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http://www. archive.org/details/cu31924003268822

MANUAL

OF

BRITISH BOTANY,

CONTAINING THE

FLOWERING PLANTS AND FERNS

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE NATURAL ORDERS.

BY

CHARLES CARDALE BABINGTON, M.A.,
F.R.S., F.L.S. ere. etc.

FOURTH EDITION,

WITH MANY ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST, PATERNOSTER ROW.

MDCCCLVI.

S

PRINTED BY TAYLOR AND FRANCIS,
RED LION COURT, FLEET STREET.

PREFACE.

In this work it has been the Author’s wish to adopt in all
cases those names which have the claim of priority, unless
good cause could be shown for a contrary proceeding, and
with this object he has carefully examined nearly all the
best European Floras, comparing our plants with the de-
scriptions contained in them, and in very many cases with
foreign specimens of undoubted authenticity. In the adop-
tion of genera and species an endeavour has been made, by
the examination of the plants themselves, to determine which
are to be considered as truly distinct, thus, it is hoped,
taking Nature as a guide, and not depending upon the au-
thority of any name, however distinguished. Still let it not
be supposed that any claim is made to peculiar accuracy,
nor that the Author considers himself qualified to dictate
to any student of botany, for he is well aware that there are

many points upon which persons who have carefully studied
a2

iv PREFACE.

the subject may form different conclusions from those to
which he has been led.

This volume being intended as a field-book or travelling
companion for botanists, it is advisable to restrict the
space allotted to each species as much as possible, and ac-
cordingly the characters and observations are only such
as appear to be necessary for an accurate discrimination
of the plants. Synonyms have been almost wholly
omitted, but usually one British and often a foreign figure
of each plant is quoted. Localities are only given for
new or rare plants, the existence of so complete a work as
Mr. Watson’s New Botanist’s Guide having made it un-
necessary inconveniently to swell the present volume by their
introduction ; but im order to convey some idea of the dis-
tribution of plants throughout the United Kingdom, the
letters E., S., and I. have been appended to the descriptions
of such species as have, it is believed, been only found in
England, Scotland, or Ireland respectively, —all plants
without such an addition and not inclosed in brackets having
been observed in each of them. The descriptions of a con-
siderable number of plants which only occur in the Channel
Islands ; or, although included in our lists, there is reason
to suppose have never been really detected in Britain; or
have been added to our Flora by previous writers but are
not now to be found; or, although decidedly naturalized,
have very slender claims to be considered as aboriginal
natives, are included within []; and notices of a few plants
concerning which more accurate information is requisite
are distinguished in a similar manner. It is hoped that by
this arrangement the truly indigenous species will be clearly
distinguished from those which have little or no claim to be

PREFACE. %

considered as aboriginal or even thoroughly naturalized.
The attempt to do this is necessary for two seemingly con-
tradictory reasons; namely, the great tendency of many col-
lectors to consider as native any plant found growing upon
a spot where it is not cultivated ; and the peculiar scepti-
cism of some of our botanists concerning the claims of many
local or thinly scattered species to be considered as indige-
nous, even when their distribution upon the European con-
tinent is not unfavourable to the belief that they may in-
habit Britain. It has been recommended that the descrip :
tions of these excluded species should be placed in an Ap-
pendix, but as some of them are not unlikely to be observed
by collectors, it is more convenient that they should be
arranged with their allies. Those who desire to obtain a
complete knowledge of the distribution of our plants should
consult Watson’s Cybele Britannica.

A very concise Synopsis of the genera, according to the
Linnean method, is given for the convenience of those
botanists who may not be quite familiar with the Natural
Orders.

Dr. Lindley’s Vegetable Kingdom being accessible to
nearly all the readers of this little work, it has not been
considered advisable to introduce detailed descriptions of
the Orders ; but in the preparation of the short distinctive
characters the author has availed himself of that work, of
Dr. Arnott’s elaborate treatise contained in the Encyclo-
pedia Britannica, of Endlicher’s Genera Plantarum, Koch’s
Synopsis Flore Germanica, and other works.

To his botanical friends and correspondents too numerous
to record here, he takes this opportunity of returning most
sincere thanks for the great assistance they have rendered

vi PREFACE.

to him by the communication of valuable suggestions, ob-
servations, and specimens.

The present edition has been carefully revised, so as, if
possible, to keep pace with the rapidly advancing knowledge
of British plants; the descriptions of several of the more
difficult groups, such as Hieracium and Carex, and the
whole Order Gramineae, have been remodelled.

In accordance with the wishes of several gentlemen who
have favoured the author with advice, many more English
names are inserted. All the genera could not be thus
named owing to the absence of any recognized English
terms that have been applied to them, or the several species
possessing different names. It does not seem desirable to
invent new names for the few genera that have them not,
the Latin name being usable in those cases.

The portability of the volume being one of its most valu-
able qualities, it has been found impossible to accord to the
wishes of some young botanists by prefixing to it a short
Introduction to Botany, or a Glossary of botanical terms ;
since sufficient space could not have been afforded to them
to admit of their possessing that fulness and detail without
which they would be worse than useless. Students are
recommended to make themselves well acquainted with the
contents of some good introductory work, such as Balfour’s
Class-Book of Botany, which contains a copious glossary ;
Henfrey’s Outlines; or Gray’s Botanical Text-Book; or
persons totally unacquainted with the science may advan-
tageously study Henfrey’s Rudiments and Lindley’s Ladies’
Botany.

It is hoped that those who use this book will favour the
author with information of any (even the slightest) addi-

PREFACE. vii

tion, correction or alteration that may appear to be neces-
sary, in order that it may be employed in the preparation
of a future edition, as it is only through such assistance
that the Flora of an extensive country can attain to even a
moderate degree of perfection.

A few terms are used in this book which may not have
become familiar to botanists, and it is therefore advisable
to direct attention to them and explain their meaning.
This is done nearly in the words employed by Mr. Joseph
Woods in the introduction to his useful Tourist’s Flora.

The word Phyllaries is used for the parts in Composite
which were considered by Linnzeus as the leaves of a com-
mon calyx, and by later writers as the bracts or scales of
an involucre.

Botanists have used the word Joint (articulus) as signi-
fying the point of union of two different parts, or the space
between such points. Joining is here employed in the
former of these senses; and Joiné is used as in common
speech for the parts so joined.

In the Orchidacee the term Label is used for that ap-
pendage to the flower which was called the Terminal divi-
sion of the lip in former editions of this book.

St. John’s College, Cambridge,
May 1, 1856.

vill

NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS.

Class I. Dicotyledones.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERMA.
Subdivision I. THALAMIFLOR&.

Order I. RANUNCULACEE,
Il. BERBERIDACE.
I. NYMPHHACER.
IV. PAPAVERACE.
V. FUMARIACEE.
VI. CRUCIFERZE.

VII, RESEDACE,.
VIII. CISTACER,

1X. VIOLACEZ.

X. DROSERACEZ.

XI. POLYGALACEA.
XH. FRANKENIACEER.
XHI, ELATINACER.
XIV. CARYOPHYLLACER.

KV. MALVACER.
XVI. TILIACER.
XVII. HYPERICACER,

XVIII. ACERACE.

XIX. GERANIACEZ.
XX. LINACE.

XXI, BALSAMINACE®,

XXII. OXALIDACER.

Subd. TI. CALYCIFLORA.

XXIII. CELASTRACE.
XXIV. RHAMNACER.
XXV, LEGUMINOSAE.

Order KXXVI. ROSACEZH,
XXVIII. LYTHRACEZE.
XXVIII. TAMARISCACER.-
XXIX. ONAGRACEZE.
XXX. HALORAGACEX.
XXXI. CUCURBITACER.
XXXII. PORTULACE.
XXXIII. PARONYCHIACEZ.
XXXIV. CRASSULACEZ.
XXXV. GROSSULARIACEZE.
XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACEA.
XXXVIL UMBELLIFERAE,
XXXVIII. ARALIACEX.
XXXIX. CORNACEZ.

Subd. 111. COROLLIFLORE.

XL, LORANTHACES,
XLI. CAPRIFOLIACEX.
XLII, RUBIACEA.

XLIIL VALERIANACES,
XLIV. DIPSACER.
XLY. COMPOSITA.
XLVI. CAMPANULACE.,
XLVII. ERICACEXR.
XLVIII, AQUIFOLIACE.
XLIX, OLEACEA,
L, APOCYNACES.

LI. GENTIANACE.

LIIl, POLEMONIACEZ.
LIII. CONVOLVULACE.
LIV. BORAGINACEZ.,

LV, SOLANACES.

Order LVI. OROBANCHACEE.
LVII. SCROPHULARIACEZ.
LVIII, LABIATE.

LIX. VERBENACER.

LX. LENTIBULARIACER.

LX1. PRIMULACEZE.
LXII. PLUMBAGINACEZ.
LXIII. PLANTAGINACE.

Subd. IV. MONOCHLAMYDEZ,

LXIV. AMARANTHACER,
LXV. CHENOPODIACEA.
LXVI. POLYGONACER,
LXVII. ELAHAGNACER.,
LXVIIL. THYMELACER.
LXIX, SANTALACEXR,
LXX. ARISTOLOCHIACER.
LXXI, EMPETRACER.
LXXII, EUPHORBIACEZ,
LXXIII. CERATOPHYLLACEX.
LXXIV. CALLITRICHACEZR.
LXXV. URTICACEZR,
LXXVI. ULMACEZ,
LXXVII. AMENTIFERZE.

* Subclass Il. GYMNOSPERM&.

LXXVIII. CONIFERZ.

Class II. Monocotyledones.

Subdivision I. DICTYOGEN A.

LXXIX. TRILLIACEZ.
LXXX. DIOSCOREACE,

Subdivision IT. FLORIDA:

LXXXI. HYDROCHARIDACEZ.
LXXXII. ORCHIDACEA.
LXXXIII. IRIDACEX,.
LXXXIV. AMARYLLIDACEZE.
LXXXV. ASPARAGACEZ.,
LXXXVI. LILIACEZE.
LXXXVII. COLCHICACER.
LXXXVIII. ERIOCAULACER.
LXXXIX. JUNCACER,
XC. ALISMACEE.
XCI. TYPHACEZH.
XCII. ARACEZE.
XCIII. LEMNACEsE.
XCIV. POTAMOGETONACER.
XCV. NAIADACEZ,

Subd. Ilf. GLUMIFERA.

XCVI. CYPERACEZ.
XCVII. GRAMINEAE.

Class III. Cryptogumee.

XCVIII. EQUISETACE.
XCIX. FILICES.
C. MARSILEACE.
CI. LYCOPODIACEZ.
Cll. CHARACEE.

as

x

ABBREVIATIONS.
In the descriptions.
anth, — ... anther. pan. .. panicle.
eal. -. calyx. ped. ... peduncle.
caps. ~... capsule. pet. .. petal.
carp. .. carpel, phyll. ... phyllary.
cor, -- corolla. segm. ... segment.
fl. .. flower. sep. .. sepal.
fr. .. fruit. st. .. stem.
ft. .. feet. stam. _.., stamen.
gl. ... glume. stig. ... Stigma.
m. «Inch. stip. ... Stipule.
interm. ... intermediate. t, .. plate.
inv. ... involuere. term ... terminal.
L., 1, ls.... leaves. Tr. .. Tribe.
lt, lis. ... leaflets. var. .. variety.
nect. ++. nectary.
Books.

A.N.H....Annals of Natural Duration.

History.
EB. ...English Botany. "7" nual

. «+. Biennial.

E.B.S. ... Supplement to E. B. P Perenwial
G.F.G, ... Nees von Esenbeck’s Sh. Shrub.

Genera Plantarum ee ae

d T. ... Tree

Flore Germanice. :

H. ..Hoppe, in Sturm’s i
Do tecbbanndeRlore. Mareecouty:

N. .. Newman’s Historyof E. ... England.

British Ferns,ed.2. 8S. ... Scotland.
Ps ..Parnell’s Grasses of I. ... Ireland.

Britain.
R., ..Reichenbach’sIcones f ... Possibly introduced but

Flora Germanice. now having the ap-
RI. .. Reichenbach’sIcono- pearance of being a

graphia Botanica. true native.
Schk. ...Schkuhr’s Riedgra- * ... Certainly naturalized.

ser. ! ,.. After the name of a plant
St. .. Sturm’s Deutschlands shows that an authentic

Flora.

specimen has been seen.

I. II. II. &c. represent the months of flowering, viz. Jan.,
Feb., March, &c.
When the Initial letter of the generic name is prefixed to that
of a variety, it is intended to show that the author quoted con-
sidered it to be a species.

SYNOPSIS

OF THE

NATURAL ORDERS OF BRITISH PLANTS.

The number prefixed to each Order indicates the page where the
description of the Genera will be found.

I. PHANEROGAMEZ or FLOWERING PLANTS.
Class I. DICOTYLEDONES.

Wood of stem youngest at the circumference. Cotyledons 2
or more.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM 2.

Seeds inclosedin seed-vessels.

Subdivision I. Fl. with a calyx and corolla, polypetalous, in-
ferior.

A. Ovaries many, distinct or united, each bearinga style ; or
solitary with 1 lateral placenta.
I. Corolla regular.
a. Sepals distinct. Stam. hypogynous.

1. Ranuncutaces. Anth. opening by 2 longitudinal clefts.
13. BERBERIDACEH. Anth. opening by a valve from the
bottom to the top. Carpel solitary.

bd. Sepals more or less combined helow.

125. CrassuLAcEa&. Stam. as many as, or twice the number
of, the pet., on the base of the calyx.
87. RosacE# (part). Stam. 20 or more, on the calyx.

II. Corolla irregular.

34. Resepaces&. Cal. persistent. Ovary 3-lobed, 1-celled,
open at the end. Stam. 10—24.

~~ 69. Lecuminos&. Ovary ]-celled, closed. Fr. a pod. Stam.

10, 1—2-adelphous.
2. RaANUNCULACEA(part). Ovaries ] ormore, closed, follicles.
Stam. many, free.

xii SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

B. Ovary one; placentas 2 or more, parietal or on the dissepi-
ments, not forming a central axis.

I. Corolla regular. Pet. 4.

14. PapaveRAcEam. Sepals 2. Stam. many.
18. Crucirers. Sepals4. Stam. tetradynamous.

II. Corolla regular. Pet. 5.

39. Droseracea. Sep. 5, equal, distinct, imbricate. Seeds
without an arillus. ;

35. Cistaceas. Sep. 5, distinct; 3 inner with a twisted esti-
vation ; 2 outer smaller or wanting. Seeds without an
arillus.

115. Tamariscaces&. Sep. 5, combined below. Seeds comose.

IIT. Corolla regular. Pet. many.
13. NympHmaces. Pet. gradually passing into the stamens.

IV. Corolla irregular.

16. Fumariacsa. Sep.2or0. Stam. 6, i two bundles.
36. Viotaces. Sep. 5. Stam. 5; filaments free at the base.

C. Ovary 1; placentas central.
I. Astivation of calyx valvate or with distant lobes.

56. Matvacea&. Stam. monadelpbous.
58. Tit1ace#. Stam. distinct, hypogynous.
69. RHAMNACES. Stam. distinct, opposite the pet. and equal-
ling them in number, perigynous.
115. LyrHraces. Stam. distinct, alternating with the pet. or
twice as many.

II. Astivation of calyx imbricate. Cal. and cor. irregular.
67. BALSAMINACEA.

III. Astivation of gamosepalous calyx imbricate. Cor. regular.

87. Rosace# (Tr. Amygdalee). Fruit a drupe. Stam. epi-
gynous.
~ 42, CarvopuHyLuaces® (Subord. Silene). Fr. a capsule.
Stam. hypogynous.

IV. Astivation of cal. imbricate; sep. distinct or slightly con-

nected below. Cor. regular.
* Ovary 1-celled.

121. Porrutaces. Sep. 2. Stam. opposite the petals.

43. CARYOPHYLLACES (Subord. Alsinex). Sep. 3—5. Stam.
10 or fewer, opposite the sepals. Stipules 0.

122, ParonycHiaces. Sep. 3-5. Stam 5, opposite the
sepals. Stipules present.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xiii

** Ovary many-celled. Stam. polyadelphous.
59. Hypericaces.

**& Ovary many-celled. Stam. monadelphous.

66. Linacra. Ovary with 4—5 complete and 4—5 incomplete
dissepiments.

67. Oxauipacea. Ovary 5-celled; cells many-seeded.

62. GERANIacEa&. Ovary 5-celled; cells 1-seeded.

**** Ovary many-celled. Stam. free. Style 1.

62. AcrRaceas. Stam. usually8. Pet.5. Fr. winged, sepa-
rating into 2 capsules.
289. EmprTraces. Stam. 3. Pet. 3. Fr. fleshy.
4]. Franxentacea. Stam. 5 or more. Pet. 5. Caps. 3-
valved.
68. CeLastraces. Stam. and pet. 4—5, inserted in an hy-
pogynous disk.
211. Ericace# (Tr. Pyrolee and Monotropee). Stam. 10.
Hypogynous disk 0.

+k Ovary many-celled. Stam. free. Styles 3—5.
41. Evarinaces, Pet.3—5. Stam. 3—5 or 6—8.

Subdivision II. Fi. with a calyx and corolla, polypetalous,
superior.

A. Ovary 1-celled; placentas parietal.
128. GRossuLARIACEH. Stam. and pet. 4—5, alternating.

B. Ovary 2—many-celled; placentas central.
a. Stamens many.
87. Rosacrez (Tr. Pomex). Fr. a 1—5-celled pome.

bd. Stam. as many as, and alternating with, the petals,
or twice as many.

133, Umsr.iirers. Styles 2, from a bifid epigynous disk,
Fr. of 2 carpels pendulous from a common axis and ad-
hering by their face.

151. Arattaces. Pet. valvate in xstivation. Fr. a berry.

152. Cornaces. Pet. valvate in estivation. Fr. a drupe.

116. Onacracem. Pet. imbricate or twisted in estivation.
Style 1.

129. SaaiwEA GACH: Pet. imbricate in estivation. Styles 2
or more. (Fl. sometimes inferior.) Caps. 2-valved.

120. HaLtoraGace@ (in part). Pet. imbricate in estivation’
Styles 4. Caps. not bursting.

xiv

153.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

C. Stam. as many as, and opposite to, the petals.

LorantHaces. Filaments or anthers adnate to the
petals.

Subdivision III. Fl. with a calyx and corolla, gamopetalous,

A.
2i1.
B.

208.
121.

C.

-163.
155.

159.
153.
162.

superior.
Stam. inserted in an epigynous disk.
Ericace (Tr. Vacciniez).
Stam. inserted with the corolla.

CAMPANULACES. Filaments free.
CucuRBITACEs. Stam. 5, triadelphous.

Stam. inserted on the tube of the corolla or between its
lobes.

Composit. Anthers syngenesious. Fl. capitate.

Rusiace#&. Stam. free. Ovary usually didymous, 2-celled,
with 2 ovules. Cal. simple.

VaLERIANACEm. Stari. free. Ovary with 1 perfect cell
and 1 ovule. Cal. simple.

CapPRIFOLIACES. Stam. free. Ovary 3—5-celled. Cal.
simple.

Dirsacaces. Stam. free. Cal. double.

Subdivision IV. FI. with a calyx and corolla, gamopetalous,

A.

226.
249.

B.

270.

C.

264.
265,

271.

inferior.

Ovary 4-parted, d-seeded. Style 1. Fr. of 4 nuts.

BoraGinaces#, Stam. 5.

LaBiatTa. Stam. 4, didynamous, or 2.

Ovary simple, ]-celled, 1-seeded.

PLUMBAGINACES. Stam. 5.

Ovary simple, l-celled, many-seeded; placenta central,
free, simple.

LENTIBULARIACEA. Cor. irregular. Stam. 2.

PRIMULACE&. Cor. regular. Stam. 4—5, opposite to
the segments of the corolla.

. Ovary simple, l-celled, many-seeded; placenta central,

free, winged.
PLANTAGINACES®. Cor. 4-fid, scarious. Stam. 4.

. Ovary simple, 2- or more-celled, with central placentas ;

1-celled with a parietal placenta; or 2 ovaries with parie-
tal placentas.

‘I. Stam. hypogynous, scarcely attached to the corolla, distinct.

2114

Ericaces (Tr. Arbutez and Ericez).

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. KV

II. Stam. on the corolla, filaments connected.

40.

PoLyGaLace#. Filaments monadelphous, separating into
2 bundles above.

III. Stam. on the corolla, distinct.

a.
218.

. Stam. 2, or 4 and didynamous. Cor. irregular.
. ORoBANcHACEs. Ovary 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal

223.
220.
232.
290.

Stam. 2. Cor. regular.
OLEACES.

placentas, in a fleshy disk.

. ScROPHULARIACE. Ovary 2-celled; placentas central.
. VERBENACEH. Ovary 2—4-celled. Capsule dividing

into 4 nuts.

. Stam. 4—5, not didynamous. Cells of the ovary with

1—2 ovules.

. AQUIFOLIACEH. Cor.4—6-parted. Hypogynous disk 0.

Fr. fleshy, not bursting.

. ConvotvuLaces#. Cor. 4—5-lobed. An hypogynous

disk surrounding the ovary. Fr. a capsule, bursting.

. Stam.4—5, not didynamous. Cells of the ovary with many

ovules.

PoLemoniacEs. Ovary 3-celled. Caps. 3-valved.
GenTIANACESH. Ovary 1—2-celled. Caps. 2-valved.
SoLanaces&. Ovary 2-celled.

ApocyNacEs&, Ovaries 2, 1-celled.

Subdivision V. Perianth single or none.
A. Flowers not in catkins. Perianth superior.

. ARISTOLOCHIACES. Stam. 6 or 12, epigynous. Ovary

3—6-celled.

. HaLvoraGace (part). Stam.1. Perianth very minute.
. SANTALACES. Stam.4—5. Ovary 1-celled.

B. Flowers not in catkins. Perianth inferior.
I. Fr. separating into several carpels.

. Hatoracaces (part). Carp. 4, not bursting. Stam.8.
. CALLITRICHACES. Carp. 4, not bursting. Stam. 1.
. Evpnorsiaces. Carp. 3 or 2, opening with elasticity.

II. Fruit indehiscent.
a. Leaves with stipules.

PoLyGonacEs&. Stipules (ochrez) connected quite round
the stem.

xvi SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS.

87. Rosacea (part of Tr. Sanguisorbez). Stipules adnate to’
the petiole.
294. Urricacea. Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 1-celled.
295. Utmacza#. Stipules free, deciduous. Ovary 2-celled.

b. Stipules 0. Fl. moneecious. Perigone 0.
293. CERATOPHYLLACES.
ce. Stipules 0. Fl. hermaphrodite or polygamous. Embryo
straight. ;

287. THyMELACE&. Fr.a nut or drupe. Radicle superior.
286. Euzacnaces. Fr. clothed with the berry-lke perigone.
Radicle inferior.

d, Stipules 0. Fl. hermaphrodite or polygamous. Embryo

curved or spiral.

124, ParonycHiacEes# (Scleranthus). Fr. melosed in the
hardened calyx-tube.

274. CuEenopopiacea@. Cal. not hardened. Stam. from the
base of the perianth.

273. AMARANTHACES. Cal. not hardened. Stam. hypogynous.
C. Male flowers always in catkins.

296. AMENTIFERA.

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM &.
Seeds quite naked.
309. ConIFER&.

Class IT. MONOCOTYLEDONES.
Wood of stem youngest at the centre. Cotyledon single.
Subdivision I. Dicryocen#. Leaves net-veined, deciduous.
Floral envelopes whorled.

311. Trintiaceaz. Perianth inferior.
311. Dioscorzaces&. Perianth superior.

Subdivision II. Frortpa. Leaves parallel-veined, persistent.
Floral envelopes whorled.

A. Ovaries several, each bearing a style or stigma.

344. ALisMAcE#. Perianth 6-parted. Caps. not bursting.

349, PoramoGETonace®. Perianth 4-parted.

335. Concuicace#. Perianth 6—7-parted. Caps. opening at
the inner edge.

SYNOPSIS OF THE NATURAL ORDERS. xvii

B. Ovary 1, inferior.

313, OncHIDAcEs. Stam. and style united in a central column.

312. Hyprocuaripacrs. Stam. free. Sep. 3. Pet. 3.

324. Intpacem. Stam. free, 3. Anth. bursting outwards.
Perianth coloured.

326. AMARYLLIDACEH®. Stam. free, 6. Anth. bursting in-
wards. Perianth coloured. Fr. a 3-valved capsule.

C. Ovary 1, superior.
I. Perianth like a corolla of 6 petals.

329, Liniaces. Fr. dry, bursting with 3 valves.
327. ASPARAGACES. Fr. succulent, not bursting.

II. Perianth more or less glumaceous, or partly coloured,
or none.

337. Juncaces#, Perianth 6-parted. Stam. 6. Fl. herma-
phrodite.

336. ERIocAULACER. Perianth 4—5-parted. Stam. 2—6.
Fl. moneecious.

346. TypHaceas. FI. moneecious on a spadix. Anth. wedge-
shaped, erect; filaments long.

348. ArRAcEa&. Fl. moncecious, on a spadix. Anth. ovate ;
filaments very short.

349. Lemnace&. Fl. moneecious, 2 in a spath; no spadix.

355. Narapace&. Perianth 0. Fl. in 2 rows upon one side
of a spadix, or solitary.

Subdivision III. GLuMirER&. Leaves parallel-veined, per-
sistent. Floral envelopes imbricated.

356, Cyperace&. Leaves with entire sheaths. Anth. entire
at the end.

381. Gramine. Leaves with split sheaths. Anth. notched
at both ends.

Il. CRYPTOGAMEZ or FLOWERLESS PLANTS.
Class III. CRYPTOGAMEA DUCTULOSA.

414. Eavisrtaces. Leafless branched plants with a fistular
stem, with sheaths at the joinings.

417. Finices. Leafy plants. Caps. from the veins on the
underside or at the end of the leaves.

429. MaRsILEACEs&. Creeping plants with slender leaves.
Caps. globular, 2—4-celled.

430. Lycopop1ace#. Leafy plants. Caps. axillary, sessile.

431. CHARACE#. Leafless branched plants with a fistular stem,
not sheathed at the joinings.

XVill

CLASSES AND ORDERS

IN THE

LINNZAN ARTIFICIAL SYSTEM.

24,

CLASSES.

* Flowers perfect, each with stamens and pistils.

. Monannpria, stam. 1. Cl. 6. Hexanprta, stam. 6.

. DIANDRIA, stam. 2. 7. HePraNnpRIA, stam. 7.
. TRIANDRIA, stam. 3. 8. OcranpDRIA, stam. 8.

. TETRANDRIA, stam. 4, 9. ENNEANDRIA, stam. 9.
. PENTANDRIA, stam. 5. 10. DecanprRIA, stam. 10.

. Dopecanpria, stam. 12—19.
. IcoSANDRIA, stam. 20 or more, inserted on the calyx.
. Potyanpria, stam. 20 or more, inserted on the recep-

tacle.

. Dipynamia, stam. 4; 2 long and 2 short.
. TETRADYNAMIA, stam. 6 ; 4 long and 2 short. Fl. cru-

ciform.

. Monapevrpnta, filaments united below in 1 set.
. DiapELPHiA, filaments united in 2 sets. Fl. papilio-

naceous.

. PoLyADELPHIA, filaments united in 3 or more sets.
. SYNGENESIA, stam. 5, anth. united. Fl. compound.
. GYNANDRIA, stamens and pistils combined.

** Stamens and pistils in different flowers.

. Monacta, stam. and pistils on the same individual.
. Diaecra, stam. and pistils on different individuals.
. Poryeamia, fl. perfect and unisexual on the same or on

different individuals.

*** Fructification concealed.
CRYPTOGAMIA.

ORDERS.

The Orders in the first 13 Classes are founded on the number
of styles or stigmas in each flower; viz. Monocynia, 1 style ;
Dieynia, 2 styles; &c. The Orders of the other Classes are
explained in the Svnopsis of Genera.

xix

SYNOPSIS

OF

THE GENERA OF BRITISH PLANTS,

Q

ARRANGED ACCORDING TO

THE LINNAAN SYSTEM.

The number prefixed to each Genus indicates the page where
the description of the Species will be found.

Where the Group is a natural one the Order is referred to

for the generic characters.

277.
120.
160.

293.

355,
349.
358.

Class I. MONANDRIA. Stamen 1.
Order I. MONOGYNIA. Style 1.

SaLicorniA. Perianth single, tumid. Fr. included in the
enlarged perianth.
Hippurts. Perianth single with a very indistinct rim
crowning the ovary.
CrenTRANTHUS. Perianth double.
(See Alchemilla, Nat. Ord. 26.)

Order II. DIGYNIA.

CALLITRICHE.

Class II. DIANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Fl. inferior. Perianth single or none.

Ruppia. Perianth 0. Nuts 4.
Lemna. Perianth single, urn-shaped.
Cuapitm. Perianth single, a chaffy glume.

XxX LINN AN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

** FT. inferior, monopetalous, regular. Perianth double.

219. Ligustrum. Cor.4-cleft. Berry with 2 cells and 4 seeds.
219. Fraxinus. Cor.4-cleft or 0. Caps. compressed, 2-celled,
2-seeded.

*** Fl. inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Perianth double.
Carp. simple.

264. Pincuicuua. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. ringent. Caps. 1-celled.

265. Urricuuartia. Cal. of 2 sepals. Cor. ringent. Caps. 1-
celled.

246. Veronica. Cor. 4-cleft, rotate. Caps. 2-celled.

#44 El, inferior, monopetalous, irregular. Perianth double.
Carp. 4-lobed.

254, Lycorus. Filaments simple. Anthers 2-celled.
254. Santvia. Filaments bifid; 1 branch barren. Anth. 1-celled.

**eeE EF, superior. Perianth double.

119. Circama. Cal. of 2 sepals connected below. Cor. of 2
petals.
(Pet. 0. Salicornia, Nat. Ord.65. Fraxinus, N. O. 49.
Rhynchospora, N. O. 96.)
(Pet. 4. Lepidium and Senebiera, N.O. 6.)

Order II. DIGYNIA.

390. ANTHOXANTHUM. Perianth glumaceous. A grass.

Class II]. TRIANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Fl. superior, with calyx and corolla.
159. Nat. Order 43. VALERIANACES,

** Fl. superior. Perianth single, petal-like.
324, Nat. Order 83. In1pacEz.

*e* FT, inferior, glumaceous, chaffy.

356. Nat. Order 96. CypERAcE# (in part). Sheaths of the
leaves entire. Stem angular. Cor. 0.
393. Narpus. Cor. of 2 valves. Cal. 0. A grass.
(Juncus, N. O. 89.)

Order II. DIGYNIA.

381. Nat. Order 97. GramiInew. Fl. glumaceous. Grasses.

LINNAZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XX1

Order ITI. TRIGYNIA.

121. Montia. Cal. of 2 leaves. Cor. of 1 petal. Caps. 3-
valved, 3-seeded.
124, Potycarpon. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet.5. Caps. 1-celled,
3-valved.
52. Hotosteum. Cal. of 5 leaves. Pet. 5. Caps. 1-celled,
opening with 6 teeth ‘at the end.
(Tillea, N.O. 34.)

Class IV. TETRANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Perianth double, Cal. double ; inner adnate to the fr.
Cor. monopetalous.

162. Nat. Order 44. DipsacacEs.

* Perianth double. Cal. single. Cor. monopetalous, inferior.

272, PLantaco. Segments of cor.reflexed. Stam. very long.
222. Cicenpia. Cor. salvershaped, spreading. Stam. included.
Caps. opening at the top by two valves.
269. Centuncu.us. Cor. tubular, spreading. Stam. included.
Caps. bursting transversely.
Gentiana, N. O. 51.)

*** Perianth double. Cal. single. Cor. monopetalous, superior.

155. Nat. Order 43. Ruspracea. Limb of the cal. often ob-
solete.

*kKK Perianth double. Pet. 4.

13. Epimepium. Cor. inferior.
152. Cornus. Cor. superior. Cal. 4-cleft.
(Cardamine, N.O. 6. Senebiera, N.O.6. Euony-
mus, N. O. 23.)
155. Linnawa. Cor. superior. Cal. 5-cleft.

*#*** Perianth single.

328. MaranTHEMuM. Perianth petal-like, 4-parted, inferior.
92. ALCHEMILLA. Perianth a calyx, inferior, 8-parted; 4 seg-
ments largey than the alternate ones.
91. SANGUISORBA. Perianth a calyx, inferior, 4-parted. Stam.
inserted on a ring closing the tube.
292. Parieraria. Perianth inferior, 4-parted, bellshaped.
Stam. at its base. ;
119. IswarnpIaA. Perianth superior, 4-parted, persistent.

XXII LINNZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

48. Burronia. Cal. of 4 persistent sepals.
(Cuscuta, N. O. 53.)

Order ITI]. TETRAGYNIA.

218. Inex. Cal. 4-toothed. Cor. rotate. Berry with four 1-
seeded nuts.
54. Moencuia. Pet. 4. Caps. 1-celled, opening at the top
with 8 teeth.
49. Sacina. Pet.4. Caps. 1-celled, opening with 4 valves.
66. Rapioua. Cal. 4-fid; lobes 2—3-fid. Pet.4. Caps. with
8 cells and 8 valves.
125. Tint#a. Cal. 3—4-parted. Caps. several, each 2-seeded.
350. Poramoceton. Perianth single, of 4 scales. Drupes 4.
(Cerastium, N. O. 14.)

Class V. PENTANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Cor. monopetalous, inferior. Ovary 4-lobed. Fr. 4 nuts.
226. Nat. Order 54. BoRAGINACEA.

** Cor. monopetalous, inferior. Caps. 1-celled. Stam. opposite
to the segments of the corolla.

265. Nat. Order 61. PRimuLace& (in part).

*** Cor. monopetalous, inferior. Stam. and cor.-segments
alternate.

220. Nat. Order 51. GENTIANACEs# (in part). Fr. 1- or im-
perfectly 2-celled, many-seeded.

232. Nat. Order 55. Sopanacea#. Fr. 2-celled, many-seeded.
Stam. on the corolla, equal.

238. VerBAscuM. Fr. 2-celled, many-seeded. Stam. on the
corolla, unequal ; 2 or more hairy at the base.

224, Potemonium. Fr. 3-celled. Stam. on the cor.-tube.

224, Nat. Order 53. ConvotvuLacem. Fr. 2—3-celled,
mostly few-seeded. Stam. on the base of the corolla.

216. AzatEa. Fr. 2—3-celled. Stam. on the receptacle.

219. Vinca. Fr. consisting of 2 follicles.

*** Cor, monopetalous, superior.

208. Nat. Order 46. CaMpanuLaces&. Stam. separate from
the corolla. Fr. a capsule.

269.
288.

295.
274.
123.
123.

222.
225.

AOR

133.

LINNAAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXiil

. Lonicera. Stam. on the irregular cor. Fr. a berry.
. Samo.us. Stam. on the half-inferior bellshaped cor. and

opposite to its segments; 5 scales (barren stam.) above.
Fr. a capsule.

***** Cor. of 4 or 5 petals, inferior.

- Impatiens. Fi. irregular, Sep. 3, unequal, deciduous.

Pet. 3.

. Vioua. Fl. irregular. Sep. 5, persistent. Pet. 5.
. Ruamnus. Fi. regular. Stam. opposite to the petals.
. Evonymus. Fl. regular. Stam. alternate with the petals.

*eKeKK Petals distinct, superior.

. Rises. Pet. and stam. on the limb of the calyx. Pet.

clawed.

. Hepera. Pet. and stam. below the margin of an epigy-

nous disk. Pet. sessile with a broad base.

*KEKKEK Perianth single.

Guavux. Perianth inferior, bellshaped, coloured.
TuesruMm. Perianth superior, persistent.
(Ilecebrum and Herniaria, N. O. 33.)

Order II. DIGYNIA.

* Perianth single, or pet. resembling abortive stamens.

Utmus. Caps. compressed, winged all round. L. with
stipules. .

Nat. Order 65. CHrNnopopiacE (in part). Caps. not
winged. Stip. 0.

Herniaria. Cal. 5-cleft; segments plane-concave. Pet.
(or abortive stam.) 5, setaceous.

InLeceBRuM. Cal. of 5 thick laterally compressed hooded
sepals. Pet. (or abortive stam.) 5, subulate.

** Perianth double. Cor. monopetalous, inferior.

GenTIANA. Caps. l-celled, 2-valved. Cor. without nec-
tariferous pores.

Cuscuta. Caps. 2-celled, bursting transversely. Cor.
bellshaped.

Perianth double, superior. Cal.-limb often obsolete. Pet. 5.
Nat. Order 37. UMBELLIFER.

XXIV

68.
116.

123.

154.
154.

40.

39.

13.
41.

115.
115.

326.

LINNZIAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

Srapuy.ea. Pet. 5, inferior. Caps. 2 or 3, inflated.

Tamarix. Pet. 5, inferior. Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved. Seeds
many.
Corricioia. Pet. 5, inferior. Caps. 1-seeded, not

opening.
Vipurnum. Cor. superior. Berry 1-seeded.
SamBucus. Cor. superior. Berry 3-seeded.
(Polycarpon, N.O. 33. Chenopodiacee, N. O. 65.)

Order IV. TETRAGYNIA.

Parnassia. Nectaries 5, heartshaped, fringed with stalked
glands.

Order V. PENTAGYNIA.

. Linum. Ovary 1, 10-celled.

. SIBBALDIA. Ovaries 5, free.

. Statice. Ovary 1, l-seeded. Fi. in loose panicles.
. ARMERIA. Ovary I, l-seeded. Fi. capitate.

(Cerastium and Spergula, N. O. 14.)
Order VI. HEXAGYNIA.

Drosera. Ovary 1, l-celled, many-seeded.

Order VII. POLYGYNIA.

. Myosurvus. Ovaries many, 1-seeded, on a very long re-

ceptacle.

Class VI. HEXANDRIA.
Order 1. MONOGYNIA.

* Fl. with calyx and corolla.

Berseris. Cal. inferior, of 6 sepals. Pet. 6.

FRaNKENIA. Cal. inferior, 5-parted. Pet.5. Caps. 1-
celled.

Lytrurum. Cal. inferior, tubular, 8—12-toothed. Pet.
4—6. Style filiform. Caps. 2-celled.

Psepuis. Cal. inferior, bellshaped, 12-toothed. Pet. 6 or
0. Style very short. Caps. 2-celled.

** Perianth single, coloured, superior.
Nat. Order 84. AMARYLLIDACEA.

328.
328.

335,
335.

328.
330.

331.
331.

332.
337.

331.
332.
335.

330.
348.

337.
342.

LINNAAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXV

*** Perianth single, coloured, inferior, 6-parted.

Convatuaria. Perianth bellshaped. Fr. a berry. Fi.
jointed to the pedicel.

PotyGonatum. Perianth tubular. Fr. a berry. Fi. not
jointed to the pedicel.

Enpymion. Perianth tubular-bellshaped. Fr. a capsule.

Muscart. Perianth globose or cylindrical, contracted at
the mouth.

*e* Perianth single, coloured, inferior, of 6 leaves.

+ Style trifid.

ASPARAGUS. Perianth tubular below, persistent. Fr. suc-
culent.

Friricuarta. L. of perianth each with a nectariferous
cavity at the base. Fr. dry.

Tt Style entire or 0. Stigma obtuse or 3-lobed.

. Gacea. Anthers erect, their base attached to the end of

the filament.

Anthers incumbent.

Litium. _L. of perianth with a longitudinal nectariferous
furrow below.

Luoypia. L. of perianth with a transverse nectariferous
fold below.

Nectary none.

ALLIuM. Umbel inclosed in a spath before flowering.

Narruecium. Spath 0. Filaments bearded. Style tri-
gonous.

OrnirHoGALUM. Spath 0. Filaments inserted on the
receptacle. Style trigonous.—Fl. white or yellow.

Scripta. Spath 0. Filaments at the base of the perianth,
naked. Style trigonous.—Fl. never white nor yellow.

Simeruis. Spath 0. Filaments on the base of the
perianth bearded.

TuLtpa. Spath 0. Style 0. Stigma 3-lobed.

Acorus. Spath0. Style 0. Stigma obscurely 3-lobed.
F]. on a spadix.

xe Perianth single, glumaceous, inferior.

Juncus. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds many.
Luzuua. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved. Seeds 3.
6b

XXV1

283.

345,

269.

LINNAAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

Oxyria. Perianth 4-leaved.

Order III. TRIGYNIA.

. Cotcnicum. Perianth funnelshaped; tube very long.
. Torietpra. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3, connected up

to the middle.

. ScHEucHzERIA. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3, inflated.
. TriGLocuIn. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3—6, united to

a longitudinal receptacle.

. Rumex. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 1, triquetrous. Styles

feathery.
Order IV. HEXAGYNIA.

5. Actinocarpus. Caps. combined at the base, radiating,

6—8.
Order V. POLYGYNIA.

Auisma. Caps. many, clustered, distinct.

Class VII. HEPTANDRIA.

TRIENTALIS. Cal. and cor. 7-parted. Style 1. Caps.
1-celled, 7-valved.

Class VIII. OCTANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

* Flowers with calyx and corolla.

2. Aczr. Cal. inferior, 5-parted. Pet.5. Fr. 2-winged.
. G@wotHeErRA. Cal. superior, 4-parted. Pet. 4. Seeds

without hairs.

. Eptrosium. Cal. superior, 4-parted. Pet.4. Seeds hairy

at the end.

. Cutora. Cal. inferior, 8-fid.
. Nat. Order 47. Ertcace (in part). Cal. and cov. infe-

rior, 4—5-fid.

). Vaccinium. Cal. and cor. superior, 4—5-fid.

** Perianth single.

. Darune. Limb of the perianth 4-fid, deciduous, inferior.

283.
133.

286.

152.

42.
311.

346.

211.

124,
129.

LINNZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXvil

Order II. DIGYNIA.

Po.tyconum. Perianth single, inferior.
CurysospLenium. Perianth single, half-superior.

Order ITI. TRIGYNIA.

FacopyrumM.
(Polygonum, N. O. 66.)

Order IV. TETRA- PENTA- GYNIA.

Apoxa. Cal. 2-fid, cor. 4-fid in the terminal fl.; cal. 3-
fid, cor. 5-fid in the lateral flowers.

Evatine. Cal. 3—4-parted. Pet. 3—4. Anth. terminal.

Paris. Sep.and pet.4. Filaments continued beyond the
anthers.

Class IX. ENNEANDRIA.

Butromus. Perianth of 6 coloured leaves. Stigmas 6.

Class X. DECANDRIA.

Order I. MONOGYNIA.

Nat. Order 47. Ertcace# (in part). Cor. 5-cleft or of 5
petals.

Order II. DIGYNIA.

ScLterantuus. Cal. 5-cleft. Pet. 0.

SaxrrraGa. Cal. 5-toothed or 5-parted. Pet. 5. Fr. with
2 beaks.

. Saponaria. Cal. 5-toothed, naked below. Pet. 5.

. Diantuus. Cal. 5-toothed, with scales at the base. Pet. 5.

(Chrysosplenium, N.O. 36. Polygonum, N. O. 66.)

Order III. TRI- TETRA- PENTA- GYNIA.

. Nat. Order 14. CaryopHYLLACE4 (in part). Caps. open-
ing by teeth at the end or valves. Stipules none.

. Lericonum. Caps. opening by valves alternate with the
sepals. With stipules.

. SPERGULA. Caps. opening by valves opposite to the
sepals. With stipules.

. CucuBaLus. Fr.a berry. Styles 3.

. Oxauis. Caps, 5-celled, opening at the angles. Pet. con-

nected below.
62

XXViil LINNAAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

126.
128.

289,
115.

OI,

34.
127.

87.

249.

Sepum. Caps. 5 or more. Pet. usually 5.
CoTyLepon. Caps. 5. Cor. tubular, 5-cleft.
(Adoxa, N. 0. 38.)

Class XI. DODECANDRIA.

Asarum. Perianth 3-fid, superior. Style 1.
Lyrurum. Cal. tubular, inferior, with 10 teeth. Pet. 6.
Style 1.
AcrRIMonNIA. Cal. turbinate, with hooked bristles. Pet. 5.
Styles 2.
Resepa. Pet.irregular. Styles 3. Caps. open at the end.
SEMPERVivuUM. Pet. and styles 12 or more.
(Styles 3. Euphorbia, N. O. 72.)
(Styles 4. Potentiila, N. O. 26.)

Class XII. ICOSANDRIA.
Nat. Order 26. Rosacr (in part).

Class XIII. POLYANDRIA.
Order I. MONOGYNIA.

. Nat. Order 4. Papaveracem. Sep.2. Pet. 4.

. Acr#a. Sep. 4. Pet. 4.

. HELIANTHEMUM. Aistivation of cal. twisted. Pet. 5.
. Tit1a. Astivation of cal. valvate. Pet. 5.

. Nat. Order 3. NymMpuaaces#. Pet. many.

Order II. DI- POLY- GYNIA.

. Nat. Order 1. RanuncuLtacreas. Cal. and cor. inferior.

(Reseda, N. O. 7.)

Class XIV. DIDYNAMIA.

Order I. GYMNOSPERMIA.

[Fr. deeply 4-lobed, resembling 4 seeds. ]

Nat. Order 58. Lasiata.
(Verbena, N.O.59.)

18.

62.

56.

16.
40.
69,

59.

163.

LINNAIAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XxiX

Order TT. ANGIOSPERMIA.
[Seeds in a distinct capsule. ]

. Nat. Order 56. OROBANcHACES. Caps. 1-celled, many-

seeded. Placentas parietal.

. LimoseEiua. Caps. 1-celled (except at the bottom). Pla-

centas central, free.

. Nat. Order 57. ScRopHULARIACES (in part). Caps. 2-

celled.

. Linnaa. Ovary 3-celled. Fr. 1-seeded.
. VERBENA. Ovary 4-celled. Seeds 2—4; pericarp eva-

nescent.

Class XV. TETRADYNAMIA.

Nat. Order 6. CRucIFERA.

Class XVI. MONADELPHIA.

Order I. PENT- DEC- ANDRIA.
[Stam. 5—10.]

Nat. Order 19. GERANIACEA.
(Lysimachia, N.O. 61. Linum, N. O. 20. — Oxalis,
N. 0. 22. Part of Leguminose, N. O. 25.)

Order II. POLYANDRIA.

Nat. Order 15. MALVAcEs.

Class XVII. DIADELPHIA.

Nat. Order 5. Fumariace#. Stam. 6.
Nat. Order 11. PotyGaLtacea. Stam. 8.
Nat. Order 25. LeGumMrinos&. Stam. 10.

Class XVIII, POLYADELPHIA.

Nat. Order 17. Hyprricace#. Stam. many.

Class XIX. SYNGENESIA.

Nat. Order 45. ComrosIT#&.

XxX

313.
288.

290.
348,

293.
355.

355,

356.

273.
290.

LINNM@AN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Class XX. GYNANDRIA.

Nat. Order 82. Oncuipacea. Stam. | or 2.
ARISTOLOcHIA. Stam. 6. Stigma with 6 lobes.

Class XXJ. MONCICIA.

Order I. MONANDRIA.

(Stam. 1.]

EurnHorsia. Involucre bellshaped, inclosing many male
fl. and 1 female flower. Cor. and cal. wanting.

Arum. Spath of 1 sheathing leaf, inclosiug many fe-
male fl. and many male fl. above them. Cal. and cor.
wanting.

CauuirricHe. Bracts2 petal-like, or 0. Involucre, spath,
cal. and cor. wanting.

ZANNICHELLIA. Involucre 0. Male fi. without cal. or
cor. Fem. fl. with a perianth of 1 leaf. Nuts 4, stalked.
Stigma peltate.

ZosTERA. FI. aggregate in 2 rows on one side of a spadix.
Spath ending in a leaf.

Naras. Fl. solitary, sheathed. Perianth 0.

Order II. DIANDRIA.
(Callitriche, N. 0.73. Carex, N. O. 96.)

Order ITI. TRIANDRIA.

. Typua. Spikes male and female, cylindrical. Ovary sur-

rounded with bristles. Perianth 0.

. SPARGANTUM. Spikes male and female, globose. Perianth

single, 3-leaved.

. Carex. Fi. in 1 or more imbricated scaly spikes. Pe-

rianth 0. Perigone urn-shaped.

. Kosresia. Fl. in a compound spike. Perianth and

perigone 0.

Order IV. TETRANDRIA.

LirroreLua. Cor. of male fi. with a cylindrical tube and
4-parted limb. Stam. very long.

Buxus. Cor. of male fl. of 2 petals, fem. of 3 pet. Caps.
with 3 beaks.

295,
308.

120.
345.

296.

310.

297.

289.
329,
287.

LINNZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA. XXxi

Urtica, Perianth 4-leaved. Perigone 2-leaved. Stam.
equalling the perianth.

Aunus. Fl. in imbricated catkins. Scales of male fl. 3-
lobed, 3-flowered. Perianth 4-fid. Perigone 0.

Order V. PENT- POLY- ANDRIA.

* Fl. not in catkins, with cal. and corolla.

MyriopHyLium. Pet. of male fl. 4, deciduous. Stam. 8.
Germ. inferior.

Saaitraria. Pet. 3. Stam.about 24. Carp. many, upon
a globose receptacle.

. Bryonta. Cal. with 5 teeth. Cor. 5-cleft. Filaments 3.

Anth. 5. Fr. an inferior berry.

** Fl, not in catkins, imperfect.

. Xanruium. Involucre of male many-leaved, with a 5-

toothed perianth ; of female 1-leaved, inclosing 2 flowers.

. CERATOPHYLLUM. Perianth many-leaved. Stam. 16—20.

Nut ending in a spine.

. Ertocauton. Perianth 4—6-cleft. Stam.4—6. Caps.

2—3-lobed, 2—3-celled.

. AMARANTHUS. Perianth 3—4-leaved. Stam. 3or 5. Caps.

opening all round.

. Porertum. Perianth 4-cleft. Fr. 2 nuts, invested with

the hardened quadrangular tube of the perigone.

*** Fl, in catkins.

Nat. Order 77. AMENTIFER (in part).

Order VI. MONADELPHIA.

[Filaments of stam. united below into one set.]
Pinus. Male fl. in racemose catkins. Fr. in cones.

Class XXII. DIGECIA.

Sauix. Perianth 0. Stam. and pistils with 1 or 2 glands
at the base. Anth. 1—5, usually 2.

Emretrum. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Stam. 3.

Ruscus. Sep. 6. Pet.0. Stam. 3.

HiepopHaeE. Male fl. with a perianth of 2 deep roundish
lobes. Stam. 4. Fem. fl. with a tubular bifid perianth.
Stigma elongate.

XXxii
153.
307.
295.
312.
306.
292.
312.
313.
313.
310.

310.

278.
280.
294.

41d.
417.

429.

430.
431.

LINNAZAN SYNOPSIS OF GENERA.

Viscum. Cor. 4-parted. Cal. of male fi. 0, of fem. fl. an
obscure free margin. Stam. 4. Stigma obtuse, sessile.
Myrica. Fl. in eatkins. Perianth 0. Stam. 4, at the
base of the scales. ;
Humuuus. Female fl.in a catkin formed of large persist-

ent scales. Stam. 5.
Tamus. Perianth 6-parted, superior. Stam. 6.
Poputus. FI. in imbricated catkins. Stam. 8.
Mercuriauis. Perianth single, 3-parted. Stam. 9.
Hyprocuaris. Cal. 3-parted, superior. Pet.3. Stam. 9.
Srratriores. Cal. 3-parted, superior. Stam. 12.
AwnacHaris. Cal. 3-parted, inferior, with a long tube.
Filaments 3. Caps. 1-celled. Male with 9 stamens with
combined filaments.
JUNIPERUS. Stam. 5, combined. Fl. in catkins. Fem.
fl. 3, scales ultimately fleshy and united.
Taxus. Stam. 5, combined. Fl. in catkins. Fem. fl. 1,
scaly below. Perigone ultimately fleshy, cupshaped.

(Stam. 3. Valeriana, N. 0.43. Stam. 4. Rhamnus, N.O.
24, Urtica,N.O.75, Stam. 8. Sedum,N.O0.34. Stam.
12. Stratiotes, N. O. 81.)

Class XXIII. POLYGAMIA.

ATRIPLEX. Perigone 2-lobed or 2-parted. Pericarp free.
Testa crustaceous.

Onions. Perigone 2-lobed. Pericarp adhering to the
perigone. Testa membranous.

PARIETARIA. Perigone 4-parted.

Class XXTV. CRYPTOGAMIA.

Nat. Order 98. Eauviseracem. Leafless branched plants
with sheathed joinings. Fructification in terminal euhing

Nat. Order 99. Fiuices. Leafy plants. Fructification
qiauet to the veins, either on the back or edge of the
eaves.

Nat. Order 100. Marsiteacem. Cree
slender leaves. Fructification consisting
sessile coriaceous 3—4-celled capsules.

Nat. Order 101. Lycopopiacea. Plants with imbricated
leaves. Capsules axillary, solitary.

Nat. Order 102. CuaracEa. Leafless branched
with a fistular stem, not sheathed at the joinings,

ping plants with
of globular nearly

plants

MANUAL

OF

BRITISH BOTANY.

I. FLOWERING PLANTS.

Substance composed of cellular tissue, woody fibre and
spiral vessels. Epidermis with stomata. Embryo with
cotyledons.

Class I. DICOTYLEDONES.

Stems formed of bark, wood and pith. The wood fur-
nished with medullary rays and increasing by the addition
of concentric layers externally. Leaves mostly with netted
veins. Cotyledons 2 or more, opposite or whorled.

Subclass I. ANGIOSPERM #4.

Plants with an ovary, style and stigma. Seeds inclosed
in a seed-vessel.

Subdivision I. THALAMIFLOR.

Petals distinct (rarely 0), and as well as the stamens hypo-
gynous.

Order I. RANUNCULACE.

Sep. 3—6. Pet. 5 or more, rarely 0. Stam. indefinite: anth.
adnate, opening longitudinally. Carp. many, distinct, or rarely
united into a single pistil. Seeds erect or pendulous.

B

4 1. RANUNCULACES.

branches, fl. in a branched divaricate leafless panicle drooping,
carp. fusiform 8-ribbed subcompressed ventricose below exter-
nally.—E. B. 11. R. iti. 27.—St. 1—2 ft. high, usually solid;
sheaths at its base rather lax.—8. T. pubescens (Schreb.) 3 st.
petioles and Its. beneath or on both sides clothed with stalked
glands.—Stony pastures and sand hills. P. VI. VII.

3. T. fleeuosum (R., Fries); st. zigzag striated branched leafy
to the base, stip. with reflexed auricles, 1, 2—3-pinnate, Its.
3—5-cleft paler beneath, petioles with patent divaricate branches,
fl. drooping in an elongated leafy panicle with patent or reclinate
branches, carp. narrowly oblong gibbous above within below
without.—R. 11. 28. T. majus Sm. E. B. 611, not Jacg.—St.
often 3 feet high, solid. Lower 1. with rather close sheaths and
broad Its. with blunt cuspidate lobes; upper narrower and more
acutely lobed.—Bushy and stony places. P. VII.

4. T. saxatile (DC.); st. rather zigzag smooth but striated below
the sheaths leafy to the base, “ stip. with horizontal auricles,”
1, 2—3-pinnate, Its. ternate 3—5-cleft paler beneath, petioles
subterete with patent not divaricate branches, fl. drooping in a
branched leafless erect pyramidal panicle with patent straight
branches, carp. regularly oval.—R. i. 34. T. Kochii Fries.—
St. often 4 feet high, hollow. L. broad, lobes blunt or on the
upper 1. acute.—Damp places in the Lake District. E.

5. T. flavum (L.); st. erect furrowed, 1. bipinnate, Its. broadly
obovate or wedge-shaped trifid, panicle compact corymbose, fl.
erect, carp. short oval.—E. B. 367. R. iii. 44.—L. rather paler
beneath. Root creepmg.—lIn wet fields. P. VI. VII. Common
Meadow Rue.

3. ANEMONE Linn.

1, A. Pulsatilla (L.); fl. solitary erect, involucre sessile in
deep linear segments, 1. doubly pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, lobes
linear, carp. with feathery tails.—E. B. 51.—F. violet-purple,
externally silky. Involucre silky, close to the flower, but, by the
elongation of the stalk, distant from the fruit.—Open calcareous
pastures. P.IV.V. Pasque flower.

2. A. nemorosa(L.); fi. solitary, sep. 6 elliptical, involucre of
3 ternate or quinate stalked leaves with lobed and cut leaflets,
1. similar, carp. pubescent keeled.—E. B. 355. R. iv. 47.—F.
white or purplish. Beak about as long as the carp., not tailed.
Root (rhizome) horizontal. Sep. glabrous on both sides.—Groves
and thickets; common. P. III—V. Wood Anemone.

[*3. A. apennina (L.) ; fl. solitary, sep. many lanceolate, in-
volucre of 3 ternate stalked deeply cut leaves, 1. similary “ carp.

ADONIS.—RANUNCULUS. 5

pointed without tails.” —E. B. 1062. R. iv. 47.—F. bright blue.
Root similar to the last.—Scarcely naturalized. P. Iv E.

[*?4. A. ranunculoides (L.); fl. solitary or in pairs, sep. 5 el-
iptical, involucre of 3 nearly sessile ternate deeply cut leaves, 1.
similar often quinate, carp. pointed downy without tails.—F. B.
1484. R. iv. 47.—F. bright yellow. Sep. externally pubescent.
Root similar to the last.—A very doubtful native. P.IV.] E.

4. Aponis Linn. Pheasant’s Eye.

tl. A. autumnalis (L.); cal. glabrous patent, pet. connivent,
carp. without teeth collected into an ovate head and tipped with
a straight beak.—E. B. 308. R. iii. 24.—Pet. scarlet, black at
the base, scarcely exceeding sepals. L. triply and copiously pin-
natifid, segments fnesr.—(Comcielis, rare. A, VII. E. 8.

Tribe III. Ranunculee.

5. Myosurvus Linn. Mousetail.

1. M. minimus (L.)—E. B. 435. R. iii. 1.—St. simple, leafless,
single-flowered, 2—5 in. high. L. linear, fleshy. Receptacle
ultimately very long, with many oblong carpels. Seed attached
to the upper part of the carp. and pendulous, the radicle pointing
upwards.—In damp places im fields. A. V. VI. E.

6. Ranuncuuus Linn. Crowfoot.

A. Fr.-st. arching, carp. transversely wrinkled, pet. white (with
a yellow claw in all our plants). BaTRracuium Fries.
Water Crowfoot.

* Submersed 1. 2—3ce 3-furcate with filiform segments spread-
ing in the section of a sphere, rarely wanting. Receptacle
hispid.

1. RB. trichophyllus (Chaix); submersed 1. closely trifurcate,
segments short rigid not collapsing into a pencil when taken
from the water, no floating 1., ped. not narrowing upwards about
equalling the L., fi. small, pet. obovate 5—7-veined not contiguous
evanescent, stig. oblong, receptacle oblong, carp. }-obovate late-
rally apiculate compressed.—St. 67. 11.—St. not rising out of the
water. Upper 1. sessile, all dense. Stip. -adnate, large. round,
auricled. Buds globose. Fl. starlike. Stam. exceeding the
pistils. Stig. short but lengthening. Receptacle as thick as
peduncle. Carp. a little narrowed at the end.—Ponds and
ditches. P. V. VI.

6 1. RANUNCULACEA.

2. R. Drouetii (F. Schultz?) ; submersed 1. rather closely tri-
furcate, segments rather rigid but collapsing, floating 1. (rare)
tripartite with subsessile or stalked wedgeshaped bifid Its., ped.
not narrowing about equalling the 1., fl. small, pet. obovate 5—7-
veined not contiguous evanescent, stig. oblong, receptacle oblong,
carp. }-obovate sublaterally apiculate inflated at the end.—St.
not rising out of the water. Upper 1. nearly or quite sessile.
Floating 1. usually 0; lateral Its. stalked and in a different plane
from the usually sessile middle leaflet. Stip. 3—3-aduate, large,
auricled. Buds oblong. Fi. starlike. Stam. exceeding the

istils, fewer than 10. Fr.-receptacle as thick as peduncle.
Can with the edge flattish at the end, base of style small often
subcentral.—Ponds and ditches. P. V. VI. E.

3. R. heterophyllus (Fr.); submersed 1. loosely trifureate, seg-
ments long collapsing, floating 1. subpeltate tripartite with sessile
or stalked wedgeshaped 3—5-lobed lts., ped. not narrowing
scarcely exceeding the l., fl. large, pet. broadly obovate-cuneate
7—9-veined not contiguous persistent, stig. oblong, receptacle
conical, carp. }-obovate laterally pointed—R. aquatilis E. B.
101.—St. not rising out of the water. Floating 1. nearly circular,
sometimes 0. Stip. much adnate. Buds slightly depressed and
rather 5-agonal. FI. becoming starlike. Stam. many, exceeding
pistils. Style hooked. Carp. blunt, inner edge straight.— Ponds
and streams. P. V. VI. E.

4. R. confusus (Godr.); submersed 1. loosely trifurcate, seg-
ments long rather rigid not collapsing, floating 1. long-stalked
subpeltate subtripartite with sessile chovate 3—5-lobed segments,
ped. slender narrowing gradually exceeding the 1., fl. large, pet.
obovate-cuneate 7—9-veined not contiguous persistent, stig.
tongue-shaped, receptacle ovate-conical, carp. $-ovate compressed
and narrowed upwards.—S¢. 82. 2.—St. rising out of the water.
Floating 1. semicircular, flat, nearly tripartite, outer base of lateral
segments rounded. Stip. oblong, much adnate. Buds globular.
Fi. starlike. Stam. many, exceeding pistils. Style reeurved.—
Ponds and ditches, especially near the sea, often in brackish
water. P. VI.—IX.

5. R. Baudotit (Godr.); submersed 1. closely trifurcate, seg-
ments rather rigid not collapsing, floating 1. long-stalked tripar-
tite with sessile or stalked wedgeshaped 3—4-lobed segments,
ped. thick narrowed at the top exceeding l., fl. moderate, pet.
7-veined not contiguous persistent, stam. not exceeding pistils,
stigma tongue-shaped, receptacle long-conical, carp. 4-obovate
inflated at the end.—St. rising out of the water (?). Floating 1.
nearly or quite tripartite, the base of all the segments wedge-
shaped ; or often of many linear blunt segments. Stip. much
adnate. Buds globular but depressed (?). Fl. starlike. Stam.

RANUNCULUS. 7

15—20. Style recurved. Receptacle thicker than ped., very
a we very many.—Slightly brackish water or near the sea.
. V.—VIIL.

6. R. floribundus (Bab.) ; submersed I. closely trifurcate, seg-
ments rather rigid divaricate not collapsing, floating 1. long-
stalked subpeltate 4-trifid or tripartite with sessile obovate 3—0-
lobed segments, ped. not nurrowed scarcely exceeding the 1., fl.
large, pet. obovate-cuneate 9-many-veined not contiguous per-
sistent, stam. many exceeding pistils, stig. tongue-shaped, recep-
tacle spherical, carp. 4-obovate very blunt.—A. N. H. ser. 2. xvi.
397.—St. often rising out of the water. Floating 1. convex, di-
vided more than halfway down, more than semicircular; outer
base of lateral segments much rounded. Stip. broad, with a free
rounded end. Buds depressed. Fi. starlike. Stam. 20—30.
Style recurved. Receptacle as thick as peduncle. Inner edge
of carp. nearly straight.—Ponds. P. V.—IX. E

7. R. peltatus (Fr.); submersed 1. loosely trifureate, segments
rather rigid divaricate not collapsing, floating 1. long-stalked sub-
peltate nearly half 3—5-fid with obovate 3—4-crenate segments,
ped. narrowing gradually from floating 1. and exceeding them,
fl. large, pet. round becoming obovate-cuneate 9-veined contigu-
ous persistent, stam. many exceeding pistils, stigma club-shaped,
receptacle ovate, carp. }-obovate very blunt.—St.67.7.—St. often
tising out of the water. Floating 1. 3-cireular, convex, outer
base of lateral segments much rounded. Stip. adnate nearly
throughout. Buds globular. Fi. sweet-scented, very large.
Stam. about 30. Style curved. Receptacle small. Inner edge
of carp. nearly straight. Rarely a fl. springs with a divided leaf.
—Ponds. P.°V.—IX. E.

8. R. tripartitus (DC.); “‘ submersed 1. divided into capillary
segments collapsing,” floating 1. long-stalked subpeltate deeply
trifid with cuneate-obovate 2—4-fid segments, ped. not narrow-
ing falling short of \., fl. very small, pet. oblong 3-veined not
contiguous, stam. few exceeding the pistils, stig. small on long
subulate terminal style with a slender base, receptacle globose,
carp. unequally obovate much inflated with a nearly terminal
point.—E. B. S. 2946.—St. rising out of the water. Floating
1. $-cireular; outer edge straight below; lateral segments with
3, middle with 2—4 crenatures. Upper stip. free. Buds glo-
bular. Pet. very small, scarcely exceeding sep., pinkish. Stam.
5—10. Style deciduous. Receptacle globose. Inner edge of
carp. much rounded. No divided 1. have been seen in Britain.
—Streams. P, V.—VIII. E

** Submersed 1. not as in Section *. Receptacle hispid.

9. R. circinatus (Sibth.) ; 1. all submersed and sessile trifurcate

8 1. RANUNCULACER.

with repeatedly and closely forked rigid segments all placed in
one roundish plane not collapsing, ped. much narrowing exceed-
ing |., fl. large, pet. obovate many-veined nearly contiguous per-
sistent, stam. exceeding pistils, stigm. cylindrical, receptacle ob-
long, carp. }-ovate compressed rather acute.—E. B. 5. 2869.—
St. submersed. L. sheathing, not auricled, remarkably flat rigid
and formal. Buds depressed. Stam. 15—20. Receptacle nar-
rower than ped. Inner edge of carp. nearly straight.—Streams
and ponds. P, VI.—VIII.

10. R. fluitans (Lam.); 1. all submersed about twice trifur-
cate with very long linear twice or thrice forked nearly parallel
segments, ped. narrowing, fl. large, pet. broadly obovate many-
veined contiguous persistent, stam. falling short of pistils, stig.
cylindrical, receptacle conical, carp. obovate inflated much rounded
at the end laterally apiculate —E. B. S. 2870.—St. submersed,
usually very long. Peticles and segments of 1. often very long,
together a foot in length. Stip. broadly lanceolate. Buds shortly
pyramidal, pentagonal. Pet. often more than five. Stam. very
short, many. Inner edge of carpels slightly rounded.—Rivers.

P. VI. VU.

*** No submersed leaves. Receptacle not hispid.

11. R. cenosus (Guss.); 1. all roundish cordate with 3—5
rather deeply divided lobes which widen from their base, pet. ex-
ceeding cal., style terminal upon the ovate-conical ovary, carp.
unequally obovate with a terminal point.—R. Lenormandi E.B.5.
2930.—St. floating or creeping upon mud. L. not spotted ;
lobes very broad at the top, mostly with 2—3 notches. Upper
stip. very broad, }-adnate. Pet. narrow, obovate, 5-veined.
Stam. 8—10. Style nearly central on the ovary and usually so
on the carpel. Inner edge of carp. much rounded towards the
top.—Shallow ponds or mud. P. VI.—VIIL.

12. R. hederaceus (L.); 1. all roundish reniform with 3—5
shallow rounded lobes widening to their base, pet. scarcely ex-
ceeding cal., style prolonging the inner edge of the ovary, carp.
3-oval or 4-obovate with a lateral point —E. B. 2003.—St. float-
Ing or creeping upon mud. L. usually spotted; lobes usually
entire or with a central notch, often rather triangular. Stip.
narrow, much adnate. Pet. narrow, 3-veined. Stam. 6—8.
Style lateral upon both ovary and carpel. Inner edge of carpel
nearly straight.—Shallow ponds or mud. P. VI.—IX.

B. Fr.-st. straight, carp. transversely wrinkled on the middle of
each side, nect. naked.

; 13. R. sceleratus (L.); root fibrous, lower 1. stalked tripar-
tite, segments blunt crenate, upper 1. trifid linear entire or incise-

RANUNCULUS. 9

dentate, calyx reflexed, head of fr. oblong, carp. minute. —E. B.
681. R. iii. 11.—Fl. very small, pale yellow. Nect. round, open,
bordered all round, rarely not bordered above. Lower 1. broad,
glabrous, shining. Stem 1—2 feet high, thick.—By ditches and
ponds. A, VI—IX. Celery-leaved Crowfoot.

C. Fr.-st. straight, carp. not transversely wrinkled.

t L. divided, fl. white, nectary naked.

(14. R. alpestris (L.); root fibrous, 1. smooth, radical 1. some-
what heart-shaped deeply 3—5-lobed, lobes incise-crenate at the
extremity, stem-l. 1 or 2 simple linear or trifid with linear lobes,
fl. almost solitary, ped. furrowed, calyx glabrous, carp. obovate
with a straight beak hooked at the end.—E. B. 2390.—Pet. ob-
cordate. St.4—5 in. high.—Clova mountains. Mr. G. Don.
P. V.) Ss.

tt L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary nearly or quite naked,
bordered.

[15. R. gramineus (L.); root fibrous, the fibres thickening
towards the end, \. linear-lanceolate striated entire, st. and ped.
glabrous few-flowered, carp. obliquely obovate rugose with a
short revolute point, nectary tubular.—E. B. 2306.—Wales ?
P.V. VI.) E.?

16. R. Flammula (L.); root fibrous, J. ovate- or linear-lanceo-
late nearly entire stalked, stem. reclining at the base and rooting,
carp. obovate minutely pitted with a short point.—E. B. 387. R.
ii. 10.—Stems 6—18 in. high. L. sometimes serrate, hairy or
glabrous.—8. reptans ; st. procumbent filiform rooting, 1. linear.
—In wet places. P.VI—VIII. Lesser Spearwort.

[17. R. ophioglossifolius (Vill.); root fibrous, lower 1. cordate-
ovate stalked, upper 1. oblong sessile amplexicaul, stem erect
hollow, carp. obliquely ovate margined tubercled with a short ter-
minal point.—£. B. S. 2833. R. ii. 21.—Glabrous. FI. small.
St. about 1 foot high, branched, many-flowered, tapering below.
—St. Peter’s Marsh, Jersey. A. VI.]

18. R. Lingua (L.); root fibrous, 7. elongate-lanceolate acute
somewhat serrate sessile amplexicaul, stem erect, carp. margined
minutely pitted with a broad sword-shaped beak.—E. B. 100. R.
iii. 10.—Fl. large. St. 2—3 feet high. St. and 1. glabrous or
with adpressed hairs.—In marshy places, rather rare. P. VI.
VII. Great Spearwort. "

B

10 1. RANUNCULACES.

ttt L. undivided, fl. yellow, nectary with a scale.

19. R. Ficaria (L.); root with fasciculate knobs, 1. cordate
stalked angular or crenate, st. with 1—3 1. single-flowered, sep.
usually 3,’carp. smooth blunt.—E. B. 584. R. iii. 1.—Pet. usually
8, but varying from 6to11. St. 3—8 in. long, weak, often pro-
ducing bulbs in the axils of its leaves.—Damp shady places,
common. P.IV.V. Prlewort.

ttt L. divided, fl. yellow.
t Nectary without a scale, carp. smooth.

20. R. auricomus (L.); root fibrous, radical 1. reniform 3—7-
partite with crenate or cut lobes stalked, stem-l. sessile digitate
with linear or lanceolate more or less toothed segments, peduncles
round, calyx pubescent, carp. downy ventricose, beak slender
hooked.—£. B. 624. R. iii. 12.—Pet. often wanting. Sep. yel-
low, St. about one foot high. Woods and thickets, common.
P.IV.V. Wood Crowfoot. Goldilocks.

tt Nectary with a scale, carpels smooth.

21. R. acris (L.); root fibrous, radical 1. palmately tripartite,
segments trifid and deeply cut, uppermost stem-l. tripartite with
linear segments, peduncles round, calyx pubescent erect-patent,
carp. oval glabrous margined, beak short marginal recurved, re~
ceptacle glabrous.—E. B. 652. R. iii. 17.— Hairy. St. 2—3 feet
high. Beak about 7 the length of the carpel.—Sometimes dwarf
and 1-fl. on mountaizs.—Meadows and pastures, common; moun-
tams. P.VI. VII. Upright Crowfoot.

22. R. repens (L.); stoles creeping, |. with 3 stalked leaflets
which are 3-lobed, lobes 3-fid and cut, peduncles furrowed, calyx
pubescent erect-patent, carp. oval glabrous margined minutely
pitted, beak longish slightly curved, receptacle hairy.—E. B. 516.
—Primary stem erect, 10—12 in. high.— Meadows and pastures,
common. P.V.—VIII. Creeping Crowfoot.

23. R. bulbosus (L.); stem bulblike at the base, radical 1. with
3 stalked leaflets which are tripartite, segments trifid and cut,
peduncles furrowed, calyx hairy reflexed, carp. round margined
smooth, beak short, receptacle hairy.—£. B. 515. R. iii, 20.—
St. about 1 foot high. Upper 1. cut into narrow segments.—
Meadows and pastures. P.V. Bulbous Crowfoot.

t{t Nectary with a scale, carp. rugose or tubercular.

24. R. hirsutus (Curt.); root fibrous, radical 1. with 3 stalked
trifid and cut leaflets, peduncles furrowed, calyx reflexed, carp.
round margined with a series of tubercles near the margin, beak
short curved, receptacle hairy.— E. B. 1504. R. iii. 23. R. Phi-

CALTHA.—ERANTHIS. ll

lonotis (Ehrh.) Koch.—St. 4—18 in. high ; the smaller speciniens
are R. parvulusL. Upper 1.in narrow acute segments. FI. pale
yellow.— Waste land and corn-fields, rare. A. VI.—X. E.S.

+25. R. arvensis (L.); root fibrous, radical 1. 3-cleft dentate,
stem-l. once or twice ternate with linear-lanceolate segments,
calyx erect-patent, carp. mareined beaked and spinous.—E. B.
139, R. iii. 21.—Fl. pale yellow. Known by its spinous fruit.—
Corn-fields. A.VI. Corn Crowfoot.

26. R. parviflorus (L.); root fibrous, stems spreading, 1. round-
ish-cordate 3—5-lobed cut, upper 1. oblong undivided or 3-lobed,
calyx at first erect afterwards reflexed, carp. orbicular muricated.
—. B. 120. R. iii. 22.—Peduncles opposite the leaves. Pet.
narrow.—Corn-fields and dry banks, rare. A. V. VI. EI.

Tribe IV. Helleboree.

7. Cattua Linn. Marsh Marigold.

1. C. palustris (L.); st. ascending, l. heart-shaped rounded cre-
nate.—E. B. 506. R. iv. 101.—Fl. large. Sep. roundish-ovate,
bright yellow.—8. minor (DC.) ; smaller in all its parts and with
the 1. considerably shorter in proportion, but the posterior lobes
greatly produced.—Marshy places, common. §. in more moun-
tainous situations. P. II].—V.

2. C. radicans (Forst.); st. creeping, 1. triangular serrate-cre-
nate.—E. B. 2175.—Fi. half the size of those of C. palustris,
sep. narrower, hinder angles of the leaves scarcely produced. I
have only seen cultivated specimens.—“ In a ditch that runs
from the farm-house called Haltoun, on the estate of C. Gray,
Esq. of Carse, Forfarshire. 1790.” Mr.G. Don. All the other
stations probably belong to C. palustris B. minor, P.V.VI. S.

8, Troxuius Linn. Globe Flower.

1. T. europeus (L.); sep. 1O—15 concave converging into a
globe, pet. 10 about equalling the stam., 1. palmately 5-parted,
segments rhomboid 3-partite incise-serrate.—H. B. 28. R.iv. 101.
—Fi. bright yellow. Pet. ligulate. St. 1—2% feet high.—Damp
mountain pastures. P. VI. VII.

9. Erantruis Salish. Winter Aconite.

[*1. E. hyemalis (Salisb.); sep. 6—8 oblong.—R. iv. 101. Hel-
leborus Linn.—Radical |. upon long stalks, 5—7-parted, deeply
‘cut into linear-oblong segments. St. 4—6 in. high, with 2 op-
posite sessile 1. just below the solitary yellow fl. Root (rhizome)
tuberous.— Naturalized in thickets. P. II. III.] E.S.?

12 1. RANUNCULACES.

*, 10. Wevtesorvs Linn. Hellebore.

1. H. viridis (L.); radical 1. digitate stalked, stem-l. sessile at
the ramifications, st. few-flowered, calyx spreading.—E. B. 200.
R. iv. 105.—Veins of the 1. prominent beneath. Stigma erect.
St. 1 foot high, annual. Fi. greenish-yellow.—Thickets on
calcareous soil. P. ILI. IV. Green Hellebore. E. I.

2. H. fetidus (L.); 1. pedate stalked, st. leafy many-flowered,
calyx converging. —. B. 613. R. iv. 103.—L. successively con-
tracting upwards into bracts. St. 2 fect high. FI. globose,
drooping, greenish tipped with purple.—Thickets in chalky di-
stricts. P. II. 1V. Stinking Hellebore. E. 8.

ll. Aqurzecia Linn. Columbine.

1. A. vulgaris (L.); spur of the pet. incurved, limb obtuse
falling short of the stamens, |. biternate, leaflets 3-lobed crenate.
—E. B. 297. R. iv. 114.—St. 2—3 feet high, slightly leafy. Caps.
hairy. Inner stam. frequently imperfect— Woods and thickets.
P. V. VI.

12. Devpninium Linn. Larkspur.

+1. D.Consolida(L.); st. erect branched, racemes few-flowered,
spur longer than the calyx, pet. combined.—E. B. 1839.—Pedi-
cels usually longer than the bracts. Caps. downy. Fl. of a vivid
and permanent blue, rarely red, pink or white. L. deeply mul-
tifid.—Sandy or chalky corn-fields. A. VI. VII. ELS.

13. Aconrrum Linn. Monk’s-hood.

tl. A. Napellus (L.); nectaries horizontal upon curved stalks,
spurs bent down, fl. racemose, young carpels diverging.—E. B.
S. 2730. R. iv. 92.—Filaments slightly hairy, with cuspidate
wings. Nectary inflated above, its lip broad. Helmet open,
hemispherical. Pedicels erect, downy.—Banks of rivers and
brooks, rare. VI. VII.

Tribe V. Paoniee.

14. Acrawa Linn. Bane-berry.

1. A. spicata (L.); raceme simple elongate, pet. as long as
the stamens, berries oval.— FE. B. 918. R. iv. 121.—L. stalked
biternate ; leaflets ovate, trifid, deeply cut. St. 1—2 feet high.
—Mountainous limestone tracts in the north. P. V. E. 8.

2. BERBERIDACEZ.—3. NYMPHEACER. 13

15. Pzonta Linn. Peony.

*l. P. corallina (Retz.) ; 1. biternate, leaflets ovate entire glan-
cous beneath, caps. downy recurved from the base.—H. B. 1513.
R. iv. 128.—Root fleshy, knobbed. Herb 2 feet high. FI. large,
crimson with yellow anthers.—On the Steep Holmes Island in
the Severn. P.V. VI. E.

Order I. BERBERIDACEZ.

Sep. 3,4 or 6, in a double row. Pet. the same or double that
number. Stam. opposite to the petals. Anth. opening by valves
from the bottom to the top. Carpel 1, 1-celled, seeds attached
to the bottom or on a lateral placenta.

1. Berseris. Sep.6, deciduous. Pet. 6, each with 2 glands
at the base within. Stam.6. Berry 2—3-seeded.

(2. Epimepium. Sep. 4, deciduous. Pet. 4. Nectaries 4,
cupshaped. Stam. 4. Caps. podlike, many-seeded. |

1. Berperis Linn. Barberry.

1. B. vulgaris (L.); spines 3-parted, ]. obovate ciliate-serrate,
racemes pendulous many-flowered, petals entire—E. B. 49.
R. ii. f. 4486.—Fl. yellow. Berries red, oblong, slightly curved.
Filaments curiously elastic.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. V. VI.

2. Epimepium Linn. Barren-wort.

[l. E. alpinum (L.); root-leaves 0, stem-l. twice ternate.—
E. B. 438. R. iii. f. 4485.— Lts. heartshaped, serrate. Pan. shorter
than the 1. and appearing to grow from the petiole. Fl. red with
yellow nectaries.—Subalpine woods. Not anative. P.V.] E.S.

Order III. NYMPH H/ACEZ.

Sep. 4—6, passing gradually into the petals, and these into
the many stamens, all inserted on a fleshy disk more or less com-
pletely surrounding the ovary. Stigma peltate. Fruit many-
celled: seeds many, in a gelatinous aril. Embryo in a bag on
the outside of the base of the albumen.

1, Nympu@a. Cal. of 4 sepals. Pet. many, inserted together
with the stamens upon a fleshy disk enveloping the germen.
Berry many-celled, many-seeded. Stigma sessile, of many
rays. ;

14 4, PAPAVERACES.

2. Nupuar. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. many, inserted together
with the stamens upon the receptacle. Berry many-celled,
many-seeded. Stigma sessile, of many rays.

1. Nympuma Linn. White Water Lily.

1. N. alba (L.); 1. roundish deeply cordate entire with ap-
proximate lobes even beneath, stigma of 12—20 rays.—E. B.
160. R. vi. 67.—FI. large, white, floating. Stigmas yellow.
Ovary covered with the stamens almost to its summit. Caps.
dissolving into a mass of pulp. Notch in the leaves with parallel
sides.—Slow rivers, lakes and clear ditches. P. VII.

2. Nupwar Sm. Yellow Water Lily.

1. N. lutea (Sm.); 1. oblong cordate, sep. 5, stigma with 10O—
20 rays not extending to the entire margin, anthers linear. —E. B.
159. R. vii. 63.—Fl. yellow, smelling like brandy. Caps. burst-
ing irregularly. Submersed 1. thin, transparent, wavy, oblong-
cordate.—Lakes and ditches. P. VII.

2. N. pumila (DC.); 1. ovate deeply cordate with distant
lobes, sep. 5, stigma with 8—10 rays extending to the margin
and forming acute teeth, anth. subquadrate.—E. B. 2292. R. vii.
65.—Fl. yellow, small. Caps. furrowed upwards. Anth. not
twice as long as broad. Much smaller than N. lutea. Submersed
1. thin, transparent, wavy, reniform.—In small Highland lakes.

P. VI. VOI.

Order IV. PAPAVERACEA.

Sep. 2, deciduous. Cor. regular, of 4 petals. Stam. generally
many, free. Ovary free ; placentas parietal, usually projecting ;
seeds many. Stigmas as many as the placentas, simple or lobed,
the lobes of adjoming stigmas combining, thus appearing (falsely)
to be opposite to the placentas.

* Fruit not linear, stigmas radiant.

1. Papaver. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Style 0. Stigmas
4—20, sessile. Caps. opening by pores beneath the stigma.
Placentas like dissepiments. Seeds not crested.

2. Meconopsis. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Style short. Stigmas
5—6, free. Caps. obovate, opening by pores beneath the
style. Placentas filiform. Seeds not crested.

** Fruit linear, stigmas 2—4,

3. Rommeria. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Stigmas 2—4, ses-

r

PAPAVER.—MECONOPSIS. 15.

sile. Caps. 2—4-valved, 1-celled, placentas distinct.
Seeds not crested.

4. Guavcium. Pet. 4. Stam. many. Stigmas 2, sessile.
Caps. 2-valved, placentas connected by a spongy dissepiment.
Seeds not crested.

5. CHELIDONIUM. Pet.4. Stam.many. Stigmas2. Caps.
2-valved, 1-celled, placentas distinct. Seeds crested.

1. Papaver Linn. Poppy.

1. P. Argemone (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps. cla-
vate hispid with erect bristles, stein leafy many-flowered, 1. bi-
pinnatifid—Z. B. 643. R. iii. f. 4475.—Fl. small. Pet. pale
scarlet, black at the base. Bristles sometimes spreading.—In
corn-fields, rather rare. A. VI. VII.

2. P. hybridum (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps. ovate
hispid with spreading bristles, stem leafy many-flowered, 1. bipin-
natifid—E. B. 43. R. iii. f. 4476.—Fl. small. Pet. purplish,
often with a dark spot at the base.—Sandy fields, rare. A. VI.
VII. E. I.

3. P. Rheas (L.); filaments subulate, caps. nearly globular
without bristles, margin of the stigma with overlapping lobes,
stem bristly many-flowered, 1]. pinnatifid cut.—E. B. 645. R. iii.
f. 4479.—Fl. large. Pet. deep scarlet, often nearly black at the
base. Peduncles with spreading hairs, or (8. strigosum Boen-
ningh.) with adpressed hairs.—IJn corn-fields, common. A. VI.
VIL. Common red Poppy.

4. P. dubium (L.); filaments subulate, caps. clavate without
bristles, margin of the stigma with distinct crenatures, stem
hispid many-flowered, 1. pinnatifid.—E.B. 644. R. in. f. 4477.—
Fl. large. Pet. light scarlet. Peduncles with adpressed hairs.
—Corn-fields, common. A. VI. VII.

+5. P.somniferum (L.); filaments dilated upwards, caps. truly
globular without bristles, 1. oblong unequally toothed amplexi-
caul.—E. B. 2145. R. iii. f. 4481.—F. large. Pet. bluish white
with a violet spot at the base. Whole herb smooth, except
sometimes a few rigid spreading bristles on the flower-stalk and
a bristle tipping many of the teeth of the leaves, in which case
it probably is the P. setigerum DC.—On sandy ground near the
sea, and inthe fens. A. VII. E.

2. Meconopsis Vig. Welsh Poppy.

1. M. cambrica (Vig.); caps. smooth, |. stalked.—E. B. 66.—
Caps. oblong, beaked. Stem many-flowered, about 1 foot high.

16 5. FUMARIACES.

L. pinnate, eut, glaucous beneath. Fi. large, orange-yellow, on
long stalks.—Rocky and shay places, rare. P, VI.

3. Roemeria Cand.

tl. BR. hybrida (DC.) ; pod 3-valved erect with a few rigid
hairs at its top—H. B. 201.—Pod 2—3 in. long. L. twice or
thrice pinnatifid with linear nearly smooth bristle-pointed seg-
ments. St. about 1 foot high, usually slightly hairy. Fl. violet-
blue. Pet. falling before noon.—Chalky corn-fields in Cam-
bridgeshire and Norfolk. A. VI. E.

4, Guaucium Tourn. Horned Poppy.

1. G. luteum (Scop.); st. smooth, stem-l. amplexicaul sinu-
ate, pod minutely tubercular-scabrous.—E. B. 8.—Glaucous.
St. 1—3 feet high, glabrous or slightly hairy. Root-l. stalked,
lyrate, lobed and cut, hairy. Pet. large, golden yellow. Pods 6
—12 in. long, curved.—Sandy sea-shores. B. VI.—VIII.

(2. G. pheeniceum (Crantz); st. pilose, stem-l. pimnatifid cut,
pod hispid,—E. B. 1433.—Pet. scarlet with a black spot at the
base.—Said to have been found in Norfolk. A. VI. VII] — E.

5. Cuexiponium Linn. Celandine.

1. C. majus (L.); peduncles umbellate, 1. deeply pinnatifid,
segments rounded and bluntly lobed.—E. B. 1581.—F1. yellow,
small, Podlong. St.1—2feet high. All parts full of an orange
juice.—[8. C. laciniatum (DC.) ; segments of the leaves deeply
pinnatifid, lobes incise-serrate.|—-Waste places and old walls.
B, a very doubtful native. P.V.—VIITI.

Order V. FUMARIACE.

Sep. 2o0r0. Cor. irregular, of 4 parallel petals, one or both of
the two outer saccate at the base. Stam. 6,in 2 bundles opposite
to the outer petals : lateral stam.in each bundle 1-celled. Ovary
free, l-celled. Style filiform. Stigma with 2 or more points.

1. Corypauis. Cal. of 2 sepals or wanting. Pet. 4, the upper
one spurred at the base. Stam. diadelphous. Pod 2-valved,
many-seeded, compressed.

2. Fumarta. Cal. of 2 sepals. Pet. 4, the upper one spurred
at the base. Stam. diadelphous. Fruit a nut, indehiscent,
1-seeded.

1. Corypauis Cand.

[*?1. C. solida (Hook.) ; root tuberous solid, 1. biternate cut,
lowest petiole a leafless scale, bracts palmate.—E. B. 1471.—

FUMARIA. 17

Lobes of the 1. obtuse. Fl. purplish. St. a span high—A very
doubtful native. P. IV. V. E.

*2. C. lutea (DC.) ; root fibrous, 1. triternate, bracts minute ob-
long cuspidate, seeds shining granulate-rugose with a patent den-
ticulate crest. —E. B. 588.—Lts. obovate, trifid. Bracts shorter
than pedicels. Fi. yellow. St. 1 ft. high, brittle—Naturalized
on old walls. P: V.—VIII. Yellow Fumitory. E. 8.

3. C. elaviculata (DC.); root fibrous, leaves pinnate, pinne
ternate, footstalks ending in tendrils, bracts oblong acuminate.—
E, B. 103.—Leaflets entire, elliptical. Bracts rather longer than
the pedicels. Fl. small, pale yellow or nearly white. St. slender,
climbing, 1—4 feet long.—Bushy places in hilly districts. P.
VI. VIL. White Climbing Fumitory.

2. Fumaria Linn. Fumitory.

1. F. eapreolata (L.); sep. ovate toothed as broad as the cor.-
tube, fr. subglobose blunt, bracts rather shorter than the fruit-
stalks, lts. flat —H.B. 943.—St. erect, climbing, or diffuse. Sep.
sometimes entire, about 4 as long as the corolla. Pet. cream-
coloured or pinkish ; lower linear, gradually dilated in its upper
half. Fr. slightly compressed, smooth or rugose, rounded at the
end and sometimes slightly apiculate, with 2 apical hollows,
usually longer than broad.—8. Leightonti ; sep. broader and
longer, fr. broader than long. F. capreolata y. Parl. ?—y. media ;
sep. narrower and longer, fr. rugose apiculate especially when
young. F. agraria Bab—Common. A. V1.—IX.

2. F. officinalis (L.); sep. ovate-lanceolate acute toothed nar-
rower than the cor.-tube, fr. globose-retuse, bracts much shorter
than the fruitstalks, lts. flat—E. B. 589.—St. erect or diffuse.
Sep. broader than the pedicel, about 3 the length of the corolla.
Pet. rose-coloured ; lower spathulate, its haft linear. Fr. rugose,
broader thau long—Common. A. V.—IX.

3. F. micrantha (Lag.); sep. large roundish dentate broader
than the cor.-tube, fr. suabglobose subapiculate, bracts longer than
the fr.-stalks, Its. linear channelled. —E.B.S.2876.—St. branched,
diffuse. Pet. pale purple; lower spathulate, its haft linear. Fr.
rather longer than broad.—Fields. A. VIL—IX. E. 8.

4. F. parviflora (Lam.); sep. minute ovate acute cut, fruit-
stalk shorter than the obovate pointed fr. and equalling the bract,
Its. lmear channelled. FE. B. 590. R. iii. 1.—Foliage yellowish
green glaucous. Lts. ascending. Fl. whitish, afterwards pale
purple ; lower pet. linear widened at the end, sides of its haft
inflexed.—Fields in Kent, Essex, Camb. A. VI.—IX.

5. F. Vaillantii (Lois.) ; sep. very minute triangular, fr.-st.
longer than obovate pointed fr. and twice longer than bract,

18 6. CRUCIFERS.

Its. narrow flat.— E. B. 8.2877. R. iu. 1.—Foliage greyish green
glaucous. Lits. spreading. FI. purplish, afterwards whitish ;
lower pet. spathulate, sides of haft scarcely inflexed.—Fields.
A. VI.—IX.

Order VI. CRUCIFERAE.

Sep. 4. Cor. cruciform of 4 petals. Stam. 6, tetradynamous ;
2 shorter opposite the lateral petals. Ovary free, with marginal
placentas meeting in the middle. Stigmas 2, opposite to the pla-
centas (or rather, alternate with them, lobed and combining).
Fruit a silique or silicle, the valves opposite the shorter stamens.

Suborder I. SILIQUOSE.

Pod (silique) linear or linear-lanceolate, opening by 2 valves,
dissepiment narrow but in its broadest diameter.

Tribe I. ARABIDE4. Cotyledons accumbent parallel to the
dissepiment, radicle lateral, seed compressed.

1. Matruiota. Pod round or compressed. Stigma 2-lobed,
lobes erect gibbous or horned at the back.

2. Cueirantuus. Pod compressed or 2-edged, with an ele-
vated longitudinal rib upon each valve. Stigma 2-lobed,
lobes patent. Seeds in a single row in each cell.

3. Nasturtium. Pod subcylindrical; valves conver, veinless.
Stigma capitate. Seeds irregularly in 2 rows.

4. BarBares. Pod terete; valves convex with a prominent
longitudinal rib. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single row.

5. Turritts. Pod compressed; valves slightly convex with
a prominent longitudinal rib. Stigma capitate. Seeds in
2 rows.

6. ARABIS. Pod compressed ; valves nearly flat with a pro-
minent longitudinal rib, or with numerous longitudinal
veins. Stigma obtuse. Seeds in a single row.

7. CaRDAMINE. Pod compressed; valves flat, veinless.
Stigma capitate. Seeds in 1 row ; seed-stalk simple, filiform.

8. Dentarta. Pod lanceolate, compressed; valves flat, vein-

less. Stigma capitate. Seeds in a single row; seed-stalk
dilated, winged.

Tr. Il. SISYMBRIE A. Cotyledons incumbent contrary to the
dissepiment, radicle dorsal, seed compressed.

6. CRUCIFERAE. 19

9. Hespzris. Pod quadrangular or subcompressed ; valves
keeled, somewhat 3-veined. Stigma of 2 closely converging
erect elliptical obtuse lobes. Seeds in a single row.

10. SisymBrium. Pod terete or rarely tetragonal; valves
convex, with 3 longitudinal veins. Stigma entire. Seeds
in a single row, smooth; seed-stalk filiform.—S. thalianum
oe a tetragonal pod and valves with 1 strong conspicuous
rib.

1]. ALurarta. Pod terete; valves convex, with 3 longitu-
dinal veins, the middle one prominent and strong, the 2
lateral slender and branching. Stigma entire. Seeds ina
single row, striated; seed-stalk flattened, winged.

12. Erysimum. Pod tetragonal; valves prominently keeled,
with 1 longitudinal vein. Stigma obtuse, entire or slightly
emarginate. Seeds in a single row; seed-stalk filiform.

Tr. II. BRASSICE. Cotyledons conduplicate longitudi-
nally folded in the middle; radicle dorsal, within the fold.

13. Brassica. Cal. erect. Pod terete or angular. Seeds glo-
bose, in a single row.

14. Sinapis. Cal. patent. Pod terete or angular. Seeds in
a single row.

15. Diptoraxis. Cal. patent. Pod compressed. Seeds
oval or oblong, i 2 rows.

Suborder II. LATISEPTZ.

Pouch (silicle) short, opening with two valves: dissepiment in
its broadest diameter.

Tr. IV. ALYSSINEZ, Cotyledons accumbent.

16. ALyssum. Pouch roundish or oval, compressed. Seeds
2—4 in each cell. Filaments toothed or the shorter ones
with a gland or subulate process on each side at the base.

17. Konica. Pouch oval, compressed. Seeds 1—2 in each
cell. Filaments simple. Hypogynous glands 8. Carpo-
phorum 0.

18. DrasBa. Pouch oval or oblong, slightly convex. Seeds
many in each cell, not margined, in two rows. Filaments
simple.

19. CocHLEARIA. Pouch globose ; valves very convex, dorsal
vein prominent. Seeds many. Filaments simple.

20, ArmoraciIaA. Pouch elliptical or globose; valves very
convex, no vein. Seeds many. Filaments simple.

20 6. CRUCIFERE.

[Tr. V. CAMELINEZ. Cotyledons incumbent.

21. Cametina. Pouch subovate; valves ventricose with a
linear prolongation at the end which is confluent with the
persistent style. |

(Tr. VI. VELLEA. Cotyledons conduplicate.

22. Vetua. Pouch ovate with a dilated winged flat style
longer than the convex valves. |

Suborder III. ANGUSTISEPT.&.

Pouch (silicle) short, laterally compressed, opening with 2
boat-shaped valves keeled or winged on the back; dissepiment
narrow, linear, or lanceolate.

Tr. VII. THLASPIDEZ. Cotyledons accumbent.

23. Tuuaspr. Pouch roundish, notched; valves boatshaped,
winged at the back. Seeds many. Pet. equal. Filaments
simple.

24. Hurcuinst1a. Pouch elliptical, entire ; valves boatshaped,
keeled not winged at the back. Seeds 2 in each cell. Pet.
equal. Filaments simple.

25. Teespa.ta. Pouch roundish, notched; valves boatshaped,
their back keeled below narrowly winged above. Seeds 2 in
each cell. Pet. equal or 2 outer ones larger. Filaments
with a little scale at the base of each within.

26. Iperis. Pouch ovate or roundish, notched; valves boat-
shaped, winged at the back. Seeds 1 im each cell. Pet.
unequal, 2 outer ones much larger. Filaments simple.

Tr. VINT. LEPIDINEA:. Cotyledons incumbent.

27. Lepipium. Pouch roundish or oblong, entire or notched ;
valves compressed, keeled or winged at the back. Seeds 1
in each cell.

28. CapseLua. Pouch ee ade 3 valves com-
pressed, keeled but not winged. Seeds many.

Tr. IX. SUBULARIE 4. Cotyledons incumbent, long, linear,
curved back above their base. Cells many-seeded.

29. SuBULARIA. Pouch oval-oblong, laterally subcompressed;
valves boatshaped.

Tr. X. SENEBIERE. Cotyledons incumbent, long, linear,
curved back above their base. Cells one-seeded.

MATTHIOLA.—CHEIRANTHUS. 21

30. Seneptera. Pouch broader than long, somewhat kidney-
shaped, entire at the end, or notched above and below and
almost 2-lobed, not bursting. Cells 1-seeded.

Suborder IV. NUCUMENTACEZ.

Pouch (silicle) scarcely dehiscent, often 1-celled, owing to the
absence of the dissepiment.

Tr. XI. ISATIDE. Cotyledons incumbent.

31. Isatis. Pouch laterally compressed, 1-celled, 1-seeded ;
valves keeled, eventually separating.

Suborder V. LOMENTACES.

Silicle or silique dividing transversely in single-seeded cells,
the true silique often barren, all the seeds being in the beak.

Tr. XII. CAKILINE As. * Cotyledons accumbent.

32. Caxtte. Silicle angular, of two l-seeded indehiscent
joints, upper joint deciduous with an erect seed, lower per-
sistent seedless or with a pendent seed.

Tr. XIII. RAPHANEAS. Cotyledons conduplicate.

33. CramBeg. Silicle 2-jointed, upper joint globose with 1
seed pendent from a long curved seed-stalk springing from
the bottom of the cell, lower jot barren stalklike.

34. Rapuanus. Silique linear or oblong, tapering upwards,
smooth and indehiscent, or moniliform and dividing trans-
versely into 1-seeded cells, lowermost cell barren imperfectly
2-valved stalklike.

Suborder I. Stliguose. Tribe I. Arabidee.

1. Marruioxa R. Br. Stock.

1. M. incana (R. Br.); st. shrubby upright branched, 1. lan-
ceolate entire hoary, pods “ cylindrical without glands.”—E. B.
1935. R. ii. 45.—FI. of a full purple.—Cliffs in the Isle of
Wight. P.V.VI. Hoary Stock. E.

2. M. sinuata (R. Br.); st. herbaceous diffuse, 1. oblong
downy, lower 1. sinuate, pods compressed muricated with glands.
—E.B. 462. R.ii.45.—FI. purple.—Sandy sea-coasts of Wales,
Cornwall, Wexford and Jersey. B. VI—VIII. Sea Stock. E.1.

2. CuerranTuus Linn. Wallflower.

+1. C. Cheiri(L.); st. shrubby, |. lanceolate acute entire with
bipartite adpressed hairs, pods tetragonal.— E. B. 1934. R. ii. 45.
—F). yellow or tinged with red.—Old walls. P.IV.V.

22 6. CRUCIFERE.

3. Nasturtium R. Br. Water Cress.

1. N. officinale (R. Br.) ; 1. pinnate, Its. ovate or oblong sub-
cordate sinuate-dentate, pet. twice as long as calyx (white), pods
linear.— FE. B. 855. R. ii. 50.—Pods patent. Very variable.
When growing out of water it is slender with small leaves and is
N. microphyllum (R.); when remarkably luxuriant, many feet in
length, the stem often nearly an inch thick and the leaves very
large and resembling those of a Sium, it is N. siifolium (R.).—
Brooks and ditches. P. VI. VII. Water Cress.

2. N. sylvestre (R. Br.); root creeping, |. deeply pinnatifid, Its.
oblong or lanceolate cut, uppermost |. often nearly entire, pet.
twice as long as the calyx (yellow), pods linear.— LH. B. 2324.—
Fr.-stalks patent ; pods patent or ascending, variable in length
usually as long as their stalks sometimes shorter.—N. anceps
(Bab.) is not separable from this species.—River banks and wet
places. P. VI.—VIII.

3. N. palustre (DC.); root fibrous, lower 1. lyrate, upper 1.
deeply pinnatifid, Its. oblong toothed, pet. as long as the calyz,
pods oblong turgid.—N. terrestre Sm., E. B. 1747.—Fi. small.
Fr.-stalks patent or even deflexed; pods ascending, short, about
as long as their stalks.— Wet places. P. VI.—IX.

4. Barsarea R. Br. Rocket.

1. B. vulgaris (R. Br.); lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lobes
equalling the breadth of the large roundish subcordate terminal
lobe, uppermost 1. undivided toothed, young pods obliquely erect.
—E. B. 443. R. ii.47.—Pet. twice as long as the calyx. Flower-
ing raceme lax. Pods straight.—8. arcuata ; young pods patent
upon nearly horizontal pedicels.—In damp places. B.2 V.—VIII.
Yellow Rocket.

2. B. stricta (Fries) ; lower 1. lyrate, upper pair of lobes small
much shorter than the breadth of the large oblong-ovate terminal
lobe, uppermost |. undivided toothed, pods adpressed, styleslender.
—R.u. 47. B. parviflora Fries.—Pet. half as long again as the
calyx. Flowering raceme close. FI. much smaller than in B.
vulgaris. Pods straight. Lateral lobes of the lowermost 1. very
small, often obsolete.—Between Sheffield and Halifax and be-
tween Weedon and Blisworth, plentifully. Mr. Borrer. York.
B.? V.—VIIL. E.

3. B. precox (R. Br.) ; lower 1. imparipinnate with large lobes,
upper pair of lobes equalling the breadth of the subcordate ter-
minal lobe, uppermost l. pinnatifid with linear-oblong entire lobes,
style short and thick.—E. B. 1129. R. ii. 49. B. patula Fries —
Fi. moderate. Raceme close. Pods patent. Lower 1. usually
interruptedly pinnate——South of England. B.V.—VII. E.

TURRITIS.—ARABIS. 23

5. Turritis Linn. Tower-wort.

1, T. glabra (L.); radical 1. toothed hairy, stem-]. glabrous
entire amplexicaul with a sagittate base, pods straight erect.—
E. B.777. R. ii.44.—Plant very erect and straight, 1—3 ft. high.
Fi. whitish-yellow.—Banks, particularly in Norf. and Suff. Cliffs
in Glen Devon, Scotland. B. VI. VII. E.S.

6. Arasis Linn. Rock-cress.

1. A. hirsuta (R. Br.); 1. hispid dentate, stem-l. truncate-au-
ricled or cordate at the base, auricles patent, pods erect narrow
straight.— E. B. 587.—St. 1 foot high, clothed with spreading
mostly simple hairs and many erect leaves. Sometimes the
hairs on the stem are adpressed and branched. Root-l. narrowed
into a footstalk. Koch and Reich. divide this mto two or more
species which I have not been able to determine.—Walls and
banks. B. VI.—VIII.

2. A. ciliata (R. Br.) ; 1. glabrous and ciliated or hispid some-
what toothed nearly sessile, stem-1. sessile with a rounded base,
pods erect narrow straight.—St. erect. Seeds without wings.—
a. st. glabrous, 1. glabrous ciliated. E. B. 1746.—8. st. and 1.
hispid. Often taken for A. hirsuta.—Rocks by the sea, Cunna-
mara, Ireland. 8. Lidstep, Pembrokeshire. B. VII. VII. E. I.

3. A. stricta (Huds.); 1. hispid and ciliated deeply sinuate-
dentate narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. sessile, pods few di-
stant erect-patent straight. B. 614.—St. erect, glabrous,
hispid below, 6—8 in. high. Fl. rather large. ‘Seeds with a
narrow margin and winged at the apex.”—Limestone cliffs near
Bristol. P. IV. V.

4, A. petrea (Lam.); 1. glabrous or with forked hairs lyrate-.
pinuatifid or oblong-ovate nearly entire with long stalks, stem-I.
narrow nearly entire stalked, pods spreading sleuder straight.—
E. B. 469.—St. erect or decumbent, 3—8 in. long, glabrous. FI.
large, white tinged with purple. Seeds oblong with a narrow
margin and slight wing at the end.—Alpine rocks in E. and S.
Ben Bulben, Ireland. Mr. Wynne. P. VII. VIII.

*5, A. Turrita (L.); 1. clothed with short forked hairs dentate
elliptical narrowed into a stalk, stem-. deeply cordate-ampleai-
caul elongate, pods flat with a thickened margin recurved from
an erect stalk, seeds with a membranous margin.—E. B. 178. R.
it. 44.—St. 1 foot high, erect, hairy. Fl. yellowish. Pods 3—4
in. long, without any central vem but with many prominent
longitudinal anastomosing veins.—On walls at Oxford, Cam-
bridge, and Cleish Castle, Kinross. B. V. E.S8.

24 6. CRUCIFERZA.

7. CarpaMINE Linn. Bitter-cress.

1. C. impatiens (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. ovate
3-fid, of the upper 1. oblong lanceolate toothed or entire, petioles
of the stem-l. with slender sagittate auricles, pet. linear or want-
ing.—E. B. 80. R. ii. 26.—Pet. erect, white. Distinguished
by having auricles at the base of its petioles.—Hilly districts,
preferring limestone. A. VII. VIII. E. 8.

2. C. sylvatica (Link); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower J.
roundish angled or toothed, of the upper 1. narrower, pet. twice
as long as the calyx, pods erect upon patent pedicels, stam. 6,
style long —R. un. 26. C. hirsuta, E. B. 492. St. 45.13. C.-
flecuosa With —Fl. small. Pet. erect, white. St. fleeuose, more
leafy than in C. hirsuta. Root oblique, covered with fibres.—
Common, especially in woody places. A. IV.—IX.

3. C. hirsuta (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish
angled or toothed, of the upper 1. narrower, pet. twice as long as
the calyx, pods and pedicels erect, stam. 4, style short.— R. ii. 26.
St. 45. 14.—Fl. small. Pet. erect, white. St, nearly straight,
rather leafy.—Rather common in damp places. A. IV.—VIII.

4. C. pratensis (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish
slightly angled, of the upper J. linear-lanceolate entire, pet. 3
times as long as the calyx spreading, stam. half the length of the
petals, st. terete. —E. B. 776. R. ii. 28.—F'. large, lilac. Anth.
yellow. Style short.—8. C. dentata (Schult.); leaflets of the
lower 1. and lower stem-l. acutely angular—Moist meadows,
common. 8. near Cambridge. P. IV. Common Bitter-cress.

5. C. amara(L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1. roundish-
ovate, of the upper 1. oblong, all angular, pet. 3 times as long.as
the calyx erect, stam. nearly as long as the petals, st. angular.—
E. B. 1000. R. ii. 27.—F. large, white. Anthers purple. Style
long, slender. Stigma small. Stoloniferous.— Moist meadows
near streams, rare. P. V. VI.

(C. bellidifola (L.) which has simple entire J. has been erro-
neously considered as a native of Britain. E. B. 2355.]

8. Dentaria Linn. Coralwort.

- I. D. bulbifera (L.); st. simple, 1. alternate, lower 1. pinnate,
upper 1. simple, axils of the 1. producing bulbs.—E. B. 309.
—Rhizome thick, with fleshy toothlike knobs. St. 1—12 foot
high. Lts. and 1. lanceolate, serrated or entire. Fl. large, rose-
oe or purple.—Woods and shady places, rare. P. V.

. E.

HESPERIS.—SISYMBRIUM. 25

Tribe II. Sisymbrice.

9. Hesprris Linn. Dame’s Violet.

+1. H. matronalis (L.); st. erect branched above, 1. ovate-
lanceolate acuminate toothed, pedicels about as long as the calyx,
pet. obovate obtuse with an apiculus, pods erect from a patent
pedicel terete torulose.—H. inodora, E. B. 731.—F. lilac, “ fra-
cane? large and handsome.—Hilly pastures, very rare. B. V.

[Malcolmia maritima (R. Br.) has been found in Kent, but is
not a native. |

10. Sisymprium Linn. Hedge Mustard.

1. 8. officinale (Scop.); pods subulate adpressed to the stem,
1. runcinate-pinnatifid with 2 or 3 pairs of oblong dentate lobes
and a large hastate terminal lobe.—E. B. 735. R. ii. 72.—St.
1—-2 feet high with divaricate branches, upper part leafless. Fl.
small, pale yellow. Pods on very short stalks, pubescent some-
times glabrous—Common. A. VI. VII. Hedge Mustard.

[*2. S. polyceratium (L.); pods subulate spreading sessile
axillary about 3 together, |. lanceolate repand-dentate or sub-
hastate.—-R. ii. 73.—St.leafy throughout, branched, “prostrate.”
Fl. small.—Bury St. Edmunds, naturalized. A. VII. VIII.]

3. S. Irio (L.); pods terete 4 times as long as their pedicels
erect-patent, the young pods exceeding the fi., seeds oblong, 1.
runcinate-pinnatifid, lobes dentate oblong the terminal lobe an-
gular, lobes of the upper 1. lanceolate with the terminal hastate.
—E, B. 1631. R. ii. 75.—Erect, branched, st. and 1. glabrous.
Fl. yellow. Pods narrow, linear. Pedicels slender.—Near old
towns, rare. A. VII. VILI. London Rocket.

4. S. Sophia (L.); pods terete 3 times as long as their pedi-
cels erect-patent, seeds oblong, 7. doubly or trebly pinnatifid,
segments linear or linear-lanceolate.— E. B. 963. R. in. 74.—St.
erect, branched, and as well as the 1. slightly downy. Fl. yellow.
Pet. short. Pods linear, narrow. Pedicels slender.-—Waste
places, not common. A. VI.—VIII. Flizweed.

5. S. thalianum (Gaud.); pods 4-angular linear ascending
twice as long as their patent pedicels, seeds oblong not striated,
1. oblong-lanceolate undivided toothed.—Arabis Sm., E. B. 901.
Conringia R. ii. 60.—St. erect, slender, much branched, with few
leaves which are nearly all radical. FI. small, white. Pods an-
gular on the back of the valves (tetragonous), not convex as in
the other species (terete), nor with the lateral longitudinal veins
so strongly marked.—On walls and banks. A. IV. V. and IX. X.

c

26 6. CRUCIFERE.

11. Anuzar1a Adans. Sauce-alone.

1. A. officinalis (Andrzj.); 1. heartshaped the lower ones reni-
form sinuate-dentate all stalked, pods erect- patent much longer
than their stalks, seeds oblong subcylindrical striated. B.
796. R. ii. 60. Sisymbrium Alliaria Sm., Koch.—St. erect,
1—3 feet high, slightly branched. L. large, thin, veined, smell-
ing like garlic when bruised. Fl. white.—Hedgebanks. B. V.
VI. Jack-by-the-Hedge.

12. Erysimum Linn. Worm-seed.

1. E. cheiranthoides (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate slightly toothed
with stellate-tripartite hairs, all narrowed into a slight footstalk,
pedicels longer than the calyx 2 or 3 times shorter than the pods,
pods patent ascending, seeds small many.—£. B. 942. R. un. 83.
—Seeds very small, so many in the pod as to be nearly 2-rowed.
Fl. small. Pods always diverging from the stem.—Cultivated
ground. Wild in the Fens. B. VI.—VIII. E.1.

*2. E. orientale (R. Br.); 2. elliptical heartshaped obtuse
clasping the stem, radical 1. obovate, all smooth glaucous undi-
vided entire. —E. B. 1804. R. ii. 61.—FI. white or cream-coloured.
—‘ Fields and cliffs near the sea.” A. V.—VII. E. I.

Tribe III. Brassicee.

13. Brassica Linn.

* Valves of pod 1-ribbed.

1. B. oleracea (L.); 1. glabrous glaucous waved and lobed,
lower 1. lyrate, upper 1. oblong sessile—E. B. 637. R. ii. 97.—
L. thick and somewhat fleshy. Stam. all erect. Fl. large, cream-
coloured. Raceme elongated before the fl.expand. Cal. erect,
adpressed. The wild state of the garden Cabbage.—Cliffs by the
sea. B.VI.—VHI. Wild Cabbage.

2. B. campestris (L.) ; lower J. lyrate dentate somewhat hispid,
upper 1. ovate acuminate deeply cordate amplexicaul glabrous.
—£,. B. 2234.—“ Raceme close, the open fl. rising above the
buds.” FI. yellow.—8. B. Rapa (L.); root caulescent fleshy.
E. B. 2176. R. ii. 96.—Borders of fields. A. or B. VI. VII.
Wild Navew. 8. Turnip.

3. B. Napus (L.); lower t. lyrate dentate glabrous, upper I.
oblong somewhat narrowed below with a dilated cordate semiam-
plexicaul base.—E. B. 2146. R. ii. 93.—* Raceme elongated at
the time when the fl. expand. Shorter stam. patent, ascending.” |
Fl. yellow. It is difficult to find any character by which to di-

SINAPIS.—DIPLOTAKXIS. 27

stinguish this plant from the preceding.—Borders of fields. A.
or B. V. VI. Rape, or Coleseed.

** Valves of pod 3-ribbed ; beak 1—3-seeded.

4, B. monensis (R. Br.) ; 1. stalked all deeply pinnatifid, lobes
oblong unequally toothed those of the upper 1. linear.—E. B. 962.
—Fl. yellow. St. usually prostrate, glabrous. L. glabrous.—8. B.
Cheiranthus (Vill.); st. 1—3 ft. high erect leafy hispid below,
l. hispid. Sinapis, Z. B. S. 2821.—On the western coasts. B.
or P, VI—VIII. E. 8.

14, Srnarrs Linn. Mustard.

1. S. nigra (L.); pods quadrangular adpressed, beak short
sterile subulate, valves 1-veined, lower 1. lyrate, terminal lobe
large and lobed, upper I. lanceolate entire.—E. B. 969. R. ii. 88.
—Fl. yellow. Lower 1. large, rough.—Willowy riverbanks. A.
VI—VUI. Black Mustard.

2. 8. arvensis (L.); pods subcylindrical knotty longer than
the conical compressed beak, valves 3-veined, 1. ovate the lower-
most sublyrate stalked, upper l. sessile-—H. B. 1748. R. ii. 86.
—Fi. large, yellow. Whole plant scabrous. Pods glabrous or
rough with deflexed bristles; beak usually with 1 seed; valves
with faint intermediate veins. Stem 1—1% foot high.—Corn-
fields. A. VIL—VIII. Charlock.

3. S.alba(L.); pods cylindrical knotty shorter than the sword-
shaped beak, valves 5-veined, 1. lyrate pinnatifid irregularly lobed.
—E. B. 1677. R. ii. 85.—F1 large, yellow. Pods hispid. St.
1—2 feet high.—Cultivated and waste land. A. VII. White
Mustard.

[4. S. ineana (L.); pods adpressed turgid prominently veined
with a short 1-seeded beak, 1. lyrate hispid, stem-l1. linear-lanceo-
late. st. much branched.—E. B. 8. 2843.—St. 1—3 feet high,
branches divaricate with few very small leaves. Pods very short,
glabrous or hairy, often scarcely longer than their glabrous
beak.—Sandy places in Jersey and Alderney. B. VI.—VUI.}

15. Diptotaxis Cand. Wall-Mustard.

1. D. tenuifolia (DC.); st. woody below branched subglabrous
leafy, 1. glaucous linear-lanceolate very acute sinuate-dentate or
pinnatifid, segments linear remotely dentate, pet. roundish-ob-
ovate with a short claw.—E. B. 525. Sinapis Sm.—Pedicels
usually twice as long as the sepals. Fl. large, pet. blunt but
slightly acuminate. St. 1—14 foot high. Plant foetid—Old

walls. P. VIL—IX. E.S.
ci

28 6. CRUCIFERS.

2. D. muralis (DC.) ; st. herbaceous simple hispid and leafy at
the base, 1. almost glabrous ovate-lanceolate sinuate-dentate or
pinnatifid, pet. roundish ovate with a short claw.—E. B. 1050.
Sinapis Sm.—Pedicels as long as the flowers. Pet. abrupt or
emarginate. L. often blunt, never very acute, usually all col-
lected about the base of the stem. Branches all springing from
the base-—Waste ground. <A. VIII. IX.

Suborder II. Latisepte. Tribe IV. Alyssinea.

16. Atyssum Linn. Madwort.

1. A. calycinum (L.); herbaceous hoary with starry pubes-
cence, 1. ohovate-lanceolate attenuate below, pods orbicular stel-
jate-pubescent, calyx persistent, filaments all toothless, shorter
ones from between 2 setaceous processes.—E. B. S. 2853. R.
ii. 18.—Cells of the pod 2-seeded. Pet. yellow, becoming at
length white.—Grassy commons, S.; ploughed land, E. See
Phytol. ii. 284. A.V. VI. E. 8.

[Farsetia incana (R. Br.); seeds 6 or more in each cell, pods
pubescent subventricose.—Near Lewes. ]

17. Konitea ddans., R. Br.

[*l. K. maritima (R. Br.); procumbent, hairs bipartite, 1.
linear-lanceolate acute, pods oval pointed glabrous.— E. B. 1729.
R.u. 18. Alyssum Sm.—St. rather woody below. Fl. white,
sweet-scented.—Naturalized near the sea. P. VIII. IX.]

18. Drasa Linn. Whitlow-grass.

1. D. aizoides (L.); scape leafless glabrous, 7. linear rigid
acute keeled glabrous ciliate, stam. equalling the slightly notched
petals, style as long as the breadth of the pouch.—E£. B. 1271.
R. ii. 15.—Fl. bright yellow. L. fringed with rigid hairs densely
collected into eushion-like tufts.—On rocks and walls at Pennard
Castle near Swansea. P. III. IV. E.

2. D. rupestris (R. Br.); scape leafless or with 1 or 2 leaves
pubescent, 1. lanceolate flat stellately pubescent, stam. shorter
than the slightly notched petals, style short— EH. B. 1338. D.
hirta Sm.—-Pouch oblong-oval, shghtly hairy. St. very short,
branched, each branch bearing a dense tuft of leaves and 1—3
short scapes. Fl.small. L. mostly entire.—Tops of the Highland
mountains, rare. P. VII. SL

3. D. incana (L.); stem-l. several, 1. lanceolate stellately pu-
bescent toothed, pet. twice as long as the calyx entire, pouch

COCHLEARIA. 29

longer than its pedicel twisted, style short slender.—E. B. 388.
R. ii. 14,—Pouch nearly or quite glabrous, erect, lanceolate-ob-
long. St.4—12 in. high, simple or branched. Fl. white.—
Mountains. Sand-hills by the sea in Islay, S. P. VI. VII.

4. D. muralis (L.); st. leafy branched, 1. ovate amplexicaul
toothed hairy, pet. “entire,” pedicels spreading horizontally
rather longer than the glabrous pouch.—E. B. 912. R. ii. 12.—
Pouch elliptical. St.5—12 in. high. Fl. white. Pubescence
Prue, Root-l. narrowed below.—Limestone mountains. A.

5. D.verna (L.); scape leafless glabrous above, 1. lanceolate
acute narrowed below hairy, pet. deeply cloven, pouch oblong
shorter than its pedicel. B. 586. R. ii. 12.—Pouch com-
pressed, acute or rounded at the end. FI. white. L. entire or
toothed. Scape sometimes rather pilose.—. inflata (Hook.);
pouch inflated. D. spathulata (Lang.) Hoppe in St. 65. 1.
D. precox R.ii.12. The pouches when transversely cut present
a nearly circular section—Very common on wails, banks, &c.
B. Ben Lawers. A. UI.—V. Common Whitlow-grass.

19. Cocuiearta Linn. Scurvy-grass.

1. C. officinalis (L.); radical. cordate-reniform stalked, stem-I.
sessile oblong sinuate semiamplexicaul, pouch globose or ob-
ovate.—E. B. 551.—Petioles long. Lower l. entire or sinuate.
Seeds large. Style short. St. occasionally rooting and pro-
liferous.—8. alpina; pouch obovate, leaves smaller. C. groen-
landica Sm., E. B. 2403.—Sea-coast, mostly in muddy places.
B. on the higher parts of mountains. B.? VI—VII. Common
Scurvy-grass.

2. C.danica (L.); 1. stalked, radical 1. cordate somewhat lobed,
stem-l. 3—5-lobed subdeltoid uppermost subsessile, pouch ovate.
—E. B.696. R. ii. 16.—Petioles of the root-l. very long, gradu-
ally shortening as they become more distant from the root.
Seeds small. Style short.—Sea-coast. B. V.—VIII.

3. C. anglica (L.); radical 1. stalked ovate-oblong entire,
stem-l. oblong entire or toothed mostly sessile the upper ones
amplexicaul, pouch ovate-oblong.—H. B. 552.—Pouch twice
as large as that of C. officinalis, much compressed laterally.
Seeds large. Style rather long. Lower 1. rounded below or
narrowed into a footstalk. Fl. large.—. gemina (Hort MS.) ;
pouch coriaceous deeply furrowed on each side, dissepiment very
narrow.—Sea-shores. 8. ou the mud of the Severn, Wye, &c.
A.V. English Seurvy-grass.

30 6. CRUCIFERS.

20. Arnmoracia Rupp.

1. A. rusticana (Rupp.); roots long and thick, radical 1. ob-
long crenate-serrate on long stalks, stem-]. elongate-lanceolate
incise-serrate or entire subsessile, pet. (white) twice as long as
cal., pouch oval “4-seeded,” “ stigma peltate.”—Cochlearia Ar-
moracia (L.) E. B. 2323. R. ii. 17.—St. 2—3 feet high. Roots
running deep into the ground.— Wastes and pastures near Swan-
sea, abundant. Mr. Borrer. Elsewhere, scarcely wild. P. V.
Horse Radish.

2. A. amphibia (Koch); root fibrous, 1. oblong narrowed at
both ends serrate or pinnatifid, pet. (yellow) twice as long as the
cal., pouch oval, “ stigma capitate.’—E. B. 1840. Nasturtium
ed. 2.—St, 2—3 ft. high. Submersed 1. deeply pinnatifid. Ped.
usually deflexed.— Watery places. P. VI.—VIII.

Tribe V. Camelinee.

21. Cametina Crantz. Gold-of-pleasure.

[C. fetida (Fr.); pouches obovate inflated flaccid. In fields
of flax and corn, introduced but not naturalized. I have not
met with C. sylvestris (Fr.) nor C. sativa (Fr.).]

Tribe VI. Vellee.

22. Veuua Linn.

[1]. V. annua (L.); “1. doubly pinnatifid, pouches deflexed.”
—E. B. 1442.—Found in the time of Ray on Salisbury Plain,
but has not since been noticed. A. VI.] E.

Suborder IIT. Angustisepte. Tribe VII. Thlaspidee.

23. Tuxaspr Linn. Penny Cress.

1. T. arvense (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch orbi-
cular with a broad longitudinal wing, seeds concentrically rugose
and striated 5—6 in each cell, stem-l. oblong sagittate toothed.
—E. B. 1659. R. ii. 5.—Pouch very large with remarkably broad
wings. Stigma subsessile. St. often a foot high.—Fields and
road-sides. A. V.—VII. Penny Cress.

2. T. perfoliatum (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch
obcordate broadly winged above, style very short included within

HUTCHINSIA.—IBERIS. 31

the notch, seeds 3—4 in each cell smooth, stem-1. cordate-oblong.
—E. B. 2354. R. ii. 5,—About 6 in. high.—Limestone pastures
in Oxfordshire and Gloucestershire. A. V. p

3. T. alpestre (L.); fruitbearing raceme elongate, pouch
oblong-obovate narrowed below, style equalling or exceeding the
notch, seeds 4—8 in each cell, stem-l. oblong cordate.—R. u. 5.
—FI. white, often tinged with rose, small. Pet. about twice as
long as the calyx. Terminal lobes of pouch rounded. L. usually
entire.—8. T. occitanum (Jord.); fruitbearmg raceme rather
shorter, pouch triangular-obcordate with almost divaricate lobes,
style much exserted. L. usually slightly toothed.—Mountain
pastures. Teesdale; Thornhaugh, Northumb.; Glen Isla, For-
far. B. Settle, York ; Llanrwst, N. Wales. P. VI.—VIIT. E.S.

4. T. virens (Jord.); fruitbearing raceme oval or oblong, pouch
oboval with a shallow notch, style much exserted, seeds 4—5 in
each cell, stem-l. oblong-cordate.—Jord. Obs. Pl. de Fr. iii. t. 1.
T. alpestre Sm., E. B.81.2—FI. white, small. Pet. about thrice
as long as the calyx. Pouch with a very broad and shallow
notch often almost truncate. L. usually entire.—Mountain pas-
tures near Matlock. P. VI.—VIII. E.

KE.

24. Hurcainsia &. Br.

1. H. petrea (R. Br.) ; 1. pinnate, st. branched leafy, pet.
searcely longer than the calyx, pouch obtuse at both ends.—
E, B. 111. BR. ii. 6.—St. 2—4 in. high. Fi. small. Teesdala
has scales at the base of the filaments; Noccea (R.), incumbent
cotyledons.—Limestone rocks, rare. A. IJJ.—V.

25. Teespatia R. Br.

1. T. nudicaulis (R. Br.) ; petals unequal.—E. B. 327. R. ii. 6.
—L. many, spreading on the ground, lyrate-pinnatifid, rarely
orbicular-spathulate and entire. St. 2—4 in. high, solitary or
several from the crown of the root, sometimes bearing 1 or 2
small leaves. Stam. with remarkable scales within. Pouch
emarginate.—Sandy and gravelly places. A.V. VI. E.S.

26. Iperis Linn. Candytuft.

1. I. amara(L.) ; herbaceous, 1. lanceolate somewhat toothed,
pouches racemose orbicular notched, lobes triangular porrect.—
E. B. 52. R. ii. 7.—L. usually with 1—3 obtuse teeth on each
side. St. often 1 foot high, diffuse, branched. Fi. at first co-
rymbose, afterwards in lengthened clusters. Outer pet. radiant.
—Chalky fields. A. VII. Bitter Candytuft. E.

32 6. CRUCIFERE.

Tribe VIII. Lepidinee.
27. Lepiprum Linn. Pepper-wort.
* Pouch cordate with turgid valves, style filiform.

[*l. L. Draba (L.); 1. oblong entire or toothed lower ones
narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. sagittate and amplexicaul,
style as long as the dissepiment.—E. B. S. 2683. R. 11. 9.—One
foot or more in height, branched. Fl. many, small, white,
upon long pedicels in a subumbellate corymb.—Kent ; near
Swansea; and other places. Introduced. P. V. VI.] E.

** Pouch ovate or roundish winged notched. + Style manifest.

2. L. campestre (R. Br.); 1. downy toothed lower ones oblong
narrowed into a footstalk, stem-l. lanceolate sagittate and am-
plexicaul, pouch ovate rough notched and rounded at the end,
style scarcely longer than the notch.—JB. B. 1385. R. ii. 9.—
Scales on the pouch only minute globular blisters when fresh.
St. one, upright, about a foot high, branched in the upper part.
—Dry gravelly soil. B. VI.—VITI.

3. L. Smithii (Hook.); 1. hairy toothed lower ones obcordate
stalked, stem-l. lanceolate-sagittate amplexicaul, pouch ovate
glabrous notched and rounded at the end, style twice as long as
the notch.—L. hirtum, Sm., E. B. 1803.—Seeds 3 as long as in
L. campestre. Pouch sometimes with a few scales, never hairy.
St. several, 6—12 in. long; central st. erect, others diffuse.—
Hedge-banks, P. VI.—VIII.

+ Style minute.

[.L. sativum (L.); lower 1. lobed pinnate or bipinnate, upper
1. sessile lear entire, pouch roundish oval, obtuse.— R. ii. 9.—
Escaped from cultivation in many places. |

*** Pouch oval or roundish notched, style minute.

4. L. ruderale (L.); lower 1. pinnatitid, upper 1. linear entire,
pouch patent, diandrous, petals 0.—E. B. 1595. R. ii. 10 —End
of pouch narrowly winged. St. branched, often a foot high.
Radicle dorsal Waste places near the sea. A. V. VI.

***% Pouch oval or roundish scarcely notched wingless,
style minute.

5. L. latifolium (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate serrate or entire un-
divided, pouch oval entire downy.—&. B. 182. R. ii. 10.—Fl.
many, small, in compound leafy panicled clusters. St. 3 feet
high, erect, branched. _L. large, the lower ones upon long stalks,
the upper nearly sessile and narrower—TIn salt marshes and
sandy places near the sea. P. VII. VIII.

\

CAPSELLA.—ISATIS. 33

28. Capseua Vent. Shepherd’s Purse.

1. C. Bursa-pastoris (DC.) ; radical 1. lanceolate pinnatifid or
undivided toothed, upper 1. amplexicaul auricled, pouch trian-
gular-obcordate.— Thlaspi Sm., E. B. 1485.—Varying greatly in
size and the division of its leaves. Known by its peculiar
pouches.—A common weed. A. III. —xX.

Tribe IX. Subularice.

29. Supucarsa Linn. Awl-wort.

1. S. aquatica (L.); E. B. 732. R. ii. 12.—Cotyledons only
once folded, but curved back upon themselves above their base,
therefore incumbent not bicrures. Plant small, subaqueous.
L. linear-subulate, radical. Root of many long white fibres.
Hk anal, often perfected under water.—Margins of alpine lakes.

Tribe X. Senebieree.

30. SeneBieRA Pers. Wart-cress.

1. S. Coronopus (Poiret); pouch undivided reniform crested
with little sharp points, style prominent, 1. pinnatifid—Z#. B.
1660. A. ii. 9.—St. much branched, prostrate. Fl. small, white,
in lateral clusters opposite to the leaves. Pouches large, in
dense clusters. Cotyledons in this genus curved back upon
themselves above their base, not at it as is usual in Crucifere.—
Waste ground, common. A. VI.—IX.

2. S. didyma(Pers.) ; pouch notched of two wrinkled lobes,
style very short, 1. pinnatifid.—E. B. 248. R. ii. 9.—St. spread-
ing, prostrate, a foot or more in length. FI. small white in long
slender lax clusters.—Waste ground near the sea in the south
and south-west. A. VIJ.—IX. E. I.

Suborder IV. Nucumentacee. Tribe XI. Isatidee.

31. Isaris Linn. Dyer’s Woad.

tl. I. tinctoria (L.); “radical leaves oblong crenate,” pouch
abrupt smooth thrice as long as broad.—E. B. 97. R. ii. 4.—
Cultivated and waste land, rare. B. VII.

Suborder V. Lomentacee. Tribe XII. Cakilinee.

The fruit consists of a very small 2-celled, stalklike, usually
sterile pod, with a long moniliform beak bearing the seeds and
dividing transversely into as many indehiscent cells as there are

seeds.
c5

34 7. RESEDACEA.

32. CaxiLe Gaert. Sea-Rocket.

1. C. maritima (Scop.); joints of the pouch 2-edged, the up-
per one with 2 teeth at the base, ]. fleshy pinnatifid or somewhat
toothed.—E. B. 231. R. ii. 1.—F1. purplish. Pouches an inch
long, erect, with 4 sharp angles, swordshaped in the upper part.
—Sandy sea-shores. A. VI. VII. Purple Sea-Rocket.

Tribe XIII. Raphanee.

33. CramBE Linn. Sea-kale.

1. C. maritima (L.); longer filaments forked at the end, pouch
without a style, 1. roundish sinuate wavy toothed glaucous and
as well as the st. glabrous.—Z. B. 924. R. ii. 2—Root thick,
fleshy. St. 2 feet high. Fl. white—Sandy sea-shores. P. VI.

34. Rapsanus Linn. Radish.

1. R. Raphanistrum (L.); pods woniliform striated shorter
than the very long beak, J. simply lyrate—E. B. 856.—Root
slender. Lobes of the leaves quite distinct. Pet. veined, white
or lilac.—Corn-fields. A. VI. VII. Jointed Charlock.

2. R. maritimus (Sm.); pods moniliform striated beak shorter,
radical t. interruptedly pinnate-—E. B. 1643.—Root thick.
Lobes of the 1. usually so close as to overlap each other. Pet.
yellow.—Sea-coasts, rare. B.? VI—VIII. Sea Radish.

Order VII. RESEDACEAs.

Sep. 4 or 5 or 6, persistent. Cor. irregular, pet. 4—6 entire or
lacerated. Stam. 10—24, filaments variously united, inserted on
a glandular irregular l-sided disk. Ovary 3 or 4-lobed, 1-celled,
with 3 or 4 parietal many-seeded placentas; or of several 1-celled
carpels. Fruit opening nearly at the end.

1. Resepa. Cal. many-parted. Pet. entire or variously cut,
unequal. Stam. many. Fruit of one cell opening at the
top. Styles 3—6.

1. Resepa Zinn. Mignonette.

1. R. lutea (L.); sep. 6 linear, pet. 6 very unequal, ped. longer
than the cal., l. 3-cleft or pinnatifid.—E. B. 321. R. ii. 100.—
St. 2 feet high, branched, smooth. L. very variable. Two up-
per pet. with 2 winglike lobes, lateral pet. with a single wing,
lower ones nearly entire. Fl. yellow. Fr. oblong, wrmkled.—
Waste places in chalky and limestone districts. B. VI.—VIII.

8. CISTACEZ. 35

+2. R. suffruticulosa (L.); sep. 5 linear-lanceolate, pet. 5
nearly equal 3-fid longer than the calyx, ped. shorter than the
cal., 4. all pinnatifid, segments linear acute sometimes wavy.—
E. B. 8. 2628. R. ii. 101.—St. 14—2 feet high, rather shrubby
below. Fl. white. Fr. oblong, wrinkled. This plant is some-
times found with 6 sep. and pet. when it appears to be R. alba
(L.).—Waste sandy places near the sea, rage. B. or P. VII. VIII.

3. R. Luteola (L.); sep. 4, pet. 4 or 5 very unequal longer
than the calyx, J. elongate-lanceolate undivided. E. B. 320. R.
ii. 99.—St. 2 feet high. Pet. usually 4, upper one 3-, 4-, or
5-cleft, 2 lateral 3-cleft, sezments linear, lower one (or 2) linear
entire. Fr. broad, depressed.—Waste places, particularly on
chalk or limestone. A. VII. VIII. Weld.

Order VIII. CISTACEA.

Sep. 5, two outer smaller sometimes wanting, 3 inner with a
twisted estivation. Pet. 5, corrugated and twisted in estivation
the contrary way to the sepals. Stam. many. Ovary 1, 1- or
many-celled. Style andstigma simple. Fruit capsular, with 3,
5 or 10 valves. Embryo spiral or curved, in the albumen.

1. HeviantHEMuM. Cal. of 5 sepals, 2 outer smaller. Pet.
5, deciduous. Stam. many. Caps. 3-valved.

1. Hevi1antHemum Gaert. Rock-rose.

1. H. guttatum (Mill.) ; erect herbaceous, 1. oblong-lanceolate
or linear, lower 1. opposite without stipules, upper 1. alternate,
racemes without bracts, stigma subsessile——E. B. 544.—Upper
1. usually with small stipules. Fruitstalks patent. Pubescence
of long simple and short stellate hairs. Fl. yellow, usually with
a deep red spot at the base of each petal—vVery rare. Three-
Castle Head, Cork. Jersey. A. VI.—VIII. L

2. H. Breweri (Planchon) ; erect herbaceous, J. obovate obtuse
rosulate without stip., upper l. linear, racemes with bracts.—
Lond. Journ. of Bot. iii. 618. t. 21.—St. mostly simple or
branching from the base. Pet. narrow, yellow, not spotted.
Fruitstalks erect-patent.—Very rare. Holyhead Mountain an
near Amlwch, Anglesea. A. VI—VIII. E.

3. H. canum (Dun.); shrubby, without stipules, 1. opposite
ovate or oblong stalked flat hoary beneath, racemes terminal
bracteated, “ style twisted at the base reflexed, at the apex in-
flexed.” —Cistus marifolius Sm., E. B. 396.—St. decumbent.
L. hoary beneath, hairy above. Fil. yellow, small. “ Anth.
emarginate at both ends. Style longer than the stigma.”—On
limestone rocks, rare. P. V.—VII. E.I.

36 9. VIOLACE.

[4. H. ledifolium (Willd.); herbaceous, with stipules, downy,
1. lanceolate opposite, upper 1. alternate subsessile pubescent,
ped. solitary opposite the 1. shorter than cal., styles straight.—
E. B. 2414.—Brent Down, Somerset, not found for many years
and probably an error. A. VI. VIL] E.

5. H. vulgare (Gaert.) ; procumbent, shrubby, with stipules, 1.
oval or linear-oblong opposite nearly flat green above hoary be-
neath, racemes bracteated, style longer than the germen bent at
the base, sep. subglubrous inner ones obtuse apiculate.—Cistus
Helianthemum (L.) E. B. 1321.—Fruitstalks contorted and de-
flexed. Varying much in the size and shape of its leaves and the
amount of hoariness and pubescence. Fl. yellow.—C. tomentosus
E. B. 2208. does not differ essentially from this plant.—C. surre-
janus E. B. 2207. (from Mr. Dickson’s garden) is not the Croy-
don plant (Dill. Hort. Elth. t. 145.) which was again found there
by the late Mr. Christy and is a monstrosity of H. vulgare.
Common on dry hilly places. P. VIJ.—IX. Common Rock-
rose. B.S. 1.2?

6. H. polifolium (Pers.); shrubby, procumbent, hoary, with
stipules, /. opposite ovate-oblong or oblong-linear more or less
revolute at the edges, racemes bracteated, style bent at the base
longer than the germen, sep. tomentose inner ones obtuse.—E. B.
1322. H. apenninum DC.—FIl. white—Very rare. Brean Downs
Som.; Torquay, Devon. P. VII. VII. E

2

Order IX. VIOLACEA.

Sep. 5,imbricate. Pet. 5, regular or irregular. Stam. 5, fila-
ments dilated, connective elongated beyond the anthers into a
flat membrane. Ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentas. Style
with a hooded stigma. Caps. with 3 valves. Embryo straight,
in fleshy albumen.

1. Vrota. Sep. 5, extended at the base. Pet. 5, unequal, the
lower one produced into a hollow spur behind. Stam. 5.
Anth. combined into a cylinder, 2 lower ones spurred be-
hind. :

1. Vioua Linn. Violet.

A. Two interm. pet. patent laterally. Style nearly straight
from a slender buse.
* Stigma flat above. St. creeping. Fr.-st. erect. Caps. nodding.

1. V. palustris (L.); anth.-spurs short thick rounded, spur of
the cor. very short obtuse, 1. reniform-cordate glabrous.—E. B.
444. R. iii—Anth.-cells nearly parallel. Fl. pale lilac with purple

VIOLA. 37

streaks.—Bogs in mountainous districts. P.IV.—VI. Marsh
Violet.

** Stigma hooked ; beak deflexed. Nearly stemless. Fruit-
stalks prostrate.

2. V. odorata (L.) ; anth.-spurs lancet-shaped decurved blunt,
spur of the cor. obtuse straight, lateral pet. entire lower one
emarginate, |. cordate, stoles creeping. —E. B. 619. R. iti.—Anth.-
spurs narrowed to an obtuse point. Anth.-cells diverging below.
Spurs of the pet. inflated towards the end, slightly channeled
above. Fl. purple, often white, sweet-scented. Bracts above
the middle of the flowerstalk. Petioles with deflexed hairs.
Lateral pet. usually with a hairy line, or without when it is V.
imberbis Leight. Caps. globose, downy.—Common. P. III. IV.
Sweet Violet.

3. V. hirta (L.); anth.-spurs nearly linear blunt, spur of the
cor. obtuse hooked at the end, pet. entire or slightly emarginate,
1. cordate, stoles wanting —E. B. 894. R. iii—Anth.-spurs
scarcely broader at the base than at the apex. Anth.-cells diver-
ging below. Spur of the petals compressed, not channeled. FI.
pale blue, sometimes white, scentless. Lateral pet. usually with
a hairy line. Bracts below the middle of the flowerstalk. Stip.
not hispid at the margin. Petioles with spreading hairs. Caps.
globose, downy.—8. calcarea (Bab.); fl. smaller, ped. much
longer than the leaves, sep. oblong-ovate——Common on lime-
stone. 8. Gogmagog Hills. Portland. P.IV.V. Hairy Violet.

*** Stioma hooked; beak horizontal. Having a stem.
Fruitstalks erect.

+ Root not rhizomatous.

4. V. sylvatica (Fries); anth.-spurs narrowly lancet-shaped
(5 times as long as broad), cor.-spur blunt, 1. broadly cordate,
st.-l. longer subacuminate, stipules! lanceolate fimbriate much
shorter than the petioles, flowering branches axillary from a short
flowerless central rosette of leaves.—R. ii. 12. V. canina ¥. B.
620.—FI. lilac, spur paler, scentless. Cor.-spur 3—6 times ex-
ceeding the cal.-appendages. Lower pet. cuneate-spathulate.—
V. riviniana (R.) isa large-flowered form. V. flavicornis (Forst.),
E. B. S. 2736, is a dwarf form having small |. and large flowers
with a pale or sometimes yellow spur.—Common on hedgebanks
or in thickets. P. IV. V.

5. V.canina (L.); anth.-spur lancet-shaped (3 times as long
as broad), cor.-spur blunt, 1. cordate-oblong roundedly acute,

1 The stipules on about the middle of the stem should always be ex-
amined in determining the species of Viola.

38 9. VIOLACEX.

stip. ovate or lanceolate ciliate or dentate much shorter than the
petioles, primary und lateral stems flowering and elongated.—R.
ii. 10. V. pumila H. and A. (not Vill.).—Rather cespitose. L.
always roundedly acute, longer than those of No. 4. Fil. bluish
purple, spur yellow, scentless. Cor.-spur 1—3 times longer than
cal.-appendages. Lower pet. spathulate.—V. flavicornis (Sm.)
is a small form with cordate leaves. When the l. are cordate-
oblong it is perhaps V. montana (Linn.).—8. V. lancifolia(Thore) ;
l. ovate-lanceolate rounded below, stip. lanceolate incise-serrate.
V. pumila Fries (not Vill. which is V. pratensis Fr. and is rhizo-
matous). V. lactea Sm. E. B. 445. H. and A. (in part). L.
narrowing gradually from near their base to a narrow but rounded
point.—-Sandy and peaty places. 8. in turf bogs, rare. P. IV. V.
Dog Violet.

tt Rhizome slender.

6. V. stagnina (Kit.); anth.-spur short broadly lancet-shaped
acute (not twice as long as broad), cor.-spur very short blunt, 1.
ovate-lanceolate subcordate below, petioles winged at the top,
stip. lmear-lanceolate incise-serrate shorter than the petioles,
primary and lateral st. flowering and elongated.—V. lactea R.
ui. 16. not Sm., V. stricta Bab.—Rhizome threadlike. St. erect.
L. narrowing gradually from the base which in the lowest is
sometimes rounded not cordate. Fl. pale blue, nearly white.
Cor.-spur scarcely longer than the cal.-appendages.—Rare. Turf
bogs. P. V. VI. E.

B. Four upper pet. directed upwards and imbricate. Style
clavate. Stigma inflated.

7. V. lutea (Huds.); anth.-cells nearly parallel, anth.-spurs
long filiform, spur of the cor. as long or longer than the caly-
cine appendages, sep. acute, l. crenate-serrate lower ones ovate-
cordate, upper 1. ovate or lanceolate, stip. palmate-pinnatifid,
terminal lobe linear or linear-lanceolate entire, st. ascending dif-
fuse and filiform underground.—E. B. 72\.—F\. wholly yellow,
yellow with the 2 upper petals purple or wholly purple, varying
greatly in size. Caps. globose. All the lobes of the stip. of
nearly equal size, lateral ones (usually 3 on one side and 1 on the
other) all springmg from near the base of the stip., the terminal
lobe narrow and always I believe quite entire but sometimes con-
siderably larger than the others.—8. V. Curtisiz (Forst.) ; stems
angular rough, lower part of the stip. somewhat elongated so as
slightly to separate the lateral lobes. #. B.S. 2693.—Moun-
tainous pastures. §. Sands near the sea. P. VI. VII.

8. V. tricolor (L.); anth.-cells diverging below, anth.-spurs
long subclavate-filiform, spur of the corolla about equalling

10. DROSERACER. 39

the calycine appendages, 1. crenate-serrate lower ones ovate-
cordate, upper |. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, stip. lyrate-pinnatifid,
terminal lobe spathulate crenate, st. ascending.—E. B. 1287. R.
il. 21. V. Curtisit (Mack.) from Portmarnock.—Root simple.
Fl. with the upper pet. purple, lateral ones bluish, lower one
yellow. Caps. ovate. Terminal lobe of the stip. often having
only one tooth on each side.—8. V. arvensis (Murr.); pet.
shorter than the calyx whitish, caps. nearly globular. E. B.S
2712.—Common. A.V.—IX. Heartsease. Pansy.

Order X. DROSERACEA.

Sep. 5,imbricate. Pet. 5, regular. Stam. 5or 10, free. Styles
3 or 5. Ovary free. Caps. 3—5-valved; valves bearing the seeds
along their middle. Seeds without an arillus.—L. with a circi-
nate vernation.

1. Drosmra. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet. 5. Stam. 5, hypo-
gynous. Styles 3—5, deeply bifid. Caps. 1-celled with 3—5
valves, many-seeded.

2. Parnassia. Cal. deeply 5-cleft. Pet.5. Stam. 5, peri-
gynous, with 5 scales fringed with glandular setze interposed.
Stigmas 4, sessile. Caps. 1-celled, with 4 valves.— Differs
from this Order by wanting the circinate vernation.

1. Drosera Linn. Sundew.

1. D. rotundifolia (L.); 1. rownd spreading, petioles hairy, f.-
stalks erect, seeds with a loose chaffy coat.—#. B. 867. R. in. 24.
—Flower-stalks 2—6 in. high. ‘“ Stigmas white, clubbed, entire.
Anth. white.” Borr. L. covered, as in all other species, with
hairs terminating in large glands secreting a viscid fluid which
retains insects that settle upon them.—Common in boggy places.
P. VII. VI. Round-leaved Sundew.

2. D. intermedia (Hayn.) ; 1. spathulate obtuse erect, petioles
glabrous, fl.-stalks arcuate or decumbent at the base, seeds with
a close rough not chaffy coat.— R. iil. 24. D. longifolia Sm. E. B.
868.—* Stig. pink, bifid. Anth. yellow.” Borr. A variety
with shorter leaves and the flower-stalks shorter than the leaves
is sometimes found.—Common in boggy places. P. VII. VIII.

3. D. anglica (Huds.) ; 1. obovate-lanceolate obtuse erect, pe-
tioles glabrous, fl.-stalks erect, seeds with a loose chaffy coat.—
E. B. 869. D. longifolia R. iii. 24, Koch, Fries.—Much larger
and taller than the last. A variety, D. obovata (M. and K.), is
common in Scotland with broader leaves and the styles often,

40 1l. POLYGALACE,.

though not always, emarginate.—In bogs, rather rare, common
in Ireland. P. VII. VIII.

2. Parnassia Linn.

1. P. palustris (L.); filaments of the petaloid scales 9~13,
pet. with a short claw, radical 1. cordate stalked, stem-1. amplexi-
caul.—H. B. 82.—Pet. white, veined. Glands of the scales
yellow.. L. mostly radical.—Wet and boggy places, particularly
in the north. P. VIJI.—X.

Order XI. POLYGALACEA.

Sep. 5, imbricate, irregular, 2 mterior much larger petaloid.
Pet. unequal, usually 3, 1 anterior and larger than the rest.
Stam. monadelphous, separating above into 2 equal opposite
bundles. Anth. 1-celled, opening by a pore at their apex. Caps.
1—2-celled, with placentas in the axis. Seeds pendulous, usually
with an arillus at the base.

1. PotyGaua. Sep. 5, persistent, 2 inner (wings) broader
and often petaloid. Cor. irregular. Pet. 3—5, connected
together, the lower one keelshaped. Caps. compressed.
Seeds solitary, with a 3-pointed basal arillus.—F. crested.

1. Potyeaua Linn. Milkwort.

1. P. vulgaris (L.); lower 1. smaller oblong, upper 1. linear-
lanceolate, cal.-wings obovate mucronate their veins branched
the lateral joining a branch of the central vein, caps. obcordate,
lateral bracts shorter than the pedicels. B. 76.—St. pro-
strate, ascending. L. scattered. Racemes terminal. Fl. blue,
pink, or white. Central vein of wings nearly simple ending in a
mucro; lateral only branched externally ; branches joining in
loops and also with the upper ones of the central vein. Lobes
of arillus unequal, blunt, lateral ones $ as long as the seed which
is a little stalked within the arillus.—. P. depressa (Wend.);
lower 1. mostly opposite and crowded, st. long prostrate wiry,
racemes ultimately lateral. P. serpillacea Weihe.—P. oxyptera
(R.); fl. smaller, fr. broader than the wings. E. B.S. 2827.—
A plant from Ben Bulben, Sligo, has oblong smallish lower 1.,
large lanceolate upper 1., elliptical apiculate cal.-wings whose
lateral veins rejoin the mostly simple central vein near its tip and
have many netlike veins externally; deep blue flowers. It is
probably a five state of this species and may be the var. grandi-
flora (W. and G.).—Dry pastures and peaty fens. P. VI.—IX.

2. P. calcarea (F. Sch.); 1. chiefly in an irregular terminal
tuft large obovate obtuse, upper 1. smaller lanceolate, cal.-wings

12. FRANKENIACE&.—13, ELATINACE. 4l

oblong their veins branched the lateral looping with a branch
from near the middle of the central vein, caps. oblong-obcordate,
lateral bracts shorter than the pedicels.—P. amara Don, E.B.S.
2764. P. amarella Coss. et Germ. Atl. t.7.—St. weak, procum-
bent or ascending, nearly naked below. F'l.-st. from the axils of
the term. rosette, simple, short; racemes terminal. Fl. blue.
Lobes of arillus unequal, lateral 4 as long as seed.—Chalk hills
of the S.E. of England. P. V. E.

3. P. austriaca (Cr.); lower 1. larger obovate obtuse in a basal
rosette, upper |. obloug-lanceolate, cal.-wings oblong or obovate
obtuse their veins simple or slightly branched free, caps. wedge-
shaped below roundish broader than the wings, lateral bracts
shorter than the pedicels.—P. uliginosa R.1.i.f. 40.41. P.
amara Sv. Bot. t. 484.—Rosette at the crown of the rootstock ;
1. much the largest, broad, rounded at the end. Fl.-st. from the
axils of the rosette, simple, short; upper |. acute; racemes ter-
minal. Cal.-wings longer than caps. (in our plant). Lobes of
arillus nearly equal, blunt, } as long as seed.—Cronkley Fell,
Yorkshire (1500 ft.). Mr. James Backhouse. P. VI. VII.

Order XII. FRANKENIACE.

Sep. 4—5, in a furrowed tube below. Pet. 5, clawed, with
appendages at the base of the limb. Stam. 5 or more, free, 2-
celled, opening by 2 terminal pores or longitudinally. Caps. 1-
celled, 2—4-valved ; placentas 3, parietal. Style slender, simple
or trifid. Seeds many, minute. Embryo in the albumen.

1. Franxenta. Style 3-fid; lobes oblong with the stigma
on their inner side. Caps. 1-celled, 3—4-valved.

1. Franxenta Linn. Sea-heath.

1. F. levis (L.); 1. linear revolute at the margin glabrous
ciliated at the base.—E. B. 205.—St. slightly downy, prostrate,
wiry. Cal. slightly hispid between its prominent angles. Fl.
terminal or from the forks of the stem, sessile, rose-coloured.
L. sometimes pulverulent, truly oblong but with much revolute
edges.—Salt marshes on the east coast. P. VII. E.

2. F. pulverulenta (L.); 1. obovate retuse glabrous above pul-
verulent beneath, petiole ciliated.—E. B. 2222.—St. similar to
the last.—Formerly on tlie Sussex coast, now lost. A. VII. E.

Order XIII. ELATINACE.

Sep. 3—5, distinct, or slightly connate. Pet. 3—5. Stam.
equal to or twice as many as the pet., free. Caps. 3—5-celled,

42 14, CARYOPHYLLACE.

3—5-valved, loculicidal, with central placentas. Styles 35,
stigmas capitate. Seeds many, albumen 0, embryo curved with
the seed.—L. without stipules, opposite.

1. Evating. Cal.3—4-parted. Pet.3—4. Stam. 3—4 or
6—8. Styles 3—4. Caps. 3—4-celled, many-seeded. Seeds
cylindrical, straight or bent.

1. Exvatine Linn. Water-wort.

1. E. hexandra (DC.); 1. opposite longer than their petioles,
fl. slightly stalked with 6 stam. and 3 obovate pet., caps. turbi-
nate concave at the summit 3-celled, seeds nearly straight as-
cending 8—12 in each cell.—R. I. f.599. E. Hydropiper £. B.
955. E. tripetala Sm.—Plant minute, procumbent. Fl. alter-
nate, axillary. Cal. 3-fid—Forming small matted tufts under
water, rare. A. VIII.

2. E. Hydropiper (L.); 1. opposite shorter than their petioles,
fi. stalked or nearly sessile with 8 stam. and 4 ovate pet., caps.
roundish depressed 4-celled, seeds bent almost double pendulous
4 in each cell.—E. B.S. 2670. EH. Schkuhriana (Hayne) Reich.
—F. quite sessile in our plant. Cal. 4-fid—Very rare, growing
under water. <A. VIII. E. I.

Order XIV. CARYOPHYLLACE.

Sep. 5 or 4, distinet or counected in a tube. Pet. 5 or 4,
clawed. Stam. usually twice as many as, sometimes equal to,
the petals, free or connected at the base. Anth. opening longi-
tudinally. Ovary one, often stalked. Stigmas 2—4, sessile,
filiform. Caps. 1- or imperfectly 2—5-celled, opening by twice
as many teeth as stigmas, sometimes valvular. Placenta central.
Embryo generally curved round mealy albumen.—L. without
stipules, opposite.

Suborder I. SILENE.

Sep. united into a tube. Stam. united below into a tube
which is connate with the stalk (carpophore) of the ovary. Caps.
stalked.

1. Drantuus. Cal. 5-toothed, with 2 or more imbricate
opposite scales at the base (except in D. prolifer). Pet. 5,
clawed. Stam. 10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, many-seeded,
opening at the top with 4 valves. Seeds peltate, convex
above, concave beneath and more or less keeled.

2. Saponaria. Cal. 5-toothed, naked at the base. Pet. 5,

14, CARYOPHYLLACE. 43

clawed. Stam. 10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, opening at
the top with 4 valves. Seeds globular or reniform.

(3. CucuBatus. Cal. 5-toothed, naked. Pet. 5, clawed.
Stam. 10. Styles 3. Caps. a globose 1-celled berry. Seeds
reniform. ]

4. Sirens. Cal. 5-toothed, naked. Pet. 5, clawed. Stam. 10.
Styles 3. Caps. more or less completely 3-celled, opening
at the top with 6 valves. Seeds reniform.

5. Lycunis. Cal. 5-toothed, naked. Pet. 5,clawed. Stam.
10. Styles 5. Caps. 1- or half 5-celled, opening at the top
with 5 or 10 teeth.

Suborder II. ALSINEZ.

Sep. distinct. Stam. free, inserted into a more or less evident
hypogynous ring. Caps. sessile.

* Valves of caps. the same number as the styles.

(6. Burronra. Sep.4. Pet.4, entire. Stam.4. Styles 2.
Caps. flattened, 2-valved, 2-seeded.]

7. Sacina. Sep., entire pet., styles and valves of caps. 4—5.
Seeds reniform, wingless. Stam. 4—10.

8. Honxennsa. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, large. Stam. 10, alter-
nating with glands. Styles and valves 3. Seeds few, large.

9. Ausine. Sep.and pet.5 or 4. Styles and valves 3 (or 4).
Seeds many, with a naked hilum.

10. CuerLerta. Sep. 5. Pet. 0or 5, minute. Stam. 10,
outer ones opposite to the sep. and springing from an oblong
emarginate glandular base. Styles and valves 3. Seeds
few, small.

** Valves of the caps. twice as many as the styles.

1}. Morurineia. Sep. 5. Pet. 4—8, entire or slightly
emarginate. Stam. 8orl0. Styles 2—3. Caps. opening
with 4 or 6 valves. Seeds many, with an appendage at the
hilum.

12. ARenaRtiA. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, or slightly emargi-
nate. Stam. 10. Styles 3. Caps. opening with 6 valves.
Seeds many, with a naked hilum.

13. HoLostgeum. Sep.5. Pet. 5, toothed at the end. Stam.
5or3or4. Styles3. Caps. subcylindrical, many-seeded,
opening at the end with 6 teeth.

44 14, CARYOPHYLLACE.

14. Sretuarta. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, bifid. Stam. 10. Styles 3.
Caps. opening with 6 valves or teeth, many-seeded.

15. Moencnta. Sep. 4, erect. Pet. 4, entire. Stam. 4.
Caps. many-seeded, opening at the end with 8 or 10 teeth.

16. MaLacuium. Sep.5. Pet. 5, bifid or entire. Stam. 10.
Styles 5. Caps. opening with 5 bifid valves.

17. Cerastium. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, bifid. Stam. 10 or 5 or 4,
Styles 5 or 4. Caps. tubular, opening at the end with 10
teeth.—In C. trigynum the styles are mostly 3.

Suborder I. Silenee.

1. Drantuus Linn. Pink.
* Fl. capitate or clustered.

1. D. prolifer (L.); fl. in a clustered head, cal.-scales mem-
branous pellucid the 2 outer ones shorter mucronate, inner oves
obtuse about equalling the calyx, st. glabrous, 1. all linear, seeds
boatshaped with a longitudinal membrane in the hollow rough
pointed at one end.—E. B. 956. R. vi. 247.—St. 1—14 ft. high,
erect, usually simple. Fl. expanding one at a time, small. Pet.
rose-coloured, obcordate. Head quite inclosed by brown dry
scales.—Sandy ani gravelly places, rare. A. VII.

2. D. Armeria (L.); fl. aggregate tufted, cal.-scales and bracts
lanceolate-subulate downy herbaceous ribbed equalling the tube,
st. downy, |. linear downy, seeds nearly flat one side shghtly hol-
lowed and with a longitudinal keel in its middle rough pointed
at one end.—E. B. 317. R. vi. 249.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect,
branched. Pet. rose-coloured, speckled with white dots, crenate.
—Waste places, rare. A. VII. VIII. Deptford Pink. E.

** Fl, solitary or panicled.

+3. D. plumarius (L.); st. 2—5-flowered, fl. solitary, cal.-
seales roundish-ovate shortly mucronate 4 times shorter than the
tube, 2. rough at the margin linear-subulate, pet. digitate multifid
as far as the middle with the central entire part obovate downy,
barren st. procumbent rooting much branched, seeds flat orbicular
with a point on one side.—H. vi. 257.—Flowermg stems 6—12
in. high. Calyx teeth ciliated at the margin, slightly shorter
than the capsule. Fl. pale pink, sometimes white, fragrant.—
Old walls and ruins. P. VI. E.

+4. D. Caryophylius (L.); fl. solitary, cal.-seales broadly ob-
ovate pointed 4 times shorter than the tube, J. with smooth mar-
gins linear, pet. crenate-dentate ovate glabrous, barren st. elon-

SAPONARIA.—SILENE. 45

gated procumbent branching, seeds pyriform nearly flat.—E. B.
214. R. vi. 268.—Fl. stems 12—18 in. high. Calyx teeth not
ciliated, longer than the capsule. Fl. pale pink, fragrant. Seeds
half the size of those of the preceding.—Old walls, Kent, Nor-
wich (?). P. VII. VIII. Clove Pink. E. S.?

5. D. cesius (Sm.); st. mostly single-flowered, cal.-scales
adpressed ovate obtuse shortly pointed 4 times shorter than the
tube, 1. with rough margins linear, pet. obovate crenately-cut
bearded, barren stems elongated procumbent branching, seeds
ovate pointed at one end.—E. B. 62. R. vi. 265.—Flowering
stem 6--8 in. high. Fl. pale rose-colour, fragrant.—On lime-
stone cliffs at Cheddar, Som. P.VI. VII. Cheddar Pink. E.

6. D. deltoides (L.); fl. solitary, cal.-scales usually 2 ovate
aristate 4 the length of the tube, 1. linear-lanceolate the lower
ones obtuse rough at the edges and keel, stem-l. acute and as
well as the st. pubescent-scabrous, pet. obovate dentate, barren st.
short procumbent simple (?), seeds obovate flat reticulate-rugose.
—E. B. 61. R. vi. 263.—Flowering-stems 6—12 in. high,
branched. Calyx teeth lanceolate, minutely ciliated. Fl. rose-
coloured, with a darker circle round the mouth, scentless.—.
D. glaucus (L.); 1. glaucous, cal.-scales usually 4, fl. nearly white
with a purple circle.—Hilly pastures. 8. King’s Park, Edin-
burgh. P. VI.—IX. Maiden Pink.

2. Saponaria Linn. Soapwort.

1. S. officinalis (L.); fl. fasciculate-corymbose, cal. cylindrical,
pet. retuse crowned, 1. elliptic-lanceolate ribbed, st. erect.—E. B.
1060. R. vi. 245. St. 6. 10.—St. 1—3 feet high, stout, leafy.
Fl. flesh-coloured or pale pink, large, handsome.—8. hybrida
(L.); some of the upper 1. combined and sheathing, pet. com-
bined.— Hedges, mostly near villages. Banks of streams on the
borders of Wales. P. VIII.

3. Cucusaxus Linn.

[l. C. bacciferus (L.); st. branched spreading, 1. ovate acute,
cal. campanulate, pet. distant.—E. B. 1577.—Fruit fleshy. —Isle
of Dogs near London, scarcely native. P. VIII.]

4, Sirene Linn. Catchfly.

1. 8. anglica (L.); racemes terminal, fi. alternate, cal. hairy
with setaccous teeth ovate when in fruit, pet. slightly cloven or
entire obovate, 1. lanceolate lower ones spathulate.—E. B. 1178.
—Hairy and viscid. St. simple or branched, erect. Fi. solitary,
secund, axillary, white or reddish.—Fr.-st. often reflexed.—8. 8.

46 14. CARYOPHYLLACE.

quinquevulnera (L.); fl. white with a large crimson spot upon
the disk of each usually entire petal. J. B. 86.—Sandy and
gravelly fields. 8. Duppas Hill, Surrey, and Wrotham, Kent.
A. VI—X. English Catchfly.

2. S. nutans (L.); pubescent, glandular-viscid above, panicle
secund with drooping trichotomous opposite 3— 7-flowered
branches, cal. ventricose with acute teeth, pet. bifid crowned,
segments linear, lower |. spathulate, stem-l. sessile lanceolate,
carpophore scarcely half as long as the capsule, teeth of the caps.
reflexed.—E. B. 465.—St. 13 foot high. Fl. white, most ex-
panded and sweetest in the evening.—8. S. paradoxa (Sm.); 1.
broader.—On limestone and chalky places. 8. Dover Cliffs. P.
VI. VII. Nottingham Catchfly. ELS.

[3. S.italica (Pers.); pubescent, panicle nearly erect with op-
posite trichotomous viscid branches, cal. long clavate with obtuse
teeth, pet. bifid not crowned, segments broad, lower 1. lanceolate-
spathulate, stem-l. linear-lanceolate, carpophore as long as caps.,
teeth of the capsule reflexed (?).—S. patens (Peete) E. B. S.
2748.—St. about 2 feet high.—An escape from cultivation. The
station at Dover is an error. P. VI. VIL] E. S.

4. S. Otites(Sm.); panicle elongate with opposite tufted ver-
ticillate-racemose branches, whorls many-flowered, peduncles
glabrous, cal. faintly veined smooth with obtuse teeth, pet. linear
undivided not crowned, 1. lanceolate-spathulate, stem-l. small
linear erect.—E. B. 85.—F'l. imperfectly dicecious, small, yellow-
ish. Caps. sessile. St. viscid at about the middle, 1 foot high.
—Sandy and gravelly places in the east of England. P. VI. E.

5, 8. inflata (Sm.); panicle terminal, fl. many drooping, cai.
inflated reticulated, pet. deeply cloven scarcely ever crowned,
segments narrow, |. elliptical lanceolate, stem crect.— FE. B. 164.
—Glabrous, smooth. St. 2—3 feet high. Inflorescence between
corymbose and panicled. Pet. white. Cal. inflated especially
below, mouth narrower than the base. Bracts scarious. Branches
of panicle unequal. Scented at night. Sometimes the st. and
1. are rough with hairs, and cal. downy.—Fields and roadsides.
P. VI—VIII. Bladder Campion. ,

6. S. maritima (With.); panicle terminal, fl. few usually soli-
tary erect, cal. inflated reticulated, pet. crowned, segments broad,
1. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, st. spreading decumbent, fl.
shoots ascending.—F. B. 957.—Barren procumbent shoots form-
ing acushion. FI. larger than those of No. 5. Cal. elliptical,
mouth broader than base, most inflated above the middle. Bracts
herbaceous.—Near the sea, also by alpine rills. P. VI.—VIIL.

7. S.conica (L.); st. erect forked, fl. from the forks or terminal,
cal. with 30 furrows conical in fruit, teeth subulate acute, pet.

LYCHNIS. 47

obcordate crowned, 1. linear subulate downy, caps. oblong-ovate.
—E. B. 922. 8. conoidea R.—St. 3—12 in. high, simple or
branched. Cal. of the flowers conical-tubular, rounded below,
of the fruit very broad at the base. Carpophore very short. FI.
reddish.—Sandy fields, rare. A.V. VI.

8. S. noctiflora (L.); st. erect repeatedly forked, fl. from the
forks or terminal, cal. veined and with 10 hairy glandular ribs
in fruit elliptic-oblong, teeth long subulate, pet. deeply bifid
crowned, 1. lanceolate lower ones obovate, caps. ovate.—E. B.
291. St. 3.10.—Resembling Lychnis vespertina. St. about 1 foot
high, downy and glandular. Caps. opening with 6 patent teeth.
Carpophore very short. Fl. reddish-white, rather large, sweet-
scented in the evening; pet. rolled up by day ; peduncles glan-
dular.—Sandy and gravelly fields. A. VII. VIII.

(9. S. Armeria (L.); “panicles forked many-flowered level-
topped, pet. cloven each with a double awlshaped scale, cal. and
1. smooth, caps. not longer than its stalk.” Sm —E. B. 1398.
St. 21. 4.—Chester, now lost. Yalding, Kent. A. VIL] E.

[10. S. alpestris (Jacq.); cal. topshaped short, st. dichoto-
mous, fl. axillary and terminal, calyx-teeth ovate-obtuse, pet.
crowned, limb with 4 teeth, caps. oblong twice as long as the
calyx, seeds cristate-ciliate, 1. lanceolate-—‘ On a rock on a
mountain to the east of Clova, Angus-shire, Mr. G. Don.”’!)

11. S. acaulis (L.); st. densely tufted and much branched, fl.
solitary, peduncles and cal. glabrous, cal. bellshaped with 10
striz, teeth ovate-obtuse, pet. slightly notched crowned, 1. linear
ciliated below.—EF. B. 1081. R. 5084.—Forming broad dense
tufts 2—3 in. high. Fl. purple or white, upon longish solitary
stalks, sometimes nearly sessile. Caps. twice as long as the
calyx. Plants somewhat dicecious.—Summits of the higher
mountains. P. VII. VII. Cushion-pink.

5. Lycunis Linn. Campion.

1. L. Viscaria (L.); pet. emarginate crowned, st. glabrous
viscid below the joinings, |. lanceolate glabrous the margins woolly
at the base, l. racenose-panicled somewhat whorled, carpophore
4 the length of the capsule—E. B.788.—St. simple, 1 foot high.
Fl. large, rose-coloured. Caps. 5-celled when young. Seeds
reniform, minute, acutely tubercled.—Dry rocks, rare. P. VI.

E. S.

2. L. alpina (L.); pet. cloven scarcely crowned, st. glabrous
not at all viscid, |. lmear-lanceolate glabrous sometimes minutely
ciliated at the base, fl. corymbose, carpophore 3 of the length of
the capsule—E. B. 9254.—St. simple, 5—6 in. high. FI. small,

48 14. CARYOPHYLLACES.

rose-coloured, crown scarcely more than 2 small tubercles upon
each petal. Caps. 5-celled when young. Seeds reniform, minute,
bluntly tubercled—Mountains. Glen Isla, Forfar. (3200 ft.).
Hobcarten Crag, Cumb. (2000 ft.). P. VI. VI. E. 8.

3. L. Flos-cuculi (L.); pet. deeply 4-cleft crowned, segments
linear palmately diverging, cal. with short teeth, st. with deflexed
hairs, 1. lanceolate the lower ones narrowed below, fl. loosely
panicled, caps. l-celled, teeth 5, carpophore very short.—. B.
573.—St. viscid and brownish above, 1—2 feet high. Pet. rose-
coloured, the crown bipartite; segments suhulate erect and
usually with an acute tooth on the middle of the outer margin.
Cal. 10-ribbed.—Moist places. P. V. VI. Ragged Robin.

4. L. vespertina (Sibth.); pet. half bifid crowned, st. villose,
1. peduncles and cal. hairy, 1. ovate-lanceolate, fl. dichotomously
panicled dicecious, calyx-teeth of the fertile fl. linear lanceolate
long, caps. conical, teeth 10 straight —St. 23.9. R. vi. 304.
LL. dioica B. (L.) E. B. 1580.—Fl. white, very rarely reddish.
Calyx of barren fl. obovate-oblong; of fertile fl. ovate, teeth
twice as long as those of L. diurna. Carpophore broad, short.
—Fields. B. (?) VI—IX. White Campion.

5. L. diurna (Sibth.); pet. half bifid crowned, st. 1. and cal.
villose, ]. ovate acute, fl. dichotomously panicled, dicecious, calyz-
teeth of the fertile fi. triangular, caps. nearly globular, teeth 10
recurved.—St. 23.8. R. vi. 304. L. dioica a. (L.) E. B. 1579.—
Fl. red, very rarely nearly white. Carpophore narrow, short.
The E. B. figures are not accurate in the form of the calyx-teeth.
Both No. 4 and 5 vary in colour from red to white and white to
red.—Damp hedgebanks. B. (?) V. VI. Red Campion.

6. L. Githago (Lam.); pet. entire or emarginate crownless,
calya-teeth longer than the tube exceeding the petals, fl. solitary
upon long stalks.—Agrostemma (L.) E. B. 741. St. 5. 6.-- Fl.
large, purple. St. dichotomous, 2—3 feet high. Cal. coriaceous,
ribbed, with 5 linear-lanceolate constantly erect-patent very long
eae Caps. 5-toothed.—Corn-fields. A. VI—VIII.° Corn

‘ockle,

Suborder II. Alsinee.

6. Burronta Linn.

[l. B. annua (DC.); “st. loosely panicled from the base,
branches spreading short firm, striz on the calyx straight parallel,
caps. scarcely equalliug the calyx, 1. subulate spreading at the
base.” DC.—B. tenuifolia Sm., E. B. 1313.—Said to have been
found near Boston, Linc. and on Hounslow Heath. A. VI] E.

SAGINA. 49

7. Sacina Linn. Pearlwort.

* Sep., pet., stam., styles and valves of caps. 4.

1. S. procumbens(L.); central st.very short, branches elongated
procumbent, J. linear awned, sep. blunt much longer than the
petals and slightly shorter than the capsule, apex of the peduncles
refleced after flowering ultimately erect—E. B. 880. R. v. 201.
St. 30. 3.—Glabrous. Central st. very short, barren and erect.
Branches elongated, procumbent, often rooting. Pet. blunt,
often wanting. A fifth part is occasionally added to the fl. in
which case it is distinguished from S. sazatilis by its cal. spread-
ing when in fruit and styles reflexed during flowermg. A fleshy
maritime form is often taken for S. maritima.—8. spinosa (Gibs.);
1. longer and narrower very minutely spimose-ciliated on the
edges.— Waste ground. P. V.—IX.

2. S. apetala (L.); st. elongated forked, branches ascending,
1. linear mucronate, sep. blunt much longer than the petals and
shorter than the capsule hooded ultimately spreading in the
form of a cross, peduncles always erect.—E. B. 881. R. v. 200.
—Pale green; upper part of the stem, peduncles and calyx more
or less clothed with granular hairs. Central st. elongated and
flowering. Branches often quite erect, sometimes prostrate.
Pet. very minute, inversely wedgeshaped and truncate. Caps.
conical-ovate, subpeltate below, stalked.—S. debils (Jord.) has
awnless l., sep. equalling and spreading from the ripe caps., and
may be a maritime state of S. apetala. It is often called S. ma-
ritima in England. 8S. maritima (Gren.) has a central rosette
and may be a form of S. procumbens.—Walls and dry places.
A. V.—IX.

3. S. ciliata (Fr.); st. elongated, branches diffuse or spread-
ing, L. linear awned, outer sep. pointed exceeding and adpressed
to the mature caps., their tips patent.—R. v. 200. S. patula Jord.,
S. apetala y. Bab.—Glabrous. Central st. elongated and flower-
ing. Cal. and tips of ped. sometimes with gland-tipped hairs.
Caps. ovate-attenuate, rounded below, stalked.— Dry pe
V. VI. eile

4. S. maritima (Don); central st. elongated forked, branches
ascending, J. fleshy blunt or apiculate rounded at the back gla-
brous, sep. blunt about equalling the capsule, peduncles always
erect.—E. B. 2195. S&S. stricta Fries.—St. often purple, brittle.
The central stem produces flowers and is erect, or in luxuriant
plants more or less procumbent. Sep. concave with incurved
tips. Caps. ovate, rounded below, sessile—On the sea-shore.
(Fries states that his plant sometimes occurs upon mountains in
Norway.) A. V.—IX. Sea Pearlwort.

D

50 14. CARYOPHYLLACES.

[S. densa (Jord.) has very much branched st. forming dense
tufts, with short joints and shorter lear plane-convex 1., caps.
ovate rounded below but stalked. It grows near Christchurch,
Hants, and probably at Wisbech, Camb. Apparently a distinct
species allied to S. maritima. ]

** Sen., pet., styles and valves 5. Stam. 10. SpERGELLA Reich.

5. S. saxatilis(Wimm.); central st. short and barren, 1. lmear
mucronate smooth, st. peduncles and cal. glabrous, pet. shorter
caps. longer than the calyx.—Spergula saginoides Sm., E. B.
2105.—St. prostrate, slightly rooting, many. Peduncles long,
their tips reflexed after flowering ultimately erect. Caps. rather
longer than the calyx, sometimes twice the length. Closely
resembling S. procumbens but distinguished by the valves of its
capsule being much more narrowed upwards, sep. adpressed and
narrower, pet. longer, styles not reflexed. Highland mountains.
P. VI.—VIII.

6. S. subulata (Wimm.); J. awned linear often ciliated, pedun-
cles and calyx glandular hairy, pet. about as long caps. longer
than the calyx.—Sypergula Sm., E. B. 1082.—St. procumbent.
Peduncles very long, the tip slightly reflexed after flowermg
ultimately erect. Caps. ovate-attenuate, rounded below, sessile.
—Dry gravelly and sandy places. P. VI.—VIII.

7. S. nodosa (E. Meyer); 1. subulate glabrous, upper J. shorter
Jasciculate, pet. much longer than the calyx, peduncles always
erect.—Spergula Sm., E. B. 694.—Primary stem abbreviated, not
flowering ; lateral stems procumbent. at the base then ascending,
2—6 in. long. Fi. terminal, 1, 2 or 3 together, white, conspicu-
ous. Whole plant often quite glabrous. Sometimes (S. glan-
dulosa Bess.) the upper parts of the st., the connecting mem-
brane of the 1. and the base of the cal. are glandular-hairy.—
Wet and sandy places. P. VII. VIII. Knotted Spurrey.

8. Honxenesa Ehrh, Sea-Pimpernel.

1. H. peploides (Ehrh.) ; 1. sessile ovate acute fleshy glabrous
l-veied, pet. obovate, sep. ovate obtuse 1-veined shorter than
the petals.—Arenaria E. B. 189.—St. dichotomous, procumbent,
rhizomatous. Fl. from the forks of the stem, frequently diceci-

ous. Caps. large, globose. Seeds few, large.—Sandy sea-coasts.
P. VI—IX.

9. Ausine Wail.

1. A. stricta (Wahl.); J. filiform veinless, fl.-shoots erect
naked above, pet. equalling the cal. oblong-oval attenuated
below, sep. ovate-lanceolate acute 3-veined (when dry), ped. ter-

CHERLERIA.—MOEHRINGIA. 51

minal 1—3 very long.—Aren. uliginosa EB. B. 8.2890. Alsinanthe

R. v. 209.—St. prostrate, exespitose.—Teesdale moors, very rare.
Mr. J. Backhouse. P. VI. E

2. A. verna (Jacq.); J. linear-subulate acute 3-veined, pet.
exceeding the calyx rounded-obovate attenuated below, sep. ovate-
lanceolate acute 3-veined with a membranous margin, peduncles
1- or many-flowered.—Arenaria Sm., E. B. 512. Triphane R.
v. 207.—L. usually not adpressed and mostly with a minute
point.—8. A. Gerardi (R.); 1. subulate bluntish not apiculate,
pet. elliptical shortly clawed scarcely longer than the calyx. L.
usually pressed close to the stem.—Rocky places in mountainous
districts. 8. On the hills above Kynance Cove near the Lizard
Point, Cornwall. P. V.—IX.

3. A. rubella (Wahl.); 7. limear-subulate blunt 3-veined, pet.
obovate attenuated below shorter than the calyx, sep. ovate-lan-
ceolate acute 3-veined with « membranous margin, peduncles
1-flowered. — E. B. S. 2638. Wahl. Lap. t. 6.—St. many.
Flowering shoots terminal, downy, nearly always single-flowered,
about an inch long, with 1—3 pairs of leaves. Ped. longer than
the calyx. Styles and valves of the capsule 3—5.—Summits of
the Scotch mountains, very rare. P. VII. VIII. A

4. A. tenuifolia (Wahl.); 1. subulate acute 3-veined, pet. ovate
attenuated below shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate-subulate
3-veined with a membranous margin.—Arenaria Sm., E. B. 219.
Sabulina R.—St. slender, 4—6 in. high, much branched, dicho-
tomous, with flowers in the forks. Glabrous.—8. A. viscosa
(Schreb.); upper parts, or cal. alone, covered with patent gland-
tipped hairs.—Sandy and chalky places. A. V. VI.

[5. A. fastigiata; 1. subulate acute 3-veined, pet. oblong ob-
tuse half the length of the calyx, sep. lanceolate acute equal
(white) with 2 central (green) ribs.—Arenaria Sm., E. B. 1744.
—‘ Mountains of Fifeshire and westward of Clova.” Mr. G.
Don, A. VI.J s.

10. CHERLERIA Linn.

1. C. sedoides (L.).—E. B, 1212.—Pet. generally wanting.
Fl. solitary, on short stalks. St. very many, forming a dense
mass close to the ground. L. very many, linear-subulate, finely
ciliated.—Summits of mountains. P. VI.—VIII. s.

11. Morurinetra Linn,

l. M. trinervis (Clairv.); 1. ovate acute stalked 3—5-veined
the upper ones sessile, pet. shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate
acute 3-ribbed the intermediate rib strongest and rough.—R.
y. 216. ArenariaSm., E. B. 1483.—St. about a foot high, weak,

Dp?

52 14. CARYOPHYLLACEX.

branched, downy. Fi. solitary from the forks of the stem and
axils of the upper leaves. Ped. ultimately spreading and curved
just below the fruit. Lateral veins of the sep. often obsolete.
Distinguished from Arenaria and Alsine by the appendages to
the hilum of its seeds—Damp shady places. A.V. VI.

12. ArenaRiA Linn. Sandwort.

1. A. serpyllifolia (L.); 1. ovate acute subscabrous sessile, pet.
shorter than the calyx, sep. lanceolate acute 3-ribbed hairy.—
E. B. 923. R. v. 216.—St. prostrate or ascending, dichotomous.
F\. from the forks of the stem or the axils of the upper leaves.
Pet. narrowly ovate, narrowed below. Clothed all over with
minute hairs which are sometimes glandular. According to
Hooker (Br. Fl. 68.) Wilson finds a plant at Bangor with 5 stam.,
the pet. only 4 as long as the cal. and the sep. with prominent
ribs.—8. tenuior (Koch); stems much more slender, fi. and fr.
of half the size.—Dry places and walls. A. VI.—VIII.

2. A. ciliata (L.); spathulate ciliated, pet. exceeding the
calyx, sep. ovate-lanceolate with 3 prominent ribs.— FH. B. 1745.
R. v. 217.—St. much branched, prostrate, rough. Fl. 1—5, ter-
minal, somewhat panicled. Pet. ovate, slightly clawed.— Lime-
stone cliffs on Ben Bulben, &c., Sligo. P. VI. VII. I.

3. A. norvegica (Guun.); 1. spathulate obovate fleshy not cili-
ated, pet. exceeding the calyx, sep. ovate acute obscurely 3-ribbed
glabrous.—E. B. S. 2852.—St. much branched, procumbent,
nearly smooth. Fl. 1—3, terminal. Pet. ovate, slightly clawed.
Seed dark brown, tuberculated.—On Serpentine Hill, Unst, Shet-
land. P. VII. VIII. 8.

13. HoLosteum Linn.

1. H. umbellatum (L.); fl. umbellate, peduncles pubescent
viscid, pedicels reflexed after flowering, 1. elliptical or elongate
acute.—E. B. 27. R. v. 221.—On old walls and dry places at
Norwich, Bury, Eye and Yarmouth. A. IV. E.

14. Srevuaria Linn. Stitchwort.

* Seeds on a linear long columella.

1. S. nemorum (L.); st. ascending downy above, 1. stalked
heartshaped, upper 1. ovate sessile, panicle dichotomous, pedun-
cles alternately pubescent, pet. deeply bifid twice as long as the
lanceolate sepals, caps. longer than the calyx.—E. B. 92. R.
v. 252.—St. 1—1} foot high. L- large, rough on the upper sur-
face, ciliated. Sep. with narrow scarious margins.—Damp woods,
chiefly in the north. P. V. VI. Wood Stitchwort.

STELLARIA. 53

** Caps. rounded below or scarcely tf at all narrowed ; colu-
mella very short.

2. S. media (Wither.); st. procumbent and ascending with
an alternate hairy line, l. ovate shortly pointed stalked, upper 1.
sessile, fl. axillary and terminal, pet. deeply bifid not exceeding
the ovate-lanceolate single-ribbed glandular-pilose sepals, caps.
oblong longer than the calyx.—H. B. 537. R. v. 222.—Very
variable in length of st., size of 1., number of stam. (3—10), and
length of joints. Sep. with a narrow scarious margin, glabrous
or with long hairs. Pet. sometimes wanting. Fr.-st. reflexed,
often scarcely exceeding the leaves. L. glabrous with broad
ciliated petioles.—f. S. neglecta (Weihe) ; 1. larger with longer
stalks, upper 1. sessile and subcordate slightly clasping, stam. 10.
—y. S. umbrosa (Opitz); 1. narrowed gradually into long points,
cal. more narrowed below, sep. lanceolate acute glabrous but
tubercular, valves of the caps. narrower, seeds with prominent
acute tubercles. St. much branched, slender. Fr.-st. much ex-
ceeding the leaves. 8S. grandiflora (Ten.) Woods.—Common,
y. Sussex. A, III—IX. Common Chickweed.

3. S. Holostea (L.); st. ascending angular with rough angles,
l. lanceolate-attenuate acute with a rough margin and keel all
sessile, fl. in a forked panicle, pet. half bifid twice as long as the
lanceolate veinless sepals, caps. globose about as long as the
calyx, bracts leaflike.—E. B. 511. R. v. 223,—St. 1—2 feet high,
slender and procumbent at the base, thicker upwards. L. gradu-
ally narrowing from a little above the base to the very acute point.
Fl. large, white, few, in a leafy panicle-— Woods and hedges. P.
IV.—VI. Greater Stitehwort.

4. S. glauca (Wither.); st. erect weak angular smooth, I. linear-
lanceolate acute quite smooth sessile, lower 1. broader, fl. solitary
or in a few-flowered lax corymb, pet. bipartite exceeding the
lanceolate 3-veined sepals, caps. oblong-ovate about as long as
the calyx, bracts with scarious and glabrous margins.—E. B. 825.
R. v, 223. S. palustris Retz.—Usually glaucous. St. 6—12 in.
high, leafy. Fl. rarely solitary. Pet. white, sometimes much
exceeding the cal., segments lmear.—Marshy places. P. V.—
VII.

5. S. graminea (L.); st. diffuse angular smooth, /. linear-lan-
ceolate acute quite smooth ciliated below sessile, fl. in a dichoto-
mous panicle, pet. bipartite equalling or exceeding the 3-veined
sepals, caps. oblong longer than the calyx, bracts searious ciliated.
—E. B.803.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fl. smaller than those of the
jast 2, white. Shorter or longer pet. accompany an imperfection
of the stam. or germen,—[S. longifolia (Fr.), S. Friesiana (Koch),
has the upper part of its stem and the edges and keel of its leaves

54 14. CARYOPHYLLACER.

scabrous.]— Dry heathy and bushy places. P. V.—VIII.
Lesser Stitchwort.

(6. S. scapigera (Willd.); st. shorter than the peduncles erect,
1. linear-lanceolate slightly pubescent on the margins, peduncles
long rising far above the leaves slender glabrous simple or once
forked, pet. deeply divided equalling the lanceolate acute slightly
fringed 3-ribbed sepals.—E. B. 1269.—No wild specimens are
known. I can scarcely believe that this is a state of S. graminea.
—By the sides of rivulets between Loch Ereachd and Loch i
gan, Scotland. Mr. G. Don. P. VI] :

* Cans. narrowed below, hence the cal. has a funnelshaped
base, Larsrea St. Hil. not Ser.

7. S. uliginosa (Murr.); st. diffuse angular glabrous, 1. oblong-
lanceolate acute with a callous tip.glabrous slightly ciliated below
sessile, fl. irregularly panicled lateral and terminal, pet. bipartite
shorter than the lanceolate 3-veined sepals, caps. ovate nearly
equalling the calyx, bracts scarious with glabrous margins.— E. B.
1074.— Very variable in size, usually about a foot long. FI. in
small panicles mostly axillary. On the summits of the Clova
mountains (3200 feet) it is about 2 in. long, with minute leaves
and usually solitary flowers.—In damp places. A. V. VI.

15. Morencuta Khrh.

1. M. erecta (Sm.); stam. 4.—E. B. 609. R. v. 227.—Glanu-
cous. St. erect, glabrous, 1—4 in. high. L. opposite, linear-lan-
ceolate, acute, rigid. Sep. with broad white membranous mar-
gins, acute.—Dry gravelly and sandy places. A. V. VI. E.

16. Maracuium Fries. Water-Chickweed.

1. M. aquaticum (Fr.) ; st. decumbent and ascending angular
covered with glandular hairs, 1. cordate-ovate acuminate sessile
the lowest one stalked, fl. scattered solitary in the forks of the
stem, pet. bipartite rather exceeding the calyx, caps. exceeding
the calyx.—R. vi. 237. Cerastium Sm. E. B. 538.—Closely re-
sembling Stellaria nemorum.—Usually in wet places. P. VII.

VI.
17. Cerastrum Linn. Mouse-ear.
* Root fibrous. Pet. not exceeding the calyx.
+ Caps. curved, pet. about equalling the calyx.

1. C. glomeratum (Thuil.); 1. ovate, sep. lanceolate acute with
a narrow membranous margin and as well as the herbaceous
bracts hairy throughout, caps. cylindrical ascending twice as long

CERASTIUM. 55

as the calyx, fruitstalks about equalling the calyx.—C. vulgatum
Sm., E. B. 789. R. vy. 229. C. viscosum Fries.—St. erect. Fl.
aggregated or in dichotomous panicles, longer than their stalks.
—P. C. apetalum(Dum.); pet. 0, whole plant usually much more
slender.—Fields and banks. A. 1V.—IX.

2. C. triviale (Link); 1. oblong-lanceolate, sep. oblong-ovate
bluntish and as well as the bracts membranous at their margins
and glabrous tips, caps. cylindrical ascending twice as long as
the calyx, fruitstalks at least as long as the calyx.—R. v. 229.
C. viscosum Sm., E. B. 790. C. vulgatum Fries.—St. mostly
procumbent. Fl. larger than those of the last, in small terminal
panicles the branches of which become much elongated as the
fruit advances to maturity.—8. holosteoides (Fries); glabrous, the
sides of the stem alternately pubescent. St. 63. 9.—In fields.
B. Near Newcastle on Tyne; and Perth. A. or B. [V.—IX.

tt Caps. nearly straight, pet. mostly shorter than the calyx.

3. C. semidecandrum (L.); 1. broadly ovate, sep. lanceolate
broadly membranous at their margins and tips, bracts with
their upper half membranous, caps. cylindrical slightly inflated
erect longer than the calyx, fruitstalks longer than the calyx at
first refleced afterwards erect.—E. B. 1630. R. vy. 228.—St. erect
or decumbent, downy, sometimes viscid. Distinguished by its
half-membranous bracts.—Common in dry places. A. IV. V.

4. C. pumilum (Curt.) ; 1. ovate or oblong, sep. lanceolate acute
with their tips and margins narrowly membranous, bracts herba-
ceous with an extremely narrow membranous margin, caps. slightly
eurved upwards longer than the calyx, fruttstalks short curved
at the top declining from their base ultimately erect.— Curt. Lond.
ii. 92.—Viscid. St. branched at the root, afterwards nearly
sinple, prostrate, or ascending. Fl. in small terminal dichoto-
mous corymbs. The curve at the top of the fruitstalks is rather
doubtful; my authentic specimens and the figure do not clearly
show its presence or absence. I know but little of this plant.—
Near Croydon, Surrey. Mr. Dickson! A. V.?

5. C. tetrandrum (Curt.); 1. oval or oblong, sep. lanceolate
acute their tips and margins narrowly membranous, bracts her-
baceous, caps. a little exceeding the cal. straight, fruitstalks 2—4
times as long as the caps. straight ultimately erect.—E. B. 166.
Curt. Lond. 11.93. C. pumilum Gren. C. atrovirens and C. tetran-
drum Bab.—Viscid. St. repeatedly forked from the very base
with a fl. in each fork. Bracts very broad, oval, rather acute or
apiculate, or nearly round, leaflike——Walls and sandy places
near the sea. A. V.—VII. ‘

56 15. MALVACE.

** Root truly perennial, with prostrate leafy shoots. Pet.
longer than the calyx.

6. C. arvense (L.); st. ascending prostrate below, /. linear-
lanceolate, fl. many, sep. and bracts lanceolate slightly acute
with membranous margins and tips, caps. at last longer than
the calyx, seeds small acutely tubercled.—E. B. 93.—St. long.
F). 7—14, in dichotomous panicles. Fruitstalks erect, bent just
under the calyx. St. and 1. hairy or glabrous.—In sandy and
gravelly and chalky places. P. 1V.—VIII.

7. C. latifolium (L.); pubescence short, st. prostrate cespitose,

1. elliptical or lanceolate, fl. 1—3, sep. blunt with membranous
margins, bracts herbaceous, caps. slightly narrowing straight,
seeds large rugose, fruitstalks obliquely patent— FE. B. 473.—
Pubescence short, rigid, yellowish. Barren shoots usually long.
L. variable in shape.—8. Edmondstonii (Wats.); 1. roundish-
ovate dark green, st. short densely leafy.— Alpine parts of Wales
and Scotland. 8. Unst, Shetland. Mr. T. Edmondston. P.V.
E. 8.

8. C. alpinum (L.); hairy, st. ascending, }. ovate ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, fl. few, sep. bluntish with membranous margins,
bracts herbaceous their margins often narrowly membranous,
caps. nearly cylindrical curved at the end, seeds small acutely
tubercled, fruitstalks obliquely patent.— HE. B.472. St.64,3.—
Pubescence long, silky. St. much branched below then simple,
elongated, prostrate or ascending. Fl. 1, 2 or 3 together, na
forked panicle, shorter than their stalks.—Alpine parts of Scot-
land and the north of England. P. VI.—VIII. E. §.

9. C. trigynum (Vill.); st. decumbent with an alternate hairy
line, |. elliptic-oblong, ped. pubescent 1—3-flowered terminal,
bracts herbaceous, styles mostly 3, caps. rather longer than the
calyx.—Stellaria cerastoides L. E. B. 911.—St. 4—8 in. long,
slender, leafless and much branched below. _L. light green, gla-
brous (or hairy in C. nivale Don), subsecund and subfaleate. FI.
large, white. Teeth of caps. 6—10.—Highland mountains. P.
VU. VIII. SE

Order XV. MALVACEA.

Sep. 5 or 3 or 4, more or less connected below, often double,
zestivation valvate. Pet. as many as the sepals, estivation twisted.
Stam. monadelphous, indefinite ; anth. 1-celled, reniform, burst-
ing transversely. Ovary formed by the union of several carpels
round a common axis. Carp. l- or many-seeded. Embryo
curved with twisted or doubled cotyledons, albumen variable in
quantity.—L. alternate, with stipules. FI. axillary.

MALVA. 57

1. Matva. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 3-leaved, inner
5-fid. Caps. orbicular, many-celled: cells 1-seeded and
circularly arranged.

2. AurH#a. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 6—9-fid,
inner 5-fid. Caps. orbicular, many-celled: cells 1-seeded
and circularly arranged.

3. LavaTerA. Styles many. Cal. double, outer 3-lobded,
inner 5-fid. Caps. orbicular, many-celled: cells 1-seeded
and circularly arranged.

1. Manva Zinn. Mallow.

1, M. moschata (L.); st. erect, 1. kidneyshaped with 5 or 7
deep pinnatifid lobes, lower 1. incise-crenate, stipules lanceolate
acute, fruitstalks erect, outer sep. linear-lanceolate, fruit hairy.
~—E. B. 754, R. v. 169.—Fl. large, rose-coloured, on axillary
single-flowered peduncles, crowded at the extremity of the stem
and branches. Cal. hairy. St. 1—2 feet high.—Gravelly places.
P. VII. VUI. Musk Mallow.

[M. Alcea (L.); outer sep. oval acute, fr. glabrous; should
be found in England.)

2. M. sylvestris (L.); st. erect, J. kidneyshaped with 5—7 deep
crenate lotes, stipules lanceolate, fruitstalks erect, outer sep. lan-
ceolate, fruit glabrous reticulate-rugose.—E. B. 671. R.v. 168.
—F. large. Pet. much longer than the hairy calyx, purple, on
axillary aggregated peduncles. St. 2—4 feet high.—Road-sides
and waste places. P. VI.—IX. Common Mallow.

3. M. rotundifolia (L.); st. decumbent, |. roundish-heartshaped
with 5—7 shallow acutely crenate lobes, stipules ovate-acute,
fruitstalks reflexed, owter sepals linear-lanceolate shorter than the
ovate-acuminate stellately hairy inner ones, pet. 2 or 3 times
longer than the calyx, fruit pubescent, carp. rounded on the edge
smooth.—E. B. 1092. M. vulgaris Fries, R. v. 167.—Fl. small,
purple. Carp. meeting each other with a straight line. Central
disk of the fr. rather large.—Waste places. P,.? VI.—IX.
Dwarf Mallow.

(4. Mf. borealis (Wallm.); st. decumbent, 1. roundish-heart-
shaped with 5—7 rather shallow crenate-dentate lobes, stipules
lanceolate, fruitstalks reflexed, outer sep. linear as long as the
ovate-acute glabrous but strongly ciliated inner ones, pet. about
equalling the calyx, fr. pubescent, carp. margined reticulate-
rugose.—M. pusilla Sm. £. B. 241. M. rotundifolia Fries, R.!
v. 167.—Fl. very small. Carpels meeting each other with a
toothed edge. Central disk half as large as in the preceding
plant.—Hythe, Kent. Huds. Not found since. A. ee E.

D

58 16. TILIACE.

(5. M. verticillata (L.); st. erect, 1. cordate with 5 deep cre-
nate-dentate triangular acute lobes, fl. axillary clustered nearly
sessile, outer sep. linear half as long as the reticulated diaphanous
pilose enlarged inner ones, pet. about as long as the calyx, fr.
glabrous, carp. rounded on the edge reticulated.—B. B. S. 2953.
—Fl. small. Carpels separated by a deep furrow into which the
elevate-reticulated surface extends. Central disk very small.
Stem quite erect like a little hollyhock. Petioles several times
longer than the clusters.—Near Llanelly, S. Wales. A.] E.

2. AttHma Linn.

1. A. officinalis (L.); 1. soft on both sides crenate or crenate-
serrate cordate or ovate 3—5-lobed, peduncles axillary many-
flowered shorter than the leaves, st. downy.—E. B. 147. R.v. 173.
—St. 2—3 feet high. Covered with soft velvety pubescence.—
Marshes, particularly near the sea. P. VIII. IX. Marsh Mallow.

+2. A. hirsuta (L.); 1. hispid cordate, lower 1. reniform ob-
tusely 5-lobed, upper 1. palmate with 5 or 3 acute lobes, pedun-
cles axillary 1-flowered longer than the leaves, st. hispid.— £.B.S.
2674. R. v. 172.—Stem and calyx very hispid.—Between Cob-
ham and Cuxton, Kent. A. VI. VII. E.

3. Lavatera Linn. Tree-Mallow.

1, L. arborea(L.); st. woody, 1. 7-angled plaited velvety, ped.
axillary aggregated 1-flowered shorter than the petioles.—LH. B.
184]1.—F). large, purplish rose-coloured with darker veins. St.
3—8 feet high.—Maritime rocks, rare. B, VII.—IX.

Order XVI. TILIACE.

Sep. 4—5, estivation valvate. Pet. 4—5. Stam. distinct,
indefinite, or (in exotics) polyadelphous ; anth. 2-celled, bursting
longitudinally. Glands 4—5 at the base of the petals. Carp.
4—10-celled, several seeds in each cell or by abortion 1-celled
l-seeded. Embryo erect in the axis of fleshy albumen; cotyle-
dons flat, leafy.—L. alternate, with stipules.

J. Tinta. Sep. 5, deciduous. Pet. 5, with or without a scale
at the base. Stam. indefinite, free, or polyadelphous.
Ovary 5-celled, cells 2-seeded. Style 1. Fr. 1-celled, with
1 or 2 seeds.—No scale to the pet. in our plants.

1. Tinta Linn. Lime Tree.

*1. T. europea (L.); 2. obliquely cordate glabrous except a
woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath, ped. many-
flowered, fr. not oblique nearly smooth coriaceous downy.—E. B.

17. HYPERICACER, 99

610.—Fl. in a naked cyme springing from a lanceolate leaflike
bract. L. twice the length of their petioles—In many old plan-
tations. T. VII.

2. T. parvifolia (Ebrh.); 1. obliquely cordate glabrous except
a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath, ped. many-
flowered, fr. oblique angular thin and brittle —E. B. 1705.—L.
usually scarcely longer than their petioles, with stellate hairs be-
neath. Lobes of the stigma ultimately spreading horizontally.—
In woods. Probably the only truly native species. T. VIII.

*3, T. grandifolia (Ehrh.) ; 1. obliquely cordate downy beneath
with a woolly tuft at the origin of each vein beneath, ped. mostly
3-flowered, fr. with 5 prominent angles woody downy turbinate.
—E. B. S. 2720.—Young shoots hairy. L. longer than their
petioles with solitary hairs beneath. Lobes of the stigma erect.
—T. rubra (Lindl.) is stated to have globose and smooth fruit
and to be T. corallina Sm. I have not seen it.—In old planta-
tions. T. VI. VII. E. I.

+

Order XVII. HYPERICACEA.

Sep. 4—5, distinct or cohering, persistent, with glandular dots,
imbricate. Pet. 4—5, twisted in estivation. Stam. indefinite,
polyadelphous, connected in 3 or 4 bundles at the base. Anthers
versatile. Styles several, rarely connate. Fruit a dry or fleshy
capsule of many cells and many valves, the valves curved inwards.
Seeds minute, indefinite, on a central axis or the incurved mar-
gins of the valves, embryo straight with no albumen.—L. mostly
opposite, with pellucid dots. FI. yellow.

1. Hypericum. Cal. 5-parted or of 5 sepals. Pet. 5. Styles
3 (in nearly all our plants) or 5, Caps. more or less per-
fectly 3-celled, many-seeded.—F. yellow.

1. Hypericum Linn. St. John’s Wort,

* Styles 5. Pet. unequal-sided.

*1, H. calycinum (L.); st. shrubby square, |. oblong, fl. soli-
tary, sep. unequal obovate obtuse, pet. often lobed on one side.
—E. B.2017.—F. very large.—Naturalized in bushy ae in
Wicklow and Cork; Scotland; England. P. VII.—IX.

** Styles 3, stam. in 5 sets, pet. deciduous. ANDROSAZMUM.

2. H. Androsemum (L.); st. shrubby compressed, 1. broadly
subcordate-ovate blunt, cymes trichotomous few-flowered, sep.
broad unequal, pet. oval blunt, styles much falling short of stam.,
caps. pulpy imperfectly 3-celled blunt.— Curt. Lond. i. 164.—St.

60 17. HYPERICACES.

very little branched, 2 ft. high. L. large, with a strong aromatic
smell when rubbed. Fil. large in term. cymes. Pet. short.
Styles much shorter than the black capsule, finally hooked.—
Thickets and hedges. P. VII. VIII. Tutsan.

3. H. anglicum (Bert.); st. shrubby 2-edged, ped. 2-winged,
1. subcordate-ovate subacute, cymes few-flowered, sep. broad
unequal 3 as long as petals, styles exceeding the stam., caps. oval.
—H. Androsemum E. B. 1225.—St. tall, much branched. FI.
like those of H. hircinum which is naturalized in Ireland.—
Hedges and thickets? P. VII.—IX.

*** Styles 3, stam. shortly united in 3 sets, pet. persistent.

4. H. quadrangulum (L.); st. erect with 4 wings, 1. ovate with
pellucid dots, sep. erect lanceolate acuminate entire, pet. lanceo-
late, styles half as long as the capsule.—E. B. 730. H. tetra-
pterum Fries, Koch, R. vi. 344.—St.1—2 feet high. Fl. in ter-
minal forked close many-flowered cymes, pale. This is certainly
the plant of Linn. Hort. Cliff. 380. No. 5.—In wet places. P.
VII.

5. H. perforatum (L.); st. erect 2-edged, 1. oblong with pel-
lucid dots, sep. erect lanceolate acute, pet. obliquely oblong, styles
as long as the capsule—E. B. 295. R. vi. 343 —St. 1—2 feet
high. _L. elliptic-oblong, they vary much in form, and the num-
ber and size of the pellucid dots; chief veins pellucida, but not
forming a network as in the next. Sep. exceeding the ovary,
usually denticulate near the apex.—8. angustifolium ; 1. linear-
oblong, sep. lanceolate acute denticulate (not “entire ””).— Woods,
hedgebanks, &c. P. VII. VIII.

6. H. dubium (Leers); st. erect quadrangular, I. elliptic-ovate
obtuse with a few pellucid dots netted with pellucid veins, sep.
refleced with many black dots on the outside, pet. elliptical, styles
half as long as the capsule.-—E. B. 296. H. quadrangulum Fries.
—St. 1—2 ft. high. Fl. in forked terminal cymes. Sep. ellip-
tical, nearly entire. Caps. longitudinally striated.—8. maculatum;
sep. oblong-lanceolate minutely denticulate, 1. narrower. H. ma-
culatum Bab.—Moist places by ditches, &. P. VII.

(. H. humifusum (L.) ; st. prostrate somewhat 2-edged, 1. oval-
oblong obtuse minutely pellucid-punctate the margins with black
dots beneath, fl. subeymose, sep. unequal, 3 oblong obtuse mu-
cronate, 2 lanceolate, all entire or glandular-serrate and having
a few black dots beneath, stam. 15—20, styles very short.—E. B.
1226. R. vi. 342.—St. slender, 3—6 in. long.—Gravelly and
heathy places. P. VII.

8. H. linariifolium (Vahl); st. erect or ascending terete, 1.
linear obtuse with revolute margins, fl. cymose, sep. rather

HYPERICUM. 61

unequal lanceolate acute with glandular serratures and many
black dots beneath, stam. about 30, styles half as long as the cap-
sule.—E. B. S. 2851.—St. wholly erect or procumbent below.
Fl. larger than in the last.—Channel Isles. Cape Cornwall.
Banks of the Teign, Tamar and Tavy, Devon. P. VII.

(9. H. barbatum (Jacq.); st. erect slightly 2-edged, 1. oblong-
lanceolate with revolute margins and scattered black dots, sep.
anceolate fringed with gland-tipped hairs as long as the diameter
of the sepals, pet. obovate minutely ciliated and copiously dotted.
—E. B. 1986.—* Aberdalgy in Strathearn, Perthshire.” Mr.
G. Don. P. IX. X.] Ss.

10. H. hirsutum (L.); st. erect round hairy, 1. oval-oblong
slightly stalked pellucid-punctate pubescent, sep. lanceolate acute
Fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet. linear oblong tipped with
stalked glands, styles deciduous.—J£. B. 1156. R. vi. 349.—St.
about 2 feet high, nearly simple. Fi. in axillary and terminal
forked panicles. Seeds longitudinally papillose—Woods and
thickets. P. VII. VIII.

11. H. montanum (L.); st. erect round glabrous, 1, ovate-ob-
long sessile pellucid-punctate with glandular dots near the mar-
gin, sep. lanceolate acute fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet.
elliptical entire without dots or glands, styles half the length of
the capsule.—E. B. 371. R. vi. 347.—Fragrant. St. two feet
high, simple. Fl. in terminal dense panicles. Seeds with longi-
tudinal crenate ridges.—Bushy limestone hills. P. VII. VIII. E.

12. H. pulchrum(L.); st. erect round glabrous, 1. cordate am-
plewicaul pellucid-punctate glabrous, sep. broadly ovate obtuse
fringed with sessile glands, pet. ovate-lanceolate fringed with
glands.—E. B. 1227.—St. 12—18 in. high, nearly simple. Fi.
im loose, axillary, opposite, and terminal panicles. Buds tipped
with red. Anth.red.—Dry heaths, banks, woods. P. VI. VII.

*#KX Styles 3; stam. united in lower half in 3 sets, a scale
between each set ; pet. equal-sided.

13. H. elodes (L.); st. ascending round shaggy rooting below,
l. roundish-ovate sessile pellucid-punctate shaggy, sep. ovate
bluntish glabrous fringed with shortly stalked glands, pet. ovate
entire, styles nearly as long as the capsules.—#. B. 109. Elodes
palustris R. vi. 342.—St. prostrate below, then ascending and
leafy. Fl. in terminal and axillary few-flowered panicles. ‘“ Seeds
longitudinally furrowed.” Leight. Spongy bogs. P. VII. VIII.

62 18. ACERACEH.—19. GERANIACEE.

Order XVIII. ACERACE.

Cal. 5-, rarely 4—9-parted, imbricated. Pet. the same number,
inserted round a hypogynous disk. Stam. generally 8, inserted
on the hypogynous disk. Ovary 2-lobed, 2-celled. Style 1.
Stigmas 2. Fruit winged, separating into 2 indehiscent nuts
each with 1 cell and 1—2 seeds. Embryo curved, albumen 0.—
Trees with opposite leaves.

1, Acer. Fl. polygamous. Calyx 5-parted. Pet. 5. Stam.
usually 8, longer im the male flowers.

1. Acer Linn. Maple.

1. A. campestre (L.); 1. 5-lobed, lobes entire or slightly cut,
corymbs erect, sep. and pet. linear hairy, wings of the fruit hori-
zontally diverging, ovary downy, stam. of the male flowers as
long as the corolla.—E. B. 304. R. v. 162.—A swmall tree with
corky fissured bark.— Woods and hedges. T. V. VI. Maple.

+2. A. Pseudo-platanus (L.); 1. 5-lobed unequally serrated,
racemes pendulous, ovary downy with spreading wings, stam. of
the male flowers twice as long as the corolla.—#. B. 303. R. v.

164.—A large handsome tree.—In hedges and plantations. T.
V.VI. Sycamore.

Order XIX. GERANIACEA.

sep. 5, persistent, imbricated. Pet. 5, clawed, twisted in
wstivation. Stam. generally monadelphous, 2 or 3 times as
many as the petals, some often abortive. Fruit of 5 carpels co-
herimg round a long beaked torus, each terminated by an indu-
rated style which finally twists up, separating from the torus,
and carrying with it the carpel. Seeds solitary, without albu-
min, Cotyledons convolute, plaited.

1. Gprantum. Sep. 5. Pet. 5. Stam. 10, monadelphous,
alternately larger and with glands at their base. Carp.
rounded at the top; the long ultimately recurved awn gla-
brous internally.

2. Eropium. Sep. 5. Pet.5. Stam. monadelphous, 5 sterile,
5 fertile with glands at their base. Carp. with 2 lateral de-
pressions at the top; the long ultimately spirally twisted

awn bearded internally.
1, Geranium Linn. Cranesbill.

* Root consisting of long fibres springing from a premorse
rhizome, perennial,

1. G. pheum (L.) ; peduncles 2-flowered, pet. roundish wedge-

GERANIUM. 63

shaped rather longer than the mucronate sepals, carp. hairy
below transversely wrinkled above, seeds punctate-striate-—E. B.
322, R.v.197.--St. erect, 2 feet high. L.5-lobed : lobes acute,
cut, serrated. FI, purplish-black, very rarely white.—In woods
and thickets, rare. P.V. VI. E. 8.

[2. G. nodosum (L.) ; peduncles 2-flowered, pet. obcordate
long, sepals awned, carp. even downy, 1. 3—5-lobed, lobes ovate
acuminate serrate.—H. B. 1091.—St.18 in. high, slender, erect.
Fl. pale purple.—In Cumberland and Hertfordshire. P. V.—
Vile. striatum which resembles this but has a hairy stem
was found near Filby, Cumb., and Chepstow. Planted?] — E.

3. G. sylvaticum (L.); peduncles 2-flowered, pet. obovate
slightly notched long, sepals awned, carp. even hairy, hairs
spreading glandular, seeds dotted, |. palmate 7-lobed, lobes cut
and serrated, st. erect glandular-hairy above, filaments of stam.
subulate, fruitstalks erect.—E. B.12\.—St. erect, 2—3 feet high.
Fi. purplish-blue, claws of the petals bearded, lower half of fila-
ments hairy. When the fl. are pale rose-coloured, pet. smaller
and nearly entire, and st. more decidedly hairy, it may be the
B. fastigiatum (Fries).— Woods and thickets, rare. P. VI. VII.

4, G. pratense (L.); ped. 2-flowered, pet. obovate entire or
slightly notched long, sepals awned, carp. even hairy, hairs
spreading glandular, seeds minutely reticulated, \. palmate 7-lobed,
lobes cut and serrated, st. diffuse glandular hairy above, hairs de-
flexed, filaments of stam. filiform with a triangular-ovate base,
fr.-st. deflexed.—E. B. 404.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fi. large,
purple, claw of pet. ciliated. Base of filaments slightly hairy.—
Moist pastures. P. VI.—VIII.

5. G. sanguinewm (L.); peduncles mostly single-flowered, pet.
obcordate long, sepals awned, carp. smooth crowned with a few
bristles, seeds minutely wrinkled and dotted, 1. nearly round
7-lobed, lobes deeply 3-fid and cut, st. diffuse hairy, hairs spread-
ing horizontally.-—E. B. 272. R. v. 168.—F. large, purple; fila-
ments dilated at the base.—f8. G. prostratum (Lindl.); st. dwarf
tufted nearly simple decumbent, fl. flesh-coloured. G. lancas-
triense With.—In dry places. 8. Sands in Walney Island, Lan-
cashire. P. VII.

** Root fusiform, rhizome wanting, perennial.

6. G. pyrenaicum(L.); peduncles 2-flowered, fruitstalks de-
flexed, pet. obcordate twice as long as the mucronate sep., claws
densely ciliated, carp. smooth with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth,
1. reniform 7—9-lobed, lobes oblong obtuse trifid and toothed
at the end, st. erect villose.—E. B. 405. R. v. 191.—F'. light pur-
ple or nearly white. Claws of the pet. with a dense tuft of hairs

04 19. GERANIACES.

on each side. Fertile anth. 10, Segments of the upper leaves
more acute. St. spreading, 1—3 feet high, clothed with dense
short down and long hairs intermixed.— Roadsides and pastures.
P. VI. VIL.

** Root fusiform annual, ped. 2-flowered.

7. G. pusillum (L.); pedicels deflexed after flowering, pet.
notched a little exceeding the mucronate sepals, claws slightly
ciliated, carp. smooth with adpressed hairs, seeds smooth, 1. reni-
form palmate with 5—7 trifid lobes, st. diffuse downy.—E. B.
385. R.v. 190. G. rotundifolium Fries.—St. usually prostrate,
clothed only with short down. F1. small, bluish-purple. Claws
of the pet. only slightly ciliated. Fertile anth. 5. Ped. shorter
than the leaves.— Waste places. A. VI.—IX.

8. G. dissectum (l..); pet. bifid about equalling the awned
sepals, claws slightly ciliated, carp. smooth with erect hairs, seeds
reticulated, 1.1n 5—7 deep laciniated segments with linear lobes,
st. diffuse hairy. —E. B. 753. R. vy. 189.—Fl. small, bluish-pur-

le. L. divided almost to the base, longer than the peduncles.—
Waste places. A. VI.—VIII.

9. G. columbinum (L.); pet. obovate emarginate with a short
obtuse tooth in the notch about equalling the awned sepals,
claws ciliated, carp. smooth with a few minute scattered hairs,
seeds reticulated, 1. in 5—7 deep laciniated segments, st. diffuse
with adpressed hairs.—. B. 259. R. v. 198.—FI. small, rose-
coloured. L. divided almost to their base. Peduncles longer
than the leaves, pedicels very tong.—On gravelly and limestone
soils. A. VI. VII.

10. G. rotundifolium (L.) ; pet. spathulate entire obtuse rather
longer than the shortly awned sepals, claws glabrous, carp.smooth
with spreading hairs, seeds reticulated, |. reniform in 5—/ broadly
wedge-shaped incise-crenate segments, st. diffuse pubescent.—
E. B. 157. R. v. 190. G. viscidum Ebrh.—FI. small, flesh-co-
loured. Peduncles shorter than the leaves.—Old walls and
waste places, rare. A. VI. VII.

ll. G. molle (L.); pet. oblong deeply bifid 4 as long again as
the mucronate sepals, claws ciliated, carp. transversely wrinkled
glabrous, seeds smooth, |, roundish-reniform in 79 deep wedge-
shaped segments trifid at the end, st. diffuse pubescent.—E. B.
778. R. v. 191.—FL small, purple. Softly pubescent, glandular
above.—Dry places. A. [V.—VIII.

12. G. lucidum (L.); pet. obovate entire, claws glabrous very
long nearly equalling the transversely rugose pyramidal calya,
carp. reticulated triply keéled glandular-hairy at the summit,
seeds smooth, |. reniform in 5 obtuse incise-crenate mucronate

ERODIUM. 65

segments, st. spreading ascending.—Z. B. 75. R. v. 187.—Fi.
small, rose-coloured. St. and 1. glabrous and shining, often
strongly tinged with red.—Lindley considers his G. Raii as most
allied to this species, differing by its “ shaggy calyx and simply
ah ie South coast of England.— Walls and hedge-banks.

13. G. robertianum (L.); pet. obovate entire or slightly emar-
ginate, claws glabrous very long nearly equalling the long-awned
hairy and slightly glandular sepals, carp. transversely wrinkled
downy, seeds smooth, 1. ternate or quinate, leaflets stalked trifid
incise-pinnatifid, st. spreading erect.—E. B. 1486. R. v. 187.—
Fl. purple, sometimes white. Cal. with a very few glandular
hairs, not transversely rugose.—8. maritimum; carp. glabrous
with 1—2 deep transverse wrinkles at the top.—y. G. purpureum
(Forst.) ; pet. narrower, sep. glandular-hairy, carp. glabrous and
more wrinkled, 1. in narrower segments. E. B. S. 2648.~-Hedge-
banks. 8. and y. Southern sea-coast. A. V.—IX.

2. Erovium L’ Herit. Storksbill.

1. E. cicutarium (Sm.); st. procumbent hairy, peduncles
many-flowered, perfect stam. dilated not toothed below glabrous,
beak hairy, a concentric furrow below the circular glandless de-
pression on the carpel, 1. pinnate, leaflets sessile pinnatifid cut,
stip. lanceolate.—E. B. 1768.—Very hairy. Fl. purplish or
white. Leaflets very deeply divided, their segments lanceolate
or linear, acute. In Jersey specimens the l. are ovate and short,
and their segments short broad and bluntish.—Waste ground.
A. VI.—IX.

2. E. moschatum (Sm.); st. procumbent hairy, peduncles
many-flowered, perfect stam. toothed at the base glabrous, beak
downy, a concentric furrow below the circular glandular depres-
sion on the carpel, 1. pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile orate unequally
cut, stip. oval—E. B. 902.—Much larger than the preceding
and diffusing a strong musky scent when handled. Leaflets less
deeply cut.—Waste places, rather rare. A. VI. VII.

3. E. maritimum (Sm.); st. prostrate slightly hairy, peduncles
1—2-flowered, pet. very minute, a transverse furrow below the
semicircular depression on the carpel, |. simple ovate-cordate
stalked lobed and crenate.—E. B. 646.—St. often very fleshy.
Fl. very small. Pet. pale red, very minute, often wanting.—
Sandy and gravelly places, particularly near the sea, rare. P.

wha.

66 20, LINACE.

Order XX. LINACE.

Sep. 4—5, persistent, imbricate. Pet. 4—5, twisted in zsti-
vation, clawed, fugitive. Stam. as many as the pet., connected
into a hypogynous ring with intermediate teeth (abortive sta-
mens). Ovary with about as many cells and styles as the sepals,
stigmas capitate. Caps. generally tipped with the hardened base
of the styles, with 3—5 complete dissepiments (of 2 membranes),
and 4—5 incomplete dissepiments. Seeds 1 in each spurious
cell, pendulous, with aloumen.—L. without stipules, alternate.

1. Linum. Cal. of 5 sepals. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Styles 5.
Caps. with 10 cells and 10 valves.

2. Raproua. Cal. of 4 sepals, connected below, deeply trifid.
Pet.4. Stam.4. Styles4. Caps. with 8 cells and 8 valves.

1. Linum Linn. Flax.
* Leaves scattered. Margins of the sep. not glandular.

1. L. angustifolium (Huds.); caps. downy within, sep. ellip-
tical pointed ciliated, 1. linear-lanceolate, st. many.—E. B. 381.
—TF. pale blue. St. 1—2 feet high, lax, branching irregularly.
—Sandy and chalky places. P. VII. E. I.

*2. L. usitatissimum (L,); caps. glabrous within, sep. ovate
pointed ciliated, 1. lanceolate, st. solitary.—E. B. 1357. St. 26.
12.—FL blue. St. 1—1 foot high. Sep. 3-veined.—f. erepi-
tans (Schub.); smaller and more branched, caps. opening with
elasticity, seeds paler.—In cultivated fields. A. VII. Common
Flax.

3. L. perenne (L.); sep. obovate obtuse obscurely 5-veined
glabrous, 1. linear-lanceolate, st. many, fruitstalks erect.—E. B.
40.—Fl. blue. St. 1—2 ft. long, erect or decumbent.—Chalky
places. P. VI. VII. E. I.

** Leaves opposite.

4. L. catharticum (L.); sep. elliptical pointed, 1. opposite ob-
ovate, upper |. lanceolate —E. B. fa. white, small; sep.
serrated ; pet. acute. St. one or more, slender. Panicle forked,
spreading.—In dry pastures. A. VI.—VIII.

2. Rapiouta Gmel. Flax-seed.

1. R. millegrana (Sm.).—E. B. 893. R. linoides DC., Koch.
—St. 1-2 in. high, repeatedly forked, with solitary fl. in the
axils as well as at the extremities of the branches. Fl. minute,

21. BALSAMINACEX.—22,. OXALIDACES. 67

white. Sep. deeply and acutely 3-cleft, connected below into a
tube.—Damp sandy places. A. VII. VIII.

Order XXI. BALSAMINACE.

Sep. 5 (2 upper usually wanting), irregular, deciduous, lower
spurred, imbricate in estivation. Pet. 5, irregular, united in
pairs. Stam. 5. Anth. 2-celled, opening at the apex by a lon-
gitudinal fissure, more or less connected. Ovary 5-celled. Fr.
capsular with 5 elastic valves. Seeds solitary or many, pendu-
lous; albumen 0.—L. without stipules. Plant succulent.

1. Imparrens. Sep. 3, the lower one cucullate with a spur.
Pet. 3, upper one symmetrical, lateral unequally 2-lohed or
each formed of 2 combined. Anth. cohering.

1. Impatiens Linn. Balsam.

1. I. Noli-me-tangere (L.); 1. ovate coarsely serrate, pedun-
cles many-flowered solitary, spur loosely recurved not emarginate.
—E. B, 937. R. v. 198. b. St. 5. 15.—FI. large, yellow spotted
with orange. Serratures of the leaves not glandular. St. 1—2
feet high, tumid at the joinings—Damp woody places in moun-
tainous districts. A. VII.—IX. Yellow Balsam. E

[*2. I. fulva (Nutt.); 1. ovate coarsely serrated, peduncles
about 4-flowered solitary, spur closely reflexed emarginate.—
E. B. S. 2794.—Fi. orange-yellow spotted with red. Serratures
of the 1. with a reflexed glandular tooth. St.2—3 feet high —
An American plant quite naturalized by the Wey and other rivers
in Surrey. A, VIII.] E.

Order XXII. OXALIDACEA.

Sep. 5, equal, persistent, imbricate in eestivation. Pet. 5,
equal, often cohering at the base, twisted in stivation. Stam.
10, more or less monadelphous, those opposite to the pet.
longer than the others. Anth. 2-celled, not connected. Ovary
5-celled. Styles 5. Caps. 5—10-valved. Seeds several ; testa
fleshy, bursting elastically. Embryo straight, in cartilaginous
albumen.

1, Oxaurs. Sep. 5, connected below. Pet. 5, often connected
below. Stam. 10, monadelphous, 5 outer ones shorter.
Styles 5.

1. Oxauis Linn. Wood-Sorrel.
1. O. Acetosella (L.); stemless, rhizome creeping toothed, 1.

68 23. CELASTRACEE.

ternate, leaflets obcordate hairy, peduncles with 2 scaly bracts
at about the middle 1-flowered, caps. ovoid, seeds longitudinally
ribbed.—E. B. 762. R. v. 199.—FI. white with purple veins or
rarely purple or blue. Cor. about 4 times as long as the calyx.
—Woods and shady places. P. V. Wood Sorrel.

2. O. corniculata (L.); st. diffuse with procumbent branches
pubescent, 1. ternate, leaflets obcordate, stipules oblong united to
the base of the petioles, peduncles about 2-flowered shorter than
the leaves, partial fruitstalks reflexed, caps. narrowly oblong.
seeds transversely ribbed, root fibrous.—E. B. 1726. R. v. 199.
—Fi. yellow. L. mostly in pairs.—Waste ground in Devon and
Cornwall. A. VI.—IX. ;

[3. O. stricta (L.); st. erect, stipules 0, peduncles 2—8-
flowered longer than the 1., fruitstalks erect, stoloniferous.—

R. v. 199.—Naturalized in Cornwall, Devon, Glamorgan, &c.
B. VIL. VIIL.] E.

Subdivision II. CALYCIFLORA.

Pet. distinct. Stam. perigynous.

Order XXITI. CRLASTRACEA.

Sep. 4—5, estivation imbricate. Pet. 4—5, imserted into the
margin of a hypogynous fleshy disk. Stam. alternate with the
petals, inserted in the disk. Ovary sunk in the disk, more or
Jess connected with it, 3—4-celled; cells 1—2-seeded ; ovules
erect. Embryo straight.

(l. Srapuyxtea. Cal. 5-parted, coloured; disk urceolate.
Pet. 5. Stam. 5, inserted round the disk. Styles 2—3.
Caps. membranous, 2—3-celled, dehiscing internally. Seeds
few, bony, truncate at the hilum.— Leaves compound. |

2. Evonymus. Cal. flat, d—5-lobed; disk peltate. Pet.
4—5, inserted in the margin of the disk. Stam. 4—5, in-
serted in the disk. Style 1. Caps. 3—5-celled, 4—5-
angled, dehiscence loculicidal. Seeds solitary in each cell,
with a fleshy arillus, not truncate at the hilum.—Leaves
simple.

1. Srapuyuea Linn. Bladder-nut.

[1. S. pinnata (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets 5—7, petioles without
glands, fl. racemose, styles 2, caps. bladdery.—B. B. 1560.—F.
yellowish-white.—A very doubtful native. 8. VI.] E.

24, RHAMNACE#.—25. LEGUMINOSAE. 69

2. Evonymus Linn. Spindle-tree.

1. E. europeus (L.); pet. oblong, fi. mostly 4-cleft and 4-an-
drous, branches tetragonal smooth and even, 1. elliptic-lanceolate
minutely serrate, caps. obtusely angular not winged.—-E. B. 362.
R. vi. 309. St, 27. 3.—Arillus inclosing the seed, Bark green.
L. glabrous. Fl. few together forming a small umbel, greenish-
white. Fruit rose-coloured.—Hedges and woods. Sh. V. VI.

Order XXIV. RHAMNACEA.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, sestivation valvate. Pet. distinct, inserted into
the throat of the calyx. Stam. opposite to the pet. and equal-
ling them in number. Ovary wholly or in part superior, 2—3—
4-celled, surrounded by a glandular disk. Seeds solitary, erect.
Embryo straight. Fruit fleshy or dry.

1. Ruamnus. Cal. urceolate, 4—5-cleft. Pet. 4 or 5, or
sometimes 0, inserted with the stam. on the margin of the
tube of the calyx. Fruit fleshy, with 2—4 cells and as many
seeds.

1. Ruamnus Linn. Buckthorn.

1. R. catharticus (L.); thorns terminal, fl. 4-cleft dicecious,
petioles much longer than the stipules, 7. roundish-oval sharply
toothed, fr. with 4 seeds—E. B. 1629.—Branches opposite.
Serratures of the 1. incurved, glandular. Notch in the seeds
shut. Styles 4, united half way up.—Hedges and thickets. Sh.
V.—VII. Buckthorn.

2. R. Frangula (L.); spineless, fl. 5-cleft perfect, 1. elliptical
acuminate narrowed below entire, fr. with 2 seeds, style simple.—
E. B, 250.—Branches alternate. Fl. in small clusters, greenish-
white, small.— Hedges and thickets. Sh. V. VI.

Order XXV. LEGUMINOSAE.

Cal. inferior. Sep. 5, more or less combined, odd one anterior.
Cor. papilionaceous (in our plants), inserted into the base of the
calyx. Pet. 5, odd one superior. Stam. 10 (in our plants),
monadelphous or diadelphous. Ovary free, 1-celled. Fruit a
legume; placenta on the upper suture; style from the upper
suture. Embryo bent over the edge of the cotyledons, or straight.
—All our plants have papilionaceous flowers and 10 stamens i
one bundle or in two bundles of 9 and 1.

Tribe I. LOTEAZ. Pod continuous. Cotyledons rising above
the ground and becoming green leaves. Leaves of 1 or 3
leaflets or pinnate with an odd one. *

70 25. LEGUMINOSE.

* Leaflet solitary. Stamens monadelphous.

1, ULex. Cal. of 2 parts, the upper with 2, the lower with
3 teeth, a bract on each side at the base. Pod turgid, few-
seeded, scarcely longer than the calyx.

2. Genista. Cal. 2-lipped, upper bifid, lower 3-toothed.
Style subulate, ascending. Stigma terminal, oblique, in-
trorse.——Many foreign species have trifoliate leaves.

** Leaf of 3 leaflets. Stamens monadelphous.

3. SarotHamnus. Cal. 2-lipped, the upper with 2, the lower
with 3 teeth. Style long, curved, thickened upwards, chan-
neled within. Stigma terminal, capitate, small. Pod flat.

4. Ononts. Cal. 5-cleft, campanulate, segments narrow, the
lower ones longer. Keel beaked. Style filiform, ascending.
Stigma terminal, subcapitate.

*** Leaf of 3 leaflets. Stamens diadelphous.

5. Mepicaco. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel obtuse.
Filaments of the stamens filiform. Ovaries curved. Pod
1-celled, falcate or spiral. Seeds 1 or many.

6. Mrexinotus. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel obtuse.
Filaments filiform, not united with the claws of the petals.
Ovary straight. Pod subglobose or oblong, 1-celled, 1—4-
seeded, longer than the calyx. Pet. distinct, deciduous.

7. TrrroLium. Cal. with 5 unequal teeth. Keel obtuse.
Filaments slightly enlarged upwards and more or less united
with the claws of the petals. Pod oval, 1—4-seeded, in-
cluded in the calyx or slightly protruding. Pet. slightly
combined, persistent —In T. ornithopodioides, scarcely a true
Trifolium, the pod is 8-seeded and the filaments are filiform.

8. Lorus. Cal. with 5 nearly equal teeth. Keel ascending,
with a narrowed point (beak). Wings connivent at their
upper margin. Longer filaments dilated upwards. Style
kneed at the base, filiform-subulate. Pod linear, many-
seeded, 2-valved, imperfectly divided by transverse parti-
tions.

+X Leaf pinnate with an odd one. Stamens monadelphous.

9. ANTHYLLIS. Cal. tubular, inflated, 5-cleft, segments un-
equal. Keel not beaked. Style filiform. Stigma capitate.

eee Leaf pinnate with an odd one. Stamens diadelphous.
10. OxyTropis. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel with a narrow

25, LEGUMINOSE. 71

straight point. Pod imperfectly 2-celled, cells formed by the
inflexed margin of the upper suture.

11. Astracauus. Cal. with 5 teeth. Keel obtuse. Pods
imperfectly 2-celled, cells formed by the inflexed margin of
the lower suture.

Tr. Ul. VICIEA. Pod continuous. Stam. diadelphous. Coty-
ledons remaining under ground. L. abruptly pinnate or
apparently simple.

* Tube of stam. very obliquely truncate.

12. Victa. Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Style filiform, its upper
part hairy all over, or bearded on the under side and at the
same time hairy or glabrous. Pods 1-celled, 2-valved.

** Tube of stam. transversely truncate.

13. Latuyrus. Cal. 5-fid or 5-toothed. Style dilated up-
wards, plane on the upper side, hairy beneath the stigma.
Pods 1-celled, 2-valved.

Tr. II. HEDYSARE#. Pod divided transversely into 1-
seeded joints. L. pinnate with an odd one.

14. OrniTHopus. Cal. elongated, tubular, with 5 nearly
equal teeth, 2 upper ones slightly combined and converging.
Keel obtuse. Pod elongated, compressed, of many 1-seeded
indehiscent joints equally narrowed at both sides at the join-
ings.—Apex of the common peduncles bearing a small pin-
nate leaf just below the flowers.

15. ArTHROLOBIUM. Cal. elongated, tubular, with 5 nearly
equal teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle and
straight. Keel obtuse. Pod elongated, cylindrical, of many
1-seeded indehiscent joints scarcely narrowed at the joinings.
—No leaf at the apex of the peduncles.

16. Hiprocrepis. Cal. short, campanulate, with 5 nearly
equal teeth, 2 upper ones combined up to their middle.
Keel narrowed intoa beak. Pod elongated, compressed, of
many 1-seeded crescent-shaped joints, so that each pod has
many notches on one side.

17. Onosrycuis. Cal. with 5 nearly equal subulate teeth.
Keel obliquely truncate, longer than the wings. Pod 1-cedled,
compressed, indehiscent, 1. seeded, ee suture straight,
lower curved toothed winged or crested.

72 25. LEGUMINOSE.

Tribe I. Lotea.

1. Utex Linn. Furze. Whin. Gorse.

1. U. ewropeus (L.); young 1. shaggy beneath furrowed, pri-
mary spines strong terete-polygonal furrowed minutely scabrous,
st. hairy, fl. lateral, bracts ovate lax, cal. shaggy, wings longer
than keel.— E. B. 742.—St. 4—6 feet high, very much branched
spreading. Fi. bright yellow, springing from both the primary
and secondary spines. Spines branching at their base and up to
about their middle, not exceeding the flowers. “Seeds 10.”—
Veaths. Sh. I1.—VI.

2, U. strictus (Mack.); young 1. shaggy beneath thin, primary
spines small slender tetragonal minutely scabrous, st. hairy, fl.
terminal, bracts ovate lax, cal. shaggy, wings longer than keel.—
Plant 1—2 feet high, with upright branches. FI. rarely produced,
springing from the summit of the stem, not from the spines,
which branch as in U. europeus but are peculiarly small. The
pet. slightly different in form from the last. Distinguished from
the other species by its peculiar habit——In Lord Londonderry’s
park, Down, Ireland. Sh. IV. I.

3. U. nanus (Forst.); young J. glabrous ciliated furrowed, pri-
mary spines slender terete striated smooth, st. hairy, fl. lateral and
terminal, bracts very minute adpressed, cal. finely downy, wings
shorter than keel.— £. B. 743.—St. procumbent. Primary spines
short, spreading, branched at their base only. Fl. half the size
of those of U. europeus, springing from the primary spines and
exceeded by them, pale; pet. scarcely separated when full
blown. “Seeds 5.”—-8. U. Gallii (Planch.); primary spines
strong, wings rather longer than keel. St. 2—5 feet high.
Primary spines deflexed. Wings not straight and thus often.
seeming shorter than keel. Fl. orange, pet. more or less diva-
ricate. A dwarf form is often taken for U. nanus. Probably a
distinct species—Heaths. Sh. VITI.—XI.

2. Genista Linn.

1. G. pilosa (L.); st. proeumbent without thorns, 1. obovate-
lanceolate obtuse, stipules ovate blunt, branches peduncles calyx
standard keel and underside of the 1. silky, peduneles lateral ac-
companied by a tuft of leaves, pods hairy. — E. B. 208.—F. small,
yellow, collected towards the extremity of the branches. St.
much branched, furrowed, woody, tortuose.—Dry sandy and
gravelly heaths, rare. Sh. V.

2. G. tinctoria(L.) ; st. depressed with erect branches without
thorns, |. lanceolate or elliptical hairy at the edges, stipules mi-

SAROTHAMNUS.—ONONIS. 73

nute subulate, fl. racemose, cor. and pods glabrous.—E. B. 44.—
Branches erect, 1—2 feet high, elevate-striate, glabrous, downy
above. Fl.yellow. Keel as long as the standard.—. G. humi-
fusa (Dicks. MSS.) ; st. and branches procumbent, 1. ovate or
oblong, pods hairy on the back of each valve. St. angular, 6—
10 in. long.—In pastures and thickets. 8. Near Kynance Cove,
Cornwall. Sh. VII—IX. Dyers-weed. Woad.

_ 3. G. anglica (L.); st. ascending spinous leafless below, flower-
ing branches unarmed glabrous, 1. ovate-lanceolate, stipules 0, fl.
solitary in the axils of the upper 1., corolla and pods glabrous.
—E. B. 132.—St. 1 foot high, round, leafless, with short leafy
branches bearing the yellow flowers. Keel longer than the
standard.—Moist peaty heaths. Sh. V. VI. Needle Whin. E.'S.

3. SarorHamnvus Wimm. Broom.

1. S. scoparius (Koch).—E. B. 1339. Spartium L., Sm.
Cytisus Link.—St. 2—3 feet high, angular, glabrous. _L. ter-
nate or simple, leaflets obovate. FI. axillary, solitary or in pairs,
shortly stalked, large, bright yellow. Pods dark brown, hairy at
the edges ; seeds many.—Dry hills and heaths. Sh. V. VI.

4. Ononis Linn. Rest-harrow.

1. O. arvensis (L.) ; st. procumbent uniformly hairy, fi. axillary
solitary stalked, leaflets broadly oblong, pods ovate erect falling
short of the calyx —E. B. 8.2659. O. repens Koch.—Usually
without spines. St. rooting at their base. Wings equalling the
keel; standard « little longer. Seeds tubercular-scabrous.—
Barren sandy places. P. VI.—IX.

2. O. campestris (Koch) ; st. erect or ascending, bifariously
hairy, fl. axillary solitary stalked, leaflets oblong, pods ovate erect
exceeding the calyx.—E. B. 682. O. antiquorum Benth. (not
L.). O. spinosa Koch.—Usually spinous. St. mostly erect.
Wings falling short of the keel which falls short of standard.
Seeds tubercular-scabrous.—Barren places. P. VI—IX. E. 8.

[O. hircina (Jacq.) differs by having its fl. axillary in pairs and
densely spiked at the ends of the branches. }

3. O. reclinata (L.); viscid, pubescent, st. ascending, fi. axil-
lary, pedicels 1-flowered shorter than the 1. fl. or pod without
bracts, cor. about equal to the calyx, leaflets obovate-cuneate
serrated at the lip, stipules ovate, pods cylindrical reflexed, seeds
14—18 tuberculated.—E. B. S. 2838.—St. 5—6 in. high, much
branched.—Sandy places. Galloway. Channel Isles. A. VII. S.

E

74 25. LEGUMINOS&.

5. Meprcaco Linn.

*l. M. sativa (L.); st. ereet, racemes many-flowered, pods
compressed loosely spiral with 2 or 3 turns downy with adpressed
hairs unarmed, pedicels shorter than the calyx or bract, leaflets
obovate-oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate.—E. B.
1749.—St. angular when young, Pods twisted into a loose open
spiral. FI. yellow or violet —Hedge-banks and borders of fields,
scarcely naturalized. P. VI. VII. Lucerne. E. S$.

2. M. sylvestris (Fries); st. rather quadrangular pithy ascend-
ing, racemes many-flowered, pod of one flat turn annular, pedi-
cels shorter than the cal. longer than the bract, Its. obovate-oblong
dentate above emarginate mucronate.—Fl. yellow or blackish-
green with darker streaks.—Sandy and gravelly places in Norfolk
and Suffolk. P. WI. VII. E.

3. M. falcata (L.); st. usually terete nearly solid prostrate,
racemes many-flowered, pod straightly sickle-shaped twisted not
annular, pedicels shorter than the cal. longer than the bract, Its.
ohovate-oblong dentate above emarginate mucronate.—E. B.
1016.—Fl. vellow.—Sandy and gravelly places in Norfolk and
Suffolk. P. VI. VII. E.

4. M. lupulina (L.); spikes many-flowered dense oval, pods
compressed unarmed kidney-shaped with a spiral point rugged
with longitudinal branched prominent veins, stip. obliquely ovate
slightly toothed, leaflets roundish-obovate denticulate above emar-
ginate mucronate.—E. B. 971.—St. procumbent or ascending,
spreading widely. Pods scarcely spiral, glabrous or slightly hairy.
Fi. yellow.—Waste ground. A.V.—VIII. Black Medick.

5. M. maculata (Sibth.); peduncles 1—4-flowered, pods com-
pactly spiral compressed consisting of 2 or 3 turns veined with
4 ridges on the edge and a central furrow, spines in 2 rows diver-
gent subulate curved, leaflets triangular-obcordate, stip. toothed.
—E. B. 1616.—Leatlets with a purple spot in the centre. Edge
of the pods broad; spines arismg from the margin and the ridge
next to it on each side, compressed and furrowed on both sides,
varying considerably in length.—On a gravelly soil. A.V.—VIII.

6. M. minima (Lam.); peduncles 1—6-flowered, pods com-
pactly spiral consisting of 4 turns smooth with a thin edge, spines
in 2 rows divergent subulate hooked, leaflets obovate, stip. nearly
entire.—E. B. 8. 2635.—Edge of the pods with 3 ridges, the
central one so prominent as to be easily taken for the true mar-
gin, no central furrow but the central ridge common to the 2
rows of spines. Sides of the pods smooth. Spines varying con-
siderably in length and the whole plant in hairiness. This is
probably Ray’s Orford plant.—In sandy fields, rare. A.V. E.

MELILOTUS.—TRIFOLIUM. 73

7. M. denticulata (Willd.); peduncles 1—5-flowered, pods
rather loosely spiral consisting of 2 or 3 turns deeply reticulated
with a thin edge, spines in 2 rows divergent subulate hooked,
leaflets obcordate, stip. laciniated—E. B. S. 2634.—Edge of the
pods as in M. minima. Spines about equalling the diameter of
the pod. Glabrous.—§. M. apiculata (Willd.); spines very short
without hooks, often scarcely longer than their own breadth so
as to appear little more than tubercles, ped. 3—10-flowered.—
On sandy ground near the sea. A. V.—VIII. E. I.

6. MexuiLotus Lam.

1. M. officinalis (Willd.) ; racemes lax, wings keel and standard
equal, pods ovate acute compressed transversely wrinkled hairy,
leaflets serrate truncate narrowly ovate, stip. setaceous entire.—
E. B. 1340. M. macrorrhiza Pers., Koch.—St. erect, 2—3 feet
high. Fl. in lateral racemes, yellow.—Waste places. B.? VI.
—VUI. Melilot.

2. M. arvensis (Willd.) ; racemes lax, wings and standard equal
longer than the keel, pods ovate obtuse mucronate rounded and
slightly keeled on the back transversely plicate-rugose glabrous,
Its. obeordate or oblong serrate, uppermost lanceolate, stip. awl-
shaped entire.—E. B. S. 2960. M. officinalis Koch.—St. erect.
FL. yellowish, in long racemes. Pods brown.—Waste places.
Cambridge; Thetford; &c. 3B. VI. VII. E. I.

3. M. vulgaris (Willd.); racemes lax, wings and keel equal but
shorter than the standard, pods ovate obtuse mucronate reticulate-
rugose glabrous, leaflets obovate the upper ones oblong serrate
obtuse, stip. awlshaped entire—M. leucantha Koch, E. B.S.
2689. M. alba Koch.—St. erect. Fl. white.—Sandy and gravelly
places near the sea, rare. 3B. VIL. VIII.

7. Trirotrum Linn. Clover.

* Fl. sessile ; cal. with an elevated thickened often hairy line or
ring of hairs in its throat, not inflated.

1. T. pratense (L.); heads ovate dense sessile, cal. 10-veined
hairy not half so long as the corolla, teeth setaceous ciliated,
stip. ovate abruptly bristle-pointed, leaflets oval emarginate upper
ones entire apiculate.—E. B. 1770. St. 15. 11.—In the cultivated
plant the leaflets are usually all quite entire. Cal.-teeth 5,
4 nearly equal in length to the tube, the lower one twice as long.
Heads of fl. sometimes slightly stalked. FI. purplish, sometimes
white. St. erect.—8. parviflorum ; heads stalked, calyx-teeth as
long or longer than the corolla.—Mountainous pastures, fields.
B. in dry places. P.V.—IX. Purple Clover. A

E

76 25, LEGUMINOSAE.

2. T. medium (L.); heads subglobose Jax stalked, calyx
10-veined glabrous not half as long as the corolla, teeth seta-
ceous hairy, stip. linear-lanceolate acuminate, leaflets elliptical or
lanceolate apiculate —E. B. 190. St. 15.113.—Four of the calyx-
teeth equalling, or rather longer than the tube, the fifth 3 longer.
Heads of A. large. FI. purplish. St. ascending, zigzag.—Dry
elevated pastures. P. VI.—IX.

3. T. ochroleucum (u.); heads subglobose dense stalked soli-
tary terminal, cal. 10-veined pubescent about half as long as the
corolla, teeth erect in fruit subulate lower one rather longer than
the tube the others two-thirds shorter, stip. lanceolate-subulate,
leaflets elliptic-oblong the lower one emarginate or cordate.—
E. B. 1224. St. 15. 15.—Cal. with acute teeth having | strong
vein. St. 14 foot high, erect. Lower 1. on very long stalks.
Fl. cream-coloured, at length turning brown.—Dry gravelly soils
and clays of the east of England. P. VI. VU. E. S.

4. T.inearnatum (L.); heads ovate at length cylindrical stalked
solitary terminal, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth patent in fruit lan-
ceolate-subulate nearly equal rather longer than their tube and
falling short of the cor., stip. ovate obtuse, leaflets obovate retuse
or obcordate, st. erect and together with the 1]. and stip. villose.
—E. B. 8, 2950.—Stip. sometimes rather acute especially the
lower ones. Fl. reddish purple on the cultivated, nearly white
on (“'T. Molinerii Bald.” T. noeanum R.) the wild plant. Mouth
of the calyx of the fr. hairy.—Near the Lizard Pomt, Cornwall
(with pale flowers). Rev. W.S. Hore. A, VI. VIL. E.

+5. T. stellatum (L.); heads globose stalked terminal, calyx
10-veined hairy, teeth subulate from a broad base equal exceeding
the corolla patent in fruit 3-veimed and reticulated, throat, closed
with hairs, stip. ovate rather acute denticulated, leaflets obcordate,
st. spreading and together with the 1. and stip. villose.—E£. B.
1545. St.16.5.—Fl. cream-coloured, small. Calyx of the fruit
remarkably large, its teeth spreading in a stellate manner. St.
short.—Shingly beach near Shoreham. A. VI. VII. E.

6. T. arvense (L.); heads nearly cylindrical stalked very hairy,
cal. 10-veined, teeth subulate-setaceous hairy nearly equal vein-
less exceeding the cor. at length slightly spreading, stip. ovate
or lanceolate acuminate, leaflets lmear-oblong.—E. B. 944.
St. 16. 3,.—St. erect, or in a maritime form (Ray Syn. t. 14. f. 2.)
procumbent with globose heads, st. and 1. finely hairy. Poimts
of the lower stip. sometimes very slender. FI. small, almost con-
cealed by the very hairy calyx. Seeds oval, greenish yellow ;
radicle not prominent.—Sandy fields. A. VIT.—IX. Hare’s-
foot Trefoil.

7. T. striatum (L.) ; heads ovate or oblong sessile terminal and

TRIFOLIUM. 77

lateral solitary or the terminal in pairs, calyx 10-veined hairy,
teeth subulate unequal straight mucronate about equalling the
cor., tube ventricose in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leaflets obcor-
date or obovate, veins equal and straight at the margins.—E. B.
1843. St. 16. 6. 7.—St. procumbent, 4—10 in. long and as well
as thel.silky. Stip. with reddish veins. Fl.small. Seeds oval,
brownish yellow ; radicle not prominent.—§. erectum (Leight.) ;
st. erect, heads elongated subconical lateral shortly stalked, cor.
longer than the calyx.—Dry and sandy places. A. VI. VII.

8. T. scabrum (L.); heads ovate sessile terminal and lateral
solitary, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth lanceolate mucronate about
equalling the cor. with 1] strong prominent vein at length patent,
tube cylindrical in fruit, stip. ovate cuspidate, leaflets obovate,
veins thickened and curved at the margins.—L. B. 903.—St.
procumbent, spreading. Fl. small. Cal. of the fruit very rigid.
Seeds oblong, reddish yellow; radicle not prominent.—Dry sandy
places. A. V.—VII.

9. T. Bocconi (Savi); heads oblong-ovate sessile terminal usu-
ally 2 together, cal. 10-veined hairy, teeth lanceolate-subulate
mucronate about as long as the cor. with 1 strong prominent
vein erect, tube cylindrical in fruit, stip. oblong with a long
subulate point, leaflets oblong-obovate in the lower leaves
roundish-obovate, veins equal and straight at the margins, seeds
with the radicle slightly prominent.—E. B. S. 2868.—St. 2—6 in.
high, erect. Fl. small, pale yellow. Seeds oval, brownish yellow.
Heads dense, somewhat conical.—In dry places, near the Lizard
Point, Cornwall, A. VII. E.

10. T. maritimum(Huds.) ; heads ovate-globose stalked termi-
nal, cal. strongly veimed, teeth ciliated at first subulate erect fall-
ing short of the cor. afterwards broad leaflike acute spreading
l-veined the lower one longest and 3-veined, tube hairy above
obconical in fruit, stip. broadly subulate very long, leaflets oblong-
obovate.— FE. B. 220.—St. spreading, usually procumbent. Fl.
pale red, small.—Muddy salt marshes. A. VI. VIL. EL

** Fl, sessile ; throat of the calyx naked within ; heads few-
flowered, at length producing thick stellated fibres (abortive
calyces) from their centre which ultimately fold over the fruit.

11. T. subterraneum (L.); heads 2—5-flowered erect deflexed
in fruit, calyx glabrous, teeth filiform hairy nearly equal shorter
than the corolla, tube inflated in fruit and at length split longi-
tudinally, abortive calyces numerous slender stellate with 5 points,
stip. ovate pointed, leaflets obcordate.—E. B. 1048.—St. pro-
strate and as well as the l. hairy. Fl. white, considerbly longer
than the calyx. The curious abortive calyces are remarkably
characteristic of this species.—Dry gravelly places. A. V. VI.

78 25. LEGUMINOSE.

*#* FT, sessile or stalked; throat of the calyx naked within,
not inflated ; pods 2—4—8-seeded.

12. T. glomeratum (L.); heads globose sessile terminal and
axillary, calyx sessile 10-veined, teeth ovate very acute vemy
nearly equal reflexed, stip. ovate taper-pointed, leaflets obcordate
the upper ones obovate, seeds 2.— E. B. 1063.—St. procumbent.
FI. rose-coloured ; standard persistent, striated. Seeds trans-
versely ovate-reniform, radicle prominent.—Gravelly places in
the east and south of England. A. VI.

13. T. strictum (L.); heads globose axillary, calyx sessile 10-
veined, teeth subulate unequal somewhat spreading, stip. broad
pointed serrated, leaflets obovate the upper ones oblong, seeds 2.
—E. B. §.2949,—St. diffuse, short. Ped.short. Pods slightly
exserted ; seeds ovate, radicle slightly prominent.—Jersey. Near
the Lizard Point, Cornwall. A. VI—VIII.

14. T. suffocatum (L.); heads roundish sessile axillary, cal.
sessile, teeth lanceolate acute faleate recurved longer than the
corolla, stip. ovate pointed, leaflets obcordate, seeds 2.—F. B.
1049.—St. short, usually buried in the sand. Fl. small, erect.
Cal. scarcely striated. Seeds roundish, radicle prominent.—
Sandy sea-shores, rare. A. VI.

15. T. repens (L.); heads roundish, peduneles axillary longer
than the leaves, fl. stalked at length deflexed, calyx glabrous half
as long as the corolla, teeth lanceolate unequal erect, stip. ovate
abruptly cuspidate, leatlets obovate or obcordate, seeds 4, stems
creeping.—E. B. 1769. St. 15. 6.—Fl. white, standard striated,
sometimes pink. L. often with a dark spot at their base. Pod
included. In damp seasons the pod is often protruded in the
form of a horn or changed into a small leaf.— Meadows and pas-
tures. P,. V.—IX. Duteh or White Clover.

16. T.? ornithopodioides (L.); clusters stalked axillary of 1—
3 stalked fl., calyx glabrous, teeth slender acute nearly equal
erect, stip. ovate with long taper points, leaflets obcordate, seeds 8.
—E. B. 1047.—St. prostrate. Fl. small, pet. all distinct. Pod
exserted, compressed, obtuse, transversely furrowed, slightly
hairy, curved, longer than the calyx, opening with 2 valves. This
ee Pea a Trifolium or Trigonella.—Dry gravelly places.

*#x* FI. sessile ; throat of the calyx naked within, inflated after
flowering and arched above.

17. T. fragiferum (L.); heads globose, peduncles axillary
exceeding the leaves, involucre multifid equalling the calyx, calyx
of the fruit membranous reticulated downy, stip. ovate with a long
attenuated point, leaflets obovate emargimate minutely serrate,

LOTUS. 79

seeds 2.—E. B. 1050. St. 16.8.—St. creeping. F. purplish red.
’ Heads large, remarkable when in fruit for their curious calyces.
Pod included.—Damp pastures. P. VII. VIII.

(18. T. resupinatum (L.); heads hemispherical at length glo-
bose, peduncles axillary short, bracts minute, calyx of the fruit
membranous reticulated woolly, stip. subulate-lanceolate from
an ovate base, leaflets obovate minutely serrate, seeds 2.—E. B.
S. 2789. (bad) St. 16. 9.—St. prostrate or ascending. FI. small,
resupinate. Pod included.—Near Bristol, Poole, New Brighton
and Everton. A. VII.] E.I.

eee FT, stalked ; throat of the calyx naked within, not inflated;
cor. persistent ; standard deflexed and covering the pod.

19. T. procumbens (L.); heads oval dense with about 40 fi,
ped. axillary equalling or exceeding the leaves, fl. at length re-
flexed, style much shorter than the pod, stip. ovate acute entire,
Its. obovate emarginate, central petiole longest, seeds elliptical,
radicle scarcely prominent.—E. B. 945, St. 15. 15.—Primary
stem erect, branches procumbent or ascending. Pod pointed at
both ends. Peduncles sometimes shorter at others longer than
the leaves. Fi. yellow. Radicle causing a slight irregularity in
the otherwise regularly elliptical seeds. [T. patens (Schreb.),
style as long as the pod, radicle prominent through } the length
of the seed, stip. half-cordate usually deuticulate; will probably
be found in England.]—Dry pastures. A. VI.—VIII.

20. T. minus (Sm.); heads close about 12-flowered, peduncles
axillary, pedicels very short, fl. at length reflexed, standard fur-
rowed truncate quite covering the pod, style much shorter than
the pod, stip. ovate, leaflets obcordate intermediate one stalked.
—E. B.1256._ T. filifurme Koch.—Dry places. A. VI.—VIII.

21. T. filiforme (L.); fl. few (3—5) in lax racemes, peduncles
axillary, pedicels as long as the calyx-tube, fl. at length reflexed,
standard not furrowed deeply notched scarcely covering the pod.
—E. B. 1257. T. micranthum Koch.—Standard much narrower
in proportion than in T. minus. See Phyt. 1. 293.—Dry places
near the sea. A. VI. VII.

8. Lotus Linn. Bird’s-foot Trefoil.

1. L. corniculatus (L.); claw of the standard obovate trans-
versely vaulted, calyx-teeth straight in the bud subulate from a
triangular base, points of the 2 upper ones converging, heads
5—10-flowered.— E. B. 2090.—Glabrous or slightly hairy. St.
ascending. Leaflets obovate. Stip. ovate. Angle between the
2 upper calyx-teeth rounded.—8. villosus (Ser.) ; upper part of

80 25. LEGUMINOS#.

st. 1. and eal. hairy with long spreading hairs —y. erassifolius
(Pers.); pilose, st. cespitose, leaflets obovate fleshy, stip. ovate.
—6. L. tenuis (Sm.) ; glabrous or slightly hairy, st. filiform elon-
gated procumbent or ascending, leaflets linear or linear-obovate,
stip. 3-ovate. E. B. S. 2615.—Pastures, dry banks, &c. P. VII.
VIII.

2. L. major (Scop.?) ; claw of the standard linear, calyx-teeth
spreading like a star in the bud subulate from a triangular base,
two upper ones diverging, heads 8—12-flowered, leaflets obovate,
stip. roundish-ovate-—E. B. 2091. LD. uliginosus Schkuhr.—
Hairy. St. usually erect, 1—3 feet high. Angle between the
2 upper calyx-teeth acute —8. glabriusculus (Bab.) ; glabrous,
the margins and veins of the |. stip. bracts and sep. ciliated,
st. erect or procumbent.—In damp places. £8. on drier spots.
P. VII. VILL.

3. L. angustissimus (L.); claw of the standard linear, calyx-
teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod linear straight 6 times
longer than the calyx, beak straight, heads about 2-flowered.—
E. B. 925. DL. angustissimus (L.!), L. diffusus (Ser.).—Pe-
duncle of the fl. as long as the L., of the fr. twice as long; leaflets
and stip. ovate-lanceolate acute; st. procumbent.—f. Seringianus
(Bab.) ; peduncle of the fl. and fr. as long as the leaves, leaflets
obovate-oblong, stip. ovate acute, st. ascending. L. angustis-
simus (Ser.).—South of England near the sea. A. VII. VIII. E.

4. L. hispidus (Desf.); claw of the standard subulate, calyx-
teeth straight in the bud subulate, pod rugose terete twice as long
as the calyx, beak elongate setaceous bent downwards, heads few
(3—4)-flowered, leaflets obovate-lanceolate, stip. half-cordate, st.
procumbent.— EF. B, S. 2823.—Near the sea in Devon and Corn-
wall. A. VII. VIII.

9. Anruytus Linn. Lady’s Fingers.

1. A. Vulneraria (L.); herbaceous, 1. pinnate, leaflets un-
equal, heads of fl. in pairs, calyx of 5 ovate pointed teeth.—
5. B. 104. St. 49. 4. 5.—Pod semiorbicular, long-stalked, upper
suture arched outwards, l-seeded. St. 6—12 in. high, silky.
Root-l. simple, oval. FI. yellow, in terminal pairs of crowded
many-flowered heads.—f. Dillenii ; plant smaller, fl. red. Dill.
Elth. 320.—Dry pastures. P. VI.—VIII.

10. Oxytropis Cand.

1, O. Hallert (Bunge): stemless, leaflets ovate acute in about
12 pairs, peduncles exceeding the leaves erect silky, bracts equal-
ling the calyx, pods erect ovate-oblong inflated silky 2-celled.—

ASTRAGALUS.—VICIA. bl

Astragalus uralensis Sm. E. B. 466.—Root, or more correctly
stem, woody, branched. Pods abrupt with a very oblique acute
point. Fl. bluish purple. “ Pl. uralensis ab europea differt.”
Koch.—Dry hilly pastures in Scotland. P. VIL. s.

2. O. campestris (DC.); st. short procumbent, leaflets lan-
ceolate in about 12 pairs, peduncles rather exceeding the 1. as-
cending hairy, bracts equalling the calyx, pods erect ovate in-
flated hairy imperfectly 2-celled.—Astragalus Sm. E. B. 2522.
St. 19. 12.—Root woody, producing short procumbent stems.
Pods narrowed upwards with a slightly oblique point. Fl. yel-
lowish tinged with purple.—Clova Mountains. P. VII. 8.

11. AsrraGcauus Linn. Milk-vetch.

l. A. hypoglottis (L.); st. prostrate, stip. united, leaflets
blunt in 8—10 pairs, spikes ovate, peduncles exceeding the leaves,
pods ovate hairy stalked in the calyx erect.—E. B. 274.—Stip.
opposite to the leaves. St. a few inches long, slender. Leaf-
lets small. Fl. in rather large heads, ascending, purple. Ovary
twice as long as its stalk.—Chalky and gravelly places. P. V1.
VIL.

2. A. alpinus (L.); st. procumbent, stip. ovate free, leaflets
elliptical blunt in 10—12 pairs, spikes capitate, peduncles equal-
ling the leaves, pods oblong hairy narrowed at both ends stalked
in the calyx pendulous.—E. B.S. 2717. St. 19. 13.—Stip. some-
times slightly connected at the base. St. elongated, slender.
Fl. few, drooping, white tipped with purple.—Lofty mountains.
Glen Dole, Clova. Little Craigindal, Braemar. P. VII. Ss.

3. A. glycyphyllos (L.); st. prostrate, stip. ovate-lanceolate
free, leaflets ovate in 5—6 pairs, spikes ovate, peduncles much
falling short of the leaves, pods linear incurved erect glabrous.—
E. B. 203.—St. 2—3 feet long, scarcely branched, nearly gla-
brous. Fl. in short dense spikes, dull yellow. Pods an inch
long.—Thickets on a chalky or gravelly soil. P. VI.

Tribe I]. Viciee.
12. Vicia Linn. Vetch.

* Upper part of the style equally hairy all over.

+ Peduncles elongated, few-flowered ; cal. not gibbous at the
base on the upper side. Ervum. Tares.

1. V. hirsuta (Koch) ; peduncles 1—6-flowered about equalling
the leaves, leaflets in 6—8 pairs linear-oblong truncate mucro-
nate, calyx-teeth equal as long as their tube the 2 upper ones

ES

82 25. LEGUMINOS.

converging, pods oblong 2-seeded hairy.—Ervum Sm., E. B. 970.
Cracca minor Godr.—Stip. 2-lobed, outer lobe trifid with seta-
ceous segments, inner lanceolate. FI. small, pale blue, standard
entire. Calyx-teeth subulate. Pod obliquely truncate; its
upper suture nearly straight and prominent at the end. Seeds
globose, compressed, red with darker spots, smooth ; hilum long,
linear.—. angustifolia (Fries); ped. 1—2-flowered, pods gla-
brous.—Corn-fields and hedges. A. VI—VIII. Hairy Tare.

2, V. tetrasperma (Moench) ; peduncles 1—2-flowered about
equalling the leaves, Jeaflets linear-oblong blunt mucronate in 4—
6 pairs, calyx-teeth unequal shorter than their tube the 2 upper
ones shortest “diverging,” pods linear-oblong about 4-seeded
glabrous.—Ervum Sm., &. B. 1223. St. 32. 14.—Stipules half-
arrowshaped. FI. small, pale blue; standard with blue streaks,
emarginate. Calyx-teeth elongate-triangular. Pod rounded;
its upper suture decurved at the end. Seeds 3— 5, globose, dull
brown, slightly rough; hilum oblong.—Fields and hedges. A.
VI—VIII. Smooth Tare.

3. V. gracilis (Lois.); peduncles 1—4-flowered at last twice
as long as the leaves, leaflets linear acute in 3—4 pairs, calyx-
teeth unequal shorter than their tube the 2 upper ones shortest,
pods linear 5—8-seeded glabrous.—E. B. 8. 2904.—Stip. half-
arrowshaped. FY. twice as large as those of V. tetrasperma, pale
blue; standard emarginate. Calyx-teeth elongate-triangular,
“two upper slightly converging.” Pod with its upper suture
slightly decurved at the end. Seeds globose, variegated with dark
brown and yellow, smooth ; hilum short, oval, half as long as that
of the last.—Fields and hedges. A. VI.—VIII. E.I.

tt Peduncles elongated, many- flowered ; calyx gibbous at the
base on the upper side.

4. V. sylvatica (L.); peduncles exceeding the leaves, leaflets
elliptical obtuse mucronate in about 8 pairs, stip. lunate deeply
toothed at the base, teeth setaceous, calyx-teeth shorter than their
tube subulate—E. B.79. St. 31. 3.—St. many feet long, climb-
ing by thei branched tendrils. Fl. many, cream-coloured and
streaked with blue. Hilum extending about half round the seed.
—Woods ani thickets. P. VU. VII. Wood Vetch.

5. V. Orobus (DC.); leaflets ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceo-
late mucronate in many (7—10) pairs, stip. half-arrowshaped
slightly toothed at the base, calyx-teeth longer than their tube,
2 upper ones triangular, the others triangular-subulate.— Oro-
bus sylvaticus, Sm., E. B. 518.—St. ascending, 1—14 foot long.
Tendrils reduced to a short slender point. Fl. many, cream-
coloured streaked with purple. Pods lmnear-oblong. Hilum ex-
tending about 3 round the seed.— Rocky woods. P. V. VI.

VICIA, 83

** Upper part of the style hairy all over, the hairs rather
longer below the stigma but scarcely bearded. Calyx gibbous
at the base.

6. V. Cracca (L.); peduncles long many-flowered, leaflets
lanceolate mucronate silky in about 10 pairs, stip. half-arrow-
shaped entire, calyx-teeth shorter than their tube, upper pair
minute, the others subulate, standard sinuated at about the mid-
dle of each side, its limb and claw equally long, pods linear-ob-
long smooth.—Z£. B. 1168. St. 31. 6.—St. 3—4 feet long. FI.
blue variegated with purple. Seeds subglobose, black. Hilum
linear, extending } round the seed.—Hedges. P. VI.—VIII.

*** Style bearded below the stigma, in other respects glabrous
or uniformly hairy all over in its upper part ; calyx gibbous
at the base on the upper side.

7. V. bithynica (L.); peduncles falling short of the leaves
1—2-flowered, Its. of upper I. in 2 pairs elliptic-lanceolate mucro-
nate or linear-lanceolate acute, stip. half-arrowshaped toothed,
calyx-teeth longer than their tube lanceolate-subulate, pods linear-
oblong hairy.—E. B. 1842. St. 32. 5.—St. 12—18 in. long.
Fl. almost always solitary, purple. “‘ Seeds globose, speckled
with black and grey; hilum oval.” Upper part of the style
hairy all over. The inland plant has broader leaflets and more
cut stip. than the maritime one.—Bushy places on a gravelly
soil. P. VII. VIII. E.

8. V. sepium (L.); fl. 4—6 in small axillary nearly sessile
clusters, leaflets in 4—8 pairs ovate obtuse mucronate gradually
smaller upwards on the petiole, stip. half-arrowshaped undivided
or lobed, calyx-teeth unequal shorter than their tube, 2 upper
ones curved upwards, pods linear-oblong glabrous. —E. B. 1515.
St. 31. 16.—St. about 2 feet high. Fl. purplish. Calyx hairy.
Hilum Hnear, extending about 3 round the seed. Upper part
of the style nearly or quite glabrous, bearded. L. more or less
hairy, leaflets sometimes ovate-lanceolate truncate.— Woods and
hedges. P. VI—VIII.

9. V. levigata (Sm.); fl. solitary axillary, leaflets elliptic-
oblong rounded mucronate in 4 pairs, stip. cloven, calyx-teeth
nearly equal as long as the tube subulate, standard glabrous, pods
compressed oblong glabrous.—E. B. 483.—St. suberect, 3—4 in.
to 1 foot long. Fl. pale purple. Seeds oblong, brown, attached
by one end. I have not seen specimens.—On the pebbly beach
at Weymouth formerly, but now lost. P. VII. VIII. E.

10. V. hybrida (L.); fl. solitary axillary, leaflets obovate emar-
ginate apiculate in 5—7 pairs, calyx-teeth unequal spreading
subulate longer than their tube, standard hairy, pod ovate-oblong

84 25. LEGUMINOSE.

hairy.—E. B. 482. St.32. 3.—St. ascending, 1 foot long. Fl.
reddish yellow. Hairs on the pods simple. “Seeds round with
a short hilum.” I have seen no native specimens.— On Glaston-
bury Tor Hill. Swan Pool, Lincoln. P. VI. VII. E.

11. V. lutea (L.); fl. solitary axillary, leaflets elliptic-lanceo-
late acute or rounded at the end apiculate in 5—8 pairs, calyz-
teeth unequal, wpper ones very short and curved upwards, lower
one longer than the tube, standard glabrous, pods elliptic-oblong
hairy.—E. B. 481. St. 31. 13.—St. procumbent, 1—2 feet long.
FL. sulphur-coloured. Hairs on the pods bulbous. Seeds
round, compressed, with a short hilum, L. varying greatly in
hairiness.— Pebbly ground near the sea. P.VI—VIII. E.S.

12. V. sativa (L.); fl. axillary solitary or in pairs, leaflets in
5—7 pairs elliptic-oblong retuse or obcordate mucronate, upper
ones narrower or linear truncate mucronate, calyx-tecth equal
lanceolate-subulate long equalling their tube, standard gla-
brous, pods linear slightly silky, seeds globose smooth.—Seeds
slightly compressed ; hilum linear, occupying about 4 of the cir-
cumference.—a. V. sativa (Sm.) ; leaflets all elliptic- or obovate-
oblong, the lower ones shorter and broader, fl. usually in pairs,
pods erect, st. 1—1} foot high. FE. B. 334. St. 31. 10.—6. V.
angustifolia (Sm.); leaflets of the upper 1. linear-lanceolate,
lower ones obovate retuse or obcordate, fl. solitary or in pairs,
pods mostly patent, st. slender. E. B. 8.2614. Sz. 31. 11.—
y. V. Bobartu (Forst.); leaflets of the upper 1. linear truncate or
retuse, fl. solitary, pods paten/, st. prostrate. E. B. S. 2708.—
8. and y. in dry places. a. is a doubtful native, perhaps only
an escape from cultivation. A.V.VI. Common Vetch.

*ex* Style bearded below the stigma; calyx not gibbous.

13. V. lathyroides (L.) ; fl. axillary solitary, leaflets in 1—3
pairs obovate or oblong retuse mucronate, calyx-teeth subulate
straight as long as their tube, pods linear glabrous, seeds nearly
cubical tubercular, hilum short elliptical —E. B. 30. St. 31. 12.
—St. procumbent, 3—5 m. long. Fi. small, purple.—Dry gra-
yelly and sandy places. A. V. VI.

13. Latuyrvus Linn. Vetchling.

1. L. Aphaca (L.); peduncles single-flowered, petioles leafless
forming tendrils, stip. very large leaflike cordate-sagittate.—
E. B, 1167.—St. weak, climbing. Fl. yellow, on long stalks.
Remarkable for its total want of 1. which are replaced by the
stipules ; rarely 1 or 2 lanceolate leaflets may be found. ‘Pods
subfaleate ; seed smooth, compressed.—Sandy and gravelly fields
in the south. A. V.—VIII. , E.

LATHYRUS. 85

2. L. Nissolia (L.); peduncles 1—2-flowered, petioles leaflike
linear-lanceolate without Its. or tendrils, stip. minute subulate.—
E. B.112.—St. mostly erect. L. grasslike. Fl. purple, on long
stalks. Pods cylindrical ; seeds tubercular, round; hilum small,
oval.—Bushy grassy places, rare. A. VI. E.

3. L. hirsutus (L.); peduncles 2-flowered, 1. of one pair of
linear-lanceolate leaflets, pods hairy, seeds globose tubercular.—
E. B. 1255.—St. winged, climbing to the height of 1 or 2 feet.
Pods linear-oblong, covered with bulbous hairs. fl. sometimes
solitary, pale blue with a crimson standard. Hilum oblong.—
Rare. [ssex. Somerset? A. VI. VII. E

4. L. pratensis (L.); st. angular, peduncles many-flowered, |.
of one pair of lanceolate mucronate slightly silky leaflets, stip.
arrowshaped like the Its., calyx-teeth subulate, pods obliquely
veined, seeds globose smooth.—E. B. 670.—St. 2—3 feet high,
climbing, not winged. Pods linear-oblong. Fl. racemose,
drooping, bright yellow. Hilum small, oblong.—Moist meadows
and pastures. P. VII. VII.

5. L. sylvestris (L.); st. winged, peduncles many-flowered,
1. of one pair of lénear-lanceolate or lanceolate leaflets, stip. half-
arrowshaped narrow, calya-teeth triangular-subulate, 2 upper
ones short, pods reticulated with veins, seeds compressed smooth
half surrounded by the hilum.—E. B. 805.—St. climbing to the
height of 5—6 feet. Pods linear-oblong, curved. Fl. greenish
yellow variegated with purple. Broader-leaved varieties often
pass for L. latifolius.—Woods and thickets. P. VII.—IX. E.8.

(6. L. latifolius (L.); st. winged, peduncles many-flowered,
1. of one pair of elliptical pointed leaflets, stip. half-arrowshaped
triangular-ovate broad, ‘‘ pods reticulated with veins, seeds tuber-
enlar rugose } surrounded by the hilum.”—E. B. 1108.—St.
climbing 5 or 6 feet. “ Pods linear oblong.” FI. rosy purple
large.—A very doubtful native. P. VII. VIII.) E.S

7. L. palustris (L.); st. winged, peduncles many-flowered, 1.
of 2 or 3 pairs of linear-lanceolate acute leaflets, stip. half-arrow-
shaped lanceolate, “pods linear-oblong compressed ; seeds round
compressed smooth 4 surrounded by the bilum.”—F. B. 169.—
St. 2—3 feet high. Fl. bluish purple-—Boggy meadows, rare.
Pp. VI. VII.

8. L. maritimus (Big.); st. angular not winged, peduncles
many-flowered, 1. of 3—4 pairs of oval leaflets, stip. large ovat
cordate-hastate, pods oblong obliquely reticulated, seeds globose
4 surrounded by the hilum.—Pisum 5m., E. B. 1046.—St. pro-
strate. Leaflets large, obtuse but apiculate; petioles often re-
curved. FI. purple, variegated.—8. acutifolius (Bab.) ; leaflets
elliptic-lanceolate acute, petioles straight, stems slender strag-

’

i

86 25. LEGUMINOSAE.

gling.—Pebbly sea-shores, rare. §. Burrafirth, Unst, Shetland.
P. VII. VIL. Sea Pea.

9. L. macrorrhizus (Wimm.); st. simple winged, peduncles
2—4-flowered, 1. of 2—3 pairs of oblong or lanceolate blunt api-
culate leaflets without tendrils, stip. half-arrowshaped broad, pods
cylindrical, seeds globose 4 surrounded by the hilum.—Orobus
tuberosus Sm. E. B.1153.—Root tuberous. L. glaucous be-
neath. Fl. purple, variegated with red and blue.—8. tenuifolius ;
Its. linear.— Woods and thickets in hilly countries. P. VI. VII.

10. L. niger (Wimm.); st. branched not winged, ped. many-
flowered, 1. of 3—6 pairs of lanceolate or oblong leatlets without
lendrils, stip. linear-subulate the lower ones half-arrowshaped,
pods slightly compressed, seeds oval 7 surrounded by the hilum.
—Orobus Sm., E. B. §. 2788.—Turns black in dryg. Fi. va-
riegated with red, blue and purple. Pods linear. Seed dark
brown, perfectly smooth.—Rocky woods in Scotland, rare. P.
VIL VIL 5

Tribe III. Hedysaree.

14. OrnirHopus Linn. Birdsfoot.

1. O. perpusillus (L.); ped. exceeding the leaves, calvx-teeth
triangular acute $ the length of their tube, beak scarcely as long
as a joint of the pod.—£. B. 369.—A small prostrate plant,
3—12in. long. L. with 5$—123 pairs of elliptical downy leaf-
lets. Fl. small; calyx hairy, cor. white with crimson veins.
Pods curved, joints beadlike wrinkled lengthwise—Dry sandy
and gravelly places. A. V.—VII.

15. ARTHROLOBIUM Desv.

1. A. ebracteatum (DC.); ped. about equalling the 1. 2—4-
flowered, stip. minute distinct, 1. pmnate with many pairs of
elliptic-oblong leaflets, the lowest pair remote from the stem.—
E. B.S. 2344.—St. prostrate, filiform. Fl. small, yellow, standard
red externally. Pod curved upwards, joints cylindrical rugose.
—Channel and Scilly Islands. A. VI. VII.

16. Hrperocreris Linn. Horseshoe Vetch.

1. H. comosa (L.); pods umbellate, their joints rough curved
neither dilated nor bordered, joinings glabrous, peduncles longer
than the leaves.—E. B. 31.—St. procumbent, often a foot long.
Tl. yellow. Leaflets 7-13, obovate, obtuse or emarginate, api-
culate.—Dry caleareous banks. P.V.—VIII.

26. ROSACES. 87

17. Onosrycuis Gaert. Saintfoin.

1, O. sativa (Lam.); wings shorter than the calyx, keel about
as long as the standard, st. ascending, pods with reticulated
spinous elevations on the disk and short sharp flat teeth on the
lower suture.—E. B. 96. St. 19. 10.—St. often 2 feet long. Fl.
im long dense terminal racemes, crimson, variegated. Tube of
the calyx silky, short ; teeth very long. Leaflets elliptic-oblong,
mucronate, entire, glabrous above, in about 123 pairs.—On chalky
and limestone hills. P. VI. VII. E.

Order XXVI. ROSACEA.

Cal. 4—5-parted, or twice as many in 2 rows, lined with a disk
below, odd lobe superior. Pet. 5, equal. Stam. usually inde-
finite. Carp. several or solitary, distinct or combined with each
other or with the calyx. Styles distinct, often lateral. Fruit
various. Seeds nearly without albumen, embryo straight.—L.
alternate, usually compound, with stipules.

Suborder I. AMYGDALEZ.

Fruit adrupe. Calyx deciduous, quite free from the solitary
ovary. Stipules free.

1. Prunus. Drupe fleshy, indehiscent; its nut smooth or
furrowed.

Suborder II. ROSE.

Carpels several, distinct from each other and from the calyx.
Stipules united to the petiole.

Tribe I. SPIRAZA, Follicles several ; seeds 1—-6, suspended
from the inner edges of the follicles. Calyx persistent.

2. Sprrwa. Cal. 5-cleft. Stam. many, inserted with the
pet. on adisk adhering to the calyx. Follicles 1 or more,
usually distinct. Seeds 2—6.

Tr. Il. SANGUISORBEA. Carpels 1—3, inclosed in the dry
calyx-tube which is narrowed at the top.

3. SancuisorBs. Fl. perfect. Cal. 4-cleft, with 2 or 3 ex-
ternal scales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet.0. Stam. 4,
opposite to the segments of the calyx. Nuts. 1—2. Style
terminal. Stigma capitate, covered with oblong spreading
papilla. Seed suspended.—G. F. G. Monochl. 78.

4. Porertum. Fl. moneecious or polygamous. Cal. 4-cleft,
with 3 external scales at its base, tube quadrangular. Pet. 0.

88 26. ROSACES.

Stam. 20—30. Nuts 2—3. Style terminal. Stigma brush-
like with filiform divisions. Seed suspended.—G. F. G.
Monochl. 79.

5. Acrimonta. Calyx 5-cleft, without external scales ; tube
turbinute, armed with hooked bristles above. Pet. 5. Stam.
15, inserted with the pet. into a glandular ring in the throat
of the calyx. Nuts 2. Style terminal, Seed suspended.

6. AtcHEemILLA. Cal. 8-parted, the alternate parts smaller ;
tube obconical, contracted at the throat. Pet.0. Stam.
1—4, inserted into a ring im the throat of the calyx and op-
posite to the smaller segments. Nuts 1—2. Style from
near the base of the nut. Seed ascending.—G. F.G. Mo-
nochl. 80.

Tr. UL. DRYADEA. Fruit formed of 5 or more small dry
(in Rubus succulent) nuts inserted on a dry or succulent
receptacle. Calyx persistent, open.

* Attachment of the seed near to that of the style, radicle
superior.

7. Sipsaupia. Cal. concave, 10-parted, in 2 series, 5 exterior
parts smaller. Pet. 5. Stam. 5. Style lateral. Fr. of
5—10 small nuts placed ona dry receptacle. Seed ascending.

8. PotenTILLa. Cal. concave, R—10-parted, in 2 series, 5
exterior parts smaller. Pet. 4d—5. Stam. many. Style
lateral or nearly terminal. Fr. of many small nuts placed
upon a flattish dry receptacle. Seed pendulous or ascending.

9. Comarum. Cal. cor. stam. and pistils as in Potentilla.
Receptacle ultimately large spongy persistent. Style lateral
near the top of the nut. Seed pendulous.

10. Fracaria. Cal. cor. stam. and pistils as in Potentilla.
Receptacle large succulent pulpy deciduous. Style lateral
near the base of the nut. Seed ascending.

11. Rusus. Cal. concave or flattish, 5-parted. Pet.5. Stam.
many. Styles nearly terminal. Carp. many, succulent,
drupaceous, placed upon a hemispherical or conical spongy
receptacle. Seed pendulous.

** Attachment of the seed distant from that of the style,
radicle inferior. Seed with a long awn.

12. Dryas. Cal. 8—10-cleft, in one row. Pet. 8—9. Stam.
many. Fr. of many small nuts, tipped with the persistent
hairy styles which are straight at the extremity. Receptacle
flat, dry. Seed ascending.

PRUNUS. 89

13, Geum. Cal. 10-cleft, in 2 rows, the outer parts smaller.
Pet. 5. Stam. many. Fr. of many small nuts, tipped
with the persistent jointed styles hooked at the joining. Re-
ceptacle elongated, dry. Seed ascending.

Tr. IV. ROSE/Z. Fruit formed of many small dry nuts in-
closed in the fleshy tube of the calyx.

14. Rosa. Cal. urceolate, contracted at the mouth, ultimately
Sleshy, 5-fid. Pet. 5. Stam. many, inserted with the petals
on the rim of the tube of the calyx.

Suborder III. POMEZ.

Calyx-tube thick and fleshy, in fruit forming a 1—5-celled
pome. .

15. Cratacus. Calyx-segments 5, acute. Pet. 5. Styles
1—5. Fr. oval or round, concealing the upper end of the
1—5 bony 1—2-seeded carpels.

16. CorongastER. Calyx-segments 5. Pet.5. Styles 2—5.
Fr. turbinate, its nuts adhering to the sides of the calyx but
not cohering at the centre.—Stam. erect, as long as the teeth
of the calyx. :

17. Mespitus. Calyx-segments 5, leaflike. Pet. 5. Styles
2—5. Fr. turbinate with the upper end of the bony carpels
exposed; disk dilated, almost as broad as the fruit.

18. Pyrus. Cal. 5-toothed. Pet. 5. Styles 2—5. Fr.
fleshy with 5 cartilaginous or membranous distinct 2-seeded
cells. Testa cartilaginous.

Suborder I. Amygdalee.
1. Prunus Linn.

* Young leaves convolute.

1. P. communis (Huds.); ped. solitary or in pairs, 1. elliptic or
ovate-lanceolate rather downy beneath.—a. P. spinosa (L.);
branches spinous, ped. glabrous, 1. usually glabrous, fr. globose.
E. B. 842.—8. P. insititia (L.); branches slightly spinose, ped.
and under-side of 1. usually downy, fr. globose. E. B. 841.—
y. P. domestica (L.); branches without spines, ped. glabrous, 1.
hairy about the midrib beneath, fr. oblong. E. B. 1/83.—The
characters of these varieties are not constant: a. is usually a
shrub with crooked and much armed branches; 8. is a taller
shrub with straight and slightly armed branches; y. is a small
tree.—Sh. IV. V. a. Sloe. Blackthorn. 8. Bullace.

90 26. ROSACEE.

** Young leaves conduplicate. CERASUS.

2. P. Padus (L.); arborescent, 1. obovate-lanceolate finely
serrate glabrous, fl. in pendulous racemes, fr. roundish-oblong.—
E. B. 1383.—A small tree. L. minutely doubly serrate. Fi.
white, many, in a lax raceme. Fr. black, harsh and bitter, with
a corrugated nut.—Woods and hedges. T.V. Bird Cherry.

3. P. Avium (L.); arborescent, 1. drooping oblong-obovate
suddenly cuspidate incise-serrate downy beneath, calyx-tube con-
tracted below the entire sepals, “fr. heartshaped.”—E. B. 706.
—A tree of 20—30 feet high. Outer scales of the leaf-buds de-
flexed. Flower-buds not leafy. Fl. in umbels. Pet. bifid, with
a minute claw. “ Fr. firm, bitter, black or red.’’ Borr.—Woods.
T. V. Wild Cherry.

4. P. Cerasus (L.); fruticose, J. not drooping oblong-obovate
or ovate-lanceolate doubly crenate-serrate glabrous, calyx-tube
not contracted, fruit round.—E. B. S. 2863.— An erect bushy
shrub, 3—8 feet high. Umbels scattered. Outer scales of the
leaf-buds erect. Inner scales of the flower-buds leafy. Sep.
crenate-serrate. Pet. subemarginate, with a claw. “Fr. juicy,
acid, always red.”—Hedges. Sh. V. E.

Suborder II. Rosez. Tribe I. Spire.

2. Spiraa Linn.

Tl. S. salicifolia (L.); shrubby, stip. 0, 1. elliptic-lanceolate
unequally serrate glabrous, racemes terminal compound, stam.
exceeding the petals.—#. B. 1468.—A shrub of 4—5 feet high
with smooth round wandlike branches. Fl. flesh-coloured, in
dense erect racemes.—Damp woods in the north and in Wales.

Sh. VII. E. §. #1.

2. S. Ulmaria (L.); herbaceous, stip. rounded toothed, 1. in-
terruptedly pinnate, leaflets ovate undivided, the terminal one
larger palmately 3—5-lobed, fl. im compound proliferous cymes,
caps. glabrous contorted.—E. B. 960. St. 18. 8.—St. about 3
feet high, angular, branched. L. with a few large serrated leaf-
lets and very minute intermediate ones, downy beneath. Pe-
duncles downy. Fl. yellowish, sweetscented. Pet. roundish.—
Meadows and by water. P. VI—VIII. Meadow-sweet.

3. S. Filipendula (L.); herbaceous, stip. of the root-leaves
linear acute entire, those of the stem rounded and cut, 1. inter-
ruptedly pinnate, leaflets all oblong deeply cut and serrate, fi. in
a panicled cyme, caps. hairy parallelly adpressed.—E. B. 284.
St. 18. 7.—Root producing tubers. St. 1—1} foot high, round,
simple, panicled at the top. L. mostly radical, spreading; leaf-

SANGUISORBA.—POTERIUM.—AGRIMONIA. 91

lets small, many, intermediate ones much smaller. Fl. yellowish
white tinged with red. Pet. obovate.-—Dry chalky and lime-
stone pastures. P.VI. VII. Dropwort.

Tribe IL. Sanguisorbee.

3. SancuisorBa Linn. Great Burnet.

1. 8. officinalis (L.); spikes ovate-oblong, stam. about as long
as the calyx, leaflets cordate-oblong.—E. B. 1312.—L. pinnate
glabrous; leaflets about 13, stalked, opposite, obtuse, coarsely
serrate. Fr. oblong, winged chiefly in its upper half, transverse
section round, 4 wings thin.—8. media; spikes elongated cylin-
drical.— Damp meadows. P. VI.—VIII.

4. Porerium Linn. Lesser Burnet.

1. P. Sanguisorba (L.); herbaceous, st. slightly angular, cal.
of the fruit hardened quadrangular reticulate-rugose.— E.B.860.
—L. pinnate with many small ovate coarsely serrate subsessile
leaflets glabrous or slightly hairy beneath. Lower part of the
stems and petioles often downy.—On a dry calcareous soil.
P. VI.—VIII. E. I.

2. P,. muricatum (Spach); herbaceous, st. slightly angular,
calyx of fruit hardened 4-winged pitted, pits with elevated and
denticulate edges.—Closely resembling the preceding species but
usually larger in all its parts. Leaflets usually oval.—Dry places.
P, VI. VIL. E.

5. Acrimonia Linn.

1. A. Eupatoria(L.); cal.-tube of fr. obconic furrowed to the
base, exterior spines spreading, |. mterruptedly pinnate serrate
shaggy beneath.— FE. B. 1335. St. 59.4.—St. erect, about 2 feet
high. Spikes long with distant yellow flowers. Leaflets deeply
serrated.—Fields and road-sides. P. VI. VII.

2. A. odorata (Mill.) ; cal.-tube of fr. bellshaped not furrowed,
exterior spines declining, |. interruptedly pinnate hairy and with
minute glands beneath—Scented. Spikes long. Fl. yellow; pet.
obovate-lanceolate, wedgeshaped below, distant, spreading, flat,
turning up at the end. Styles spreading. Leaflets deeply and
sharply serrate throughout. Cal.-tube of the large fruits rarely
with shallow furrows in its upper half. Taller than No. 1, usually
more branched; 1. and Its., fl. and fr. larger— Waste places.
P. VI. VII. E. I.

92 26. ROSACEE.

6. AucHEemiLia Linn. Lady’s Mantle.

1. A. vulgaris (L.); 1. reniform plaited 7—9-lobed, lobes
rounded serrated throughout green beneath, fl. in terminal co-
rymbs.—E. B. 597.—Slightly hairy. Fl. yellowish green. L.
large on long stalks, st.-I. sessile with a pair of large notched
connate stipules.—8. subsericea (Koch) ; st.-]. and'petioles silky,
old 1. wavy with broad waves. A. montana Willd.—Dry hilly
pastures. P. VI.—VIII. Common Lady’s Mantle.

2. A. alpina(L.); radical 1. digitate, divisions 5—7 separated
to their base oblong obtuse closely serrated at the end white and
silky beneath, fl. in interrupted spikes of small lateral and ter-
minal corymbs, st. slightly branched simple below.—E. B. 244,
St. 51. 2,—8t., cal. and under side of the 1. beautifully silky.
Leaflets rarely slightly combined, outer ones of the radical 1.
usually nearly opposite to each other. Branches usually un-
divided, ascending.—Mountains. P. VI. VII. Alpine Lady’s
Mantle.

3. A. conjuncta (Bab.); radical l. peltate-palmate, divisions
5—7 combined through 4 of their length oblong obtuse closely
serrated at the end white and very silky beneath, fl. in interrupted
spikes of small lateral and terminal corymbs, st. with many
branches.— A. argentea (Don) not Lam.—Closely allied to A.
alpina but usually much larger; distinguished by the leaflets
which are broader and so placed in the radical leaves that the 2
external ones almost if not quite touch each other so as to present
the appearance of a peltate leaf; st. with long alternate spreading
branches, which are often again subdivided; the fl. in small
nearly simple distant corymbs, upon longer stalks, and more silky.
[Ferroe Isles. Sir 1. C. Trevelyan.]—Clova Mountains. Mr.
G. Don! and Mr. A. O. Black (1853). Glen Sannox, Arran.
Dr. N. Tyache ! P. VI. VIL. S.

4. A. arvensis (L.); 1. palmate 3-fid wedgeshaped below hairy,
lobes with 3—6 teeth at the end, fl. sessile axillary.—Aphanes
(L.) BE. B. 1011.—St. prostrate or ascending, 4—5 im. long. Fl.
very small, greenish, in small hairy inconspicuous tufts——Dry
fields on sand and gravel. A.V.—VIII. Parsley Piert.

Tribe III. Dryadea.

7. Stppaupia Linn.

1. S. procumbens (L.); 1. ternate, leaflets wedgeshaped with
3 teeth at the end, fl. corymbose, pet. lanceolate —E. B. 897.
St. 17. 5.—L. pilose on both sides. St. woody, procumbent.
Pet. very small. ‘ Pistils and stam. very variable in number.

POTENTILLA. t 93

“Yam disposed to consider it as a Potentilla.” W. Wilson.—
Dry summits of Scottish mountains. P. VII.

8. Porentitua Linn. Cinque-foil.
* Hairs on the receptacle shorter than the glabrous carpels.
t+ Leaves pinnate.

1. P. rupestris (L.); st. erect dichotomous, leaflets roundish-
ovate unequally cut and serrate 5—7 on the lower leaves, on the
uppermost 3.—E. B. 2058.~- Fl. white, large. Pet. much longer
than the calyx. Base of 1. wedgeshaped. St. 1—2 feet high.—
On Craig Breidden, Montgomeryshire. P. V. VI. E.

2. P. anserina(L.); st. creeping, |. interruptedly pinnate, leaf-
lets many oblong acutely serrate silky beneath, peduncles soli-
tary.—E. B. 861. St. 4. 7.— Fi. yellow, large. L. green above,
white and silky beneath; or white and densely silky on both
sides.—Road-sides. P. VI. VII. Silver Weed.

tt Leaves digitate.

3. P. argentea (L.); st. decumbent or ascending, 1. quinate,
leaflets obovate-cuneate incise-serrate white and downy beneath
their margins revolute.—E. B. 89. St. 17.7.—Fl. yellow, small,
in terminal corymbs.—Dry gravelly places. P. VI. VII.

4. P. intermedia (Nesl.); st. ascending, 7. of 7 hairy linear-
cuneate leaflets deeply serrated throughout green on both sides,
st.-l. ternate, teeth 5 or more on each side of a leaflet.— P. opaca
Sm. #. B,2449.—F1. on long simple solitary axillary or panicled
stalks, yellow. Serratures large distant, extending to the base of

the leaflet. I have not seen specimens.—Clova and Balquidder.
P. VE. ,

5. P. verna (L.); st. prostrate, lower 1. of 5—7 obovate leaf-
lets serrated towards the end bristly on the margin and ribs be-
neath, teeth 2—4 on each side, lowest stipules narrowly linear.—
E. B. 37. St. 17. 8.—S8t. woody, about 5 in. long. FI. yellow,
solitary or 2 or 3 together. The terminal tooth of the 1. usually
smallest and shortest.—Dry pastures. P. IV. V. ELS.

6. P. alpestris (Hall.); st. ascending, lower 1. quinate, leaflets
obovate-cuneate somewhat hairy deeply cut in the upper half,
teeth about 4 on each side, stip. all ovate-—E. B. 561. P. salis-
burgensis (Haenke) St. 17. 10.—Larger than the preceding. All
the teeth of 1. equal— Mountains. P. VI. VII. E.&.

7. P. reptans (L.); st. filiform procumbent rooting, 1. quinate
stalked, leaflets obovate bluntly serrated, peduncles solitary, pet.
obcordate with a long claw, carpels granulate-scabrous.—E. B.

94 26. ROSACEA.

862.—L. on long stalks, often with a bunch of small 1. in their
axils, sometimes solitary, usually in pairs. Leaflets blunt, rough
or hairy on their ribs and margins. Fl. on long stalks, yellow.—
Sometimes the 1. and cal. are covered with long silky hairs on
both sides.—Road-sides and banks. P. VI.—IX.

8. P. Tormentilla (Nesl.); st. procumbent or ascending, 1. ter-
nate sessile or shortly stalked, lower 1. quinate on long stalks,
leaflets lanceolate incise-serrate or obovate-cuneate, pet. obcor-
date their claw very short, carpels longitudinally wrinkled—Tor-
mentilla officinalis (L.) E. B. 863. St. 34. 12.—Leaflets acute,
somewhat hairy. L. all nearly sessile except the lowest which
often have long stalks. Stip. deeply cut. FI. small, yellow,
usually with & sep. and 4 pet.—P. mixta (Nolte); 1. stalked, Its.
obovate-oblong acutely serrate, stip. entire. A hybrid between
No. 7 and 8.—8. P. procumbens (Sibth.); leaflets obovate-cuneate
deeply cut, 1. 5-nate subpedate or 3-nate stalked, stip. entire or
trifid. Fl. usually larger. T. reptans L., E. B. 864.—In dry
places. (. Woods and hedge-banks. P. VI.—VIII.

** Hairs on the receptacle long, carpels hairy at the scar or
all over.

9. P. fruticosa(L.); shrubby, 1. pinnate, leaflets mostly 5 ob-
long acute entire hairy with revolute margins.—E. B. 88.—St.
3—4 feet high. Fl. large, yellow, terminal, somewhat aggregated.
—Teesdale. Wastdale. Galway. Clare. Sh. VI. VII. EVI.

(10. P. alba(L.); st. weak ascending, 1. quinate, leaflets elliptic-
oblong narrowed below silky beneath tipped with converging ser-
ratures, filaments and carpels glabrous except at the scar of the
latter.— FE. B. 1384. St. 4.2.—Fl. white. Stem-l. ternate.—
Said to have been found in Wales. Huds. P. VI.] E.?

11. P. tridentata (Sol.); st. woody creeping at the base, J.
ternate, leaflets oblong-cuneate with 3 teeth at the end glabrous
above hairy beneath, filaments glabrous, carpels downy.—E. B.
2389.—St. prostrate. Fl. white.—‘ Werron Hill, and East rock
Loch Brandy,” Clova. Mr. G. Don. P. VI. 8.

12. P. fragariastrum (Ehrh.); st. procumbent, 1. ternate
greyish green, leaflets roundish obovate serrate silky on both sides,
pet. narrowly obcordate not contiguous, carp. glabrous except at
the scar smooth or wrinkled transversely—E. B. 1785.—Fl.
small, white.— Woods, banks. P.IV.V. Barren Strawberry.

9. Comarum Linn. Marsh Cinqgue-foil.

1. C. palustre (L.).—E. B. 172.—St. ascending, 1 foot high,
reddish. L. pinnate. Leaflets 5—7, elliptic-oblong, acute,
sharply serrate. Fl. several, dark purple; cal. purple within;

FRAGARIA.—RUBUS. 95

pet. small. Differing from Potentilla by its enlarged spongy re-
ceptacle.—Marshes and peaty bogs. P, VII.

10. Fragarta Linn. Strawberry.

1. F. vesca (L.); cal. of the fruit spreading or reflexed, hairs
on the peduncles spreading those of the pedicels adpressed up-
wards silky. —E. B. 1524. E. B. S. 2742.—Stoloniferous. L.
bright green. Flowering stems short, erect, mostly simple, few-
flowered. _Lts. sessile. Hairs on pedicel of ‘first fl. spreading,
on the under side of |. adpressed. Carp. smooth, glabrous, on all
parts of the receptacle. Pet. about as long as broad, white
throughout, with 2 slight notches at the end, contiguous; claw
indistinct.— Woods and thickets. P.V.VI. Wood Strawberry.

+2. F. elatior (Ehrh.); cal. of the fruit spreading or reflexed,
hairs on the peduncles and pedicels spreading and somewhat de-
flexed. —E. B. 2197. F. moschata Lindl.—F'. imperfectly dice-
cious. Pet. 4 broader than long, white, entire ; claw distinct,
bright yellow. Larger and more hairy than F. vesca.—Woods in
the south, rare. P.VI.—IX. Hautboy Strawberry.

11. Rusus Linn.! Bramble.

A. Fruticosi. ;
* Stem suberect, shrubby, biennial.

i Idei. Ripe fruit separating from its receptacle. Stems having
a glaucous bloom.

1. R. Ideus (L.); st. round, prickles setaceous straight, 1. 5-
pinnate or ternate white beneath, term. lt. long-stalked, interm.
Its. sessile not imbricate, prickles of fl.-shoot and peduncles many
deflexed from a dilated compressed base, fl. axillary and terminal
corymbose.—E. B. 2442. R. G.47.—With suckers. St. 4—6 ft.
high; prickles small. L. usually pinnate, rarely ternate. Fr.
red or amber-coloured.—Thickets. Sh. VI. Raspberry.

22. R. Leesii (Bab.); st. round, prickles setaceous straight,
i. 3-nate white beneath, lts. all roundly ovate subsessile imbri-
cate, prickles of fl.-shoot and ped. few setaceous from a bulbous
base, fl. axillary and terminal racemose.—A. N. H. ser. 2. ix. 124.

1 In the descriptions by stem is meant the barren stem of the year ;
the prickles are called patent when they spread at right angles to the st.,
and subpatent when a little declining ; the shape of the leaflets, unless
otherwise stated, is taken from those of the barren stem. The term
seta is used to express a hair or bristle tipped with u gland; aciculi
are strong bristles.—By R. G. the plates in Weihe and Nees’s Rudi
Germanici are intended.

96 26. ROSACLE.

With suckers. St. 2—3 ft. high; prickles small. L. all ternate ;
Its. similar. Fr. unknown.—lIlford Bridges, Devon. Dunster,
Som. Sh. VI.

ii. Suberecti. Ripe fruit not separating from its receptacle.
Stems glabrous, slightly pilose; prickles equal.—Sepals
densely tomentose within, pilose externally with a narrow
border of white tomentum.

3. R. suberectus (And.); st. roundish obtuse-angled at the end,
prickles few small from a large compressed base confined to the
angles of the st., 1. 5—7-nate flexible thin, term. lt. cordate acu-
minate, basal Its. subsessile, Its. of fi.-shoot all narrowed below,
pan. thyrsoid, fr.-cal. reflexed—E. B. 2572. R. umbrosus Lees!
—St. 3—4 ft. high. Prickles scarcely longer than the longitudinal
extent of their base. L. green on both sides, rarely 3-nate, deeply
and very acutely unequally serrate. Fr. dark red.—Boggy woods
and heaths. Sh. VII. VIII.

4. R. fissus (Lindl.); st. reclining slightly angular, prickles
from a small short oval base slightly deflexed not confined to the
angles, 1. 5—7-nate coriaceous, lateral Its. of fl.-shoot often
slightly gibbous below, pan. corymbose, fr.-cal. erect-patent.—
St. 14—2 ft. high. Prickles fully twice as long as the longitu-
dinal extent of their base. L. green on both sides, unequally
serrate ; lower pair imbricate. Fr. dark red—Bog in Almond
Park, Salop. Llanberis, Caern.? Sh. VII.—IX. E.

5. R. pheatus (W. and N.); st. bluntly angular, prickles
slender straight or deflexed from a rather long oval base confined
to the angles, 1. 5-nate coriaceous mostly plicate, term. It. cor-
date acuminate, basal Its. mostly subsessile, lateral Its. of fl.-
shoot dilated and gibbous below, pan. pyramidal, fr.-cal. reflexed.
—E. B. 2714. R. G.1. R. nitidus R. G. 4. R. fruticosus (L.)
Arrh. R.G.2.—St. 3—4 ft.long. Basal Its. sometimes stalked
and prickles on st. stronger; usually those Its. are subsessile and
imbricate,—f. carinatus ; 1, all lanceolate keeled.—Damp heaths.
Sh. VII. VIII.

** Stem arched or prostrate, generally rooting at the end, shrubby.

ni. Netidi. St. slightly pilose, but not stellately downy nor
setose. Prickles chiefly on the angles of the stem, nearly
equal, from a long low compressed base.

6. R. nitidus (Bell Salt.) ; st. angular shining smooth, prickles
strong few declining compressed, |. 5-nate plicate green and
shining above paler and hairy beneath, term. lt. ovate or roundish
acuminate, basal Its. stalked not imbricate, pan. compound leafy
with spreading or divaricate short branches, rachis polished hairy

RUBUS. 97

above most prickly in the middle, fr.~cal. reflexed, prickles strong
but slender straight declining.—R. Lindleianus Lees !—St.
generally rooting, purplish when exposed. _L. digitate, coarsely
and doubly serrate. Ultimate pan.-branches tomentose. Pri-
mordial fr. small, globular ; drupes small, black, glossy, globular,
well-flavoured.—Sometimes the pan. is closer with ascending
branches, and the Its. broader and less plicate—-The term. It. is
much narrowed below in true R. Lindleianus. R. nitidus (W.
and N.) is R. plicatus——Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

7. R. afinis (W. and N.); st. angular smooth, prickles slightly
deflexed or declining conical from a long compressed base, |. 5-
nate wavy towards the end dull green and rather pilose above
paler and tomentose beneath, term. \t. cordate or cordate-ovate
cuspidate, basal lis. stalked, pan. broad compound leafy with
ascending cymose often elongated and leafy branches, rachis hairy
tomentose above, prickles large deflexed with large compressed
dilated base.—R. G. 3.—St. often seeming suberect. Basal Its.
often slightly imbricate.—R. lentiginosus (Lees); st. a little fur-
rowed, prickles declining, term. lt. oblong-obovate rather acu-
minate cordate below sometimes subglabrous beneath, pan. nar-
rower: seems to be a state of R. affinis growing in exposed
situations; the basal Its. are stalked, and its Its. plicate only
from youth.—Heaths and open woods. Sh. VIL. VII. E.S.

8. R. latifolius (Bab.) ; st. decumbent or slightly arching an-
hy furrowed, prickles moderate slightly declining compressed
rom a long base, 1. 5-nate pilose above more so beneath coarsely
doubly dentate, term. lt. cordate acuminate, basal Its. sessile im-
bricate, pan. short leafy with ascending few-flawered corymbose
branches pilose its top and pedicels tomentose and hairy, prickles
short slender declining.—St. strong, green. L. very broad.
Base of fi.-shoot slightly hairy. Pet. shortly ovate, clawed.—
Open woods. Cramond Bridge near Edinburgh. Acharn, Perth-
shire. Sh. VII. VIII. s.

9. R. imbricatus (Hort); st. decurved much branched angular
furrowed, prickles small strong declining from a long base, 1. 5-
nate thin convex opaque and subglabrous above paler and slightly
pilose beneath dentate-serrate, /ts. imbricate cuspidate convex,
term. It. roundish-cordate, pan. narrow leafy below with distant
long racemose ascending branches very hairy at the top not to-
mentose, prickles short slender from a large base deflexed, fr.-sep.
abruptly cuspidate.—A. N. H. Ser. 2. vi.—St. much branched,
purplish red. Pricklesreddish. Base of fi.-shoot slightly hairy.
Pet. elliptical, white. Styles greenish yellow below. Primor-
dial fr. subglobose ; torus subsessile.—Valley of the Wye below
Monmouth, plentiful. Mr. Hort. Sh. VI. VII. E.

F

98 26. ROSACEE.

10. R. ineurvatus (Bab.); st. angular, prickles strong patent
or declining, 1. 5-nate coriaceous shining above very soft and
grey beneath margins incurved and wavy, term. It. cordate-ovate
acuminate, pan. narrow compact leafy below with short patent
corymbose branches very hairy and tomentose at the top, prickles
strong but slender deflexed, fr.-sep. ovate-attenuate.—St. purple,
strong; prickles purple, tip yellow. L. coated with thick strong
soft grey velvet beneath. Base of fl.-shoot hairy. Pet. elliptical,
pink. Styles flesh-coloured below. Primordial fr. hemispherical ;
torus ovate-—Heaths and open woods. Llanberis, N. Wales.
Milford, Pemb. Shrewsbury. Ambleside. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

11. R.rhamnifolius (W. and N.); st. angular furrowed, prickles
patent or declining, J. 5-nate coriaceous thick flat opaque above
grey tomentose beneath, term. It. ovate or cordate-cuspidate,
basal Its. stalked not imbricate, pan. pyramidal compact above
with distant axillary few-flowered racemose branches below to-
mentose, prickles strong declining.—E. B. 2604. R.G.6. R.
cordifolius R. G. 5.—St. bright red. _ Prickles yellow or tipped
with red. L. with hard shining grey or nearly green tomentum
beneath, finely and equally serrate. Pet. roundish, white. Styles
greenish. Primordial fr. oblong, very large; torus oblong;
drupes many, black, dullish, rather flattened, insipid.—Hedges
and thickets. Sh. VII. VII.

iv. Villicaules. St. pilose (hairs often deciduous), often stel-
lately downy (i. e. with very short stellate hairs, often ad-
pressed), with scattered subsessile or slightly stalked glands
or a very few setz. Prickles chiefly on the angles of the
stem, rarely » few scattered smaller ones. Basal leaflets
stalked and not imbricate (i. e. not overlapping the inter-
mediate pair).

12. R. Grabowskii (Weihe); st. arched angular nearly glabrous
with a few hairs and subsessile glands on the young shoots,
prickles many nearly equal (a few smaller) declining from a long
base, 1. 5-nate opaque above ashy and downy beneath unequally
dentate, term. It. broadly cordate cuspidate on the fi.-shoot very
broad below, pan. long compound prickly leafy below, branches
ascending racemose-corymbose few lower axillary upper gradually
shorter, rachis hairy, prickles very large hooked, sep. hairy and
tomentose with sunken yellow sete and aciculi.—St. ultimately
purple, prickles on its end deflexed : I have not seen setz upon
it.—Cadeby, Leicestershire. Sh. VIII. :

13. R. thyrsoideus (Wimm.); st. angular furrowed subglabrous,
prickles declining or hooked from a long base, J. 5-nate coria-
ceous grey hairy and tomentose beneath, pan. long lax many,
lower branches axillary many-flowered, upper gradually shorter,

RUBUS. 99

prickles strong hooked, cal. fomentose hairy, pet. obovate much
narrowed below.—R. fruticosus R. G. 7.—St. roundish at the
base, often nearly suberect, with scattered stellate down. L.
usually softly tomentose beneath ; term. lt. usually ovate or ob-
long, gradually and shortly acuminate, rather coarsely and doubly
serrate.—R. argenteus (Lees!) is a form with more stellate down
on the st., underside of 1. and calyx.—I place var. macroacan-
thus (Bell Salt.) with R. discolor ; that of Bloxam here.—Hedges
and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

14. R. discolor (W. and N.); st. arched angular furrowed s¢el-
lately downy, prickles declining or deflexed from a long base, J.
5-nate coriaceous white closely tomentose beneath, pan. long nar-
row, few lower branches axillary many-flowered, upper short
close together corymbose, prickles strong hooked, cal. closely
tomentose, pet. roundish-obovate clawed.—R. G. 20. R. fruti-
cosus Sm. £. B. 715.—St. nearly prostrate unless supported,
often seeming glabrous. Prickles large, compressed. L. usually
hairless beneath or slightly hairy on the ribs only, tomentum hard;
term. lt. gradually obovate or oblong, abruptly acuminate; all
often with decurved edges.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII.VIII.

15. R. lewcostachys (Sm.); st. arched angular stellately downy
and with clustered hairs, prickles slightly declining, J. 5-nate grey
or white shining soft tomentose and hairy beneath, term. It.
elliptic or round cuspidate, pan. long tomentose and hairy,
branches all short few-flowered spreading, prickles slender
straight, cal. tomentose hairy setose.—E. B. 2631. R. leucosta-
chys and R. Leightonianus Bab., R. vestitus R. G. 33.—St. often
nearly round, sometimes furrowed ; stellate down abundant, often
lax; hairs mostly clustered, with bulbous bases, sometimes 0 ;
rarely a few subsessile glands or sete. LL. often pilose above;
term. It. round in deep shade, more elliptical when exposed, often
subcordate. Fl.-shoot hairy throughout; prickles yellow, from
a large base.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I.

16. R. carpinifolius(W. and N.); st. arched angular patently
hairy (hairs solitary and clustered) sometimes slightly stellately
downy, prickles moderate conical compressed slender declining,
1. 5-nate pilose above pale green and hairy or grey and tomentose
beneath, term. It. elliptic elliptic-obovate or roundish pointed,
pan. narrow racemose leafy below very hairy setose, branches all
short ascending few-flowered or lower elongated, prickles de-
clining, cal. very hairy.—R. G. 13. R. vulgaris R.G. 12. BR.
carpinifolius E. B. S. 2664 is different. — St. sometimes
nearly round ; stellate down 0, or very slight; subsessile glands
rather many; sete rare; prickles very regularly and gradually
attenuated.—a. R. carpinifolius (W. and N.); st. often nearly
suberect ultimately arched and rooting, term. It. elliptical acu-

F2

100 26. ROSACEX.

minate finely but unequally serrate grey hairy and finely tomen-
tose beneath. Lets. rather coriaceous.—f. R. umbrosus (Arrh.) ;
st. arched slightly angular, term. It. elliptic-obovate subcuspidate
irregularly dentate-serrate pale green softly hairy and mostly
finely tomentose beneath. LL. often 7-nate. Lis. large, flexible ;
term. lt. usually subcordate below. R. carpinifolius Blox.—
Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

17. R. villicaulis (W. and N.); st. arched angular patently
hairy, prickles strong conical from a large base compressed
straight subpatent, ]. 5-nate thick pale green velvety shining with
reddish veins beneath dentate-serrate, term. It. cordate-ovate or
ovate acuminate-cuspidate, pan. compound leafy lax hairy to-
mentose setose, branches corymbose, prickles slender dechning
or slightly deflexed, sep. long long-pointed hairv tomentose se-
tose loosely reflexed—R. G.17. R. sylvaticus Lees!, (Bab. in
part). R. G. 15?—St. becoming nearly naked; stellate down
rare; hairs mostly solitary; glands subsessile ; rarely a few sete
and aciculi. L. similarly clothed on both shoots. FI.-shoot
rather thinly hairy throughout. Pan. usually narrow.—Hedges
and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

18. R. pampinosus (Lees); st. arched angular with few hairs,
prickles slender conical declining from a long base, |. 5-nate thin
green on both sides thickly pilose only on the veins beneath un-
equally dentate, term. it. cordate-ovate cuspidate, pan. long pyra-
midal leafy, lower branches racemose ascending, upper corym~-
bose patent, prickles slender declining or deflexed, branches and
top of rachis ashy with short hair and tomentum, sep. hairy to-
mentose and slightly prickly with a dilated or leaflike point.—
Bot. of Malv. ed. 2. 55.—St. becoming naked and purple, po-
lished, rarely a small seta. LL. nearly glabrous and dull above,
naked between the veins beneath. Very nearly allied to the
large cordate-leafed form of R. villicaulis—Woods near Mal-
vern and Wire Forest. Sh. VII. VIII.

19. R. mucronatus (Blox.); st. arched nearly round patently
hairy, prickles few small slender conical from a large base straight
subpatent, J. 5-nate rather thick green rough and pilose on both
sides finely dentate-serrate, term. lt. broadly obovate with a cor-
date base abruptly cuspidate, pan. narrow leafy very lax hairy
tomentose setose, branches long 1—3-flowered, prickles few
slender declining, sep. long-pointed hairy tomentose setose
loosely reflexed.—R. sylvaticus (Bab. in part).—St. becoming
nearly naked ; hairs scattered; glands subsessile; setae and aci-
culi few. Fl.-shoot hairy throughout.—Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VII. VIII. E. S.

20. R. Salteri (Bab.); st. arched angular furrowed subgla-
brous, prickles moderate compressed subpatent from along base,

RUBUS. 101

1. 5-nate thin green on both sides pilose beneath coarsely and
doubly dentate-serrate, term. \t. broadly obovate subcordate be-
low cuspidate, pan. long lax leafy below hairy with short few-
flowered patent subcorymbose branches, rachis wavy, prickles
slender declining, sep. long-pointed hairy tomentose.— R. calva-
tus Blox.—St. green, becoming quite glabrous; a few subsessile
glands; sete and aciculi very few. L. very slightly pilose above,
hard and rough beneath. Rachis of fl.-shoot wavy. The ori-
ginal R. Saltert has a very few sunken setz on its panicle and
calyx ; fl.-shoot with a nearly straight rachis ; branches of pan.
more corymbose; fr.-sep. erect; prickles fewer on all parts
than the typical R. calvatus. But they seem to be the extremes
of one species.—Hedges. Sh. VI.—VIII. E.

21. R. macrophyllus (W. and N.); st. arched or prostrate an-
gular with scattered patent hairs, prickles short rather slender
scarcely exceeding the longitudinal extent of their large base
much declining, \. 5-nate thin green and tomentose or pilose be-
neath, term. It. elliptic-obovate, pan. compound rather elongate
hairy tomentose with short sunken setz, branches axillary race-
mose ascending, prickles slender much declining from a large
base, cal. hairy tomentose.— R. G. 12. E. B. 2625? BR. Schlech-
tendalii Bab. R. amplificatus Lees.—St. thick, very long, pur-
plish green. Prickles usually singularly thick at their base but
the upper part slender, sometimes rather small, yellow. Short
aciculi and sete not unfrequent. L. sometimes much rounder
and cuspidate—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E. I.

22. R. Sprengelii (Weihe) ; st. prostrate round hairy, prickles
many wnequal from a large compressed base deflexed, 1. 3—5-
nate-pedate green on both sides distantly pilose beneath, term. It.
elliptical acuminate, pan. lax leafy below hairy tomentose setose,
branches divaricate few-flowered the lower axillary ones often long
and decompound, prickles slender few, sep. erect-patent hairy to-
mentose long-pointed.—a. R. Borreri (Bell Salt.); st. thick strong
with many often very unequal prickles and some sete and acicull,
1. mostly 5-nate, pan. often corymbose or when the branches are
shorter subthyrsoid.—8. R. Sprengelii (Weihe); st. slender with
small prickles aud subsessile glands, 1. mostly 3-nate, pan. lax
few-flowered subcorymbose. &. G. 10.—These forms are quite
connected by intermediate states; sometimes a few sete occur
on the st. of 8, they are found on the panicle of both.— Woods
and thickets. Sh. VI. VII. E.

vy. Glandulosi. St. with many hairs glands sete and aciculi
passing more or less gradually into scattered prickles.

A. L. 5-nate (rarely 3-nate) ; basal Its. stalked, not imbricate.
Prickles on st. passing abruptly into aciculi and sete.

23. R. Bloxamii (Lees); st. prostrate angular or furrowed,

102 26. ROSACES.

prickles moderate subpatent compressed chiefly on the angles,
aciculi and sete small, hairs many all short, 1. 5—3-nate green
and pilose on both sides coarsely dentate, term. lt. broadly ob-
ovate cuspidate, pan. long leafy, short branches and top corym-
bose, simple floral 1. very large subcordate below, prickles slender
declining from long compressed bases, rachis angular not tomen-
tose, sep. ovate-lanceolate leaf-pointed.—St. thick, rarely fur-
rowed, green or purplish. L. subpedate. Upper floral 1. simple ;
others 3—5-nate; term. lt. cordate-ovate cuspidate.—Leicester-
shire. Warwickshire. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

24. R. Hystrix (Weihe); st. arched angular slightly furrowed,
prickles slender from a long compressed base slightly declining
rather scattered, aciculi few sete many hairs few all nearly equally
short, 1. pedate green and pilose on both sides dentate-serrate,
term. lt. obovate-oblong acuminate, pan. long leafy rather prickly
with racemose ascending branches below upper half leafless with
short patent or divaricate branches, prickles on fi.-shoot large-
based declining on pan. very slender, rachis wavy, sep. lanceo-
late-attenuate (point flattened and dilated) erect-patent on fruit.
—R. G. 41.—St. greenish-purple. Prickles sometimes very
small. I. paler and more hairy, but not white, beneath ; term.
It. gradually narrowed into a long point in the typical plant, nar-
rowed below on both shoots.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. Vi
Vill. ‘

25. R. Radula(Weihe); st. arched angular, prickles compressed
from a long compressed base declining unequal and passing into
aciculi, aciculi sete and hairs many unequal, J. pedate whitish-
green and downy beneath unequally and finely serrate, term. lt.
ovate acuminate, pan. long leafy slightly prickly naked at the
end with short corymbose ascending branches, prickles of fi.-shoot
and base of pan. strong large-based deflexed, sep. ovate long not
leaf-pointed loosely reflexed from the fruit.—R. G. 39.—The
y. pygmaeus and 6. foliosus of ed. 2 are R. pallidus; R. Lingua
(Bab.) is this species with a less compound panicle.-—Hedges and
thickets. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

26. R. rudis (Weihe); st. arehed angular slightly furrowed,
prickles long compressed nearly equal clearly separated from the
aciculi, aciculi setee and hairs equal, 1. whitish green and downy
beneath doubly and coarsely serrate, term. lt. obovate-elliptic
acuminate, pan. long leafy naked at the end slightly prickly,
branches ascending corymbose, prickles of the fl.-shoot and base
of pan. strong large-based deflexed, sep. ovate leaf-pointed closely
reflexed from the fruit.—R. G. 40.—The presence not absence
of the leaf-point to the sep. is of value. Var. attenuatus (Bab.)
is a wood form with thinner 1. green beneath and term. It. much
lengthened at one or both ends.—f. R. Leightonii (Lees) ; term.

RUBUS. 103

lt. obovate euspidate rounded below.—y. denticulatus (Bab.) ;
term. It. squarely obovate cuspidate cordate below obscurely but
broadly dentate.—8.? R. Reichenbachii (Weihe?); st. hairy with
few aciculi and sete, term. lt. nearly round ashy beneath, pan.
oblong rather broad lower half leafy, branches racemose-corym-
bose, point of sep. long linear (not leaflike?). R. G. 37.—
Hedges and thickets. @. Shropshire. y. Sheffield. 6. Bangor.
Sh. VII. VIII.

B. L. 5-nate. Prickles passing very gradually into aciculi
and sete.

a. Basal Its. stalked, not imbricate.

27. R. pallidus (Weihe); st. arched or decumbent roundish-
angular, prickles scattered unequal subpatent rather slender (in
8. declining or deflexed strong) from a compressed base, aciculi
and setz scattered, hairs many, J. even green and soft beneath,
term. lt. obovate-elliptical acuminate, pan. narrow leafy hairy,
branches racemose erect-patent, prickles unequal slender declining
a few strong, aciculi and sete very unequal.—R. G. 29. R.
Koehleri y. 8. «. of ed. 2. BR. rosaceus Lees !—The amount of

rickles varies much on al] parts. Pan. sometimes simple, or
ower branches long racemose, upper short 1—3-flowered, some-
times subcorymbose.—f. infestus (Bab.); prickles many strong
short much declining or deflexed, hairs aciculi and sete few and
short, pan. with short racemose branches and declining (or much
defiexed strong) prickles— Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

28. R. Koehleri(Weihe); st. arched or decumbent roundish or
angular, prickles many unequal from a compressed base, aciculi
sete and hairs many, |. even pale green and rough beneath, term.
lt. obovate, basal Its. stalked, pan. rather open and broad-topped
leafy with short mostly corymbose and patent branches, prickles
many long straight, hairs aciculi and setee unequal many.—R. G.
25. #.B.S.2605.—In the typical plant (a. and 8. ed. 2) the term.
It. varies from gradually acuminate to abruptly cuspidate, the
prickles often nearly cover the st., the pan.-branches often have
very many straight slender prickles. Prickles of pan. all straight
and slender, or a few of the largest hooked and broad-based,
rarely nearly all so.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VII. VIII.

b. Basal Its. subsessile, usually imbricate.

29. R. fusco-ater (Weihe ?); st. arched or decumnbent angular
slightly hairy, prickles many subpatent straight from a com-
pressed base unequal, aciculi and sete many, 1. rugose above
pale green beneath, term. lt. cordate-ovate acuminate, pan. long
narrowish leafy naked above with short erect-patent subracemose

104 26. ROSACE.

branches, prickles strong longest about the middle of the fl.-
shoot, hairs aciculi and setze mostly short and equal.—R. G. 26?
—L. mostly soft beneath. I believe R. Schleichert (Leight., not
Weihe) is a form of this. The following plants are placed here
doubtfully.—8. R. Colemanni (Blox.); prickles nearly equal often
With deciduous glandular tips, hairs aciculi and sete very few
deciduous, basal Its. not quite sessile, leafless top of pan. with
short few-flowered divaricate branches, prickles many, aciculi
and sete rather few.—y. aculeatus; prickles from a very large
base declining, 1. grey and tomentose beneath, term. It. obovate,
basal Its. stalked not imbricate, leafless top of pan. with short
few-flowered divaricate branches, prickles very many, hairs aci-
culi and setz many unequal.—Hedges and thickets. 8. Leices-
tershire and Warwickshire. y. Caleford, Gloucestershire. Sh.
VII. VIII. :

C. L. 3-nate or 5-nate-pedate ; basal Its. stalked, not imbri-
cate. Prickles passing rather abruptly into aciculi and
seta,

30. R. pyramidalis (Bab.); st. decumbent roundly angular,
prickles many short strong with a very long compressed
base much declining or defiexed, hairs few, aciculi and setz
nearly equal short strong, 1. 3-nate rarely 5-nate-pedate green
and pilose on both sides dentate-serrate, (ts. of 3-nate 1. nearly
equal with decurved edges, term. lt. obovate cuspidate, pan. py-
ramidal leafy below its top and branches tomentose racemose,
prickles slender straight, hairs and unequal sete many, rachis
straight and rigid.—St. quite procumbent, |. paler and more
pilose beneath. Pan. remarkably pyramidal ; uppermost branches
l-flowered. Sep. with long setaceous points, their base adpressed
to the fruit. Pet. very narrow, often numerous.—Llanberis,
N. Wales. Culbone, Somerset. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

31. R. Giinthert (Weihe); st. decumbent roundly angular,
prickles weak unequal from a long compressed base declining,
aciculi setee and hairs nearly equal short, 1. 3-nate or 5-nate-
pedate green and pilose on both sides unequally dentate-serrate,
term. It. broadly obovate acuminate, pan. thyrsoid leafy with
ascending usually few-flowered racemose branches, prickles few
small slender straight declining, aciculi setee and hairs many un-
equal, rachis wavy—R. G. 21.—Only slightly prickly. L.
slightly pilose above, much beneath. Upper fi.-1. mostly simple.
Sep. reflexed—Thickets. Sh. VIII. E.

32. R. hirtus (W. and N.); st. decumbent nearly round an-
gular at the end, prickles small slender long-based declining un-
equal, hairs sete and slender aciculi many short unequal patent,
1, 5-nate-pedate oy 3-nate green on both sides pilose above paler

RUBUS. 105

and hairy beneath dentate, pan. with a racemose naked top and
many short axillary distant branches very hairy and setose,
prickles long slender declining lower ones long-based.—R. G.
43.—St. densely covered with hairs and very unequal setz and
aciculi. Term. It. with a cordate base, obovate-cuspidate, finely
but doubly dentate. Axillary branches of pan. racemose-corym-
bose, sometimes 0 and then the pan. is usually simple. Fr.-cal.
patent or reflexed, tomentose, setose, scarcely at all prickly.—
B. R. Menkii (Weihe); term. It. obovate-lanceolate coarsely
doubly dentate-serrate, cal. prickly. R. G.22?—y. R. foliosus
(Weihe); st. more angular with fewer hairs and seta, term. It.
cordate acuminate, pan. leafy to the top, cal. slightly prickly.
R. G, 28.—Thickets. 8. Tonbridge Wells. y. Warwickshire.
Sh. VII. VIII. E. 8,

33. R. glandulosus (Bell.) ; st. decumbent nearly round
throughout, prickles small slender unequal large-based declining,
acicult sete and hairs rather many short nearly equal patent, l.
3-nate or 5-nate-pedate green on both sides pilose above hairy
beneath dentate-serrate, pan. with a racemose or corymbose naked
top and several short axillary corymbose branches very hairy and
setose, prickles slender declining some large-based, fr.-cal. erect
or patent.—L. scarcely paler beneath. Aciculi sete and hairs on
st. less numerous and far less conspicuous than in R. hirtus.
Prickles on lower part of fl.-shoot often deflexed.—a. R. Bellardi
(Weihe); st. round, prickles small, hairs and sete rather many,
term. li. elliptic cuspidate finely dentate-serrate, pan. slightly
divided, its top and fr long distant branches corymbose. R. G.
44, E. B. 8. 2883. A state of this is the R. dentatus Blox.—
B. R. fuscus (Bab.); st. roundish, prickles small, aciculi and
sete rather few, hairs dense, term. It. elliptic-subcordate acute
coarsely or doubly dentate, pan. rather long, branches subcorym-
bose. R&R. rotundifolius (Blox.) is a form of this.—The two fol-
lowing plants may constitute a distinct species from the two pre-
ceding.—y. R. Lejeunii (Weihe) ; st. slightly angular sparingly
hairy and setose, 1. with long silky hairs on both sides, term. lt.
ovate acuminate, pan. spreading densely hairy with many short
sunken setee, cal. very hairy. R. G. 31.—d. R. rosaceus (Weihe);
st. slightly angular, 2. very slightly pilose above more so beneath,
term. It. cordate or cordate-obovate-attenuate, pan. rather pyra-
midal branched below hairy with long unequal prominent seta.
R. G. 36.—a. Terrington Car, Yorkshire. Twycross, Leicester-
shire. Gt. Malvern. Tintern. §. Leicestershire. Woreester-
shire. Hertfordshire. y. Channel Isles. Twycross. 6. rather
common, Sh. VII. VIII. E.

34. R. seaber (Weihe); st. rather angular, prickles strong
short declining, aciculi sete and hairs very short rather few
FS

106 26. ROSACEA.

with large bases, 1. 3-nate or 5-nate-pedate green and pilose on
both sides paler and more hairy beneath doubly dentate, term.
lt. obovate cuspidate or acuminate subcordate below, pan. sub-
pyramidal tomentose leafy below, branches divaricate racemose-
corymbose, prickles small declining or deflexed large-based,
set nearly equal shorter than the hairs, sep. setose and prickly
loosely reflexed.—R. G. 32.— R. Babingtonii Bell-Salt.!!_ Rarely
the st. is furrowed. Shape of lts. variable—Woods. Widely
distributed but not common. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

vi. Cesii. St. round or bluntly angular with few, or no, hairs
sete or glands and usually a glaucous bloom. Prickles
usually unequal ?.

35. R. Balfourianus (Blox.); st. arched roundish or bluntly
angular with scattered patent hairs and a few aciculi and sete
or subsessile glands, prickles rather unequal slender conical sub-
patent, 7. 5-nate green on both sides pilose above downy beneath
dentate-serrate, term. lt. cordate or ovate acute, basal Its. sub-
sessile imbricate (?), pan. lax leafy hairy tomentose setose with
long distant axillary spreading few-flowered racemose-corymbose
branches, sep. ovate-attenuate with a long point, fr.-cal. erect
patent, fr. depressed.—St. with few rarely many prickles. Pan.
often very thinly tomentose setose and hairy. Sep. often leaf-
pointed, prickly, setose. St. not floccose with few or no aciculi
or sete, pan. very broad lax and corymbose. Subglabrous (R.
Balfourianus Blox.) ; or, st. with scattered short nearly equal aci-
culi and setz, pan. closer and longer (R. tenuiarmatus Lees).
The extremes of these plants are very different, but there appear
to be connecting forms.— Woods and hedges. Sh. VII. VIII. E.

36. R. corylifolius (Sm.) ; st. prostrate or arched nearly round
throughout or bluntly angular upwards nearly or quite glabrous
or with a few aciculi and sets or subsessile glands, prickles
straight mostly equal, 1. 5-nate pale and soft beneath, term. lt.
roundly ovate or cordate pointed, basal lts. subsessile imbricate,
pan. and branches subcorymbose, sep. ovate reflered, styles green-
ish, torus oblong stalked.—St. slightly glaucous. Pan. usually
with 2 or 3 long axillary branches, closely tomentose, top with
more or less prominent seta.—a. R. sublustris (Lees) ; st. round
green, prickles slender from a small base patent, 1. whitish-to-
mentose beneath coarsely toothed, term. lt. usually lobed roundish-

1 The plants formerly included under the name of R. Badingtonii
are now referred respectively to R. scaber, R. pyramidalis and R. fusco-
ater 8. Colemanni. ;

? The plants contained in the section are far from being determined
satisfactorily. 2. Wahlbergi (Bab. not Arrh.) is now placed partly
under &. corylifolius and partly under R. nemorosus.

RUBUS. 107

cordate, fl.-shoot straightish, prickles on rachis few. E. B. 827.
Term. It. sometimes divided into three.—8. conjungens; st. sub-
angular green, prickles strong from a large base declining, 1.
whitish tomentose beneath coarsely toothed, term. It. usually not
lobed cordate-ovate, fl.-shoot straightish, prickles on rachis few.
—y- purpureus ; st. angular dark purple a little floccose, prickles
patent or a little detlexed or declining from a large base, 1.
whitish or greenish tomentose beneath rather finely toothed,
term. It. roundish ovate or subcordate, /l.-shoot wavy, prickles on
rachis many. R. corylifolius y. and 6. Leight.—Hedges and
thickets. Sh. VI—VIII.

37. R. nemorosus (Hayne); st. prostrate bluntly angular with
a few short hairs and setz, prickles many very unequal patent
conical, 1, 5-nate or 3-nate nearly glabrous above paler and soft
beneath, term. lt. roundly cordate pointed (on the fl.-shoot nar-
rowed below), pan. nearly simple open, sep. ovate-acuminate
conspicuously setose embracing the blue-black fr., “pet. nar-
rowed below,” base of styles flesh-coloured, torus conical.— R.
dumetorum R. G. 45.—Prickles often slightly hairy especially
on the petioles, a little curved on the midrib of leaves. Basal
Its. stalked or subsessile. F.-]. simple.—a. glabratus ; st. sub-
glabrous, fl.-shoot tomentose, 1. green and soft beneath.—8. pi-
tosus ; st.and fl.-shoot suhtomentose, 1. paler and soft beneath.
—y. R. bifrons (Vest.) ; st.subglabrous, 1. whitish and tomentose
beneath, fi.-shoot tomentose. — 6. ferox (Leight.); prickles
strong from a compressed cushionlike base, st. with a few hairs
and sete. A doubtful plant—Hedges and thickets. Sh VI.
VII.

38. R. cesius (L.); st. prostrate round glaucous not hairy,
prickles weak slender subulate very unequal straight or towards
the end of the st. deflexed, 1. 3-nate irregularly imcise-serrate,
term, lt. ovate or rhomboidal or 3-lobed, basal Its. usually sessile
lobed below externally, pan. simple, sep. ovate long-pointed em-
bracing the glaucous fr. of few drupes, pet. elliptical emarginate,
styles green.—E. B. 826. R. G.46.—St. long, slender. Prickles
very variable in number and length. Term. It. rarely divided
into three and forming a 5-pinnate leaf. R. tenuis (Bell Salt.)
is a state of this—Heaths and hedges. Sh. VI.—IX.

B. Hersacer. Stems nearly or quite herbaceous.

39. R. saxatilis (L.); st. slender prostrate rooting unarmed
or with very few distant minute prickles, , ¢ernate, fl.-shoot erect
with a terminal few-flowered corymb, pet. oval about equalling
the calyx.—E. B. 2233. R. G. 9.—St. annual, very slender. FI.-
shoots radical, about a span high. Fl. yellow. Fr. of 1—4 large
red drupes.—Stony mountains. P. VII. VIII.

108 26. ROSACEE.

[40. R. areticus (L.); st. erect unarmed herbaceous with
about 1 terminal fi., 1. ternate, pet. obovate twice as long as the
calyx, stam. connivent.—E. B. 1585. R. G. 48,—F1. rose-co-
loured.—Isle of Mull and on Ben Ghlo ?]

41. R. Chamemorus (L.); st. erect unarmed herbaceous
1-flowered, J. simple lobed and plaited—E. B. 1585. R. G. 49.
—True st. subterranean, creeping, woody. Fl.-shoot (st.) 6—10
in. high. Fl. large, white, dicecious. Fr. large, red, afterwards
orange-yellow.—Alpine turf-bogs. P. VI. Cloudberry.

Index to the Rubi.

R. aculeatus, 29.
affinis, 7.
amplificatus, 21.
arcticus, 40.
argenteus, 13.
attenuatus, 26.
Babingtonii, 24.
Balfourianus, 35.
Bellardi, 33.
bifrons, 37.
Bloxamii, 23.
Borreri, 22.
cesius, 38.
calvatus, 20.
carinatus, 5,
carpinifolius, 16.

Chamemorus, 41.

Colemanni, 29.
conjungens, 36.
cordifolius, 11.
corylifolius, 36.
dentatus, 33.
denticulatus, 26.
discolor, 14.
dumetorum, 37.
ferox, 37.
fissus, 4.
foliosus, 32.
foliosus, 25.

Sruticosus, 5, 14.

fusco-ater, 29.

fuscus, 33.
glabratus, 37.
glandulosus, 33.
Grabowski, 12.
Gintheri, 31.
hirtus, 32.
Hystrix, 24.
Ideeus, 1.
imbricatus, 9.
incurvatus, 10.
infestus, 27.
Koehleri, 28.
Koehleri, 27.
latifolius, 8.
Leesii, 2.
Leightonianus, 15.
Leightonii, 26.
Lejeunii, 33.
lentiginosus, 7.
leucostachys, 15.
Lindleianus, 6.
Lingua, 25.
macroacanthus, 13.
macrophyllus, 21.
Menkii, 32.
mucronatus, 19,
nemorosus, 37.
nitidus, 6.
nitidus, 5.
pallidus, 27.
pampinosus, 18.

pilosus, 37.
plicatus, 5.
purpureus, 36.
pygmaeus, 25.
pyramidalis, 30.
Radula, 25.
Reichenbachii, 26.
rhamnifolius, 11.
rosaceus, 33.
rosaceus, 27.
rotundifolius, 33.
rudis, 26.

Salteri, 20.
saxatilis, 39.
scaber, 34.
Schlechtendalii, 21.
Schleicheri, 29.
Sprengelii, 22.
suberectus, 3.
sublustris, 36.
sylvaticus, 17, 19.
tenuiarmatus, 35.
tenuis, 38.
thyrsoideus, 13.
umbrosus, 3, 16.
vestitus, 15.
villicaulis, 17.
vulgaris, 16.
Wahlbergii, 36.

DRYAS.—GEUM. 109

12. Dryas Linn.

_ 1. D. octopetala (L.); 1. crenate-serrate obtuse, sep. 3 or 4
times as long as broad more or less pointed, base of the cal.
hemispherical.—E. B. 451. St. 20.3.—F. large, white. Pet. 8.
L, simple, white with fine dense woolly pubescence beneath. St.
prostrate, woody. Seeds obovate-oblong, apiculate—a. Sep.
acute, covered with red hairs. L. ovate-oblong, deeply cut into
large rounded lobes; under side of the petiole and midrib green,
bearing minute linear pellucid fringed scales mixed with long
hairs, midrib and jatera ribs sparingly hairy and conspicuous.—
B. pilosa (Bab.). Sep. slightly pointed, covered with nearly
black hairs. L. oblong or ovate-oblong, deeply cut into large
slightly acute lobes ; under side of the petioles and midrib dark
red, hairy but without scales, midrib and lateral ribs covered
with long white hairs and inconspicuous. Awn longer and more
feathery.— Alpine situations, particularly on limestone. 8. County
of Clare, Ireland. P. VI. VII.

2. D. depressa (Bab.); 1. crenate-serrate obtuse, sep. twice as
long as broad blunt and rounded at the end, base of the calyx
truncate nearly flat—A. N. H. x. 183. t. 7. (calyx and leaf).—
Fl. large (white or yellowish?). Pet. 8. L. ovate, deeply cut
into large rounded lobes, white with fine dense woolly pubescence
beneath; under side of the petiole and midrib green, bearing
minute pellucid fringed scales mixed with long hairs. Stems
prostrate, woody. I have not seen recent petals._Ben Bulben,
Sligo. P. VI. VII. i

13. Geum Linn. Avens.

1. G. urbanum (L.); fl. erect, pet. obovate, cal. of the fruit re-
flexed, carpophore 0, lower joint of the awn much longer than the
glabrous upper joint, radical |. interruptedly pinnate and lyrate,
stem-l. ternate, stip. large rounded lobed and cut.—E. B. 1400.
St. 5.7.—St.2 feet high. Fl. small, bright yellow, calyx green.
Upper joint of the awn with a few minute hairs at its base—
Hedges and thickets. P. VI—VIII. Wood Avens.

2. G. intermedium (Ehrh.) ; fl. erect or nodding, pet. roundish
with a wedgeshaped claw, cal. of the fruit patent, carpophore 0,
lower joint of the awn longer than the hairy upper joint, radical 1.
interruptedly pinnate and lyrate, stem-l. 3-lobed, stipules round
toothed.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fi. larger than in No. I, less than
in No. 3, yellow, calyx purplish. Upper joint of awn clothed
with long hairs but with a rather long glabrous point. Perhaps
a hybrid.—Damp woods. P. VI. VIL. E.S.

3. G. rivale (L.); fl. nodding, pet. broadly obovate emarginate
or obcordate with a long wedgeshaped claw, cal. of the fruit

110 26. ROSACES.

erect, carpophore elongated, lower joint of the awn equalling the
long hairy upper joint, radical 1. interruptedly pinnate and lyrate,
stem-l. ternate, stip. small ovate toothed.—E. B. 106. St. 3.—
St. about 1 foot high. Fl. large, purplish-brown with darker
veins, calyx purplish. Head of fruit upon a stalk which is nearly
as long as the calyx. Upper joint of the awn with a short gla-
brous point.—Damp woods. P. VI. VII. Water Avens.

Tribe IV. Rosee.
14. Rosa Linn. (') Rose.

* Shoots setigerous, prickles scarcely curved.
+ Bracts large.

[l. R. Dicksoni (Lindl.); “ shoots setigerous,” prickles scat-
tered slender subulate, leaflets oval with coarse double serratures
hoary, sep. long simple equal, fruit ovate-urceolate—E. B. 8S.
2707.—Smaller serratures of the 1. irregular or wanting. Pe-
duncles thickened upwards, setose.—Probably not a native.
See Mack. Fl. Hibern. Sh. VI.] I?

[2. R. cinnamomea (L.); shoots setigerous, prickles scattered
slender subulate, leaflets lanceolate-oblong simply serrate downy
and glandulose beneath, sep. long simple, fr. ovate small. Borr.—
E. B, 2388.—Serratures of the leaves sometimes with an inter-
mediate tooth. Peduncles not thickened upwards, without setz.
—Pyrobably not a native. Sh. V.] E.? 8.?

+t Bracts small or wanting.

3. R. rubella (Sm.); st. and branches densely setigerous
throughout, prickles nearly equal few slender, leaflets simply
serrate naked their disk without glands, fr. oblong or urceolate
pendulous.—£. B. 2521 and (fruit) 2601.—Persistent sepals
mostly spreading.—F’r. bright red.—South Shields? Abergeldy ?
Sh. V. ES.

4. R. spinosissima (L.); prickles many crowded very un-
equal mostly straight subulate intermixed with sete, leaflets
simply serrate their disk without glands, sep. half as long as the
cor. acuminate entire, fr. nearly globular erect.— E. B. 187.—Fr.
dark purple or black.—8. pilosa (Lindl.) ; “1. acute hairy on the
under side.””—Sandy and chalky heaths. 8. Ireland. Sh. V.

5. R. habernica (Sm.); prickles scattered unequal the larger
slightly falcate, sete few, Its. simply serrate hairy beneath their

? In this genus I have availed myself of the observations of my
valued friend Mr. Borrer in Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 3.—Seta. See note, p. 95.

ROSA. Ill

disk without glands, sep. shorter than the cor. pinnate slightly
leaflike, fr. nearly globular.—E. B. 2196.—Fr. somewhat urceo-
late, blood-red. FI. mostly solitary or 2 or 3 together. Lts.
sometimes smooth.—Near Lorton, Cumb. Flotterton, North-
umb.? Near Belfast harbour. Sh. V.—VIII. E. I.

6. R. Wilsoni (Borr.); prickles many crowded very unequal
straight, seta few, leaflets simply serrate hairy on both sides
their disk without glands, sep. shorter than the cor. slightly leaf-
like mostly simple, fr. ovate-urceolate—E. B. S. 2723.—Fr.
scarlet.—Banks of the Menai near Bangor. Sh. VI. E.

7. R. involuta (Sm.); prickles crowded very unequal straight,
sete few, leaflets doubly serrate hairy and glandular beneath, sep.
nearly as long as the cor. slightly leaflike mostly simple, fr. glo-
bose-urceolate setose.—H. B. 2068 and (fr.) 2601.—Fr. dark red.
Dwarf.—Hebrides and western Highlands. Sh. VI. 8.

8. R, Sabini (Woods) ; prickles scattered unequal straight or
nearly so, setz few, leaflets doubly serrate hairy glandular be-
neath, sep. nearly as long as the cor. somewhat pinnate slightly
leaflike, fr. globose or slightly urceolate setose.—#.B.S. 2594,—
Fr. dark red.—8. R. doniana (Woods) ; prickles more numerous,
1. very hairy, cal. ahnost simple. FE. B. S.2601.—y. R. gracilis
(Woods); larger prickles faleate, cal. almost simple. E. B. 583
(fig. only).—Mostly in the north. Sh. VI.

** Shoots mostly without sete, leaves glandulose.
T Prickles nearly uniform, sete few or none.

9. R. villosa (L.); prickles uniform nearly straight, leaflets
doubly serrate downy glandular, sep. slightly pinnate, root-
shoots straight.—E. B. 2459.—Sep. persistent, usually connivent
on the elliptical or nearly globose fruit—Northern counties.
Sh. VI. VII.

10. R. tomentosa (Sm.); prickles mostly uniform straight or
curved, leaflets doubly serrate downy glandular, sep. copiously
pinnate.—E. B. 990 and 1896.—Root-shoots straight or arched.
Sep. persistent, usually spreading on the oblong or urceolate fruit.
A very variable plant.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII.

ll. R. inodora (Fries) ; prickles uniform wncinate, leaflets
doubly serrate hairy glandular beneath, sep. closely pinnate
mostly deciduous, ramuli without setz, fr. elliptical or nearly
globular.—£. B. 2579.—L. sparingly glandular, sometimes with
more numerous glands, and then the sep. are elongated and
persistent. Sep. short with a short leaflike point and closely-set
shortly-lanceolate often compound pinne.— Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VI. VIL

112 26. ROSACES.

12. R. micrantha (Sm.); prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets
doubly serrate hairy glandular beneath, sep. and pinne elongated
deciduous, ramuli sparingiy setigerous, fr. small elliptical and
ovate.—E. B. 2490.—Distinguished by the long leaflike point and
narrow lanceolate simple pinne of its sepals combined with uni-
form prickles, small primordial fruit rounded at the base and
deciduous sepals. Glands on under side of leaves many.—
Hedges and thickets in the south. Sh. VII. VIII. ELL

tt Prickles various, intermixed with sete.

13. R. rubiginosa (L.); prickles many the larger uncinate
the smaller subulate, leaflets doubly serrate hairy glandulose
beneath rounded at the base, sep. and pinne elongated persistent,
primordial fruit pearshaped.—. B. 991.—The various prickles,
persistent calyx and pearshaped primordial fruit distinguish this
from the preceding 2 with which it is very closely allied.—Bushy
places. Sh. VI. VIL. Sweet-Briar.

14. R. sepium (Thuil.); prickles many the larger curved
the smaller subulate, /eaflets doubly serrate hairy glandular be-
neath acute at the base, sep. and pinne elongated narrow, pri-
mordial fruit ovate rounded at the base.—E. B.8.2653.—Pinnz
of the calyx small, narrowly lanceolate, springing nearly at right-
angles from the sepals which have a linear-lanceolate limb.—
Bridport, Warwickshire. Heyford, Oxfordshire. Sh. VI. E.

*** Shoots mostly without sete, leaves without glands.
+ Styles distinct, mcluded, or nearly so.

15. R. canina (L.); prickles uniform hooked, 1. naked or
slightly hairy without glands the serratures simple or compound,
sep. pinnate deciduous, styles distinct—a. R. canina (Woods);
leaflets naked keeled serratures simple. Leaflets narrowly ellip-
tical, not rounded below, often with a twisted point, green or
grey. E. B. 992.—8. R. sarmentacea (Woods); leaflets naked
keeled serratures compound. LE. B. 8.2595.—y. R. surculosa
(Woods); leaflets naked flat serratures simple. Leaflets roundish
or elliptical with irregular serratures.—d. R. dumetorum (Woods);
leaflets hairy on both sides flat. Terminal leaflets often nearly
cordate. E.B.S.2610.—e. R. Forsteri(Sm.); leaflets more or
less hairy not flat. Leaflets concave or keeled, hairy on both
sides or only beneath. E. B.S. 2611.—See Borrer’s detailed ac-
count of this species in Hook. Br. Fl. ed. 3—Hedges and thickets.
Sh. VI. VII. Dog Rose.

16. R. bractescens (Woods); “ calyx-tube globose, prickles
hooked, leaflets simply serrate downy beneath, bracteas over-
topping the fruit.” Woods.—Styles woolly. Fr. globose.— Ul-
verston, Lancash.; Ambleside, Westm. Mr. Hoods. Sh. E.

CRATEGUS.—-COTONEASTER.—M ESPILUS. 113

17. R. cesia (Sm.); prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets doubly
serrate downy without glands, sep. distantly and sparingly pin-
nate, fr. elliptical smooth.— E. B. 2367.—Difficult to distinguish
on paper from R.canina, but more resembling R. tomentosa in
appearance.—In the north. Sh. VI.

tt Styles united in a column, mostly exserted.

18. R. systyla (Woods); prickles uniform uncinate, leaflets
simply serrate without glands, sep. sparingly pinnate deciduous,
central germens stalked, styles hairless surrounded by a convex
disk, stigmas forming a conical head, shoots nearly erect.—E. B.
1895.—Serratures towards upper ends of the lts. usually conver-

ing. Germens in centre of calyx on stalks as long as themselves.

olumn of styles variable in length. L. nearly glabrous or hairy
on both sides. The strongly arched shoots often nse to the
height of 10—12 feet Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII.

19. R. arvensis (Huds.); prickles uncinate those on the ra-
muli feeble, lts. simply serrate deciduous without glands, sep.
sparingly pinnate deciduous, germens all sessile, styles hairless
surrounded by a nearly flat disk, stigm. forming a round head,
shoots trailing. —E. B. 188.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. VII.

Suborder III. Pomee.

15. Craraeus Linn. Hawthorn.

1. C. Oxyacantha (L.) ; spinose, 1. obovate 3—4-lobed cut and.
serrate cuneate at the base, fl. corymbose, cal. not glandular,
styles 1—3.—E. B. (var. 8.?) 2504.—a. C. Oxyacantha (L.,
Jacq.) ; 1. lobed bluntish, ped. and cal. usually glabrous, cal.-
lobes ovate-acuminate, styles 1—3, fruit oval, nuts 1—3.—8.
C. monogyna (Jacq.) ; 1. deeply lobed usually acute, ped. and cal.
villose, cal.-lobes lanceolate acuminate, style 1. bent, fruit sub-
globose.—Hedges and thickets, 8. the more common form. T.

. Vi

16. CorongastTeR Lindl.

1. C. vulgaris (Lindl.) ; 1. roundish-ovate rounded at the base,
flowerstalks and margins of the calyx downy.—E. B. S. 2713.—
Pet. rose-coloured. Fr. small, pendulous.—Cliffs at the Great
Orme’s Head, Caernarvonshire. Sh. V. E.

17. Mespitus Linn. Medlar.

1. M. germanica (L.) ; 1. lanceolate undivided downy beneath,
fl. solitary.— E. B. 1523.—L. entire simply or doubly serrate.
In the wild state it is spinous.— Hedges and thickets in Surrey,
Sussex and Cheshire. T.V. VI. EK.

114 26. ROSACEA.

18. Pyrus Linn.

1. P. communis (L.); 1. simple ovate serrate, flowerstalks
corymbose, fruit turbinate, styles distinct.—E. B. 1784.—Germen
woolly. Leaves sometimes obovate suddenly contracted into a
long very acute point. Hedges and woods. T.IV.V. Wild
Pear tree.

2. P. Malus (L.); 1. ovate acute serrate, fl. in a sessile umbel,
fr. globose, styles combined below.—E. B.179.—a. P. acerba
(DC.) ; young branches calyx-tube and under side of the |. gla-
brous.—f. tomentosa( Koch); thesame parts pubescent or woolly.
—Woods and hedges. T. V. Crab tree.

(3. P. domestica (Sm.); 1. pinnate downy beneath serrate,
fi. panicled, fr. obovate-—E. B. 350.—Fr. resembling a small
pear.—One tree in Wyre Forest. T. V. Service tree.] E.

4. P. aucuparia (Gaert.) ; 1. primate downy beneath serrate,
fi. corymbose, fr. (small red) globose.—-E. B. 337.—Hilly woods
and on mountains. T. V. VI. Rowan tree. Mountain Ash.

5. P. fennica(Bab.); 1. oblong doubly serrate near the apex pin-
natifid below, pinne lanceolate oblong serrate, under side white
and downy, fl. corymbose.—E. B. 2331? P. pinnatifida Sm., Sor-
bus fennica Kalm, Fries.—Fr. scarlet. Lower part of the 1. often
truly pinnate, the lobes becoming more and more combined as
they approach the extremity of the leaf which is only deeply
and doubly serrate-—Mountains in the northern part of the Isle
of Arran. T. V.

6. P. Aria (Sm.); @. oval or oblong unequally and doubly
serrate or slightly lobed towards the end nearly entire below, la-
teral veins about ]2 on each side, under side white and downy,
fl. corymbose.—E. B. 1858.—Fr. scarlet.—Hilly and mountain
woods. T. V. White Beam tree.

7. P. scandica (Bab.); 1. broad lobed, lobes triangular-oval
toothed deepest towards the middle of each side of the 1., lateral
veins about 7 on each side, under side white, fl. corymbose.—
Sorbus scandica Fries.—*< Fy. red.” Basal 4 of 1. finely serrate,
apical 3 narrowly lobed. The continental distribution shows that
neither this nor P. fennica can be hybrids.—Hilly woods. T. V.

8. P. torminalis (Sm.); 7. ovate or cordate lobed glabrous,
lobes triangular acute serrate the lower ones larger and spread-
ing, fl. corymbose.—F. B. 298.—Fr. oval, brown. Woods and
hedges chiefly in the south. T.IV.V. Wild Servicetree. E.

27. LYTHRACEZ.—28,. TAMARISCACES. 115

Order XXVIT. LYTHRACEZ.

Cal. tubular, lobed, lobes valvate or distant in exstivation,
sometimes with intermediate teeth. Pet. between the lobes of
the calyx, very deciduous, Stam. inserted in the tube of the cal.
below the pet. and equalling them or 2, 3 or 4 times as many.
Ovary free, 2—4-celled. Caps. membranaceous, usually (by abor-
tion) l-celled, with many seeds and a central placenta, covered
by the calyx. Embryo straight.

1. LytHrum. Cal. tubular, cylindrical, with 8—12 teeth ;
4—6 broader, erect; alternate teeth subulate. Pet. 4—6.
Stam. as many as, or twice the number of the petals. Style
Jjiliform. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

2. Pepuis. Cal. campanulate with 12 teeth, of which 6 are
broader and erect, 6 subulate. Pet. 6, minute, fugacious.
Stam. 6. Style very short. Caps. 2-celled, many-seeded.

]. LytHrum Linn. Loosestrife.

1. L. Salicaria (L.); 1. lanceolate from a cordate base opposite
or whorled, fl. in whorled leafy spikes, bracts 0, subulate calyx-
teeth twice as long as the others, stam. 12—. B. 1061.—Upper
1. usually falling short of the flowers; or so large as totally to
destroy the spiked appearance of the plant. St. 2—4 feet high
and 1. nearly glabrous, or downy with crisped hairs. Fi. large,
purple or crimson.— Ditch-banks and damp places. P. VII. VIII.
Purple Loosestrife.

2. L. Hyssopifolia (L.); 1. alternate linear-lanceolate blunt,
fl. axillary solitary, bracts 2 minute subulate, calyx-teeth all short,
stam. 6.—E. B.292.—St. mostly procumbent, spreading, simple
or branched. FJ. small, light purple. Glabrous.—Damp places
where water has stagnated, rare. A. VI—X. E. I.

2. Pepuis Linn. Water Purslane.

1. P. Portula (L.); 1. opposite obovate stalked, fl, axillary
solitary sessile—E. B. 1211. St. 1. 7.—Pet. often wanting. Cal.-
tube short, vase-shaped, shorter than the capsule. St. 4—6 in.
long, prostrate, creeping. Damp places. A. VII. VIIL.

Order XXVITI. TAMARISCACE.

Cal. 4—5-parted, persistent, zestivation imbricate. Pet. 4—5,
withering, from the base of the calyx. Stam. equal to or twice
as many as the pet., from the margin of a scutelliform disk.

116 29. ONAGRACES.

Caps. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded, loculicidal. Placentas
often only at the base. Seeds ascending, comose.

1. Tamarix. Styles 3, patent. Seeds affixed at the base of
the capsule; coma or down of simple papilliform hairs at
the apex.

1. Tamarix Linn. Tamarisk.

+1. T. anglica (Webb); 1. glabrous rather narrowed at the base
spurred, fl.-buds ovoid, hypogynous ring 5-angled narrowed into
the filaments of the cordate shortly apiculate anthers whose
cells diverge below, caps. roundish-trigonous at the base abruptly
narrowed towards the apex.—T. gallica Sm., E. B. 1318.—St.
shrubby, with slender leafy branches. L. minute, with a loose
spur at the base. Spikes lateral, rather panicled, slender. FI.
small, pink.—South-west coast of England. S. VII. E.

Order XXTX. ONAGRACEA.

Cal. tubular, adnate to the ovary wholly or in part, with 2—4
lobes valvate in estivation. Pet. as many as the calyx-lobes,
twisted in estivation, inserted at the top of the tube. Stam. 2,
4 or 8, inserted with the petals. Ovary of several cells, with a
central placenta. Style 1, filiform, stigma capitate or lobed. Fr.
a berry or capsule with 4 cells. Albumen 0.—L. alternate or
opposite, not dotted.

1. Epinopium. Cal. 4-cleft, deciduous. Pet.4. Stam. 8.
Style filiform with a clavate or cruciform stigma. Caps.
linear, 4-celled, 4-valved. Seeds many, bearded.

2. GENOTHERA. Cal.-limb tubular below. Seeds not bearded.
In other respects like Epilobium.

3. Iswarpta. Limb of the cal. 4-cleft, persistent. Pet. 4 or 0.
Stam.4. Style filiform, deciduous, stigma capitate. Caps.
obovate, 4-valved, 4-celled, many-seeded, with a loculicidal
dehiscence.

4. Crrcma. Limb of the cal. 2-cleft, deciduous, its tube
closed by a cup-shaped disk. Pet. 2, obcordate. Stam. 2,
alternate with the petals. Style simple; stigma emarginate.
Caps. 1- or 2-celled, cells 1-seeded, seeds erect.

1. Errtosium Linn. Willow Herbs.

A. Fl. irregular, cal. without a free tube, stam. and style ulti-
mately declining, 1. scattered.

1. E. angustifolium (L.); st. erect round, 1. lanceolate veined,

EPILOBIUM. 117

pet. obovate shortly clawed, style exceeding the stamens..—
Creeping extensively. St. 3—6 ft. high. Fl. crimson.—a. E.
macrocarpum (Steph.) ; 1. lanceolate, fl.-buds obovate cuspidate,
caps. long (23 in.) erect. FE. B. 1947.—8. E. brachycarpum
(Leight.); 1. lanceolate-attenuate (broadest near their base),
fl.-buds narrowly obovate obliquely acute, caps. short (1 in.)
spreading. A. N. H. viii. 246 and 401.—Damp shady places.
P. VIL. Rose-bay.

2. E. rosmarinifolium (Haenke); st. erect round, J. linear not
veined, pet. elliptic-oblong not clawed, style equalling the stamens.
—E. Dodonei, St. 72. 5.—Creeping moderately. St. dwarf,
often prostrate. lL. shortly attenuate at both ends. Fl. rose-
coloured or white.—Stony places on mountains. Glen Tilt.
P. VIII. 8.

B. Fl. regular, cal. with a free tube, stam. and style erect, 1.
opposite, upper 1. lanceolate,

* Turionate; i.e. producing radical suckers.

3. E. hirsutum (L.); st. round woolly glandular, J. clasping
slightly decurrent oblong-lanceolate denticulate-serrate, buds
erect mucronate, sep. lanceolate, seeds tubercular oblong acute
below.—E. B. 838.—Suckers thick, fleshy, with «distant scales ;
others leafy and ending in rosettes. St. 4—5 ft. high, branched.
L. most hairy upon the ribs. FI. large.—Wet places by ditches
and streams. P. VII. VIII. Great Willow Herb.

** Stoles autumnal rosulate, st. erect.
+ Stem mostly round, stigmas 4-cleft.

4. E. parviflorum (Schreb.); st. round downy, J. sessile lan-
ceolate from a rounded base denticulate, lowest 1. shortly stalked,
buds erect ovoid, sep. lanceolate, seeds tubercular obovate-oblong
rounded below.—E. B. 795.—Autumnal rosettes on short stalks
or sessile. St. 1—2 ft. high, nearly simple. L. uniformly hairy.
Fl. small.—E. rivulare (Wahl.) is a subglabrous state-—Damp
places. P. VII. VIII.

5. E. montanum (L.); st. round downy, 1. shortly stalked
ovate-lanceolate from a rounded base denticulate, buds nodding
ovoid, sep. lanceolate, seeds tubercular oblong blunt at both
ends.—E. B. 1177. St. 72. 7.—Root truncate. Rosettes fleshy,
oblong, sessile. St. 6—24 in. high. Margins and veins of 1.
pubescent. L. sometimes in threes.—Dry places. P. VI. VII.

6. E. lanceolatum (S. and M.); st. slightly angular downy, J.
stalked lanceolate denticulate-serrate narrowed to an entire base,
buds nodding ovoid, sep. linear-parabolic, “seeds tubercular

118 29. ONAGRACES.

ohovate-oblong subacute below.”—E. B. S. 2935.—Root not
truncate. Rosettes loose, sessile. St. 1—2 ft. high, obscurely
or very bluntly angled especially below. _L. flaccid, mostly pen-
dulous.—South of England, rare. P. VII.—1X. E.

+t Stem with raised lines, stigma entire.

7. E. roseum (Schreb.) ; rosettes loose, J. stalked ovate nar-
rowed and acute at both ends serrulate, buds nodding ovoid
acuminate, sep. lanceolate acuminate, seeds obovate-oblong
narrowed to a rounded base.—E. B. 693.—St. 1—2 ft. high,
branching, with two sharp and two blunt angles. Petioles long.
—Damp places. P. VII. VIII.

8. E. tetragonum (L.); rosettes dense subsessile, 1. strap-
shaped much denticulate-serrate, limb of intern. 1. decurrent,
buds erect, seeds oblong-obovate tubercular.— Curt. Lond. i. 66.
—St. 1—2 ft. high, with 2—4 raised lines, usually much branched.
—Damp places. P. VII. VIII.

*** Stoles estival long-jointed with small leaves, primary stem
erect, stigma usually entire.

9. E. obscurum (Schreb.); 1. tapering from a rounded base
sessile remotely denticulate, lower 1. oblong blunt, buds erect,
seeds oblong-obovate.—E. virgatum Bab. See A. N. H. Ser. 2.
xvii. 236 for an account of this plant and its allies. —Resembling
E. tetragonum but the caps.much shorter.— Wet places. P. VII.
VII.

**** Stoles estival long-jointed with very small leaves ending in
autumnal bulbs which become detached, base of stem cordlike.

10. E. palustre (L.); stoles long, st. rooting near the base,
1. narrowly lanceolate from a wedgeshaped base sessile not de-
current, buds nodding, sep. lanceolate, seeds subfusiform attenuate
and acute below and the testa prolonged above smooth.—E. B.
346?—Stoles very slender, st. round, often with two rows of
ee 6—18 in. high. L. entire or denticulate——Bogs. P. VII.
il.

*#eE Stoles or barren stems estival leafy rosulate.

11. E. alpinum (L.); barren stems short their upper 1. closely
placed, fl.-st. erect from a short rooting base, 1. oval or oblong
blunt narrowed below not acuminate, upper 1. lanceolate, buds
nodding, sep. linear-lanceolate acute, seeds lanceolate-obovate
pointed below apiculate.-— EF. B. 2001.—St. filiform, simple, with
two raised lines, 3-—4 in. long. L. pale green. FI. pale.—
Higher mountains. P. VII.

CG NOTHERA.—ISNARDIA.—CIRCEA. 119

*eeE* Stoles or barren stems estival leafy not rosulate.

12. E. anagallidifolium (Lam.); joints of barren stems all
long with sinall obovate leaves, fl.-st. erect from a long rooting
base, 1. oblong blunt narrowed below not acuminate, upper I.
lanceolate, buds nodding, sepals oblong blunt, seeds obovate
pointed below apiculate—See A. N. H. Ser. 2. xvii.—St. fili-
form, mostly simple, with two raised lines, 3—4 in. long. L. pale
green. FI. pale reddish.—Higher mountains. P. VII. 8.

*KKEEEK Stoles estival seale-bearing not rosulate.

13. EH. alsinifolium (Vill.); stoles (yellowish) with small
roundish distant scales, st. erect from a long rooting base, J. ovate-
acuminate repand-dentate shortly stalked, buds nodding, sep. li-
near-oblong, seeds subfusiform.—Florig. Brit. f. 626.—St. mostly
simple, rather thick, with 2 raised lines, 3—12 in. long. L.
shining, subpellucid. Fl. large, purplish. Caps. upright, long,
long-stalked.— Higher mountains. P. VII. E. 8.

2. Ginotruera Linn. Evening Primrose.

*1. GE. biennis(L.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate flat toothed, st. rough
rather hairy, pet. longer than the stamens.—E. B. 1534. St. 5. 5.
—F. large, many, bright yellow. Caps. short, hairy. St. 2—3
feet high, leafy.—Sandy coast of Lancashire. Often an outeast
from gardens. B. VII.—IX. E.

3. Isnarpia Linn.

1. I. palustris (L.) ; st. procumbent rooting glabrous, 1. oppo-
site ovate acute narrowed into a petiole, fl. axillary solitary ses-
sile without petals.—H. B. S. 2593. St. 22. 3.—St. 6—8 in.
long, round, branching, often reddish. Fl. with 2 small bracts at
the base. Caps. ovate, obtusely quadrangular, with the persistent
calyx spreading horizontally——Pools and marshes. Buxted,
Suss. Petersfield and Brokenhurst, Hants. Jersey. A. VI. E.

4. Circma Linn.

1. C. lutetiana (L.); 1. ovate or slightly cordate below repand-
denticulate opaque, petioles subterete, bracteoles 0, pet. deeply
emarginate, lobes broadly obovate, cal. hairy, ovary 2-celled, fr.
broadly obovate.—E. B. 1056. St. 23. 1.—Pet. as long as the
herbaceous sepals, broad below. Fr. persistent.—Woods and
hedge-banks. P. VI—VIII. Enchanter’s Nightshade.

2. C. alpina (L.); 2. cordate acuminate repand-dentate shin-
ing, petioles flat with membranous wings, bracteoles setaceous,
pet. bifid, lobes oblong, cal. glabrous, ovary 1-celled.— E. B. 1057.

120 30. HALORAGACES.

St. 23. 2.—Usually glabrous. Pet. shorter than the membra-
nous sepals, narrow below. Fr. soon falling. Bracteoles deci-
duous.—8. C. intermedia (Ehrh.); fl. larger, sep. less membra-
nous equalling the petals. Whole plant much larger.— Woods
and thickets in mountainous districts. P. VII. VII.

Order XXX. HALORAGACEA.

Cal. adnate with the ovary, limb minute. Pet. minute, from
the throat of the calyx. Stam. 1—8, inserted with the petals.
Ovary of 1 or more cells. Styles equal in number to the cells.
Fruit dry, not bursting, usually crowned with the rim of the
calyx. Seed pendulous, with a small quantity of albumen.

1. MyrropHyLtum. Moneecious. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 4,
fugitive, longer than the calyx in the male, small and re-
flexed or 0in the female. Stam.8. Styles 4, villose. Fr.
tetragonal, separable into 4 hard nuts.—G. F. G. Monochl. 3.

2. Hippuris. Calyx-limb very minute, obsoletely 2-lobed.
Pet. 0. Stam. 1. Style filiform Stigma simple, acute.
Fruit a 1-celled nut.—G. F. G. Monochl. 2.

1. MyriopHytuum Linn. Water Milfoil.

1. M. verticillatum (L.); fl. ali axillary whorled, bracts pin-
natifid—E. B. 213.—L. whorled, pinnatifidly divided into se-
taceous segments. Bracts more or less longer than the flowers,
pinnatifid or (M. pectinatum DC.) pectinate-—Ponds and ditches,
rare. P. VII. VIII.

2. M. spicatum (L.); fl. whorled forming a leafless spike, bracts
small entire, spike erect when in bud.—E. B, 83.—L. 4 in a
whorl, submersed, lower bracts often pectinate——Ponds and
ditches. P. VI. VII.

3. M. alterniflorum (DC.); sterile fi. alternate about 6 form-
ing a leafless spike, spike nodding when in bud afterwards erect,
fertile fl. about 3 together in axillary whorls at the base of the
spike.—E, B. S. 2854.—L. 3 or 4 in a whorl, submersed.—
Ponds and ditches. P. V.—VIII.

2. Hipruris Linn. Mare’s Tail.

1. H. vulgaris (L.); 1. linear 6—1]2 in a whorl with a callous
point.—E. B. 763. St. 44. 1.—St. simple, or sometimes branch-
ing at the base, erect. Fl. in the axil of each of the upper leaves,
often without stamens. In deep water the submersed leaves are
elongated flaccid pellucid and not callous at the end.—In stag-
nant water and slow streams. P. VI. VII.

31. CUCURBITACER.—32, PORTULACER. 121

Order XXXI. CUCURBITACEZ.

Cal. 5-toothed, tube adnate with the ovary. Cor. 5-cleft,
often scarcely distinguishable from the calyx, reticulated with
veins, Stam. 5, more or less cohering. Anth. sinuose. Ovary
3—5-celled or spuriously 1-celled; placentas parietal. Style
short. Stigmas lobed. Fr. more or less succulent. Seeds flat,
in an arillus; embryo flat; albumen 0.—Plants succulent,
climbmg with extra-axillary tendrils. Often moncecious or
dicecious.

1. Bryonra. Cal. 5-toothed. Cor. 5-cleft. Male: Stam. 5,
in 3 bundles. Fem: Style 3-fid. Fruit a globose few-seeded
berry. Seeds oval, compressed, more or less bordered.

1. Bryonia Linn. Red Bryony.

1. B. dioica (L.); 1. palmate 5-lobed dentate rough on both
sides with callous points, fl. dicecious, cal. of the fertile fl. half as
long as the corolla.—E. B.439.—St. climbing. Tendrils simple.
Fr. red.—[B. alba (L.) has the fertile cal. as long as the ccr.
and black fruit. It is said to be moncecious.|—Hedges and
thickets. P. V.—IX. ‘

Order XXXII. PORTULACE,

Sep. 2, rarely 3 or 5, cohering at the base ; eestivation imbri-
cate. Pet. usually 5, from the base of the calyx. Stam. inde-
finite, inserted with the petals, often opposite to the petals; fila-
ments distinct. Ovary ]-celled. Style 0. Stigmas several. Caps.
opening transversely or by 3 valves; placenta central. Embryo
curved round the albumen.

1. Montta. Cal. of 2 sepals, persistent. Cor. 5-parted, with
3 segments smaller than the others, tube split to the base in
front. Stam. 3, inserted in the throat and opposite to the
smaller segments of the corolla. Ovary turbinate. Style
very short. Stigmas 3. Caps. 3-valved, 3-seeded.

1. Montia Linn.

1. M. fontana (L.).—E. B. 1206. St. 11. 1.—L. opposite, spa-
thulate, entire. Valves of the caps. rolled longitudinally inwards
after the seeds have fallen.—a. M. minor (Gm.) ; st. short ascend-
ing rigid, ped. axillary and terminal, seeds reticulate-scabrous.—
8. M. rivularis (Gm.); st. flaccid ascending, ped. axillary, seeds
reticulate.—Watery places. 8. in water. A. IV.—VIII.

G

122 33. PARONYCHIACE.

Order XXXITI. PARONYCHIACEA.

Cal. 5-parted, rarely 4 or 3, zstivation imbricate. Pet. mi-
nute and resembling abortive stam. or 0. Stam. indefinite, op-
posite the sep. (when the same number), somewhat hypogynous.
Ovary free. Styles 2 or 3. Fr. dry, 3-valved or indehiscent ;
placenta central. Embryo more or less curved. Albumen fari-
naceous.— Perhaps the whole Order should be joined to Caryo-
phyllacee.

* With stipules, sep. slightly connected.

Tribe I. PARONYCHIE. Caps. 1-seeded. Pet. 0, or small
and subulate.

1. CorricroLa. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, oblong, equalling the sepals.
Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent.
Seed suspended by its seed-stalk which arises from the base
of the capsule.—L. alternate.

2. Herniaria. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, filiform, inserted with the
5 stam. on a perigvnous ring. Stigmas 2, nearly sessile.
Fr. 1-seeded, indehiscent, membranous.—L. opposite.

3. ILLEcEBRUM. Sep. 5, thickened, horned at the back.
Pet. 0 or 5, subulate, inserted with the 5 stam. on a perigy-
nous ring. Stigmas 2. Fr. l-seeded, furrowed, bursting
along the 5 furrows.

Tribe . SPERGULE AS. Caps. 1-celled, 3—5-valved, many-
seeded.

4. Pouycarpon. Sep. keeled on the back, hooded at the
end. Pet. 5, emarginate. Stam. 3—5. Styles 3, short.
Fr. 1-celled, 3-valved, many-seeded.

5. Lepiconum. Sep. 5, flattish. Pet. 5, entire, as long as
the calyx. Stam.5—10. Styles 3 or 5. Fr. 3—5-valved,
many-seeded; valves fewer than or alternate with the sepals.

6. Spercuta. Sep. 5. Pet. 5, entire, as long as the calyx.
Stam. 5—10. Styles &. Fr. 5-valved, many-seeded; valves
opposite the sepals.

** Without stipules, sep. tubular below.

Tribe il. SCLERANTHE A. Caps. 1-seeded, inclosed in the
hardened cal.-tube.

7 Scterantuus. Tube of the cal. urceolate, contracted at
the mouth by a glandular ring; limb 5-fid. Pet.0. Stam.
10 rarely 5, inserted in the throat of the calyx, Styles 2.
Fr. membranous.—G. F. G. Monochl. 77.

CORRIGIOLA.—ILLECEBRUM. 123

Tribe I. Paronychiee.

1. Corrigiona Linn.

1. C. littoralis (L.); st. leafy amongst the flowers.—E. B.
668.—FI. stalked, white, small, in small clusters. Stem-]. ob-
long, narrow below. St. many from the crown of the root,

rostrate, slender.—Sandy shores. Slapton Sands and near the
tart Point, Devon. Helston, Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. E.

2. Herniarta Linn.

1. H. glabra (L.); st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with mi-
nute decurved hairs, 1. oval-oblong, clusters of sessile fl. axillary
coalescing on the lateral branches into a slightly leafy spike—
E. B. 206.—Pale yellowish-green. St. procumbent or subterra-
nean, rooting extensively; autumnal shoots ascending, irregularly
branched with spreading not imbricate leaves. Lateral branches
resembling leafy spikes from the dense aggregation of the
clusters. Cal. glabrous or with a very few hairs. L. glabrous.
—£. subciliata (Bab.); 1. more or less ciliated—Rare. Suffolk.
Ruan Minor, Cornwall. Wilsford, Lincoln. Six-mile Bottom,
Camb. Finchley Common. West of Kerry. P. VII. EI.

2. H. ciliata (Bab.); st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with
minute decurved hairs, 1. orbicular-ovate ciliated, clusters of ses-
sile fl. avillary upon the lateral branches and distinct. —E. B.S.
2857.—Dark green. Root strong, woody. St. spreading exten-
sively from the crown of the root but scarcely rooting until the
autumn when they are prostrate and regularly alternately branched
and the leaves are imbricated in two rows. Clusters 1—3
together in small distinct bunches. Sep. tipped with a strong
bristle. Very different in habit from H. glabra.—Very rare.
Lizard Point, Cornwall. Guernsey. P. VII. VIII. E.

(3. H. hirsuta (L.); st. herbaceous prostrate clothed with
straight spreading hairs, |. oval-oblong, clusters of sessile fl. axil-
lary distinct.—E. B. 1379.—Cal. hairy, resembling a minute bur.
—A very doubtful native. The Finchley Common plant was
H. glabra. P. VU]

3. InueceBRuMm Linn.

1. I. verticillatum (L.).—E. B. 895.—St. procumbent, filiform,
glabrous. Fl. whorled, axillary, minute, white. L. roundish,
variable in size, shorter or longer than the flowers.—Boggy

E

ground in Devon and Cornwall. P. VII. A
G

124 33, PARONYCHIACES.

Tribe II. Spergulee.

4. Potycarvon Linn.

1. P. tetraphyllum (L.) ; triandrous, pet. emarginate, stem-I.
in fours, 1. on the branches opposite.—. B. 1031.—In young
plants the 1. are often all opposite.—Coasts of the south-west of
England. A. VI. VIT. E.

5. Lericonum WaAlb.

1. L. rubrum (Wahlb.) ; st. round, 1. flat linear pointed, caps.
aboutequalling cal. rather shorter thanslightly declining fr.-stalks,
seeds triangular obovate with a thickened rough border.—St. pro-
cumbent. Short ped. and cal. glandular hairy. L. bristle-poimted.
Sep. obtuse, obscurely 3-veined.—a. dren. rubra (L.); seeds all
wingless, 1. flat on both sides. Arenaria Sm. E. B. 852.—8. A.
media (L.?); seeds mostly wingless « few winged, I. fleshy flat
above.—Sandy fields. 8. Near the sea. A. VI.—IX.

2. L. marinum (Wahlb.) ; st. compressed, l. fleshy blunt apicu-
late, caps. exceeding cal. much shorter than declining fr.-stalks,
seeds roundish usually surrounded by membranous striated wing.
—Root almost woody. St. glabrous or glandular hairy. L.
sometimes pointed. Sep. obtuse, obscurely 3-veined.—a. Aren.
marina (Sm.); seeds nearly all winged, caps. large exceeding cal.
by 3. £. B. 958.—8. salinum; seeds nearly all wingless, caps.
small slightly exceeding calyx.—Sea-coast. P. VI.—VIIT.

6. SpercuLa Linn. Spurrey.

1. S. arvensis (L.); 1. linear convex above furrowed beneath, fi.
in forked panicles, fr.-stalks deflexed, seeds slightly compressed
with a narrow margin tubercled or papillose.—St. 6—12 in. high.
L. long, slender. Seeds black—a. S. arvensis (R.); seeds
covered with minute elevated points. EF. B. 1535.—8. S. vulgaris
(Boeningh.); seeds covered with white or brown club-shaped
papille.—Cultivated land. A. VI.—VIII.

(2. S. pentandra (L.); 1. linear subterete convex beneath, fi.
panicled, seeds smooth with a broad membranous margin.—

£. B. 15362—I have seen no specimens.—Ireland. Sherard.
A. VIII. 2]

Tribe III. Scleranthee.

7. SCLERANTHUS Linn.

1. S. annuus (L.); subdecandrous, segments of the calyx of
the fr. patent acute with a very narrow membranous margin, as

34. CRASSULACEX. 125

long as their tube.— E. B. 351.—Styles longer than the stamens.
St. repeatedly dichotomous, green. FI. green, often solitary in
ihe fe the stem, or densely corymbose.—Sandy fields. A.

2. S. perennis (L.); decandrous, segments of the calyx of the
fr. connivent obtuse rounded with a broad membranous margin.
—E. B. 352. — Styles usually shorter than the stamens. St.
nearly simple or irregularly branched, procumbent, glaucous, at
length reddish. Fl. variegated with green and white. _ L. erect,
directed to one side.—Sandy fields in Norfolk and Suffolk.
Stanner rocks, Radnorshire. P. VI.—VIII. E.

Order XXXIV. CRASSULACE.

Sep. 3—20, more or less united at the base. Pet. the same
number, regular, free or slightly connected, inserted at the base
of the calyx. Stam. inserted with the pet. and the same or twice
their number. Hypogynous scale 1 at the base of each carpel or
obsolete. Carpels the same number as and opposite to the pet.,
free or slightly connected, l-celled. Fr. of several follicles open-
ing on their face, with slightly albuminous seeds on the inner
suture.

1. Tint#a. Sep., pet., and stam. 3—4. Carp. 3—4, con-
stricted in the middle and 2-seeded. Hypogynous scales 0.

2. Sepum. Sep. and pet. 5, rarely 4 or 6. Stam. 10 or 12.
Hypogynous scales entire. Carp. 5 or 6, many-seeded.—
S. Rhodiola has 4 sep., 4 pet., 8 stam., 4 carp., and is sub-
dicecious.

(3. Semrervivum. Sep. 6—10. Pet. the same. Stam.
twice as many as the pet. Hypogynous scales laciniated.
Carp. as many as the petals. ]

4. CoryLepon. Sep. 5. Pet. cohering into a tubular 5-cleft
corolla. Stam. 10, inserted on the corolla. Hypogynous
scales 3. Carp. 5.

1. Trruma Linn.

1. T. muscosa (L.); st. branched and decumbent at the base,
fl. axillary sessile trifid—E. B.116. R. I. t. 191.—Very mi-
nute, about 1 in. long, reddish. L. opposite, oblong, obtuse,
concave above, connate. Sep. ovate or lanceolate, acute, bristle-
pointed. Pet. nearly subulate, white tipped with red.—On barren
sandy heaths. A. VI. VIL. E.

126 34, CRASSULACES.

2. Sepum Linn. Stonecrop.
* Root thick, many-headed. Leaves flat.

+ Flowers yellow, subdicecious, 4-parted. Ruop1oLa Linn.

1. S. Rhodiola (DC.); root fleshy, 1. oblong smooth.—E. B.
508. Rhodiola rosea Sm.—Fl. in a compact terminal cyme.
Stam. 8. L. acuminate, usually dentate in their upper half.
Root (rhizome) large, having a remarkable smell. St. 6—8 in.
high, sinple.—Wet alpime rocks. P. VI. VII. Rose-root.

tt Flowers white or purple, perfect, 5-parted.

2. 8. Telephium(L.); uppermost 1. oval-oblong dentate rounded
at the base and sessile, /ower 1. obovate or oblong narrowed be-
low, corymb dense, ovaries flattened and slightly furrowed on the
hack.—E. B.1319. R. I. 968. S. purpurascens Koch.—St. 1—2
feet high. lL. large and broad. Pet. recurved from the middle,
faintly channeled at the end. Stam.10. (In S. maximum Sut.,
R. I. 969. St. 83. 7, the lower 1. are broad, the uppermost cordate
at the base, the back of the ovaries convex. ]}—Hedge-banks and
thickets. P. VII. VIII. Orpine. Live-long.

3. S. purpureum (Tausch); 1. dentate oblong-lanceolate or
lanceolate all attenuated below, corymb dense, ovaries not fur-
rowed —S. Fabaria Koch, St. 83. 9.—Resembling S. Telephium.
Pet. spreading. Stam. 10.—Hedges and thickets. P. VIII.
Orpine. Live-long. E.

** Root small, weak, without any rooting shoots. L. subterete.

4. S. villosum (L.); st. erect, I. linear blunt flat above not
produced at the base, pet. ovate acute, ]. st. and panicle glandu-
lar-pubescent.— FZ. B.394. St. 6. 12.—Pet. rose-coloured with
a purple streak. St.3—4 in. high producing short barren shoots
below.—Wet mountain pastures, B. VI. VII. E.S8

*** Root small, producing rooting shoots. Leaves subterete.

+t Flowers white.

5. S. album (L.) ; flowering st. erect, barren st. procumbent
rooting, /. oblong subcylindrical flattened above blunt spreading,
pet. lanceolate, panicle much branched glabrous. —E. B. 1578.—
Pet. white. St.4—5 in. high, purplish, leafy —[8. S.micranthum
(DC.); 1. oblong-obovate flattened on both sides obtuse.]— Rocks
and walls, not common. [f8. Inand near Arundel.) P. VII. VI,

6. S. dasyphyllum (L.) ; flowering and barren st. procumbent,
1. ovoid blunt fleshy gibbous, pet. and sep. ovate obtuse, panicle

SEDUM.—SEMPERVIVUM. 127

small glandular-pubescent.—E. B. 656.—Pet. white. Sep., pet.,
and carp. often in sixes. L. very short and thick, glaucous,
often tinged with red, opposite on the barren shoots. Flowering
st. 3—4 in. long.—Rocks and walls, rare. P. VI. VII.

7. 8. anglicum (Huds.); st. procumbent at the base ascending,
i. ovoid fleshy gibbous nace at the base, pet. lanceolate acute,
sep. ovate bluntish, cyme bifid smooth.—E. B. 171.—Pet. white
spotted with red. L. mostly alternate. Flowering st. 3—6 in.
long.—Sandy and rocky places. A. VII. VIII.

TT Flowers yellow.

8. S. acre (L.); 1. ovoid thick tumid spurred at the base, pet.
lanceolate acute, sep. ovate obtuse gibbous at the base, cyme trifid
smooth.—£. B.839.—L. closely imbricated on the barren shoots,
very acrid.— Walls and dry places. P. VI. VII. Wall Pepper.

[9. S. sewangulare (L.); 1. linear obtuse terete spurred at the
base, pet. lanceolate acute, sep. lanceolate acute not gibbous,
eyme trifid smooth.— E. B. 1946.—T have seen no British spe-
cimens.—Old walls: a doubtful native. P. VII.] kK.

10. S. reflecum (L.); 1. subulate scattered spurred at the base
convex on both sides the lowermost recurved, fl. cymose, sep. ovate
rather acute, pet. lanceolate obtuse.—E. B. 695.—Barren st. long.
L. many, patent or reflexed. Cyme nearly level-topped, its
outer branches spreading or recurved.—8. 8. glaucum (Sm.) ; 1.
more slender glaucous not recurved. FE. B. 2477.—Walls and
rocks, common. £8. Dry hills, rare. P. VII. VIII.

11. S. rupestre (L.?); 1. linear-lanceolate spurred at the base
flattened, fl. imperfectly cymose, sep. elliptical, pet. lanceolate.—
E. B. 170. 8. elegans Lej., Koch.—Barren st. short with densely
imbricated adpressed glaucous leaves. Fl. corymbose rather than
cymose.—On limestone rocks. Bristol. Cheddar. Orme’s
Head, &c. P. VI. VII.

12. S. Forsterianum (Sm.); 1. lanceolate spurred at the base
flattened, cyme round-topped compact, sep. elliptical, pet. lan-
ceolate.—E. B. 1802.—Barren st. short, erect, densely leafy.
L. forming small roselike tufts, bright green. FT. truly cymose.
Very different from the last in appearance.—Rocks in Wales,
Shropshire and West Somerset. P. VI. VIL.

3. Sempervivum Linn. Houseleek.

[1. S. tectorum (L.); 1. glabrous ciliated, pet. 12 or more en-
tire at the margins, hypogynous scales short convex resembling
glands.—E. B. 1320.—L. succulent, forming large roselike tufts.
—Walls and roofs (planted). P. VII.]

128 35. GROSSULARIACEE,.

4. CoryLepon Linn. Navelwort.

1. C. Umbilicus (LL.) ; lower 1. peltate concave, bracts entire,
fl. pendulous.—E. B. 325.—Raceme usually simple. St.6—12in.
high, leaves mostly collected at its base. Fl. greenish-yellow.—
Rocks and walls in the west. P. VI—VIII.

[C. lutea (Huds.); bracts toothed, fi. erect.— EF. B. 1522.—Fl.
bright yellow—Not a native. P. VII.)

Order XXXV. GROSSULARIACEA.

Cal. superior, 4—5-cleft, regular. Pet. 45, small, inserted
at the mouth of the tube and alternating with the stamens. Ovary
l-celled, with 2 opposite parietal placentas. Style 2—4-cleft.
Berry many-seeded ; cell filled with pulp. Albumen horny.

1. Rizes. Cal. 5-cleft. Berry many-seeded, crowned with
the persistent calyx.

1. Rises Linn.
* Peduncles 1—3-flowered. Stems spinous. Gooseberry.

tl. R. Grossularia (L.) ; ped. with 2 minute bracts, cal. bell-
shaped, sep. reflexed oblong, pet. ovate—E. B. 1292 and 2057.
—Thorns 1-3 at the base of the young branches. Germen and
fruit smooth or pubescent or glandular. L. rounded 3—5-lobed
and cut, glabrous or hairy—Hedges and thickets, doubtfully
native. Sh. IV. V.

** Flowers racemose. Spines none. Currants.

2. R. alpinum (L.); dieecious, racemes upright both in flower
and fruit glandular-pilose, bracts longer than the pedicels lanceo-
late, cal. glabrous, |. shining beneath.—E. B. 704. St. 51. 6.—
Male raceme dense, of many flowers; fem. of 2—5 fl. Limb of
the calyx nearly flat. Berries scarlet. L. with 3 acute deeply
serrate lobes—Woods. North of E., rare. Sh.IV.V. E.S.

3. R. nigrum (L.); racemes pendulous downy with a separate
simple pedicel at the base of each, bracts subulate shorter than
the pedicels, cal. pubescent, 1. glandular punctate beneath.—
E. B. 1291.—Racemes lax. Calyx-limb bell-shaped. Berries
large, black. L. with 3—5 acute serrated lobes.—In damp and
swampy places. Sh. IV. V. Black Currant.

4. R. rubrum (L.); racemes mostly glabrous and pendulous,
bracts shorter than the pedicels ovate, cal. nearly flat glabrous,
1. bluntly 5-lobed.— E. B. 1289.—The wild and cultivated plants
differ slightly in their flowers (Phytol. ii. 517).—8. R. petreum

36, SAXIFRAGACEA, 129

(Sm. not Wulf.); racemes slightly downy, in flower upright, in
fruit pendulous. E, B. 705.—y. R. spicatum (Robs.); racemes
erect both in flower and fruit, “ fl. neariy sessile.” H. B. 1290.
—Woods. 8. North of E.,8. y. Richmond, Yorkshire. Sh.
IV. V. Red Currant.

Order XXXVI. SAXIFRAGACEA.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, superior or inferior. Pet. 4—5, rarely 0.
Stam. 5—10, free, perigynous or hypogynous. Glandular disk
present or wanting. Ovary of 2 carpels cohering by the inflexed
sides or margins. Styles 2, persistent, usually diverging. Seeds
many. Albumen fleshy.

1. SaxirraGa. Cal. 5-fid or 5-parted, more or less adnate
to the ovary or free. Cor. of 5 petals. Stam. 10, rarely 5.
Styles 2, persistent. Caps. 2-celled, with 2 beaks, opening
by a pore between the beaks.

2. CurysospLentum. Cal. 4-fid, half superior. Cor. 0.
Stam. 8, rarely 10. Styles 2. Caps. 1-celled, with 2 beaks,
opening into the form of a cup.

1. Saxirraca Linn. Saxifrage.

Sec. 1. With decumbent barren shoots at the base.
* Cal. reflexed inferior, fl. panicled, flowering stems leafless.

+ Filaments enlarged upwards. Roperrsonia Haw.

1. S. umbrosa (L.); 1. obovate with cartilaginous crenatures
or sharp notches tapering at the base into dilated flat footstalks,
panicle racemose.—L. crenate or dentate, spreading.—E. B. 663.
—f. S. punctata (Haw.); 1. nearly round acutely serrate erect.
R. I. t. 622, 623.—y. S. serratifolia (Mack.); 1. oblong acutely
serrate erect. E. B. S. 2891.—West of Ireland (all the forms).
Yorkshire,a doubtful native. P.VI. London Pride. St. Patrick's
Cabbage. E. 1.

2, 8. elegans (Mack.); 1. round smooth shining acutely serrate,
footstalks broad flat convex beneath, panicle racemose.—E. B. S.
2892.—L. not tapering into the footstalks.—Very rare. Top of
Turk Mountain, Killarney. Connor Hill, Kerry. P. VI. I.

3. S. hirsuta (L.); 1. oval sharply serrate, footstalks linear
semicylindrical channeled hairy, panicles racemose.—BE. B. 2322.
—Footstalks slightly tapering upwards. L. longer than broad.
—Very rare. Gap of Dunloe and Connor Hill, Kerry. Hungry

Hill, Co. Cork. P. VI.
65

130 36. SAXIFRAGACEA.

4. S. Geum (L.); 1. transversely oval or reniform crenate or
dentate, footstalks semicylindrical channeled hairy, panicle race-
mose.—E. B. 1561. E. B. 8. 2893.—L. always broader than long,
usually hairy, sometimes glabrous, often beautifully reticulated
with purple beneath.—Weest of Ireland. P. VI. IL

+t Filanients subulate. SpatruLaria Haw.

5. S. stellaris (L.); 1. oblong wedgeshaped dentate-serrate nar-
rowed below scarcely stalked, panicle corymbose of few flowers.
—E. B. 167. St. 35, 3.—Stems tufted. F'l.-stalks 1—5 in. high,
naked. Pet. ovate, clawed, white with 2 transverse yellow spots
on their lower half.—f. integrifolia (Hook.); 1. quite entire.—
Damp rocks on mountains. 8. Ben Nevis. P. VII.

** Cal. at length reflexed inferior, st. leafy, 1. undivided.

6. S. Hirculus (L.); st. erect, barren shoots prostrate filiform,
1. alternate lanceolate flat entire, root-l. narrowed into a foot-
stalk, sep. obtuse fringed at the margin, pet. obtuse with 2 cal-
lous points near the base.—£. B. 1009. St. 35. 8.—FI. few or
solitary, terminal. Pet. obovate, spreading, yellow dotted with
red. St. 4—8 in. high, downy in the upper part.— Wet moors,
rare. P. VIII.

*** Cal. erect or spreading half inferior, st. leafy, l. simple
toothed or with rigid jointless cilia,

7. 8. aizoides (L.); st. decumbent below, 1. alternate linear-
oblong mucronate ciliated entire flat above convex beneath, sep.
blunt.—E. B. 39. St. 35. 9.—F. in a leafy panicle, with gluti-
nous downy stalks. Pet. bright yellow often spotted with scarlet.
St. 3—6in. long. L. rigidly ciliated.—8. dentata; |. with several
strong teeth.—Wet places on mountains. P. VIJ.—IX.

*e**® Cal. erect or spreading superior or half inferior, st. more
or less leafy, 1. lobed, cilia all jointed.

[8. S. muscoides (Wulf.); ‘ root-l. crowded linear obtuse entire
or trifid, st. nearly naked few-flowered, pet. oblong obtuse a little
longer than the superior calyx.”” Hooker.—8. pygmea ; “ pet.
obovate, cal. glandular.” Sm. E. B. 2314.—Said to have been
found in Westmoreland. 8. Highlands of Scotland. P. V.]

E.? 8.

9. S. cespitosa(L.); root-l. crowded 3—5-cleft obtuse veined
fringed, fl. 1—5, pet. rounded 3-veined, cal. half inferior, sep.
obtuse.—E. B. 794.—Germen broad and rounded below. Com-
mon base of the 1. not furrowed. Anth. long, cordate, with an
open notch. Horns of caps. spreading.—f8. 8. decipiens (Sm.);
larger and with more numerous flowers. E. B. 465.—y. S. in-

SAXIFRAGA, 131

curvifolia (D. Don); stem-l. more numerous with incurved lobes.
x ae 2909.—Caernarvonshire. Aberdeenshire. Kerry. P.

10. 8. hirta (Sm.); 1. crowded 3—5-cleft, lobes lanceolate
pointed fringed, fl. few (usually 3) loosely panicled, pet. obovate
3-veined, cal. half inferior, sep. ovate acute. E. B. 2291 (good).
—L. on the barren shoots as well as the radical 1. 3-clel , the
lateral lobes often divided half way down, lobes diverging. St.
3—6 or 8 in. long, weak, ascending, hairy, glandular, bearing 2
or 3 deeply 3-lobed leaves and a few simple linear bracts. Late-
ral peduncles ultimately much overtopping the intermediate one.
Anth. large, round, with a deep parallel-sided notch. Horns of
caps. slightly spreading.—On the summit of Brandon Mountain,
and Hag’s Glen, Kerry ; and Galty More, Tipperary. West of
Scotland. Mr.G. Don. P. VII. Sb

11. S. aginis (Don) ; 1. of the trailing shoots 3—5-lobed with
a very broad base fringed, lobes linear acute, fl. few (2Q—4), pet.
oblong 3-veined inflexed at the sides, cal. half inferior deeply
divided into subulate acute sepals.—E. B.S. 2903.—The 5-cleft
1, few; lobes of the others nearly parallel or slightly spreading.
St. 1—3 in. high, erect, with a few linear simple leaves, glan-
dular. Anth. 4 as large as in Nos. 9 and 10, cordate-ovate.
Horns of caps. spreading.—I have examined this plant and S.
hirta upoh Brandon Mountain and consider them as distinct
a S. hypnoides.—Summit of Brandon Mountain, Kerry. P.

Il. I.

12. S. hypnoides (L.); root-l. 3—5-cleft, those of the trailing
shoots undivided or 3-cleft, lubes all acute bristle-pointed and
fringed, calyx half inferior, sep. ovate acute—E. B.454. S. pla-
typetala (E. B. 2276), hypnoides, elongella (E. B. 2277), lepto-
phylla, and denudata of Smith. Anth. very small, oblong-ovate.
Horns of caps. divaricate.—a. 1. of the trailing shoots undivided.
—£8.1. of the trailing shoots 3-cleft, lobes broad.—y. as 8. with
linear-lanceolate widely spreading lobes.—These varieties are
scarcely worth notice. In all of them the lobes of the 1. are
gradually narrowed from just above the middle to an acute point.
“ Petiole inflated semiterete beneath.”—Mountains. P. V.—VII.

13. S. letevirens (D. Don); trailing shoots procumbent elon-
gated, 1. 5- or 3-parted, lobes linear acute, calyx-segments lan-
ceolate mucronate, pet. spathulate emarginate. Don.— The re-
curved points of the segments of the 1. may possibly distmmguish
this as a species.” W. Wilson. Unknown to me.—Mountains.
Angus, Aberdeen, and north of Loch Lomond. P. VI. Ss.

14. S. pedatifida (Sm.); root-l. and those of the short sterile
shoots upon very long stalks divided into 3 deep linear-lanceolate

132 36. SAXIFRAGACEE.

acute lobes, lateral lobes deeply bifid, calyx almost superior, sep.
linear-lanceolate as long as the capsule shorter than the germen.
—E. B. 2278.—Fl. in a cymose panicle, many, white. St.a
foot high, solitary. “Petioles many-nerved. L. oval.”? Peduncles,
germens and cal. downy and viscid. Caps. not tubercular.
Hooker and Arnott refer this to S. geranioides (L.): not baving
seen Smith’s plant, which is said to be also found on the Ceven-
nes, I retain his name.—Clova Mountains. G. Don. Isle of
Achill, I. Mr. Wynne. P. V. 8.1.

See. 2. Without barren shoots at the base.

* Stem leafy.

15. S. tridactylites (LL.); st. panicled erect leafy, 1. wedge-
shaped 3—5-fid with a flat petiole, lowermost often simple and
spathulate, peduncles 1-flowered much longer than the fruit with
2 bracts at the base, cal. superior.—E. B. 501. St. 33. 15.—
Whole plant viscid, 2—4 in. high. Fl. scattered, many, small,
white.—Walls and dry banks. A. TV.—VII.

16. S. granulata (L.); st. erect slightly leafy, radical 1. reni-
form crenately lobed with channeled petioles, stem-]. nearly sessile
3—5-fid, fl. in a cymose panicle, cal. half inferior, pet. obovate-
oblong 2 or 3 times as long as the sepals, roots granulated.—
£. B. 500.—Root bearing many small round downy bulbs. St.
6—12 in. high. FI. large, white—Gravelly banks. P. V.

17. S. cernua (L.); st. erect simple 1-flowered leafy, radical 1.
reniform palmately lobed stalked, upper I. nearly sessile subtrifid,
uppermost entire, axils bearing bulbs, cal. quite inferior.—E. B.
664.—Rarely flowering; fl. replaced by reddish bulbs. St. 3—6
in. high— Rocks on the top of Ben Lawers, very rare. P. VI.—
Vi. 8.

18. S. rivularis(L.); st. aseendmg branched few-flowered leafy,
radical 1, subreniform stalked with 3—5 rounded lobes, upper-
most |. lanceolate entire, cal. half inferior.—E. B. 2275.—St.
1—2 in. long. Fl. few, stalked, white——Wet places on the
highest summits of mountains. P. VIII. Ss.

** Stem leafless.

19. S. nivalis (L.); st. erect leafless, 2. all radical roundish-
obovate dentate-serrate narrowed into a footstalk, fl. capitate,
cal. half inferior, pet. longer than the calyx.— E. B. 440. St. 35,4.
—St. J—6 in. high, usually simple, sometimes with 1 branch.
Fl. in a dense cluster, white—Alpine rocks. P. VII.

[S. Andrewsii (Harv.); 1. linear-spathulate dentate-serrate
with a membranous margin tapering below into a dilated plane-

37. UMBELLIFERS. 133

convex footstalk, panicle racemose.—Lond. Journ. Bot. vii. t. 19.
—Sep. patent, oblong, obtuse. Pet. thrice as long as cal., broadly
elliptical, punctate.— Head of Glen Caragh, Kerry. Mr. Andrews.
Some error. <A garden hybrid? P. VI.] I.

Sec. 3. Stems procumbent with opposite ]. and terminal flowers.

20. S. oppositifolia (L.); st. procumbent, J. opposite oblong
obtuse fringed, sep. ciliated without glands, pet. ovate.—E. B. 9.
—Very different from our other species. FI. large, purple.—
Damp alpine rocks. P. IV. V.

2. CurysosPpLenium Linn. Golden Saxifrage.

1. C. alternifolium (L.); 1. alternate, lower 1. subreniform
hairy crenate upon long stalks.—H. B. 54. St. 12.—Crenatures
of the lower 1. emarginate, upper |. glabrous with the crenatures
often rather acute. St. erect, 4—5 in. high, branching only near
the top. Fil. umbellate, nearly sessile, deep yellow. Stam.
usually 8.—Boggy places. P. IV.

2. C. oppositifolium (L.) ; 1. opposite, lower |. roundish-cordate
shortly stalked wavy.—E. B. 490. St. 4. 6.—St. branching from
the base, 4—6 in. long, decumbent, straggling. Fl. paler and
more scattered than in the last. L. usually glabrous, sometimes
slightly hairy. Stam. usually 8.—Damp shady places. P. IV. V.

Order XXXVII. UMBELLIFERA.

Cal. 5-toothed or entire, adherent to the ovary, limb often ob-
solete. Pet. 5, usually inflexed at the point. Stam. 5, inserted
with the pet. on the mouth of the calyx. Ovary 2-celled, crowned
with a double fleshy disk (stylopode). Styles 2. Fr. consist-
ing of 2 carpels (mericarps) adhering by their face (commissure)
to a common axis from which they ultimately separate and be-
come pendulous. Seed solitary, pendulous. Albumen horny.—
Inflorescence umbellate.—Each carpel has 5 primary ridges and
often 4 intermediate secondary ones with channels between, and
in the substance of the pericarp are usually linear receptacles of
oil (vittee) under the channels or rarely the ridges. These parts
are sometimes either wanting or only slightly apparent.

Suborder I. ORTHOSPERM Z.
Seed or albumen not furrowed in front. Umbels various.

* Umbels imperfect or simple.

Tribe I HYDROCOTYLE. fr. laterally compressed, its
back even or acute.

134 37. UMBELLIFERAE.

1. Hyprocoryie. Cal.) obsolete. Pet. ovate, entire, acute.
Fr. of 2 flat nearly circular naked carpels, each with 5 fili-
form ridges, of which the dorsal and 2 lateral are often ob-
solete, the 2 others arched. Vittee 0. Commissure linear.

Tr. I. SANICULEA. Fr. ovate; transverse section nearly
round.

2. SanicuLa. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, obovate,
with a long infleced connivent point. Fr. subglobose, covered
with hooked spines; ridges 0; vittee many.

3. Asrrantria. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, witha
long inflexed point. Fr. subglobose with 5 plicate-dentate
ridges; vitte U.

Tr. Ill. ERYNGIEZ. Fr. ovoid; transverse section nearly
round. Fl. in a head.

4. Eryncium. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. erect, oblong,
with a long inflexed point. Fr. ovoid, covered with chaffy
scales without ridges or vitte.

(33. Torilis.]
** With perfect or compound umbels.
f With primary ridges only.
Tr. IV. AMMINE AG. Fr. laterally compressed or didymous.

A. Leaves compound.

5. Cicura. Cal. of 5 leaflike teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point. Fr. subdidymous. Carp. with 5 equal broad
flattened ridges, the lateral marginal ; vitta solitary.

6. Aptum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. roundish entire with a small
involute poit. Fr. roundish ovoid, didymous. Carp. with
5 filiform equal ridges and solitary vittee—Inv. 0.

7. PETRosELINUM. Cal. minute or obsolete. Pet. roundish
entire with a narrow incurved point. Fr. ovoid. Carp.
with 5 filiform equal ridges and solitary vitt. Carpophore
bipartite.—Involucre, partial of many, general of few leaves.

8. Trinta. Dicecious. Cal. obsolete. Pet. of the barren fi.
lanceolate with the point inflexed, of the fertile fl. ovate with
a short inflexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp. with 5 filiform
prominent equal ridges with a single vitta beneath each of
them. Interstices without vitte.

1 By calyx, throughout this Order, the free margin is intended.

37. UMBELLIFERS. 135

9. Hevosciapium. Cal. of 5 small teeth or obsolete. Pet.
ovate entire with a straight or incurved point. Fr. ovoid or
oblong. Carp. with 4 filiform prominent equal ridges. In-
terstices with solitary vitte. Carpophore entire.

10. Stson. Cal. obsolete. Pet. broadly obcordate, deeply
notched with an inflexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp. with 5
filiform equal ridges. Vitte solitary, clavate.

11. Aeoropium. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obovate, notched with
an inflexed point. Fr. oblong. Carp. with 5 filiform ridges.
Interstices without vitte. Stylopode conical.

12. Carum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with a narrow
acute inflexed point. Fr. oblong. Carpels with 5 filiform
ridges. Vittee solitary. Stylopode depressed.

13. Bunium. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with a broad
obtuse inflexed point. Fr. oblong. Carp. with 5 filiform
equal ridges. Vittae 1—3 together. Stylopode conical.

14. PrmpinELuLaA. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point. Fr. ovoid. Carp. with 5 filiform equal ridges.
Vitte 3 or more together. Stylopode tumid. Styles of the
fr. divaricated or recurved.—Inv. 0 (rarely of 1 leaf).

15. S1um. Cal. of 5 small teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point. Fr. ovoid or subdidymous. Carp. with 5 fili-
form equal obtuse ridges. Vitte 3 or more together. Sty-
lopode depressed or shortly conical. Styles of the fr. divari-
cated or recurved.—lInv. universal and partial.

B. Leaves simple.

16. BupLeurum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. roundish entire with
a closely involute broad retuse point. Fr. subdidymous.
Carp. with equal, winged, or filiform and sharp, or obsolete
ridges. Stylopode depressed.

Tr. V. SESELINEA. Section of the fr. rounded or roundish.

A. Vitte solitary, between the ribs.

17. Génanrue. Cal. of 5 lanceolate teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed point. Fr. ovoid-cylindrical or subturbi-
nate, crowned with the long erect styles. Carpels more or
less corky, with 5 blunt convex ridges.

18. AruHusa. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an acute
inflexed point. Fr. shortly ovoid, crowned with the reflexed
styles. Carp. with 5 thick acutely-keeled ridges.

19. Fawicutum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. roundish, entire with

136 37. UMBELLIFERZ.

a broad obtuse inflexed lobe. Fr. oblong. Carp. with 5
prominent obtusely-keeled ridges. Stylopode conical.

20. Sesex1. Cal. with acute teeth. Pet. obcordate with a
broad inflexed lobe. Fr. ovoid or oblong, slightly dorsally
compressed. Carp. with 5 thick blunt ridges. Stylopode
conical.

B. Vitte 2 or more together, between the ribs.

21. Hatoscias. Cal. of 5 small persistent teeth. Pet. ovate
with an inflexed lobe and short claw. Fr. elliptical terete or
slightly dorsally compressed. Carp. with 5 sharp somewhat
winged ridges. Interstices and commissure with many vitte.
Seed not cohering to the carpel, without vitte.

22, SrLaus. Cal. obsolete. Pet.ovate-oblong entire or slightly
emarginate with an inflexed lobe, sessile truncate or appen-
daged at the base. F’r. elliptical, terete or slightly dorsally
compressed. Carp. with 5 sharp somewhat winged ridges.
Vittee many.

23. Meum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. entire, elliptical, acute at
both ends, with an incurved point. Fr. as in Silaus.

24. Crirumum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. elliptical, entire, invo-
jute. Fr. elliptical, terete. Carp. with 5 elevated sharp
slightly winged ridges. Seed free, with many vitte.

Tr. VI. ANGELICEA. Fr. much and dorsally compressed,
with a double wing on each side.

25. AnNGeLIca. Cal. obsolete. Pet. lanceolate, entire, acu-
minate, incurved. Fr. solid. Carp. with 3 dorsal elevated
filiform ridges and 2 marginal ridges dilated into broad
wings. Interstices with solitary vitte.

(26. ARCHANGELICA. Cal. minutely 5-toothed. Pet. ovate,
entire, acuminate, incurved. Fr. nucleated. Carp. with 3
dorsal elevated thick ridges, and 2 marginal ridges dilated
into broad wings. Vitte 0. Seed free, with many vitte.]

Tr. VII. PEUCEDANE. Fy. much and dorsally compressed,
with a single wing on each side which is flat or thickened
towards the edge.

27. Peucepanum. Cal. of 5 teeth or obsolete. Pet. obovate
or obcordate with an inflexed pomt. Fr. with a dilated thin
flat margin. Carp. with equidistant ridges, 3 dorsal filiform,
2 lateral close to the base of the dilated maryin obsolete.
Vittee solitary.

37. UMBELLIFERZ. 137

28. Pastinaca. Cal. of 5 very small or nearly obsolete teeth.
Pet. roundish, entire, volute with an acute point. Fr. with
w dilated flat margm. Carp. with slender ridges, 3 dorsal
equidistant, 2 lateral distant near the outer edge of the di-
lated margin. Vitte linear, solitary.

29. Heracteum. Cal. of 5 minute teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed point, outer ones radiant. Fr. as in Pasti-
naca. Vitte short clubshaped.

30. TorpyLium. Cal. of 5 awlshaped teeth. Pet. obcordate
with an inflexed lobe, outer ones radiant. Fr. with a thick-
ened wrinkled margin. Carp. with slender ridges, 3 dorsal
equidistant, 2 lateral distant close to the thickened margin.
Vitte 1—3 together.

+t With primary and secondary ridges. Fruit prickly.

Tr. VIII. DAUCINEG. Fr. somewhat dorsally compressed.
Carp. with 5 primary ridges, the lateral ones on the inner
face; and 4 secondary forming rows of prickles.

31. Daucus. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed lobe, exterior usually radiant and bifid. Fr. dorsally
compressed. Carp. with bristly primary ridges; secondary
ridges equal winged with 1 row of spines.

Suborder II. CAMPYLOSPERM &.

Seed inflexed at the margin or deeply furrowed in front. Um-
bels compound or perfect.

Tr. IX. CAUCALINEAS. Fr. contracted or rounded. Carp.
with the lateral primary ridges on the inner face; 4 se-
condary more prominent, prickly. Vittz solitary.

32. Cavcauis. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. slightly late-
rally compressed. Carp. with filiform bristly primary, and
more or less prominent secondary ridges, all bearig 1—3
rows of prickles.

33. Toritis. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. slightly late-
rally compressed. Carp. with bristly primary ridges ; the
secondary hidden by the many prickles which occupy the in-
terstices.

Tr. X. SCANDICINEZ. Fr. compressed or contracted on
the sides, often beaked. Carpels with primary ridges only.
Fruit not prickly.

138 37. UMBELLIFERS.

34. Scanp1x. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obovate with an inflexed
point. Fr. with avery long beak. Carp. with 5 obtuse ridges.
Vitte none.

35. Anruriscus. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed short point. Fr. narrowed below the short beak.
Carp. without ridges ; beak with 5 ridges. Vitte none.

36. CH#RopuyLLuM. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with
an inflexed pot. Fr. not beaked. Carp. with 5 equal ob-
tuse ridges. Vitte solitary.

37. Mvrruis. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with an in-
flexed point. Fr. not beaked. Carp. with a double mem-
brane ; the outer with elevated keeled ridges hollow within,
the inner close to the seed. Vitte OU.

Tr. XI. SAYYRNIEAS. Fr. turgid compressed or contracted at
the sides. Carp. with primary ridges only.

38. EcuinopHora. Cal. of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point, the exterior larger and bifid. FI. of the ray
sterile on long stalks, fertile central and solitary. Fr.
ovoid, terete, imbedded in the enlarged prickly receptacle.
Carp. with 5 depressed equal striated wavy ridges. Inter-
stices with single vittze and covered by a cobweblike mem-
brane.

39. Contum. Cal. obsolete. Pet. obcordate with a short
inflexed point. Fr. ovoid, laterally compressed. Carp. with
5 prominent wavy or crenate ridges, the lateral marginal.
Interstices striated. Vitte 0.

40. PuysosperMuM. Cal.of 5 teeth. Pet. obcordate with
an inflexed point. Fr. laterally compressed, didymous.
Carp. reniform-globose, with 5 filiform slender equal ridges,
the lateral within the margin. Vutte solitary.

41. Smyrnium. Cal. obsolete. Pet. lanceolate or elliptical,
entire, with an inflexed point. Fr. laterally compressed,
didymous. Carp. reniform-oblong with 3 dorsal prominent
sharp ridges, the 2 lateral marginal and nearly obsolete.

Vitie many.
Suborder TJ. CQELOSPERM.E.

Seed with the base and apex curved inwards in front.

Tr. XII. CORIANDREAL. Fr. globose or didymous. Primary

ridges of the carp. often obsolete, secondary more prominent,
all apterous.

HYDROCOTYLE.—ERYNGIUM. 139

42. Cornianprum. Cal. of 5teeth. Pet. obcordate with an
inflexed point, outer ones radiant and bifid. Fr. globose.
Carp. scarcely separating, the primary ridges obsolete, the
4 secondary conspicuous prominent keeled. Interstices
without vittee. Commissure with 2 vitte.

Suborder I. Orthosperme. Tribe I. Hydrocotylee.

1. Hyprocotyye Linn. Penny-wort.

1, H. vulgaris (L.); 1. peltate nearly circular doubly crenate,
heads of 5 f1., fr. emarginate below.—-E. B. 751.—Fl. and fr.
almost sessile. Umbels or rather heads often proliferous in the
centre and bearing a second head. St. creeping extensively. L.
upon stalks which are considerably longer than the peduncles.—
Bogs and marshy places. P. V.—VIII.

Tribe II. Saniculee.

2. Sanicuua Linn. Sanicle.

1. S. europea (L.); lower |. palmate 3—5-lobed, lobes trifid
unequally serrate, fertile fl. sessile, barren fl. slightly stalked.—
E. B. 98.—Umbels many, capitate, in an irregular slightly
umbellate panicle. Styles persistent, reflexed. St. ascending,
about a foot high.—Woods and thickets. P. VI. VII.

3. AsTrRantra Linn.

+1. A. major (L.); lower 1. palmately 5—7-fid, lobes oblong
acute unequally incise-serrate, inv.-l. entire, cal.-teeth ovate-ian-
ceolate narrowed to an acute point.—St, 29. 8.—Inv. equalling
the umbel, usually straw-coloured.—Woods in hilly districts.
Between Whitbourne and Malvern. Above Stokesay Castle, near
Ludlow. In the latter place Mr. Borrer considers it to have been
introduced “ages ago.” P. VI—VIII.

Tribe III. Hryngiee.

4. Eryneium Linn. Eryngo.

1. E. maritimum (L.); radical 1. roundish plaited spinous
stalked, upper 1. amplexicaul palmately lobed, inv.-1. 3-lobed
spinous exceeding the heads, scales of the receptacle 3-lobed.—
E. B.718.—St. 1 foot or more in height, branched, leafy, rigid,

140 37. UMBELLIFERE.

glaucous. Fi. im heads rather than umbels, blue—Sandy sea-
shores. P. VII. VIII. Sea Holly.

2. E. campestre (L.); radical 1. 2 or 3 times pinnatifid spmous
stalked, st.-l. amplexicaul bipinnatifid, znv.-l. lanceolate spinous
longer than the heads, scales of the receptacle undivided. E. B.
57.—More bushy and slender than the last. Pet. purplish or
white. Petioles thick, semiterete, channeled.— On waste ground,
very rare. P. WII. VIII.

Tribe IV. Amminee.

5. Cicuta Linn. Water Hemlock.

1. C. virosa (L.); fibres of the root filiform, 1. tripartite,
leaflets linear-lanceolate acute serrate decurrent.—E. B. 479.—
St. 3—4 feet high, very thick round and hollow below. Lower
1. onlong stalks; leaflets |—2in. long. Umbels large; general
inv. 0, or of 1 or 2 slender leaflets; partial of many subulate
leaflets. Fl. white. Herb poisonous.—Ponds and ditches, not
common. P. VII. VIII. Cowbane.

6. Avium Linn. Celery.

1. A. graveolens (L.); glabrous, 1. pinnate or ternate, leaflets
of the upper 1. wedgeshaped and notched at the end.—E. B.
1210.—St. 1—2 feet high, branched, furrowed, leafy. Umbels
terminal or lateral, frequently almost sessile, accompanied by 1
or 2 ternate leaves. I'l. small, white——Marshes and ditches,
especially near the sea. P. VI.—VIII.

7. PerroseLinum Hoffm.

Tl. P. sativum (Hoffm.); 1. tripinnate shining, leaflets of the
lower 1. ovate-cuneate trifid and toothed, of the upper 1. ternate
lanceolate entire —E. B. S. 2793.—Partial involucres filiform.
L. greenish.—Rocks and old walls. B. VI—VIII. Parsley.

2. P. segetum (Koch) ; lower J. pinnate, leaflets nearly sessile
ovate lobed and serrate, upper 1. entire or trifid.—Szson Sm.,
E. B. 228.—-Umbels very irregular. General inv. of 1—2 leaves.
FI. whitish. St. erect, roundish, nearly leafless above, 1—14 foot
high, wiry.—Damp calcareous fields and near the sea. B. VIII.

ak.

8. Trinta Hoffn.

1. T. vulgaris (DC.); glabrous, inv. 0 or of 1 leaf, ridges of the
fr. obtuse.—Pimpinella dioica Sm., E. B. 1209.—L. tripinnate,

HELOSCIADIUM.—CARUM. 14]

glaucous-green ; Its. linear or filiform. Root crowned with the
remnants of former leaves. St. branched, erect, 6—8 in. high.
Dicecious.—Dry limestone hills, rare. P.V. VI. E. I.

9. Hexoscrapium Koch.

1. H. nodiflorum (Koch); st. procumbent at the base and
rooting, 1. pmnate, leaflets ovate or ovate-lanceolate unequally
obtusely serrate, umbels opposite to the 1. longer than their pe-
duneles or nearly sessile.— Sium Sm., E. B. 659.—St. 1—2 het
long.—. H. repens (Koch); st. prostrate, Its. roundish-ovate
unequally and acutely incise-serrate, umbels shorter than the

peduncles. . B. 1431.—Banks of ditches and brooks. P. VII.
VII.

2. H. inundatum (Koch) ; st. creeping, 1. pinnate, Jés. of lower
1. in capillary segments, of upper 1. wedgeshaped and trifid, um-
bels generally with 2 rays.—Sium Sm., E.B. 227.— Usually sub-
mersed, a few of the upper l. and the fl. rising above the water.
Partial umbels very small.—Ponds. P. VI. VII.

10. Srson Linn. Honewort.

1, S. Amomum (L.).—E. B. 954.—St. erect, panicled, 2—3
feet high. Lower 1. pinnate; Its. oblong lobed cut and serrate ;
upper |. divided into narrow segments. Partial umbels and fl.
sinall.—Dampish places on a calcareous soil. B. VIII E S.

11. Acoropium Linn. Gout Weed.

1. AB. Podagraria(L.).—E. B. 940.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect,
furrowed. L. 2 or 3 times ternate; leaflets ovate-acuminate,

unequal at the base, acutely serrate. Root creeping—Damp
places. P. VI. VII.

12. Carum Linn.

+1. C. Carui (L.) ; partial involucre 0, general 0 or of 1 leaf,
1. bipinnate, leaflets cut into linear segments.—E. B. 1503.—St.
1—2 feet high, branched. Root fusiform. Carp. aromatic.—
Meadows and pastures. B.VI. Caraway.

2. C. verticillatum (Koch); general and partial involucres of
many leaves small, 1. pinnate, leaflets divided to the base into
capillary spreading segments.— Sium Sm., E. B. 395.—St.1—14
foot high. Root fascicled. Segments of the leaflets spreading
so as to appear whorled and quite surrounding the petiole. L.
mostly long-stalked, radical—Damp and hilly pastures, rare.
P. VII.

(42 37. UMBELLIFER&.

13. Bunium Linn. Pig-nut.

1. B. fleawosum (With.); general involucre of 1—3 leaves,
partial more numerous, fr. oval narrowing upwards crowned with
the elongated stylopode and erect styles, interstices with 3 vitta.
—E.B. 988. B.denudatum DC.—Involucres sometimes altogether
wanting. Root a solitary tuber. St. a foot or more high, very
slender below, bearing a few 1. with linear segments. Radical 1.
triternate with long footstalks tapering downwards.—Sandy and
gravelly pastures. P. V. VI.

2. B. Bulbocastanum (L.); general and partial involucres of
many leaves, fr. oblong crowned with the short stylopode and
refleced styles, interstices with single vitte.—E. B. S. 2862.
Carum Koch, DC.—Involueres always present. Lower 1]. bipin-
nate, with a triangular outline, rather numerous near the base of
the stem, rarely 1 or 2 radical upon long footstalks tapering down-
wards.—Chalky fields in Camb. and Herts. P. VI. VIL. E.

14. Pimptnewya Linn. Burnet-Saxifrage.

1. P. magna (L.); l. pinnate, leaflets all ovate serrate some-
what cut the terminal one 3-lobed, st. angularly striate —E. B.
408.—St. 1—2 feet high, leafy. Lateral leaflets sometimes
3-lobed. Styles longer than the ovary, as long or longer than
the oval fruit.—Shady hills. P. VII. VIII. E. I.

2. P. Saxifraga (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets of the lower 1.
roundish-ovate serrated somewhat cut, those of the stem-l. bipin-
natifid with linear segments, st. terete, ped. glabrous.—E. B. 407.
—St. 1—2 feet high, naked above. Styles shorter than the
ovary. L. sometimes all pinnatifid-—[P. nigra (Willd.) has
densely pubescent peduncles.|—Dry pastures. P. VII.—IX.

15. Srum Linn.

* Vitte superficial. Lateral ridges marginal. Stylopode de-
pressed. Stum Koch.

1. 8. datifotiwm (L.); 1. pinnate, és. oblong-lanceolate equally
serrate pointed, inv.-l. many lanceolate.—E. B. 204.—St. 3—5
feet high, angular, furrowed, erect. L. of 9—13 very large
distant Its. Umbels terminal.—Ditches and rivers, rare. P.
VII. VIII.

** Vitte deeply seated. Lateral ridges not marginal. Sty-
lopode shortly conical. Buruta Koch.

2. 8. angustifolium (L.); 1. pmnate, leaflets unequally lobed
and cut ovate, of the stem-l. lanceolate, inv. of many lanceolate

BUPLEURUM.—CGNANTHE, 143

entire or cut leaves—E. B. 139.—St. 1—3 feet high, round,

striated, erect. Lts. often very deeply cut and lobed. Umbels
lateral.—Ditches. P. VIII.

16. BupLeurum Linn.
* Fruit granulated.

1. B. tenuissimum (L.); st. branched, 1. lear acute, umbels
lateral and terminal minute, partial umbels of 3—5 flowers usu-
ally overtopped by their involucres, carp. granulated between the
5 ridges.—H. B. 478.—St. very slender, wiry, 6—12 in. long.—
Muddy salt marshes. A. VIII. IX. E.

** Fruit not granulated.

2. B.aristatum (Bartl.); st. branched, |. linear-lanceolate acu-
minate 3-veined, 1. of the partial mvolucres elliptic-lanceolate
cuspidate somewhat awned with branching ves, pedicels short
equal.—B. Odontites Sm., E. B. 2468 (not Linn.).—St. 1—6 in.
high.—Torquay, Devon. Channel Islands. A. VII. E.

3. B. falcatum (L.); st. branched, 1. 5—7-veined, lower J.
elliptical-oblong on long stalks, upper 1. linear-lanceolate acute
sessile, partial involucre of 5 lanceolate pointed 1. as long as the
flowers.—E. B. S. 2763.—Pedicels as long as the fruit. St.1—4
feet high.— Near Ongar, Essex. P. VIII. E

4. B. rotundifolium (L.); st. branched above, J. oval perfoliate,
fr. with striate interstices.—E. B. 99.—General involucre 0.
Partial involucre connivent.—Corn-fields on a calcareous soil.
A. VII. Thorow-waz. Hare’s ear.

Tribe V. Seselinee.
17. @nanrue Linn. Water-Dropwort.

* Root fasciculated, fibres more or less thickened or tuberous.

1. G. fistulosa (L.); root stoloniferous, st. and petioles fistu-
lose, root-l. 2—3-pinnate with 3-fid leaflets, stem-1, simply pin-
nate shorter than their petioles, leaflets linear, fr. angular turbi-
nate.—FE. B. 363.—St. 1—3 feet high, remarkably fistulose.
Stem-l. distant, with very long stalks. Stoles with simply pin-
nate leaves. Umbels small, globose in fruit ; general involucre 0.
Fruit tipped with the long slightly diverging rigid styles.—By
ponds and ditches. P. VII.—IX. E. I.

2. GE. pimpinelloides (L.); root of long fibres bearing round
or oval knobs beyond their middle, root-1. bipmnate, /ts. acutely

144 37. UMBELLIFERE.

cut or trifid, st.-l. pinnate uppermost simple, Its. linear acute,
radiant pet. obcordate divided to the middle, fr. subcylindrical
with an enlarged corky base.—Jacq. Aust. t. 394.—St. 3—8 ft.
high, alternately branched. General inv. 0—6-leaved ; partial
of many 1., about as long as the barren fl. Partial umbels close
together forming one compact flat-topped umbel. Fr. nearly cylin-
drical ; cal. erect-patent.— Southern counties. P. VI. VII. E.

3. G. Lachenalit (Gmel.) ; root of elongate-subclavate fleshy
fibres tapering at both ends, root-1. bipinnate, lis. oblong entire or
wedgeshaped and bluntly 2—3-lobed, lower st.-]. 2—3-pinnate
upper simply pinnate, dts. linear acute, radiant pet. divided to
the middle, fr. oblong narrowed below.— GL. pimpinelioides Sm.,
E. B. 347.—St. 1—3 feet high, slightly branched. General inv.
of many leaves, sometimes wanting; partial of many leaves,
shorter than the barren flowers. Outer fl. on long stalks, mostly
barren ; inner fi. fertile, nearly sessile. Radiant pet. roundish-
obcordate with a short narrow claw. Partial umbels distinct,
spherical. Fr. crowned with the inflexed calyx. Root-leaves
very evanescent —Marshes. P. VII.—IX.

4. GH. silaifolia (Bieb.?); root of elliptical-oblong knobs,
radical |. bipinnate, st.-l. pinnate, lés. all linear acute, external
fr. nearly cylindrical with a corky base —E. B. 348.—St. 2—3
feet high, branched. Outer fl. stalked, mostly barren; cal. very
unequal ; radiant pet. small, obcordate with an attenuated base ;
notch 3 their length. Fr. usually slightly narrowed downwards,
in the middle of the umbel much narrowed and appearing to want
the corky base; cal. erect or inflexed. General involucre 0,
partial of many leaves shorter than the flowers. Distinguished
trom the preceding by its pet., uniform leaflets, want of a general
involucre, and fruit.—Scarcely Cf. silaifolia (Bieb.), not Gi. peu-
cedanifolia (Poll.).—In freshwater marshes. P. VI. E.

5. Gi. crocata (L.); root of large fusiform tubers, radical 1.
2—3-pinnate, stem-l. pinnatifid, leaflets stalked roundish or
oblong-wedgeshaped variously cut those of the upper l. narrower,
fr. cylindrical oblong striated longer than its pedicel.—E. B.
2313.—St. 3—5 feet high, much branched. _L. large, lts. broad.
Inv.-l. various in number and shape.—Wet places. P. VII.

** Root of whorls of slender fibres.

6. G. Phellandrium (Lam.); st. erect fusiform below, 1. tri
pinnate, Is. ovate pinnatifid cut spreading, of the submersed 1.
multifid with capillary diverging segments, umbels lateral opposite
to the leaves, fr. ovate— EH. B. 684.—St. 2—3 feet high, very
thick below, stoloniferous. Segments of the 1. many, fine,
acute, pale green; submersed 1. dark green. The flowering root

ZTHUSA.—HALOSCIAS. 145

dies each year, but the plant is continued by the offsets.—In the
water of ditches and ponds. B.? VII.—IX.

7. CH. fluviatilis (Colem.); st. floating, 1. bipinnate, /és. simple
or pinnatifid, of the submersed 1. cuneate cut pellucid with man
parallel veins, umbels lateral opposite to the 1., fr. broadly ellip-
tical —A. N. H. xi. 188. E. B. 8. 2944.—A decumbent floating
nae well marked by the submersed Its. being divided into finger-

ike acute broadly linear parallel segments deeply incised at the end.
Lts. of the upper |. broader than those of Ci. Phellandrium.—
Streams. B. or P. VI.—IX. E.

18. Airuusa Linn. Fools’ Parsley.

1. 4. Cynapium (L.); partial involucre of 3 leaves longer
than their umbel, 1. all doubly pinnate, leaflets lanceolate decur-
rent pinnatifid.— E. B.1192.—St. 4—12 in. high. L. dark green,
lurid, stinking. General involucre 0; partial one long, narrow,
pendulous. Herb poisonous.—Cultivated land. A. VII. VII.

19. FanicuLum Hoffm. Fennel.

1. F. officinale (All.); st. terete below, 1. decomposite, seg-
ments all capillary elongate in the upper 1. flaccid, umbels of
many rays concave.—Meum Sm., E. B. 1208.—Involucres 0.
St. 3—4 feet high, usually filled with pith, branching. Umbels
large. Fi. yellow. Whole herb aromatic. Segments of 1. chan-
neled, usually capillary in the wild plant, but the cultivated plant
with awlshaped segments is probably the same species.—Rocks
and walls, particularly near the sea. P. VII. VIII. E. I.

20. Sesexi1 Linn. Mountain Spignel.

1. S. Libanotis (Koch); 1. doubly pinnate cut, segments lan-
ceolate mucronate, the lowermost leaflets crossing, general in-
volucre of many leaves, fr. hairy.—Athamanta Sm., E. B. 138,—
St. 1—3 feet high, covered at the base with the fibrous remains
of decayed petioles. Umbels terminal, convex, with many
downy rays.—Chalk hills of Cambridgeshire and Sussex. P.
VIL VIII. E.

21. Haxoscias Fries. Scottish Lovage.

1. H. scoticum (Fr.); 1. twice ternate, leaflets ovate somewhat
rhomboidal dentate-serrate opaque, involucre of 5—7 linear-
lanceolate leaves, cal. 5-toothed.—Ligusticum L., E. B.1207,—
St. herbaceous, nearly simple, striated, tinged with red, 1—1}
foot high. Lts. large, lobed. and cut. Interstices with 3, com-

H

146 37. UMBELLIFERZ.

missure with 6 vitte. Seed free——Rocks on the sea-coast of
Scotland and Northumberland. P. VII. E. S.

22. Siuaus Besser.

1. S. pratensis (Bess.) ; st. angular, radical 1. 3—4 times pin-
nate, leaflets lanceolate entire or bifid, terminal tripartite, invo-
lucre of 1—2 leaves, involucels of many leaves.—Cnidium Silaus
Sm., #. B.2142.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. mostly radical, stem-].
decreasing upwards. Fl. pale yellow.—Damp meadows and
pastures. P. VI.—IX.

23. Meum Tourn. Bald-money.

1. M. athamanticum (Jacq.) ; 1. bipmnate, leaflets multipartite,
segments threadshaped acute.—H. B. 2249.—St. 1—2 feet high,
round, clothed at the base with the fibrous remains of the decayed
petioles. Fl. many, whitish-yellow. General involucre of 2 or
3 leaves, partial more numerous. Highly aromatic.—Dry moun-
tainous pastures. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

24. Critamum Linn. Samphire.

1. C. maritimum (L.).—E. B. 819.—St. 6—12 in. long. L.
fleshy, 2—3-pinnate ; leaflets lanceolate, narrowed at both ends,
few. Involucre of many lanceolate acute leaves. FI. whitish.
—On rocky sea-coasts. P. VIII.

Tribe VI. Angelicee.

25. Anceica Linn.

1. A. sylvestris (L.); leaflets equal ovate-lanceolate or ovate
incise-serrate not decurrent, lateral ones rather unequal at the
base.—E. B. 1128.—St. 2—3 feet high, slightly downy above,
purplish. FI. pinkish-white. Inv. about 3-leaved, deciduous.
Lts. often subcordate at the base——Wet places. P. VII. VIII.

26. ArcuanceELica Hoffm.

[1. A. officinalis (Hoffm.); leaflets ovate lanceolate all sessile
partly decurrent, terminal one trifid—. B. 2561.—St. 3—5
feet high. Foliage, stalks and even fl. bright green. L. 2—3
feet wide. Petioles much dilated at the base.—A very doubtful
native. Watery places. P. VII.—IX.] ES.

PEUCEDANUM.—TORDYLIUM. 147

Tribe VII. Peucedanee.

27. Peucepanum Linn.

1. P. officinale (L.); 1. 5 times tripartite, leaflets linear acute
flaccid, general involucre 3-leaved deciduous, pedicels much longer
than the fruit—. B. 1767.—Leaflets very long, narrow. FI.
yellow. St. terete, striated. Vittee of the commissure super-
ficial—Salt marshes. Kent. Essex. P. VII.—IX. E.

2. P. palustre (Moench); 1. 3-pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with
linear-lanceolate acuminate segments, general involucre of many
persistent lanceolate deflexed leaves, st. furrowed.—Selinum Sm.,
E. B. 229.—St. erect, 3—5 feet high. Fl. white. Vitte of the
commissure deeply seated.—Marshy and fenny places, rare. P.
VII. VIII.

+3. P. Ostruthium (Koch) ; 1. biternate, leaflets broadly ovate
lobed cut and serrated, sheaths very large, general involucre 0,
cal.-segments obsolete.—E. B. 1380.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fl.
white.—Moist meadows in Scotland. P.VI. Masterwort.—S.

28. Pastinaca Linn. Parsnep.

1. P. sativa (L.); st. angular furrowed, 1. pinnate downy be-
neath, leaflets ovate-oblong crenate-serrate often with a lateral
lobe at the base, inv. 0, fr. oval.—Z£. B. 556.—St. 2—3 feet high.
FL yellow. L. generally shining above, downy beneath.— Hedge-
banks on a calcareous soil. P. VII.

29. Heracteum Linn. Cow Parsnep.

1. H. Sphondylium (L.) ; 1. pinnate, leaflets lobed or pinnatifid
cut and serrate, fr. at length glabrous. B. 939.—St. 4 feet
high. Lower 1. very large. Umbels large, flattish. Fl. white
or reddish, outer fl. radiant.—@. angustifolium ; leaflets deeply
pinnatifid, lobes lanceolate, lower ones elongated and spreading.
—Hedge-banks. P. VII. Hog-weed.

30. Torpyiium Linn.

1. T. maximum (L.); outermost pet. radiant with 2 equal lobes,
partial involucres linear shorter than the umbel, fr. hispid the
thickened margin slightly crenate.—E. B. 1173.—St. 2—4 feet
high. Fi. reddish— Waste ground, very rare. A. VII. E.

[2. T. officinale (L.); two outermost pet. radiant each with 2
very unequal lobes, partial involucres lanceolate about as long as
the umbel, fr. rough with the thickened margin beautifully cre-
nate.—E. B. 2440.—Near London. A. VII.] r E.

H

148 37. UMBELLIFERE.

Tribe VIII. Daucinee.

31. Daucus Linn. Carrot.

1. D. Carota (L.) ; radical 1. with an oblong narrow outline
bipinnate, Its. incise-dentate, segments acute, upper 1. broader
below with lanceolate segments, prickles of fr. slender mostly
distinct about equalling its breadth spreading tipped with 1—3
recurved minute bristles.—H. B. 1174.—St. 2—3 ft. high, hairy.
Umbel of fr. usually concave.—Pastures. B. VI—VIII.

22. D. gummifer (Lam.) ; radical 1. triangular broad 2—3-pin-
nate, Its. ovate cut or pinnatifid, segm. blunt mucronate, upper
|. narrower below, prickles of fr. usually flattened and often united
below and shorter than its breadth incurved tipped with one
bristle.—D. maritimus With. (not Lam.), E. B. 2560.—St. short,
very hispid below. LL. shining above, rather fleshy. Umbel of
fr. usually convex. Prof. E. Forbes found a form of this with
ciliated petals. Perhaps not distinct from D. Carota.—Sea-
coasts, chiefly in the south. B. VII. VII.

Suborder IT. Campylosperme. Tribe IX. Caucalinee.

32. Caucauis Hoffm. Hen’s-foot.

1. C. daucoides (L.); 1. bipimnate, leaflets pinnatifid with linear-
acute segments, general involucre 0, partial umbels of few fl. with
involueres of 3—5 leaves, secondary ridges of the fr. each with
one row of glabrous hooked prickles.—E. B. 197.—St. 6—12
in. high, furrowed, hairy at the jomts. General umbels 3-cleft ;
partial bearing about 3 large oblong very prickly fruits. Fl. small,
reddish.—Corn-fields on a chalky soil. A. VI. E.

+2. C. latifolia (L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets lanceolate decurrent
coarsely serrate, involucres oblong membranous, secondary ridges
of the fr. with retrorsely scabrous prickles. —E. B. 197. Turgenia
Koch.—St. 1—2 feet high, scabrous. General umbels about
3-cleft ; partial bearing about 5 large oblong very prickly fruits.
Fl. large, pink.—Corn-fields, mostly on a chalky soil, very rare.
Formerly “ abundant in Cambridgeshire.” A. VII. E.

33. Tortiis Adans. Hedge Parsley.

_ 1. T. Anthriscus (Gaert.); 1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-oblong
ieise-serrate, umbels stalked terminal, general involucre of many
leaves, fr. with subulate ineurved not hooked scabrous prickles.
—E. B.987.—St. erect, 1—3 feet high. Umbels on long stalks.
Fr. densely prickly. Fl. small, white or reddish —Hedges and
banks. A. VII. VIII.

SCANDIX.—ANTHRISCUS. 149

_2. T. infesta (Spr.) ; 1. bipinnate, leaflets ovate-lanceolate in-
cise-serrate, umbels stalked terminal, general involucre of one leaf
or 0, fr. with spreading hooked retrorsely scabrous prickles.—
E. B. 1314.—St. erect, usually much and densely branched,
6—18 in. high. Umbels on long stalks. Fr. densely prickly,
primary ridges with adpressed prickles. Fl. small, white or
reddish. Styles scarcely twice as long as the stylopode.—Fields.
A. VIT. Vil.

3. T. nodosa (Gaert.) ; lower |. bipinnate, upper pinnate, leaf-
lets deeply narrowly and uniformly pinnate, wnbels nearly sessile
dense lateral, outer carpels with hooked bristles inner often
warted.— E, B.199.—St. diffuse. Uinbels very small, nearly
globular.—Banks and dry places. A. V.—VII.

Tribe X. Scandicinee.

34. Scanprx Linn. Shepherd’s Needle.

1. S. Pecten-veneris (L.); beak 3 times as long as the roughish
fr. dorsally compressed glabrous with bristly edges, lts. of partial
inv. entire or bifid longer than the pedicels —E. B. 1397.—St.
often a foot high. UL. light green, triply pinnate; segments
short, linear. Umbels 1—2 together, small. Fl. often slightly
radiant. Styles always straight. Stylopode purple. Partial in-
volucres sometimes much divided.—Fields. A. VI.—IX.

35. AntuRiscus Hoffm. Chervil.

1, A. sylvestris (Hoffm.); st. hairy below glabrous above
slightly swollen below the joinings, umbels terminal stalked, 1. bi-
pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, fr. near glabrous with a short beak.
—Cherophyllum Sm., E. B. 752.—St. 3 feet high, erect, leafy,
furrowed, branched. Partial involucre of several ovate-lanceolate
ciliated leaflets. Umbels at first drooping.—Hedges and banks.
P.IV.—VI. Wild Chervil.

$2. A. Cerefolium (Hoffm.); st. hairy above the joinings only,
umbels lateral sessile, 1. tripinnate, leaflets ovate pinnatifid, fr.
linear smooth about twice as long as its beak.—Cherophyllum
sativum Sm., E. B. 1268.—St. 1—3 feet high, slender, striated,
much branched. Partial involucre of 3 unilateral linear-lanceolate
leaflets. Peduncles downy.—Waste ground. Probably an escape
from cultivation, A. V.VI. Garden Chervil.

3. A. vulgaris (Pers.); st. glabrous, umbels lateral stalked,
1. tripinnate, leaflets pinnatifid, fr. ovate hispid about twice as
long as its glabrous beak.—E. B. 818.—St. erect, 2 feet high,

150 37. UMBELLIFERE.

branched. L. slightly hairy. Umbels on rather short stalks.
Partial involucres of few ciliated leaflets —Waste places. A.V.VI.

36. CHHZROPHYLLUM Linn.

1. C. temulum (L.); st. swelling beneath the joinmgs rough,
l. bipmnate, leaflets ovate-oblong pinnatifid with obtuse mucronate
segments, pet. glabrous, styles eyualling the stylopode.—Myrrhis
temulenta Sm., E. B. 1521.—St. 3—4 feet high, round, spotted,
scabrous below, hairy near the summit. Umbelsat first nodding.
—Hedge-banks. P. VI. VII. Rough Chervil.

[2. C. aureum (L.) ; st. somewhat thickened below the joinings,
1. tripinnate, leaflets attenuated very acute incise-pinnatifid, pet.
glabrous, styles longer than the stylopode—Myrrhis Sm., E. B.
2103.—St. 3 feet high, angular, striated. Partial involucres with
ovate-lanceolate much attenuated leaflets—Between Arbroath
and Montrose and at Costorphine. Mr.G. Don. P. VI.]

(3. C. aromaticum (L.); st. slightly thickened below the
joinings, |. subternately bipinnate, leaflets undivided broad oblong
acuminate sharply serrate hairy beneath, styles longer than the
stylopode.—Myrrhis Sm., E. B. 8. 2636.—St. 2—3 feet high,
furrowed, angular, bristly and spotted below.—By the river Lunan
near Guthrie, Forfarshire. Mr. G. Don. P. VI.]

37. Myrruis Scop. Sweet Cicely.

1. M. odorata (Scop.) ; 1. downy beneath, leaflets of the partial
involucres lanceolate-acuminate.—E.B.697.—St. 2—3 feet high,
round, leafy, hollow. L. very large, tripinnate. Leaflets ovate-
lanceolate, pinnatifid. Umbels terminal. Fl. many, white.
Fr. large, nearly an inch long, dark brown. Whole plant highly
aromatic.— Pastures in hilly districts. P. V. VI.

Tribe XI. Smyrnice.

38. Ecutnornora Linn.

1. E. spinosa(L.); 1. pinnate, leaflets pinnatifid with spinous
awlshaped entire segments.—E. B. 2413.—Sandy sea-shores,
probably now lost. Lancashire and Kent. P. VII. E.

39. Conrum Linn. Hemlock.

1. C. maculatum (L.); leaflets of the partial involucres uni-
lateral ovate-lanceolate with an attenuated point shorter than the
umbels.—. B. 119].—St. 3—4 feet high, erect, round, hollow,
glaucous, spotted with purple, branched. L. tripinnate ; leaflets

38. ARALIACES. 151

lanceolate, pinnatifid with acute cut segments. Readily distin-
guished by its foetid smell, spotted stem, unilateral partial invo-
lucres and wavy crenate ridges of the fruit. Highly poisonous.
—Hedge-banks and waste places. B. VI. VII.

40. Puysosrermum Cusson.

1. P. cornubiense (DC.); radical 1. triternate, leaflets wedge-
shaped cut or deeply 3-lobed with acute segments, stem-]. ternate
lanceolate entire —E. B. 683.—St. 1—3 feet high, erect, round,
striated, minutely scabrous, bearing a few small ternate leaves
with linear lanceolate segments, the uppermost represented by a
barren lanceolate acute sheath. Umbelsterminal. Carp. unger
than broad; the coat loose. Seed free—Hooker and Arnott
refer P, aquilegifolium (Koch) to this ; Bertoloni with Hooker’s
observations before him, states that they are quite different.—
Devon and Cornwall, rare. P. VII. VIII. E.

41. Smyrnium Linn. Alexanders.

1. S. Olusatrum (L.); st. terete, stem-l. ternate stalked ser-
rate.—E. B. 230.—St. 3—4 feet high, stout, branched, leafy,
furrowed. Radical ].very large, all with large membranous sheaths
and large ovate shining cut and serrated leaflets. Fl. greenish-
yellow in dense rounded umbels. Fr. nearly black, aromatic.—
Waste ground and near ruins. B.? V. VI.

Suborder III. Calosperme. Tribe XII. Coriandree.

42, CortanpRuM Linn. Coriander.

*1. C. sativum (L.).—E. B. 67.—St. 12—18 in. high, leafy,
round, striated. L. bipinnate, cut; upper ones more divided
into linear segments. Fl. white.—Fields and waste places, an
escape from cultivation. A. VI. E.S.

Order XXXVIII. ARALIACEA.

Cal. 4—5-toothed, adnate to the ovary. Pet. 5—16, rarely
wanting ; zstivation valvate. Stam. as many as the pet. and
alternate with them or twice as many, inserted below the margin
of an epigynous disk. Ovary with 2 or more cells. Styles as
many as the cells. Fr. succulent or dry, of several cells each
with 1 pendulous seed. Albumen fleshy. Embryo minute (not
so in our Hedera).—L. alternate without stipules.

1. Apoxa. Cal. half inferior, limb trifid. Cor. superior,
4—5-cleft, rotate with a short tube contracted at the throat.

152 39. CORNACEX.

Stam. 8—10, in pairs alternate with the petals, anthers 1-
celled. Berry 4—5-celled; cells 1-seeded.

2. Hepera. Cal. superior, limb of 5 teeth. Pet.5—10, not
adhering at the apex. Stam.5—10. Styles 5—10, conni-
vent, or combined into one. Berry 5-celled and 5-seeded,
crowned with the calyx.

1. Apoxa Linn. Mboschatel.

1. A. Moschatellina(L.).—E. B.453.—Rhizome white, fleshy,
toothed, stoloniferous. St. solitary, erect, simple, 3—4 in. high,
with 2 opposite leaves, and a head of 4 whorled and 1 terminal
flowers. Stam. often more or less combined, showing their
number to be normally 4. Fl. with a musky smell. Terminal
fl. usually divided in fours, the others in fives, but the numbers
vary.—Woods and shady hedge-banks. P.IV. V.

2. Hepera Linn. Ivy.

l. H. Helix (L.); 1. coriaceous ovate or cordate and 5-lobed,
lobes angular, umbels simple downy erect.—E. B. 1267.—Climb-
ing by means of rootlike fibres. L. of the flowering branches
ovate-oblong, acute, entire. Berries black. Embryo like that of
Cornacee.—Rocks, old walls, hedges. Sh. X. XI.

Order XXXIX. CORNACEA.

Cal. 4-lobed. Pet. 4, oblong, broad at the base, inserted at
the top of the calyx-tube; zstivation valvate. Stam.4. Ovary
2-celled. Style filiform. Fruit a drupe, crowned with the re-
mains of the calyx. Seed pendulous, solitary. Embryo in the
axis of fleshy albumen and as long as it.—Leaves opposite.

1. Cornus. Calyx-limb superior, of 4 teeth. Pet.4. Stam. 4.
Style 1. Drupe with a 2-celled and 2-seeded nut.

1. Cornus Linn.

1. C. sanguinea (L.); arborescent, branches straight, 1. ovate
cuspidate green on both sides, cymes flat without an involucre.
—E, B. 249. St.52.3.—Shrub 5—6 feet high. Old bark red-
dish. FI. many, white, in terminal cymes. Fr. dark purple. L.
mostly opposite, strongly veined, acutely cuspidate, rounded
below.—Hedges and thickets. Sh. VI. Dog-wood. ‘

2. C. suecica (L.); herbaceous, 1. all opposite sessile ovate,
fl. umbellate shorter than the 4-Jeaved petaloid involucre.—E. B.
310. St, 52. 1.—Flowering shoots about 6 in. high, annual,
springing from the procumbent or subterranean creeping woody

40. LORANTHACE#,.-—4]. CAPRIFOLIACER. 153

leafless stems. Fl. dark purple with yellow stamens, in a small
solitary terminal umbel with an inv. of 4 ovate yellow 1. tipped
with purple. Fr. red.—Moist alpine pastures. P. VII. E.S.

Subdivision III. COROLLIFLORA.

Pet. united bearing the stamens.

Order XL. LORANTHACES.

Cal. adnate to the ovary, with 2 bracts at its base; limb entire
or lobed. Cor. of 4—8 more or less united petals. Stam. as many
as and opposite to the petals with which the filaments more or
less combine; anth. sometimes adnate to the petals. Ovary
1, 1-celled with 1 erect ovule. Style filiform or 0. Stigma capi-
tate. Fr. succulent. Albumen fleshy.—Parasitical plants with
entire, mostly opposite leaves.

1. Viscum. Dicecious. Male: Cal.0. Pet. 4, ovate, fleshy,
united at thebase. Anth. adnate to the petals, many-celled.
Fem. : Cal. an obscure entire superior margin. Pet. 4, erect,
somewhat triangular, minute. Stigma sessile, obtuse. Berry
1-seeded, crowned with the calyx.

1. Viscum Linn. Mistletoe.

1. V. album (L.); st. repeatedly dichotomously branched,
branches terete, 1. ovate-lanceolate obtuse, fl. m the forks of the
stem sessile clustered.—E. B. 1470. St. 8.—Evergreen, parasi-
tical, yellow, succulent. Male fl. about 3 together, female about
5, yellowish. Berries white, pellucid, globular, viscid.— Parasi-
tical on various trees. P. III. IV. E.

Order XLI. CAPRIFOLIACEZ.

Cal. adnate with the ovary, usually with bracts at the base ;
limb 4—5-lobed. Cor. regular or irregular, 4—5-cleft. Stam.
free, on the corolla, 4—5, alternate with the lobes. Ovary 3—5-
celled. Stigmas 1—3. Fruit indehiscent, 1- or many-celled,
usually fleshy. Albumen fleshy.—L. opposite.

1. Samspucus. Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. rotate, 5-lobed.
Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fr. 3—4-seeded.

2. VinurNum. Cal.-limb 5-cleft. Cor. bell- or funnel-shaped,
5-lobed. Stam. 5. Stigmas 3, sessile. Fruit 1-seeded.

3. Lonicrra. Cal.-limb small, 5-cleft. Cor. tubular or
funnelshaped, usually saccate at the base, limb 5-fid or irre-
H5

154 41. CAPRIFOLIACES.

gular. Stam. 5. Style filiform. Stigma capitate. Fruit
1—3-celled, few-seeded.

4. Linnaza. Cal.-limb 5-cleft, with lanceolate subulate equal
deciduous segments. Cor. turbinate-bellshaped, 5-lobed.
Stam. 4, rarely 5, 2 longer. Style filiform ; stigma capitate.
Fr. dry, 3-celled; 2 cells barren, 1 single-seeded.—T wo
large and 2 minute bracts at the base of the fruit.

1. SamBucus Linn. Elder.

1. S. Ebulus (L.) ; herbaceous, st. furrowed, stip. leaflike ovate
serrate, 1. pinnate, leaflets lanceolate serrate, cyme with 3 prin-
cipal branches.—E. B.475.—St. 2—4 feet high. Cymes termi-
nal. Fl. white, reddish externally ; anth. purple. Fr. reddish-
black.—Hedge-banks. P. VIII. Dwarf Elder. Danewort.

2. S. nigra (L.) ; arborescent, stip. obsolete, |. pinnate, leaflets
ovate cuspidate serrate, cymes with 5 principal branches.— HE, B.
476.—A small tree. Cymes large, terminal. Fl. cream-co-
loured. Fr. black, rarely green or white.—§. laciniata; 1. 2—3-
pinnate, Its. laciniate.—y. rotundifolia (DC.); lts. usually 3
quite round.— Woods and hedges. 8. near Ayr. Hooker. En-
derby, Leicestershire. y. Isle of Wight. T.VI. Elder.

2. Vinurnum Linn. Guelder-rose.

1. V. Lantana (L.); 1. elliptical with a cordate base finely
denticulate-serrate downy beneath, pubescence stellate.-—E, B.
331,—A small tree with round mealy branches. Young shoots,
petioles, and under sides of the |. densely, upper side more
sparingly, covered with stellate down. Cymes terminal. Fl.
white, not radiant. Fy. black.—Hedges and thickets on a cal-
careous soil. T. V. Mealy Guelder-rose. Wayfaring tree. B.S.

2. V. Opulus (L.); 1. 3—5-lobed, lobes acuminate and den-
tate, petioles with glands.—#. B. 332. St. 27. 6.—Branches gla-
brous, tetragonal when young. L. slightly downy beneath.
Cymes large, with linear bracts; fl. white, inner ones fertile,
outer barren and radiant. Fr. red. Hedges and thickets. T.
VI. VII. Common Guelder-rose.

3. Lonicera Linn. Honeysuckle.

tl. L. Caprifolium (L.); fl. ringent whorled terminal sessile,
1. deciduous glabrous on both sides obtuse, upper 1. connate-per-
folate, style glabrous.—E. B. 799.—St. twining. FI. white or
purplish. Fr. orange. Upper pairs of leaves connate, the rest
distinct.—Thickets. Sh. V. VI. E. S.

2. L. Periclymenum (L.); fi. ringent capitate terminal, heads

42. RUBIACER. 155

stalked, 1. all distinct deciduous oval, st. twining. —E. B. 800.—
Fl. pale yellow, externally red. Fr. red. LL. sometimes down
beneath, rarely lobed.—Woods and hedges. Sh. VI.—IX.
Honeysuckle. Woodbine.

3. L. Xylosteum (L.) ; peduncles 2-flowered downy as long as
the flowers, calyx-limb deciduous, berries slightly connected at
the base, 1. oval downy, st. erect.—E. B. 916.—F. pale yellow.
L., bracts, cal., cor. externally, filaments, and style downy. Fr.
scarlet.—Thickets. Native in Sussex. Sh. V. E.

4. Linnza Gronov.

1. L. borealis (Gron.).—E. B. 433.—St. trailing and creeping.
L. opposite, broadly ovate, stalked, dark green above, paler be-
neath. Peduncles long, erect, 2-flowered, from short lateral
branches with 2—4 leaves. FI. flesh-coloured, purple within.—
Woods, chiefly of fir, in the north. P. VII. E.S.

Order XLII. RUBIACEZ.

Cal. superior, entire or lobed. Cor, regular, 4—6-lobed.
Stam. 4—5, alternate with the lobes of the corolla. Ovary 1,
2-celled, with solitary erect ovules. Style 1, often bifid. Stig-
mas 2, Fr. a didymous indehiscent pericarp. Embryo straight
in horny albumen.

1. SHerarpia. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. crowned with the
6-toothed calyx, dry.

2. AsperuLA. Cor. funnelshaped. Fr. dry, not crowned with
the limb of the calyx.

3. Gaxium. Cor. rotate. Fr. dry, not crowned with the calyx.
4. Rusia. Cor. rotate. Fr. succulent, 2-lobed.

1. Saerarpia Linn,

1. S. arvensis (L.).—E. B. 891.—St. mostly decumbent,
branched, square, leafy. L. 6 in a whorl, obovate-lanceolate,
acute. Fi. lilac, in a small sessile terminal umbel. Cal. of 4
segments, 2 of them bifid.—Fields. A. V.—VII.

2. AspERuULA Linn.

1. A. eynanchica (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl linear, uppermost I.
very unequal, fl. corymbose, bracts lanceolate mucronate, cor.
scabrous, “fr. granular-scabrous.”—E. B. 33.—Root fusiform.
Stems many diffuse or ascending branched. FI. generally lilac.
—Dry banks in hmestone districts. P. VI. VII. E. I.

156 42, RUBIACER.

2. A. odorata (I..); 1. 6—8 in a whorl lanceolate, margins
scabrous, fl. in stalked terminal corymbs, fr. hispid.—E. B. 755.
—St. erect, about 6 in. high. Fl. white. L. broad. Whole
plant fragrant.—Woods. P.V. VI. Woodruff.

[A. arvensis (L.); 1. 6—10 in a whorl linear-lanceolate ob-
tuse, fl. aggregate terminal surrounded by long ciliated bracts,
fr. glabrous.—E. B. S. 2792.—Uike Sherardia arvensis. FI.
bright blue.—Introduced. Devonport. A. VI.]

(*A. taurina (L.); 1.4 in a whorl elliptical acuminate 3-veined,
fl. corymbose, cor.-tube very long, fr. punctulate scabrous.—
Cadeby, Leicestershire. Casterton Woods, Westmoreland. }

3. Gatrum Linn. Bed-straw.
A. Leaves 3-veined.
* Inflorescence panicled, terminal ; fl. perfect ; fr.-stalks erect.

1. G. boreale (L.); 1.4 in a whorl lanceolate, st. erect panicled,
fruitstalks patent, fr. covered with hooked bristles.—E. B. 105.—
St. about 18 in. high; branches many, leafy. Fl. white in com-
pact terminal panicles.—Moist rocky places. P. VII. VIII.

** Inflorescence axillary ; lateral fl. imperfect ; fr.-staiks
deflexed.

2. G. cruciatum (With.); 1.4 in a whorl elliptic-oblong hairy,
flowers corymbose bracteated, terminal fl. fertile, lateral mostly
male, fr. smooth.—E. B. 143.—St. simple above, 1—2 feet high,
hairy. Fil. small, about 8 together in small corymbs, yellow.—
“8. peduncles and pedicels glabrous.”—Hedges and thickets.
P. V. VI. Crosswort.

B. Leaves l-veined. Root annual.

* Inflorescence axillary ; lateral fl. imperfect.

[3. G. saccharatum (All.); 1. about 6 in a whorl linear-lan-
ceolate with marginal forward prickles, st. rough with decurved
prickles, peduncles 3-flowered, fr. warted reflexed —E. B. 2173.
—St. procumbent, spreading. Fi. small, pale yellow. Fr. large,
a double globe, with large pyramidal tubercles.—Carse of Gowrie
and Forfar. Malton, Yorkshire. A. VI.—VIIL.] E. S.

** Inflorescence axillary, panicled ; fl. all perfect.

4. G. tricorne (With.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
with marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles,

GALIUM. 157

peduncles 3-flowered, Sr. granulated reflexed.—E. B. 1641.—St.
procumbent, spreading. Fl. small, all 3 appearing perfect, the
middle one usually alone fertile. Fr. large, a double globe,
covered with small granulations.—Dry calcareous fields. A. VI

—IX. E

5. G. Aparine (L.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate with
marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles, pe-
duncles few- (about 3) flowered, fruitstalks divaricated straight,
fruit covered with short hooked bristles —E. B. 816.—St. strag-
gling amongst bushes, 3—4 feet long. The marginal prickles
near the extremity of the 1. point forwards, the rest backwards.
Fl. small. Peduncles or rather flowering branches with several
leaves at the primary divisions. Fr. large—Common. A. VJ.
—VIII. Goose-grass. Cleavers.

+

6. G. spurium (L.); 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate with
marginal backward prickles, st. rough with deflexed prickles, pe-
duncles with 3—9 flowers, fruitstalks divaricated straight.—E. B.
1871.—Closely resembling the preceding; distinguished by its
more numerous green flowers, floral leaves solitary (“‘or in pairs”),
fruit of about half the size and smooth.—f. G. Vaillantii (DC.);
fr. hispid. E. B. §.2943.—Fields. a. Forfar; 8. Saffron Wal-
den and Chesterford, Essex. A. VII. E. 8S.

7. G. parisiense (L.); 1. about 6 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
bristle-pointed with marginal forward prickles, st. rough with de-
curved prickles, panicles small dichotomous, branches divaricated
bifid. — G. anglicum Huds., E. B. 384.—St. 6—8 in. high, spread-
ing, slender, brittle. L. usually 6 in a whorl, the lowermost
sometimes in fours. Branches of the small panicles often spread-
ing nearly at right angles with their stalk. Fr. granulated, nearly
black. The typical G. parisiense has hooked prickles on the
fruit.—Old walls and dry sandy places. A. VI. VII. E.

C. Leaves l-veined. Root perennial. Fl. in terminal panicles.
* Fruit not granulated. No downward prickles on the stem.

8. G. erectum (Huds.) ; 1. about 8 in a whorl lanceolate mucro-
nate the margins rough with forward prickles, midrib slender,
branches of the panicle all ascending, fruitstalks divaricated, fr.
oval smooth, pet. taper-pointed—£. B. 2067.—St. weak, gla-
brous or hairy, ascending. L. lanceolate, scarcely at all obovate ;
margins with 2 rows.of prickles pointing forwards; midrib beneath
rather slender, smooth.—. cinereum ; 1. 6—8 in a whorl linear.
—G. cinereum Sm., E. B. 8. 2783, seems to be only a narrow-
leaved variety.—G. aristatum (Sm.), E. B. 2784, has 1. in sixes but
is probably a state of this—Hedges and pastures. P. VI. VII.

158 42. RUBIACES.

9. G. Mollugo (L.); 1. about 8 in a whorl lanceolate-obovate
or obovate-oblong cuspidate the margins rough with forward
prickles, midrib slender, branches of the panicle many-flowered
lower ones spreading horizontally or deflexed, fruitstalks divari-
cated, fr. glabrous, pet. cuspidate —E. B. 1673.—St. ascending,
square, thickened at the joinings, glabrous, or in B. scabrum (Sm.)
as well as the |. hairy. Panicle large. Fl. small.—y. G. insu-
bricum (Gaud.); 1. about 6 in a whorl obovate abruptly cuspidate,
branches of the panicle few-flowered terminating in trichotomous
umbels, floral 1. large, bracts large usually solitary—-Hedges and
thickets. y. Winander Mere. P. VII. VIII.

10. G. verum (L.); 2. about 8 in a whorl linear-setaceous with
revolute margins channeled above downy beneath, panicles many
small densely flowered subterminal, fruitstalks patent, fruit
smooth, pet. obtuse and apiculate —Z. B. 660.—St. erect, slightly
branched, somewhat woody, with many whorls of narrow de-
flexed leaves. Fl. golden yellow, rarely green or straw-coloured,
usually in many small dense panicles collected into « kind of
terminal spike. St. and upper surface of the 1. sometimes downy
or scabrous. On loose sands the st. are much more branched
and the fl. sometimes solitary but agreeing in all other respects
with this species.—Dry and sandy places. P. VII. VII.

** Fruit granulated, not hairy. St. without downward prickles.

ll. G. sawatile (L.); 1. about 6 in a whorl obovate pointed,
midrib slender, panicles corymbose small, fl.- and fr.-stalks erect-
patent, fr. granulated, pet. acute—E. B. 815.—St. many, pro-
cumbent, much branched. L. suddenly narrowed to a point,
smooth, with a few marginal forward prickles; lower 1. roundly
obovate. Turns black in drying.—Heaths. P. VII. VIII.

12. G. montanum (Vill.); 1. 6—7 in a whorl, Jower 1. abovate-
lanceolate, upper 1. narrower, midrib “rather thick and promi-
nent below,” pan. loose few-flowered, fl.- and fr.-st. erect-patent,
fr. slightly rough, pet. ‘* apiculate.”—St. many, slightly ascend-
ing, much branched. L. glabrous or with minute mostly back-
ward prickles. Green when dry.—Settle “and elsewhere.”
Mr. J. G. Baker. P. VII. VIII.

13. G. commutatum (Jord.); 1. 7—8 in a whorl linear thick
mucronate, “midrib broad not prominent,” pan. with many
branches, fl.- and fr.-st. erect-patent, fr. faintly granulated, pet.
mucronate.—St. many, nearly prostrate, glabrous. L. mostly
glabrous.—White Force, Teesdale. Mr. Baker. P. VIII. E.

14. G. sylvestre (Poll.); 1. about 8 in a whorl linear-lanceo-
late mucronate, medrib slender prominent, panicles few-flowered,
fi.- and fr.-st. erect-patent, fr. faintly granulated, pet. acute.—

43. VALERIANACES. 159

G. pusillum E. B.74, not Linn.—St. many, slender, square, dif-
fuse, ascending. L. often nearly glabrous or with marginal
hairs (not prickles) spreading or backward. Lower part of stem
and leaves sometimes densely covered with patent hairs. Panicle
very variable in size. Fr. very minutely granulated.—Limestone
hills, rare. P. VI. VII.

*** Stem rough with downward prickles.

15. G. uliginosum (L.); l. 6—8 in a whorl linear-lanceolate
bristle-pointed with margins rough like the angles of the stem with
backward prickles, panicles small axillary few-flowered trichoto-
mous the branches patent 3-fid, fruitstalks divaricate straight,
fruit granulated.—Z#. B. 1972.—Stems slender, brittle, about a
foot high, weak. L. usually 6 in a whorl, discoloured at the tip
and shortly acuminate. Branches of the small panicles divan-
cate. Fr. dark brown.—Wet places. P. VII. VIII.

16. G. palustre (L.); 1.4 in a whorl broadly linear broader
upwards blunt, midrib slender, panicle diffuse, fr.-st. straight
spreading at right angles, fr. small (14 lin. nearly) smooth.—St.
1—2 feet high, slender usually branched. Fl. small, white. St.
and branches nearly smooth. LL. very narrow, lowest usually in
sixes, upper in fours of which 2 are smaller—G. Witheringit
(Sm.) differs only by having rough edges to the leaves.—Wet
places by ditches and rivers. P. VII. VIII.

17. G. elongatum (Presl); 1. 4 in a whorl linear-oblong blunt
narrowed below, midrib prominent, panicle diffuse, fr.-st. spread-
ing at right angles, fr. large slightly rough.—G. palustre, E. B.
1857.—Differs from G. palustre by its thick weak stem 2—4 ft.
high, less branched and entangled ; 1. broad and long (sometimes
13 in. long and 3 broad, but usually smaller); fl. and fr. of twice
the size. Known at sight by the much superior size of all its
parts.—Wet places. P. VII. VIII.

4. Rusia Linn. Wild Madder.

1. R. peregrina (L.) ; 1. 4—6 in a whorl elliptic or lanceolate
shining smooth above without veins the margin and keel rough
with reflexed bristles. —E. B. 851.—Old st. terete ; shoots spread-
ing, square. L. rigid, persistent. Cor. rotate, 5-cleft; lobes
oval suddenly narrowed into a slender point.—Stony and sandy
thickets in the south. P. VI—VIII. E. I.

Order XLIII. VALERIANACES.

Cal. superior; limb various, toothed, obsolete or involute and
ultimately resembling a pappus. Cor. tubular, 3—5-lobed, un-

160 43. VALERIANACES.

equal or irregular often spurred or gibbous at the base. Stam.
1—5, inserted in the tube, free. Ovary with 1 perfect cell and
often 2 abortive cells; ovule solitary, pendulous. Fr. dry.

1. Cenrrantruus. Cor. regular, 5-lobed, with a spur.
Stam. 1. Fr. 1-celled, indehiscent, crowned with the limb
of the calyx expanded into a feathery pappus.

2. Vauertana. Cor. regular, 5-lobed, gibbous but without
a spur. Stam. 3. Fr. 1-celled, indehiscent, crowned with
the limb of the calyx expanded into a feathery pappus.

3. VALERIANELLA. Cor. regular, 5-lobed, without a spur.
Stam. 3. Fr. 3-celled, dehiscent, crowned with the erect
unequally toothed limb of the calyx, 2 of the cells usually
empty inflated or filiform.

1. Centrantuus Cand.

+l. C. ruber (DC.); 1. ovate-lanceolate, spur much shorter
than the tube of the corolla and twice as long as the germen.—
Valeriana Sm., E. B. 1531.—St. 1—2 feet high. Fl. purple or
white.—Chalk-pits and old walls. P.VI.—IX. Red Valerian.

[C. Calcitrapa (Dufr.); radical 1. ovate entire, stem-l. pinna-
tifid, spur very short, is naturalized at Eltham in Kent. ]

2. VaLERIANA Linn. Valerian.

1. V. officinalis (L.); 1. all pinnate, Its. 15—21 lanceolate
dentate-serrate terminal one not larger than the others, st. sul-
cate solitary, fr. glabrous ovate-oblong.—R. xii. 727. St. 9.—
Root with short subterranean stoles. St. 2—-4 feet high. An-
terior edge of Its. nearly entire, posterior strongly toothed. Fl.
flesh-coloured. Radical 1. on long stalks. Fr. narrowed usually
from about its middle.—V. angustifolia (R.); lts. more nume-
rous nearly entire. R. xii. 728.—Ditches and damp chalky
places. P. VI. VII.

2. V. sambucifolia (“ Mikan.’’) ; 1. all pinnate, Its. 9—11 den-
tate-serrate, of the radical 1. ovate acute, of the stem-l. oblong-
lanceolate, terminal It. not larger than the others, st. sulcate
solitary, fr. glabrous ovate-attenuate.—R. xii. 726. V. officinalis
Sm., E. B. 698.—Root with long stoles usually not buried. St.
2—4 feet high. Lts. toothed on both edges ; term. It. of rt.-l.
sometimes slightly larger than the others. Fr. narrowing from
below its middle—Damp places. P. VI. VII.

*3. V. pyrenaica(L.); 1. heartshaped serrate stalked, upper 1.
with 1—2 pairs of small lanceolate leaflets —E. B. 1591.—St.

VALERIANELLA. 161

2—3 feet high, furrowed. Fi. light rose-coloured.—Woods in
Scotland. P. VI. VII. E. S.

4. V. dioica (L.); fl. imperfectly dicecious, root-I. ovate stalked,
stem-l. pinnatifid with a large terminal lobe, fr. glabrous.—E. B.
628. St. 9.—St. 6—12 in. high, simple. Fl. flesh-coloured ;
rather large with protruded stam., barren; or small with in-
cluded stamens and forming a closer corymb, fertile. Root creep-
ing.—Boggy places. P. V. VI E. g

3. VALERIANELLA Moench.
* Fruit with 2 barren cells, fertile cell corky on the back.

1. V. olitoria (Moench); fr. compressed oblique, barren cells
without furrows, dissepiment incomplete, bracts ciliated —Z. B.
811. St. 2.3. R. xii. 708. Fedia Sm.—L. ovate-spathulate,
upper ones narrower. Fl. in terminal dense cymes with oblong
linear opposite bracts. Fr. 3-celled ; 1 fertile with its back formed
of a thick gibbous mass of spongy cellular tissue which is usually
traversed by a single furrow, a groove on each side separates it
from the 2 barren slightly confluent cells each of which has a
slender rib on its side and their junction marked by a slight fur-
row.—Corn-fields and banks. A.V. VI. Corn Salad. —

** Fruit with 2 barren conspicuous cells, fertile cell not corky.

2. V. carinata (Loisel.); fr. oblong boatshaped crowned with
1 straight tooth, cells nearly equal each with a single rib on the
back, barren cells contiguous in their whole length and with a
deep furrow between them, fl. in dense cymes.—Fedia E. B.S.
2810. RB. xii. 708.—Fl. pale blue. Root-l. spathulate, st.-1.
oblong. Bracts ciliated. Section of the fr. crescent-shaped.—
Hedge-banks, rare. A.IV.—VI. Lambs’ Lettuce. E.S

3. V. Auricula (DC.); fr. subglobose crowned with 1 erect
membranous leaf, barren cells larger than the fertile one inflated
contiguous having a narrow furrow between them, fi. scattered.
—Fedia E. B. S. 2809. V. dentata DC., R. xii. 709.—FI. di-
stant, in the forks of a repeatedly dichotomous cyme. Lower l.
obovate attenuate downwards, upper 1 oblong. Bracts ciliated.
Section of the fruit nearly round. Crown of one oblong obtuse
obliquely truncate tooth, sometimes with a minute tooth on
each side; or of 3 acute teeth, of which one is much the longest
and often 3-pointed.— Cultivated land. A. VII. VIII.

*** Barren cells 0, or reduced to a rib.

4, V. dentata (Deitr.); fr. oval crowned with the small oblique
unequally 4-toothed calyx flat in front with an oblong space

162 44, DIPSACACEZ.

inclosed between 2 elevated curved ribs (barren cells) convex be-
hind, cyme lax spreading, its branches long divaricated.—Fedia
Sm., £. B. 1370. R. xii. 710. V. Morisonti DC.—Teeth of the
crown spreading or all incurved except the largest. Fr. smooth
or hairy. FI. corymbose.—Corn-fields and banks. A. VI. VII.

5. V. eriocarpa (Desv.); fr. oval crowned with the large ob-
lique open unequally 5—7-toothed calyx flat in front with an
oval space inclosed between 2 elevated curved ribs (barren cells)
convex behind, cyme condensed.—Very different in habit from
the preceding but scarcely affording any specific character. A
variety ?—Great Orme’s Head, N. Wales. A. VI. E.

Order XLIV. DIPSACACEZ.

Fl. capitate. Cal. superior, surrounded by an involucel which
closely invests the ripe fruit. Cor. 4—5-fid with unequal lobes.
Stam. 4, inserted in the tube, free; filaments not jointed. Style 1.
Stigma simple. Ovary ]-celled with a pendulous ovule. Fr.
crowned with the pappus-like calyx. Embryo in fleshy albumen.

1. Dresacus. Calyx cupshaped. Involucel forming a thiek-
ened margin to the ovary. Cor. 4-fid. Receptacle with
spinous scales shorter than the involucre. Fr. with 4 sides
and 8 little depressions.

2. Knautia. Calyx cupshaped with radiant teeth. Involu-
cel terminating in 4 small teeth. Receptacle hairy ; scales 0.
Fr. with 4 sides and 4 little depressions.

3. Scaprosa. Calyx of 4 or 5 bristles. Involucel membra-
nous and plaited. Receptacle scaly. Fr. nearly cylindrical
with 8 excavations.

1. Dipsacus Linn. Teasel.

1. D. sylvestris (L.); 1. opposite undivided sessile, stem-l.
connate, scales of the receptacle straight at the end exceeding the
flowers, involucres curved upwards.—E. B. 1032.—St. 5—6 feet
high, prickly, leafy, branched. Heads of #l. large, conical, over-
topped by the slender ascending mvolucre.—Hedges and road-
sides. B.VITI.IX. [Wild Tease.

(2. D. Fullonum (L.); 1. opposite undivided sessile, stem-1.
connate, scales of the receptacle hooked at the end equalling the
flowers, involucres reflexed—E. B. 2080.—St. 5—6 feet high,
prickly, leafy, branched. Heads of fl. obtuse, conical, about
equalling the spinous spreading involucre.—West of England,
scarcely wild. B. VIII. IX. Teasel. |

45, COMPOSIT. 163

3. D. pilosus (L.); 1. stalked with a it. at the base on each side, .
scales of the receptacle obovate-cuspidate straight, involucres
deflexed.— E. B. 877.—St.3—4 feet high, branched, rough, leafy.
Heads of fl. small, globose, exceeding the involucres.—Moist
shady places. B. VIII.

2. Kwautia Coult.

1. K. arvensis (Coult.) ; lower 1. simple, stem-1. pinnatifid, st.
bristly, calyx with about 8 awned teeth.—E. B. 659.—St. 2—3
feet high, slightly branched, with few leaves. Radical 1. many,
sometimes pinnately lobed. FI. purple, in large convex long-
stalked heads, outer ones usually unequal and radiant. In-
volucres bluntish.—. integrifolia (Coult.); 1. all simple narrowly
lanceolate entire or superficially crenate.—Fields. P.VII.—IX.
Field Scabious. :

3. Scasiosa Linn. Scabious.

1. S. suecisa (L.); root abrupt, heads of fl. and fr. nearly
globose, involucel hairy 4-fid herbaceous, cor. 4-cleft regular,
I. oblong entire, upper 1. narrower mostly entire —E. B. 878.
—St. 1—3 feet high. Radical 1. many, stem-l. usually few. Fi.
purplish-blue, rarely white. St. and both sides of the 1. hairy
or glabrous.—Meadows and pastures. P.VII.—X. Devil’s bit.

2. S. Columbaria (L.); heads of fr. globose, involucel mem-
branous plaited notched, cor. 5-cleft radiant, radical 1. oblong
stalked crenate entire or lyrate, uppermost 1]. pinnatifid with
linear segments.—H. B. 1311.—St. 12—18 in. high. Radical
1. obtuse, or, rarely, lanceolate and acute, on long stalks ; upper
1. rarely entire, linear. Fl. purplish. 8. glabra (Ball); caly-
cine bristles more flattened with traces of a medial nerve.”—On
a caleareous soil. 8. Pennard Castle, Glam. Mr. J. Ball. P.
VIL. VIII. E. §.

Order XLV. COMPOSITA.

Fl. capitate, surrounded by an involucre formed of scales
(phyllaries). Cal. superior ; limb obsolete or forming a toothed
bristly or feathery pappus. Cor. tubular or ligulate. Stam. 5,
inserted in the tube; anthers united, syngenesious. Fr. an inde-
hiscent dry pericarp with an erect seed without albumen.

The following arrangement of the genera is nearly that of
Jussieu. It is more simple than that of DeCandolle, which is
followed in the arrangement of the species.

164 45. COMPOSITE.

Suborder I. CORYMBIFERA.

Florets of the disk tubular; marginal florets often ligulate.
Style not swollen below its branches.

A. Pappus more or less hairy.
* Anthers without bristles at their base.

(1.) 1. Eupatortum. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. imbri-
cate oblong. Receptacle naked. Florets tubular-funnel-
shaped, hermaphrodite. Anth. included. Branches of the
style exserted, cylindrical obtuse.

(2.) 2. PeTasiTEes. Heads many-flowered, subdiecious. Fem.
florets filiform, obliquely truncate or shortly ligulate, in many
rows in the fem. heads, none or in 1 row in the male heads.
Male florets tubular, few and central in the fem. heads, occu-
pying the whole disk in the male heads. Receptacle naked.
Phyil. in one row.—Plants subdicecious.

(3.) 3. Tussttaco. Heads many-flowered, heterogamous.
Fem. florets marginal, in many rows, narrowly ligulate.
Male florets discoidal, tubular, 5-cleft. Receptacle naked.
Phyll. in 1 row, with membranous margins.

(4.) 23. Senecio. Florets of the ray ligulate, fem., rarely 0;
of the disk perfect, tubular. Involucre cylindrical or conical
of 1 row of equal phyll. not membranous at the margin, with
or without smaller scales at its base. Pappus pilose.

(5.) 22. Doronicum. Florets of the ray ligulate, fem. ; of
the disk perfect, tubular. Involucre hemispherical of 2 or 3
rows of equal phyll. Pappus pilose, wanting in the ray.

(6.) 8. Linosyris. Heads not radiant. Florets all perfect,
tubular. Receptacle naked, pitted, pits with elevated den-
tate margins in our plant. Phyll. imbricated. Pappus
pilose. Fr. compressed, silky, without a beak.

(7.) 4. Aster. Heads radiant. Florets of the ray fem.,
ligulate, in 1 row; of the disk perfect, tubular. Receptacle
naked, pitted. Phyll. imbricated and a few scales on the
peduncle. Pappus pilose, in many rows. Fr. compressed,
without a beak.

(8.) 5. Errczron., Heads radiant. Florets of the ray fem.,
ligulate, ix many rows; of the disk mostly perfect, tubular.
Receptacle naked. Phyll. imbricated. Pappus pilose, in
many rows. Fr. compressed, without a beak.

(9.) 7. Souipaco. Pappus pilose, in 1] row. Fr. terete.
Otherwise like Aster.

45. COMPOSITA. 165

** Anthers with 2 bristles at their base.

+ Receptacle without scales, Fr. cylindrical or tetragonal.

(10.) 9. Inuta. Heads radiant. Florets of the ray fem.,
ligulate, rarely subtubular; of the disk perfect, tubular,
Anth. with 2 bristles at the base. Receptacle naked. Phyl.
imbricated in many rows. Pappus pilose, uniform, in 1 row.

(11.) 10, Punicarra. Phyll. laxly imbricated in few rows.
Pappus in 2 rows, outer short cuplike membranous toothed,
inner pilose. Otherwise like Inula.

tt Receptacle without scales or scaly only at the margin. Fr.
cylindrical or compressed.

(12.} 20. Gnapyatium. Outer florets fem., central perfect,
ali tubular. Pappus capillary. Receptacle flat, naked. In-
volucre hemispherical, imbricated ; phyll. equalling the
florets but not intermixed with them.—Cor. of the fem.
florets often obsolete.

(13.) 19. Frnaco. Outer florets fem., filiform, in several
rows, outermost ones intermixed with the inner phyllaries
or palee; central florets few, perfect, tubular. Pappus
capillary. Receptacle conical, scaly at the margin. Invo-
lucre subconical, imbricated; phyll. lanceolate, longer than
the florets.

(14.) 21. AnreNNARIA. Heads subdicecious. Male florets
tubular, style almost simple, pappus clavate. Fem. florets
filiform, pappus capillary. Receptacle convex. Involucre
hemispherical, imbricated ; phyll. coloured at the end.

B. Pappus 0, or membranous.

+ Receptacle without scales. Heads heterogamous, radiant.
FI. of the ray fem., ligulate, in 1 row; of the disk herm.,
tubular

(15.) 6. Beuiis. Phyll.in 2 rows equal obtuse. Receptacle
conical. Fr. compressed. Pappus 0.

(16.) 15. CarysantHemoum. Involucre hemispherical. Fr.
terete, without wings, or slightly angular and somewhat
winged. Pappus 0 or of 3 minute teeth.

(17.) 16. Marricarta. Involucre conical, hemispherical or
nearly flat. Fr. angular, not-winged. Pappus 0, or a slight
membranous border.

166 45. COMPOSITE.

+t Receptacle without scales. Heads discoidal.

(18.) 17. ArTEmisi1A. Florets of the disk perfect, of the ray
fem. slender in 1 row; or all herm. and tubular. Involucre
roundish: Phyll.imbricated. Receptacle naked or hairy.
Fr. obovate, with a small epigynous disk, without pappus.

(19.) 18. Tanacetrum. Florets asin Artemisia. Involucre
hemispherical. Phyll. imbricated. Receptacle naked. Fr.
oblong, angular, with a large epigynous disk (as broad as the
fruit), crowned with a slight membranous border.

ttt Receptacle scaly. Pappus 0.

(20.) 12. AnrHemis. Heads heterogamous, radiant. Florets
of the ray fem., or neuter, ligulate, in 1 row; of the disk
herm., tubular. Receptacle convex or conical. Phyll. im-
bricated, of few rows. Fr. terete, or obtusely tetragonal,
without pappus, but with a more or less prominent margin.

[Anacycius. Fr. compressed, winged at the edges. Other-
wise like Anthemis. ]

(21.) 13. AcuinuEa. Heads heterogamous, radiant. Florets
of the ray fem., ligulate, short ; of the disk herm., tubular ;
tube plane-compressed, 2-winged. Receptacle narrow, slightly
elevated. Involucre ovate or oblong. Phyll. imbricated.
Fr. compressed, without pappus.

(22.) 14. Dror1s. Heads homogamous, discoidal. Florets
herm., tubular; tube compressed, with 2 auricles at the base.
Receptacle convex with concave downy-topped scales. Inv.
bellshaped. Phyll. imbricated. Fr. compressed, crowned
with the persistent auricled tube of the cor.; pappus 0.

C. Pappus of 2—5 stiff bristles. Receptacle scaly.

(23.) 11. Bipens. Heads homogamous, discoidal, sometimes
radiant. Florets (of the ray neuter, ligulate ;) of the disk
herm., tubular. Receptacle flat. Phyll. in 2 rows, outer
row spreading. Branches of the style surmounted by short
cones. Fr. compressed, angular, rough at the edges; the
angles terminating in 2—5 staff retrorsely hispid bristles.

Suborder II. CYNAROCEPHALE.
Florets all tubular. Style swollen below its branches.

a. Anthers with 2 bristles at their base.
24. SaussurgA. Florets all herm., tubular, Phyll. imbri-

45. COMPOSIT2. 167

cated, unarmed. Receptacle scaly. Pappus in 2 rows,
outer of short rough bristles, inner feathery.

25. Carina. Florets all herm., tubular. Phyll. imbricated,
outer lax leaflike spinose, inner linear membranous coloured
and resembling aray. Receptacle with cleft scales. Pappus
in 1] row, branched und feathery, connected into a ring below.

26. Arcrium. Involucre globose. Phyll. imbricated, termi-
nating in hooked points. Receptacle flat, with rigid subu-
late scales. Fr. compressed, oblong. Pappus short, pilose,
distinct.

b. Anthers without bristles.

* Pappus in many rows of different lengths ; inner row longest,
longer than the fruit.

27. SerrRatuLA. Heads dicecious by abortion. Phyll. im-
bricated, sharp, unarmed. Scales of the receptacle split
longitudinally into linear bristles. Fr. compressed, not
beaked, basal areola oblique. Pappus persistent.

** Pappus in many rows unequal ; second row longest, equal to
or shorter than the fruit, rarely none.

28. Cuntaurna. Anthers with papillose filaments, involucre
imbricated. Receptacle chaffy. Ir. attached laterally above
the base to the receptacle. Pappus pilose, rarely 0.

*** Pappus in many rows, equal, long.

29. OnoporpDuM. Receptacle honey-combed. Fr. 4-ribbed.
Pappus rough. Otherwise like Carduus.

30. Carpuus. Involucre imbricated with simple spinous
pointed scales. Receptacle with fimbriated scales. Fr. com-
pressed, oblong, with a somewhat fleshy terminal areola.
Pappus long, pilose or plumose, wnited into a ring at the base
and deciduous.—Includes Cnicus Linn. and Cirsium DC.

**e Pannus in many rows. Filaments monadelphous.

31. SttyBum. Involucre imbricated; scales leaflike at the base,
narrowed into a long spreading spinous point. Receptacle
scaly. Fr. compressed, its terminal areola surrounded by a
papillose ring. Pappus pilose, united into a ring at the base,

“"* deciduous.

Suborder III. CICHORIACEA.

Florets all ligulate and perfect.

168 45. COMPOSITE.

* Pappus 0. Receptacle without scales.

32. Lapsana. Heads 8—12-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row,
erect, with 4—5 short bracts at their base. Fr. compressed,
striated, deciduous, not enveloped in the phyllaries.

** Pappus like a crown or of many entire broad scales. Recep-
tacle without scales.

33. ARNOSERIS. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. in 1 row,
about 12, keeled, linear-lancevlate, at length converging, a
few small bracts at their base. Fr. angular crowned with a
short elevated entire margin.

34. Cicuorium. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. in 2 rows;
outer of about 5, lax, shortish ; immer of 8—10, longer, con-
verging, at length reflered. Receptacle sometimes slightly
pilose. Fr. obovate compressed striated. Pappus of 2 rows
of minute erect chaffy scales.

*** Pappus feathery. Receptacle scaly.

35. Hypocua@ris. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. oblong,
imbricated. Fr. glabrous, muricated, often beaked. Pappus
in 2 rows, outer short and setaceous, inner long and fea-
thery ; or in | row and feathery.

¥*#* Panpus feathery, or on the exterior fruits scaly. Receptacle
without scales.

36. Turincia. Involucre oblong. Phyll. in 1] row, with a
few additional at the base. Receptacle punctured. Fr.
beaked. Pappus in 2 rows; outer setaceous, deciduous ;
inner longer, feathery, dilated at the base. Marginal row
of fruits enveloped in the phyllaries, scarcely beaked and
with a short crownlke fimbriated pappus.

37. Aparata. Involucre subimbricated, exterior phyll. much
smaller in 1—3 rows. Receptacle punctured. Fr. uniform,
slightly beaked. Pappus of all the fr. in 2 rows; outer se-
taceous, persistent ; inner longer, feathery, dilated at the
base ; or in 1 row feathery.

38. Tracopocon. Involucre simple, of 8—10 phyll. con-
nected at the base. Receptacle punctured. Fr. longitudi-
nally striated, with a long beak; areola lateral. Pappus in
many rows, feathery, interwoven in the ray.

39. Proris. Phyll.in | row, equal, with unequal linear often
spreading ones at the base. Receptacle dotted. Fr. terete,

45, COMPOSITE. 169

transversely striated, constricted or slightly beaked above ;
areola terminal. Pappus in 2 rows, feathery ; external row
subpilose.

40. Hevminrata. Phyll. in 1 row, equal, with equal subu-
late adpressed ones at the base, and surrounded by 3—5
leaflike loose bracts. Receptacle dotted. Fr. compressed,
transversely rugose, rounded at the end and with a slender
beak longer than itself. Pappus in several rows, feathery.

**#** Pannus filiform, deciduous, never feathery nor dilated at
the base. Receptacle generally without scales. Fruit com-
pressed.

41. Lacruca. Heads few-flowered. Phyll. with a mem-
branous margin, imbricated in 2—4 rows; outer row shorter.
Fr. plane-compressed, contracted and produced into a fili-
form beak which is not crowned nor muricated at the base.

42. Lronropon. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ;
inner of 1 row, erect ; outer of few short lax or adpressed
imbricated phyllaries. Fr. subcompressed, muricated and
suddenly contracted above, produced into a filiform beak.

43. Soncuus. Heads many-flowered. Phyll. imbricated in
2 or 3 rows of unequal scales. Fr. plane-compressed, trun-
cate above, not beaked.

44. Muicepium. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double ;
inner of 1 row, outer of short lax imbricated phyllaries. Fr.
compressed, constricted above, and terminating in a ciliated
disk. Outer rows of the pappus rigid and brittle.

*eKERE Pryit terete, ribbed. Otherwise like the preceding section.

45. Creprs. Heads many-flowered. Involucre double; inner
of 1 row, outer of short lax phyllaries. Fr. terete, narrowed
upwards or beaked.

46. Himracium. Heads many-flowered. Phyll.imbricated,
many, oblong. Fr. truncate above, not beaked, with a very
short crenulated margin.

{AnomaLous GENUS. Order Amprostace# Link.

47. Xanruium. Heads moneecious. Male: involucre of
1 row of free phyllaries, many-flowered. Receptacle scaly.
Cor. funnelshaped, 5-cleft. Anth. free. Stigma obtuse,
entire.—Fem. fl. 2, inclosed within the involucre which is
terminated by 1—2 beaks and covered with hooked spines
and at length hardened over the fruit. Cor. filiform.

I

170 45. COMPOSITE.

Stam. 0. Stigmas 2, diverging, linear. Fr. compressed,
each occupying a cell in the involucre. ]

Suborder I. TUBULIFLORZ£. Perfect florets tubular, re-
gular, teeth 4 or 5.

Tribe I. Eupatoriee.

Style of the perfect florets cylindrical with elongated slightly
clavate branches which are downy above; stigmatic lines but
little prominent, often not extending as far as the middle of the
branches.

Section 1. ADENOSTYLE. Heads homogamous (florets
all perfect).—Pappus pilose and rough.

1. Evparorrum Linn. Hemp-Agrimony.

1. E. cannabinum (L.); 1. in 3 or 5 deep lanceolate serrated
segments the middle one longest.—#. B. 428.—St. herbaceous,
erect, striated, scabrous, 2—3 feet high. Heads in a fastigiate
corymb, 5—6-flowered. Phyll. about10; 5 exterior short obtuse.
Florets reddish-purple. L. downy. Herb slightly aromatic.—
Banks of streams. P. VIII. IX.

Section 2. TUSSILAGINE AZ. Heads heterogamous or sub-
dicecious.

2. Prerastres Gaert. Butterbur.

1, P. vulgaris (Desf.) ; 1. roundish-cordate unequally toothed
downy beneath with approximate basal lobes, stigmas of the sub-
male florets short ovate, female fl.truncate obliquely.— R.xvi.901.
Tussilago Petasites Sm., E. B. 431 and 430.—Thyrsus long and
lax in the female plant, ovate and dense in the male. Root
thick, creeping extensively. Fl. appearing before the l., on stout
erect stalks which are clothed with concave tumid petioles either
leafless or with a small limb. L. very large, radical, ultimately
often 3 feet broad, glabrous above.-—Swamps. P. IV.

[P. fragrans (Presl) which has shortly ligulate female fl. is
quite naturalized in some places in the South.]

3. TussiLaco Linn. Coltsfoot.

1. T. Farfara (L.).—E. B.429. R. xvi. 904.—Root creeping
extensively. Fl. appearing before the 1.,in bright yellow solitary
heads, erect in blossom and seed, drooping before and after
flowering, their stalks clothed with scalelike smooth bracts. L.

ASTER.—ERIGERON. 171

roundish-cordate, angular, toothed, downy beneath. — Moist
chalky and clay soils. P. II. IV.

Tribe IJ. Asteroidee.

Style of the hermaphrodite florets cylindrical with linear
branches which are flat and equally and minutely downy on the

outer surface and have narrow prominent stigmatic lines
throughout.

Section 1. ERIGERINEA. Heads never dicecious, mostly
radiant. Anth. without appendages. L. alternate.

4. (7.) AsTeR Linn. Starwort.

1. A. Tripolium (L.); st. glabrous corymbose, 1. linear-lan-
ceolate fleshy smooth, involuecre imbricate, phyll. obtuse mem-
branous the inner ones longer.—F. B. 87. R. xvi. 907. Tripo-
lium vulgare DC.—S8t. 1—2 feet high, erect, hollow, leafy, many-
flowered. Heads large with a yellow disk and bright blue rays ;
rays often wanting.—Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. IX.

5. (8.) Erterron Linn.

*1. E. canadensis (L.); st. much branched hairy panicled
many-flowered, 1. linear-lanceolate ciliated —E. B. 2019.—St.
erect, 1—2 feet high. Heads many,. small, yellowish. In-
volucres cylindrical, scarcely shorter than the florets of the ray,
finally spreading.— Waste ground, rare. A. VIII. IX. E.

2. E. acris (L.); st. corymbose, branches alternate 1-headed,
1. linear-lanceolate entire spreading, lower 1. narrowed below, ray
erect scarcely longer than the disk, inner female florets filiform
many.—. B. 1158. R. xvi. 917.—St. erect, 6—18 im. high,
simple below, corymbosely-branched above, often several from
one root. Fl. yellow, the ray pale blue.—Dry gravelly places and
walls. B. VII. VIII. Fleabane.

3. E. alpinus (L.); st. mostly with asingle head, 1. lanceolate,
lower 1. narrowed below, ray spreading twice as long as the disk,
inner female florets tubular-filiform numerous.”—E. B. 464.
R. xvi. 914.—St. 4—8 in. high, usually terminating in a solitary
head with a yellow disk and light purple ray. Involucre hairy.
—. E. uniflorus (Sm. not L.) has a shorter and more erect ray
and a rather more hairy involucre. E. B. 2416.—Highland
mountains. P. VII. VIII. ;

2

172 45. COMPOSITE.

6. (15.) Bexuis Linn. Daisy.

1. B. perennis (L.); 1. obovate-spathulate single-ribbed cre-
nate-dentate.—E. B. 424.—St. a short procumbent rhizome pro-
ducing 1. only at its extremity. Flowerstalks simple, each bear-
ing a single head. Sometimes all the florets are higulate, rarely
all are tubular.—Banks and pastures. P. IIT.—X.

7. (9.) Soxrpaco Linn. Golden Rod.

1. S. Virgaurea (L.); st. erect slightly angular, 1. lanceolate
narrowed at both ends, lower 1. elliptical stalked serrated, raceme
erect simple or compound, phyll. lanceolate acute, fr. downy.—
E, B. 301. R. xvi. 911.—St. usually 1—3 feet high, leafy, nearly
simple, terminating in a long cluster of yellow heads.—f. angus-
tifolia( Koch); l.all lanceolate.—y. S. cambrica(Huds.); st. 2—6
in. high, 1. ovate-lanceolate, heads larger— Woods and thickets.
8. on mountains. P. VII.—IX.

8. (6.) Linosyris Cand.

1. L. vulgaris (Cass.); herbaceous, 1. linear glabrous, heads
corymbose, inv. lax.— Chrysocoma Linosyris Sm., E, B. 2505.—
St. 12—18 in. high, simple, leafy. L. single-ribbed, smooth or
scabrous, very many, more or less dotted. Fl. yellow.—
Limestone cliffs, rare. P. VIII. IX.

Section 2. INULEAi. Heads never dicecious, rarely homo-
gamous or discoid, generally heterogamous and radiant. Female
florets ligulate. Anth. with appendages. Receptacles without
scales. L. alternate.

9. (10.) Inuxa Linn.

1. I. Helenium (L.); outer phyll. ovate, inner obovate, 1. un-
equally dentate downy beneath cordate-ovate acute clasping, root-
1. stalked elliptic oblong, fr. quadrangular glabrous.—H. B.1546.
Corvisartia Helenium R. xvi. 921.—St. 3—4 feet high, round,
furrowed, solid, leafy, branched above. Heads few together or
solitary, terminal, very large; florets bright yellow. Phyll. re-
flexed.—Moist pastures. P. VII. VIII. Elecampane. EI.

2. I. Conyza(DC.); phyll. all linear, |. ovate-lanceolate downy
denticulate, lower 1. narrowed into a footstalk, florets of the ray
subligulate, fr. terete —R. xvi.923. Conyza squarrosa Sm., E.B.
1195.—St. 1—2 feet high, leafy. Heads corymbose. Phyll. re-
flexed, leaflike. FI. yellow, those of the circumference between
tubular and ligulate, deeply divided on the mner side.—Calea-
reous soils. P,VII—IX. Plowman’s Spikenard. E.

PULICARIA.—BIDENS. 173

3. I. erithmoides (L.); phyll. linear taper-pointed, 1. fleshy
linear obtuse or with 3 points, fr. terete. —E. B. 68.—St. about a
foot high, slightly branched near the top, each branch terminating
in a solitary head with an orange-coloured disk and yellow rays.
—On rocks and in muddy salt marshes by the sea. P. VII. VIII.
Golden Samphire.

10. (11.) Punicaria Gaert.

1. P. vulgaris (Gaert.); 1. lanceolate wavy narrow at the base
and somewhat clasping, st. much branched downy, heads lateral
and terminal hemispherical with very short rays.—Inula Pulicaria
Sm., £. B.1196.—St. 6—12 in. high, leafy. Heads small; florets
yellow. Fr.terete. Outer pappus setulose-laciniate.—Moist sandy
heaths. A. VIII. IX.

2. P. dysenterica (Gaert.) ; 1. oblong cordate at the base clasp-
ing obsoletely toothed downy beneath, st. panicled woolly, heads
axillary and terminal corymbose, rays much exceeding the disk.
—Inula E. B. 1115.—Floccose. St. 12—18 in. high, leafy.
Heads larger than in No. 1, bright yellow; fr. angular. Outer
penpue cuplike, crenulate——Damp places. P. VIII. IX. Filea-

ane.

Tribe III. Senecionea.

Style of the hermaphrodite florets cylindrical with long linear
branches terminated by a bunch of hairs or sometimes extending
beyond the hairs into a short cone or elongated appendage.
Stigmatic lines broad and prominent and extending as far as the
hairs.

Section 1. HELIANTHE. Heads usually heterogamous
and radiant, or homogamous and discoid. Anth. without ap-
pendages. Receptacle paleaceous throughout or only near the
margin. Cor. of the hermaphrodite florets with thickened lobes.
Pappus aristate in our plants.

11. (23.) BrpEns Linn.

1. B. tripartita (L.); 1. stalked 3-partite, segments lanceolate
serrate, fr. obovate-cuneate usually with 2 bristles. —E. B.1113.
R. xvi. 941.—St. 1—3 feet high, with opposite branches. L
narrowed into winged footstalks, sometimes undivided, some-
times pinnate-5-fid. Heads terminal, solitary, slightly drooping.
Florets brownish-yellow.—f. radiata; with radiant 3-toothed
marginal florets.—Marshy places. A. VIII. IX.

174 45, COMPOSITA.

2. B. cernua (L.); 1. sessile connate lanceolate undivided ser-
rate, fr. cuneate usually with 3—4 bristles—E. B. 1114. R.
xvi. 941.—St. 1—3 feet high, with opposite branches. L. simple,
narrowed below but not stalked. Heads terminal, solitary,
drooping. Florets brownish-yellow.—8. radiata; with radiant
marginal florets. Coreopsis Bidens (L.) St. 1. 16.—Watery
places. A. VIII. IX.

Section 2. ANTHEMIDEAS. Heads usually heterogamous;
ray female or neuter. Anth. without appendages. Branches of
the style truncate, bearded, very rarely terminated by a cone.
Pappus often wanting or crownlike, rarely formed of scales or
capillary hairs.

12. (20.) Anruemis Linn, Chamomile.

* Scales of the receptacle lanceolate or oblong terminating in
an acute rigid point.

1. A. arvensis (L.); receptacle conical, fr. tetragonal, 1. bipin-
natifid hairy, segments linear-lanceolate-—E. B. 602. R. xvi.
1004.—St. 1—2 feet high, striated, downy, much branched.
Segments of the ]. parallel and at length converging. Heads on
long stalks, solitary, terminal; disk convex, bright yellow; ray
white, always having styles. Scales just appearmg above the
florets of the disk, lanceolate. Outer fr. crowned with a tumid
plicate-rugose ring, inner with an acute margin.—Borders of cul-
tivated fields, rare. A. VI. VII. Corn Chamomile.

[2. A. tinetoria (L.); receptacle hemispherical, fr. tetragonal
crowned with a membranous undivided border, 1. bipinnatifid
downy beneath, segments parallel decurrent serrated, ray shorter
than the breadth of the disk.—H. B. 1472.—St. 1—2 feet high,
much branched, cottony. L. green, rough or hairy above, cot-
tony and white beneath. Heads on long stalks, solitary, terminal;
disk and rays bright yellow. Scales not protruding.—Fields
and stony places, rare. B.? VII. VIIL.] E. 8.

(3. A. anglica (Spr.); receptacle flat, fr. crowned with a very
narrow entire border, |. pmnatifid somewhat hairy, lobes incise-
serrate acute bristle-pointed rather fleshy.—A. maritima Sm.,
E. B. 2370.—St. prostrate, branched, downy. Involuere downy.
Disk yellow ; ray white. Scales of the receptacle shorter than
the opened flowers, subulate. (See DC. Prod. vi. 10.)—Sea-shore.
Sunderland. Mr. Robson. Mr. Backhouse. 1844! A. VII] E.

** Scales of the receptacle linear-setaceous acute. Manuva Cass.

4, A. Cotula (L.); receptacle elongate-conical, fr. terete tuber-
cular-striated crowned with a crenulated margin surrounding a

ACHILLEA. 175

slightly convex disk, 1. bipinnatifid nearly glabrous, lobes linear
acute mostly entire —H. B. 1772. R. xvi. 1000.—St. 1—2 feet
high, branched, angular, furrowed. Heads solitary on long ter-
minal stalks; scales confined to the central part of the recep-
tacle; disk yellow; ray white, without styles. Tube of cor.
2-winged. Phyll. obtuse,with white membranousmargins. Whole
plant fetid and acrid.—Fields and waste places. A. VII.—IX.

*** Scales of the receptacle thin membranous obtuse.

5. A.nobilis(L.); receptacle conical, fr. “ subtrigonous smooth
crowned with an obsolete margin,” 1. bipinnate, leaflets linear-
subulate slightly downy rather fleshy acute.—E. B. 980. St. 27.
15.—St. procumbent, | foot long, much branched. Heads soli-
tary, terminal; disk yellow; ray white. Pleasantly aromatic.—
Gravelly and sandy places. P. VII. VIII. Chamomile. E.I.

[Anacyelus radiatus (Lois.); 1. bipinnatifid rather woolly,
lobes linear-subulate, outer phyll. hairy on the back, inner obtuse
dilated diaphanous above.—Head solitary; ray yellow.—Dunboy
Quay, Bearhaven, Cork. Mr. W. Wilson. A. VII.]

13. (21.) AcuitiEa Linn. Yarrow.

1. A. Ptarmica (L.); 1. shining linear-lanceolate attenuated
acute glabrous smooth uniformly and finely serrate, serratures ad-
pressed mucronate minutely scabrous at the margin, ray 8—12-
flowered equalling the involucre, corymb compound.—E. B. 757.
R. xvi. 1024.—St. about 2 feet high, slightly branched above,
erect, leafy, angular, smooth. Phyll. with a dark brown mem-
branous margin. Limb of the radiant florets longer than broad,
white. Disk broad, white. L. sometimes very narrow; ser-
ratures closely adpressed, lower not deeper than the others.—
Moist meadows and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Sneezewort.

(2. A. decolorans (Schrad.); 1. opaque linear-lanceolate bluntish
downy thickly punctured coarsely and doubly serrate with spread-
ing serratures laciniate and radiating at the base, ray 5- or 6-
flowered about equalling the involucre, corymb compound.—A.
serrata Sm., E. B. 2531 (not Retz.).—St. simple, erect, leafy,
with axillary leafy tufts, downy. Phyll. with a reddish-yellow
membranous margin. Limb of the radiant florets pale yellow,
broader than long. Disk darker yellow. L. not at all attenuated
and very different in shape, consistency and sculpture from a

of the preceding.—Near Matlock. P. IX.]

*3, A, tomentosa (L.) ; 1. with a linear-lanceolate outline pinna-
tifid woolly, lobes crowded linear acute, rifid in the lowermost
leaves, 2—3-fid in the intermediate, uppermost simple, corymb
repeatedly compound, ray equalling about half the involucre.—

176 45. COMPOSITE.

E. B. 2532.—St. 10—12 in. high, decumbent at the base, woolly,
simple. Phyll. woolly, edged with brown. Disk and rays
golden-yellow.—Naturalized. P. VII. VIII. S.1

4, A, Millefolium (L.) ; 1. with a lanceolate outline bipinnatifid
woolly or nearly glabrous, lobes cut with linear segments, rachis
entire or subdentate with entire teeth, corymb dense, rays equal-
ling about half the involuere—E. B. 758. R. xvi. 1024.—St.
erect, 6—18 in. high, nearly glabrous or woolly. Phyll. nearly
glabrous with a brown margin. Heads small. Florets white,
occasionally reddish or purple.—Pastures and waste ground.
P. VI—VIII. Yarrow. Millefoil.

5. A. tanacetifolia (All.) ; stem-l. with an oblong outline bi-
pinnatifid woolly or nearly glabrous, rachis winged serrate, pinne
pinnules and teeth of the rachis incise-serrate, corymb dense,
rays equalling about half the involucre.—R. xvi. 1027.—St.
3—4 feet high, erect, woolly. Root-l. stalked, with a lanceolate
outline ; rachis with large imcise-serrate teeth especially just
under the pinne. Pinne and pinnules broad. Rachis of the
st.-l. and the upper part of the radical 1. broadly winged. FI.
yellowish. St.-]. sometimes pinnatifid only.—Ringing Low near
Sheffield; Cromford Moor, Derbyshire. Mr. John Hardy. P.
VIl. E.

14. (22.) Diotis Desf. Cotton-weed.

1. D. maritima (Cass.).—E. B. 141.—Densely cottony and
white. St. about a foot high, recumbent below, densely leafy,
corymbose above. L. sessile, oblong, obtuse, flat, crenate, per-
sistent. Heads in terminal corymbose tufts. Inv. cottony.
Florets yellow.— Sandy sea-shores, rare. P, VIII. IX. E.

15. (16.) Curysantuemum Linn.

1. C. Leucanthemum (L.); lower 1. obovate stalked, stem-l.
oblong obtuse cut sessile pinnatifid at the base, phyll. lanceolate
obtuse with a narrow membranous margin, florets of the ray white,
fr. without a border.—E. B.601. St.2.11.—St.erect, 1—2 feet
high, simple, striated. Lower |. narrowing into a winged and
auricled stalk. Heads solitary, terminal, large; disk yellow.—
Fields. P. VI—VIII. Oz-eye.

2. C. segetum (L.); 1. glabrous toothed dilated outwards and
lobed, upper 1. clasping, phyll. ovate obtuse with a broad mem-
branous margin, florets of the ray yellow.— E. B. 540.—St. a foot
high, alternately branched, angular. L. incise-serrate or lobed
in the upper part, simply toothed below. Heads solitary, ter-
minal.—Corn-fields. A. VI—VIII. Corn Marigold.

MATRICARIA.—ARTEMISIA. 177

16. (17.) Matricaria Linn. Feverfew.

1. M. Parthenium (L.); 1. stalked pinnate, segments ovate or
oblong pinnatifid, lobes cut, st. branched, heads corymbose, phyll.
linear obtuse, receptacle convex, fr. crowned with a short jagged
membrane.— E. B. 1231.—St. erect, 2 feet high, branched, fur-
rowed, panicled. Heads in small corymbs terminating the stem
and branches ; disk yellow ; ray white Waste places, not very
common. P. VII. VIII. Feverfew.

2. M. inodora (L.); 1. sessile pinnatifid with many capillary
pointed segments, st. branched, heads solitary, phyll. lanceolate
obtuse, receptacle ovate, fr. rugose and with 2 round glandular
dots on the external face just below the elevated entire border.—
£. B.676.—St. erect, 12—18 in. high, smooth, angular. L. in
very narrow elongated mostly alternate segments “furrowed
beneath.” Heads solitary, terminating the branches ; margin of
phyll. cut and fuscous ; ray white ; disk yellow. Fr. with 3 pro-
minent smooth ribs; intermediate spaces rugose, 2 narrow and
internal, 1 broad and external.—8. M. maritima (L.); segments
fleshy linear bluntish convex above, principal ribs keeled beneath,
fr. with 2 elongated glandular spots on the external face just
below the lobed elevated border. E. B.979. L. with short
crowded mostly opposite segments. ‘“ Margin of phyll. pale and
entire.’ Fr. with 3 prominent smooth ribs; a narrow interme-
diate rugose space externally, 2 internal spaces reduced to simple
lines.—Fields and waste places. 8. Sea-shore. A.VII. VIII.

3. M. Chamomilla (L.); 1. bipinnate smooth, segments capil-
lary simple or divided, heads solitary, receptacle hollow conical,
phyll. linear obtuse. — E.B.1232.—St. erect, 1 foot high, branched.
Heads on long naked stalks; disk yellow; ray white.—Cultivated
and waste ground. A. VI. VIL. Wild Chamomile.

17. (18.) Artemisia Linn. Wormwood.

* Receptacle hairy.

1. A. Absinthium (L.); heads drooping hemispherical hetero-
gamous, 1. silky in many deep lanceolate obtuse segments, outer
phyll. linear silky, inner roundish scarious.—E. B. 1230.—St.
bushy, 1—2 feet high. Heads in erect aggregate leafy panicles.
Floral 1. simple. Florets dull yellow, the outer row female.—
Waste ground. P. VII. VIII. Wormwood.

** Receptacle naked.

2. A. campestris (L.); heads drooping ovate glabrous hetero-
gamous, J. silky with many linear-lanceolate mucronate segments,
stem-l. once or twice pinnate with linear segments, st. wandlike

15

178 45, COMPOSITE.

procumbent before flowering, phyll. ovate glabrous with a scarious
margin.—E. B. 338.—Barren st. cespitose. Flowering st. slen-
der, 1—2 feet long, ascending when the flowers appear, leafy,
smooth. Florets yellow, those of disk sterile; involucre purplish.
—Sandy heaths in Norf. and Suff., rare. {Belfast. P. VII oe
3. A. vulgaris (L.); heads ovate heterogamous, J. woolly and
white beneath pinnatifid with lanceolate acuminate cut and serrated
segments, phyll. woolly. E. B. 978.—St. 2—3 feet high, erect,
leafy. Clusters leafy, nearly simple, erect. Fl. few, reddish or
brownish yellow.—Waste ground. P. VIJ.—IX. Mugwort.

4. A. maritima (L.); heads oblong, florets few all perfect, 1.
downy pinnatijid with linear obtuse segments, phyll. oblong outer
woolly inner scarious.—E. B. 1706.—St. recumbent or ascend-
ing, woolly, much branched. Florets reddish-yellow. Racemes
drooping.—8. A. gallica (Willd.); racemes more dense, heads
erect. EH. B. 1001.—y. A. salina (Willd.); racemes unilateral,
heads drooping.—Salt marshes. P. VIII. IX.

[A. eerulescens (L.); heads oblong, fits. few all perfect, J.
hoary lanceolate undivided pinnatifid on the barren shoots.—
E. B. 2426.—Boston. Isle of Wight. Nota native. P. VIII.
IX.]

18. (19.) Tanacetum Linn. Tansy.

1. T. vulgare (L.); 1. bipinnatifid, lts. serrated —Z£. B. 1229.
—Heads ina terminal corymb. Fi. golden-yellow. Fr. with an
entire crown. St. 2—3 feet high.—Way-sides. P. VIII.

Section 3. GNAPHALIE A. Heads homogamous or hete-
rogamous, discoid. Anthers with appendages. Branches of the
styles of the hermaphrodite florets truncate. Pappus pilose or
setaceous, rarely 0.

19. (13.) Firago Linn. Cudweed.

1. F. germanica (L.); cottony, st. proliferous at the summit,
1. lanceolate wavy acute, heads obscurely 5-angled half sunk in
tomentum forming axillary and terminal clusters not surrounded
and overtopped by 1., phyll. longitudinally folded linear cuspidate
with glabrous points.—Gnaphalium Sm., E. B.946.—Grey. St.
erect or ascending, 4—12 in. long, usually simple below, bearing
a solitary terminal cluster of heads, afterwards producing from
Just below it 2 erect branches which are again proliferous. Heads
20—40 in each cluster; re-entering angles obsolete; 1. nearest to
the cluster much narrowed upwards and acute. Tips of phyll.
yellow, rarely reddish. Dry fields. A. VII. VIII.

GNAPHALIUM. 179

2. F. apiculata (G. E. Sm.); cottony, st. proliferous at the
summit, J. all oblong blunt apiculate, heads prominently 5-angled
half sunk in tomentum forming lateral axillary and terminal
clusters surrounded and overtopped by 1—2 blunt 1., phyll. hoat-
shaped cuspidate with glabrous points.—G, E. Sm.! in Phytol.
u. 575. F. lutescens Jord.! Pl. nov. Fr. ili. t. 7.—Greenish.
Smelling like Tansy. St. mostly erect, with short branches
below. Heads larger than in F. germ., 10—20 in a cluster; re-
entering angles deep; cluster often seeming lateral from only 1
branch being produced just below it; 1. nearest to the cluster
scarcely narrowed upwards, blunt, apiculate. Tips of phyll.
purple.—Sandy places. A. VII. VIII. E.

3. F. spathulata (Presl); silky, st. 2—3-chotomous, 1. oblong-
obovate, heads prominently 5-angled not deeply sunk in tomentum
forming axillary and terminal clusters overtopped by 2—3 acute
1., phyll. cuspidate boatshaped with glabrous points.—F. Jussizi
Atl. Fl. Par. t. 26.—Whitish. St. usually branched from near
its base. Heads larger than those of F. germ., 8—15 in each
cluster; re-entering angles very deep. Tips of phyll. yellow.—
Dry fields. A. VII. VIII. E.

4. F. minima (Fr.); st. dichotomously branched, 1. linear-lan-
ceolate acute flat adpressed, heads pyramidal in lateral and ter-
minal clusters longer than the leaves, phyll. bluntish cottony with
glabrous points.—H. B. 1157. Gnaphalium Sm.—St. slender,
erect, 2—6 in. high, branched, the branches dichotomous, or
prostrate and spreading. Fl. yellowish in very small heads.
Whole plant cottony, grayish.—Dry sandy and gravelly places.
A. VIL—IX.

5. F. gallica (L.); st. dichotomously branched, /. linear acute,
heads conical in axillary terminal clusters shorter than the leaves,
outer phyll. cottony with bluntish glabrous points gibbous at the
base and inclosing the marginal fr.—E. B. 2369. Gnaphalium
Sm.—St. 6—8 in. high, slender. L. narrowing upwards from the
base, upright, afterwards revolute-—Dry gravelly places, very
rare. Bere Church, Essex, 1842. A. VIT.—IX. E.

20. (12.) Gnapuatium Linn.

1. G. luteo-album (L.); st. simple branched at the base slightly
corymbose above, heads densely clustered leafless, 1 linear-oblong
wavy woolly on both sides half clasping, lower 1. broader at the
end and obtuse, upper 1. narrowing and acute.—E. B. 1002.—
Woolly. St. 3—12 in. high, decumbent below, then erect or
ascending. Heads aggregated at the extremities of the stem;
involucre straw-coloured; florets tinged with red.—Sandy fields,
very rare. + Belfast. Mr. W. Thompson. A. VII. VIL E.L

130 45. COMPOSITE.

2. G.uliginosum (L.) ; st. diffuse much branched, heads in ter-
uninal dense clusters shorter than the leaves, 1. linear-lanceolate
cottony on both sides.—E. B. 1194.—St. 3—5 im. high, much
branched, decumbent or ascending. Heads aggregated at the
extremity of the st. and branches; mvolucre yellowish-brown.—
Wet sandy places. A. VII. VIII.

3. G. sylvaticum (L.); st. simple nearly erect, heads in axillary
clusters forming an interrupted leafy spike, 1. acute linear-lanceo-
late, st.-l. narrower.—R. xvi. 58. G. rectum Sm., BE. B. 124.—
St. 3—24 in. high, upper half constituting the spike. Upper 1.
very narrow.—Woods and heaths. P. VI1.—IX.

4. G. norvegicum (Gunn.); st. simple nearly erect, heads in a
close terminal leafy spike, 1. silky or cottony on both sides lanceo-
late, st.-]. acuminate-mucronate broad.— R. xvi. 58. G. sylvati-
cum Sm., #. B. 913.—S8t. 6—12 in. high, spike distinctly ter-
minal. St.-l. broad. Fl. longer in proportion to the inv. Quite
distinct from G. sylvaticum.—Highland mountains. P. VIII. S.

5. G. supinum (L.); eespitose, st. decumbent, flowering st.
erect, heads 1—5 distant, 1. lear downy on both sides mostly
radical— Height 2—3 in. Ceespitose, very leafy at the root.
Flowering st. with few leaves which are downy on both sides.—
a. G. supinum (Willd.); heads sessile forming a sort of capitate
spike.—8. G. fuscum (Willd.); heads stalked subracemose. E.B.
1193.—y. G. pusillum (Willd.); heads solitary.—Highland moun-
tains. P. VII. Ss.

21. (14.) Antennaria R. Br.

1. A. dioica (Gaert.) ; shoots procumbent, flowering st. simple
erect, corymb dense terminal, phyll. oblong dilated upwards ob-
tuse coloured, root-/. obovate-spathulate glabrous above cottony
beneath, stem-l. nearly equal linear-lanceolate adpressed.— E. B.
267. Gnaphalium Sm.—Root of long simple fibres. St. pro-
strate, woody, terminating in a tuft of many |. and producing
prostrate leafy stoles. Flowering st.4—8 in. high, quite simple,
cottony. Heads 4—5, erect, slightly stalked. Phyll. white or
rose-colour.—B. A. hyperborea (D. Don); 1. cottony on both
sides. EH. B. S.2640.—Mountain heaths. P. VI. VII.

+2. A. margaritacea(R. Br.) ; st. erect branched above corym-
bose leafy, J. linear-lanceolate acute cottony below, heads in
level-topped corymbs.— E. B. 2018.—St. 2—3 feet high, eottony.
L. alternate, slightly cottony above, densely beneath. Inv. white.
FI. yellowish. Moist meadows, rare. P. VIII.

DORONICUM.—SENECIO. 181

Section 4. SENECIONEA:. Heads homogamous or hete-
rogamous, discoid or radiant. Anth. without appendages. Pap-
pus pilose or setaceous, rarely 0.

22. (5.) Doronicum Linn. Leopard’s-bane.

tl. D. Pardalianches (L.); 1. cordate denticulate, lowermost
1. on long stalks, intermediate with clasping auricles at the base of
the stalk, uppermost sessile clasping, root creeping tuberous.—
E. B. 8. 2654,—St. 2—3 feet high, erect, solitary, hollow, hairy.
L. hairy, minutely toothed, soft, blunt, the uppermost acute.
Lowest petioles not auricled. Heads several, phyll. lanceolate-
subulate. Florets yellow. The earlier heads overtopped by the
latter ones. Fr. oblong, furrowed, of disk hairy, of ray glabrous.
—Damp and hilly woods and pastures, rare. P.V.—VII.

72. D. plantagineum (L.?); 1. ovate denticulate, radical on
long stalks rounded or subcordate produced at the base, stem-I.
sessile clasping the lowermost with a winged and auricled stalk.
—E. B. 630. (exel. leaf.) —Crown of the root woolly. St. 2—3
feet high. Stem-l. narrowed in their lower half but sessile, up-
permost with a long taper point. Heads usually solitary, or, if
more, the lateral ones not overtopping the terminal one. Phyl.
subulate. Fr. of ray glabrous. Florets yellow.—Damp places,
rare. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

23. (4.) Senecio Linn. Ragwort.
A. Involucre with small scales at its base.
* Florets all tubular, or the marginal ones ligulate but revolute.

1. S. vulgaris (L.); 1. half-clasping pinnatifid, segments di-
stant oblong obtuse and together with the rachis and auricles
acutely and unequally toothed, lower 1. narrowed into a stalk,
heads in clustered racemes, outer phyll. very short adpressed with
black points, ray 0.—E. B.747.—Smooth or woolly. St. 6--12
in. high, branching. Heads small; involucre oblong-conical,
glabrous ; florets yellow; fr. silky.—f. radiatus (Koch); with a
single row of ligulate minute revolute marginal florets.~—Com-
mon. A.I.—XII. Groundsel.

2. 8. viscosus (L.); J. deeply pinnatifid viscid glandular-hairy,
segments oblong unequally toothed and lobed, heads in an irre-
gular corymb, involucre viscid, outer phyll. half the length of the
inner hairy, ray small revolute, fr. glabrous.—E. B. 32.—St. 1—2
feet high, much branched, spreading. Heads on long stalks ;
inv. cylindrical ; fl. yellow.—Waste ground, rare. A. VII.—IX.

3. S. sylwaticus (L.); 1. deeply pinnatifid downy, segments ob-
long unequally toothed, heads corymbose, mvolucre downy, outer

182 45. COMPOSITE.

phyll. very short glabrous, ray small revolute, fr. silky.—E. B.
748.—St. 1—2 feet high, erect, more or less branched, hairy.
L. narrower than in the last. Involucres conical ; florets yellow.
—8. 8. lividus (Sm.); upper 1. distinctly auricled and clasping.
E. B, 2515.—Dry and gravelly places. A. VII.—IX.

** Heads with spreading rays. Leaves pinnatifid.

*4, S. squalidus (L.); 1. pinnatifid glabrous, segments linear
or oblong distant toothed irregular, heads loosely corymbose, in-
volucre glabrous, outer phyll. few small, fr. silky.—E. B. 600.
S. chrysanthemifolius DC.—St. much branched, leafy, smooth.
L. sessile, often auricled, deeply and wregularly lobed. Heads
few, broad. Outer phyll. very small, sometimes very few. Many
awlshaped scattered bracts below the heads. Florets yellow.—
Walls. Oxford. Bideford, Devon. A. VI.—X. E.

5. S. erucifolius (L.); 1. pinnatifid margins somewhat revolute
downy beneath, lower 1. stalked, segments linear the lowermost
smallest entire and clasping the stem, outer phyll. half as long as
the inner, fr. all silky.—E. B. 574. S. tenwifolius Sm—Root
creeping. St. erect, 2 feet high, angular, furrowed, somewhat
cottony, simple. Lower 1. oblong-ovate deeply pinnatifid, the
segments often linear, downy on both surfaces but particularly
beneath. Fr. all having persistent pappus. Florets yellow.
When the 1. are divided into very narrow segments it is S. tenut-
folius Jacq.—Calcareous soils. P. VII. VIII.

6. S. Jacobea (L.); lower 1. oblong-ovate attenuated below
lyrate-pinnatifid stalked, stem-l. sessile bipinnatifid, segments
spreading oblong deeply and irregularly toothed and cut lower-
most much divided clasping, outer phyll. scattered few, fr. hairy
those of the ray glabrous.—E. B. 1130.—Root fleshy. St. 2—3
feet high, smooth, striated, branched, leafy. Corymb with erect
branches. L. glabrous. Fr. of the ray with deciduous pappus.
Florets vellow. Ray sometimes wanting.—Waste ground. P.
VIL—IX. Ragwort.

7. 8. aguoticus (Huds.); lower 1. stalked crenate or dentate
obovate or oblong slightly produced at the base undivided or sub-
lyrate obtuse, upper 1. lyrate or pinnately cut, segments oblong
or linear, st. round corymbosely branched, fr. ald glabrous sub-
muricate.—H. B. 1131.—St. erect, 1—4 feet high, simple or
branched in the upper half, branches ascending. ‘Terminal lobe
of the lower 1. rounded below and narrowed into its stalk.—
B. major; 1. lyrate, terminal lobe truncate or subcordate below,
segments subspathulate. St. with many branches.—In marshy
places. P. VII. VIII.

SAUSSUREA. 183

*k* Heads with spreading rays. Leaves undivided.

8. S. paludosus (L.); 1. sessile elongate-lanceolate tapering
sharply serrate cottony beneath, st. straight hollow, corymbs ter-
minal.—E. B. 650.—St. 4—6 feet high, somewhat woolly. Flo-

rets yellow, of the ray narrow 13—16.—Fen ditches, very rare.
P. V.--VIL.

9. S. saracenicus (L.); 1. sessile lanceolate acute glabrous irre-
gularly serrate the teeth small incurved, st. straight solid, corymbs
terminal, ray of 6—7 florets.— FE. B. 2211.—St. 3-5 feet high,
smooth. L. broad. Corymb many-headed. Florets yellow.—
Watery places, local. P. VIII.

B. Involucre without scales at its base. Heads with a spreading
ray. Leaves nearly entire.

10. S. palustris (DC.); shaggy, st. much branched and corym-
bose above, 1. broadly lanceolate half-clasping, lower 1. sinuate-
dentate —Cineraria Sm., E. B. 151.—St. 3 feet high, thick, hol-
low, leafy. Heads erect. Florets bright yellow.—Fen ditches,
now become very scarce. P. VI. VII. E.

11. S. campestris (DC.); shaggy, st. simple, root oblong nearly
entire narrowed below, siem-t. lanceolate, heads corymbose,
involucre woolly below nearly glabrous in the upper half, fr.
hispid. —-C. integrifolia Sm., E. B. 152.—St. 6—8 in. high,
with small st.-leaves. Heads erect, 1—6, in a simple corymb.
Involucre often almost glabrous, pale. Florets yellow.—In very
wet seasons and near the sea this plant is often thrice as large
with many larger heads and dentate lower leaves, when it is the
B. maritima of authors.—Chalk downs, and on maritime rocks
near Holyhead. P.? VI.

Tribe IV. Cynaree.

Style of the hermaphrodite florets nodosely thickened above
and often with a bunch of hairs at the knot; its branches united
or free, downy externally. Stigmatic lines reaching to the apex
of the branches and there confluent.

Section 1. CARLINEA. Heads many-flowered, never di-
cecious. Phyllaries in many rows, distinct, often spinous. FFila-
ments distinct, naked. Fr. mostly villose. Pappus in 1—2 rows,
not surrounded by an elevated margin.

24. SaussurEs Cand.

1. S. alpina (DC.); 1. nearly glabrous above cottony beneath,
lower ones ovate lanceolate, upper sessile lanceolate, all distantly

184 45. COMPOSITE.

toothed, heads few in a dense corymb, involucre subcylindrical,
phyll. adpressed hairy —Serratula Sm., E. B. 599.—St. 3—12
in. high, erect, downy, simple, terminating in a small corymb of
heads with pinkish florets and purple anthers. Fi. scented like
Heliotrope. Fr. glabrous.—In alpine situations. P. VIII.

25. Caruina Linn.

1. C. vulgaris (L.) ; st. corymbose one- or many-headed, 1. ob-
long-lanceolate sinuate spinous, outer phyll. bipinnatifid spinous,
inner linear-lanceolate attenuated acute ciliated in the lower half,
bracts shorter than the heads.—B. B. 1144.—-St. 6—12 in. high,
usually cottony, leafy. Spines many, short. Root-l. lanceolate
or linear-lanceolate. Under side of the 1. and phyll. often cot-
tony. Heads large; inner phyll. cream-coloured; florets red ;
anth. yellow.—Dry sandy heaths. B. VII.—X.

(C. racemosa (L.); heads in the axils of dichotomous st. or
terminal, inner phyll. radiant yellow, bracts exceeding heads.—
A single specimen found in the Isle of Arran. I.]

26. Arctium Linn. Burdock.

1, A. tomentosum (Pers.); heads subcorymbose long-stalked
spherical and closed in fr. much webbed (purplish), phyll. falling
short of the fits. subulate inner row longest and broad, inflated
upper part of fits. a little shorter than the lower part.—£. B.
2478. R. xv. 811.—St. 3—5 ft. high ; centre and often most of
the branches ending in corymbs. Stalks of lower heads some-
times shorter. Heads rarely almost webless. Fr. dark brown
with black blotches, nearly smooth.—East of England. B. VIII

E.

2. A. majus (Schk.); heads subcorymbose long-stalked hemi-
spherical and open in fr. glabrous (green), phyll. equalling or
exceeding fits. subulate inner row shorter than the others, sud-
cylindrical upper part of fits. more than 4 as long as the lower
part.—R. xv. 812.—St. 3—4 ft. high, centre and usually most of
the branches ending in corymbs. Heads very large, a few of the
lower sometimes with short stalks. Fr. yellowish, irregularly
rugose.—Waste places. B. VIII.

3. A. intermedium (Lange); heads racemose subsessile ovate
and closed in fr. shghtly webbed (purplish), phyll. equalling or
exceeding the fits. subulate inner row lanceolate shorter than the
others, subcylindrical upper part of fits. as long as the lower
part.—R. xv. 812.—St. 2—4 feet high. Heads less than in
No. 2, three usually placed close together at the end of each
branch. Most of the phyll. ascending.—Local? Berwickshire.
Warwickshire. B. VIII. E. 8.

SERRATULA.—CENTAUREA. 185

4. A. minus (Schk.); heads racemose shortly stalked globular
slightly contracted at the mouth in fr. slightly webbed (greenish),
phyll. falling short of the fits. subulate inner row equalling the
others and gradually subulate, subcylindrical upper part of fits.
about as long as the lower part.—E. B. 1228. R. xv. 811.—
Smaller than either of the preceding. Central st. mostly nod-
ding and as well as the branches having scattered small heads.
Term. head solitary. Fr. fuscous with black blotches.— Waste
places. B. VIII.

5. A. pubens (Bab.) ; heads subracemose stalked hemispherical
and open in fr. much webbed (greenish), phyll. equalling the
fits. subulate inner row equalling the others and gradually subu-
late, subcylindrical upper part of fits. as long as the lower part.
—See A. N. H. ser. 2. xvii. for an account of this plant and its
allies.—St. about 3 ft. high. Stalks of the heads rather long,
those of the lower heads longest. Heads usually with much wool,
twice as large as those of A. minus. Fr. dark brown with a few
pe ae towards the top.—Camb., Warw., Sheffield, Llanberis.

Section 2, SERRATULEZ. Heads many-flowered ; florets
all tubular, hermaphrodite or dicecious, the external row some-
times female. Involucre of many rows of distinct phyllaries.
Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows of different lengths,
inner row longest, pilose or plumose, surrounded by a margin.

27. SeERRATULA Linn. Saw-wort.

1. S. tinctoria (L.); 1. with bristly serratures pmnatifid some-
what lyrate, heads oblong corymbose, phyll. ovate adpressed, inner
ones lmear coloured.—F. B. 38. St. 3. 16.—St. 2—3 feet high,
straight, erect, angular, branched above. L. pinnatifid or lyrate,
rarely entire. Fits. purple-—Groves and thickets. P. VII. E.

Section 3. CENTAUREAS. Heads many-flowered, discoidal,
outer row of florets usually barren enlarged and irregular. Phyl-
laries in many rows. Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows
of different lengths, second row longest, setaceo-pilose, placed
within the margin which surrounds the epigynous disk, rarely 0.

28. Centaurea Linn. Knapweed.

* Phyll. with a scarious pectinated not decurrent appendage.

(1. C. Jacea (L.) ; phyll.-appendages erect rounded, pappus 0,
1. linear-lanceolate lower ones broader and toothed.—E. B. 1678.
—Lower 1. ovate-lanceolate, stalked, toothed. Involucre pale
brown; few outermost phyll. with appendages deeply jagged in
a pinnatifid manner, few mnermost entire, the rest irregularly

186 45. COMPOSIT&.

jagged. Heads radiant. I have seen no native specimens.—
Very rare. Sussex. Angusshire. Belfast. P. VIII. IX.]

2. C. nigra (L.); phyll.-appendages patent or erect ovate-
lanceolate pectimate, teeth subulate long, pappus short deci-
duous, |. lanceolate acute.—E. B. 278 (inv. not good). R. xv.
761.—St. 1—2 ft. high; branches long, mostly simple, 1-headed.
L. green; lower narrowed into long stalks, entire or sinuate-
serrate ; upper sessile. Heads large, globose. Phyll. pale,
brown or black appendages usually quite covering them; length
of sheath about twice as long as the breadth of appendage ;
innermost appendages torn. Fr. oblong, downy ; basal scar ob-
ovate. Outer row of fits. usually radiant. Sometimes 1. very
narrow.—A plant from Berkshire has patent or recurved lanceo-
late-attenuate appendages, no pappus, slender 1., and differs
otherwise. C. microplilon, Godr.?—Meadows and _ pastures.
P. VII. IX. Black Knapweed.

3. C. nigrescens (Godr.); phyll.-appendages erect lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate pectinate, teeth subulate short, pappus 0, 1.
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate acute.—Like C. nigra. St. 3—14
ft. high, nearly always simple, 1-headed. L. green, broader than
in No. 2; lower narrowed into stalks sinuate-dentate or lyrate-
sinuate or entire; upper sessile. Heads smaller than in No. 2,
globose. Phyll. pale, brown appendages usually not wholly
covering them; length of teeth often scarcely longer than the
breadth of the brown appendage ; three innermost rows usually
protruding and with roundish irregularly torn appendages. Fr.
obovate, downy; basal scar ovate. Outer row of fits. usually
radiant.—S.W. of England. P. VI.—IX.

** Phyllaries lanceolate, their upper half with a somewhat sca-
rious deeply toothed or fringed decurrent margin.

4. C. Cyanus (L.); phyll. erect adpressed deeply toothed,
pappus as long as the fruit, J. linear-lanceolate, the lowermost
toothed or pinnatifid —E. B. 277.—St. 1—3 feet high, loosely
cottony, leafy. L. slightly cottony above, densely beneath. In-
volucre greenish-yellow ; phyll. often timged with purple in their
upper half, margins brown decurrent with whitish teeth. Heads
with large radiant blue flowers, disk purple.—Corn-fields. A. VI.
—VIII. Corn Bluebotile.

5. C. Scabiosa (L.); phyll. erect adpressed, the triangular-
ovate black pectinated appendages not covering the inv., teeth
ascending setaceous short, pappus as long as the fruit, 1. pinna-
tifid roughish, segments lobed with callous points.—E. B. 56.—
St. 2—3 feet high, rough, furrowed. L. hispid, lobes of the
upper ones entire. Heads on long naked stalks, solitary. Invo-

ONOPORDUM. 187

lucres usually rather woolly; scales pale, with dark acute mem-
branous pectinated decurrent appendages; teeth paler, short, not
longer than 4 the width of the scale. Florets purple, outer row
radiant or 0.—In a plant from ‘‘ Carnouctie, Fife,” the inv. is
quite covered by the appendages, not showing any of the pale por-
tion. It may be C.kotschyana Koch.—Fields and hedges. P. VII.
—IX. Great Knapweed.

*** Phyll. horny at the end, spines palmate or pinnate.

*6. C. solstitialis (L.); phyll. woolly palmately spinous, central
spine of the intermediate ones very long needle-shaped, inner
ones with a roundish scarious appendage, heads terminal solitary,
st. winged with the decurrent bases of the linear-lanceolate entire
hoary leaves, root-l. lyrate-—E. B. 243.—St. 1—2 feet high,
branched, spreading. Involucres sometimes glabrous. Florets
yellow.—Cultivated land, probably introduced. A. VII.—IX.
Yellow Star-thistle. E.

7. C. Calcitrapa (L.); phyll. glabrous palmately spinous, cen-
tral spine strong channeled, innermost phyll. with a scarious
obtuse appendage, heads lateral sessile solitary, pappus obsolete,
1. deeply pinnatifid, lobes of the rooi-]. lanceolate toothed, of the
stem-l.linear.—H. B. 125.—St. furrowed, slightly hairy, branched,
spreading, about a foot high. FI. purplish.—Gravelly and sandy
places. A. VII. VIII. Common Star-thistle. E

[8. C. Isnardi (L.); phyll. palmately spmous, spines nearly
equal 3—5, innermost phyll. with a scarious obtuse lanceolate or
slightly spathulate appendage, heads terminal solitary, pappus of
all the fr. im several rows, J. linear coarsely toothed narrowed
below sessile rough, lower ones (and those of the primary stem ?)
broader incise-dentate with clasping auricles —E. B. 2256.—St.
procumbent, with long slender simple leafy branches each termi-
nated by a solitary head. L. mostly linear, slightly toothed or
entire.—Fl. purple.—Distinguished from C\. aspera only by its
simple upper leaves.—Guernsey. P. VII. VII.]

Section 4. CARDUINE4. Heads many-flowered ; florets
all tubular. Involucre in many rows of distinct spinous phyllaries.
Filaments distinct. Pappus in many rows, not surrounded by a
prominent margin.

29, OnorporDuUM Linn. Cotton Thistle.

1. O. Acanthium (L.); st. erect many-headed, 1. elliptic-ob-
long woolly on both sides sinuate spinous decurrent, outer phyll.
lanceolate-subulate recurved and spreading.—E. B. 977.—St. 4
—5 feet high, woolly, with broad spinous wings, branched. Inv.

188 45. COMPOSITE.

nearly globose, large, somewhat cottony; phyll. fringed with
minute spinous teeth. Fits. purple.—Waste ground. B. VIII.

30. Carpuvus Linn. Thistle.
{Many hybrids occur in this genus. |
* Pappus rough. Carpuus Sm., DC., Koch.

1. C. nutans (L.); 1 decurrent spinous lanceolate sinuated,
heads solitary drooping hemispherical, phyil. lanceolate cottony
outer ones refleced.— HE. B. 1112.—St. 2 feet high, erect, angular,
furrowed, cottony, winged. L. hairy on both sides, with woolly
veins beneath, pinnatifid with 3-lobed wavy spinose-ciliated seg-
ments ending in strong spines. Heads large; fl. crimson; un-
opened anth. purple. Inv. hemispherical,internal phyll. contracted
oe the base and then lanceolate——Waste ground. B. V.—

I.

2. C. crispus (L.); 1. decurrent spinose-ciliated lanceolate
glabrous or cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes trifid and
dentate, heads aggregated roundish, phyll. linear-subulate erect or
ascending.—E. B. 973.—St. about 3 feet high. L. lanceolate,
downy or woolly beneath. Heads small, usually clustered. Phyll.
ending in a weak spine, ascending. Epigynous disk of fr. with a
conical not angular tubercle.—8. C. acanthoides (L.); 1. broadly
lanceolate, usually not downy beneath, head twice as large soli-
tary or rarely 2 or 3 together, phyll. strongly spinous erect, cen-
tral tubercle of fr. 5-angled.—Dry banks and waste places. £8. is
the less common plant. B.? VI.—VIII.

3. C. tenuiflorus (Curt.); 1. decurrent sinuate spinous broadly
lanceolate cottony beneath, segments ovate lobed, heads many
aggregate sessile subcylindrical, phyll. ovate-lanceolate atte-
nuated.—E. B. 412.—St. about 3 feet high, slightly branched,
with broad deeply lobed spinous wings. L, deeply simuate or pin-
natifid. Involucres nearly glabrous. Florets pink.—Sandy
places near the sea. B.? VI.—VIII.

** Pappus feathery. Cnicus Linn.,Sm. Crrsium Koch, DC.

+ Leaves spinous-hairy above, fl. purple.

4. C. lanceolatus (L.); 1. decurrent white and cottony beneath
pinnatifid, lobes bifid with lanceolate entire segments each ter-
minated by astrong spine, involucres ovate shaggy, phyll. lanceo-
late spinous spreading.—£#. B. 107.—St. 3—4 feet high, erect,
furrowed, hairy, with strong spinous wings. Heads terminal, soli-
tary or 2 or 3 together, large; florets purple-—Waste ground.
B. VIL. VIII. Spear Thistle.

CARDUUS. 189

5. C. eriophorus (L.}; 1. half-clasping not decurrent white and
cottony beneath deeply pinnatifid, lobes bifid the segments lan-
ceolate entire alternately pointing upwards and downwards and
each terminated by a strong spine, involucres globose shaggy lan-
ceolate with a long linear spinous-tipped reflexed point.—E. B.
386.—St.3—4 feet high, much branched, furrowed, hairy. Root-l.
1—2 feet long, linear with long divergent lobes which form dou-
ble rows in a very regular manner. Stem-l. similar but smaller.
Heads very large; involucre covered with a dense white web ;
florets purple. A remarkably conspicuous plaut.— Waste ground
on a limestone soil. B. VIII. Woolly-headed Thistle.

tT Leaves not spinous-hairy above.

a. Limb of the cor. 5-parted to its base. Brera Less.

6. C. arvensis (Curt.); heads subdicecious, J. subsessile oblong-
lanceolate pinnatifid spinous wavy, involucres ovate subglabrous,
phyll. broadly lanceolate adpressed terminating in a short spread-
ing spine, root creeping.—F. B. 975.—St. erect, 3—4 feet high,
leafy, angular, corymbose above. L. very spinous, sessile or very
slightly decurrent, varying greatly im width.—ff. setosus; 1.
lanceolate flat entire or slightly lobed. Cir. setosum M. B.—
Fields and roads. 8. Culross and Kirkwall, S. P. VII. 8. 1X.
Creeping Thistle.

b. Limb of the cor. 5-parted to its middle.

7. C. palustris (L.); 1. decurrent lanceolate deeply pinnatifid
spimose, involucres ovate clustered, phyll. ovate-lanceolate ad-
pressed mucronate.—E. B. 974.—t. solitary, erect, 3—5 feet
high, wandlike, with wavy spinose wings throughout, slightly
branched. Heads in a terminal cluster. Florets purple or white.
Under side of the 1. usually cottony. Involucre with a slight
web.—Wet meadows. A. VII. VIII.

8. C. pratensis (Huds.) ; 1. mostly radical lanceolate wavy or
lobed pilose above cottony beneath fringed with minute prickles,
stem-l. not decurrent few clasping, involucres globose solitary
terminal slightly cottony, phyll. lanceolate-attenuate adpressed
mucronate, root stoloniferous—E. B.177. Cir. angiicum Lam.
—St. 1—2 feet high, cottony, usually quite simple and single-
headed, leafless in the upper half with a few scaly bracts, springing
singly from the suckers. lL. broad, soft, sinuate-dentate, rarely
with small 2—3-fid lobes, not pinnatifid, fringed with small but
unequal prickles, lower 1. stalked. Occasionally there are 2 or 3
fl. on a stem.—C. Fosteri (Sm.) is a hybrid between this and
C. palustris having 1. slightly decurrent lanceolate all pinnatifid
spinous cottony beneath, st. panicled, inv. ovate slightly cottony,

190 45. COMPOSITE.

root cespitose producing several stems.—Boggy meadows. P.
VI—VUL.

9. C. tuberosus (L.); 1. lanceolate deeply pinnatifid pilose
above hairy or slightly cottony beneath fringed with minute
prickles, stem-1. sessile not decurrent, lobes 2—3-fid, involucres
ovate terminal 1—3 together slightly cottony, phyll. lanceolate
mucronate adpressed, root of elliptical tapering fleshy fibres—
E. B. 2562. Cir. bulbosum DC., Koch.—St. 2 feet high, erect,
round, hairy, leafless above the middle with a few minute bracts.
Lower 1. stalked, stem-1. nearly or quite sessile—Great-ridge Wood
near Boyton, Wilts. (See Cyd. Brit.iii.455.) P. VIUI.IX. E.

10. C. acaulis (L.); 1. glabrous radical lanceolate pinnatifid,
lobes subtrifid spinose, involucre ovate glabrous nearly sessile
mostly solitary, outer phyll. ovate inner ones gradually longer
adpressed, root with filiform fibres—E. B. 161. St, 24. 16.—St.
generally wanting; sometimes 3—12 in. long, leafy, woolly. L. all
stalked, glabrous except a few hairs upon the ribs beneath.
Heads very large, fl. crimson. —f. C. dubius (Willd.); st. much
branched woolly a foot or more in height. Willd. Fi. Berol.
f. 11. Perhaps a hybrid between this and C. arvensis.—Dry
calcareous pastures. 8. Saffron Walden, Essex. Mr.G. 8. Gibson.
P. VIL.—IX.

11. C. heterophyllus (L.); 1. elasping not decurrent glabrous
above white and downy beneath lanceolate serrate fringed with
minute prickles, root-l. with long stalks clasping at the base, in-
volucres ovate slightly downy, phyll. ovate or lanceolate acumi-
nate adpressed.—E. B. 675.—Root creeping. St. 3—4 feet high,
furrowed, cottony, slightly branched above. Heads large and
handsome. L. very large, undivided.—Moist mountain pastures.
P. VII. VIII.

Section 5. SILYBE A. Filaments monadelphous. Pappus
in many rows.

31. Sirysum Gaert. Milk Thistle.

1. S. marianum (Gaert.).— Carduus Sin., E. B. 976.—St. 3—4
feet high, ribbed and furrowed. L. very large, oblong-lanceolate,
wavy, clasping; radical |. pinnatifid, usually variegated with green
and milk-white. Heads large, globose. Phyll. closely adpressed
below, leaflike, with a long terminal recurved spine. Florets
purple, their tube very long.—Waste places. B. VI. VII.

LAPSANA.—HYPOCHERIS. 191
Suborder II. LIGULIFLOR. Fi. all perfect, ligulate.

Tribe V. Cichoriee.

Style cylindrical above and, with its long obtuse branches,
equally pubescent. Stigmatic lines prominent, narrow, termi-
nating below the middle of the branches.

Section 1. LAPSANE. Receptacle naked. Pappus 0.

32. Larsana Linn. Nipplewort.

1. L. communis (L.); 1. dentate or lobed stalked, lower 1. lyrate,
involucres glabrous angular, st. panicled.—E. B. 844.—St. and
1, hispid or nearly glabrous. St. 1—3 feet high, branched above.
Heads small, with yellow florets, in terminal panicles with small
subulate bracts at the subdivisions. Involucre of the fruit erect.
—Waste and cultivated land. A. VII. VIII.

Section 2. HYOSERIDE. Receptacle naked. Pappus
like a crown, of many entire broad scales.

33. ARNOSERIS Gaert.

1. A, pusilla (Gaert.)—Lapsana Sm., E. B. 95.—St. 3—8 in.
high, swelling and hollow upwards, leafless, with a minute bract
at the base of each branch. Each branch overtopping its prede-
cessor and gradually thickening up to the solitary small terminal
head of yellow florets. Inv. connivent over the fr. when its
phyll. become remarkably keeled. Receptacle alveolate towards
the margins. Fr. small obovate, attenuated below, 5-angled. L.
radical, oblong, toothed.—Gravelly and sandy fields, rare. A.
VI.—VIII. E. S.

34. Crcnorrum Linn. Succory. Chicory.

1. C. Intybus (L.); lower 1. runcinate hispid on the keel, upper
1. oblong or lanceolate clasping entire, heads axillary in pairs
nearly sessile.—E. B. 539. St. 6. 15.—St. 2—3 feet high, bristly,
alternately branched. Heads many, fl. bright blue handsome.
Floral 1. lanceolate from a broad clasping base.— Waste places
on a gravelly or chalky soil. P. VI. VIII.

Section 3. HYPOCHGRIDEAs. Receptacle scaly. Pappus
feathery.
35. Hypocuaris Linn.

* Pappus with an outer row of bristles.
1. H. glabra (L.); st. branched leafless glabrous, . oblong -

192 45. COMPOSITE.

dentate-sinuate, involucre glabrous equalling the florets.—E. B.
575.—St. 3—10 in. high, branched, scaly, each branch termi-
nating in a small solitary head. L. spreading in a circle on the
ground, glabrous, except a few scattered hairs. Outer row of
fruits destitute of a beak, the rest with a long beak.—§. H. Bal-
bisii (Lois.) ; all the fruits with long beaks.—Sandy and gravelly
places. 8. In Kent and Salop. A. VII. VIII. E. 8.

2. H. radicata (L.); st. branched leafless glabrous, 2. runcinate
obtuse, nvolucrefalling short of the florets. —E. B.831.—St. about
a foot high, branched, scaly, each branch terminating in a rather
large solitary head. L. spreading upon the ground, scabrous.
Stalks slightly thickened beneath the heads. Fr. all beaked.
Pappus with an outer row of hairs.—Waste ground. P.? VII.

** Pappus in one row, ACHYROPHORUS Scop.

3. H. maculata (L.); st. simple or slightly branched almost
leafless, 1. ovate-oblong undivided toothed pilose, phyll. bristly
on the back.—E. B. 225.—St. about a foot high, stout, slightly
hairy. L. often all radical. Heads large, florets deep yellow.
—Chalky and limestone hills. P. VII. VIII. E.

Section 4. SCORZONKERE. Receptacle without scales.
Pappus feathery or on the exterior fruits scaly.

36. Turincia Roth.

1. T. hirta (DC.); 1. lanceolate sinuate-dentate or entire hispid
or hairy with forked or simple hairs, stalks simple pilose below.
—E. B. 555.—L. all radical, sometimes nearly or quite entire,
occasionally runcinate. Stalks purplish, quite simple, longer
than the leaves, somewhat hairy in their lower half. Phyll.
downy on the margins at the apex or hairy. Root premorse.—
Gravelly places and fields. P. VIT.—IX.

37. Aparcia Schreb. Hawkbit.
* Pappus with an outer row of bristles.

1. A. hispida (Willd.) ; 1. radical oblong-lanceolate runcinate
hispid with forked hairs, stalks simple naked or with ] or 2 mi-
nute scales thickened upwards hispid, inv. hairy.—£. B. 554.
Leontodon L.—L. with regular spreading or reflexed narrow
teeth. Stalks green, erect, longer than the leaves. Head droop-
ing in bud afterwards erect. Florets glandular at the end. Fr.
muricated.—Meadows and pastures. P. VI.—IX.

** Pappus in one row. Oporinta Don.
2. A. autumnalis (Willd.); 1. radical linear-lanceolate toothed

TRAGOPOGON.—PICRIS. 193

or pinnatifid nearly glabrous, stalk branched scaly and thickened
upwards, inv. glabrous or hairy.—E. B. 830. Leontodon Koch.
—L. all radical, tapering at the base, often with long linear
spreading segments, usually somewhat hairy particularly on the
midrib beneath. Inv. nearly always hairy. Pappus brownish.—
B. A. Tarazxaci (Sm. not Willd.); 1. glabrous, stalk mostly simple,
inv. shaggy with greenish-black hairs. E. B. 1109.—y. sordida;
1. hairy, st. branched, inv. as in 8, plant very large.—Meadows
and pastures. 8. mountains. y. Highland glens. P. VIII.

38. TracorpoGcon Linn. Goat’s-beard.

1. T. minor (Fries) ; inv. about twice as long as the florets,
ped. slightly thickened at the very summit, ]. tapering into a long
slender point from a dilated base.—T. major Hook. (not Jacq.)
—St. 2 feet high, branched, erect. L. clasping the stem, gradu-
ally tapering into a very long acute point. Phyll. 8, in 2 rows.
Fl. yellow, truncate, 5-toothed. Anth. dark brown. Marginal
fr. angular, striated; angles squamosely toothed; interstices
tubercular.— Meadows and pastures. B.? VI. VII. E. §.

2. T. pratensis (L.); inv. equalling or shorter than the florets,
ped. slightly thickened at the very summit, |. linear keeled dilated
at the base.—E. B. 434.—St. 14—2 feet high, branched, erect.
L. clasping the stem, narrowing upwards aud terminating in a
very long linear-acute point. Phyll. 8, in 2 rows. Fl. yellow,
truncate, 5-toothed. Anth. yellow. There are 2 forms of this
plant : (a) inv. equalling the fl., marginal fr. obsoletely striated
and squamosely~-scabrous throughout; (6) inv. rather shorter than
the fi., marginal fr. (in my specimen) yellow slightly furrowed
and quite smooth.— Meadows and pastures, less frequent than
the preceding. B.? VI.

+3. T. porrifolius (L.); inv. longer than the florets, ped. much
thickened upwards, l.tapering slightly dilated just above the base.
—E. B. 638.—St. 3—4 feet high, erect, branched. _L. slightly
broader just above the base then gradually narrowing to an acute
point. Heads twice as large as in the two preceding. Inv.
usually 4 longer than the fl., sometimes only equalling them. Fl.
purple. Marginal fr. squamosely-tubercular throughout but par-
ticularly on the ribs.—T’. major is probably only a yellow-flowered
variety of this; it has not been found in Britain.—Moist mea-
dows. B. VI. Salsify.

39. Picris Linn.

1. P. hieracioides (L.); rough with forked and hooked bristles,

1. linear or lanceolate dentate or sinuated, upper 1. somewhat

clasping, heads solitary terminating the stem and branches, outer
K

194 45. COMPOSITE.

phyll. lax oblong bristly on the keel glabrous on the margin, fr.
constricted just below the pappus.—E. B. 196.—St. 1—3 feet
high, branched above, rather corymbose, very rough. Florets
yellow.—Dry banks. B. VII.—IX. E. I.

40. Hetminruia Juss. Ox-tongue.

1. H. echioides (Gaert.); hispid with rigid 3-fid and hooked
hairs from tubercular bases, st. erect, phyll. 5 ovate-cordate—
E. B. 972.—St. 2—3 feet high, branched, covered, as well as the
leaves and involucre, with strong prickles springing from white
tubercles and with 3 minute hooks at the apex (glochidate). L.
clasping.—Dry banks. A. VIJ—IX.

Section 5. LACTUCE As. Receptacle generally without scales.
Pappus filiform, deciduous, never feathery nor dilated at the base.
Fruit compressed.

41. Lacruca Linn. Lettuce.

* Beak elongated, white. Leaves with a bristly keel.

1. L. saligna (L.); upper 1. linear entire acuminate with a
sagittate base, lower 1. pmnatifid, beak twice as long as the fruit.
—E. B. 707.—St. 2 feet high, slender, wavy, slightly branched.
Heads in small alternate tufts forming long clusters. Florets
yellow—Chalky places and near the sea. B. VII. VIII. E.

2. L. virosa (L.); 1. horizontal oblong auricled and clasping
mucronate-dentate or stnuated, beak equalling the black fruat.—
E. B. 1957.—St. 2—4 feet high, leafy, branched above, panicled.
Heads scattered, with many heartshaped acute bracts. Plant
full of acrid milky juice—Dry banks. B. VII. VIII. Aerid
Lettuce. E. S.

3. L. Scariola (L.); 1. upright arrowshaped at the base and
clasping sinuate, beak equalling the pale fruit. E. B. 268.—St.
2—5 feet high, leafy, panicled. Heads scattered with many
heartshaped bracts. Juice rather less acrid than in the preceding.
—Waste places, rare. B. VII. VIII. Prickly Lettuce. E.

** Beak short. Leaves with a smooth keel.

4. L. muralis (DC.); florets 5, 1. lyrate-runcinate angled and
toothed clasping, terminal lobe largest angled, beak much shorter
than the fruit, heads panicled.—Prenanthes Sm., E. B. 457.—~
St. erect, a foot high, smooth, round, hollow. Florets bright
yellow. Fruit black—Banks and old walls. A.? VII. ELL

LEONTODON.—SONCHUS. 195

42. Leontopon Linn. Dandelion.

1. L. Taraxacum (L.) ; |. runcinate toothed, fr. linear-obovate
blunt and squamosely muricated at the summit longitudinally
striated with along beak.—Stalks single-headed, radical. Florets
yellow. L. all radical, very variable, glabrous or slightly hispid.
—I. Outer involucral scales reflexed or patent—a. L. Taraz-
acum (Sm.); outer scales linear deflexed, fr. yellow its upper half
muricated, glabrous or woolly at the crown of the root, 1. run-
cinate broad. £.B. 517.—8. Taraxacum levigatum (DC.);
outer scales erect-patent ovate, fy. reddish-yellow muricated at
the summit, beak with a thickened and coloured base, |. runcinate-
pinnatifid with unequal teeth.—y. T. erythrospermum (DC.) ;
outer scales lanceolate adpressed or patent, fr. bright red muri-
cated at the summit, beak with a thickened and coloured base,
1. runcinate-pinnatifid with unequal teeth and imtermediate
smaller ones. Lowermost 1. sometimes obovate and dentate,
not runcinate when it becomes T. obovatum DC.—II. Outer
scales adpressed.—é. LL. palustre (Sm.); outer scales ovate-
acuminate, fr. pale yellow or brown muricated at the summit,
1. oblong and entire sinuate-dentate or runcinate; or outer scales
ovate-lanceolate or (L. leptocephalum R.) lanceolate. E. B. 553.

—Very common, y. in dry places, 6. in bogs or damp places.
P. IIL.—x.

43. Soncuvus Linn. Sowthistle.

1. S. oleraceus (L.); 1. undivided or pinnatifid toothed clasp-
ing, auricles spreading arrowshaped, fr. transversely rugose and
longitudinally ribbed, st. branched, heads subumbellate, involucres
glabrous.— HE. B. 843.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. flattish, lower
stalked. Florets yellow.—§. glandulosus(Gaud.); top of st., ped.,
and inv. bearing gland-tipped hairs—Common. A. VI.—VIII.
Sowthistle.

2. S. asper (Hoffm.); 1. undivided or pinnatifid sharply toothed
clasping, auricles rounded, fr. longitudinally ribbed smooth, st.
branched, heads subumbellate, involucres glabrous.—E. B. S.
2765, 2766.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. crisped, lower stalked.
Florets yellow.—Common. A. VI—VIII. Sowthistle.

3. S. arvensis (L.); 1. lanceolate runcinate finely toothed cor-
date at the base, uppermost 1. entire, st. simple, heads corymbose,
involucre and peduncles glandular-hairy, fr. with transversely ru-
gose ribs, root creeping.—E. B. 674.—St. 3—4 feet high, leafy.
L. long, acute. Heads large, florets yellow.—Fields and waste
ground. P. VIII. IX. Corn Sowthistle.

4, S. palustris (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate “lower runcinate,”
upper 1. simple, all arrowshaped spinosely-ciliated, auricles acute,
K2

196 45. COMPOSITS.

st. simple, heads corymbose, involucre and peduncles glandular-
hairy, fr. with finely-rugose ribs, root without stoles.—E. B. 935.
—St.4—6 feet high, leafy. Florets lemon-coloured.—Marshes,
very rare. P. VII. VIII. E. S.

44. Muieepium Cass.

1. M. alpinum (Less.) ; 1. glabrous lyrate arrowshaped at the
base, terminal lobe large triangular-hastate acute, st. simple,
heads racemose, bracts peduncles and involucres glandular-hairy,
fr. oblong not attenuated with many ribs.—Sonchus ceruleus
Sm., E. B. 2425.—St. 3 feet high, glabrous below, leafy. L.
gradually smaller upwards, cordate on the barren shoots. Heads
small, many. Florets blue.—Clova Mountains. P. VIII. S,

Section 6. HIERACIE. Receptacle generally without
scales. Pappus filiform, never feathery nor dilated at the base.
Fruit terete, ribbed.

45. Crepis Linn. Tawk’s-beard.

* Fruit with a long subulate beak. Barksiausia Moench,

1. C. taraxacifolia (Thuil.); 1. rough runcinate-pinnatifid,
heads erect, znvolucre bristly and downy covering half the pappus,
outer phyll. ovate-lanceolate with a membranous margin, bracts
herbaceous, fr. all equally beaked—E. B. S. 2929.—Root fusi-
form. St. 1—2 feet high, hispid, angular, furrowed, purple
below, at length branched, corymbose. L. mostly radical lyrate-
runcinate with retrorse teeth, or deeply pinnatifid with the ter-
minal lobe large. Stem-l. few, sessile, clasping, deeply pmna-
tifid and toothed. Florets yellow, purple beneath. Fr. narrowiag
very gradually into a setaceous beak of about its own length,
ribs rough.—Limestone districts. B. VI. VII. E. I.

[C. setosa (Hall.); 1. runcinate-dentate or lyrate-runcinate,
st.-l. sagittate entire or incise-dentate below, heads erect, inv.
about covering the pappus, margin of the outer lanceolate acute
phyll. and the bracts the back of the inner phyll. and the ped.
hispid with rigid simple bristles.—E. B. S. 2945.—Plant 1—2
feet high. Stem-l. large, rather strapshaped, clasping.—Fields.
Introduced with seed. A. VII. VII.]

2. C. fetida (L.); 1. hairy runcinate-pinnatifid, unopened
heads nodding, ixvolucre hairy and downy as long as the greatly
protruded pappus, outer phyll. lanceolate acute downy, marginal
fr. slightly beaked shorter than the involucre, central ones with
long beaks equalling it—E. B. 406.—Root slender, fusiform.
St. 6—12 in. high, hairy, round, branched. L. mostly radical,

CREPIS. 197

stem-l. few small lanceolate deeply toothed at the base sessile.
Heads solitary, terminal, on long simple stalks. Midrib of the
phyll. at length much thickened and hardened. Ribs of the fr.
rough.—Chalky places, rare. B. VI. VIE. E.

** Fruit narrowed upwards or obscurely beaked.

[3. C.pulehra (L.); outer phyll. ovate short adpressed, 1. downy
toothed, stem-l. arrowshaped clasping, panicle corymbose, fr.
about as long as the pappus obsoletely striated slightly attenuated
upwards.—. B. 2325.—St. erect, downy. Lower 1. obovate
runcinately toothed, stem-l. small. Heads small, florets yellow,
involucre at length thickened. Outer row of fruits often appa-
rently without pappus.—‘ Hill of Turin near Forfar.” Mr. G.
Don. A. VI.—IX.]

4. C. virens (L.); outer phyll. adpressed linear inner ones gla-
brous within, 1. lanceolate remotely dentate runcinate or pinna-
tifid, uppermost /. linear-arrowshaped clasping with flat margins,
st. subcorymbose, fr. shorter than the pappus oblong slightly at-
tenuated upwards with smooth ribs.—C. tectorum Sm. (not Linn.).
E. B. 1111.—St. 1—3 feet high. lL. very variable. Florets
yellow. [C. tectorum (L.) has revolute margined upper I., phyll.
downy within, fr. somewhat beaked with scabrous ribs. |—Com-
mon. A. VI.—IX.

5. C. biennis (L.); outer phyll. oblong-linear lax inner downy
within, 1. runcinate-pinnatifid hispid, uppermost 1. lanceolate
clasping dentate-pinnatifid, st. subcorymbose, fr. oblong slightly
attenuated upwards with smooth ribs and about as long as the
pappus.—Z. B. 149 ? (excluding the fruit.)—St.1—3 feet high,
hispid, nearly leafless above, branched in a corymbose manner.
Heads large, florets yellow. Angles of fr. often rough. _L. radi-
cal and extending half-way up the stem.—Chally places, rare ?
B. VI. VI. E

6. C. succisefolia (Tausch); phyll. lanceolate-attenuated outer
ones very short adpressed, |. entire nearly glabrous oblong obtuse
lower ones narrowed into a footstalk, upper 1. sessile and some-
what clasping, st. corymbose, peduncles and involucres glandular-
hairy, fr. much striated slightly narrowed upwards as long as the
pappus which is shorter than the mvolucre.—Hieracium molle
Sm., E. B. 2210.—St. erect, with few leaves, simple helow.
Heads few, florets yellow.— Woods in the north. P. VII. VIII.

E. S.

7. C. paludosa (Moench) ; phyll. lanceolate much attenuated
glandular-pilose outer ones short, /. ovate-oblong taper-pointed
runcinate-dentate narrowed into a footstalk glabrous, upper 1.
ovate-lanceolate cordate and clasping acute entire or dentate, st.

198 45. COMPOSITE.

subcorymbose, fr. striated scarcely narrowed upwards.—Hieracium
Sm., EH. B. 1094. Aracium Neck., Soyera Monn.—St. 2 feet
high, leafy, simple, angular. L. large. Florets yellow. Pappus
aa oue a rigid, brittle—Damp woods and shady places. P,

46. Hieracium Linn.' Hawkweed.

i. PILOSELLOIDEA. Stoloniferous. St. scapelike. Fr.
minute, crenulate at top, striate. Hairs of pappus equal,
slender.

1. H. Pilosella (L.); stoles slender leafy rooting, scape 1-
headed leafless, |. oblong or lanceolate hairy on both sides whitish
and densely floccose beneath, inv. ovate below ultimately conical,
inner phyll. acute, fits. glabrous, styles yellow—E. B. 1093.—
Stoles slender, aérial, many, sometimes flowering. Fits. pale
yellow; outer striped with red or purple externally.—. H. Pe-
leterianum (Mer.); stoles short thick, 1. st. and mv. with long
silky hairs, heads large, phyll. all lanceolate—Dry banks. P.
V.—VIi.

*2, H. aurantiacum (L.); stoles often wanting, st. slightly
hairy above densely corymbose at top hairy setose above, J, ob-
ovate-lanceolate green and hairy on both sides not floccose be-
neath, phyll. blunt, fits. glabrous, styles brown.—E. B. 1469.—
St. 15—20 in. high. Corymb 2—10-headed, floccose. Phyl.
dark. Fits. orange.— Woods and wastes in the north, naturalized.
Pp. VI.—VII.

ii. PULMONAREA. Radical rosettes in autumn. Root-l.
persistent. Phyll. interruptedly or irregularly imbricate.
Fr. short, truncate not crenulate, striate. Hairs of pappus
unequal, rigid.

* Alpiniformes. Inv. shaggy or silky. Outer phyll. lax;
inner acuminate or acute. Fits. hairy externally, more or
less pilose at the tips. St.-l. 1 or few, or leaflike bracts.

3. H. alpinum (L.); deep green, st. 1-headed hairy floccose,
rt.-l. lanceolate or ovate-spathulate narrowed into petioles, st.-1.
1 or few sessile, buds slightly nodding, inv. hemispherical shaggy
with long soft black-based hairs setose, phyll. few broad acumi-
nate lax, styles yellow—4—8 in. high. Usually 1 st.-leaf.
Head large, always solitary; flts. bright yellow, with short hairs
at the top.—a. rt.-l. ovate-spathulate.—8. insigne; rt.-]. lanceo-

! A seta is a gland-tipped hair.—In this genus I have availed my-
self largely of the ‘ British Hieracia,’ lately published by my friend
Mr. James Backhouse, Jun.

HIERACIUM. 199

late with a few large teeth, heads very large —Lofty mountains
of Scotland. P. VIJ. VIL. 8.

4. H. holosericewm (Backh.); green, st. 1-headed shaggy silky
floccose, rt.-l. lanceolate-spathulate or linear-lanceolate blunt
hairy on both sides narrowed into winged petioles, st.-l. few
small sessile, buds nodding, inv. turbinate shaggy with long silky
white black-based hairs, outer phyll. very lax leaftike blunt, inner
phyll. adpressed linear acute, styles yellow——H. alpinum Sm.
E. B. 1110.—3—9 in. high. Usually 1—2 st.-leaves. Head
solitary ; outer phyll. very broad, often scattered below the head.
L. entire or sometimes slightly denticulate. Fits. densely hairy
at the tips, bright yellow.—Lofty mountains. Cumberland.
Grampian and Breadalbane Mountains. P. VII. VIII. E.S.

5. H. eximium (Backh.); green, st. usually 1-headed hairy
floccose, ré.-l. lanceolate acute sharply toothed hairy on both
sides narrowed into broadly winged petioles, st.-l. small slender,
buds nodding, inv. truncate below shaggy with rather silky black-
based hairs, phyll. many linear-attenuate, outer phyll. small lax.
—H. melanocephalum H. and A.—6—15 in. high. St.-l. few.
Rarely more than 1 large head. L. sometimes entire, usually
with large teeth. Flowers twice in cultivation, (1) with one
head, (2) with many nearly parallel branches and many heads.—
u. st. elongate, rt.-l. lanceolate dentate, styles livid. —8. tenellum;
st. short slender, rt.-l. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, styles yel-
low. Considered a distinct species by Dr. Grenier. — Lofty
mountains. Clova. Braemar. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

6. H. calenduliflorum (Backh.); deep green, st. usually 1-
headed hairy floccose, rt.-1. broadly ovate-spathulate blunt api-
culate sharply toothed hairy on both sides narrowing into broadly
winged petioles, st.-l. very small slender, buds nodding, inv.
truncate below shaggy with rather silky black-hased hairs, phyll.
many linear-attenuate, outer phyll. lax, styles livid —6—14 in.
high. St.-l. few. Head most usually solitary, very large.
Youngest 1. sometimes rather acute. Original |. nearly circular.
Nearly allied to H. eximium.—Lofty mountains. Lochnagar.
Clova. P. VI. VIII.

** Nigricantes. Inv. villose or hairy. Phyll. adpressed, or
few outermost lax. Fits. nearly hairless externally, minutely
pilose or subglabrous at the tips.

+ St. short with 1 or few heads.

7. H. gracilentum (Backh.); green, st. usually 1-headed hairy
floccose, rt.-2. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate narrowed into pe-
tioles, st.-l. few large narrow-lanceolate attenuate below, inv.

200 45. COMPOSITE.

ventricose rounded below shaggy with black soft hairs setose,
phyll. few broad acuminate adpressed with floccose tips outer-
most lax, styles livid—H. alpinum var. melanocephalum Fries,
not Bab., nor H. melanocephalum Tausch, nor H. and A.—6—10
in. high. St. hairy and floccose, with straight simple diverging
branches and many heads when under cultivation ; st.-]. usually
2 or more. L. broad, narrowed gradually below; original |.
roundish. Petioles sometimes slightly winged. Heads usually
solitary, rather large; fits. bright yellow, nearly or quite gla-
brous on the back.—Lofty mountains. P. VII. VIII. 8.

8. H. globosum (Backh.); glaucous or green, st. few-headed
floccose, rt.-l. ovate or ovate-lanceolate subacute glabrous above
entire or dentate narrowed into petioles, inv. rounded below ulti-
mately globose greenish-black with short black-based hairs, phyll.
many attenuate acute adpressed, styles yellow.—6—12 in. high.
St. usually 1-headed, branching rarely even from near the base,
leafless or with few narrow bractlike leaves. Original 1. blunt.
Innermost 1. sometimes acute. Petioles short, sometimes slightly
winged. Buds globose. Fits. bright yellow.—Cairngorm moun-
tains. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

tt St. frequently lengthened and branched with several heads.

9. H. nigrescens (Willd.); green, rt.-l. ovate or lanceolate
coarsely and irregularly dentate in their lower half hairy with
slender petioles, st. simple or branched with few heads and few
lanceolate or oblong shortly stalked 1., inv. ovate below dark
green with soft black-based hairs setose, ped. densely floccose,
phyll. acuminate outer ones blunt, styles brownish —H. pulmo-
narium E. B. 2307 ?—Variable in height. Fits. deep brilliant
yellow, pilose at the tips. Phyll. overtopping the buds. L.
rarely nearly glabrous above. Rt.-1. suddenly narrowed below ;
original 1. roundish. St.-l. usually 1, narrowed at both ends.
St. floccose, branching much in cultivation —Highland moun-
tains. P. VII. VIII.

10. H. lingulatum (Backh.); green, rt.-l. lanceolate or oblong
apiculate denticulate or dentate hairy with short petioles, st.
simple or branched with few heads and few lanceolate or lanceo-
late-attenuate acute sessile ]., inv. broad becoming truncate below
very dark with soft black-based hairs slightly floccose, phyll. at-
tenuate acute incumbent, styles livid—H. saxifragum Bab.—
15—24 in. high. Fi. bright yellow. Phyll. greenish black, over-
topping the buds. LL. coarsely hairy above, entire towards the
end. Original 1. broad and rounded. St. with scattered black-
based hairs throughout, a little floccose. St. and inv. nearly
without sete. — Mountain glens. Clova. Braemar. Ben
Lawers. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

HIERACIUM. 201

ll. H. senescens (Backh.); green, rt.-l. elliptic-lanceolate den-
ticulate or remotely dentate hairy with slender petioles, st. simple
with few heads and 1 or 2 linear-lanceolate 1. with slender stalks,
iny. ovate or turbinate below with short black-based hairs and
many sete slightly floccose, phyll. acute adpressed (?), styles
yellow.—15—18 in. high. Fi. golden. Phyll. of the buds with
a tuft of white down at the tips. L. with scattered hairs on
both sides, entire at both ends. Original l. broader. Lowest ped.
above the middle of the stem.—Grassy slopes and edges of streams
in mountain districts. Clova. Braemar. Ben Voirlich, Dum-
bartonshire. P. VII. VIII.

12. H. chrysanthum (Backh.); green, rt.-l. ovate acute at
both ends sharply irregularly and deeply toothed hairy with long
slender petioles, st. simple or branched with few heads and
lmear-lanceolate or subulate stalked st.-l., inv. rounded below
floccose and with short black-based hairs and sete, phyll. many
linear-attenuate outermost small and lax, styles dull yellow.—
H. rupestre Bab.—9—15 in. high. Fl. golden. Phyll. greenish-
black, overtopping the droopmg buds, incumbent. L. with
scattered hairs on both sides, entire towards the end. Original
1. blunt, roundish. St. often with only | head, with subplumose
hairs below, floccose setose and with black-based hairs above,
sometimes branching throughout. Hairs on st. and inv. with
dull reddish tips. Buds sometimes pilose at the tip.—8. micro-
cephalum ; st. simple with 1 or few nearly erect heads, 1. dentate
or nearly entire, inv. urceolate, styles rather livid. H. atratum
Bab.—Lofty mountains in Scotland. 8. Cumberland and Loch-
nagar. P. VII. VIII. E. S.

TTT Sé. usually lengthened.

13. H. cerinthoides(L.); glaucous green, rt.-l. ovate-lanceolate
apiculate or acuminate denticulate with Jong shaggy winged pe-
tioles, st. with few 1. and few heads, st.-/. clasping ovate acumi-
nate, inv. ventricose hairy setose, phyll. acuminate, styles livid.
—a. and y. H. vogesiacum Gren. !—12—18 in. high. St. branch-
ing in cultivation. Original rt.-l. roundish. Rhizome short.
FL. pale yellow.—a. H. cerinthoides (Fr.) ; st. scarcely branched
with 1 or few terminal heads, s¢.-/. few clasping, outer phyll. lax.
E. B, 23782—8. H. anglicum (Fr.) ; st. with long arcuate ascend-
ing lateral ped., st.-l. usually solitary sessile scarcely clasping,
phyll. all adpressed. H. Lawsont Bab.—y. acutifolium (Backh.);
very glaucous, st. much branched, l. very acute or acuminate
sharply and coarsely toothed nearly glabrous, phyll. adpressed.
—Mountains. a. Grampians. £8. Teesdale. Craven. Lake
district. Scottish Highlands. -y. Cairntoul and by rivers Clu-
nie and Dee in Scotland. Aberdeen Links. P. VII. VIII.

E. 8.
K 5

202 45, COMPOSIT#.

14. H. iricum (Fr.); glaucous green, st.-l. ovate or oblong-
lanceolate acute with short shaggy winged petioles, st. leafy
‘corymbose at top, st.-l. clasping broadly ovate taper-pointed
denticulate or dentate lower ones narrowed below, ped. and inv.
hairy setose floccose, inv. truncate below, phyll. blunt, styles
livid.—H. Lapeyrousii Bab., E. B. 8. 2906.—1—8 ft. high, very
leafy, rigid, not branching, 1-headed on barren soil. Ped. rigid,
diverging. Original rt.-l. blunt. L. often purplish at the end.
St.-l. decreasing successively, upper 1. broad and rounded below.
Phyll. broad, narrowed upwards.—Chiefly in mountain districts.
Braemar. Teesdale. Cunnamara; Garron Head; Bantry Bay ;
Castle Taylor, Galway. P. VII. VIII.

*** Pallidiformes. Inv. more or less hairy. Phyll. ad-
pressed. F'lts. hairless externally, nearly or quite glabrous
at the tips.

+ Styles yellow, rarely with minute fuscous hairs.

15. H. pallidum (Fr.); glaucous, rt.-l. ovate-lanceolate acute
apiculate-dentate or dentate below with slender petioles, st. few-
headed with about 1 sessile or stalked 1., inv. ovate below ventri-
cose constricted above floccose slightly hairy and setose, phyll.
acute or cuspidate, styles yellow.—H. Hallert Hook.—6—18 in.
high. Rhizome elongate, prostrate. L. fringed with long hairs
which sometimes spread over the surfaces, obscurely tloccose
beneath. 8t.-l. nearly or quite sessile, if more than | then the
lower is stalked. Original rt.-l. rounded at both ends. Fits.
very slightly pilose at the tips, bright yellow.—Mountains. P.
VI. VIL. and IX. E. 8.

16. H. lasiophyllum (Koch) ; ash-coloured or glaucous, rt.-l.
oval or ovate-lanceolate rounded at both ends entire or denticu-
late, petioles shaggy, st.-l. 0 or 1, st. few-headed with straight-
based ped., inv. rounded below floccose setose slightly hairy,
phyll. acuminate or cuspidate, styles yellow.—H. cinerascens
Jord., Gren.! H. pallidum var. crinigerum Fr. !—8—20 in. high.
Very hairy. Branches slender, long. Young heads roundish.
Outer phyll. sometimes bluntish. Fits. bright yellow. LL. ro-
sulate, persistent, broad, apiculate, usually with many scattered
bulbous hairs on each side. Original l. roundish. St.-1. rare,
lanceolate, acute at both ends.—Mountains. Grampians. Snow-
donia. Craig Breidden. P. VII. VIII.

17. H. Gibsoni (Backh.); glaucous green, rt.-l. ovate blunt
apiculate rather truncate or cordate below denticulate, petioles
slender, st. leafless rigid simple or forked with straight-based ped.,
inv, truncate below floccose hairy setose, phyll. broad and blunt

HIERACIUM. 203

incumbent, styles yellow.—H. hypocheroides S.Gibs. H. hypo-
cheridis H. & A6—18 in. high. Fits. bright yellow. Phyll.
not cuspidate. L. rosulate, persistent, very broad, blotched with
purple above. — On limestone rocks near Settle, Yorkshire.
P. VIL VII. E.

18. H. argenteum (Fr.); very glaucous, rt.-l. lanceolate acute
denticulate towards the middle or entire glabrous above with short
petioles, st. simple or branched with few sessile or stalked 1.,
branches long straight, inv. broadly ventricose becoming sub-
truncate below slightly setose and hairy and floccose, phyll. blunt
adpressed, styles yellow.—H. pallidum B. persicifoluum Bab.—
1—2 ft. high. Buds cylindrical. Inner phyll. subacute, pale-
edged. Fits. bright yellow. L. with scattered hairs beneath
and at the edges. Petioles usually short. Original 1. bluntish.
Upper st.-1. small, narrow.—Mountain districts of England, Scot-
land and Wales. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

19. H. nitidum (Backh.); dark green, rt.-l. lanceolate acute
coarsely and sharply toothed glabrous above with short petioles,
st.-1. 1 or 0, st. few-headed, ped. scaly, inv. ventricose setose and
hairy slightly floccose, phyll. acuminate or bluntish, styles yel-
low.—15—24 in. high. St. nearly hairless. Heads large; fits.
bright yellow. L. slightly hairy beneath; teeth very large, not
directed downwards. Petioles usually short. Original 1. roundish.
—By mountain streams in Aberdeenshire. P. VII. VIII. S.

20. H. aggregatum (Backh.); deep green, rt.-l. ovate blunt
coarsely dentate below floccose beneath when young, st.-l. 1 lan-
ceolate narrowed at both ends, st. corymbose and floccose at the
top, ped. aggregate, inv. subtruncate below loosely floccose setose
nearly hairless, phyll. blunt.—H. bifidum Koch ?—12—20 in.
high. St. usually simple. Ped. forming a close corymb as in
H. umbellatum. Heads many. Buds cylindrical. Fits. bright
yellow or orange. Stylesyellow. L. rosulate, persistent ; original
1. nearly round; innermost acutish. Petioles rather winged,
slightly hairy. St.-l. subsessile. Phyll. adpressed—By moun-
tain streams in the Grampian Mountains. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

tt Styles more or less livid.

21. H. murorum (L.); green, rt.-l. ovate often cordate and
with large patent or descending teeth below, petioles shaggy,
st.-L. 0 or 1 stalked and placed high, heads subcorymbose, ped.
arcuate ascending, inv. thinly clothed floccose setose with few
hairs, phyll. acuminate erect overtopping the glabrous-tipped
buds, styles livid.—12—18 in. high. Young heads cylindrical.
L. usually thin. St.-l. ovate-acuminate, often rounded or cor-
date below. Styles rarely yellowish. 8. rotundatum (Backh.);
st. elongate, often leafless, rt.-l. broadly ovate rounded at both

204 45. COMPOSITE.

ends or cordate below denticulate or entire.”,— Woods and rocks.
8. Canlochen, Forfarshire. P. VI. VII.

22. H. cesium (Fr.); ceesious or dull green, rt.-l. ovate or
lanceolate rounded or narrowed below irregularly dentate-serrate
with patent or ascending teeth, petioles slender, st.-l. 0 or 1
placed low, st. few-headed with straight-based ped., inv. rounded
below floccose hairy slightly setose, phyll. bluntish mner ones
acute incumbent, styles slightly livid—H. murorum Sm., E. B.
2082.—12—18 in. high. Young heads roundish. Fits. bright
yellow. Phyll. not cuspidate ; inner very slender, pointed. Root-
stock long. L. nearly glabrous above, coriaceous, not fringed
with coarse hairs; innermost acute. St.-l. not stalked, nar-
rowed below.—H. obtusifolium (Backh.) ; yellowish- green, origi-
nal rt.-I. ovate rounded at both ends entire, petioles densely
villose, st.-l. 1 stalked ovate-lanceolate, inv. ventricose becoming
truncate below, phyll. acuminate, buds pilose at the tip; is pro-
bably a variety, and is found at Clova.—Mountains. P. VII.
VIil.

23, H. stelligerum (Froel.); ashy-green, rt.-2. ovate or oval
blunt or acutish with small teeth below floccose on both sides
narrowed into long petioles, st.-2. few large 3-clasping, st. sub-
corymbose floccose throughout, ped. straight-based, mv. ovate
below floccose setose hairy, phyll. acuminate incumbent, styles
rather livid—1l4—2 ft. high. Fits. bright yellow. L. rosulate,
persistent ; original spathulate; innermost acutish. Petioles
rather slender and woolly. St.-l. stalked ; uppermost sessile.—
Alpine streams on Grampian Mountains. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

24. H. vulgatum (Fr.) ; green or glaucous, |. oblong or lan-
ceolate often with patent or forward teeth on lower half, rt.-1.
narrowed into petiole, st.-1. often many all or uppermost sessile,
heads panicled or subcorymbose, inv. and straight ascending ped.
floccose setose with few hairs, phyll. equally attenuate acutish in-
cumbent, styles livid.—H. sylvaticum Sm., E. B. 2031.—Very
variable. 1—3 ft. high. Rt.-l. persistent, st.-l. few; or rt.-l.
few and evanescent, st.-l. many. The typical plant has panicled
heads cylindrical when young, glaucescent 1. purplish beneath,
persistent rt.-l., few st.-l., greenish inv.—H. maculatum (Sm.)
£. B. 2121. is aform with evanescent rt.-]., many and broad st.-
1., and imperfectly corymbose heads. Many other forms are
i but they defy definition—Woods, banks, walls. P.
VIT.—IX.

we Pseudo-accipitrine. Inv. subglabrous. Rt.-l. often
forming a winter rosette but rarely present with the flowers.

25. H. gothicum (Fr.) ; 1. ovate-lanceolate denticulate or den-
tate at the middle, rt.-]. shortly stalked usually evanescent, lower

HIERACIUM. 205

st.-]. often stalked and aggregate, upper st.-l. sessile, heads few
subcorymbose, ped. rigid erect slightly floccose, inv. roundly
ventricose subglabrous or slightly hairy, phyll. dark green broad
blunt incumbent, style yellow with fuscous hairs.—Very variable,
1—4 ft. high. St. rigid, rarely much branched. Rt.-1. very
rarely persistent. L. all similar, firm, narrowed at both ends,
sometimes very narrow. Young heads cylindrical. Inv. with
few brownish hairs and very slightly floccose or subglabrous.—
8. latifolium (Backh.) ; st. branched, 1. broadly lanceolate, style
nearly wholly yellow. H. norvegicum (Fr.?).—Heathy or grassy
subalpine places. P. VIJ.—IX.

ui. ACCIPITRINA. No true rt.-leaves. Forming closed
buds at the base of the st.in autumn. St.leafy. Phyll. in
many rows. Hairs of pappus rigid, unequal.

* Pseudo-pulmonaree. Rarely forming small basal rosettes
which do not outlive the winter.

26. H. tridentatum (Fr.); st. leafy, 1. lanceolate few-toothed
at the middle falsely 3-veined, rt.-l. narrowed into winged pe-
tioles, st.-l. sessile, heads corymbose, round-based inv. and long
floccose slender ped. with short hairs, inv. of fr. truncate below
constricted in the middle, phyll. pale-edged subglabrous rather
blunt, styles livid.—Rt.-l. rarely persistent. 2—5 ft. high. St.
often much branched above, with leaves decreasing successively
to small bracts, hairy below. Petioles and base of sessile 1. vil-
lose. Teeth of 1. usually large. Inv. of fr. often an acute cone,
sometimes floccose. Pappus reddish—Banks. P. VIII. IX.

** Aphyllopode. Never forming rosettes. Rt.-l. fading
early.

+ Florets minutely pilose or subglabrous at the tips.

27. H. prenanthoides (Vill.); st. leafy, 2. all elasping net-
veined and glaucous beneath hairy on both sides, lowest narrowed
into winged auricled petioles, term. pinched above their base,
uppermost 1. cordate-lanceolate, heads in a corymbose panicle,
ped. short lax very floccose and setose, inv. cylindrical rather
floccose very setose, outer phyll. few much the shortest, inner all
about equal and blunt, styles with dark hairs, fr. pale—E. B.
2235.—1—3 ft. high. St. rather rigid, usually hairy. Pan. leafy
below. Heads small. Pappus whitish—River sides in the
north. P. VII. VIII.

28. H. strictum (Fr.); st. leafy, 2. sessile oblong-lanceolate
denticulate glaucous beneath, lowest lanceolate much narrowed
below, uppermost 1. rounded below scarcely clasping, heads

206 45, COMPOSITA.

irregularly corymbose, ped. straight floccose scarcely setose, inv.
elliptical thinly floccose setose and hairy, phyll. irregularly im~
bricate blunt, outermost rather acute, styles with dark hairs,
fr. fuscous.—H. denticulatum EF. B. 2122.—1—3 ft. high. St.
slightly hairy. L. broad, not auricled, mostly with bulbous hairs
beneath. Heads thicker and paler than those of H. prenanthotdes.
Phyll. pale-edged, not in two distinct ranks. Pappus reddish.—
Mountain glens. P. VII. VII.

Tt Florets glabrous at the tips.

29. H. umbellatum (L.); st. leafy, 2. all linear or oblong-lan-
ceolate narrowed below sessile net-veined, heads in an umbellate
corymb, top of ped. floccose, turbinate-based inv. uniformly dark
green glabrous, phyll. blunt with recurved points, styles yellow.—
E.B. 1771.—1—4 ft. high. St. rigid, hairy below. L. usually
allalike or upper rather broad and rounded at the base. Outer
phyll. often very small, slender, acute. Inv. very rarely straw-
coloured, rarely with a few white hairs. Pappus whitish —
Sandy and stony places. P. VII.—IX.

30. H. crocatum (Fr.); st. leafy, 1. oblong or narrowly lan-
ceolate sessile with a broad base falsely 3-veined, lower 1]. nar-
rowed downwards, heads subcorymbose, branches nearly simple,
ped. floccose, inv. very broad and blunt below subglabrous, phyll.
blackish blunt adpressed, styles yellowish with fuscous hairs.—
H. inuloides Tausch.—Very variable. 13—4 ft. high. St. rigid.
L. toothed or nearly entire; lower often narrowed very gra-
dually but again slightly enlarged at their base. Inv. rarely
pilose. Inner phyll. sometimes pale-edged.— Mountain districts.
P. VIL. VII.

31. H. rigidum (Fr.); st. leafy, 1. ovate-lanceolate or lanceo-
late denticulate or subdentate at their middle rounded below
falsely 3-veined, lower 1. narrowed into short winged petioles,
heads in a rather leafy branched corymbose panicle, round-based
inv. and floccose ped. with scattered hairs, inv. of fr. not con-
stricted conical, phyll. uniformly blackish green blunt adpressed,
styles yellowish with fuscous hairs.—H. rigidum and H. corym-
bosum Bab.—3—4 ft. high. St. rigid, mostly glabrous. Upper-
most 1. broad-based. Inv. of fr. often subglabrous, blunt, rarely
floccose. Inner phyll. sometimes pale-edged. Pappus reddish.
—Mountain districts. P. VIII. IX.

32. H. corymbosum (Fr.); st. very leafy, 1. ovate-lanceolate
dentate below clasping net-veined glaucous beneath, heads in a
spreading branched corymbose panicle, inv. ovate or subtruncate
below and ped. slightly hairy setose and floccose, phyll. blunt,
inner pale-edged, outer phyll. acutish, styles yellow.—3—4 ft.

HIERACIUM. 207
high. St. rather rigid, floccose, rather woolly, reddish. L. hairy
on both sides, floccose beneath, strongly and sharply toothed ;
lower sometimes narrowed below; uppermost narrowing from a
broad base. Pappus whitish tawny.—Banks of river Clunie,
Braemar. P. VII. VIII. 8.

33. H. boreale (Fr.); st. leafy, 1. ovate or lanceolate dentate
below falsely 3-veined, upper broad sessile scarcely clasping,
lowest 1. much narrowed below but scarcely stalked, heads in a
rather leafy corymb or panicle, top of ped. floccose, ovate-based
inv. uniformly blackish-green nearly glabrous or pilose, phyll.
blunt adpressed, styles livid blackish.—H. sabaudum Sm., E. B.
349.—2—4 ft. high. St. rigid, usually hairy and often very
leafy below. Base of corymb or panicle leafy ; branches nearly
erect. Interm. 1. narrowed to a rounded base; upper with a
broad rounded or subcordate base. Phyll. turning black,
scarcely at all setose or floccose, rarely with spreading tips.
Pappus whitish. Banks. P. VIII. IX.

Index to the Hieracia.

obtusifolium, 22.
pallidum, 15.
pallidum, 16, 18.

H. acutifolium, 13.
aggregatum, 20.
alpinum, 3.

gothicum, 25.
gracilentum, 7.
Halleri, 15.

anglicum, 13.
argenteum, 18.
atratum, 12.
aurantiacum, 2.
bifidum, 20.
boreale, 33.
ecxsium, 22.

calenduliflorum, 6.

cernithoides, 13.
chrysanthum, 12.
cinerascens, 16.
corymbosum, 32.
corymbosum, 31.
crocatum, 30.
denticulatum, 28.
eximium, 5.
Gibsoni, 17.
globosum, 8.

holosericeum, 4.
hypocheridis, 17.
hypocheroides, 17.
insigne, 3.
inuloides, 30.
iricum, 14.
Lapeyrousii, 14.
lasiophyllum, 16.
latifolium, 25.
Lawsoni, 13.
lingulatum, 10.
maculatum, 24.
melanocephalum, 5, 7.
microcephalum, 12.
murorum, 21.
murorum, 22,
nigrescens, 9.
nitidum, 19.

Peleterianun, 1.
persicifolium, 18. '
Pilosella, 1.
prenanthoides, 27.
rigidum, 31.
rotundatum, 21.
rupestre, 12.
sabaudum, 33.
saxifragum, 10.
senescens, 11.
stelligerum, 23.
strictum, 28.
sylvaticum, 24.
tenellum, 5,
tridentatum, 26.
umbellatum, 29.
vogesiacum, 13.
vulgatum, 24.

[H. auricula, H. dovrense, H. dubium, H. oreades and H. vil-

losum are omitted, having probably never been found in Britain.
H. amplexicaule is not even naturalized. AH. pulmonarium is
perhaps not determinable, but may be H. nigrescens. }

208 AMBROSIACEH.—46. CAMPANULACES.

ANoMALOUs Genus. Order AMBROSIACEA Link.

47, Xantuium Linn.

[l. X. strumarium (L.); st. without spies, lower 1. heart-
shaped 3-lobed at the base coarsely dentate, beaks of the fr. 2
straight.—E. B. 2544.—Involucre of the fr. oval, downy.—Rich
waste land, scarcely naturalized. A. VIII. IX.]

Order XLVI. CAMPANULACEA.

Cal. superior, 5-fid or entire. Cor. monopetalous, inserted on
the calyx, 5-lobed, regular or irregular. Stam. inserted with the
cor. and alternate with its lobes; anth. distinct or cohering,
2-celled, opening longitudinally. Fr. dry, capsular, opening by
lateral fissures or valves at the apex, many-seeded. Embryo
straight in the axis of fleshy albumen.

Tribe I. LOBELIEAL. Odd segment of the calyx anterior.
Cor. irregular. Anth.cohering. Style glabrous with a fringe
of hairs below the stigma.

1. Lopexia. Cal. 5-fid- Cor. irregular; tube split to the
base on the upper side ; limb 2-lipped, 5-parted. Anth. 5,
cohering. Stigma blunt, surrounded by a cupshaped fringe.
Caps. 2—3-ceiled, opening at the end by 2—3 valves.

Tr. Ul. CAMPANULEL. Odd segment of the calyx posterior.
Cor. regular. Anth. usually free. Style pubescent.

2. Jastons. Cal.5-fid. Cor. rotate with 5 long linear seg-
ments. Anth. cohering at thew base. Style hairy, bifid.
Caps. 2-celled, opening at the end by minute teeth.

3. PuyTEuma. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate with 5 long linear
segments. Anth. free; filaments dilated at the base. Style
hairy, 2—3-fid. Caps. 2—3-celled, bursting at the sides.

4. CampanuLa. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. mostly bell-shaped
with 5 broad and shallow segments. Anth. free ; filaments
dilated at the base. Stigma 3—5-fid. Caps. not elongated,
3—5.-celled, opening by lateral pores outside the segments of
the calyzx. i

5. Semcunarta. Cor. rotate. Caps. linear-oblong, prisma-
tical, opening by lateral pores between the segments of the
calyx. Otherwise like Campanula.

6. WaHLENBERGIA. Caps. half superior, 3-celled, opening
by 3—5 valves within the segments of the calyx. Other-
wise like Campanula.

LOBELIA.—CAMPANULA. 209

Tribe I. Lobeliee.

1. Lopexta Linn.

_1._L. Dortmanna (L.); 1. linear entire of 2 parallel tubes, st.
simple nearly naked.—E. B. 140.—Root-stock fleshy with fili-
form runners. L. blunt, 1—2 in. long, mostly radical. St. 12—
18 in. high. Fl. light blue, distant, i a simple raceme, slightly
raised above the water, the rest of the plant submersed.—Lakes
with a gravelly bottom. P. VII.

2. L. wrens (L.); st. nearly upright, lower J. obovate or ob-
long slightly toothed, upper lanceolate serrate, fl. in long terminal
racemes.—F. B, 953.—St. 12—18 in. high, leafy, branched, an-
gular, roughish. Racemes erect, simple, lax. Fl. light blue.—
Heaths near Axminster, Devon. P. VIII. IX. E.

Tribe Il. Campanulee.

2. Jasione Linn. Sheep’s Scabious.

1. J. montana (L.); root simple, 1. bluntish oblong wavy, fl.
stalked.—F. B. 882.—St. several from the crown of the root,
6 in. to 2 feet long, simple or branched, pilose, leafy below, bare
and usually glabrous above. Fl. small, in terminal bracteated
heads. Bracts glabrous or hairy. Calyx-segments linear-seta-
ceous, glabrous. Cor. light blue.—Dry places. B. VII.

3. Puyreuma Linn. Rampions.

1. P. orbiculare (L.); heads of fl. globose of fr. oblong, 1. cre-
nate-serrate, lowermost cordate-ovate stalked, upper ones linear-
lanceolate sessile, outer bracts ovate-lanceolate attenuate, stig-
mas 3.—E. B. 142.—St. 12—18 in. high, each with 1 terminal
head of blue flowers.—Chalky downs. P. VII. E.

2. P. spicatum (L.); heads of fl. oblong of fr. elongated cylin-
drical, lower 1. cordate-ovate somewhat doubly serrate stalked,
upper 1. linear-lanceolate sessile, bracts linear, stigmas 2.—E. B.S.
2598.—St. 1—2 feet high, each with a solitary terminal head
of cream-coloured flowers. Spike of fruit often 2—3 in. long.—
Woods and thickets about Waldron, Sussex. P. VII. E

4. Campanuta Linn. Bell-flower.

* Caps. sessile, erect ; pores at the base.

1. C. glomerata (L.); 1. minutely crenate-serrate lowermost
stalked ovate-lanceolate generally cordate at the base, upper 1.

210 46. CAMPANULACES.

half-clasping sessile ovate acute, fl. sessile in terminal and axillary
clusters.—E. B. 90.—St. 6—18 in. high. Bracts ovate-acumi-
nate, shorter than the large erect flowers. Cal. hoary with lan-
ceolate segments. Cor. funnelshaped, large, deep blue, downy.
L. often hoary beneath.—Dry caleareous pastures. P, VII. VII.
Clustered Bell-flower. E. 8.

** Caps. stalked, nodding ; pores at the base.

2. C. latifolia (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate acuminate doubly ser-
rate hairy lower ones stalked, upper 1. nearly sessile, fl. racemose,
peduncles 1-flowered, cal.-segments lanceolate acuminate gla-
brous finely serrate, st. erect slightly angular.—E. B. 302. St.
72. 3.—St. 3—4 feet high, simple, leafy. Cor. very large, deep
blue, glabrous, hairy within.— Woods and thickets, chiefly in the
north. P. VII. VIIT. Giant Bell-flower.

3. C. Trachelium (L.); l. coarsely double serrate hispid lower
ones cordate with long stalks, upper 1. nearly sessile ovate or
lanceolate-acuminate, fl. racemose, peduncles 2—3-flowered,
cal.-segments triangular-lanceolate entire erect, st. erect angular.
—E,. B. 12.—St. 2—3 feet high, mostly simple, leafy. Cor.
truly bellshaped, large, deep blue-—Hedges and thickets chiefly
in the south. P. VII. VIII. Nettle-leaved Bell-flower.

4. C. rapunculoides (L.); 1. unequally crenate-serrate scabrous
lower ones cordate with long stalks, upper 1. sessile lanceolate,
ji. racemose unilateral, peduncles 1-flowered, cal.-segments linear-
lanceolate entire at length reflexed, st. erect slightly angular, root
creeping.— FE. B. 1369.—St. 2 feet high, simple, leafy. Cor. pale
blue.— Woods and hedges, very rare. P. VII. VIII. E. 8.

5. C. rotundifolia (L.) ; radical 1. cordate or reniform shorter
than their stalks, stem-J. linear the lower ones lanceolate, fl. 1 or
more racemose, cor. turbinate-campanulate—H. B. 866.—St.
6—12 in. high. Radical 1. soon vanishing. Cor. blue. Cal.-
segments linear-subulate.—f. Jancifolia (Koch); lower st.-L.
rather broadly lanceolate, upper |. gradually smaller, fl. often

solitary—Dry and hilly places. 8.on mountains. P. VII. VIII.
Hairbeit.

*** Caps. stalked, erect ; pores just below cal.-segments.

*6. C. persicifolia (L.); 1. smooth slightly serrate, root-l.
obovate narrowed into a petiole, stem-l. linear-lanceolate sessile,
raceme few-flowered, cal.-segments lanceolate.—E. B. S.2773.—
St. 1—2 feet high. L. long, narrow, with very narrow serratures.
Fl. very large, often solitary. Cal.-segments entire.—-“ Woods
near Cullen.” A very doubtful native. P. VII. 8.2

47. ERICACE. 211

7. C. Rapunculus (L.); 1. crenate, root-l. elliptic-lanceolate
narrowed into a petiole, stem-l. linear-lanceolate, panicle erect
racemose, cal.-segments subulate—E, B. 283.—St. 3 feet high,
angular, rough. Fi. small, pale blue. Cal.-segments entire.—
Sandy soil in the south. P. VII. VIII. Rampions. E.

8. C. patula (L.); 1. erenate, root-l. oblong-elliptical narrowed
into a petiole, stem-l. linear-lanceolate, panicles lax, fl. on long
stalks erect, cal.-segments toothed at the base subulate.—E. B. 42.
—St. 2 feet high, terminating in a very loose spreading panicle.
Fl. purplish-blue, funnelshaped, open.—Hedges and thickets.
B. VI. VIII. E.

5. Specuaria Heist.

1. 8. hybrida(A. DC.); st. simple or branched, 1. slightly ere-
nate wavy oblong sessile, lower 1. spathulate, cal. scabrous, seg-
ments lanceolate longer than the cor. shorter than the ovary.—
Campanula Sm., E. B. 375.—St. 6—12 in. high, rough with
rigid minute hairs. Fl. few, terminal, solitary, small.—Corn-
fields. A. VI.—IX. E. 8.

6. WAHLENBERGIA Schrad.

1. W. hederacea (Reich.); 1.roundish-cordate angularly 5-lobed
stalked alternate, st. filiform prostrate, peduncles solitary, “seeds
punctate.”— Campanula Sm., FE. B. 73.—St. branched and creep-
ing to agreat extent. Peduncles longer than the leaves. Fi. pale
blue, at first nodding, afterwards erect. Cal.-segments subulate.
Caps. nearly globose.—Damp peaty places in the south and west.
P, VIL. VIII. Ivy-leaved Bell-flower.

Order XLVIT. ERICACEA.

Cal. 4—5-parted, persistent. Cor. monopetalous, 4—5-parted,
usually regular and marcescent. Stam.8—10. Anth. 2-celled,
opening by pores and often appendaged. Ovary surrounded by
a disk or scales, free or adhering to the corolla. Fr. capsular or
baccate with several cells, many-seeded.

Tribe I. ARBUTEAK. Fr. baccate, fleshy. Anth. 2-celled. Disk

hypogynous.

1. ArButus. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. globose or ovate-cam-
panulate with a small contracted 5-cleft reflexed border, de-
ciduous. Stam. 10, with flattened filaments. Anth. com-
pressed, with 2 pores at the apex, fixed at the back beneath
the apex and there furnished with 2 reflexed awns. Berry
globose, granular ; cells 5, many-seeded.

212 47. ERICACE.

2. ARcTosTapHyYLos. Fr. with 5 1-seeded cells, not granular
externally. Otherwise like Arbutus.

Tr. Wi. ERICEA. Fr. capsular, dry. Anth. 2-celled. Disk
hypogynous. Testa close.

3. ANDRomMEDA. Caps. dry, of 5 cells and 5 valves. Other-
wise like Arbutus.

4. Cauuuna. Cal. 4-parted, membranous, coloured, longer
than the 4-cleft campanulate corolla, surrounded by 4 green
bracts. Cor. persistent, fading. Stam. 8, with dilated fila-
ments. Caps. 4-celled; disseprments adhering to the azis ;
valves opening at the dissepiments and separate from them.

5. Erica. Cal. 4-parted. Cor. campanulate or ovate often
ventricose, 4-toothed, persistent, fadmg. Stam. 8. Caps.
4-celled ; valves opening between the dissepiments and carry-
ing a part with them.

6. Puyxtiopocr. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. ovate, deciduous ;
mouth contracted, 5-toothed. Stam. 10, included ; filaments
slender, longer than the anthers ; cells short, truncate, open-
ing by pores at the apex. Stigma peltate with 5 tubercles.
Caps. 5-celled with 5 valves opening at the dissepiments.

7. Dasgocia. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. ovate, ventricose, limb 4-
toothed. Stam. 8, included ; filaments flattened shorter than
the linear anthers which are sagittate below ; cells loosened
and opening by oblique pores at the apex. Stigma simple,
truncate. Caps. 4-celled with 4 valves opening at the dis-
sepiments.

8. AzaLea. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. campanulate, 5-cleft. Stam.
5, equal, shorter than the corolla; anth. roundish ; cells
opening by a longitudinal fissure. Stigma capitate. Caps.
2—3-celled with 2 or 3 bifid valves whose infleaed edges form
the double partitions.

Tr. Il. VACCINIEA. Fr. baccate, fleshy. Anth. 2-celled.
Disk epigynous.

9. Vaccinium. Cal. entire or 4—5-toothed or lobed. Cor.
4—5-cleft or toothed. Stam.8—10; anth. oblong, bifid at
the summit. Berry globose, crowned by the persistent limb
of the calyx, 4—5-celled, many-seeded.

Tr. IV. PYROLE'. Fr. capsular, dry. Seeds with a loose
testa. Disk 0. Anth. opening by pores.

1 Combined with Droseracee by Coss. and Germ. (Fv. Par. 66) under
the name of Roridulee.

ARBUTUS.—ANDROMEDA. 213

10. Pyrona. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 petals. Stam. 10;
anth. inverted, with 2 cells each opening by a round pore at
the base. Style 5-lobed. Caps. 5-celled, 5-valved, opening
near the base, margins of the valves connected by a web.

1]. Mongszs. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. of 5 petals connected
below. Stam. 10; anth. inverted, with 2 cells each furnished
with a tubular horn opening at the end. Stigma 5-parted,
radiant. Caps. 2-celled, 5-valved, “ opening from the sum-
mit” with connected margins.

Tr. V. MONOTROPE. Fr. capsular, dry. Seeds with a
loose testa. Disk 0. Anth. opening by a transverse fissure.

12. Monorropa. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. of 4—5 petals
each with a hooded nectariferous base. Stam. 8—10. Anth.
kidney-shaped, l-celled, 2-valved. Stigma peltate. Caps.
5-celled, 5-valved, many-seeded.

Tribe I. Arbutee.

1. Arsutus Linn. Strawberry-Tree.

1, A. Unedo (L.); bark rough, 1. elliptic-lanceolate serrate
coriaceous glabrous, panicle terminal nodding, pedicels glabrous.
—E. B. 2377.—An evergreen tree. Fl. whitish, pendulous. Fr.
red.—Killarney, where it is truly wild. T. IX. X. I.

2. ARCTOSTAPHYLOS Adans.

1. A. alpina (Spr.); procumbent, 2. wrinkled serrate fading
but persistent, clusters terminal.— Arbutus Sm., E. B. 2030. St.
6. 8.—St. woody, trailing, long. L. obovate, reticulated. Fi.
white, hairy about the mouth. Berry smooth, black.—Dry barren
spots on the Highland mountains. Sh. V. S.

2. A. Uva-ursi (Spr.); procumbent, 1. obovate entire shining
evergreen, clusters terminal.—drbutus Sm., E. B. 714. St. 6.8.
—St. woody, trailing, long. L. obtuse, quite entire. Fl. rose-
coloured, smooth. Berry globose, scarlet.—Dry stony mountain
heaths. Sh. VI.

Tribe II. Ericee.

3. ANDROMEDA Linn.

1. A. polifolia (L.); 1. alternate lanceolate with revolute
margins glaucous beneath, fl. subumbellate terminal.—E. B. 713.
—St. slender, woody, prostrate below. Fl. drooping, ovate,

214 47. ERICACES.

pink, occasionally 4-fid and 8-androus. Lz. evergreen, acute.
Peduncles 2 or 3 times as long as the flowers, not as in EH. B.—
Peat bogs. Sh. V.—IX.

4, Cauuuna Salisb. Ling.

1. C. vulgaris (Salisb.)—E. B. 1013.—A low tufted shrub.
L. small, sessile, closely imbricated, keeled, in 4 rows, each with
2 small spurs at the base, nearly or quite smooth. FI. small,
shortly stalked, drooping, lilac-rose-coloured or white.—f. tomen-
tosa; 1. hoary.—Dry heaths. Sh. VI.—VIIT.

5. Erica Linn. Heath.

* Cor. globose or urceolate, stam. included, filaments capillary,
stigma peltate. Erica D. Don.

1. E. Tetraliz (L.); 1.4 im a whorl lanceolate or linear ciliate
downy above and on the midrib beneath, margins revolute, fl. ca-
pitate, sep. linear downy ciliate, anth. awned, ovary downy.—
E. B.1014.—St. branched below, often in a determinate manner
about the middle, simple in the upper part, densely leafy below,
the whorls more distant towards the top and usually leaving a
leafless space next to the flowers. Tips of young shoots green.
Young |. always downy above, old 1. sometimes glabrous. Sep.
downy and mealy. FI. rose-coloured. Style usually included.
—f. Watsoni; cor. ventricose, fl. more or less racemose. It
may be a hybrid.—Boggy heaths. 8. Truro, Cornwall. Sh.
VI. VII.

2. E. Mackaiana (Bab.); 1. 4 in.a whorl ovate ciliate the
midrib beneath and upper surface glabrous, margins revolute, fl.
capitate, sep. ovate-lanceolate glabrous, anth. awned, ovary gla-
brous.—E. B. S. 2900. — St. irregularly branched throughout,
particularly above, densely and equally leafy quite up to the
flowers. Tips of young shoots pink. L. and sepals quite without
down ; |. mealy beneath but the midrib bare; sep. with a small
portion of meal near the apex beneath, otherwise quite bare. Fl.
purplish. Style protruded.—Between Roundstone and Clifden,
Cunnamara. Sh, VIII. IX. Mackay’s Heath. I.

3. E. cinerea (L.); 1. 3 in a whorl linear-lanceolate acute
keeled beneath with a central furrow glabrous, fi. in dense whorled
racemes, sep. linear-lanceolate smooth acute keeled, anth. awned,
ovary glabrous.—#. B. 1015.—St. with many upright branches.
L. flat above, minutely serrulate. Fl. reddish-purple—Dry
heaths. Sh. VII. VIII. Fine-leaved Heath.

4. E. ciliaris (L.); 1. 4 in a whorl ovate ciliate the margins
revolute, fl. in terminal unilateral racemes, anth. without awns,

PHYLLODOCE.—DABEOCIA. 215

mouth of the cor. oblique.—£. B. S. 2618.—St. long, straggling,
each terminating in a long raceme of large oblong purple flowers
and producing many short barren branches. Style protruded.
Ovary suhiote: _Hestha Wareham, Dorset. Carclew, Corn-
wall. “ Near Clifden, Galway, I.” Sh. VIL. VIII. E. I.

** Cor. campanulate or shortly tubular, stam. exserted, filaments
flattened, style capitate. Gypsocauuis D. Don.

5. E. mediterranea (L.?); 1. 4 in a whorl linear glabrous flat
above convex with a central furrow beneath, decurrent line from
the |. reaching but not extending beyond the next whorl, fl. axil-
lary drooping racemose, cor. cylindrical-urceolate twice as long
as the coloured calyx, anth. without awns opening throughout
nearly their whole length.— FE. B. S. 2774.—St. 2—5 feet high,
with many, upright rigid branches terminating in leafy racemes
of flesh-coloured flowers but afterwards prolonged. L. many
erect-patent. Bracts above the middle of the pedicels. Stam.
and style slightly exserted, style afterwards elongated. Ovary
glabrous.—Our plant differs from E. carnea by its 1. having a
longitudinal furrow, not a keel on the back, the decurrent ridge
from their base not extending beyond the next whorl (in £.
carnea it reaches the second); the anthers much shorter and
their pores much longer in Foren and the cor. of a different
shape.—Mountain bogs. est of Mayo and Galway. Sh. a

6. E. vagans (L.); 1.4—5 in a whorl linear glabrous, fl. axil-
lary crowded, cor. short campanulate, sep. small ovate obtuse,
anth. ovate of 2 distinct cells gibbous at the base.—E. B. 3.—
St. 1—2 feet high, copiously branched. FI. usually collected in
large numbers considerably below the top of the branches, cor.
red or white. Anth. dark purple. Ovary glabrous.— Western
parts of Cornwall. Coast of Waterford. Sh. VII. VIII. Cornish
Heath. ETI.

6. Puyitiopoce Salis.

1. P. cerulea; 1. linear denticulate, pet. glandular-hairy,
calycine segments lanceolate acute, anth. 3 times shorter than
the glabrous filaments.—Menziesia Sm., E. B. 2469.—St. 4—5
in. high, determinately branched, naked below, densely hairy
above. Ped. terminal, aggregate, simple. Fl. large, pale, bluish-
red.—Sow of Athol, Perthshire. Sh. VI. VII. S

7. Daseocia D. Don.

1. D. polifolia (D.Don).—Menziesia Sm., E. B. 35.—St. bushy,
1—2 feet long, ultimately decumbent. L. ovate or elliptical, flat,

216 47. BRICACEE.

with revolute margins, white and cottony beneath. Fi. large,
purple, sometimes white, drooping, on short stalks, in terminal
simple unilateral clusters. Anth. very large-—Cunnamara. Sh,
VIII. Cunnamara or St. Dabeoc’s Heath. I.

8. AzaLea Linn.

1. A. procumbens (L.).—E. B. 865. The original and only
Azalea.—St. woody, spreading, procumbent. L. small, opposite,
revolute. Fl. small, on simple stalks, terminal, aggregated.—
Summits of the Highland mountains. Sh. V. VI. Ss.

Tribe III. Vacciniee.

9. Vaccinium Linn.

* Anthers with 2 dorsal horns.

1. V. Myrtillus (L.); 1. ovate serrate glabrous deciduous, fl.
solitary, st. acutely angular. B. 456.—St. woody, about a
foot high, branching. Fl. greenish, tinged with red, nodding.
Berries black—Stony woods and heaths. Sh. V. Bilberry.

2. V. uliginosum (L.); 1. obovate entire glaucous and veined
beneath deciduous, fl. aggregate, st. rounded.—H. B. 581. St. 12.
—St. woody. Fl. flesh-coloured, nodding. Berries black.—
Mountain bogs. Sh. V. Bog Whortleberry. E. 8.

** Anthers without horns on the back.

3. V. Vitis-idea (L.); 1. obovate dotted beneath persistent,
margins revolute and somewhat crenate, fl. racemose terminal,
cor. campanulate.—E. B. 598.—St. woody, 6—8 in. high, strag-
gling. L. like those of Box, dark green above. Fl. pink, 4-cleft.
Berries red.—Mouutain heaths. Sh. VI. VII. Red Whortleberry.
Cowberry.

4. V. Oxycoceos (L.); 1. ovate entire persistent with revolute
margins glaucous beneath, fl. terminal on long simple peduncles,
cor. rotate with reflexed segments.—E. B. 319. Ozycoccus pa-
lustris DC.—-St. procumbent, filiform, rooting. L. small. Fi.
bright rose-colour. Cor. deeply divided, remarkably reflexed.
Berries crimson.—Wet bogs. Sh. VI. VII. Cranberry.

(V. macrocarpum (Ait.) ; 1. oblong with flat margins, fl. lateral
on long simple peduncles. Loughton Bog, Mould, Flintshire.
It has probably been sown there. }

PYROLA.—MONESES. 217

Tribe IV. Pyrolee.

10. Pyroua Linn. Winter-green.

1. P. rotundifolia (L.); 1. nearly round entire or slightly ere-
nate, fl. racemose, cal.-segments lanceolate acute, style Pod down
and curved upwards at the end longer than the ascending stam.,
stigma annular with 5 erect blunt points.—E. B. 213.—F1. white,
rather many, expanded. Style longer than the petals. Stam.
all turned upwards. L. many.—f. bracteata (H. and A.); 1.
smaller, st. with bracts throughout, cal.-segments shorter and
broader.—Damp bushy places and reedy marshes. 8. Sand-hills
near Lytham, Lancashire. P. VIII. E. S.

2. P. media (Sw.); 1. nearly round or roundish-oval slightly
crenate, fl. racemose, cal.-segments ovate acute, stam. regularly
infleced shorter than the nearly straight declining style, stigma
annular with 5 erect points.—E. B. 1945.—F\. milk-white, tinged
with pink, rather many, less expanded than in the preceding.
Style projecting a little beyond the corolla, always nearly straight.
Stam. all regularly incurved round the germen. L. many.—
Woods in the north. P. VII. VIII.

3. P. minor (L.); 1. roundish-oval crenate, fl. racemose, cal.-
segments ovate-triangular acute, stam. regularly inflexed equal-
ling the straight style, stigma without a ring 5-lobed pointless.
—E. B. 2543 and 158 (bad). S¢. 13. 12.—Fl. pale pink, many,
on very short pedicels, nearly closed. Style very short, inciuded.
Stam. all equally inflexed. L. many.—Mossy woods and thickets.
P. VI.

4. P. secunda (L.); 1. ovate acute serrate, fl. in @ secund ra-
ceme, cal.-segments triangular rounded notched, stam. regularly
incurved equalling the long straight style, stigma 5-lobed without
a ring or points.—-E. B. 517. St. 13. 13.—F. white, drooping,
oval-oblong, nearly closed. ‘ Style very long, exserted. L. many.
—Mossy alpine woods. P. V

11. Monssss Salis.

1. M. grandiflora (Salisb.).—Pyrola uniflora Sm., E. B. 146.
—L. few, roundish, serrate. Fl. solitary, terminal, large, droop-
ing, white, open, nearly an inch broad. Stam. shorter than the

et. and closely adpressed to them, Stigmas very large.— Woods
in Scotland, rare. P. VI. VII. Ss.

218 48, AQUIFOLIACEHZ.—49. OLEACE.

Tribe V. Monotropee.

12. Monotropa Linn.

1. M. Hypopitys (L.); fl. in a drooping cluster, lateral ones
with 8 terminal with 10 stamens, fr. erect, bracts and fl. glabrous
externally.—H. B. 69.—Inner side of the pet., filaments, germen
and style glabrous (Hypopitys glabra Bernh., DC.); or hairy
(H. multiflora Scop., DC.).— Plant 6—8 in. high, succulent,
simple, clothed with ovate scales, terminating in a short cluster,
dingy yellow, at length turning nearly black. FI. with large
scaly bracts. Not parasitical. (Phytol. i. 341.) Clusters some-
times erect.—Woods. P. VII. VIII. Yellow Bird’s-nest.

Order XLVIIT. AQUIFOLIACE.

Sep. inferior, 4—6, imbricate. Cor. regular, 4—6-parted,
imbricate. Stam. inserted into the base of the corolla and
alternate with its lobes. Disk 0. Ovary 2—6-celled; ovules
solitary, pendulous, with a cupshaped seed-stalk. Fr. fleshy, not
bursting; seeds stony, 2—6.

1. Inex. Cal. 4—5-fid, persistent. Cor. rotate, 4—5-fid.
Stam. 4—5, inserted upon the corolla. Stigmas 4—5,
nearly sessile. Fr. fleshy, containing 4—5 1-seeded nuts.

1. Inex Linn. Holly.

1. I. Aquifolium (L.); 1. ovate acute spinous wavy shining,
peduncles axillary short many-flowered, fi. somewhat umbellate.
—E, B. 496. St.7.4.—A small tree. L. evergreen, often quite
entire on the upper branches, edged with strong spinous teeth
and terminated by a spine on the lower ones. Fl.white. Berries
scarlet.—Woods and hedges. T. VI.—VIII.

Order XLIX. OLEACEZ.

Cal. monosepalous, divided, persistent. Cor. with 4—8 divi-
sions, rarely 0, valvate. Stam.2. Ovary free, 2-celled; ovules
in pairs, pendulous. Stigma entire or bifid. Fr. a berry, drupe
or capsule, often 1-seeded. Albumen dense or none.

1, Licusrrum. Fr. fleshy, a berry containing 2 membranous
1-seeded nuts. Cal. cupsbaped with 4 minute teeth. Cor.
funnelshaped ; limb 4-cleft, spreading. Stam. 2.

50. APOCYNACE. 219

2. Fraxinus. Fr. dry, a pendulous samara of 1 or 2 single-
seeded cells. Cal. 0 or 4-cleft. Cor. 0.—Fl. sometimes
without stamens.

1. Ligusrrum Linn. Privet.

1. L. vulgare (L.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate entire glabrous, pa-
nicles terminal compound dense.—E. B. 764. St. 14. 1—A
bushy shrub, 6—8 feet high, with straight smooth branches and
opposite leaves. Fl. white. Berries globose, black, rarely yellow.
—Thickets in the south of England. Sh. VI. VII. E,

2. Fraxinus Linn. Ash.

1. F. excelsior (L.) ; 1. pmnate with 4—8 pairs of nearly
sessile ovate-lanceolate acuminate serrate leaflets, cal. wanting.
—E. B.1692. St. 44. 7.—A handsome tree. FI. appearing be-
fore the 1., in axillary clusters.—8. F. heterophyllus (Vahl), 1.
simple and pinnate.—£. B. 2476.—Woods and hedges. T. IV.V.

Order L. APOCYNACEA.

Cal. in 4 or 5 persistent divisions. Cor. regular, 4—5-lobed,
deciduous, contorted. Stam. 5, filaments distinct. Anth. 2-
celled, pollen granular. Ovaries 2, l-celled; or 1 of 2 cells.
Stigma 1. Seed with fleshy albumen.

1. Vinca. Cor. salvershaped; tube long with 5 angles at
the mouth, closed with spreading hairs and the connivent
stamens; limb flat, 5-lobed. Stigma capitate with a ring at
its base. Fr. of 2 erect elongated follicles.

1. Vinca Linn. Periwinkle.

1. V. minor (L.); st. procumbent, 1. lanceolate-elliptical, their
margins as well as those of the small lanceolate calyx-segments
glabrous.—E. B. 917.—St. prostrate, rooting, flowering branches
erect. Fl. smaller than those of the next, blue, rarely white.—
Woods and thickets. P.V. VI. Lesser Periwinkle. E.S.? 1.?

*2. V. major (L.); st. somewhat ascending, |. ovate acute or
subcordate, their margins as well as those of the elongate-subu-
late calyx-segments ciliate—E. B.514.—St. at first ascending,
afterwards prostrate and rooting, flowering shoots erect. Fi.
large, purplish-blue.—Hedges and thickets, naturalized. P. IV.
V. Greater Periwinkle. . 8.? 1?

L

220 51. GENTIANACEE.

Order LI. GENTIANACEZ.

Cal. inferior, persistent. Cor. regular, 4—8-fid, hypogynous,
marcescent ; estivation imbricate-twisted. Stam. inserted on the
cor., as many as the segments. Ovary of 2 carpels with the edges
slightly inflexed or meeting. Caps. or berry many-seeded, gene-
rally 2-valved.

Subord. I. GENTIANE. Corolla twisted in estivation.
L. opposite.

* Style deciduous.

Tribe I. CHLOREAS. Corolla rotate.

1. Cutora. Cal. 8-parted. Cor. nearly rotate, 8-parted.
Stam. 8. Style 1. Stigma 2—4-cleft. Caps. l-celled; pla-
centas on the inflexed margins of the valves.

Tr. I. ERYTHRMEA. Corolla funnelshaped.

2. Ervturma. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped, limb short
5-fid. Stam. 5. Anth. erect, at length spirally twisted.
Style simple, stigmas 2. Caps. imperfectly 2-celled from
the inflexed margins of the valves.

3. Cicenp1a. Cal. 4-partite or lobed. Cor. funnelshaped,
limb short 4-fid. Stam. 4. Anth. erect, not twisted.
Stigma capitate, undivided. Caps. 1- or imperfectly 2-celled.

** Style persistent or stigma sessile.

Tr. Ul. SWERTIEAL. Style often wanting, stigma persistent.

4. Gentiana. Cal.4—5-cleft. Cor. funnel- or salver-shaped,
hmb4—5-cleft. Stam.4—5. Stigmas 2. Caps. l-celled,
seeds on the inflexed margins of the valves.

Subord. Il. MENYANTHIDE. Corolla induplicate in esti-
vation. L. alternate.

5. Vintarsia. Cal, 5-parted. Cor. rotate, thin; limb 5-
parted, smooth on the disk, bearded or scaly at the base.
Stam. 5. Stigma with 2 toothed lobes. Caps. 1-celled with
sutural placentas, 2-valved (in our plant), not bursting.

6. MenyanTuHeEs. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. funnelshaped, fleshy ;
limb 5-parted, bearded internally. Stam. 5. Stigma capi-
tate. Caps. l-celled, 2-valved; valves bearing the seeds
along their middle.

CHLORA.—ERYTHRAA. 221

Suborder I. Gentianee. Tribe I. Chloree.

1. Cutora Linn. Yellow-wort.

1. C. perfoliata 1..); lowermost 1. elliptic-oblong narrowed
below, stem-l. broadly connate, st. perfoliate—E. B. 60. R. xvii.
1060.—St. 12—18 in. high, simple. Stem-l. triangular-ovate,
connected by their whole breadth in rather distant pairs, glau-
cous. Panicle forked, many-flowered. Cal. divided to its base
into linear-subulate segments. Cor. bright yellow. Stigmas
yellow.—Dry calcareous hills. A. VII.—IX. E. I.

Tribe II. Erythreee.

2. ErytuHraa Renealm. Centaury.

1. E. pulchella (Fries); st. erect much branched acutely qua-
drangular, 1. ovate the uppermost oblong-lanceolate, fl. ald
stalked axillary and terminal, cal. rather shorter than the tube of
the opening corolla, lobes of the cor. elliptic-oblong obtuse.—
E. B. 458.—St. quite simple, 1 in. high and single-flowered ; or
very much branched, even from the base, 6—8 in. high, with very
many flowers. Radical 1. very few. Inflorescence forked, the
lateral ft. distant from the floral leaves. The length of the tube
must be observed exactly at the time when the flower is about
to expand.—Sandy ground. A. VII.—IX.

2. E. Centaurium (Pers.); st. erect branched above quadran-
gular, |. elliptic-oblong the upper ones acute, fi. nearly sessile
corymbosely panicled, cal. not half as long as the tube of the
opening corolla, lobes of the cor. oval.—E. B. 417.—St. 6—18
in. high, usually simple below. Panicles of fl.lax. Lateral fi.
apparently stalked but sessile between the small floral leaves.
Radical 1. many.—Dry pastures. A. VII. VIII.

3. E. latifolia (Sm.); st. short branched from the base qua-
drangular, 1. broadly elliptical obtuse, fl. in dense forked tufts
sessile, cal. rather shorter than the tube of the opening corolla,
lobes of the cor. lanceolate.—E. B. S. 2719.—St. thick, 2—3 in.
high, sometimes taller and branched, usually dividing into 3 main
branches. Fil. densely aggregated. Radical 1. very large, with
5—7 ribs, many. “‘Cor.-lobes sometimes oval.” Mr. Watson.
—Near the sea-shore. A. VI.—VIII. EL

4. E. littoralis (Fries) ; st. simple solitary or several from the
crown of the root, |. oblong-linear obtuse narrowed below, radical
1. crowded spathulate, fl. sessile between the floral 1. densely
corymbose, calyx as long as the tube of the opening corolla, lobes

222 51. GENTIANACE.

of the cor. oval obtuse. —E. B. 2305. E. chloodes Gren., not
E. linariifolia. See Fr. Sum. 554.—St. 2—6 im. high. In-
florescence usually trichotomous, dense ; branches sometimes

elongated. Radical 1. narrow, many.—Sandy sea-shores. A.
VIl. VII.

3. CicenpDIA dAdans.

1. C. filiformis (Reich.) ; cal. bell-shaped with 4 ovate acute
lobes, st. thread-shaped forked.—Eaacum Sm., E. B.235. Mi-
crocala Griseb.—St. 1—4 in. high. Radical 1. linear-lanceolate,
stem-l. subulate, all sessile. FI. yellow, solitary, on long stalks.
—Damp sandy places. A. VII. VII. ELT.

[2. C. Candollti (Griseb.) ; cal. 4-parted with linear adpressed
segments, st. slender branching from its base.—DC. Icon. Gall.
t. 16.~-St. much branched throughout, 1—4 im. high. _L. all
narrowly linear-lancéolate. Fl. pink—On spots sometimes
flooded: Paradis, Guernsey. Capt. Gosselin, A. VI. VII.]

Tribe III. Swertiee.

4. Gentiana Linn. Gentian.

1. G. Amarella (L.); eor. salvershaped 4—5-cleft bearded in
the throat, cal.-lobes 5 nearly equal lanceolate, 1. sessile ovate-lan-
ceolate, radical 1. obovate.—E. B.236.— Very variable in size and
in the number of the flowers, 3—12 in. high, erect. St. square,
much branched. Fl. pale purple. Caps. stalked or sessile. Cor.-
tube obconical or subcylindrical—There are two forms, the G.
Amarella and G. germanica of authors. The latter has usually

stalked caps. and larger and obconical flowers.—Dry calcareous
fields. A. VIII. IX

2. G. campestris (L.); cor. salvershaped 4-cleft bearded in the
throat, cal.-lobes 4, 2 outer ones very large ovate, 1. elliptic-ob-
long.—E. B. 237.—St.3—10 in. high. FI. blue, tube of the co-
rolla slightly thicker upwards. Caps. nearly sessile. Upper 1.
and sepals pointed.—Dry limestone hills. A. VIIL. IX.

3. G. nivalis (L.); cor. salvershaped 5-cleft with minute inter-
mediate bifid lobes, throat naked, cal. cylindrical with 5 keeled
angles, 1. ovate lowermost broadly elliptical.—£. B. 896.—St.
erect, slightly branched, 2—6 in. high. Fi. bright blue.—Sum-
mits of Highland mountains, very rare. A. VIII. s.

4. G.verna (L.); cor. salvershaped 5-cleft with small inter-
mediate bifid segments, throat naked, cal. with prominent angles
and sharp teeth, l. ovate lower ones crowded, st. cespitose single-
flowered with 1 or 2 pairs of leaves.—E. B. 493. St. 40. 12.—

52. POLEMONIACER. 223

St. prostrate, rooting, each terminating in a roselike tuft of 1.
and producing a single short flowering shoot. Fi. rather large,
vivid blue——Barren limestone districts. Teesdale, Durham.
Burrin, Clare; and between Gort and Galway. P. IV.—VI.

E. I.

5. G. Pneumonanthe (L.); cor. bellshaped 5-cleft, throat naked,
cal. entire with linear obtuse segments, fl. mostly solitary slightly
stalked, 1. linear obtuse.—E. B. 20.—St. 4—10 in. high, leafy,
simple, erect or ascending. FI. very large, deep blue within and
with a broad greenish band down the middle of each segment.—
Moist turfy heaths. A. VITI. IX.

(G. acaulis (L.) E. B. 1594. is not a native.]

[SWERTIA perennis (L.), which has 2 curious fringed glands
at the base of each segment of the cor. (Z. B. 1441.), is said to
have been formerly found in Wales. ]

Suborder II. Menyanthidee.

5. Vinuarsia Vent.

1. V. nympheoides (Vent.); 1. opposite roundly heartshaped
floating wavy at the edges, peduncles aggregate 1-flowered, cor.
ciliate.—E. B. 217. Limnanthemum Griseb., Koch. R. xvii.
1042.—Floating. St. long, round, branched. L. resembling
those of Nymphea alba, but much smaller. Fl. yellow. Caps.
sometimes 3-valved.—Still places in rivers, rare. P. VII. a

iL

6. Menyantues Linn. Buckbean.

1. M. trifoliata (L.).—E.B. 495.—St. ascending, round, leafy.
L. ternate. Leaflets equal, obovate, wavy. Clusters stalked,
each opposite to a leaf, many-flowered. Cor. flesh-coloured,
densely bearded.—Boggy places. P. V.—VII.

Order LII. POLEMONIACE.

Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, regular,
5-lobed. Stam. 5, unequal, on the tube of the corolla. Ovary
3-celled. Stigmas 3-fid. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved ; valves sepa-
rating at the axis.

1. Potemonium. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. rotate, with a short tube

and 5-lobed limb; throat nearly closed by the dilated bases
of the filaments.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 62.

224 53. CONVOLVULACE.

1. Potemonium Linn. Jacob’s Ladder.

1. P. ceruleum (L.); st. angular, 1. glabrous pinnate, leaflets
ovate-lanceolate pointed, panicle downy glandular.—£. B. 14.
—St. 1—2 feet high, simple, hollow. LL. alternate, leaflets
many. Fl. many, somewhat drooping, bright blue or white.—
Bushy hilly places, rare. P. VII.

Order LITI. CONVOLVULACE.

Cal. inferior, 5-parted, persistent, imbricated, often unequal.
Cor. hypogynous, regular, plaited, deciduous. Stam. 5, from
near the base of the corolla. Ovary of 2—4 cells, few-seeded,
surrounded by an annular hypogynous disk. Style 1, rarely 2.
Caps. with the valves separating from the edges of the dissepi-
ments or bursting transversely.

* With leaves and cotyledons.

1, Convotvutus. Cor. bellshaped, with 5 prominent plaits
and 5 shallow lobes. Style simple; stigmas 2. Caps. 2—4-
celled; cells 2-seeded.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 63, 64.

** Without leaves or cotyledons.

Cuscura. Cal. 4—5-cleft. Cor. roundish-urceolate or
bellshaped, 4—5-parted, with as many scales alternating
with the segments at the base within. Stam.4—5. Styles

2, rarely 1. Caps. bursting transversely, 2-celled, 4-seeded.
—G. F. G Gam. i. 65.

Ww

1. Convoutvunus Linn. Bindweed.

1. C. arvensis (L.) ; 1. arrowshaped with acute lobes, peduncles
mostly 1-flowered, bracts minute distant from the flower.—E. B.
312.—St. many, angular, twining or prostrate, leafy, branched.
Peduncles sometimes 2-flowered. Cor. beautifully variegated
with pink and white. Caps. 2-celled. Roots descending re-
markably deep. Plant glabrous, or st. and |. downy.—Fields and
hedges. P. VI—VIII.

2. C. sepium (L.); 1. arrowshaped with truncate lobes, pe-
duncles 1-flowered square, bracts large cordate close to the flower.
—E. B. 313. Calystegia R. Br.—St. twining, many feet long,
with large rather distant leaves. FI. solitary, axillary. large,
white, rarely pink. Bracts quite inclosing the calyx. Fr. im-
perfectly 2-celled through the shortness of the dissepiment.—
Hedges and thickets. P. VII. VIII.

CUSCUTA. 225

3. C. Soldanella (L.); 1. reniform slightly angular fleshy, pe-
duncles 1-flowered with 4 membranous angles, bracts ovate close
to the flower —E. B. 314. Calystegia R. Br.—St. short, pro-
cumbent. Fl. large, solitary, axillary, very handsome, pink with
yellow bands. _Bracts rather shorter than the calyx.—Sandy sea-
shores. P. VI.—VIII. Sea-side Bindweed.

2. Cuscuta Linn. Dodder.

1. C. europea (L.) ; clusters of fi. bracteated sessile, cor.-tube
cylindrical afterwards ventricose, scales adpressed to inside of
tube bifid distant below with rounded spaces, cal. much shorter
than corolla.—E. B. 378.—St. threadshaped, branching, reddish.
Fl. in rather large clusters, yellowish.—Parasitical upon herba-
ceous plants. A. VIII. IX. Greater Dodder.

+2. C. Epilinum (Weihe); clusters of fl. bracteated sessile,
cor.-tube ventricose, scales adpressed fimbriated distant below
with rounded spaces, cal. with fleshy segments deltoid below
nearly as long as the tube of the corolla.—E. B. 8.2850. C. den-
siflora Soy.-Willm.—St. slender, nearly simple, pale green. FI.
in rather small distant clusters, whitish. Scales bifid with 4—8
fimbriz on cach lobe. Ventricose cor.-tube with 5 longitudinal
protuberances; segments ventricose. Styles at first erect, soon
bowing outwards; stigmas converging.—Parasitical upon Flax
and very injurious to the crop. A. VIII. Flax Dodder.

3. C. Epithymum (Murr.); clusters of fl. bracteated sessile,
cor.-tube cylindrical, scales converging equalling the tube of the
cor. fimbriated and rounded at the end approximate below with
narrow acute spaces, cal. bellshaped shorter than the tube of the
corolla.—E. B. 55.—St. slender, red, twining irregularly. Fl.
small, with a reddish thin cal., and white cor. with spreading
ovate-acute segments. Sep. broad, ovate-apiculate, longer than
their tube, with patent tips. Anth. blunt or notched at the end.
Seales broad; the connecting membrane adpressed throughout.
—Parasitical upon small shrubby plants. A. VII.—IX. Lesser
Dodder. E. 8.

+4. C. Trifolit (Bab.); clusters of fl. bracteated sessile, tube
of the cor. cylindrical, scales converging equalling half the tube
of the cor. fimbriated and rounded at the end distant below with
rounded spaces, cal. narrowed below about as long as the tube of
the cor.—E. B. S. 2898.—St. slender, branching, reddish-yel-
low, clasping like a ring. Fi. small, white. Cal. fleshy, usually
tipped with red; sep. lanceolate, about as long as their tube, ad-
pressed. Anth. apiculate. Scales narrow; the connecting mem-
brane not adpressed, but forming cuplike spaces between itself
and the corolla.—Parasitical upon clover chiefly. A. VIT.—IX.
Clover Dodder. P E.

L

226 54, BORAGINACES.

[C. hassiaca (Pfeiff.) ; fl. stalked, cor.-tube bellshaped closed
with converging scales, stig. capitate; Heliotrope-scented—On
Lucerne in Essex. Introduced. A. VIII. IX.

Order LIV. BORAGINACEA.

Cal. inferior, 4—5-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous, re-
gular. Stam. 5, inserted on the corolla. Ovary 4-parted, 4-
seeded; ovules pendulous. Style simple. Fr. separating in 4
nutlike or 2 bilocular portions. Seeds without aloumen.— Figures
of all the genera are in G. F. G. Gam. ii.

Tribe I. CYNOGLOSSEZ. Nuts 4, on the persistent base of
the style.—Stam. included.

1. AspERuUGO. Cal. 5-cleft with alternate smaller teeth, en-
larged and compressed in fruit. Cor. funnelshaped with
rounded scales m the throat. Filaments of stam. short.
Nuts verrucose, compressed, attached by their narrow side,
covered by the compressed calyx.

[2. Ecurnospermum. Cal.in 5 deep segments. Cor. salver-
shaped with rounded scales in the throat. Stam. subsessile.
Nuts triquetrous with muricated margins, attached by their
inner edge. |

3. Cynoctossum. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. funnelshaped, the
mouth closed with prominent blunt scales. Filaments very
short. Nuts roundish-ovate, depressed, muricated, attached
by their inner edge.

Tr. Il. ANCHUSE. Nuts 4, on an hypogynous disk, with
an excavated space surrounded by a tumid ring at their base.

4. Boraco. Cal.in5 deep segments. Cor. rotate; tube very
short ; throat with short erect emarginate scales. Stam.
exserted ; filaments bifid, the inner fork bearing the anther ;
anthers linear-lanceolate, connivent in the form of a cone.

5. ANcuusa. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped with a straight
tube; throat closed by prominent obtuse scales. Stam. in-
cluded, subsessile. Nuts depressed.

6. Lycopsis. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Tube of the cor.
curved; limb oblique. Otherwise like Anchusa.

. SympHytum. Cal.5-cleft or 5-parted. Cor. cylindrical-
bellshaped, throat closed by a prominent cone of connivent
lanceolate-subulate scales. Stam. exserted from the tube but
covered by the scales; filaments short. Nuts ovate.

bao |

ASPERUGO.~-ECHINOSPERMUM. 227

Tr. III. LITHOSPERMEZ:. Nuts 4, affixed to an hypogy-
nous disk, their base not excavated but attached by a flat or
rather convex surface.

8. Ecu1um. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. subbellshaped ;
throat dilated, naked; limb irregular. Stam. exserted ; fila-
ments very long, unequal. Style bifid. Nuts wrinkled, at-
tached by a flat triangular base.

9. PubmMonaria. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor. funnelshaped, its
throat naked. Stam. included in the tube; filaments very
short. Styles simple. Nuts smooth, attached by their trun-
cate base which has a central tubercle.

10. Merrensia. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. bellshaped,
with a short thick cylindrical tube with 5 minute protuber-
ances in its throat. Stam. protruded beyond the throat ;
jilaments elongate. Style simple. Nuts smooth, inflated,
rather drupaceous, attached laterally near their base by a flat
surface ; seeds free.

11. LirHospermum. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. funnel-
shaped, throat naked or with 5 minute scales. Stam. in-
cluded in tube; filaments very short. Style simple. Nuts
smooth or tubercular, stony, attached by a truncate flat base.

12. Myosotis. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. contorted in estivation,
salvershaped ; throat closed with scales ; limb 5-fid, obtuse.
Stam. included; filaments very short. Style simple, Nuts
smooth, convex externally, keeled within, attached by a mi-
nute lateral spot near their base.—Distinguished from all
the other genera by the contorted estivation of its corolla.

Tribe I. Cynoglossee.

1. AsperucGo Linn. Madwort.

1. A. procumbens (L.).—E. B. 661.—St. procumbent, angular,
rough with short decurved bristles. L. oblong, rough, hispid,
lower ones stalked, upper sessile. Fl. small, axillary, solitary,
blue, upon short peduncles. Cal. of the fr. much enlarged.—
Rich waste ground, rare. A. VI. VII. E. 8.

2. EcoinospeRMUM Sw.

[l. E. Lappula (Lehm.); st. branched above, 1. lanceolate
adpressed-hairy, cor. exceeding the calyx, fr.-st. erect, nuts with
a double series of barbed spines on the margins the disk and
sides tubercled.— St. 43. 16.—St. and 1. covered with adpressed
hairs giving them a silky appearance. Closely resembling a Myo-

228 54, BORAGINACE.

sotis.—Upon shingle, Southwold, Suff., in very small quantity ;
probably introduced.—A. VI.] E.

3. Cynogiossum Linn. Hound’s-tongue.

1. C. officinale (L.); 1. downy acute, lower 1. elliptical con-
tracting into a petiole, upper 1. lanceolate narrowed below sub-
cordate half clasping.—#. B. 921.—Cor. dull crimson, veiny ;
veins disappearing in drying. Nuts flat in front, and there sur-
rounded by a thickened prominent margin. Fetid, rarely sub-
glabrous and nearly scentless.— Waste ground. B. VI. VII.

2. C. montanum (Lam.); 1. slightly hairy acute nearly glabrous
and shining above scabrous beneath, inferior oblong narrowed
into a long petiole, upper J. lanceolate slightly narrowed below
clasping.—C. sylvaticum Sm., E. B. 1642.—Cor. reddish, chan-
ging to blue. L. sometimes very scabrous. Seeds without a
prominent margin.—Shady situations. B. VI. VII.

‘Tribe II. Anchusee.

4. Boraco Linn. Borage.

tl. B. officinalis (L.); lower 1. obovate obtuse attermated be-
low, segments of the cor. ovate acute flat spreading. —E. B. 36.
—Fi. blue. Stem-l. much narrowed below so as to appear
stalked, eared at the base. Whole plant hispid with bulbous
hairs. St. spreading.—On rubbish and waste ground, scarcely a
native. B. VI. VI.

5. Ancuusa Linn. Alkanet.

tl. A. officinalis (L.); ¢. lanceolate hispid, spikes crowded
unilateral, bracts ovate-lanceolate, cal.-segm. bluntish hairy on
both sides, scales of cor. hairy.—E. B. 662.—F. deep purple.
Cal.-segm. narrow, longer than tube. St. 1—2 feet high, rough
with deflexed hairs.— Waste ground, rare. P. VI. VII. E

+2. A. sempervirens (L.); 1. ovate, lower 1. on long stalks,
peduncles axillary each bearing 2 dense spikes with an interme-
diate flower, cal.-segments hairy on the outside only, bracts mi-
nute lanceolate, scales of the cor. downy.—£. B. 45.—Fi. blue,
rather salver- than funnel-shaped. Cal.-segments narrow. St.
3—2 feet high, rough with spreading somewhat deflexed hairs.
—Waste ground near ruins, rare. P. V.—VIII.

6. Lycorsis Linn. Bugloss.

1. L. arvensis (L.); 1. lanceolate erose-dentate very hispid,

SYMPHYTUM.—-PULMONARIA. 229

cal. of fr. bellshaped erect.—E. B. 938.—F. small, blue. Whole
plant very hispid with strong hairs each rising from a scaly
tubercle.—Fields and hedges. A. VI. VII.

7. SympHytum Linn. Comfrey.

1. S. officinale (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate attenuated below,
stem-l, very decurrent lanceolate, st. winged in the upper part.—
E. B.8\7.—Height 1—2 feet. Racemes in pairs, drooping. Fl.
yellowish-white or purple. Cal.-segments somewhat spreading
and pubescence rougher in the purple-flowered variety, S. patens
Sibth.—Common in damp places. P. V. VI.

2. 8. tuberosum (L.); 1. ovate-oblong attenuated below, stem-|.
lanceolate, uppermost slightly decurrent, st. scarcely winged nearly
simple.— £. B. 1502.—F1. yellowish-white, whole plant smaller
and slenderer than the preceding. Anth. twice as long as their
filaments.—Damp woods and river banks, rare. P, VI. VII.

[S. asperrimum, S. tauricum, and S. orientale have been noticed
in England, but are not natives. ]

Tribe III. Lithospermee.

8. Ecutum Linn. Viper’s Bugloss.

1. E. vulgare (L.); tubercular-hispid, st. erect simple, |. lan-
ceolate 1-ribbed, stem-J. narrowed below sessile, fl. in short lateral
spikes, stam. exceeding the corolla.—£. B. 181.— Lower 1. at-
tenuated into a footstalk. FI. at first reddish, afterwards bright
blue.—Dry places. B. VI. VII.

(2. E. violaceum (L.); pilose-hispid, st. erect branched diffuse,
lower branches prostrate, radical 1. oblong-ovate stalked, stem-I.
oblong narrowed from u cordate half-clasping base with lateral
ribs, spikes panicled elongate simple, stam. scarcely exceeding
the corolla. — E. B. S. 2798. — Stam. very unequal, 1 short, 2
intermediate, and 2 longer. FI. violet-blue. Hairs from minute
tubercles. Root reddish.—Jersey. B. VI—IX.]

9. Putmonaria Linn. Lungwort.

1. P. officinalis (L.); 1. ovate roundish or cordate stalked,
upper 1. oblong sessile—E. B. 118.—Whole plant more or less
hispid. Fl. purple. L. often spotted.—Woods and thickets,
rare. P.V. E. 8.?

2. P. angustifolia (L.); 1. all lanceolate.—E. B. 1628.—More
pubescent than the last, 1. rarely spotted ; scarcely distinguish-
able as a species.—Woods in Hampshire. P. IV. V. E.

230 54. BORAGINACES.

10. Mertenstia Roth.

1. M. maritima (Don); st. procumbent branched, 1. ovate
acute rough with callous dots glabrous fleshy glaucous, nuts
smooth.— Lithospermum Sm., BE. B. 361. Stenhammaria Fr.—
FI. in racemes, purplish-blue. Protuberances in throat of cor.
yellow. L. tasting like Oysters. Nuts free, forming a pyramid,
exceeding the calyx. Pericarp membranous; seed smaller than
the cavity.—Northern sea-shores. P. V.—VIII.

11. LiraosreRMuM Linn. Gromwell.

1. L. officinale (L.); st. erect much branched, 1. lanceolate
acute veined hispid with bulbous adpressed bristles above hairy
beneath, throat of the cor. with a crown of scales, nuts smooth.
—E, B.134.—F. greenish-yellow. Nuts gray, highly polished,
stony, 2 or 3 ripening in each calyx. Root whitish.— Dry and
stony places, especially on limestone. P. VI—VIII. Gromwell.

2. L. purpureo-ceruleum (L.); barren st. prostrate creeping,
the others erect 2—3-fid above, |. lanceolate acute hispid, hairs
on the upper side adpressed bulbous, cor. much exceeding the
calyx, nuts smooth.—£. B. 117.—F'. large, bright blue. Nuts
*silvery-white, highly polished, slightly rugged,” rarely pro-
duced. This species and the following have no scales in the
throat of the cor., but merely 5 longitudinal downy folds, and
beloug to the genus Rhytispermum Link, Spenn.—Thickets on
a limestone soil, rare. P. V.—VII. E.

3. L. arvense (L.); st. erect branched, 1. lanceolate rather
acute hispid with adpressed bulbous hairs on both sides, cor.
rather exceeding the calyx, nuts tubercular.—E. B. 123.—F.
small, white. Nuts pale brown, polished, wrinkled, pitted, 3 or
4 perfected in each calyx. Root bright red, colouring paper.—
Corn-fields. A. V.—VII. Corn Gromwell.

12. Myosotis Linn. Scorpion-grass.

i. Persistentes. Cal. of fruit shorter than its stalk.

1. M. palustris (With.); fr.-cal. open with straight adpressed
bristles, teeth short triangular, cor.-limb flat longer than the
tube, lobes slightly emarginate, style about equalling cal., pubes-
cence of st. spreading.—E. B. 1973, St. 42. 2—L. bluntish, api-
culate. St. angular owing to the prominent decurrent lines from
the margins of the leaves. Clusters quite leafless. Cor. large,
bright blue with a yellow eye. Cal. divided about } down.—
8. M. strigulosa (R.); slenderer, more erect, pubescence of st.
adpressed, I. less blunt, cal.-teeth rather longer. St. 42.3. Base

MYOSOTIS. 231

of st. sometimes patently hairy. — Ditches and watery places.
P, VI—VII. 8. VI. Forget-me-not.

2. M. repens (Don); fr.-cal. open with straight adpressed
bristles, teeth narrow lanceolate acute, style falling short of cal.,
cor.-limb flat longer than the tube, lobes slightly emarginate,
pubescence of the st. spreading.—E. B. S. 2703. St. 42. 4.—L.
rather acute. St. slightly angular. Clusters usually slightly
leafy (1—4 leaves) below. Cor. pale blue. Cal. divided fully
half-way down.—Boggy places. P. VI.—VIII.

3. M. cespitosa (Schultz !); fr.-cal. open with straight ad-
pressed bristles, teeth narrow lanceolate bluntish, cor.-limb equal-
ling the tube,'lobes entire, style very short, nut not keeled, pubes-
cence of the st. adpressed.—E. B. S. 2661. St. 42. 7.—L. usually
obtuse or even emarginate. St. round, with a decurrent line
from the margin of the leaves. Clusters usually slightly leafy
below. Cor. smaller than in the preceding, bright blue, seg-
ments narrower and rounded at the end. Style about equalling
the cal.-tube.— Watery places. P,. VI—VIII.

4. M. alpestris (Schm.); cal. attenuated below deeply 5-cleft
open with fruit with straight and a few curved adpressed bristles,
pedicels ascending, cor,-limb exceeding the tube flat, style
equalling 3 cal., nut not keeled rounded at the end, root-l. on
long stalks pointed.—St. 42.8. not DC. M. rupincola Sm., E. B.
2559. M. suaveolens Bab.—L. oblong-lanceolate, stalks of the
lower ones slender. Fl. large, handsome, blue, sweetscented in
the evening.—Summits of the Breadalbane mountains. Mickle-
fell, Teesdale. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

5. M. sylvatica (Ehrh.); cal. rounded below deeply 5-cleft
closed with fruit, tube with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels
divergent, cor.-limb longer than tube flat, cor.-lobes emarginate,
style nearly equalling cal., nut keeled on one side upwards
bluntish, root-l. on short dilated stalks bluntish.—E. B.S. 2630.
St.42. 6.—L. oblong-lanceolate ; stalks of the oblong-ovate lower
]. dilated. Fi. large, handsome, blue. Cal. divided more than
half-way down.—Shady places, rare. P. V. VI.

6. M. arvensis (Hoffm.); cal. half 5-cleft closed with fruit,
tube with spreading hooked bristles, pedicels divergent, cor.-
limb equalling tube concave, cor.-lobes entire, style very short,
clusters stalked. E. B. S. 2629. St. 42.13. M. intermedia
Link, Reich., Koch.—L. oblong, acute ; lower 1. oblong-obovate,
obtuse. Fl. usually small.—A large-flowered (8. umbrosa) plant
found in shade is often taken for M. sylvatica.—Cultivated land
and thickets. A. VI.—VIII.

232 55. SOLANACER.

ii. Fugaces. Cal. of fruit not shorter than its stalk.

7. M. collina (Hoffm.); fr.-cal. open and ventricose as long
as the diverging pedicels, tube with spreading hooked bristles,
cor.-limb shorter than tube concave, style about equalling 3 cal.,
clusters stalked usually with 1 distant flower, hairs on the 1.
straight.—E. B. 2558. St. 42.11. a0. héspida Koch.— Usually
slender, erect ; or ceespitose with prostrate branches. L. oblong,
obtuse, lower obovate, with straight silky hairs on both sides.
Fl. small, blue-—[M. stricta Link, M. arvensis (R.) St. 42. 14.
has its fr.-cal. closed, very short pedicels, sessile clusters leafy
below. Probably a native of Britain.|—Dry banks. A. IV. V.

8. M. versicolor (Ebrh.); fr.-cal. closed and oblong longer
than the ascending pedicels, tube with spreading hooked bristles,
cor.-limb shorter than tube concave, style equalling cal., clusters
stalked.—E. B. 480. (left fig.) St. 42. 12.—L. narrow, oblong,
acutish ; upper ones frequently opposite. Fl. small, at first pale
yellow, afterwards blue.—On plants inhabiting damp places the
fl. are at first white and the cal. is “less deeply divided.”— Mea-
dows and banks. A. V. VI.

Order LV. SOLANACE.

Cal. inferior, 5- rarely 4-parted, persistent. Cor. hypogynous,
regular or slightly irregular, 5-cleft, deciduous, plicate in astiva-
tion; sstivation of lobes imbricate or imbricate-plicate (m Sola-
num valvate). Stam. 4—5, inserted on the cor., alternate with
the lobes. Ovary 1—2- or 4-celled. Stigma simple, rarely
lobed. Pericarp 1—2- or 4-celled. Seeds many. Embryo
usually curved, in fleshy albumen, often not in the axis.—Figures
of the genera are in G. F. G. Gam. i.

Tribe I. SOLANE. Cor. rotate, lobes nearly regular and
equal with a valvate estivation. Anth. opening by pores.

1. SoLtanum. Cor.-limb 5-cleft, reflered. Anth. erect, con-
nivent. Berry roundish with 2 or more cells.

Tr. Il. ATROPEAS. Cor. tubular; tube plicate in bud; lobes
slightly unequal with an imbricate estivation. Anth. open-
ing longitudinally at the margin.

2. Arropa. Cor. bellshaped with 5 equal lobes. Stam. di-
stant above. Berry globose, 2-celled.

3. Hyoscyamus. Cor. funnelshaped with a short tube and
5 unequal obtuse lobes. Stigma capitate. Caps. 2-celled,
ventricose below, furrowed, opening transversely by a con-
vex lid.

SOLANUM.—HYOSCYAMUS. 233

4. Datura. Cor. fupnelshaped, angular, 5-lobed. Cal. de-
ciduous. Stigma2-lobed. Caps.4-valved, with 2 partially
bipartite cells.

Tribe I. Solanee.
1. Soranum Linn. Nightshade.

1, S. nigrum (L.); st. herbaceous with tubercled angles, |. ovate
bluntly dentate or wavy, fl. drooping, hairs incurved upwards.—
E. B. 556. St. 1.4.—Umbel from the intermediate spaces be-
tween the leaves. L. attenuated below. Fr.-stalks thickened
upwards. Berries globular, black, or rarely green, when ripe.
St. a foot or more high.—[8. S. miniatum (Bernh.); angles of
the st. with prominent tubercles, 1. sinuate-dentate. Closaly
allied to this species, but differs by its more deeply toothed 1.
which are less attenuated below, its patent pubescence and red
berries, and is probably distinct.]|—Waste ground. [8. Jersey.]
A. VIL—X. Black Nightshade.

2. S. Duleamara (L.); st. shrubby zigzag, 1. cordate-ovate,
upper 1. auriculate-hastate, fl. drooping. —E. B. 565. St. 18. 3.—
Corymb opposite to leaves. Fl. purple with 2 green spots at the
base of each segment. Berries ovate, red. St. climbing to the
height of 12—14 feet, nearly round, almost glabrous throughout.
—f£. tomentosum (Koch); st. and 1. downy with patent hairs.—
y. marinum; branches of the present year and |. fleshy and
usually clothed with hairs incurved upwards, st. angular prostrate
diffuse much branched, 1. all (?) cordate not hastate. S. lignosum
seu Duleamara marina Ray 265.—a. and 8. Woods and hedges,
common. y. Pebbly sea-beach. Sh. VI. VII. Bitter-sweet.

Tribe II. Atropee.

2. Arropa Linn. Deadly Nightshade. Dwale.

1. A. Belladonna (L.); st. herbaceous, 1. broadly ovate entire,
fl. solitary axillary on short stalks —E. B. 592. St. 3. 5.—St. 3
ft. high. Fl. lurid, purple, drooping. Berry violet-black, highly
poisonous.— Waste places, rare. P. VI.—VIII.

3. Hyoscyamus Linn. Henbane.

1. H. niger (L.); 1. oblong pinnatifid or smuate sessile and
subamplexicaul, lower 1. stalked, fl. nearly sessile axillary uni-
lateral.—E. B. 591. St. 3. 4.—Fi. lurid yellow, with dark veins,
drooping. Fr. erect. Whole herbage downy, glandular, viscid, .

234 56. OROBANCHACES.

fetid —8. pallidus (Koch); fl. without dark veins.—Waste
places, preferring a calcareous soil. 8. Esher, Surrey. ‘Mr. H.C.
Watson. A. or B. V.—VII.

4. Datura Linn. Thorn-apple.

+1. D. Stramonium (L.); 1. ovate unequally sinuate-dentate
glabrous, eaps. erect spinose.—E. B. 549.—F |. white, large, erect.
Fy. densely spinose. Caps. with 4 dissepiments below, but only
2 at the top.— Waste ground, rare. A. VI. VII. E.

Order LVI. OROBANCHACEA.

Cal. variously divided, persistent Cor. irregular, usually 2-
lipped, persistent, imbricate in estivation. Stam. on the cor., 4,
didynamous. Anth. 2-celled; cells distinct, parallel. Ovary in
a fleshy disk, 1-celled, with 2 or more parietal placentas. Stigma
2-lobed. Fr. capsular, 2-valved, many-seeded.

1. OroBANcHE. Cal. 4-cleft or of 2 usually bifid sepals. Cor.
ringent, 4—5-cleft, deciduous, its base persistent. Bracts
1—3.—G. F. G. Gam. 1. 49, 50.

2. Larurma. Cor. 2-lipped, the upper lip galeate, deciduous,
entire. Otherwise like Orobanche.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 51.

1. OroBancue Linn. Broom-rape.

* Sepals 2, entire or bifid, separate or connected below in front.
Bract 1. Valves of caps. adhering at both ends.

1. O. Rapum (Thuill.); sep. 2-veined equally bifid nearly
equalling the cor.-tube, cor. bellshaped ventricose at the base in
front arcuate, lips wavy obsoletely denticulated (not fringed),
upper lip helmetshaped scarcely emarginate, sides patent, middle
lobe of lower lip much longer than lateral lobes, stam. inserted
at the base of the cor. glabrous below, their upper part and the
style glandular-pubescent. — HE. B. 421. R. I. f. 900 and 923,
O. major (L.) Sm., but Fries states that that syn. belongs to O.
elatior.— Stigma distantly bilobed, yellow. Anth. white when
dry. For a full description from fresh specimens see Leight.
Fi. Shrop. 302.— Parasitical upon Broom, Furze and other
shrubby leguminous plants. P. V.—VII.

2. O. rubra (Sm.); sep. 1-veined lanceolate subulate-attenu-
ated exceeding the cor.-tube undivided, cor. bellshaped arcuate
glandular-pubescent externally and the upper lip internally, lips
acutely denticulate and, crisped, upper lip emarginate, sides
patent, lobes of lower lip nearly equal intermediate lobe rather

OROBANCHE. 235

longer, stam. inserted near to the base of the corolla slightly
pilose within below, their apex and the upper part of the style
slightly glandular-pilose—H. B. 1786 (bad). R. I. f. 885. Pro-
bably O. epithymum DC., Koch, Fries (Mant. iii. 59), but there
are some discrepancies in the descriptions Stigma approwi-
mately 2-lobed, pale red. Anth. fuscous when dry. Sep. with
a second faint vein near their anterior margin and, in the dry
plant, there is the appearance of several more. L. few. Sweet-
scented.—Description drawn from fresh Cornish specimens.—
Parasitical upon Thymus Serpyllum. P. VI.—VIIL.

3. O. caryophyllacea (Sm.); sep. many-veined lanceolate
equally bifid falling short of the cor.-tube distinct or combined
in front, cor. tubular-bellshaped curved on the back, lips spread-
ing, upper one 2-lobed, lobes porrect, lobes of lower lip nearly
equal rounded wavy, stam. inserted above the base of the cor.
hairy within below, above together with the style glandular-
pilose.—E. B. S. 2639. O. Galit Duby, Koch.—Stigma pur-
plish-black, approximately lobed. Anth. fuscous, yellow when
dry. Sep. with crisped glandular hairs externally, each lobe with
1 strong vein and several slender ones. Cor. similarly hairy on
both sides.—Described from fresh Kentish specimens.—-On
Galium Mollugo in Kent. P. VI. VII.

4. O. elatior (Sutt.) ; sep. many-veined equally bifid equalling
the cor.-tube connected in front, cor. curved tubular slightly
compressed above, upper lip 2-lobed toothed, lobes inflexed, lobes
of lower lip 3 nearly equal acute toothed, stam. inserted above
the base of the cor. glandular-hairy in the lower half within.—
E. B. 568. O. major (L.) Fries.—Stigma bilobed, yellow. Upper
lip of the cor. usually with an elevated point between the lobes.
Cor. glandular externally. Stam. sometimes slightly hairy
above. Anth. whitish when dry. Stem 2—3 feet high.—Para-
sitical upon Centaurea Scabiosa, rare. P.? VI. VII.

5. O. Picridis (F. W. Schultz); sep. 1—3-veined entire or
toothed in front below gradually narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate
points, cor. tubular-bellshaped its back nearly straight and com-
pressed slightly curved at each end, lips denticulate wavy upper
not notched its sides porrect, stam. inserted below the middle of
the cor.-tube hairy in their lower half within, style glandular be-
low in front and above throughout, stigma bilobed.—E. B. S.
2956.—Lobes of the stigma just touching, purple. Anth. fus-
cous, pale purple or yellowish.—Parasitical upon Pieris. Com-
berton, Camb. Tenby, Pemb. Isle of Wight. P.? VII. E.

6. O. Hedere (Duby); sep. 1-veined ovate below suddenly
narrowed into | or 2 subulate points about equalling the cor.-
tube, cor. tubular arcuate, lips denticulate wavy, upper one

236 56. OROBANCHACE.

bilobed porrect (straight when dry), lobes of lower hp nearly
equal the middle one longest, stam. inserted below the middle of
the cor.-tube glabrous with a few scattered hairs on their lower
part posterior pair distant below, style glabrous with a few hairs
on the upper part, stigma scarcely bilobed.—9. barbata R.,
Bab., E. B. S. 2859, not Poir—Lobes of the stigma attached
together by at least 4 of their circumference, yellow. Anth.
fuscous, rather paler when dry. St. purplish.—Parasitical upon
Ivy. P. VI. VII. g

7. O. minor (Sutt.); sep. many-veined ovate below suddenly
narrowed into | or 2 subulate points equalling or exceeding the
cor.-tube, cor. tubular arcuate, lips obtusely denticulate wavy,
upper lip bilobed porrect (inflexed when dry), lobes of lower lip
nearly equal, stam. inserted below the middle of the cor.-tube
glabrous with a few scattered hairs below posterior pair near
together and parallel, style glabrous with a line of distant hairs
on its anterior side, stigma bilobed.— E. B. 422.— Stigma approxi-
mately lobed, lobes only just touching at one point, purple.
Anth. yellow when dry.—Parasitical chiefly upon Trifolium pra-
tense. A.? VI. VII.

8. O. amethystea (Thuill.); sep. many-veined ovate below
suddenly narrowed into 1 or 2 subulate points, cor. tubular its
back curved immediately from the base otherwise straight, lips
unequally acutely denticulate wavy, upper lip hooded porrect
notched, lobes of lower lip unequal middle one larger, stam. in-
serted in the curvature of the cor. glabrous with many hairs at
the base within, stigma bilobed.— Atl. Fl. Par. t. 19. E. O. Eryn-
gti Duby.— Lobes of stig. “ divaricate, purple.” (Phytol. ii. 239.)
—* Parasitical upon Daucus maritimus.” Whitsand Bay, Corn-
wall, A.? VI. Vil. E

** Sepals 4 or 5, connected below. Bracts 3. Valves of capsule
separating at the top. PueLipaa Desf.

(9. O. arenaria (Bork.); cal. of 5 sep. tubular with trian-
gular-subulate teeth falling short of the cor.-tube, cor. tubular
slightly curved in front, middle of the tube compressed on the
back, throat slightly inflated externally glandular, lobes of lips
blunt with reflexed edges, lower lip hairy within, suture of anth.
hairy —Atl. Fl. Par. t. 19. L.—Stigma scarcely 2-lobed; style
pale yellow (?), glandular. Filaments glabrous with a few hairs
at their base. Lateral bracts linear-subulate, intermediate lan-
ceolate attenuated above. St., scales, and cal. glandular-pubes-
cent.—Parasitical upon Achillea Millefolium ? Channel Islands.
P. VIL. VIII.)

10. O. c@rulea (Vill.); cal. of 5 sep. tubular with lanceolate

57. SCROPHULARIACES. 237

acute teeth falling short of the cor.-tube, cor. tubular curved in
front, middle of tube compressed, lobes of lips acute with reflexed
edges, lower lip hairy within, anth. glabrous—E., B. 423, Atl.
Fil. Par. t. 19. K.—Stig. scarcely 2-lobed, white. St., scales,
bracts, cal., and cor. glandular-pubescent.—Grassy pastures.
Herts. Norf. Isle of Wight. Chepstow. P. VI. VII. E.

[O. ramosa (L.); cal. of 4 sep. tubular with triangular ovate
acuminate teeth, anth. glabrous, st. usually branched.—E. B.
184.—I have not seen living specimens.—Parasitical upon Hemp.
Very rare. A. VIII. IX.]

2. Lataraa Linn. Toothwort.

1. L. squamaria (L.); st. simple, fl. pendulous secund, lower
lip of the cor. 3-cleft.—E. B. 50. G. EB. Smith 8. Kent, t. 3.—
Bracts ovate or lanceolate. Style straight or curved. Upper lip
nearly entire, or bifid—Woods and thickets, parasitical upon
Hazels, &e. P.IV. V.

Order LVII. SCROPHULARIACEA.

Cal. 4—5-cleft, persistent. Cor. irregular or 2-lipped or per-
sonate, deciduous, imbricate in ezestivation. Stam. on the cor.,
usually 4, didynamous or 2 or 5. Ovary free, 2-celled. Style
simple; stigma 2-lobed. Fr. capsular, 2-celled; placentas at-
tached to the dissepiment or ultimately central. Embryo straight,
in axis of fleshy albumen.—Fig. of all the genera except Mimulus
and 11 and 13 are in G. F. G. Gam. i.

* Stamens 5.

1. Verpascum. Cal. of 5 sepals. Cor. rotate; segments
unequal, spreading. Stam. unequal, 2 or more hairy at the
base.

** Stamens 4, didynamous.

2. Dierrauts. Cal. in 5 deep segments. Cor. bellshaped,
oblique, 4—5-fid.

3. ANTIRRHINUM. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate, gibbous
at the base (no distinct spur) ; lower lip 3-fid with a promi-
nent palate closing the mouth. Caps. opening by 2 or 3
pores at the top, 2-celled.

4. Linaria. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. personate, spurred; lower

lip 3-fid, with a prominent palate closmg the mouth. Caps.
with valves or teeth at the top, 2-celled.

5. ScropHuLaria. Cal. 5-lobed (in S.vernalis 5-cleft). Cor.

238 57. SCROPHULARIACEE.

globose ; limb minute, of 2 short lips, upper 2-lobed, lower
3-lobed. Often the rudiment of a fifth stamen. Caps.
opening by 2 valves with their margins inflexed, 2-celled.

6. Limoszuia. Cal. 5-cleft. Cor. 5-fid, bellshaped, equal.
Caps. globose, 2-valved, 1-celled ; placenta central, free or
connected with a short dissepiment below.

7. Mevampyrum. Cal. tubular, 4-toothed. Cor. ringent;
upper lip compressed laterally with reflexed margins ; lower
furrowed, 3-fid. Caps. oblong, obliquely acuminate, com-
pressed. Seeds 1—2 in each cell, smooth.

[Mrmuuus. Cal. prismatical, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent ; upper
lip folded back at the sides. Seeds many.]

8. Pepicunaris. Cal. inflated, 5-toothed. Cor. ringent ;
upper lip compressed laterally ; lower plane, 3-lobed. Caps.
compressed, acute. Seeds many, angular.

9. Ruinantuus. Cal. inflated, 4-toothed. Cor. ringent;
upper lip compressed laterally ; lower plane, 3-lobed. Caps.
compressed, obtuse. Seeds many, compressed, with an or-
bicular margin.—Alecterolophus (Hall.).

10. Barrsia. Cal. bellshaped, 4-fid. Cor. tubular, ringent.
Caps. pointed ; cells many-seeded. Seeds compressed at the
hilum and with winged ribs at the back (large).

11. Eurracia. Cal. tubular, 4-cleft. Cor. tubular, 2-lipped.
Caps. pointed; cells many-seeded. Seeds slightly angular,
very muvute, crenate-ribbed ; hilum basal.

12. Eupurasia. Cal. tubular or bellshaped,4-fid or 4-toothed.
Cor. tubular, 2-lipped. Caps. obtuse or emarginate ; cells
many-seeded. Seeds rather angular, longitudinally ribbed ;
hilum subapical.

13. SrstHorpra. Cal. in 5 deep spreading segments. Cor.

rotate, irregularly 5-cleft. Caps. compressed, orbicular,
2-seeded, 2-valved.

*K* Stamens 2.

14. Veronica. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. rotate, unequally
4-lobed, lower lobe the smallest. Caps. compressed, 2-
celled.

1. Verspascum Linn. Mullein.

* Leaves strongly decurrent.

1. V. Thapsus (L.?); 1. ovate-oblong crenate densely woolly
on both sides all decurrent, st. simple, spike dense, pedicels

VERBASCUM. . 239

shorter than the calyx, cor. rotate, segments oblong obtuse,
filaments woolly 2 longer nearly glabrous, anth. all nearly equal.
—E. B.549. V. Schraderi Koch.—St. 4—5 feet high. Fl. about
twice as long as the calyx. Filaments with white wool, the 2
glabrous ones about 4 times as long as their slightly decurrent
anthers.—Waste ground. B. VII. VIII. Great Mullein.

(2. V. thapsiforme (Schr.); “1. decurrent crenulate woolly,
upper ones acuminate, racemes spiked, segments of the cor. un-
equal obovate, 2 of the anth. oblong.” Fries.—Fl. much larger
than those of V. Thapsus, about 4 times as long as the calyx.
“The 2 glabrous filaments scarcely twice as long as their greatly
decurrent anthers.”’ Koch.—Kent. Hudson. B. VII. VIII.] E.

** Leaves not decurrent, flowers in clusters.
+ Flowers yellow or whitish ; hairs on the filaments white.

3. V. Lychnitis (L.); 1. crenate nearly glabrous above woolly
and powdery beneath, lower 1. elliptic-oblong wedgeshaped below
scarcely stalked, upper 1. sessile ovate-acuminate with a rounded
base, st. angular panicled above with ascending branches, stam.
equal, filaments all with white hairs.—E. B. 58.—Fl. on short
stalks, small, many, cream-coloured or rarely white.—Road-
sides and waste places. B. VI—VIII. White Mullein. E.

4. V. pulverulentum (Vill.); 2. obscurely crenate clothed with
mealy deciduous wool on both sides, lower 1. oblong-elliptical at-
tenuated into a stalk, upper |. sessile acuminate, st. terete pani-
cled above with patent branches, stam. nearly equal scarlet with
white hairs. — E. B. 487. — FI. on very short stalks, which, as
well as the calyx, are densely covered with wool, bright yellow.
Cal.-teeth often glabrous.—It is now believed that V. floccosum
is the same plant as V. pulverulentum.—Roadsides in Norfolk
and Suffolk. Den of Cullen, Scotland. B. VII. Hoary Mul-
lein. E.S.

+t Flowers yellow; hairs on the filaments purple.

5. V. nigrum (L.); 1. doubly crenate nearly glabrous above
subpubescent beneath, lower l. cordate or ovate-oblong with long
stalks, upper 1. cordate-ovate nearly sessile, st. angular, raceme
elongated, pedicels twice as long as the calyx, stam. equal with
purple hairs —E. B. 59.—F. in clusters on a nearly simple long
spike, small, bright yellow.—8. tomentosum (Bab.) ;_ 1. subpubes-
cent above woolly beneath, fl. smaller.—y. nigro-lychnitis ; lower
1. ovate-oblong or lanceolate attenuated mto a stalk subpubescent
above downy beneath.—Banks and way-sides. 8. Alderney.
y. Sussex. P. VII. VIIL Dark Mullein. E. 8.

240 57. SCROPHULARIACEE.

*«& Leaves all decurrent ; flowers solitary or in pairs.

6. V. Blattaria (L.); 1. crenate glabrous, lower 1. ovate-oblong
obtuse sinuate at the base attenuated, upper lL. oblong or sub-
cordate semiamplexicaul, pedicels solitary nearly twice as long
as the bract, stam. and anth. unequal. B. 393.—Panicle
glandular pilose. Fl. yellow. Filaments with purple hairs, the
2 longer hairy only on the inside.—On gravelly banks, rare. B.
VII. Moth Mullein. E.

7. V. virgatum (With.); 1. doubly serrate slightly glandular-
hairy, lower 1. oblong-lanceolate sublyrate lobate-crenate-serrate
the base attenuated, upper |. oblong acuminate semiamplexicaul,
pedicels 1—5 together shorter than the bracts, stam. nearly equal.
—E. B. 550.—Panicle glandular-pilose. Fl. yellow. Filaments
with purple hairs, 2 rather longer and hairy only within.—On
gravelly banks, rare. B. VIII. E. I.

2. Dierraris Linn. Foxglove.

1. D. purpurea (L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate crenate downy be-
neath, lower 1. attenuated into footstalks, sep. ovate-oblong acute
3-veined downy, cor. obtuse glabrous externally, upper lip
scarcely cloven, segments of the lower lip ovate rounded.—E. B.
1297. St. 11.—L. often crenate-dentate or -serrate. Fl. some-
times white or flesh-coloured. St. 3—4 feet high —Hedge-banks
and woods. P. VI.—VIII.

3. ANTIRRHINUM Linn. Snapdragon.

*1. A. majus (L.); 1. lanceolate opposite or alternate glabrous,
fl. racemose, sep. ovate obtuse much shorter than the cor., upper
lip bifid —H. B. 129.—Height 1—2 feet. Cor. 14 in. long,
purplish-red or white.—Old walls and calcareous cliffs. P. VI.
—IX. Great Snapdragon.

2. A. Orontium (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate opposite or alternate,
fl. loosely spiked distant, sep. linear longer than the corolla.—
E. B. 1155, St. 27—~About a foot high. Fl. purple—D
sandy and gravelly fields. A. VII. VIII. E. I.

4. Linaria Mill. Toadflax.

*1, L. Cymbalaria (Mill.); 1. roundish-heartshaped 5-lobed
glabrous, st. procumbent.—Antirrhinum Sm., E. B. 502. St. 70.
10.—Stems slender, rooting. Fi. solitary, axillary, upon long
stalks, pale blue.—Old walls. P.V.—X. Ivy-leaved Toadflaz.

2. L. Elatine (Mill.); 2. ovate-hastate, lower 1. ovate, spur

LINARIA. 241

straight, peduncles glabrous, st. procumbent.— Antirrhinum Sm.,
E. B. 692. St. 70. 11.—F. solitary, axillary, upon long slender
stalks, small, vellow, with the upper lip purple.—Gravelly and
chalky corn-fields. A. VIT.—IX. E. I.

3. L. spuria (Mill.); 2. rowndish-ovate, spur curved upwards,
peduncles hairy, st. procumbent.—Antirrh. Sm., E. B. 691. St.
70. 12.—Fl. similar to the last but larger. L. with here and
there a small tooth.—In this species and the two preceding
some of the fl. are often regular with 5 spurs or partially so with
2, 3, or 4.—Gravelly and sandy corn-fields. A. VIJ.—IX. E.

4. L. minor (Desf.); 1. linear-lanceolate obtuse-glandular-
pubescent mostly alternate, fl. solitary axillary, peduncles 3 times
as long as the calyx, segments of the upper lip diverging, seeds
oblong sulcate.—Antirrhinum Sm., E. B. 2014. St. 70. 15.—
Fl. small; the tube, upper lip, and spur of the cor. purplish;
lower lip yellowish. St. erect, 4—10 in. high, branched, glan-
dular-pubescent.—Sandy and gravelly fields. A. VI.—VIII.

[5. L. Pelisseriana (Mill.); glabrous, |. linear, the lower ternate
or quaternate upper alternate, sterile branches radical prostrate
with ternate lanceolate or ovate 1., fl. racemose, peduncles as long
as the bracts, sepals linear acute twice as long as the capsule,
seeds discoidal with a fimbriated wing smooth externally tuber-
cular within —£. B. S$, 2832.—F'l. purple with darker vems. St.
one or more from each root, erect, about a foot high. Caps.
bilobed.—Jersey. A. VI.]

*6. L. supina (Desf.); glabrous, rachis ped. and sep. glan-
dular-hairy, |. linear blunt mostly whorled, sep. linear-spathulate
shorter than the caps. or spur, seeds smooth discoidal with an
orbicular striated margin.—L. maritima DC. Icon, Gall. 12.—
Fl. capitate-racemose, yellow; throat and spur with slender purple
lines. Style entire—Catdown Quarries, Plymouth ; and Poole,
Dorset ; a ballast plant. Perhaps a native at Hayle, and St.
Blazey’s Bay, Cornwall. A. VII. VIII. E.

[L. purpurea (Mill.); glabrous, 1. linear-lanceolate scattered,
lower 1. irregularly in fours, fl. narrowly racemose, sep. linear
shorter than the caps. and long incurved spur, seeds angular
with a network of elevated lines.—Fl. purple or yellow with the
lips purple ; spur two or three times longer than the ped. which
is usually shorter than the bract. St. erect, leafy.—Old walls :
an escape from gardens. P. VII. VIII.) E.

7. L. repens (Ait.); glabrous, 1. linear scattered or partly
whorled, fl. racemose, sep. lanceolate as long as the spur but
shorter than the caps., seeds angular with transverse elevated lines.
—E. B. 1253. L. striata DC., Koch, R. I. t.423.—F1. white with

M

242 37. SCROPHULARIACES.

blue veins. St. erect, branched, leafy, 1—14 foot high, slender.
Seeds much smaller than those of L. vulgaris. L. italica and
L. sepium may be hybrids between this and L. vulgaris —Cal-
careous soils, particularly near the sea, rare. P. VII.—IX.

8. L. vulgaris (Mill.); glabrous, rachis and peduncles glan-
dular-hairy, 1. linear-lanceolate scattered crowded, fl. racemose
imbricated, sep. ovate acute glabrous shorter than the caps. or
spur, seeds tubercular-scabrous with a smooth orbicular margin.
—F. B. 658. St. 18. 13.—Fl. large, yellow, rarely milk-white
with an orange palate. St. erect, 2 feet high, as well as the 1.
glabrous. Common and partial flower-stalks occasionally gla-
brous.—The var. Pelorta with 5 spurs and an equal and regular
cor. is rarely found. E. B. 260.—8. latifolia (Bromf.)}; 1. nar-
rowly lanceolate, fl.-1. often lanceolate very glaucous, fl. twice as
large in a few-fl. lax raceme, ped. glabrous, spur directed per-
pendicularly downwards. L. speciosa Ten.?—Hedges on a
gravelly soil. 8. Isle of Wight. P. VI. VII. Yellow Toadflaz.

5. ScRoPHULARIA Linn. Figwort.

* Cal. of 5 rounded lobes. Cor. purplish ; upper lip with a scale
on its inner side (staminode).

1. S. nodosa (L.); 2. ovate acute subcordate glabrous doubly
and acutely serrate, lower serratures largest, st. acutely 4-angu-
lar, cymes lax, sep. roundish-ovate with a narrow membranous
margin, staminode transversely oblong slightly emarginate.—
E. B. 1544. St, 23. 14.—Root tuberous, thick, knotty. St.2—3
feet high. Bracts small, lanceolate, acute. Fl. greenish-purple,
lurid, sometimes milk-white. Caps. ovate.—Moist hedges and
thickets. P. VI. VII. Knotted Figwort.

2. 8. Ehrharti (C. A. Stev.); 1. ovate-lanceolate acute sub-
cordate glabrous sharply serrate, lower serratures smaller, st. and
petioles winged, cymes law few (4—8)-flowered, sep. roundish
with a broad membranous margin, staminode bifid with diverging
lobes.—E. B. 8.2875. S. aquatica St. 23. 15.—St. tall. Bracts
leaflike, lanceolate, acute. Fl. dark purple. Caps. subglobose,
obtuse.—Wet places. P. VIII. IX. E. §.

3. 5. aquatica (L.!); 1. cordate-oblong rounded-obtuse gla-
brous erenate-serrate, st. and petioles winged, cymes dense corym-
bose many (8—15)-flowered, sep. roundish obtuse with a broad
membranous margin, staminode roundish-reniform entire.—E. B.
854. S. Balbisin Horn., Koch.—St. 2—5 feet high. Bracts
linear, obtuse. Fi. dark purple, occasionally milk-white. Caps.
ovate, pointed.—IJn wet places. P. VII. VIII.

4. 8. Scoredonia (L.) ; J. cordate-triangular with large double

LIMOSELLA.—MELAMPYRUM. 243

teeth downy on both sides, st. bluntly quadrangular downy, cymes
lax few-flowered, sep. roundish downy with a membranous mar-
gin, staminode roundish entire.—F. B. 2209.—St. 2—3 feet high.
L. wrinkled. Bracts leaflike, lower exactly like the leaves. Fl.
purple. Caps. ovate, acute.—In moist places. West of Corn-
wall. Tralee, Kerry. Jersey. P. VII. E. I.

** Cal. of 5 deep acute segments. Cor. yellow ; no staminode.

(5. 8. vernalis (L.); 1. downy cordate-acute doubly serrate, st.
winged hairy, cymes aaillary corymbose with leaflike bracts, sep.
oblong with a recurved apex.—H. B. 567. St. 23. 16.—St. about
2 feet high. Fl. yellow, inflated; the mouth much contracted.
Caps. ovate, acute. Differing greatly from the other species and
allied in appearance to some of the Calceolarie.— Waste places,
rare. P. IV. V. E. S.

6. Limoseiua Linn. Mudwort.

1. L. aquatica (L.); 1. lanceolate spathulate on long stalks,
ped. axillary crowded shorter than the petioles.—E. B. 357. St.
30. 15.—St. 0, except the naked stoles. Fl. small, white, or
rose-coloured. Caps. minute, ovate.— Muddy places where water
has stagnated. A. VIIL—IX. E

7. Mevampyrum Linn. Cow-wheat.

1. M. ecristatum (L.); spikes densely imbricated 4-sided, bracts
heartshaped acuminate pectinate-dentate lower ones with a long
leaflike recurved point.—£. B. 41.—Bracts rose-coloured at the
base. FI. yellow, tinged with purple. L. linear-lanceolate, acute,
entire, with netted veins beneath. Woods and thickets in the
eastern counties. A. VII. Crested Cow-wheat. E.

2. M. arvense (L.) ; spikes lax conical, bracts ovate-lanceolate-
attenuate pinnatifid with subulate segments and with a few large
glandular points beneath, cal. hispid equalling the cor.-tube with
elongate-lanceolate-attenuate teeth from an ovate base, cor.
closed.—E. B. 53 (bad).—Bracts purple-rose-colour. Fl. varie-
gated with yellow, rose-colour, and purple. L. linear-lanceolate,
acute, rough-edged, slightly downy on both sides, entire.—Corn-
fields and dry banks in the eastern counties and the Isle of
Wight. A. VII. Purple Cow-wheat. E.

3. M. pratense (L.); fl. axillary secund in distant pairs, upper
bracts lanceolate with 1 or 2 teeth at the base, cor. 4 times as
long as the glabrous calyx closed, lower lip protruded.—E. B. 113.
—tTeeth and tube of the cal. about equal in length. L. lanceo-
late, or ovate-lanceolate, or with a cordate base, entire, varying
greatly in size. Fi. large, pale yellow.—f. ericetorum le Ohiv.);

M

244 57. SCROPHULARIACEER.

hispid, 1. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, bracts toothed, fl. ap-
proximate, cor.-tube whitish (Phytol. iv. 678).—y. M. montanum
(Johnst.); smaller in all its parts, bracts quite entire, 1. linear-
lanceolate hispid, the 2 lowest obovate-lanceolate blunt.— Woods
and thickets. 8. West of Ireland. y. Mountains. A. VI.—
VIII.

4. M. sylvaticum (L.); fl. axillary secund in distant pairs,
bracts all entire linear-lanceolate, cor. about twice as long as the
glabrous calyx open, lips equal in length. #. B. 804.—Teeth of
the cal. longer than the tube. L. linear-lanceolate, entire. Fi.
very small, deep yellow.—Alpine woods. A. VII.

[Mimulus luteus (Willd.) ; 1. roundish ovate veined, lower ones
stalked, uppermost clasping, st. creeping; fl. yellow; a native
of America, is naturalized in many boggy places. P. VI—IX.]

8. PepicuLaris Zinn. Louse-wort.

1. P. palustris (L.); st. solitary erect branched throughout,
1. pinnatifid, segments oblong blunt lobed, cal. ovate pubescent
2-lobed, lobes incise-dentate crisped.— E. B. 399.— Upper lip of
the cor. with a short truncate beak with a triangular tooth on
each side. Fl. large, crimson. St. 12—18 in. high, angular,
with alternate branches. Crown of the root with a whorl of
ovate-acute scales—Marshy and boggy places. A.? V.—VII.
Red Ratile.

2. P. sylvatica (L.); st. branched at the base erect, branches
long spreading prostrate, 1. pmnatifid, segments ovate lobed, cal.
oblong glabrous irregularly 5-lobed, upper lobe lanceolate, other
lobes with 3 leaflike divisions.—E. B. 400, St. 13. 14.—Upper
lip of the cor. as in the last. FI. large, rose-colour. Summit of
the ped. with a loose membranous cuticle inclosing the base of
the calyx. Primary st. erect, often very short ; branches pro-
strate. Crown of the root with a whorl of ovate-lanceolate cre-
nate undivided reflexed leaves— Wet heathy and rather hilly
pastures. A. ? V.—VIII.

9. Rurnantuus Linn. Yellow Rattle.

1. R. Crista-galli (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate serrate, fl. in lax
spikes, cal. glabrous, lobes of the upper lip of the cor. short
roundish, bracts ovate incise-serrate, seeds with a membranous
border.— EE. B. 657. R. I.! f. 974.—Lateral lobes of the upper
lip. of the cor. very blunt, shorter than broad, bluish. Bracts
green throughout, nectary ovate. St. 1—2 feet high —Meadows
and pastures. A. VI.

2. R. major (Ehrh.); 1. linear-lanceolate serrate, fl. in crowded

BARTSIA.—EUPHRASIA. 245

spikes, cal. glabrous, lobes of the upper lip of the cor. oblong,
bracts with an attenuate point incise-serrate.—Cal. often slightly
downy on its edges. Lateral lobes of the upper lip of the cor.
longer than broad, purple; the central part truncate. Anth.
very villose. Bracts yellowish with green points.—Mr. Bentham
calls this R. angustifolia (Gm.), and applies the name of R. major
(Ehrh.) to the foreign R. hirsutus(Lam.). The latter plant has
never been found in Britain—a. platypterus (Fries); seed not
twice as broad as its wing. R. major Koch. R. I. f.975.—8. ste-
nopterus (Fries) ; seed quite twice as broad as its wing. R. major
E. B. 8. 2737.—y. apterus (Fries); seed not winged but rounded
and longitudinally ribbed or furrowed on the back. R. Reichen-
bachit Drej.—Cultivated land. a. Hastings. 8. North of Eng-
land and Scotland. y. Forfarshire. A. VII. VIII. E. 5.

10. Barrsia Linn.

1. B. alpina (L.); 1. opposite ovate slightly clasping bluntly
serrate. — E. B. 361. St. 17. 15.—St. square, 4—8 im. high,
simple. Root creeping. Fl. forming a short dense leafy spike,
purplish-blue, downy. Cal. purplish, viscid. Anth. hairy.—
Alpine pastures, rare. P. VI. VII.

ll. EurraGia Grised.

1. E. viscosa (Benth.); 1. opposite, upper 1. alternate ovate-
lanceolate sessile acutely-serrate.—E. B. 1045. Bartsia Sm.—L.
sometimes linear-lanceolate. St. round, 3—12 in. high, simple.
Root fibrous. Fi. distant, axillary, upper ones crowded, yellow.
Anth. hairy. St., 1., and cal. viscid—Damp places in the west
of England, south-west of S., and south of f. A. VIIT.—IX.

12. Evrnrassa Linn. Eye-bright.
i. Euphrasia. Anthers unequally mucronate.

1. E. officinals (L.); 1. ovate or oblong-lanceolate nearly sessile
serrate (3—5 teeth on each side), lobes of the lower cor.-hp
emarginate, of the upper lip patent sinuate-dentate, anth. hairy.
—E. B. 1416.—St. 1—8 in. high. Fl. axillary, solitary, sessile,
crowded towards the ends of the branches. A peculiarly variable
plant, perhaps including 2 species.—1. E. officinalis (L.); eal.
downy and glandular, teeth of upper 1. acute, caps. oblong-ob-
ovate emarginate mucronate, seeds ovate (greyish) with white
winged ribs and fine transverse lines between them.—2. E. ne-
morosa (Pers.); cal. glabrous or pulverulent not glandular, teeth
of upper |. long cuspidate, caps. linear-oblong truncate mucro-
nate, seeds fusiform (yellowish) with white winged ribs and very
slight traces of transverse lines. See Fi. de France, ui. 605.—
Pastures, woods, heaths. a. VIL—VIII. Common Eye-bright.

246 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

ii. Odontites (Duby). Anthers with 2 equal points.

2. E. Odontites (L.) ; l. narrowed from near the base opposite
linear-lanceolate-attenuate remotely serrate, floral 1. usually
longer than the fl. with 2—4 teeth and an entire end, cal.-seg-
ments as long as their tube lanceolate acute, cor. pubescent, lobes
of the lower lip oblong-obtuse, anth. with 2 equal points hairy,
caps. oblong.—Bartsia Sm., E. B. 1415.—St. about a foot high,
much branched. Fl. many, pink, in leafy unilateral spikes.
Filaments, anth., and stam. hairy.—8. E. rotundata (Ball); 1.
sessile lanceolate crenate-serrate, fl.-l. nearly eutire equalling or
falling short of the fl., cal.-segments } as long as their tube
broadly triangular, cor. pubescent, lobes of lower lip broadly
rounded nearly equal, caps. broadly oval almost rounded. Fila-
ments, anth., style, and stigma nearly glabrous. A. N. H. ser. 2.
iv. 30.—Corn-fields and waste places. A. VII. VIII.

13. SintHoreia Linn.

1. S. europea (L.).—E. B. 649.—An elegant trailing plant with
slender filiform creeping stems, and alternate long-stalked round-
ish reniform leaves with a few large crenatures. Fl. very small,
axillary, solitary, on short stalks, pinkish, inconspicuous.—Damp
shady places in the south and south-west. P. VI—IX. E.I.

14. Veronica Linn. Speedwell.
* Racemes axillary. (Root perennial.)

1. V. seutellata (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate acute sessile minutely
deuticulate, racemes alternate, fruitstalks reflexed, caps. of 2
flattish orbicular lobes, st. erect.—E. B. 782. St. 58, 3.—Stolo-
niferous. St. weak, elongated. Fl. pale flesh-coloured, with
darker lines. Sep. small, lanceolate, acute, shorter than the
capsule.—f. pubescens (Koch); st. hairy. V. Parmularia “ Poit.”
—In boggy places. P. VI.—VIIL.

2. V. Anagallis (L.); 1. lanceolate serrate acute sessile, ra-
cemes opposite, fruitstalks spreading, eaps. elliptical slightly
notched, st. erect—E. B.781.—Stoloniferous. St. thick, hol-
low, varying much in height. Fl. pale blue. Sep. lanceolate,
longer than the capsule. Racemes sometimes clothed with glan-
dular haus. Whole plant usually glabrous.—In stagnant water.
P. VI—VIIL Water Speedwell.

3. V. Beecabunga (L.); 0. stalked elliptical obtuse crenate-
serrate, racemes opposite, fruitstalks spreading, caps. roundish
tumid slightly notched, st. procumbent at the base rooting. —E. B.
655. St. 12. 1.—Fl. bright blue. Whole plant glabrous.—f. V.
limosa (Le}.); bracts longer than the pedicels, fl. pink or flesh-

VERONICA. 247

coloured.— Ditches and streams. 8. Dalkeith Park near Edin-
burgh. Prof. Balfour. P.V.—VIII. Brooklime.

4. V. Chamedrys (L.); 1. nearly sessile cordate-ovate incise-
serrate, racemes opposite, fruitstalks ascending, caps. flat obcor-
date deeply notched ciliate shorter than the cal., st. bifariously
hairy ascending.—E. B. 623. St. 58. 6.—FL. large, many, hand-
some, blue. Sep. lanceolate, acute.—Hedge-banks. P. V. VI.
Germander Speedwell.

5. V. montana (L.); 1. stalked broadly ovate serrate, fruit-
stalks ascending, caps. orbicular notched their margins crenulate
and ciliate longer than the cal., st. diffuse hairy all round pro-
ecumbent.—E. B. 766. St. 58. 5.—Racemes lax. Tl. few, pale
blue. Caps. very large, quite flat. Sep. ovate-lanceolate, acute.
—Woods and thickets in hilly districts. P. V. VI.

6. V. officinalis (L.); 1. shortly stalked elliptical serrate, ra-
cemes spikelike many-flowered, fruitstalks erect, caps, obcordate
truncate obtusely notched longer than the cal., st. prostrate
creeping hairy.—Z. B. 765. St. 58. 4.—Racemes erect, much
longer than the leaves. Caps. not always notched.—8. glabra;
st., 1., and calyx smooth. Not V. Allionii (Vill.).—y. V. hirsuta
(Hopk.); 1. ovate-lanceolate, caps. abrupt undivided. E£. B.S.
2673. Much smaller than the true V. officinalis. I have not
seen wild specimens.—Dry banks and heaths. 8. Mountains.
y. Dry heath, Carrick, Ayrshire. P. VI.—VIII. Common Speed-
well,

** Racemes terminal ; cor.-tube longer than broad.

7. V. spicata (L.); 1. ovate or lanceolate crenate-serrate entire
at the end, lower 1. obtuse stalked, raceme spiked elongate dense,
bracts longer than the pedicels, caps. ovate emarginate with a
very long style —St. erect, branching at the base. Spike nearly
always solitary. Fil. blue. Lower 1. oblong with a wedgeshaped
base, or ovate with a rounded or slightly cordate base. E. B. 2.
V. hybrida (L.) E. B.673.—Rare. On chalky heaths near New-
market and Bury; and on limestone cliffs. P. VII. VIII.
Spiked Speedwell. E.

*** Racemes terminal ; cor.-tube very short. t+ Seeds flat.

(8. V. fruticulosa (L.); 1. elliptical or lanceolate obtuse sub-
crenate, lower |. smaller, raceme glandular-pubescent few-flowered
(many-flowered Sm.), caps. elliptical abrupt, valves bifid. B.
1028. St. 56. 1.—FI. flesh-coloured. I have not seen native
specimens.—Ben Cruachan. Dr. Walker. Ben Lawers. Mr. R.
Brown. P. VII] 8.

gy. V. saxatilis (L.); 1. elliptical serrate at about the middle,

248 57. SCROPHULARIACES.

lower 1. smaller, raceme pubescent with crisped hairs not glandular
few-flowered, caps. ovate-attenuate, valves bifid.—E. B. 1027.
St. 56. 2,—Fl. bright blue. St. much branched, decumbent,
woody.—LExposed alpine rocks. P. VII. 8.

10. V. alpina (L.); 1. elliptical or ovate dentate or entire,
lower 1. smaller, raceme hairy with patent hairs not glandular
few-flowered, caps. oblong-obovate emarginate crowned with the
very short persistent style—#. B. 484. St. 56. 3——Fl. bright
blue. St. ascending, simple except at the base, 4—6 in. high.
Hairs jointed. Summits of Highland mountains. P. VII. VIII.

8.

ll. V. serpyllifolia (L.); 1. ovate or elliptical slightly erenate,
lower ]. smaller and rounder, raceme elongate many-flowered, caps.
obcordate broader than long crowned with the long persistent
style —E. B. 1075. St. 58. 1.—Fl. whitish with blue veins. St.
rooting below, afterwards erect.—8. V. humifusa (Dicks.}; stems
quite prostrate, racemes shorter.--Roadsides and damp places.
8. Highland mountains. P. V.—VII.

12. V. arvensis (L.); 1. eordate-ovate crenate, lower 1. stalked,
uppermost 1. lanceolate entire resembling bracts exceeding the
flowers, raceme slightly spiked many-flowered lax, ped. very short,
caps. obeordate broader than long compressed ciliate on the
keel. E. B. 734. St. 58. 11.—St. ascending, 2—6 im. or rarely
a foot long. Fl. pale blue. Caps. smooth, with rounded lobes
which exceed the style. Seeds 12—14. Sep. lanceolate, un-
equal.—Gravelly and sandy places. A. ITV.—VII.

13. V. verna (L.); 1. pinnatifid, lower 1. stalked ovate serrate,
upper 1. lanceolate entire resembling bracts, raceme slightly spiked
many-flowered lax, ped. very short, caps. obcordate compressed
ciliate on the keel.—£. B. 25, St.13.1.—St. erect, 1—3 in. high,
simple, or branched in the lower part. Caps. smooth or downy,
with rounded lobes. Style very short. Seeds 12—14. Sep.
linear-lanceolate, unequal.—Sandy heaths. Bury, Thetford and
Mildenhall, Suff. A. V. E,

tt Seeds concave.

14. V. triphyllos (L.) ; 1. fingered, lower 1. ovate entire or den-
tate stalked, raceme slightly spiked lax many-flowered, ped. ex-
ceeding the calyx, caps. obcordate compressed smooth ciliate on
the keel.—. B, 26, St.8. 1.—St. erect with spreading branches,
4—5 in. high. Fi. deep blue. Ped. usually longer than the
leaves. Sep. oblong, obtuse. Known by its spreading st., deeply
fingered 1., and dark blue flowers.—Sandy fields. Bury an
Mildenhall, Suff. York, A, IV. E.

58. LABIATA. 249

**** Flowers axillary, solitary ; seeds concave.

15. V. agrestis (L.); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-serrate,
sep. oblong-obtuse, stam. inserted at the very bottom of the cor.,
caps. of 2 turgid keeled lobes, seeds about 6 in a cell.—E, B.S.
2603. St. 58.14. R. I. f.440.—St. procumbent. Caps. hairy
all over, or only ciliate on the keel; hairs all straight and glan-
dular. L. usually exceeding the peduncles. Lower cor.-lip
white.—[V. opaca (Fries) with spathulate sep., fewer seeds,
“hairs on caps. incurved short with a few longer and glandular,”
stam. inserted in the throat of cor. ; is probably British. ]—Fields
and waste places. A. IV.—IX. Green Field Speedwell.

16. V. polita (Fries); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-ser-
rate, sep. broadly ovate acute, stam. inserted at the very bottom
of the cor., caps. of 2 turgid lobes, seeds 8—12 in a cell.—E. B.
783. St. 58.16. R. I. f.404. 405.—St. procumbent. Caps. with
short dense glandless hairs and other shorter glandular ones,
rarely glabrous. L. usually falling short of the peduncles. Fl.
wholly blue.—f. grandiflora; cor. as large as that of V. Bua-
baumii.—Fields and waste places. 8. Berwickshire. Cambridge.
Bury St. Edmonds. A. IV.—IX. Gray Field Speedwell.

*17. V. Buxbaumii (Ten.); 1. all stalked cordate-ovate incise-
serrate, sep. lanceolate acute, stam. from the bottom of the cor.,
caps. of 2 divaricate lobes compressed upwards and sharply
keeled, seeds about 8 in a cell.—H. B. S. 2769. St. 56.5. R.
430. 431.—St. long, procumbent. L. falling short of the pe-
duncles. Fl. twice the size of those of the preceding, as large as
those of V. Chamedrys, blue.—Fields. A. IV.—IX.

18. V. hederifolia (L.); 1. with 5—7 large toothlike lobes all
stalked, sep. cordate ciliate, caps. of 2 turgid lobes, seeds 2 in
each cell.—E. B. 784. St. 56. 6.—St. procumbent. Fi. pale blue.
—Fields and banks. A.IV.—VI. Ivy-leaved Speedwell.

[Acanthus mollis, belonging to the Order Acanthacee, has
been introduced by unknown agency into the isle of St. Agnes,
Scilly (A. N. H. ser. 2. viii. 505); but having very slender claims
to be included in the British Flora, it is not described here.]

Order LVIII. LABIATA.

Cal. tubular, regular or 2-lipped, persistent. Cor. 2-lipned,
upper lip entire or bifid, lower 3-cleft. Stam. 4, didynamous,
rarely 2. Ovary free, 4-lobed. Style 1, from the base of the
lobes ; stigma bifid. Fr. in 1—4 small nutlike portions.—Figures
of all the genera will be found in G. F. G. Gam. ii. i

M

250 58. LABIATAE.

Tribe I. MENTHOIDEA. Cor. bellshaped, nearly regular.
Stam. distant, straight, diverging upwards.

1. Mentua. Cor. 4-fid, tube very short. Cal. equal, 5-
toothed. Stam. 4; anth.-cells parallel.

2, Lycopus. Coy. 4-fid, scarcely longer than the equal 5-
toothed calyx. Stam. 2; anther-cells parallel or ultimately
divergent; 2 upper stam. 0 or rudimentary, or rarely perfect.

Tr. Il. MONARDEA. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 2, fertile, par-
allel under the upper lip of the corolla.

3. Satvra. Two upper stam. wanting or rudimentary ; fila-
ments with 2 diverging branches, one bearing a perfect anth.-
cell, the other barren. Cor. ringent. Cal. tubular, 2-lipped.

Tr. II. SATUREIINEAS. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. 4, distant ;
cells of anth. separate, divergent; connective dilated.

4. Ontcanum. Stam. divergent; connective subtriangular.
Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat; lower patent, 3-fid.
Cal. with 5 equal teeth and 10—13 veins; throat hairy.
Spikes 4-sided, resembling catkins, imbricated with bracts.

5. Tuymus. Tips of stam. patent. Anth.-cells at first nearly
parallel, afterwards divergent ; connective subtriangular.
Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat; lower patent, 3-fid.
Cal. 2-lipped and 10—13-veined; throat hairy. Fl. whorled,
axillary or spiked.

6. CALAMINTHA. Tips of stam. connivent under the upper

lip of the corolla. Anth.-cells at length divergent; con-

nective subtriangular. Upper lip of cor. straight, nearly flat ;
lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped.

(Tr. IV. MELISSINEA. Cor. 2-lipped. Stam. distant; anth.-
cells connected above.

“T

. Mexissa. Tips of stam. connivent under the upper lip
of the cor. Anth.-cells divergent. Upper lip of cor. con-
cave; lower patent, 3-fid. Cal. 2-lipped; upper lip flat,
with 3 teeth, the lateral teeth folded at their midrib. |

Tr. V. SCUTELLARIEAS. Stam. approaching, parallel under
the upper lip of the cor. Cal. 2-lipped, closed in fruit.

8. ScuTELLaria. Tips of stam. incurved. Filaments simple.
Anth. of the 2 longer and inferior stam. 1-celled, of the
shorter and superior 2-celled. Cor. 2-lipped, upper lip con-
cave. Cal. ultimately closed and compressed; lips entire,
upper one with a concave scale on its back.

58. LABIATAE. 251

9. PRUNELLA. Two inferior stam. longest. Filaments bifid,
one branch barren. Anth. all 2-celled. Cor. ringent ; upper
lip concave, entire. Cal. ultimately closed and compressed ;
upper lip flat, truncate, 3-toothed ; lower bifid.

Tr. VI. NEPETEA. Stam. approaching, parallel under the
upper lip. of the cor., 2 inferior shortest. Cal. tubular.

10. Nepera. Anth.-cells diverging. Cor. ringent; upper
lip flat, straight, emarginate or bifid. Cal. 5-toothed.

Tr. VIL STACHYDE A. Stam. approaching, parallel under
the upper lip of the cor., 2 inferior longest. Cal. tubular or
bellshaped, spreading in fruit.

* Stamens exceeding the tube of the corolla.

11. Mexitris. Anth. approaching in pairs and forming a
cross, bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of the cor. flat,
entire, straight ; lower lip with 3 rounded nearly equal lobes.
Cal. membranous, bellshaped, ample, variously lobed.

12. Lamium. Anth. approaching in pairs; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of the cor. arched; \ate-
ral lobes of the lower lip minute toothlike or obsolete rarely
elongated. Cal. bellshaped, 5-toothed ; teeth nearly equal.
—Galeobdolon (Huds.) has the lobes of the lower lip of the
cor. nearly equal and acute.

13. Leonurus. Anth. approaching; cells nearly parallel,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. nearly flat, lower
with 3 obtuse lobes. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed, 2 lower teeth
rather the longest. Nuts flatly truncate.

14. GaLzorsis. Anth. approaching in pairs ; cells opposite,
bursting by 2 valves transversely. Upper lip of cor. arched,
lower lip 3-lobed with 2 teeth on its upper side, lobes un-
equal. Cul. tubular, 5-toothed ; teeth equal or 2 upper
ones longest. Nuts rounded at the end.

15. Stacuys. Anth. approaching in pairs; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper lip of cor. concave, lower
of 3 unequal lobes. Cal. tubular-bellshaped with 5 equal
teeth. Nuts obtuse and convex at the end.

16. BatLora. Anth. approaching in pairs; cells diverging,
bursting longitudinally. Upper hp of cor. erect, concave ;
lower 3-lobed, middle lobe cordate. Cal. funnel-shaped with
5 equal teeth. Nuts convex and rounded at the end.

252 58. LABIATAE.

** Stamens included in the tube of the corolla.

17. Marrusium. Anther-cells diverging, bursting longitu-
dinally. Upper lip of cor. straight, erect, flattish, cloven ;
lower 3-lobed, middle lobe the largest. Cal. tubular; teeth
nearly equal or 2 longer. Nuts flatly truncate.

Tr. VII. AJUGOIDEA. Cor. with the upper lip very short,
or deeply bifid and appearing as if wanting.

18. TEvcrium. Stam. parallel, protruding between the deeply
divided lobes of the upper lip of the cor., inferior longest ;
cells bursting longitudinally. Cor. with the upper lip deeply
bifid, lobes long ; lower lip 3-lobed. Cal. tubular, 5-toothed;

teeth equal or the upper one larger. :

19. Asuca. Stam. parallel, protruding far beyond the upper
lip of the cor., inferior longest ; cells bursting longitudinally.
Cor. with the upper lip very short, 2-lobed ; lower 3-lobed,
much longer than the upper. Cal. ovate-bellshaped, nearly
equally 5-cleft.

Tribe I. Menthoidee.

1. Mentua Linn. Mint.

* Throat of the calyx naked. Inflorescence determinate. Fl. in
spiked whorls or terminal heads.

1. M. rotundifolia (L.); 1. sessile elliptic-obtuse crenate-serrate
wrinkled shaggy beneath, spikes linear-cylindrical dense, bracts
lanceolate, “ fr.-cal. not contracted at the mouth.” —E. B. 446.
Sole Menth. 3.—Viscid. L. usually with a cordate base. Whorls
of spike nearly all close together. Scent acrid.— Waste places,
rare. P. VIII. IX. Round-leaved Mint. E. I.

2. M. sylvestris (L.); 1. subsessile ovate or lanceolate serrate
silky beneath, spikes linear-cylindrical dense, bracts subulate,
“fy,-cal. contracted at the mouth.” —E. B. 686. Sole 1. and 2.—
L. sessile, rarely cordate below. Whorls of spike nearly all close
together. Scent sweet.—a. L. lanceolate, acute, rather narrowed
below.—8. M. velutina (Lej.); 1. elliptical-cordate. M. rotun-
difolia Sole 4.—Waste ground in damp places. P. VIII. IX.
Horse Mint. E. 8.

3. M. viridis (L.) ; 1. glabrous sessile lanceolate acute serrate,
spikes lax cylindrical, bracts subulate-—E. B. 2424. Sole 5.—
Cor. glabrous. Whorls of the spike rather distant. L. glandu-
lar beneath.—8. crispa (Benth.).—In marshy places, rare.
8. Glen Farg, Perthshire. Hooker. P. VIII. Spear Mint.

MENTHA. 253

4. M. piperita (L.) ; 1. stalked ovate-lanceolate or oblong ser-
rate, upper |. smaller, bracts lanceolate, spikes law short blunt
interrupted below, cal. tubular glabrous below with lanceolate
subulate teeth.— E. B. 687.—St. and 1. nearly glabrous or hairy
on the nerves beneath. Cal. glandular.—§. sylvestris (Sole) ;
1. ovate rounded and almost heartshaped below, spikes elongated.
Sole 24.—Wet places, rare. P. VII. VIII. Pepper Mint.

5. M. aquatica (L.); 1. stalked ovate serrate rounded or
slightly cordate below, uppermost 1. like bracts and falling short
of the fl., whorls few subglobose capitate the uppermost terminal,
cal. tubular with triangular subulate teeth hairy as well as the
pedicel.—_M. hirsuta Sm., E. B! 447.—Cal. glandular. Inflores-
cence capitate, determinate. FI. in terminal and axillary stalked
clusters rather than whorls.—M. citrita Ehrh., M. odorata Sole 9,
E. B. 1025, is a glabrous variety of this species; and M. crispa
E. B. 8. 2785 a form with cut’ and crisped leaves—In wet
places. P. VII. VIII. Capitate Mint.

-** Throat of cal. naked. Inflorescence indeterminate. Fl. in
axillary, distant whorls ; none amongst the uppermost L., or
shorter than them.

6. M. pratensis (Sole) ; 1. nearly sessile ovate-lanceolate acute
serrate, floral 1. similar the smaller ones exceeding the fl., whorls
distant subglobose, pedicels glabrous, cal. bellshaped, teeth hairy.
—Sole 17. M. gentilis EH. B. 449. M. gracilis Sm —St. and 1.
usually glabrous. L. paler beneath, glandular. Cal. glandular.
—([M. rubra (Huds.), M. gentilis (Sole), is considered as distinct
from nos. 6 and 7 by Fries.]—-Marshy places, rare. P. be
IX. :

7. M. sativa (I..); 1. stalked ovate or elliptical serrate, upper
ones similar but smaller all exceeding the fi., whorls all distant
dense, cal. tubular or bellshaped, teeth triangular-lanceolate acu-
minate.—Uppermost leaves often barren.—a. vulgaris; cal. and
pedicels hairy. M. sativa Sm., E. B. 448.—8. M. rubra (Sm.
not Fr.); pedicels and lower part of the calyx glabrous, st.
slightly branched reddish, whole plant nearly glabrous. LE. B.
1413.—y. M. gentilis (Sm.); pedicels and lower part of the cal.
glabrous, teeth shorter triangular, whole plant nearly glabrous,
st. much branched green, |. all of nearly the same size. The
characters of this variety closely approach M. arvensis.—6.? M.
acutifolia (Sm.) ; pedicels and cal. hairy all over, |. ovate-lanceo-
late tapering at each end. HE. B. 2415. A specimen from near
Settle, Yorkshire, only differs from Smith’s plant by having
glabrous pedicels.—Var, u, 8, and y are closely connected by in-
termediate forms.—Wet places. 96. Banks of the Medway, but
not found for many years. P. VII. VIII. Whorled hairy Mint.

254 58. LABIATAE.

8. M. arvensis (L.); 1. stalked ovate or elliptical serrate,
upper l. similar and equally large, whorls distant, cal. bellshaped,
teeth triangular as broad as long.—a. vulgaris; 1. narrowed i
low. M. arvensis Sm., E. B. 2119.—8. M. agrestis (Sm.);
somewhat cordate below, upper ones nearly sessile. E. B. Seo.
—Corn-fields. P. VIT.—IX. Corn Aint.

*** Throat of the calyx closed with hairs, PuLEcium Opitz.

9. M. Pulegium (L.); 1. stalked elliptical obtuse slightly cre-
nate all similar, whorls all distant globose many-flowered, cal.
tubular hispid closed with hairs in the throat.—H. B. 1026,
Sole 23.—St. prostrate. L. often recurved, uppermost axils
empty. The smallest of our species and remarkably different in
habit.—Wet places. P. VIJJ. IX. Penny-royal. E. I.

2. Lycopus Linn. Gipsy-wort.

1. L. europeus (L.); 1. stalked ovate-oblong sinuate-dentate
or pinnatifid, sterile stam. wanting, nuts within the tube of the
calyx.—E. B. 1105.—L. glabrous or pubescent, opposite. Fi.
small, in dense whorls. [L. exaltatus is distinguished by having
2 barren stamens and much longer seeds.|—Banks of streams
and ditches. P. VII. VIII.

Tribe II. Monardee.

3. Satvia Linn. Sage.

1. S. verbenaca (L.); 1. oblong obtuse cordate below sinuate
and crenate or dentate stalked, upper 1. short broad cordate ses-
sile clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of the cor. equalling
the calyx.—E. B. 154.—Varies with the |. incise-dentate. Re-
markable for its enlarged very broad sessile upper leaves. Upper
cor.-lip concave, laterally compressed, straight except at the tip.
Upper cal.-lip broad; teeth small, convergng.—Dry gravelly
banks. P. V. VI. English Clary.

2. S. clandestina (L.); 1. oblong cordate below sinuate-den-
tate or incise-dentate stalked, upper l. oblong acute sessile scarcely
cordate or clasping, bracts cordate acuminate, tube of the cor.
eaceeding the calyxz.—Upper cal.-lip very broad, teeth very small.
—Probably distinct from the preceding but very difficult to di-
stinguish on paper——Dry gravelly banks, rare, Lizard Point,
Cormwall. Jersey. P. VII.

3S. pratensis (L.); 1. oblong-ovate cordate below crenate-
dentate stalked, upper 1. small sessile lanceolate acute, bracts
cordate acuminate, cor. thrice as long as the calyx.— EB. B. 153.

ORIGANUM.—CALAMINTHA. 255

—Known by its large flowers.—Near Cobham, Kent. Near
Middleton Stoney, Oxfordshire. P, VII. E.

Tribe III. Saturetinee.

4. Ortcanum Linn. Marjoram.

1. O. vulgare (L.); 1. stalked broadly ovate obtuse, bracts
ovate exceeding the cal., heads of fl. roundish panicled crowded.
—E. B. 1143. St. 3. 13.—Bracts usually purple. L. often
slightly toothed.—Dry uncultivated places. P. VIII.

5. Tuymus Linn. Thyme.

1. T. Serpyllum (L.); st. prostrate creeping, 1. oblong or
lanceolate narrowed into the flat fringed stalks, fl.-l. similar,
flowering shoots ascending, fl. capitate, upper cal.-lip with 3
short triangular teeth, lower of 2 subulate teeth, upper cor.-lip
oblong.—E. B. 1514,.—St. producing in its second year the erect
fl.-shoots from its lower joinings and prolonged at the end. LL.
narrowed below, their Iower half and the stalk often fringed,
rather conspicuously veined beneath, often narrow. Seeds glo-
bose, mealy. Upper cor.-lip conspicuously notched. The hairi-
ness of the stem, although variable, is usually in 2—4 rows with
or without pubescence on the faces.—Dry heaths. P. VI.—VIII.

2. T. Chamedrys (Fr.) ; stems similar diffuse ascending 2—4-
fariously hairy, 1. broadly oblong with flat fringed stalks, fl.-].simi-
lar, fl. whorled or capitate, upper cal.-lip with 3 triangular teeth,
lower of 2 subulate teeth, upper cor.-lip semicircular.—Flower-
ing and growing shoots springing intermixed from the old wood.
L. less narrowed into the stalks than in No. 1, usually only the
stalk is fringed, less prominently veined beneath, broad. Seeds
roundish, subcompressed, with a basal apiculus. Upper cor.-lip
slightly and obscurely notched. In the larger forms the st. is
stronger ; it is not so in No. 1.—Heaths. P. VI.—VIII.

6. CaLtamintHa Moench. Calamint.

* Fl. in whorls of 2 dichotomous cymes.

1. C. Nepeta (Clairv.); 1. ovate serrate pale beneath shortly
stalked, cal. subcampanulate obscurely 2-lipped its teeth shortly
ciliate all nearly the same shape the upper ones slightly shorter,
cymes dichotomous many-flowered, common stalk about as long
as the primary partial stalk.—E. B. 1414. St. 70. 3. Thymus
Sm.—St. usually many from the crown of the root. Hairs in
the throat of the cal. protruded.—Dry banks, rare. P. VII. VIII.
Lesser Calamint. E.

256 58. LABIATE.

2. C. officinalis (Moench 2); 1. broadly ovate slightly serrate
reen on both sides on longish stalks, cal. tubular ventricose in
ront distinctly 2-lipped its teeth with long cilia those of the upper

lip triangular and ascending of the lower twice as long and subu-
late, lower lip of the cor. with distant segments the middle one
longest, cymes scarcely dichotomous few-flowered, common stalk
not 4as long as the primary partial stalk.—Thymus Calamintha
Sm., E. B. 1676. C. menthefolia G. and G.—St. usually soli-
tary, or few from the root. Hairs in the throat of the cal.
included. Larger in all its parts than the preceding.—Dry
banks, rare. P. VIIT.—IX. Common Calamint. E. I.

3. C. sylvatica (Bromf.) ; 1. broadly ovate sharply serrate, cal.
tubular distinctly 2-lipped, teeth with long cilia those of the
upper lip patent or reflexed, lower lip of the cor. with overlapping
segments all nearly equally long, cymes many-flowered, common
stalk about as long as the primary partial stalk.— E. B. 8. 2897.
C. officinalis G. and G.—Hairs in the throat of the cal. few,
included. Root slightly creeping. L.large. Cal.-teeth tinged
with purple. Cor. very large, tube much protruded, middle lobe
of lower lip short and broad.—Isle of Wight. P. VIII.—X. E.

** Whorls of 6 simple separate peduncles. Actnos Moench.

4. C. Acinos (Clairv.) ; 1. ovate subserrate acute with revolute
margins, cal. tubular gibbous below distinctly 2-lipped, upper
lip with short triangular teeth lower with subulate teeth all con-
verging in fruit.—E. B. 41]. St. 70. 5. Thymus Sm.—St. 6—8
in. long. Fi. blue—Dry gravelly places and limestone rocks.
A.? VII, VIII. Basil Thyme.

*#* FT, in dense axillary whorls. Bracts forming a kind of
involucre. CLINoPpoDIUM Linn.

5. C. Clinopodium (Spenn.); 1. ovate obtuse rounded below
slightly crenate, whorls equal many-flowered, bracts setaceous as
long as the calyx.—F. B. 1401. Clinopodium vulgare Sm.—St.
1—1} foot high. Fi. purple in 2 or 3 dense whorls, the upper-
most terminal.—Dry bushy places. P. VII. VIII. Wéld Basil.

Tribe IV. Melissinee.

7. Meutssa Linn. Balm.

[*1. M. officinalis (L.); 1. ovate crenate-serrate acute paler be-
neath, cal. subcampanulate slightly ventricose in front distinctly
2-lipped, upper lip flat truncate with 8 short broad teeth, lower

SCUTELLARIA.—NEPETA. 257

with 2 lanceolate teeth.—St. 11.—St. 2 feet high. FI. in axil-
lary secund whorls.—Naturalized in the south. P. VII. VIII]
EI.

Tribe V. Scutellariee.

8. Scuretiarta Linn. Skull-cap.

1. S. galericulata (L.); 1. shortly stalked all oblong-lanceolate
cordate below crenate-serrate, fl. axillary opposite secund, calyx
without glands.—E. B. 523.—Cor. large, blue. St. 6—12 in.
high, stout, Distinguished from S. hastifolia by wanting the
glandular hairs on the calyx, even when that part is downy, and
the different shape of the leaves, and fl. not racemose. This
genus has a curved elongated support (carpophore) to its nuts.—
Banks of rivers and ditches. P. VII. VIII.

2. S. minor (L.); 1. shortly stalked, lower 1. broadly ovate,
intermediate ovate-lanceolate with the base cordate, upper 1.
lanecolate with a rounded base, fl. axillary opposite secund, cal.
pubescent.—E. B. 524.—Cor. sinall. St. 4—8 in. high, slender.
—Moist heaths and boggy places. P. VII.—IX.

9. Prunewua Linn. Self-heal.

1. P. vulgaris (L.); 1. stalked oblong-ovate obtuse, upper lip
of the cal. with short truncate mucronate teeth, lower lip with
ovate-lanceolate mucronate teeth, longer stam. with a straight
spinous tooth at their apex.—E. B. 961.—L. nearly entire or
slightly toothed ; on continental specimens they are sometimes
pinnatifid. Fl. blue, rarely white, whorled, crowded into a dense
spike, with 2 broad obcordate acuminate bracts under each whorl.
Cal. reddish-purple—In damp pastures. P. VIT. VIL.

Tribe VI. Nepetee.

10. Nepetra Linn.

l. N. Cataria (L.); 1. stalked cordate acute incise-serrate
whitish-pubescent beneath, whorls dense many-flowered rather
stalked spiked, nuts smooth and glabrous.—E. B. 137.—Fl.
white. St. 2—3 feet high, downy or mealy. Stam. at length
curved outwards.—Waste places. P. VIT. VITI. Cat-mint. E. I.

2, N. Glechoma (Benth.) ; 1. cordate-reniform crenate, whorls
axillary stalked secund 3—4-flowered, cal.-teeth ovate aristate,
nuts oblong with impressed dots.—E. B. 853. Glechoma hede-
racea Sm.—St. procumbent, creeping. Anth. in pairs forming a

258 58. LABIATA.

cross.—f. hirsuta; cal.-teeth elongate linear-lanceolate.— Hedges
and thickets. 8. Scotland. P.IV.—VI. Ground-ivy.

Tribe VIL. Stachydee.

11. Meuirtis Zinn. Bastard Balm.

1. M. Melissophyllum (L.).—E. B. 577 and 636.—L. oblong-
ovate or slightly cordate. Upper lip of the cal. with 2 or 3 teeth.
FL purple with a white margin or variegated in different ways,
large. St. 1—2 feet high.—M. grandiflora (Sm.) is only a slight
variety.— Woods in the south. P. V. VI. E.

12. Lamium Linn. Dead Nettle.

* Lower lip of cor. with one large obcordate lobe with 1—2 teeth
on each side of its base.

1. L. amplewicaule (L.); 1. roundish-cordate obtusely ineise-
crenate, lower 1. stalked, upper sessile clasping, cal.-teeth longer
than their tube (green) at length connivent, cor.-tube straight.—
E. B.770. R.I. £.373.—Nuts small, three times as long as broad,
with a small triangular oblique terminal space. Cor.-tube much
exceeding the calyx, slender, naked within. The cor. does not
always expand, but still the anth. are fertile and fr. is produced.
—Sandy and chalky fields|§ A. V.—VIUI. Hendit.

2. L. intermedium (Fries); 1. incise-crenate, lower 1. stalked,
upper reniform-cordate sessile, cal.-teeth longer than their tube
hispid always spreading, straight cor.-tube with a faint hairy ring
within.—E. B. §.2914.—Nuts twice the size of those of the pre-
ceding, as broad as but longer than those of the following, with
a large triangular terminal rather oblique space. Tube of the
cor. equal, cylindrical. Cal.-teeth usually purple, rigid.—Com-
mon in Scotland, rare in England and Ireland. A. VI.—IX.

3. L. incisum (Willd.); 2. cordate incise-dentate all stalked,
upper broadly ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long or longer than
their tube always spreading, tube of the cor. straight naked
within.—E. B. 1933.—Uppermost 1. wedgeshaped below. St.
few slender and elongated or many thick and short. Tube
of the cor. equal, cylindrical, sometimes with a faint ring of hairs
within.—Cultivated and waste ground. A. IV.—VI.

4. L. purpureum (L.); 1. cordate crenate-serrate all stalked,
upper ovate crowded, cal.-teeth as long as their tube always
spreading, cor.-tube a little curved below with a ring of hairs
within.—E. B. 769.—Cor. pale pwrple, lip spotted with red;
tube narrowed below. Nut about twice as long as broad. A

LEONURUS.-—GALEOPSIS. 259

form of this plant with more deeply cut leaves is often taken for
L. incisum.—Waste and cultivated ground. A. V.—VIII. Red
Dead-nettle.

5. L, album (L.); 1. cordate-ovate acuminate deeply serrate
stalked, cal.-teeth as long as the tube all separated by acute
angles, upper one distant from the others, cor.-tube exceeding
the calyx with an oblique ring of hairs within —E. B.768. St.8.
—St. 12—18 in. high. Fi. large, white. The separation of one
tooth from the others in the calyx of this species is remarkable.
—Waste ground. P.V. VI. White Dead-nettle.

+6. L. maculatum (L.); 1. cordate-ovate acuminate deeply
serrate stalked, cal.-teeth longer than their tube 3 upper ones
separated from the other 2 by broad obtuse angles, cor.-tube
exceeding the calyx with a transverse ring of hairs within. —
E. B. 2550.—St. 12—18 in. high. Fl. purple. L. marked with
white, cordate-ovate (L. maculatum R. I. t. 215); or green,
triangular-cordate (L. levigatum R. I. t. 216).—Fifeshire.
Clova. P. VI.—VIII. E.2 S.

** Lower lip of cor. in 3 entire nearly equal acute lobes.
GALEOBDOLON Linn. Archangel.

7. L. Galeobdolon (Crantz) ; 1. ovate acuminate truncate be-
low coarsely serrate stalked, upper 1. lanceolate attenuated below,
helmet of the cor. elongated entire, lower lip in 3 entire nearly
equal lobes —E. B.787. G. luteum Sm. G.montanum Reich. !
—Fi. yellow. St. 12—18 in. high. Lower 1. coarsely and even
doubly serrate. [—G. luteum Reich. ! has the 1. all ovate-acumi-
nate and the lower ones simply crenate with a minute apiculus. ]
—Woods and thickets. P. V. VI

13. Leonurvus Linn. Motherwort.

Tl. L. Cardiaca (L.); lower 1. palmately 5-fid incise-dentate,
upper ones 3-lobed entire wedgeshaped below, tube of the cor.
with an oblique ring, helmet nearly flat, lip spreading its middle
lobe entire.—E. B, 286. St. 9. 2.-—St. 3 feet high. Cor. hairy
externally, purple. Fl.in crowded whorls. Cal.-teeth sharp—
Hedges and waste places, rare. P. VIII.

14. GaLeorsis Linn. Hempnettle.

1. G. ochroleuca (Lam.); st. softly pubescent with deflexed
hairs not thickened at jomings, 1. ovate-lanceolate serrate soft
and downy on both sides, upper 1. ovate, cal. glandular shaggy,
upper cor.-lip deeply notched.—E. B. 2353. St.62, 5. G. villosa
Sm.—Cor. large, pale yellow. St. 10—12 in. high.—Sandy
corn-fields, rare. A. VII. VIII.

260 58. LABIATAE.

2. G. Ladanum (L.); st. softly pubescent with deflexed hairs
not thickened at joinings, 1. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate ser-
rate or nearly entire downy on both sides, cal. shaggy with ad-
pressed hairs and a few gland-tipped hairs intermixed, upper
cor.-lip slightly notched.—E. B. 884.—Cor. purple variegated
with crimson and white, shaggy externally. St. about a foot
high.—. G. canescens (Schult.) ; 1. narrow nearly entire, bracts
often reflexed at the end, cal. and upper part of st. clothed with
patent hairs.—In gravelly and sandy districts. 8. Southampton,
on shingles. A. VIII. IX.

3. G. Tetrahit (L.); st. hispid thickened at joinings, 1. oblong-
ovate acuminate serrate, cal. tubular, cal.-teeth and tube nearly
equal, cor.-tube equalling the cal., upper lip ovate.—E. B. 207.
St. 62. 6.—Cor.-tube slender, slightly inflated. FI. purplish,
variegated or white. Cal.-teeth as long as their tube, which
is shorter but quite as broad and more strongly ribbed than in
the next species, rather inflated below the mouth. Nuts wholly
green, the oblique top longitudinally marked with veins all spring-
ing from the wholly acute inner angle of the nut. L. slightly
pubescent above. Fl. large; middle lobe of lower cor.-lip sub-
quadrate, flat, crenulate, obtuse or slightly emarginate.— 8.
G. bifida (Boenn.); middle lobe of lower cor.-lip oblong entire
emarginate, margins at length revolute. A more slender plant
with paler 1. and smaller fl. The middle lobe of the lower lip
purple with a pale margin, its base with a yellow 2-lobed spot
and several minute dots.—-Woods and cultivated ground. A.
VIL—ITX.

4. G. versicolor (Curt.); st. hispid thickened at the joinings, I.
oblong-ovate acuminate serrate, cal. bellshaped, cal.-teeth shorter
than the tube, cor.-tube much exceeding the cal., upper lip
roundish-oval.—E. B. 667. St. 62. 8.—Cor.-tube inflated above.
Fl. very large, yellow, usually with a broad purple spot upon
the lower lip. Cal.-teeth shorter than their tube. Nuts with
the oblique top dark brown, inner angle rounded off almost to
the base. Ditticult to distinguish upon paper from G. Tetrahit.
—Cultivated ground. A. VII. VIII.

15. Stacuys Linn. Woundwort.

1. 8. Betonica (Benth.); spike oblong interrupted below,
whorls many-flowered, st. erect, lower 1. ovate-oblong with a cor-
date base crenate obtuse with long stalks, upper 1. oblong-lan-
ceolate serrate acute sessile, bracts linear-lanceolate equalling
the cal., cal. nearly glabrous, stam. falling short of the lip.—
Betonica officinalis Sm., E. B. 1142.—Whorls sometimes sepa-
rated considerably. Cor.-tube exserted. The English plant

STACHYS.—BALLOTA. 261

has the subulate-spinous cal.-teeth of B. officinalis (R.); and the
round crenate not emarginate lower lip of B. hirta (R.).— Woods
and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Betony.

2. S. germanica (L.); whorls many-flowered, st. erect woolly,
1. oblong-ovate or ovate-lanceolate with a cordate base crenate-
serrate stalked, upper 1. lanceolate acute sessile, all densely silky,
cal. silky, teeth acute mucronate spinous, bracts equalling the
calyx.—. B. 829.—FI. purple —Chalky soil in Oxfordshire an
Bedfordshire. P. VII. Downy Woundwort. E.

3. S. sylvatica (L.); whorls 6—8-flowered, st. erect, 7. cordate-
ovate serrate with long petioles, floral 1. linear entire, cal.-teeth
lanceolate very acute, bracts minute.—E. B, 416,—Cal.-teeth
rather spinous. Petioles and 1. nearly equal. Fl. reddish pur-
ple. Nuts opaque, punctured and irregularly tubercular. L.
clothed with scattered adpressed hairs or densely silky on both
sides.— Woods and thickets. P. VII. VIII. Hedge Woundwort.

4. S. palustris (L.); whorls 6—10-flowered, st. erect, J. linear-
or ovate-lanceolate subcordate below acute crenate-serrate nearly
sessile, cal.-teeth lanceolate very acute, bracts minute.—Z. B.
1675. St. 18. 10,.—Cal.-teeth rather spinous. Lower 1. with very
short stalks, uppermost sessile. Fl.dull purple. Nuts shining,
very minutely dotted.—8. S. ambigua (Sm.); 1. stalked oyate-
lanceolate cordate below serrate. Petioles sometimes half as
long as the leaves.—River-sides and damp places. P. VII. VII.
Marsh Woundwort.

5. S. arvensis (L.); whorls 4—6-flowered, st. decumbent or
ascending, J. ovate-cordate obtuse crenate stalked, floral 1. ovate-
oblong sessile acute, cal.-teeth lanceolate-aristate, cor. scarcely
exceeding the cal., bracts minute.—E. B. 1154.—F'. pale pur-

le. Nuts covered with minute dots and scattered tubercles.—
Corn-fields. A. VIII. IX.

*6, S. annua (L.); whorls 4—6-flowered, st. erect, lower 1.
ovate-oblong obtuse crenate-serrate stalked, floral 1. lanceolate
acute, cal.-teeth lanceolate very acute, tube of the cor. exceed-
ing cal., bracts minute.—E. B.S. 2669.—Fl. yellowish. Nuts
minutely rough.—Near Gadshill, Kent. A. VII. IX, E.

16. Batuora Linn. Horehound.

1. B. fetida (Lam.) ; 1. crenate-serrate, bracts linear-subulate,
cal.-tube funnelshaped, cal.-teeth broadly ovate short suddenly
acuminate mucronate carinate-refleced.— E. B. 46. R. I.f. 1041}.
—St. 2--3 feet high. Lowerl. cordate; upper ovate. Fl. pur-
ple or white. borealis (R.); cal.-teeth with very short pomts,

262 58. LABIAT.

whole plant including the cor. covered with thick down.— Waste
places. 8. St. Vincent’s Rocks, Bristol. Mr. Borrer. Bray,
Wicklow. Mr. J. Ball. P. VII. VIII.

2. B. ruderalis (Sw.); 1. erenate-serrate, bracts linear-subulate,
cal.-tube narrow and elongate, cal.-teeth ovate gradually acumi~
nate aristate erect-patent.—R. I. f. 1039!.—St. 2—3 feet high.
Lower 1. cordate; upper ovate. Fl. purple or white.—Waste

places, rare. P. VII. VIII.

17. Marrusrum Linn. White Horehound.

1. M. vulgare (L.); st. erect hoary, 1. ovate and attenuated
into a petiole or roundish-cordate crenate hoary rough, whorls
many-flowered, cal.-teeth 10 subulate recurved-patent woolly be-
low their upper half glabrous.—E. B. 410.—St. 1—2 feet high
with many whorls of small flowers. My Scottish specimen
has the 1. rather dentate than crenate.—8. M. apulum (Ten.); 1.
roundish-cordate densely woolly.—Waste places, “ frequent.”
P. VII. IX.

Tribe VIII. Ajugeidee.

* 18. Tevcrium Linn. Germander.

1. T. Scorodonia (L.); st. erect, 1. oblong-ovate with the base
cordate crenate-serrate green on both sides, racemes lateral and
terminal one-sided, floral 1. ovate acute rather longer than the
pedicels, upper cal.-lip undivided ovate, lower 4-toothed, cor.-
tube exserted.— FE. B. 1543.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. wrinkled ;
sometimes oblong, truncate below or subcordate, coarsely and
unequally dentate. Fi. yellowish—Woods and shady places.
P. VII. VIII. Wood Sage.

2. T. Scordium (L.); st. procumbent below, J. sessile oblong
dentate green on both sides, floral J. similar, whorls 2—6-flowered
axillary distant, cal.-teeth short equal. E. B. 828.—More or less
hairy or woolly. L. attenuated or broad or even cordate below.
Fl. purple.— T. scordioides is only a state of this caused by situa-
tion. (Phytol. u. 129.)—Wet places, rare. P. VII. VIII EL

3. T. Chamedrys (L.); st. ascending, 1. ovate incise-crenate
wedgeshaped and entire below green on both sides, floral 1. simi-
lar smaller nearly entire, whorls racemose 5-flowered, cal.-teeth
lanceolate nearly equal—_#. B. 680.—St. much branched, lower
part woody. FI. purplish with darker lines. Lower floral 1.
exactly like the stem-l., upper |. gradually smaller and broader
below —Ruined walls and dry banks, rare. P. VII.

59. VERBENACES. 263

[T. regium (Schreb.) is said to have been found on the Blorenge
near Abergavenny. I fear some mistake has occurred.]

4. T. Botrys (L.); st. ascending, J. trifid or pinnatifid green
on both sides, segym. oblong entire or cut, floral 1. similar, whorls
axillary 4—6-flowered, cal. gibbous at base inflated-tubular, cal.-
teeth lanceolate equal.—Central st. erect ; branches ascending.
Fl. many, pale purple-—Box Hill, Surrey. A. VIL. IX. E.

19. Asuca Linn. Bugle.

1. A. reptans (L.); fl. whorled, st. solitary with creeping
stoles, 1. ovate or obovate entire or crenulate stalked, stem-l.
sessile.—H, B. 489.—Lower whorls distant, upper ones spicate.
Cor.-tube with a ring of hairs within. FI. blue, rarely white.—
Wet places. P.V. VI. Common Bugle.

2. A. pyramidalis (L.); fl. whorled, most or all of the whorls
spiked, st. solitary without stoles, 1. ovate-oblong entire or cre-
nulate, radical 1. attenuated below, stem-l. sessile upper 1. ex-
ceeding the fl.—E. B. 1270.—Cor.-tube with a ring of hairs
within. FI. bluish-purple. Whorls crowded in a pyramidal and
tetragonal form. Plant often hairy. Increasing by offsets from
the root.—Highland pastures, very rare, Scotland. South Isles
of Arran, Ireland. P.V. VI. S.L

3. A. alpina (L.); fl. whorled, whorls distinct, st. solitary
“without scions ” (Sm.) “ stoloniferous” (Fries), 1. ovate-lan-
ceolate obtuse dentate-serrate stalked, floral 1, 3-lobed the upper-
most entire.—E. B.477.—L. all nearly of the same size. Whorls
all distant. Cor.-lip 3-lobed; central lobe entire. I have not
seen native specimens.—Mountains, very rare. Derbyshire.
Cave Hill, Belfast. P. VII.

4, A. Chamepitys (Schreb.); fl. solitary aaillary, st. much
branched spreading, J. deeply trifid, segments linear entire, floral
1. similar exceeding the flowers.—E. B. 77.—Hairy. Lowest
1. much broader and toothed rather than 3-lobed. FI. yellow
with dark spots. St. reddish-purple-—Sandy and chalky field
in Kent, Essex, Surrey. A.V.—VII. Ground Pine. E.

Order LIX. VERBENACE.

Cal. tubular, persistent. Cor. irregular, tubular. Stam. didy-
namous, or 2. Ovary 2—4-celled; style 1, terminal; stigma
bifid. Fr. a caps. or berry, with 2—4 nucules more or less ad-

hering.
1. VersBena. Cal. 5-fid. Cor. irregular, 5-lobed, slightly

264 60. LENTIBULARIACE®.

2-lipped. Stam. included, 4, didynamous, or 2. Capsule
dividmg into 4 nuts. G. F. G. Gam. ii. 50.

1. Versena Linn. Vervain.

1. V. officinalis (L.); st. erect solitary 4-angular, 1. ovate-ob-
long trifid or laciniate-multifid rough, spikes filiform somewhat
panicled, stam. 4.—#.B. 767. St. 3.—St. rather hispid, 1—2 feet
high. lL. lobed and serrate. Spikes long, slender, with small
distant pale purple flowers.—Waste ground. P. VII. VIII.

Order LX. LENTIBULARIACEA.

Cal. permanent, inferior, divided. Cor. irregular, 2-lipped,
spurred. Stam. 2. Ovary free, l-celled of 2 carpels. Stigma
2-lipped; lower lip smaller or obsolete. Caps. 1-celled; pla-
centa large, free, central.

1, Pineuicuua. Cal. 2-lipped, lower of 1 bifid, upper of 3
segments. Cor. ringent, spurred.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 24.

2. Urricutartia. Cal. 2-leaved, lower often notched, upper
entire. Cor. personate, spurred.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 25.

1. Pinevicuya Linn. Butterwort.

1. P. vulgaris (L.); spur subulate shorter than the veinless
border of cor., cor.-segments very unequal oblong-obovate rounded
separated entire.—E. B. 70.—L. all radical, fleshy, covered with
minute crystalline points, pale green; when the plant is gathered
they curve backwards so as to hide the root. Fl. purple. Caps.
ovate, acute—Bogs. P. V. VI.

2. P. grandiflora (Lam.); spur subulate cylindrical often
notched as long as veined border of cor., cor.-segments very un-
equal broadly obovate rounded contiguous “the middle one of the
lower lip notched.” —E. B. 2184.—Much larger than P. vulgaris.
Fi. very large, deep purple. Caps. oval, rounded at the end.
Length of spur variable—Bogs. Kerry and Cork. P. V. VI. IL.

3. P. alpina (L.); spur conical shorter than unequal border of
cor. and curved towards lower lip, caps. acuminate, scape gla-
brous.—E. B. S. 2747.—F. small, yellowish ; spur remarkably
short and conical.—Bogs. Skye. Black Isle, Ross. P.VI. 5S.

4. P.lusitanica (L.) ; spur cylindrical obtuse decurved shorter
than the nearly equal limb of the cor., caps. globose, scape downy.
—E. B. 145.—Fl. small, pale, yellowish, spur short and cylin-
drical. (P. villosa, distinguished from this by its acute spur and

61. PRIMULACEA. 265

obconical capsule, may be expected in the north of Scotland.]—
Bogs in the western parts of the country. P. VI.—IX.

2. Urricutaria Linn. Bladderwort.

1. U. vulgaris (L.); spur conical deflexed at tip, roundish
3-lobed upper cor.-lip about equalling the bilobed palate, anth.
cohering, ]. pinnate-multifid, bladders upon the leaves.—E. B.
253.—f'l. bright yellow, rather large. Ped. scarcely 3 times as
long as the bract, patent with fruit. Scape 4—6 in. high. St.
floating in the water.—[U. neglecta (Lem.); spur adpressed
more slender, ovate-oblong blunt or emarginate upper cor.-lip
nearly 3 times as long as the subrotund palate, anth. free, ped.
4—5 times as long as the bract erect with fr., 1. more distant,
bladders on both stem and leaves; is apparently a native of the
Fen country.] P. VI—VIII. Greater Bladderwort.

2. U. intermedia (Hayne); spur conical adpressed, upper lip
twice as long as the inflated palate, |. 3-parted, segments linear
dichotomous, bladders separate from the leaves.—E, B. 2489.—
Fl. paler with a much longer upper lip than in No. 1. Bladders
on leafless shoots. Increasing by buds at the end of the shoots
and seldom flowering.—Ditches and pits, rare. P. VIII.

3. U. minor (L.); spur very short obtuse, upper lip equalling
the palate, lower lip ovate with reflexed sides, 1. dichotomously
multifid, bladders upon the leaves.—E. B. 254.—Scarcely any
spur. Fl. small. Sep. subrotund, acuminate. Plant much
smaller than either of the others. [U. Bremii (Heer); a rather
stronger plant with an “ orbicular flat lower lip and subrotund
subreniform minutely apiculate sep.;” is probably a native. |—
Ditches and pits. P. VI—VII. Smaller Bladderwort.

Order LXI. PRIMULACE.

Cal. 4—7-cleft, permanent, inferior. Cor. regular, 4—7-fid.
Stam. upon the cor., opposite to its segments. Ovary free, 1-
celled, with a free central placenta. Style 1. Stigma capitate.
Fy. a capsule. Seeds peltate; embryo transverse in fleshy albu-
men.—For fig. of genera see G. F. G. Gam. i.

1. Primuta. Cal. tubular, 5-fid. Cor. salvershaped, tube
cylindrical up to the insertion of the stamens, Stam. 5, in-
serted and included in the tube of the cor. Caps. many-
seeded, 5-valved with 10 teeth.

2, Horronra. Cal. 5-parted, divided almost to its base.
Valves of caps. remaining connected at the top. Seeds with
the hilum close to one end. Otherwise like Primula.

N

266 61. PRIMULACER.

3. Cycuamen. Cal. belishaped, half 5-cleft. Cor. with a
short bellshaped tube and 5-partite reflexed limb. Stam. 5,
inserted at the bottom on the tube of the cor., included.
Caps. many-seeded, opening with 5 teeth.

4. Lysimacuia. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, scarcely any
tube, limb 5-parted. Stam. 5, at the base of the cor. Caps.
with 5 valves (in L. nemorum sometimes 2-valved or inde-
hiscent, in L. thyrsiflora few-seeded).

5. AnaGaLLis. Cal. 5-parted. Cor. rotate, tube none, limb
5-parted. Stam. 5, at the base of the cor. Caps. many-
seeded, opening all round transversely.

6. CentuncuLus. Cal. 4—5-parted. Cor. with a subglo-
bose inflated tube and spreading 4—5-parted limb. Stam.
4 or 5, inserted in the throat of the cor. Caps. many-
seeded, opening all round transversely —Fl. usually 4-
parted.

7. TrignTais. Cal.7-parted. Cor. rotate, 7-parted, tube
none. Stam. 7, inserted at the base of the cor. Caps. many-
seeded, opening with 5 revolute fugacious valves. Seeds in-
vested with a reticulated tunic.

3. GLaux. Cal. belishaped, 5-parted, coloured. Cor. none.
Stam. 5, inserted at the base of the calyx. Caps. few-seeded
(about 10), opening with 5 valves.

9. Samoxus. Cal. 5-parted, its tube adhering to the lower
half of the germen, persistent. Cor. salvershaped, tube short,
limb 5-parted with interposed converging scales. Stam. 5,
inserted near to the base of the tube of the cor. Caps. 4-
inferior, many-seeded, opening with reflexed teeth.

1. Primuza Linn. Primrose.

1. P. vulgaris (Tuds.); l. oblong-ovate wrinkled crenate, ped.
obsolete, pedicels villose sessile single-flowered, cal. tubular,
teeth linear-lanceolate attenuate very acute, cor.-limb flat with
a circle of scalelike folds at the slightly contracted mouth, caps.
ovate » the length of cal., long straightish teeth of fr.-cal. meet-
ing at top.—B. B. 4. St.14. 6. P.acaulis Jacq.—L. narrowing
gradually downwards. Fl. erect. Cal. villose—f. caulescens ;
I, slightly contracted below, ped. umbellate, fl. erect. Often
taken for P. elatior—Woods and thickets. P. IV. V. Primrose.

2. P. veris (L.); L. ovate abruptly contracted below then
attenuate wrinkled crenate, ped. tomentose umbellate many-
flowered, cal. bellshaped, teeth short ovate, coy.-limb concave
with a circle of scalelike folds at the slightly contracted mouth,

HOTTONIA.— CYCLAMEN. 267

caps. elliptical 4 the length of inflated cal., short teeth of fr.-
cal. converging.—E. B. 5. St. 14.4. P. officinalis Jacq.—Cal.
tomentose. Cal. teeth 3 of the length of the tube, obtuse or
slightly acute. Cor.-segments cordate.—Probably hybrids are
formed between this and P. vulgaris, which are mistaken for P.
elatior.— Meadows and pastures. P.IV.V. Cowslip. Paigle.

3. P. elatior (Jacq.); 1. ovate abruptly contracted below then
attenuate wrinkled denticulate, ped. umbellate many-flowered,
cal. tubular, teeth lanceolate acute, cor.-limb concave, segments
obcordate-oblong, tube not crowned nor contracted at the mouth,
caps. linear-oblong equalling cal., teeth of fr.-cal. patent.—E. B.
513. St. 14. 5.—Segments of the corolla almost square. Cor.-
limb rarely flat. Outer fl. nodding. Fr. erect.—Woods an
meadows in the eastern counties. P.IV.V. Oulip. E.

4. P. farinosa (L.); 1. obovate-lanceolate mealy, cal. oblong-
ovate, teeth linear, limb. of cor. flat, segments obcordate rounded
below distant as long as the tube.—E. B.6. St. 14.—Umbellate.
Fi. pale lilac with a yellow centre; but the colour and breadth
of segments very variable. Germen obovate. Stigma capitate.
Rarely the ped. is obsolete and the fl. amongst the leaves.—
North of England and south of Scotland. P.VI. VII. Bird’s-
eye Primrose. E. 8.

5. P. scotica (Hook.); J. obovate-lanceolate mealy, cal. swollen,
teeth short ovate obtuse, limb of cor. flat, segments broadly obcor-
date approximate half the length of the tube.—E. B. S. 2608.
—Hialf as large as the preceding. Umbellate. FI. bluish-purple
with a yellow centre. Germen globose. Stigma with 5 points.
—Sandy heaths of the extreme north of Scotland. P. VII. S.

2. Hotronta Linn. Water-violet.

1. H. palustris (L.) ; fl. whorled stalked upon a long solitary
cylindrical stalk, cor. exceeding the calyx, 1. pectinate.—E. B.
364.—L. submerged, crowded. F). rising above the water, purple
and yellow. Style exceeding the cal., stam. inserted in tube,
anth. and filaments about equal in length; or style falling short
of cal., stam. inserted at top of tube, filaments 3 or 4 times
as long as the anthers. The former of the varieties is appa-
rently barren.—Ponds and ditches. P.V. VI. EL

3. CycuamEN Linn. Sow-bread.

1. C. hederifolium (Ait.) ; 1. cordate-ovate angular denticulate,
cor.-throat 5-angled, sep. ovate acuminate denticulate.—R. xvii.
1538. C. europeum Sm., E. B. 548.—St. a large depressed
tuber. L. after the fi., with wavy white blotches ne FL

N

268 61. PRIMULACEZ.

more or less pink with darker spots, 2-horned spots at the mouth.
Fr.-ped. rolled up spirally—Woods near the borders of East
Sussex and Kent! Mr. W.W’. Saunders. P. VIII. E.

4. Lystmacuia Linn. Loose-strife.

1. L. thyrsiflora (L.); racemes axillary stalked dense, |. oppo-
site lanceolate—F. B. 176.—St. 1—2 ft. high. Fil. small, very
many. Cor. divided almost to its base into narrow segments
separated by minute teeth, yellow and as well as the cal. spotted
with orange. Stam. combined below into a short ring.—Marshes
in the north. P. VI. VII. E. $8.

2. L. vulgaris (L.); st. erect, panicles compound terminal and
avillary, 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate nearly sessile opposite or 3 or
+ in a whorl, cor.-segments entire with glabrous edges, stam. 5
combined throuch half their length. B. 761.—St. 2—3 feet
high. L. variable in size, shape and pubescence. Panicle much
branched or nearly simple.—Sides of rivers and pools. P. VII.

[L. punctata (L.); st. erect, ped. axillary opposite or whorled
1-f1., 1. ovate-lanceolate slightly stalked opposite or whorled,
upper 1. narrower, cor.-segm. ovate glandular-ciliate, stam. 5
combined through half their leneth. — L. westphalica Gardn.
Chron. 1854, 614.—St.1—]4 ft. high. St.and 1. downy. Sep.
narrow-lanceolate. Cor. yellow. Pet. rarely branched, downy,
falling short of leaves.—Dulverton, Devon! P. VI. VIL]

*3, L. ciliata (L.); st. erect, ped. axillary opposite or whorled
racemose, /, opposite or 4 in a few of the uppermost whorls ovate-
lanceolate subcordate with ciliated stalks, coy.-segments roundish
crenate obtuse cuspidate, filamenis 10 free 5 sterile—E, B.S.
2922.—Fl. yellow. Ped. nodding at the end. St. 3 feet high?
—Near Serbergham, Cumb. Mr. 11. Backhouse. P. VILE.

4. L. Nummularia (L.); st. prostrate creeping, fl. solitary
axillary, sep. ovate acute, filamenis glandular connected at the
base, 1. opposite roundish or ovate shortly stalked.—E. B. 528.
—Peduncles shorter than the leaves. Fl. occasionally in pairs.
—Damp places. P. VI. VII. Jfoneywort.

5. L. nemorum (L.); st. prostrate, fl. axillary solitary, sep.
linear-lanceolate, filaments smooth distinct, 1. opposite ovate acute
shortly stalked.—E. B. 527.—Peduncles longer than the 1.
Caps. 5-valved but usually dividing longitudinally into 2 parts,
sometimes indehiscent. Stam. distinct.—Woods and damp shady
places. P. VI—VIII.

5. Anacatiis Linn. Pimpernel.

1, A. arvensis (L.); st. procumbent or erect, fl. axillary soli-

CENTUNCULUS.—SAMOLUS. 269

tary, 1. opposite sessile ovate or ovate-oblong.—Cor. rotate. Pet.
slightly exceeding the cal., crenate. Filaments distinct.—a. A.
arvensis (Sm.); st. mostly procumbent, pet. fringed with minute
glandular hairs (usually scarlet), 1. ovate. H.B.529. Fl. some-
times flesh-coloured (A. carnea Schrank), wholly white or white
with a pink eye.—8. A. c@rulea (Sm.); st. mostly erect, pet.
without glandular hairs (usually blue), 1. ovate-oblong. E. B.
1823.—Probably distinct; Mr. Borrer suspects that each varies
with red or blue flowers.—Corn-fields. A. VI. VII. Scarlet
Pimpernel.

2. A. tenella (L.); st. procumbent rooting, fl. axillary solitary,
1. opposite stalked roundish, cor. funnelshaped, pet. much ex-
ceeding the calyx entire, filaments connected below.—E. B. 530.
—Ped. long. Fl. rather large, rose-coloured. L. nearly sessile.
—Spongy bogs. P. VII. VIII. Bog Pimpernel.

6. Cenruncuyus Linn. Bastard Pimpernel.

1. C. minimus (L.); 1. alternate ovate acute, fl. nearly sessile,
cor. without glands at the base.—Z. B. 531.— Usually very mi-
nute. St. usually prostrate. Cor. very small, pale rose-colour.
—Damp sandy and gravelly places. A. VI. VII.

7. Trientais Linn.

1. T. europea (L.); 1. oblong-obovate obtuse.—E. B. 15.—
St. 4—6 in. high, with the 1. mostly collected at the top. Fl. on
slender peduncles, white with a yellowring. Parts of the fl. and
fr. varying from 7 to 9 in each whorl. Valves of the caps. soon
falling off.—North of E.; Highlands of 8. P. VI. E. 8.

8. Guaux Linn. Black Saltwort.

1. G. maritima (L.).—E. B. 13—St. mostly procumbent.
L. opposite, ovate, glabrous. Fl. axillary, sessile, pink, with
blunt segments. Remarkable in this order by its want of petals.
—Sea-shores and salt marshes. P. VI.—VIII.

9. Samoxus Linn. Brook-weed.

1. S. Valerandi (L.); 1. obovate or roundish blunt, upper I.
dlunt with a point, racemes many-flowered ultimately elongated,
caps. subglobose.—E. B. 703.—Remarkable in this order by its
cal. adhermg to the germen and by having acrown to the corolla.
—Damp watery places. P. VI. VHI.

270 62. PLUMBAGINACEE.

Order LXII. PLUMBAGINACEA.

Cal. 5-cleft, persistent, inferior, plicate. Cor. regular, 5-fid
or nearly 5-petalous. Stam. 5, hypogynous, or adnate to the
base of the pet. Ovary free, of 5 carpels, 1-celled, 1-seeded ;
ovule 1, pendulous by a stalk arising from the bottom of the cell.
Styles 5. Fr.autricle. Seed inverted. Embryo in the axis of
farinaceous albumen. Radicle superior.

1. Statice. FL. spiked. Cal. scarious above. Cor. 5-parted.
Caps. not bursting.—G. F. G. Gam. 1. 4.

2. ARmeERIA. Fl. in a head with an inverted cylindrical
sheath. Caps. not bursting.—G. F. G. Gam. i. 3.

1. Sratice Linn. Sea-Lavender.

1. S. Limonium (L.); 1. elliptie-oblong stalked mucronate
1-ribbed strongly veined, scape subterete branched above corym-
bose, spikelets 1—3-flowered ascending forming dense 2-ranked
patent or recurved spikes, cal.-segments entire acute with inter-
mediate teeth, outer bract pointed rounded on the back.—E. B.
102. R. xvii. 1111].—Scape usually not branched in its lower
half, often not until near the corymbose top. Spikes short;
spikelets densely imbricate——Muddy salt marshes. P. VIT—
IX.

2. S. Bahusiensis (Fries) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate stalked mucro-
nate l-ribbed faintly vemed, scape slightly angular usually
branched from below the middle panicled, spikelets 1—3-flowered
unilateral rather distant forming lax erect or incurved spikes, cal.-
segments acute denticulate with intermediate teeth, outer bract
pointed keeled on the back.—R. xvu. 1111. 8S. rariflora Dre}j.,
£. B. 8. 2917.—Seape not corymbose, much branched below.
Spikes long; spikelets often 1-flowered, not imbricate.—Salt
marshes. P. VII. VIII.

3. 8. Dodartii (Gir.); 1. obovate-spathulate narrowed mto a
broadly winged stalk 3-ribbed below, scapes rigid alternately
branched, no sterile branches, spikelets 2—4-flowered densely
imbricate 2-ranked forming linear thick suberect spikes, cal.-
segments blunt entire without intermediate teeth.—Scape usually
not branched in its lower half; branches often simple, short.
Bracts with white margins or slightly pink. Anth. oblong.
—Rocky shores. P. VII. VIII. E. 1.

4. 8. occidentalis (Lloyd); 1. lanceolate-spathulate rather acute
narrowed into a long winged stalk obscurely 3-ribbed below,
seapes slender wavy dichotomously branched from near the base,
few lowest branches sterile, spikelets 2—4-flowered imbricate 2-

63. PLANTAGINACES. 271

ranked forming linear slender suberect spikes, cal.-segments blunt
entire without intermediate teeth_—S. binervosa G. E, Sm.,
E. B. 8. 2663.—Scape usually branching quite from the base ;
branches repeatedly forked, elongate. Bracts deeply tinged
with pink. Anth. oval—Rocky shores. P. VII. VII. E.S.

5. S. caspia (Willd.) ; 1. obovate or lanceolate spathulate nar-
rowed into a petiole, scapes branched from uear the base granular-
scabrous, branches many slender repeatedly and acutely forked
uppermost alone bearing dense terminal spikes of 2—3-flowered
2-ranked spikelets, cal.-segments ovate-cuspidate denticulate —
S. reticulata Sm., E. B. 328.—Remarkable by its much divided
sterile branches which fork at an acute angle. L.small.—Muddy
sea-shores of Norf. and Suff. P. VII. VII. i.

2. Anmeria Willd. Thrift.

1. A. maritima (Willd.) ; U. tinear 1-veined, scape downy, inv.-
bracts very obtuse 1—3 outer ones mucronate, cal.-segments
acute, cal.-tube hairy or pilose-striate.-—L. all radical, many,
narrow. Fl. rose-coloured or white.—a. A. maritima (Boiss.) ;
1. flattish above, inv.-scales broadly green on the back outer ones
ovate-mucronate, cal.-tube uniformly hairy equalling the primary
pedicel. R. xvii. 1148.—8. A. pubescens (Link); 1. flattish
above, inv.-scales broadly green on the back outer ones tri-
angular-ovate acute, cal.-tube hairy on the ribs otherwise gla-
brous equalling the primary pedicel. Statice Armeria Sm.,
E. B, 226, Pedicels shorter in the mountain plant.—y. A. pubi-
gera B. scotica (Boiss.) ; 1. subtriquetrous channeled and dotted
above, inv.-scales scarious a little thickened on the back, cal.-
tube uniformly hairy twice as long as the primary pedicel.—
6. A. duriuscula (Bab.); 1. subtriquetrous channeled above, inv.-
seales broadly green on the back, cal.-tube only hairy on the
ribs equalling the primary pedicel.—Muddy and rocky sea-
shores. 6. rare. £8. also on mountains. P. IV.—IX.

(2. A. plantaginea (Willd.) ; 1, ald similar 3—5-veined linear-
lanceolate with a narrow membranous margin, scapes glabrous
rough, outer inv.-bracts triangular or lanceolate cuspidate others
ovate or obovate with a broad membranous margin obtuse, pedi-
cel not } as long as the pilose-striate cal.-tube.—E. B.S. 2928.—
Distinguished by its leaves.—Jersey. P. VI. VII.]

Order LXIII. PLANTAGINACE.

Cal. 4-parted, persistent, imbricate, inferior. Cor. 4-parted,
regular, scarious. Stam. 4, hypogynous, or at the base of the
tube, alternate with the segments of the cor.; filaments at first

272 63. PLANTAGINACE.

doubled inwards. Ovary free, of 1 carpel, 1-celled, or with a cen-
tral compressed 2—4-winged placenta and thus 2—4-celled.
Ovules 1 or 2. Style 1. Caps. opening transversely. Seeds pel-
tate or erect. Radicle inferior—G. F. G. Gam. i. 1 and 2.

1. Puantaco. Fl. perfect. Cal. 4-cleft. Cor. with an
ovate tube and 4-parted reflexed limb. Stam. on the corolla.
Caps. bursting transversely, 2—4-celled, 2—4-seeded.

2. LirroreLtua. Moneecious. Male fl. stalked; sep. 4; tube
of the cor. cylindrical, limb 4-parted; stam. hypogynous ;
filaments very long. Fem. fi. sessile; sep. 3; cor. oblong,
narrowed at both ends; style long; caps. 1-seeded.

1. Prantaco Linn. Plantain.

* Placenta 3—4-winged, thus forming 3—4 cells. Seeds 1 in
each cell.

1. P. Coronopus (L.); 1. linear pinnatifid or dentate, scape
round, spike slender, bracts subulate from an ovate base erect,
midrib of lateral sep. with a ciliated membranous wing. —E. B.892.
—Tube of the cor. glabrous.” Extremely variable im size and
amount of pubescence, woolly or nearly glabrous. L. varying in
width, nearly entire, or even doubly pimnatifid. Spikes slender,
13 in. long, many-flowered; or spherical with 2—6 flowers.—
Gravelly barren spots near the sea and inland. A.? VI. VII.
Buck’s-horn Plantain.

** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cor.-tube
pubescent.

2. P. maritima (L.); 1. linear channeled fleshy convex on
the back, scape round, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate mucronate,
sep. not winged.—E. B. 175. St. 88. 4.—L. usually woolly at
their base, nearly flat and broad or linear, toothed or quite entire,
glabrous or hairy; 3-veined, veins equidistant. Scape glabrous
or hary. Caps. oblong-conical. Very variable in size. Ina
Cornish variety the 1. are only 1—2 lines in length and semi-
cylindrical, scapes very short, spikes sometimes only 3- or 4-
flowered.—The mountain plant is apparently P. serpentina (Vill.);
its caps. is ovoid and blunt, bracts lanceolate acute perhaps not
keeled, 1. not channeled. It is probably a distinct species.—Sea-
coast and on mountains. P. VI.—IX.

*** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 1 in each cell. Cor.-tube
glabrous.

3. P. lanceolata (L.); 1. lanceolate attenuated at both ends
b-veined, scape furrowed, spike ovate or oblong-cylindrical,

64. AMARANTHACES. 273

bracts ovate acute or cuspidate, 2 lateral sep. keeled.—E.. B. 507.
—L. nearly glabrous, lanceolate, length 4—12 times the breadth.
Anth. and filaments yellow. A very variable plant. Spikes
globose, scape and 1. silky, neck woolly, in sandy places; spikes
very long, 1. very long and broad, in rich damp soil.—Meadows,
pastures and sandy places. P. VI. VII. Ribwort.

4. P. media (L.); J. elliptical sessile or with short broad
stalks pubescent, scape round, spike cylindrical, bracts ovate-
acuminate, sep. not keeled —E. B. 1559. St. 87. 8.—L. usually
lying flat on the ground, sometimes shortly lanceolate and as-
cending. Anth. yellow, filaments purple——Meadows and pas-
tures. P. VI.—IX.

**** Placenta 2-winged. Seeds 2—4 in each cell. Cor.-tube
glabrous.

5. P. major (L.); 1. broadly ovate on longish channeled stalks,
scape round, spike long, bracts ovate-obtuse keeled about as
long as the cal., sep. with a prominent dorsal rib.—E. B. 1558.
St. 87. 6. R. xvii. 1127.—L. ascending. Anth. purple. Seeds
about 8.—. microstachya (Koch) ; scape weak shorter than 1.,
spike lax, 3—6-flowered.—Fields and waste places. 8. Turf-
bogs, Cunnamara, Ireland. P. VI.—VIII.

2. Lirroreya Linn. Shore-weed.

1. L. lacustris (L.).—E. B.468.—Fl. white. Fertile fl. ses-
sile. Stalks of the male fl. 1—2 in. long. L. all radical, linear,
fleshy, somewhat channeled.—Margins of lakes. P. VI. VII.

Subdivision IV. MONOCHLAMYDEA.

With only a single perianth, that is the cal. and cor. not di-
stinguishable, or wanting.

[Order LXIV. AMARANTHACE.

Perianth 3—5-parted, scarious, persistent. Stam. hypogynous.
Ovary free, 1-celled ; ovule 1 or several, suspended from a free
central seed-stalk. Style 1 or 0. Stigma simple or compound.
Embryo curved round central farinaceous aloumen.—L. without
stipules or sheaths.—G. F. G. Monochi. 71.

1. AMARANTHUS. Fl. moncecious. Perianth 3—5-parted.
Stam. 3—5. Styles 3. Caps 1-celled, 1-seeded, bursting

transversely. ] ‘
N

274 65. CHENOPODIACES.

1. Amarantuus Linn.

[l. A. Blitum (L.); fl. 3-fid 3-androus, clusters small lateral
the upper ones in a small naked spike, st. diffuse glabrous.—
E. B, 2212.—Waste places near towns. A. VIII.] E.

Order LXV. CHENOPODIACEA.

Perianth 5-parted, persistent. Stam. from the base of the
perianth. Ovary free or cohering with the tube of the perianth ;
ovule 1, attached to the base of the cell. Styles divided, or
rarely 1. Fr. not bursting, dry, membranous, included in the
perianth which often becomes enlarged or fleshy. Embryo curved
round farinaceous albumen, or spiral, or doubled together with-
out albumen; radicle next the hilum.—L. without stipules or
sheaths.—For figures of the genera see G. F. G. Monochl.

Tribe I. SALSOLE. FI. uniform, perfect. Seeds without
albumen. Embryo spiral. St. continuous. LL. semicylin-
drical or terete.

1. Suzpa. Perianth 5-parted, without appendages. Stam.
5, from the receptacle. Stigmas 2—3. Pericarp membra-
nous. Seed horizontal or vertical; testa crustaceous.—Brac-
teated.

2. Sausoxa. Perianth 5-parted, segments ultimately with a
transverse dorsal appendage. Stam. 5, from an hypogynous
ring. Styles 2. Pericarp membranous. Seed horizontal ;
testa membranous.—Bracteated.

Tr. Ul. BETTE. Fi. uniform, perfect. Seeds with albumen.
Embryo curved round the circumference of the seed. St.
continuous. L. flat.

3. CuHENopopiuM. Perianth 3—5-parted, persistent, un-
altered. Stam. 5, from the receptacle. Stigmas 2—3.
Pericarp thin, free. Testa crustaceous. Seed vertical or
horizontal.— Without bracts.

4. Bera. Perianth 5-parted, persistent. Stam. 5, from a
fleshy ring. Styles 2—3. Pericarp immersed and adhering
to the tube of the perianth. Seed horizontal, attached late-
rally. Testa membranous.

Tr. HI. SALICORNIEL. Fi. uniform, perfect. Seeds and
embryo as in Tr. II. St. jointed.

5. SALicornia. Perianth fleshy, tumid, undivided, imbedded
im an excavation of the rachis. Stam. 1—2. Style very

SUADA.—CHENOPUODIUM. 275

short, stigma bifid. Pericarp membranous. Seed vertical,
covered by the persistent perianth.

Tr. IV. ATRIPLICEAS. Fi. moneecious, of two forms, rarely
perfect. Seeds and embryo as in Tr. II. St. continuous.

6. ArripLex. Perianth 3—5-parted. Stam. 5. Style 0.—
Perigone compressed, of 2 more or less connected parts.
Stigmas 2. Pericarp membranous, free. Testa crustaceous.
Seed vertical, attached by a lateral hilum either near the
base or by means of a long seed-stalk in the middle of the
side; radicle basal.

7. Osrone. Perianth 3—5-parted. Stam. 5. Style 0.—
Perigone of 2 parts connected to their extremity, 3-toothed,
wedgeshaped below. Stigmas 2. Pericarp very thin, ulti-
mately adhering to the tube of the perigone. Testa membra-
nous. Seed vertical, pendulous fiom a long seed-stalk ;
radicle terminal.

Tribe I. Salsolee.
1. Suapa Forsk. Sea-Blite.

1. S. fruticosa (Forsk.); st. erect shrubby, J. obtuse semi-
cylindrical, styles 3, seeds smooth and shining.—E£. B. 635.
Salsola Sm. Schoberia Mey.—St. 2—3 feet high, with many
erect leafy branches and axillary flowers. Seed horizontal.—
On the south and east coasts, rare. P. VIL. VIII.

2. S. maritima (Dum.); st. herbaceous, /. acute semicylindrical,
styles 2, seeds reticulate-striate shining.—E. B. 633.— Chenopo-
dium Sm.—St. erect or procumbent with many spreading
branches. Seed horizontal.—Sea-shore. A. VII.—IX.

2. Sausoua Linn. Saltwort.

1. S. Kali (L.); minutely hairy, st. diffuse, 1. subulate spmous
rough, fl. axillary solitary, segments of the enlarged perianth
cartilaginous as long as their patent rather coloured roundish
wings.—E. B. 634.—St. angular, rigid, much branched.—Sandy
sea-shores. A. VIII.

Tribe II. Betee.

3. Cuznopopium Linn. Goose-foot.
*® Perianth covering the fruit ; seed horizontal.
+ Leaves wadivided:
1. C. olidum (Curt.); 1. ovate-rhomboidal entire mealy, fi. in

276 65. CHENOPODIACES.

leafless dense spikes, seed shining slightly rough (very small), st.
diffuse —E. B. 1034. St. 75. 14.—L. stalked. Whole herbage
covered with a greasy pulverulent fetid substance.—Waste
places by road-sides. A. VIII. IX.

2. C. polyspermum (L.); 4. ovate-elliptical, fl. in axillary leaf-
less cymose racemes, seeds shining minutely punctulate blunt at
the edge.—E. B. 1480 and 1481. Leight, t. 5. St. 75.12 and 13.
—Racemes more or less cymose or spicate. St. erect or pro-
cumbent. L. acute or obtuse. C. acutifolium and C. polysper-
mum axe undistinguishable.—Damp waste places. A. VIII. IX.

tt Leaves toothed angled or lobed.

3. C. urbicum (L.); 1. triangular sinuate-dentate or nearly
entire their base contracted into the petiole, spikes erect nearly
leafiess compound, seeds very minutely rough blunt at the edge.
—L. with short triangular teeth. Spikes approaching the stem.
Seed almost as large as Rape-seed.—8. C. intermedium (M. and
K.); 1. with large acute teeth. E. B.717.—Near Oxford. Sm.
Fl. Br. 8. Waste places. <A. VIII.

4. C. album (L.); 1. rhomboid-ovate sinuate-dentate entire
below, upper ones lanceolate nearly entire, fl. in compound
branched nearly leafless racemes, seeds smooth and shining blunt
but keeled at the edge.—H. B. 1723. St. 75. 6.— Axillary racemes
spicate dense, 1. mealy.—f. C. viride (L.) ; racemes cymose, 1.
green often quite entire. St. 75. 7.—Waste places. A. VII.
VIII.

5. C. ficifolium (Sm.); l.unequally 3-lobed from a wedgeshaped
base, lobes ascending, middle lobe elongate oblong-lanceolate den-
tate obtuse, upper 1. linear-lanceolate entire, fl. in erect nearly
leafless cymose racemes, seeds excavate-punctate shining blunt
and not keeled at the edge—H. B. 1724. St. 75. 10.—Mealy.
L. blunt ; middle lobe nearly equally broad throughout. Seeds
smaller than in C. album. Waste ground, rare. A. VIII. IX.

6. C. murate (L.); 1. rhomboid-ovate unequally and sharply
toothed entire below, fl. in divaricately-branched leafless cymes,
seeds elevate-punctate opaque acute and keeled at the edye.—E. B.
a St, 75. 5.—Waste ground near towns and villages. A.

“UI.

7. C. hybridum (L.); 1. subcordate angulate-dentate acuminate,
teeth large distant, fl. in aggregated panicled leafless cymes, seeds
excavate-punctate opaque blunt and not keeled at the edge —
E. B. 1919. St. 75. 2.—Seeds very large. L. with 2—4 large
teeth on each side.— Waste places, rare. A. VIII.

BETA.—SALICORNIA. 277

** Perianth not covering the fruit ; seed mostly vertical.
+ Stigmas short.

8. C. rubrum (L.); 1. rhomboid irregularly toothed and sinu-
ate entire below, fl. in erect compound dense leafy spikes, seeds
very minute smooth shining blunt and slightly keeled at the edge.
—E. B.1721.—St. erect, often a foot high. Pericarp very loose.
Seed vertical, or horizontal in the terminal fl. Fl. generally in-
complete. Cal. 4- rarely 5-cleft. Stam.1 or 2. Mr. Leighton
has sent a variety with much more triangular 1., shorter spikes
and larger seeds, grown from seed obtained near London.—
Waste places, particularly salt marshes. A. VIIT. IX.

9. C. botryoides (Sm.); 1. triangular somewhat toothed, fl. in
compound dense leafy spikes, seeds very minute smooth shining
acutely keeled at the edge.—E. B. 2247.—St. prostrate, spreading,
4—5 in. long. Pericarp loose. Seeds vertical—Moist sandy
places near the sea. Cornw., Suff., Northumb. A. IX.

10. C. glaucum (L.); 1. oblong sinuate-dentate, fl. in erect nearly
simple leafless spikes, seeds very minute reticulate-rugose acutely
keeled at the edge.—E. B. 1454? (C. botryoides?) St. 75. 1.—
St. spreading, often prostrate. Seeds reddish, vertical or hori-
zontal.— Waste sandy soil. A. IX.

tt Stigmas long.

ll. C. Bonus-Henricus (L.) ; 1. triangular-hastate entire, fl. in
compound leafless spikes, seeds smooth and shihing.—E. B.
1033. St. 74. 13.—St. a foot high. L. large, dark green, used
instead of Spinage.--Waste places near villages. P. V.—VIII.

4. Bera Linn. Beet.

1. B. maritima (L.) ; st. many from the crown of the root pro-
strate, 1. triangular-ovate narrowed into a petiole, spikes long
simple leafy, bracts lanceolate exceeding the 2—3-flowered clus-
ters, segments of the perianth with entire keels.—Z. B. 285.
B. vulgaris (H. and A.), but the weight of evidence is against
their identity.—Root thick, fleshy. St.6—12 in. long, prostrate
below, spreading in a circle, afterwards ascending.—Sea-shore.
P. VII.—IX.

a

Tribe III. Salicorniee.

5. Sauicornia Linn.’ Glasswort.

1. S. herbacea (L.); herbaceous, joints of st. compressed

1 See a paper on this genus by Mr. Woods in Proe. Linn. Soc. iii. 111.

278 65. CHENOPODIACE2.

rather thickened upwards notched, spikes cylindrical tapering
stalked, fl. 3 on each side middle fl. placed highest, seed oval or
oblong.—E. B. 415.—St. usually erect, branched, 3—12 in. high.
Fl. placed in triangles. Stam. 1 or 2.—8. S. procumbens
(Sm.); st. procumbent. E. B. 2475.—Muddy sea-shores. A.
VIII. IX.

2. S.radicans(Sm.); joints of st. compressed deeply notched
searcely thickened, spikes oblong obtuse nearly sessile, middle
fl. scarcely higher than the others, seed nearly globular.—E. B.
1691. S. fruticosa Sm. (not L.), E. B. 2467.—St. procumbent
or ascending, rooting —Muddy sea-shores. P. VIII. TX. E.I.

Tribe IV. Atriplicee.

6. ATRIPLEX Linn! Orache.

A. Polygamous ; sep. of fem. fl. distinct, seed vertical ; perfect
fl. 3—5-parted, seed horizontal.

[*1. A. nitens (Rebent.); st. erect, |. triangular-cordate-hastate
sinuate-dentate shining above glaucous beneath, upper I. elongate-
triangular, fr.-perigone ovate-acuminate entire separate to the
base.—A large coarse plant introduced by accident. Sea-shore
near Ryde, Isle of Wight. A. VIII. 1x]

B. Monecious ; sepals of fem. fi. united below.

* Stem with resinous stripes.—t Leaves not lobed.

2. A. littoralis (L.); st. erect, 1. linear-lanceolate entire or
rarely toothed, fr.-perigone ovate-rhomboid acute toothed tu-
bercled on the back with spreading points.—E.B.708. St. 79. 12.
—Distinguished by the form of its open-pointed perigone, and
1, usually entire —Salt marshes. A. VII.—IX.

3. A. marina (L.); st. erect, 1. oblong-lanceolate irregularly
toothed ov rarely entire, fr.-perigone obcordate-triangular obtuse
toothed tubercled on the back with adpressed points.—St. 80. 1.

—Distinguished by its toothed 1. and form of perigone.—Salt
marshes. A. VIT.—IX.

Tt Lower leaves with lateral spreading or ascending lobes.

4. A. angustifolia (Sm.!); st. erect or prostrate, 1. lanceolate
entire from a wedgeshaped base, the lower 1. with 2 ascending
lobes, fr.-perigone rhomboidal acute entire with prolonged lateral

1 See Woods in Phytol. iii. 587, and Tourist’s Flora, 315.

ATRIPLEX. 279

angles longer than the fr. and collected into nearly simple inter-
rupted spikes the larger leaflike and not tubercled, seeds black
and polished.—E. B. 1774. A. patula Wahl., Koch, St. 79.5.
—Spikes wandlike with distant clusters of fi., valves of the fr.
perigone netted.—Common. A. VII.—X.

5. A. erecta (Huds.); primary st. mostly erect, lower 1. ovate-
oblong with 2 ascending lobes from a wedgeshaped base irregu-
larly sinuate-dentate, upper 1. lanceolate, fr.-perigone rhomboidal
denticulate acute more or less muricated on the back scarcely
exceeding the fr. and collected in branched dense many-flowered
spikes, seeds black and polished.—E. B. 2223! Koch in St. 79.6.
—Branches ascending or prostrate. Upper 1. mostly entire —
Common upon cultivated land. A. VII.—X.

6. A. deltoidea (Bab.); st. mostly erect, 2. mostly opposite
nearly all hastate-triangular with spreading lobes, fr.-perigone
ovate-triangular muricated on the back scarcely exceeding the fr.
united only at the base, fr. panicled in dense spikes, seeds thick
black and polished, or a few dark brown and larger and with large
perigones.—a. A. deltoidea (Bab.) ; 1. all hastate-triangular
toothed, fr.-perigone toothed muricated on back, spikes dense.
E. B. S. 2860.—[8. A. microsperma (W. and K.) ; 1. often alter-
nate, upper |. subulate-hastate entire, fr.-perigone entire its back
rough. Pl. Hung. rar. t. 250. A. ruderalis S¢. 79. 8.—] y. A.
triangularis (Willd.); st. and branches prostrate, 1. often alter-
nate, uppermost 1. lanceolate entire, fr.-perigone slightly toothed
or entire. <A. prostrata Bab.—Cultivated and waste ground.
y. Sea-coast. A. VI.—X.

7. A. hastata (L.); st. mostly erect, lower 1. hastate-triangular
with spreading lobes, uppermost 1. lanceolate entire, fr.-perigone
triangular-rhomboidal slightly muricated on the back exceed-
ing the fr. united only at base, fr. in nearly simple interrupted
spikes, larger seeds dark brown shagreened compressed, smaller
black and shining.—A. patula Sm., E. B. 936. A. latifolia St.
79. 7.—Cultivated and waste ground. A. VI—X.

8. A. Babingtonit (Woods) ; st. spreading procumbent or as-
cending with spreading branches, /. mealy ovate-triangular some-
what 3-lobed unequally sinuate-dentate, upper 1. lanceolate den-
tate and often 3-lobed at the base, fr.-perigone rhomboidal-acute
toothed tubercled on the back united on both sides, clusters axil-
lary and terminal few-flowered, seeds minutely tubercular-rugose.
—A. rosea Bab., E. B.S. 2880, not L. A. crassifolia Fries, pro-
bably not of Mey.—A very variable plant. Fr.-perigone large,
typically forming a diagonal square a little rounded at the lateral
angles.—Sea-shore, common. A. VII.—IX.

280 66. POLYGONACES.

** Stem buff-coloured, nearly without stripes. Perigone of fr.
hard and thick.

9. A. arenaria (Woods); st. spreading procumbent with spread-
ing branches, J. triangular-rhomboidal sinuate mealy beneath,
spike of male fl. dense naked, fertile fl. axillary, fr.-perigones
rhomboidal-3-lobed with the lateral lobes truncate the back 3-
ribbed the 2 lateral ribs often terminating in tubercles, seeds
rough opaque.—A. laciniata Sm. (L. in part) E. B. 165.—Plant
hoary throughout. Fr.-perigones large, very broad.—Sea-shore.
A. VII.—IX.

7. Ospionre Gaert. Sea Purslane.

1. O. pedunculata (Moq.); st. herbaceous wavy branched, I.
obovate entire attenuated below, upper 1. narrower, fr.-perigone
long-stalked inversely wedgeshaped 2-lobed with a small inter-
mediate tooth.— EB. B.232. St. 80.5. Alriplee Sm.—Muddy
salt marshes near the east and south coasts of England, and Cun-
namara, Ireland; very rare. A. VIII. IX, E. I.

2. O. portulacoides (Moq.); st. woody, 1. obovate-lanceolate
entire attenuated below, fr.-perigone inversely triangular rounded
below subsessile with 3 equal lobes above and muricated on the
back.—E. B. 261. St. 80.4. Atriplex Sm.—Common on the
sea-shore. P, VITI.—X.

Order LXVI. POLYGONACE.

Perianth 3—6-parted, imbricate. Stam. definite, from the base
of the perianth. Ovary 1, free, with 1 erect ovule. Styles and
stigmas several. Fr. not bursting, a nut, naked or covered by
the enlarged perianth. Embryo inverted, usually on one side of
farinaceous albumen; radicle remote from the hilum.—Stipules
usually cohering in the shape of ochree.—For figures of the
genera see G. F. G. Monochl.

1. Rumex. Perianth 6-parted ; 3 inner segments large, con-
nivent. Stam. 6, disposed in pairs. Styles 3. Stigmas
multifid. Nut triquetrous, covered by the enlarged imuer
segments of perianth ; embryo lateral.

wo

Oxyria. Perianth 4-parted; 2 inner segments larger.
Stam. 6. Stigmas 2, multifid. Nut compressed, with a
membranous wing, larger than the persistent segments of
perianth ; embryo central.

3. Potyconum. Perianth 5-parted. Stam. 5—8. Styles
2—3. Nut trigonous or compressed; embryo lateral, in-
curved ; cotyledons not contorted.

RUMEX. 281

4. Facopyrum. Perianth 5-parted. “Stam. 8. Styles 3.
Nut trigonous ; embryo central ; cotyledons large, leajlike,
contort-plicate.

1, Rumex Linn. Docks.
* Fl. perfect. Herbage not acid. Lapathum Tourn.

1. R. maritimus (L.); enlarged pet. rhomboidal narrow, each
with a lanceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tubercle
and upon each side 2 setaceous teeth as long as the pet., whorls
crowded many-flowered leafy, ]. all linear-lanceolate.—E.B.725.
—Nut very small; faces elliptical. L. equally narrowed at both
ends.—Marshes principally near the sea. P. or B. VII. VIII.

[R. limosus (Thuil.); enlarged pet. ovate-oblong on each side
2 setaceous teeth, whorls distant, 1. all linear-lanceolate narrowed
at both ends. R. palustris Koch, St. 73. 2. Gold Dock Pet.
t.2.f.7. A plant having this character should be looked for.
See Bot. Gaz. 1. 296.]

2. R. palustris (Sm.); enlarged pet. ovate-oblong, each with a
lanceolate entire point a prominent narrow oblong tubercle and
upon each side 2 or 3 setaceous teeth shorter than the pet., whorls
distant many-flowered leafy, root-l. narrowly lanceolate rounded
or slightly decurrent below.— EZ. B. 1932.—Nut 3 times as large
as that of R. maritimus; faces ovate. Upper]. linear-lanceolate,
narrowed below.— Marshy places, rare. P. VII.—IX. E.

3. R. conglomeratus (Murr.); enlarged pet. linear-oblong ob-
tuse, each bearing a large tubercle and entire or obscurely toothed
at the base, whorls distant leafy, 1. oblong pointed, lower |. cordate
or rounded at the base.—E. B. 724. R. acutus Sm. R. glome-
ratus R. I. f. 552.—Nut ovate, acute. Enlarged pet. broadest
near the base; the sides nearly parallel. Unopened anth. white.
Branches mostly spreading. Nearly every whorl is accompanied
by a leaf.—Wet places. P. VI—VIIL.

4, R. sanguineus (L.); enlarged pet. narrowly oblong blunt en-
tire only one bearing a tubercle, whorls distant leafless, 1. ovate-
lanceolate, lower 1. cordate or rounded at the base.— FE. B. 1533.
—Nut ovate-elliptical, acute. Enlarged pet. broadest above their
middle. A very few of the lower whorls are often each accom-
panied by a leaf. Veins of the |. bright red. Branches ascend-
ing.—f. R. viridis (Sibth.); veins of the |. green. Unopened
anth. pale yellow. R. nemorosus Schrad.—Woody places, rare.
8. Woods and road-sides, frequent. P. VI.—VIII.

5. R. pulcher (L.); enlarged pet. triangular-ovate netted with
raised nerves toothed below one principally tubercled, branches
spreading, whorls mostly leafy, lower J. fiddleshaped or cordate-

282 66. POLYGONACE.

oblong obtuse, upper 1. lanceolate acute, st. procumbent.—E. B.
1576.—St. straggling. Whorls distant. Nuts ovate, acute.—
Dry waste places. P.VII—IX. Fiddle Dock.

6. R. obtusifolius (L.?); enlarged pet. ovate-blunt-triangular
subulate-dentate below with raised veins and an oblong or ligu-
late entire point one principally tubercled, lower 1. cordate-ovate-
oblong blunt, upper |. oblong or lanceolate, branches ascending.
—E. B. 1999.—Height 2—3 feet. Whorls distant, leafless.
Nut elliptical, acute, nearly twice as long as broad.—All the
British specimens that I have seen are R. Friesii (Gren.), R. di-
varicatus (Fr.). They are probably not the true R. obtusifolius
(L.) which is said to be the R. sylvestris (Wahlr.) and has only
slightly toothed small triangular and less strongly veined en-
larged pet., and a nut scarcely longer than broad; and appears
to grow only in the north of Europe. It may be expected to
occur in Seotland.—Pastures and waste ground. P. VII.—IX.

7. R. pratensis (M. and K.); enlarged pet. unequal cordate
dilated and toothed at the base with a small entire triangular point
one principally tubercled, 1. oblong-lanceolate acute, lower 1.
slightly cordate below —E. B. 8. 2757.—Whorls approximate
but not crowded, mostly leafless. Unopened anth. white. Nut
elliptical. One enlarged pet. larger than the others, sometimes
all 3 equally tubercled.—Marshy places, rare. P.VI—IX. E.

8. R. crispus (L.); enlarged pet. cordate entire or crenulate
one principally tubercled, 1. lanceolate acute wavy crisped.—E. B.
1998.—Height 2—3 feet. L. narrowed or truncate below. Nut
elliptical. Enlarged pet. equal, sometimes all equally tubercled.
—Road-sides, fields, &. P. VIA—VIII. Curled Dock.

9. R. aquaticus (L.); enlarged pet. broadly cordate membra-
nous entire or wavy without tubercles, 1. lanceolate, lower 1. some-
what cordate, petioles flat and margined above.—E. B. S. 2698.
R. domesticus Hartm., Fries, Koch Height 3—4 feet. L. very
large. Whorls crowded, mostly leafless, forming a large dense
lobed panicle. Nut elliptical, acute—In the north of E. and in
S., preferring spots liable to be flooded. P. VII. VIIT. E.S.

{Dr. Arnott finds what “seems to be R. conspersus (Hartm.)”
in Kinross-shire. It has membranous netted broadly cordate
toothed enlarged petals. I have only seen a few fruits and do
not consider it to be the R. conspersus. |

10. R. Hydrolapathum (Huds.); enlarged pet. ovate-triangular
nearly entire all tubercled, 1. lanceolate acute tapering below, pe-
tioles flat but not margined above.—E. B. 2104.—St. 3—5 feet
high. L. often more than a foot lung. Whorls crowded, mostly

OXYRIA.—POLYGONUM. ‘283

leafless. Nut elliptical.—Ditches and river-sides. P. VIL. VIII.
Great Water Dock.

*l1. R. alpinus (L.); enlarged pet. cordate-ovate membranous
entire or denticulate without tubercles, 1. roundish-cordate blunt
with channeled petioles, upper 1. ovate—E. B. S. 2694.—Whorls
crowded, mostly leafless. Nut elliptical, acute—Formerly cul-
tivated. P. VII. Monk’s Rhubarb. E. 8.

** Fl. diecious. Herbage acid. Acetosella Tourn. Sorrels.

12. R. acetosa (L.); enlarged pet. roundish-cordate entire
membranous with a very minute tubercle at the base, sep. refleed,
1. oblong sagittate, stipules laciniate-dentate.—R. Pseudo-acetosa
Bert., E. B. 127?—Height 1—2 feet. Whorls leafless. Nut el-
liptical with acute angles.—Smith describes under this name the
R. hispanicus (“Munting,” Koch) which is occasionally cultivated.
-~Meadows and pastures. P. V. VI.

13. R. Acetosella (L.); petals scarcely enlarged ovate not
tubercled, sep. ascending, 1. lanceolate-hastate or linear with en-
tire lobes, stipules torn.—£. B. 1674.—Height 6—10 in. Whorls
leafless. L. very variable in breadth.—Dry gravelly places. P.
V.—VII. Sheep’s Sorrel.

[R. scutatus (L.); 1. hastate-ovate slightly fiddleshaped ; has
been found “ naturalized ” near Edinburgh and elsewhere. ]

2. Oxyria Hill. Mountain Sorrel.

1. O. reniformis (Hook.).—E. B. 910.—St. 8—10 in. high,
usually leafless. L. radical, reniform, slightly notched at the end,
with the veins radiating from the insertion of the long footstalk.
Pedicels thickening upwards, jointed in the middle. The per-
manent pet. not enlarged.—Lofty mountains. P. VII. VIII.

3. Potyconum Linn.

* Stem simple, bearing one spike. Ochree truncate. Root a
rhizome. Nut triquetrous. Stam.8. Styles 3. Bistorta.

l. P. Bistorta (L.); spike dense, 1. ovate subcordate, root-l.
with winged footstalks, faces of nut ovate smooth.—E. B. 509.
—St. 1—1} foot high. Root large. Fi. flesh-coloured.—Moist
meadows. P.VI. and X. Snakeweed.

2. P. viviparum (L.); spike lax bulbiferous bearing fl. on its
upper part, /. linear-lanceolate with revolute margins, lower 1.
elliptical with wingless footstalks, faces of nut ovate-lanceolate
smooth and shining. — E. B. 669. — Height 4—8 in. Spike
slender, the fl. on the lower part replaced by small red bulbs.

284 66. POLYGONACES.

FL white, sometimes very few in number.—Mountain pastures.
P. VI. VII.

** Ochree truncate. Root fibrous. Nut compressed or tri-
quetrous. Stam. 4—8. Styles 2—3. Fi. spiked, rarely
capitate.—Fl. purple or white. L. without or with a central
dark spot. Persicaria.

3. P. amphibium (L.); spike dense ovate-cylindrical, 1. stalked
ovate-oblong (floating) or oblong-lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate
rough at the margins, ochre membranous close, nut com-

ressed smooth shining, stam. 5, root creeping.—E. B. 436.—
a long when floating. Spikes generally solitary and terminal.
FI. rose-coloured. Very variable in the form of its leaves ac-
cording to its habitation.—Floating or growing upon mud or on
boggy ground. P. VII.—TIX.

4. P. lapathifolium (L.); spikes oblong cylindrical dense, 1.
oblong-lanceolate or ovate attenuated at both ends glandular
beneath, ochree close not fringed the upper ones shorily fringed,
peduncles and perianth glandular-scabrous, nut compressed its
faces roundish acuminate concave smooth shining scarcely co-
vered by the perianth, styles distinct at length divergent and
reflexed.—E. B. 1382.—a. P. pallidum (With.); 1. all oblong-lan-
ceolate wavy, spikes axillary or terminal solitary, bracts auricled
glandular, joinings of the st. scarcely thickened. P. lapathifolium
R. I. f. 688.—8. P. nodosum (Pers.); lower 1. ovate or elliptical
even, spikes usually 2 together, bracts auricled glabrous, joinings
of the st. tumid. R. I. f.689, Fries—These varieties are quite
connected by intermediate forms. According to Fries, iu var. a.
the veins of perianth are arcuated’ and recurved; in var. B.
branched and converging at the end. Height 1—2 feet. Fi. pale.
St. sometimes spotted and 1. hoary Waste and damp places.
A. VII.—IX.

5. P. larum (R.); spikes elongated slender, |. lanceolate much
attenuated at both ends wavy glandular beneath, ochre@ loose
shortly fringed the floral ones horned, ped. and perianths glan-
dular scabrous, nut compressed its faces roundish acuminate con-
cave shining covered by the perianth, styles connected below at
length divergent and reflexed.—£. B. S. 2822. RB. I. f. 685.—
Smaller than the preceding. St. often prostrate. Spikes slender
and interrupted (the typical form); or spikes thicker and con-
tinuous (represented in E. B. §.), and |. white and woolly be-
neath.—Damp gravelly places. A. VIL.—IX. EL

6. P. Persicaria (L.); spikes compact ovate-oblong cylindri-
cal, 1. lanceolate plane minutely tubercled, ochree loose strongly
fringed, ped. and perianths smooth, nut compressed and gibbous
on one side or trigonous its faces roundish acuminate smooth

POLYGONUM. 285

scarcely covered by the perianth, styles connected half-way up at
length patent.—E. B. 756.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. more or less
covered with hairs on both sides, sometimes woolly on the under
side, when itis P.incanum of authors. Ped. sometimes slightly
hairy, never glandular.—Waste and damp ground. A. VI.—X.

7. P. mite (Schrank) ; spikes erect filiform interrupted, 1. lan-
ceolate slightly wavy, ochree doose funnelshaped pilose strongly
fringed without glands, perianths without glands, nut (large)
compressed its faces roughish ovate acute rather shining convea,
stam. 5, styles connected half-way up “arrect.” E. B.S. 2867.
—St. 1—3 feet high, often much branched. Ochrez all fringed.
Spikes thickening upwards.—Wet places. A. VIII. IX. E.

8. P. Hydropiper (L.); spikes drooping filiform interrupted,
1. lanceolate wavy, ochree veniricose glabrous fringed glandular,
perianths glandular, nut (large) compressed its faces ovate acute
rugose-punctate opaque convex, styles 2 nearly distinct.—E. B.
989.—St. 1—3 feet high. Upper ochrez funnelshaped, scarcely
fringed. Nut rounder than in P. mite. Spikes sometimes erect.
—Wet places. A. VIII. IX. Water Pepper.

9. P. minus (Huds.) ; spikes erect filiform slender lax, |. linear-
lanceolate plane, ochree close pilose all fringed without glands,
perianths without glands, out (small) compressed its faces ovate
acute smooth shining convex, styles connected for at least half
their length —Z. B. 1043.—St. usually procumbent, diffuse.
Spikes ascending. Much smaller than P. Hydropiper, fl. and fr.
only half the size.—Wet gravelly places. A. VIII. IX.

*** Ochree 2-lobed. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous. Stam.8,
Styles 3. Fl. axillary, \—3 together. Avicularia.

10. P. aviculare (L.); 1. lanceolate or elliptical stalked, ochree
lanceolate acute with few distant simple veins at length torn,
nut striated with raised points opaque about equalling the pe-
rianth.—E. B, 1252.—L. usually blunt, sometimes acute. FI.
either very distant and scattered, or so much collected as almost
to form a leafy spike. St. erect or procumbent. Ochres some-
times long and much torn. Extremely variable. A form with
along st. and fleshy broad 1. is sometimes found on the sea-
shore, which Reichenb. and Koch call P. littorale (Link).—
Waste places. A. V.—IX. Knot-grass.

1l. P. Raii (Bab.) ; 1. elliptic-lanceolate flat, ochree lanceo-
late acute with few distant simple veins at length torn, nut
smooth shining exceeding the perianth.—E. B. 8.2805. P. Ro-
berti Hook., not Loisel. P. littorale Link ?, Gren. P. dubium
Deak.—St. long, straggling, prostrate. L. bending towards the
stem. Resembling P. aviculare in habit, but P. maritimum in

286 67. ELHAGNACES.

fruit. Filaments broader at the base. It varies with smaller 1.
and fi.—Gren. says that the P. Roderti (Lois.) has the small fr.
and almost the ]. and st. of P. aviculare, with the ochree and
smooth polished fr. of P. maritimum.—Sandy sea-shores. A.
VII. IX.

12. P. maritimum (L.); 1. elliptical-lanceolate coriaceous with
revolute edges, ochree lanceolate with many branched veins
at length torn, nut smooth shining exceeding the perianth.—
E. B. 8. 2804.—St. procumbent, quite woolly below, often much
buried. L. convex above, diverging from the stem. Filaments
broader at the base—Sands of the sea-shore. Christchurch
Head, Hants. Channel Islands. P. VIII. IX. E.

#4 Ochree semicylindrical. Root fibrous. Nut triquetrous.
Stam. 8. Styles 3. Fl. racemose. Tinaria.

13. P. Convolvulus (L.); st. twining angular, 1. cordate-sagit-
tate, segments of perianth bluntly keeled, nut opaque striated with
minute points.—£. B. 941.—St. climbing or prostrate, much
shorter than in the next species. The perianth is sometimes
winged, when the plant is often taken for P. dumetorum.—Cul-
tivated and waste land. A. VIT.—IX.

14. P. dumetorum (L.); st. twining striated, 1. cordate-sagit-
tate, segments of perianth winged, nut very smooth and shining.
—E. B. §. 2811.—St. wiry, climbing to the height of 4 or 5
feet.—Thickets in the south. A. VIJ.—IX. E.

4. Facoryrum Gaert. Buck-wheat.

*1. F. esculentum (Moench) ; st. erect without prickles, fl. in
cymose panicles, stam. 8, 1. cordate-sagittate acute, nut trique-
trous acute with entire angles —E. B.1044. Polygonum Fago-
pyrum Sm.—Naturalized. Sown as food for game. A. VII.
VIII. E. 8.

Order LXVIT. ELZZAAGNACEA.

Mostly dicecious. Perianth tubular; limb 2—4-toothed, in
male fl. 4-parted. Stam. 3 or more, inserted in the throat.
Anth. 2-celled, nearly sessile, bursting on the inner side longi-
tudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled, with 1 erect ovule. Fr. erus-
taceous, inclosed within the fleshy persistent perigone. Albumen
thin and fleshy. Radicle inferior.—See G. F. G. Monochl. 44.

1. HrppopHak. Dicecious. Male fl. in a sort of catkin;
scales ovate, 1-flowered. Perianth of 2 leaves adhering by
their pomts. Stam. 4 with very short filaments. Female

68. THYMELACEZ.—69, SANTALACEA. 287

fl. solitary. Perigone tubular, cloven at the summit. Style
short. Stigma long. Nut 1-seeded, in the large coloured
berrylike perigone.

1. Hiprorwaé Linn. Sea Buckthorn.

1. H. rhamnoides (L.).—E. B. 425.—A thorny shrub with
limear-lanceolate silvery leaves. Fl. appearing with the young
leaves. Fr. orange. Height 4—6 feet—Saniy spots and cliffs
of the south-east and east cvasts chiefly. Sh. V. KE. S.

Order LXVIII. THYMELACEZ.

Perianth tubular, inferior, often coloured, 4—5-cleft. Stam.
definite, in the orifice of the tube. Anth. 2-celled, bursting lon-
gitudinally. Ovary free, 1-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. Fr. a nut
or drupe. Albumen 0 or thinand fleshy. Radicle superior.

1. Dapune. Perianth 4-fid, deciduous. Berry fleshy, 1-seeded.
Stam. 8, fallmg short of the perianth, inserted in the tube
in 2 rows.—G. F. G. Monochl. 46.

1. Darune Linn.

l. D. Mezereum(L.); fi. subternate lateral sessile, tube hairy,
segments ovate acute.—E. B. 1381. St. 8.—F'. purple, or pale
red, appearing before the lanceolate 1. which are narrowed below.
Berries red. A small shrub.—Woods, rare. Sh. III. Mezereon.

E.

2. D. Laureola (L.); racemes axillary of about 5 glabrous
drooping bracteated fl., 1. lanceolate attenuate below glabrous
evergreen.—E. B. 119.—A small shrub, 1—3 feet high, slightly
branched, naked below. Fl. yellowish-green, funnelshaped.
Berries bluish-black.—Woods and thickets. Sh. IJ.—IV. E. S.

Order LXIX. SANTALACEA.

Perianth adnate to the ovary; limb 3—5-fid; estivation val-
vate. Stam. 4—5, opposite to and inserted at the base of the
segments. Ovary 1-celled ; ovules 1—4, pendulous from near
the apex of a central placenta. Style 1. Fr. drupaceous, 1-seeded.
Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.

1. Tuesium. Perianth 4—5-cleft, top- or funnel-shaped.
Stam. 5, with a fascicle of hairs at their base. Style 1.
Stigma simple. Nut drupaceous, crowned with the persist-
ent perianth.—G. F. G. Monochl. 48.

288 70. ARISTOLOCHIACER.

1. Tuesium Linn.

1. T. humifusum (DC.); st. procumbent or ascending racemose,
racemes branched or simple, fl.-stalks as long or longer than the
fl., fr.-stalks patent, angles of fr.-stalks and edges of bracts and
upper 1. denticulate-scabrous, fr. oval-oblong, |. 1-veined linear.
—R. xi. 542. T. linophyllum Sm., E. B. 247.— Parasitical.
Root woody. St. nearly always procumbent. L. very slender;
veins usually obscure. Middle bract in lower part of racemes
exceeding flowers. ‘Tube of perianth very short, open, funnel-
shaped; segm. triangular, spreading, a tooth on each side. FY.
oval, exceeding perianth which is usually inflexed only at the
end, strongly ribbed, slightly netted, persistent—Chalky and
limestone (oolite) hills. P. VI. VII. E.

{T. intermedium (Schrad.); st. more erect panicled, panicle
pyramidal, lowest branches longest, 1. linear-lanceolate 3-veined ;
is said to be a native of Britain, but all the specimens which I
have seen belong to T. humifusum. ]

(2. T. humile (Vahl) ; racemes spiked, fl. nearly sessile, fr.
strongly ribbed and netted sessile crowned with the very short
inflexed perianth, ¢. fleshy linear 1-vemed.—R. xi. 542.—Fr. 4
or 5 times as long as the persistent inflexed perianth. Middle
bract much exceeding the flowers.—I gathered 2 specimens of
this plant somewhere near Dawlish in Devonshire, in 1829, but
it was probably not indigenous. P. VII. VIII.) E.

Order LXX. ARISTOLOCHIACE.

Perianth adnate to the ovary below, tubular above, with u
lobed dilated usually irregular limb. Stam. 6—12, epigynous.
Ovary 3—6-celled. Style simple; stigma radiant. I'r. many-
seeded. Seed with a minute embryo at the base of fleshy albu-
men.—For fig. of genera see G. F. G. Monochl. 50, 51.

1, AristoLocuta. Perianth tubular, swelling at the base ;
mouth dilated on one side. Anth. 6, adnate to the short
columnar style under the 6-lobed stigma. Caps. 6-celled.

2. AsaAruM. Perianth bellshaped, 3-fid. Stam. 12, inserted
at the base of the style. Anth. attached to the middle of
the filaments. Stigma 6-lobed. Caps. 6-celled.

1. AnistoLocuia Linn. Birthwort.

*]. A. Clematitis (L.) ; root creeping, st. erect simple, 1. cor-
date stalked glabrous, fl. ageregate.—H. B. 398. St. 6. 16.—Fl.
pale yellow.—Naturalized near old ruins. P. VII. VIII. E.

71. EMPETRACEZ.—72. EUPHORBIACES. 289

2. Asarum Linn. Asarabacca.

1. A. europeum (L.); 1. reniform obtuse.—E. B. 1083. St. 2.7.
—St. short, with 2 leaves, between which there is a solitary
drooping dull green fl. Segments of the perianth ovate and in-
curved. Filaments extending beyond the anthers.—Woods in
the north, rare. P.V.

Order LXXI. EMPETRACEZ.

Dicecious. Perianth of hypogynous scales imbricated in several
rows. Stam. equal in number to the inner row of scales and
alternate with them, free. Ovary free, on a fleshy disk, 2—9-
celled. Ovules solitary, ascending. Style 1. Stigma radiant.
Fr. fleshy with bony cells. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Railicle inferior.

1. Emperrum. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 3. Stam. 3 in the
male fl. Style short; stigma dilated, peltate, with 6—9
rays. Berry globose, l-celled. Seeds 6—9.—G.F. G. Mo-
nochl. 42.

1. Emprtrum Linn. Crowberry.

1. E. nigrum (L.); procumbent, |. linear-oblong their margins
meeting in a white line beneath.— E. B. 526.—A small procum-
bent leafy heathlike shrub. Fi. axillary, small, purple. Stigma
with 9 rays. Berries black.—Mountain heaths. Sh. V.

Order LXXII. EUPHORBIACE.

Fl. usually moncecious. Perianth lobed or 0. Male flowers
of 1 or more stamens. Anth. 2-celled. Fem. fl. of 1 superior
2—3-celled ovary. Styles 2—3. Stigma compound or simple.
Caps. opening with elasticity ; cells 2—3, with 1 or 2 suspended
seeds in each. Embryo in fleshy albumen. Radicle superior.—
For fig. of genera see G. F. G. Monochi. 36. 40. 41.

1. Buxus. Fl. moneecious.—Male. Cal. 3-parted. Pet. 2.
Stam.4.—Fem. Cal. 4-parted. Pet. 3. Caps. with 3 horns,
3-celled, 6-seeded.

2, Bupnorsia. Fi. incomplete, collected into moncecious
heads consisting of 1 female and many male flowers. Invo-
lucre campanulate, with 5 divisions and 5 alternate glands.
—Males consisting of a single stamen upon a pedicel, inter-
mixed with scalesand surrounding the female.—Fem.a single
pistil. Styles 3. Stigmas bifid. Caps. 3-celled, bursting

at the back. Seeds solitary, pendulous.
fo)

290 72, EUPHORBIACE.

3. Mercuriauis. Fl. dicecious or moneecious. Perianth
3-parted.—Male. Stam. 9—16.—Fem. Style short, forked.
Caps. 2-celled. Cells 1-seeded, bursting at the back.

1. Buxus Linn. Box.

1. B. sempervirens (L.); 1. ovate-oblong coriaceous shining
above, petioles ciliated, anth. ovate-sagittate.— FE. B. 1341.—A
small bushy tree of {0—12 feet in height.—Dry chalky hills,
rare. TT, 1V.—VI. E

2. Euvpnorsia Linn. Spurge.

A. Leaves with stipules. Heads axillary.

1. E. Peplis (L.); st. procumbent forked, heads solitary, caps.
keeled, seeds smooth, 1. opposite stalked half-oblong-heartshaped
nearly entire glabrous.—-H. B. 2002.—St. usually much tinged
with purple, glaucous. Inv.-glands rounded.— Loose sand.
Southern sea-coast. A. VIT.—IX. EL

B. Stipules wanting.
* Involucral glands roundish or transversely oval.

2. E. Helioscopia (L.); umbel 5-fid then 3-fid and 2-fid, bracts
and l. membranous obovate-wedgeshaped serrate upwards, caps.
smooth glabrous, seeds netted rugose.—H. B. 883.— Waste and
cultivated ground. A. VI—IX. Sun Spurge.

3. E. stricta (Koch); umbel twice 3—5-fid then bifid, general
and first partial bracts and 1. oblong clasping, other bracts broadly
cordate blunt with a minute apiculus, inv.-glands oval, stam.
rarely more than 2 in each inv., caps. with prominent cylindrical
tubercles, seeds smooth oval brown and shining, seed-stalk cor-
date.—St. erect, 2—3 ft. high, much branched. Umbel mode-
rate. Inv., caps., and seeds small.—Limestone woods. Glou-
cestershire and Monmouthshire. P.? VII. VIII. E.

4. E. platyphylla(Koch); umbel 3—5-fid then repeatedly bifid,
1, and general bracts long-obovate with a cordate base, partial
bracts all cordate apiculate, stam. 7—8 in each inv., inv.-glands
oval, caps. with shortly conical tubercles, seeds obovate brown
and shining, seed-stalk nearly reniform.—E. stricta Sm., E. B.
333 (starved).—Plant more diffuse than, and quite distinct from,
the preceding, erect, slightly branched. Inv., caps., and seeds
twice as large —Fields. A. VI.—VIII.

5. E. hiberna (L.); umbel about 5-fid, bracts and 1. ovate or
elliptical entire blunt, inv.-glands reniform, caps. warted gla-
brous, seeds obovate smooth somewhat shining brownish.—E. B.

EUPHORBIA. 291

1337.—Height 1—2 feet. L. broad, usually pilose beneath.
—S.W. of Ireland and N. Devon. P. VI. E. I.

6. E. palustris (L.); umbel irregular about 5-fid then 3-fid
and 2-fid, bracts all elliptical glabrous, 1. broadly lanceolate mi-
nutely serrate slightly hairy, inv.-glands transversely oval, caps.
warted, seeds obovate minutely punctate smooth.—E. pilosa L.
E. B. 8. 2787. — St. 2—4 feet high, leafy throughout, annual.
Caps. usually hairy.—The form with glabrous L., the original E.
palustris (L.), has not been found in Britain.—Shady places near
Bath. P. V. VI. E.

*7. E. coralloides(L.) ; umbel 5-fid then 3-fid and 2-fid, bracts
ovate-oblong the tertiary ones ovate all hairy, 1. lanceolate mi-
nutely serrate woolly, inv.-glands transversely oval, caps. nearly
smooth woolly, seeds obovate minutely punctate and with faint
reticulate bands.—E. B. 8. 2837.—Height 2—3 feet. Usually
naked below.—Slinfold, Sussex. Introduced. B.? V. VI. E.

** Involucral glands triangular-lunate or with 2 horns.
T Seeds smooth. Bracts united.

8. E. amygdaloides (L.); umbel 5- or many-fid then 2-fid,
bracts rounded connate, |. ovate-lanceolate hairy beneath entire,
inv.-glands lunate (yellow) with 2 horns, caps. with very minute
tubercles glabrous, seeds roundish-ovate.—H. B. 256. E. syl-
vatica L.—St. 2—3 feet high, leafy, purple below, biennial.—
Woods and thickets. P. III. IV. Wood Spurge. E. I.

[E. Characias (L.) E. B. 442. has no claim to be considered
as a native. It does not grow in Needwood Forest. ]

Tt Seeds smooth. Bracts separate.

LE. Cyparissias (L.); umbel many-fid then 2-fid, partial bracts
reniform or cordate blunt entire, |. linear entire on the barren
shoots setaceous, inv.-glands with 2 horns, caps. tubercular.—
It is probably a native at Whitbarrow in Westmoreland. Rev.
W. H. Hawker.] E.

9, E. Esula (L.); umbel many-fid then 2-fid, partial bracts
cordate obtuse mucronate, 7. lanceolate or sublinear narrowed
below glabrous denticulate, inv.-glands with 2 horns, “ caps.
scabrous, seeds obovate.”—E. B. 1399. and 840? R. v. 146.—
St. 12—18 in. high, leafy, with a few axillary leafy branches
without flowers. Root creeping.—Woods, rare. P.VI.VII. E.S.

10. #. Paralias (L.); umbel usually 5-fid then 2-fid, bracts
rather reniform, J. coriaceous elliptic-oblong, inv.-glands 5 with
3 or 4 short points, caps. wrinkled.—E. B. 195.—Root woody,
tough. Flowering st. about a foot high; barren — shorter,

o%

292 72. EUPHORBIACE.

many. L. closely imbricated.—Sandy sea-coast. P. VIII. IX.
Sea Spurge.

Tit Seeds rough, tubercled or pitted. L. alternate, scattered.

ll. E. portlandica (L.); umbels 5-fid then 2-fid, bracts
broadly rhomboidal acuminate, 7. obovate or obovate-lanceolate
blunt subapiculate, iny.-glands 4 lunate with long horns, caps.
rough at the angles, seeds pitted and netted almost white.—F. B.
441.—Glaucons, smooth. Scarcely a foot high. L. spreading.
Seed-stalk conical, hooded.—Sea-coast. P.V.—IX.

12. E. Peplus (L.); umbel trifid then forked, bracts ovate
blunt mucronate, 2. broadly ovate stalked, lower 1. suborbicular,
inv.-glands 4 lunate with long horns, caps. smooth with thick-
ened rough keels, seeds oval pitted —-E. B. 959.— Light green,
smooth, erect, 6—10 in. high.—A common weed. A. VII. VIII.
Peity Spurge.

13. E. exigua(L.) ; wmbel trifid then forked, bracts lanceolate
acute unequal below, J. linear blunt with a mucro or acute, inv.-
glands rounded with 2 horns, caps. smooth with slightly thick-
ened and tubercled angles, seeds angular wrinkled.— £. B. 1336.
—Height 3—6 in., usually branched at the base. Seeds small,
white.—Corn-fields, A. VI.—VIII.

tttt Seeds rough. Leaves opposite.

14. £. Lathyris (L.); umbel 3—4-fid then 2-fid, bracts ob-
long-ovate attenuate acute, 1. linear-oblong sessile, upper 1.
cordate at the base, mv.-glands lunate with blunt horns, caps.
smooth with a dorsal line.—E. B, 2255.—St. solitary, 2—3 feet
high, purplish. L. many, in 4 rows.—Truly wild in a few stony
and rocky woods, where it appears for 2 or 3 years after the
bushes have been cut. Also naturalized on cultivated ground.
B. VI. VIL. Caper Spurge. E. S.

3. Mercuriauis Linn. Mercury.

1. U. perennis (L.); st. simple, 1. stalked oblong-lanceolate
rough, female fi. on long common stalks, root creeping.—E. B,
1872.—St. a foot high, usually naked below. All the 4. in lax
spikes.—. A. ovata (Steud.); 1. nearly sessile ovate.—Woods
and thickets. 8. Hurstpierpoint, Suss. Ar. Mitten. P. IV. V.

2. M. annua (L.); st. branched, 1. stalked ovate or ovate-ob-
long smooth, female fl. nearly sessile, root fibrous.— EF. B, 559,
St. 20. 16.—Height 6—12 in. Bright green. Much branched
—B. M. ambigua (L.); 1. lanceolate, fl. whorled male and female
mtermixed. B. B.S. 2816.—Waste and cultivated land. B. Jer-
sey. Isle of Wight. Dr. Bromfield. A. VII. IX.

73. CERATOPHYLLACE®.—/74. CALLITRICHACEE. 293

Order LXXITI. CERATOPHYLLACEA.

Fl. moncecious. Perianth free, in many divisions. Anth. 12
——20, sessile, 2-celled, 2-pointed ; cells again partially divided.—
Perigone none. Ovary l-celled. Seed 1, pendulous. Embryo
straight ; cotyledons 4, alternately smaller.—Only one genus.

1. CeratorHytium Linn. Hornwort.

1. C. demersum (L.); segments of 1. linear-filiform, fr. not
winged with a spine on each side near the base and tipped with
the curved subulate style—£. B. 947.—L. 2—4 times forked,
dark green; segments of uppermost l. broader and more rigid.
—Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII.

2. C. submersum (L.); segments of 1. setaceous, fr. destitute
of spines covered with cylindrical tubercles and tipped with the
short curved style. — E. B. 679.— L. pale green. Young fr.
smooth.—Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII.

Order LXXIV. CALLITRICHACE.

Fl. mostly moncecious, solitary, minute, usually with 2 white
bracts, no perianth. Stam. 1. Filament long. Anth. reniform,
1-celled, opening transversely at the top.—Perigone none. Ovary
1, 4-angled, 4-celled. Styles 2, subulate. Fr. dry, 4-celled, 4-
lobed; separating into 4, 1-seeded, indehiscent carpels. Em-
bryo in axis of fleshy albumen. Radicle superior, long. Coty-
ledons short, terete.—Only one genus.

1. CauuirricHe Linn. Water Starwort.

l. C. verna (L.); fr. nearly sessile, lobes parallel in pairs
bluntly keeled on the back, styles erect deciduous, braets falcate.
—E. B. 722. R. v. 129.—Lower |. linear; floating 1. ovate-spa-
thulate, in a rosette, rarely wanting. Fr. small; keels of each
pair of lobes converging. Bracts falling short of fruit—Common
in stagnant and slowly running water. A. or P. 1V.—IX.

2. C. platycarpa (Kiitz.); fr. nearly sessile, dobes parallel in
pairs slightly winged on the back, styles erect in flower persistent
and reflexed closely with fruit, bracts faleate—E. B. 8. 2864.
R. y. 129.—Lower l. of st. and branches linear ; floating |. round-
obovate-spathulate, in a close rosette, often wanting. Fr. twice
as large as that of C. verna, pale when dry.—[8. C. stagnalis
(Scop.) 5 lobes of fr. more spreading, J. ald round obovate-spa-
thulate.|—Common, especially on mud. A. or P. V.—IX.

3. C. pedunculata (DC.); fr. stalked or nearly sessile, lobes

294 75. URTICACES.

parallel in pairs bluntly keeled on the back, styles divaricate and
reflexed over the sides of the fruit, bracts 0.—#. B. S. 2606.—
L. linear, upper ones broader in the middle. Fr. stalked, small,
the size of that of C. verna.—8. sessilis (Bab.); 1. linear, upper
floating 1. ovate-spathulate, fr. sessile. I have never been able
to find any bracts to the fl. of this plant. It is only in that
respect that it differs from C. hamulata (Kiitz.) which has faleate
deciduous bracts.—Marshes. 8. Lakes. A. or P. VI.—IX.

4. C. autumnalis (L.); fr. nearly sessile, lobes spreading in a
star broadly and acutely winged at the back, styles spreading,
bracts 0, 1. all linear and broadest at the base.—H. B. S.2732,—
Fr. 4 times as large asin C. verna, dark brown, 1 or 2 of the lobes
often abortive. L. dark green, all submersed, very abrupt at the
end.—Rare. Anglesea. Several Scottish lakes. Cong, Mayo.
A. or P. VI.—IX.

Order LXXV. URTICACEZ.

Fl. moneecious, dicecious, or rarely perfect. Perianth inferior,
4—3—6-parted, imbricate or entire in the female flowers. Stam.
definite, free, inserted at the base of the perianth and opposite to
its lobes. Ovary free, 1-celled; ovules solitary. Stigmas 1—2.
Fr. not bursting.—See G. F. G. Monochi. 28. 29. 30.

1. Partetarta. Fl. polygamous, surrounded by an involucre.
Perigone bellshaped, 4-parted. Stam. 4. Style filiform.

2. Urtica. Fl. moneecious or dicecious. Males in loose
racemes; perianth 4-parted; stam. 4. Females in capitate
racemes ; perigone 2-parted ; stigma sessile.

3. Humuuus. Fi. dicecions. Males with the perianth 5-
parted; stam.5. Females with the perigone scalelike, open,
hidden by the scales of an oval catkin; stigmas 2, elongated.

1. Parreraria Linn. Wall Pelletory.

1. P. erecta (Koch); 1. oblong-oval attenuate at both ends
tripliveined, perianth bellshaped equalling the stamens.—St.
mostly erect and simple or with a few short branches falling
short of the leaves. Inv. of two 3-lobed 3-flowered segments
with a female fl. between them, and two small simple segments
alternating with them; each lateral lobe of each segment bearing

a pair of small leaves on its face with the lateral fl. between
them.—Old walls. P. VI.—IX.

2. P. diffusa (Koch) ; 1. oval acute at both ends tripliveined,
perianth. of perfect fl. ultimately elongated and twice as long as
the stam. (ved).—P. officinalis Sm., E. B. 879.—St. prostrate or

76. ULMACEA. 295

ascending, diffuse, much branched. Inv. of two 3-lobed 1-
flowered segments with a fem. fl. between them and a simple
lobe in front.—Old walls. P. VII—IX.

2. Urrica Linn. Nettle.

tl. U. pilulifera (L.); 1. opposite ovate ovate-lanceolate or
cordate-acuminate coarsely toothed, clusters of fr. globose stalked.
—E. B.148.—8. U. Dodartii (L.); 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate
nearly entire.—About towns or villages in the east of England.
A. VI—VII. Roman Nettle. E. I.

2. U. urens (L.); 1. opposite elliptical serrate, spikes axillary
nearly simple two together falling short of the petiole, seeds
smooth opaque.—£E, B. 1236.—Common weed. A. VI.—IX.

3. U. dioica (L.); 1. opposite cordate serrate, spikes axillary
panicled exceeding the petiole, seeds smooth opaque.—BE. B.
1750.—8. angustifolia (W. and G.); 1. ovate-lanceolate rounded
but not cordate at the base—Common. P. VI.—IX.

3. Humurus Linn. Hop.

1. H. Lupulus (L.). — E, B. 427. —Well known by its long
climbing stems, opposite rough 3—5-lobed serrate leaves, and
remarkable catkins. Male fl. in loose panicles.—A true native
in many parts of England. P. VII.

Order LXXVI. ULMACEZ.

Fl. perfect, not in catkins. Perianth inferior, bellshaped,
3—8-cleft, imbricate. Stam. definite, inserted at the base of the
perianth and opposite to its segments. Ovary free, 1—2-celled ;
ovules solitary. Stigmas 2. Jr. not bursting.

1. Utmus. Fl. perfect. Perianth bellshaped, 4—5-cleft,
persistent. Stam. 5. Styles 2. Caps. compressed, winged
all round.

lL. Utmus Linn. Elm.

1. U. suberosa (Ehrh.); 1. shortly acuminate more or less
doubly serrate, ped. short, fl. 4—5-fid, lobes ciliate, fr. obovate
or oblong notched, seed-cavity chiefly above the middle of fr. and
near the notch.—U. campestris (L.) meludes this species and the
following.—a. U. campestris (Sm.); 1. scabrous above pubes-
cent beneath. E. B. 1886. U. suberosa E. B. 2161.—8. U.
glabra (Sm.); 1. rather coriaceous shining smooth or subsca-
brous above glabrous except in the axils of the veins beneath,
young l. stip. and fr. with subsessile glands. E. B. 2248. U.
stricta (Lindl.) which has rigid erect close branches is a form

296 77. AMENTIFERE.

of this variety—a. Throughout England. 8. South of England
and Ireland. T. IIY.—V. Common Elm. E. I.

2. U. montana (With.); 1. much acuminate doubly serrate
scabrous above rather downy beneath, ped. short, fl. 5—7-fid,
lobes ciliate, fr. oblong or roundish notched, seed-cavity chiefly
below the middle of fr. and distant from the notch.—E. B. 1887.
U. major Sm., E. B. 2542?.—Branches large, spreading. L.
broad. Fr. hoplike.—Woods and hedges. T.IJI.IV. Wych Elm.

Order LXXVII. AMENTIFER.

Fl. moneecious or dicecious, rarely perfect. Barren fl. capitate
or in catkins; sometimes with a membranous perianth. Fertile
fl. clustered, solitary or in catkins. Ovary usually simple. Stigmas
l or more. Fruit as many as the ovaries, bony or membranous.
Albumen usually wanting. Embryo straight or curved, plain.
Radicle mostly superior—Young leaves with stipules.—For
figures of the genera see G. F. G. Monochl.

Tribe I. SALICINE.AS. Fl. all in catkins. Fr. naked, 2-valved,
l-celled, many-seeded. Seeds erect, comose.

1. Saurx. Catkins consisting of imbricate entire scales.
Stam. 1—5. Fr. a 1-celled follicle with 1—2 glands at its
base. Perianth 0.

2. Popuuus. Catkins with lacerate scales. Stam. 4—30,
from a little oblique cupshaped perianth. Fr.almost 2-celled,
with a cupshaped perigone.

Tr. Il. MYRICEE. Fi. all in catkins. Fr. drupaceous, sur-
rounded by the scales of the ovary become fleshy and ad-
herent.

3. Myrica. Catkins with concave scales. Stam. 4—8.
Stigmas subulate. Drupe 1-celled, l-seeded. Perianth 0.

Tr. II. BETULINE. Fi. all in catkins. Ovary 2-celled,
each with ] ovule. Fr. naked, indehiscent, 1-celled, ]-seeded.
Seeds pendulous, not comose.

4, Betuua. Scales of the barren catkins ternate, the middle
one bearing the stamens. Perianth 0, Scales of the fertile
catkin 3-lobed, 3-flowered, membranous, deciduous. Styles
2, filiform. Fr. with a membranous margin.

5. Aunus. Scales of the barren catkins 3-lobed, 3-flowered.
Perianth 4-parted. Scales of the fertile catkin ovate, 2-
flowered, coriaceous, persistent. Styles 2. Ovary com-
pressed, 4 minute scales at its base. Fr. not winged.

SALIX. 297

Tr. IV. CUPULIFER. Male fl.inacatkin. Fem. solitary
or aggregate or spiked. Perigone adnate to the ovary,
with a denticulate limb, sometimes evanescent, surrounded
by a coriaceous involuere.

6. Facus. Barren fi. in a globose catkin. Perianth 5- or 6-
fid. Stam. 8—15. Fertile fl. 2 together within a 4-lobed
prickly involuere. Stigmas 3. Ovaries 3-cornered and 3-
celled. Nut by abortion 1—2-seeded.

7. Castanea. Barren fi. in a long cylindrical catkin. Pe-
rianth 6-parted. Stam. 8—20. Fertile fl. 3 within a 4-
lobed muricate involucre. Stigmas 6. Ovary 5—8-celled.
Nut 1-celled with 1—3 seeds.

8. Quercus. Barren catkin long, pendulous, lax. Stam.
5—10. Perianth 5—7-cleft. Fertile fl. solitary with a cup-
shaped scaly involucre. Stigmas 3. Ovary 3-celled. Nut
1-celled, 1-seeded, surrounded at the base by the enlarged
cupshaped involucre.

9. Corvus. Barren catkin long, pendulous, cylindrical.
Seales 3-lobed, middle lobe covering the 2 lateral lobes.
Stam. 8. Anth. l-celled. Perianth 0. Fertile fi. several,
surrounded bya scaly involucre. Styles 2. Nut 1-seeded,
inelosed in the enlarged coriaceous laciniate involucre.

10. Carernus. Barren catkin long, cylindrical. Seales round-
ish. Stam. 5—14. Anth. l-celled. Fertile fl. in a lax
eatkin. Scales large, leaflike, 3-lobed, 2-flowered. Styles 2.
Nut ovate, 1-seeded.

Tribe I. Salicinee.

1. Sautx Linn.’ Willow.
J, PEDUNCULAT# LATERALES.

Catkin and its leafy stalk deciduous together, lateral, appearing
with the leaves. Scales of uniform colour.

* Scales of the catkins soon falling.
i. Pentandre (Borr.). Stam. more than 2. L. glossy, glabrous.
Trees or large shrubs.—Stipules soon falling.
1. S. pentandra (L.); 1. ovate-elliptical or ovate-lanceolate
acuminate glandular-serrate, “ stip. ovate-oblong straight equal,”
1 I have ventured to place many plants as varieties which are consi-
dered as distinct by my able friend Mr. Borrer. I do so with hesita-

tion, being very imperfectly acquainted with many of them, but follow
the example of most modern botanists. .
oO

298 77. AMENTIFERE.

stam. 5 or more, caps. ovate-attenuate glabrous, stalk twice as
long as the gland, style short, stig. bifid —E. B. 1805.—Height
6—20 feet. Top of petioles glandular. L. fragrant.—River-
sides in the north. T. V. VI. Bay-leaved Willow.

+2. S. cuspidata (Schultz?) ; 1. oblong-lanceolate acuminate
glandular-serrate, stip. half-cordate oblique, “ stam. 3 or 4,” caps.
ovate attenuate glabrous, stalk 3 or 4 times as long as the gland,
style short, stig. emarginate.—Loudon’s Arboretum 1439. 8.
Meyeriana Willd.—Height 20—30 feet. Top of the petioles
glandular.—Near Shrewsbury. T. VI. E.

ii. Fragiles (Borr.). Stam. 2, distinct. L. glabrous. Trees.

3. S. fragilis (L.); 1. lanceolate pointed serrate, stip. $-cordate,
caps. obovate-lanceolate stalked glabrous, stigmas rather thick
bitid—a. S. decipiens (Hoftm.); caps. tapering, style longer than
the cloven stigmas. #.B.1937. Branches smooth, highly po-
lished, reddish-brown ; young shoots often crimson.—f. S. fra-
gilts (L.) ; caps. oblong-ovate, style short, stigm. bifid. EF. B.
1807. Branches round, very smooth, brown, brittle in the spring.
Crack Willow.—y. 8. Russelliana (Sm.); caps. stalked lanceo-
late acuminate, style as long as the bifid stigmas. E. B. 1808.
Branches polished, round, smooth. LL. gradually attenuate,
very glaucous beneath. Wood and bark highly valuable. Bed-
ford Willow.—Damp meadows and osier-grounds. T. IV. V.

iii. Albe (Borr.). Stam. 2. L. hairy with adpressed silky
hairs when young. Catkins lax. Trees.

4. S. alba (L.); 1. elliptic-ianceolate glandular-serrate acute
silky on both sides when young, stip. minute, caps. nearly sessile
ovate-acuminate glabrous, style short, stigmas thick recurved
bifid. —E. B. 2430.— Height 50—80 feet. Scales shorter than
stam., as long as caps. in a. and 8, exceeding them both in y.
Branches silky.—f. 8. cerulea (Sm.); 1. less silky beneath. E.B.
2431.—y. S. vitellina (Sm.); branches bright yellow, 1. shorter
and broader.—Wet places. T.V. White Willow.

** Scales of the catkins persistent.

iv. Triandre (Borr.). Stam.3. L. lanceolate approaching to
ovate, glabrous. Catkins lax. Osiers, naturally trees.

*5, S. undulata (Ehrh.) ; 1. lanceolate much acuminate serrate
glabrous except when young, stip. }-cordate acute, caps. stalked
ovate acuminate, pedicel twice as long as the gland, style elongate,
stigma bifid, scales very shaggy.—S. lanceolata Sw., E. B. 1436.
—Height 12—15 feet. L. sometimes wavy, often quite silky
when young. Germ. glabrous in S. lanceolata (or downy in the
foreion S. undulata).—Near Lewes, Suss. T.IV. V.

SALIX. 299

6. S. triandra (L.); 1. oblong-lanceolate acute serrate gla-
brous, stip. $-cordate blunt, caps. stalked oblong-ovate glabrous,
stigma nearly sessile, scales glabrous. —E. B. 1435.— Height 20—
30 feet. Germen not furrowed. L. narrowing down to the
stalk, somewhat paler beneath, or (S. ¢riandra Curt.) lanceolate
wavy paler and glaucous beneath.—8. S. Hoffmanniana (Sm.) ;
1. somewhat rounded below ovate-lanceolate, stip. larger, scales
shaggy towards their base. E. B. S. 2620.—y, S. amygdalina
(L.); 1. oblong-ovate acute rounded below, caps. ovate tumid
furrowed, young shoots furrowed. E. B. 1936.—Wet woods and
osier-grounds. T. IV. V. E. 5S.

[S. petiolaris (Sm.) E. B. 1147. is stated by Lindley not to be
a European plant and is therefore omitted.]

II. SEssILES LATERALES.

Catkins lateral, sessile, without leaves or with two or three
small leaves or leaflike bracts at the base, stalk sometimes elon-
gated in fruit so as to resemble a leafy shoot but deciduous with
the catkin. Scales discoloured or purple at the end.

v. Acutifolie (Borr.). Filaments 2. Anth. ultimately yellow.
Catkins persistently sessile. Scales discoloured at the end.
Style long. Bark of young shoots pruinose.

+7. S. acutifolia (Willd.) ; 1. linear-lanceolate acuminate cre-
nate-serrate glabrous glaucous beneath, stip. lanceolate acute
sub-3-cordate below, “caps. ovate-conic glabrous sessile, stig.
linear-oblong.”—Shoots purple with a glaucous bloom. Male
catkins short, thick, very hairy. Fertile plant not yet found in
England.—North Yorkshire. T.IV. E.

vi. Purpuree (Koch, Borr.). Filament 1 with a 4-celled an-
ther, or forked with 2 anthers each of 2 cells. Anth. purple,
ultimately black. Catkins bracteated at the base.

8. S. purpurea (L.)3; 1. lanceolate broader upwards acumi-
nate attenuate below finely serrate glabrous, caps. ovate very
downy sessile, style very short, stigm. ovate, anth. 1, stip. 0.—
a. 8. purpurea (Sm.); decumbent, twigs purple, fertile catkins
very compact. £. B. 1388.—8. 8. Woolgariana (Borr.); erect,
twigs yellowish-gray, 1. cuneate-lanceolate glaucous beneath,
stigmas blunt. E. B. S. 2651.—y. S. ramulosa (Borr.); erect,
twigs pale yellowish, 1. oblong-lanceolate paler beneath, stigmas
sessile bifid.—d. S. Lambertiana (Sm.); erect, twigs purplish-
glaucous, 1. oblong-linear-lanceolate slightly narrowed and some-
what rounded below, stigmas ovate emarginate. £. B. 1859.—
—e. S. Helix (L.); caps. oblong-ovate, stigmas almost linear

300 77. AMENTIFERA.

emarginate, twigs pale yellowish or tinged with purple polished.
a B. 1343. Rose Willow.—Marshes and river-banks. T. III.

9. 8. rubra (Huds.); 1. linear-lanceolate acuminate glabrous
green on both sides, caps. oblong-ovate very pubescent, style
elongated, stigmas ovate undivided, anth. 2 (yellow?), filaments
combined below, stip. linear —E. B. 1145.—Height 10—20 feet.
Twigs usually tawny. L. like those of S. viminalis but without
the white pubescence.—f. S. Forbyana (Sm.); 1. lanceolate-
oblong, style nearly as long as the linear “ divided stigmas, anth.
1.” 2. B. 1344. Twigs grayish-yellow. L. rather paler and
somewhat glaucous beneath. Stip. broader, variable. Stigma
entire in all that I have seen.—Low meadows. T. IV. V.

vil. Viminales (Borr.). Stam. 2. Anth. becoming yellow or
brown. Catkins bracteated at the base; scales discoloured at
the end. Stigmas not sessile. Pubescence of the 1. silky.

* Capsules nearly or quite sessile.

10. S. viminalis (L.}; 1. linear or linear-lanceolate obscurely
crenate white si/ky and shining beneath, stip. small sublanceo-
late, capsule very shortly stalked lanceolate-subulate, style elon-
gate, stigmas undivided—E. B. 1898.—Height 10—20 feet.
Branches wandlike, long, slender. Gland longer than the stalk
of the caps.—f. intricata (Leefe) ; 1. broader, caps. shorter and
broader, style very short, stigmas from the first cloven retlexed
and entangled.—y. stipularis (Leefe) ; 1. lanceolate, stip. linear-
lanceolate denticulate or 4-cordate acuminate, stigmas elongated.
—Wet places. Sh. IV. V. Common Osier.

ll. S. stipularis (Sm.); 1. lanceolate very obscurely crenate
white and downy beneath, stip. }-cordate acute, caps. ovate nearly
sessile, style very short (Sm.) elongate (Hook.), stigmas linear
undivided. — FE. B. 1214. — Height 10—20 feet with upnght
brittle reddish-brown twigs.—Wet places. Sh. III.

** Capsules shortly stalked.

12. 8. Smithiana (Willd.); 1. elongate-lanceolate obscurely
crenate white satiny beneath, stip. reniform 4-cordate, caps.
stalked lanceolate-subulate, pedicel about as long as the gland,
style elongate, stigmas long linear mostly entire.—Twigs erect,
somewhat downy, brittle—a. S. Smithiana (E. B. 1509); 1.
rounded at base white with satiny down beneath, stip. small
narrow 4-lunate.—. S. rugosa (Leefe) ; 1. greenish-white and
rather silky beneath, stip. 4-cordate acute, style moderate,
stigmas linear broad undivided.—y. S. ferruginea (And.); 1.
greenish-white and rather silky beneath, stip. -ovate or reni-

SALIX. 301

form, style elongate, stigmas linear-oblong undivided. E. B. S.
2665. Bushy.—Wet places. Sh. IV. V.

viii. Capree (Koch). Stam. 2. Anth. becoming yellow or
brown. Catkins bracteated at the base. Stalks of the caps. at
ae ace as long as the gland. Trees or shrubs with an exposed
trunk.

A. Cineree (Borr.). L. rugose, not turning black; pubescence
crisped, not silky. Stigma subsessile. Stip. without basal
glands.

13. S. acuminata (Sm.); J. lanceolate-oblong pointed finely
toothed glaucous ashy and downy scarcely silky beneath, stip.
4-cordate, caps. ovate tapering, style conspicuous, stigmas ovate
undivided, buds downy.—E. B. 1434. Loud. 1464.—Height 25—
30 feet.—Damp woods and hedges. . Sh. or T. IV.

14. S. cinerea (L.); 1. elliptic- or lanceolate-obovate pointed
subserrate downy and ashy beneath, stip. 4-cordate, caps. lan-
ceolate-subulate, stigmas simple or bifid, buds downy.—E. B.
1897.—Height 20—30 feet.—a. S. cinerea (Sm.); 1. obovate-
lanceolate rather thick reddish beneath, stip. 4-cordate acute,
style very short thick. E. B. 1897.—8. S. aquatica (Sm.); 1.
obovate-elliptical thinner downy and rather glaucous beneath,
stip. reniform, style obsolete. E. B. 1437.—y. S. oleifolia; 1. ob-
ovate-lanceolate rather rigid downy and rather glaucous beneath,
stip. small rounded. HE. B. 1402.—Varies greatly; varieties
searcely distinguishable.— Wet places. T. or Sh. III. IV.
Sallow.

15. S. aurita (L.); 1. obovate repand-dentate recurved-apicu-
late much wrinkled more or less downy above pubescent beneath,
stip. roundish or reniform large stalked, caps. lanceolate-subulate,
stig. generally entire, buds glabrous or slightly downy.—E. B.
1487.—Height 3—4 feet. Edges of 1. deflexed, point hooked.
Stigmas and scales often reddish—Damp woods. Sh. IV. V.

16. S. Caprea (L.); 1. ovate or elliptical flat acute crenate-
serrate wavy at the margins deep green with a downy midrib
whitish above and cottony beneath, stip. subreniform, caps. lan-
ceolate-subulate, style very short, buds glabrous.—E. B. 1488.
S. sphacelata E. B, 2333—A small tree, 15—30 feet high.
Catkins very thick, blunt. L. mostly large and broad, rarely
sublanceolate; spring 1. nearly entire—Woods and hedges in
dryish places. 8. subalpine. T.IV. V. Great Sallow.

B. Nigricantes (Borr.). L. punctate beneath, turning black in
drying. Style very long. Stip. with basal glands.

17. S. nigricans (Fries); young shoots and 1. downy, 1. ovate-

302 77. AMENTIFERA.

elliptical or lanceolate more or less glaucous beneath thin, point
of stip. straight —a. germen and stalk silky, st. erect.—a. 5S. co-
tinifolia (Sm.) ; 1. roundish elliptical or subcordate. BE. B. 1403.
—b. S. nigricans (Sm.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate. £. B. 1213.—
ce. S. Forsieriana (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-obovate acute, stip. vaulted,
eatkins long. E.B. 2344.—8. 8. rupestris (Donn) ; awlshaped
germ. and stalk silky or glabrous below, st. trailing, 1. elliptic-
obovate. E. B.2342.—y. germen glabrous, stalk downy or gla-
brous, st. erect.—a. S. Andersoniana (Sm.); 1. elliptic-oblong
acute, caps. awlshaped not wrinkled. E. B.2343.—b. 8. damas-
cena (Forbes); 1. broadly elliptical or subrhomboidal acute, caps.
not wrinkled. E. B. S. 2709.—c. S. petrea (And.); 1. oblong
or sublanceolate, caps. wrinkled near the top. HE. B.S. 2725.—
2S. hirta (Sm.) 3 1. elliptic-cordate pointed, “ caps. very pubes-
cent” (Leefe) “ glabrous” (Arnoét) not wrinkled.—The varieties
are scarcely distinguishable.—Sides of streams, osier-grounds,
mountains. Sh. IV.—VI.

C. Virentes (Fries). L.smooth, scarcely any crisped pubescence
beneath, not turning black. Style manifest.

18. S. laurina (Sm.); young shoots and I. densely downy or
hairy towards the end, 1. afterwards glabrous dark dull green
above glaucous beneath (young 1. turning black).—a. stalk of
germ. hairy.—a. S. propinqua (Borr.) ; 1. elliptical acute, germ.
silky towards the end, style longer than stigmas. E. B. 8. 2729.
—b. 8S. tenuior (Borr.); 1. elliptic-oblong acute, germ. silky,
style as long as stigmas, FE. B. S. 2650.—c. S. laurina (Sm.);
1. obovate-lanceolate narrow acute, germ. silky, style longer than
stigmas. S. bicolor (Sm.), E. B. 1806.—f. 8. tenwifolia (L.) ;
germ. and style quite glabrous, 1. elliptical acute. FE. B. 8. 2795.
—Thickets and river banks, chiefly in England. Sh. IV. V.

19. S. phylicifolia (L.); shoots and 1. soon quite glabrous,
1. rigid dark shining green above glaucous beneath not turning
black.—a. germ. and stalk silky or hairy.—a. S. radicans (Sm.);
1. oblong or elliptic-lanceolate, style elongate. S. phylicifolia
E. B. 1958.—b. 8. Davalliana (Sm.); 1. oblong-lanceolate
pointed, style as long as stigmas. E.B.S.2701.—c. S.Weigeliana
(Willd.) ; 1. roundish or ellipticalobscurely crenate (acute at both
ends in fertile plant), style longer than stigmas cloven. E. B.S.
2656.—d. S. nitens (And.) ; 1. elliptic-lanceolate acute at both
ends turning rather blackish, style longer than stigma undivided.
E. B.S. 2655.—e. S. Croweana (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-obovate rather
acute at both ends, style as long as stigmas, stam. free below.
E. B. 1146.—f. 8. Dicksoniana (Sm.); 1. elliptic rather acute,
style about as long as stigmas, catkins short. EB. B. 1390.—8.
lower part of germ. and stalk glabrous.—a. S. laxiflora (Borr.) ;
1. broadly obovate narrowed to the base, stigmas cloven. E.B S.

SALIX. 303

2749.—b. S. tetrapla (Walk.); 1. lanceolate narrowed to both
ends, stigmas undivided. E. B. 8. 2702.—y. germen glabrous.
—a. 8. Borreriana (Sm.); 1. lanceolate narrowed to both ends,
stalk of germ. hairy, style elongate. E.B.S.2619.—b. S. philly-
reifolia (Borr.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate narrowed at both ends,
stalk of germ. glabrous, style as long as stigmas. E. B. S. 2660.
—Small branching shrubs. Mountain valleys. IV. V.

ix. Fusce. Stam. 2. Anth. fuscous-yellow when empty.
Catkins bracteated at the base. Stalks of the caps. very rarely
not longer than the gland. Shrubs with a subterranean creep-
ing trunk. L. silky beneath.

A. Rosmarinifolie (Bory.). Small erect shrubs.

20. S. rosmarinifolia (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate silky beneath
quite entire or remotely glandular toothed, stip. lanceolate, ger-
mens silky lanceolate-acuminate, scales short hairy, “style about
as long as the linear-divided stigmas.””—E. B. 1365.—A slender
upright shrub, 3 feet high. Catkins very short, at first droop-
ing. Whole plant becomes nearly black in drying. Style short.
—“‘ Several parts of the north.” Sm. Sh. IV. ?

21. S. angustifolia (Wulf. ?) ; 1. linear-lanceolate silky beneath
when young afterwards nearly glabrous remotely glandular-
toothed, stip. very minute, germens densely silky ovate-acuminate,
scales very villose and nearly as long as the young germens, style
as long as the erect lanceolate entire stigmas.— S. Arbuscula Sm.,
E. B. 1366 (excl. large 1.), not Koch, Fries.—A shrub about a foot
high. L. very much attenuated at both ends.—Clova. Dum-
fries. Sh. IV. s.

22. S. Doniana(Sm.) ; 1. lanceolate or obovate-lanceolate acute
slightly serrate livid with scattered silky hairs beneath, stip. linear,
germens very silky ovate-oblong longer than the bearded oblong-
ovate scales, style very short, stigmas short emarginate.—E. B. S.
2599.—Shrub about 6 feet high. “‘ Stam. monadelphous, anth.
ultimately luteo-fuscous not black.” (Koch.) Closely allied to

-the Purpuree.—Forfarshire. Sh. V. Ss.

B. Repentes. Small procumbent shrubs.

23. S. repens (L.); 1. elliptical or elliptic-lanceolate acute
entire or minutely glandular-serrate glaucous and silky beneath,
germens lanceolate silky, style moderate, stigmas ovate bifid.—
a. S. repens (Sm.); 1. elliptic-lanceolate with a straight point, st.
depressed with short upright branches. E. B. 183.—B. S. fusca
(Sm.); 1. oblong-oval straight, st. decumbent below then erect
much branched. E.B.1960.—y. S. prostrata (Sm.) ; 1. elliptic-
oblong with a twisted point, st. prostrate with elongated straight
branches. FE. B.1959.—6. S. ascendens (Sm.) ; 1. elliptical with

304 77. AMENTIFERE,

a recurved point, st. recumbent with long somewhat ascending
branches. E. B. 1962. 8S. parvifolia Sin., E. B. 1961.—e. 8S.
tncubacea(L.); 1. elliptic-oblong with a twisted point, stip. stalked
ovate acute. E. B.S, 2600.—<¢. S. argentea (Sm.); 1. broadly
elliptical with a twisted point, stip. stalked oval. HE. B. 1364.
—Fries thinks that S. fusca (L.) is different.—Heaths at various
elevations. Sh. III. IV.

24. S.ambigua (Ehrh.) ; 1. oval obovate or lanceolate slightly
toothed with a recurved point somewhat rugose above soft and
silky beneath, stip. stalked half-ovate acute, germens lanceolate-
subulate silky, style very short, stigmas short at length cloven.
—E. B. 8. 2733.—a. 1. oval or obovate moderately hairy.—8.
major; \. obovate very silky on both sides.—y. spathulata ; 1. ob-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate moderately hairy or silky, style some-
what elongate. — 6. undulata; 1. ovate-lanceolate. — Gravelly
heaths. Sh. VY.

x. Arbuscule. Stam.2. Anth. yellow or brown when empty.
Catkins subsessile, bracteated at the base; scales discoloured at
the end. Stalks of the capsules 0 or shorter than the gland.
Shrubs with an exposed trunk.

25. S. Arbuscula (L., Fries); 7. lanceolate-ovate or ovate gla-
brous smooth glaucous and opaque beneath finely serrate, ger-
mens oblong-ovate silky, stigmas bifid—a. S. carinata (Sm.); 1.
ovate finely toothed minutely veined folded into a keel, catkins
cylindrical with rounded hairy scales. E.B. 1363.—8. S. pruni-
folia (Sm.); 1. broadly ovate toothed smooth on both sides, st.
erect much branched. E£. B. 1361.—y. S. venulosa (Sm.); 1.
ovate toothed naked reticulated with prominent veins above, st.
erect much branched. #. B. 1362.—6. S. vacciniifolia (Sm.);
1. lanceolate-ovate serrate smooth and even above silky beneath,
st. decumbent. E. B. 2341.—Highlands. Sh. 1V.—VI. Ss.

26. S. Lapponum (L.); 1. lanceolate or elliptical subacuminate
entire cottony or silky beneath with crisped hairs wrinkled above
and when young downy, germens ovate-lanceolate silky, stigmas
linear.—a. S. arenaria(L.); 1. ovate-lanceolate reticulated and
somewhat downy above veined and woolly beneath, style as long
as the sessile woolly germen, stigmas linear. 2. B. 1809. Ger-
men with a long slender reddish style.—8. S. Stuartiana (Sm.) ;
1. ovate-lanceolate shaggy above densely silky almost cottony
beneath, style as long as the almost sessile woolly germen, stig-
mas capillary deeply divided. FE. B.2586.—y. S. glauca (Sm.) ;
1. ovate-lanceolate even and nearly smooth above woolly and
snow-white beneath, germens sessile woolly, style very short with
thick ovate stigmas. HE. B. 1810. Germen blunter. Style
elongating and the stigmas becoming linear and deeply cloven as

SALIX. 305

the fruit ripens. [.S. glauca L., Wahl., Koch, has subterminal
catkins with very long leafy stalks and belongs to the next sec-
tion. ]—Breadalbane and Clova Mountains. Sh. VI. VII. S.

xi. Hastate. Stam.2. Anth. permanently yellow. Catkins
appearing before the 1., sessile, terminal and lateral with very
shaggy and silky scales. L. broadly elliptic or roundish.

[27. S. hastata (L.); 1. broadly elliptic wavy thin and crackling
quite glabrous beneath, stip. unequally heartshaped longer than
petioles, catkins with silvery hairs, germ. subulate glabrous
stalked.—S. malifolia Sm., E. B. 1617.—A very doubtful native.
Sands of Barrie. Sh. V.] s.

28. S. lanata (L.); 1. broadly oval pointed entire shaggy be-
neath, stip. oval, catkins with yellow silky hairs, germ. conical
glabrous. — E. B. S. 2624. — A low (2 ft.) and very beautiful
shrub.—Clova and Glen Lochay Mountains. Sh. V. VI. s.

II]. PEDUNCULAT& TERMINALES.

Catkins on long leafy persistent shoots from the terminal or
subterminal buds. Chamelyx Fries.

xii. Myrsinites (Borr.). Catkins at the extremity of the termi-
nal shoot, or of those from the last hut one or two of the buds,
but in such a manner as to appear to be an elongation of the
branch. Smail bushy plants.

29. S. Myrsinites (L.); 1. elliptical or lanceolate serrate shining
often hairy with prominent veins, germens subsessile ovate-sub-
ulate downy, style long.—St. much branching.—a. S. arbuti-
folia (Sm.); 1. ovate or lanceolate rather acute. S. Myrsinites B.
Sm.—8. S. Myrsinites (Sm.) ; 1. elliptical serrate nearly smooth,
catkins short, style short, stigmas cloven. E. B. 1360.—High-
lands. Sh. VI. S. I.

30. S. procumbens (Forbes) ; 1. oval minutely serrate bright
green and shining on both sides, catkins elongated cylindrical,
germens subsessile ovate lanceolate downy, style short deeply
cloven, stigmas bifid.— E.B.S. 2753.—Scales of the catkin nearly
black, longer and more hairy than in S. Myrsinites. A low pro-
eumbent much branched shrub.—Highlands. Sh. VI. s.

[Fries states that S. retusa (L.) was found by Mr. Winch in
Scotland, but there is no such plant in his Herb.]

xii. Reticulate (Borr.). Catkins opposite to the terminal leaves
with a bud between them.

31. S. reticulata (L.); 7. nearly roundly-elliptical very obtuse
entire reticulated with veins and glaucous beneath, germens sessile
oblong-ovate downy, style short, stigmas bifid —E. B. 1908.—

306 77. AMENTIFERZE.

A procumbent much branched shrub. Catkins on long stalks.—
Lofty mountains. Sh. VI. s

xiv. Herbacee (Borr.). Catkins exactly terminal.

32. S. herbacea (L.); 1. round or oval obtuse or retuse serrate
shining glabrous reticulated with veins, germens subsessile ovate-
conical glabrous, style short, stigmas bifid—E. B. 1907.—A
very minute herblike shrub; the stems extend far amongst loose
stones on the tops of mountains. Edges and veins of 1. hairy.
—Alpine situations. Sh. VI.

Index to the Salices.

S. acuminata, 13.
acutifolia, 7.
alba, 4.

ambigua, 24.
amygdalina, 6.
Andersoniana, 17.
angustifolia, 21.
aquatica, 14,
Arbuscula, 21, 25.
arbutifolia, 29.
arenaria, 26,
argentea, 23.
ascendens, 23.
aurita, 15.
bicolor, 18.
Borreriana, 19.
cerulea, 4.
Caprea, 16.
carinata, 25.
cinerea, 14.
cotinifolia, 17.
Croweana, 19.
cuspidata, 2.
damascena, 17.
Davalliana, 19.
decipiens, 3.
Dicksoniana, 19.
Doniana, 22.
ferruginea, 12.
Forbyana, 9.

Forsteriana, 17.
fragilis, 3.
fusea, 23.
glauca, 26.
hastata, 27.
Helix, 8.
herbacea, 32.
hirta, 17.

Hoffmanniana, 6.

incubacea, 23,
intricata, 10.
Lambertiana, 8.
lanata, 28.
lanceolata, 5.
Lapponum, 26.
laurina, 18.
laxiflora, 19.
malifolia, 27.
Meyeriana, 2.
Myrsinites, 29.
nigricans, 17.
nitens, 19.
oleifolia, 14.
parvifolia, 23.
pentandra, 1.
petiolaris, 6.
petraa, 17.

phillyreifolia, 19.

phylicifolia, 19.
procumbens, 30.

propinqua, 18.
prostrata, 23.
prunifolia, 25.
purpurea, 8.
radicans, 19.
ramulosa, 8.
repens, 23.
reticulata, 31.
retusa, 30.
rosmarinifolia, 20.
rubra, 9.
rugosa, 12.
rupestris, 17.
Russelliana, 3.
Smithiana, 12.
sphacelata, 16.
stipularis, 10, 11.
Stuartiana, 26.
tenuifolia, 18.
tenuior, 18.
tetrapla, 19.
triandra, 6.
undulata, 5.
vacciniifolia, 25.
venulosa, 25.
viminalis, 10.
vitellina, 4.
Weigeliana, 19.
Woolgariana, 8.

2. Poputus Linn. Poplar.

1. P. alba (L.); 1.-buds downy, 1. roundish-cordate angularly
toothed cottony and snowy-white beneath, 1. of the young shoots
cordate palmately 5-lobed, stig. 2 linear bifid crosslike (yellow).
—E. B. 1618. — With suckers. L. generally lobed. Catkin-

POPULUS.—BETULA. 307

pias notched at the end.—Damp woods. T.IV. White Poplar.
ele.

2. P. canescens (Sm.); 1.-buds downy not viscous, |. roundish
angularly toothed cottony and white beneath, 1. of young shoots
cordate-ovate undivided, stig. 2 wedgeshaped 3—4-lobed (pur-
ple).—E. B. 1619.—With suckers. L. not lobed, except occa-
sionally the youngest. Catkin-scales deeply cut at the end.—
Damp woods. T.IV. Gray Poplar. E.

3. P. tremula (L.); 1.-buds glabrous slightly viscous, l. nearly
round acute serrate glabrous on both sides, young 1. slightly
downy, stig. 2 bifid erect—E. B. 1909.—A rather large tree,
with suckers. Ped. laterally compressed. Cathin-scales deeply
palmately cut—Woods. T.III. IV. Aspen.

4. P. nigra (L.); 1. triangular acuminate serrate glabrous,
“ catkins lax cylindrical, stig. 2 roundish 2-lobed.”—E. B. 1910.
—A large tree without suckers. L.remarkably triangular. Young
shoots glabrous. Catkin-scales palmately cut, glabrous —Damp
places, river-banks. T.III. Black Poplar.

Tribe II. Myricee.

3. Myrica Linn. Sweet Gale.

1. M. Gale (L.); 1. lanceolate broader upwards serrate, st.
shrubby.—E. B. 562.Height 3—4 feet. Bushy. Catkins ses-
sile. crect. Fr. with resinous glands. L. fragrant when bruised.
—Bogs. Sh. V.

Tribe III. Betulinee.

4. Beruva Linn. Birch.

1. B. alba (L.); 1. rhomboid-triangular doubly serrate abruptly
acuminate, scales of the fem.catkins 3-lobed, lateral lobes faleate-
refleaed, fr. obovate-elliptical—E. B. 2198 (upper fig.). B. alba
Koch. B. odorata R. xii. 626. B. verrucosa Fries !—L. usually
glabrous often covered with resinous spots above, always having
a, manifest tendency to arhomboidal form. Young shoots mostly
with resinous tubercles. Stip. ovate-lanceolate, acute, thrice as
long as broad, circinate ; sides not deflexed. Buds conical. Young
twigs often very long and pendulous. The catkin-scales distin-
guish this from the next; the shape of the 1. also is different.—
Rathercommon. T.IV. V. White Birch.

2. B. glutinosa (Fries!); 1. rhomboid-ovate or cordate un-
equally serrate acute, scales of the fem. catkins 3-lobed, lateral
lobes ascending, fr. broadly obovate. — E. B. 2198 (lower fig.).
B. alba R. xii. 623. B. pubescens Koch.—L. usually glabrous,

308 77. AMENTIFERE.

always more or less ovate. Stip. ovate, blunt, twice as long as
broad; sides deflexed. Buds ovate. Not so elegant a tree as
the preceding and often little more than a bush. Twigs some-
times pendulous.—8. B. pubescens (Ehrh.); 1. peduncles and
young twigs downy.—Common. T.IV. V. Common Birch.

3. B.nana (L.); 1. roundish erenate glabrous, crenatures ob-
tuse, scales of the fem. catkin digitate-trifid, lobes equal, fr. or-
bicular with a very narrow membranous margin.—£. B. 2326,—
A small procumbent shrub. L. minute. Catkins subsessile,
small.—Turfy places in the Highlands. Sh. V. Dwarf Birch. 8.

5. Aunus Tourn. Alder.

1. A. glutinosa (Gaert.); 1. roundish obtuse wavy serrate
glutinous rather abrupt with a wedgeshaped base, axils of the
veins beneath downy.—F. B. 1508. R. mi. 631. St. 29. 15.—
Trunk and branches crooked. Male catkins long and pendent ;
fem. ones short, ovate or oblong, very persistent. A moderately
large tree.—8. incisa ; leaves deeply cut.— Wet places and river-
banks. 8. Galloway. 8S. Dr. Balfour. T. III.

Tribe IV. Cupulifere.

6. Fagus Linn. Beech.

1. F. sylvatica (L.); 1. ovate glabrous obsoletely dentate ciliate
on the edges.—E. B. 1846. R. xii. 639.—A large tree.—-Woods,
particularly on calcareous soils, T. II. IV.

7. Castanrta Tourn. Chestnut.

tl. C. vulgaris (Lam.): 1. oblong-lanceolate acuminate mu-
cronate-serrate glabrous on each side.—Fagus Sm., E. B. 886.
R. xii.640.—Height 50—80 feet. A magnificent tree. A doubtful
native, often planted. T.V. Sweet Chestnut. E.

8. Quercus Linn. Oak.

1. Q. Robur (L.); 1. deciduous stalked obovate-oblong sinuate,
lobes blunt, inv. much shorter than the ripe nut its scales ad-
pressed.—ea. Q. pedunculata (Ehrh.) ; young branches glabrous,
petioles short, fr.-catkins long-stalked, fr. scattered. FE. B. 1342.
—B. Q. intermedia (D.Don); young branches glabrous, petioles
short, 1. stellate-downy beneath, fr.-catkins shortly stalked, fr.
approximate, J/art. Rust. 11.—y. Q. sessiliflora (Sm.); young
branches downy, petioles long, 1. glabrous beneath, fr.-catkins
subsessile, fr. approximate. H. B. 1845.—It is generally sup-
posed by foresters that there are two species of Oak in Britain.
T have failed in learning how to distinguish them.— Woods. TT.
IV. V.

78. CONIFERA. 309

9. Coryius Linn. Hazel.

1. C. Avellana (L.); stip. oblong obtuse, 1. roundish-cordate
acuminate, involucre of the ovoid fr. bellshaped spreading torn
at the margin.—F. B. 723.—A shrubby tree. Young twigs hairy
and glandular. L. downy beneath. Male catkins long, pendu-
lous. Fem. fl. in ovate buds. Stigmas bright crimson.—Hedges
and copses. Sh. TI. IV. Hazel Nut.

10. Carrinus Linn. Hornbeam.

1. C. Betulus (L.); scales of the fruit 3-parted, segments
lanceolate the middle one longest.—E. B, 2032.—A small tree.
L. ovate, acute, plaited when young, deeply and sharply doubly
serrate.—Damp clayey woods and hedges. T. V.

Subclass II. GYMNOSPERM A.
Seeds quite naked.

Order LXXVIII. CONIFER.

Fl. moneecious or dicecious. Barren fl. of one or more mona-
delphous stamens, in a deciduous catkin, about a common axis.
Anth. of 2 or more lobes bursting outwards, often terminated by
a scalelike crest. Fertile fl. usually m cones, sometimes solitary.
Ovary spread open in the shape of a scale and placed in the axil
of a membranous bract; in the solitary fl. apparently wanting.
Ovules naked in pairs on the face of the ovary and inverted; or
(in the solitary fl.) erect. Fr. a cone, or solitary naked seed.
Testa hard, crustaceous. Embryo in the axis of fleshy albumen.
Radicle next the apex. Woody tissue marked with circular
disks.

Tribe I. TAXINEAR. Male fl. in catkins. Fem. fl. solitary,
naked or bracteated.

1. Taxus. Catkins of male fl. oval, scaly below, flowering
at the top. Stam. many. Anth. peltate, 3—8-celled. Fem.
fl. scaly below. Style 0. Ovule surrounded at the base by
a ring which becomes a fleshy cupshaped disk surrounding
the seed.—G. F. G. Monochl. 14.

Tr. Il. CUPRESSINEAS. Male fi. in catkins. Anth. 4—7,
inserted on the edge of the subpeltate scales. Fem. fl. few,
in a small catkin. Ovules pointing from the axis.

2. Juniverus. Anth. 4—7, 1-celled, inserted on the lower
edge of the scales. Scales of the fem. catkin imbricate,
lower ones barren. Ovules 3, surrounded by a 3-fid fleshy

310 78. CONIFER.

involucre formed of the 3 uppermost connate scales of the
catkin.—G. F. G. Monochl. 12.

Tr. II]. ABIETINEZ. Fi. in catkins. Anth. 2, 1-celled,
adnate to the underside of the scales. Tem. fl. a flat scale-
like open ovarv in the axil of a membranous scale. Ovules
in pairs on the inner face of the ovary, pointing towards the
axis.

3. Pinus. Male catkins crowded, racemose. Scales of the
cone (carpels) thickened and angular at the end. Seeds
with a crustaceous coat, winged.—G. F, G. Monoehl. 6.

Tribe I. Tazxinee.

1. Taxus Linn. Yew.

1, T. baceata (L.); 1. 2-ranked crowded linear acute, fl. axil-
lary sessile.—E. B. 746.—A low tree, trunk often attaining a very
considerable bulk. Fr. roundish.—8. T. fastigiata (Lindl.); 1.
scattered, fr. oblong, branches fastigiate—Mountainous woods
and limestone cliffs. @. North of Ireland. T.III.IV. Yew.
B. Irish Yew.

Tribe II. Cupressinee.

2. Juniperus Linn. Juniper.

1. J. communis (L.); 1. 3 in each whorl spreading linear sub-
ulate mucronate keeled exceeding the ripe fruit.—E. B. 1100.—
Fruticose, erect. L. with a broad flat shallow channel above,
the keel beneath with a slender furrow. Berries black, tmged
with blue, about half the length of the leaves.—Dry hills, espe-
cially on a calcareous soil. Sh. V.

2. J. nana (Willd.); 1. 3 in each whorl incurved linear-lan-
ceolate mucronate keeled equalling the ripe fruit.— EZ. B. 8. 2743.
—A prostrate shrub with longer berries and shorter leaves than
the last.—Mountains. Sh. V.

Tribe III. Adbietinee.
3. Pinus Linn. Scotch Fir.

1. P. sylvestris (L.); 1.in pairs, young cones stalked recurved
ovate-conical, wing thrice as long as the seed.— E. B. 2460.—A
lofty tree. Cones referred by the late Prof. Don to P. Mughus (a
variety of this species) have been found at considerable depths in
the Irish bogs.—Highlands. T. V. VI. Ss.

Class II. MONOCOTYLEDONES.

Stems destitute of medullary rays, consisting of cellular
tissue amongst which the vascular tissue is mixed in bun-
dles, increasing by the addition of new matter within.
Leaves mostly alternate and sheathing, with parallel simple
veins connected by smaller transverse ones, rarely net-
veined. Cotyledon oue, or if more they are alternate.

Subdivision I. DICTYOGEN Z&.

Leaves net-veined, deciduous. Floral envelopes whorled.

Order LXXIX. TRILLIACE.

Perianth inferior, 6- or 8-parted ; in 2 whorls; outer whorl or
calyx herbaceous; inner or corolla coloured, or in our plant her-
baceous. Stam.6—10. Anth. linear; filaments subulate. Ovary
superior, 3—5-celled. Ovules indefinite, in two rows in each
cell. Styles as many as the cells, distinct ; stigmas inconspicu-
ous. Fr. succulent, not bursting. Seeds with a leathery skin.
Embryo minute, in fleshy albumen.

1. Parts. Perianth subherbaceous, 8-parted; 4 inner divi-
sions narrower than the others. Stam. 8—10. Anth. on the
middle of the subulate filament.—G. F. G. Monocot. ii. 58.

1. Paris Linn. Herb Paris.

1. P. quadrifolia (L.); 1. usually 4 in a whorl.—E. B. 7.—St.
1 ft. high, from the end of a long rhizome, usually with 4, rarely
from 3—6, ovate 1]. at its summit. Fl. solitary, terminal. Sep.
lanceolate. Pet.subulate. Styles4. Berry 4-celled; cells with
4—8 seeds. No root-leaves.—Damp woods. P.V.

Order LXXX. DIOSCOREACEA.

Perianth superior, petaloid, 6-parted. Stam. 6, inserted into
the base of the segments of the perianth. Anth. bursting in-
wards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Ovules 2 in each cell, erect.

312 81. HYDROCHARIDACES.

Style 1. Stigmas 3, reflexed. Fr. baceate, or dry and flat.
Embryo minute, quite inclosed in the albumen.

1. Tamus. Perianth bellshaped; limb 5-parted. Male with
6 stamens. Fem. with the perigone adhering to the ovary
and persistent. Stam. very short, abortive.

1. Tamus Linn. Black Bryony.

1. T. communis (L.); 1. undivided cordate acute.—#. B. 91.
—Dicecious. Root large, thick, fleshy. St. very long, twining.
Racemes axillary, on long stalks. Fl. yellowish-green, regular,
small, Berry red.—Hedges and thickets. P.V. VI. E.

Subdivision IJ. FLORIDA.

Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes
whorled.

Order LXXXI. HY DROCHARIDACE.

Sep. 3, herbaceous. Pet. 3, regular, coloured. Stam. epigy-
nous. Ovary solitary, inferior; placentas parietal, sometimes
projecting into the centre of the ovary. Stigmas3—6. Fr. dry,
or succulent, not bursting, 1- or spuriously many-celled. Seeds
many. Albumen (0. Embryo straight, cylindrical.

1. Hyprocuaris. Diccious. Cal.3-parted. Pet.3. Male
with 9—12 stamens in 3 rows surrounding 3 abortive styles.
Fem. with 3 abortive filaments and 3 fleshy scales surround-
ing the 6 deeply bifid styles. Caps. 6-celled, many-seeded.

2. Srrariores. Dicecious. Cal. 3-parted. Pet.3. Male
with 12 or more stamens surrounded by many abortive ones.
Fem. with 6 deeply bifid styles Berry 6-celled, many-
seeded.

3. ANacHARIS. Dicecious. Cal.3-parted. Pet.3. ‘“ Male.
Sep. ovate-oblong. Pet. linear or none. Stam. 9; filaments
combined into a column below.” Fem. with along filiform
tube, 3 abortive filaments and ligulate stigmas. Caps. 1-
celled, few-seeded.

1, Hyprocuartis Linn. Frog-bit.

1. H. Morsus-rane (L.).—E. B. 808. St. 44.16. R. vii. 62.—
Floating. Creeping. L. stalked, roundish-reniform, entire. FI.
white, delicate, springing from a pellucid membranous sheath.
Seeds covered with beautiful prominent spirally twisted cells.—
Ponds and ditches. P. VII. VIII. E. I.

82. ORCHIDACER. 313

2. Srratiotes Linn. Water Soldier.

1. S. aloides (L.); 1. swordshaped-triangular ciliate-spinous.
—E. B. 379. R. vii. 61.—Creeping extensively in the mud. L.
many, rigid like those of an Aloe. Stalk compressed, 5 or 6 in.
high, with 2 1. near its summit. Fi. white, delicate. The plant
rises to the surface of the water to flower and sinks again after-
wards.—Fen-ditches in the east of England; naturalized in
Scotland. P. VII.

3. AnacHaris Rich. Water Thyme.

*1. A. Alsinastrum (Bab.); 1. 3 in a whorl oval-oblong blunt
serrulate, fem. fl. with a tubular bifid spath many times longer
than the sessile germen, sep. and pet. broad nearly equal, stigmas
reflexed.—A. N. H. Ser. 2. i. t. 8.—St. long, branching, whorls
of leaves many, close together. Fl. subtended by a leaflike bract
placed within the whorl of leaves, very small, but with a very
long tube. Sep. tinged with green and pink externally, incurved,
hooded. Pet. flat, diaphanous, recurved, oblong. Filaments at
first curved outwards, their points placed under the hood of the
sepals, afterwards erect, linear, blunt, diaphanous. Anth. 0.
Stigmas recurved, linear, or deeply bifid. Sep. pet. and stigmas
of about equal length. Style adnate on 3 sides to the tube.
Male fl. unknown in England.—In water. Probably introduced
from America where the same or closely allied species are found.
Dunse Castle. Whiteadder River. S. Canals and rivers in
England. P. VIT.—IX. E

Order LXXXIT. ORCHIDACEZ.

Sep. 3, usually coloured. Pet. 3, 2 above, 1 below (lip) fre-
quently lobed and spurred and unlike the others. Stam. 3, united
in a central column, 2 lateral abortive, or (in Cypripedium) the
middle one abortive. Pollen powdery or adhermg in masses.
Ovary 1-celled, inferior, with 3 parietal placentas. Style forming

art of the column with the stamens; stigma a viscid space in
front of the column. Caps. 3-valved. Seeds very many, minute.
Testa loose, netted.

Tribe I. OPHRYDINE. Anther wholly adnate to the co-
lumn. Pollen-masses in divisible lobes which are indefinite
in number and waxy, stalked.—Root with 2 fleshy entire or
palmate knobs below the fibres.

* Cells of the anther with a rostellate process between their bases.

1. Orcuts. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed, spurred.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses in a common pouch.
P

314 82. ORCHIDACEZ.

2. GymnapeEniA. Glands of the pollen-masses without a
pouch. Otherwise like Orchis.

3. Acmras. Lip without a spur. Otherwise like Orchis.

** Cells of the anther without any process between their bases.

4, Hapenaria. Perianth ringent, hooded. Lip 3-lobed or
entire, spurred. Glands of pollen-masses naked.

&. Opurys. Perianth patent. Lip variously lobed, without
aspur. Glands of pollen-masses each in a distinct pouch.

6. Hermintum. Perianth bellshaped, segments all erect.
Lip 3-lobed, tumid beneath at the base, without a spur.
Glands of the stalks of the pollen-masses exserted, naked.

Tr. Il. NEOTTIDE. Anther attached by its base, persistent.
Pollen-masses granular; granules only in a slight state of
cohesion ; no stalks.—Root of many fleshy fibres, rarely of
2—4 much thickened ones.

* Stigma rostellated.

7. Goopyrra. Perianth ringent. Lip saccate at the base,
entire, included. Stigma subcordate. Rostellum erect, bi-
partite, with a large squarish appendage between its slender
segments.

8. SpIRANTHES. Perianth ringent. Lip channeled, clawed,
fringed. Stigma roundish. Rostellum straight, bifid, with
an elongate linear appendage between its pomts.

9. ListeRa. Perianth ringent. Lip deflexed, 2-lobed. Stigma
transverse. Rostellum long, entire, acute, with a minute
globose appendage at its somewhat reflexed apex. Column
very short. :

10. Neorria. Perianth hooded. Lip deflexed, 2-lobed, sac-
cate at the base. Stigma transverse. Rostellum flat, broad,
prominent, entire, without an appendage. Column long.

1]. Eprpactis. Perianth patent. Lip interrupted; the basal
division concave ; terminal one (label) larger with 2 projecting
plates at its base above. Stigma nearly square. Rostellum
short, terminated by a globose appendage. Anth. terminal,
erect, sessile, 2-celled; cells without septa. Column short.
Germen straight, on a twisted stalk.

** Stigma without a rostellum.

12. CepHaLantTneRa. Perianth converging (in C. rubra
spreading). Lip interrupted, the basal division saccate,

82. ORCHIDACEA. 315

jointed to the recurved label. Stigma transverse. Anth.
terminal, erect, moveable, shortly and thickly stalked, 2-
celled; cells with imperfect septa. Column long. Germen
sessile, twisted.

Tr. WI. ARETHUSE:. Anther ultimately free, opercular,
deciduous. Pollen in many granules, pulpy or powdery,
cohering in 2 stalked masses.—Root (in our plant) of fleshy
much branched fibres.

13. Eprpocium. Perianth patent. Lip posterior, erect, large,
entire, with a small patent lobe on each side of its base.
Spur erect, inflated. Anth. tumid, seated in the lobed top
of the column. Stigma transverse, tabular. Germen and
stalk not twisted.

Tr. IV. MALAXIDE. Anther terminal, free, usually oper-
cular. Pollen cohering in a definite number of granules
and at length waxy and confluent; no stalks.—Root fibrous,
with or without a superior bulb.

14. CoraLLoruiza. Perianth converging. Lip with 2
prominent longitudinal ridges at the base, 3-lobed ; lateral
lobes small; middle lobe large, slightly emarginate. Spur
short or obsolete. Stigma triangular. Rostellum obsolete,
but with a large globose appendage. Anth. terminal, 2-
celled, opening transversely. Column long. Germen slightly
stalked, straight.

15. Mauaxts. Perianth patent. Lip posterior, erect, entire,
similar to the pet., smaller than the sepals. Spur 0. Stigma
rhomboidal. Rostellum short, entire, acute. Anth. terminal,
continuous with the short column out of the apex of which
it appears as if it was excavated, with 2 imperfect cells.
Pollen-masses connected at their apex. Germen upon a
twisted stalk.

16. Srurmia. Perianth patent. Lip anterior, erect or ob-
lique, entire, dilated, much larger than the sepals. Spur 0.
Stigma roundish. Rostellum obsolete, but with an appen-
dage consisting of 2 tubercles. Anth. terminal, deciduous,
moveable like a lid, with 2 distinct cells. Column long.
Germen on a twisted stalk.

Tr. V. CYPRIPEDIE. Intermediate anther barren peta-
loid, 2 lateral anthers perfect.

17. Cypripepium. Perianth patent. Lip ventricose, inflated.
Column trifid above; the lateral lobes bearing stamens ;
middle lobe sterile, dilated. Two lower (lateral) sepals com-
bined. Germen straight.

P2

316 82. ORCHIDACEZ.

Tribe I, Ophrydinee.
1. Orcuis Linn. Orchis.

* Glands of the pollen-masses separate, lip erect in estivation,
+ Bracts mostly 1-veined, root-knobs undivided.
} Lip 3-lobed, lobes broad and short.

1. O. Morio (L.); lip ecrenulate, middle lobe truncate-emar-
ginate, spur ascending subclavate rather shorter than the zermen,
sep. and pet. obtuse connivent, anth. obovate rather acute.—E. B.
2059. R. xiii. 363.—St. 6—12 in. high. LL. lanceolate, lower
spreading, upper adpressed. FI. few, in a lax spike, purple; sep.
(rarely patent) and pet. marked with green veins, converging so
as to form a sort of helmet; lip pale in the middle, spotted with
purple. Fi. sometimes white.—Meadows and pastures. P. V.
VI. Green-winged Meadow Orchis. E. I.

2. O. mascula(L.); lip crenate, middle lobe emarginate, spur
ascending rather longer than the germen, sep. acute, 2 outer re-
flexed upwards, pet. converging, anth. obcordate apiculate —
£. B. 631. R. xii. 390.—St. a foot high. L. mostly radical,
elliptic-lanceolate, usually spotted with purple. Lowest bract
often 3-veined. Fl. im a lax spike, purple; centre of the lip
whitish at the base, spotted and downy. Sep. and pet. veinless.
—When the sep. and pet. are very acute and the plant luxuriant
it is the O. speciosa Host.— Woods and pastures. P. V. Early
purple Orchis.

tf Lip 3-lobed, middle lobe dilated bifid and often with an inter-
mediate tooth (that is, pinnately 4-lobed).

3. O. purpurea (Huds.); lip with raised rough red points,
basal lobes linear-oblong, term. lobes broader and shorter with
an interm. tooth, spur about % as long as the germen, sep. con-
nivent into an ovate helmet including the pet., bracts minute.—
R, xii. 378. O. fusca Jacq. O. militaris Sm., E. B. 16.—St.
1—2 ft. high. L. ovate-oblong, obtuse. Fl. in a rather dense
spike; helmet dark purple, variegated; lip paler —Chalky bush
hills in Kent. P. V. e

4. O. militaris (L.); lip with raised rough red points, basal
lobes linear, term. lobes broader and shorter with an imterm.
tooth, spur about 4 as long as the germen, sep. connivent into
an ovate-lanceolate helmet including the pet., bracts minute.—
E.B. S. 2675. R. xiii. 376.—Smaller than the preceding. Hel-
met ash-coloured or pale purple. Lip purple, white in the middle,

ORCHIS. 317

spotted, with a linear space between the pairs of lobes.—Chalky
hils. Berks., Oxf., Bucks., Herts. P. V. E.

5. O. Simia (Lam.); lobes of lip all long narrow 1-veined
linear with an interm. setaceous tooth, spur 4 as long as the
germen, sep. connivent into an ovate-lanceolate helmet including
the pet., bracts minute.—O. tephrosonthos E.B. 1873. R. xii.
373.—More slender than the preceding. Helmet dark purplish.
Lip with remarkably slender segments, dark purple, with or with-
out small rough raised points; a linear space between the pairs
of lobes which are about equal in length.—Chalky hills in Berks.,
Oxf., and Kent. P. V. E.

6. O. ustulata (L.); lobes of lip linear-oblong, spur 3 the
length of the germen, sep. connivent into a roundish helmet in-
cluding the pet., bracts long.—E. B. 18. R. xiii. 568.—St. 46
in. high. L. lanceolate, acute. Spike oblong, dense. Fi. small,
many. Helmet dark purple. Pet. linear-lanceolate, obtuse.
Lip white with purple spots.—Calcareous hills. P. VI. E.

+t Bracts with 3 or more veins, root-knobs undivided.

[7. O. laxiflora (Lam.) ; lip 3-lobed, lateral lobes rounded and
crenulate in front longer than the truncate slightly emarginate
interm. lobe, spur shorter than the germen cylindrical, 2 lateral
sep. reflexed upwards, pet. connivent, anth. obcordate apiculate.
—E. B. S. 2828. R. xiii. 393.—St. 1—2 feet high, round, an-
gular and rovgh upwards. L. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate.
Bracts 3—5-vemned. Spike long, lax. Fl. bright purple-—Wet
meadows and bogs in Jersey and Guernsey. P. V. VI.]

ttt Bracts with 3 or more veins, root-knobs palmate.

8. O. maculata (L.); lip 3-lobed flat crenate, spur subulate
shorter than the germen, 3 sep. patent, pet. connivent, st. solid.
—E. B. 632. R. xiii. 407.—St. about a foot high. L. usually
spotted with purple, lower obtuse or rarely acute, upper linear-
lanceolate resembling the bracts. Spike ovate, afterwards elon-
gate; lower bracts exceeding the germen, upper equalling it.
Fl. pale purple, more or less streaked with purple. Lateral
veins of bracts inconspicuous. Middle sep. with a flat acute
point. Lip usually flat, deeply 3-lobed, lateral lobes rounded,
middle lobe longer and narrower.—Damp pastures and heaths.
P. V. VI. Spotted palmate Orchis.

9. O. latifolia (L.); lip obscurely 3-lobed its sides reflexed
crenate, spur subulate shorter than the germen, two lateral sep.
patent, middle sep. and pet. counivent, st. hollow, J. lanceolate
acute.—E. B. 2308. R. xiii. 402.—About a foot high. L. sel-
dom spotted, spreading, lowest oblong and blunt. Lower bracts

318 82. ORCHIDACES.

exceeding the flowers. Middle sep. usually hooded at the end.
—Marshes and damp meadows. P. VI. Marsh Orchis.

10. O. incarnata (L.); lip obscurely 3-lobed its sides reflexed
crenate, spur subulate shorter than the germen, two lateral sep.
patent, middle sep. and pet. connivent, st. hollow, 1. narrowed
from a broad base hooded at the end.—R. xiii. 397.—L. erect
and approaching the stem, hooded at the end. Bracts all usually
exceeding the flowers. Middle sep. hooded.—B. O. angustifolia
(R.) ; 1. erect-patent linear-lanceolate, upper 1. erect, lower bracts
equalling the flowers upper ones shorter. R. xiii. 394. 0.
Traunsteinert Koch.—Marshes. P. VI.

** Glands of the pollen-masses united, root-knobs undivided.
ANACAMPTIS Rich.

+ Lip erect in estivation.

ll. O. pyramidalis (L.); lip with 3 equal lobes and 2 tuber-
eles at the base above, lobes oblong truncate, middle lobe some-
times emarginate, spur filiform longer than the germen, lateral
sep. ovate-lanceolate acute spreading, bracts 3-veined.—E. B.
110.—St. 12—18 in. high. L. linear-lanceolate, acute. Spike
pyramidal, afterwards cylindrical. FI. rose-purple, sometimes
white.—Caleareous pastures. P. VII. Pyramidal Orchis.

tt Lip spiral in estivation. Himanrociossum Spr.

12. O. hircina (Scop.); lip 3-parted downy, segments linear,
middle one very long twisted, lateral much shorter wavy, spur
very short.—F. B. 34. R. xiii. 359. 360.—St. 2—3 feet: high.
“Cal. green, spotted with dull purple internally.” Lip purplish
white and spotted at the base.—Bushy chalk hills. Kent.
Surrey. Gt. Glenham, Suff.! P.V. Lizard Orchis. E.

2. Gymnavenia R. Br.

1. G. conopsea (R. Br.) ; lip 3-lobed, lobes equal entire obtuse,
lateral sep. spreading, spur filiform twice as long as the germen,
root-knobs palmate.— Orchis Sm., E.B.10.—St.a foot high. L.
linear-lanceolate. Spike cylindrical, elongated. Bracts 3-veined.
Fl. rose-purple, fragrant. Pollen-cells open in front and below,
stopped below by oblong glutinous valves quite distinct from the
stigma, and to the broader ends of which the glands of the pol-
len- masses are attached.—Hilly pastures. P. VI. VII.

2. G. albida Rich.) ; lip 3-lobed, lobes unequal entire, middle
lobe longest and broadest, sep. and lateral pet. comnivent, spur
much shorter than the germen, root-knobs clustered. Habenaria
R. Br. Orchis Sm., E. B. 505. Peristylus Lindl.—St. 6—12 in.

ACERAS.—OPHRYS. 319

high. L. oblong, obtuse ; upper lanceolate, acute. Spike elon-
gated, cylindrical, dense. Bracts 3-veined. Fi. small, yellowish-
white, fragrant.—Mountain pastures. P. VI. VII.

3. Acreras R. Br.

1. A. anthropophora (R. Br.) ; lip 3-parted, segments linear-
filiform, middle one bifid and often with an intermediate tooth.
—E. B. 29. R. xiii. 357.—Root-knobs ovate. Height 8—12 in.
Spike long, lax. Fl. greenish-yellow. Sep. ovate, acute, con-
nivent, margined with purple, including the linear-lanceolate ob-
tuse petals.—Dry chalky places. P. VI. E.

4. Hasenaria R. Br. Frog Orchis.

* Spur very short, usually inflated. CaLoGLossum Hartm.

l. H. viridis (R. Br.); spur 2-lobed, lip linear flat 3-pointed
middle point the shortest.—Orchis Sm., E. B. 94. R. xiii. 434.
Peristylus Lind|.—Lip with 3 tubercles at its base, 1 central, 2
lateral. Stigma oblong, slightly emarginate above. Glands of
the pollen-masses connected by an elevated transverse line. Sep.
and pet. connivent. Root-knobs palmate. FI. green, lip browner.
St. 6-—8 in. high.—Pastures. P. VI. VII. Frog Orchis.

** Snur slender. PLATANTHERA Rich. Butterfly Orchis.

2. H. bifolia (R. Br.) ; spur twice as long as the germen, lip
linear entire, pet. connivent obtuse, anth. oblong truncate zs cells
perallel.—E. B. 8. 2806. R. xiii. 429.— About afoot high. Root-
L. usually 2, elliptical. Stem-l. small, lanceolate, resembling the
bracts. Spike slender. Fl. white. Central line between the
cells of the anther a furrow in front and a keel behind. Stigma
truncate, emarginate with pointed lobes.—Heathy places. P.
VI. VIL

3. H. chlorantha (Bab.); spur twice as long as the germen,
lip linear entire, pet. connivent obtuse, anth. truncate its cells
twice as distant at the base as at the top.—Orchis bifolia Sm.,
E. B. 22. R. xiii. 430.— Usually taller and stouter than the pre-
ceding. Spike usually lax, but sometimes dense. Fl. larger.
Central line between the cells of the anther a prominent ridge
in front and a groove behind. Space between the bases of the
anth.-cells usually, not always, spread open. Stigma very broad,
slightly pointed in the middle.—Moist woods and thickets. P.
V. VI.

5. Opurys Linn.

1. O. apifera (Huds.); lip tumid 5-lobed, 2 lower lobes pro-
minent and with a hairy base, 2 intermediate reflexed truncate,

320 82. ORCHIDACE.

terminal acute long reflexed, anth. with a hooked point, pet. ob-
long bluntish downy.—E. B. 383. R. xiii. 457.—About a foot
high. Fl. few, large, rather distant. Sep. whitish, tinged with
purple. Lip velvety, brown variegated with yellow. “All the
lobes of the lip sometimes reflexed, interm. overlapping term.
one.”—On calcareous soils. P. VI. VII. Bee Orehis. E.I.

2. O. arachnites (Reichard); lip somewhat tumid entire or with
4 shallow marginal lobes and a terminal inflexed flat rather heart-
shaped appendage, auth. with a straight or hooked point, pet.
deltoid downy.— E. B. 8.2596. R. xiii.461.—Sep. pinkish. Lip
velvety, dark purple, variegated with yellow ; appendage green,
never reflexed.—Chalk downs. Folkestone and Sittingbourne,
Kent. P.IV.—VI. Late Spider Orchis.

3. O. aranifera (Huds.); lip tumid obscurely 3-lobed, middle
lobe large emarginate without an appendage, auth. acute, pet.
linear glabrous.—E. B. 65. R. xiii. 449.—Smaller than the two
preceding and with fewer flowers. Sep. green. Pet. green, quite
glabrous. Lip deep brown, hairy with paler or yellowish gla-
brous lines often resembling the Greek letter Il, eutive at the
end or notched with a central poimt.—. O. fucifera (Sm.); lip
usually undivided often with a glaud in the notch, pet. scabrous.
EE. B. §.2649.—Chalky places. 8. Kent and Sussex. P.IV.V.
Spider Orchis. E.

4. O. muscifera (Huds.); lip oblong trifid with a broad pale
spot in the centre, middle lobe long bifid, anih. short obtuse, pet.
jiliform.—E. B. 64. R. xiii. 447. St. 40. 15.—Slender, about a
foot high. Sep. green. Lip brownish-purple ; central spot sub-
quadrate, bluish. Pet. very narrow, purple—Damp calcareous
thickets and pastures. P. V. VI. Fly Ovchis. E. I.

6. Herminitm R. Br. Musk Orchis.

1. H. Monorchis (R. Br.) ; lip 3-lobed, central lobe longest,
pet. with a lobe ou each side.—. B. 71.—Root-knobs very un-
equal and distant. L. usually 2. St. about 6 in. high. Sep.
ovate, greenish. Spike dense, slender.—Calcareous soil in the
south. P. VI. VII. E.

Tribe II. Neottidee.

7. Goopyera R. Br.

1. G. repens (R. Br.); 1. ovate stalked netted, sep. pet. and
lip ovate-lanceolate.—E. B. 289.—St. 6—8 in. high, bearmg
linear adpressed bracts. Root creeping. Whole upper part of
the plant covered with minute stalked glands. LL. netted with
brown.—Fir forests of the north. P. VIII. S.

SPIRANTHES.—NEOTTIA. 321

8. Sprranruzs Rich. Lady’s Tresses.

1. S. autumnalis (Rich.) ; root-fibres few ovate-oblong thick,
root-l. ovate-oblong in a lateral cluster, stem-1. like bracts, spike
dense.—E. B. 541. Neottia Sm.—St. 4—6 in. high. Spike
spiral. Fl. greenish-white. Column and operculum acute ; an
obtuse ovate membranous process between them on each side.—
Dry calcareous and gravelly places. P. VIII. IX. E. I.

2. S. esiivalis (Rich.) ; root-fibres few long cylindrical, root-
1. oblong-lanceolate round the base of the st., stem-l. narrowly
lanceolate, spike lax. B. 8S. 2817.—Spike spiral. Fl. with a
larger lip. Colun and operculum acute; the interm. processes
lanceolate acute.—Bogs. Between Lyndhurst and Christchurch,
Hants. Wire Forest, Worcest. St. Owen’s Pond, Jersey. P.
VII. VIE. E.

3. S. cernua (Rich.); root-fibres few long-cylindrical, root-l.
linear-lanceolaie, stem-l. triangular-lanceolate surrounding the
base of the st., bracts shorter than the fl., spike dense 3-ranked,
sep. and pet. equal obtuse adhering together, lip blunt spathu-
late.—Linn. Trans. xix. t. 32. Neottia gemmipara Sm.—Spike
about 1Zin. long. Fi. fragrant.—Castleton Bearhaven, Co. Cork.
P. VIII. IX. L

9. Lisrera R. Br. Tway-blade.

1. L. ovata (R. Br.); 1. 2 opposite ovate, lip bifid, column
with a crest which includes the anther.—E. B. 1548. St. 29.14.
—St. 1 ft. high. Spike long, very lax. Fl.small, greenish. L.
large —Woods and pastures. P.V. VI. Tway-blade.

2. L. cordata (R. Br.); 1. 2 opposite cordate, lip 4-lobed,
column without a crest.—E. B. 358.—Height 3—5 in. St.
slender. Fl. very small, in a lax spike, greenish. Lip with 2
basal and 2 terminal linear lobes.—Turfy mountain moors. P.

VI—VIIL

10. Neotria Linn. Bird’s-nest.

1. N. Nidus-avis (Rich.).—E. B. 48. Listera Hook., Sm.—
Whole plant pale reddish-brown. Root formed of many short
thick fleshy fibres from the extremities of which the young plants
are produced. (See Leight. Fl. Shrop. 434.) St.a foot high, with
sheathing brown scales. L. none. Spikes dense, cylindrical,
many-flowered. Lip linear-oblong with 2 spreading lobes.—
This is the original Neottia of Linneus. Act. Ups. 1740, p. 33.
Shady woods. P.? VL ;

P

322 82. ORCHIDACES.

11. Eprpacris Rich.

1. E. latifolia (All.); 1. broadly ovate exceeding the joints,
upper 1. ovate-oblong, lower bracts exceeding the fi., label
roundish-cordate with a small recurved point falling short of
the broadly ovate sep. and pet., basal hunches smooth.—F. B.
269.—L. ovate, very broad, the very uppermost sometimes lan-
ceolate-attenuate; lowermost leafless sheaths close. Lower
bracts leaflike, lanceolate, attenuate. Fl. green with the lip
purple, sometimes all purple. Peduncle shorter than the downy
germen. Label of the lip broader than long, crenate. In a slender
form of this plant the upper 1. are lanceolate, label cordate blunt

with a minute apiculus, and sep. ovate-lanceolate.—Mountain
woods. P. VII. VIII.

2. E. media (Fries) ; 1. ovate-oblong the upper ones lanceolate
acute, lower bracts exceeding the fl. and fr., label entire trian-
gular-cordate acute equalling the lanceolate sep. and pet., basal
hunches plicate-rugose.—Narrower and longer in all its parts
than £. latifolia. Only the very lowest 1. ovate, intermediate
lanceolate, upper I. lanceolate-attenuate and merging gradually
into the linear-lanceolate bracts; sheaths funnelshaped. Fl.
green tinged with purple. Peduncles shorter than the downy
germen. Label longer than broad, crenate.—8. E. purpurata
(Sm.); 1. ovate lanceolate the upper ones narrower, label falling
short of the ovate-lanceolate sep. and pet., hunches plicate-cre-
nate. E. B.S. 2775. R. xiii. 486. Fl. “yellow-green tinged
with pink.” St. and 1. much tinged with purple. Peduncle
shorter than the downy germen. Label longer than broad, en-
tire, exactly like that of E. media but with a more attenuate
point.—Woods. Salop. Matlock. Abberley, Wors. 8. Wo-
burn. Reigate. Crawley, Suss. P. VIII. EL.

3. E. ovalis (Bab.); 1. ovate-oblong acute the upper ones lan-
ceolate, 1 or 2 lowest bracts exceeding the fi. but falling short of
the fr., label transversely oval mucronate equalling the ovate
acute sep. and pet., basal hunches plicate-rugose.—H. B. 8.
2884. Helleborine &e. No. 2. Ray. 383.—L. small; sheaths
funnelshaped, rather close. Bracts all much smaller than even
the uppermost leaf. Fl. varying from a dark yellow to blackish-
red, peduncle shorter than the downy germen. Label trans-
versely oval, crenate, with a small acute point, and elevated folded
and tubercularly crenate hunches above. St. 6—18 in. high.—

Settle, Yorkshire. Little Doward Hill, Herefordshire. Ormes
Head. P. VII. E.

4. E. palustris (Sw.) ; 1. lanceolate, bracts falling short of the
somewhat drooping fl., label rowndish obtuse crenate equalling
the perianth.— £. B.270.—St. 12—18 in. high. Cal. purplish-

CEPHALANTHERA.—MALAXIS. 323

green, pet. and lip white tinged with le.—Moist places, not
rare. P. VII. Vint. 8 mip ‘

12. CepHALANTHERA Rich.

1. C. grandiftora (Bab.); 1. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, bracts
exceeding the glabrous yermen, lip obtuse included.—E. B. 271.
C. pallens Koch.—F]. white; lip marked with several elevated
longitudinal lines. Sep. erect, blunt.— Woods, usually on a cal-
ceareous soil. P. VI. EI.

2. C. ensifolia (Rich.) ; 1. lanceolate, bracts much falling short
of the glabrous germen, lip obtuse included.—E. B. 494.—Fl.
white ; lip with several elevated white lines and a yellow spot in
front. Outer sep. acute——Woods, rare. P. V. VI.

3. C. rubra (Rich.) ; 1. lanceolate acute, bracts exceeding the
downy germen, lip acute equalling the pet. — E. B. 437. Epi-
pactis Sm.—F. purple; lip white with a purple margin, marked
with many wavy longitudinal lines —Woods, very rare. “ Bank
sloping to the south of Hampton Common, Gloucestershire.”
Sm. P. VI. VIL.

Tribe III. Arethusee.

13. Epreogium Gm.

1. E. aphyllum (Sw.).—R. xiii. 468. St. 18. 16.—St. 3—7 in.
high, sheathed. L. none. Sep. and pet. narrowly lanceolate,
acute, flavescent. Middle lobe of lip ovate, furrowed, white with
4 rows of purple tubercles. Spur very thick. Column short,
dilated above the stigma to receive the base of the anther. Ap-
pendage triangular.—Damp woods. Tedstone Delamere, Here-
fordshire. Rev. W. A. Smith. P. VIII.

Tribe IV. Malazxidee.
14, Corattoruiza Hall.

1. C. innata (R. Br.); spur very short or wanting.—E. B.
1547.—Root of thick fleshy much branched fibres. Spike of few
yellowish flowers. Sep. and pet. lanceolate, acute. Lip oblong,
white, with a few purple spots, sometimes with 3 equal lobes.—
Boggy woods, rare. P. VII.

15. Maraxis Sw.

1. M. paludosa (Sw.); st. with 3—5 oval concave leaves, lip
concave acute. — E. B. 72. ~St. 1—4 in. high, 5-edged. Sep.

324 83. IRIDACEA:.

ovate, spreading, 2 turning upwards. Lip above, erect, 3-veined,
its base surrounding the column. L. fringed at the end with
bulbous gemma. Forming a small bulbous hybernaculum.—
This plant and the next rather grow upon the moss as epiphytes
than amongst it—Spongy bogs. P. VIII. IX.

16. Srurmia Reich.

1. S. Loeselit (R.); 1. oblong-lanceolate, st. triangular, lip
obovate exceeding the petals.—Malawis Sm., E.B. 47. Liparis
Rich., Hook., Lindl.—St. 6—10 in. high. Fl. 6—12, in a lax
spike, yellowish. Sep. lanceolate. Pet. linear. Hybernaculum
large, ovate, inclosed in the whitish sheaths of the decayed
leaves. An epiphyte?—Liparis is the name of a genus of insects,
and also of fish. I follow Koch in adopting Siurmia here.—
Spongy bogs in Norf., Suff., and Camb., very rare. P.VI. E.

Tribe V. Cypripediee.

17. Cypripepium Linn. Lady’s Shipper.

1. C. Calceolus (L.); st. leafy, middle lobe of the column
nearly ovate obtuse deflexed, lip slightly compressed falling short
of the calyx.—E. B. 1.—St. 12—18 in. high, downy, bearing
3 or 4 large ovate pointed leaves. Fl. usually solitary, or 2,
large ; sep. 1—14 in. long, dark brown ; pet. dark brown, rather
narrower than sep. ; lip | in. long, inflated, yellow, netted with
darker veins.—Dense woods in the north, very rare. P. V. 1

Order LXXXTII. IRIDACEZ.

Perianth tubular, 6-parted, petal-like, in 2 often unequal rows.
Stam. 3, epigynous, opposite the outer segments of the perianth.
Anth. bursting outwards. Ovary inferior, 3-celled. Style 1.
Stigmas 3, dilated, often like petals. Caps. 3-celled, 3-valved ;
valves bearing the dissepiments in the middle. Seeds many.
Embryo cylindrical, inclosed in horny or fleshy albumen. Ra-
dicle pointing towards the hilum.

1. Sisyrincutum. Perianth 6-cleft ; segments nearly equal,

patent. Stigmas 3, involute, filiform. Filaments connate
below.

2. Ints. Perianth 6-cleft; alternate segments reflexed.
Stigma 3-parted, like petals, covering the stamens.

3. TRIcHoNeMA. Perianth regular, 6-cleft ; segments spread-
ing. Stigmas 3, bifid; lobes slender.

SISYRINCHIUM.—CROCUS. 325

4. Crocus. Perianth regular, funnelshaped with a long tube ;
limb bellshaped. Stigma 3-fid or 3-parted ; lobes widening
upwards.

1. Sisyrincaium Linn.

1. S. anceps (Lam.); scape 2-edged nearly simple nearly leaf-
less, spath about 4-flowered “longer than the flowers,” segments
of perianth emarginate mucronate.—Redoute Lil. v. 282.—St.
about 1 foot high. L. grasslike. Spath with lanceolate valves,
falling short of the fl. in my Irish specimens. Perianth blue;
segments narrowed below.—Woods near Woodford, Galway.
Mr. Jas. Lynam. P. VII.

2. Iris Linn. Flag.

1. I. Pseud-acorus (L.); 1. swordshaped, st. roundish, perianth
beardless its inner segments narrower and falling short of the
stigmas.—H. B. 578. R. ix. 344.—Fl. yellow. Caps. oblong,
trigonous, apiculate—Wet places. P. VI. VII. Yellow Flag.

2. I. fetidissima (L.); 1. swordshaped, st. compressed, peri-
anth beardless its inner segments about equalling the stigmas.
—E. B. 596. R. ix. 347.—Herb green, not glaucous, yielding an
unpleasant smell when bruised. Fl. lead-coloured or bluish,
rarely yellow.— Woods and thickets. P.V.—VII. Gladdon.

(*I. tuberosa (L.); 1. tetragonal, segments of the perianth
acute, root tuberous.—Penzance. Cork.—£. B. S. 2818.]

3. TrRIcHONEMA Ker.

1. T. Columne (R.); scape 1-flowered usually solitary slightly
nodding, 1. filiform compressed furrowed recurved, spath ex~-
ceeding the tube of the cor., style falling short of the stam.,
stigmas bifid EZ. B. 2549. R.ix. 354. T. Bulbocodium Sm.—
A small bulbous plant not more than4 in. high. Fl. pale purple
or violet, yellow in the lower part within.—Sandy places. Daw-
lish Warren, Devon. Jersey and Guernsey. P.III.IV. E.

4. Crocus Linn.

* Scapes enveloped in a tubular sheath.

*1, C. vernus (Willd.); 1. and fl. at the same time, spath
simple, throat of the cor. fringed with hairs, stigma shortly 3-fid,
lobes erect wedgeshaped jagged at the end, bulb clothed with
slender anastomosing fibres. B. 344.—F. violet-purple.—
Near Nottingham ; and Mendham, Suff. P. III. E.

[C. sativus (L.); 1. succeeding the fl., spath double, throat

326 84. AMARYLLIDACER.

bearded, stigma in 3 deep linear divisions drooping, bulb clothed
with slender anastomosing fibres.—E. B. 343.—Fl. purple. L.
usually appearing just before the fl. fades.—Formerly cultivated
near Saffron Walden: not naturalized. P.IX. Saffron.]

2. C. nudiflorus (Sm.); 1. succeeding the fl., spath simple,
stigma in 3 deeply laciniate divisions erect, bulb with a mem-
branous coat.—E. B. 491. C. speciosus Hook., E. B. 8.2752,
not Bieb.—L. linear, appearing in March. FI. purple. Stigmas
only a little higher than the anthers, or rising considerably above
them.—Meadows. P. IX.

** Scapes naked.

[C. diflorus (Mill.); 1. and fl. at the same time, spath double,
stigma longer than the stam. erect deeply trifid, divisions trun-
cate and slightly notched at the end, bulb with a membranous
coat.—E. B. 8.2645. C. precor Haw. C. minimus Hook.—Fl.
pale lilac with yellow and purple stripes.—In the park (site of
old garden) at Barton, Suff. Not indigenous. P. III.]

[C. aureus (Sib.); 1. and fl. together, spath simple, stigma
shorter than the stam. shortly 3-fid, segments truncate or slightly
notched at the end, bulb coated with compact fibres.—E. B. S.
2646.—FI. yellow.— With the preceding. P. III.]

Order LXXXIV. AMARYLLIDACE.

Stam. 6. Anth. bursting inwards. Otherwise like IRIDACEA.

1. Narcissus. Perianth 6-parted, spreading, with equal seg-
ments, and a bellshaped crown within. Stam. alternately
shorter, within the crown.

2. Leucosum. Perianth 6-parted, bellshaped, the segments
all equal and thickened at their points. Stam. equal.

3. GaLANTHUS. Perianth 6-parted, 3 outer segments spread-
ing, 3 inner shorter erect emarginate. Stam. equal, subulate.

1. Narcissus Linn.

*]. N. biflorus (Curt.); 1. linear obtuse “acutely” (Sm.}
“ obtusely ” (Koch) keeled, scape compressed 2-edged striated
1—2-flowered, crown very short concave crenate at the pale
(ultimately white) margin—E. B. 276. R. ix. 365.—Pet. of a
pale sulphur-colour.—Sandy fields in the south. P.IV. V. E.I.

(2. N. poeticus (L.); 1. lear obtuse obtusely keeled, scape
compressed 2-edged mostly 1-flowered, crown very short con-
cave crenate at the red margin.—E. B. 275. R. ix. 364.—Pet.

85. ASPARAGACER. 327

white, broadly ovate, crown yellow.—Heathy open fields on a
sandy soil. Norf., Kent. P. V.] E

3. N. Pseudo-narcissus (L.) ; 1. linear obtuse not keeled, scape
2-edged 1-flowered, perianth-segm. scarcely exceeding tube,
crown bellshaped crisped at the margin and crenate equalling
the perianth, pedicel within the spath short.—E. B. 17. R. ix.
369.—FI. large, yellow.— Woods and thickets. P. III. IV. Daf-
fodil.

LN. lobularis (Schult.); “perianth-segm. exactly twice as
long as tube, crown 6-lobed.” Tenby.—N. minor (L.); “crown
6-lobed equalling the perianth, pedicel long.” Penrice Castle,
Glam. — N. incomparabilis (Curt.); crown erect 4 as long as
perianth, otherwise like No. 3. In several places in the south.
—These are not native plants. ]

2. Levcosum Linn. Snowflake.

tl. L. estivum (L.); spath many-flowered, style thickened up-
wards.— EH. B. 621. R. ix. 362.—Bulbous. Height 2—23 feet.
Fi. white, drooping; tips greenish. L. broadly linear, keeled.
Seape 2-edged.—Wet meadows. P. V. E.

3. Gatantuus Linn. Snowdrop.

1. G. nivalis (L.).—E. B. 19. R. ix. 363.—Fl. solitary, white,
drooping; inner segments greenish. L. 2, keeled, broadly
linear, glaucous. Bulbous.—Thickets. P. II. III.

Order LXXXV. ASPARAGACEA.

Perianth inferior, petaloid, 6-parted or 4—8-parted. Stam. 6
or 4—8, inserted into the receptacle or on the perianth. Anth.
bursting inwards. Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules 1 or many
in each cell. Styles 1—3. Fr. succulent, not bursting. Root
not bulbous.—In this and the two succeeding Orders I follow
Koch, who appears to have paid great attention to them. For
figures of the genera see G. F. G. Monocot. ii.

]. Asparagus. Perianth 6-parted, bellshaped, tubular below.
Stam. 6. Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Style 1. Stig-
mas 3, refleced.—Fl. by abortion dicecious.

2. ConvaLLaRia. Perianth bellshaped, 6-parted, deciduous.
Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Stigma blunt, trigonous.
Berry with 1-seeded cells. Fl. jomted to pedicel.

3. Potyconatum. Perianth tubular, 6-toothed, tardily de-
ciduous. Ovary 3-celled; cells 2-ovuled. Stigma blunt,

328 85, ASPARAGACES.

trigonous. Berry with 1-seeded cells. Fl. not jointed to
pedicel.

4. MasantuEemum. Perianth 4-parted ; segments horizon-
tally patent or reflexed, deciduous. Stam.4. Style 1. Stigma
blunt. Berry 2-celled; cells 1-seeded.

5. Ruscus. Perianth 6-parted to the base, persistent. Male
with the filaments connected into a tube on the top of which
the 3 anth. are placed. Fem. the same, but the anthers
barren. Style 1. Stigmas capitate. Berry 3-celled; cells
2-seeded.

1. Asparacus Lina.

1. A. officinalis (L.); st. herbaceous mostly erect without
spines branched, 1. fasciculated terete flexible setaceous.—E. B.
339. — Root creeping. Stems many, scaly, erect, or rarely
procumbent, scarcely more than a foot high (im cultivation
3 feet).—Sea-coast, rare. Kynance Cove, Cornwall. South
coast of Anglesea. Giltar Point, Pemb. Gosford Links, Scotl.
P. VIII. ES

2. ConvaLLaria Linn. Lily of the Valley.

1. C. majalis (L.).—#. B. 1035. St. 14. 10.—About a foot
high. L. 2, ovate-lanceolate, radical. Scape semicylindrical.
FL. racemose, nodding, pure white, globose-bellshaped, fragrant.
—Woods and thickets. P. V E. 8.

3. Potyconatum Tourn. Solomon’s Seal.

L. P. verticiilatum (All.) ; J. linear-lanceolate whorled, st. erect
angular.—H. B. 128. R. x. 435,—St. 2 feet high. L. 3—5 in
a whorl. Berries red.—Woods. Den of Rechip and Craighall,
Perthshire. Smalesmouth, Northumberland. P. VI. E. 8.

2. P. officinale (All.); 1. ovate-oblong half clasping glabrous
alternate, st. angular, peduncles 1 —2-flowered, filamenis glabrous.
—Convallaria Polygonatum (L.), E.B. 280. z. x. 434,— Height
1—1} foot. Berry bluish.—Woods, rare. P. V. E.

3. P. multiflorum (All.) ; 1. ovate-oblong half clasping glabrous
alternate, st. round, peduncles 1- or many-flowered, filaments
downy.—E. B. 279. R. x.433.—Height 2 feet. Berry bluish.
—Woods. P. V. E. $8.

4. Marantuemum Wiggers.

“1. M. bifolum (DC.); st. with 2 alternate stalked triangular-
cordate leaves.— Ger. Herb. p. 409. Convallaria L., St. 13. 6.

86. LILIACE. 329

R. x. 436.—St. 6—8 in. high. Root filiform. L. very deeply
cordate. Raceme terminal, resembling a spike. Fl. small; seg-
ments reflexed. ‘Berry yellow with brown spots.”—Woods.
Howick, Northumb. (now eradicated). Mr. R. Embleton. Ken-
wood, Middlesex. Mr. E. Edwards. Dingley Wood, Preston ;
and Harwood near Blackburn. Gerard. P. V. E.

5. Ruscus Linn. Butcher’s Broom.

1. R. aculeatus (L.); 1. (flattened shoots) ovate-attenuate
very acute rigid bearing the fl. upon the middle of their upper
surface, fl. 1 rarely 2 with a flat subulate scarious 1-veined
bract.—E. B. 560. R. x. 437.—Foliage evergreen. Fi. very
minute.—Thickets. Sh. III. IV. E. 8.

Order LXXXVI. LILIACE.

Perianth inferior, petal-like, 6-parted. Stam. 6, inserted into
the receptacle or on the perianth. Anth. bursting imwards.
Ovary superior, 3-celled. Ovules many in each cell. Style 1.
Stigmas 3 or 1. Fr. dry, capsular, bursting with 3 valves bearing
the dissepiment on their middle.—For fig. of genera see G. F. G.
Monocot. ii.

Tribe I. TULIPEAs. Leaves of the perianth distinct. Cells of
the caps. many-seeded. Seeds flat (in Liloydia angular),
placed closely one avove another; testa pale or fuscous, not
crustaceous.—St. usually more or less leafy. Root bulbous.

1, Tuurpa. Perianth-]. 6, without nectaries, deciduous. Anth.
erect. Style 0. Stigma 3-lobed. Seeds flat.

2. Frrrryuaria. Perianth-l. 6, deciduous; a nectariferous
depression at the base of each. Anth. attached above their
base. Style 3-fid at the apex. Seeds flat.

(3. Liurum. Perianth-1. 6, deciduous, spreading or reflexed ;
a longitudinal nectariferous furrow at the base of each.
Anth. attached above their base. Stigma capitate. Seeds
flat.]

4. Luoyp1a. Perianth-l. 6, persistent, patent. Stam. in-
serted at the base of perianth. Anth. erect. Style filiform.
Stigma trigonous. Seeds angular above, flat beneath.

Tr, Il. ASPHODELEA. Fi. not jointed to their stalks.
Leaves of perianth distinct. Cells of the caps. few-seeded.
Seeds various in form, usually with a black crustaceous testa.
—St. usually leafless. Root bulbous.

330 86. LILIACES.

5, ORNITHOGALUM. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, persistent.
Stam. on the receptacle and adhering only slightly to the
perianth. Anth. incumbent, attached by their backs.—F'.
white or yellow, never blue.

6. Gacna. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, persistent. Stam. ad-
hering to the base of the perianth. Anth. erect.—Fl. corym-
bose or umbellate.

7. Scitua. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam. on
the base of the perianth. Anth. incumbent.—F'. racemed,
never white or yellow.

8. ALLIUM. Perianth-l. 6, rather spreading. Stam. at the
base of the perianth. Anth. incumbent.—Fl. umbellate.
Spath of 1 or 2 leaves.

Tr. WI. ANTHERICEA. Fi. jointed to their stalks. Leaves
of perianth slightly connected below. Cells of caps. few-
seeded. Seeds various in form.—Root not bulbous.

9. Simeruis. Perianth-l. 6, spreading, deciduous. Stam.
on the base of the perianth. Filaments bearded. Anth.
incumbent. Caps. 3-celled, 6-seeded.

Tr. IV. HEMEROCALLIDEAS. Leaves of the perianth com-
bined below. Cells of the caps. few-seeded. . Seeds various
in form ; testa (in our plants) black.

10. Enpymion. Perianth tubular-bellshaped of 6 connivent
leaves with reflexed pots, combined below. Stam. inserted
below the middle of the perianth ; filaments decurrent.

11. Muscari. Perianth globose or subcylindrical, narrowed
at the mouth, 6-toothed. Stam. inserted at about the mid-
dle of the tube ; filaments not decurrent.

Tribe I. Tulipee.

1. Tunipa Linn. Tulip.

1. T. sylvestris (L.) ; st. 1-flowered glabrous, fl. at first droop-
ing, inner segments of perianth and base of the stamens bearded.
—E.B. 63. St.29.11. R.x.446.—Fl. yellow, rarely produced
in a wild state—Chalk-pits in the eastern counties. Several
places in Scotland. P. IV. V. E. $8.

2. Fritizyartia Linn. Fritillary.
1. F. Meleagris (L.); st. single-flowered leafy, 1. all alternate

LILIUM.—ORNITHOGALUM. 331

linear-lanceolate.—E. B. 622. St.18.4. R.x.442.—About a
foot high. Fl. flesh-coloured with many dark spots, et
white.—Meadows and pastures in the east and south. P.V. E.

3. Linrum Linn. Lily.

[*1. L. Martagon (L.); 1. whorled elliptic-lanceolate, st. pu-
bescent-scabrous, fl. nodding, perianth reflexed.— EZ. B. 8. 2799.
R. x. 451.—Height 1—14 foot. Fi. violet-flesh-coloured with
dark purple spots.—Copses. P. VI. VII. Turk’s-cap Lily.] E.

[*2. L. pomponium (L.); 1. scattered linear-lanceolate, fl.
nodding, perianth reflexed—About 1 ft. high. Fl. yellow with
black dots below.—Between S. Molton and Mollond, Devon.]

4, Luoypia Salisd.

1. L. serotina (R.); root-l. semicylindrical, st.-l. dilated below
and sheathing, fl. mostly solitary, nectary a transverse plait—
E. B. 793. St. 28.2. R. x. 440. Anthericum Sm.—Height
5or6in. St. and 1. springing separately from the root. St.-1.
several, short. Jl. white with reddish lines internally.—Welsh
mountains, very rare. Snowdon. Glyder Fawr. P. VI. E.

Tribe II. Asphodelee.

5. OrnitHoGaLuM Linn. Star of Bethlehem.

tl. O. umbellatum (L.); fl. corymbose, peduncles exceeding
the linear-lanceolate bracts, filaments lanceolate simple, 1. linear
glabrous.—E. B.130. R. x. 467.—L. exceeding the stem or
filiform and shorter. Height 8—12 in. Fl. white with a broad

ieee longitudinal band externally——Meadows and pastures.
.¥. E. S.

2. O. pyrenaicum (L.); fl. in an elongated raceme, peduncles
at first spreading afterwards erect, bracts lanceolate-acuminate,
filaments dilated below with a long point, 1. fugacious linear
grooved.—F. B. 499.—St. leafless, 2—3 feet Ingh. Raceme
very long. Fl. greenish-white ; segments of the perianth variable
in breadth. lL. withermg before the stalk appears, rarely con-
temporaneous.— Woods. Extremely common near Bath. Sussex.
Bedfordshire. P. VI. E.

*3, O. nutans (L.); fl. few in a lax nodding raceme, peduncles
falling short of the bracts, filaments flat membranous trifid, the
lateral points acute, middle one very short bearing the anther, 1.
linear-lanceolate —E. B. 1997. Albucea R. x. 473.—Height

332 86. LILIACES.

9—12 in. FI. large, white, greenish externally.—Fields and
orchards, rare. P. IV. V. E.

6. Gacga Salish.

1. G. lutea (Ker); radical 1. usually solitary linear-lanceo-
late flat, bracts 2 opposite, peduncles umbellate simple glabrous,
segments of the perianth oblong obtuse, bulb ovate solitary —
E.B.21. R. x. 477. Ornithogalum L.—St. about 6 in. high,
shorter than the leaves. Bracts lanceolate, one often exceeding
the yellow flowers. Bulb often inclosing many small round off-
sets.— Woods and thickets, rare. P. III. IV. E.S.

7. Scitya Linn. Squill.

1. S. autumnalis (1..); 1. lmear many, raceme lax, peduncles
ascending, bracts 0.—E. B. 78. R. x. 463.—Height 4—6 in.
Fl. purplish-blue with a green line down the back, in perfection
before the 1. appear.—Dry pastures in the south and west. P.
VIL. Autumnal Squill. E.

2. S. verna (Huds.); 1. linear channeled hooded at the end
many, raceme few-flowered corymbose, bracts lanceolute as long
or longer than the peduncles.—#. B. 23. R. x. 463.—Height
4—5 in. Fi. blue. L. as long or longer than the stalk.—
Western and northern coasts. P.IV.V. Vernal Squill.

[S. difolia (L.); 1. linear-lanceolate usually only 2, raceme lax
slightly corymbose, ped. erect, bracts 0.—H. B. 24.—Said to
grow in the west of England. P. IV.]

8. Attium Linn. Garlic.

* Stam. alternately broader and 3-pointed, the middle point
alone bearing an anther. Porrum Tourn.

+ Stem-leaves flat or keeled, not hollow.

*L. A. Ampeloprasum (L.); st. leafy below, 1. linear, spath
long, umbel globose compact, stam. exserted, anther-bearing
point of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part, bulb
compound of 2—4 divisions.—E. B. 1656.—Bulb with large off-
sets within its coats. St.2—6 feet bigh. L.long, linear. Spath
calyptriform, parting at the base, and falling off in one piece be-
fore the fl. open; horn 1—2 in. long. FI. pale purple, the keel
of the outer subemarginate segments greenish and roughish.
Germen rather globose; nectarial projections at about the
middle; lower spaces slightly excavated. Head-bulbs rare,
when present small, the size of Peas—Cliffs on Steep Holmes

ALLIUM. 333

Island in the Severn (remains of former cultivation). Gt. Arran
Island, Galway. Mr. Andrews. Cliffsin Guernsey. P. VIII. E. I.

2. A. Babingtonii (Borr.); st. leafy below, 1. acutely keeled,
spath long-poimted, umbel loose irregular with hemispherical
bulbs, stam. exserted, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed filaments
rather shorter than the undivided part and with an incurved apex
when young, bulb compound of few (2) divisions.—E. B. S. 2906.
A, Halleri Bab., not G. Don.—St. 4—6 feet high. L. long, linear,
broad. Heads large, with many bulbs about as large as a Hazel-
nut. Spath usually deciduous in two pieces or persistent ; horn
1—-2 in. long. Fl. pale reddish-purple, rather few, more conical
than in the preceding, only slightly opening; outer segments
with a green keel, ovate-oblong, with callous points, edges and
back rough with minute pellucid points; inner segments slightly
emarginate and without points. Lengthened stalks 1—2 in.
long, bearing secondary heads are usually present. Germen
rather conical, nectarial projections below the middle, lower
spaces rather deeply excavated——Roundstone, and S. Isles of
Arran plentifully, Galway. Cornwall. P. VIII. E. I.

3. A. Scorodoprasum (L.!); st. leafy below, 1. flat, sheaths
2-edged, spath short and broad with a very short point, umbel
globose with many spherical small bulbs, stam. included or
equalling the perianth, anther-bearing point of 3-pointed fila-
ments shorter than the undivided part or the lateral points, bulb
with many purple offsets—E. B.S. 2905. A. arenarium L.},
Sm.—St. 2—3 feet high. LL. with scabrous imargins. Heads
small. Fl. few, purple; segments all with a minute apiculus,
outer with the edges and keel rough. Head-bulbs deep purple.
—Sandy woods and fields in the north. P. VI. VII. E. 8.?

tt Stem-leaves hollow.

4. A. vineale (L.); st. leafy below, J. terete slightly channeled
above, spath 1-valved short with a slender long pomt, umbel
globose with many bulbs, stam. exserted, anther-bearing point
of 3-pointed filaments equalling the undivided part and half as
long as the lateral points —E. B.1974. RB. 1. t. 404. A. are-
narium Fries.—St. 2 feet high. L. faded at the time of flower-
inc. Heads of few pale rose-coloured fl. with green keels and
long stalks. Head-bulbs small, oval, acute, greenish.—8. A. com-
pactum (Thuil.); umbel without f1., head-bulbs with a leaflike
point.— Waste ground and dry fields. 8. is the more common.
P. VIL. Crow Garlic.

c erocephalum (L.); st. leafy below, 1. subcylindrical
2 ao 2-valved short, umbel globose
without bulbs, stam. twice as long as the perianth, anther-bearing

334 86. LILIACER.

point of 3-pointed filaments as long as the undivided part longer
than the lateral points, bulb accompanied by stalked offsets.—
E. B.S, 2813.—St. 1—2 feet high. L. usually faded before the
time of flowering. Heads of many rose-coloured or purple fl. ;
keels darker and rough.—St. Vincents Rocks, Bristol. Sands
in Jersey. P. VII. E.

** Stam. all simple, not 3-pointed, connected at the base.
Spath 2-valved, 1 valve with a long point. St.-l. narrow.

6. A. oleraceum (L.); st. leafy below, 1. channeled above
ribbed beneath, spath with one of the points very long, umbel
with bulbs, stam. equalling or shorter than the perianth.—£. B.
488.—Height 1—2 feet. L. (of the Bristol plant) thick, fleshy,
solid, nearly flat but slightly and broadly channeled above, with
4 ribs beneath. Segments of perianth obtuse.—. complanatum
(Fries) ; stam. shorter than the perianth, 1. of equal thickness
throughout, curved upwards at the sides so as to appear chan-
neled, with many ribs on each side. Perhaps a distinct species.
A. carinatum Sm., E. B. 1658.—Borders of fields. 8. Moun-
tains in the north. P. VII. VIII. E. Ss.

(A. carinatum (L.) has protruded stamens. ]

*#* Stam. all simple and distinct. Spath 2-valved, short.
Leaves hollow.

7. A. Schenoprasum (L.) ; st. leafless or with one leaf, 1. terete
or slightly flattened above subulate, spath ovate pointed about
equalling the flowers, umbel many-flowered globose without bulbs,
stam. simple about half the length of the lanceolate segments of
the perianth.— FE. B. 2441.—St. about 6 in. high. _L. straight,
mostly with even strie. Pet. lanceolate. Barren bulbs with 2
leaves. FI. pink. Bulbs forming dense tufts —8. A. sibiricum
(L.); 1. curved and bent downwards with crenulate striz, pet.
lanceolate-attenuate, barren bulbs single-leaved, style longer than
the young germen. FE. B. S. 2934. Height 6 in. to 2 feet.
Heads large. This plant has retained its characters for several
years in Mr. Borrer’s garden and is probably a distinct species.—
Meadows and pastures in mountainous situations. 8. Rocks and
cliffs near the sea. Tintagel; between Kynance Cove and Mul-
lion; Cornwall. P. VI. VII. Chives. E. 8.

*#**% Stam. all simple. Leaves flat, all radical.

(8. A. triquetrum (L.); st. triquetrous, I. linear acutely folded
and keeled, spath 2-valved about equalling the erect bulbless lax
umbel, stam. half as long as the oblong segments of the perianth.

87. COLCHICACE. 335

—R. x. 503.—Bulb ovate. L. angularly folded, acute. Segments
of perianth white with a slender green midrib.—Hedges in
Guernsey. P.V. VI.]

9. A. ursinum (L.); st. naked triangular, 1. stalked ovate-lan-
ceolate, spath 2-valved ovate, umbel level-topped lax bulbless,
stam. simple.— £. B. 122.— Bulb slender, oblong. L. few,
broad, smooth, bright green. Stalk one, as tall or taller than the
leaves. Fl. white. Smelling strongly of garlic when bruised.
Damp woods and hedges. P. V. VI. Ramsons.

(A. ambiguum (Sm.); st. terete, 1. broadly linear attenuate,
umbels few-flowered with a few bulbs, spath 3—4-valved, stam.
about half the length of the perianth.—Rochester. Eye Castle
Hill, Suff. Nota native. FE. B.S, 2803.]

Tribe III. Anthericee.

9, Simetuis Kunth.

1. S. bicolor (K.).—E. B. S. 2952.—Root of fleshy fibres.
L. linear, flat or a little keeled upwards. St. and 1. inclosed in
sheathing scales and surrounded by brown fibres. FI. panicled.
Pet. purple without, white within. Seed-stalks thick, white.
Seeds black.—Sandy heaths. Near Bournmouth, Dorset. On
hills and by sea-side, Derrynane, Kerry. P.V. E. I.

Tribe IV. Hemerocallidee.

10. Enpymion Dumort. Blue Bell.

1. E. nutans (Dum.); 1. linear, raceme nodding, fl. bellshaped
cylindrical, apex of the sep. revolute, bracts 2.—Scilla Sm., E. B.
377. Agraphis Link.—Scape about a foot high. FI. blue, rarely
white. Stam. united to the perianth half-way up. L. shorter
than the scape.— Woods and thickets. P.V. English Blue-bell.

11. Muscari Tourn. Grape Hyacinth.

1. M. racemosum (Mill.); fl. ovate nodding crowded upper
ones nearly sessile abortive, 1, linear flaccid recurved.—Hyacin-
thus Sm., E. B. 1931.—Scape 1 ft. high. FI. dark blue, scented.
—Sandy fields. Plentiful near Pakenham, Suffolk. P.V. E.

Order LXXXVII. COLCHICACE.

Perianth inferior, 6—7-parted. Stam. 6, on the receptacle or

336 88. ERIOCAULACEZ.

perianth. Anth. attached below their middle, bursting outwards.
Ovaries superior, 1 of 3 cells, or 3 of 1 cell more or less connected.
Ovules many. Styles J—3. Fv. bursting inwards, of 3 sepa-
rate l-celled follicles, or more or less combined into a 3-celled
septicidal capsule.—See G. F. G. Monocot. in.

1. Coicuicum. Perianth funnelshaped with a very long tube;
limb 6-parted, petal-like. Caps. 3, connected throughout,
1-celled, opening at the inner edge, many-seeded.

2. TorteLp1A. Perianth 6-leaved. Caps. 3, connected to
above the middle, 1-celled, opening at the inner edge, many-
seeded.

1. Cotcuicum Linn. Meadow Saffron.

1: C. autumnale (L.); 1. flat lanceolate erect.—E B. 133.—
Root large, tuberous. L.a foot long and often an inch broad,
dark green, smooth. FI. several, bright purple, radical, with
very long tubes ; the germen remaining under ground and appear-
ing in the spring with the leaves.—Meadows. P. 1X. X.

2. Tortetpia Huds. Scottish Asphodel.

1. T. palustris (Huds.); pedicels with a 3-lobed bract at the
base but none at the top.—£. B. 536 (not good). T. borealis
Wahl. St. 78. 8.—St.4—8 in. high. L. swordshaped, about
2 in. long, in 2-ranked radical tufts. Fl. in a short dense spike,
at first sessile, afterwards slightly stalked. The true plant of
Hudson.—Mountain bogs. P. VII.

Order LXXXVITI. ERIOCAULACEZ.

Fi. capitate, unisexual. Perianth glumaceous, 2—6-parted.
Stam. 2—6, if in two rows the inner row most developed. Anth.
2-celled. Ovary superior, 2—3-celled. Ovules solitary, pen-
dulous. Dehiscence of caps. loculicidal. Seeds coated with
wings or rows of hairs. Embryo lenticular, on the outside of
farinaceous albumen, at the end remote from the hilum.

1. Ertocauton. Fl. in acompact scaly head. Barren fl. in
the centre. Perianth 4—6-fid, the inner segments united
nearly to their top. Stam.4—6. Fertile fl. in the cir-
cumference. Perigone deeply 4-parted. Stigmas 2—3.
Caps. 2—3-lobed, 2—3-celled ; cells 1-seeded.

89. JUNCACEA. 337

1. Ertocauton Linn. Pipewort.

1. E. septangulare (With.); scapes striated exceeding the cell-
ular compressed subulate glabrous I., fl. 4-cleft hairy at the end
as well as the scales, stam. 4, caps. 2-celled.—£. B. 733.—Roots
of many white jointed fibres. St. varying in height according
to the depth of the water, usually with 6 or 8 rarely 7 or 10
angles, each corresponding with a bundle of vessels surrounding
acentralbundle. Fertile fl. 4-parted nearly to the base ; 2 late-
tal divisions keeled, compressed, obtuse, fringed, black. Each fl.
with a broad blunt black scale in front which is shorter and
broader than it.—Peaty pools in Skye and a few of the neigh-
bouring islands. Cunnamara. P. VIII. 8.1.

Order LXXXIX. JUNCACEA.

Perianth more or less glumaceous, 6-parted. Stam. 6, on the
base of the segments; or 3, opposite to the outer series. Anth.
2-celled. Ovary 1—3-celled, superior. Ovules 1, 3, or many
in each cell. Style 1, stigmas usually 3. Fr. capsular, 3-valved,
loculicidal, sometimes not bursting. Embryo subcylindrical, very
minute, within firm albumen, near the hilum.—For fig. of the
genera see G. F. G. Monocot. ii. 28. 29. 30.

1. Nartuecium. Perianth partly coloured, of 6 linear-lan-
ceolate persistent leaves. Filaments woolly. Style undivided.
Stigma simple, obtuse. Caps. pyramidal, 3-celled, 3-valved.
Placenta extending only a short distance up inner edge of dis-
sepiment, Seeds with a long filiform appendage at each end.

2. Juncus. Perianth glumaceous, 6-leaved. Filaments gla-
brous. Style undivided. Stigmas 3, filiform. Caps. 3-
celled, 3-valved. Seeds attached to the inner edge of the
dissepiments.

3. Luzuua. Caps. ]-celled, 3-valved, without dissepiments.
Seeds 3, at the base of the cell. Otherwise like Juncus.

1, Narryecium Huds. Bog Asphodel.

1. N. ossifragum (Huds.); 1. linear-swordshaped, pedicels
with 1 bract at the base and another above their middle, perianth
exceeding the stam. and much falling short of the caps.—E. B.
535. St. 78.3. R. x. 421.—St. 6—8 in. high, slightly leafy,
decumbent and rooting below. L. mostly in radical 2-ranked
tufts, half the height of the stem. Cluster continuous. FI.
bright yellow.—Turfy bogs. P. VI. VIL

Q

338 89. JUNCACE.

2. Juncus Linn. Rush.

* Barren and fertile stems subulate with leafy sheaths below.
L. long, resembling the stems, or reduced to amucro, Seeds
with a loose testa forming a sack at each end (appendaged).

1. J. maritimus (Sm.); st. naked, 1. radical terete sharp-
pointed, panicle compound erect, segments of perianth equal
lanceolate acute equalling the elliptical mucronate capsule.—
E. B. 1725. R. ix. 402.—St. erect, 1—2 feet high. Panicle
long, lax.—Salt marshes, but not very common. P, VII. VIII.

2. J. acutus (L.); st. naked, 1. radical terete sharp-pointed,
panicle very compound mostly compact, segments of perianth
equal half the length of the roundish ovate caps., 3 inner ones
obtuse with a membranous border.—E. B. 1614. St. 71. 6.
R. ix. 401.—St. erect, rigid, with a very sharp rigid pot, 3—6
feet high. Panicle dense, corymbose. Fr. twice as large as that of
the preceding.—Sands on the sea-coast, rare. P.VII.VIIL E. 1.

** Barren and fertile stems subulate with sheaths at their
bases which are either leafless or bear rudimentary leaves.
Seeds with a close testa (not appendaged).

3. J. effusus (L.); st. naked faintly striate soft, pith conti-
nuous, panicle close or diffuse, caps. obovate retuse not apiculate,
stam. 3.—E. B. 836. R. ix. 414.—Height 1—2 feet. L. none
or reduced to minute slender filaments at the top of sheathing
scales. Panicle diffuse, branched; or more or less dense, glo-
hose. Anth. oval, short.—Marshy ground. P. VII.

4. J. conglomeratus (L.); st. naked faintly striate soft, pith
continuous, panicle close or diffuse, caps. obovate retuse api-
culate, stam. 3.—E. B. 835. St. 71. 3. R. ix. 408.—Height
1—2 feet. L. none or reduced to minute slender filaments at the
top of the sheathing scales. Panicle globose, dense ; or more or
less diffuse. Anth. linear—Marshy ground. P. VII.

5. J. glaucus (Sibth.); st. naked deeply striate rigid, pith
interrupted, panicle loose much branched erect, segments of pe-
nanth lanceolate-subulate rather exceeding the elliptic-oblong
mucronate capsule, stam. 6.—£.B. 665. St.71.5. A.1ix. 415.
—Panicle ascending, diffuse. Fr. black. St. rigid, attenuate,
glaucous. Sheathsdark. L. none or reduced to minute slender
filaments at the top of the scales.—Wet places. P. VII.

6. J. diffusus (Hoppe); sf. naked finely striate rigid, pith
continuous, panicle loose much branched erect, segments of peri-
anth lanceolate-subulate exceeding the obovate-obtuse mucronate
capsule, stam. 6.—St. 77. 10. R. ix. 414.—Very like the pre-

JUNCUS. 339

ceding, but the caps. much smaller. St. green.—In wet places,
rare? P, VII. VIII. E. S$.

7. J. balticus (Willd.); st. naked very faintly striate rigid,
pith continuous, panicle erect slightly branched, segments of
perianth ovate-lanceolate acute, caps. elliptical scarcely trigonous
obtuse mucronate —FE. B. §.2621. St. 71.2. R. ix. 411.—Root
creeping widely. L. none or reduced to very minute points at the
top of the sheathing scales.—Distinguished from J. arcticus by
its rounded not trigonous capsules; from J. glaucus by its far-
creeping root, scarcely striated st. and continuous pith.—Sandy
and wet sea-coasts. P. VII. S.

8. J. filiformis (L.); st. naked filiform faintly striate, panicle
simple of few (about 7) fl. placed near the middle of the st., seg-
ments of perianth lanceolate acute, caps. roundish-obovate obtuse
mucronate.—E. B.1175. St. 36.10. R. ix. 412.—L. none or
as in the preceding plants. St. remarkably slender, about 1 ft.
high ; small panicles placed very low.—Stony margins of lakes in
the north. P. VII E.

*** No barren stems.
+ Fl. capitate or solitary and terminal, Seeds appendaged.

9. J. castaneus (Sm.); st. bearing 2—3 channeled 1., heads
terminal solitary or 2 or 3, segments of perianth elliptic-lanceo-
late acute half as long as the ovate-oblong pointed trigonous
capsules, root creeping. —E. B.900. St.71.14. R. ix. 393.—St.
8—12in. high. Root with lax runners. Caps.chocolate-coloured.
Filaments about twice as long as the anthers.—Micaceous moun-
tain bogs at a great elevation, rare. P. VII. VII. E.? §.

10. J. triglumis (L.) ; st.naked round, 1. radical subulate chan-
neled, head solitary terminal of 1—3 erect fl. usually equalling
the membranous bract, segments of the perianth elliptical-oblong
obtuse falling rather short of the ovate-oblong obtuse-mucronate
caps., root cespitose—E. B. 899. St. 28.3. R. ix, 392,—
Scarcely creeping. St. several from one root, 3—6 in. high, per-
fectly round. Caps. chestnut-coloured.—Boggy places on moun-
tains. P. VIT. VIII. E. S.

ll. J. biglumis (L.); st. naked channeled on one side, 1. radi-
cal subulate compressed (not channeled), head solitary terminal
of 2 unilateral fl. one of which is stalked and usually falls short
of the leaflike bract, segments of perianth oblong-obtuse falling
rather short of the turbinate retuse caps., root fibrous.—E. B.
898.—St. 2—4 in. high, seldom more than one from each root.
Caps. light brown with purple margins.—Boggy spots on moun-
tains, rare. P. VIII. : S.

a

340 89. JUNCACES.

12. J. trifidus (L.); st. with 1 leaf on its upper part, basal
sheaths awned, upper sheath with a short 1., head terminal of 1—3
fl. with two setaceous leaflike bracts, segments of perianth acute
falling short of the rounded elliptical beaked caps., root creep-
ing.—E. B.1482, $t.71.12. B.1s. 394.—St. crowded, erect,
slender, 2—6 in. high. Occasionally the stem-l. is wanting and
sometimes it has a second head in its axil. Remarkable for its
long setaceous bracts. Perianth and caps. dark brown.—Dam
rocky places on mountains. P. VIJ. VUI. 8.

+t Flowers in a terminal head, or 2 heads one above the other,
or in panicled heads. Seeds not appendaged.

[13. J. capitatus (Weigel) ; st. naked erect simple, I. radical
filiform, head terminal mostly solitary falling short of the seta-
ceous bract, segments of the perianth unequal, outer ovate-lan-
ceolate acuminate-aristate twice as long as the truncate apiculate
caps., stam. 3.—E. B. 8. 2644.—Plant 1—4 in. high. L. half
as long as the stems. Heads large, of 3—6 sessile flowers.—
Sandy ground in Guernsey and Jersey. A. VI. VII.]

14. J. obtusifiorus (Ehrh.); st.2-leaved and as well as the in-
ternally jointed 7. terete, panicle repeatedly compound spreading
divaricate, segments of perianth equal obtuse equalling the ovate
acute trigonous (pale brown) eapsule.—#. B. 2144. St. 77.12.
R. ix. 404.—Erect, 2—3 feet high. St. and 1. not compressed.
Segm. of perianth pale, often purplish, quite blunt or with a
small inflexed point.— Marshes, rather rare. P. VII.—IX.

15. J. acutiflorus (Ehrh.); st. 3—4-leaved and as well as the
internally jointed J. subcompressed, panicle compound pyramidal,
segments of perianth acuminate-aristate inner ones longest all
falling rather short of the narrow ovate-acuminate rostrate tri-
quetrous (pale brown) capsule.—E. B. 238. R.ix.406. J. sylva-
ticus St. 78. 1.—St. erect, 1}—2 feet high. L. slightly com-
pressed. Clusters 5—6-flowered.—Boggy places. P. VI—VIII.

16. J. lamprocarpus (Ehrh.); st. 3—6-leaved and as well as
the internally jointed 1. compressed, panicle repeatedly compound
erect forked, segments of perianth equal acute the inner ones ob-
tuse all falling short of the ovate attenuate mucronate trique-
trous (dark brown) capsule.—£. B.2143. St. 71.16. R. ix. 405.
—-St. erect, 12—18 in. high. L. compressed; many internal di-
visions. Clusters 4—8-flowered.—Boggy places. P. WII. VIII.

[J. alpinus (Vill.), R. ix. 403, having an acute dorsal angle to
the sheaths of its 1]. and blunt perianth-segm. mucronate below
their summit ;—J. atratus (Krock.), R. ix. 407, having “ more
deeply striated 1.” than either of the 2 preceding species and the
imner acute perianth-segm. about equalling the ovate-attenuate

JUNCUS. 341

capsule ; and J. nigricans (Drej.), R. ix.407, with unequal acute
perianth-segm. and a subglobose capsule ; will probably be found
in Britain. ]

17. J. nigritellus (D. Don) ; st. 3—4-leaved and together with
the internally jointed J. nearly cylindrical, panicle slightly com-
pound erect, segments of perianth nearly equal (3 inner rather
longer and broader) all acute falling short of the linear-oblong
trigonous rostrate (black) capsule.—E. B. 8. 2643, not of Koch,
nor Kunth.—St. erect, 6—12 in. high. L. scarcely compressed.
Clusters of more fl. than in No. 16. Caps. brown, at length
black and glossy. more abruptly pointed than in J. lamprocarpus.
—Boggy places in the north. P. VII. VIII.

18. J. supinus (Moench); st. filiform, 1. setaceous slightly
channeled and faintly jointed internally, panicle nearly simple
irregular long with few distant clusters, segments of the perianth
equal acute (3 inner rather obtuse) nearly equalling the edlip-
tical very obtuse mucronate (pale brown) capsule, anth. as long
as their filaments—EH. B. 801. St. 13.8. R.ix.397. J. uli-
ginosus and J. subverticillatus Sm.—Extremely variable in size
and the direction of its stems, sometimes erect, at others prostrate
and rooting at every joining, or floating. Fl. often viviparous.
Stam. 3 or 6.—8. J. nigritellus (Koch); caps. shorter, stam. 6,
filaments nearly twice as long as the elliptical anthers. St. 78. 2.
—Boggy and wet places. 8. Ivy Bridge, Devon (in a bog).
Mr. Keys. Cunnamara, Galway. P. V1.—VIII.

ttt Flowers solitary, remote, or corymbose and forming a ter-
minal panicle. Seeds not appendaged.

19. J. squarrosus (L.); st. leafless simple, 1. linear channeled
radical, panicle terminal compound with cymose branches, seg-
ments of perianth ovate-lanceolate acute or rather obtuse equal-
ling the obovate obtuse mucronate capsule, anth. 4 times as long
as their filaments.—E. B.943. St.36.11. R.ix.400.—St. erect,
6—12 in. high. L. many, somewhat spreading, rigid, half as
long as the stem. Caps. pale brown, shining.— Wet heaths and
moors. P. VI. VIL.

20. J. compressus (Jacq.); st. with 1 leaf in the middle, 1. linear
channeled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usually fall-
ing short of the bract, segments of perianth oval-oblong obtuse
falling short of the roundly ovate shortly mucronate capsule.—
—E. B. 934. St. 36.13. R. ix. 399.—St. slender, erect, round
and leafy below, naked and compressed above. floral bracts
usually pale. Style half the length of the ovary. Anth. ob-
long, about as long as the filaments.—Damp places. P. VI.—
VII.

342 89. JUNCACES.

21. J. Gerardi (Lois.); st. with 1 or more leaves, 1. linear
channeled, panicle terminal compound subcymose usually ex-
ceeding the bract, segments of perianth oval-oblong obtuse
about equalling the oval-oblong strongly mucronate capsule.—J.
cenosus Bich., Sm., E. B. S. 2680. Sé. 71.8. R. ix. 398.—
St. trigonous in its upper part. Floral bracts usually shining
brown. Style as long as the ovary. Anth. long, at least twice
as long as the filaments.—Salt marshes. P. VI.—VIII. Mud
Rush.

[22. J. tenuis (Willd.); “st. above shortly dichotomous pa-
nicled, 1. linear-setaceous grooved, fl. solitary approximate mostly
sessile, caps. nearly spherical shorter than the very acuminated
leaves of the perianth.’’—E. B. 2174.—Clova Mountains. Mr. G.
Don. P. VII]

23. J. bufonius (L.); st. leafy dichotomous, 1. setaceous, fl.
solitary unilateral scattered mostly sessile, segments of the peri-
anth unequal lanceolate-acuminate exceeding the oblong obtuse
capsule.—E. B. 802. St. 36.12. R.ix. 395.—St. 4—8 in. high,
usually with only 1 leaf on the slender stems.—f. fasciculatus
(Koch); st. shorter (2—3 in. high) and thicker, fl. 2 or 3 to-
gether.—Marshy and wet places. A. VII. VIII. Toad Rush.

[J. pygmeus (Thuil.), J. triandrus (R. ix. 391) with a pyrami-
dal caps., and like J. bufonius 8, will probably be found in sandy
places near the sea in Britain. ]

3. Luzuta Cand. Wood-rush.

1. L. sylvatica (Bich.); 1. linear-lanceolate hairy, panicle
subcymose doubly compound, peduncles long, clusters about 3-
flowered, segments of perianth bristle-pointed equalling the
ovate-mucronate capsule, filaments very short, seeds minutely
tubereled at the end.—E. B. 737. St. 36.14. R. ix. 390. L.
maxima DC., Koch. Juncus sylvaticus Huds—Underground st.
woody. St. 12—18 in. high. L. broad, shining, striate, with
hairy edges. Panicle much exceeding the leaflike bracts.—
Shady places. P. 1V.—VI.

[L. nivea (DC.); pan. patent overtopped by bract, ped. mostly
4-fl., segm. of perianth acute exceeding caps., anth. subsessile.—
Fl. whitish —Bromhall Woods, Dunfermline ; planted. ]

2. L. Forstert (DC.); 1. linear hairy, panicle subcymose only
slightly branched, ped. 1-flowered erect with both fl. and fr., style
equalling stam., filaments 3 as long as the anth., caps. acute
scarcely falling short of perianth, seeds with a straight blunt
crest.—E, B, 1293. St. 77. 2.—St. slender, about a foot high,

LUZULA. 343

Caps. with 3 acute angles, not suddenly contracted above.—
Thickets, rather rare. P. V. E.

3.? L. Borrert (Bromf. MS.); 1. linear-lanceolate hairy, pan.
subcymose long very slightly branched, ped. 1—2-fl., upper ones
reflexed after flowering, style equalling stam., filaments about 4
as long as anth., caps. acute shorter (?) than the perianth, seeds
with a straight blunt crest.—St. slender, more than a foot high.
Bracts at base of pan. narrow, scarcely leaflike. Ovary not taper-
ing into the style. Caps. perhaps equalling the perianth when
ripe. Seeds as large as those of L. pilosa. See Phytol. iii. 983.
—Isle of Wight. Sussex. Ross, Herefordshire. P.IV.V.. E.

4. L. pilosa (Willd.); 1. lanceolate hairy, panicle subcymose
only slightly branched, peduncles 1—3-fl., upper ones reflexed
after flowering, fi. solitary, style (excluding stigmas) exceeding
stam., filaments about half as long as the anth., caps. blunt
exceeding the perianth, seeds with a falcate crest —E. B. 736.
St. 77.3.—St. slender, 6—12 in. high. Oaps. ovoid, trigonous,
suddenly contracted above.—Thickets. P. V.

5. L. campestris (Willd.); 1. linear hairy, panicle of 3 or 4
ovate dense sessile or stalked clusters, segments of perianth lan-
ceolate-acuminate exceeding the obtuse apiculate caps., filaments
much shorter than the anthers, seeds nearly globular with a basal
appendage.—E. B. 672. St. 77. 5.—St. 4—6 in. high. Anth.
linear, about 6 times as long as the filaments.— Pastures and dry
places. P. IV. V.

6. L. multiflora (Lej.); 1. linear hairy, panicle of many ovate
dense sessile or stalked clusters, segments of perianth narrowly-
lanceolate strongly acuminate exceeding the obtuse-apiculate
caps., filaments nearly as long as the anthers, seeds nearly twice
as long as broad with a basal appendage.—E. B. 8.2718. St. 77.
7. L. congesta Sm.—St.8—20) in. high. Filaments more than
half as long as the rather short small anth. and often as long as
them. Panicle with the clusters nearly all stalked, or (8. L.
congesta, Le}., L. campestris 8. Hook.) contracted into a rounded
lobed head.— Moorish and turfy places. P. VI.

7. L. spicata (DC.); 1. narrow slightly channeled hairy,
panicle an oblong lobed nodding spike, clusters falling short of
their bracts, segments of perianth narrow acuminate bristle-
pointed, filaments half as long as the anthers, caps. obtuse api-
culate, seeds oblong with a very slight basal appendage.—F. B.
1176.—St. 3—12 in. high. L. short, slender. Spike $—1 in.
long, nodding. Partial bracts tapering, bristle-pointed.—Moun-
tains. P. VII.

8. L. arcuata (Hook.); 1. channeled slightly hairy, panicle

344 90. ALISMACES.

subumbellate of few 3—5-flowered clusters on long drooping pe-
duncles, segments of perianth broadly-lanceolate bristle-pointed,
filaments as long as the anthers, caps. roundish-ovate, seeds ob-
long obtuse or apiculate scarcely appendaged below.—E. B. S.
2688.—St. slender, 2—5 in. long. L. short, curved, narrowly
linear. Panicle of 3—5 small clusters, one nearly sessile, the others
on long deflexed stalks.—Highest summits of the Cairngorum
and Sutherland mountains. P. VII. VIII.

Order XC. ALISMACEA.

Perianth free, 6-parted, coloured. Stam. 6—9 or more,
Ovaries 3—6 or many. Styles and stigmas the same. Fruit
not bursting, 1- or many-seeded. Embryo straight or curved ;
albumen 0.—See figures of the genera in G. F. G. Monocot. ii.

Suborder I. ALISMOIDE.

Three inner segments of the perianth like petals. Seeds 1—2 in
each cell, erect or ascending. Placenta sutural. Embryo cylin-
drical, doubled upon itself; radicle next the hilum.

1. Auisma. Fl. perfect. Stam. 6. Carp. many, l-seeded,
not bursting.

9. ActinocarPus. Fl. perfect. Stam. 6. Carp. 6—8,
2-seeded, combined at the base and spreading in a radiant
manner.

3. SacirTariA. Fl. moncecious. Male fl. with many stamens.
Female fl. with many l-seeded compressed carpels upon a
globose receptacle.

Suborder II]. BUTOME.

Three inner segments of the perianth like petals. Seeds many,
minute. Placenta ramified over the inner surface of each fol-
licle. Embryo straight or curved; radicle next the hilum.

4. Buromus. Perianth 6-parted, coloured, resembling a co-
rolla. Stam. 9, 3 interior. Follicles 6, connected below,
bursting inwards.

Suborder III. JUNCAGINE.

Perianth uniform, herbaceous, inconspicuous, or 0. Seeds
1—2, erect, approximate at the base. Embryo straight; radicle
at the opposite end from the hilum; plumule coming through
a lateral cleft in the embryo.

5. ScHEucHZzeRIA. Perianth of 6 reflexed leaves. Stam. 6,

ALISMA.—-SAGITTARIA. 345

with slender filaments. Ovaries 3. Stigma sessile, downy.
Fruit compressed, inflated, diverging, 1—2-seeded.

6. TriGLocuINn. Perianth of 6 erect deciduous leaves. Stam.
6; anth. almost sessile. Ovaries 3—6. Stigmas sessile,
feathery. Carp. attached to an angular axis from which
they at length separate at the base.

Suborder I. Alismoidee.

1, Aursma Linn. Water Plantain.

1. A. Plantago (L.); fl.-stalk panicled with whorled com-
pound branches, carp. ranged in a circle compressed blunt ob-
ovate, style below the top of inner edge of carp., |. cordate-ovate
or lanceolate.—E. B. 837. R. vii. 57.—L. all radical, on long
stalks. Submersed 1. linear. Fl-stalks 2—3 feet high. Fi. pale
rose-colour.—. A. lanceolatum (With.); 1. lanceolate narrowed
below.—By water. P. VII. VIII.

2. A. ranunculoides (L.) ; fl.-stalks umbellate, carp. angular
acute forming a globose squarrose head, style terminal, 1. hnear-
lanceolate acute.—E. B. 326. R. vii. t. 55.—L. all radical, on
long stalks. Fl.-stalks from 3 to 24 in. long, ending in | or 2 um-
bellate whorls of simple peduncles. FI. pale purple.—8. 4. re-
pens (Dav.); plant depressed, umbels rooting and proliferous, fl.
larger. #. B.S. 2722.—Turfy bogs. 8. By lakes in Wales and
Scotland. P. VI. VII.

3. A. natans (L.); st. floating and rooting leafy, peduncles
simple from the joinings of the stem, carp. striate beaked, float-
ing 1. stalked oblong obtuse, radical leafless petioles linear-taper-
ing.—E. B. 775. R. vii. t. 54.—St. slender, the few lowest
joinings rooting. Root-petioles in small tufts. Fl. rather large,
white with a yellow spot.-—Lakes, rare. P. VIII.

2. Actrnocarrus R. Br. Thrumwort.

1. A. Damasonium (R. Br.}; stalks with 1—3 whorls of f1.,
carp. subulate compressed opening longitudinally, 1. cordate-
oblong.—E. B. 1615. Alisma Sm. Damasonium stellatum Pers.
—L. all radical, floating, on long stalks. Pet. white. Carp.
large; with 2 stalked seeds, 1 from the lower angle erect, the
other from the upper horizontal.—Ponds and ditches, rare. P,
VI. VIl. E.

3. Sacirraria Linn. Arrowhead.

1. S. sagittifolia (L.); aérial 1. arrowshaped with lanceolate
straight lobes, fl.-stalk simple, fl. whorled.—#. B. 4. R. vil. t. 53.
Qo

346 91. TYPHACES.

—Stoloniferous ; each runner ending in a tuber. The 1. that
rise above the water are remarkably arrowshaped. The sub-
mersed leafless petioles are linear. FI. white.—Ditches and
rivers. P. VIII. E. I.

Suborder II. Butomee.

4, Buromus Linn. Flowering-rush.

1. B. umbellatus (L.).—E. B. 651. R. vii. t. 58.—Flower-
stalk radical, 2—3 feet high, overtopping the leaves, bearmg an
irregular many-flowered simple umbel with scarious bracts and
a membranous 3-leaved involucre. Fl. rose-coloured. _L. all
radical, linear, triangular.—Rivers and ponds. P. VI. VII.

Suborder III. Juncaginee.

5. ScueucuZeEria Linn.

1. S. palustris (L.).—E. B. 1810. St. 78. 4. R. x. 419.—St.
6—8 in. high, erect. LL. distichous, few, alternate, semicylindri-
cal, obtuse, with a minute pore on the upper side at the apex.
Raceme terminal, of about 5 greenish flowers. Caps. about 3,
much inflated—Sphagnous parts of bogs. Lakely Car, and
Thorne Moor, Yorkshire. Bomere, Shropshire. Wybunbury,
Cheshire. Methvin, Perthshire. P. VII. E. 8.

6. TriGLocHin Linn. Arrow-grass.

1. T. maritimum (L.); fr. ovate of 6 combined capsultes.—
E. B. 255. R. vii. t. 52.—L. radical, linear. FI. in a lax simple
spike or raceme, greenish.—Salt marshes. P. VII. VIII.

2. T. palustre (L.); fr. linear angular of 3 combined capsules.
—E. B. 366. R. vii.t. 51.—Taller than the preceding but closely
resembling it. Stoloniferous.—Marshy places. P. VI. VII.

Order XCI. TYPHACEA.

Fl. moneecious, many, closely placed on a spadix without a
spath ; barren and fertile on different parts of the spadix. Pe-
rianth of 3 or more scales or bristles. Stam. 1—6, distinct or
monadelphous. Anth. erect.—Fertile fl.; Ovary free, solitary,
l-celled; ovule 1, pendulous. Style short. Stigma simple. Fr.
dry or spongy. Embryo with a cleft on one side.

1. TypHa. Sterile and fertile spikes cylindrical. Stam. sur-
rounded with bristles. Anth. 3 together on one filament.
Ovary surrounded with bristles, at length stalked.

TYPHA.—SPARGANIUM. 347

2. SPARGANIUM. Fi. in dense globose heads, each with a
ae 3—4-leaved perianth. Stam. free. Fruit dry, ses-
sile.

1. TypuHa Linn. Reed-mace.

1. T. latifolia (L.); 1. linear nearly flat, sterile and fertile
spikes contiguous, style exceeding the bristles, stig. oblique
linear-subulate rounded below.—L. B. 1455. R. ix. 323,—St.
6—7 feet high. L. overtopping the inflorescence, very broad.
Spikes very long.—[In T. Shuttleworthii (Koch), R. ix. 322, the
style equals the bristles.]—Ponds and lakes. P. VI. VII.

2. T. angustifolia (L.); 1. lmear channeled below, sterile and
fertile spikes a little separated, style longer than the bristles,
stig. long filiform.—E. B. 1456. RB. ix. 321.—St. 5—6 feet
high, much slenderer than in the preceding. L. very narrow,
overtopping the inflorescence. Spikes very long, slender, sepa-
rated by an interval of about an inch.—[T. gracilis (Suhr.), RB.
a = has a rounded spathulate stigma.]—Lakes and ponds.

. VI. VIL.

[T. minor (Sm.); 1. linear-setaceous overtopped by the
distant spikes.—E. B. 1457.—Reported to have been found on
Hounslow Heath. Dillenius. P. VII.] E.

2. SparGanium Linn. Bur-reed.

1. S. ramosum (Huds.); 1. triangular at the base with concave
sides, st. branched, stigma linear, fl. sessile—Z. B. 744. R. ix.
326.—St. erect, about 2 feet high ; lower branches with several
heads, 1—3 fertile, the rest barren. Heads spherical. L. long.
—Ditches. P. VII.

2. S. simplex (Huds.); 1. trigonous at the base, s¢. simple,
stigma linear, fr. slightly stalked subfusiform.—E. B. 745. R.
ix. 325.—About 1 foot high. L. long, often floating; sheath
slightly furrowed, not inflated. Heads many; barren several,
sessile ; fertile shortly stalked, especially the lowest. Fr. ob-
long, narrowed into a long beak, elliptic-fusiform.—Ditches.
P. VIL.

3. S.natans(L.); st. simple flaccid, floating 1. very long lmear
from a dilated sheathing base, heads many panicled distant, fertile
heads spiked, barren male heads several sessile, ft. stalked oblong
not longer than its subulate beak.—S. affine Schn., R. ix. 417.—
St. much thicker than in the next plant. L. grass-green, very
long. Male heads fewer in our plant than in the Swedish.—-
Lakes in Scotland. Cunnamara, Ireland. Mr. D. Moore. Snow-

don. P. VIII.

348 92. ARACEA.

4. S. minimum (Fr.); st. simple flaccid, 1. linear floating blunt
not enlarged at the base, heads few racemose or spiked distant,
only 1 male head, fr. sessile ovoid shortly beaked.—S. natans
Sm., BE. B. 273. R. ix. 324.—St. slender. L. pale, pellucid,
long.—Lakes and ditches. P. VII. VIII.

Order XCIJ. ARACE.

Fl. moncecious or perfect, placed ona spadix and usually in
aspath. Barren and fertile fl. usually on different parts of the
spadix. Perianth none, or of 4—8 scales. Stam. many or de-
finite. Anth. turned outwards. Ovary free, with 1 or more cells.
Stigma sessile. Fr. succulent. Embryo slit on one side.

1, Acorus. Spath 0. Fi. on a sessile spadix. Perianth
6-leaved, inferior, persistent. Stam. 6, filiform.

2. Arum. Spath convolute at the base. Perianth 0. Male
fl. of 1 sessile 2-celled anther. Fem. fl. placed lower, of 1
pistil. Top of spadix naked. Fr. succulent.

1. Acorus. Sweet Flag.

1. A. Calamus (L.); scape with a long leaflike prolongation
beyond the spadix.— EH. B. 356. R. x. 429.—St. 5—6 feet high,
resembling the |., swordshaped, flattened. Spadix completely
covered by the flowers, 2—3 in. long, lateral. St. and 1. sweet-
scented when crushed.—In water, rare ; more common in Norf.
and Suff. P. VI. E.

2. Arum Linn. Cuckoo-pint.

1. A. maculatum (L.); 7. all radical hastate-sagittate with
deflexed lobes green or spotted with purple, spadix clubshaped
straight falling short of the spath.—E. B. 1298. R. vii. 8.—
Root tuberous. L. vernal, with branching veins. Spath ventri-
cose below and above, constricted in the middle, with inflexed
edges when open. Spadix blunt; with ovaries at the base; above
them whorls of stamens; then a few filaments, probably abortive
pistils; club naked. Berries scarlet, many-seeded, remaining
after the rest of the plant has disappeared —Hedge-banks and
thickets. P. IV. V.

2. A. italicum (Mill.); 2. all radical triangular-hastate with
divaricate lobes and yellow veins, spadix clubshaped straight
fallmg short of the widely spread spath.—R. vii. 11.—L. appear-
ing before the winter, of a dark blue-green. Spath ventricose
below, opening nearly flat and very broad above. Abortive
pistils very long, both above and below the stamens. Berries

93. LEMNACE#,—94. POTAMOGETONACER. 349

with not more than 3 ieee seeds.—Thickets in the Undercliff,
Isle of Wight. Mr. Hambrough. P. VI. E.

Order XCITI. LEMNACEA.

Fl. moneecious, 2, in a spath, but without aspadix. Perianth
0. Stam. 1—2, distinct. Ovary l-celled. Style short. Stigma
simple. Fr. bladdery, not bursting. Seeds with a coriaceous
ne testa.—Floating, leaflike, small; no distinction of st. or

eaf.

1, Lemna. Spath membranous, urn-shaped. Stam. 1—2.
Anth. 2-celled, didymous (cells bilocular?).—Fl. from just
below the edge of the frond. Increasing chiefly by buds.

1. Lemna Linn. Duckweed.

1. L.trisulea(L.); fronds thin pellucid elliptic-lanceolate tailed
at one end serrate at the other, roots solitary—H. B. 926. R.
vii. 15.—Roots tipped with a sheath. Fronds half an in. long,
proliferous at right angles. “Filaments recurved, filiform.”
Schleid. Plants truly annual, producing gemme which survive
the winter as in the other species.—Stagnant water. A. VI.

2. L. minor (L.); fronds obovate compressed opaque, roots
solitary.—E. B. 1095. R. vii. 14.—Fronds 1—2 lines long, nearly
flat beneath, of a compact texture. Filaments recurved, filiform.
—Stagnant water. A. VI. VII.

3. L. polyrrhiza (L.); fronds roundish-obovate compressed,
roots many clustered.—E. B. 2458. R. vii. 15. Spirodela
Schleid., Endl.—Fronds half an in. long, green above, purple
beneath. “Filaments narrowed below.” Schleid.—Stagnant
water. A. Fl. have not been seen in Britain.

4. L. gibba (L.) ; fronds obovate nearly flat above hemispheri-
cal and spongy beneath, roots solitary.—E. B, 1233, R. vii. 14.
Telmatophace Schleid., Endl.—Fronds 1—2 lines long, remark-
ably gibbous and cellular beneath. “ Filaments recurved, dilated
in the middle.” Schleid. See an excellent account of the germi-
nation of this plant, by Mr. Wilson, in Bot. Mise. i. 145. t. 42.—
Stagnant water. A. VI.—VIII.

Order XCIV. POTAMOGETONACEA.

Fl. perfect or imperfect. Perianth inferior, 4-parted, or 0, or
replaced by a membranous spath. Stam. free, 1,2 or4. Ovaries
4, distinct, each with 1 ovule, and 1 sessile stigma. Fr. a drupe

350 94. POTAMOGETONACEE.

inclosing a hard nut, or a dry nut, not bursting, l-seeded. Albu-
men 0. Embryo with a thin skin having a lateral cleft.

1. PoraMoceton. Fl. perfect. Perianth 4-parted. Anth.
4, sessile, opposite to the divisions of the perianth. Ovaries
4. Styles 0. Drupes 4, sessile.—FI. sessile, spiked.

2. Ruppia. Fi. perfect. Perianth 0. Stam. 2, the cells
considerably separated ; filaments very short, scalelike.
Ovaries 4. Styles 0. Nuts 4, with long stalks.—Fl. about
2 together.

3. ZANNICHELLIA. Fl. imperfect, axillary. Barren with 1
stam., and no perianth. Fertile with a bellshaped perianth,
persistent style, and peltate stigma. Nuts 3—5 or more,
very shortly stalked.

1. PoramoGeton Linn. Pondweed.

* DL, alternate, floral 1. floating and sometimes opposite ; stipules
Sree.

1. P. natans (L.); 1. all stalked, upper coriaceous floating
ovate or elliptical plicate at the base, lower leafless petioles
linear or setaceous, fr. (Jarge) rounded on the back when fresh
keeled when dry, peduncles equal.—E. B. 1822. RB. vii. 50.—A
creeping rhizome. Lowermost 1. (phyllodes) often quite seta-
ceous; upper |. more or less cordate at the base, when pressed
flat a ridge is formed on each side of the base, jointed to their
stalks a little below the limb. Petioles plane-concave above.
Sep. stalked, roundly rhomboidal. Avth.-cells not parallel. Fr.
greenish, 1}—2 lin. long.—Ponds, ditches, and slow streams.

P. VI. VII.

2. P. polygonifolius (Pourr.); 1. all stalked, upper subcori-
aceous floating oblong-elliptical subcuspidate no leafless petioles,
lower 1. linear-lanceolate, fr. minute obtuse and rounded on the
back, peduncles equal.—P. oblongus Viv. E. B.S. 2849,.—
St. creeping below. Petioles longer than leaves, plane-con-
cave above. Lower 1. often very narrow. Spikes rather short
and uregular. Sep. transversely elliptical, stalked. Fr. red-
dish, 1.lin. long, having a faint keel and rather obscure lateral
ridges when dry.—Ditches, small streams, ponds. P. VII.

3. P. plantagineus (Ducr.) ; 1. all shortly stalked membranous
and pellucid blunt not cuspidate nor plicate, upper elliptical,
lower 1. oblong, fr. minute rounded on the back when fresh
keeled when dry, peduncles equal.—E. B. S. 2848. R. vii. 45.
—St. creeping below, branched, sometimes throwing out long
stoles from its upper axils. L. all beautifully transparent and

POTAMOGETON. 351

netted with veins, the upper often almost sessile and nearly
orbicular, sometimes slightly cuspidate. Petioles plane-concave
above. Spikes long, cylindrical. Anth.-cells nearly parallel.
Sep. ovate. Fr. greenish, $ lin. long.—Stagnant peaty water.
P. VI. VII.

4. P. rufescens (Schrad.); submersed 1. lanceolate narrowed
at both ends subsessile membranous pellucid entire not apiculate
with chainlike network near the midrib, floating 1. subcoriaceous
obovate obtuse narrowed into a short petiole, stip. without
wings, fr. acutely keeled, peduncles equal.—Z. B. 1286. R. vii.
32. P. fluitans Sm.—St. simple. Upper 1. alone slightly
coriaceous, often tinged with purple, longer than their stalks ;
submersed 1. all nearly, if not quite, sessile. Sep. “transversely
oval.”’—Ditches and slow streams. P. VII.

5. P. lanceolatus (Sm.); submersed J. lanceolate narrowed at
both ends entire not apiculate with chainlike network near the
midrib, floating 1. subcoriaceous elliptic-lanceolate stalked, stip.
lmear-lanceolate acute uppermost broader, fr....... » peduncles
equal.—H. B. 1285. (not R.) P. nigrescens Fries ?—St. very
slender, slightly branched. Floating 1. not always present.
Uppermost stip. apparently with 2 stronger dorsal ribs. Fr.
unknown.—Streams, rare. P. VII. VIII. E. 8. 1.?

[P. sparganiifolius (Laest.?); submersed 1. linear narrowed at
both ends very long sessile entire not apiculate with many
parallel veins next the midrib, floating 1. subcoriaceous lanceolate
long-stalked, stip. very long not winged, fr. unknown.—St. very
slender, slightly branched. Floating 1. often wanting. Sub-
mersed 1. sometimes 2 ft. long, very narrow, few-veined with
additional parallel veins closely placed next the midrib. L. very
much longer than those of P.lanceolatus and without the chainlike
network.—A remarkable plant requiring examination.—In the
river at Ma’am, Galway. Mr. T. Kirk.] I.

6. P. heterophyllus (Schreb.); submersed 1. lanceolate narrowed
at both ends sessile denticulate and apiculate, floating 1. subco-
riaceous elliptical stalked, stip. broadly lanceolate obtuse with
2 stout prominent ribs, lower ones linear-lanceolate, fr. obtuse on
the back, peduncles swelling upwards.—E. B. 1285. R. vii. 41-
43. P. gramineus, Fries, not Linn.—St. much branched below.
Submersed 1. wavy. Lower stip. without the two strong ribs
and equally veined, upper ones widely spreading. Dry fr.
slightly marked with 3 ridges on the back.—[P. nitens (Weber)
has the submersed 1. rounded and clasping at their base. ]—
Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII.

352 94. POTAMOGETONACE.

** TL. all submersed, membranous, lanceolate or broader ;
stipules free.

7. P. lucens (L.); 7. pellucid oval or lanceolate stalked dentz-
culate and apiculate, stip. winged, fr. obtuse on the back and
slightly keeled when fresh, peduncles swelling upwards, spikes
cylindrical densely flowered.—F. B. 376. R. vii. 36.—All the
stipules have two prominent wings on their back. Spikes long,
about equalling the peduncles. According to Mr. W. Wilson
“ovate-lanceolate moderately acute coriaceous 1.” sometimes
occur. When the limb of the 1. is much reduced in size and the
midrib prominent and resembling a long spine, it is the P. acu-
minatus Schim.—Common in deepish water. P. VI.

8. P. longifolius (Gay?) ; 2. pellucid elongate-lanceolate nar-
rowed below entire apiculate, stip. winged, fr....... » peduncles
very long swelling upwards, spikes with few subverticillate distant
flowers.— FE. B. S. 2847.—St. long, slender. L. distant, not
denticulate, nearly sessile with very short stalks. Stipules green,
lanceolate, with 2 narrow wings on the back. Ped. 6—38 in.
long, much thicker than the stem, suddenly contracting at the
spike which is about an inch long and has the fl. rather more
whorled than they are represented in EB. B.S. Fr, unknown.—
Deep water. Lough Corrib, Galway. Mr. J. Ball. P. VIIL 1

9. P. prelongus (Wulf.); 1. pellucid elongate-oblong half-
clasping blunt and hooded at the end entire, stip. not winged, fr.
rounded (rarely keeled) on the back when fresh keeled or winged
when dry, peduncles very long equal, spikes many-flowered.—
E. B.S. 2858. R. vii. 33.—St. long, growing in deep water.
Peduncles 6—12 in. long. Spikes 1—2 in. long.—Rivers and
ditches, rare. P. VI.

10. P. perfoliatus (L.); st. round, 1. pellucid cordate-ovate
clasping not hooded, fr. rounded on the back when fresh keeled
when dry, peduncles equal.—E. B. 168. R. vii. 29.—St. long,
slightly branched. Peduncles rather thick and short. Spikes
short.—Lakes and streams. P. VII.

11. P. erispus (L.); st. compressed, 1. pellucid linear-oblong
blunt sessile serrate wavy, fr. with a long beak keeled on the
back when dry, peduncles equal.—E. B. 1012. R. vii. 29—30.
—St. much branched. Ped. long. Spikes few-flowered. Beak
as long as the nut. L. usually crisped at the edges, occasionally
flat (P. serratus Huds.).—Ditches and streams. P. VI.

*** DT, all submersed, alternate, linear ; stipules free.

12. P. zosterifolius (Schum.); st. flattened, J. linear-acumi-
nate with 3 principal and many close parallel intermediate

POTAMOGETON. 353

veins occupying the whole surface, spikes cylindrical upon long
ped., sep. transversely oval, fr. obovate keeled, style terminal.—
E. B.S. 2685. RB. vii. 27. P. cuspidatus Sm., P. compressus
Fries.— Ped. 2—4 in. long. Spikes 10—15-flowered. Inner
edge of fr. rounded ; faces a little convex. L. suddenly acumi-
nate or apiculate.—Rivers and lakes. P. VI. E. 5.

13. P. acutifolius (Link); st. flattened, J. linear acuminate with
3 principal and many close parallel intermediate veins occu-
pymg the whole surface, spikes ovate about as long as the short
ped., sep. rhomboidal, fr. broadly 4-obovate compressed inner
edge straight with a tooth near its base keeled, style facial.—
E. B. S. 2609. R. vii. t. 26.—Ped. very short. Spikes 4—6-
flowered. LL. gradually acuminate. Styles hooked, continuin,
the inner edge of the fruit.—Marsh ditches. Sussex. Hertf.
Norfolk. P. VI. E.

14. P. gramineus (L.?, Sm.); st. slightly compressed with
rounded edges, J. linear 3-veined, spikes ovate dense continuous
about as long as the short ped., sep. rhomboidal, fr. obovate
keeled.— EF. B. 2253. P. obtusifolius Koch, R. vii. t. 25.—St.
slender, much branched. Peduneles very short. L. rounded off
to a slight point at the end, with oblong network near the mid-
rib, wanting the fine parallel vems of the two preceding species.
—Ponds and ditches, rare. P. VI. VII.

15. P. compressus (L.); st. slightly compressed, J. linear
5-veined suddenly apiculate, spikes short lax 2 or 3 times shorter
than the compressed clavate ped., sep. transversely oval, fr. ob-
liquely ovate bluntly keeled—E. B. 418. R. vii. 24, not Fries,
nor Koch.—Lateral veins nearer together and nearer to the
margin of the 1. than to the midrib, no intermediate veins.—Like
No. 14 rather than 16.—Ditches. P. VI. VII.

16. P. pusillus (L.); st. subterete, 1. linear 5-veined, spikes
short rather lax 2 or 3 times shorter than the slender ped., sep.
roundish-reniform, fr. obliquely ovate bluntly keeled.—£. B.
215. R.vii. 22.—St. slender. L. narrow, rather acute, without
intermediate parallel veins, the lateral reins equidistant between
the midrib and margin. Ped. scarcely compressed, not thickened.
—([P. rutilus (Woltg., Fries) has 3-veined attenuate-cuspidate l.,
semiterete st., and oblong-elliptical fr. without a keel.|—Ponds
and ditches. P. VI.

[A plant found near Dunstanburgh, Northumberland, by Mr.
D. Oliver, is probably P. gracilis (Fr.) which has 1-veined
attenuate-cuspidate L., terete st., and globose-elliptical fr. without
a keel. ]

17. P. trichoides (Cham.); st. subterete, 2. subsetaceous 1-

354 94. POTAMOGETONACES.

veined finely pointed, spikes short lax long-stalked, fr. semicir-
cular compressed obscurely keeled, straight inner edge with wu
tooth near its base-——R. vit. 21.—St. very slender, a little
thickened below the joinings. lL. not transversely veined.
Floral stip. large. Ped. not thickened. Sep. roundish, stalked.
Fr. often verrucose on the back and with a tubercle on each side
at its base when fresh.—About Norwich. P. VIL. VIII. E.

*ee* T,, all submersed, alternate, linear, sheathing.

18. P. flabellatus (Bab.); lower 1. broadly linear abruptly
apiculate or acuminate 3—5-veined with transverse veins, float-
ing 1. narrow acute 3-veined, fr. (2 lin. long) broadly 4-obovate
inner edge nearly straight but gibbous near the top rounded on
the back, nut with a prominent keel.— Phytol. iv. 1158. P. zos-
teraceus Bab. (not Fr.).—Floating st. branched, spreading like a
fan. Broad lower 1. usually decayed at the time of flowering.
Lateral veins of upper 1. at the margin, of lower 1. distant from
it. Spikes slightiy interrupted. Back of fr. without ridges,
rounded when fresh; inclosed nut with faint lateral ridges. —
Ponds and ditches. P. VI. VII.

19. P. pectinatus (L.); 1. formed of 2 interrupted tubes, lower
narrowly linear flattened slightly grooved above, upper setaceous,
fr. (2 lin. long) broadly 4-obovate inner edge curved back rounded
on the back, nut with 2 lateral ridges but (usually) no keel.—E.B.
323. R. vii. 19.—St. branched, forming linear masses. L. very
gradually acute, all 1-veined, no marginal veins and scarcely
thickened there; upper |. with an oval section. Spikes slightly
interrupted. Back of fr. without ridges and rounded when
fresh ; nut with strong lateral ridges. Varying greatly in
length and size of st. and leaves.—Ponds and streams. P. VI.
VI.

20. P. filiformis (Nolte!); 1. linear-setaceous ]-veined with
transverse veins, spikes greatly interrupted, fr. (14 lin.) obovate
rugose rounded on the back without keel or ridges when dry, nut
round-backed.—L. like those of the preceding but longer. Fr.
smaller. Whorls very distant on the spikes. Peduncles very
long.—Rare. Forfarshire and Berwickshire. P. VI. VII. S.

eek TL, all opposite, submersed ; stipules none.

21. P. densus (L.); 1. all opposite pellucid clasping elliptical-
lanceolate or lanceolate, spikes shortly stalked ultimately reflexed.
—E. B. 397. R. vii. t. 28.—L. crowded, rather recurved. Spike
4-flowered. Sep. triangular.—Ditches. P. VI. VII.

95. NAIADACES. 355

2. Ruppia Linn. Tassel-Pondweed.

1. R. maritima (L.); ped. long spirally twisted, anth.-cells
oblong 14 times as long as broad, nut ovoid rather obliquely
erect.—R. vii. 17.—Whole plant stronger than the next. L.
very narrowly linear, formed as in Pot. pectinatus. Sheaths
large, inflated.—Salt marshes in the south. P. VII. VIII. E,

2. R. rostellata (Koch); ped. short not spiral, anth.-cells
squarish as long as broad, nut gibbous at base obliquely ascend-
ing when young.—E. B. 136? R. vii. 17.—Whole plant very
slender. L. rather filiform than linear. Sheaths small, close.
—Salt marshes. P. VII. VIII.

3. ZANNICHELLIA Linn. Horned Pondweed.

1. Z. palustris (L.); style at least half as long as the fruit.—
E. B. 1844. R. vii. 16.—Floating. L. slender, opposite, filiform.
FI. axillary, sessile. Anth. 2—4-celled. Style 3 as long as fruit.
Stigma generally notched at the margin.—f. Z. pedicellata (Fr.) ;
style as lung as the fruit. Clusters usually stalked. Pedicels
elongated.—[Z. polycarpa (Nolte), style scarcely a sixth of the
length of the nut, has not been found in Britain.|—Stagnant
water. 8. Brackish water. A.or P. V.—VIII.

Order XCV. NAIADACE.

Fl. moncecious or dicecious, in a spath. Perianth 0. Stam.
free, 1—3. Ovary 1, superior, with 1 ovule. Style1; stigmas
2—4, filiform. Fr. a nut inclosed in the persistent spath,
1-celled, 1-seeded, not bursting. Albumen 0. Embryo with a
thin skin having a lateral cleft.

1. Zostera. FI. imperfect. Stam. and pistils inserted in
two rows upon one side of a spadix. Spath linear, leaflike.
Fl. naked, Anth.1. Ovary1; style 1; stigmas 2.

2. Natas. Fl. imperfect, solitary, sheathed, no perianth.
Barren fl. of 1 stamen. Fertile: style short; stigmas 2—4,
filiform.

1. ZosterA Linn. Grass-wrack.

1. Z. nana (Roth); 1. linear 1-veined, ped. filiform, spadix
short with clasping bands, nuts smooth.—E. B.S. 2931. R. vii. 2.
—Plant small, scarcely 3 in. long. L. slender. Ped. quite as
long as the inflated oblong-lanceolate spaths.—Muddy estuaries
of the coast of England. P.? VII. VIII. E.

336 96, CYPERACES.

2. Z. marina (L.); 1. linear 1—7-veined, spadix without
bands, nuts striated —E. B. 467. R. vii.4.—Plant long. L,
broad. Ped. rather strong.—Z. angustifolia is a slender form,
growing upon mud, which has fewer veins in its 1. and rather
longer peduncles.—In the sea. P.? VII. VIII.

2. Natas Linn.

1. N. flexilis (Rostk.); 1. very narrow and very minutely den-
ticulate, sheaths ciliate-denticulate.—L. ternate or opposite, l-
veined, pellucid, remotely denticulate. Ovary solitary, axillary,
sessile, oblong. Style short.—Near Roundstone, Cunnamara,
Galway. Mr. D. Oliver, Jun. A. VIII. I.

Subdivision IIT. GLUMIFERA.

Leaves parallel-veined, persistent. Floral envelopes im-
bricated.

Order XCVI. CYPERACE.

FI. perfect or unisexual, each with a scale or glume imbricated
on a common axis. Perigone0, or rarely membranous. Stam.
hypogynous, definite, with sometimes a row of bristles or abortive
filaments. Anth. erect, entire at the apex. Ovary 1-celled, 1
ovule at its base, often surrounded by bristles. Style simple,
trifid or bifid. Embryo inclosed within the base of the albumen.
—L. with entire sheaths.—For figures of the geuera see G. F. G.
Monocot. ii.

Tribe I. CYPERE. Fi. perfect. Gl. 2-ranked. Perigone 0.

1. Cypgerus. Spikelets 2-ranked. Gl. of 1 valve, many,
keeled, nearly all with flowers.

2. ScHa@nus. Spikelets 2-ranked, 2—4-flowered. GI. 6—9;
lower ones smaller, empty. Bristles few or 0.

Tr. I. SCIRPEA, F'. perfect. Gl. imbricated on all sides.
Perigone 0.

* Lower glume empty or smaller.

3. Cuapicx. Spikelets 1—2-flowered. GI.5 or 6. Bristles 0.
Nut with a thick fleshy coat, tipped with the conical base of
the jointless style.

4. Ruyncnospora. Spikelets few-fiowered. Gl. 6 or 7.
Bristles about 6. Nut compressed, convex on both sides,
crowned with the diluted base of the jointed style,

CYPERUS. 357

** Lowest glume empty or larger, sometimes all fertile.
+ Bristles scarcely equalling the glume or wanting.

5. Evzocuaris. One or 2 lowest gl. larger, empty. Bristles
3—6. Nut compressed, crowned with the persistent dilated
hase of the jointed style.

6. Scirpus. Glumes nearly equal, or 1 or 2 lowest larger
empty. Bristles about 6 or 0. Nut plane-convex or tri-
gonous ; base of the style filiform, not dilated, jointless.

7. Buysmus. Two lowest gl. largest and empty. Bristles
3—6. Nut plane-convex, tipped with the not dilated base
of the jointless style. Spikelets bracteated, alternate, forming
a close distichous compound terminal spike.

tt Bristles ultimately much exceeding the glumes.

8. Er1opHorum. Glumes nearly equal, lowest sometimes
empty. Bristles ultimately silky. Nut trigonous.

Tr. II]. ELYNE. Fi. diclinous. Perigone 0 or formed of
1 or 2 scales.

9. Kopresta. Spikes aggregate. Lower fl. fem., perigone
of 1 scale inclosing the germen and covered by the glume.
Upper fl. male, without any perianth.

Tr. IV. CARICEA. Yi. diclinous. Nut completely inclosed
in the urn-shaped perigone.

10. Carex. Fl. in imbricated spikes, each covered by a
glume. Female fl. with a single urn-shaped persistent peri-
gone, 1 style and 2—3 stigmas. Male fl. of 3 stam., with-
out a perianth.

Tribe I. Cyperee.

1. Cyenrus Linn. Galingale.

1. C. longus (L.); spikelets linear-lanceolate in twice com-
pound umbels, peduncles of partial umbels erect unequal, stig-
mas 3, root creeping.—E. B. 1309. St. 52. 10,—St. triangular,
2v—3 feet high. Umbel very large, lax, unequal, its base with 2
or 3 long leaves. Glumes brownish-red, with green keels and
pale margins.—South of England, rare. P. VIL. IX. E.

2. C.fuscus (L.); spikelets linear-lanceolate in small roundish
heads at the extremities of the branches, gl. spreading, stigmas 3,
root fibrous.—E. B.S. 2626. St. 52. 5.—A small nearly pro-
strate plant. Stems many, 2—65 in. long. Heads with 3 un-

358 96. CYPERACEZ.

equal 1]. atthe base. Glumes fuscous with green keels.—Little
Chelsea, Middlesex. Shalford Common, Surrey. Sonn
Moor, Yorkshire. Jersey. A. VIII. IX.

2. Scuanus Linn. Bog-rush.

1. S. nigricans (L.); st. round naked, spikelets 5—10 col-
lected into a terminal roundish head overtopped by the lower
bract, gl. scabrous at the keel.—E.B. 1121. St. 40. 9.—Root
of strong black fibres. St. 8—12 in. high, clothed at the base
with blackish-brown smooth shining scales some of which ter-
minate in setaceous erect leaves which are shorter than the stem.
Bristles variable in number, short, rough with upward spines.
Stigmas 3. Anth. termimating in a point. Gl. dark-brown or
black.—Turfy bogs. P. VI.

Tribe II. Scirpee.

3. Cuapium Pat. Br. Sedge.

1. C. Mariscus (R. Br.) ; panicles lateral and terminal repeat-
edly compound, spikelets capitate, st. roundish leafy smooth, 1.
rough on the margins and keel.—£. B. 950.—-Root creeping.
St. 3—4 feet high. L. very long, rigid, narrowed and triquetrous
towards the end, the margins and keel with fine but very acute
serratures. 11. in each spikelet 1—3, but usually only one nut
is produced.—Bogs and fens, rare. P. VII. Common Sedye.

4. Rauyncuospora Fadl.

1. R. alba (Vahl); spikelets in a compact corymb about as
long as the outer bracts, stam. 2, bristles with declining teeth,
base of the style without teeth—H. B. 985. St. 40. 7.—Root
slightly creeping. St. 6—12 in. high. L. narrowly Iimear.
Spikelets whitish. Bristles 9-12. Filaments slender.—8. sor-
dida; spikelets brownish, in small oval clusters often overtopped
by the outer bracts.—Turfy bogs. P. VII.

2. R. fusca (Sm.); spikelets in an oval head considerably
shorter than the outer bracts, stam. 3, bristles with ascending
teeth, base of the style with erect teeth_— BE. B. 1575. St. 40. 6.
—Root creeping extensively. St. 6—8 in. high. L. nearly fili-
form. Spikeletsbrown. Bristles 6. Filaments dilated.—Bogs,
rare. South-west of England. Ireland. P. VII. VIII. E. I.

5. Exeocuaris R. Br.

1. E. palustris (R. Br.); spikes terminal solitary oblong,
glumes rather acute, lowest 3-surrounding the spike, stigmas 2,

SCIRPUS. 359

nut roundish plane-convex with rounded edges smooth crowned
with the ovate base of the style and falling short of the 4 bristles,
base of st. clothed with membranous almost transversely trun-
cate sheaths —E. B. 131. St. 9. R. viii. 297.— Often only
slightly creeping. Sheaths with a very obtuse point on one side.
-—Wet and marshy places. P. VI.

[E. Watsoni (Bab.); spikes terminal solitary oblong, gl.
acute ?, lowest rather blunt surrounding the spike, stigmas 2?,
nut oblong very blunt a little narrowed below compressed with
rounded edges finely punctate-striate crowned with the broad
depressed base of the style and exceeding the 4—6 bristles, base
of st. clothed with abruptly truncate sheaths.—A. N. H. ser. 2.
x. 52.—Sheaths with a blunt pomt on one side. Radical scales
broad, blunt, reddish. St. 3—4 in. high. Requires examina-
tion.—Taynloan, Argyleshire. Dr. Balfour.]

2. E. uniglumis (Link); spikes terminal solitary oblong,
glumes rather acute, lowest almost surrounding the spike, stig-
mas 2, nut pearshaped obtuse rather compressed with rounded
edges smooth crowned with the conical base of the style and
falling short of the bristles, base of st. clothed with transversely
truncate sheaths. — R. viii. 296. — Far-creeping. — Wet sandy
places, especially near the sea. P. VI. VII. E. §.

3. E. multicaulis (Sm.); spikes terminal solitary oblong,
glumes blunt, stigmas 3, nut topshaped triquetrous smooth
crowned with the broad triquetrous base of the style equalling
the 6 bristles, base of st. clothed with obliquely truncate rather
acute sheaths. —-E. B.1187. St.78. 11. R. vui. 296.—Slightly
creeping.—Marshy places. P. VII.

4, E. acicularis (Sm.); spike terminal solitary ovate, glumes
obtuse, stigmas 3, nut obovate-oblong compressed longitudinally
ribbed and transversely striate crowned with the turbinate base
of the style, bristles short deciduous.— E. B. 749. St. 10, R. viii.
294.—Root fibrous with slender runners. St. many, slender,
erect, 3—4 in. high. Spikes very small—tIn damp places upon
heaths. P.?, A. (Koch) VIL. VIII.

6. Scrreus Zinn. Club-rush.
* Bristles 6. Spikes many.—t} St. triangular; panicle leafy.

1. S. maritimus (L.); spikes stalked or sessile in a dense ter-
minal cluster, bracts several leaflike, gl. bifid with acute lobes
and a central point, nut obovate trigonous smooth.—E. B. 542.
St. 14.3. R. vii. 3)0, 311.—Root creeping, sometimes tuberous.
St. 1—3 feet high, leafy. Spikes large, sometimes solitary.
Stigmas 3, or rarely 2.—Salt marshes. P. VIL.

360 96. CYPERACE.

2. S. sylvaticus (L.); spikes clustered in a large cymose very
compound terminal panicle, clusters stalked and sessile, general
bracts several leaflike, gl. obtuse apiculate, nut obovate obtusely
trigonous.—E. B. 919. St. 36. 8. R. viii. 313,—St. 2—3 feet
high. Spikes very many, small, greenish, ovate. L. broad, flat.
Stigmas 3.—[ 8. radicans (Schk.), spikes all stalked, glumes not
apiculate, stoles long and rooting, will probably be found. ]—
Damp woods and banks. P. VII.

+t Stem triangular; panicle naked.

3. S. carinatus (Sm.); st. round below bluntly trigonous up-
wards, spikes in a small cymose panicle, gl. notched mucronate
slightly punctate-scabrous and pilose fringed, nut “ convex on
the back smooth.”—£. B. 1983. 8. Duvalii St. 36. 2. R. viii.
308.—St. 2—4 feet high, convex-faced; with 1 or 2 long sheaths
at the base, the uppermost terminating in a leaf of 3 or 4 in.
long. Lower bract much overtopping the panicle. Stigmas 2.
—By rivers, near London and in Sussex. P. VI. VII. E.

4. S. triqueter (L.); st. acutely triquetrous throughout, spikes
in a small cymose panicle, g/. notched mucronate glabrous fringed
with rounded obtuse lobes, nut “‘ roundish-obovate plane-convex
smooth.”—F. B. 1694. St. 36. 3. R. viii. 805.—St. 3—4 feet
high, with flat or concave faces; 1 or 2 long sheaths at the base,
the uppermost terminating in a short broad triquetrous leaf.
Lower bract long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the
stem. Spikelets small, stalked and sessile. Anth. with a short
beardless point. Stigmas 2.—Muddy banks of the Thames near
London; and the Arun, Sussex. P. VIII.

[5. S. pungens (Vahl); st. acutely triquetrous throughout,
spikelets few sessile, gl. notched mucronate smooth with acute
lobes, nut roundish-obovate plane-convex smooth.—E£. B. 8S.
2819. R. viii. 304. St. 36.4. S. tenuifolius DC.—St. from a
few inches to 14 foot high, slender; with several sheaths at the
base terminating in long narrow keeled leaves. Lower bract very
long and rigid, resembling a prolongation of the stem. Spike-
lets large, ovate, obtuse, all sessile. Anth. with a subulate
ae point. Stigmas 2.—St. Ouen’s Pond, Jersey. P. VI.
Vil.

TTT Stem terete.

6. S. lacustris (L.) ; st. round, spikes in a terminal twice com-
pound panicle, g/. notched mucronate glabrous fringed, nut ob-
tusely trigonous obovate, stigmas 3.—E. B. 666. St. 36.1. R. vit.
306.—St. 4—6 feet high, naked; with 1 or 2 long sheaths at the
base. Anth. bearded at the end. Panicle terminal. The bract
sometimes resembles a continuation of the stem. Sometimes the

SCIRPUS. 361

sheaths bear long nearly flat floating leaves.—Rivers and ponds.
P. VI. VIL. Bull Race # . e

7?. S. Tabernemontani(Gm.) ; st. round, spikes in a terminal
eompound panicle, gl. notched mucronate punctute-scabrous
fringed, nut compressed 1 0undish-oblong smooth, stigmas 2.—R.
vili. 307. S. glaucus Sm., E. B. 2321.—St. 2 feet high, with 1
or 2 long sheaths at the base. Anth. not bearded. Panicle
smaller than in the preceding. Lower bract short. Fr. convex
on one side.—Rivers and ponds. P. VI. VII.

** Bristles 4—6. Spike solitary, terminal. Bzoruryon Dietr.

8. S. cespitosus (L.); st. nearly round striate with imbricate
leafless acute scales and sheaths with short subulate 1. below,
spike terminal solitary ovate few-flowered, gl. ovate membranous
pointed, 2 outer gl. as long as the spike inclosing it and termi-
nating in lony rigid leaflike points, nut obovate oblong mucro-
nate smooth, bristles longer than the nut with a few erect teeth
near the tip.—Z. B. 1029. Sé. 10. R. viii. 300.—St. 3—6 in.
long, many, erect, many of them barren. Bristles 6.—Barren
turfy heaths. P. VI.—VIII.

9. S. pauciflorus (Lightf.); st. round striated with a few thin
narrow leafless scales and one tight abrupt leafless sheath below,
spike terminal solitary ovate few-flowered, gi. ovate keeled mem-
branous at their edges, 2 outer gl. obtuse shorter than the spike
and inclosing it, nut obovate mucronate finely reticulate-striate,
bristles shorter than the nut with declining teeth—E. B. 1122.
St. 10. R. viii. 299.—St. 3—10 in. long, erect, many of them
barren. Bristles 6.—Boggy moors and heaths. P. VI.—VIII.

10. S. parvulus(R.and 8.); st. round with one close-pressed
leafless sheath, J. filiform acute radical slightly dilated at the base
and clasping the st., spike terminal solitary oval few-flowered,
gl. ovate obtuse keeled membranous, 2 outer ones rather longer,
nut obovate-oblong mucronate smooth, bristles twice as lony as
the nut with declining teeth throughout.— St. 85. 1. R. vin. 299,
—Root fibrous with capillary stoles. St. about an inch high,
several. St. and 1. with 2 or 3 longitudinal fibres and more or
less perfect transverse lines. Bristles 4—6—On a mud-flat
near Lymington, Hants. Rev. G. BE. Smith. A. VIL E.

*** Bristles 0.—ft Spike solitary. ELrocrron Link.

Ll. S. fluitans (L.); st. floating branched leafy, 1. fasciculate,
fi.-stalks alternate with a sheathing |. at the base, spike terminal
ovate few-flowered, gl. obtuse keeled membranous at their edges,
2 outer gl. larger shorter than the spike and inclosing it, nut ob-

R

362 96. CYPERACES.

ovate, stigmas 2.—E. B. 216. St. 85. 2. R. viii. 298.—St. rooting
from the lower joinings and spreading to a great extent na zig-
zag manner.—Ditches and ponds. P. VI. VII.

+f Spikes 1—3. Isoueris R. Br.

12. S. setaceus (L.); st. round leafy at the base, spikes termi-
nal, lower bract long so as to resemble a short continuation of
the st., g]. obtuse mucronate, nut trigonous obovate longitudinally
ribbed and transversely striated, stigmas 3.—H. B. 1693. St. 10.
R. viii. 301.—St. tufted, slender, 3—6 im. high. Spikes small,
sessile, considerably shorter than the lower bract. Gl. brown
with whitish margins and a green keel.— Wet sandy and gravelly
places. P.? VII.

13. S. Savii (S. and M.); st. round leafy at the base, lower
bract shorter or slightly longer than the terminal spikes, gl. ob-
tuse submucronate, nut subglobose rough with minute points,
stigmas 3.—E. B.S. 2782. R. viii. 301.—Closely resembling S.
setaceus. Spikes varying considerably in length, sometimes | in.
long. Gl. scarcely mucronate, greenish, usually with a brown
spot on the upper part of each side.—8. monosiachys (Hook.) ;
spike small solitary, bract very short. Isolepis pygmea Kunth.
—In many places near the coast. P.? VIL.

ttt Spikes many, in heads. Horoscnuanus Link.

ld. S. Holoschenus (L.); st. round, spikes in dense globular
sessile or stalked heads, lower bract erect long, gl. obovate emar-
ginate mucronate.—E. B. 16]2.—St. 3—+ feet high, round quite
up to the cluster. Upper bract patent or ascending ; lower very
long, with a flat open white channel. Gl. variegated with fuscous
and white, pilose. Anth. with a long entire pomt.—Sandy coast
of Somerset and Devon, rare. P. IX.

7. Buysmus Panz.

1. B. compressus (Panz.); st. rather triangular, spikelets 6—8-
flowered, outer gl. shorter than the spikelet, bristles 3-—6 strong
persistent with declining teeth, ]. flat rough on the edges and
keel.— Scirpus Sm., E. B.791. St. 85.6. R. viii. 293.—St. 6—8
in. high. Outer gl. of lowest spikelet with a subulate leaflike
point which often overtops the spike. Glumes reddish-brown,
striated. Nut lenticular, shortly stalked, crowned with the long
persistent style, shining — Boggy pastures. P. VI. VI. E.5.

2. B. rufus (Link); st. round, spikelets 2—4-flowered, outer
gl. as long as the spikelet, bristles 1—6 slender deciduous with
patent or ascending teeth, 1. channeled not keeled smooth.—

ERIOPHORUM. 363

Scirpus Sm., F.B.1010. S¢.85. 7. RB. viii. 293.—St. slender.
Gl. dark-brown, polished, not striate. Nut ovate, with a long
beak and very short stalk, opaque.—Marshes near the sea on the
northern and western coasts. P. VII.

8. EriopHorum Linn. Cotton-grass.

* Bristles 4—6, at length crisped. Spike solitary.

1. E. alpinum (L.); st. triquetrous, scabrous, |. very short,
spike oblong.—E. B. 311 (excl. the leafy shoot). R. viii. 288. St.
10.—A slender elegant plant now nearly lost through the drainage
of its place of growth.—Moss of Restenet, Forfar. Mr. Brown.
Durness, Sutherlandshire. Prof. Balfour. P. VI. 8.

** Bristles very many, not crisped.—t Spike solitary.

2. E. vaginatum (L.); st. triangular above round below, spike
oblong, nut obovate, |. long setaceous triquetrous-channeled,
upper sheath inflated leafless HE. B. 873. R. viii. 289.—Bogs
and moors. P. V. Hare’s-tail Cotton-grass.

[E. capitatum (Sm.); “st. entirely round with a swelling
sheath, spike roundish, glumes membranous.” —H. B. 2387.—Ben
Lawers near perpetual snow. Mr. G. Don. Mr. Don’s authentic
specimen (Herb. Hook.) resembles FE. capitatum, but the upper
part of its st. is triangular. P. VIII.] 5.

tt Spikes more than one.

3. E. angustifolium (Roth); st. nearly round, peduncles
smooth, 1. linear channeled their upper half triangular, nut
elliptic-acuminate or obovate triquetrous,—E. B. 564. RB. vii.
291.—Tall and rather slender. L. triangular through more
than half their length. Bristles 3 or 4 times as long as the
spikes.—8. minus; st. and 1. very slender. E. gracile Sm.,
E. B. 2402 (not Koch). An alpine form has but one nearly
sessile spike.—y. elatius (Koch); st. strong tall, 1. 2—3 lines
broad the triangular part commencing above the middle. £.
polystachion Sm.—Bogs. 8. in mountainous districts. P. V.
VI. Common Cotton-grass.

4. E. latifolium (Hoppe); st. triquetrous in its upper half,
peduncles scabrous, |. linear nearly flat contracted above the
middle into a triangular point, nut obpyriform triquetrous.—R.
viii. 292. E. pubescens Sm., E. B. S. 2633. HE. polystachion
i. B.563.—A tall rather slender plant. L. about 2 lines broad ;
triquetrous point short. Several of the elegant spikes upon
longish stalks which are not downy but scabrous. Bristles 2 or
3 times as long as the spikes. Bogs, rather rare. Be Vi.

R &

364 96. CYPERACEZ.

5 E. gracile (Koch) ; st. subtriquetrous, peduncles downy, 1.
narrowly linear triquetrous, nut oblong-linear triquetrous.—
EK. B.S. 2886. R. viii. 290. LH. triquetrum Hoppe, St. 10. 2.
—A tall slender plant. Spikes about 4, _most of them on
downy not scabrous stalks. Gl. with many ribs. Bristles about
twice as long as the spike-—Bogs. Halnaby, Yorkshire. White-
moor Pond, Guildford. P. VI. VII. E.

Tribe III. Elynee.

9. Kosresia Willd.

1. K. caricina (Willd.)—E.B.1410. Schk. Rrr. 161. R. viii.
193.—St. erect, 6—12 in. high. _L. slender, falling short of the
stem. Spikes 4—5, aggregated at the summit of the stem,
6—8-flowered. There is an abortive stam. (?) at the base of the
nut ; but some authors, considering each fl. as a separate spike,
think that this represents a second flower.—Moors. Yorkshire.
Durham. Perthshire. P. VII. E.S8.

Tribe IV. Caricea.

10. Carex Linn.
i. Monostachye. Spike simple, solitary.

* Diecious. Stigmas 2.

1. C. diotca (L.); fertile spike ovate dense, fr. ascending
ovate many-veined angles rough near the top, nut roundish
oval, terete st. and 1. roughish, stoloniferous.—E. B. 543. Schk.
A. 1. H.a.1. RB. 194.~About 6 in. hgh. Sometimes the
barren spike has fruits at its base.—Spongy bogs. P. V. VI.

2. C. Davalliana (Sm.); fr. deflexed ovate-lanceolate angles
rough near the top, nut ‘‘linear-oblong,” st. and margins of
the |. rough, cspitose—£. B. 2123. R. 194.—About 6 in.
high.—Lansdown near Bath: now lost by drainage. P. VI. E.

In the following descriptions fruit means the persistent bottle-
shaped perigone, including the ripe nut or true capsule. The glume is
always taken from the fertile spike unless it is otherwise stated. Schk.
refers to the plates of Schkuhr’s Riedgriser ; H.to Hoppe’s Caricol.
Germ. in Sturm Deutschl. Flora; and R.to Reichenbach Ie. Fl. Germ.
Cent. vili. See also for excellent Monographs Andersson’s Pl. Scand.,
and Lang in Linnea, xxiv. 481.

CAREX. 365

** Spike barren at the top. Stigmas 2.

3. C. pulicaris(L.) ; half of spike barren, fr. remote at length
deflexed oblonz-lanceolate compressed, nut oblong-obovate plane-
convex.—E. B. 1051. Schk. A. 3. H. a. 3. R. 195.—St.
slender, 6—12 in. or more in height, erect, smooth. L. slender,
erect. Glumes deciduous. Fr. dark brown.—Bogs. P. VI.

*K Spike barren at the top. Stigmas 3.

4. C. rupestris (All.); half of spike barren, fr. obovate tri-
gonous with a very short beak adpressed scarcely longer than
the persistent gl., “nut obovate acutely triquetrous.”—JZ. B. S.
2814. H.b. 4. R. 198.—Stoloniferous. St. 3—6 in. high,
triquetrous, rough upwards. LL. flat, ending in a tortuous rough
slender triangular point. Gl. fuscous. Fr. paler.—Lofty moun-
tains. P. VII. s.

5. C. pauciflora (Lightf.); 1—3 terminal fl. barren, fr. 2—4
lanceolate-subulate terete patent or reflexed longer than the
deciduous gl., nut linear-oblong trigonous.—E. B. 2041. Schk.
A.4. H.b. 1. R. 196.—Stoloniferous. St. usually about 5
inches high, slender. L. 2 or 3, much shorter than the stem.
Fr. pale yellow.—Bogs in the north. P. VI. VII. E. 8.

ii. Homostachye. Spikelets barren at one or both ends im a
compound continuous or interrupted spike. Nut planc-convex
or compressed. Stigmas 2.

+ Spikelets barren at the top.—t Rhizome far-creeping.

6. C. incurva (Lightf.); spikelets in a roundish head, fr.
inflated broadly ovate acuminate-rostrate, beak split externally,
nut obovate, st. smooth about equalling the leaves.—E. B. 927.
Schk. Hh. 95. H.a. 5. R. 199.—St. 2—3 in high, usually
recurved so as to bring the large head down to the ground.
Beak of fr. usually rather scabrous.—Sandy shores of the north.
P. VI. s.

7. C. divisa (Huds.) ; spikelets in a somewhat ovate head, fr.
plane-convex ovate many-veined, beak acutely bifid with finely
serrated edges, nut broadly oblong, gl. with an excurrent rib,
lowermost bract leaflike, st. roughish at the top —E. B. 1096.
—St. slender, a foot high. Fr. veined on both sides. Spike
often interrupted below.—Near the sea on the southern and
eastern coasts. P. V. VI. EB. 128.2

8. C. disticha (Huds.); spikelets in an oblong interrupted
spike upper and lower ones fertile intermediate barren, fr. ovate-

366 96. CYPERACES.

lanceolate veined narrowly margined bifid with serrated edges
above, nut elliptical, gl. shorter than the fr. acute the midrib
not reaching the top, st. with scabrous angles.—C. intermedia
Good., EZ. B. 2042, Schk. B.7. H.a.34. R. 210.—Height
1—2 feet. Fr. about as long as gl.; usually abortive and twice
as long. Lower bract with a slender leafiike point.—Marshy
places. P. V. VI.

9. C. arenaria (L.); spikelets in an oblong interrupted spike
upper barren lower fertile intermediate barren at the end, fr.
ovate veined winged and finely serrate from the middle to the
bifid top of the beak, nut bluntly ovate, glumes longer than the
fr. acuminate, st. scabrous above.—£. B. 928. Schk. B. and Da.
6. H. a 13. R. 209.—Height 1 foot. Rhizome snperficial.
Lowermost bracts with slender leaflike points—Sandy places.
P. VI.

tf Cespitose. Spike simply compound. Fr. squarrose, not
gibbous.

10. C. vulpina (L.); spikelets compound in a cylindrical
oblong crowded spike, fr. ovate-acuminate plane-convex veined,
beak bifid finely serrate, nut oval tipped with a beak slightly
thickened upwards, gl. mucronate shorter than the fruit, st. tri-
quetrous with scabrous angles, bracts setaceous.—E. B. 307.
Schk. C.10. R. 217.—Height 2 feet. St, firm ; faces concave.
L. broad. Fr. palish green. Beak of the nut constricted, its
base narrower than the base of the style-—f. nemorosa (Reb.);
spikelets greenish, bracts long. R. 216.—Wet places. P. VI.

11. C. muricata (L.); spikelets approximate, spike oblong
dense or interrupted below, fr. ovate-acuminate plane-convex
obsoletely veined bifid finely serrate above divergent, nut ovate
its beak extremely short, gl. mucronate shorter than the fruit, st.
triquetrous with rough angles.—H. B. 1097. R. 215.—Height
1—2 feet. St. slender but strong. L. narrow. Lowermost
spikelets not more than their own length distant from each
other. Fr. much larger than that of No. 12, with a broad flat
beak with very sharp edges.—Gravelly pastures. P. VI.

12. C. divulsa (Good.); spikelets distant the upper ones ap-
proximate, fr. ovate acute plane-convex obsoletely veined bifid
smooth ascending, heak roughish at the edges, nut ovate-oblong
compressed its beak extremely short, gl. mucronate shorter than
the fruit, st. triquetrous with rough angles above, bracts short
setaceous.—E. B. 629. Schk. Dd. and Ww. 89. H.a.16. R. 220.
—Height 1—2 feet. St. laa, slender, flaccid. Spikelets grayish,
usually distant, 1 or 2 lowest often lengthened into a short branch.

CAREX, 367

Fr. with a thick green margin slightly rough near the top.—
Moist shady places, P. VI. epee ?

TIt Cespitose. Spike compound, often panicled. Fr. ascending,
gibbous on its back.

13. C. teretiuscula (Good.); spike compound oblong, spikelets
densely aggregated, fr. ovate with 2—5 central ribs on the con-
vex side (back), beak bidentate serrulate split to its base and
overlapping on the back, nut turbinate with a very short beak
convex, style not thickened at the base, st. trigonous and scabrous
above-—E. B. 1065. Schk.D.19.T.69. H.a.9. R.222.—
Root forming scattered simple tufts. St. 1—2 feet high, slender.
—B8. C. Ehrhartiana (Hoppe) ; root more cxspitose, spike long,
spikelets rather loosely aggregated, nut narrowed from below
the middle, st. triquetrous above.—Boggy meadows, rare.
8. near Manchester. P. VI.

14. C. paradoxa (Willd.); spikes narrowly panicled lower
branches rather distant, fr. ovate with many short elevated ribs
near its base, beak obliquely bidentate serrulate not split nor
winged on its back, nut rhomboidal constricted below doubly
convex with a short beak, style slightly enlarged at the base, st.
trigonous and scabrous above.—F. B. S. 2896. Schk. E. 21.
H. a. 12. R. 222.—Root densely tufted, crowned with the
fibrous remains of decayed leaves. St. 1—2 feet high, slender.
—Bogs. Near Mullingar, Ireland. Near York. Hoveton,
Norfolk. P. VI. VII. E. I.

15. C. paniculata (L.); spikes panicled with long diverging
branches, fr. ovate faintly many-veined with a bifid fringed beak
split to its base and overlapping on the back, nut ovate obtuse
narrowed below pilane-convewx, beak slightly thickened upwards,
st. triangular.—E. B. 1064. Schk. D. 20. Ttt. 163. H. a.19.
R. 223.—Root forming dense elevated tufts. St. stout, 2—3
feet high. Panicle usually large and spreading or reduced to a
slender compound (or even simple) spike. Bracts all much
shorter than the spike.—Bogs. P. VI.

tt Spikelets barren at their base (or at both ends).
+ Rhizome far-creeping.

16. C. brizoides (L.); spikelets about 5 contiguous curved,
fr. lanceolate plane-convex bifid at the end deeply split on the
back serrulate from near the base, gl. rather shorter than the
‘fruit. H. a. 23. R. 207.—St. 1 ft. high. Gl. acute, silvery
brown. L. long, slender, equalling or overtopping the spikes.
—Studley Wood, Yorkshire. Mr. W. MacIvor. P. VII? E.

368 96. CYPERACES.

tt Cespitose. Bracts leaflike. Lower spikelets distant, simple
or compound.

17. C. Boenninghauseniana (Weihe); spikelets several upper
ones simple crowded lower distant alternately branched, fr.
lanceolate plane-convex tapering strongly serrate from below
the middle, beak deeply split on one side, nut ovate-elliptical
pointed, gi. equalling the fruit, root tufted, lower bract at least
equalling the spike.—E. B. 8. 2910. H.a. 34. Kunze Riedg.
22. KR. 219.—St. 1—2 feet high, triangular with slightly convex
faces and rough edges. Inflorescence often a foot long. Rachis
straight, with 3 rough edges. Gi. ovate, membranous, silvery
brown, smooth. Lower spikelets wholly barren, barren at both
ends or at either end. Bracts, except the lowest, short. L.
channeled.—Marshes and pond-sides. P. VI.

18. C. axillaris (Good.); spikelets several upper ones simple
crowded lower distant densely compound, fr. ovate-lanceolate
plane-convex tapering deeply bifid serrate above, nut obovate
with a beak, gl. shorter than the fruit, root tufted, lower bract
as long as or longer than the spike— EF. B. 993. H. a. 33.
—St. 1—2 feet high, acutely triangular. Rachis straight, with
3 rough angles. Gl. ovate, membranous, brownish ; midrib
often rough, extending to the point. Divisions of the lower
spikelets crowded into the axils of the bracts. Bracts, except
the lowest, short. L. flat. Spikelets barren at the base or at
both ends.—Marshes. P. VI.

19. C. remota (L.); spikelets several all simple upper cnes
crowded lower distant, fr. ovate-acuminate plane-convex notched
at the end serrate above, nut ovate with a beak, gl. shorter than
the fr., root tufted, bracts long. —F. B. 832. Schk. E. 23. H.
a. 35. R. 212.—St. 1—2 feet bigh, trigonous. Rachis with 2
rough angles in its upper part. Gl. ob’ong, membranous, green-
ish-white; midrib smooth, usually not reaching the paint. Several
of the bracts long. L. channeled. Svumetimes with a thick
rooting densely proliferous rhizome.—C. tene/la (Sm.) is said to
differ by its small spikelets with a terminal sterile fl. and fr.
equally conver on both sides. It should be looked for “in a
wood by the Esk, Angusshire.”—Damp places. P. VI.

TE} Cespitose. Bracts not leaflike. Spikes approximate or
rather distant.

4 Spikes and leaves glaucous or dusky.

20. C. stellulata (Good.); spikelets about 4 roundish rather
distant, fr. divergent broadly ovate acuminate plane-convex stri-
ate, beak bifid with serrate edges, nut ovate obtuse tapering

CAREX. 369

below, gl. shorter than the fruit— FE. B. 806. Scht.C. 14. H.a.
28. R. 214.—St. 6—12 in. high, triquetrous, nearly smooth.
Lowermost spikelet often with a short bract. Gl. ovate, mem-
branous, reddish with a green keel and white edges. Ripe fr.
greenish, stellate-—Bogey places. P. V. VI.

21. C. elongata (L.); spikelets many oblong approximate,
fr. patent oblong-acuminate plane-convex with many ribs on both
sides, beak almost entire with rongh edges, nut lincar-oblong
tapering below beak very short style persistent, gl. shorter than
the fruit, bracts none or one very short.—E. B. 1920. Scehk. E. 25.
Hi. a. 32. R. 218.—St. 1—2 feet high, triquetrous. Gl. ovate,
dark brown with a green keel and whitish edges, obtuse, some-
times apiculate. Upper spikelets crowded, lower lax but not
distant.—8. C. Gebhardi (R.); smaller, spikelets short panicled.
—Marshes, rare. P. VI. E. I.

22. C. curta (Good.); spikelets 4—6 elliptical approximate,
Sr. erect ueute plane-convex faintly striate, beak short notched
not split rough at the edges, nut elliptical beak very short
style persistent, glumes ovate shorter than the fruit.—E. B. 1386.
Schk. C. 13. C. canescens Linn.? R. 206 —St. a foot high,
triquetrous, smooth except at the top. Lowermost spikelet
often with a setaceous bract. Glumes membranous, whitish with
a vreen keel, blunt, apiculate. Fr. whitish.—Bogs. P. VI.

23. C. vitilis (Fr.); spikelets 4—8 ovate or oblong approxi-
mate, fr. erect ovate plane-convex faintly striate, beak short split
to its base externally rough at the edges, “ nut elliptical,” clumes
ovate shorter than the fruit.—C. curta B. alpicola Wahl. C.
Persoonii Sieb., R. 206.—Creeping. St. 6—12 in. high, trique-
trous, smooth except at the top. Lowermost spikelet. often with
a setaceous bract. Gi. membranous, brown with a white margin.
—Mountains. P. VIL. VIII. E. 8.

44 Spikes fuscous.

24. C. lagopina (Wahl.); spikelets 3—4 roundish-elliptical
contiguous terminal one longer, fr. erect elliptical acuminate
plane-convex narrowed below nearly entire at the point with
smooth edges, nut elliptical tipped with the persistent style, gl.
ovate nearly as long as the fruit.—H. a. 24. R. 204. C. lepo-
rina Linn. Fl. Lap. not Fl. Suec. FE. B.S. 2815.—St. 4—8 in.
high, smooth, triangular. Glumes reddish with the edges paler.
Fr. yellow.—Loch na Gar, and Cairn Toul, Aberdeenshire.
P. VII. Ss.

25. C. ovalis (Good.) ; spikelets about 6 oval contiguous, fr.
erect ovate-attenuate plane-convex narrowed below 6ifid at the
RO

370 96. CYPERACER.

point with membranous edges serrulate above, nut elliptical with
a short cylindrical beak terminating in the persistent style, gl.
lanceolate as long as the fruit.—E. B. 306. Schk. B.8. C. lepo-
rina H. a. 22, R. 211.—St. 1—2 feet high, triangular, smooth
or roughish above. Gl. lanceolate, acute, brown with a paler
membranous margin. Fr. yellowish.— Meadows. P. VII.

iii. Heterostachye. Spikes separate, one or more terminal
wholly or rarely only partially barren, the others fertile.

* Beak of fr. short, entire or emarginate or shortly 2-toothed.

+ Nut plane-convex. Stigmas 2, rarely 3. Barren spikes 1 or
more.

+ Stigmas 2. Sheaths of leaves webbed. Fertile spikes erect.
L. ultimately revolute-edged ; lowest sheaths usually leafless.

26. C. stricta (Good.); fertile spikes erect elongate-cylin-
drical, bracts auricled lowermost leaflike short, fr. oblong-ellip-
tical acute compressed veined closely imbricated, nut nearly round
shortly beaked, sheaths of 1. with filamentous network.—E. B.
914. R. 230. C. cespitosa H. and A.—Densely cespitose.
St. 2—3 ft. high, triquetrous, rigid. L. short, narrow. Fertile
spikes often barren at the top Gi. blunt or acute, equalling or
shorter than the fr , narrow, dark purple ; keel green. Fr. in 6—9
regular rows.—Marshes. P. VI.

[27. C. cespitosa (L.); fertile spikes ereet subsessile oblong,
bracts with long narrow auricles lowest slender leatlike short,
fr. elliptical lenticular not veined rather patent, sheaths of 1.
finely webbed.—R. 229. C. pacifica Drej—Cespitose. St.
slender, acutely triangular. St. lax. L. shorter downwards.
Spikes close together. Gl. lanceolate, dark purple ; keel rather
paler.—‘‘ Britain. Dr. Greville.” Fries. P. V.

tt Stigmas 2. Sheaths not webbed, usually all bearing leaves.
L. ultimately revolute-edged. Stoloniferous.

28. C. acuta (L.); barren spikes 1—3, fertile 2—4 slender
cylindrical-acuminate erect with fruit, lowermost bract leaflike
often overtopping the stem with elongate auricles, fr. oblong len-
ticular veined, nut roundish-obovate with a short slender beak,
gl. acute.—E. B. 580. Schk. Be. Ff. 92. H. 0.44. R. 231, 232,
—St. 2—3 feet high, triquetrous, rough at top. L. broad.
Gl. narrow-lanceolate, acute, on the male spikes spathulate-lan-
ceolate, purple with a green keel. Fr. pale, blunt or acute, round
or oval, spherical or flattened. Fertile spikes usually with afew
barren fl. at the end, nodding with flowers.—Wet places. P. VI.

CAREX. 371

29. C. rigida (Good.); spikes erect, barren 1, fertile oval or
shortly cylindrical dense subsessile, lower bract leaflike, fr. ellip-
tical lenticular without veins, nut roundish blunt with a slender
beak, st. triquetrous rough towards the top, /. curving outwards
with deflexed edges.—E. B. 2047. H. a. 40. R.225. C. saxatilis
L. ?—St. 6 in. to a foot or more high. L. broad, flat, keeled,
rigid. Bracts without sheaths. Spikes near together, short,
rarely narrowed and laxly flowered below. Gl. about exceeding’
the fr., purple with a green keel. Nut rather longer than broad.
—In wet and stony places on mountains. P. VI. VII.

ttt Stigmas 2. Sheaths not webbed. Fertile spikes erect.
Edges of leaves ultimately involute. Gl. narrower than
fruit.

30. C. aquatilis (Wahl.); spikes erect, barren 1 or more, fer-
tile 3 or 4 long narrowed below lower ones stalked, bracts leaf-
like erect overtopping the stem, fr. elliptical lenticular without
veins broader than the gl., nut oblong narrowed below with a
short slender beak, st. trigonous smooth.—E. B. S. 2758.—St.
1—4 ft. high, with convex faces. Spikes rather distant. Gl.
usually short, narrower than the yellowish-green fr., reddish-

urple with a pale midrib.—Alpine boggy table-lands of the
lova mountains and in the valley by the bridge at Clova.
P. VII. s.

31. C. vulgaris (Fries); spikes erect, barren 1 or 2, fertile
3—4 subsessile cylindrical, bracts with short auricles leaflike,
fr. elliptical plune-convex with many veins below and a short
entire beak, nut roundish very blunt, st. triquetrous rough to-
wards the top.—C. cespitosa Sm., E. B. 1507. C. Goodenovit
Gay.—St. about a foot high. LL. slender, not keeled. Bracts
without sheaths. Spikes near together, short. Gl. blunt, shorter
than fr., purple; keel slender, pale green. Fr. greenish or
te purple tinge. Nut rather broader than long.—Marshes.
Pp. V. VI.

32. C. Gibsoni (Bab.); spikes erect, barren 1, fertile 2—4
oblong narrowed downwards slightly stalked, bracts with short
auricles leaflike, fr. Junceolate acute with many veins not reach-
ing the summit, nut broadly obovate very blunt with a short
thick beak, st. triquetrous rough towards the top.—A. N. H. xi.
t. 5.—St. 6—8 in. high. _L. flat, not keeled; sheaths not fila-
mentous, lowest leafless. Lowest bract long. Spikes lax below.
Glumes falling short of the fr., oblong, blunt, purplish- brown
with a broad green band up the midnb; on the barren spike
paler, obovate-lanceolate. Perigone nearly twice as long as the
nut, gradually narrowed from below the middle to the top. Nut
rather broader than long.—Nearly allied, I think, to C. vulgaris

372 96. CYPERACES.

rather than C. acuta.—Hebden Bridge, Yorkshire : said to be
uow lost by drainage. P. VI. E.

+t Nut with 3 angles. Stigmas 3, rarely 2.
{ Fruit glabrous. Terminal spike barren at its base.

33. C. Vahlii (Schk.); spikes 1—4 roundish or oblong conti-
guous nearly sessile, fr. obovate veinless scabrous above with a
short notched beak, gl. acutish falling short of fr., nut obovate
triquetrous blunt with a short cylindrical beak, bract scarcely
overtopping the spikes, st. triangular rough towards the top.—
Ei, B. 8.2066. Sehk. Gg. 94. and Ppp. 154. R.235.—St. 6H—12
1a. high, erect. Gl. brown or black.—Glen Callater and Gle
Fiagh, Clova. P. VII. 8.

34. C. Buxbaumii (Wahl.); spikes 3—4 oblong sessile conti-
guous, the lowest shortly stalked rather distant, fr. oval obtuse
compressed (ultimately trigonous) bidentate subscabrous above
veined, gl. cuspidute lower exceeding fr., nut obovate trigonous
blunt apiculate, lower bract leaflike —E. B.S. 2885. H. b. 11.
Schk. X. and Gg. 76. R.255. C. canescens, Linn. Herb.—St.
1—2 feet high, triquetrous, rough. Sheaths of the 1. connected
by neilike filaments. Gl. nearly black, with a grecn keel pro-
l nged into a cuspidate point. Fr. glaucous-green.—Island near
‘Yoom bridge in Lough Neagh. P. VI. I,

35. C. atrata (L.); spikes 3—4 ovate-oblong shurtly stalked
contiguous ultimately drooping, the lowest rather distant and
with a longer stalk, fr. elliptical veinless with a short terete
siighily notched beak, glumes acute, nut elliptical triquetrous
blunt apiculate, lower bract leaflike.—H. B. 2044. Schk. X¥.77.
f.b. 8. R. 237.—St. 1—12 ft. high, triangular, smooth. L.
Hit, broad. Gl. dark purple ; m:drib slender, pule. Fr. yellowish.
—<Alpme rocks. P. VIL VI. E.S.

tt Fruit glabrous. Terminal spike wholly barren, solitary.

36. C. pallescens (L.); fertile spikes subpendulous ovate or
oblong with exserted stalks approximate, bracts leaflike, gl. mu-
cronate, fr. ovate-oblong couvex on both sides veined obtuse,
beak 0, nut linear elliptical narrowed at both ends trigonous.—
b. B. 2185, Schk. Kk. 99. H.b. 44.—St. slender, triquetrous,
rough above, 1—1} foot high. Spikes blunt, pale green; the
barren one sessile, darker.—Marshy places. P. VI.

37. C. panicea (L.); fertile spikes erect remote subcylindrical
on exserted stalks with distant jt., bracts leaflike sheathing, gl.
rather acute, f7, ovate-subg/lobose inflated veinless with a short
terete truncate beak, nut obovate-oblong trigonous with a cylin-

CAREX. 373

drical beak.— E. B. 1505. Schk. 11.100. H. b.33.—St. 1—2
ft. high, erect, smooth. Fertile spikes about 2. Gl. oblong, more
or less acute, dark brown with a green keel and membranous
pale margins. Lowermost bract about as long as its spike, the
rest shorter, sheaths close.—Marshy places. P. VI.

38. C. vaginata (Tausch !); fertile spikes erect remote on ex-
serted stalks with distant fl., bracts sheathing scarcely leaflike,
gl. bluntish, fr. ovate triquetrous glabrous veinless with a short
terete smooth very obliquely truncate and emarginate beak, nut
elliptical triangular “ with a beak slightly thickened upwards.”’—
H.b. 17. Kunze Riedg. 15. C. pheostachya Sm., E. B.S.
2731. C. Meilichoferi Sm., E. B. 2293.— St. 5—6 in. high,
smooth Fertile spikes 1—2. Glumes bluntish. Bracts with
Sunnelshaped sheaths.—Highland mountains. P. VII. S.

39. C. limosa (L.); fertile spikes 1 or 2 upon very long stalks
drooping ovate densely-flowered with occasionally a few barren
Jl. at their top, bracts auricled slender strongly keeled, gl. ovate
mucronate, fr. roundish-obovate compressed strongly abbed with
a very short entire beak, nut obovate bluntly trigonous with a
beak, 1. narrow linear complicately-channeled rough ut the edges
throughout.—E. B. 2043. Sehk. X.78. H.b. 49. R.238.—
Creeping. St. 1 ft. high. L.and bracts very slender. Gl. pur-
ple, with a green keel, about as long as the pale fr. which is
broadest above the middle. Nut pale—Spougy bogs. P. VI.

40. C. irrigua (Hoppe); fertile spikes 2 or 3 drooping upon
long stalks oblong densely-flowered with occasionally a few
barren fl. at their base, bracts auricled leaflike rather broad
nearly flat, gl. ovate-lanceolate attenuate acute, fr. roundish-ovaie
compressed fuinily ribbed with a very short entire beak, nut ellip-
tical triangular with a beak, /. linear flat smoo‘h at the edges
except near the tip.—E. B. 8. 2895. H.b. 48. R. 238.—Creep-
ing. St. afoot or more in height. L. and bracts 2 or 3 times
as broad as in the preceding. Gl. wholly purple, usually longer
than the pale fr. which is broadest below the middle. Nut pale.
—-Spongy bogs. Muckle Moss, Northumb. Terregles, Dum-
fries. Ben Mime near Loch Lomoud. P. VI. E. 8.

41. C. rariflora (Sm.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 drooping upon
long stalks oblong few-flowered lax, bracts with very short sheaths,
gl. very broad blunt as long as the fr., fr. oblong with 3 blunt
angles, beak extremely short entire, nut roundish-oblong, 1. flat
rough-edged towards the tip.—H. B.2516.—Creeping. St. 6—8
in. high, smooth. Gi. folded round the fr., dark brown ; midrib
pale, terminating ina minute apiculus. Fr. pale, faintly veined ;
nut darker.—Elevated bogs. Highlands, rare. P VI.

374 96. CYPERACES.

ttt Fruit glabrous. Several barren spikes. Fertile spikes
drooping.

42. C. eapillaris(L.); fertile spikes upon long stalks half in-
eluded few-flowered lax, one bract sheathing several flowerstalks,
gl. blunt, fr. oblong trigonous turgid narrowed below veinless
terminating in a slender membranous beak, nut obovate trique-
trous blunt with a short beak.— FE. B. 2069. Schk.O. 56. H.
b. 53. R. 241.—St. very slender, 2—6 in. high, smooth. Pedun-
cles rough, several usually inclosed in one sheath. Gl. short,
broad, blunt, midrib not reaching the tip, falling short of the
small smooth brown fruit. Nut pale. Root tufted.—Teesdale.
Scottish Highlands. P. VI. E.S.

43. C. strigosa (Huds.); fertile spikes about 4 distant rather
long slender lax lower with exserted stalks, bracts leaflike
sheathing, fr. oblong-lanceolate narrowed at both ends trigonous
veined with an obliquely truncate mouth, nut elliptical triangular
punctured, |. broad.— H, B. 994. Schk. N. 53.—St. 2 feet high.
Sheaths covering nearly the whole length of the peduncles. Gl.
elliptic-lanceolate, diaphanous, greenish down the back.—Groves
and thickets, rare. P. V. VI.

44. C. pendula (Huds.); fertile spikes about 5 distant cylin-
drical very long densely-flowered, bracts leaflike lower ones
with sheaths nearly equalling the flowerstalks upper scarcely
sheathing, fr. elliptical subtrigonous tumid with a short trigo-
nous emarginate beak, nut elliptical narrowed at both ends trian-
gular.—E. B. 2315. Schk. Q.60. R.243. C. Agastachys Ebvh.
Hf. b. 57. C. maxima Scop. — St. 3—6 feet high, rough at the
angles above. Fertile spikes often 3 or 4 in. long, arched; upper
ones frequently with barren fl. at the tip. Gl. ovate, mucronate,
brown with a green keel. Fr. green, ciliated at the mouth.—
Damp woods. P.V.

Tttt Fruit downy, hairy or scabrous. Bracts sheathing. L. in
sterile tufts. Barren spike 1.

45. C. humilis (Leyss.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 remote about 3-
flowered inclosed in the membranous sheathing leafless bracts, fr.
obovate subtrigonous narrowed below with an entire oblique mouth,
“nut obovate triangular with a short beak.”—H.b.15. C. clan-
destina Good. E.B. 2124. Schk. K. 43. R. 239.—St. about
2 in. high, erect, concealed amongst the leaves. Bracts large,
wholly membranous, nearly hiding the fertile spikes. L. all
radical, linear, channeled, rough.—Limestone hills in Wilts and
Somerset. P.IV. y

46. C. digitata (L.); fertile spikes 2 or 3 distant linear erect
lax, bracts membranous sheathing obliquely truncate lowermost

CAREX. 375

with a setaceous leaflike point, fr. obovate trigonous narrowed
below equalling el., beak short nearly entire, “ nut elliptic-oblong
triangular shortly-stalked and shortly-beaked.” — E. B. 615.
Sehk. H. 38. H.b. 14—St. 6—8 in. high, erect, sheathed at
the base, leafless, taller than the flat radical leaves—Woods on
limestone, rare. P. IV. V. E.

TIt} Fr. hairy or downy or scabrous. Bracts not sheathing
(except slightly in No. 50).— Barren spike 1.

47. C. precox (Jacq.); fertile spikes 1—3 oblong-ovate near
together sessile, bracts clasping the lowest leaflike and slightly
sheathing, gl. broadly ovate-acuminate, fr. ovate-rhomboidal tri-
gonous with an entire mouth, nut obovate narrowed below trigo-
nous, base of the style surrounded by a prominent ring, stoloni-
Ferous.—E. B.1099. Schk. F. 27. H.b. 24.—St. 3—12in. high.
i Sie spike sometimes slightly stalked.—Dry places. P.

48. C. montana (L.) ; fertile spikes 1—3 ovate crowded sessile,
bracts small membranous the lowest with an awlshaped point,
gl. of fertile spikes obtuse notched and mucronate, fr. narrowed
below oblong-abovate trigonous with a short notched beak, nut
oblong narrowed below with a pyramidal beak, root fibrous from
a shaggy thick branched rhizome.—E. B S. 2924. Schk. F. 29.
H.b. 21. R. 262. C. collina H. and A.—St. about a span long,
slender. L. narrow; sheaths of lower 1. red. Gl. very dark;
midrib narrowly yellowish. Fr. hairy, its beak purple.—Nea
Tonbridge Wells. Wynd Cliff, Chepstow. P. IV. V. E.

49. C. pilulifera (L.); fertile spikes about 3 roundish near
together sessile, bracts small lowest scarcely leaflike awishaped
not sheathing, gl. broadly-ovate mucronate, fr. stalked subglobose
with a short bifid beak, nut subglobose subtrigonous narrowed
below, root fibrous.—E. B. 885. Schk. 1. 39. H. b. 20. R. 260.
—St. 6—12 in. long, slender, at length decumbent. Base of the
style enlarged.— Wet heaths. P. V.

50. C. tomentosa (L.); fertile spikes 1 or 2 nearly sessile cy-
lindrical blunt, lowermost bract leaflike with avery short sheath,
gl. broadly ovate acute, fr. obovate subtrigonous scarcely beaked
slightly emarginate, nut obtuse trigonous narrowed below with a
short beak constricted at its base, stoloniferous.—E. B. 2046.
Schk. F. 28. H.b. 28. R. 263.—St. a foot high, with 3 sharp
angles, rough upwards, erect. Beak of nut slightly swelling
upwards. Fr. with copious white down, mouth very broad.—
Water-meadows at Merston Measey, Wilts. P. VI. E

376 96. CYPERACEX.

4. Barren spikes usually more than 1.

51. C. glauca (Scop.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 erect or drooping
cylindrical densely flowered long-stalked, bracts leaflike scarcely
sheathing, gl. ovate acute, fr. obtuse elliptical veinless slightly
scabrous eutire at the small point, nut roundish-ovate trian-
gular.—H.b. 67. Schk. O. P. 57. R. 269. C. reeurva Huds.,
E. B.1606.—Stoloniferous. St.a foot or more in height. Barren
spikes variable in number. Fertile spikes often with a barren fl.
at the summit.—j?. C. Micheliuna (Sm.); gl. blunt, fr. smaller.
E. B. 2236.—y. C. stictocarpa (Sm.); fertile spikes ovate, fr.
obovate dotted. E. B.S. 2772.—Damp places. P. VI.

** Beak of fr. long, 2-toothed or bifid. Nut with 3 angles.
Stigmas 3, rarely 2.

+ Beak of fruit terete. Terminal spike barren.

52. C. ustulata (Wahl.) ; fertile spikes 2 or 3 upon short stalks
ovate densely flowered, bracts scarcely leaflike or sheathing, gl.
ovate acute, fr. elliptical compressed rough-edged with a cloven
beak, nut. elliptical triangular on a long stalk, root fibrous.— E. B.
2404. Schk. Y. 82. H.b. 47.—St. 3—10 in. high. L. very
short, broad. Gl). dark purple with a slender pale midrib. Fr,
dark purpic, paler below. Nut fuseous. I have seen no speci-
mens.—Ben Lawers. Mr. G. Don. P. VII.

‘tt Beak of fruit plane-convex. Burren spike 1, or rarely 2.
Fruit glabrous. Bracts sheathing, leaflike.

53. C. flava (L.); fertile spikes roundish-oval subsessile, low-
est spike with a nearly included stalk, bracts Jeaflike with short
sheaths, al. obtuse, fr. ovate intlated ribbed smooth narrowed
into a d flzaed rough-edged bitid beak, nut obovate trigonous
punctate-scabrous, st. trigonous smooth. — E. B. 124. Schk.
H. 36. H.b. 22. R, 273.—St. 6—12 in. high. L. broad.
Barren spike cylindrical, obtuse; gl. obtuse. Fertile spikes
usually near together and near the barren spike, sometimes di-
stant; gl. with a greev midrib shghtly rough and often excur-
rent at the end. Beak of the fr. curved downwards. Lowest
tr. dechning.—. C. lepidocurpa (Tausch !); barren spikes
usually long-stalked, beak of fy. often nearly straight. Aunze
Riedgr. 13. R.272.—Wet piaces. P. V. VI.

[C. Mairii (C. and G.!), point of gl. scabrous, fr. obsoletely
veined narrowed into a setose-ciliated beak, may occur. |

54. C. Gsderi (Ehrh.); fertile spikes roundish-ovate subsessile
near together, lowest spike with an included stalk, bracts leaflike
with short sheaths, gl. obtuse (?), fr. subglobose inflated mbbed

CAREX. 377

smooth suddenly contracted into an erect narrow rough-edged
bifid beak, nut obovate-trigonous punctate-scabrous, st. trigonous
smooth.—E. B. 1772. H.b.23 R. 272.—Much like, but di-
stinct from, C. flava. Fertile spikes smaller. Fr. much smaller
than those of C. flava, more in number, with a shorter and nar-
rower-based beak. Very variable in height.—Bogs. P. VI. VII.

55. C. extensa (Good.); fertile spikes oblong near together
subsessile lower one rather distant with a short included stalk,
bracts very long leaflike with short sheaths, gl. mucronate trian-
gular ribbed narrowed into a straight smooth-edged bifid beak,
nut oblony-elliptical narrowed at both ends triangular smooth.—
EE. B. 833. Scehk. V. Xx. 72. H.b. 32. R. 274.—St. usually
curved, 8—12 in. high, trigonous. smooth. Barren spike nearly
sessile, blunt; gl. blunt. J. and bracts very narrow, convolute,
long.—Marshes chiefly near the sea. P. VI.

56. C. fulva (Good.) ; fertile spikes oblong-oval distant with
exserted stalks, bracts leaflike wth long sheaths, gl. acute not
mucronate, fr. ovate triquetrous ribbed smooth with a straight
rough-edged bifid beak, nut obovate trigonous nearly smooth.
FE B.1295.? R, 252.—St. triangular, rough-edged, about a
foot high. Barren spike spindleshaped, acute; gl. obtuse. Lowest
bract frequently, but not always, reaching up to the barren
spike. Root sometimes creeping. — 8 C. Hornschuchiana
(Hoppe); fertile spikes oblong on longer stalks more distant, fr.
more inflated and more strongly ribbed, st. trigonous smcoth ex-
cept sometimes near the top, lowest bract longer than its own
spike. H. b. 41), R.252. C. speirostachya Sm., E. B. S. 2770.
—Boggy places. £8. Peaty bogs, chiefly on mountains. P. VI.

57. C. punctata (Gaud.); fertile spikes erect cylindrical with
slightly exserted stalks particularly the lowest, bracts sheathing,
gl. ovate shortly awned, fr. ovate tumid obsoleiely veined pellu-
cidly punctate with a linear bidentate smooth beak, nut ovate-
rhomboidal narrowed at both ends triangular rough.—H. b. 37.
Kunze Riedg. 6. &. 251.—St. smooth, 1—2 feet high, slender.
Spikes distant or the upper ones near; stalks slightly (the lowest
often greatly) exserted, rough; lowest spike often very distant.
GI. pale red with a broad green longitudinal dorsal band. Fr.
pale. Nut brown. Gl. of barren spike blunt.—Marshy places
near the sea. Charlestown, Cornwall. Dingle, Kerry. Bantry
Bay, Cork. Guernsey. P. VI. EL

58. C. distans (L.); fertile spikes remote erect oblong, upper
with included stalks, bracts with sheaths, gl. mucronate, fr. ovate
trigonous equally ribbed pellucidly punctate smooth, edges of
the bifid narrow beak rough, nut triquetrous roughish oblong-
cliptical narrowed at both ends.—E. B, 1234. Schk. T. 68.

378 96. CYPERACES.

H.b. 42. R. 253.—St. smooth, seldom exceeding a foot high,
slender. Spikes distant, short; lower ped. half exserted. Gl.
brownish. Fr. greenish-brown. Nut yellowish. Barren spike
cylindrical, clavate, with blunt glumes.—Marshy places espe-
cially near the sea. P. V.

59. C. binervis (Sm.); fertile spikes remote, upper ones nearer
cylindrical their stalks mostly included, lower long with exserted
stalks, bracts sheathing, gl. mucronate, fr. ovate triquetrous with
2 principal green submarginal ribs on the back, beak broad bifid
rough at the edges, nut obovate narrowed below roughish.—L. B.
1235. Schk. Rrr. 160. H.b. 39. R. 255.—St. triangular, smooth,
1 foot high. Spikes often very distant ; upper stalks often quite
included, never much exserted, lower often greatly exserted. GI.
dark purple; midrib greenish-yellow. Fr. brown or deeply tinged
with purple, 2 prominent ribs always green; nut brown. Barren
spike with blunt glumes.—Dry heaths. P. VI. VII.

60. C.levigata(Sm.); fertile spikes remote cylindrical, stalks
more or less exserted, bracts sheathing, gl. acute, fr. ovate-atte-
nuate striate, beak long deeply bifid with scabrous edges, nut
subpyriform narrowed below triangular smooth.—£. B. 1387.
Schk. Bbb. 116. and Sss. 162. H. b. 88. R. 254.—St. smooth,
2—3 feet high. Spikes distant, erect or drooping. Gl. often
acute on the barren spike, always so on the others, purple with
a paler dorsal longitudinal band. Rarely 2 barren spikes. Fr.
green; not yellowish. L. broad.—Marshes and wet thickets,
rather rare. P. VI.

61. C. depauperata (Good.); fertile spikes erect remote 3 or
4 fi., stalks exserted, bracts sheathing leaflike, gl. acute, fr. large
nearly globose, beak long bifid with rough edges, nut elliptical
trigonous with bluntish angles.—#. B. 1098. Schk, M. 50.—
St. 1—2 feet high, trigonous, smooth. Gl. of the barren spike
blunt. Fr. very large and few with many ribs. Spikes very
distant.— Dry woods, very rare. P. VI. E.8.?

ttt Beak of fr. glabrous, terete or compressed. Barren spikes
1 (rarely more). Stigmas 3.

62. C. sylvatica (Huds.) ; fertile spikes about 4 distant slightly
drooping linear with long half-exserted stalks, bracts leaflike
sheathing, fr. elliptical trigonous obscurely veined narrowed into
a long cloven smooth beak, nut obovate-elliptical triangular, 1.
narrower than in the preceding.—E. B. 995. Schk. Li. 101. H.
b. 55, R. 242.—St. about 2 feet high, smooth, its top and the
fr.-beak rarely a little rough. Sheaths scarcely half equalling
the peduncles. Gl. ovate, acute, diaphanous with a green keel.
—Damp woods. P. V.

CAREX. 379

63. C. Pseudo-cyperus (L.); fertile spikes about 5 drooping
eylindrical densely-flowered upon long stalks near together,
bracis leaflike scarcely sheathing, gl. setaceous scabrous dilated
at the base, fr. ovate-lanceolate ribbed narrowed into a deeply
bifid beak, nut elliptical triangular, st. with acute rough angles.
—E. B. 242. Schk: Mm. 102. H. b. 56. R. 275.—St. 2—3 feet
high. Fertile spikes 1—2 in. long.—Damp places, rare. P. VI.

E. 1.

titt Beak of hairy fr. terete or compressed with patent cusps.
Barren spikes 2 or more.

64. C. filiformis (L.); barren spikes 2, fertile 3 or 4 remote
erect sessile oblong, bracts leaflike lowermost slightly sheathing,
gl. oblong-ovate cuspidate and ciliate at the point, fr. downy
oblong-ovate narrowed into an obliquely truncate beak with 2
lateral points, nut narrowly elliptical narrowed at both ends
subtrigonous, 1. slender channeled.—E. B. 904. Schk. K. 45.
H.b.31. R.265.—St. 2 feet high. L. with filamentous sheaths
below. Lowest spike rarely stalked.—Peat-bogs. P. V.

65. C. hirta (L.); barren spikes 2 or 3, fertile 2 or 3 remote
erect oblong-cylindrical stalked, bracts leaflike the lower with
long sheaths nearly equalling the peduncles, gl. elliptic-lanceolate
with long slender ciliated points, fr. hairy oblong-ovate narrowed
into a deeply divided beak, nut obovate narrowed below trian-
gular, J. flat hairy — E. B. 685. Schk. Uu. 108. H.b. 58. R.
957.—St. 14—2 feet high, leafy. L. and sheaths shaggy, rarely
glabrous. Fr. tawny. Occasionally the spikes are compound at
the base and very long-stalked, and the gl. much lengthened.
—Wet places. P.IV. Hammersedge.

ttttt Beak of fr. glabrous, terete, striate, with patent cusps, or
2-toothed. Barren spikes many, rarely 1. Bracts not
sheathing.

+ Barren spike 1. Stigmas 2. Beak of fr. 2-toothed.

66. C. pulla (Good.); barren spikes 1 (rarely 2), fertile 1—3
roundish-ovate lower one stalked bracteated sheathless erect, fr.
ovate obscurely veined inflated, beak short, nut roundish mucro-
nate, gl. bluntish. — E. B. 2045. Schk. Ce. 88.— St. 6—8 in.
high. Gl. dark purple tipped with white, midrib dark purple.
Fy. dark purple paler at the base, longer than the gl., stalked.—
C. saxatilis (Linn. Herb.), but Andersson says that the true
plant is C. rigida.—Wet parts of the higher Scottish nee
P. VI. ;

67. C. Grahami (Boott); barren spikes 1 or 2 slender acute,
fertile 2 or 3 ovate obtuse lower one stalked bracteated sheath-

380 96. CYPERACEZ.

less, fr. oblong-ovate strongly ribbed inflated narrowed into a
short bifid beak, gl. acute —E. B. &. 2923.—St. 1—2 ft. high.
Gl. fuscous, with the tip and midrib pale. Fr. pale or darkish
brown, nearly twice as long as the gl., with several strong ribs
oneach side. Nut too young in all my specimens.—Glen Fiadh,
Clova. Ben Cruban, Killin. P. VII.

tt Barren spikes many. Stigmas 3. Bracts not sheathing.

68. C. ampullacea (Good.); fertile spikes 2—4 remote cylin-
drical erect stalked, bracts leaflike, fr. subglobose inflated sud-
denly narrowed into a long slender beak, nut obovate triangular,
st. smooth with obtuse angles.—E. B. 780. Schk. Tt. 107. H.
b. 65. R. 277.—St. 1—2 feet high, with rounded faces and 3
slight angles. L. glaucous, channeled.—Very wet bogs. P. VI.

69. C. vesicaria (L.); fertile spikes 2—4 remote cylindrical,
bracts leaflike, fr. ovate-conical inflated gradually narrowed tnto
a subulate bifid beak, nut elliptical triangular, s¢. with acute angles.
—E.B.779. Schk. Ss.106. H.b. 64. R.276.—St. 2 feet high,
with flat faces aud 3 strongly marked angles, roughish near the
top. L.rather broad, green.—f. involuta; |. narrow folded into
a 4-cylinder, midrib of gl. apiculate, fr. narrower.— Wet bogs.
B. Hale Moss, Manchester. Mr. J. Sidebotham. Congleton,
Chesh. Mr. H. Wilson. P. V.

70. C. paludosa(Good.); gl. of the barren spikes blunt, anth.
apiculate, fertile spikes cylindrical blunt, bracts leaflike, fr. ob-
long-obovate compressed with a short bifid beak, nut roundish-
obovate triangular, st. with acute angles.—Z#. B. 807. Sehk.
Oo. 103.—St. 2—3 feet high, angles rough. L. broad.—f8. spa-
dicea; gl. of fertile spikes with a long scabrous beak.—Wet
places. 8. Littlehampton, Suss. Mr. Mitten. P. V.

71. C. riparia (Curt.); gl. of the barren spikes acute, anth.
with a long point, fertile spikes acute cylindrical, bracts leaflike,
fr. oblong-ovate convex on beth sides narrowed into a short broad
cloven beak, nut pvriform triangular, st. with acute angles.—
EE. B. 579. Sehk. Qq. and Rr. 105. H. b. 66.—St. 3 feet high,

angles rough. L. broader than in the preceding.— Wet places.
PV,

tt{{ Barren spikes many. Bracts sheathing.

[72. C. hordeiformis (Wahl.) ; barren spikes 2, fertile 3 oblong
remote with short exserted stalks, bracts overtopping the spikes
long leaflike flat, fr. large ovate plane-convex scabrous winged
ciliate-serrate narrowed into a long bifid beak.—Scehk. Dad. 121.
C. secalina Sm., not Willd.—Fr. very large, twice as long as the
glumes.— Forfarshire, but doubtless an error. P. VI.] s.

C. acuta, 28.
Agastachys, 44.
ampuilacea, 68.
aquatilis, 30.
arenaria, 9.
atrata, 35.
axillaris, 18.
binervis, 59.
Boenninghauseniana,
17.
brizoides, 16.
Buxbaumii, 34.
ceespitosa, 27.
cespilosa, 26, 31.
canescens, 22, 34.
capillaris, 42.
clandestina, 45.
collina, 48,
curta, 22.
eurta, 23.
Davalliana, 2.
depauperata, 61.
digitata, 46.
dioica, 1.
distans, 58.
disticha, 8.
divisa, 7,
divulsa, 12.
Lhrhartiana, 13.
elongata, 21.
extensa, 55.
filiformis, 64.
flava, 53.
fulva, 56.

97. GRAMINES.

381

Index to the Carices.

Gebhardi, 21.
Gibsoni, 32.
glauca, 5].
Goodenovii, 31.
Grahaini, 67.
hirta, 65.
hordeiformis, 72.
Hornschuchiana, 56.
humilis, 45.
incurva, 6,
intermedia, 8.
involuta, 69.
irrigua, 40.
levigata, 60.
lagopina, 24.
lepidocarpa, 53.
leporina, 24, 25.
limosa, 39.
[Mairii, 53.]
maxima, 44.
Meilichoferi, 38.
Micheliana, 51.
montana, 48.
muricata, 11.
nemorosa, 10,
Cideri, 54.
ovalis, 25.
pacifica, 27.
pallescens, 36.
paludosa, 70.
panicea, 37.
paniculata, 15.
paradoxa, 14.
pauciflora, 5.

pendula, 44.
Persoonii, 23.
pheostachya, 38.
pilulifera, 49.
praecox, 47.
Pseudo-cyperus, 63.
pulicaris, 3.
pulla, 66.
punctata, 57.
rariflora, 41.
recurva, 51.
remota, 19.
tigida, 29.
riparia, 71.
rupestris, 4.
saxatilis, 29, 66.
secalina, 72.
spadicea, 70.
speirustachya, 56.
stellulata, 20.
stictocarpa, 51.
stricta, 26,
strigosa, 43.
sylvatica, 62.
tenella, 19.
teretiuscula, 13.
tomentosa, 50.
ustulata, 52.
vaginata, 33.
Vahlii, 33.
vesicaria, 69.
vitilis, 23.
vulgaris, 31.
vulpina, 10.

Order XCVIJ. GRAMINEA.

¥1. perfect or unisexual, 1, 2 or more seated on a common axis
which is contained within an involucre of 2 (or 1) valves (glumes)

or rarely none, the whole forming a locusta or spikelet.

Each

fl. of 1 or 2 scales (pales) of which the outer or lower is simple

and usually keeled, the inner with 2 veins or keels.
nous scales 2, 3, or none.
satile, notched at both ends.

rarely 1 or 3.

base.—L. with split sheaths’.

Hypogy-

Stam. hypogynous, 1—6. Anth. ver-
Ovary l-celled. Styles usually ¥,
Ennbryo on the outside of the albumen and at its

1 Nearly all the genera of this Order are beautifully figured in the

Gen. Fl. Germ. Monocotyl. vol. i.

tains a valuable account of this Order.

Andersson’s Pl. Scand. fasc. ii. con-

382 97. GRAMINER.

Suborder I. CLISANTHEZ.

Flowers closed. Styles or stigmas long, protruded at the top
of the flower.

Tribe I. PANICE 4%. Spikelets dorsally compressed, 1-flowered,
or with 1 fl. and an inferior glumelike rudiment or a neuter
flower. Lower gl. much the smaller.

1. Dierraria. Spikes fingered. Spikelets in pairs on one
side of the flattened rachis, awnless, 1-flowered with an in-
ferior rudiment. Gl. 2, lower minuter or 0, upper 3-veined.
Sterile fl. of one 5—7-veined pale equalling the flower.

(2. EcurnocHioa. Spikes compound, secund in the whole
and in each part. Spikelets on one side of the flattened
partial rachis, 2-flowered, inferior fl. rudimentary. Gi. 2,
lower 3-veined, upper equalling fl. 5-vezned mucronate or
awned. Lower pale of sterile fl, like and equalling upper
glume. ]

3. Seraria. Spike cylindrical, compound. Spikelets sur-
rounded by an involucre of bristles, 2-flowered ; inferior fl.
rudimentary. Gl. 2, lower 3-veined, upper equalling fi.
many-veined. Sterile fl. of 1 pale, like and equalling upper
glume.

Tr. Il. CHLORIDE. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-
flowered in our plants and sometimes with @ superior rudi-
ment, placed in 2 rows on one side of a flattened rachis, or
alternate and unilateral.

4. Cynopon. Spikes fingered, spreading. Spikelets 1-
flowered, awnless, with a superior rudiment. Gl. nearly
equal, patent. Pales equal; lower boatshaped, compressed,
embracing the inner. Styles long, distinct. Stigmas fea-
thery.

or

. SparTIna. Spikes upright, im « raceme. Spikelets 1-
flowered, awnless. Gl. unequal; upper lanceolate. Pales
unequal ; lower boatshaped, compressed. Styles long,
united half-way up. Stigmas feathery.

6. Knappra. Inflorescence a somewhat |-sided raceme. Gl.

not keeled, blunt. Fl.1 Pale 1, scarious, very hairy, ob-
tuse, not awned.

Tr. WI. PHALARIDE AS. Panicled. Spikelets laterally com-
pressed, 1-flowered, with ] or 2 or more glumelike inferior
rudiments; or 1 or 2 inferior male flowers. Gl. equal,
covering the flowers. Styles long. Stigmas filiform. :

7. PHavaris. GI. 2, boatshaped, keeled, membranous, nearly

97. GRAMINEE, 383

equal, exceeding the flower. ales coriaceous, unequal,
closely investing the fruit. Rudimentary fl. 1—2, scale-
like.

8. ANTHOXANTHUM. Gl. 2, unequal, membranous ; lower
small, 1-vemed; upper exceeding the fi., 3-veined. ales

scarious. Stam. 2. Rudimentary fl. 2, scalelike, bifid,
awned on the back.

9. Hizrocutog. Gl. 2, nearly equal, membranous, about
equalling the spikelet. Fl. 3; 2 lower male, 3-androus,

upper pale with 2 keels; upper perfect, 2-androus, upper
pale with 1 keel.

Tr. IV. PHLEINEL. Inflorescence dense, spikelike. Spike-
lets laterally compressed, 1-flowered or with a superior rudi-

ment. Gl. nearly equal, covering the flowers. Styles long.
Stigmas filiform.

10. Puuzum. Gl. compressed, keeled, parallel at the midrib,
truncate, with a terminal seta, or acute. Fl. J. Pales 2,
membranous ; lower 3-veined, obtuse, without awns, or with
a minute central point.

1l. ALopecurus. Gl. compressed, connate below, mem-
branous, awnless. Fil.1. Pale 1, scarious, 5-veined, awned
on the back.

Tr. V. SESLERIEAs. Panicle spikelike. Spikelets laterally
compressed, with 2 or more flowers. Styles 0 or very short.
Stigmas very long, filiform.

12. Sesuueria. Spikelets sessile, tiled all round. Gl. 2—6-
flowered, nearly or quite equalling the spikelet. Lower
pale keeled, membranous, with a scarious margin, ending
in 3 or 5 points; dorsal rb excurrent.

Tr. VI. NARDEAG. Spikelets sessile in hollows of the rachis,
l-flowered. Gl.0. Style short. Stigma filiform.

13. Narpus. Spikelets in 2 rows on one side of the rachis.
Lower pale keeled, tapering into a subulate point. Stigmas
long.

Suborder II. EURYANTHEZ.

Flowers open. Styles short. Stigmas protruded at the
bottom of the flower.

* Inflorescence panicled or racemose.
Tr. VU. ORYZEZ. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-flowered.

384 97. GRAMINE.

Glumes 0. Stigmas plumose. Pales inclosing but free
from the nut.

14. Lezrsia. Pales 2, chartaceous, compressed, keeled,
awnless ; lower much broader.

(Tr. VIII. STIPACEAS. Spikelets not compressed, 1-flowered,
without any rudiment. Gl. unequal, membranous, inclosing
the flowers. Pales hardening, inclosing but free from the
nut. ] :

[15. Stipa. Spikelets stalked. Pales coriaceous; outer cy-
lindrical, convolute, evidently jointed to the kneed twisted
feathery awn. ]

16. Mitium. Spikelets stalked. Pales chartaceous, awnless ;
lower ventricose, convex.

Tr. IX. AGROSTIDE_E. Spikelets laterally compressed, 1-
flowered, or with a superior rudiment, or many-flowered.
Gl. and pales membranous,

¢ Gl. falling short of the outer pale. Style long. Stigmas
aften protruded at the middle of the flower.

17. Puracmires. Pan. diffuse. Gl. unequal; lower much
smaller. Jl. 2—6, awnless, with silky hairs at their base ;
lower imperfect. Lower pale acuminate, much exceeding
the inner, awnless.

tt Gl. exceeding the flowers. Style short or none.

18. Psamma. Pan. spikelike. Gl. nearly equal; lower
rather the shorter. Fl. 1, with silky hairs at its base,
with a superior rudiment. Lower pale with a very short
awn.

19. CALAMAGROSTIS. Pan. diffuse. Gl. nearly equal; lower
rather the longer. Fl. 1, with silky hairs at its base, with
or without a superior rudiment. Lower pale awned.

20. Apgera. Pan. loose. Gl. membranous, acute, unarmed ;
lower the smaller. FI. 1, with hairs at its base, and a pe-
dicel-lke rudiment. Pales unequal, scarious; lower with a
long subte:minal awn.

21. Acrostis. Pan. loose. Gl. mewhranous, acute, un-
armed; wpper smaller. Fl. 1, with hairs at its base; no
rudiment. Pales unequal, scarious ; dorsal awn falling short
of the glumes, or 0.—4A. cuxina wants the inner pale.

97. GRAMINEA, 385

[22. Lacurus. Pan. spikelike. Gl. scarious, ending in a
long fringed bristle. Fl. 1, with a pedunele-like rudiment.

Lower pale ending in 2 long bristles and with a dorsal kneed
twisted awn. ]

23. Potypocon. Pan. close, spikelike. Gl. scarious, each
with a long bristle from just below the notched tip. Fl. 1.
Lower pale usually awned from just below the tip.

24. Gastripium. Pan. close, spikelike. Gl. membranous,
acute, awnless, ventricose at the base, much exceeding the

flower. FI. 1. Lower pale truncate or toothed at the end,
with or without a dorsal awn.

Tr. X. AVENEAS, Spikelets with 2 or more flowers; upper

often barren, Gl. equalling or overtopping the flowers.
Lower pale awned. Style short or 0.

25. Hoxcus. Fl. 2; lower perfect, awnless (or very rarely
awned); upper usually male, with a dorsal awn. Pales
hardening on the fruit; tip of lower entire.

26. CoryvnerHorus. Fl. 2, perfect, awned. Awn straight,
jointed in the middle; the upper portion clavate; a tuft of
hairs at the joint. Tip of lower pale entire.

27. Atra. Pan. lax. FI. 2, with or without the rudiment of
a third (sometimes perfected in A. cespitosa). Lower pale
denticulate or bifid at the tip, terete on the back. Awn

dorsal, kneed (in A. cespitosa straight). Ovary glabrous.
Fr. not crested.

28. Trisetum. Spikelets crowded. Fl. 2—6. Lower pale
keeled with faint lateral vems, ending in 2 acute teeth,
awned. Awn dorsal, kneed and twisted. Ovary glabrous.
Fr. neither crested nor furrowed.

29. Avena. Fil. 2 or more. Lower pale not keeled with
lateral veins, awned, ending in 2 points. Awn dorsal,
kneed and twisted. Ovary hairy at the top. Fr. crested
and furrowed.

30. ARRHENATHERUM. Fl. 2, with a rudiment; lower fl.
male with a long dorsal kneed and twisted awn ; upper with
ashort straight awn. Pales herbaceous, ending in 2 points.
Ovary hairy at the top. Fr......

Tr. XI. FESTUCE. Spikelets with 2 or more flowers, upper
often barren. Gl. falling short of the lowest flower. Styles
short, or 0.

8

386 97. GRAMINEH.

+ Lower pale with nearly parallel veins which do not join to
form an awn. Awn0. Styles terminal.

4 Lower pale 2—3-fid.

31. Trropra. Fl. 2—4. Lower pale rather coriaceous,
rounded on the back, bifid with an intermediate broad point.
Nut free.

44 Lower pale nearly or quite entire.

32. Kateria. Gl. unequal; upper 2—3-ribbed. Spikelet
compressed, 2—5-flowered. Lower pale keeled, acuminate,
or with a straight subterminal bristle: Nut free.

33. Mexica. Gl. nearly equal, with lateral ribs, nearly as long
as the ovate spikelet consisting of 1 or 2 flowers rounded
on the back and a clublike rudiment. Pales hardening on
the free nut.

34. Mournta. Gl. unequal, without lateral ribs, fallmg short
of the lanceolate spikelet of 2 or 3 semicylindrical flowers
and a subulate rudiment. Pales hardening on the free nut.

35. Poa. Gl. rather unequal. Lower pale 3—5-veined,
membranous below, scarious at the tip, compressed, keeled.

36. Guyceria. Gl. unequal, submembranous. Lower pale
with 5—7 strong prominent ribs and a scarious margin, sub-
cylindrical.

37. SctpRocHLOoA. Gl. unequal, membranous. Lower pale

with 5 faint veins, membranous, cylindrical below, often
keeled at the tip or with a very minute mucro.

38. Briza. Gl. nearly equal, broad, 3-ribbed. FI. 3—8,
densely imbricated in a short distichous spikelet. Lower
pale boatshaped, heartshaped, obtuse, rounded on the back.
Gl. and pales membranous with a scarious margin. Fr. free.
—Lower pale with 7—9 faint veins.

444 Lower pale truncate and erose-denticulate.

39. CaTaBrosa. Gl. unequal, very short, l-veined. Flowers
usually 2, rounded on the back, distant. Lower pale mem-
branous, with 3 veins ending in teeth which do not quite
extend to the edge of the scarious margin. Upper gl. often
with 2 short and faint lateral veins.

tt Lower pale with converging veins, all or 1—3 of which
combine in the awn.

40. Cynosurus. Gl. nearly equal, scarious, strongly keeled,

97. GRAMINES. 387

1- or more flowered. Lower pale rounded on the back w.th
a terminal bristle. Each spikelet with a pectinated bract at
its base. Panicle spicate, l-sided. Nut closely coated witn
the pales.

41. Dactyuis. Gil. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered ;
lower keeled. Lower pale compressed, keeled, 5-veined ;
dorsal vein frmged and excurrent just below the tip as a
short awn. Spikelets crowded, subsecund.

L
42. Festuca. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered.
Lower pale rounded on the back, very acute, or with the
dorsal vein excurrent at or just below the tip as a short
awn ; lateral veins slightly converging and vanishing below
the tip. Upper pale minutely ciliated on the ribs. Styles
terminal,—Rachis with acute angles. Sheaths of the leaves

divided to the base.

43. Bromus. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered ; lower
l-veined, upper 3—5-veined. FI. lanceolate, compressed.
Lower pale with a long awn, (usually) founded on 3 veins,
from below the tip. Styles below the top of the fruit.—
Sheaths of the 1. divided half-way down.

44. Serraraucus. Gl. unequal, herbaceous, many-flowered,
lower 3—5-veined, upper 7—9-veined. F |. oblong, turgid.
Lower pale with a short awn, (usually) founded on 3 veins,
from below the tip. Styles below the top of the fruit.—
Sheaths of the 1. scarcely divided half-way down. Spike-
lets narrower upwards.

Tr. XII. HORDEIEZ. Spikelets solitary or 2 or 3 together,
subsessile on opposite sides of a channeled and toothed-
jointed rachis. Uppermost fl. often barren. Style very
short. (Lateral spikelets often stalked in Hordeum.)

+ Spikelets very shortly stalked or subsessile.

45. Bracuypopium. Spikelets solitary. Gl. opposite, un-
equal, many-flowered, their sides towards the rachis. Upper
pale coarsely frimged on the ribs.—The unequal gl. distin-
guish this from Triticum.

Tt Spikelets quite sessile.
a 4 Glumes 2.

46. Tririctm. Spikelets solitary. Gl. opposite, nearly
equal, many-flowered, their sides towards the rachis. Inner
pale minutely ciliate on the ribs.

47. Exymus. Spikelets 2 or 3 together. Gi. 2, both on the
s2

388 97. GRAMINEX.

same side of the spikelet, without awns or bristles, with 2 or
more perfect flowers.

48. Horpeum. Spikelets in threes, often partially barren.
Gi. 2, ending in long bristles ; 1 perfect flower and a stalk-
like rudiment.

49. Lerrurus. Spikelets solitary, imbedded ‘alternately on
opposite sides of the rachis. Gl. 1—2, opposite to the
rachis, cartilaginous, covering the 1 fl. and superior rudi-
ment. Pales scarious. Stigmas feathery.

4, Glume solitary, bractlike, or the upper very small.

50. Loxium. Spikelets solitary, placed edgewise on the rachis.
Gl. solitary, or that next the rachis very small, with 3 or
more flowers.

Suborder J. Clsanthea. Tribe I. Panicee.

1. Dierrarta Scop.

[1. D. sanguinalis (Scop.); 1. and sheaths hairy, fl. oblong-
lanceolate glabrous with downy margins (?).—E. B. 849. P.70.
—St. ascending, a foot long.—Not a native. A. VIII] E.

2. D. humifusa (Pers.); 1. and sheaths glabrous, fl. elliptical
downy with glabrous veins.—E. B. 8.2613. P.71.—St. mostly
procumbent, 4—8 in. long. Spikes usually 3 or 4, springing
trom nearly the same point. Spikelets in pairs, one on a longer
stalk than the other.—Sandy fields, rare. A. VII. VIII. E.

2. Ecutnocutoa Pal. de Beauv.

(1. E. Crus-galli (Beauv.); spikes alternate or opposite, spike-
lets near together, upper gl. and sterile floret awned or mucro-
nate hispid, rachis hispid.—Z. B. 876. P.67. Panicum Sm.
Oplismenus Kunth.—A strong coarse grass; found occasionally
on cultivated land. Near London. A. VII.]

3. Seraria Pal. de Beauv.

1. S. viridis (Beauv.) ; pan. spikelike, involucral bristles with
forward teeth, lower pale smooth.—Panicum Sm., E. B. 875.
P. 68.—London and Norwich. A. VII. VIII. E.

(2. S. verticillata (Beauv.); pan. spikelike, involucral bristles
with declining teeth, lower pale smooth.—Panicum Sm., E. B.

874. P.69.—London and Norwich. A. VII. VIII.) E.

CYNODON.—PHALARIS. 389

[3. S. glauca (Beauv.); pan. spikelike, involucral bristles
with ascending teeth, pales transversely rugose.—Weybridge,
Surrey. Mr. Borrer. A. IX.] .

Tribe II. Chloridee.

4. Crynopon Rich.

1. C. Dactylon (Pers.); spikes 3—5 digitate, pales smooth
edges and keel slightly ciliate, 1. downy beneath, barren shoots
prostrate.—E. B. 850. P.72.—Creeping. Flowering st. 4—6
mn. high, ending in a cluster of spreading many-fl, slender spikes.
Spikelets purplish. L. on the long branched barren shoots flat,
spreading; on the others usually folded.—Sandy shores. Dorset.
Devon. Cornwall, P. VIII.

5. Spartina Schreb.

1. S. stricta (Roth); 1. jointed to their sheaths falling short
of the spikes, spikes 2—3, rachis scarcely extending heyond the
last spikelet, outer gl. hairy.—E. B. 380.—St. 1—2 feet high.
L. narrowing to the base where they easily separate from their
sheaths. Spikes pressed close together. A remarkably rigid
plant.—Muddy salt marshes. P. VIII. E.

2. S. alterniflora (Loisel.) ; 1. continuous with their sheaths
equalling or exceeding the spikes, spikes many, rachis produced
beyond the spikelets and flexuose, outer gl. glabrous.—E. B. S.
2812. P.75.—St. 2—3 feet high. L. broadest at the base and
not separating from their sheaths more easily than at any other
part. Spikes pressed close together.—Mud-flats in the river
Ttchin at Southampton. P. VIII. E.

6. Kwappra Sm.

1. K. agrostidea (Sm.).—E. B.1127. P.73. Sturmia minima
Hoppe in St. 7.1. Chamagrostis Koch. Mibora verna R.—An
elegant but very small grass. Root small, fibrous. St. many.
L. short, rough. Spikes slender; spikelets 5—10, sessile. Pale
shorter than the glumes, hairy, truncate, ragged. Mibora
(Adans.) is the oldest name, but I have thought it better to fol-
low Smith.—Sandy maritime pastures, rare. A.III—V. E.

Tribe III. Phalaridee.

7. Puauaris Linn. Canary-grass.

*], P. canariensis (L.); pan. ovate spikelike, gl. winged on

390 97. GRAMINE-E.

the keel, wing entire, rudimentary fl. 2 half as long as the fertile
fl., pales pilose—E. B. 1310. P. 9.—St. 1—2 feet high, termi-
nating in a compact compound panicle. Gl. large, pale yellow
variegated with green lines and remarkably winged at the back.
—Searcely naturalized. A. VII. True Canary-grass.

[P. paradoxa (L.); pan. spikelike, gl. of fertile fl. with a
blunt toothed wing on the keel many-veined, rudimentary fl.
several much shorter.—St. decumbent below, then ascending,
1—3 ft. high, branched. Lower part of pan. usually barren ;
branches with about 6 spikes.—Swanage, Dorset. A. VII.] E.

2. P. arundinacea (L.); pan. upright with spreading branches,
fi. clustered, gl. not winged, rudimentary fl. 1 or 2 small hairy.
—E. B, 402. P. 9.—St. 4—5 feet high. Root creeping. Pan.
3—4 in, long. Gl. keeled. L. sometimes variegated with white
lines.—By water. P. VI. VII.

8. Anrnoxantuum Linn. Vernal-grass.

1. A. odoratum (L.); pan. spikelike oblong compound, gl.
about as long as the awns.—E. B. 647. P. 8.—About a foot
high. Spike lanceolate, dense, or rather interrupted below.—
Very common in pastures. P. V. VI.

9. HirrocHLoe Gmel. Holy-grass.

1. H. borealis (R. and 8.); pan. divaricate, pedicels glabrous,
fl. awnless, 1. flat, root creepmg.—E. B. 8.2641. P.31.—About
a foot high. Spikelets ovate, brown.—Glen Kella or Cally, For-
farshire. Mr.G.Don. Thurso, Caithness. Mr. R. Dick. P. VII. S.

Tribe IV. Phleinee.

10. Puteum Linn. Cat’s-tail-grass.

1. P. asperum (Jacq.); pan. cylindrical, gl. wedgeshaped
truncate swelling upwards, keels rough, rudimentary #1. subulate.
—E, B. 1077. St. 26. 5. P. 79.—St. often branched, leafy
almost up to the panicle. Lower pale entire, not awned.—Dry
open fields, rare. A. VII. E

2. P. Boehmeri (Wibel) ; pan. cylindrical, gi. linear-lanceolate
obliquely truncate mucronate, keel ciliate above, rudimentary fi.
subulate—Z. B. 459. P. 80.—St. leafy below, the upper half
naked, with sterile leafy shoots. Lower pale entire, not awned.
—Dry chalky fields, rare. P. VIL. E.

(3. P. Michelit (All.); pan. nearly cylindrical, gi. lanceolate

ALOPRCURUS. 391

acuminate, keel ciliate throughout. — E. B. 2265. P. 7.—St.
with sterile leafy shoots.—On the rocky parts of the Clova
mountains. Mr.G. Don. P. VIL. VIII.] 8.

4. P. arenarium (L.); pan. oblong somewhat narrowed below,
gl. lanceolate acuminate, keel ciliate above, rudimentary fl. sub-
ulate minute.—E. B. 222. St. 29.1. P. 7.—St. varying greatly
in height. Sheaths inflated. Lower pale notched at the summit,
3 the length of the glumes. “Stigma very short.”—Sandy
places near the sea. A. VI.

5. P. pratense (L.) ; pan. cylindrical, gl. oblong truncate with
an awn of less than half their length, keel ciliate above, no
rudimentary flower.—E. B. 1076. P.77 and 78.—Root slightly
creeping, in dry places rather tuberous (P. nodosum L.). Pan.
1—6d in. long. Awns sometimes longer. Lower pale jagged at
the summit.—Meadows and pastures. P. VI. Timothy-grass.

6. P. alpinum (L.); pan. oblong, gl. truncate glabrous ciliate
on the back with a scabrous awn of nearly their length, keel
ciliate, upper sheath inflated.—Z. B. 519. P. 6.—Root some-
what creeping. St. 6—12 in. high. Our plant is the P. com-
mutatum (Gaud.) and differs from the true P. alpinum by its
shorter panicle, not ciliate awn, much inflated upper sheath
and short blunt upper ligule.—Wet alpine moors at an elevation
of 2500—3500 feet. P. VII.

11. Atopecurus Linn. Fox-tail-grass.

1. A. pratensis (L.); st. erect smooth, pan. cylindrical obtuse,
gl. acute connected below ciliate downy, pale equalling the
glumes, awn projecting more than half its own length beyond the
pale.—E. B. 759. St. 8.1. P. 4.—Root fibrous, scarcely
creeping. St. 1—3 feet high. In salt marshes the base of the
st. becomes fleshy and the plant may be taken for A. bulbosus.
Upper sheath slightly inflated. Ligule short, obtuse. Spike
1—3 in. long, branches 4—6-flowered. Anth. yellow. Styles
combined.—Rich pastures. P. IV.—VI.

2. A. alpinus (Sm.); st. erect smooth, pan. oblong, glumes
acute connected below hairy, pale equalling the glumes, awn pro-
jecting 3 of its length beyond the pale—E. B. 1126. P. 4.—
Root somewhat creeping. St. decumbent at the base, then erect,
9—12 in. high. Ligule short, obtuse. Uppermost 1. usually
(not always) short and broad, 4 of the length of its inflated sheath.
Awn from about the middle of pale, sometimes wanting. Styles
combined. Spike not exceeding an inch in length ; silky branches
4—6-flowered.—On mountains at an elevation of 2500—3500
feet. Loch-na-Gar. Ben Lawers. Clova. P. VII. s.

392 97. GRAMINES.

3. A. geniculatus (L.); st. ascending bent at the knots smooth,
pan. cylindrical, gl. obtuse connected below ciliate rather ex-
ceeding the pale, awn from near the base of the pale and pro-
jecting half its length beyond it, anth. linear —E. B. 1250. P. 5.
—Root fibrous. St. about a foot long, branching below. Knots
generally (in dry places) oval and fleshy. Upper sheath inflated.
Ligule oblong. Gl. membranous at the top except the midrib,
often villose or hairy below. Pale when laid open oblong, obtuse,
slightly notched. Anth. ultimately violet-yellow. Styles mostly
combined. Spikes 1—2 in. long.—Wet places. P. VI. VII.

4. A. fulvus (Sm.); st. ascending bent at the knots smooth,
pan. cylmdrical, glumes connected below ciliate rather falling
short of the pale, awn from just below the middle of the pale and
scarcely extending beyond it, anth. short and broad.—E. B. 1467.
P. 5.—St. 1—2 feet long, procumbent below. Ligule oblong.
Spikes 2—3 in. long. Anth. at first white, afterwards orange-
coloured.—Wet margins of ponds. P. VI.—IX. E. 8.

5. A. bulbosus (L.); st. smooth, pan. cylindrical acuminate,
gl. distinct abruptly acute downy exceeding the pale, awn froin
near the base of the pale and projecting half its length beyond it.
—-E. B, 1249, P.76.—St. 1 foot long, ascending or decumbent,
in acircular tuft, kneed, the lowermost knots forming ovate fleshy
knobs. Upper sheath inflated. Lignle oblune. Pale when laid
open truncate, emarginate, with 2 small teeth m the middle.
Styles combined. Pan. about 1 in. long, less decidedly racemose
than in our other species; pedicels usually 1-flowered.—Salt
marshes in the south, rare. P. VI.

6. A. agrestis (L.); st. erect scabrous upwards, pan. tapering
slender, gl. acute connected below nearly glabrous, awn from
near the base of the pale and projecting half its length beyond
it—E. B. 848. P. 3.—St. 1—2 feet high, slender. Sheaths
roughish. Ligule prominent, obtuse. Gl. glabrous, but with a
row of fine short cilia on the back. Styles combined.—A very
troublesome weed. A. IV.—XI. i. 8.?

Tribe V. Sesleriee.

12. Sesterra Scop. Moor-grass.

1. S. cerulea (Scop.); raceme ovate slightly 1-sided, outer
pale ending in 4 teeth, midrib rough with a short excurrent
point, 1. abrupt with a minute rough point.—#. B.1613. P. 27.
—R oots tufted. St. 6—12 in. high. Raceme about half an in.
long’ bluish-purple. Anth. purple-tipped. Stigmas very long,
linear.—Mountaims. Banks of the Shannon, I. P. IV. V.

NARDUS.—PHRAGMITES. 393

Tribe VI. Nardee.

13. Narpus Linn. Mat-grass.

1. N. stricta (L.).—E. B. 290. P. 2.—Tufted. St. and 1.
erect, slender, rigid. Height 5—8 in. Spike close, slender.
Lower pale with a short rough awn, coriaceous, often purplish ;
upper membranous.— Moors and heaths. P. VII.

Suborder II. Euryanthee. Tribe VII. Oryzee.

14. Lerrsta Soland.

1. L. oryzoides (Sw.); pan. patent with wavy branches,
spikelets 3-androus half-oval, keel ciliate. — E. B. S. 2608. —
Creeping. St. 1—2 ft. high. L. broad, rough-edged ; upper-
most horizontal at the flowering season. Pan. rarely, if ever,
protruded in this country, mostly inclosed in the sheath of
the uppermost leaf—Marsh-ditches in Sussex, Surrey and
Hampshire. P. VIII. IX. E.

Tribe VIII. Stipacee.

15. Stipa Linn. Feather-grass.

[1. S. pennata (L.); awn very long twisted feathery its base
glabrous.— E. B. 1356.—A beautiful plant with remarkably long
awns, common in gardens.—Long Sleadale, Westm. Dillenius.
P. VI.] E.

16. Minium Linn. Millet-grass.

1. M. effusum (L.); pan. diffuse, pales acute, st. smooth, |.
Janceolate-linear—H. B. 1106. P. 17.—Stoloniferous. St.
3—4 feet high. Branches of the panicle long, im distant
alternate tufts, in flower horizontal, afterwards deflexed.—
Damp shady woods. P. VI.

Tribe IX. Agrostidee.

17. Paragmites Trin. Reed.

1. P. communis (Trin.) ; pan. diffuse, spikelets 3—5-flowered,
fl. exceeding the glumes.—drundo Sm., E. B. 401. P. 29.—
St. 5—6 feet high, erect. Pan. large, purplish. L. flat, broad.

s5

394 97. GRAMINES.

Stoloniferous; stoles rarely aérial, 20—40 ft. long (Phytol. 1.
146).—Marshes. P. VIII.

18. Psamma Pal. de Beauv. Marram.

1. P. arenaria (R. and §.); pan. cylindrical thickest at the
middle, gl. and pales linear-lanceolate acute, lower pale 5-ribbed,
hairs 3 of the length of the pales.—Arundo Sm., E. B. 520.
Ammophila &. P.8.—St. erect, stiff, 2—3 feet high. L. ngid,
involute, acute, glaucous. Panicle straw-coloured.—The name
of Ammophila was given to a genus of Hymenopterous insects
by Kirby in 1798.—Sandy sea-shore, binding the shifting sands.
P. VO.

19. CauamaGrostis ddans. Small-reed.

1. C. lanceolata (Roth); pan. loose erect, awn very short
from the bottom of the notch of the lower pale and scarcely
extending beyond it, hairs longer than the pales, no rudimentary
fl.—P. 84.—Arundo Calamagrostis E. B. 2519.—St. slender,
3—4 feet high.—Wet places, rare. P. VII. E.

2. C. Epigejos (Roth); pan. rather close lobed, straight awn
from about the middle of the lower pale, hairs longer than the
pales, no rudimentary fl.—£. B. 403. P. 16.—St. 3—5 feet
high.—Damp shady places. P. VII.

3. C. stricta (Nutt.) ; pan. close, gl. lanceolate rough on the
keel one (at least) 3-ribbed, lower pale nearly as long as the
upper gl. deeply notched at the top longer than the hairs, straight
awn from below the middle of the pale and scarcely extending
beyond it, a rudimentary flower, 1. of the barren shoots slender.—
E. B. 2160.—St. erect, 2—3 ft. high. L. broad; on the barren
shoots much narrower. Uppermost ligule short, biunt; longer and
acute in the Irish plant, which has shorter pan.-branches.—Bogs.
Formerly found near Forfar. Oakmere, Cheshire. Lough Neagh.
P. VI. VII.

(C. lapponica (Wahl.). “In Scotia adest forma nostra pl.
valde similis.” Anders. 88. I cannot learn anything about this.]

20. Aprra Adans. Wind-grass.

1. A. Spica-venti (Beauv.); pan. spreading, anth. linear-
oblong.— Agrostis Sm., E. B. 951. Anemagrostis (Trin.) P. 17.
—St. 1—2 feet high. Tan. very light and elegant; branches
spreading horizontally with flowers. Awn 3 or 4 times exceed-
ing the pale. Rudimentary fl. pedicelliform. A tuft of hair on
each side of the inner pale.—iandy fields, rare. A. VI. VII.

E. 8.

AGROSTIS, 395

2. A. interrupia (Beauv.); pan. close, anth. oval.—E. B. 8.
2951.—St. 1—2 ft. high. Pan.-branches dividing from their
base, never spreading. Awn 3 or 4 times exceeding the pale.—
Sandy fields. Pampisford and Chippenham, Cambridgeshire.
Thetford, Suffolk. A. VI. VIL. E.

21. Acrostis Linn. Bent-grass.

1. A. setacea (Curt.); panicle close oblong, branches and
pedicels scabrous, gl. unequal acute, lower pale erose at the top
4-ribbed, lateral ribs terminating in short sete, kneed and
twisted awn from the base of the pale and twice its length, J.
setaceous, sheaths rough, ligule oblong acute.—E. B. 1188. P.
83.—Root tufted. L. short, involute, almost capillary. Pan.-
branches short. Midrib of lower glume scabrous in its upper
half, slightly excurrent. Upper pale very minute, a tuft of hairs
at its base.—Dry heaths in the south-west. P, VII. E.

2. A. canina (L.); pan. spreading when in flower otherwise
close, branches and pedicels scabrous, gl. unequal acute, lower
pale erose at the top 4-ribbed, kneed and twisted awn from
below the middle of and exceeding the pale, lower 1. setaceous
tufted, stem-l. narrow, sheaths smooth, ligule oblong acute.—
E. B. 1856. P. 15.—Trailing leafy shoots. St. decumbent
below, then erect. LL. narrow; radical involute. Pan.-branches
long, slender. Fl. green or purplish. Lower gl. not erose at
the top; midrib scabrous from rather below the middle. Upper
pale 0, or very minute. Awn sometimes very short or rarely
absent.—Peaty heaths. P. VII. VIII.

3, A. vulgaris (With.); pan. spreading during and after
flowering, gl. nearly equal, lower toothed on the upper part of
the keel, ligule short truncate—E. B. 1671. P. 12. 13.—St.
long, ascending or decumbent below and rooting at the knots,
sometimes with long prostrate stoles. Sheaths mostly smooth.
Pedicels toothed. Fl. rarely awned.—8. A. pumila (Lightf.) ;
cexspitose, st. 2—3 in, high, fl. often awned usually infested with
smut.—Rather dry places. P. VIE. |

4. A. alba (L.); pan. compact after flowering, glumes nearly
equal, lower toothed throughout its keel, ligule long acute.—
E. B. 1189. P. 13. 14.—St. procumbent and rootimg below,
then erect, often with long prostrate stoles. Sheaths roughish.
Pan. spreading with flowers, afterwards close. Pedicels very
much toothed. Florets rarely awned.—8. maritima; st. pro-
cumbent, rooting at the knots, panicle lobed. HE. B. 1532.—
Fields, &c. 8. Sea-sands. P. VII

396 97. GRAMINEA.

22. Lacurus Linn. Hare’s-tail-grass.

[l. L. ovatus (L.).—E. B. 1334. P. 88.—St. 4—12 in. high.
L. broad, lanceolate. Spikes ovate, soft, with long protruded
awns.—Sandy places in Guernsey. A. VI. VIL]

23. Potypocon Desf.

1. P. monspeliensis (Desf.) ; awns more than twice as long as
the rather obtuse glumes.— FE. B. 1704. P. 11.—Root fibrous.
St.a foot or more high. Pan. dense, lobed, pale, silky, often
2 in, long. Gl. linear, hairy. A most beautiful grass.—Salt
marshes. A. VI. VIL. E. 8.

2. P. littoralis (Sm.); awns as long as the acute glumes.—
E. B. 125). P. 81. R. vii. 75.—Somewhat creeping. St. a foot
or more high. Pan. close, lobed, purplish. Gl. linear-lanceo-
late.—Muddy salt marshes, rare. P. VI. VII. E.

24. Gasrripium Pal. de Beauv.

1. G. lendigerum (Gaud.) ; gl. lanceolate acuminate, lower pale
awned, awn rather exceeding the glumes.—E. B. 1107. P. 86.
—St.3—12in. high. L. roughish at the edges. Ligule oblong.
Pan. close, almost spiked, lobed. Gl. remarkably ventricose
and shining at the base. Pales very small.—Damp places espe-
cially near the sea, rare. P. VI.—IX.

be

Tribe X. Avenee.

25. Hoxcus Linn. Soft-grass.

1. H. lanatus (L.); upper gl. obtuse apiculate, awn smooth
except near the tip.—E. B.1169. P.21.—Root fibrous. Height
1—2 feet. Knots not hairy. St. and 1. villose. Inflorescence
panicled, often pinkish. Gl. rough. Lower fl. awnless. Awn
at length curved like a fish-hook and included within the glumes,
quite smooth or slightly rough at the point.--Meadows and
pastures. P. VII.

2. H. mollis (L.); upper gl. acute, awn rough throughout.—
E. B.1170. P. 21, 22.—Creeping. Height ]—2 feet. Knots
of st. usually hairy. St. and |. subglabrous or slightly hairy.
Inflorescence not so compact as in the preceding, whitish. GI.
smooth. Lower fl. awnless. Awn at length kneed, protruding
beyond the glumes. Sometimes the lower fl. has an awn; rarely
the upper is perfect. Occasionally the spikelets are much
smaller and the plant only 12—18 in. high—Thickets or open
places on a light soil. P. VII.

CORYNEPHORUS.—AIRA. 397

26. Corynepuorus Pal. de Beauv.

1. C. canescens (Beauv.); pan. rather dense long, gl. exceed-
ing the fl. acuminate, awn from near the base of the pale, |. seta-
ceous. — Aira Sm., FE. B. 1190. P. 110. — St. tufted, slender,
6—8 in. high. L. many. Pan. close, spreading with flowers ;
branches short. Spikelets variegated with purple and white.
Anth. dark purple. Lower portion of the awn dark yellow,
straight, cylindrical, longitudinally striated and slightly twisted ;
upper part clavate, white tinged with purple.—Sandy coasts of

orf., Suff., and Jersey. P. VI. VIL. E.

27. Atra Linn. Hair-grass.
* Lower pale truncate, jagged. Nut frec, not furrowed on the back.
+ Awn straight. Descuampsia Beauv.

1. A. cespitosa (L.); pan. spreading, 1. flat, gf. slightly rough
at the midrib, awn from below the middle of the pale and scarcely
extending beyond its tip. B. 1453. P. 23.—Root tufted.
St. 1—4 feet high. L. rigid, roughish ; their margins involute
when dry. Pan.-branches rough. Lower pale with 4 veins in
addition to that which ends in the rough awn. Rudiment of
third fl. often scarcely, if at all, distinguishable; or, half the
length of the upper fl. and somewhat clavate.—f. brevifolia
(Parn.); radical 1. short, sheaths and st. smooth, panicle small.
P. 106. Viviparous states are often called A. alpina; they
produce stoles and sometimes have the awn from the upper part
of the pale.—y. longiaristata (Parn.); awns exceeding the fl.,
sheaths rough. | P. 105. — Meadows, thickets, &e. 8. and y.
Mountains. P. VII.

+t Awn bent, twisted at the base.

2. A. alpina (L.); pan. close, 1. mostly involute, gl. smooth
on midrib, awn from above the middle of the pale and scarcely
extending beyond its tip.--E. B. 2102. P. 23.—Height 6—12
in. L. narrow, rigid, roughish on the upper surface. Pan.-
branches quite or nearly smooth; lower lax; upper erect. Fl.
often viviparous.—Tops of Highland mountains. P. VUI. 8.

3. A. flecuosa (L.); pan. spreading triply forked with wavy
branches, 1. very narrow subsetaceous, awn from near the base of
the pale and extending considerably beyond its tip, pedicel of the
second fi. less than 4 of its length, ligule truncate —£. B. 1519.
P. 107.—St. erect, slender, about a foot high. L. solid, nearly
terete. Upper sheaths rough from above downwards. Lower
pale notched at the tip.—Heathy places. P. VII.

398 97. GRAMINE.

** Tower pale bifid. Nut adnate to the pales, “ furrowed on

the back.” Atropsis Fries.

4. A. caryophyllea (L.); pan. spreading triply forked, spike-
lets rounded below, awn from below the middle of the pale and
extending considerably beyond its attenuate deeply bifid tip.—
E. B. 812. P. 24, Avena Koch.—St. 6—]2 in. high. L. short
and narrow. Sheaths roughish from below upwards. Spikelets
small, rounded below, chiefly collected at the ends of the
branches; no rudiment of a third floret.—Dry gravelly places.
A. VI.

5. A. precox (L.); pan. spikelike oblong, spikelets scarcely
rounded below, awn from below the middle usually near the base
of the pale and extending considerably beyond its attenuate
deeply bifid tip.—#. B. 1296. P. 25. Avena Koch.—Height
1—6 in. Pan. close, oval or oblong. No rudiment of a third
floret. L. very narrow.—Dry and sandy places. A. IV. V.

28. Triserum Pers.

1. T. flavescens (Beauv.); pan. much branched diffuse equal,
gl. very unequal about 3-flowered.—P. 54. Avena Sm., E. B.
952.—St. about a foot high. Radical 1. and sheaths hairy.
Spikelets yellowish. Upper gl. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate.
Floral axis hairy, hairs short.—Fields. P. VII.

[T. subspicatum (Fr.); pan. spikelike ovate-cylindrical dense.
“Jn alpibus Anglie.” Anders. 69. Should be looked for. I
cannot obtain information from Sweden. |

29. Avena Linn. Oat.

* Upper gl. 5—9-veined. Swikelets ultimately drooping. Root
annual. No lateral clusters of leaves.

1. A. fatua (L.); pan. erect, spikelets of about 3 f1., fl. falling
short of the gl. hairy at the base, lower pele bifid at the end.—
£. B. 2221. P. 27.—Height 3 feet. Vl. with long fulvous hairs
at their base by which it may be distinguished from A. sativa,
the cultivated Oat—Corn-fields. A. VII. Wild Oat.

2. A. strigosa (Schreb.); pan. secund, spikelets of about 2 fl.
fl. equalling the gl., lower pale ending in 2 long straight bristles.
—E. B.1266. P.26. —Height 3 feet. Very like A. sativa, but
readily distinguished by the bristles at the end of the fl—Corn-
fields. A. VII.

** Upper gl. 3-veined. Spikelets erect. Root perennial.
Lateral clusters of 1. barren.

3. A. pratensis (L.); pan. erect with simple or slightly divided

ARRHENATHERUM.—KQ@LERIA. 399

branches, fl. erect 3—6 exceeding the glumes, 1. scabrous.—
E. B. 1204. P, 52.—Height nearly 2 feet. St. usually nearly
round. L. usually short, narrow, acute. Pan.-branches usually
simple with only one spikelet.—. longifolia (Parn.); 1. much
longer.—y. alpina; st. often compressed and sheaths keeled,
pan.-branches often with several spikelets, spikelet with more fl.,
upper pale less acute, 1. broader. I believe that none of these
characters are permanent. HE. B.2141. P. 53.—A. planiculmis
of E. B. S, 2684 appears to belong to this species, differing in
its greatly compressed st., strongly keeled sheaths and more
branched panicle. In a. and 8. the lowest fl. sometimes slightly
falls short of the longer gl., in y. exceeds it.—Dry pastures and
mountainous places. P. VI.

4. A. pubescens (L.); pau. erect nearly simple, fl. erect 2 or
3 scarcely exceeding the glumes, lower /. and sheaths hairy.—
E. B. 1640. P. 53,—Height 1—2 feet. L. short, rounded behind
the tip.—Chalky and limestone districts. P. VII.

30. ArrurenatueruM Pal. de Beauv. Oat-grass.

1. A. avenaceum (Beauv.); 1. flat.—Holcus Sm., #. B. 813.
P. 25.—Weight 2—3 feet. Root fibrous. Knots of the st. gla-
brous, sometimes downy. Pan. long, ultimately close. Spike-
lets greenish.—B. A. bulbosum (Lindl.); base of the st. with
swollen knobs, knots downy. P. 26.—Hedges and pastures.
PVG

Tribe XI. Festucee.
31. Trrop1a R. Br. Heath-grass.

1. T. decumbens (Beauv.); pan. racemose, spikelets few oval,
fi. about 4 scarcely extending beyond the glumes without awns.
—E. B.792. P. 30.—St. 6—12 in. high. L. flat. Sheaths
rather hairy. Ligule a tuft of hairs. Spikelets few, 1—7. GL.
smooth, coriaceous, hiding the fl. Lower pale with 3 points,
5-ribbed, hairy at the base——Mountain pastures. P. VII.

32, Kaxzria Pers. Crested Hair-grass.

]. K. cristata (Pers.); pan. compact spikelike interrupted
below, lower pale acute, |. narrow rough at the edges ciliate.—
Aira Sm., E. B. 648. P. 19.—Root crowned with the undivided
sheaths of the old leaves. St. 6—i8 in. high, downy particularly
in the upper part. L., gl. and pales downy or glabrous. Gl.
finely toothed on the keel. Lower pale finely toothed on the
midrib. Sometimes the 1. become convolute. In dry places the
1. are much shorter than the st.,in damper places long and often

400 97. GRAMINLA.

nearly equalling the stem.—Dry pastures. A large form on Ben
Bulben, Co. Shgo. P. VI. VII.

33. Merxica Linn. Melic.

1. AM. uniflora (Retz); pan., branched slightly drooping, spike-
lets erect with | perfect glabrous fl., 1. flat, ligule short obtuse
with a slender acuminate lobe on one side.—E. B. 1058. P. 18.
—Shady and rocky woods. P. VI.

2. M. nutans (L.); pan. a nearly simple lax secund raceme,
spikelets drooping with 2 perfect glabrous fl., 1. flat, ligule short
obtuse.—E. B. 1059. P. 18.—Damp shady woods in hilly di-
stricts. P. V. VI. :

34. Mouinta Schrank.

1. AZ. ce@rulea (Moench); pan. erect long narrow, spikelets
1—3-f1., lower pale 3- (rarely 5-) veined awnless, upper part of
the st. naked.— E. B. 750. P. 20.—St. 1—2 feet high, with only
one knot placed near to its base. L. long, linear, attenuate, all
from near the hase of the stem. Panicle purplish, close.—8. A.
depauperata (Lindl.); spikelets 1-1. few, outer pale often 5-
veined. P.19.—y. major; pan.-branches long, spikelets distant
of about 3 f1., st. 3—4 feet high.—Wet heaths. 8. Alpine places.
P. VII. VIII.

35. Poa Linn. Meadow-grass.

* Root fibrous, annual; no stoles. Base of stem sometimes pro-
strate and rooting. Pan.-branches solitary or in pairs.

1. P. annua‘ L.); pan. spreading erect with a triangular out-
line, spikelets ovate-oblong of 5 or 6 free fl., lower pale with 5
veins all more oy less silky, upper sheath longer than its leaf,
ligule oblong acute.—E. B. 1141. P. 40, 41.—8t. ascending or
prostrate. L. flaccid, often wavy, broad. Spikelets subsecund
with patent or divaricate branches.—f. supina; lower pale gla-
brous or with a very few hairs on the midrib, pan.-branches
erect-patent, 1. narrow.—Very common. A. II].—X.

** Root fibrous, perennial; no stoles.
Pp

+ Lower pan.-branches solitary or in pairs. Dorsal and mar-
ginal veins of the lower pale hairy.

2. P. bulbosa (L.); pan. close erect, spikelets ovate of 3 or 4
acute webbed fl., lower pale with 3 silky veins, upper sheath
below the middle of the st. much longer than its leaf, ligule
prominent acute.—E. B.1071. P. 89.—Root fibrous. Base of

POA. 401

the st. and offsets swollen bulblike. L. with a narrow white
serrate edge. The st. soon wither and the bulbs lie loose until
the autumn.—Sandy sea-shores of the south and east. P. IV.

E.

3. P. minor (Gaud.); pan. oblong subovate, spikelets of 3 or
4 webbed fi., lower pale with 5 veins but only 3 hairy, upper
sheath longer than its leaf which is folded and slightly incurved
but tapering at the tip, uppermost knot covered, upper ligule
long acute, lower ones short rather blunt.— P. fleruosa Sm., E. B.
1123.? not of others.—Root fibrous. St. 6—8 in. high. Fl.
often viviparous.—Lofty mountains. Loch-na-Gar. Ben Nevis.
P. VIL. VII.

4. P. laa (Haenke !); pan. lax slightly drooping, spikelets
oblong-ovate of 3 free fl., lower pule with 3 hairy veins, upper
sheath longer than its leaf which is flat and taper-pointed,
uppermost knot covered, ligules all long acute——P. 38.—Root
fibrous, St. 6—12 in. high. Fl. often viviparous.—Lofty moun-
tains. Ben Nevis. Loch-na-Gar. P. VII. VIII. Ss.

5. P. alpina(L.); pan. erect spreading when in flower, spike-
lets ovate of 3 or 4 free fl., lower pale with 3 hairy veins, upper
sheath longer than its leaf which is folded and rounded behind
the tip, uppermost knot exposed, ligule long pointed.—F. B.
1003. P. 37 and 94.—Root fibrous, tufted. St. 6—12 in. high,
basal sheaths common to it and the tuft of leaves. Fl. often
viviparous.— Lofty mountains. P. VI. VII.

6. P. césia (Sm.); pan. erect slender, spikelets ovate of 2—5
acute free tl., dower pale with 5 veins but only 3 hairy, upper
sheath about as long as its leaf which is folded and slightly im-
curved but tapering at the tip, uppermost Anot near to the base of
the stem, ligule obtuse. — Root fibrous. St. 6—12 in, high.
Lowest fl. longer than the large glume.—a. cesia ; spikelets of
4 or 5 fl., pan. rather spreading. P. cesia Sm., E. B. 1719.
P. 40.—8. glauca; spikelets of 2 or 3 fl., pan. rather close, 1.
broader.—Mountains. a. Ben Lawers. Clova. 8. Ben Nevis.
Snowdon. P. VII. E, 8.

+t Lower pan.-branches in fives or 2 or 3 together. Dorsal
and marginal veins of the lower pale hairy.

7. P. nemoralis (L.); pan. rather drooping slender, spikelets
ovate-lanceolate of 3 or 4 webbed fl., lower pale with 5 veins but
only 3 hairy, upper sheath not longer than its leaf, uppermost
knot at about the middle of the st. exposed, ligule extremely
short truncate-—E. B. 1265, P. 36.—Root slightly creeping.
St. slender, 1—2 feet high. Sheaths smooth.—§. angustifolia ;
st. and pan. very slender, 1, long and narrow, uppermost knot

402 97. GRAMINES.

near the pan., spikelets few 1—2-flowered.—y. glauca; st.
slender, pan. with many long-stalked spikelets, plant glaucous.
—é. P. montana (Parn.); spikelets few of 2 or 3 free fi., knots
4 or 5 uppermost rather above the middle of the stem. P. 39.
—Shady places. y. and 8. Mountains. P. VI. VIL.

8. P. Parnellii (Bab.); pan. erect large rather close oblong,
spikelets ovate of 2 or 3 acute free fl., lower pale with 5 veins
but only 3 hairy, upper sheath usually longer than its leaf, upper
knot at about the middle of the st. exposed, ligule very short
truncate.—E. B. S. 2916. P. 93.—St. ascending, 1 ft. or more
high, compressed ; knots 5 or 6, uppermost not above the middle
of the stem. Ligule 6 times as broad as long, but longer than
that of P. nemoralis, to which this is perhaps too nearly allied.
Occasionally there is a slight trace of a web to the florets.—High
Force and other parts of Upper Teesdale. P. VII. E.

9. P. Balfourii (Parn.); pan. erect rather spreading, spikelets
ovate of 3 or 4 webbed fl., lower pale with 5 veins but only 3
hairy, upper sheath about as long as its leaf, upper two-thirds of
the stem without knots, ligule prominent obtuse.—P. 66. E. B.
S. 2918.—Root creeping. St. 3—15 in. high; knots about 3,
uppermost within the lower third of the stem. Lower fl. as long
as the larger glume. I cannot join this to P. nemoralis without
more proof of their identity than has yet appeared.—Tops of
mountains. P. VII. E.S.

ttt Lower pan.-branches subverticillate. Dorsal vein of
the lower pale hairy; marginal glabrous.

10. P. trivialis (L.); pan. diffuse, spikelets ovate of 2 or 3
acute webbed fl., lower pale with 5 veins, upper sheath much
longer than its leaf, ligule acute long —E. B. 1072. P. 35.—
Root tufted. St. 1—2 ft. high. Sheaths slightly rough.—. par-
viflora (Parn.); spikelets small 1—2-flowered, plant slender.—
Moist and shady places. P. VI.

*** Root creeping by long stoles.

ll. P. pratensis (L.); pan. diffuse, spikelets ovate of 3 or 4
webbed fl., lower pale with 5 prominent veins but only 3 hairy,
upper sheath much longer than its leaf, ligule prominent obtuse.
—E. B.1073. P. 31—34.—Very variable in size. St. com-
pressed and sheaths nearly always smooth. FI. strongly webbed.
—B8. subcerulea; spikelets broader, 1. broad and short, upper 1.
compressed rounded at the end behind.—E. B. 1004.—y. an-

gustifolia ; spikelets small, 1. slender long, lower 1. involute.—
Common. P. VI. VII.

12. P. compressa (L.) ; pan. rather unilateral spreading when

GLYCERIA. 403

in flower otherwise close, spikelets ovate or oblong-ovate of
5—7 obtuse slightiy webbed f1., lower pale 3-veined, veins hairy,
upper sheath about as long as its leaf, uppermost knot at about
the middle of the stem, ligule short truncate.—E. B. 365. P.37.
—St. decumbent. at the base, then erect, very much compressed,
1—l, ft. high.—8. subcompressa (Parn.); lower pale with 2
faint intermediate veins. P. 90.—Dry situations. P. VII.

13. P. polynoda (Parn.); pan. erect ovate-lanceolate, spike-
lets ovate or ovate-lanceolate of 4 or 5 not webbed fl., lower pale
5-veined but only 3 hairy, upper sheath not longer than its leaf,
uppermost knot above the middle of the stem, ligule prominent
obtuse.—P. 91.—St. decumbent at the base, then erect, com-
pressed, 1—1} ft. high; knots 7 or 8, the second at about the
middle of the stem. L. acute. Pan. with short branches. Lowest
fl. not longer than the large glume.—f. denticulata (Parn.) ;
midrib of lower pale not hairy but denticulate throughout, ligule
shorter, often one convolute hair at the base of the fl. P. 92.
—Dry stony places. P. VI. VII. E. 8S.

36. Gryceria R. Br.

1. G. aquatica (Sm.) ; pan. erect repeatedly branched spread-
ing, branches scabrous, spikelets linear oblong of 5—10 41.,
lower pale obtuse, 1. smooth with terete sheaths.—E. B. 1315.
P. 44.—Creeping. St. 3—6 feet high, smooth, slightly com-
pressed. Sheaths very long. L. long, rough on the edges and
keel, never floating. Ligule short. Pan. large; branches an-
gular, slender, branched—Watery places. P. VII. ri

2. G. fluitans (R. Br.); pan. secund slightly branched very
long, branches nearly simple roughish, spikelets linear of 7—l2
adpressed lanceolate-oblong acute fl., outer pale nearly thrice as
long as broad, sheaths compressed.—P. 95.—-St. ascending, root-
ing below, or floating. Sheaths nearly smooth, striate. L. pale
green, acute, often floating. Ligule long. i Pan. very long, often
nearly simple ; branches without callosities, ascending, lower-
most usually in pairs. Spikelets adpressed. Lower pale rather
the shorter, with a triangular central point. Anthers about five
times as long as broad, purple, pale yellow when empty.— Watery
places. P. VI—IX. Flote-grass.

3. G. plicata (Fries); pan. compound, branches compound
nearly smooth erect with flowers divaricate with fruit, spikelets
linear of 7—20 oval-oblong rather acute fl., lower pale twice as
long as broad, sheaths compressed.—R. vii. 79. G. fluitans Sm.,
E. B. 1520. P. 45.—St. ascending, rooting below. Sheaths
rough, furrowed. L. glaucous, bluntish, plicate when young.
Ligule shorter. Pan. much branched ; branches with callosi-

404 97. GRAMINER.

ties at the base, lowermost about in fives. Lower pale with 3
teeth at the end. Anth. about 3 times as long as broad, cream-
coloured, fuscous when empty.—f. G. pedicellata (Towns.) ;
pan.-branches simple roughish, spikelets of 9—12 blunt florets.
L. more acute, simply folded when young. Lowermost pan.-
branches about in threes. Anth. about 4 times as long as broad,
yellow when young. A. N. H. ser. 2. v. 105.—Stagnant water
and wet places. P. VI.—VIII.

37. ScterocHLoa Pal. de Beauv.

* Glumes with 3 veins.

1. S. maritima (Lindl.); pan. branched, lowermost branches
in pairs or simple, branches ultimately erect, spikelets linear ad-
pressed 4—S-flowered, rachis terete, lower pale obtuse apiculate,
midrib reaching the tip, stoloniferous.— Glyceria Sm., E. B.1140.
P. 42.—Root fibrous with rooting or ascending stoles. L. in-
volute; the central ridge on their upper surface strongly marked,
the others faint. Avth. about 6 times as long as broad. Lower
pale with involute edges. Ligule bluntish.—f. hispida (Parn.) ;
st. compressed, rachis furrowed on one side and as well as the
pan.-branches rough. P. 99.—Sea-coast, in damp places. P.
VI. VIL.

2. §. distans (Bab.); pan. branched, branches long ulti-
mately spreading or detiexed lowermost in fours or fives, spike-
lets linear 3—6-fiowered, rachis semiterete rather flat on one side,
lower pale obtuse, midrib not reaching to the tip, root fibrous.
—Glyceria Sm., FE. B. 986. P.41.—Without rooting stoles.
St. decumbent below. L. flat, short, with 8—10 equally pro-
minent ridges upon their upper surface. Ligule short and trun-
cate. LEdges of lower pale not involute. Spikelets and fl. half
the size of those of the preceding.—. obtusa (Parn.); pan.
more compound, spikelets about 7-flowered, lower pale truncate
and broader, ligule shorter. P. 96 and 97.—Sea-shores and waste
sandy places. 8. Leicestershire. P. VI.—VIIT.

3. S. Borreri (Bab.); pan. branched, branches ultimately
erect-patent lowermost generally in fours, spikelets linear 4—7-
fl., rachis terete, lower pale with a rigid apiculus formed by the
tip of the dorsal vein, caspitose—Glyceria E. B. 8. 2797 (1837).
P. 98. G. conferta Fries (1839).—St. 6—12 in. high. L. short,
flat, with very long sheaths. Ligule short, truncate. Edges
of the lower pale not involute. Spikelets and fl. half the size
of those of S. maritima and S. procumbens. Pan.-branches
short, scarcely elongated after flowering, hispid.Muddy salt
marshes. A.? VI.—VIIL. E.

BRIZA.—CATABROSA. 405

4. S. procumbens (Beauv.) ;_ pan. ovate-lanceolate compact
distichous rigid, spikelets linear-lanceolate of about 4 fi, rachis
angular, lower pale obtuse with an apiculus formed by the tip of
the dorsal vein, root fibrous.— Glyceria Sm., E. B. 532. P, 42.—
St. procumbent (rarely when growing in water erect), rigid. L.
flat, with inflated sheaths. Pan. about 2 in. long, with very short
rigid branches spreading in 2 rows. Fl. large.—Salt marshes.
A. VI. VIL.

** Glumes \- (rarely 3-) veined.

5. S. rigida (Link); pan. lanceolate rigid distichous, spike-
lets linear acute of 7—10 fl., lower pale obtuse with a mucro,
upper gl. reaching to the base of the third fl., root fibrous.—
Glyceria Sm., £. B. 1371. P. 43.—St. slender, wiry, erect. L.
nearly flat, acute. Pan. 1—2 in. long, nearly simple. Lower
pale indistinctly veined. FJ. small.—Dry places. A. VI.

6. 8. loliacea (Woods) ; pan. racemose narrow rigid secund,
spikelets oblong of 8—12 fl., lower pale obtuse with amucro, upper
1. reaching to the base of the fourth fl., root fibrous.— Triticum
m., £. B. 221, P.43.—St. stout, shghtly curved, ascending.
L. flat, convolute when dry. Spikelets usually solitary, alter-
nate, all directed to one side; footstalks very short and stout.
Lower pale with well-marked marginal veins.—Sandy sea-coast.

A. VI. VII.

38. Briza Linn. Quaking-grass.

1. B. minor (L.); spikelets triangular of about 7 fl. gl. ex-
ceeding the lowest fl., pan. diffuse, ligule long lanceolate acute.
—E. B. 1316. P.101.— St. very slender, about 1 foot high.
Spikelets pale green. Lower pale roundish-cordate, cartilaginous,
very gibbous in the middle of the back.—Dry and sandy fields
in the south-west. A. VII.

2. B. media (L.); spikelets broadly ovate of about 5 fl., gl.
falling short of the lowest fl., pan. diffuse, ligule truncate very
short.—E. B. 340. P.30.—St. slender, erect, 1—14 foot high.
Panicle light and elegant, with slender branches. Spikelets
usually purplish. L. linear-acuminate. Lower pale roundish
oval, cartilaginous, not gibbous.—Pastures. P. VI.

39. Carasrosa Pal. de Beauv.

1. C. aquatica (Pres); pan. long-pyramidal with half-whorls
of patent branches, lower pale 3-ribbed, 1. broad linear obtuse.
—E. B. 1557. P. 20.—Creeping. St. long, procumbent or
floating below. L. flat. Pan.-branches in alternate threes or
fives. Spikelets usually 2- (or 3—5-) flowered. Gl. very thin,

406 97. GRAMINER.

often purplish. Fi. distant. — 8. minor; st. 2—3 in. high,
spikelets mostly 1-flowered.—Ponds and ditches. ®. Wet sea-
sands. P. VI. VIL.

40. Cynosurus Linn. Dog’s-tail-grass.

1. C. cristatus (L.); raceme spikelike linear, fl. with a very
short awn.—E. B. 316. P. 28.—Spike unilateral, plane-com-
pressed. Spikelets closely placed. Bract pectinate.—Pastures.
P. VII.

(2. C. echinatus (L.); raceme contracted close ovate, awns
about as long as the pales.—E. B. 1333. P. 28 and 129,—St.
erect, 1—2 feet high. Bract pectinate with long points.—Sandy
places in Guernsey and Jersey. A. VIT.}

41. Dacryuis Linn. Cock’s-foot-grass.

1. D. glomerata (L.); pan.-branches with ovate clusters of
spikelets, st. erect, 1. linear flat with scabrous margins, roots cz-
spitose.—H. B, 335. P. 29.—A coarse grass. Pan.-branches
long, spreading or divaricate with fl., afterwards adpressed, di-
stant; each bearing an ovate cluster of spikelets; or wanting,
and the panicle of one cluster.—Meadows. P. VI. VII.

42. Festuca Linn. Fescue-grass.

* Root-leaves very narrow. Ligule with round auricles.
Awn terminal.

+ Usually monandrous. Awn longer than the pale. Gl. very
unequal. VULPIa.

1. F. uniglumis (Sol.); raceme 2-ranked secund close, lower
gl. very small, fl. compressed keeled.—£. B. 1430. P. 112.—
St. 6-—12 in. high, erect, leafy nearly to the top. Raceme close.
Lower gl. usually scarcely distinguishable—Sandy sea-shores.
A. VI. E. I.

2. F. sciwroides (Roth) ; st. mostly naked above, pan. erect-
patent short, lower branches often equalling 4 the panicle, upper
gl. equalling the lowest fi., fl. terete scabrous.—F. bromoides Sm.,
E. B. 1411.—Slender, 6—12 in. high. L. lear, involute.—
Walls and sandy places. A.? VI. VII.

3. F. myurus (L.); st. usually leafy to the arcuate long narrow
pan., lower branches short, upper gl. falling short of the lowest
fl., fl. terete scabrous.— FB. B, 1412. F. pseudo-myurus Soy.-Will.
—Known from the preceding, to which it is very closely allied,

FESTUCA. 407

by its long narrow spikelike pan. and narrower spikelets.— Walls
and sandy places. A.? VI. VII.

tt Triandrous. Awn shorter than the pale.

4. F. ovina(L.); pan. narrow subsecund close with fr., spike-
lets 4—-6-f1.,, fl. mostly awned, J. all setaceous, sheaths glabrous,
cxspitose.—E. B. 584. P. 56, 57.—Very variable. L. short,
slightly curved, densely tufted. Fl. glabrous or hairy. Spikelets
sometimes changed into leafy shoots. F. vivipara Sm., E. B.
1355.—8. F. tenuifolia (Sibth.); 1. very long setaceous, fl. awn-
less.—y. F. duriuscula (L.); pan. pyramidal, branches spread-
ing, lower sheaths downy, 1. filiform channeled, st.-l. broader.
St. and 1. stouter. Fries thinks that it is a distinct species.—
Dry hilly pastures. 8. On mountains. y. Damper places. P.
VI. Sheep’s Fescue-grass.

5. F. rubra (L.); pan. broadish below subsecund, spikelets
4—10-f1., 1. involute-setaceous, st.-l. flat, lowest sheaths hairy,
stoloniferous, stoles ending in erect shoots with distichous leaves.
—E. B. 2056. F. duriuscula P. 58, 59, 60, Sm. (in part). —
Very variable. Always stoloniferous. St.-l. rarely (F. sabulicola
Duf.) involute-setaceous. Fl. shortly awned, glabrous, hairy or
villose. lL. variable in length and breadth and the fl. in size.
—Common in dry sandy, rarely in wet places. P. VI.

** Root-leaves broad and flat. Ligule not auricled. Awn 0,
or dorsal, ScuEpDonorvus, Beauv.

+ Uppermost ligule prominent. Lower pale 3-veined.

6. F. sylvatica (Vill.); pan. erect diffuse much-branched,
branches rough, spikelets of 3—5 awnless acute fl., lower pale
scabrous, dorsal rib serrulate throughout, |. lanceolate-linear with
scabrous margins.—Poa P. 44 and 100. F. Calamaria Sm.,
E. B. 1005.—Scarcely creeping.- St. 2—4 feet high, covered at
the base with imbricated broad acute leafless sheaths, tufted. L.
very long, broad, roughish on both sides ; uppermost 1. smaller.
Lower pale very acute; midrib extending nearly to the tip or
slightly beyond it. Ovary pilose at the top.— 8. F. decidua (Sm.);
1. narrower, fl. about 2. E. B. 2266.—Woods in mountainous
districts. P. VII.

+t Uppermost ligule very short. Lower pale 5-veined.
Bucetum Parn.

7. F. gigantea (Vill.); pan. drooping branched, spikelets of
about 5 awned fl., dorsal rib of lower pale nearly smooth not
extending to the tip but ending in a scabrous awn twice as long
as the pale, 1. linear-lanceolate.—E. B. 1820. P.47.—St. 3—4

408 97. GRAMINES.

feet high. L. very long, broad, roughish on both sides, except
near the base on the under side. Ligule unequal, auricled. Lower
pale roughish, inembranous, often bifid at the tip. Top of the
ovary glabrous.—. F. triflora (Sm.); pan. smaller and more
erect, spikelets scattered of about 3 flowers. HE. B. 1918.—
Moist woods and thickets. P. VII.

8. F. arundinacea (Schreb.); panicle diffuse patent, branches
mostly in pairs each bearing 2 or more ovate-oblong spikelets
divaricate with fl. or afterwards, spikelets very many of 5—6
closely placed fl., dorsal rib of lower pale ending at or just below
the tip or forming a short awn, |. linear-lanceolute.—F’. elatior
Sm., £. B. 1593. P. 46, 47.--St. 2—6 ft. high, forming large
tufts. L. broad.—There seem to be two forms of this plant, or
perhaps two species. — a. F. arundinacea (Schreb.); pan.-
branches divaricate after flowermg. A very large plant, 3—6 ft.
high.—f. F. elatior (L.?); pan.-branches shorter “ divaricate
with fl. afterwards ascending.”—a, Eanks near the sea. 8. Damp
pastures. P. VJ. VII.

9. F. pratensis (Huds.); pan. close subsecund, branches in
pairs one bearing a single spikelet the other several never diva-
ricate, spikelets linear-oblong of 5—10 rather distant f1., dorsal
rib of lower pale ending at or just below the tip or forming a
very short awn, |. linear-lanceolate.—H. B. 1502. P.46. F. ela-
tior Koch.—.\ smaller plant than the preceding. Pan.-branches
ascending; one of each pair nearly always reduced to a single
spikelet. In this and the preceding the pale is obtuse or acute
according as the midrib is or is not attached up to the tip.—8.
F. loliacea (Huds.); spikelets solitary alternate long slender
truly distichous, lower ones stalked, upper sessile, fl. distant. E.B.
1821. P. 45,113 and 114. Mr. Borrer considers these plants to
ne distinct. They deserve careful study—Wet meadows. P.

. VII.

43. Bromus Lina.!

* Spikelets broader upwards when in flower. Ribs of upper pale
finely fringed.

1. B. erectus (Huds.); pan. erect nearly simple, spikelets
linear-lanceolate, fl. remote subeylindrical, lower pale indistinctly
7-veined, lowest fl. 4 exceeding the upper gl. and longer than its
awn, root-l. very narrow ciliate—E. B.471. P. 51.—St. 2—3
ft. high, erect. Root.-l. convolute; upper 1. broadest; sheaths
somewhat hairy with upward hairs. — 8. villosus; lower pale
hairy.—On dry sandy and chalky soil. P. VI. VII.

1 Synonymous with the genus Schedonorus (Fries), not Beauv.

SERRAFALCUS. 409

2. B. asper (L.); pan. drooping with long slightly divided
branches, spikelets lanceolate, fl. remote linear-lanceolate, ower
pale hairy 5—7-ribbed, lowest fl. twice exceeding the upper gl.
and longer than its awn, l. broad hairy.—£. B.1172. P. 51.—
St. 4—5 feet high. L. flat; lower ones broadest; sheaths with
downward hairs.—Damp woods and thickets. A. or B. VII.

** Spikelets always broader upwards. Ribs of upper pale
strongly fringed. Awn long.

3._B. sterilis (L.); pan. drooping, branches long slightly di-
vided, spikelets linear-lanceolate, fl. remote, lower pale glabrous
shorter than its awn with 7 distinct equidistant ribs, 1. pubescent.
—E. B. 1030. P. 50.—Height 1—2 feet. L. broad, flat.— Waste
places. A. VI.

4. B. diandrus (Curt.); panicle erect, branches short scarcely
divided, spikelets lanceolate, fl. linear remote subcylindrical,
lower pale about as long as its awn 7-ribbed, 2 lateral ribs
close together, interm. rib faint.—E. B. 1006. P.50.—a. B. ma-
dritensis (L.); st. glabrous, rachis and pedicels scabrous. St.
6—12 in. high. Remarkable for its erect panicle. Upper pale
but little shorter than the lower.—8. B. rigidus (Roth); pan.
compact, pedicels very short, upper part of st., pedicels, rachis
and gl. pubescent.—Dry sandy places, rare 8. Channel Islands.
A. VI. VII. E. S$.

[B. tectorwm (L.); like B. diandrus, pan. secund drooping,
upper pale much the shorter.—Hoddesdon, Herts : introduced. ]

(5. B. maximus (Desf.); pan. erect lax at length nodding,
branches slightly divided elongated after flowering, spikelets
downy, lower pale 7-ribbed about half as long as its awn.—
E. B. 8. 2820. P. 115. Parnell’s figure misrepresents the
styles as terminal.—Height 1—2 feet. A most beautiful grass.
—Sandy places. Channel Islands. A. VII.]

44, Serraratcus Parlatore'.

[*1. S. secalinus (Bab.); pan. loose drooping in fr. slightly
compound, simple peduncles about as long as the oblong gla-
brous spikelets, fl. at first loosely imbricated afterwards distinct
and cylindrical about as long as the straight awn, lower pale not
overlapping the next fl., 1. hairy.— Bromus Sm., £. B. 1171. P.
49, 121 and 122.—In fr. the fl. are quite separate and the spike-
lets droop. Top of upper gl. 4-way between its base and the top
of fourth fl. (second on same side). Lower pale not twice as long
as broad, longer than the upper, 7-ribbed.—8. B.velutinus (Sm.) 5

1 Corresponds to the genus Bromus of Fries.
T

410 97. GRAMINES,

pan. nearly simple, fl. larger downy. P.123. HE. B. 1884 ?—
Corn-fields. 8. Between Edinburgh and Newhaven. Sm. A.?
VL. VI]

2. S. commutatus (Bab.); pan. loose slightly drooping com-
pound, simple peduncles as long or longer than the oblong-lan-
ceolate spikelets, fl. loosely imbricated about as long as the
straight awn, ]. and sheaths hairy——Bromus Schrad. P. 124. B.
pratensis Sm., E. B. 920.—Lower pale only slightly overlapping
the next fl. at the base when in frmt. Top of upper gl. 3-way to
top of fourth fl. Lower pale twice as long as broad, longer than
the upper, glabrous or downy, 7-ribbed. Anth. 6 times as long
as broad.—8. multiflorus (Parn.); fl. more numerous, top of
upper gl. rather higher. P.125.—Common. B., VI. VII.

3. S. racemosus (Parl.); pan. close or long erect usually
simple, spikelets ovate somewhat compressed glossy, fl. closely
imbricated about as long as the straight awn, midrib of the gl.
and pales scabrous towards the top, 1. and sheaths slightly hairy.
—Bromus Sm., E. B. 1079. P. 119.—Top of the upper gl.
halfway to the top of the sixth floret. Simple ped. not longer
than the spikelets. Lower pale longer than the upper. Auth.
four times as long as broad.—8. arenarius; pan. nearly or quite
simple, ped. very short.—See Parnell (Brit. Grasses) and Watson
(Lond. Journ. Bot. i. 82.) on these species—Common. 8. Sandy
ground in the south. B. VI.

4. S. mollis (Parl.); pan. close erect compound or simple,
spikelets ovate somewhat compressed pubescent, fl. closely im-
bricated about as long as the straight awn, midrib of gl. and
pales downy not scabrous, 1. and sheaths hairy or downy.—
Bromus Sm., E. B. 1078. P.116.—Top of the upper gl. half-
way to the top of the sixth fi., or a little higher (ovalis Parn.
117, with short oval spikelets), or about halfway to the top of the
eighth fl. (pratensis Parn. 118, with longer spikelets). Lower
pale longer than the upper. Simple ped. not longer than the spike-
lets.—f. velutinus; pan. quite simple, ped. very short, spikelets
and 1, densely pubescent—Common. 8. Sandy ground in
Devon and Cornwall. A.? V. VI.

[S. arvensis (Godr.); pan. spreading erect compound, spike-
lets linear-lanceolate, pales equal in length, outer 7-ribbed with
2 prominent ribs near each margin, anth. 4 times as long as
broad.—E. B. 1984. P. 126.—Top of the upper gl. halfway to
the top of the fourth flower.—Southampton; Durham; Hebden
Bridge. Not even naturalized. A. VII. VIII.]

[S. patulus (Parl.); pan. spreading compound at first erect,
spikelets lanceolate, pales unequal 7 —O-cbbed, 2 lateral ribs
prominent, anth. twice as long as broad.—P. 127.—Not natu-
ralized. Yorkshire. A. VI.]

BRACHYPODIUM.—TRITICUM. 411

[S. squarrosus (Parl.); pan. drooping simple, spikelets ovate-
lanceolate subcompressed, fl. nearly glabrous imbricated com-
pee awn divaricate, 1. pubescent.—H. B. 1885. P. 128,—

omerset and Sussex, introduced. A. VI. VII.]

Tribe XII. Hordeiee.

45. Bracuypopium Pal. de Beauv.

1. B. sylvaticum (R. and 8.); spike drooping, spikelets (at first)
terete alternate distichous, awns of the upper fl. longer than their
pales, \. flat linear-lanceolate flaccid, root fibrous.—E. B. 729.
P. 61.—St. usually solitary or 2 or 3 from the same root, erect,
1—2 feet high. Sheaths hairy. Ligule short, blunt, notched
or torn. L. ciliate. Pales hairy—Woods and hedges. P. VII.

E. I.

2. B. pinnatum (Beauv.); spike erect, spikelets (at first) terete
alternate distichous, awns of the upper fl. shorter than their pales,
1. flat linear-lanceolate rigid, root creeping.—E. B. 730. P.132—
137.—St. several, erect, |—2 feet high. Pales scabrous or hairy.
Sheaths subglabrous. Ligule short, truncate. L. not ciliate—
8. cespitosum; 1. very narrow and involute, st. very many,
spikelets small smooth.—On dry limestone soil. P. VII.

46. Triticum Linn. Wheat-grass.

1. T. caninum (Huds.); spikelets 2—5-flowered, 3—5-ribbed
gl. and 5-ribbed lower pale awned, awis and edges of the rachis
hispid, |. flat rough on both sides, root fibrous—E. B. 1372.
P. 62. Agropyrum R.—Spikelets approximate.—a; spikelets
4—5-flowered, lower pale shorter than its awn.—f. alpinum ;
spikelets 2—4-flowered, lower pale much longer than its awn, 1.
nearly smooth.—Banks. 8. Rocks on Ben Lawers. Mr. G. Don.
P. VII.

2. T. repens (L.); spikelets 4—8-flowered, gl. acute 5—7-
ribbed, lower pale acute, axis scabrous, rachis with rough angles,
1. flat roughish a single row of hairs upon each ridge above, root
creeping.— E. B. 909. P. 62.—The lower pale often has an awn
which is seldom more than half its length. Rachis glabrous or
downy, but always with small ascending rigid bristles on its
angles.—§. littoreum ; rachis nearly or quite smooth, fl. awned,
edges of glaucous 1. involute—Common. 8. Sea-shores. P.
VII. Couch-grass.

3. T. lazum (Fr.); spikelets 5—8-flowered, gl. obtuse or api-
culate about 7-ribbed, lower pale blunt apiculate, axis downy,
rachis smooth or slightly rough at the angles not brittle, J. sea-
brous above with very many acute points flat involute when dry,

T2

412 97. GRAMINEE.

root creeping.—L. having a deciduous row of hairs on the ridges
as in T. repens, not keeled. Spikelets often approximate. St.
prostrate or ascending. Producing decumbent barren leafy shoots.
Sandy sea-shores, probably not rare. P. VII. VIII ES.

4. T. junceum (L.); spikelets 4—6-flowered, g/. obtuse or
apiculate 6—11-ribbed, lower pale blunt, axis smooth or slightly
downy, rachis smooth brittle, t. mvolute finely and closely downy
above, root creeping.—H. B. 814. P. 63.—Spikelets distant.
Rachis easily separating at the knots. Producing decumbent
barren leafy shoots.—Sandy sea-shores. P. VII. VIII.

(T. cristatum (Schreb.); spikelets 4—5-flowered closely im-
bricated, gl. with a terminal awn, outer pale with an awn about
as long as itself, rachis and axis slightly downy, 1. hairy above,
st. rough.—E. B, 2267.—‘ On steep banks and rocks by the sea-
side between Arbroath and Montrose.” Ar. G. Don. P. VIL] 8S.

47. Ex.ymus Linn.

1. E. arenarius (L.); spike upright close, rachis flat not winged,
gl. lanceolate downy not longer than the spikelets.—#. B. 1672.
P. 64.—\Closely resembling Psamma arenaria, but readily di-
stinguished by its broad 1. and short ligule. St. 3—4 feet high.
—Sandy sea-shores. P. VII.

2. E. geniculatus (Curt.); spike lax, rachis winged, gl. awl-
shaped glabrous longer than the spikelet.— Z. B. 1586. P. 131.
—St. 3—4 feet high. Spike 1—2 feet long, usually remark-
ably bent downwards at the second or third spikelet.—In a salt
marsh near Gravesend. Mr. Dickson. P. VI. E.

48. Horpveum Linn. Barley.

1. H. sylvaticum (Huds.); gl. all awlshaped not ciliate
rough, lateral fl. perfect, middle fl. often barren, lower pale with
an awn of twice its length —P. 130. Elymus europeus Linn.,
Sm., E. B. 1317.—Middle fl., if barren, with shorter gl. having
invulute edges, thus appearing setaceous. The spikelets have a
second fl. occasionally —Woods and thickets on a calcareous
soil. P. VII. VIII.

2. H. pratense (Huds.); gl. all setaceous not ciliate rough,
lateral fl. imperfect, lower pale of fertile middle fl. with an awn
of about its length.— EH. B.409. P.11.—Spike erect. Gl. of
lateral fl. shorter—Damp meadows. P. VII.

3. H. murinum (L.); gl. of the middle spikelet limear-lanceo-
late ciliate, of the lateral ones setaceous rough, lateral fl. imper-
fect.—E. B. 1971. P. 10.—Spike often slightly nodding. Awn
longer than the lower pale. Lateral gl. sometimes slightly

LEPTURUS.—LOLIUM. 413

ciliate.—8. arenarium (Bab.); lower part of the st. buried,
lengthened and rooting, thus appearing to creep.— Waste places.
B. Sands of the sea-shore. A. VI. VII.

4. H. maritimum (Wither.); gl. scabrous, inner one of the
lateral fl. half-ovate, the rest sctaceous, lateral fl. imperfect.—
E. B. 1205. P. 10.—The smallest species.—Sandy pastures
near the sea. A. VI.

49. Leprurus R. Br.

1. L. incurvatus (Trin.); spike cylindrical-subulate, gl. 2
equalling or slightly exceeding the flowers.—Rottboellia Sm.,
E. B. 760. P. 2.—St.2—6 in. long. Spike long, curved when
dry.—8. L. filiformis (Trin.); spikes much more slender filiform
scarcely at all curved. P.3.—Sandy salt marshes. A. VII.

50. Lotium Linn. Rye-grass.

1. L. perenne (L.); with leafy barren shoots, edges of young
1. simply folded, spikelets 3—11-flowered, gl. equalling the
lowest fl., lower pale usually awnless.—E. B. 315. P. 65.—
St. 1—14 foot high, usually bent at the lower knots. Whole
plant rather dark green.—f. aristatum; lower pale with a long
awn.—y. L. tenue (L.); spikelets few-flowered, 1. slender—
Sometimes the spikelets become converted into branches ; occa-
sionally the rachis is so much shortened as to form a broad ovate
close distichous spike—Common. P. VI. Rye-grass.

(*2. L. italicum (A. Braun); with leafy barren shoots, edges
of young 1. involute, spikelets 9—14-flowered, outer pale with a
long awn.—R. vii. 77. L. perenne. P.138—141. L. multi-
florum TH. and A. (not Lam.).—St. many, straight, in close tufts,
143—3 feet high. Whole plant, especially the spikelets, paler
than in the preceding. Ligule short, abrupt.—Probably the true
L. multiflorum (Lam.)is confounded with this in Britain; it has
no barren shoots and is annual.—Cultivated fields. B. or P. VI.
Italian Rye-grass.

[3. L. linicola (Sond.); no barren shoots, spikelets 7—11-
flowered exceeding the gl., lower pale longer than its awn or
awnless.—E. B. 2955.—St. erect. Lower pale cartilaginous
below, narrower than the upper, tumid in fruit—Cultivated
fields. Sussex. Yorkshire. A. VI. VII.]

4. L. temulentum (L.); no barren shoots, spikelets about
6-flowered equalling or shorter than the gl., lower pale as long as
its awn.— E. B.1124. P. 142.—St. erect. Ligule short. Upper
gi. usually present, often bifid.—8. D. arvense (With.); fl.4—5
without or with short awns. . B. 1125.—Cultivated fields.
A. VI—VIII. Darnel.

414

II. FLOWERLESS PLANTS.

Substance of the plaut wholly of cellular tissue (except-
ing in the Subclass Ductulose which has a few ducts).
No woody fibre. No true flower with stamens and pistils.
No distinct embryo nor cotyledons.

Class ITI.
CRYPTOGAMEA DUCTULOS A.

Plants with a few ducts amongst the cellular tissue’.

Order XCVIIT. EQUISETACEA.

Leafless branched plants with a striated fistular stem, joints
sheathed above each joining. Sporules surrounded by elastic
clavate filaments and inclosed in capsules arising from the peltate
scales of terminal cones or spikes.— Vernation straight. Cuticle
abounding in silex. Only one genus.

1. Eauisetum Linn. Horse-tail.

* Fertile stems mostly unbranched and succulent ; barren stems
with whorled branches, appearing later.

1. E. arvense (L.); sterile st. with few furrows slightly sca~
brous, branches rough with 3 or 4 simple angles, teeth of sheaths
long acute l-ribbed at the tip, fertile st. srmple with few lax
distant sheaths.—E. B. 2020. S.1. N.77.—Sterile st. many,
procumbent or ascending ; with many whorls of roughish usually
simple branches, having 3- or 4-toothed sheaths; general

1 (N.) refers to Newman’s History of British Ferns, ed. 2. (S.) to
Sowerby’s Ferns of Britain and Fern-allies. Moore's Handbeok of
British Ferns may be consulted with advantage.

EQUISETUM. 415

outline narrowed upwards. Fertile st. short, with few (4—5)
sheaths, appearing before the sterile ones. Sterile and fertile st.
always distinct—Damp meadows. P. IV.

2. E. umbrosum (Willd.) ; sterile st. with about 20 strie very
scabrous with prominent points particularly above, branches sim-
ple with 3 or 4 simple angles, teeth of sheaths blunt 1-ribbed but
not to the tip, fertile st. simple with many crowded deeply toothed
sheaths—S. 2. N. 63. E. Drummondii Hook., E. B. 8.2777.
—Sterile st. 1—14 ft. high, nearly naked below; with many
whorls of slender branches in the upper part, having 3- or 4-
toothed sheaths; general outline remarkably blunt at the top.
Branched fertile st. with larger sheaths and whorls of about 6
branches ; simple fertile st. short (4—6 in.), with many loose
and still larger yellowish-white sheaths with black prominent ribs
upwards and 12—20 teeth.— Wet places, rare. P. IV.

3. E. Telmateia (Ehbrh.) ; sterile st. nearly smooth with about
30 striz and branches, branches rough doubly-angular simple,
teeth of sheaths 2-ribbed, fertile st. simple with many crowded
large deeply toothed sheaths.—S. 3. N. 67. E. fluviatile Sm.,
E. B. 2022.—Sterile st. 3—6 ft, high ; occasionally bearing a
small terminal spike ; furnished from top to bottom with whorls
of slender branches which have 4 angles each with a longitudinal
furrow, and 4-toothed sheaths. Fertile st. stout, 1 foot or more
in height, with many pale brown sheaths with 30—40 teeth ;
spike large.—Wet places. P.IV.

** Sterile and fertile stems similar, simple or branched.

4. E. sylwaticum (L.); sterile and fertile st. with about 12
furrows and many whorls of slender compound spreading or
defleced branches, sheaths lax ending in 3 or 4 blunt lobes —
E. B. 1874. 8.4. N.59.—St. 12—18 in. high. Sheaths of
the branches with 3 long acute teeth each 1-ribbed to its tip.
Fertile st. occasionally simple. Spike blunt. General outline
of sterile st. pyramidal, of fertile abrupt.—Wet shady places.
P. IV. V.

5. E. limosum (L.); stem nearly smooth with many slight
furrows, teeth of sheaths short rigid acute, branches simple
whorled or none.—St. 2—4 ft. high. Sheaths rather short.
Spike blunt.—-a. E. limosum (L.); st. smooth, barren st. nar-
rowing gradually upwards, branches short rigid slightly tapering
upright and equalling the joints of the st. from green sheaths
often wanting.—8. E. fluviatile (L.); st. subglabrous, barren st.
with a lax whiplike end, branches long slender tapering lax
exceeding the joints of the st. from dark brown sheaths rarely
wanting.—In stagnant water. P, VI. VII.

416 98. EQUISETACES,

6. E. palustre (L.); st. with 4—8 deep furrows branched
throughout, sheaths loose pale with acute wedgeshaped teeth
tipped with brown and membranous at the edges.—E. B. 202).
S.6. N. 43, 47 and 49.—St. slightly rough. Barren st. whip-
shaped at the end. Spike blunt. Sheaths coloured like the st.
or paler; teeth brown with nearly transparent edges, rib fur-
rowed on the back. Branches usually barren or (8. polystachion)
each ending in acatkin. Occasionally (y. nudum DC.) the angles
and teeth are fewer and the st. nearly or quite simple and dwarf.
—Spongy bogs. y. Sandy places. P. VI. VII.

7. E. hyemale (L.); st. simple very rough with 14—20 slender
furrows, sheaths close whitish but the top and bottom black, teeth
slender black deciduous.—#. B.915. S.8. N.17.—St.1—2 ft.
high, simple, biennial. Spike with an apiculus. Sheaths widest at
their top, at first green with a black crenate rim after the teeth
have fallen, then entirely black, and ultimately pale in the middle
and black above and below.—Damp banks and woods. P. VII.
VIII.

8.? E. Moorei (Newm.); st. simple “annual” very rough
with about 12 furrows, sheaths “loose”? white with the base
black, teeth black-based rather persistent.—Phytol. v. 19.
S. 12.—St. 1—2 ft. high, never branched. Spike with an api-
culus. Sheaths loose, pearly white; teeth long, whitish above,
more persistent and longer than those of E. hyemale.—Probably
not distinct from E. trachyodon, from which the annual st. and
loose sheaths alone seem to separate it— Wicklow. P. VIII. I.

9. EH. trachyodon (A. Br.); st. simple or very slightly branched
very rough with 8—12 furrows, sheaths close ultimately wholly
black, teeth slender persistent.— FH. Muckaii N.24. S.9.—St.
1—3 feet high, simple or with solitary distant branches, biennial.
Spike with an apiculus. Sheaths quite cylindrical, pale green
with a black band beneath the teeth but ultimately wholly black.
Teeth more persistent than in the two preceding, usually black.
Certainly the plant of A. Braun.—Mountain glens. P. VII. VIII.

10. E. variegatum (Weber and Mohr) ; st. simple or slightly
branched very rough with 4—-J0 furrows, sheaths slightly en-
larged upwards green below black above, teeth blunt each tipped
with a deciduous bristle—N. 31.—St. about a foot high, erect,
usually simple except at the base. Lower half of the sheaths
green like the stem, upper part black ; teeth persistent ovate,
black in the centre, with » white membranous margin. Spike
apiculate.—8. arencrium; st. procumbent, usually more slender,
teeth of the sheaths wedgeshaped. . variegatum Sm., E. B.
1987. S.11. EB. Wilsont (Newm. 39. S. 10.) is probably a large
form of this variety.— Wet places, or in water. 8, Sandy places
near the sea. P. VII. VIII.

99. FILICES. Al7

Order XCIX. FILICES.

_ Leafy plants with a rhizome or trunk. L. or fronds with a
circinate vernation (Tribe VII. excepted), simple or divided.
Fructification springing from the veins on the under side or at
the edge of the 1., of ]-celled capsules (theca) which are stalked
and have an elastic ring or sessile and without a ring.

* Capsules with an elastic marginal ring.
Suborder I. POLYPODIACE.

Capsules in clusters on the back of the frond, opening trans-
versely ; ring vertical, usually incomplete.

Tribe I. POLYPODIES. Clusters nearly circular, without
an indusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins.

1. ALLosorvs. Clusters circular, at length confluent, con-
cealed by the reflexed margin of the frond.

2. Potypopium. Clusters circular, naked; edge of the
frond flat, not reflexed.

3. Woops1a. Clusters circular, with an inferior involucre
divided at the edges into many capillary segments.

Tr. Il. ASPIDIE As. Clusters nearly circular, covered by an
indusium, seated upon the back of the lateral veins.

4. Lastrea. Indusium reniform, attached by the sinus.
Veins distinct after leaving the midrib, not uniting with
those of the adjoining lobe.

5. Potysticuum. Indusium circular, attached by the centre.
Veins distinct after leaving the midrib.

6. Cysropteris. Indusium attached by its broad hooded
base under the clusters, with a long fringed free extremity
at first covering the capsules.

7. PsrupaTHyYRIuM. ‘“ Indusium crescentic, oblique, at-
tached across the vein by its inner edge.” (Newm.)

Tr. Il. ASPLENIEA. Clusters oblong or linear, usually
covered by an indusium opening longitudinally on one side,
placed on the side of the lateral veins.

8. ArHyRiuM. Clusters oblong-reniform. Indusium open-
ing towards the central vein or midrib, margin fringed.

9. AspLENIUM. Clusters long, straight. Indusium opening
towards the central vein or midrib, nearly flat.
TS

418 99. FILICES.

10. ScoLopENDRIUM. Clusters long, straight, 2 together.
Indusia of each pair opening towards each other.

11. Cereracn. Lateral veins anastomosing, clusters attached
to their middle on the side next the midrib, except in the
lowest. Indusium (?) a narrow nearly erect membrane on
the back of the vein. Whole back of the frond covered
with chaffy scales.

[12. GymnocramMa. Clusters oblong or linear on both
branches of the forked vein, becoming confluent and cover-
ing the back of the frond. Indusium wanting. |

Tr. IV. ADIANTEZ. Capsules covered by a marginal or sub-
marginal elongated part of the frond, or by a separated por-
tion of the cuticle resembling an indusium.

12, Buecunum. Capsules in a continuous line parallel to
the midrib upon a longitudinal anastomosing part of the
transverse veins, covered by a continuous scarious indu-
sium.

14. Preris. Capsules in a continuous marginal line covered
by a continuous indusium formed of the reflexed margin.

15. Apiantum. Capsules marginal, oblong or roundish,
covered by distinct reflexed portions of the margin of the
frond.

Suborder II. HYMENOPHYLLACEX.

Capsules opening irregularly ; ring oblique, excentric, trans-
verse, complete ; receptacle terminating a vein at the margin of
the frond.

Tr. V. HYMENOPHYLLEA.

16. TRicHoMaANEs. Capsules on a long filiform receptacle
within a cupshaped involucre of the same texture with the
frond.

17. Hymenopuyiitum. Capsules on a narrow subclavate
receptacle within a two-valved involucre of the same texture
with the frond.

** Capsules without an elastic ring.
Suborder III. OSMUNDACE.

Vernation circinate. Rachis woody. Capsules regularly 2-
valved, stalked, in clusters at the extremity of the frond.

ALLOSORUS.—POLYPODIUM. 419

Tr. VI. OSMUNDEA.

18. Osmunpa. Capsules clustered, arranged in a branched
spike terminating the frond.

Suborder IV. OPHIOGLOSSACER.

Vernation straight. Rachis succulent. Capsules regularly
2-valved, sessile, in clusters on a separate branch of the frond.

Tr. VII. OPHIOGLOSSEZA.

19. Borrycuium. Capsules distinct, disposed in a com-
pound spike attached to a pinnate or bipinnate frond.

20. OrpntocLossum. Capsules connate, disposed in a simple
distichous spike attached to an undivided frond.

Suborder I. Polypodiacee. Tribe I. Polypodiee.

i. AtLosorus Bernh. Rock-brake.

1. A. ecrispus (Bernh.) ; barren fronds 2—3-pinnate, leaflets
wedgeshaped or linear-oblong often bifid at the end, leaflets of
the fertile fronds oblong.—N. 103. Pteris Sm., EZ. B. 1160.
Cryptogramma R. Br., Hook.—Fertile frond nearly triangular.
Veins alternate, often forked and each branch ending in a cluster
having no indusium but concealed by the reflexed edge of the
leaflet. Height 6—12 in. St. slender, very brittle. — Stony
places on mountains. P. VII.

2. Potypopium Linn. Polypody.

* Clusters at the end of a veinlet, other veinlets knobbed at the
end and not reaching the edge. CrenopTeris Newm.

1. P. vulgare (L.); fronds deeply pinnatifid, lobes limear-ob-
long somewhat serrate all parallel upper ones gradually smaller.
—E.B.1149. N. 111.—Rhizome brown, densely scaly, creep-
ing. Fronds strapshaped. Clusters large, on the upper part of
the frond. Lateral veins of the pinne with 4 branches. Pinne
occasionally bifid at the end, sometimes deeply serrate or even
(P. cambricum L.) doubly pinnatifid—Shady banks, walls and
old trees. P. VIII.—X. Common Polypody.

** Veinlets not knobbed but reaching the edge, all usually fertile,
clusters near the end of each. GyMNocARPiuM Newm.

2. P.? Phegopteris (L.) ; fronds pinnate, pinne linear-lanceo-

420 99. FILICES.

see ee

3. P.? Dryopteris(L.); fronds ternate glabrous, divisions pin-
nate, pinne pinnatifid blunt uppermost nearly entire, clusters
marginal— HE. B.616. N.123.—Rhizome black, wiry, creeping,
slightly scaly. Stalk slender, brittle. The three divisions of the
frond loosely spreading, the middle one rather the largest. Ver-
nation resembling 3 little balls on wires. Not at all glandular.
—Shady mountainous places. P. VI. VII.

4. P.? Robertianum (Hoffm.); fronds triangular subternate
glandular-mealy, lower branches pinnate, pinne pinnatifid blunt
uppermost nearly entire, clusters marginal_—P. calcareum Sm.,
E. B. 1525, N.131.—More erect and rigid than the preceding,
always covered with very minute stalked glands giving a mealy
character to the surface. Frond scarcely 3-fid, the lower
branches being much smaller in proportion to the middle one ;
all the 3 erect, rigid—On broken limestone ground. P. VII.
VIII. E.

3. Woonsia R. Br.

1. W. ilvensis (R. Br.); frond lanceolate or oblong pinnate
hairy beneath_—N. 137 and 147.—Our plants seem to me to
form only one species although they present three different appear-
ances, viz.—a. ilvensis; fronds lanceolate, pinne oblong deeply
lobed or pinnatifid blunt, lobes ovate crenate. W. ilvensis
E. B.S. 2616. In the continental plant the pinne are narrowed
from the base and rather acute.—8. gracilis ; frond linear-lan-
ceolate, pinne triangular pinnatifid, lobes 5—9 oval entire or the
lowest crenate. W. hyperborea E. B. 2023, Tausch! Pol. hyp.
B. gracile Wahl.—y. alpina; fronds oblong, pinne triangular- oval
lobed, lobes 3—5 rounded very blunt. Pol. hyperboreum Wahl.
Acrost. alpinum Bolt. t.42.—A very small plant ; fronds 1—3 in.
long, hairy and scaly. Rhizome tufted. — Exposed alpine
rocks, very rare. a. Glyder-Fawr, N. Wales. Falcon Clints,
Teesdale, Durham. 8. Ben Lawers. Air. Dickson! y. Ben
Lawers. Mr. W. Wilson! Clogwyn y Garnedd, Snowdon.
P. VIL. E. 8.

LASTREA. 421

Tribe II. Aspidiee.

4, Lasrrea Presl.

1. L. Thelypteris (Pres) ; fronds pinnate, pinnz linear-lanceo-
late pinnatifid slightly downy but without glands, lobes oblong,
clusters submarginal.—Aspidium Sm., N. 183.—Fronds lanceo-
late ; earlier barren with flat lobes; later fertile with revolute-
edged lobes; 2 or 3 lowest pairs of pinne decreasing in size.
Lateral veins alternate, forked, extending to the edge. Clusters
at length confiuent, midway between the midrib and edge. Rhi-
zome creeping.—Marshy and boggy places. P. VII. VIII.
Marsh Fern.

2. L. Oreopteris (Presl); fronds pinnate, pinne lmear-lan-
ceolate pinnatifid glandular beneath gradually decreasing from
about the middle of the frond to near the root, lobes oblong
flat, clusters marginal.—Aspidium Sm., E. B. 1019. N. 187.—
Fronds remarkably narrowed downwards, rising in a circle from
a tufted rhizome, fragrant when bruised from their glandular
under surface. Lobes blunt, entire; lateral veins simple or
forked. Height 2—3 feet. The indusium is often scarcely
distinguishable—Mountain heaths. P. VII. Sweet Mountain
Fern.

3. L. Filia-mas (Presl) ; fronds subbipinnate, pinne linear-
lanceolate, pinnules oblong blunt or acutish serrate not spinulose
subconfluent, lowest distinct, clusters near the mid-vein, lateral
veins forked.—Aspidium Sm., E. B. 1458. N.198.—Fronds only
slightly narrowed downwards and the lowest leaflet of consider-
able size, rising in a circle from a tufted rhizome. Stipes and
rachis nearly glabrous, yellow, or densely clothed with purple
scales. Indusium very persistent, convex, with no marginal
glands. Height 2—4 feet——a; pinnules crowded linear-oblong
very blunt slightly confluent broad-based adpressed-serrate.—8.
afinis; pinnules less crowded longer acutish narrow and often
slightly auricled at their base, teeth patent lower ones notched.
—y. abbreviata (DC.); clusters near the base of the confluent
crowded very blunt pinnules, about 1 ft. high—Woods and
banks. y. Cumberland. Yorkshire. Wyck, Glouc. Glen Isla,
Forfar. P. VI. VII. Male Fern.

4. L. cristata (Presl); fronds linear-lanceolate subbipinnate,
pinne short triangular-oblong pinnatifid, pinnules serrate the
lowermost lobed and almost pinnatifid, lateral veins of the lobes
with several branches.—Aspidium Sm., E. B. 2125. N. 203.—
Height about 2 feet. Fronds long and narrow, quite erect, from
a tufted rhizome. Stipes very loug, with scattered large brownish
plunt scales. Indusium persistent, without marginal glands.—

422 99. FILICES.

B. L, uliginosa (Newm.); pinnules of fertile fronds oblong
pointed deeply lobed somewhat aristate-serrate, lowest some-
times scarcely decurrent. The barren and later fertile fronds
resemble L. cristata; the earlier fertile L. spinulosa. The
lateral veins of the lobes are much less branched than in L.
cristata. 1am very imperfectly acquainted with this plant, and
know of no good character by which to distinguish it from L.
cristata or L. spinulosa: it may perhaps connect them.—Bogs
and boggy heaths. Norfolk. Notts. Cheshire. P. VIII. E.

5. L. spinulosa (Presl); fronds linear-lanceolate bipinnate,
pinnules oblong incise-pinnatifid, segments serrate spinose-mu-
cronate, indusium persistent without marginal glands, stipes
clothed with broad roundish concolorous scales.—Aspidium Sin.
L. spinosa N, 209.—Fronds nearly erect; the lowest pinne
equalling those that follow. Clusters mostly in 2 rows.—Marshy
places and wet woods. P. VIII. IX.

6. L. rigida (Presl); fronds triangular-lanceolate bipinnate
glandular, pinnules oblong blunt lobed and serrate, segments
2—5-toothed not spinulose, lateral veins 3-fid, indusium per-
sistent fringed, stipes clothed with long pointed concolorous scales.
—Aspidium Hook., E. B. §. 2724. N. 191.—Fronds erect, lan-
ceolate with the lower pinne rather short and triangular, or tri-
angular with the lower pinne long; upper pinne narrow; all
pinnate. Pinnules truncate below with a narrow attachment.
Stipes short, scaly. Covered with minute stalked glands.
Height |—2 feet.—Ingleborough, Arnside Knot, and near Settle.
P. VIL. VIII. E.

7. L, dilatata (Presl); frond ovate-lanceolate bipinnate, pin-
nules pinnate or pinnatifid, segments acutely serrate spinose-mu-
cronate, indusium with margimal stalked glands, stipes clothed
with long pointed scales with a dark centre and diaphanous mar-
gin.—Aspidium Sm. L. multiflora N.215.—Fronds arched, often
drooping, convex ; the lowest pinnz shorter than the following ;
more or less clothed with stalked glands when young. Fronds
of young or starved plants often triangular, of older and perfect
ones never. Clusters scattered. The largest scales of the full-
grown plant should be examined.— 8. L. collina (Newm.) ; frond
lanceolate, pinnules ovate blunt bluntly mucronate-serrate. N.
223.—y. L. glandulosa (Newm.); frond broadly lanceolate co-
vered with stalked glands beneath, scales of stipes “ without the
dark centre.” I. maculata Deak. Fl. Brit. f. 1612.—Woods,
banks, &c. 8. Westmoreland. P. VIII. IX.

8. L. Fenisecit (Wats.); frond triangular bipinnate, pinnules
pinnate or pinnatifid, segments serrate spinose-mucronate, indu-
sium jagged at the edge, stipes clothed with long narrow lacini-
ate concolorous scales. — Nephrodium Feenisecii Lowe! L. re-

POLYSTICHUM.—CYSTOPTERIS. 423

curva N. 225.—Frond long, triangular, concave above; the lower
pmnz much the largest. A smaller plant than the two pre-
ceding. Sweet-scented.—Damp places. P. VIII. IX.

5. Potysticuum Roth.

1. P. Lonchitis (Roth); fronds rigid linear simply pinnate,
pinnze not lobed serrate spinous their base auricled above oblique
below.—N. 163. Aspidium Sm., E. B. 797.—Stipes very short.
Fronds narrow, very rigid and leathery. Pinu overlapping and
twisted (most in the Trish, much less so in the Welsh plant),
lower ones usually auricled both above and below.— Young and
simple pinnate fronds of the next species are often distinguished
from this with difficulty—Alpine rocks. P. VII. Holly-fern.

2. P. aculeatum (Roth); fronds rigid linear or lanceolate bi-
pinnate, pinnules obliquely decurrent acute.—N. 169. A. lobatum
Kunze. A. aculeatum and A. lobatum Sm.—Stipes usually short.
First upper pinnule of each pinna longer than the others, its
lower side (next the main rachis) usually nearly straight, its upper
acutely auricled and forming an acute angle with the lower and
with the partial rachis at the point of attachment. In young
plants the pinne are serrate or pinnatifid or with one or more
pinnules distinct. A few of the lowest pinnules are often slightly
stalked, but very differently from those of P. angulare.—B. A. lo-~
datum (Sm.); pinne less divided than in the type of the species
and the fronds linear-lanceolate and more rigid.—Hedge-banks.
P, VII. VII.

3. P. ungulare (Newm.); fronds lax drooping lanceolate bi-
pinnate, pinnules truncate below distinctly stalked bluntish.—N.
173. Aspidium Sm., FE. B.S. 2776. A. aculeatum Kunze.—
Stipes usually long. First upper pinnule scarcely longer than
the others, its lower side rounded below, its upper with a large
bluntish auricle and forming an obtuse angle with the lower
at the top of the short stalk which is nearly at right angles
with the partial rachis, similar or rather more deeply serrate
than the others ; all short, broad and bluntish ; or first upper pin-
nule deeply pinnatifid, all more acute; or pinnules all narrower
and acute.—Sheltered woods and hedge-banks, chiefly in the
west. P. VII. VIII.

6. Cysrorteris Bernh. Bladder-fern.

1. C. fragilis (Bernh.); frond lanceolate bipinnate, pinne
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, pinnules oblong-ovate rather narrowed
below acute or bluntish pinnatifid or cut serrated —Clusters
rarely confluent. Pinne rather wedgeshaped at their base.
“Sporules echinate.” —a. C. anthriscifoha (Roth); pinnules

424 99. FILICES.

ovate acute cut, segments oblong toothed. Cystea fragilis Sm.,
N.155. C. angustata E. B.S. 2790?— 8. C. cynapifolia (Roth);
pinnules obovate cut, segments obovate toothed or retuse at the
end. C. fragilis E. B. 1587.—y. C. angustata (Sm.); pinnules
lanceolate acute cut, segments lanceolate-oblong cut, teeth acute.
N.156. C. regia Roth.—The varieties are intimately connected.
—Rocks and walls. y. Craven and N. Wales. P. VII.

2. C. dentata (Sm.) ; frond lanceolate bipinnate, pinnz ovate
or ovate-lanceolate, pmnules cordate-ovate or ovate blunt broad
below bluntly toothed or rarely pmnatifid—H. B. 1588 (bad).
N. 154. C. fragilis Roth.—Clusters more marginal than in the
preceding species, ultimately confluent. Pinne of young fronds
reflexed. In well-grown plants the pinne are suddenly widened
to their full extent just above their narrow stalklike base. ‘ Spo-
rules verrucate.”—C. Dickieana (Sim, 8. 22.) which has over-
lapping pinne, broad blunt pinnules, and scattered clusters,
is a form of this plant found in a damp cave near Aberdeen.—.
Rocks and walls. Breadalbane Mountains and Cumberland.
P. VI. E. S.

([C. alpina (Desv.); frond lanceolate bipinnate, pinne ovate,
pinnules ovate deeply pinnatifid with broadly and shortly linear
segments partly cloven and slightly toothed at the end.—Z£. B.
163.—Fronds very much divided, but compact and close.—On a
wall at Low Layton, Essex. P. VII.]

3. C. montana (Link) ; fronds triangular tripinnate, pinne and
pinnules spreading, lobes pinnatifid with linear notched segments.
—S. 24.—Fronds in shape like those of Polypodium calcareum,
small, short, very finely divided. Lower pair of pinne much the
largest ; their lower larger than their upper pinnules. Stipes long,
slender. Rhizome creeping extensively, black.—Breadalbane and
Grampian Mountains. P. VIII. ?

[ Onoclea sensibilis is naturalized in one spot near Warrington. |

7. PseupaTHyRium Newm.

1. P. alpestre (Newm.); fronds lanceolate bipinnate, pinne
contiguous, pinnules widest at their hase acute pinnatifid with
serrate lobes.—S. 49.—Fronds suberect. Much like Athyrium
Filiz-femina.—High mountain valleys. P. VII. VIII. 8.

2.7 P. flevile (Newm.); fronds linear-lanceolate bipinnate,
pinne distant, pinnules narrow at their base obovate bluntish ser-
rate.—N. ed. 3. 203.—Fronds much less divided, narrow, spread-
ing horizontally. A doubtful species.—Glen Prosen, Forfar-
shire. P. VII. VIII.

ATHYRIUM.—ASPLENIUM. 425

Tribe III. Aspleniee.
8. Arnyrium Roth. Lady-fern.

1. A. Filie-femina (Roth); frond lanceolate pinnate or pinna-
tifid, pinnee linear, pinnules linear-oblong deeply serrate or pin-
natifidia. A. converum (Newm.); frond bipinnate, pinnules
toothed narrowly triangular-lanceolate convex remote not con-
nected toothed, upper ones minute confluent, clusters ultimately
confluent. N. 245. A.rheticum Roth. Pinnules long, narrow,
with deflexed edges, inclosing the clusters; their attachment
broad ; segments gradually decreasing from the base of pinnule.
—B. A. Filix-feemina (Roth); frond bipinnate, pinnules pinna-
tifid oblong-lanceolate bluntish flat remote not connected, seg-
ments oblong patent with lateral and terminal sharp teeth. N, 2a.
Frond much divided, dark green. Pinnules much narrowed at
their base. Clusters distinct. A. latifolium (Bab.) is apparently
only an extreme state of this.—y. A. molle (Roth); frond pin-
nate, pinnules toothed oblong blunt or slightly pointed flat re-
mote all connected by wing of midrib or lower ones distinct,
segments ovate bidentate lowest with 3 uppermost with 1 tooth.
N. 245. Frond scarcely more than pinnate, bright green. Pin-
nules attached by a broad decurrent base. Clusters distinct, in
2 rows. Sometimes (A. trifidum Roth?) the pinnules are much
less connected, moderately cut, have a narrow attachment, and
lobes with more but connivent teeth.—Wet shady places. P.
VI. VI.

2. A. fontanum (Presl); frond linear-lanceolate bipinnate,
pinne oblong-ovate, pinnules obovate-cuneate with few spinose-
mucronate teeth.— E. B. 2024.—Fronds about 4 in. long. This
plant does not associate well with the genus.—Formerly on
Amersham church, Bucks. Above Wybourn, Westmoreland,
Hudson. Between Tan y Bwlch and Tremadoc, Merionethshire.
Ashford, Hants. P. VI.—IX.

9. Asptentum Linn. Spleenwort.

* Ultimate subdivisions with a distinct midvein.
AspLentum Newm.

1. A. lanceolatum (Huds.); fronds lanceolate bipinnate, pin-
nules ovate deeply and sharply toothed or lobed, clusters short
nearly marginal.—E. B, 240. N. 249.—Fronds sometimes nearly
linear and simply pinnate, always narrowed at the base. Clus-
ters oblong, ultimately rather confluent into roundish masses.—
Rocks and walls, rather rare. P. VI.—IX. E.L

2.2 A. acutum (Bory); fronds long-triangular repeatedly di-

426 99. FILICES.

vided much shorter than the stipes, prune and pinnules lanceolate-
attenuate, ultimate subdivisions very acute, clusters long.—N.
ed. 3, 231.—I have no acquaintance with this plant.—South-
west of Ireland, plentiful. P. VI—IX. I.

3. A. Adiantum-nigrum (L.); fronds ovate-triangular twice
or thrice pinnate about as long as the stipes, pinnee and pinnules
triangular, ultimate subdivisions blunt sharply toothed, clusters
dong central. E. B. 1950. N. 255.—Clusters 2 or 3 times as long
as in the preceding, placed near the midrib and ultimately con-
fluent in oblong masses often covering the whole under surface
of the pinnule.—Rocks and walls. P. VIL—IX. Black Spleen-
wort.

4. A. Trichomanes (L.); frond linear pmnate, pine roundish-
ovate crenate, veins forked below the clusters. — E. B. 576.
N. 285,—Rachis black, keeled beneath. Pinne scarcely oblique ;
both edges rounded and crenate except at the base, upper
often bluntly auricled below.—. A. anceps (Sol.2); pinne ob-
long blunt wedgeshaped below upper edge and end crenate-den-
tate lower entire. Pinnez oblique, lower edge nearly straight ;
lower pinna much the smaller.—A curious variety is occasionally
found with its pinne deeply but irregularly pinnatifid with linear
notched segments.—Rocks and walls. 8. Killarney. P. V.—X.
Common Spleenwort.

5. A. viride (Huds.); fronds linear pinnate, pinne roundish-
ovate or rhomboidal crenate, veins simple or forked beyond the
sori. E. B. 2257. N. 281.—Rachis green, not keeled. Sori
at length confluent.—Rocks on mountains. P. VI.—X.

6. A. marinum (L.); frond linear simply pinnate, pinne stalked
ovate or oblong serrate unequal and wedgeshaped at the base.—
E. B.392. N. 275,— Varying greatly in size. Sori not confluent.
—Maritime rocks. P. VIL—X.

** Ultimate subdivisions without a distinct midvein.
AmeEstium Newm.

7. A. Ruta-muraria (L.); fronds bipinnate, pinnules rhomboid-
wedgeshaped notched or toothed at the end, indusium jagged.—
E. B. 150. N. 261.—Fronds 3—4 in. long.—Rocks and old walls.
P.V.—IX. Wall Rue.

8. A. germanicum (Weiss) ; fronds simply and alternately pin-
nate, pinnules narrow-wedgeshaped the lowermost ternate, in-
dusium entire at the edge.—N. 265. A. alternifolium Sm., E. B.
2258.—Fronds 3—4 in. long.—Rocks, very rare. P. VI.—IX.—S.

9. A. septentrionale (Hull); fronds 2- or 3-cleft, segments
elongate-lanceolate bifid —H. B. 1017. N. 269.—Segments of

SCOLOPENDRIUM.—PTERIS, 427

the fronds very narrow, narrowing gradually downwards, with
1 or 2 short bifid lateral teeth, and bifid at the end.—Dry clefts
of rocks, rare. P. VI.—X. E. S.

10. ScoLopenpRium Sm. Hart’s-tongue.

1. S. vulgare (Sym.); frond oblong strapshaped smooth sim-
ple with a cordate base, stipes shaggy.—E. B. 1150. Phyllitis
N. 289.—Fronds 1—2 feet long, acute, often crisped and mul-
tifid—Damp shady places. P. VII. VIII.

ll. Cereracn Willd.

1. C. Offcinarum (Willd.); fronds pinnatifid covered beneath
with dense scales, pinne alternate or opposite obtuse sessile.—
Notolepum N. 293. Scolopendrium Sm., E. B, 1244.—Fronds
3—6 in. long, green and smooth above, wholly covered by very
many scales beneath, amongst which the thecz are almost hidden.
—Old walls and rocks. P. IV.—X.

12. GymnoGramma Desv.

[l. G. leptophylla (Desv.); fronds pinnate or bipinnate gla-
brous, pinnules wedgeshaped deeply lobed.—N. ed. 3. 11. S. 48.
—Frond 1—4 in. high. Stipes purple. Pinnz and pinnules
alternate—Banks. Jersey. A. IV.

Tribe IV. Adiantee.

13. Buecunum Linn. Hard-fern.

1. B. boreale (Sw.); barren fronds pectinate-pinnatifid with
broadly-linear rather obtuse pinne, fertile frond pinnate with
linear acute pnez.—E. B.1159. Lomaria Spicant N. 89.—Kach
lateral vein of the fertile pinnee extends half-way to the edge, then
turns at right angles and proceeds up the pinna until it reaches
the next vein. Capsules attached in a continuous row to the
longitudinal portions of the combined lateral veins. Rather a
Blechnum than Lomaria.—Stony and heathy places. P. VII.

14. Preris Zinn. Brakes.

1. P. aquilina (L.); fronds tripartite, branches bipinnate, pin-
nules linear-lanceolate the lower ones usually pinnatifid, seg-
ments oblong obtuse.—E. B, 1679. N. 93. Eupteris Newm.—
Fronds annual, 1—5 feet high, very much divided, with spread-
ing branches. Capsules attached to the marginal vein, lying

428 99. FILICES.

upon a fine membrane and covered by the membranous continua-
tion of the epidermis. Inferior pizmules pinnatifid or sinuate or
entire.—Woods and heaths. P. VII.

15. Aptantum Linn. Maiden-hair.

1. A. Capillus-Veneris (L.); frond irregular, branches and
roundish-wedgeshaped lobed thin pinnules alternate, lobes of the
fertile pinnules terminated by a transversely linear-oblong re-
flexed lobe covering several roundish clusters, sterile lobes ser-
rate.—E. B. 1564. N.83.—Rhizome blackish, shaggy. Fronds
6—12 in. high. Stipes and rachis slender, nearly black. Pin-
nules not jointed to the partial stalks—Damp rocks near the
sea. P. V.—IX.

Subord. II. Hymenophyllacee. Tr. V. Hymenophyllee.

16. Tricuomanes Linn.

1. T. radicans (Sw.); fronds 3 or 4 times pinnatifid glabrous,
segments uniform linear, involucres solitary in the axils of the
upper segments, seta at first included ultimately very prominent.
—. B. 1417. T. speciosum Willd., N. 305.—Fronds rather
triangular, very much divided, 4—8 in. long, formed of hard
wiry branched ribs each with a rather membranous wing. Rhi-
zome black, downy, very long. Involucres scarcely winged.—
B. Andrewsii (Newm.); fronds lanceolate, involucres winged.
N. 315.—Very damp shady places, rare. Formerly at Bellbank,
Yorkshire, from whence I have an old specimen exactly like
Bolton’s figure t.30. South and south-west of Ireland. P.
TX. X. EL.

17. Hymenoryyitium Sm. Filmy-fern.

1. H. tunbridgense (Sm.); fronds pinnate, pinne distichous,
segments linear undivided or bifid spinosely-serrate, involucre
compressed spinosely serrate, rachis broadly winged.—E. B. 162.
N.321,—Slender and delicate. Rhizome very long, threadshaped.
Pinni, rachis and involucres in the same plane. Valves of the
involucre adpressed throughout the greater part of their length,
slightly gibbous at the base.—Amongst moss in damp and shady
places. P. VII.

2. H. Wilsont (Hook.); fronds pinnate, pinne recurved, seg-
ments linear undivided or bifid spinosely-serrate, involucre in-
flated entire, rachis slightly bordered.—E. B. S. 2686.—Resem-
bling the preceding, but the pinne curve backwards and the

100. MARSILEACEA. 429

involucres forwards. Valves of the involucre convex or gibbous
throughout, touching only by their edges which are quite entire.
—Amongst moss in damp and shady places. P. VII.

Suborder III. Osmundacea. Tribe VI. Osmundee.

18. Osmunpa Linn. Flowering-fern.

1. O. regalis (L.); fronds bipinnate, pinnules oblong nearly
entire dilated and slightly auricled at the base, clusters panicled
terminal—E. B. 209. N. 331.—Fronds erect or drooping, 1—8
feet high. Boggy places. P. VII.—IX.

Subord. IV. Ophioglossacea. Tr. VII. Ophioglossee.

19. Borrycnium Sw. Moon-wort.

1. B. Lunaria (Sw.); frond pinnate solitary, pinnz lunate or
fanshaped notched or crenate.—E. B. 318. N. 137,—Height
3—6 in. Pinnz with veins radiating from the petiole, some-
times deeply notched. Fronds usually solitary, but sometimes
two on the same stalk.— Pastures. P. VI. VII.

[B. rutacewm (Sw.); frond triangular-rhomboidal pinnatifid
solitary, pinne 7—9 linear incise-serrate decreasing upwards.
—N. ed. 3. 322.—Veins not radiating. The species is doubtful.
—Sands of Barry, Forfar. P. VIII.]

20. OpHroatossum Linn. Adder’s-tongue.

1. O. vulgatum (L.); frond ovate obtuse.—E. B. 108. N. 349.
—Height 4—12 in., erect. Spike clubshaped, usually rather
longer than the frond, sometimes very long.— Pastures. P.V. VI.

[2.? O. lusitanicum (L.); frond linear-lanceolate.—N. ed. 3.
331. S. 47.—Height 1—2 inches, erect.—Petit Bo Bay, Guern-
sey. Mr. G. Wolsey. P.I.]

Order C. MARSILEACEZ.

Creeping plants with alternate erect leaves having a circinate
vernation. Fructification consisting of globular nearly sessile
coriaceous bodies with 3 or 4 cells and containing sacs including
either other bodies that germinate or loose granules.

430 101. LYCOPODIACER.

1. Pruutarta. Involucres solitary, nearly sessile, globose,
coriaceous, 4-celled. Cells contaming bodies of two kinds ;
granules, and membranes containing minute grains.

1. Prruvaria Linn. Pillwort.

1. P. globulifera (L.).—E. B. 521. N.393.—Rhizome slender,
creeping, producing leaves and roots at regular intervals. L. very
slender, erect. Inv. slightly stalked, axillary, nearly spherical,
hairy.—Margins of ponds and lakes.

Order CI. LYCOPODIACE,

Leafy plants with simple imbricated leaves; or stemless with
erect subulate leaves. Fructification of axillary sessile capsules
with 2 or 3 valves and no ring, including minute powdery matter
or sporules.

* Capsules not opening.

1. Isorres. Fructification inclosed within the swollen base
of the leaves. Sporules of two kinds attached to filiform
receptacles.

**® Capsules bursting.

2. Lycopopium. Caps. l-celled, 2-valved, containing pow-
der; or 3-valved, containing 1—4 granules.

1. Isoztres Linn. Quillwort.

1. F. lacustris (L.); 1. subulate roundish-quadrangular with 4
longitudinal jointed tubes.—E. B. 1084. N. 381. R. vii. t. 1.
—Rhizome a blunt tuber. L. slender, broad and flat at the base,
but elsewhere between cylindrical and quadrangular.—Bottom of
lakes and ponds in hilly districts. P. VI.

2. Lycopoprum Linn. Club-moss.
* Caps. all 1-celled. Sporules like powder. Lycopopium Koch.

1. L. elavatum (L.); 1. scattered incurved with a filamentous
point, spikes stalked 2 or 3 together cylindrical, scales ovate-
triangular membranous finely incise-serrate.—E. B. 224. N. 353.
—St. prostrate, long. Branches short, ascending. Spikes on
long stalks, pale yellow. Scales on the stalks irregularly disposed
in whorls.—Heaths. P. VII. VIII. Common Club-moss.

2. L. annotinum (L.) 3 1. scattered lanceolate mucronate ser-
rulate, spikes sessile solitary terminal, scales roundish with an

102. CHARACER. 431

attenuated point membranous and jagged.— EF. B.1727. N. 361.
—St. prostrate, long. Branches rather long, erect, each year’s
growth marked by a spot where the leaves are adpressed. Spikes
cylindrical, greenish-yellow, not persistent.—Stony mountains.
Rare in Caernarvonshire and Cumberland. Common in the
Highlands of Scotland. P. VIII. E. 8.

3. L. alpinum (L.); 1. in four rows imbricated acute keeled
entire, spikes sessile solitary terminal, scales ovate-lanceolate
flat, branches erect clustered forked level-topped.—Z£. B. 234.
N. 365.—St. prostrate, long. Fertile branches usually twice di-
chotomous, each division ending in a short cylindrical yellowish-
green spike rather thicker than the branch.— Elevated mountains,
P. VIII. Savin-leaved Club-moss.

4. L. Selago (L.); 1. in eight rows crowded uniform linear-
lanceolate acuminate, caps. not spiked but in the axils of the
common leaves, st. erect forked level-topped.— E. B.233. N. 375.
—St. short, erect or slightly decumbent, densely leafy. No
separate spikes. At the extremity of the stems a few curious
viviparous buds may usually be found; they are well illustrated
by Mr. Newman (p. 378). Occasionally the stems in sheltered
situations become much elongated.—Heaths, chiefly on moun-
tains. P.VIL—VIIL. Fir Club-moss.

5. L. inundatum (L.); 1. scattered linear acute turned upwards,
spikes terminal sessile leafy solitary upon short erect branches.
—E. B. 239. N. 369.—St. short, prostrate, rooting. Branches
few, simple, short, erect, fertile—Boggy heaths. P. VIII. IX.

** Caps. of 2 kinds. SELAGINELLA Koch.

6. L. selaginoides (L.); 1. scattered lanceolate ciliate, spikes
terminal solitary sessile leafy upon short erect branches.—#. B.
1148. N. 371. S. spinulosa Koch.—St. prostrate, much branched,
rooting, slender. Flowering branches simple, short, erect. In
addition to the 2-valved capsules, this plant produces others which
contain 2—4 legs grains.—Boggy spots chiefly in mountainous
places. P. VIII.

Order CII. CHARACEA.

Leafless branched plants with stems formed of one or more
parallel tubes. Two kinds of fructification ; round red globules
(anthers ?) formed of 8 valves, inclosing cells containing granular
matter and spiral filaments; oval nucules formed of I cell with
5 filaments folded spirally round it and containing minute gra-
nules which appear at last to unite into a single seed.—Plants
green, aquatic.— The position of this Order is very doubtful, and

432 102. CHARACER.

opinions are various concerning its structure. It is placed here
simply from convenience.

1, Cara. The only genus.

1. Coara Lina.

I. Nirziia Ag.—Orown of nucule of 10 cells forming 2 cir-
cles lying upon each other, never spreading, generally falling off
before the seed is ripe. Stems more or less pellucid, composed
of one tube.

i. Nitella. Globules terminal at the forks of the branchlets.

* Branchlets only once divided into |-jointed segments,
6—8 in a whorl, similar.

1. C. flewilis (L.) ; moncecious, st. slender equal flexible trans-
parent, branchlets pointed not mucronate nearly equally forked
or trifid, nucules and globules together in the forks of the
branchlets without bracts.—E. B. 1070. Ail. Fl. Par. 40 C.—
Rather slender, green, pellucid. Primary branches seldom more
than once divided. Sometimes the axillary branchlets are much
more divided and clustered (C. nidifica of collectors). Nucules
with 6 striz.—Ditches. P. V.

2. C. syncarpa (Thuil.); dicecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets bluntish apiculate nearly equally forked
or trifid, nucules or globules at the forks of the branchlets with-
out bracts.— Atl. Fl. Par. 39 (not good).—Slender, diaphanous,
resembling C. flexilis. Nucules with 5 strie and scarcely any
crown.—Stagnant water. Sussex; Cambridgeshire ; Caernarvon-
shire. Galway. A. V.

** Branchilets usually repeatedly divided, terminal segments of
2 joints, last joint usually like a mucro. Branchlets 6—8
in a whorl, similar.

3. C. translucens (Pers.); moncecious, st. thick equal flexible
transparent, sterile branchlets simple not jointed, upper ones
ending in 2 or 3 short points, fertile whorls of small trifurcate
branchlets very small and closely placed, nucules small oblong
usually in threes just below the 3 bracts surrounding the terminal
globule—E. B.1855. Atl. Fl. Par. 40 B.—Strong. Fertile
whorls appearing capitate. Globules solitary. Nucules with 7
striz.—Deep stagnant pools. A. VII.

4. C. mucronata (A. Br.); moncecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets strongly mucronate nearly equally forked
or trifid, nucules and globules together at the forks of the

CHARA. A33

branchlets without bracts—Ati. Fl. Par. 40 D.—Rather thick.
Secondary branchlets once or twice forked, terminal subdivisions
rather shorter than the others. ‘“ Nucules with 4 or 5 strie.”—
Marsh ditch, W. Grinstead, Suss. Mr. Borrer. A. VII. E.

5. C. gracilis (Sm.); moneecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets in law whorls repeatedly divided into 3
or 4 segments, terminal segments mucronate shorter than the
others, globules and nucules each solitary but together at the
subdivisions of the branchlets without bracts—E.B. 2140. R. I.
793. Atl. Fl. Par. 41 E.—Small, slender, branching in a lax
open manner. Nucules subglobose, with 4 or 5 striz, large in

proportion to the plant.—St. Leonard’s Forest, Suss. Mr. Borrer.
A. IX. E.

6. C. tenuissima (Desv.); moncecions, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets short in dense compact subglobose whorls
repeatedly divided into 3—7 segments, terminal segments mu-
cronate longer than the others, globules and nucules each solitary
but together at the subdivisions of the branchlets without bracts.
—R. [. 792. Atl. Fl. Par, 41 E. — Very small and slender.
Branchlets very much divided, forming ttle globose compact
masses which are often much incrusted. Nucules subglobose,
with 6—8 strize, minute but 3 times the diameter of the branchlets
and placed outside of them, Globules much larger than the nu-
cules.—Peaty ditches. Cambridgeshire. A. VII. VIII. E.

ii. Tolypella. Globules lateral on the joinings of the chief ray
of the branchlets between the lateral rays (bracts) which are
always shorter than the chief ray.—Rays of many decreasing
joints.

7. C. Smithii (Bab.); dicecious, st. slender equal flexible trans-
parent, branchlets blunt those forming the primary whorls simple
sterile long jointed (?), others on axillary branches many densely
crowded having 3 short and 1 long bract at their first joining,
globules stalked subtended by the 3 shorter bracts, nucules un-
known. — C. nidifica Sm. (not Miull.), EB. B. 1703 (principal
figure).—Small. Branchlets in bird’s-nest-like masses, spring-
ing from the axils of the simple branchlets of the primary whorl.
—Lancing, Sussex. Mr. Borrer. A. IX.? E.

8. C. prolifera (A. Br.) ; monecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets blunt those forming the primary whorls
simple sterile long usually of 3 or 4 joints, others on axillary
branches many densely crowded bearing 3 short and | long bract
at their first joming, globules sessile in company with one or
more nucules and subtended by the 3 shorter bracts.—Small.
Like the preceding. Nucules small, faintly striate. Granules

U

434 102. CHARACES.

sessile (?). The presence of true bracts distinguishes this
species, C. Borreri, and C. Smithii from C. polysperma and

C. flexilis—Ditches. Cley, Norfolk. Copford, Essex. A.

9. C. Borreri (Bab.) ; moncecious, st. slender equal flexible
transparent, branchlets strongly mucronate those of the primary
whorls simple sterile long jointed, others on axillary branches
many densely crowded bearing 3 short and 1 long bract at their
first and sometimes second joining, globules stalked or sessile in
company with several nucules and subtended by the 3 shorter
bracts.—C. nidifica Borr., E. B. S. fol. 2762, note. See A. N. H.
ser. 2. v. 87.—Like but larger than Nos. 7 and 8. Branchlets
suddenly contracted below the acute apiculus. Larger “ bract”
oceasionally bearing a cluster of bracts.—Marsh ditch, Henfield,
Sussex. Mr. Borrer. A. VII. E.

10. C. polysperma (A. Br.); moneecious, st. slender equal
flexible transparent, barren and fertile branchlets of the primary
whorls once or twice unequally branched, middle branch longest,
branchlets of axillary branches many densely crowded much sub-
divided into short joints mostly finely pointed, nucules and glo-
bules placed at the joinings of the branchlets between the lateral
rays.—Small. Branches with 2 or 3 ascending branchlets, often
again branched, at their first joing; often but not always
there is a simple branchlet beneath and at right angles to the
main branch at that point. Globules stalked, directed down-
wards, few. Nucules clustered, sessile, directed upwards.—
Running water. Bury St. Edmonds. Cambridge. Dublin. A. IV.

EI.

IJ. Cyara Ag.—Crown of the nucule of 5 cells forming a
single circle, sometimes spreading, persistent. Stems usually
coated with smaller tubes.—Granule taking the place of one of
the bracts. A double row of spines at the base of each whorl.

* Stem coated with as many tubes as there are branchlets in each
whorl.—Branchlets coated.

11. C. erinita (Wallr.) ; dicecious, st. slender coarsely striated
thickly beset with setaceous patent clustered spines, branchlets
abbreviated, bracts whorled slender equal, nucules narrowly ob-
long shorter than the bracts—Wallr. Ann. Bot. t. 3.—Slender.
St. erect, flexible, smooth, densely crowded, slightly branched,
pale green. Whorls of 8—10 short branchlets, each of 7 jomts
with 6 bracts at each joining. Nucules solitary with 13 striz
and a prominent crown.—Stagnant brackish pools. Burdoch
Pool, Falmouth, Cornwall. Rev. W. L. P. Garnons. A. VIII.

E.

CHARA. 435

** Stem coated with twice as many tubes as there are branchlets
in each whorl, those opposite to the branchlets bearing spines
or tubercles, the others not.

12. C. vulgaris (L.?); moneecious, st. scabrous finely striate
brittle, upper part of the branchlets without external tubes,
bracts only on the inner side of the branchlets, four long, two 2—4
times as long as the nucules, two equalling them.—E. B. 336.
C. fetida A. Br., Atl. Fl. Par. 37.— Diffuse, usually incrusted.
The spinose or tubercular (primary) cortical tubes less prominent
than the secondary ones, collapsing when dry so as to place the
spines in furrows. Branchlets seeming of one joint. Nucules
with 13 strize and a short crown, with the globule.—Ditches and
streams. A. VI.—VIII.

13. C. hispida (L.); monoecious, st. thickened upwards spirally
sulcate rough brittle with setaceous spines, branchlets long,
bracts whorled (inner ones longer), nucwles ovate shorter than the
bracts solitary with a globule—E. B. 436. Atl. Fl. Par. 38 B.
— Opaque, greenish-white, usually inerusted. St. covered with
minute tubercles; spines very many, sometimes few, upon the
depressed primary tubes. Branches long, acuminate, of 7 joints,
with 4—5 short bracts at each joiimg.—Ditches and pits. A.
V.—VIIL.

14. C. tomentosa (L.); dicecious (?), st. thickened upwards
spirally sulcate rough brittle with scattered obtuse papille,
branchlets incurved, bracts unilateral ovate-oblong mucronate-
acute, nucule shorter than the bract on each side of it longer
than the three in front.—C. latifolia Willd., Hook. Icon. 532.—
Opaque, whitish-green. St. covered with minute tubercles ; pa-
pillee distant, rather whorled, short, blunt, on the prominent pri-
mary tubes.—Belvidere Lake, Westmeath, Ireland. A.V1I.2—I.

*** Stem coated with 3 times as many tubes as there are branchlets
in each whorl, two rows of secondary between each pair of

primary tubes on which latter alone the spines or tubercles
are placed.

15. C.aspera(W.); dicecious, st. finely striate smooth flexible
with setaceous patent spines, branchlets short, bracts whorled
slender (2 inner longer), nucules narrowly oblong shorter than
the bracts.—E. B. S.2738.—Not opaque, pale green. St. densely
crowded ; spines scattered, often very short, or irregularly
whorled. Branchlets 6—9 in a whorl, of 7 joints, 4—5 bracts
at each joining.—Nucules solitary, strie 12 or 13, crown pro-
minent.—Stagnant water. A. VIII.

16. C. fragilis (Desv.) ; moncecious, st. slender finely striate
u2

436 102. CHARACES.

smooth not spinous, last |—3 joints of branchlets without external
tubes, bracts on the inner side of the branchlets about as long as
or longer than the oblong nucules.—A?l. Fl. Par. 38C. C. Hed-
wigii H. B. S. 2762. C. pulchella E. B. 8. 2824.—Slender, green
and remaining so through the winter, not incrusted. Nucule
with 13 or 14 strie anda long crown, with the globule. Bracts
usually shorter than the nucules, one equalling them; or all
longer.—Stagnant water. A. VI.—VIII. E.

**Quanquam multas observaverim plantas et sedulo quidem,
tamen non confido me semper veritatem invenisse.” — Link,
Philos. Bot. iv.

ALPHABETICAL INDEX

OF

THE ORDERS AND GENERA.

*,* The names in italics are synonymous.

Acanthus, 249.
Acer, 62.
Aceracez, 62.
Aceras, 319.
Achillea, 175.
Achyrophorus, 192.
Acinos, 256.
Aconitum, 12.
Acorus, 348.
Actza, 12.
Actinocarpus, 345.
Adiantum, 428.
Adonis, 5.
Adoxa, 152.
Egopodium, 141.
ARthusa, 145.
Agraphis, 335.
Agrimonia, 91.
Agropyrum, 411.
Agrostemma, 48.
Agrostis, 395.
Agrostis, 394.
Aira, 397.

Aira, 397, 399.
Airopsis, 398.
Ajuga, 263.
Albucea, 331.
Alchemilla, 92.
Alisma, 345.
Alisma, 345.
Alismacez, 344.
Alliaria, 26.
Allium, 332.
Allosorus, 419.
Alnus, 308.
Alopecurus, 391.
Alsinanthe, 51.
Alsine, 50.
Alsinez, 48.
Althza, 58.
Alyssum, 28.

Alyssum, 28.
Amaranthacee, 273.
Amaranthus, 274.
Amaryllidacez, 326.
Ambrosiacex, 208.
Amentiferze, 296.
Amesium, 426.
Ammophila, 394.
Amygdalez, 89.
Anacamptis, 318.
Anacharis, 313.
Anacyclus, 175.
Anagallis, 268.
Anchusa, 228.
Andromeda, 213.
Androsemum, 59.
Anemagrostis, 394.
Anemone, 4.
Angelica, 146.
Antennaria, 180.
Anthemis, 174.
Anthericum, 331.

Anthoxanthum, 390.

Anthriscus, 149.
Anthyllis, 80.
Antirrhinum, 240.
Antirrhinum, 240.
Apargia, 192.
Apera, 394.
Aphanes, 92.
Apium, 140.
Apocynacee, 219.
Aquifoliaceze, 218.
Aquilegia, 12.
Arabis, 23.
Aracez, 348.
Aracium, 198.
Araliacee, 151.
Arbutus, 213.
Arbutus, 213,
Archangelica, 146.

Arctium, 184.
Arctostaphylos, 213.
Arenaria, 52.
Arenaria, 51, 124.
Aristolochia, 288.
Aristolochiacez, 288.
Armeria, 271.
Armoracia, 30.
Arnoseris, 191.
Arrhenatherum, 399.
Artemisia, 177.
Arthrolobium, 86.
Arum, 348.
Arundo, 394.
Asarum, 289.
Asparagacex:, 327.
Asparagus, 328.
Asperugo, 227.
Asperula, 155.
Aspidium, 421—423.
Asplenium, 425.
Aster, 171.
Astragalus, 81.
Astragalus, 81.
Astrantia, 139.
Athamanta, 145.
Athyrium, 425.
Atriplex, 278.
Atriplex, 280.
Atropa, 233.
Atropee, 233.
Avena, 398.
Avena, 398.
Azalea, 216.
Baothryon, 361.
Baldingera, 378.
Ballota, 261.
Balsaminacee, 67.
Barbarea, 22.
Barkhausia, 196.
Bartsia, 244.

438

Bartsia, 244, 246.
Batrachium, 5.
Bellis, 172.
Berberidacez, 13.
Berberis, 13.
Berula, 142.
Beta, 277.
Betonica, 260.
Betula, 307.
Bidens, 173.
Blechnum, 427.
Blysmus, 362.
Boraginacee, 226.
Borago, 228.
Botrychium, 429.

Brachypodium, 411.

Brassica, 26.
Breea, 189.

Briza, 405.
Bromus, 408.
Bromus, 409, 410.
Bryonia, 121.
Bucetum, 407.
Buffonia, 48.
Bunium, 142.
Bupleurum, 143.
Butomus, 346.
Buxus, 290.
Cakile, 34.
Calamagrostis, 394.
Calamintha, 255.

Callitrichacee, 293.

Callitriche, 293.
Calluna, 214.
Caltha, 11.
Calyciflorz, 68.
Calystegia, 224.
Camelina, 30.
Campanula, 209.
Campanula, 211.

Campanulacez, 208.

Caprifoliaceze, 153.
Capsella, 33.
Cardamine, 24.
Carduus, 188.
Carduus, 190,
Carex, 364.
Carlina, 184.
Carpinus, 309.
Carum, 141.
Carum, 142.

Caryophyllacez, 42.

INDEX.

Castanea, 309.
Catabrosa, 405.
Caucalis, 148.
Celastraceze, 68.
Centaurea, 185.
Centranthus, 160.
Centunculus, 269.
Cephalanthera, 323.
Cerastium, 54.
Cerastium, 54.
Cerasus, 90.
Ceratophyllacez, 293.
Ceratophyllum, 293.
Ceterach, 427.
Cherophyllum, 150.
Cherophyllum, 149.
Chamagrostis, 389.
Chara, 432.
Characee, 431.
Cheiranthus, 21.
Cheiranthus, 27.
Chelidonium, 16.
Chenopodiaceee, 274.
Chenopodium, 275.
Chenopodium, 275.
Cherleria, 51.
Chlora, 221.
Chrysanthemum, 176.
Chrysocoma, 172.
Chrysosplenium, 133.
Cicendia, 222.
Cichorium, 191.
Cicuta, 140.
Cineraria, 183.
Cireea, 119.
Cirsium, 188.
Cistaceze, 35.

Cistus, 35, 36.
Cladium, 358.
Clematis, 3.
Clinopodium, 256.
Cnicus, 188.
Cnidium, 146.
Cochlearia, 29.
Cochlearia, 30.
Celoglossum, 319.
Colchicacee, 335.
Colchicum, 336.
Comarum, 94.
Compositx, 163.
Coniferz, 309.
Conium, 150.

Conringia, 25.
Convallaria, 328.
Convallaria, 328.
Convolvulacez, 224.
Convolvulus, 224.
Conyza, 172.
Corallorhiza, 323.
Coreopsis, 174.
Coriandrum, 151.
Cornacez, 152.
Cornus, 152.
Corolliflore, 153.
Corrigiola, 123.
Corydalis, 16.
Corylus, 309.
Corynephorus, 397.
Cotoneaster, 113.
Cotyledon, 128.
Cracea, 82.
Crambe, 34.
Crassulacee, 125.
Crategus, 113.
Crepis, 196.
Crithmum, 146.
Crocus, 325.
Cruciferze, 18,
Cryptogamez, 414.
Cryptogramma, 419.
Ctenopteris, 419.
Cucubalus, 44.
Cucurbitacez, 121.
Cuscuta, 225.
Cyclamen, 267.
Cynodon, 389.
Cynoglossum, 228.
Cynosurus, 406.
Cyperaceze, 356.
Cyperus, 357.
Cypripedium, 324.
Cystea, 424,
Cystopteris, 423.
Cytisus, 73.
Dabeocia, 215.
Dactylis, 406.
Damasonium, 345.
Daphne, 287.
Datura, 234,
Daucus, 148.
Delphinium, 12.
Dentaria, 24.
Deschampsia, 397.
Dianthus, 44.

Dicotyledones, 1.
Dictyogenz, 311.
Digitalis, 240.
Digitaria, 388.
Dioscoreacezx, 311.
Diotis, 176.
Diplotaxis, 27.
Dipsacacee, 162.
Dipsacus, 162.
Doronicum, 181.
Draba, 28.
Drosera, 39.
Droseracez, 39.
Dryas, 109.
Ductulose, 414.
Echinochloa, 388.
Echinophora, 150.

Echinospermum, 227.

Echinm, 229.
Elzagnacee, 286.
Elatinacee, 41.
Elatine, 42.
Eleocharis, 358.
Eleogiton, 361.
Elodes, 61.
Elymus, 413.
Elymus, 413.
Empetracez, 289.
Empetrum, 289.
Endymion, 335.
Epilobium, 116.
Epimedium, 13.
Epipactis, 322.
Epipactis, 323.
Epipogium, 323.
Equisetacez, 414.
Equisetum, 414.
Eranthis, 11.
Erica, 214.
Ericacez, 211.
Erigeron, 171.
Eriocaulacez, 336.
Eriocaulon, 337.
Eriophorum, 363.
Erodium, 65.
Ervum, 81.
Eryngium, 139.
Erysimum, 26,
Erythrea, 221.
Eufragia, 245.
Euonymus, 69.
Eupatorium, 170.

INDEX.

Euphorbia, 290.
Euphorbiacee, 289.
Euphrasia, 245.
Eupteris, 427.
Exacum, 222.
Fagopyrum, 286.
Fagus, 309.
Fagus, 309.
Farsetia, 28.
Fedia, 161.
Festuca, 406.
Filago, 178.
Filices, 417.
Florida, 312.
Foeniculum, 145.
Fragaria, 95.
Frankenia, 41.
Frankeniacee, 41.
Fraxinus, 219.
Fritillaria, 330.
Fumaria, 17,
Fumariacez, 16.
Gagea, 332.
Galanthus, 327.
Galeobdolon, 259.
Galeopsis, 259.
Galium, 156.
Gastridium, 396.
Genista, 72.
Gentiana, 222.
Gentianacez, 220.
Geraniacee, 62.
Geranium, 62.
Geum, 109.
Glaucium, 16.
Glaux, 269.
Glechoma, 257.
Glumifere, 356.
Glyceria, 403.
Glyceria, 404.
Gnaphalium, 179.
Gnaphalium, 178, 179,
180.
Goodyera, 320.
Graminee, 381].
Grossulariacex, 128.
Gymnadenia, 318.
Gymnocarpium, 419.
Gymnogramma, 427,
Gymnosperme, 309.
Gypsocallis, 215.
Habenaria, 319.

439

Habenaria, 318.
Haloragacee, 120.
Haloscias, 145.
Hedera, 152.
Helianthemum, 35.
Helleborus, 12.
Helminthia, 194.
Helosciadium, 141.
Heracleum, 147,
Herminium, 320.
Herniaria, 123.
Hesperis, 25.
Hieracium, 198.
Flieracium, 197, 198.
Hierochloe, 390.
Himantoglossum, 318.
Hippocrepis, 86.
Hippophaé, 287.
Hippuris, 120.
Holcus, 396.
FToleus, 399.
Holoschenus, 362.
Holosteum, 52.
Honkeneja, 50.
Hordeum, 413.
Hottonia, 267.
Humulus, 295.
Hutchinsia, 31.
Hyacinthus, 335.
Hydrocharidacee,312.
Hydrocharis, 312.
Hydrocotyle, 139.
Hymenophyllacez,
418,
Hymenophyllum, 428.
Hyoscyamus, 233.
Hypericacee, 59.
Hypericum, 59.
Hypocheeris, 191.
Hypopitys, 218.
Theris, 31.
Tex, 218.
Illecebrum, 123.
Impatiens, 67.
Inula, 172.
Inula, 173.
Tridacez, 324.
Tris, 325.
Isatis, 33.
Isnardia, 119.
Isoetes, 430.
Isolepis, 362.

440

Jasione, 209.
Juncacex, 337.
Juncus, 338.
Juniperus, 310.
Knappia, 389.
Knautia, 163,
Kobresia, 364.
Keeleria, 399.
Koniga, 28.
Labiate, 219.
Lactuca, 194.
Lagurus, 396.
Lamium, 258,
Lapsana, 191.
Lapsana, 191.
Larbrea, 54.
Lastrea, 421.
Lathrea, 237.
Lathyrus, 84.
Lavatera, 58.
Leersia, 393.
Leguminosz, 69.
Lemna, 349.
Lemnacez, 349.

Lentibulariacee, 264.

Leontodon, 195.
Leontodon, 192.
Leonurus, 259.
Lepidium, 32.
Lepigonum, 124.
Lepturus, 413.
Leucojum, 327.
Ligusticum, 145.
Ligustrum, 219.
Liliacex, 329.
Lilium, 331.
Limnanthemum, 223.
Limosella, 243.
Linacex, 66.
Linaria, 240.
Linnea, 155.
Linosyris, 172.
Linum, 66.

Liparis, 324.
Listera, 321.
Listera, 321.
Lithospermum, 230.
Lithospermum, 230.
Littorella, 273.
Lloydia, 331.
Lobelia, 209.
Lolium, 412.

INDEX.

Lomaria, 427.
Lonicera, 154.
Loranthaceex, 153.
Lotus, 79.
Luzula, 342.
Lychnis, 47.
Lycopodiacezx, 430.
Lycopodium, 430.
Lycopsis, 228.
Lycopus, 254.
Lysimachia, 268.
Lythracez, 115.
Lythrum, 115.
Maianthemum, 328.
Malachium, 54.
Malaxis, 323.
Malawis, 324.
Malcolmia, 25.
Malva, 57.
Malvaceee, 56.
Marrubium, 262.
Marsileacex, 429.
Maruta, 174.
Matricaria, 177.
Matthiola, 21.
Meconopsis, 15.
Medicago, 74.
Melampyrum, 243.
Melica, 400.
Melilotus, 75.
Melissa, 256.
Melittis, 253.
Mentha, 252.
Menyanthes, 223.
Menziesia, 215.
Mercurialis, 292.
Mertensia, 230.
Mespilus, 113.
Meum, 146.
Meum, 145.
Mibora, 389.
Microcala, 222.
Milium, 393.
Mimulus, 244.
Moehringia, 51.
Moenchia, 54.
Molinia, 400.
Moneses, 217.

Monochlamydee, 273.
Monocotyledones, 311.

Monotropa, 218.
Monotropee, 213.

Montia, 121.
Mulgedium, 196.
Muscari, 335.
Myosotis, 230.
Myosurus, 5.
Myrica, 307.
Myriophyllum, 120.
Myrrhis, 150.
Myrrhis, 150.
Naijadacee, 355.
Naias, 356.
Narcissus, 326.
Nardus, 393.
Narthecium, 337.
Nasturtium, 22.
Nasturtium, 30.
Neottia, 321.
Neottia, 321.
Nepeta, 257.
Nephrodium, 423.
Nitella, 432.
Notolepum, 427.
Nuphar, 14.
Nymphea, 14.
Nympheacee, 13.
Obione, 280.
Odontites, 246.
(Enanthe, 143.
Cnothera, 119.
Oleacee, 218.
Onagracee, 116.
Onobrychis, 87.
Onoclea, 424.
Ononis, 73.
Onopordum, 187.
Ophioglossacez, 419.
Ophioglossum, 429.
Ophrys, 319.
Oplismenus, 388.
Oporinia, 192.
Orchidacee, 313.
Orchis, 316.
Orchis, 318, 319.
Origanum, 255.
Ornithogalum, 331.
Ornithogalum, 332.
Ornithopus, 86.
Orobanche, 234.
Orobanchacee, 234.
Orobus, 82, 86.
Osmunda, 429.
Osmundacee, 418.

Oxalidace, 67.
Oxalis, 67.
Oxycoccus, 216.
Oxyria, 283.
Oxytropis, 80.
Peonia, 13.
Panicum, 388.
Papaver, 15,
Papaveracez, 14.
Parietaria, 294.
Paris, 311.
Parnassia, 40.
Paronychiacee, 122.
Pastinaca, 147.
Pedicularis, 244.
Peplis, 115.

Peristylus, 318, 319.

Petasites, 170.
Petroselinum, 140.
Peucedanum, 147.
Phalaris, 389.
Phelipea, 236.
Phleum, 390.
Phragmites, 393.
Phyllitis, 427.
Phyllodoce, 215.

Physospermum, 151.

Phyteuma, 209.
Picris, 193.
Pilularia, 430.
Pimpinella, 142.
Pimpinella, 140.
Pinguicula, 264.
Pinus, 310.
Pisum, 85.
Plantaginacez, 271.
Plantago, 272.
Platanthera, 319.

Plumbaginacez, 270.

Poa, 400.

Poa, 407.
Polemoniacee, 223.
Polemonium, 224.
Polycarpon, 124.
Polygala, 40.
Polygalacez, 40.
Polygonacez, 280.
Polygonatum, 328,
Polygonum, 283,
Polygonum, 286.
Polypodiacez, 417.
Polypodium, 419.

INDEX.

Polypogon, 396.
Polystichum, 423.
Populus, 306.
Portulacex, 121.
Potamogeton, 350.

Potamogetonacew,349,

Potentilla, 93.
Poterium, 91.
Prenanthes, 194.
Primula, 266.
Primulaceze, 265.
?runella, 257.
Prunus, 89.
Psamma, 394,

Pseudathyrium, 424.

Pteris, 427.
Pteris, 419.
Pulegium, 254,
Pulicaria, 173.
Pulmonaria, 229.
Pyrola, 217.
Pyrola, 217.
Pyrolez, 212.
Pyrus, 114.
Quercus, 308.
Radiola, 66.
Ranunculacee, 1.
Ranunculus, 5.
Raphanus, 34.
Reseda, 34.
Resedacee, 34.
Rhamnacee, 69.
Rhamnus, 69.
Rhinanthus, 244.
Rhodiola, 126.
Rhynchospora, 358.

Rhytispermum, 230.

Ribes, 128.
Robertsonia, 129.
Roemeria, 16.
Rosa, 110.
Rosacez, 87.
Rose, 90.
Rottboellia, 413.
Rubia, 159.
Rubiacex, 155.
Rubus, 95.
Rumex, 281.
Ruppia, 355.
Ruscus, 329.
Sagina, 49.
Sagittaria, 345.

441

Salicornia, 277.
Salix, 297.
Salsola, 275.
Salsola, 275.
Salvia, 254.
Sambucus, 154.
Samolus, 269.
Sanguisorba, 91.
Sanicula, 139.
Santalacex, 287.
Saponaria, 45.
Sarothamnus, 73.
Saussurea, 183.
Saxifraga, 129.
Saxifragacez, 129.
Scabiosa, 163.
Scandix, 149.
Sehedonorus, 407, 408.
Scheuchzeria, 346.
Schoberia, 275.
Scheenus, 358.
Scilla, 332.

Scilla, 335.
Scirpus, 359.
Scirpus, 362.
Scleranthus, 124.
Sclerochlva, 404.
Scolopendrium, 427.
Scolopendrium, 427.
Scrophularia, 242.
Scrophulariacez, 237.
Scutellaria, 257.
Sedum, 126.
Selaginella, 431.
Selinum, 147.
Sempervivum, 127.
Senebiera, 33.
Senecio, 181.
Serrafalcus, 409.
Serratula, 185.
Serratula, 184.
Seseli, 145.
Sesleria, 392.
Setaria, 388.
Sherardia, 155.
Sibbaldia, 92.
Sibthorpia, 246.
Silaus, 146.
Silene, 45.
Silenee, 44.
Silybum, 190.
Simethis, 335.

442

Sinapis, 27.
Sinapis, 27, 28.
Sison, ]41.
Sison, 140.
Sisymbrium, 25.
Sisymbrium, 26.
Sisyrinchium, 325.
Sium, 142,
Sium, 141.
Smyroium, 151.
Solanacez, 232.
Solanum, 233.
Solidago, 172.
Sonchus, 195.
Sonchus, 196.
Soyera, 198.
Sparganium, 347.
Spartina, 389.
Spartium, 73.
Spatularia, 130.
Specularia, 211.
Spergella, 50.
Spergula, 124.
Spergula, 50.
Spiraa, 90.
Spiranthes, 321.
Syirodela, 349.
Stachys, 260.
Staphylea, 68.
Statice, 270.
Statice, 271.
Stellaria, 52.
Stellaria, 56.
Stenhammaria, 230.
Stipa, 393.
Stratiotes, 313.
Sturmia, 324.
Sturmia, 389.
Suda, 275.
Subularia, 33.

INDEX.

Swertia, 223.
Symphytum, 229.

Tamariscacee, 115.

Tamarix, 116.
Tamus, 312.
Tanacetum, 178.
Taraxacum, 195.
Taxus, 310.
Teesdalia, 31.

Telmatophace, 349.

Teucrium, 262,
Thalamiflore, 1.
Thalictrum, 3.
Thesium, 288.
Thlaspi, 30.
Thiaspi, 33.
Thrincia, 192.
Thymelacex, 287.
Thymus, 255.
Thymus, 255, 256.
Tilia, 58.
Tiliacee, 58.
Tillea, 125.
Tofieldia, 336.
Tordylium, 147.
Torilis, 148.
Tormentilla, 94.
Tragopogon, 193.
Trichomanes, 428.
Trichonema, 325.
Trientalis, 269.
Trifolium, 75.
Triglochin, 346.
Trigonella, 78.
Trilliacez, 311.
Trinia, 140.
Triodia, 399.
Tripolium, 171.
Trisetum, 398.
Triticum, 411.

Triticum, 405.
Trollius, 1).
Tulipa, 330.
Turgenia, 148.
Turritis, 23.
Tussilago, 170.
Tussilago, 170.
Typha, 347.
Typhacex, 346.
Ulex, 72.
Ulmacer, 295.
Ulmus, 295.
Umbelliferz, 133.
Urtica, 295.
Urticacez, 294.
Utricularia, 265.
Vacciniex, 212.
Vaccinium, 216.
Valeriana, 160.
Valeriana, 160.
Valerianacee, 159.
Valerianella, 161.
Vella, 30.
Verbascum, 238.
Verbena, 264.
Verbenacee, 263.
Veronica, 246.
Viburnum, 154.
Vicia, 81.
Villarsia, 223,
Vinca, 219.
Viola, 36.
Violaceex, 36.
Viscum, 153.
Vulpia, 406.
‘Wahlenbergia, 211.
Woodsia, 420.
Xanthium, 208.
Zannichellia, 355.
Zostera, 355.

INDEX

TO THE

POPULAR ENGLISH NAMES.

Abele, 307.
Aconite, 11.
Adder’s-tongue, 429.
Alder, 308.
Alexanders, 151.
Alkanet, 228.
Anemone, 4.
Archangel, 259.
‘Arrow-grass, 346,
Arrow-head, 345.
Asarabacca, 289.
Ash, 219.
Aspen, 307.
Asphodel, 336, 337.
Avens, 109.
Awl-wort, 33.
Bald-money, 146.
Balm, 256.
Balm, bastard, 258.
Balsam, 67.
Bane-berry, 12.
Barberry, 13.
Barley, 413.
Barren Strawberry, 94.
Barren-wort, 13.
Basil, 256.
Bastard Pimpernel,
200.
Bed-straw, 156.
Beech, 308.
Beet, 277.
Bell-flower, 209, 211.
Bent-grass, 395.
Betony, 261.
Bilberry, 216.
Bindweed, 224.
Birch, 307.
Bird-cherry, 90.
Bird’s-foot, 79, 86.
Bird’s-nest, 321.

Bird’s-nest, yellow,
218.

Birthwort, 288.
Bitter-cress, 24,
Bitter-sweet, 233.
Black Saltwort, 269.
Black-thorn, 89.
Bladder-nut, 68.
Bladder-wort, 265.
Blue-bell, 335.
Blue-bottle, 186.
Bog Asphodel, 337.
Bog-rush, 358.
Borage, 228.

Box, 290.

Brakes, 427.
Brakes, rock, 419.
Bramble, 95.
Brooklime, 247.
Brookweed, 269.
Broom, 73.
Broom-rape, 234.
Bryony, red, 121.
Bryony, black, 312.
Buckbean, 223.
Buckthorn, 69.
Buck-wheat, 286.
Bugle, 263.
Bugloss, 228.

Bugloss, Viper’s, 229.

Bullace, 89.
Bull Rush, 361.
Burdock, 184.
Burnet, 91.

Burnet-Saxifrage, 142.

Bur-reed, 347.

Butcher’s Broom, 329.

Butter-bur, 170.
Butterwort, 264.
Cabbage, 26.

Calamint, 255.
Campion, 46, 47.
Canary-grass, 389.
Candy-tuft, 31.
Caraway, 141.

Carrot, 148.

Catchfly, 45.
Cat-mint, 257.
Cat’s-tail-grass, 390.
Celandine, 16.
Celery, 140.
Centaury, 221.
Chamomile, 174, 175.
Chamomile, corn, 174.
Chamomile, wild, 177.
Charlock, 27.
Charlock, jointed, 34.
Cherry, 90.

Chervil, 149, 150.
Chestnut, 308.
Chickweed, 53.
Chickweed, water, 54.
Chicory, 191.

Chives, 334.

Cicely, 150.
Cinque-foil, 93.

Clary, 254.

Cleavers, 157.
Cloud-berry, 108.
Clover, 75.
Club-moss, 430.
Club-rush, 359.
Cock’s-foot-grass, 406.
Cole-seed, 27.
Coltsfoot, 170.
Columbine, 12.
Comfrey, 229.
Coralwort, 24.
Coriander, 151.

Corn Cockle, 48.

444 INDEX.

Corn Marigold, 176. ‘Fern, Holly, 423. Hairbell, 210.
Corn Salad, 161. Fern, Lady, 425. Hair-grass, 397.
Cotton-grass, 363. Fern, Male, 422. Hammersedge, 379.
Cotton-thistle, 187. Fern, Marsh, 421. Hare’s-ear, 143.
Couch-grass, 411. Fern, Mountain, 421. Hare’s-foot, 76-
Cowbane, 140. Fescue-grass, 406. Hare’s-tail-grass, 396.
Cowberry, 216. Feverfew, 177. Hart’s-tongue, 427.
Cow-parsnep, 147. Figwort, 242. Hawkbit, 192.
Cowslip, 267. Filmy-fern, 428. Hawkweed, 198.
Cow-wheat, 243. Fir, 310. Hawk’s-beard, 106.
Crab tree, 114. Flag, 325. Hawthorn, 113.
Cranberry, 216. Flax, 66. Hazel, 309.
Crane’s-bill, 62. Flax-seed, 66. Heartsease, 39.
Crested Hair-grass, Fleabane, 171, 173. Heath, 214, 216.
399. Flixweed, 25. Heath-grass, 399.
Crosswort, 156. Flote-grass, 403. Hedge Mustard, 25.
Crowberry, 289. Flowering-fern, 429. Hedge Parsley, 148.

Crowfoot, 5,9, 10, 11. Flowering-rush, 346. Hellebore, 12.
Cuckoo-pint, 348. Fools’ Parsley, 145. Hemlock, 150.

Cudweed, 178. Forget-me-not, 231. Hemp Agrimony, 170.
Currant, 128. Foxglove, 240. Hemp-nettle, 259.
Daffodil, 327. Fox-tail-grass, 391. Henbane, 233.
Daisy, 172. Fritillary, 330. Henbit, 258.
Dame’s Violet, 25. Frog-bit, 312. Hen’s-foot, 148.
Dandelion, 195. Fumitory, 17. Herb Paris, 311.
Danewort, 154. Farze, 72. Hog-weed, 147.
Darnel, 413. Gale, 307. Holly, 218.
Dead-nettle, 258. Galingale, 357. Holy-grass, 390.
Deadly Nightshade, Garlic, 332. Honewort, 141.
233. Gentian, 222. Honeysuckle, 154.
Devil’s-bit, 163. Germander, 262. Hop, 295.
Dock, 281. Gipsy-wort, 254. Horehound, 261.
Dodder, 225. Glasswort, 277. Horehound,white,262.
Dog Rose, 112. Globe-flower, 11. Hornbeam, 309.
Dog’s-tail-grass, 406. Goat’s-beard, 193. Horned Pondweed,
Dog-wood, 152. Gold-of-pleasure, 30. 355.
Dropwort, 91. Golden Rod, 172. Horned Poppy, 16.
Duckweed, 349. Golden Samphire,173. Hornwort, 293.
Dwale, 233. Golden Saxifrage, 133. Horse-radish, 30
Dyer’s-weed, 73. Goldilocks, 10. Horseshoe Vetch, 86.
Dyer’s-woad, 33. Gooseberry, 128. Horse-tail, 414.
Elder, 154. Goose-foot, 275. Hound’s-tongue, 228.
Elecampane, 172. Goose-grass, 157. Houseleek, 127.
Elm, 295. Gorse, 72. Ivy, 152.
Enchanter’s Night- Gout-weed, 141. Jack-by-the-hedge, 26.
shade, 119. Grape Hyacinth, 335. Jacob’s Ladder, 224.
Eryngo, 139. Grass-wrack, 355. Juniper, 310.
Evening Primrose,119. Gromwell, 230. Knapweed, 185.
Eye-bright, 245. Ground-ivy, 258. Knot-grass, 285.
Feather-grass, 393. Ground Pine, 263. Lady’s Fingers, 80.
Fennel, 145. Groundsel, 181. Lady’s Mantle, 92.

Fern, Bladder, 424. Guelder-rose, 154. Lady’s Slipper, 324.

Lady’s Tresses, 321.
Lamb’s Lettuce, 161.
Larkspur, 12.
Leopard’s-bane, 181.
Lettuce, 194.

Lily, 331.

Lily of the Valley, 328.

Lime tree, 58.

Ling, 214,

Live-long, 126.

London Pride, 129.

London Rocket, 25.

Loosestrife, 268.

Loosestrife, purple,
15.

Louse-wort, 244,
Lovage, 145.
Lucerne, 74.
Lungwort, 229.
Madder, 159.
Madwort, 227.
Maiden-hair, 428.
Mallow, 57.

Maple, 62.
Mare’s-tail, 120.
Marjoram, 255.
Marram, 394.
Marsh Mallow, &8.
Marsh Marigold, 11.
Masterwort, 147.
Mat-grass, 393.
Meadow-grass, 400.
Meadow Rue, 3.

Meadow Saffron, 336.

Meadow-sweet, 90.
Medick, 74.
Medlar, 113.
Melic, 400.
Melilot, 75.
Mercury, 292.
Mezereon, 287.
Mignonette, 34.
Milfoil, 120.

Milk Thistle, 190.
Milk-vetch, 81.
Milkwort, 40.
Millefoil, 176.
Millet-grass, 393.
Mint, 252.
Mistletoe, 153.
Money-wort, 268.
Monk’s-bood, 12.

INDEX.

Monk’s Rhubarb, 283.
Moonwort, 429.
Moor-grass, 392.
Moschatel, 152.
Motherwort, 259.
Mountain Ash, 114.
Mountain Sorrel, 283.
Mountain Spignel,
145.
Mouse-ear, 54.
Mousetail, 5.
Mudwort, 243.
Mugwort, 178.
Mullein, 238.
Mustard, 27.
Navelwort, 128.
Navew, 26.
Needle Whin, 73.
Nettle, 295.
Nightshade, 233.
Nightshade, Enchant-
er’s, 119.
Nipplewort, 191.
Oak, 308.
Oat, 398.
Oat-grass, 399.
Orache, 278.
Orchis, 316, 319, 320.
Orpine, 126.
Osier, 300.
Ox-eye, 176.
Oxlip, 267.
Ox-tongue, 194.
Peony, 13.
Paigle, 267.
Pansey, 39.
Parsley, 140.
Parsley Piert, 92.
Parsnep, 147.
Pasque-flower, 4.
Pea, 86.
Pear tree, 114.
Pearlwort, 49.
Pelletory, 294.
Penny cress, 30.
Penny-royal, 254.
Penny-wort, 139.
Pepper-wort, 32.
Periwinkle, 219.
Pheasant’s-eye, 5.
Pig-nut, 142.
Pilewort, 10.

445

Pillwort, 430.
Pimpernel, 268.
Pink, 44,
Pipewort, 337.
Plantain, 272.
Plowman’s Spikenard,
172,
Plum, 90.
Polypody, 419.
Pond-weed, 350.
Poplar, 306.
Poppy, 15.
Primrose, 266.
Privet, 219.}
Purslane, sea, 280.
Purslane, water, 115.
Quaking-grass, 405.
Quillwort, 430.
Radish, 34.
Ragged Robin, 48.
Ragwort, 181.
Rampions, 209, 211.
Ramsons, 335.
Rape, 27.
Raspberry, 95.
Red Bryony, 121.
Red Rattle, 244.
Reed, 393.
Reed-mace, 347.
Rest-harrow, 73.
Ribwort, 273.
Rock-brake, 419.
Rock-cress, 23.
Rock-rose, 35.
Rocket, 22.
Rose, 110.
Rose-bay, 117.
Rose-root, 126.
Rowan-tree, 114.
Rush, 338.
Rye-grass, 412.
Saffron, 326.
Sage, 254.
Saintfoin, 87.
Sallow, 301.
Salsify, 193.
Saltwort, 275.
Samphire, 146.
Sandwort, 52.
Sanicle, 139.
Sauce-alone, 26.
Saw-wort, 185.

446

Saxifrage, 129.
Scabious, 163.
Scorpion-grass, 230.
Scottish Asphodel,336.
Scurvy-grass, 29.
Sea Blite, 275.
Sea Buckthorn, 287.
Sea Heath, 41.
Sea Holly, 140.
Sea-kale, 34.
Sea Lavender, 270.
Sea Pea, 86.
Sea Pimpernel, 50.
Sea Purslane, 280.
Sea Radish, 34.
Sea-rocket, 34.
Sedge, 358.
Self-heal, 257.
Service tree, 114.
Sheep’s Scabious, 209.
Shepherd’s Needle,
149.
Shepherd’s Purse, 33.
Shore-weed, 273.
Silver-weed, 93.
Skull-cap, 257.
Sloe, 89.
Small-reed, 394.
Snakeweed, 283.
Snapdragon, 240.
Sneezewort, 175.
Snowdrop, 327.
Snowflake, 327.
Soapwort, 45.
Soft-grass, 396.
Solomon’s Seal, 328.
Sorrel, 283.
Sorrel, mountain, 283.
Sorrel, wood, 67.
Sow-bread, 267.
Sowthistle, 195.
Spearwort, 9.
Speedwell, 246.
Spindle-tree, 69.
Spleenwort, 426.

INDEX.

Spurge, 290.
Spurrey, 124.
Squill, 332.

St. John’s-wort, 59.

St. Patrick’s Cabbage,

129.

Star of Bethlehem, 331.

Star-thistle, 187.
Starwort, 171.
Stitchwort, 52, 53.
Stock, 21.
Stonecrop, 126.
Storksbill, 65.
Strawberry, 95.

Strawberry, barren, 94.
Strawberry tree, 213,

Succory, 191.
Sundew, 39.
Sweet Briar, 112.
Sweet-flag, 348.
Sycamore, 62.
Tamarisk, 116.
Tansy, 178.
Tares, 81.

Teasel, 162.
Thistle, 188.
Thorn-apple, 234.
Thorow-wax, 143.
Thrift, 271.
Thrumwort, 345.
Thyme, 255.
Timothy-grass, 391.
Toad-flax, 240, 242.
Toothwort, 237.
Tower-wort, 23.
Traveller’s-joy, 3.
Tree-mallow, 58.
Trefoil, 76, 79.
Tulip, 330.

Turk’s-cap Lily, 331.

Turnip, 26.
Tutsan, 60.
Tway-blade, 321.
Valerian, 160.
Vernal-grass, 390.

THE END.

Vervain, 264.

Vetch, 81.
Vetchling, 84.
Violet, 36.
Wallflower, 21.

Wall Mustard, 27.
Wall Pepper, 127.
Wall Rue, 426.
Wart-cress, 33.
Water Chickweed, 54.
Water Cress, 22.
Water Hemlock, 140.
Water-lily, 14.
Water Milfoil, 120.
Water Pepper, 285.
Water Plantain, 3-65.
Water Soldier, 313.
Water Starwort, 293.
Water Thyme, 313.
Water-violet, 267.
Water-wort, 42.
Wayfaring tree, 154.
Weld, 35.
Wheat-grass, 411.
Whin, 72, 73.
White Beam tree, 114.
Whitlow-grass, 28.
Whortleberry, 216.
Willow, 296.

Willow Herb, 116.
Wind-grass, 394.
Winter-green, 217.
Woad, 33, 73.
Woodbine, 155.
Woodruff, 156.
Wood-rush, 342.
Wood Sage, 262.
Wood Sorrel, 67.
Worm-seed, 26.
Wormwood, 177.
Woundwort, 260.
Yarrow, 175, 176.
Yellow Rattle, 244.
Yellow-wort, 221.
Yew, 310.

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