oy
99 Baldwinii var. crenulata .
100 crenulata . 2...
100 | Pterospora andromeda .
100 | Pterostegia . .
100 dry marioides
393 | Ptiloria. . .
281 canescens .
. 281 virgata .
283 | Pugiopappus
. 282 calliopsideus. . .
. 282 | Purslane, Common
. 283 Lowland ... .
282 ‘Water ,
282 | Purslane Family
282 | Pussy’s Ears
283 | Pussy’s Paws .......
283 | Pycnanthemum Californicum.
282 | Pyrola . .
282 aphylla .
292 picta. . 1... irokesaes
. 283 rotundifolia var. bracteata.
. 283 secunda, . . és
72 | Pyrrocoma elata.
545 | Pyrus rivularis
377 | Quaking-grass .
374 Annual. .
374 Perennial
3877 | Quamash .
. 368 | Quercus. .
286 agrifolia
286 .Californica
19 chrysolepis
19 densiflora .
-19 Douglasii
549
549
. 549
. . 294
. 294
. 295
295
. 294
. 294
295
. . 294
. . 295
. . 295
. 249
249
. 249
367
149
149
491
491
491
. 545
184
189
. 826
184
112
188
465
. 868
368
368
368
368
616 INDEX.
dumosa . . : . 148
var. bullata . ‘ 143
Garryana .. 142
Kelloggii . . . . . 144
lobata . 2... . 142
Wislizenii . . : . 144
Rabbit’s Foot Clover a . 806
Racine d’Amere. . ‘ . 185
Radish ..... eedenee ROAM
Rafinesquia . . . 492
Californica .... 492
Ragweed Sire tani soasieli, % 545
Western ... ... 545
‘Ragweed Tribe . 488, 545
Ramona. . . F . . 460
Ramona humilis . Feo 460
Rancheria-grass . . . 77
Ranuncu'acess . , 193
Ranunculus, . i 199
aquatilis 2... . 202
Biolettii . . 200
Bloomeri . : 200
Californicus . . . 200
var.letus. .... . 201
var. gratug . 2... 201
canus var. hesperoxys. 200
Flammulus var. inter-
medius ... sw 4199
hebecarpus . . . . 201
hesperoxys oc J) 4 200
Lobbii . . oo oe 202
macimus ... , . . 200
muricatus . «4 2 6 4 @ 4 201
occidentalis var. Rattani , 201
orthorhyncus var. maximus. 200
pusillus, . .. . .199
Raphanus... . . 217
Raphanistrum a¢ y 218
sativus . . , . 217
Raspberry ...... 280
Rattlesnake-grass . . . . 64
Rattlesnake Plantain. . 188
Rattlesnake Weed . . 847
Rattle-weed . . . . . 290
Ray-grass. 2... ia cs 04
Annual Italian... . 75
English Perennial . . , 75
Pacey’s. . . ‘ . 76
Porecaial Ttalian - aos 00:
Razoumofskya ... 366
Douglasii var. abietina . 366
occidentalis 4% 366
Red Larkspur. . . 197
Redbud , . . 289
Western ; 289
Red Maids ..... 185
Red-top, Northern . 44
Redwood ... 23
Coast. . 1... 23
Reed, Common . 59
Giant . re 59
Reed Grass, ‘Aleutian 46
Flexuous oe 46
Narrow. 46
Purple . 45 -
Rein-orchis 181
Sierra 182
Wood. 1381
Reseda . . 230
alba a 230
odorata. ...... 230
Resedacezs : ae 230
Rhagadiolus .... 490
Hedy pnois 491
Rhamnaces . . 258
Rhamnus... 258
Californica 254
var. tomentella 254
crocea 254
var. ilicifolia 254
tlicifolia 254
Purshiana. . 254
Rhododendron . 869
Californicum 869
occidentale 869
Rhus... . 250
diversiloba . 250
trilobata var. quinata 250
Ribesyn ce wg 3 272
aureum var. tenuifloram . 278
Californicum 274
divaricatum . 273
glutinosum 278
malvaceum . . 273
Menziesii . . . . 274
sanguineum var. elutino-
sum nee 2738
subvestitum . 274
tenuiflorum
Victoris
Ribwort
Rigiopappus
leptocladus » . ) .
River Buall-flower Tree .
Roble . .
Rock Cress
Brewer .
Hairy
Rock-rose Family
Romanzoffia
Sitchensis .
Rosa... ..
Californica
gymnocarpa .
Sonomensis
spithamea ... .
var. Sonomensis
Rosace
Rose
Mountain ,
‘Sonoma .
Wood
Rose Family
Rose-Mallow
Rosilla . . .
Rosin Weed
Roubieva .
multifida
Rubiacee .
Rubus
leucodermis. . . .
parviflorus var. velutinus .
spectabilis var. Menziesii .
vitifolius .
Rue Family. . .
Rumex. .
Acetosella
conglomeratus .
crispus
obtusifolius
occidentalis .
persicarioides
pulcher. . .
salicifolius
Ruppia .
California Wild.
Rose Bay, California .
| | 978
: | 218
" 230
"278
" | 249
|. 156
"157
INDEX. 617
. 278 maritima . 101
MS Deco aak Sebi Went 93
418 BOG aa) Galan acsencn one 94
524 Common 94
. 624 Dwarf 98
470 Marsh 94
. 142 Salt 93
Toad. . 93
Rush Family 92
219 | Rutacez 249
233 | Rye. 76,
440 | Sage . 458
440 Black 459
Crimson 460
. 278 ‘White .. ae 460
. 278 | Sage Brush... . . 28 516
.279 | Sugina . 2 1: . 168
. 279 apetala 169
229 erassicaulis . . 169
.275 | — occidentalis 169
278 | Sagittaria 104
. 278 Greggii . . . = 105
270 latifolia. 2). 105
279 ; Montevidensis . 105
, 278 Sanfordii . . . 105
369 | Sailors’ Caps . 3876
. 275 | St. John’s Wort. . . . . 285
. 237 | St. John’s Wort Parally 2 9 285"
526 | Salal . . . . 878
583 | Salicacex : . . 185
.177 | Salicornia . 181
vi} ambigua . 182
.467 | Salix... 135
279 Jlavescens : . 187
. 280° fluviatilis, var. argyro-
QT phyla 137
280 | levigata 136
. 280 , — lasiandra. 136
| lasiolepis 187
156 | longifolia 137
| nigra. . gy «is a L8G
| Nuttallii var. brachys-
157 | tachya 137
157 | — sessilifolia. . 137
156 ; —Sitchensis . 137
158 | Salmon Berry . 280
157 | Salsify. . 492
157 | Salt-grass . thal nd 63
100 © Salvia. 458
618 INDEX.
Californica. , . . . 460 Americanus .
carduacea. . 459 Californicus .
Columbarie . . 459 cdrinatus , .
mellifera. . 459 lacustris var. occidentalis
Sonomensis . 460 maritimus .
spathacea, . . 460 microcarpus .
Sambucus. . . . 470 Olneyi. .
callicarpa. . ‘ . 471 pungens .
PIBUCA. 3 ee a 471 riparius ,
racemosa var. callicarpa, . 471 robustus .. .. 2...
Bamolus, , «6 & » sews 874 var. compactus. . ...
Valerandi var. Americanus 374
Samphire . : 181
Sand Mat. . 172
Sand Spurrey . 169
Sand Strawberry 281
Sand-grass . : 66
Sand-Verbena, Common 183
Yellow 183
Sandwort . 167
Sanicula. . 344
arctopoides . 344
bipinnata . . 346
bipinnatifida. 345
laciniata. 346
maritima , 345
Menziesii . 345
tuberosa. 346
Sapindacew. . . . 261
Sarcodes sanguinea . 367
Saururaces.. .. . . 162
Savastana macrophylla . 37
Saxifraga. . . . 268
bryophora . 269
Californica, . 268
Mertensiana . . 268
peltata. . 269
Polmiel . 4 5 & ew 48 269
Virginiensis var Californica268
Saxifragaces. . . . 267
Saxifrage Family. 267
Scabiosa. . 2... 476
atropurpurea, . 476
Seandix, ..... 346
Pecten-Veneris, 346
Scarlet Bugler . 402
Scarlet Cup... ..... 412
Schizonotus purpurascens. . 884
Scirpus . 86
sylvaticus var. digynus.
Tatora. . . i
Scoliopus. .
Bigelovii .
Seorzonella. .
Bolanderi .
maxima. .
paludosa.
procera . ‘
sylvatica. . . .
Scorzonera .
Hispanica .
Scolymus . 2
Hispanicus. . . .
Scribneria. .
Bolanderi . .
Serophularia.
Californica. . .
Scrophulariaces .
Scutellaria. . .
angustifolia . .
Bolanderi. . .
Californica. .
tuberosa. :
var. similis. .
Sea Fig. . .
Sea Milk wort.
Sedge. ....
Sedge Family.
Sedum.
pumilum .
radiatum . .
spathulifolium .
Self Heal .
Selinum.
capitellatum .
Paciticum .
Senebiera
Coronopus .
didyma. .
Senecio, . .
aphanactis. .
aronicoides.
Clevelandi.
Douglasii. .
eurycephalus.
Greenei .
hydrophilus
mikanioides .
sylvaticus .
vulgaris.
Senecio Ivy .
Senecionez
Sequoia .
gigantea. . .
sempervirens.
Sesuvium .
sessile.
Setaria glauca. .
Shepherd’s Needle .
Shepherd’s Purse.
Sherardia. .
arvensis. .... .
Shin-leaf, White-veined
Shooting Star .
Sida. . .
hederacea .
Sidulcea. .
calycosa. .
delphinifolia .
diploscypha .
var. minor.
Hartwegi .
humilis...
malachroides.
malveflora. .
Oregana. .
secundiflora
sulcata .
Side-beard .
California .
Silene. ...
antirrhina .
Californica. .
conoidea. .
376,
INDEX, 619
355 Cucubalus 165
dichotoma . 165
229 Gallica.. . 165
229 multinervia . 164
511 verecunda. . . 165
512 | Silk-tassel Family . 362
513 | Silk-tassel Tree. 362
513 | Silybum. . 509
513 Marianum . . 509
512 | Sisymbrium 215
512 canescens, 216
513 officinale. . 215
514 pinnatum . 215
512 | Sisyrinchium. 129
512 bellum. . P . 129
514 Californicum. . . 1380
509 | Sitanion elymoides. . 81
23 | Sium.... ae 353
24 angustifolium.. .. . . . 354
23 cicutefolium var. heterophyl-
189 Wi ee . 853
189 heterophyllum. 358
33 | Skull-cap 454
346 Blue. . 454
. 228 | Skunkweed. . 428
469 | Slough-grass. . . 57
470 | Smartweed, Dotted. 161
368 | Smilacing. . . . 126
377 amplexicaulis. . 127
. 243 sessilifolia . 126
243 | Snake Root. . 344
288 | Snake’s Head . 498
240 | Snapdragon . . 396
240 | Sneezeweed. . 525
289 Bigelow’s. . . . . . 626
239 | Sneezeweed Tribe . 486, 518
239 | Snow Berry 472
240 | Snow Brush . . 255
241 | Snow Plant . 867
240 | Soap Plant 121, 177
. 240 | Solanacez . 390
239: Solanoa. ... 384
240 | _ purpurascens. 384
62 | Solanum... . 392
63, cupuliferum.,.... . 393
.164 : nigrum var. Douglasii . . 392
165 | tuberosum. . ‘ . 893
165 umbelliferum . . 893
164 villosum. 393
620
Xanti. .
Solidago. ..
Calitornica . .
elongata... .
occidentalis .
sempervirens.
spathulata. .
Soliva. .
sessilis.
Sonchus.
asper. . Hae
oleraceus. .
Sorghum ...
Sorghum Halepense :
Sorghum Tribe.
Sorrel.
Redwood .
Wood .
Yellow . : ate
Sow-Thistle . 2...
Common ,
Prickly. . ow.
Spanish Clover.
Sparganium .
Californicum.
eurycarpum
Greenei .
simplex .
Spartina .
stricta var. glabra. ,
Spearmint .
Spearwort. .
Specularia.
pbiflora.
Speedwell .
Spergula.
arvensis. .
Sphacele.
calycina .
Spice Tree.
Spike-rush.
Common...
Slender .
Spikeweed.
Common.
Fitch’s. .
Spinach, New Zealand
Spirea aricfolia.
Spiranthes. .
_ 156,
INDEX.
. 893 porrifolia . . .
560 Romanzoffiana. . .
. 561 | Spirostachys occidentalis.
, 661 | Spruce, Douglas .
560 False... .
561 | Spurge Family. .
. 561 | Spurge. .
618 Caper.
518 Larger
601 Petty. .
502 Spotted. .
501 Thyme-leaved .
29 | Spurrey. . . .
29 | Squaw Bush.
28 | Stachys. . .
245 | ajugoides. .
. 246 var. stricta. .
245 var. velutina.
245 albens. . . .
501 bullata. . .
501 Californica.
502 Chamissonis .
802 pyenantha. .
96 stricta... .
96 velutina. . .
96 | Staff-tree Family.
96 | Star Flower. 5
97 | Star of Bethlehem .
56 | Star Thistle .
56 Purple . .
467 Yellow .
199 | Star Zygadene .
476 | Statice. . ‘
. A478 Armeria. 5
410 Limonium var. *Californica,
170 | Stellaria.
171 littoralis.
4638 media.
463 nitens.
191 | Stenotus.
85 linearifolius ,
85 | Stephanomeria virgata.
85 | Sterculia Family.
532 | Sterculiaces,
582 | Stink Bells .
582 | Stink-grass. . .
189 | Stink-weed. .
277 | Stipa, . 2...
133 ' Stipa, Anderson’s,
. 188
183
. 181
19
19
. 260
. . 261
. . 268
. 262
. 268
. 262
. , 262
. 170
. 250
456
. 457
. 457
. 457
457
. 467
458
. . 458
. 466
457
457
. 252
, 875
. 270
_ 502
503
. 508
122
. 878
. 878
378
167
. 167
167
167
558
eminens var. Andersoni. .
setigera aa
viridula .
Stone-crop. :
Stone-crop Family
Storksbill. ;
Stramonium .
Strawberry .
Sand...
Wood. . nae
Streptanthus.
albidus. .
barbiger .
Biolettii. .
Breweri.
Jlavescens. .
glandulosus .
hispidus. . . ,
Mildrede .
niger...
orbiculatus.
pulchellus ,
secundus, .
suffrutescens .
Stylocline .
filaginea. . .
gnaphalioides. .
Sueda. . .
Californica. .
Torreyana. .
Sumach Family.
Sun Cups...
Sunflower .
Common.
Sunflower Family
Sunflower Tribe .
Sweet Alyssum
Sweet Bay
Sweet Cicely
Common
Sierra é
Sweet Clover. .
Sweet Coltsfoot
Sweet Fennel
Sweet-gale Family .
oe
487,
| 312
Eee eens Shrub, West-
Bwsetstral Family
Swine-cress
INDEX.
38 | Sycamore .
38 | Sympetala
39 | Symphoricarpos
. 265 mollis bi
264 oreophilus.
247 Tacemosus .
892 | Synthyris . .
280 rotundifolia
281 | Tamarack , .
280 | Tanacetum , . f
213 camphoratum .
215 | Tansy Mustard
214 | Tare.
215 | Tarweed . .
214 Adeline.
212 Chile .
214 Coast.
215 Hayfield.
215 | Tarweed Tribe
214 | Taxaceze
214 | Taxus
215 brevifolia .
215 | Teasel Family
213 | Tellima. .
548 affinis
548 Bolanderi
548 grandiflora
182 heterophylla 4
182 var. Bolanderi, .
183 | Tetragonia
250 expansa .
836 | Thalictrum .
542 hesperium.
542 polycarpum . .
482 var. hesperium
540 | Thelypodium
. 226 flavescens ,
146 flavescens ,
346 Greenei. .
847 Hookeri. .
347 lasiophyllum
var. inalienum .
509 var. rigidum. .
. B55 procerum , .
146 | Thermopsis .
Californica .
190 macrophylla ,
. 190 var. velutina
Thimble Berry
. 229
621
. 275
. . 866
. 471
. 472
. 472
. . 472
. 410
410
23
. . 515
. 516
. 215
. 296
527,
529
. 582
527
"5380
" 530
486,
527
17
17
Wi
. 475
. 269
. 270
. 270
. . 270
. 270
. . 270
. 189
. 189
. 202
. 202
. 202
. 202
. 211
. 212
. 212
. 212
213
. 212
. 212
. . 212
. 212
. 289
. 289
. 289
. 290
209
622 INDEX.
Thistle . 504 | Toothwort
Bull... 504 | Torosa
Thistle-sage . . , 459 | Torreya :
Thistle Tribe 484, 502 | Tower Mustard
Thorn-apple .891 | Toyon ....
Purple . . . 892 ; Tragopogon , . .
Three Square 87 porrifolius.
Thrift... 377 | Tree Poppy .
Thrift Family . 877 | Trichocoronis
Thymelewacezs 259 Wrightii . .
Thysanocarpus 225 | Trichostema
curvipes . 225 lanatum
elegans . . . 225 lanceolatum .
emarginatus . . 225 laxum :
radians . . . 225 oblongum , ,
var. montanus . 226 | Trientalis. . 2... .
Tiarella. . . 270 Europea var. latifolia
unifoliata . 270 | Trifolium .
Tickle-grass . 61 agrarium . .
Tidy Tips 5387 albopurpureum
Tillea 264 amcenum
Bolanderi . . 265 amplectens ;
Drummondii 265 » var. hydrophilum
var. Bolanderi . 265 appendiculatum .
minima. 265 appendiculatum
Timothy 39 barbigerum
Mountain , 40 bifidum. . . ..
Tiniaria 159 var. decipiens ,
Tissa . . , 169 ciliolatum , .
Clevelandi - 170 columbinum
leucantha . . , 170 var. argillorum
macrotheca ... 169 var. olivaceum
var. leucantha , 170 depauperatum . .
_ var. scariosa . 170 var. angustatum .
pallida. .... . 170 var. laciniatum
rubra var. perennans , 170 dichotomum
Pe) 170 var. turbinatum
var. involucrata . 170 Havulum
var. tenuis 170 Franciscanum . ,
tenuis 170 fucatum
Toad Flax 397 var. flavulum
Tobacco 390 var. Gambellii
Tree , 391 var. virescens
Wild. . 405 Gambellii .
Tocalote . 502 gracilentum .
Tolguacha 392 Grayi . .
Tonella. . . 400 hydrophitum
collinsioides 400 laciniatum
tenella 400 Macrei .
Macrei var. wlbupurpureum.806 |
. 808
. 808
microcephalum
microdon ,
obtusiflorum
oliganthum
olivaceum ,
pratense
roscidum
tridentatum
variegatum
virescens . ,
Wormskjoldii
Triglochin
concinna
maritima
Trillium
ovatum.......,
sessile var. Californicum
Trillium, Coast
Trisetum . .
canescens
cernuum
barbatum .
Triteleia laxa
lugens hak
Tropidocarpum
capparideum
dubium. .
gracile
Troximon apargoides
grandiflorum
heterophyllum
retrorsum .
Tsuga .
heterophylla
-Mertensiana .
Pattoniana
Dulles
Tule-mint .
Tumble Weed .
Tumion.
Californicum
Turkey Mullein .
Twin-berry, Black
Typha
latifolia . ‘ iv ; pee : ‘
Typhacez .
Umbelliferee
Umbellularia .
INDEX,
309
308
. 807
307
. 809
. 809
. 808
. 811
623
Californica 191
Uropappus . 498
Clevelandi . 494
Lindleyi . 494
var. Clevelandi 494
linearifolius . . 493
macrocheetus . 494
var. Kelloggii . 494
Utica ones oo 4 . 147
Catlifornica 147
holosericea . . . . . 147
Lyallii var. Californica . . 147
urens , 147
Urticaces. . 146
Utricularia | , 420
vulgaris 420
Utriculariacez 419
Vacearia . 164
vulgaris . . 164
Vaccinium Aly wey GA" se DIOD
myrtillus var. microphyl-
lum .. . 874
occidentale 874
ovatum 373
parvifolium . 373
Valerian Family. . 474
Valeriana sylvatica’ 474
Valerianaces . . 474
Valerianella ciliosa 475
magna 475
samolifolia 475
Vancouveria 204
chrysantha var. parviflora. 204
parvifiora . 204
Vanilla-grass. . 37
Large-leaved 37
Velxa 349
Hartwegi . 350
Kelloggii . 350
Velvet-grass . 48
Venus’ Looking- lass .. 478
Veratrum. . e 122
Californicum 128
fimbriatum 128
Verbascum 395
Blattaria 895
Thapsus Z 895
virgatum . 396
Verbena 450
624
bracteosa
hastata ,
prostrata . .
Verbena Family
Verbenacew. . . ...
Vernal-grass, Sweet .
Veronica ...
Americana
arvensis . ate
Buxbaumii
peregrina . .
Vervain —
Blue... .
Common .
Vervenia, Hill
Valley
Vetch ‘
California .
Common
Vieila, 2...
Americana ,
var. linearis .
var. truncata
exigua . , :
var. Hassei ee
gigantea
‘Hassei .
sativa
Villela
Vinca
major
Vine Family
Vine Maple... a)
Vinegar Weed
WiGlais. oe. eta, &
canina var. adunca
chrysantha
Douglasii
glabella
lobate . . «was
ocellata, . . .
pedunculata. . .
purpurea ,
sarmentosa .
Violacess .
Violet
Dog . A
Mountain .
451
"| 450
450
450
INDEX.
Pine . Ye ek
Wood ....
Violet Family. .
Viper’s Grass . .
Virgin’s Bower
Vitacez
Vitis...
Californica
Wake Robin
Common :
Walk-grass . . .
Wall Flower .
Western :
Walnut ... .
California. . .
Walnut Family .
Wart-cress
Water-cress . . .
Water Fennel. .
Water Hemlock...
California . .
Water Horehound
Water-leaf . ..
Water-lily Family .
Water-Milfoil. |...
Water-Milfoil Family .. .
Water Montia
Water Parsnip
Water Pennywort . i“ e %
Water Persicaria
Water Plantain .. .
Water-Plantain Family
Water Purs'ane . .
Water Starwort Family
Water-weed, California.
Water-wort. ......
Water-wort Family
Wax Myrtle
Wheat-grass
Australian
Dane...
Richardson’s.
Slender
Whipplea
modesta ..
Whispering Bells
White Man’s Foot .
Whitlow-wort. .
Wild Ginger
Wi'd Grape, California .
Wild Onion...
Wild Radish . .. ,
Wild Rose, California
Wild Rye
California .
Divergent
Glaucous
Hispid m4
“Narrow leaved
Pubescent
Slender .
Tufted .
Willow .
Arroyo
Bebb . Seo ee
Black
River. .
Sandbar .
Spotted-leaf .
Velvet...
Western Black
Willow Family
Willow Herb .
Wind-flower
Wind Poppy
Winter-cress
Wintergreen
Wire Grass .
Wislizenia
tefracta . :
Wolffia. . .
lingulata
Wood-rush .
Common
Wormseed
Wyethia ..
INDEX.
259 angustifolia .
119 glabra... :
217 helenioides . 2
278 | Xanthium A
76 Cunudense . -
78 spinosum , , ‘
80 | Xerophyllum ¥
78 tenax ; 7
79 | Xylothermia ‘
80. montana
yi Yard Grass
78 | Yard Rush .
SLi Marrow: oe aids (od
135 | Yellow-cress, Marsh
137 Western. . ..
136 | Yerba Buena ae
186 | Yerba del Pescado .
186 | Yerba del Vibora. . .
187 | Yerba Mansa. .....
136 | Yerba Reuma., . .
137 | Yerba Santa
436: | Yew 2 sa co aos
135 | Yew Family .
327 | Zannichellia ,
198 palustris ...
. 209 | Zauschneria. . .
220 Californica ....
‘| ce var. latifolia
. 7
229 a
0 5
i a marina .
Zygadene .
99
95 Zygadenus ek ee ee ES
95 Fremonti . . .
.176 var. minor
, 541 venenosus,, .
FLORA
Western Middle California
BY
WILLIS. L. JEPSON
A descriptive account of the seed plants of the region
lying west of the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers,
south of the counties of Mendocino and Colusa, and north
of the Pajaro River and Pacheco Pass. Many hundred
extra-limital species are described, however, so that the
volume will be almost if not quite as useful in the upper
Sacramento Valley and upper San Joaquin Valley as in
the region proper. The diagnoses are accompanied by
numerous notes concerning distribution, range, behavior
in the dry or wet season, and observations of a like char-
acter. Common names for the species have been inserted
whenever available, and it is hoped that these will be of
service and interest to the novice.
Price, by mail, post-paid, $2.50
ADDRESS
Encina Publishing Company
Berkeley, California
The Trees of California
BY
WILLIS L. JEPSON
(In advanced preparation)
A popular account of the trees of California, con-
taining descriptions of all the native species of the state,
accompanied by two hundred pen-and-ink drawings and
figures, mainly the work of Miss M. H. Swift, and
by numerous illustrations from a very fine series of
photographs.
This book is expressly written for the use of the
tourist, mountaineer, and botanical amateur who may
have no technical knowledge of botany. The key to
the species is very carefully worked out and is based
upon characters of the leaves or other easily recognized
parts.
Encina Publishing Company
Berkeley, California
ERYTHEA
EDITED BY
WILLIS L. JEPSON
A journal of Botany, West American and general, devoted to
problems of general and special morphology, papers upon the
geographical distribution and classification of West American
plants, and historical and descriptive articles. Seven volumes,
1893 to 1899.
The following are some of the contributors: Prof. L. H. Bailey,
Cornell University; Dr. H. H. Behr, College of Pharmacy, Univer-
sity of California; Mr. and Mrs. T. S. Brandegee, San Diego; Dr.
N. L. Britton, Director of the New York Botanical Gardens; Prof.
D. H. Campbell, Stanford University; Mr. F. S. Collins, Malden,
Mass.; Mr. J. B. Davy, University of California; Dr. A. Davidson,
Los Angeles; Dr. P. Dietel, Leipzig, Germany; Mr. J. B. Ellis,
Newfield, N. J.; Miss Alice Eastwood, California Academy of
Sciences; Prof. W. G. Farlow, Harvard University; Mr. M. L.
Fernald, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; Prof. E. L. Greene,
Catholic University of America; Mr. J. M. Greenman, Gray Her-
barium, Harvard University; Karl E. Hirn, Magister Phil., Jyriis-
kyli, Finland; Dr. M. A. Howe, Columbia University; Dr. Otto
Kuntze, San Remo, Italy; Mr. J. G. Lemmon, Oakland; Mr. John
Macoun, Canadian Botanical Survey; Baron Ferdinand von Mueller,
late Government Botanist, Melbourne, Australia; Prof. Aven Nelson,
University of Wyoming; Mr. S. B..Parish, San Bernardino; Prof.
C. V. Piper, College of Agriculture, Pullman, Wash.; Prof. B. L.
Robinson, Harvard University; Dr. J. N. Rose, Smithsonian In-
stitution; Prof. W. A. Setchell, University of California; Dr. E.
Stitzenberger, Germany, and many others.
Complete sets, single volumes or numbers may be had
by addressing
Encina Publishing Company
Berkeley, California
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