° fy 0 4 My ny |e New York State College of Agriculture At Cornell University Sthaca, N. BY. Library DP Gx uf bast 5 1 é ps tt ey a CANADA. ‘HEALTH OF ANIMALS BRANCH SP BCIAL REPORT _—ON— ~GLANDERS J. G. RUTHERFORD, © | VETERINARY DiRECTOR-GENERAL AND LIVE Srock COMMISSIONER. SEPTEMBER, 1906. oS SEIT ' ae DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE Cornell University The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924003261546 SPECIAL REPORT ON GLANDERS. ; \ Ottawa, September Ist, 1906. ‘Sir I have the honour to present a special report upon the work performed during the last four years by this Branch of your ‘Department i in dealing with Glanders. i This disease has long been olay looked upon as one of the most serious and dangerous of animal plagues, and even were there no recent striking developments, or rather circumstances, demanding special attention, a report. ot this kind would not be out of place. As matters stand now, however, there are grave reasons for. the careful, summing up of the whole situation, and in my opinion for. the serious recon- sideration of the views held regarding the disease by a majority of the veter- inary practitioners of this continent, and for a radical change in the attitude generally assumed by governmental bodies in dealing with it. It is quite unnecessary to occupy your time by any ‘dissertation on the ‘general history and pathology of Glanders, or on the serious consequencés not only to horses, but to human beings, which its continued existence in any com- ‘munity is liable to entail. It is equally needless to descant upon its prevalence on this continent and the importance of the adoption of an intelligent and. “comprehensive policy, having in view its immediate control and ultimate, eradication. . , As statistical and other details have been furnished in my various annual teports, I propose to confine myself to a brief history of our recent’ work in connection with the disease, followed by a short summary. of the ‘conclusions reached, on several points. regarding which opinions, even to-day, differ, some- what widely.. It is almost exactly four years since the discovery of a serious outbreak of. Glanders in’ the City of Ottawa rendered necessary a prompt decision as to whether the control ‘of this disease was to be assumed by the Federal author- ities, or left, as it had up till then been, except in the North-West Territories, and in the case of one or two peolated outbreaks elsewhere, i in the hands of the ‘Provinces. , i After carefully considering my representations, you, decided she it would be in the best interests of all concerned to bring the disease under the direct control of the Health of Animals’ Branch of your Department. This was os Missing Page re) lowing figures from the returns of the Board of Agente for Great Britain are very interesting: PGOG sata teins Dace seed piacomsaw 1,385 arses es TSO0 xederere wear eene * peat tla qly 72 1900 ......... 05 Rrarsteehs Sgcedte erases 1,858 is LOOT -eistkin sy Ueeenaraaee a eaaiee 2,370 . 1902 we ceed. Gite Shes yaies 2,073 i $003 -scirancs Vee S aan ..2,499 “ ey TOOM Gin Bae eave pnt 028 fs v7 It is not, however, necessary, to go to Great Britain for proof of !the folly of ignoring’ the contact horse. Similar object lessons are furnished by the conditions prevailing in more than one district in Canada, and while, of -course, I cannot presume to speak authoritatively on these matters, I feel con- fident that in some of the United States of America Glandersiis rapidly i increas-: ‘ing owing to this cause. wh The evil i is greatly intensified by dhe fact that, where the proper author “tties are inert, private testing of infected studs is continually going on, the reactors being subsequently sold as expeditiously as possible. , Prominent . veterinarians.in Great Britain credit these private Mallein tests, conducted by “mnscrupulous owners through equally unscrupulous’ practitioners, with the -notoriously rapid spread of the ‘disease in that country during recent years. _ The.same thing i is undoubtedly true in America, and here let me point out another condition which, taken in conjunction with the private test; constitutes. an additional and very important factor in the spread of Glanders.. I refer to the great facility with which, in these modern days of cheap -steam transportation, horses may be moved in large numbers from place. to splace. ' While, especially in communities where mixed husbandry’ “prevails, | Glanders may never obtain a foothold, because, in these districts horses from a distance are, with perhaps the exception of valuable and generally healthy’ breeding stock, but seldom introduced, I would remind you that the great ‘Auctuations in the valtie of horse flesh during the decade just past have ‘brought about the movement of large numbers of these animals from one district to another, and that Glanders has, beyond doubt, been extensively ‘spread by this means. Perhaps the most dangerous agents insthus disseminating Glanders. are the -s-estern range ‘horses, which, during the last ten years, have been distributed ‘in large numbers through the country. Glanders on the range exists to a con- siderable extent in a latent and often very mild form, but it rapidly develops when the animals are broken, stabled and put to work. Many of the most ‘widespread and most serious outbreaks with which we in Canada thave had to deal z-e directly traceable to importations of range horses, Mallein is, of course, seldom ased'on the range but it is a common thing for owners'to shoot. down any clinical caves they may noticc. the ethers, showing no symptoms, being sold as healthy, with the result above- mentioned. 6 Having made this digression in order to clear the way for what follows, I will, with your permission, revert to the time, when, in 1902, I was called upon to formulate a definite policy for the control of Glanders in the Dominion. At that time there existed no provision whatever for the payment of compensa- tion, and this, of course, rendered quite impossible the slaughter of non- clinical reactors, even if I had then been anxious to adopt this radical policy. _s As a matter of fact, however, I was, like many other veterinarians, under . the impression obtained from a number of reliable professional sources, that it was quite unnecessary to kill horses of this class, and that satisfactory results would follow the adoption of a policy of testing all contacts with Maliein, and retesting from time to time such'as reacted until they either ceased, to react, or through repeated reactions, furnished conclusive evidence that they os were incurable. For a period of slightly over two years this plan was care- fully and conscientiously followed, but as time progressed it became evident. that the results obtained were altogether disproportionate to the risk and labour involved. Not only did the number of horses on’ our hands keep con- of infection. Such horses not only endangered the other reactors with which they were being kept, and some of which might have a possible chance of’ recovery, but indirectly threatened, through the various every-day channels which horsemen well understand, the health of other animals not ' actually’ housed with ‘them. As our opportunities for observation increased and further experience was obtained, serious doubts as to the conclusions previously reached by eminent being transmitted by reactors not showing clincal symptoms, or by ceased reactors began to assert themselves. As the work went on evidence gradually accumulated that many of the so-called ceased reactors were not only not permanently cured, but were properly to be looked on with. grave suspicion as being likely to introduce Glanders among healthy horses with which they might be brought in contact. Several outbreaks of more or less severity and ‘extent can be traced directly to these ceased reactors, and before I conclude, I shall endeavour to demonstrate the advisability. of dealing with animals of this class as possible future centres of infection. As the owners of ceased reactors are generally more than willing to dispose of them as soon as possible after their release from official control, the, risk of bringing | infection to the stables of their unsuspecting purchasers constitutes an added danger which cannot reasonably be ignored. The conclusion that neither non-clinical reactors nor ceased reactors could, with safety, be considered non-infective, having been thus forced upon me, there remained only two alternatives, either to follow the futile and already. discredited policy of killing’ clinical cases and ignoring contact animals,'or to face the situation and adopt the only intellgent course, namely, the destruction of all horses showing the ees reaction to Mallein whether presenting any external manifesiaticis of Glandert or rot. _ stantly increasing, but in many cases individual reactors held among: others. : ‘ for future tests developed clinical symptoms, and thus established fresh centres _ veterinarians, both in Europe and America, as to the impossibility of Glanders.. he ay 1 are Reo x “ ° ty : ” : 7 Me , . ; I need scarcely say that this would have been: absolutely impracticable without provision for the payment of liberal: compensation. The question of compensation for the slaughter, of diseased animals has always, and in all © countries, been one of great difficulty, and the disinclination of those in author- , ity to assume the financial outlay involved, has been one of the chief obstacles encountered by veterinary sanitarians engaged in dealing with animal plagues. When, however, the situation was clearly laid before you, you did not hesitate to ask Parliament for the needed authority, and the no less necessary . _ funds, with the result that i in September, 1904, we were enabled to begin. the : slaughter of reactors and to. pay for them at a reasonable, . and. when their intrinsic value is considered, a ‘most. liberal rate. . | From September, 1904, to March, 1905, compensation was paid for non- . . clinical cases only, but it was soon seen that in order to avoid friction, as well ~ as to secure prompt notification of outbreaks, it would be necessary to pay for all animals slaughtered, whether visibly affected or not. On March 25th, 1905; therefore, the following regulations came into effect: DOMINION OF CANADA. REGULATIONS RELATING TO GLANDERS. By Order in Council dated 25th March, 1905; in Maraile of: “The Animal auiaeioue Diseases Act, 1903.” . 7 “I, No animal which is affected ith or has been exposed to Glanders shall | ‘be permitted to run at large or to come in epneaet at any animal which is. not..so affected. 2. "Any Veterinary Inspector may declare to be an infected place within = © _ the meaning of the “Animal Contagious Diseases Act, 1903,” any steamship, or steam or other vessel, or any place or premises where the contagion of Glanders i is known or suspected to exist. 3. No-horse, mule or ass shall be removed. out of an infected place with- out a license signed by an Inspector. ae ‘ a -4. Veterinary: Inspectors are hereby shoateed to inspect and to subject to the Mallein test any horses, mules or asses affected with Glanders or sus- pected of being so affected, or which have been in contact with animals =) affected, or suspected of being so affected, ot which have been'in any way what- soever exposed to the contagion or infection of the disease of Glanders, and for, the purpose of making such inspection or test to order any such’ animals to be collected, detained. or iso‘ated. 5. Horses, mules or asses affected with Glanders, whether such animals , 8 show clinical symptoms of the disease, or react to the Mallein test withomt showing such symptoms, shall on an order signed by a duly appointed Inspector of the Department of Agriculture, be forthwith slaughtered and the carcasses disposed of as in such order prescribed, compensation to be paid to the owners of such animals if and when the Act so provides. 6. In the event of theowner objecting to the slaughter of animals which react to Mallein, but show no clinical symptoms of Glanders, the Inspector may order such animals to be kept in close quarantine and retested, such re- tests however in no case to exceed two in number and to be completed within four months of the first test, provided, however, that owners deciding to have their animals quarantined rather than slaughtered shall forfeit all right to compensation, ge 7. Horses, mules or asses reacting to the third test with Mallein shall be forthwith slaughtered on an order signed by an Inspector and the carcasses dis- posed of as ordered. 8. Inspectors are hereby authorized to permit owners of horses, mules or asses which give no reaction to the third test with Mallein and which have at no time shown any clincal, symptoms of Glanders, to retain and. use such ... animals, subject to the conditions contained in the license signed by the Inspector. i. 9. Before an order is made for the payment of compensation in any of the cases aforesaid, there must be produced to the Minister of Agriculture a. ’. satisfactory report, order for slaughter, certificate of valuation and slaughter, © and certificate of cleansing and disinfection, all signed by an Inspector: . 10. The certificate of an Inspector to the effect that an animal has reacted. to the Mallein'test or has shown clinical symptoms of Glanders, shall, for the purpose of the said Act and of this order be prima facie evidence in all Courts ef Justice and elsewhere of the matter certified. 11. Every yard, stable, outhouse or other place or premises, and every waggon, cart, carriage, car cr other vehicle, and every utensil or other thing infected with Glanders shall be thoroughly cleansed and disinfected by and at the expense of the owner or occupier, in a manner satisfactory toa Veterinary Inspector. . ’ J. G. RUTHERFORD, _ Veterinary Director General. Department of Agriculture, Ottawa. Although the time which has elapsed since the inauguration. of the policy of cempensation and slaughter is altogether too short to enable us to form a definite and decided opinion as to its wisdom and probable efféctiveness, in - securing the eradication of Glanders, the following figures furnish convincing proof that it has a strong tendency to remove the disinclination generally evinced by owners to report outbreaks of the disease and to permit the slaughter of their horses: ; . ~ Tested. Reacted. Killed. Clinical. 1902-3........1,062 ; 466 219 219 ; ,1903-4.....- + 1,387 . 420 499 499 © : [1904-5..+...5% 4,899 © 1,854 2,113 932. Inclusive of —— [1905- Soe “++ +3:957 1,285 1,387 561: ‘ | «(to March 31) . 2 a . Manitoba , 1906-7........4,200 . 850 946 | 502 (to Aug. 3Ist) a a Fotal........15,505 4,875 5,164 2,713 In considering these peace ‘I desire particularly to ‘draw. your attention to the large increase, not only in the numbers.of those tested and killed as - reactors, but of those showing clinical symptoms. These figures furnish incon- ‘testable evidence that the present ‘system brings to light a very large number of cases of Glanders, which, without provision for Bay en of compensation, would never have been reported. ; Under the conditions formerly: existing, there was a tendency on the part of owners, and doubtless of some veterinarians, to avoid trouble and loss by concealing the existence of Glanders. Where no compensation ‘is paid ,many owners, otherwise quite respectable, are undoubtedly in the ‘habit. of ‘allowing clinically affected cases to run their course, working them as long as | possible, and finally either per mitting them to die or having them quietly destroyed ; while those less honest or more unprincipled have no hesitation in subjecting them to palliative treatment, with a view to removing or concealing suspicious symptoms, and subsequently disposing of them’ to the best advantage. . I am satisfied that the system now followed in Canada will, by removing - temptation, prove effective in overcoming, at least to a very large extent, these ‘tendencies shown by depraved: human nature under less favourable circum- .- stances. : It is interesting to note the manner in which the new regulations are received in differerit parts of the Dominion. In districts where the disease has prevailed to.any considerable extent and where horse owners realize its serious nature and the importance of stamping it out, the new order of things is heartily welcomed. On the other hand, in places where the people are com-, paratively unfamiliar’ with Glanders, the new regulations are looked upon as unnecessarily severe, and people complain bitterly that their horses are being slaughtered without. good and sufficient reason. The claim is made that our ‘Inspectors destroy more horses than the disease itself would ever be likely to kill, the argument being advanced that only a very limited number of horses. die from Glanders under ordinary conditions, and that the gestae seldom or never becomes epizootic. . Facts, however, are entirely against this contention. The figures already <7 ~ e quoted from the returns of the Board of Agriculture of Great Britain indicate _ — 19 that, under modern conditions, the disease, unless properly controlled, is cer- tain to spread rapidly and to cause a constantly increasing loss in horse flesh. As an illustration of this, I would quote from our own experience the case of one Canadian Lumber Company in a remote part of the country Ww. reported last year for the first time the existence of Glanders among its horses. Enquiry elicited the fact that in less than four years upwards of fifty head ot valuable horses, owned by this Company, had died of Glanders. Of thirty-six survivors, thirty-four reacted to Mallein and were déstroyed. Of the two | remaining, neither had been in contact with the diseased horses. ; | We have a number of similar cases on record, but it would scarcely be ‘possible to furnish a better illustration of the evil results certain ‘to follow carelessness or neglect in dealing with Glanders. In this connection I cannot refrain from quoting an extract from the ; Tondon “Lancet” of July 5th, 1905,-which, in a review of the Report of the Board of Agriculture, speaks as follows: “Glanders is admittedly on the increase, and it is time that some radical.” hich ; measures were taken to control the disease. In 1894 there were only 502 out-_ breaks reported, but in 1904 these had increased to 1,539, and 2,658 horses were killed as glandered. More power ought certainly to be given to the veterinary inspectors to test the in-contact horses with Mallein, as by this agent an almost . infallible diagnosis can be made within 24, or at most, 48 hours. The expense, — although great the first year, would-not be excessive if allowed to spread over a . period of years; and where a preventable disease, which also causes the deaths’ of numbers of human beings each year, is concerned, the cost ought certainly not to be considered too seriously as the reason why it should not be taken _ thoroughly in hand.” ‘ bs It-is gratifying to note that the British authorities are being urged to introduce the identical policy which we have already adopted in Canada. .While dealing with this phase of the subject, I. would point out that if the adoption of our system is deemed necessary in a small country like Great PR itain, where police and inspection work has been reduced toa science, there can be no doubt of the wisdom of its adoption in the Dominion of Canada, where the distances are magnified and the population, especially in some dis- tricts, sparse to a degree, although I am glad to say that the last named condi-— tion is being rapidly altered by the constant influx of desirable settlers who are ‘coming from all parts of the world, but perhaps in greatest number from the Western United States. . In this connection I would say that while we do not think it necessary to test the human immigrants from that country, I think it altogether likely that , we will be compelled, in the near future, to impose this precautionary restric- tion upon those of the equine species, as the records in our’ possession indicate that a considerable number of the outbreaks-of Glanders in Western Canada are due to imported American horses, of which we have for a number of years. back been absorbing from twenty-five to thirty thousand head per annum. Having now indicated, perhaps at too great length, our present attitude \ Il in relation to Glanders, I.would like to- ies before you, as briefly as possible, some of the facts brought to light in the course of our work which have con- vinced us that in the war against Glanders no quarter should: be given to the typical reactor, whether he shows clinical symptoms or not. I have already given you some figures as to the number of horses with | which we have dealt during the last four years. In connection with what I am about to say, however, I would call your attention to the fact that up till Aug. 31st, 1906, we have tested 15,505 horses; and have actually made 18, a Males ‘tests. ‘Thre marked disproportion. paces ithe nae of horses tested and the | number of tests made is attributable to the fact that from 1902 to 1904 we, asi ‘already. stated, followed a retesting policy. It will, I think, be conceded that the number of tests made, each of which was carefully reported, is sufficient to furnish a reasonable basis for. definite’ and intelligent opinions ‘on the’ various _ points relative to Mallein, its uses, effects and the conclusions which may reasonably be drawn therefrom. While perhaps to some extent reversing the natural sequence of events, I. propose to refer first to the danger inseparable from the keeping alive. of. : - ordinary. neri-clinical reactors. With regard to this point, I am not in-a. posi- tion to furnish any great amount of statistical information for the reason that. - from the very beginning of our present operations animals of this class falling _ inte our hands have been, except in the case of a few which early became ceased reactors,-so dealt with as to prevent the possibility of their coming into _contact, direct or indirect, with healthy horses. When engaged i in private practice, however, I had an opportunity of form- - ing an opinion on the subject, for although, after the use of Mallein’ was adopted, which, with me, was in the year 1893, I invariably advised my clients to destroy all typical reactors, the law did not make their slaughter compulsory and many were permitted to live. Not a few subsequent outbreaks of which I was cognizant were undoubtedly due to the retention and distribution of infection by these apparently healthy animals. z As a matter of fact there has never been, at least among intelligent and single-minded veterinarians, any great tendency to belief in the harmlessness of horses which continue to give typical reactions to Mallein, even when ‘they present no visible symptoms _of Glahders. The Departmental Committee appointed im 1901 by the Board of Agriculture of Great Britain for the purpdse _ of conducting experimental investigations with regard to this and kindred. subjects, reached the conclusion that these apparently healthy reactors are ~ eapable of transmitting Glanders. The Committee in question, comprised the late Mr. A.-C. Cope, Mr.. Wm. Hunting, Sir John McFadyean and Dr. James. McI. McCall, all men of high professional attainments and great experience im dealing with Glanders. ‘One of the points dwelt upon ‘by them, viz., the sud- denness with which a reactor may become clinically glandered, is worthy of special' note. Our experience in Canada has demonstrated beyond questi: the danger arising from this liability of reactors to suddenly develop vcnte , Missing Page ta a 13 '« invariably, in our experience, consisting of horses tested when in the incigient. stages of Glanders, or at any rate when but slightly affected, as evidenced by the fact that their original reactions, though typical, are not’ as well marked: _» either thermally or locally, as those given by clinical cases or by these animals. which, while perhaps not showing external symptoms, are suffering from the disease i in an advanced form. - - . 3. Those which. having on one'Or more occasions definitely reacted,,. develop an.acquired-tolerance to the test, the latter being, however, of a temporary character, so that after the lapse of a varying period, generally from. six to twelve months, a typical reaction again follows the injection of Mallein. ‘The first-mentioned class are of but little importance, and demand no attention at our hands beyond a due consideration of the part they have already played, and doubtless Will for some time continue to play, i in promoting boot- , less discussion, and thus, to some extent, retarding the: general adoption. of Mallein as an authoritative diagnostic agent. The various causes which contribute’ to their being wrongly classified as- reactors will, however, be shortly dealt with when we take up the question of | reactions -typical and atypical. — cee - The second class is naturally much more interesting, consisting as it does- of horses which actually overcome the infection of Glanders either through | the action of Mallein or by the efforts of nature unaided, or at least aided only by favourab‘e physical conditions. ‘ We have in Canada under supervision at present a considerable number of horses which have at one time or another, during the past four years, given a typical reaction to Mallein, but which are now, so far as we can ascertain by: periodical inspection and repeated testing, absolutely free from’ Glanders. These- animals, however, constitute a lamentably small proportion of the total number a which reacted without showing clinical symptoms in the two. years during” which we followed the retesting system. Two years ago I stated that about © ‘25 per cent. of our non-clinical reactors had ceased to react, and were appar- ‘ently free’ from Glanders. At that time I expressed my great disappointment, with the small return which this percentage gave for the, risk and labour» involved in carrying on the retests, and announced that it was our intention to- discontinue that method of dealing with Glanders and adopt ee plan whickr we are now following. I am sorry to have to tell you that in classing all these horses as safely ceased reactors we were seriously in error. -During the intervening period a considerable number of them have rejoined the reacting ranks, and-have been condemned as diseased. There are still, however, a number which have con- | tinued, to stand not only the Mal'ein test, but the test of time. These give absolutely no ‘indication of being other than healthy horses, and thus, so far as- can be seen at present, there is no reason to doubt that, in a proportion of com- paratively mild cases of Glanders, recovery may and does take place. We have found, moreover, that while it is not by any means. possible to- tell at the first, or even at the second test which of the affected horses wil i 14 eventually become permanent ceased reactors, stages make reasonably certain of those which will not do so. Animals which, on being first tested, show a thermal rise exceeding 104° ’ Fahrenheit, accompanied by a characteristic reaction, those which give a more pronounced reaction to a second or stbsequent test than they do to the first, and those which suddenly. cease to react without showing a gradual lowering of the temperature and a corresponding abatement of the local reaction are not Nkely to become permanent ceased reactors. : Sound pathological reasons can, I think, be advanced for the lack of im- provement shown by the first and second classes, but I must confess that I have no mental theory to fit the case of those last mentioned. : Having now dealt with the supposititious ceased reactors and with. those. which appear to make an actual and permanent recovery, it becomes our duty to discuss those animals, and they are, in our experience, by, far the most. frequently encountered, and, needless to say, the most dangerous, which acquire a temporary tolerance to Mallein, but which again give a definite. reaction when tested, after sufficient time has-elapsed to nullify: the ‘effects r- previous injections. In the report of the Special Committee appointed by the Pritish Board of Agriculture, to which I have already referred, the records. given indicate that all the ceased reactors dealt with in the experiments showed “an abnormally high temperature when tested with Mallein some time: after’ they had apparently ceased to react. I considered this a very suspicious circumstance, and one which furnished food for serious thought. In order. to: - iis pes if possible, the reason of this peculiar. phenomenon I determined to gain submit to the Mallein test a number of horses which had been kept. for varying periods under supervision as ceased reactors. The results were very» irteresting, as may be gathered from the following examples from the report. ot Dr. A. E. Moore, one of our most careful and capable officers, who was ‘entrusted with the task of conducting the investigations. ~The pathological, ; work was, of course, done by Dr. Higgins. ; % Results of post mortem examinations conducted on ceased reactors which again reacted on being tested, after a period ofnot less than six months: we can at one or other of these Paddy, Grey Gelding, 16 Years, No. 304. Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size before inject. after inject. swelling © “g . ist test, May 22, 1003 2.0. Bhi aktclentes 100 4-5 105 6x6 end test, Jine 7; 1903 wo .. tus aseenvenns 100 2-5 105 2-5 AXS ° a gud test, Septog 1008. cies sake ts dane 100 2-5 IOI 2-5 2x3 ceased: 4th test, Oct. 25, 1903 ..... eS ieee aid toa IOI IOI 3x4 i NG, sinkenieg: WRie wna lomee aime alen dog IOI 2-5 ~ fe ER Result of post mortem of No, 304: a 3x6. bs Very few nodules scattered in the lungs, arena some of these nodules a small quantity of lymph-like substance was seen, others encysted, qo ers 15 ‘ Five guinea pigs: were inoculated, and from the organs of one a pure culture of bacillus mallei was obtained. Jerry, Grey Gelding, aged, No. 307. _ Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size ‘ before inject. after inject. swelling fst test, June 6, 1903 22 v¢ sig cugauees 100 4-5, 105 4-5- 3x4 aud test, Aue: 26, 1603s .icn cca cw iis IOI 104 2x2 ard test, NO¥, 16, 1008 .ceshhrxeseyawes 100 4-5 104 3x3 4th test, Feb. 26, 1964 ......... asap lor 2% IOI I-5 2x2 ceaséd : ~ Retest, after 9 months, Nov. 15, 1904..100 2-5 104 2-5 3x4 ae From 20 to 30 small nodules, seen in lungs from the size ofa pea to small bean, several places in right lung showing cicatricial tissue, all the nodules were ‘deep seated, mostly encysted, and followed the large bronchial tubes. ‘Three guinea pigs inoculated’ and from one bacillus mallei was isolated i in, pure: culture. = Nance; Grey Mare, 8 a No. 308. : Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size ere. before inject. after. inject. swelling Ist test. Match 10, 1003": ¢s-exueseeies IOI I-5° . 104 9-5 + 4X4. ond test, Jiuine-O, 19030. ci gd hae san ye Gl i. 105 6x8 3rd test, Aug. 20, rs eer 99 2-5 104 1-5 6x6 4th test, Nov. 19, 1903... 3... ee _. +100 1-5 102 I-5 5x6 th! test, Feb: 2, 1004 i. 02s aydanians 100 4-5 IOI 1-5 3x3. ceased ‘Retest, after 9 months, Nov. I 5 1904 . . 100 3-5. 104 3-5 4x4 -About ten-very small.nodules encysted, ail deep seated in, ‘he lungs and near the bronchial tubes. : ; Two guinea pigs were Gieeinated 7- 12- ’O4. ‘They were still thrifty. 8-6-’05, and had gained considerably in weight. They. were chloroformed, no lesions found and cultures remained sterile. “5 By a .Doll, Bay, White Face, 9 Years, No. 309. 2 Max. temp. Max. tems. ‘Max.’ size ae before inject. after-inject. swelling rst test, March 23, 1903 ..... Ae :@o ie 104.8 * 2x2 and test, June 6, 1903 ........ Senemen tee 25 105.I-5° ' 4x8 “ard test, Aug. 8, 1903°........-. Veena OO oe 2 204 48 AXS 4th test, Nov. 19, 1903 ..-...-. 0.2 ease 100 3-5 102 4-5 AX5 5th test, Feb. 26, 1904....... Paswes aah IOl IOI ax2 ceased ‘Retest, after 9 months, Nov. 15, 1904..100 2-5 , 104: 2-5 2x6, Bronchial and mediastinal glands slightly enlarged. About twenty small nodules (pea) were found in the lungs, sixteen in the right lung and four in the | left. Mostly encysted. Three guinea pigs were inoculated, and from one bacillus mallei was isolated in pure culture. a 16 Mag, Black Mare, 10 years, No. 310. Max. temp. Max. temp. “Max. size before inject. after -inject. swelling Wet test. May 5 1604 ai caic ee aes 102 104 25 ' 2x6 nd: test, Alig: @, 1063 sksvecensan wars 100 I-5 104 3X3 rd test, Nov: 19, 1903... . fia nung oun ne TOO 245 104 2-5 3x3 ath test, Feb. 20, 1004. go 014.5c0 600 e8s 2 2-5 100 4-5 2x3 ceased. Retest, after 9 months, Nov. 1 5, 1904. . | 103 2-5 3x3 About 15 very. small nodules found in ae all deep seated, and following the main bronchial tubes, mostly encysted. 3 “Three guinea pigs inoculated 7-12-04. From one pure cultures of bacillus’ mallei : ‘were obtained. In all these autopsies there was noted the peculiar injected appearance of the lungs which is ‘seen when a reacting animal is destroyed immediately after testing. In all but one of these five ceased reactors a pure culture of the bacillus mallei was obtained. In this case the lesions found were characteristic, and it is probable that the bacilli were present. Only two guinea pigs were used for this inoculation. Oy _ The following very striking regard’ is that of a horse which has ceased to _ Teact no less than three times in the course of the last three years. This animal is still isolated under close supervision, and although performing ordinary farm : work daily, is in the pink of condition, and, to all outward: ‘appearance, abso- ‘dutely healthy: King, Bay Gelding. ' “Max. temp. Max. temp. Max. size before inject. after-inject. swelling - ast test, Aug. 26,' ic OF eee ee ner L101 : 105 Ss 2nd test, Nov. 19, 1903 winsevaceee nes 100 2-5 104 I-5 4x4 ard test, Feb. 26, 16044 syed osewweeaes 100 2-5 © 103 1-5 2x2 Ath test, June.9, 1904 . A IOI I-5 IOI - 2x2 1 5th test, July s, 1664. csx55 roku ove a taiises IOI 1-5 101 3x3 Gth-test, Nov. Td, 1004) aco. eiisasees IOI I-5 104 I-5 3x4. ¥th test, April %;, 1005) 22ss09e%0 14000: IOI 1-5 _ 101 _. 2x2 Sth test, Nov. 1. 1905 ......... eae 0TOO BG” 104 4-5 AX4 ‘Oth test, July 7; 1900 ..2-60:feev cee «100 4-5 ~ IOI 2x3 I append here three tables showing the different results obtained in testing, e ist, horses which have become permanent ceased reactors; and, horses which) after having once ceased to react, have again given a characteristic reaction to Mallein after a period of from six months to a year; and 3rd, horses which have shown no improvement when tested at intervals of 30, 60 and 90 days, although never developing clinical symptoms. 12 Horses. which did not show any improvement by injection of Mallein at intervals of about 30, 60 and 90 days. never developing any clinical’ symptoms. © Although — Maximum Temperatures at: Maximum size of Swelling at :— No! ist Test | 2nd Test | 3rd Test | 4th Test || 1st Test and Test | 3rd Test | 4th Test 1|Brown gelding, 13 yrs.|105 4-5|105 2-5/105 = |104 3-5|| 2x3 | 4%4 | 3x4 | 4x4 2|Bay mare, Io yrs. 106 2-5/106 2-5|106 1-5 4x6 | 2x5 | 6x8 | 3|Bay gelding, 8 yrs./106 105 4-5|105 3x4 | 5x8 | 5x6" 4|Roan eS II yrs.{106 1-5]/105 1-5}/104 1-5|1053-5| 3X7 | 4X5 | 3X5 5X7 -5|Chestnut ‘‘ 14 yTS.)103 I-5|105 2-5|104 3-5|105 2-5], 3x6 | 4x6 | 5x6 | 6x6 *.6|Black =‘ * Q yIs.|105 2-5|105 2-5}105 ‘ 4x5 | 3X5 | 4x5 * 7\Bay mare, 9 yrs: 105 4-5|I105 1-5|105 3-5 6x7 | 6x6 | 6x8. 8 Black gelding, 13 yts.|105 105 2-5} £05 2-5 3x4 | 2X3] 4X7 _g9/Brown ‘ro yrs.|104 105,4-5| 105 6x8 |' 5x5. | 2x3 ; * 10 Bay mare, 7 yrs. 105 3-5|104 2-5|103,2-5/105 2-5]| 1X1 |’ 3x6 | 3x4 | 2x2°>. 24|Bay gelding, (2 yrs. 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UP Jo]Je Pa}sa}es Bulaq Uo jnq ‘Sio}Ival Pasved suleIaq Y!YAr SeSiOH y 20 I do not think it necessary to make any extended comment on the facts brought to light by this series of retests. So far as the possibility of the latter reactions being due to reinfection is concerned, I would say that this danger was fully considered and guarded against. If reinfection occurred in any of these cases it was through one or other of the so-called ceased reactors, and not from any outside source. ; 4 , I may add that while the work performed by Dr. Moore was the most systematic and thorough of any which we undertook on similar lines, the results obtained by him were corroborated by like retests conducted by other officers in various parts of the Dominion. _ Further proof of the dangerous character of these horses, which, through an acquired tolerance to Mallein, are erroneously classed as ceased reactors, is, Iam sorry to say, furnished by our own official records, several instances having occurred in which, horses held under supervision for periods deemed sufficient to ensure safety, were permitted to mingle with healthy animals, with disastrous results. | . | Not the least remarkable feature of these cases is the fact that they seldom develop clinical symptoms themselves, although, beyond doubt, many of them are capable of transmitting, infection to others. This report has already exceeded a reasonable length, but I cannot well close without giving the concensus of opinion arrived at by our inspectors as to ' what constitutes an actual and typical Mallein reaction. Ability to differentiate with certainty, at least in the majority of cases, between typical and non- typical reactions, is, for obvious reasons, perhaps the most important factor in the use of Mallein. We are fortunate i in having on our inspection staff a number of careful and closely-observant men, and the results of their experience have been condensed as follows: ar. In horses affected with Glanders from the 4th to the 15th hour after the injection of the usual dose of reliable Mallein a distinct rise of temperature: takes place, except in certain cases’ which will be specially mentioned later. The temperature gradually rises until the 14th or 15th hour after injection, when, after remaining at about the same height for a longer or shorter period, it gradually declines, the downward course being not unfrequently preceded by: a slight secondary elevation. This thermal disturbance should, under ordinary circumstances, indicate arise of at least 2.5 degrees Fahrenheit over the highest control temperature ‘taken before injection. The wide variation in normal temperature shown by | ‘ the equine species, especially in Western America, demands the application to this rule of certain definite limitations. For instance, if invariably followed, a horse having a pre-injection temperature of, say, 99°, would be condemned at 101.5°, which might be well within his normal range. On the other hand, an animal with a pre- injection temperature of 102°, which is not at all strikingly , 21 abnormal i in the west, Would be allowed to reach withode condemnation 104.4°, a point entirely outside of the normal range. . Other things being equal, 103° Fahrenheit would appear to indicate the danger line, but no fixed rule can possibly be adopted, close observation and. sound judgment i in the operator being of more importance than hard and fast . ruling. ~The thermal rise is accompanied, or rather followed, by a hard, tense and exceedingly painful swelling at the point of injection. This swelling is usually _ circular, and shows a tendency to increase from the eighth hour after injection, at the same time becoming more painful,. affecting the muscles and causing . marked lameness in the forelimb of the side on which the injection was made. It is often accompanied by swelling of the surrounding lymphatics, which also is become intensely painful. The local. reaction does. not, as a rule, entirely disappear for several days. Besides the thermal and local reactions Mallein produces well marked - “constitutional effects on animals suffering ‘from Glanders.. The -pulse and” respiyation are increased, rigors are frequent, sometimes slight, but occasionally ! violeht, and continuing throughout the whole reaction. There is great depres-_ siony while loss of.appetite, staring coat, and disinclination to move are also commonly: ‘noted. In ebaiedl cases reaction is, as a rule, early and well marked, and most of